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FACULTY OF PHARMACY

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

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ERRATA.

‘‘TIn the original plan of the work, it was intended
that Chinese characters should be followed by the Ro-
manization in parentheses. In some instances, in the
early pages of the book, this order has been inadvertently
reversed, the Romanization standing first, followed by the
Chinese characters in parentheses. This is especially
true in the articles on Aconitum and Acorns. The
names of the natural orders should appear in Roman
letters; a few are in Italics. When used adjectivally,
these should zo¢ begin with a capital letter.’’

The above is from Dr. Stuart’s gown pen. Would
that he could have completed these Errata that they
might have been more perfectly done.

A table of errors, excepting the ones mentioned here,
is placed in the back of the book following the indexing.

Both words*of Customs Lists ; the first word in botan-
ical names of more than one word; the first word in the
Romanization of Chinese terms, and the word Appendix
should always begin with capital letters.

A few other mistakes in the use or nonuse of capitals
will be noticed. Szechuen should be Szechuan. Caret e
should always be found in Li Shih Chen. Parentheses
marks and punctuation marks are not invariably correct.

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FACUETY OF PHAH-SACY
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

PART I. VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

ABRUS' PRECATORIUS.—#f EL ¥ (Hsiang-ssii-tzt),
41 (Hung-tou), 423. This is a twining shrub, growing to
the height of several feet, and found in the south of China
and parts of the East Indies. ‘The first Chinese name given
above, meaning ‘‘love sick’’, refers to the legend of a man
who died by the side of one of these shrubs, and his wife sat
beneath its shade and wept until she died also. ‘The bright
scarlet seeds, of the size of large shot, with a black spot at the
hilum, are used as beads by children. They are said to be
slightly poisonous (emetic) and to have the power of preventing
Baroos camphor from evaporation when they are kept with it.
When taken as medicine, they are said to ‘‘permeate the
nine cavities of the body’’ and to ‘‘expel every sort of evil
effluvia from heart and abdomen’’, to be diaphoretic, ex-
pectorant, antiperiodic, and to ‘‘destroy every sort of visceral
or cuticular worm’’. The Péxtsao gives in this connection
what is regarded as a reliable prescription for the destruc-
tion of a ‘‘cat-devil’’. ‘‘If a cat-devil has been seen or
its cry heard, use Abrus precatorius, Ricinus communis, Croton
tiglium, of each, one bean; pulverized cinnabar and wax, of
each, four siz, make into pills the size of a hemp seed and
administer at once. Then surround the patient with ashes and
place before him a cinder fire. Spit the medicine into the
fire, and as it bubbles up, mark a cross on the surface of the
fire, when the cat-devil will die’’.

The root of Abrus precatorius is long and woody, pale red-
dish-brown externally and yellowish internally. It has a thin
bark, a peculiarly disagreeable odor, and a bitterish acrid
flavor, leaving a faintly sweet after-taste. It is used in India
and Java as a substitute for licorice, but is not employed medic-
‘mally by the Chinese. Waring directs an extract to be pre-
pared in the same way as the Extractum Glycyrrhizz of the

2 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

British Pharmacopeeia. ‘The leaves have been found to contain
a sweet principle similar to that of licorice. The wood has an
excellent grain, but as the plant is small it is not of much value.

One of the Abrus berries is said by Dr. Williams to be the
unit of weight employed by the Burmese. From the fact that
these berries are red, and look something like ‘‘crab’s-eyes’’
(a concretion found in the stomach of Astacus fluviatilis, and
on account of its comparative rarity counted among precious
stones), some persons have given them this name. Under the
name of jeguerity, this substance, or its globulin Adrzz, was
formerly recommended in Europe and America for the treat-
ment of granular lids and corneal opacities ; but on account of
its action being beyond the control of the surgeon, it has right-
ly fallen into disuse. 4777 is a tox-albumin similar in its action
to Reczw and Crotin.

Tatarinov and others have fallen into the error of con-
founding Abrus precatorius with a genuine species of bean, the
Phaseolus radiatus, perfectly distinct, and separately described
under the division of grains as jp Jy H (Ch ‘ih-hsiao-tou), or
“Cred small bean’’, r4z. Other Chinese names given in
various books for the Abrus precatorius are #4 HW (Hsiang-
sst-tou), 423, and By #}+ % (Ma-liao-tou), 804; but the two
given at the head of this article are the only ones authorized by
the Péntsao.

ABUTILON INDICUM.—According to Ford and Crow,
the seeds sold at Hongkong as & ¥& F (Tung-k‘uei-tzi), 1393,
are so identified. But in other parts of China the article so
sold seems to be the seeds of a WZalva, which see.

ACACIA CATECHU.—§ 28 (Erh-ch‘a) ; 288; G Fi BE
(Hai-érh-ch‘a); & # Je& (Wu-tieh-ni). The names given in
the Péntsao to this drug are partly founded on the old notion
that it was an earth or a preparation of tea, and partly are an
imitation of the Bengalese word £/azar and of the Hindu word
tenz, by which the drug is known at the place of its origin.
The same idea is perpetuated in the old pharmaceutical name,
Terra Japonica, when the ‘‘earth’’ (in Chinese 72) was brought
from Japan. ‘The account in the /émésao is to the effect that

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 3

Java, Siam, and the countries of the Indian Archipelago furnish
a drug prepared by putting fine tea dust into a bamboo tube,
which is then closed up at both ends and buried in the wet mud
of a sewer for a long time. It is then taken out, the juice
expressed and boiled down to a thick syrup, which when cold
forms the extract. The country of the Laos tribes living between
Yunnan, Annam, and Siam, and a district in the north-west
part of Yunnanfu, are said to have formerly yielded this drug.

The catechu entering into the world’s commerce is largely
exported from Calcutta and from Pegu. Since much of it
comes from the borders of the Gulf of Cutch, the substance is
often called cutch. Or, this name may come either from a
corruption of the Malay name cachu or of the Indian name £w7t.
Dr. Williams says: ‘‘ That brought from Bombay is friable, of
a red-brown color, and more hard and firm than that brought
from Bengal. Thecakes resemble chocolate, and when broken,
have a streaked appearance. Good cutch has a bright uniform
color, a sweetish astringent taste, and is free from grittiness’’.
He suggests that this variety may indeed be pale catechu, or
gambier ; but it may be a kind of Acacia catechu which is
manufactured in Northern India, in which the process of
evaporation is stopped before the liquid becomes too thick, thus
resulting in a paler and clearer preparation. There is a black
catechu, the Kassa of Persia, which occurs in round, flat cakes,
from two to three inches in diameter and from a half an inch
to an inch in thickness, having the properties of Acacia catechu
extract. It is the product of the betel-nut (Areca catechu,
which see) and is prepared in India, where it is known
as catta-cambu. It does not appear in commerce, and is not
known in China ; unless, indeed, the Ping-lang hsin (4 #8 at),
1026, or Ping-lang-kao (fe ##h #), 1027, are this article.

Chinese medical works recount the astringent, antiphlo-
gistic, styptic, and corrective properties of this excellent drug ;
but at the present time it is mostly used as a detergent,
stimulating, styptic, or constringing application.

ACANTHOPANAX RICINIFOLIUM.—#i] fk Ht (Tz ‘t-
ch‘iu-shu). ‘This, the ‘‘thorny catalpa’’, from the resemblance
of its leaves to those of Catalpa kempfert, is a tall tree, with

4 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

erey bark mottled with yellowish-white, and having thorns
on the branches. The bark and leaves of this tree are recom-
mended for insecticide purposes and for the treatment of skin
disease and all sorts of ulcers and infected sores. The Customs
Reports say that the substance known as }§ fj J& (Hai-t‘ung-
p‘i), 357, or #i JX (T‘ung-p‘i), 1402, is probably in part the
bark of this tree; that exported from Ningpo being so con-
sidered, while that exported from Canton is thought to be the
bark of the cotton tree. See GBombax malabaricum and
Catalpa.

ACANTHOPANAX SPINOSUM. — Ft Jp (Wu-chia),
i mm ye (Wu-chia-p’i), 1449. This is probably the proper
identification of the shrub or tree which produces this drug.
But, without doubt, the product found upon the market comes
from a number of Araliaceous plants, allied to angelica,
spikenard, and sarsaparilla. So we find it classed by Tatarinov

===asralia palmata, and by Henry identified as Lleutherococcus
Flenryt and LEleutherococcus leucorrhizus ; and, in addition to
these latter the Customs Reports mention £/eutherococcus
senticosus. Indeed, in the Chinese books it is described by
some as a tree or shrub, and by others as a climbing plant.
One observer wisely says that the plant which grows in the
north in sandy soil is a tree, while that which grows in the
south in hard soil is an herbaceous plant! The /éz/¢sao,
following the Péxtsaoching of Shennung, classes it among
the trees.

The part used is the cortex of the root. It is found on the
markets as yellowish-brown quilled pieces, odorless and
tasteless. It is specially recommended in rheumatism, general
debility, and for the cure of tertiary syphilitic manifestations.
It is usually prescribed as a tincture.

ACERANTHUS SAGITTATUS.—% 2£ # (Vin-yang-
huo), 1536. This is identical with Apzmedium sagittatum. It
is a Berberidaceous plant said to have strong aphrodisiac
properties. Goats eating the plant are said to be incited to
excessive copulation, hence the Chinese name. It is commonly
called {jl} # § (Hsien-ling-p’i), and grows in mountain valleys

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 5

throughout China. The root and leaves are parts used in
medicine. It is prescribed in sterility and barrenness, and is
said to have great virtues in these conditions. In decoction it
is used in corneal affections and ulcerations of the eye after
exanthematous diseases.

ACER TRIFIDUM.—= ff #i (San-chio-féng). It is
uncertain whether the leaves reported in the Customs Lists are
from this tripartite maple, or whether they are the leaves: of
the Liguidamber formosana (ortentale). ‘There is not much
uniformity of classification of this substance at the different
ports ; at one place it being called ‘‘oak leaves’’, which, to
say the least, is a bold guess. The Chinese names for Acer
trifidum, in addition to the one given above, are Ji #il AT (Ya-
féng-shu), 1481, and fil fr Hy (Feng-hung-shu). Bretschneider
and the Japanese have been followed in the use of the term
placed at the head of this paragraph. This tree is not mention-
ed in the /éxtsao, and what its leaves may be used for (if,
indeed, it is the leaves of this tree that appear in commerce)
it has not been possible to learn. The supply reported by the
Customs came from Anhui and Kiangsu.

ACHILEA SIBIRICA.—# (Shih). This is a common
plant in the mountains of Northern China, and is so identified
by the Japanese. Legge calls the Sz plant milfoil. Wil-
liams, in his dictionary, says it is a sort of ‘‘ syngenesious plant
resembling the Azchemzs or mayweed, the Ptarmica siberica,
which grows around Confucius’ grave in Kithfeu, and as was
done in ancient times, is still sold there in parcels of sixty-four
stalks for divination ; the stems were once used for hair-pins’’.
In the Historical Record (3 §) it is said that a hundred stalks
of the Szk plant come out of the same root. ‘‘ Where this
plant grows neither tigers, wolves, nor poisonous plants are
found.’’ ‘The Shuo-wén (# 3) says: ‘‘ The S#zh is a kind of
flao ( Artemisia). The plant will yield, when a thousand
years old, three hundred stalks. The lengths of the stalks
used for divination were: for the Son of Heaven, nine feet ;
for the feudal princes, seven feet; for the high officers, five
feet ; and for the graduates, three feet.’’

6 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

The use of this drug is said to benefit respiration, to in-
vigorate the skin and muscular system, to brighten the eye, to
promote intelligence, and if taken for a long time to prevent
hunger and tissue waste. It is prescribed for dyspepsia and
dyspeptic constipation. ae

ACHRYANTHES BIDENTATA.—4 J (Niu-hsi), 903.
This is an Amarantaceous plant, with greenish-purple stems,
having large joints resembling the knee of an ox, whence the
Chinese name (ox-knee). The product sold under this name
in the Chinese drug shops is not always of this species ; other
products of the same or allied genera being included: as
Achryanthes aspera, Amarantus, and Cyathula. 'Tatarinov has
wrongly identified this as Pupalza, in which error he was
followed by Porter Smith.

The product of the shops varies considerably in appearance,
as might be expected from the number of different species of
plant used. The best quality, which comes from Huaiching-
fu in Honan, occurs in straight flexible roots of the size of a
small quill, wrinkled longitudinally, and of a brownish yellow
color. The taste is bitterish and somewhat acrid. ‘This is
probably the true ‘‘ox-knee’’. Another specimen of the root
is of a bark brown or yellowish color, twisted, knotted,
irregular, light and open in structure, with fibrous rootlets
attached, of a dirty-white color in the interior, and with very
little flavor. A coarser variety, known as Jij 4+ J® (Ch‘uan-
niu-hsi), 2452, differs in no material respect, excepting size,
from the last. One ancient observer says that the plant with
the large purple joints is the staminate one, while that with
small green joints is pistillate. The former is the best for
medical purposes. ‘The stalk and leaves are also used in
medicine, being regarded as having virtues similar to those of
the root. ‘The shoots of all of the different varieties are edible.
Anti-rheumatic and anodyne properties are among the chief
ones ascribed to this drug. It is also said to be of use in ague,
fever, urinary difficulties, puerperal and cutaneous diseases.
So persistently is it recommended in labor and puerperal
conditions, that it might well be worth while to investigate its
virtues in this respect. The stems and leaves are especially

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 4

recommended in chronic malarial and palludal poisoning. In
India diuretic and astringent properties are attributed to
Achryanthes aspera.

ACONITUM. —A great many species of Aconite are met
with in China. Maximowics met with nine in the Amur
region, four near Peking, and three in Mongolia. Doubtless,
if all of the wild and cultivated varieties of Szechuan were
enumerated, the list would be very much enlarged. It is also
probable that several drugs prepared for the market are derived
from the same species, being altered in appearance by cultivation
and domestication. Identifications are exceedingly difficult,
and it is only necessary to go through the lst of those already
attempted to see the hopeless state of the subject. In Peking
a specimen with a blue flower called Hi & fi§ (Ts‘ao-wu-t‘ou)
is identified as Aconitum kusnezoffit. ‘Tatarinov identified
another, called Hi & (Ts’ao-wu), from specimens of the root, as
Aconitum japonicum. Among other identifications are [ff
(Fu-tzii), a blue flowered kind, Aconztum fischert; a green
flowered plant, & §A& (Wu-t’ou), Aconitum Lycoctonum,; and
Henry called the wild & #§ (Wu-tu), which grows in the
mountains of Hupei, Aconztum fischert. The principal names
under which the article appears in commerce are Bi B (‘T's’ao-
wu) and i & $A (Ts’ao-wu-t’ou), 1353; JI] B (Ch’uan-wu),
262, 3 & (Kuang-wu), 655, and & BA (Wu-t’ou), 14723 and
PR FF (Fu-tzu), 343, K HE (T’ien-hsiung), 1291, fi He (Fu-p’ien),
337, and JI] ff (Ch’uan-fu), 243. Of the three groups, the
Customs Lists classify the first as being derived from Aconztum
kusnezofit at Newchwang, and from other ports, Aconztum
volubile aud Aconitum unciatum , the second, possibly Aconztum
napellus ; and the third, Aconitum fischert. The Pf fe (Fu-
p’ien) is sliced aconite root, probably of the last named
species.

The statements of the Pén/sao in regard to the derivation
and classification of the drug are interesting, if not accurate.
T’ao Hung-ching, the compiler of the /éztsaoching, says
that Fu-tz% and Wu-t’ou are names applied to the root of
the same plant. That taken up in the eighth moon is called
Fu-tzu, while that dug up in the spring, when the plant

8 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

begins to sprout, and resembling a crow’s head in shape, is
called Wau-?ou. That with a pedicle like an ox-horn is
called Wu-hui (& HR). The inspissated juice is called 9} FJ
(Shé-wang). The 7Z°zen-hsiung resembles the Fu-¢z#, but
is more slender, and from three to four inches long. The
Tsé-tzi (fj ) is a large lateral horn of the Fw-czz. All ‘of
these names refer to the root of the same plant. Another
author considers them to be applied to different plants, each
of them growing in a different locality. Li Shih-chen, the
author of the /éz¢sao, however, makes a statement similar to
that of I’ao Hung-ching’s. Among other terms applied to
aconite by the Chinese are jf Ef - (Lou-lan-tzt), which are
said to be the smallest lateral tubers; fy 3A Ye (Liang-t’ou-
chien), which is a synonym for Wu-huz,; ff @i B BA (Chu-
chieh-wu-t’ou), which is synonymous with 73’ ao-wzu-/’ou, or
the wild species ; Jk (Kéng-tzt), # A (Tu-kung), and HH
(Ti-ch’iu). A kind known as + [Mj - (T°? u-fu-tzt) is specially
spoken of as furnishing the arrow poison.

It may be said in regard to this matter of identification
and classification, that as all of these varieties contain either
Aconitine, Japaconitine, Pseudaconitine, or possibly Delphin-
ine, so far as the pharmacist and physician are concerned, the
distinction becomes of less importance. Varying strengths of
the alkaloid represented in different specimens of the drug
would be the only question of importance to the dispenser, and
under the new methods of drug assay this can be readily
regulated.

The so called Ch’uan-wu-t’ou (JI] & §H) and Kuang-wu
(56 5), as they appear in commeice, are top-shaped, tuberous
roots, from one inch and a quarter to one inch and a half in
length, and rather more than half an inch in thickness,
according to the number and size of the dried rootlets which
project irregularly from the surface. The external cuticle is
irregularly rough and hard, and of a brownish-black color, while
the interior structure is firm, amylaceous, and of a dirty white
color. The taste is bitter, acrid, and benumbing, the tubers
being seldom worm-eaten. The drug is highly poisonous. ‘The
Péntsao gives the following description of Ch’uan-wu (J]] §&),
which it makes identical with Wu-t’ou (B §fi) and T’s’ao-wu-

ay

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 9

tou (Hi & §M): ‘‘ The leaves and the flowers come at the same
time, appearing in the first moon. The leaves are thick, the
pedicle square and hollow. ‘They are similar to Artemzsza (§)
leaves. From the fourth to the eighth moon a juice can be
expressed from the stalks, which may be evaporated to make
arrow poison. ‘This, when placed upon arrow tips and used for
killing birds, will produce death in a bird so shot in the time it
would take one to walk ten steps. If men are shot with these
arrows, they will also die.”? Roth the 7éz7sao and the Customs
Reports give the origin of this drug as the province of Szechuan.

The drug called ‘T's’ao-wu (#5 &) and Ts’ao-wu-t’ou (Hi &
pA), 2s found in the Customs sheds and native drug stores, is
somewhat different from that just described. It consists of
mixed tuberous roots, evidently of more than one species of
Aconitum, that coming from Manchuria being classified as
Aconitum kusnezowi2, and that from other ports as Aconztum
volubile and Aconitum unciatum. It is possible that Aconitum
Jerox may be included in the list. The specimens, therefore,
vary a good deal, being sometimes ovoid, oblong, and tapering
to a point, or bifid, or even rounded at the extremities. They
vary from three quarters of an inch to one inch and a half in
leneth, are covered with smoothish or wrinkled, dark cuticle,
and are frequently worm-eaten. Internally they are whitish and
starchy, having very little odor, but the taste is very acrid and
benumbing. In Manchuria a sun-dried extract of this aconite
is said to be prepared, the deadly properties of which have been
confirmed by the experiments of Dr. Christison. Hanbury says
that equal parts of Ts’ao-wu (#i &), Ch’uan-wu (Jif 6), and
‘ Nao-yang-hua (fil 24 7£), in powder, is used to produce local
anesthesia. The moistened powder is applied to the surface of
the part to be operated upon for two hours previous to the
operation, by which means, it is alleged, insensibility to pain
will be produced. The last substance above named is probably
fyoscyamus niger, although it may be a Datura.

Fu-tztt (fff $) is probably best classified as Aconitum
jischert. The Péntsao makes this an inferior or unripe (-$)
sort of Wu-t’ou (& #8), which is called Fi — . To
distinguish it from Pai-fu-tzi (fy Pj F), a plant of the Arum
family, it is sometimes called Hei-fu-tzi (%& fff —). It is said

» Ge) CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

to be cultivated upon a large scale in Changming Hsien,
Lungan Fu, Szechuan. An elaborate work on its cultivation
was written in the Sung dynasty, from which it appears that by
the use of pig’s-dung, and a long period of domestication, this
species of aconite, and perhaps Aconitum napellus, have been
rendered much less poisonous. The plant is made to develop
very many appended side tubers, which, when gathered in the
winter, are prepared by steeping in vinegar and salting them,
and afterwards treating them by a process best known to those
engaged in the trade. ‘The tubers with numerous radicles are
the most esteemed. As found in the drug shops, they are larger
than the roots of the T’s’ao-wu (B A), but otherwise very
similar in appearance. Fu-p’ien (jf }=) is merely the tubers of
the Aconitum fischeri stripped of the cuticle, after soaking
with vinegar, dried thoroughly, and cut into slices, which are
brittle, curled, translucent, white, and exhibit the concentric
arrangement of the vascular bundles which traverse the root
lengthwise. It is but very slightly acrid, as might be expected
from the action of the acid on the root, in which it is macerated
for a week. Another drug, said to be derived from the small
side tubers of the Aconttum fischert, is called Ts€-tzu (fil) —).
The first character in both /Fw-tz% and 7sé-tz% are properly
written with the grass radical ( ff} and fj).

T’ien-hsiung (KK #£) is by some classed as Aconztum
variegatum. But, judging by the description given in the
Péntsao, it would almost appear to be a stameniferous or sterile
variety of the Aconitum fischeri, cultivated in Szechuan and
altered by domestication. The prepared tubers are top-shaped,
ovoid, measuring one inch and three quarters long by one inch
and a half in breadth, of a black color externally, and often
encrusted with a saline efflorescence. Several tubercles emboss
the outer surface, more especially at the upper part. The
interior is of a blackish-brown color, moist and greasy. In some
fresher specimens the color was lighter and the texture more
amylaceous. ‘The taste is saltish, followed by the characteristic
sensations caused by aconite.

The Péxtsao considers all of the various forms of aconite
to be the same. ‘That is to say, each is a different stage in the
growth or cultivation of the plant. A number of explanations

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ET

are quoted from various authors. As, for instance, one says
that the product of the first year of the plant’s life is called
Tsé-tzti (J -F); that of the second year, Wu-hui (B IR); the
third, Fu-tzt (ff --); the fourth, Wu-t’ou (& 98); and the
fifth, T’ien-hsiung (3 Zf). A sixth form is spoken of, which
is called Lou-lan-tzti (jg #€ ), and is considered to be an
immature form of the aconite plant. But as Mu-pieh-tzi
(AK E Ff) is given as another name for it, and as this is probably
the fruit of the Momordica cochinchinensis, the terminology is
here probably at fault.

The /Péntsao also says that an arrow poison is prepared
from a plant growing in some country west of China ; the plant’s
name being #) & Hi (Tu-pai-ts’ao). It says that this is an
aconite, but not the Ch’uan-wu (JI[ &). This probably is
because aconite is practically the only substance that has been
used as arrow poison in China. The ‘‘ western country’ drug
may as well have been Strophanthus, or some allied plant of the
digitalis series. As the substance is not readily found in-the
drug shops, and its exact place of origin is not known, it has
not yet been studied. Another very poisonous substance, called
i He (Lang-tu, ‘‘wolf’s-bane’’) and ff $& A (Lang-tu-t’ou),
693, is possibly Aconitum Lycoctonum, but more probably
Aconitum ferox. The roots are large and starchy, and are often
much worm-eaten. It is used as a sedative and in violent
coughs. It is the common article for poisoning birds and
beasts whenever this is done.

The Chinese do not seem to have considered any of the
aconites as edible, but the Péztsao speaks of one variety as non-
poisonous. This is 4+ fm (Niu-pien), which. may be the
Aconitum septentrionale, used in Lapland as a potherb. It is
entirely probable that the edible varieties indigenous to India,
such as the Aconitum multifidum and the Aconitum rotundt-
Jolium, are also found in China. ‘The Niu-pien (4+ ) is only
used as a lotion for ulcers and as an insecticide on cattle.

All of the drugs included in this list of aconites, so far as
they are used by the Chinese, are only employed after they have
been prepared in various ways so as to diminish the poisonous
properties of the plants. This explains the almost uniform
practice of soaking the tubers in vinegar for a longer or shorter

12 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

period before they are placed on the market. As is the case
with most drugs having strong physiological properties these
aconites are prescribed for the widest variety of bodily disorders.
A simple list of the diseases for which they are recommended
would include most of the disorders to which flesh is heir.
They are considered to be stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic,
arthritic, sedative, alterative, and deobstruent. They are
accordingly used in fevers, ague, rheumatism, nervous disorders,
neuralgias and all sorts of painful conditions, dropsy, cholera,
and are considered to be specially efficacious in the many forms
of dysentery found in Chinese nosology. Conditions considered
to result from the disturbance in the balance between the dual
principles are differently affected by the different varieties of
this plant. For instance, if the ‘‘yin’’ ({€) is deficient, or the
‘‘yang’? (f%) in excess, Wu-t’ou (& BA) is the one to be
employed ; but it the opposite condition exists then ‘T’ien-
hsiung ( F Z£) should be administered. This seems, at least, to
be in harmony with the sexuality of these plants.

ACORUS.—The character ch’ang (#) is applied in China
and Japan to the genus Acorus, of which several species,
including the common sweet flag (Acorus calamus), are found
in Eastern Asia. ‘The character p’u (jij) is defined by Kang
Hsi as ‘‘a rush suitable for making mats’’. This character
might be suggested as a distinctive term for the order of
Juncacee. Owing to the aquatic habit of the principle rep-
resentative of the genus both the Péxz¢sao and Kang Hsi classify
the Acorus with the rush family. Hence Ch’ang-p’u (2 7),
‘“Acorus rush’’. Of the different varieties of Acorus the two
characters ® jifj, 29, seem to be reserved for Acorus terrestris,
while the Acorus calamus is shui-ch’ang-p’u (7e =y jf) and the
Acorus gramineus is shib-ch’ang-p’u (4 2S Ff), 1139. Another
variety known as ch’ang-jung ( %), 28, ‘‘ deorus okra’), and
pai-ch’ang (GG ®) is the Acorus spurius. The leaf of the
latter is described as without a mid-rib, which probably means
that it does not have the elevated ridge on the leaves common
to the other varieties. Its rhizome is not considered to be
edible, and it is used in medicine only as an insecticide and an
autipruritic.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 13

It is probable that the Acorus terrestris and the Acorus
gramineus furnish the greater part of the product to the
commerce of China, although it is reported as Acorus calamus
from several ports. The provinces from which the larger part
comes are Szechuan, Kuangtung, and Kuangsi; while
Chekiang, Anhui, and Honan are mentioned as additional
sources of supply. The plant is artificially cultivated to supply
the demand for its sword-like leaves, which are hung up at the
Dragonboat festival on the fifth day of the fifth moon of each
year. (See the article on Artemisia.) The drug is met with
in the form of brittle, brownish-yellow, broken rootlets,
irregularly ridged, and not inaptly compared by the Chinese to
whip-cord. They have an agreeable smell, and the interior is
white and starchy in texture and of asweetish aromatic flavor.
As the rhizome proper is a more efficient drug, it is probable
that it is also employed, although it is not so often found in the
_ samples passing through the Imperial Customs. Stimulant,
tonic, antispasmodic, sedative, stomachic, diaphoretic, anti-
periodic, and other properties are referred to this drug, which
has some excellent virtues, as confirmed by many trustworthy
observers in India and Europe. Its insecticidal and insectifugal
properties are understood by the Chinese, who refer its
prophylactic powers to some such influence. It is worth while
remembering that in Constantinople this drug is largely eaten
as a preventive against pestilence. The powder, the juice, and
a tincture are the favorite methods of exhibition with the
Chinese, who use it in hemoptysis, colic, menorrhagia, and
other fluxes, and apply the juice or coarse powder to carbuncles,
buboes, deaf ears, and sore eyes. It is said to be antidotal to
the poison of euphorbiaceous plants. The leaves are used to
wash pustular eruptions and leprous sores. The prolific
flowering of the plant is said to betoken large harvests.

ACTEA SPICATA.—Under the Chinese name of Ff Jif
(Shéng-ma , 1132, the roots of a number of Ranunculaceous
plants are found in the markets; such as Actea spicata, Astilbe
chinensis, Astilbe thunbergi, Cimicifuga daurica, Cimicifuga
fetida, and Cimicifuga japonica. Porter Smith, following
Hanbury, who in turn had followed a wrong identification by

I4 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Siebold, calls this 7halictrum rubellum. While these may all
be similar in physiological action, it is scarcely probable that
they are of equal value and medicinal strength. The identifica-
tion of the various species remains yet to be done ; while, if the
drug has the medicinal properties ascribed to it by the Chinese,
the comparative value and action of the various kinds is still to
be ascertained. According to the Chinese books the chief
source of the drug is the mountain ravines of Szechuan ; but
the Customs Reports, in addition to the province already
mentioned, give Manchuria, Shensi, Chekiang, Kuangtung,
and Kuangsi as sources of supply. It is possible that the
various provinces may furnish roots from different but allied
genera and species. The superior quality of the drug is called
Ft hit WY (Shéng-ma-jou), 1133, while the inferior is designated
F] jit BA (Shéng-ma-t’ou), 1134. The commonly used variety
of the plant most nearly resembles Actea in the descrip-
tion given in the books, so this article is written under this
classification.

Marvelous properties are ascribed to this drug in Chinese
medical works. It is regarded as ‘‘a corrective for every form
of poison, preserving from old age and preventing death; a
prophylactic against pestilence, malaria, evil miasms, and the
ku (#) poison’’. One is reminded that forty years ago
Cimicifuga racemosa was held in almost as high repute by a
certain school of physicians in America. Whether the Chinese
drug is as inert as the American product, remains to be
considered. T’o say the least, it is remarkable that empirics
separated by wide oceans and by reaches of time, should have
come to practically the same estimate of what is apparently so
worthless a drug. In addition to its use in miasmatic and
infectious disorders it is prescribed in nervous crying of
children, in skin diseases, in the treatment of malignant
tumors, in aphthous sore mouth, and in _ post-partum
hemorrhage.

ACTINIDIA.— 3 48 (Ch’ang-ch’u). This is the classical
name. ‘The Shuo-wén says it is the @ fk (Yang-t’ao). Itisa
climbing shrub with edible fruit about the size of a plum.
There seems to be two varieties, which have been identified as

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 15

Actinidia chinensis (> Pe or #3 Pk, Yang-t’ao) and Actinzdia
rufa (%@ i wk, Mi-hou-t’ao). In the south of China the char-
acters #§ #k are used for the fruit of the Averrhoa carambola,
1497, or ‘‘Chinese gooseberry’? as it is calied by Europeans.
But this usage is evidently only a local one, and the plant so
designated by the Péztsao is certainly not the carambola, but
Actinidia. It is described as a clambering plant, growing in
hilly districts, with a round, furry leaf and a greenish fruit
about the size of a hen’s egg. The fruit is edible, and in the
mountainous districts of Shensi, where it grows plentifully, it is
greatly relished by the monkeys. Hence the name by which
it goes in the north. The bark is used to make paper, and
when removed in one piece from near the root and placed in
hot ashes, it is converted into a firm tube, which is used for
pencils. The fruit is useful for quenching thirst, and this and
the juice of the stalk are of some repute in the treatment of
**gravel’’. A decoction of the branches and leaves is used for
the cure of mange in dogs.

ADENOPHORA.—Several Campanulaceous plants, .the
roots of which bear some resemblance to ginseng, and for which
they are sometimes fraudulently substituted, are found among
the flora of China. These are Adenophora verticillata ( RB,
Sha-shén), Adenophora polymorpha, var. alternifolia (Ay HE yy
#8, Hsing-yeh-sha-shén), Adenophora tracheloides (jf Fa, Ti-
ni), Codonopsis lanceolata (+, '® 38, T’u-tang-shén), Glos-
socomia lanceolata (> fl, Yang-ju), Platycodon grandifiorum
(#4 #8, Chieh-kéng), Wahlenbergia marginata ($9 #8 WH B,
Hsi-yeh-sha-shén), and others.

The Péntsao counts Sha-shén (%# 38) among the five gin-
sengs ; the other four being Jén-shén (A 3), Hsiian-shén (¥&
#&), Tan-shén (Jf B), and K’u-shén (7 #). It also says that
it is white in color, from which it gets the name of Pai-shén
(fj #), and grows best on sandy soil, from whence its principal
name (7p 4). The juice of the root is milky, and is vulgarly
called # 3% Wj ( Yang-p’o-nai), ‘‘sheep mother milk’’. This
root is also sometimes called 2 PJ (Yang-ju) and ff} a (Ti-
hwang). It occurs (1078) in tapering pieces, from four to eight
inches in length, with a whitish-brown, wrinkled exterior, and

16 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

is much lighter and bulkier than ginseng. The interior is
spougy and of a yellowish-white, and the cross-section shows a
curiously plicated arrangement of the tissue, the folds radiating
irregularly from the center to the circumference. As the stem
grows older, this arrangement is less distinct. [he taste is
bitter-sweet, slightly cooling and demulcent. It is used largely
in pulmonary diseases, especially those attended by fever, and
as a general tonic and restorative of bodily vigor. The books
say the Jén-shén (A B) is 2 restorative of the ‘‘ yang’? prin-
ciple, while Sha-shén (¥ 2B) restores the ‘‘ yin”’.

Hsing-yeh-sha-shén (4F 233 Y B) is considered to be iden-
tical with Chi-ni (& ¥#). The /éxtsao says in regard to this
latter that the root is like Sha-shén (jf 48) and the leaves are
like the apricot ; therefore, the people of Honan call it ‘‘ apricot-
leaved sha-shén’’. The plant contains a large quantity of
juice, which is called #& GE #2 BR (Chi-ni-nung-lu), ‘‘chi-ni
thick dew’’. The Chi-mi (#§ J) is ddenophora remotifolta, the
common harebell. The properties of this root are sweet and
cooling. It is reputed as an antidote for all kinds of medicinal
poisons. It also is said to be efficacious in the bites of poison-
ous insects and reptiles, as well as to overcome the effects of
arrow-poison. Virulent ulcers, poisoned wounds, and the kz
(#) poison are also said to be benefited by it. As the drug
seems to be a simple demulcent, one does not understand how
it can have secured a reputation in such a wide range of
poisonous affections. ‘Ti-ni (jf FE) is given as a synonym of
the above, but it probably is distinct, as indicated at the head
of this article. Similarity in general appearance of the
root and in medical properties may account for the Chinese
classification.

Tang-shén (# 2%), 1251, is classed by the Péxztsao with
true ginseng. ‘The name comes from [| # (Shang-tang), the
ancient name of Lu-an-fu in Shansi, from which one of the two
principal kinds of ginseng originally came. For this reason
the complete name is [| # A 2 (Shang-tang-jén-shén). But
at the present time at least Tang-shén represents Campanula-
ceous roots, and sometimes goes by the name of Bastard Gin-
seng. "These roots are much more open than even the worst
specimens of ginseng, all of which have a much sharper

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. a7

and more aromatic flavor. The Customs Lists classify Tang-
shén (# #8) as Campanumea pilosula, and it is possible that
the T'‘u-tang-shén (-- #& 2), mentioned above, is not the same,
although supplying a root similar in appearance and quality
to the former. It is met with in long, slender, tapering, pale
yellow pieces, slightly twisted. ‘They are about five inches
in length, much smaller than Fang-tang-shén (Pj BR 238),
which they very much resemble, being wrinkled or furrowed
longitudinally and transversely. The interior is brittle, brown-
ish-yellow, open in structure, and with a lighter central pith.
The taste is sweetish and slightly mucilagenous, resembling
that of malt. The Customs Lists also give Ming-tang-shén
(BA 3 #8), 853, and say that this is the Chi-ni (#§ f@), and
that it is quite different from Tang-shén (% 88), 1251. On
the supposition that Tang-shén is from a species of true ginseng,
this would be correct. But even these lists give the origin of
Tang-shén from the Campanulacee, and, if there is any dis-
tinction, it would be between the different genera or species
of this order, e.g., Codonopsis lanceolata and Campanumea
pilosula. Ming-tang (Bj ft), or ‘‘clear ginseng from Shang-
tang,’? is found in hard pieces of four inches in length, taper-
ing at both ends like a cigar; one end being truncated and the
other pointed. ‘The cuticle is of a yellowish color, stained
with reddish points, marked with fine lines or furrows, and
the interior hard, white, porous, and easily separated from the
translucent cortical part. ‘Tang-shén (3% #) is distinguished
in commerce by several special designations, indicating its
source or the manner of packing. Among these is Fang-tang
(Bj %&), also called Fang-tang-shén (ff BR #&) and Fang-féng-
tang-shén (Pf jal $f #8). This is the kind that comes from
Hupeh, and is described by Porter Smith as follows: ‘‘ This
is a drug met with in bundles of long, tapering, angular
pieces, of dirty-brown color, marked with wrinkles and fissures,
or transverse rings. ‘They average about a foot in length, and
are more or less tough or brittle, according to age. ‘There
are remnants of the radicles at the thicker, or lower ends.
The cross section is of a lighter color, showing the same open,
plicated arrangement of the woody tissue as the Sha-shén
(4 2), with a firmer central pith of a yellow color. The two

18 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

drugs resemble each other a good deal, but the one under
consideration is much larger and darker, and marked ex-
ternally with dark patches of the dried juice. It has a sweet,
mucilagenous taste, and is used as a tonic like ginseng. It is
used in syphilis, just as the Campanula glauca is amongst the
Japanese.’’? Ch‘uan-tang (JI] ‘) is from Szechuan, and is in
large dark pieces, resembling Sha-shén (# 2%); Hsi-tang
(f4 3&) is from Shensi, Lu-tang (jj #) from Luan prefecture
in Shansi. Pao-tang (@J ‘) is the drug in bales, Hsiang-
tang (#§j fi) is that in boxes, while Féng-p‘i (J Je), or Féng-
p‘i-tang (Jel JR Be), or Hung-tang (#£ #) is the substance in
bundles fastened with red cord. ‘Tatarinov thought to identify
Tang-shén (% 2) as a Convolvulus, but there is no doubt that
this is a campanulaceous plant.

Chieh-kéng ({¥ #), Platycodon grandifiorum, is a red
stemmed genus of the Campanulacee. The Péntsao says that
it is like the Chi-ni (9% #), the latter being sweet, while the
former is bitter. Like others of this order, its roots are used
to falsify ginseng. It is brought from Szechuan, Hupeh,
Honan, Shansi, and possibly from other provinces of North
China. It occurs in short, dark-brown pieces, much shriveled
and wrinkled, and sometimes moniliform, varying in size from
that of a little finger to a writing quill, or even smaller. Its
taste is said to be slightly bitter and demulcent. Its ascribed
medicinal qualities are many, among which the more important
are tonic, astringent, sedative, stomachic, and vermifuge. It
is Specially recommended in bloody fluxes from the bowels.

ADIANTUM.—tThe substance spoken of in the Customs
Lists as T‘ieh-sien-ts‘ao ($& #4 Hi), 1281, is given in the List
of Chinese Plants known to Linnzeus as Adiantum flabellatum,
and is also included in Loureiro’s Flora Cochinchinensis under
the same classification. ‘T‘ieh-sien-ts‘ao ($j 2%) Bi), as given
in the /éxtsao, seems rather to be a Polygonum, and is repre-
sented to be the same as Pien-hsii (# 4), Polygonum avicu-
lare. ‘The part used is the root, while the product appearing
at the Customs is the stalk and leaves. Further identification
of this substance is necessary. ‘The drug spoken of in the
fPénisao 1s used in the treatment of colds.

' VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 19

Adiantum monochlamys, Shih-ch‘ang-sheng (G £& 46),
isa true Fzzx. It is found in mountainous districts, growing
upon the edge of cliffs. The root is the part used, and its
taste is said to be salty, slightly cooling, and the drug is
somewhat poisonous. Its properties are febrifuge and para-
siticide. It is recommended in parasitic skin diseases.

{GLE SEPIARIA.—In the Customs Lists §f (Chih),
133, 137, is so identified. But the preponderance of authority
seems to be in favor of considering this as Cztrus fusca or
Citrus trifoliata. (See Cztrus.)

ZESCULUS CHINENSIS.— fifi HE (T‘ien-shih-li). The
fruit of this sapandaceous plant is but little different from the
common horse-chestnut. ‘The /éxtsao says that it is found only
in the mountains of Western Szechuan, but it is said also to
come from the province of Hupeh. The name is derived from
i KK fii (Chang ‘Tien-shih), a famous Taoist priest, who
dwelt at T's‘ing-ch‘en (7 $§), a city situated in this part of
Szechuan, and studied ‘‘tao.’’? It is probable that this is the
same as #2 2B or Pit #2 (So-lo-tzit), as given in Tatari-
nov’s list. ‘The fruit is also compared to the acorn. The
hilum is large and the integument of a dark, reddish-brown
color. ‘The bark of the tree contains a crystalline,. fluorescent
principle, and some species of this genus are poisonous, but
these nuts are sweet, and are merely credited with being
useful in cases of contracted limbs from palsy or rheumatism.
The fruits selling at a valuation of threepence each in Hankow,
induces the Chinese to put some faith in them, for they usually
value a remedy in proportion to its cost.

Another representative of this genus is the sculus tur-
binata ({ HE Ht, Ch'‘i-yeh-shu). It is so classified in the
Japanese lists, is not mentioned in the /éz¢sao, and may not
be found in China.

AGAVE CHINENSIS.—+ ft # (T‘u-ch‘en-hsiang),
1365. This amaryllidaceous plant is not mentioned in the
Péntsao, but is apparently met with in Formosa. The Agave
Americana (#, 2% iit, Lu-sung-ma), is said by Mr, T. Sampson

20 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

to have been introduced into Canton province from Manila :
at least the fibers, sometimes called Pzta-flax, are said to be
employed in the manufacture of mosquito netting. This fiber
has, however, been referred by French botanists to Chama@rops
excelsa (}# #9, Tsung-lii), the coir-palm. The hemp has also
been called Po-lo-ma (j # fff), but it is more probable that
this latter is the Chinese name for Corchorus or Triumfetta,
tiliaceous plants, which see. The Agave Mexicana has been
confounded by Professor Neuman with the #{ & (Fu-sang),
which is evidently a malvaceous shrub, the A/zbescus rosa-
Simensts, and upon his identification he has grounded a_pre-
sumption in favor of an early discovery of America by the
Chinese. The land named after this plant, which was seen
growing in profusion there, has heen identified by Klaproth
with Saghalien; by Leland with a part of the American
continent, and by others with Japan. The Fu-sang, of which
the ancient Chinese books speak, was not the A/zdzscus rosa-
sinensts, but it was the name of a fabulous tree, behind which
the sun was supposed to rise. The Agave Mexicana has been
naturalized in India, and is largely cultivated there. Indian
experience has confirmed the anti-syphilitic properties assigned
by the Mexicans to this plant. Dr. Hutchinson, of India, cut
the large, fleshy leaves into thin slices, and used them as
poultices.

AGLAIA ODORATA.—= #£ fff (San-yeh-lan), R % W
(Mi-sui-lan). The flowers of this meliaceous plant are used to
scent teas. ‘The dried buds are called BY 76 4 (Lan-hwa-mi),
691. The leaves and root are well worth trial as tonics, as
Canella and other excellent tonics are referred to this order.
The tender leaves are eaten as a vegetable.

So ae GLANDULOSA.—4#% (Ch‘u), otherwise
know as §& /# (Ch‘ou-ch‘u) and && #& (Ch‘ou-ch‘un). The
Péntsao cba this and Cedrela stnenses under the common
heading of #& #2 (Ch‘un-ch‘u). Although these belong to two
distinct Bs cceaae Alan thus to the Simarubacee and the
Cedrela to the Rutacee—it is well known that there is a strong

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. won

“resemblance between the trees and shrubs of the former order

and the Rutacce xanthoxylee ,; so it is not surprising that the
Chinese should have classed these together. Several species
of both genera yield timber of various qualities, but the
red, fine-grained, mahogany-like wood of the Cedrela is
far superior to the coarse, white, open timber of the
Atlanthus, much used as fuel. Other species of trees, similar
in general appearance to the Ch‘u (J%), and having leaves
giving off odor, are classed in the /éz/sao with this; an
effort being made to distinguish the different kinds by the
odor. Reason for this may be found in the fact that the
Ch‘un (4) has fragrant leaves that can be eaten, and is there-
fore sometimes called Hsiang-ch‘un (#4 4), while the Ch‘u
(#38) has leaves with an offensive smell, and therefore not used
as food. ‘The leaves of the Azdanthus are large pinnate, from
one to two feet long, and are very similar to those of the
Cedrela, both of which trees grow in profusion in the neigh-
borhood of Peking. Onclose examination, however, the leaves
of the former are easily distinguished by the two little glands
near the basis of each leaflet, to which the species name
‘‘ glandulosa”? refers. The Azlanthus grows very easily and
rapidly, and its wood is used only for fuel. In the phrase
FE HE Zz Ff it becomes, classed with the scrub oak, a figure of
speech for ‘‘uselessness.’’ ‘The leaves are used to feed silk-
wornis, and in times of scarcity are eaten as a vegetable,
though, on account of their offensive odor, not from choice.
They are said to be very slightly poisonous, and are used as
astringent, anthelmintic, and deobstruent remedies. They are
given in diseases of the lungs, dysuria, menstrual diseases, the
kan (ff) disease of children, spermatorrhcea and fluxes in
general, and a wash is made to promote the growth of the
hair and to wash parasitic ulcers and eruptions. In most of
the cases, the bark both of the tree and of the root is used,
having precisely the same properties. The name Ch‘u-p‘i
({= JX), Or as in the Customs Lists Shu-pai-p‘i (EF & Jk), 1168,
should be confined to the bark of the Azlanthus,; while
Ch‘un-p‘i (4 J&), or Hsiang-ch‘un-p‘i (#% #& JR), 275, 415,
is more correctly applied to that of the Cedrela. See Cedrela
SINENSTS.

22 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

AKEBIA QUINATA.—ZK 3 (Mu-t‘ung). A drug
obtained from a Peking drug shop, bearing this Chinese name,
was sent to Kew and there examined. It proved to be Akebza
guinata. It was in thin slices, evidently the transverse
sections of a ligneous stem, half-an-inch in diameter; the
marrow showing small holes like a sieve. In the Customs
Lists, 878, the drug is said to be derived from various species
of Clematis; ‘‘the export from Newchwang is probably
Clematis heraclecfolia, that from Hankow is Clematis grata,
while that from Ningpo and Canton has not yet been
determined.’’ Loureiro and Faber identify it as Clematis
SIMENSTIS.

It is a climbing plant, with a jointed, woody stem, varying
in thickness from that of a finger to about three inches in
diameter. The wood is yellow, and is arranged in vascular
plates, leaving tubular openings large enough for air to be
blown through; hence the Chinese names, 7 {jj (Mu-t‘ung) and
3% YG (T‘ung-ts‘ao’.. This latter name, however, is also some-
times applied to Fatsza papyrifera. The twigs and fruit are
used in medicine. ‘The fruit, which in the south of China is
called #¢ 7 F (Ven-fu-tzt) and & # (Wu-fu-tzit), is from
three to four inches long, has a white pulp with black kernels,
is edible and of an agreeable, sweet taste. The wood is bitter
to the taste, and is pronounced to be a stimulating, diaphoretic,
laxative, diuretic, stomachic, and vulnerary drug, quickening
all of the senses and faculties. The fruit is said to be tonic,
stomachic, and diuretic.

ALBIZZIA JULIBRISSIN.—& # (Ho-huan), 373, & &
(Yeh-ho). This is one of the leguminosee of the suborder
Mimoseez, and is also called Acacia julibrisstn. Loureiro
calls it Mzmosa arborea. It is sensitive, the leaves folding
together at night, as the Chinese name implies. It is probable
that in this sense another name given by the Péztsao, namely,
4 4F (Ho-hun), ‘uniting dark,” is more nearly correct than
the first given above. It is considered to be an auspicious tree,
promoting agreement and affection, and therefore is given a
place among domestic shrubbery. Its leaves are also edible.
The parts of the plant appearing in the Customs Lists are the

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 23

flowers, but the portions recommended to be used by the
Péntsao are the bark and wood. On account of the auspicious
character of this tree, its use in medicine is also thought to be
attended with the happiest results: ‘‘ promoting joy, assuaging
sorrow, brightening the eye, and giving the desires of the
heart.’? In the treatment of disease, it is regarded as tonic,
vulnerary, sedative, anthelmintic, and discutient. A gummy
extract is prepared and used as a plaster for carbuncles, swell-
ings, and as a retentive in fractures and sprains.

ALEURITES TRILOBA.—4 #£ (Shih-li). ‘This eu-
phorbiaceous tree is either closely allied to, or identical
with, the Aleurites moluccana, or Candle Nut tree of India
and the Pacific Islands. It is also closely related to the
Excecaria sebifera (B Ri 7K, Wu-chiu-mu), or Tallow tree.
It bears an acorn-like fruit, called by the Chinese ‘‘stone
chestnuts,’? which is the meaning of the term given above.
It is a native of Annam, or Cochin China, and was known to
Loureiro as a species of walnut, just as it is called in India
Belguam, or Indian walnut. It is incidentally mentioned in
the /éntsao under the head of ‘‘chestnut,’? as growing
commonly in the south of China, but it is not considered to be
a chestnut. A fixed oil is expressed from the kernels, which
is reported by Dr. O’Rorke to be superior to linseed-oil as an
economic substance. He finds its medicinal action to be
similar to that of castor-oil, but it does not cause nausea or
pain, and is free from any unpleasant smell or taste. Neither
the fruits nor the oil appear in the Customs Report, which
seems a surprising fact when their reputed usefulness is
considered. ‘The tree abounds in the Moluccas, where the
fruit is eaten as an aphrodisiac, and is met with in the island
of ‘Tahiti; a gummy substance which exudes from the bark
being chewed by the natives. The name Shih-li (4 #) has
been incorrectly given to the fruit of Quercus cornea.

ALGAY.—## YE (Hai-tsao), 355. The character }{% is used
for all sorts of aquatic plants, and the name above given could
almost be limited to marine alge. fg 3é (Hai-ts‘ai) is also
used for the same purpose. Several kinds of algee are used
by the Chinese both as dietetic articles and as medicinal agentg,

24 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Specimens of the Hai-tsao obtained from ‘Tientsin and identified
by Professors Agardh and Gobi, proved to belong to Sargassum
siliquastrum. ‘The proper Chinese name of this is fg ## (Hai-lo).
The large sea-weed which is so commonly used for food in China,
and called by the common name of fg 3€ (Hai-ts‘ai), comes
from the coast of Manchuria and Korea, and is Laminaria
saccharina ,; the correct Chinese name being [# #i (K‘un-pu) or
ta Thi (Lun-pu). Several species of Laminaria, Rhodymenia,
Alaria, lride@a, and Potamogeton are found in the Chinese
medicine shops. Their identification is very uncertain. ‘The
names } jf (Hai-tsao), fe HF (Hai-tai), 354, jf #4 (Hai-yiin),
and 2 #f (K‘un-pu), 677, are E sptia rather indiscriminately to
these specimens. ‘‘ Avar-agar” is made of Gracilaria liche-
nodes, Gracilaria spinosa, Gigartina tenax, and Spherococcus,
which grow upon the shores of most of the islands of the
eastern sea. Vostoc edule is another form of edible sea-weed.
In colloquial, however, these are all called # 3¢ (Hai-ts‘ai).

The /éxtsao recommends all of the medicinal algz in the
treatment of goitre. Under the name of Gz/lur-ka-putta, a
dried sea-weed, assumed to be collected near the mouth of the
Saghalien river, is highly prized in upper India as a remedy
for bronchocele. K‘un-pu is recommended in dropsies of all
kinds, and Hai-tai is prescribed in menstrual disorders, and is
said to have the power of increasing the action of the uterus
in difficult labors. ‘The Chinese regard a diet of sea-weed as
cooling, but rather debilitating if pursued for a long time. A
fine quality of sea-weed, which has been cleansed and bleached,
is imported from Japan and sold under the name of # x=
(Yang-ts‘ai). It is called zszzglass in the table of imports.
Among fresh water algze, the Péz¢sao speaks of. fi 4 Hi (Lung-
shé-ts‘ao), 790, ‘‘dragon tongue,’’ which is specially recom-
niended as an application in the treatment of mammary abscess
and cancer. We cannot agree with Faber in classifying Ai Se pos
(Shih-jui) among the algze ; it is a lichen.

ALISMA PLANTAGO.—#: jf (T'sé-hsieh), 1354. This
is the common water plantain, which in Northern China grows
plentifully in ditches and ponds. Other names given for it in

the Péntsao are 7K jf (Shui-hsieh), 2% jf (Chi-hsieh), #% ig

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 25

(Ku-hsieh), ( 36 (Mang-yii), and #8 J% (Vii-sun); this last
name being in honor of the Great Vii, the reputed founder of
the Hsia dynasty, who drained the empire of the great flood
that had prevailed up to the time of his reign. In the classics
the plant is called #4 (Yii) and # (Hsieh). In the Japanese
list it is called 7k #@ j# (Shui-tsé-hsieh). The supply of the
drug passing through the Customs comes from Fukien, Che-
kiang, Honan, and Szechuan. The Péz¢tsao recommends that
which grows south of the Jii (jf) river, which is a tributary
of the Huai. The parts used are the leaves, which are
gathered in the fifth moon; the rhizome, gathered in the
eighth moon; and the achene, gathered in the ninth moon.
The rhizome, which is the part most frequently employed, is
globular, or ovoid, and fleshy. The drug is generally met
with in the form of thin, circular sections, from one inch to
one inch-and-a-half in diameter, of a pale yellow color, mealy,
‘slightly bitter in taste, and often worm-eaten. The fresh
rhizome is somewhat acrid. Tonic, cooling, diuretic, arthritic,
stomachic, astringent, galactogogue, and discutient properties
are attributed to this plant. In fact, any disease of the nature
of a flux or dropsy, or disease of the hydrology of the system,
is supposed to be benefited by this water plant. ‘‘If taken
for a long time, the eye and ear become acute, hunger is not
felt, life is prolonged, the body becomes light, the visage
radiant, and one can walk upon water.’’ It is also said to
render labor easy, to stimulate the female generative apparatus,
and to promote conception. ‘The leaves, in addition to their
other properties, are reputed to be serviceable in leprosy. The
action of the achene is said to be similar to that of the root,
even to the production of visual radiance, but its use is said
to produce sterility.

ALLIUM ASCALONICUM.—#f (Hsieh). This is the
ordinary garden shad/ot ; the slight variation from the European
variety being produced by the different method of culture
employed by the Chinese. It is indigenous to China; the wild
variety being readily found in the Lit mountains of Kiangsi.
The seeds are usually planted in the autumn and the small
bulbs separated and transplanted in the spring. It is used as

26 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

a vegetable, though not so highly prized as the native leek
(Allium odorum). ‘The small bulbs, called #; & (Hsieh-pai),
449, are pickled, as in Europe, and they are also preserved for
medicinal use in alcohol. Tonic, nutrient, astringent, and
alterative properties are attributed to the plant, and the bruised
bulb is applied as a discutient or vulnery remedy. Combined
with honey, it is said to be a useful application in burns.

ALLIUM FISTULOSUM.—#% (Ts‘ung). This is the
Chinese onion, or czbowle, native to Siberia and Mongolia. It
is largely cultivated in several parts of China. It differs from
the common onion (Adium cepa) in never forming a globular
bulb. The common onion is largely cultivated in Southern
China and Cochin China, but it probably is of foreign origin.
It is called #f 2 (Hu-ts‘ung) and [6] fa] 4% (Hui-hui-ts‘ung) ;
this latter term, ‘‘Mohamedan onion,’’ indicating its deriva-
tion from the West. The Chinese onion, belonging to the
class of nitrogenous foods called # (Hun), is much used as an
article of diet. It, together with other vegetables of its class,
constitutes a large proportion of the poor man’s ‘‘ meat’? ;
being eaten with rice, millet, or bread, together with succulent
and green vegetables. Several varieties are cultivated, and the
article is as much used as its prototypes are in Spain and
Portugal. A large, coarse variety is called AL 4% (Mu-ts‘ung),
or ‘‘tree-onion’’ (Allium cepaproliforum ?). ‘The wild onion,
2 2 (Ko-ts‘ung) or jj 4 (Shan-ts‘ung), (Adium victorialis ?),
and the foreign onion are specially mentioned in the Péz/sao.
It says that the latter are indigenous to the mountains of
Szechuan, but we have not been able to verify this. Onion
tea is given to persons suffering from catarrh, fever, headache,
cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, urinary affections, and rheumatic
disorders. It is also used as a sedative in children’s diseases.
The persons in charge of life boats on the Yangtse depend, in
cases of drowning, upon strong onion tea to excite vomiting and
reaction. Onions are applied to the noses of persons who have
attempted to hang themselves. Buboes, abscesses, and frac-
tures are poulticed with the bruised bulb, or annointed with
the juice. Every part of the plant is supposed to have some
special therapeutic property.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. a7

ALLIUM ODORUM.—ZE (Chiu), 203. Other names for
this seem to be Allium uliginosum, Allium tuberosum, and
Allium senescens. It is indigenous to Siberia, Mongolia, and
the whole of China; is a common plant in the mountains of the
north, and is cultivated everywhere in gardens. ‘The Chinese
eat the whole plant, it being specially relished when it is in
flower in mid-summer. It somewhat resembles the Zeek, but is
much smaller. ‘The leaves are ligulate, and the bulb flat and
continuous with the stem. The Book of Rites calls this plant
BY Ag, feng pén (the rich root), when it is used for the sacrifices
in the ancestral temple, and it is also used in other sacrifices.
It is raised from the seed or from the transplanted bulbs;
patches of the fresh vegetable being kept ready for use during
the entire year in Central China. It is supposed to nourish
and purify the blood, to act as a cordial, and to in every way
benefit those who are ailing. It can be partaken of freely and
for a long time. Special difficulties for which it is regarded
to be efficacious are poisonous bites of dogs, serpents, or insects,
hemorrhages of every sort, and spermatorrhoea. For this
latter the seeds are considered to be especially useful.

The wild leek, jlj dE (Shan-chiu), also called H # AE
(Chu-ko-chiu), is considered by Faber to be a distinct species,
Allium japonicum. It is specially mentioned in the Pézztsao,
and is thought to have special action in promoting excretion
and in the flatulent dyspepsia of elderly persons,

ALLIUM SATIVUM.—# (Suan). Garlic has been known
to the Chinese from a very early period ; it being mentioned in
the Calendar of the Hsia, a book of two thousand years before
Christ. It is now called )J\ $; Hsiao-suan) to distinguish it
from Allium scorodoprasum, which is called Je 7% (Ta-suan).
The Lrh-ya relates that when the Emperor Huang-ti was
ascending a certain mountain, some of his followers were
poisoned by eating the 3g 3f! yu-yii (probably an aroid plant) ;
but by eating the garlic, which was also found there, their lives
were saved. From that time it was introduced into cultivation.

The Péxtsao gives thirty-two varieties of vegetable under
the classification of # 3 (hun-ts‘ai). In addition to alliaceous
plants, there are mustard, ginger, and the like ; all seeming to

28 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

be characterized by the presence of a volatile oil, carminative
and stomachic in its action. Consequently some of them are
used as condiments, and all are used to give flavor to the
amylaceous basis of the ordinary Chinese diet. The character
%@, however, is applied as well to all kinds of nitrogenous food ;
the Fi # being the five kinds of food forbidden to the Buddhist
priesthood and to fasting persons generally. ‘These are the
flesh of the horse, dog, bullock, goose, and pigeon. The
geomancers enumerate as the @, garlic, rocambole, leek, rue,
and coriander; the Taoists, leek, shallot, garlic, rue, and
coriander ; and the Buddhists, rocambole, garlic, assafoetida,
onion, and scallion. Among the common people, however, %:,
while including these articles, more properly refers to animal
flesh ; the lean parts being termed ~% 4% and the fatty parts
ith %. Chinese patients usually request directions as to the
eating of these various kinds of food.

The medicinal virtues of garlic are considered to be many.
It is thought to have a special influence upon the spleen,
stomach, and kidneys, acting as a sedative and removing
poisons. It is supposed to correct the unwholesomeness of
water, to destroy the noxious effect of putrid meat and fish,
and to prevent goitre and pestilential diseases.

ALLIUM SCORDOPRASUM.—X FF (Ta-suan), fy FF
(Hu-suan), #jj (Hu). The rocamdole, according to the Po-we-
cht and the Péxtsao, was introduced into China from the West
by Chang-ch‘ien, a famous general of the Han dynasty. The
Arabic name (,S0z7) resembles the Chinese word swan, but as
both names date back to the earliest period of written history,
it is difficult to say whether one was derived from the other, or
both came from a common source now unknown. ‘This plant
is considered to be slightly deleterious, and if eaten for a long
time the eyesight is thought to be affected. It is recommended
as a digestive and for expelling poisonous effluvia. In
combination with other drugs, it is used in the treatment of
hemorrhages and fluxes.

ALLIARIA WASAHI.—j& 3€ (Han-ts‘ai). One of the
Crucifer@, closely allied to Szsymbrium (Hedge mustard). It

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 29

has white flowers and a characteristic foliage, and the plant
has an alliaceous odor, from which fact it derives its name.
It is recommended as an appetizer and digestive, giving a
pleasant sensation of warmth to the stomach and acting as a
carminative in flatulent dyspepsia.

ALOCASIA MACHRORIZA.—#fy 3f (Hai-yii). This
aroid plant is so named in the Japanese lists. The Péztsao
calls it also $f 7 3# (Kuan-yin-lien), which in the Japanese
identifications is Lyszchitum camtschatense. Also, a small
variety, named 8 3& (Yeh-yii), is by them classified as
Richardia africana. ‘The Péxtsao seems to regard these as
identical. The original habitat of the plant under considera-
tion is said to have been Szechuen, but it now is found in
various parts of the empire. It grows up in spring with a stalk
four or five feet high and with leaves like the taro. In the
early autumn it blooms with a sessile flower like the lotus petal,
jade colored, and with a pistil which resembles the image of
Kuanyin. Hence the common name for tke flower is
‘*Kuanyin lotus.’ The plant is said to be exceedingly
poisonous, and is highly recommended in the treatment of
miasmatic poisoning.

ALOE VULGARIS.—}# € (Lu-hui), 765. Bretschneider
says that this Chinese name is so applied in Canton, and that
the plant that Loureiro describes as Alée perfoliata is the same.
The name is probably a transliteration of some foreign name,
as other names similar in sound are also given, such as 4y @&
(Nii-hui) and §f§ # (No-hui). The drug is also called fe
(Hsiang-tan), “elephant’s gall,” in reference to its bitter flavor.
The Péxtsao describes it as the exudation from a tree which
grows in Persia, and says that at that time it entered China only
at the port of Canton. It admits, however, that it is uncertain
whether the substance, which it describes as a resin or extract
(%), 1s the product of a tree or of a smaller plant. ‘The sub-
stance sold under this name is met with in irregular pieces,
about one inch in thickness, of a coal-black color, slightly
porous and marked with brilliant crystals on the broken
surface. One surface is usually marked with the impression

30 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

of a gramineous leaf. The taste is bitterish and cooling, and
it is not regarded as being poisonous. Althelmintic, stomach-
ic, and laxative properties are referred to this drug, which
would seem to have been formerly much used in the worm-
fever and convulsions of children. It is now used mainly as
a wash for eczematous skin affections, being combined with
licorice for that purpose. Since in the treatment of worm
affections it is always combined with the fruit of Quzsguals
zndica, it is very improbable that in itself there are any anthel-
mintic properties.

ALPINIA GLOBOSUM.—¥ F# (Tou-k‘ou), 1314, # B
Fe (Ts‘ao-tou-k‘ou). This is the Asomum globosum of Lou-
reiro, and described by Hanbury as the /arge round Chinese
cardamom. "The cardamoms are well known in commerce,
but the plant from which they are derived, does not seem as
yet to have been carefully identified by botanists. Hanbury
says that it is a native of the south of China and of Cochin
China. The Fézzsao refers its origin to Hainan, which name
in this work often refers to any country in the seas south of
China. At present it is said to be found in all parts of Kuang-
tung and Kuangsi, as well as in parts of Yunnan and Fukien.
The plant is said to resemble the A/yrzstica in appearance, and
bears a red, changing to yellow, flower in the axils of the
leaves, which has some likeness to the AZzdzscus. ‘The leaves
resemble those of the wild ginger (|lj #{, Shan-chiang), and
are sometimes gathered in the immature state in a similar
manner to tea buds. The large globular capsules furnish the
large round cardamom of commerce, and also the small round
Chinese cardamom described by Guibourt. This latter is
simply the unripe capsule, and therefore devoid of much flavor,
but used as a salted condiment by the Chinese. Guibourt
describes it as follows: ‘Capsules nearly spherical, from
seven to eight lines in diameter, slightly striated longitudinally
and much wrinkled in all directions by drying; it is probable,
however, that the fruit was smooth when recent. The capsule
is thin, light, easily torn, yellowish externally, white within.
The seeds form a globular coherent mass. They are rather
large and few in number, somewhat wedge-shaped, of an

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 31

ashey-grey, a little granular on the surface, and present on the
outer face a bifurcate furrow, shaped like a Y.’’ ‘To this Han-
bury adds: ‘‘Compared to the large cardamom, the capsules
in question are more wrinkled in a net work manner, more
fragile and thin, and much less adherent to the mass of seeds ;
they are more globose, not triangular at the base, but flat, or
even depressed like an apple. Their color, in all of the
specimens I have seen, is a brownish yellow.’’ ‘The large
capsules are oval, or globular, pointed at either extremity,
with a tendency to a triangular outline, especially at the base.
They are sometimes attached to a long pedicle. ‘The pericarp
closely invests the mass of seeds, is brown, and strongly
marked by interrupted longitudinal ridges. In taste, it is very
slightly aromatic. ‘The seeds are found in a coherent three-
lobed mass, light greyish-brown in color, somewhat oblong
and angular, with a deep furrow on one side. They havea
slightly aromatic odor and taste, somewhat resembling that
of thyme, although very much weaker. In size, these capsules
vary from three-fifths of an inch to over an inch in length.
In the Chinese shops the cardamom is usually found deprived
of its husk.

The cardamoms and the flowers are used in Chinese medi-
cine. The latter are employed as a carminative and stomachic
remedy, and are reputed to counteract the effects of wine on the
system. The seeds, in addition to the properties possessed by
the flowers, are used to correct offensive breath, in the treat-
ment of malarial disorders and fluxes, to counteract acidity of
the stomach, in disordered menstruation, and in the treatment
of various kinds of poisoning.

ALPINIA OFFICINARUM.— B# (Kao-liang-chiang).
Faber gives jf; #£ (Shan-chiang), but this is probably a variety
known as A/pinta japonica, or wild ginger. The plant under
consideration produces the “lesser galangal root” of commerce,
and it is from the Chinese name for this plant that the
commercial term ‘‘ galangal” is derived. Owing to the fact
that Wildenow gave the name of Adpinza galanga to the plant
which produces greater or Java galangal, botanical terminology
in this case became separated from its point of origin. The

32 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Chinese name is derived from }% BR, which was formerly
the name of 7 Ji iff Kao-chou-fu in Kuangtung province.
The plant is sometimes called { 3% (Man-chiang), or the
‘‘oinger of the Man-tzt,’’ aborigines of the southwestern part
of China. The Péxtsao says that the plant is now found in
every part of Southern China, and extending into Szechuan.
Galangal root is about two inches long, less than half an inch
in diameter, externally of a rust brown color, longitudinally
striated and transversely marked with the remnants of the leaf
sheaths. Internally it is greyish-brown, and breaks with a
fibrous fracture. It has an agreeable aromatic odor anda warm
aromatic taste, resembling that of mingled ginger and pepper.
Stomachic, carminative, sialagogue, tonic, and antiperiodic
properties are the most important of the effects ascribed to this
drug, which has from ancient times, as at the present time,
been held in much esteem by Chinese physicians.

The seeds of this plant, fj Bi #£ +f (Kao-liang-chiang-tzit),
40 WG (Hung-tou-k‘ou), §37, 10g, are the “ Galanga Carda-
mom” described by Hanbury. The capsule is about half an
inch in length, oblong or pear-shaped in form, and prominently
crowned with the remains of the calyx. Some are shriveled
cn the outside and some are smooth, apparently depending
upon their maturity at the time of gathering. The pericarp
also varies as to thickness and color, in proportion to the
maturity of the fruit; in the less mature being pale and thick,
and in the more mature of.a reddish-brown and thin. The seeds
are in a three lobed mass; each lobe containing two seeds, placed
one above the other. ‘The seeds are ash-colored, flattish, and
somewhat three-cornered, and have a large hilum. ‘They
have a pungent, aromatic taste, and an odor resembling that
of the root.

The seeds have much the same properties as the root,
being given in pyrosis, cholera, diarrhcea, toothache, ague, and
diseases arising from damp and chills. They seem to have the
virtues of cardamoms and ginger combined, and may be
suggested for more general use.as a stomachic and general tonic.

In the Customs List there seems to be considerable
uncertainty as to terms and classification. In 713, B
(Liang-chiang) is used for Alpinia offictnorum. It is probable

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 33

that this term is sometimes so employed, but it is also employed
for the Liliaceous Polygonatum sitbiricum. In 1091, other
characters approximating 34 in sound are used for this
character. It is probable that these are wrongly written. In
several other places there are variations, unimportant in

themselves, but which evidently need correction.

ALTHAA ROSEA.— 4j 38 (Shu-k‘uei) This name
means ‘‘mallow from Szechuan.” Another name, formerly
used, is #{ Z§ (Jung-k‘uei), which means ‘‘mallow of the
wild tribes of the west.” These two names are probably
identical with each other. The term used in the classics is 7
(Chien). It is the common follyhock, which may have
been originally introduced into China from some Western
country. It is cultivated plentifully in Chinese gardens; its
flowers somewhat resembling //zdescus syriacus (FR KE, Mu-
chin). The parts of the plants used are the shoots, root-stalk,
and seeds. ‘The properties ascribed to the shoots are stomachic,
regulative, and constructive. They are used in fevers,
dysentery, and to render labor easy. ‘The root-stalk is con-
sidered to be diuretic, and when bruised, is applied to a sorts
of ulcers. The seeds are put to similar uses.

Under this head the /éz¢sao mentions another plant,
which it calls ¥z 38 76 (Wu-k‘uei-hwa), and which, while it
is identified as the same as the shu-k‘wez, is made out to have
medical properties sufficiently distinct from those of the latter
to render it probable that this is at least a different variety.
Its taste is said to be ‘‘saltish and cold’? (3€), while that of the
shu-k‘uet is ‘‘sweet and cooling’’ (#). Its action is tonic to
the heart and antiperiodic. It is used in the eruptive and
intermittent fevers of children, in dysmenorrheea, difficult labor,
and the bites of poisonous insects.

AMARANTUS.—# (Hsien). This term seems to be a
general name for Amarantus. With qualifiers, it is also by
some applied to Chenopodium and Luxolus. At Peking
Amaranius blitum is so called, and Faber calls this By 3
(Hsien-ts‘ai). The Péxtsao says that there are six varieties of

this plant, viz., jy bi, BB, A ba, 3a, Be and & Be.

34 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

These terms, together with Bf Ff and Bj py i, are applied to
different plants in different parts of China, as well as in Japan ;
so it is almost impossible to fix identifications in any of these
cases. Faber gives jf] $F (Chih-hsien) for Amarantus
spinosus, which is probably correct. Han Pao-sheng says that
the fruits of only the & EX and the J. & are used in medicine.
They are said to have great cooling properties. ‘They are also
considered to have the property of brightening the intellect,
assisting in the excretory processes, and benefiting the virile
powers. The use of the plant itself is considered beneficial in
fluxes, while the root is used in ‘‘cold indigestion’? and in
toothache. ‘The 3} #7, is said to be a small variety, also called
4m $3, and #% HW, and is good for feeding pigs. Some varieties
of this plant are much cultivated and eaten as pot-herbs.

AMBER—3® iff (Hu-p‘o), 488, zr #K (Chiang-chu).
According to an old saying, when a tiger dies, its spirit enters
the earth and becomes transformed into stone of the form of
this substance. Therefore it is called }% ff (Hu-p‘o), ‘‘tiger’s
soul.’? ‘The last character was afterwards changed to 3ff (P‘o)
to distinguish this substance as a gem. It is supposed to be the
resin of an extinct species of Pzmus, for this reason given the
name of Pinztes succinifer. As it is closely allied to ordinary
resins, such an origin is very probable. It is worthy of note
that, equally with Pliny and many modern observers upon the
subject, the Chinese say it to be the resin of a pine which has
‘‘laid in the earth for a thousand years.’? An inferior
quality is found in Yunnan, especially near Yungchangfu.
Burmah, Cambodia, Korea, and Japan are said to yield
supplies of the substance. But the market, formerly supplied
by the overland trade routes from Asia Minor, is now supplied
from the south, coming by the way of the Indian Archipelago,
and, according to Dr. Williams, from Africa. The Sanscrit
name is given in the Péxtsao as fil #% EE FH BE (A-shih-mo-
chieh-p‘o). Pieces containing insects and other bodies are held
to be specially valuable. The best pieces are made into beads
and ornaments, which are worn by persons of rank. Much-of
what is offered for sale is fictitious, being made from colophony
and copal. Its reputed medical properties are very much

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 35

mixed up with certain transcendental powers which it is sup-
posed to possess. But in addition to the many fanciful ones,
it is credited with being useful in the treatment of catarrh of
the bowels or the bladder, the convulsive disorders of children,
and as a tonic and alterative.

Another form of amber, darker in color and more like
jade, is called 8 (Hsi). It is said to have been brought from
Turfan, where it was found among the black rocks. It is
considered to be an older form of the amber, having laid in the
ground for two thousand years, instead of one thousand. Like
the Hu-p‘o, the Péxtsao suggests that it may have originated
from the {ff 44, Fu-ling (Pachyma cocos), found growing like a
fungus from the roots of fir trees, or from %% #4 Chu-ling, a
tuberiform fungus found growing on liquidamber roots above
ground. Its medicinal virtues are regarded as correspondingly
higher than those of amber.

Two special formule are given in the P2x/sao in which
amber is considered to be the chief ingredient. One, called
He Ff} Be (Hu-p‘o-san), is composed of amber, the shell of
Trionyx sinensis, the roots of Cyperus rotundus, the tubers of
Corydalis ambigua, rhubarb, and myrrh. Its use is considered
to be beneficial in all of the vital functions and to promote
nutrition. It is specially prescribed in circulatory disorders
after labor. Other formule are for urinary disorders, injuries,
and certain nervous diseases of uterine fetal life.

AMOMUM AMARUM.—q # # (I-chih-tzt), 543. This
is the dztter-seeded cardamom, the origin of which has not yet
been fully studied. ‘The classification is therefore still doubtful.
It has been referred to Zingzber nigrum, which is identical
with Alpnza allughas, but is considered by Pereira and Han-
bury to be a totally different species. ‘The term was introduced
by Porter Smith, who is followed by Faber. The Chinese
term is also referred to, Nephelium longan, but later writers re-
strict it to the bitter-seeded cardamom. ‘The Pézésao says that
the fruits come from Kunlun and Lingnan (Thibet and Cochin
China). They are also said to come from the island of Hainan
and from Kuangtung. According to Hanbury’s description,
‘‘the capsules are mostly oval; some ovate-oblong and a few

36 ig CHINESE oa MEDICA.
i

nearly spherital, pointed at thé extremities, 6 to ro lines long.
The pericarp is of aj deep dusky-brown, coriaceous, devoid of,
hairs, beset longitudinally with interrupted ridges usually about
18 in number; it has an agreeable aromatic smell and taste.
The seeds are obtusely angular and adhere firmly together; they
are distinguished by an aromatic, bitter, myrrh-like taste.”
hay drug is considered by the Chinese to benefit the

omach/and spl en, find therefore to ‘‘increase knowledge ;”’
the disposition and wits of the individual being considered to
largely reside in these organs. ‘Tonic, stomachic, cordial,
pectoral, and astringent properties are ascribed to these fruits
in the Péztsao, but the principal use to which they are applied
at the present time is in the treatment of incontinence of urine,
nocturnal emissions, and flooding after labor.

AMOMUM CARDAMOMUM.—f # 7% (Pai-tou-k ‘ou),
964. ‘This is the round, or cluster, cardamom, and is a native
of the East Indies. It was evidently imported into China about
the eighth century, as it is first mentioned by writers of that
time. It is said to have been produced in a country called
fn & #% (Ch‘ieh-ku-lo), evidently a Buddhist country, where
the drug is called 4 (To-ku). It is also known under the
name of Hi #% @ Fe (Tung-p‘o-tou-k‘ou), after the celebrated
poet Su Tung-p‘o, who, towards the end of the eleventh century,
lived for some years in the island of Hainan and wrote notices
of useful plants. The J/alabar cardamom, which is sold to some
extent in China, and which is similar in odor and taste to this
cluster cardainom, also goes by the name of & && (Pai-tou-
k‘ou). ‘The Thibetans call it sakmz/, which resembles the
Sanscrit #@ & PE # $8 (Su-chi-mi-lo-si).

This evergreen plant, said to resemble the banana, now

‘grows in Kuangtung province. The capsules are round,
globular, smooth, ribbed, obscurely triangular, and of a brown-
ish-white color. ‘The seeds are packed together in a globular
mass, easily broken into three portions, and have an aromatic,
terebinthinate flavor. The seeds are used in pyrosis, vomiting
and dyspepsia, in pulmonary diseases and in general debility.
It is said to be serviceable in ague, in cases of films over the
eye, and in disorders arising from drunken dissipation.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. t 37

AMOMUM MEDIUM.+?% # (Ts‘ao-kuo), 1347. This
is the ovotd China cardamon of Hanbury, as was first described
by Loureiro. It is described in the Péxztsao together with
Alpinia globosum, from which it is with difficulty distin-
guished. It comes from Kuangsi and Yunnan. The elongated,
oval capsules are compared by the Chinese to the fruits of
Terminalia chebula (3) Z Hy). They vary from something
less than an inch to an inch-and-three-quarters in length, and
exhibit externally some indicaticn of the three-celled character
of the fruit. Long coarse pedicels are frequently attached to
the capsules. [She pericarp is of a reddish or greyish-brown
color, closely corrugated, moderately thick and brittle, with a
whitish bloom on the surface in many instances. The taste
is woody, or but very faintly aromatic. The mass of large,
hard, angular, reddish seeds is but loosely attached to the
internal surface of the pericarp by membranous adhesions.
The seeds have a warm, terebinthinate flavor, and the odor,
when fresh, is said to be strong, like that of the Telini-fly
(Mylabris cichorii). ‘The small unripe fruit is called 35 fF
(Ying-ko-shé), or ‘‘parrot’s tongue.’? The drug is used in
much the same cases as the Amomum globosum, to which it is
preferred in the treatment of the various forms of dyspepsia.
The seeds only are used, and are given in the form of a
decoction for affections of the stomach, or as a tincture in ague,
catarrh, or other systemic diseases. It is said to have been
formerly much used as a condiment or spice.

AMOMUM MELEGUETA. —<As is well known, this
plant, together with Amomum granum-paradisi furnish the
“‘ovains of paradise,’ or ‘** Guinea grains,’? of commerce.
These plants are native of Africa, and have been transplanted
in the West Indies. So far as known, neither are found in
Asia. Notwithstanding, Porter Smith has the following to
say about these ‘‘grains:’’ ‘‘These are the aromatic seeds
of the Amomum xanthoides and the similar fruit of the
Elettaria cardamomum, or at least, according to Dr. Waring,
of the Ceylon variety of the Malabar cardamon. Dr. Wil-
liams gives their Chinese name as $M fi i (Hsi-sha-tou)
and their botanical source as Amomum grana-paradisa,’? The

38 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

name given is fi fb {2 (So-sha-jen), in which there is a pal-
pable mistake made in writing the first character. It is possible
that under certain conditions the seeds of Asomum xanthotdes
are used as a substitute for those of Amomum melegueta, but
they are not the true ‘‘ grains of paradise.”

AMOMUM VILLOSUM.— # % (Yang-ch‘un-sha),
This seems to be a Cochin-Chinese species of Asmomum,
which has been introduced into China, and is largely grown
in the district of Yang-ch‘un, in the western part of Kuang-
tung province. From this latter fact, and because the Chinese
regard this drug as identical with Amomum xanthotdes, it
receives its Chinese name. It is not described in the Péntsao.
According to Hanbury’s description, the scape, which when
perfect, is about three inches long and reclinate, bears as many
as eight capsules on its superior extremity. The capsules are
from six to eight lines in length. In the dried state they are
oval, occasionally nearly spherical, more or less three-sided,
bluntly pointed, with a scar at the summit, rounded at the base,
and attached by a pedicel one to two lines long. The pericarp
is externally dark brown, marked with obscure longitudinal
strie and covered with asperities, which, after soaking with
water, are seen to be short, thick, fleshy, closely-crowded spines.
The pericarp and seeds have a warm, bitter, aromatic flavor,
tarry or camphoraceous in character. ‘They are usually found
on the market admixed with the seeds of Amomum xanthotdes,
which latter are easily distinguished by their plump and
bloomy-white appearance. "The same tonic and stomachic
properties are ascribed to the seeds of this plant as to those of
cardamoms in general. A product found in the Customs Lists,
276, known as # &) #E (Ch‘un-sha-hua) and #} f& 4g (Sha-
jeu-hua), is considered to be the product of this plant.

AMOMUM XANTHOIDES. — #§ & 2 (So-sha-mi).
This is the so-called ‘‘ Bastard cardamom.” It is a native of
Burma, where it was discovered by Wallich in 1827. It was
afterwards found by Schomburgh in Siam, and is said by Han-
bury to occur in Cambodia and the Laos country. The Pén-
tsao says that it originally came from Persia and Asia Minor,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 39

but that it is now found in the marshes of Lingnan. The
product appears in the Chinese medicine shops in two distinct
portions, which are prescribed in different affections. The
one most commonly appearing in commerce is the capsules,
hy {- 8% (Sha-jen-k‘o), 1076, which Hanbury describes as
follows: ‘‘These empty capsules are mostly attached to a
common stalk, which, when perfect, is about five inches long
and beset with remains of sheathing bracts. The superior
portion, which is much stouter than the rest, bears the fruits
closely crowded together on short bracted pedicels. The
capsules, having been deprived of seeds, are shrunken and
compressed, but after soaking in boiling water they acquire
their proper volume, becoming nearly spherical and about
three-quarters-of-an-inch in diameter.’? ‘These capsules are
parched, pulverized, and prescribed in ulcerous affections of
the throat and mouth. As they are practically odorless and
tasteless, and the process of parching would probably drive
away any volatile substances they might contain, it is likely
that any other kind of charcoal would serve in these affections
equally well.

The oblong, triangular, compact masses of the seeds of
these capsular fruits are sold as # 4 {E (So-sha-jen), or simply
hy {- (Sha-jen), 1075. They vary from four to six lines in
length, and are covered with a white membrane, which when
removed discovers the small black seeds. ‘They have nearly
the same flavor as that of the Asmomum villosum, and are said
by Hanbury to be substituted in the London market for those
of the officinal Zletfarza (or Malabar) cardamom. The Chinese
consider the Asmomum cardamomum, Amomum villosum, and
Amomum xanthoides to be similar in composition and virtues,
and this is probably the case. But as they almost invariably
prescribe the drug in the form of a decoction, and as its
medicinal virtues depend upon a volatile oil anda resin, it is
doubtful if this substance plays any very imporant part,in their
prescriptions. Tonic, stomachic, astringent, carminative, seda-
tive, and tussic properties are referred to the seeds. They are
used as a: preserve or condiment, in flavoring spirit, and are said
to hasten the solution of copper or iron cash, fish bones, or
any other metalic or foreign substance accidentally swallowed.

40 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

AMYGDALUS COMMUNUS.—It is pretty certain that
this plant does not occur in China. Porter Smith and the
Customs Reports erroneously identify this as #7 (Hsing), but
this is the apricot, the kernels of which, together with those
of the peach and other such fruits, are used in China as a sub-
stitute for almonds. The true almond, brought into China
from the West, goes by the name of & H 4 (Pa-tan-hsing) ;
the | Hi referring to some country in Asia Minor, possibly
another name for Persia. (See Prunus.)

ANDROPOGON SCHCGNANTHUS.—# 7; (Mao-hsiang),
417. This, as identified by Loureiro, is a fragrant grass used
in baths. It grows in Fukien, and is also called # Jf, (Hsiang-
ma); its common name being 3 4 Jfit (Mao-ju-ima), ‘* hemp-
like grass.’’ The grass is dark in color, and bears a white
flower. It is also said to be found in Shensi and Kuangtung.
There is an Anamese variety, called —& 3 ?; (Pai-mao-hsiang),
which is used for the same purposes as the other. Besides its
use in scenting baths, in which it is considered to have a bene-
ficial influence in curing eruptions of the skin, it is used
internally in digestive troubles, being regarded as a bland,
stimulating, and carminative remedy.

ANEMARHENA ASPHODELOIDES. — ¥#j 3 (Chih-
mu). ‘This is a liliaceous plant found growing plentifully in
the Peking mountains. The rhizome is the part used. This
is said to resemble the rhizome of Acorus. It has but little
taste or smell. The flowers resemble those of the Adium
odorum. ‘The plant is found in nearly all of the provinces north
of the Yangtse ; but the Customis lists (136) give Chihli as the
source of supply for commerce. The drug occurs in irrregular,
flattened, twisted, sliriveled pieces, from two to three inches in
length, and generally covered with reddish or yellowish-brown
hairs, which become scaly at the distal extremity. The smaller
pieces are usually much wrinkled, scarred, and nearly free
from hairs. The interior is yellow, spongy, or mealy, and the
whole drug has a slightly bitter taste and an agreeable odor.
Cooling, lenitive, expectorant, and diuretic properties belong
to this rhizome, which is used in precisely the same cases for

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 4l

which squills is commonly prescribed, and for which drug it
would make a very good substitute.

Other names given by the /éxésao for this drug are ¥X Hf
(Ch’ih-mu), # Bf (Huo-mu), $b 2 (Ti-shén), 3 Bf (Lien-mu),
Fo M (Ku-hsin), §{ i (Erh-ts’ao), and 7 2 (Shui-shén).
The term 4] ## (Chih-mu) is also used asa synonym of #f 3a
(Sha-shén) for Adenophora verticillata. In the Japanese lists
it is also used for Chelidontum ma7vus, but we cannot find that
it is so used in China.

ANEMONE CERNUA.—§# ffi F (Pai-t’ou-wéng). Such
is the classification in the Japanese lists, and the /éz/sao
description answers pretty well to this identification. But
Bretschneider says that at Peking this is Lupatorium ktrillowzt.
The Customs lists (965) say that the supply comes from Hupeh
and Kuangtung. ‘The root and flowers are used in medicine.

Judging from the variety of affections for which this
substance is recommended, one would feel assured that it must
be Pulsaiilla, and that Chinese physicians had gotten their
estimate of this drug from Galen. The following is a partial
list of the diseases for which it is held in repute. Fever,
insanity, ague, obstruction of the bowels, swelling of the neck
from anger, to promote the circulation of the blood, abdominal
pain, wounds from cutting or stabbing, nasal polypus, virulent
dysentery, ‘‘red’’ dysentery, toothache, all of the forms of
rheumatic pain, scrofulous glands, all forms of miasmatic
poisoning, hemorrhoids, and favus.

ANGELICA ANOMALA.—y J (Pai-chih). Porter
Smith has identified this erroneously with Zr7s forentina and
with Ofopfanax. Other terms given by the Péztsao are #2 A
(Tsé-fen), fy YE # (Pai-chih-hsiang), f& BR (Pai-ch’ih), 35 #
(Fang-hsiang), and #§ #(Fu-li). ‘The Customs lists (940) give
Szechuan, Hupeh, and Chekiang as the sources of supply.
The roots vary in size, are brownish externally, marked with
wrinkles and ridges and with resin dots in the bark. In-
ternally it is yellowish-white, and contains small points of
resinous or oily secretion. The odor is aromatic and the taste
somewhat pungent and bitter. It has long been a favorite

42 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

drug with the Chinese. In ancient times they wore it, to-
gether with other fragrant drugs, in their girdles. It is specially
considered to be a woman’s drug, and is therefore prescribed
in a number of female affections, as well as being a favorite
cosmetic substance. In addition to menstrual and other female
complaints, it is prescribed in a large number of other disorders,
such as urinary difficulties, nasal polypus, various skin
affections, cuts and wounds, and certain catarrhal conditions.
It is used as a sternutatory, and of the leaves of the planta
wash is made for the relief of pimples and prickly heat.

ANGELICA DECURSIVA.—7ij fJ (Ch’ien-hu). This is
a common plant, growing in damp ‘soil in Central and North
China. The fragrant young sprouts and the leaves are eaten
asa vegetable. ‘The drug is met with in brittle, branching,
irregular, tapering pieces of a root, resembling that of Augelica
officinalis. ‘The external surface is brown, much wrinkled,
with hairy rootlets at the growing top of the root-stock, to
which a portion of the stem is sometimes attached. The
interior is of a dirty white color, the taste being bitterish and
aromatic, and the odor agreeable, but not very strong. The
root is compared in the /ézfsao to that of the Bupleurum
falcatum. ‘The drug entering foreign commerce comes from
Szechuan, Chekiang, and Kuangsi, 118. Shensi, Hupeh, Hunan,
Fonan and Anhui are also sources of supply for the native shops.
The drug is said to be tonic, stomachic, expectorant, carmina-
tive, and lenitive. It is used to quiet nervous irritability, as in
asthmatic attacks, fretfulness of children, and irritable uterus.

APIUM GRAVEOLENS.—& 3# (Han-ch’in), or simply
JE (Ch’in, or JF 36 (Ch’in-ts’ai). ‘The character JF is variously
written #j and #7. This character is also applied to cress and
parsley. Unfortunately it is also used for certain Umbellif-
erous plants allied to water hemlock. In Japan 7K Sf (Shui-
ch’in) is Ganthe stolonifera. But the plant referred to under
this name in the FPéz/sao is certainly not considered to be at
all poisonous. ‘The only poisonous variety there given is the
% & (Tzt-chin) or jp Jf (Ch’ih-ch’in), which is the Corydales
encisa (which see). That 9k 3 (Shui-ying) is used as a synonym

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 43

for Shui-ch’in may indicate that under some conditions or in
some places the Ch‘in may be considered to be deleterious, as
“He is usually referred to the Solanacee. At any rate, the red
varieties of celery offered for sale by the Chinese ought to be
eaten with great caution, ‘There is the greatest difficulty in
harmonising the statements of the /éz¢sao in regard to the use
of the above characters. After the Shui-ch’in, which is also
called # #ff (K?u-ch’in), the plant # (chin) is treated of, and
& Je (Han-ch’in) given as a synonym. But in the Z£rh-ya
and classics, as well as in Japan, this character refers toa lola,
and judging by the uses to which it is recommended in the
Péntsao, this is its proper classification. (See l’zola.)

Celery is a common vegetable with the Chinese. They
sometimes eat it raw, but they usually take it about half cooked,
which certainly would be a hygienic safeguard, when we
consider their manner of using fertilizers in gardening. Its
properties are considered to be digestive, cooling, quieting,
alterative, and tonic. It is recommended in menstrual fixes
and in digestive troubles of children. The expressed juice of
the bleached stalk is the form much used medicinally.

APLOTAXIS AURICULATA. J& A F (Kuang-mu-
hsiang), 860. This is identical with <dfplotaxzs lappa and
Aucklandia costus. It is sometimes carelessly written FL F
(Mu-hsiang), as is also Arzstolochia, but the true mzu-hszang is
Rosa banksia (which see). Enormous quantities of this root
are collected in the highlands of Cashmere, whence it is
conveyed to Calcutta and Bombay, from where it is shipped to
China. As it probably originally entered at the port of Canton,
it was given the name it now bears. It is said that there is a
root produced in Kansuh and Honan called Kuang-hsiang,
which may be this same drug. Other parts of India and
Syria also produce this drug, which in Sanscrit is called Aushda,
in Arabic and Persian ust and in Bengal fatchak. This last
name is imitated in Cantonese. ‘The drug is met with in dry,
brown, broken pieces, having much the same appearance as so
many old broken pieces of bone. ‘The smell is very fragrant,
resembling that of orris root, and the taste bitter, pungent,
aromatic, and slightly mucilaginous. It is used in making

44 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

incense in the south, or to preserve clothes from the attacks of
moths and other insects. It is said to have the power of
turning gray hair black. Carminative, stimulant, antiseptic,
prophylactic, astringent, sedative, and insecticidal properties
are referred to this remedy. Indian experience seems to
suggest the desirability of trying this root when powdered as a
substitute for opium in obstinate cases of opium smoking.
The Chinese apply it with musk, which it resembles in odor
and properties, to aching teeth.

APOCYNUM VENETUM.—#® #% (Tsé€-ch‘i). Such is
Faber’s classification. The Japanese call this Euphorbia
helioscopia, and the figure given in the /Péztsao looks like
Euphorbia. On the other hand, the figure given in the
Imperial Encyclopedia is that of Afocynum. Evidently
Chinese observers have confounded two different plants under
this name; for some say that it is ‘‘not poisonous,’’ while
others say ‘‘slightly poisonous ;’’ some say that the leaves are
edible, while others deny the edibility of the plant. It is also
confounded with 4% HK (Ta-chi), which is certainly Euphorbia.
So, for the purposes of this work, # #% will also be considered
under Euphorbia (which see).

AQUILARIA AGALLOCHA. — jf # (Ch‘en-hsiang).
This is the substance which is variously called agallochum, agila
wood, eagle wood, calambac, garoo wood, aloes wood, lign-
aloes, and is supposed to be the ‘‘aloes’’ of the Bible. The
tree belongs to the natural order of Aguzlaracee. According
to Loureiro, the substance is also derived from the central part
of the trunk of Aloéxylon agallochum, of the natural order of
Leguminose@, sub-order Cesalpina. An equivalent term given
in the Péntsao is % @ (Mi-hsiang), and the substance is
described under two different headings ; the reason for so doing
not being very apparent. ‘The tree is described as being like
the Cedre/a, and is found in Hainan, Kuantung, Cochin China,
Cambodia, Assam, the Laos country, India, and Persia. The
Persian name, ayalur chee, is represented by the Chinese [ij £2
(A-chieh) ; while the Sanscrit agwru is represented by fi 3 pik
(A-chia-lu). The wood of the sound tree is light, pale, and

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 45

very slightly odorous, being used to scent clothes. Various
names are given to the drug, which seem to refer to its form
or the part of the tree from which it is taken. These are
FE JE (Ma-t‘i-hsiang), $§ # (Chi-ku-hsiang), # RE
(Ch ‘ing-kuei-hsiang), and # # (Chan-hsiang). The product
of the root is called # #4 # (Huang-shu-hsiang). After the
tree has been felled for some months or years, a dark, resinous,
aromatic juice is met with in the wood, mainly deposited in
certain portions of the vascular tissue, more especially of the
heart of the tree. This valuable heavy wood is called agur, a
name also applied to the drug in Bengali. The trees are some-
times buried in order to increase, or to facilitate the removal of
the prized oleoresin. The coarse, reddish-brown wood, sold
under the name of jf # 7K (Ch‘en-hsiang-mu), and used in the
making of incense, has an odor similar to that of sandal-wood,
and a faintly bitter taste. It is very hard, and being capable
of a very high polish, is carved into ornamental articles, as well
as being burned in the form of incense sticks. Paper is said to
have been formerly made of the bark of this tree. The drug is
placed by Dr. Williams among Chinese imports, but it is not
noted in the Customs lists. Much interesting information in
regard to this substance can readily be found in Hanbury’s
‘“Notes’’ and Royle’s Illustrations. ‘Tonic, stimulant, carmin-
ative, aphrodisiac, and diuretic properties are ascribed to the
drug, besides which it is supposed to possess certain occult
virtues, making it useful in getting rid of evil spirits.

ARALIA CORDATA.—-+ '& §i (T‘u-tang-kuei). Such
is the identification of Faber and the Japanese. Siebold says
that this is the same as Avalia edulis. It may be an Angelica.
Its uses in medicine are not great ; it being considered carmin-
ative and slightly stimulating. The young stalks are used
as a vegetable. According to the Customs Reports, the root
of this plant is imported into Shanghai from Japan under the
name of # §i (Tang-kuei), 1250.

ARCTIUM LAPPA.—#8% #@ (Wu-shih). Other common
names are 4+ 3 -— (Niu-p‘ang-tzil), 906, and K FW Ff (Ta-li-
tzii), 1226. This is the common burdock which grows plenti-

46 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

fully in North and Central China. It has a large number of
vulgar names, of which the /%z¢sao gives the following : 4 3%
(Niu-ts‘ai), {fi # 4b (Pien-ch‘ien-niu), 7% MW pa (Ye-ch ‘a-t‘ou),
i it if) (Pien-fu-tz‘t), 32 7 3 (P‘ang-wéng-ts‘ai), and fA fH
(Shu-nien). ‘The seeds, stem, and root are used in medicine.
It is said that in former times the leaves were eaten as a vege-
table. The taste of the seeds is said to be slightly pungent,
while that of the root and stem is bitter and cooling. The
drug is considered to be alterative, depurative, diaphoretic, and
diuretic. ‘The seeds are usually taken in decoction, or with
honey and wine ; the root and stalk in decoction or tincture.

ARECA CATECHU.—#¥% #) (Ping-lang). This is the
Araca Palm which bears the so-called Betel Nut used by the
Malays in betel chewing. (See Chavzca betel.) The Malayan
name is Pzzang, and the Chinese name is supposed to be a
transference of the sounds of this word. But Li Shih Chen says
that @ §|) means ‘‘an honored guest,” and these characters
are used because of the practice of setting the betel box before
guests. Both explanations are ingenious, to say the least. The
Areca Palm is indigenous to the East Indies, where it is
extensively cultivated, as also in the Philippine Islands,
Hainan, and the south of China. Mr. Sampson reports that
the best nuts are produced in the south of the island of Hainan.
According to the /éntsao there are several sorts, varying
according to the height of the tree and the size of the fruit.
The nuts vary a good deal in size and quality, being from three
quarters of an inch to an inch in length. They are brown in
color, conical at one end and truncated at the other, which is
marked by a depressed, whitish scar. The taste is bitter and
rough, varying in different specimens. According to the
analysis of Morin, these nuts contain a large proportion of
tannic and gallic acids. In India, a kind of Catechu is pre-
pared from them, which is known as catta-camdbu. It does not
appear in commerce ; and, unless #{ #) w{) (Ping-lang-hsin) or
xz th FH (Ping-lang-kao), 1026 and 1027, are this article, it is
not known in China. Waring says that it is as good as the
Black Catechu obtained from the Acacia catechu ; but, inas-
much as the Areca nut does not contain any Catechin, this

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 47

catechu is usually regarded in the West as inferior. Tonic,
stomachic, astringent, antiperiodic, detergent, and anthelmintic
properties are assigned to the fruit, which, asa tea, was former-
ly used in the south as a prophylactic against malarious and
mephitic vapors. One of the synonyms used in the /éz/ésao is
ve je J} (Hsi-chang-tan), ‘‘ antimalarious panacea,’’? and
indicates its repute in this direction. ‘The powdered nut has
long been in use in China as an anthelmintic, and the expul-
sion of tape worms is its chief use in the West. An alternative
way of writing the first character in the Chinese name for the
plant is #e. One of the varieties of Areca catechu is known as
HK ii F (Ta-fu-tztt) and 7% #{ Hh) (Chu-ping-lang). The bark
of this tree enters commerce under the name of Fe fR JE (Ta-
fu-p‘i), 342. It isa rough, dirty, tow-like substance, which is
used for very much the same purposes as the Areca nut, such
as choleraic affections, and for flatulent, dropsical, and obstruct-
ive diseases of the digestive tract. An ointment and a wash
are prepared for use as detergent applications to fistulous sores
and to scabious, impetiginous, and other eruptions.

ARGEMONE MEXICANA.—# ixt3j (Lao-shu-lé). This
spinous plant, belonging to the Papaveracee, is met with in
the south of China. The seeds are said to be expectorant and
sedative. They yield a fixed oil, which has long been in use in
the West Indies as a purgative, and hassince been recommended
by Dr. Waring as a mild, painless purge in constipation and
colic. The oil is said to allay the irritation of herpes and many
other eruptions of the skin. The name is applied to Spzuzfex
sguarosis and to Acanthus tlicifolius.

ARISAMA JAPONICUM.— ff # (Tien-nan-hsing),
1297. ‘This was identified by Loureiro and Tatarinov as drum
pentaphyllum, and by Kaempfer as Arum triphilum. The
Chinese have not distinguished between this and Arvisema
thunbergit. As the Péntsao discusses this drug under the latter
heading, we will refer to that article for the medicinal virtues
and uses of Arzsema japonicum.

ARISAMA RINGENS.— & (Yu-po). This is said
to grow in forests. By some it is considered to be the young

48 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

root of Arzsema thunbergu. ‘The tendency of the Chinese is
to refer the less frequently used species of a genus to the one
most frequently employed, especially if the medicinal virtues
coincide. In this way most of these aroid plants are consid-
ered to hold some relationohip to either dvzse@ma thunbergit or
Pinetiia tuberifera, which bear the highest reputation medici-
nally of this class of plants. This drug is considered to be
alterative and febrifuge. It is not much used.

ARISAAMA 'THUNBERGII.—B %& (Hu-chang). This
plant is found in different parts of the central and northern
provinces of China. ‘The supply comes for the most part from
Shensi, Szechuan, Hupeh, and Anhui. The tubers are the
part used, which from their shape slightly resembling the paw
of an animal, receive the name of ‘‘tiger’s paws.’? ‘They
resemble those of the allied species Punellia tuberifera, Aris@-
ma japonicum, Arisema ringens, and Conophylus konjak.
Indeed the distinction between some of these tubers is difficult
to make, and is probably not made by the Chinese druggists.
So the description of the drug as found in the shops must have
an element of uncertainty about it. In general, however, they
are hard, yellowish-brown, or whitish, flattened, round, general-
ly divided into small branching tubers grouped around the
central portion, which is umbilicated and marked with pits and
tubercles. ‘The cicatricial remnant of the stalk is often seen in
the umbilicus of the tubers. ‘T‘he interior firm, starchy, white
substance has a considerable of acridity when chewed for some
time. The drug is considered to be exceedingly poisonous.
Alterative, deobstruent, expectorant, diuretic, discutient, and
vulnerary properties are attributed to it. It is recommended in
Chinese medical practice for apoplexy, hemiplegia, epilepsy,
and many other diseases supposed to depend upon the presence
of phlegm. It is pounded and mixed with vinegar or oil, and
applied to small tumors or swellings. Having a somewhat.
benumbing influence, similar to that of aconite, it is sometimes
used as an ingredient in certain local anesthetic compounds,
which are applied to painful growths, or to abscesses previous
to being opened by those who are bold enough to venture upon
such a surgical procedure.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 49

ARISTOLOCHIA CONTORTA. — + F A F (T'u-
ch‘ing-mu-hsiang). This plant is found at Peking and north-
ward. It is described in the /Péztsao under Aristolochia
kempfert. Whether the drug met with in commerce is the
product of this plant, of Arzstolochia kempferi, or of Aristolo-
chia recurvilabra, is uncertain, with a probability in favor of
the last named.

ARISTOLOCHIA KCIMPFERI.— & & @ (Ma-tou-
ling), 813. Called by Faber #! 9} (Tou-ling), Aristolochia
wchilis. ‘The drug comes principally from the northern provy-
luces; some being exported (possibly re-exported) from Foochow.
It consists of dry, oval, pediculated fruits of one to one-and-
three-quarters inch in length when whole. But they are
usually broken, showing a division into six thin, papery valves,
inclosing flat, obtusely-triangular, winged seeds. Some say that
the Chinese name of this plant, ‘‘ horse bell,’’ refers to the
shape of the leaf. As the open, cellular structure of these fruits
is considered by the Chinese to resemble the human lung,
they are strongly recommended in all forms of pulmonary
affections. They have very little taste or smell and are not
poisonous. Other diseases for which they are prescribed are
hemorrhoids and ascites. One of the fruits burned over a lamp,
and the charred remains taken with wine, is considered a sure
cure for heartburn.

ARISTOLOCHIA RECURVILABRA.>—-¥ ARF (Ch ‘ing-
mu-hsiang), 192, ff jig (Pai-shu), 961. These are the identifica-
tions of Hance. The latter is cultivated in Shaohsing prefecture,
.Chekiang province, and large quantities are therefore exported
from Ningpo. The plant resembles the birthwort, and evident-
ly belongs to this genus. It is said to sometimes be substituted
for Indian futchuk. ‘The various kinds of the drug are known
as 2P jit (P‘ing-shu), 4e jlg (Shéng-shu), 4% je (Tung-shu), + gfe
(T'a-shu), Se ¢ (Wu-shu), 3G ye (Vitan-shu), sJ. JG jf (Hsiao-
yuan-shu), and # j[¢ (Yiin-shu). Besides the province of Che-
kiang, Kiangsi, Anhui, and Yiinnan are sources of supply for
the drug. ‘he best kind is said to be produced at f& 2% (Yi-
chien) in Hangchow prefecture. Of the former, the sources’

50 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

of origin are Szechuan, Hupeh, Chekiang, and Kuangtung.
The root of the Pai-shu is said to resemble old ginger root,
dark colored without and white inside. It is considered to be
constructive, alterative, tonic, and diuretic. It is a highly
valued remedy, being prescribed in combination with such drugs
as ginseng and China root. It is used in digestive disorders
and chronic fluxes, especially those of women and children.
It is regarded as being especially useful in summer diarrhoea
and in chronic diarrhcea and dysentery. Under the designation
of #% fs Hi (Tu-hsing-kén), the root of the Ch‘ing-mu-hsiang
is prescribed in similar cases. But in addition, this is
regarded to be especially efficacious in expelling the #& (Ku)
poison. So highly is it valued for this purpose by the in-
habitants of Lingnan that they have given it the name of
= Gi Wy BB HS (San-pai-liang-yin-yao), ‘‘ three-hundred-taels-of-
silver- drug.’’ It is also considered to be a good remedy for
snake-bite.

ARTEMISIA ANNUA. — # # (Huang-hua-hao).
Also called §i 3% (Ch‘ou-hao, “stinking herbage,’’ and Hit &
(Ts‘ao-hao), ° orassy herbage.’’ It is not eaten on account of
its unpleasant odor. ‘The leaves and the seeds are prescribed,
the former for children’s fevers, and the latter for consumption,
flatulence, dyspepsia, night sweats, and to destroy noxious vapors.

ARTEMISIA APIACEA.—7F # (Ch‘ing-hao), 186. This
is probably identical with Artemzsza abrotanum, or southern-
wood. Other classifications have been Artemisia dracunculus
and Artemisia desertorum. ‘This plant, when coiled into ropes
to be burned to drive away mosquitos, is called # 7% (Hsiang-
hao). This is also the term by which it is known at Peking.
In the spring, when the leaves are very tender, they are eaten
asa vegetable. Very early in the spring the shoots are used
medicinally. The leaves, stalk, root, and seeds are all used in
medicine. It is prescribed in a large number of affections,
among which may be mentioned consumption, chronic dysen-
try, malaria, nasal polypus, hemorrhoids, wasp stings, etc.

ARTEMISIA CAPILLARIS.— qf pk # (Yin-ch ‘en-hao),
1532. Loureiro calls this Artemzsza We aes but the plant

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 51

he describes is not this species. This is a perennial artemisia,
coming up year after year from the same roots and preserving
its foliage green during the winter. Hence the name fq fR
(Yin-ch‘en). It is a mountain plant in its natural habitat ; that
coming from the peaks near Hochou, in Anhui province being
called 4 Pi fii \Shih-yin-ch‘en), or “‘stone artemisia.”” The
best quality is thought to come from the sacred Tai mountain,
in Shantung. There is also a cultivated variety, which the
Péntsao distinguishes both as to appearance and medical uses.
Under the common method of preparation, the substance of
the plant is converted into a downy mass, which is called
£2 ij fe (Mien-yin-ch‘en), The leaves and stalk are used as
a febrifuge, a diuretic, an antispasmodic, and an antiperiodic.
It is recommended in the treatment of jaundice, dysmenorrhcea,
ague and ephemeral fevers.

ARTEMISIA JAPONICA. — ft % (Mou-hao). Also
called #% §H (Ch‘i-t‘ou-hao). Classical name, £F (Wei). It
grows in fields and waste lands. Li Shih-chen says: ‘‘Its
leaves are flat, narrow at the base, broad and lobed at the end.
The young leaves can be eaten. Deer are fond of the plant.
In autumn it bears small, yellow flowers. The fruit is as large
as that of the /laxtago major, and contains minute seeds,
hardly distinguishable; wherefore the ancients asserted that
the plant had no seeds, and called it the male southernwood.”’
It is reputed to promote the digestion of fat, and is therefore
used to produce plumpuess of figure. But it is advised not to
use it very long at a time, as its prolonged use is deleterious.
The expressed juice is employed as a local application in
vaginitis. In combination with elecampane, it is considered a
sure cure for ague.

ARTEMISIA KEISKIANA.—#§ fy (An-lii). Also called
js fj (Fu-lit). These names come from the fact that the
stalks of this plant are useful for thatching village cottages.
The seeds are the part employed in medicine. ‘Their use is
supposed to prolong life, and they are administered in cases
of impotence, amenorrhcea, post-partum pain, and to remove
extravasated blood and prevent the formation of abscess.

52 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ARTEMISIA STELLERIANA VESICULOSA,—y
(Pai-hao). Classical names, # (Fan) and ¥£ (Ljii). It is
considered by some ancient authors to be amphibious in its
habits, but it is probable that there are two distinct but
closely related species. Indeed Su Sung (11th century) says:
‘*In ancient times the people used the leaves of the Pai-hao for
food. Now they employ for this purpose the #£ #5 (Lii-hao),
which some authors have erroneously identified with the
Pai-hao.’’ Faber calls this Lii-hao Artemzsza gzloéscens. It
shoots up in the second month, and the very tender leaves and
the crisp white or reddish roots are used as food by tbe people,
being eaten raw or cooked. ‘This plant is regarded as useful
in flatulence, colds, as a stomachic, to promote the growth of
hair, and as a nervine and promoter of the mental faculties.
Externally, a decoction is used as a wash in ulcerous skin
affections. It is probably indigenous to China, being found
in most parts of the empire, and it may be the same as the
Arabic Artemisia herba-alba. ‘That form which grows on
uplands is not used as food, and but rarely in medicine.

ARTEMISIA VULGARIS.—% 3 (Ai-hao), or simply 2%
(Ai). Also called Artemztsia indica, Artemisia chinensis, and
Artemisia moxa. This plant is the common mugcwort, and
is found in most parts of China ; the trade supply of the drug
coming from Hupeh, Anhui, and Fukien. The best quality,
known as iy 3¢ (Ch‘i-ai), comes from Ch'‘i-chou (gf Ji), in
Huang-chon- a ‘a JH JP a Hupeh. Bretschneider says that
this is the same 5 F 4B XY (Ch ‘ien-nien-a1), and is Zanacetum
chinense. Faber calls ae Ch‘ien-nien-ai Artemisia vulgaris,
aud Ai (2) he calls Artemisia wxdica. But from a medical stand-
point, these distinctions are unimportant. Another variety,+
known as 4 %& (Tzti-ai), reddish in color, comes from Fung-
yang-fu, in Periae Common names by which the Aréemzsza is
known are Bf i (I-ts‘ao, ‘‘vulnerary herb’’), #& Hi (Chih-ts‘ao,
‘‘burning herb’’), and @ ¥4% (Chiu-ts‘ao, ‘‘ cauterizing herb”’).
In commerce this article appears principally in four forms.
Ai-yeh (4& 8 7, 1s the dried leaves of the plant, while A1-
tao (4 f%), 6, is the dried twigs done up in bundles. Ai-
jung (3¢ #K)j, 3, is made by taking the best leaves and grinding

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 53

them up in a stone mortar with water, separating out the
coarsest particles and refuse and drying what remains. Ai-
mien (2% #), 4, is the Ai-jung picked to pieces by hand. This
latter is principally used as a stamping-ink pad for seals, being
mixed with vermillion and castor oil for that purpose.

The Ai-jung is used as a moxa (3% 4K), both for cauterizing
purposes and as a counterirritant. A small portion is rolled
into a pellet the size of a pea, placed upon the ulcer or place
to be cauterized and ignited. The preferred method of igniting
the moxa is with a burning glass or mirror. The number
of pellets used depends upon the effect desired. If it is used
for the relief of pain, the process is continued until the pain is
relieved, or until more than ten pellets have been used. If for
the cauterization of an ulcer, or for the loss of sensation in a
part, its application should be continued until acute pain is
produced, or ten or more pellets have been used. This treat-
ment is recommended and practiced indiscriminately by native
doctors for nearly all of the ills to which flesh is heir—from itch
to sterility. It is reported to have fallen somewhat into disuse
in some parts of the empire, but in Kiangnan it seems to be
as much employed by the native faculty as it ever was.

The number of diseases for which Artemzsta vulgaris is
prescribed, is very large. It is regarded as having hemostatic,
antiseptic, aud carminative virtues. Therefore it is prescribed in
decoction in hemoptysis, dysentery, menorrhagia, post-partum
hzemorrhage, snake and insect bites, as a wash for all sorts of
wounds and ulcers, and to allay the griping pains of indigestion,
diarrhoea, or dysentery. The expressed juice of the fresh plant
is employed as a hzemostatic, for tape worm, and as a carmin-
ative. A tincture, made up in native spirits, is used as a
nerve sedative in abdominal pain and in labor. The leaves are
also steamed and used asa poultice for the relief of pain. This
is called Ai-pa (%¢ 4).

As this plant is so frequently used as a charm, and is held
in a measure of superstitious veneration by the people, it is a
little difficult to determine just where its remedial use in native
therapeutics begins. At the time of the Dragon Festival (fifth
day of the fifth moon) the 4Artem7sza is hung up to ward off
noxious influeuces. ‘T‘his is done either together with a Taoist

54 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

charm, in which case it is called 3 #f (Ai-fu), atid is hung
at the head of the principal room of ae house, or together with
the Acorus calamus ( jifj, Ch‘ang-p‘u) at the door; the leaves
of the latter being formed in the shape of a sword (called 37j &H,
P‘u-chien) and placed over the door, while a stalk of the
Artemisia is hung on each door post. ‘That this was efficacious
in at least one instance is attested by the fact that the famous
rebel, Huang Ch‘ao (a Jf), gave orders to his soldiers to spare

ny family that had Artemzsza hung up at the door. The
moxa is employed by Buddhist priests in initiating neophytes;
three rows of three, four, or five scars each being burned on
the crown of the head with this substance. Many also use the
moxa on a three days’ old child, burning one or more scars on
the face; this being supposed to insure the child’s living through
infancy. ‘The places for burning are between the brows, on
each cheek a little distance beneath the eyes, and at the root
of the nose on the upper lip.

ARTOCARPUS INTEGERIFOLIA.—i#k # % (Po-lo-
mi). This is the Jack, Jak, or Jaca fruit. The Annamese name
is #€ ‘jn #§ (Nang-chieh-ch‘ieh) ; the last two characters being
mh ne ‘‘chiaket’’? in Annamese. The first name given
above is the Sanscrit name, represented in Chinese characters.
In Persian it is } Hf} #% (P‘o-ua-sha), and in the language of
the Nestorian country of fi #f (Fu-lin), it was called Paj PE gig
(A-sa-t‘o). It is a member of that very interesting natural
order of Dicotyledonous plants, the Artacarpace@, which fur-
nishes the bread-fruit, caoutchouc, the cow-tree, the deadly
Upas, the sack-tree, the Trumpetwood which is used for cordage
and for musical wind-instrumeuts, and the valuable Snakewood
of Demerara. ‘The Jack-fruit is said to grow in several parts ©
of Southern Asia, being found in China in Lingnan and Yun-
nan. ‘The pulp and seeds are considered by the Chinese to be
cooling, tonic, and nutritious, and to be useful in overcoming
the influence of alcohol on the system.

ASARUM FORBESI.—4f fj (Tu-héng). Other names,
-E #8 34 (T‘u-hsi-hsin), #£ ZE (Tu-k‘uei), and the Z‘ang Pén-
tsao calls it & he & (Ma- -t‘i-hsiang), on account of the shape

et

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 55

of its leaves. It is found in rocky ravines anywhere between
the Huai and the Yangtsze, and probably any place else in
Central China. Its continued use will give a fragrant odor to
the body. The root is the part used, and it is prescribed for
fevers, coughs, goitre, and for intestinal worms. <A caution is
offered in regard toa plant called 7K $M 24 (Mu-hsi-hsin), which
is considered to be poisonous, and the similarity of names to
the + #M 3 (T‘u-hsi-hsin) might lead to error.

ASARUM SIEBOLDI. — #) 3 (Hsi-hsin), 388. This
drug seems to be confused with the last in commerce. It,
however, is a northern plant, being found principally in Korea,
Manchuria, and the extreme northern provinces of China.
The Chinese name refers to the fibrous character of the roots
and their extreme acridity. The dried root appears in the
shops in the form of fibrous radicles, having a strong, aromatic
smell and a subacrid taste, having lost some of the acridity of
the fresh root in the process of drying. The /éztsao assigns

‘to this drug emetic, expectorant, diaphoretic, diuretic, and

purgative properties. It is prescribed in rheumatic affections,
and in epilepsy. It is used in powder in the treatment of nasal
polypus and in deafness, and in strong decoetion or powder in
the treatment of ulcers of the mouth.

ASCLEPIAS.—fy i # (Pai-t‘u-huo). This seems to be
a Sarsa-like plant, both as to its form and as to its reputed
medicinal virtues. It is said to grow in various parts of China,
such as Kuangtung, Hupeh, and Shensi. Its species is not
determined. It is considered to be a counterpoison, and is
recommended in the treatment of insect and animal stings and
bites, to counteract the #& (Ku) poison, and to destroy the
effects of poisons that may have been swallowed.

ASPARAGUS LUCIDUS.— PY & (T‘ien-mén-tung),
1301, 1302. Other names, % & (Mén-tung), iif #f (Tien-1é),
and #8 i i (Wan-sui-t‘€ng). This is said by the Péztsao to
be a creeping plant with prickly leaves. In the region of
Taishan, in Shantung, is the most famous place of its production.
But it is cultivated in and around Peking. ‘The Customs Lists

56 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

give Szechuan as the source of the commercial supply. It is.
doubtless found in other parts of China. ‘The tubers are the
part used, and they are described as being spindle-shaped,
fleshy, translucent, of a reddish or yellowish color, and varying
from two to five inches in length. Some are much older and
more woody in structure. They are flattened, contorted,
furrowed longitudinally, and have a central perforation in
many cases, showing that they have been strung on a cord for
purposes of drying. They have no decided odor, but the taste
is something like that of the squill. They are considered to be
expectorant, tonic, stomachic, and nervous stimulant. Their
prolonged use is recommended in impotence. The root is pre-
served in sugar as a sweet-meat.

Loureiro calls this plant Welanthium cochinchinense, and in
this he is followed by Tatarinov, Guager, Hanbury, and Porter
Smith. But Hance and Henry, who studied the plant in its
natural habitat, identify it as Asparagus lucidus, as do also
Miquel, Faber, Bretschneider, and the Japanese.

ASPIDIUM FALCATUM.—® 3 (Kuan-chung), 647.
According to M. Fauvel, this term is so applied in Shantung.
According to Henry, in Hupeh Kuan-chung is ]Voodwardia
vadicans (which see), and 4 # 3% (Mao-kuan-chung) is Oxoclea
orientalis and Nephrodium filix mas. In Japan these charac-
ters indicate Lomaria japonica.

ASTER FASTIGIATUS. — 4 ¥% (Nii-viian). Other
names are f(y $e (Pai-yiian), $k 7 $i (Chien-nii-yiian', and
7c {% (Ni-fu). This plant grows in the north of China. In
the Peking mountains this name is applied to Plectranthus
glaucocalyx. 'The root is the part used in the treatment of
fevers, plague, dysentery, epileptoid conditions, and it is espe-
cially recommended to be used to allay the results of overfeast-
ing and wine drinking.

ASTER TATARICUS.—3& #8 (Tzii-yitan), 1422. This is
Faber’s identification. ‘The plant grows plentifully in Northern
aud Central China, and resembles the last so much that they
are often confounded. Another uname for it is # # 4+ (Ve-

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 57

eh‘ien-niu). The root is the part used, is fibrous, of a reddish-
brown color, has a fragrant odor and but little taste. It is
used in the treatment of pulmonary affections, in hemoptysis,
hematuria, puerperal hemorrhage, and dysuria. It is also
considered to be quietiug to the nervous system, and is there-
fore used in the restless crying of children. It is also regarded
to have some tonic virtues.

ASTER TRINERVIUS.—5 f§ (Ma-lan), 803. Also
called 3% 49 (Tzu-chit), ‘‘ purple chrysanthemum.’’ It grows
almost everywhere in marshy places and on the borders of
lakes. ‘The flower has an unpleasant odor. The root and
leaves are used, and are recommended for the treatment of
hemorrhages, all forms of animal poisoning, and in malaria.
It is especially recommended in that mysterious disorder called
by the Chinese # (Sha).

ASTRAGALUS HOANGTCHY. —# & (Huang-ch‘i),
510. Name also written i JG (Huang-ch‘i). The first name
is sometimes written fy # (Huang-shih), but this is incorrect.
Large quantities of this drug pass between the ports of China ;
it being produced in Manchuria, Chihli, Shantung, Szechuan,
and Shensi. Several varieties are distinguished, being named
for the places from which they come. It is possible that the
root of a Sophora is included among these. The roots are
flexible and long, as large as a finger, and covered with a
tough, wrinkled, yellowish-brown skin, which has a tendency
to break up into wooly fibers. [he woody interior is of a
yellowish-white color, and the whole drug has a faintly sweetish
taste, somewhat resembling that of liquorice root. It is in
great repute as a tonic, pectoral, and diuretic medicine. The
diseases for which it is prescribed, therefore, are almost num-
berless. Every sort of wasting or exhausting disease is
thought to be benefited by it. Like most of the tonic and
diuretic remedies, it is prescribed in malaria.

ATRACTYLIS.—3fi (Shu). Hance has identified the
Jit (Pai-shu), which is so largely grown in Chekiang province
and exported from Ningpo, as Aristolochia recurvilabra (which

f

a

1 see). It is doubtless true, however, that some of the Pai-shu

58 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

which comes from other parts of the empire is Aévactyls.
According to Hoffman and Schultes, 3F ft (T's‘ang-shu) repre-
sents three species of Atraetylodes, namely, A¢ractylodes lyrata,
Atractylodes lancea, and Atractylodes ovaia. Siebold, as if it
were one species, calls this plant Atractylis chinensis. ‘The
places of origin of this drug are (1330) Manchuria, Chihli,
Shantung, Szechuan, Hupeh, Anhui, and Chekiang. The
roots are met with in finger-shaped, roughly-moniliform pieces,
occasionally branching, and varying from one to three inches
in length. The cuticle is rough, brown, or blackish, and
sometimes bristled with rootlets. The cut surface is of a dirty
white color, with a yellowish cortical layer. The structure is
very open, and some of the interstices are filled with an orange-
colored resinous substance, which dissolves in strong spirit,
making a yellow tincture. ‘The smell is somewhat aromatic
and the taste warm and bitter. ‘The drug is a warm, stomach-
ic, stimulant, arthritic, tonic, and diuretic remedy, used in
fevers, catarrh, chronic dysentery, general dropsy, rheumatism,
profuse sweating, and apoplexy. It enters into the composition
of several of the most famous prescriptions in use among the
native faculty. Among these may be mentioned the [aj ia J}
(Ku-chen-tan), ‘‘strengthening virility elixir;’? the A FF
(Pu-lao-tan), ‘elixir of longevity ;’? and the #& 2& J} (Ling-
chih-tan), ‘‘elixir of felicity.’> To enumerate all of the
diseases for which the drug is recommended, would require a
tolerably complete Chinese nosology. 4 jij (P ‘ing-shu) is a less
pungent quality of the drug, but whether this is due to its
being a different species, or to a different mode of preparation,
does not yet appear. The whole matter of classification of
these substances is in a very unsettled state.

ATROPA. It is exceedingly doubtful whether this genus
is found in China. It is introduced here simply to call atten-
tion to two substances which may be included under this
classification or that of some allied genus. ‘The first is 4 jij
(Tien-ch‘ieh), a term used by Dr. Williams in his Syllabic
Dictionary for belladonna-like plants of the Solanacez. It is
also said to be written K jij F (Ten ch‘ ieh- tzu), and this term

‘

———

a

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 59

is assigned to Solanum nigrum. But neither of these terms is
given in the Péx/sao, or in any other Chinese work examined.

In the Péxtsao, under the head of an unidentified Solana-
ceous plant called 44 #% #4 (T'so-na-ts‘ao), there is an appended
account of a similar drug called 4m 7% jf (Ya-pu-lu), the effects
of which resemble those of A¢ropa mandragora. It is said that
after the administration of a small quantity of the tincture, a
profound anesthesia was produced, during which operations
might be performed with perfect freedom from pain. ‘The
effects of the drug lasted for three days. The drug is said to
have come from the country of the Mohammedan tribes north
of China, and is thought to have been the drug used by the
celebrated surgeon, Hua-t‘o, in certain operations upon wound-
ed intestine. ‘There is no description of the plant, so its
identification awaits investigation.

AVENA FATUA. 38 (Ch‘iao-mai), #¢ 2§ (Yen-mai).
Oats is seldom cultivated in China, although this wild variety
is sometimes collected in times of dearth and used in making
bread. ‘The grain is considered to be nutritious and demulcent.
A decoction of the shoots of growing grain is given to parturient
women to excite uterine contractions, as in retained placenta.
This action may be due to the growth of an ergot upon the
shoots. In Japan the above terms are used for different
. gramineous plants; the first being Bromus japonicus, while the
second is Brachypodium sylvaticum. The Avena fatua is
called #¥ # (Yen-mai), but in China this first character is only
a varied way of writing #€.

AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA. ¥% & (Wu-han-tzi),
hh f F (Wu-léng-tzit), PR pk (Yang-t‘ao). The second charac-
ter in the first name is in the south a colloquial substitute for
the second character in the second name. ‘The meaning of this
name is ‘‘five ridges,’’? and refers ‘to the shape of the fruit,
which is compared to that of the stone roller with which the
Chinese farmer rolls down his fields after sowing grain. This
fruit is the so-called ‘“Chinese gooseberry,’? which is met with
in the southern provinces of Fukien, Kuangtung, and Kuangsi,
but is scarcely known in the north. In its natural habitat it is

60 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

also known as #2 #k (Yang-t‘ao), variously written 26 PE
(Yang-t‘ao). On this account, Legge has erroneously identi-
fied the carambola with the # 48 (Ch‘ang-ch‘u) of the classics.
This latter is Actzzzdza, and Chinese writers have not con-
founded the two, although there has been some local confound-
ing of the colloquial names. The fruit, when ripe, is three or
four inches long, yellow, marked by five prominent longitudinal
ridges, very juicy, and rather sharp to the taste. The odor is
aromatic, but rather disagreeable to some persons. Its action
is to quench thirst, to increase the salivary secretion, and hence
to allay fever.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 61

b.

BALANOPHERA.—§ % (So-yang), 1189. Whether
this is a correct identification, or whether it is an Ovobancha,
is not quite certain. ‘The Chinese make it out tobe a kind of
@e %W (Ts‘ung-yung), which zs Orobancha. 'The Péntsao says
that it grows in the country of the Mongol Tartars, and comes
up in places where the wild horse and scaly dragon have
dropped semen, which sinks into the ground and after a time
springs up in a form like the bamboo shoot. ‘The upper part
is succulent and the lower dry. It is covered with scales and
resembles the penis. It is said that lecherous women among
the Tartars use it for the purpose of masturbation, and that
when the root comes in contact with the female organ it
becomes erect, as in the case of the organ it is said to resemble.
It is a remarkable fact that an allied species in America goes
by the vulgar term of ‘‘squaw root ;’’ a similar reason for so
calling it being there adduced. ‘The drug which enters the
Chinese markets probably largely comes from Mongolia, but
the Customs Reports credit Szechuan and Hupeh with being
its places of production. The root is fleshy, reddish-brown in
color, having a more or less wrinkled surface. In accordance
with the Chinese ideas as to the origin of this root, it is con-
sidered to be aphrodisiac to women and to promote the secre-
tion of semen in men. It is also thought to be stimulant and
tonic to the intestinal tract.

BALSAMODENDRON MYRRHA.—7#Z 3% (Mu-yao),
879. The name is also written 5¢ #%; the first character in
each case being said to bea transliteration of the Sanscrit term.
The drug originally came from Persia, and was said to resemble
benzoin. Its mode of collection, as given by Li Shih-chen, is
by incision of the bark of the tree and collecting the exudation
as it congeals. It is reddish-black in color and more or less
admixed with other substances. ‘The product, as found in the
Chinese drug shops, has a bitter taste and but little of the smell
of genuine myrrh. It is said now to be produced to some
extent in the south of China. Its medical uses are considered

62 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

to be identical with those of olibanum. It is regarded as an
alterative and sedative, and, as formerly in the west, is used in
the treatment of wounds and ulcers. It is thought to be
especially useful in uterine discharges and in vicious lochie ;
also in the treatment of a disease resembling hysterical mania.
Loureiro mentions a 7% #¢ yh (Mu-yao-yu), ‘‘oil of myrrh,”’’
which is used in Cochin China for the dressing of ulcers. It
is reddish in color, and has the smell of myrrh. It does not
seem to be known in China.

There is also found in the drug shops of China a substance
called (f% 7% #% (Chia-mu-yao), which is East India Bdellinm.
This is supposed to be the product of Balsamodendron mukul,
or Balsamodendron roxburghit. It is imported into China
from India, and Dr. Williams says that the drug appearing in
the Chinese market is much adulterated. According to Dr.
Waring, good Ldellium occurs in roundish, dark-red pieces,
softer than myrrh and much less agreeable in taste and smell.
It does not respond to the tests for myrrh, but is said to answer
all of the purposes of that drug. It is an excellent stimulant
for the chronic ulcers so commonly found throughout the east.
Its Indian name is gugud.

BAMBUSA.—The number of species of bamboo to be
found in China, included under the genera Bambusa, Arundt-
maria, and Phyllostachys, is doubtless very large. Riviére
enumerates twenty-three coming from the region of Hongkong
and Canton alone. ‘The largest bamboos are found in Hupeh,
Szechuan, and Chekiang. Marco Polo made mention of the
large ones of the last named province. An interesting bamboo
is the Phyllostachys nigra, which is a dwarf and has a black
stem. Attaining to not more than the height of a man, it is
cut down and used for walking-sticks and parasol handles.

Owing to the fact that the bamboo flowers and fruits only
once in from thirty to sixty years, very little has been done in
China as yet towards its systematic classification. Rather more’
has been done in Japan, but even there this work is still far
from complete. The ff ## (Chu-p‘u, ‘‘ Treatise on Bamboos’’),
which was published in the 3rd or 4th century, is an interest-
ing and tolerably complete account of the bamboo, the names

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 63

by which it was known in the classics, and the uses to which
it was put from most ancient times. Allowing for changes in
customs, we find that these uses were very much the same
as at the present time. Besides the purposes for which the
bamboo is employed in medicine hereafter to be mentioned,
the sprouts are eaten for food, and the wood is made into
mats, baskets, hats, musical instruments, bows and arrows,
pillows, chairs and stools, tables and book-shelves, fences and
screens, house frames, cash boxes, tallies and token money,
as a substitute for paper, and the thousand and one varied uses
to which one sees it put at every turn as he goes about the
country. The bamboo grows as far north as the Yangtsze valley,
from which point it is for the most part replaced by Pragmztes
and other reeds. Of the various kinds of bamboo mentioned
in the Chinese books we have several interesting specimens.
The $€ 7 (Pau-chu), or ‘‘ spotted bamboo,’ said to be mark-
ed by the tears of Queen Siang, is found in the central prov-
inces. The Spiny Bamboo, ji] 7 (Chih-chu), attains a very
large size, and is said to be capable of resisting the onsets of
burglars, pirates, and the like, when formed into stockades.
The #% 77 (Tsung-chu), or ‘‘coir bamboo,’’ is nearly solid
stemmed, and is used in the manufacture of fans. Bambusa
arundinacea is called }¥ ff (Lu-chu) by the Chinese.

Of the many varieties of bamboo found in China, but a
possible six are mentioned as being used in medicine. These
are : 3 7f (Chin-chu), #8 7 (Tan-chu), # f (K‘u-chu), ff 7
(Kan-chu), 22 ff (Kuei-chu), and 2& ff (Tz‘a-chu). The parts
used are the leaves, 222, the rhizome, the thin outside skin
(Ai, ju, properly written 44), 212, and the sap (jf, li). The
leaves of the Chin-chu, which is a large southern variety, are
said to be tussic, tonic. anthelmintic, stomachic, and car-
minative, while the root is considered as cooling, tonic and
alexipharmic. The sap is used only in rheumatism. Of the
Tan-chu (Lambusa puberula) the leaves and the root are pre-
scribed in the form of a decoction in all diseases supposed to de-
pend upon a collection of phlegm. A wash is also directed to
be used in cases of prolapsus of the womb. ‘The leaves of the
K ‘u-chu (dArundinaria japonica) are considered to be stimulant,
tonic, anthelmintic, and auti-vinous. A wash is used in favus of

64 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

children and other eruptions. The root is cooling and is used
in fevers. The bark is used in decoction for the cure of hem-
orrhage from the bladder, while the sap is used in ulcerated
sore mouth, ophthalmia, and toothache. ‘The Kan-chu root ~
(species unknown) is said to quiet the uterus and to be useful
in post-partum fever. ‘The bark of the Kuei-chu is the only
part used, and this only in decoction as a febrifuge. The sap
of the T‘zti-chtu is also used in fevers and rheumatic affections.
The sap is prepared by heating short pieces of bamboo, when
it exudes from the cut ends and is collected. All the forms of
bamboo shoot are considered cooling to the blood. It is said
that if they are eaten together with sheep’s liver, blindness will
result. They are given to suckling mothers to increase the low
of milk, and some kinds are thought to increase all of the secre-
tions of the body. ‘The shoots from two kinds of bamboo, the
HE 5 (T‘ao-chu, ‘‘ peach bamboo’’) and the i] 7 (Chih-chu,
Bambusa spinosa), are considered to be slightly poisonous. The
first is used asa wash for maggots on cattle and the second has
no medical use, but when eaten it is thought to cause the hair
to fall out.

The excrescences which grow on the bamboo are mentioned
in the /éntsao. One comes upon the T'‘zt-chu in the form of
a deer horn, is called 7 Be (Chu-ju), and is edible. ‘The other,
which grows upon the K ‘u-chu, is called ff fy (Chu-ju), and is
considered to be very poisonous. This latter looks like a
lichen, and is anthelmintic. The former is used in dysentery.
The first leaves (called #, t‘o) of the T‘zi-chu are used in
decoction as a wash for scald-head and other ulcerous eruptions
of children. A small mountain bamboo, called IJ G Tf
(Shan-pai-chu), is incinerated and the ash used as an escharotic
in cancer. Exploding bamboos by fire is used to drive away
evil spirits and mountain sprites. The fruits of the bamboo
enliven the animal spirits and benefit the respiratory organs.

The silicaceous concretion called Zabasheer, found in the
joints of large bamboos, is also used in Chinese medicine. It
is called ff # (Chu-huang) and F “& (T‘ien-chu-huang),
211. The Chinese did not probably derive the substance
originally from India, but it is possible that the knowledge of
its medicinal uses were derived from that couutry, where it has

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 65

been held in high esteem from very early times. Hence the
second name given above. It is met with in hard, broken,
angular pieces, usually opaque, as smooth as porcelain, of a
whitish or bluish vitreous color, easily broken, and usually
scented with some perfume. It absorbs oil, and thereby be-
comes transparent. When the oil has been again driven away
by heat, the internal structure of the concretion becomes
apparent, showing it to be most beautifully veined. Zadasheer
has the lowest refractive power of all known substances. It is
made up almost entirely of silica; there being sometimes a
varying amount of potash, lime, iron, and vegetable matter.
It can therefore have practically no medical virtues. But the
Chinese, true to their ideas of its mysterious origin, prescribe
it in acute choreic, convulsive, and epileptiform diseases of
children, as well as in apoplexy and paralysis. In India it is
believed to have stimulant and aphrodisiac qualities. The drug
is usually adulterated in China with bone earth and other
substances. A similar substance has been found in jungle grass,

BARKHAUSIA REPENS.—Wj ff #2 (Hu-huang-lien),
482. This is the identification of De Candolle, Loureiro cails
it Picris repens. It is a foreign drug, coming from the
country of 4 (Kukonor), where it is called 2] 7, BH (Ko-
ku-lu-tsé). As is usually the case with foreign drugs, Tao
Hung-ching says that it comes from Persia, which is the source
of many, though not quite all of the drugs introduced into
China from the west. Li Shih-chen says that the best quality
of the root has a top resembling the bill of a bird, and when
cut, the cross section resembles the eye of the mynah. He
also says that the shooting plant resembles that of Brunella
vulgaris. ‘The dried root, as met with in the shops, is ia
irregular, tapering, contorted pieces, varying from one to two
inches in length and about the size of a lead pencil. The
cuticle is dark brown or blackish, having tubercles, and other-
wise irregularly wrinkled and marked. It has a hay-like
odor and an exceedingly bitter taste. The FPéxtsao says that
if the drug is true, a smoke-like dust should come from the
interior of the root when it is fractured. ‘che drug is now said
to be produced in Nanhai, and also in Shensi and Kansu.

66 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Tonic, astringent, antiperiodic, antifebrile, alterative, and
resolvent properties are attributed to this drug, and it is
specially recommended in the fff (Kan) disease of children,
which is struma or marasmus due to exhausting discharges.
As an external application, it is usually mixed with goose gall,
in which form it is applied to every form of hemorrhoid, as
well as to cancerous sores. It has a great reputation in the
treatment of dysentery.

BASELLA RUBRA.—¥ 3§ (Lo-k‘uei) and #% # (Chung-
k‘uei). Itis also called ¥# Z£ (T ‘Eng-k ‘uei), ‘ twining mallow,”’
and its common name is fj Ji ff (Hu-yen-chih). The Bud-
dhists call it # 3 (Yu-ts‘ai). In the EHrfya the names are
& Fe (Fan-lu) and 7 9 (Ch‘eng-Iu). Other names are 4 #6 F
(Jan-chiang-tzi!) and HJ BR 36 (Yen-chih-ts‘ai). At Peking
the plant is cultivated under the name of J] Jf (Yen-chih-
tou). The plant is largely cultivated, and the leaves, which
are cooling and mucilaginous, are eaten with fish and other
meats. The berries are purple in color, and have a red juice,
which is used as a rouge for the faces and lips of ladies, and
also asa dye. ‘The medicinal virtues are not great ; the leaves
being used as a demulcent in intestinal troubles, and the berries
as anu emolient, and a pigmentary addition to facial cosmetics.

BEGONIA DISCOLOR, or BEGONIA EVANSIANA.—
HK ME Re (Ch‘iu-hai-t‘ang) and #7 fe Bf (Ch‘un-hai-t‘ang).
Another name given is [if Jj fi (Tuan-ch‘ang-ts‘ao), but this
is more especially used for Ge/semzum elegans (which see).
The description given in the Péztsao of this ‘‘ foliage plant”?
is a fairly good one. But in regard to its medicinal properties
it says that inasmuch as the plant grows by preference in cool
shady places, therefore its nature must be cooling, and it is
specially recommended for fevers. The juice extracted from
the leaves and flowers is considered emolient, and added to
honey is used as a facial cosmetic, and as an application to
ringworm and other parasitic diseases of the skin. The juice
expressed from the stalk is used in sore mouth and throat.
Any use of the root has apparently not been thought of by the
Chinese; they having had their interest attracted by the fleshy

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 67

and showy leaves and flowers; the latter being equally used
with the former in the preparation of pomades. But inas-
much as the root has properties similar to those of rhubarb,
it has been suggested that it may be used as a substitute
for this drug.

BENINCASA CERIFERA.—#& JR (Tung-kua). Other
names, JX (Pai-kua), [¢ 3% (Shui-chih), and ff} 2 | Ti-chih).
This is the large White Gourd of India, which is much
cultivated throughout China. Its surface is usually covered
with a waxy exudation, by which it is distinguished in name
in nearly every language. The flesh, the pulp, the seeds, and
the rind (1392) are all used in medicine. The flesh is con-
sidered to be sweet and slightly cooling. It is reconimended
for the relief of thirst and as a diuretic. It is considered cool-
ing in fevers, and if ‘‘ prickly heat’? is rubbed with a freshly
cut slice of this substance, it is a sure relief. The pulp is
regarded as demulcent both for internal and external use. It
is added to baths for the treatment of pimples and prickly heat.
It is also regarded as diuretic, and is used in the treatment of
gravel. The seeds, 1391, of which the kernels only seem to
be used, are regarded as demulcent, and under prolonged use
are thought to be tonic, preventing hunger and prolonging
life. They are also used in cosmetic applications to the skin
in simple eruptions. A famous prescription is the use of these
seeds incinerated and taken internally for the treatment of
gonorrhcea! ‘The incinerated rind is administered in case of
painful wounds.

BERBERIS THUNBERGII.—)J. 8% (Hsiao-po). It is
also called -— HE (Tzt-po) and jy 4G #f (Shan-shih-liu),
‘‘mountain pomegranate.’’ It has a bitter yellow bark and
red berries. The branches are used for dyeing yellow. The
root does not seem to be used for this purpose, although
doubtless it is as well adapted as the European Serberzs
vulgaris. The bark is the part used. It is regarded as very
cooling, and is therefore prescribed in fevers. Its anthelmintic
and antiseptic properties are also highly esteemed, and it is
prescribed in menorrhagia.

68 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

BETA VULGARIS.—3§ % (T ‘ien-ts‘ai), ¥ $8 3% (Chiin-
ta-ts‘ai), and ff 3@ (T‘ien-ts‘ai), 1340(?). This is the ordinary
white sugar beet which grows in China. It is not mentioned
in the Péztsao, nor does its medical virtues seem to have been
studied. This seems surprising, considering the fact that its
saccharine qualities are indicated in the name.

BETULA ALBA.—#€ 7Q (Hua-mu) or ## 7e (Hua-mu),
498. This is the White Birch tree which grows commonly
in the mountains of Northern China. The bark is used by
Chinese saddlers, shoemakers, cutlers, and candle-makers, who
turn its tanning or fatty principles to account in their several
trades. The bark may also be used for torches. The drug is
used in decoction for jaundice and bilious fevers, and the
incinerated bark is used as an application in mammary cancer
and rodent ulcer. It is also one of the substances used to dye
the whiskers, which, developing late in life in the Chinese, are
apt to soon turn grey or reddish-brown.

BIDENS PARVIFLORA.—% @& Hi (Kuei-chen-ts‘ao).
This ‘‘imp’s needle grass” is a species of ‘‘.SAanzsh needles.””
In the south it is called 9% €% (Kuei-ch‘ai), ‘‘imp’s hairpin.”’
The only purposes for which this is prescribed, are in bites of
spiders, snakes, and scorpions, and in the unhealthy granula-
tions of wounds. ‘The juice is expressed from the fresh plant,
and both administered internally and applied externally.

BIDENS TRIPARTITA. — jf 9@ Hi (Lang-pa-ts‘ao),
The characters are also written fi} 72. This has three-lobed
leaves and a two awned achene. It grows in the marshes of
elevated regions. It affords a black dye, which is used for
coloring the whiskers. A decoction of the plant is specially
recommended in the treatment of chronic dysentery, and as a
wash to the skin in the treatment of chronic eczema.

BIGNONIA GRANDIFLORA.—% 3X (Tzii-wei), BE &
(Ling-t‘iao), and # Gf 7E (Ling-hsiao-hua). ‘This isa beauti-
ful climbing plant, which is much cultivated in gardens
throughout China. At Peking it is known by the last name.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 69

It is the same as Zecoma grandifora and Loureiro’s Campsis
adrepens. The flowers, leaves, stalk and root are all used medici-
nally; the first named having the preference. It is most largely
prescribed for the menstrual diseases of women, and the anzemia
and marasmus which often attend these. Prolonged post-
partum discharge also comes into this list. It is also used
in fevers, and in combination with Gardenia florida for the
treatment of ‘‘ wine nose.’’

BLETIA HYACINTHINA.—§G & (Pai-chi), 935. This
is an orchid with violet flowers, cultivated at Peking under
the name of [ij 76 (Lan-hua). The bulb is quite mucil-
laginous, and a thin paste made of it is sometimes mixed with
India ink to give a gloss to writing or drawings done with it.
It is also used in the preparation of a secret ink; the paper
which has been written upon being afterwards dipped into
water and held up to the light. It is also used by the manu-
facturers of china and of ‘‘cloisonnés.’? The rhizome is
met with in the shape of flattish, irregularly oval, hollow
disks, umbilicated on one surface, and having projecting rays at
the circumference. ‘The lower convex surface is pointed by a
central tubercle and marked with rings. A great variety of
irregular, tri-radiated, and other shapes of these tubers are met
with in some samples. ‘The interior isamylaceous, translucent,
hard, and white in color, and has a gummy, bitterish taste.
It is considered demulcent, and is used in the diseases of chil-
dren, especially those of a dyspeptic character, as well as in
dysentery, hemorrhoids, and ague. It has much repute in the
treatment of burns, wounds, and other injuries, and also in
various kinds of skin diseases,

BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA.—% #§ 7% (Ai-na-hsiang).
This is the identification of Faber, although the account given
in the Péxtsao is not clear in many particulars. The plant is
not described, and what is said evidently refers to the steareop-
ten. It is recommended in the treatment of fevers and as a
corrective of miasmatic vapors. Anthelmintic qualities are also
ascribed to it.

7O CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Under the name of ‘‘NVegat-camphor,” a steareopten,
isomeric with Borneo camphor, is said to be extracted from this
plant. The greater part of this substance which appears in
Chinese commerce, seems to come from the island of Hainan.
It is but little used in Northern or Central China, probably on
account of its cost ; its valuation at Tientsin being placed at
five hundred Haikuan Taels a picul, while that of ordinary
laurel camphor is only twelve Taels. It comes in three forms:
2 #} (Ai-fén), 2, which is the crude product ; 3% }e (Ai-p‘ien),
5, the refined substance in cakes; and 3 jf (Ai-yu), 8, a by-
product of distillation. It is used in the south-eastern provinces
as a febrifuge and carminative, and is held in higher repute
than laurel camphor for all purposes for which the latter is
used. Hanbury has an interesting note on this substance in his
Science Papers, in which he says that it 1s not only used in
medicine, but also in the manufacture of the scented kinds of
Chinese ink.

BOZHMERIA NIVEA.—#®* fi, (Ch‘u-ma). ‘This is the
plant from which is produced the ‘‘ grass cloth,’’ so extensively
worn throughout China, the finer qualities of which are not
despised by ladies of Western lands. In the classics the charac-
ter is written ## (Chu). Prior to the eleventh century there is no
record of where it was produced, although it was known from
ancient times as a textile plant. Su-sung, who wrote in the
eleventh century, said that it was at that time grown in
Fukien, Szechuan, Chekiang, and Kiangnan. Lu-chi, who
lived in the third century, and wrote a book describing the
plants and animals mentioned in the Book of Odes, said that
the government then raised the plant in gardens. He also
described the manner of preparation of the material. An iron
or bamboo knife was used to strip off the bark. After the thick
outer bark was removed, the soft, tough fibers of the inner
bark were taken and boiled, after which they were twisted into
thread and this manufactured into cloth. At present the fibers
of the stalks are soaked in a solution of native soda, beaten
and broken up with a rake-like tool, and heated in a dry
boiler. ‘This is then twisted and manufactured into cloth,
which the Chinese call 8 7 (Hsia-pu), ‘‘summer cloth.’? In

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. ys

Canton, silk is mixed with the fiber in various proportions,
making different qualities of cloth. Three crops of the fiber
are said to be gathered in a year.

Medicinally, the root and leaves are used. ‘The former is
reputed as quieting to the uterus. It is recommended in
threatened miscarriage. It is also considered to be cooling,
demulcent, diuretic, and resolvent. It is used in wounds from
poisoned arrows, snake and insect bites, and in decoction for a
local application in rectal diseases. ‘The leaves are used in
wounds aud fluxes as an astringent.

BOMBAX MALABARICUM.—ZK #4 # (Mu-mien-shu).
The Péxtsao with difficulty distinguishes between this tree and
the cotton plant, for the reason that it produces its cotton in a
sort of boll. But it isa large tree, with a red flower like that
of the Camellia. ‘The fruit has a white, silky down covering
the seeds, which may be used to stuff cushions, and is said to
be capable of being worked up into a rough cloth. ‘This down
is called 7R HA FE (Mu-mien-hua), 870. The root, 871, and
leaves are for sale in the Chinese shops, as is also the down.
This latter is burnt, and the ashes given in menorrhagia, and
used to staunch the blood of wounds. What the other parts
are used for does not appear. ‘The Customs Reports say that the
substance known as jf fi] je (Hai-t‘ung-p‘i), 357, and ff Jk
(T‘ung-pi), 1402, as exported from Canton, are the bark of this
tree; that exported from Ningpo being probably the bark of
Acanthopanax ricinifolium (which see). ‘The bark of the cotton
tree is said to be emetic and astringent. It could probably be
substituted for that of Acanthopanax.

BOSWELLIA.—According to Hanbury, the olzbanum
produced in India, which is probably the only sort that finds its
way to China, is derived trom Boswellia glabra and Boswellia
thurifera. ‘The Chinese name of the drug is m# fi # (Hsiin-
lu-hsiang) or # # (Ju-hsiang), 563. The second of these
names either refers to the nipple-shaped pieces which part of
the product assumes, or else is a translation of the Hebrew
term /ebonah, signifying ‘‘milk.’? In Buddhist books the

olibanum is called FR @ # (T4en-tsé-hsiang), 3 {mn

ah J CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

(To-chia-lo-hsiang), #£ Mi # (Tu-lu-hsiang), and fe Hf FF
(Mo-lé-hsiang). The second of the above terms may be the
Chinese equivalent of the Sanscrit sogara, meaning ‘‘perfume,”’
and the third an adaptation of the Sanscrit kuzduru, which is
the term by which olibanum was known in that language.
Li Shih-chen says that it is sometimes adulterated with storax,
but at the present time that is not probable, as olibanum is
much more plentiful, and therefore cheaper than formerly.
That it has sometimes been confounded with, and _ possibly
adulterated with sazdarac, is well known to Western pharma-
cists. The drug, as it appears in the Chinese market, is in the
usual form of pale yellow, oval, partly opaque, brittle tears,
having the bitter, aromatic taste, and balsamic smell character-
istic of this substance. Very inferior kinds are also found in
the shops. It is used in the manufacture of some sorts of in-
cense. Carniinative, sedative, tonic, stimulant, alterative, astrin-
gent, and diuretic properties are referred to this drug, which is
used to some extent in making plasters and salves for dressing
carbuncles and foul chronic sores. It is used internally
in leprosy and struma. Indian practitioners have largely
used it as a remedy for carbuncle, as an internal agent
in the treatment of gonorrhcea, and as a fumigation in lung
affections. Some of the older writers recommended it for
spermatorrhoea, and for certain vesical and urinary disorders,
for which it is worth a trial.

BOYMIA RUTACARPA or EVODIA RUTACARPA.—

Ya Z: wi (Wu-chu-yii), 223. This is a small tree or shrub,
bearing small, purplish-red flowers and a fruit which at first is
yellow, but when itis ripe, turns to a dark purple. The Péntsao
says that formerly the tree was planted at the side of a well, so
*“ that the leaves might fall intothe water. To drink of the water,
was considered to be prophylactic against contagious diseases.
The fruits were also hung up in the house to ward off evil
spirits. The fruits, leaves, branches, and root with the white
rind, are all used in medicine. In the case of the fruits as found
in the markets, the small black carpels are usually separated
from their pedicles, are five in number, closely connected and
mixed with the scabrous stalks of the umbellate inflorescence.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 73

They have a warm, bitter, and aromatic flavor. ‘The medical
properties attributed to these are almost innumerable, amon
which may be mentioned their use as stimulant, carminative,
stomachic, deobstruent, astringent, and anthelmintic remedies.
They are even recommended for sterility and barrenness. A
piece of a branch is used as a suppository in obstipation. ‘The
root and bark are used as astringent and anthelmintic remedies,
and in the treatment of rheumatism.

BRASENIA PELTATA.—3% (Shun). Called BR3¢ (Shun-
ts‘ai) in Kiangnan, where it is eaten as a vegetable. It is also
called 7 ZE (Shui-k‘uei), ‘‘ water mallow.’? The stem is
purple and mucilaginous, and it and the leaves on the under
surface are covered with a viscid jelly. It bears yellow flowers
and a greenish purple fruit. The plant is good for feeding to
pigs, and is therefore also called 34 3€ (Chu-shun), Although
it is not regarded as at all poisonous, its continued use is thought
to be deleterious, injuring the stomach, destroying the teeth and
hair, and producing caries in the bones. If eaten in the
seventh month, when it is liable to be wormy, it is thought to
produce cholera. As the Chinese eat it raw, or but slightly
cooked, and as it grows in filthy ponds and streams, some of
these evil effects, said to arise from its ingestion, can easily be
accounted for. Its medical qualities are considered to be
antithermic, anthelmintic and vulnerary. It is recommended
as a local application in cancer, favus, and hemorrhoids.

BRASSICA.—Notwithstanding the fact that this genus
contains some of the best known and commonest garden plants
of China, the identifications and nomenclature are-in a very
uncertain state. ‘This is probably due to the fact that cultiva-
tion has changed the species in many particulars, and also that
many of the varieties found in China are distinct from those
found in the west. Brassica chinensis, fy 3% (Pai-ts‘ai), called
#E (Sung) in the Pézzsao, is a most common variety of Brassica
oleracea. ‘This vegetable is considered to be cooling and anti-
vinous. Its prolonged and excessive use is thought to be
slightly deleterious, causing an itching eruption and retarding
recovery from disease. Ginger is antidotal to its deleterious

74 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

effects. Its medicinal use is recommended in fevers and to
quench the craving for wine. It is also considered to be
laxative and diuretic. The seeds are used to arouse a ‘‘ dead
drunk,’’ and the oil expressed from them, when rubbed on the
scalp, is thought to promote the growth of hair.

mz 3 (Yiin-t‘ai), otherwise called jf 3€ (Vu-ts‘ai), is
undoubtedly Brassica rapa, which produces the fh 3% FF (Yu-
ts‘ai-tzti, ‘‘rape seed’’), from which the 3 jy (Ts‘ai-yu,
‘*rape-seed oil’’) is manufactured. It also is called Brassica
chinensis, possibly on account of its economic prominence in
this country. The plant is thought to have originally been
brought from Mongolia, and for this reason is also called ff 3
(Hu-ts‘ai). The oil and its manufacture are of great com-
mercial importance to those portions of China in. which this
plant is cultivated. Until the introduction of kerosene, this
oil was the cheapest and best illuminant known. to the Chinese.
Its culinary use was very great, being considered inferior,
however, to sesamum oil for this purpose. ‘The vegetable,
eaten in the spring, was regarded as acrid and cooling. Under
certain conditions its use was said to be slightly deleterious.
In some cases it produced stiffness of the knees, and those
already afflicted with difficulties of the back or feet were made
worse by its use. The Taoists count it as first among the five
% (Hun). The expressed juice of the stalk and leaves is the
form in which it is used medicinally. In this way, and also
sometimes as a decoction, it is applied to foul sores, caked
breast, cancer, and such like. ‘The expressed juice is also
administered in dysentery and bloody stools.

4 3 (Wu-ching), otherwise known as &% #f (Man-ching),
is Brassica rapa-depressa, the rape-turnip. In the classics this
is called $f (Féng). ‘The root, leaves, and seed of this plant
are all eaten. ‘The Chinese have not improved this turnip
much by cultivation, as both root and leaves remain bitter and
pungent. The continued use of this vegetable is considered to
be less deleterious than the y7v-¢‘az, and many of its medicinal
uses are identical with those of the latter plant. Its properties
are cooling and anti-vinous. ‘The seeds are considered to be
diuretic and constructive. Women are especially recommended
to use them. ‘The oil expressed from them is added to cosmetic

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 75

applications for the face, and applied to the hair restores its
color and vitality. #&% 7 (Man-ching) in North China is the
kohl-rabi, Brasstca oleracea caulorapa. It is also suggested
that 7p e8 3§ (Chieh-man-ching) or Jt ZF (Ta-chieh) may be a
Chinese variety of the rutabaga, Brasszca campestris rutabaga.

The mustards, although of identical genus with the
cabbages, will be considered under the alternative term Szxapzs
(which see).

BROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA.—#*® (Ch‘u), #% Ki
(Ku-shu). This is the paper-mulberry, a very common tree in
China and Japan. Itisof quick growth, has a soft wood, which
is used to make vessels of various sorts, and bears a globular
red fruit, which is sometimes eaten by children. The achenes,
which are small, round, seed-like bodies called #¢ PF -f- (Ch‘u-
shih-tzti), 224, are of a bright red color, and as found in the -
shops, are much broken. ‘They are mucilaginous to the taste,
and are believed to be tonic and invigorating. They are also
called g ‘PF (Ku-shih) and ## Pk (Ch‘u-t‘ao). The leaves are
regarded as diuretic and astringent. ‘They are recommended
in fluxes and in gonorrhoea. A decoction of the twigs is used
in eruptions, and the juice extracted from these is given in
anuria. Decoctions of the bark are used in ascites and
menorrhagia. The resinous sap found in the bark is used asa
vulnerary, and in wounds and insect bites. Coarse cloth and
paper are made from the liber of this tree.

BRUNELLA (PRUNELLA) VULGARIS. —8 # #
(Hsia-ku-ts‘ao). This is the common ‘ heal-all’’ of Europe
and America. It grows in swampy and wet places, has a
nearly square stalk, grows about two feet high, and bears a
small, pale-purple flower in spikes. The stalk and leaves are
the parts used, and the drug is considered as cooling. It is
therefore used in fevers, and also as an anti-rheumatic, altera-
tive, and tonic remedy.

BUDDLEIA OFFICINALIS.— 3% 7€ (Mi-méng-hua),
843. This is a shrub of the natural order Scrophularinea,
which bears a most beautiful flower, called by the Buddhists

76 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Hk ¢8 7E (Shui-chin-hua), or ‘‘ watered-satin-brocade-flower.”’
It may be that this is identical with Auddlera neemda of India.
It is said to grow in the river valleys of Szechuan, and the
commercial product comes from Kansuh and Shensi. The
flowers are prepared by being soaked in a mixture of wine and
honey for three days, and then dried. They are used almost
exclusively for the treatment of diseases of the eye, especially
opacities of the cornea. Whether the beauty of the flower
determines this use or not, it is hard to say. They are also
thought to affect the liver.

BUDDLEIA CURVIFLORA.—# ff ¥8% (Tsui-yii-ts‘ao),
1357. Also called fi ff 7 (Nao-yii-hua). As its name implies,
it is used for stupifying fish, and in this respect resembles
Daphne genkwa (which see). The flowers and leaves are
used in medicine in the treatment of catarrhal difficulties, fish
poisoning, to dissolve fish bones in the throat, and for chronic
malarial poisoning with enlarged spleen.

BUPLEURUM FALCATUM and BUPLEURUM
OCTORADIATUM.—3E $y (Tz‘G-hu) or 38 § (Ch‘ai-hu), 16.
Both species have yellow flowers, go by the same Chinese
names, and are not distinguished in the Chinese books. ff is
said to be an ancient way of writing 38 The plant is found
principally in the northern provinces. Young white shoots,
which spring up in the spring and autumn, may be eaten. The
old plant is used for fire-wood. ‘The root-stock is the part
used in medicine. Its medicinal qualities are considered to be
essentially febrifuge, deobstruent, and carminative. It is used
in flatulence and indigestion, in colds and coughs, muscular
pains and cramps, amenorrhcea, thoracic and abdominal
inflammations, puerperal fevers, and in acute diarrhoea.

BUXUS SEMPERVIRENS.—H #3 7 (Huang-yang-
mu). ‘This is the ordinary doxwood, which is used for making
combs, wooden bowls, and printing blocks. ‘The tree is of
very slow growth, is evergreen, and the wood is so fine grained
that it may be considered as almost grainless. It is said not
to grow during the intercalary moon of the Chinese year. A

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 77

softer kind of wood, called sango-wood, is used by Ningpo
carvers for the fine image work which they do. It may be
from this tree, or from a different species. The original
habitat of the tree is not recorded, but it is now largely
cultivated both for commercial purposes and for ornamental
use. The leaf is the part used in medicine. As the plant
is said to be free from the element of fire, the leaves are
assumed to be cooling in their nature. They are prescribed
in difficult labors, being supposed to induce expulsive efforts.
The ordinary toilet combs of women, being made of this wood,
are often turned to account as a ready domestic remedy ; the
incinerated wood being used in the same way as are the leaves.
The powdered leaves are rubbed on prickly heat and summer
boils.

78 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ee

CAISALPINIA MINAX. — 4 :# (Shib-lien). This is
the classification of Hance and Faber. ‘The plant has not
been found mentioned in the /éz¢sao or any other Chinese
work consulted. Its seeds appear in the Customs lists (1153)
as an article of commerce; but what their medical uses may
be, we have not been able to learn.

CHSALPINIA PULCHERRIMA.—f# HB &B (Féng-
huang-ch‘ang), 304, & JA #é (Chin-féng-hua). ‘The first term
is given in the Customs lists for a root that is produced in
Kuanetung. The second term is a Japanese identification.
The plant has not been found mentioned in the Péztsao. Its
medical uses have not been ascertained.

CAISALPINIA SAPPAN.—#k [fj AR (Su-fang-mu). This
is the tree which furnishes the Sappan wood, Safpanx wood, or
Bukkum wood to commerce. It comes largely from the island
of Sumbawa, which belongs to the East Indies lying east of
Java. The island also produces the most valuable teak tree,
as well as the tamarind. The Chinese name of the wood
under consideration, as well as the word sappan, are doubtless
derived from the name of this island. ‘The wood also is
imported from Siam, Malaysia, and India, and is said to have
been grown in Kuangtung and Kuangsi. Its common name
is fig 7K (Su-mu). It contains much gallic and tannic acids,
and is an excellent substitute for logwood, although much
weaker. Anextract may be made from it. ‘The form in which
the substance appears in the Customs list is that ofa coarse
powder or saw dust, called ff 7K #R (Su-mu-k‘ang), 1201.
Since it dyes a red color, the Chinese consider that it has a
special affinity for the blood. It is therefore prescribed in
wounds, hemorrhages, and disturbances of the menstrual
function. It is also recommended as a sedative and in fluxes.

CAISALPINIA SEPIARIA.—# # (Yin-shih). This
is a climbing shrub, and the Chinese recognise its close

VEGETABLE, KINGDOM, 70

Pa

relationship to other Cesalpinie by calling it BR (or 9k) B FG,
‘‘wild (or water) honey locust.’?> Other names for the fruit
are F W (T‘ien-tou) and 53 @ (Ma-tou). The stem is hollow
and spiny ; it bears yellow flowers in racemes and a pod about
three inches long, containing five or six dark colored seeds,
which have an unpleasaut odor. ‘The seeds, flowers, and root
are used in medicine. Although the /%@z¢sao discusses this
among the poisonous drugs, it is not considered to be poisonous.
The seeds are said to have astringent, anthelmintic, antipyretic,
and auti-malarial properties. They are said to be used for the
most part in the treatment of ague. To the flowers are
attributed certain occult properties. If one ingests a quantity
of them and then sees a spirit, he is driven mad. If burned
they will drive away evil spirits. In former times their use
was supposed to produce somatic levitation, but this is now
denied by Li Shih-chen. The expressed juice of the root is
used to assist in the removal of a bone from the throat, and it
is also thought to be anodyne in such cases.

CAJANUS INDICUS.—]]} BA #£ (Shan-tou-kén). This
genus seems to be confined to Eastern Asia. ‘The common
name adopted by Europeans is ‘‘ pigeon pea.’’ The East
Indian names are cajyax and dahl, the Malay name, céchang.
In the Péztsao it is also called fff 3% (Chieh-tu); and on
another page an almost identical description is given under the
heading of ff% #¢ -F (Chieh-tu-tzit), This may therefore be
regarded as identical with, or very closely related to, the Shaz-
tou-kén. In both cases the root is the part used in medicine
(1104). This appears in the Chinese shops as a woody root,
varying from the size of the little finger to mere rootlets ; the
whole being connected by a knotted root-stock. Rats and
mice are said to be fond of this root. It is considered to be the
counter-poison par excellence. Anthelmintic, sedative, ex-
pectorant, and vulnerary properties are also referred to it.

CALAMUS DRACO. — fit E 3 (Ch‘i-lin-chieh), also
called fj 38 (Hsiieh-chieh), 477. ‘This tree, growing in
Sumatra, Java, and other countries to the south of China, is
said also to be met with in the southern provinces. The

80 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

names given for it in the Péztsao are # FY (K‘o-liu) and 7%
(K ‘o-ping), which are probably transliterations of some foreign
term. ‘The tree is said to resemble the alsamodendron
myrrha. ‘The above Chinese names refer to the gum-like
substance derived from the tree, which is known in commerce
as ‘‘dragon’s blood.’’ ‘The tree is said to be chopped to yield
the gum, but the most common form is that which covers the
fruits, which is obtained by beating and shaking these in little
bags or baskets, when the gum-tears drop off, and are allowed
to conglomerate into masses in the sun, or are softened by hot
water and formed into sticks. Dr. Williams describes the drug
as ‘‘in drops of a bright crimson color when powdered, and
semi-transparent.’? That commonly found in the Chinese
shops is in large dark-red, friable masses, which have evidently
been packed in matting. It makes a deep blood-red, gritty,
almost tasteless powder, soluble in spirits of wine. Since the
drug produces snch a brilliant red color, it may be readily
surmised that the Chinese would use it in the treatment of
wounds and hemorrhages. And this indeed seems to be the
ptincipal purpose for which it is used. It is also thought to
have some sedative and tonic properties.

Dr. Williams erroneously identifies #g #€ # (Lung-hsien-
hsiang) with this substance, but this is Ambergris.

CALENDULA OFFICINALIS.—4 # 7% (Chin-chan-
hua). This is the common marzgold. It is only prescribed in
obstinate bleeding piles.

CALYSTEGIA SEPIUM.—f@ 7 (Hsiian-hua). This is
a Convolvulaceous plant, for which a large number of synony-
mous names are given in the Péztsao. Among these is # #
HH: J} (Ch‘an-chih-mu-tan), which is Cozvolvulus japonicus.
The root, which from the shape it sometimes assumes, is also
called Jif WG Hi (Tun-ch‘ang-ts‘ao), ‘‘sucking-pig’s entrail,” is
edible, and is said to have a pleasant sweet taste. Tonic,
nutrient, demulcent, and diuretic properties are attributed to
it, and it is also said to have the power of cementing bones and
tendons, if diligently applied as a poultice. On account of
this last named reputation, the root is also called $§ ij #8
(Hsii-chin-kén), ‘‘ healing tendon root.”’

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 81

CAMETAIA JAPONICA.—2 7£ (Ch‘a-hua), 12; also writ-
ten ## 7£ (Cha-hua), 10, which seems to be a palpable mistake
in penmanship. ‘This is the dried petals of this species, and
also of an undetermined species of Camelia which flowers in
the spring. The Chinese have, from very early times, classed
the Camelias with the tea plant, doing so under the generic
name of #£(Ch‘a). Since the dried petals and leaves of the
Japonica are sometimes brewed as tea by the natives, one can
see how they stumbled upon this classification. The tender,
young, needle-shaped petals of the spring blooming variety are
most esteemed, while the older ones of the same variety and
those of the /afonica are held in less repute. The twigs of
the latter are also used under the name of 2% 4 4% (Ch‘a-chin-
t‘iao); the leaves also furnishing the jij 23£ (I'z‘a-ch‘a), so
called on account of the spiny leaf of this variety.

Therapeutically, a decoction is used in hemoptysis,
heematemesis, and intestinal hemorrhage; or the petals are
powdered and mixed with ginger juice, child’s urine, and wine
for the same purpose. ‘The petals, powdered and mixed with
linseed oil, make an application considered excellent for scalds
and burns.

Two other probably identical species, Camelia sasanqua
(ZE He 7E, Ch‘a-mei-hua) and Camelia olezfera (Wt 2, Shan-
ch‘a), furnish the ‘‘tea-seed-cakes’’ (28 -F fi, Ch ‘a-tzu-ping)
and much of the so-called ‘‘tea-oil’’? (48 jh, Ch‘a-yu) of
commerce. Large quantities of these products come from the
hilly districts of Kiangsi and Hunan. Of the two, a decoction
of the former is sometimes used as a demulcent and expec-
torant, and it is said to take the place of soap in washing oily
clothes. The latter is used as a food and in lamps, and as it
is a bland, non-irritating oil, it might be used asa substitute
for olive oil in dispensary practice. Shen Tsu-hsi, in his
appendix to the Péxtsao, says that the 4 jf (Ch‘a-yu) of
Fukien and Kuangtung is not Camelia oil at all, but a product
of Corylus nuts, and it therefore ought to be called ‘‘ filbert-oil.’?

CAMELIA THEA or Camelia theifera.—?% (Ming). By
many botanists, the tea plant is considered to belong to a genus
distinct from the camelias, to which they give the designation

82 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Thea. ‘These generic terms will be used indiscriminately in
this article. It was formerly supposed that black and green
tea were derived from distinct species of the tea plant, which
were then known as 7hea bohea and Thea viridis respectively.
But it is now known that both kinds are made from the same
plant ; the difference being in the process of manufacture.
The essential difference in this respect is that black tea is
allowed to ferment before firing, while the green is rapidly
dried and fired. It is probable that there were originally
only two distinct species of the tea plant; these being
Thea sinensis and Thea assamica, or the Chinese and the Indian
species, and that .the other varieties are due either to hybrida-
tion of these, or to changes produced by adaptation to
environment, and tocultivation. The Indian species, however,
makes the better quality of black tea, while the Chinese
produces a better green tea. The Chinese do not speak of
black tea, but on account of the color of the infusion which
this kind produces, call it ‘‘ red tea’’ (#7 28, Hung ch ‘a).
Among the Chinese terms for tea 2 (Ch‘a) is the generic

one; but in the colloquial this always refers to the infusion,
cate the article itself is spoken of as 3 HE (Ch‘a-yeh). The

character 3€ (Ch‘a) does not date beyond the Han dynasty.
Before that time the character used for tea was 4 (T‘u);
but a prince of that dynasty ordered that this character
should be no longer pronounced ¢‘z, but ch‘a. Afterwards
the stroke in the middle part of .the character was left out,
thus distinguishing it from the old term. We have a relic of
this old word in the Amoy pronunciation of 48, ‘‘té,’? from
which we have our present English word, which originally
was pronounced ‘‘tay.’? The term 7 (T‘u) is now used for
the sow-thistle (Sozchws oleraceous). In proper parlance, the
early pickings of the fey leaf are called 3 (Ch‘ a), while the late
should be designated 4% (Ming). This ‘latter is the term for
tea used in the ee as well as for the most part in the
classics, and it may frequently be found on tea boxes. ‘The
character #4:(Ch‘uan) is used for the old leaves of the tea plant,
which are made into an inferior quality of tea. The name
76 PE K‘u-t'u), or # 28 (K‘u-ch‘a) properly denotes the
DR, although there is some confusion upon this point.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 83

Other plants, like the ## (Chia) and the 2% (Shé) cannot be
confounded with tea. For while infusions of the leaves of
some of these are sometimes used as a beverage, they are not
regarded by the natives as a substitute for tea. The same may
be said of the willow (4% #]] Yang-liu), except that the leaves
of this tree and those of the white poplar are sometimes used to
adulterate tea.

Wild tea, BF 2 (Yeh-ch‘a), is regarded by the Chinese as
the best, especially that growing among the disintegrated stone
of the hill sides ; that growing on clayey soil being not regarded
so highly. Whether the tea plant is indigenous to China, or
whether these are ‘‘volunteers’’? from some forgotten tea
plantation, is uncertain. Suffice it to say that these shrubs
are found growing plentifully upon the hill and mountain
waste lands of the tea producing districts.

The action of tea upon the system is never considered by
the Chinese to be anything but beneficial. In the words of the
Pintsao, ‘‘it clears the voice, gives brilliancy to the eye,
invigorates the constitution, improves the mental faculties,
opens up the avenues of the body, promotes digestion, removes
flatulence, and regulates the body temperature.’’ Clear water
is but little drunk in China, the common beverage being tea.
Yet, although the Chinese are thus drinking tea continuously
and in large quantities, it does not seem to have the deleterious
effect sometimes observed, especially in America. ‘This may
be due to the fact that the Chinese do not steep their tea, but
only infuse it, preferably in a covered cup, but often in an
earthenware pot. Or, what is more probable, tea in China is
purer, containing no salts of copper and other such deleterious
substances as are frequently found in teas imported into Amer-
ica.

The various names and brands of tea have reference to the
place from which it comes, to the time of picking, to the
character of the leaf, and some are merely arbitrary trade
marks. In the order here given are Ningchow, from I-ning-
chou in Kiangsi; Hyson, from fj #y (Vii-ch‘ien) ‘‘ before the
rains’; Pekoe, from 4 8 (Pai-hao), ‘‘ white down”,
referring to the white down. on the young leaves of which
this brand is made ; and Oolong, from & j& (Wu-lung), ‘* black

84 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

dragon’’. ‘The Chinese pay but little attention to these
‘‘chops’? and brands. ‘Tea stores that profess to sell the best
quality of tea, always put }fj Wy (Yit-ch ‘ien) on their sign boards;
but its use in this case does not indicate any special brand, but
only that the best qualities are offered for sale; that is, what
the people like best, the early or first picking before the
summer rains have set in. ‘These teas are all green, as com-
paratively little black tea is used by the Chinese themselves.
Among the few who distinguish between brands, that known
as fz df (Lung-ching) is considered to be the finest among plain
teas. Scented teas are made by mixing the petals of certain
flowers, notably the ¥& fj (Chu-lan) or Chloranthus, and the
4 Zi] (Mo-li), or white jasmine (Jasmenum sambac), of which the
former is the one preferred, with the tea leaves until these
have acquired the aroma of the flowers, then sifting out the
petals and quickly packing the tea in air tight boxes to
pteserve the flavor. These teas are not so popular with the
Chinese as has been commonly supposed.

Brick tea is made in China, at present principally by
the Russian tea packers, for the trade of Central Asia. It is
usually the older leaves, stems, and broken tea that are
ground, steamed and compressed by machinery into bricks of
various sizes. ‘These are wrapped in paper, packed in boxes,
and shipped to the northern ports, thence to be sent by camel
or mule train across the mountains and plains to their destina-
tion in the heart of the continent. By the tribes inhabiting
this large tract of country, including much of Siberia, it is
consumed leaf and all, being by some dressed with milk, salt,
and butter, and eaten as a vegetable. Inasmuch as tea con-
tains a large amount of soluble nitrogen, it would seem that
the use of the leaf as a food would be a rational procedure.
Whether caffeine and theine are physiologically identical, is still
undecided. ‘To say the least, the much feared deleterious
effects of theine are not very apparent, either upon the Chinese
tea drinker or the Central Asian tea eater.

While but little attention is paid by the Chinese to the
brand of tea used for ordinary consumption, it is quite other-
wise when it comes to the domain of native therapeutics.
Here, the place of origin, the time of picking, the mode

—

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 85

of preparation, or the condition of the substance is important
in determining its efficacy in the treatment of disease. Without
doubt, in some instances the difference in the species of the
plant from which the leaf is obtained, will explain the apparent
difference in physiological action, but often the distinction
made by the native doctor is merely empirical or imaginary.
Some of the more important of these ‘‘ medicinal teas” are
here given.

WE YH BE (P‘u-érh-ch‘a), 1052, comes from P‘uerhfu in
Yunnan. The genuine article is in the form of a ball, about
the size of a man’s head, containing approximately five catties.
On account of its shape and size, it 1s also known as ‘‘ man
head tea” (J\ 58 YE). The commonest kind of so called P‘u-
érh tea, however, is in the form of a cake about the size of a
breakfast plate, and comes from Southern Szechuan near the
borders of Yunnan. ‘There is little difference in the quality
of these, although that in the ball form is the more highly
esteemed by the Chinese. This tea is regarded as an excellent
digestive, assisting in dissolving fats, neutralizing poisons in
the digestive tract, besides being deobstruent and promoting
secretion. Marvelous stories are told in regard to the solvent
action of this article ; it being said to dissolve even metals, like
gold and iron. If toa pot in which a fowl or piece of meat
is being cooked, is added a portion of this tea, flesh, bones, and
stock are converted into a most nourishing broth. It is pre-
sumed that the pot must be of earthenware, else an undue
proportion of iron would be added to the mixture.

HE 7 2 (Lung-chi-ch‘a) comes from the province of
Kwangsi, and is sometimes made into brick tea. It is reputed
to be good for the treatment of malaria and all forms of toxe-
mia. It is also used in dysentery and diarrhcea.

% 4% 28 (An-hua-ch‘a) is from Hunan. The leaves pro-
duce a tea rather dark in color, and of a sweetish bitter taste.
Its use is that of ordinary tea, but as its tonic and strengthen-
ing properties are considered to exceed those of the common
article, it is held in high esteem in sickness, fatigue, or bodily
weakness. One brand of this tea, known as ff jH 2
(Hsiang-tan-ch‘a) is all sent to the imperial capital for the use
of the emperor, princes, and high officials.

86 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

= 36 (Hsiieh-ch‘a) is the leaves from a rare plant growing
on the mountains of Lingchiangfu in Yunnan province. It is
said to be found within the snow limit; hence the name,
“snow tea.” It is very difficult to procure samples of.it, and
it commands a high price. ‘The plant is said to resemble the
tea plant in appearance, and if of the same genus, shows the
great range of adaptability of this plant to wide differences of
climate. The method of preparation is similar to that used
in preparing ordinary tea. This tea is considered to be warming;
it being said that if a cupful is drunk on a cold day the
internal organs are pervaded by a sense of warmth, ‘‘asifa fire
had been kindled therein.’? Therefore it is regarded as most
excellent for colds. By those who spit blood, who sometimes
do not relish ordinary tea, this is considered to be a grateful
drink. It is also.used for the cure of dysentery.

£2 Wy} 26 (Lo-chieh-ch‘a) is named for a man of ancient
times, who at Changhsinghsien, on the west side of the
Wutung mountain, at the rear of a wayside shrine, raised
most excellent tea. The leaves of this variety are at their best
at the time of the summer solstice, and as the plant grows only
in mountainous districts, it is therefore held in high esteem.
Medicinally, it is valued most highly in the treatment of
pulmonary troubles and dropsy. ‘That which comes from the
province of Kiangsi is considered to be inferior in quality, and
is only used as an aid to digestion.

ME Be 2S (P‘u-t‘o-ch‘a), so called because it comes from
the small island of Pootoo in the Chusan archipelago, is
quite scarce, for the reason that a very small amount is
gathered. In the mountains of Tinghaihsien on the large
island adjoining Pootoo, quantities of it grow; but the natives
do not gather it, possibly because the demand for it is small.
It is said to be useful in hemorrhages, as in hemoptysis or
dysentery.

pt #4 248 (Wu-i-ch‘a) is from the Wu-i hills of Fukien, from
the name of which is derived the foreign term Bohea. ‘This tea,
when brewed, is rather dark in color, and the taste is described
in the Ch‘a ching (‘‘tea classic’’) as sour (f#). It is said to
be peptic, carminative, and to counteract the effects of wine
drinking. It is also used to check dysentery.

=. te)

~~ —> >

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 87

K YW 3 2 (Shui-sha-lien-ch‘a) is said to grow in the
forests of gis. amidst the dense undergrowth, where its
leaves never see the sun. It is considered to be cooling, and
is adminstered in fevers. It is also given to bring out the
eruption of small-pox.

Tea leaves that have been brewed, are sometimes put into
an eathenware jar and allowed to stand until decomposed, and
then used as a medicine. ‘The older and more decomposed
they are, the more highly are they esteemed in the treatment
of all sorts of ulcers and swellings, dog bites, old burns, and
bruises, They are applied as a poultice. The old leaves of
the tea plant which have been frost-bitten are regarded as
highly efficacious in the treatment of epilepsy. They are
powdered and mixed in equal parts with crystal alum, and
administered in doses of three mace. Infusion of the root of
the tea plant is also sometimes used as a beverage, and in
strong decoction in the treatment of sore mouth. Ordinary
tea is constantly employed instead of water for washing
wounds and sores of all descriptions, and as an eye wash in
ophthalmia.

A few other things used by native doctors under the name
of ‘*ch‘a,’’ but which are derived from plants other than the
tea plant, may be mentioned at this point. Some so designated,
will also appear under other articles. § ji) 3 (Chio-tz‘u-ch‘a)
is the leaves of Argemone mexicana. The supply comes
from Huichou in Anhui. It is carminative and stimulant,
and it is said that by its use conception is prevented. 9
(Luan-ch‘a) is derived from the Koélreuteria paniculata.
Others say from a species of Rhododendron. It is used for
headaches. 32 4% 3 (Yiin-chih-ch‘a) is made from a lichen
which grows on the rocks in Shantung, principally in Méng-
yin-hsien. It is regarded as universally applicable in the
treatment of all diseases. AL 76 YE (Hung-hua-ch‘a) comes
from Kiangsi, and consists of the es. sprouts of the /7zdzscus
rosa-sinensts. It is regarded as a fitting present for a friend.
Medicinally it is used as a digestive and anti-miasmatic.

CAMPHORA OFFICINARUM. — Laurus camphora,
Lin. Cinnamomum camphora, Nees.— 4 (Chang). The

88 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Chinese name is said to be derived from jfR %@ (Yii-chang), an
ancient name for Kiangsi, because the tree grows large and
abundant there. But it may as well have come from Chang-
chou-fu (ji JH fF) in Fukien, as large quantities of camphor are
produced in that prefecture. The parts of the tree entering
into commerce are the twigs (Chang-ch‘ai, ##% 28), 22, the bark
(Chang-mu-p‘i, # 7 jk), 23, and the seeds (Chang-mu-
t2il, Ht KF), 24-

The part most largely used in Chinese medicine, as else-
where, is the steareopten, called fi |f§ (Chang-nao) when crude
and in flakes, or #£ |§ H: (Chang-nao-p‘ien) when refined and
in cakes. Other names for this substance are jij | (Ch ‘ao-nao)
and #4 |} (Shao-nao); these two terms being used in the north,
because the product came from Chaochoufu and Shaochoufu
in Kuangtung. It is produced by chipping the trunk, root,
and branches of the tree and boiling the chips in a covered
vessel lined with straw. The sublimed camphor condenses on
the straw, and is gathered in these impure flakes. Most of
what is found on the market in China is of this impure kind.
The Japanese camphor is purer than the Chinese, and is usually
packed in tubs for the foreign market, while the Chinese
article is packed in lead-lined chests. This latter is met with
on the market in granular lumps or grains of the color of dirty
snow, and having a strong terebinthinate odor, and a warm,
bitter, aromatic taste, with a somewhat cooling after taste.
It is not so strong as the foreign-prepared drug, but is more
volatile. It is employed by the Chinese as a diaphoretic,
carminative, sedative, anthelmintic, and anti-rheumatic remedy.
It is used on decayed and aching teeth, and is put into the
shoes to cure perspiring feet. Mixed with a species of
Zanthoxylum called %§ #{ (Hua-chiao), and made into an
ointment with sesamum oil, it is used in the treatment of favus
in children. It is also used in the manufacture of fire-works,
and to preserve clothing from the attacks of insects. However,
for this last named purpose it is not altogether in favor, as the
Chinese think that it injures the texture of fabrics, rendering
them more liable to tear. For Borneo or Baroos camphor,
see Dryobalanops camphora , for ‘‘ Ngai’’ camphor, see Blumea
balsamifera.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 89

CANARIUM.—‘# #% (Kan-lan), 578, #f 34 (Ch‘ing-kuo),
& (Wu-lan). This is the so-called ‘‘Chinese olive,’’
which has, however, no affinity with the true olive, belong-
ing to the natural order Burseracee, instead of to that of
the Olcace@, as does the latter. The first two Chinese names
given above apply to Canarium album (Pimela alba), while
the last is Canarium pimela (Pimela nigra). The first is
also distinguished in the Péxtsao as #R FE (Lu-lan), ‘green
pimela.’’ ‘These fruits grow upon a small tree or shrub in the
south-eastern provinces of China and in Cochinchina. ‘The
tree is said to be something above ten feet in height, and to
yield good timber. ‘The fruits are oblong and pointed, either
green or shriveled, being often preserved in salt, or added to
wine to medicate it, or to counteract its effects. They vary
from one inch and a quarter to an inch and a half in length.
When the pulp of the drupe is removed, there remains the large,
dark, pointed, polygonal, or triangular stones, having three
apertures at the upper end, where they often show a tendency to
split into three portions, disclosing the three celled interior.
These hard stones are frequently beautifully carved into beads
and other ornaments. The fruits are said to be stomachic,
sialagogue, antiphlogistic, alexipharmic, anti-vinous, and astrin-
gent. The pits, incinerated and reduced to powder, are thought
to have the power of dissolving fish bones accidentally swal-
lowed, and are used in a similar way in the treatment of fluxes
aud the eruptive diseases of children. The bruised kernels are
used as a poultice in herpes labialis. ‘This latter appears in com-
merce (692), as do also the leaves of Canarium pimela (1462).
The appendix of the Pézzsao also speaks of the kernels of this
species, assigning to them stimulant, tonic, and corrective
properties. ‘Two other kinds of Chinese olive are mentioned
in the Péxtsao under the names of JK By fi AE (P‘o-sstt-kan-lan), .
‘*Persian pimela,’’ and Jy #¥ (Fang-lan), ‘‘square pimela.’?
What these are is uncertain. ‘Ihe former may indeed be the
Syrian olive. It is not native of China, but is said to now be
grown in Kuangsi.

A soft, sticky, dark, resinous mass, compared to cow-glue,
and having a strong aromatic odor, is prepared from the
Canarium pimela. It is mentioned in the Péxtsao, but no

gO CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

uses are given for it. It resembles, and is probably identical
with Manila /-lemz, which is thought to be the product of
Canarium commune. ‘The Chinese product is called RE
(Lan-hsiang). It may be used as a_ substitute for black
dammar. When heated with the leaves and bark of the tree,
it produces a tarry mass, called #¥ #§ (Lan-t‘ang), which is
used in caulking boats.

CANAVALLIA ENSIFORMIS.—JJ @ (Tao-tou), 1256.
This legume is said to be native of the province of Kuangtung,
but is now extensively cultivated throughout the empire. It
is generally known among foreigners as the ‘‘ broad bean ;’?
the pod being one and a half to two inches broad and nearly a
foot long. They are much relished as an article of diet by the
Chinese ; the pods, while still tender, being fried and eaten
with soy or honey, and the beans, when riper, being cooked
with pork or chicken. They are thought to benefit digestion,
to strengthen the kidneys, and to be constructive and tonic.
They are especially recommended in cases of weak digestion
during convalescence from acute disease.

CANNABIS SATIVA.—F jK (Ta-ma). Also called
YK fife (Huo-ma), 541; ww Sj, (Huang-ma); ya jit (Han-ma),
‘Chinese hemp,’’ to distinguish it from ™ Jif (Hu-ma),
‘“‘Scythian hemp ;’’ the staminate plant, ¥ }ij (I-ma), and
the pistillate Jif, (Chti-ma). ©The flowers at the time of
pollenization are called ff #4 (Ma-p‘o), and Jit # (Ma-fén) is
used for both the flowers and the seeds, although it probably
should be restricted to the latter.

Hemp suas been known from most ancient times in China ;
there being a tradition that the Emperor Shen-nung (28th
century B. C.) taught the people to cultivate it, as he did also
the mulberry tree for raising silk worms. On the other hand,
flax was unknown to the ancient Chinese, and even at the
present day the plant is only cultivated for its oil. At Peking
the hemp plant is called oJy jij (Hsiao-ma), while 4 fi is
incorrectly applied to the castor oil plant.

Every part of the hemp plant is used in medicine; the
dried flowers (4), the achenia (#¥), the seeds (ijt 42’, the oil

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. gt

(jit #, the leaves, the stalk, the root, and the juice. The
flowers are recommended in the 120 different forms of fal (Féng)
disease, in menstrual disorders, and in wounds. ‘The achenia,
which are considered to be poisonous, stimulate the nervous
system, and if used in excess, will produce hallucinations and
staggering gait. ‘They are prescribed in nervous disorders,
especially those marked by local anzesthesias. The seeds, by
which is meant the white kernels of the achenia, are used for
a great variety of affections, and are considered to be tonic,
demulcent, alterative, laxative, emmenagogue, diuretic, an-
thelmintic, and corrective. They are made into a congee by
boiling with water, mixed with wine by a particular process,
made into pills, and beaten into a paste. A very common
mode of exhibition, however, is by simply eating the kernels.
It is said that their continued use renders the flesh firm and
prevents old age. They are prescribed internally in fluxes,
post-partum difficulties, aconite poisoning, vermillion poison-
ing, constipation, and obstinate vomiting. Externally they
are used for eruptions, ulcers, favus, wounds, and falling of
the hair. The oil is used for falling hair, sulphur poisoning,
and dryness of the throat. ‘She leaves are considered to be
poisonous, and the freshly expressed juice is used as an antlhiel-
mintic, in scorpion stings, to stop the hair from falling out and
to prevent it from turning grey. ‘They are especially thought
to have antiperiodic properties: The stalk, or its bark, is
considered to be diuretic, and is used with other drugs in
gravel. The juice of the root is used for similar purposes,
and is also thought to have a beneficial action in retained
placenta and post-partum hemorrhage. An infusion of hemp
(for the preparation of which no directions are given) is
used as a demulcent drink for quenching thirst and relieving
fluxes.

Another Tiliaceous plant, the Corchorus capsular?s, is
identified by the Japanese as #¥ Jfijj (Huang-ma), which is one
of the terms at the head of this article. It is cultivated for its
fibre (7¢e) in South China and other parts of tropical Asia.
It is not known to be used in medicine. It may be that in the
FPéntsao and other Chinese medical works it is regarded as
identical with Je fix.

92 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

CAPSELLA BURSA PASTORIS. —& 3 (Chi-ts‘ai). A
cominon name is fi} 3 3é (Ti-mi-ts‘ai). Its fruit is called
@ (Ts‘o-shih). This is the common ‘‘shepherd’s purse,’’
which is eaten as food by many of the poor people of China.
It is both wild and cultivated. The explanation of the first
character in the Chinese name is given as # 4 Ei (Hu-shéng-
ts‘ao), ‘‘ protecting life plant,’’? because it is said to drive away
mosquitos and other nocturnal insects. "The root and leaves
are used in medicine, and the plant is thought to have a
specially beneficial influence upon the liver and stomach.
Incinerated, they are prescribed in fluxes, and pulverized, are
used in the treatment of sore eyes! ‘The fruits are used for
similar purposes, and if used for a long time are thought to
clear the vision. ‘The Mowers are said to destroy certain kinds
of parasitic worms, and to be useful in dysentery.

CAPSICUM ANNUUM.—## & (La-chiao), 685. Several
species of this Solanaceous plant are met with in China. In
addition to the one above named, Cafszcum /riutescens,
Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum fastigiatum, and Capsicum
Sinense are mentioned. ‘They are largely cultivated in all of
the central provinces of China, and are eaten green, ripe, and
after having been dried. ‘They are used as a condiment or
relish with other food, and at the season when they are ripe
and in market are seldom absent from the table. The less
acrid kinds are used as a vegetable, and if deprived of their
seeds they do not purge. The smaller and more acrid varie-
ties are sometimes dried and pulverized, making a sort of
cayenne pepper. ‘They are not mentioned in the Péz/sao, but
the Chinese rightly consider them to be stimulant to the
digestion and derivative. [hey are sometimes used to produce
diaphoresis.

CARDUUS CRISPUS.—i€ #E (Fei-lien). This com-
posite plant (Cynaroid division) is found growing plentifully in
Manchuria and the provinces of North China, including
Szechuan. It has incised leaves with winged petioles. The
root is straight, with dark colored skin, and white flesh marked
with black veins. ‘The root and flowers are used in medicine.

=r lle}

eh

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 93

The root is first prepared by decortication, and then soaking in
wine over night. After this, it is dried and pulverized for use.
It is said by some to be slightly poisonous, and by others to not
be so. The effectiveness of the twelve hours’ soaking in
wine would probably explain the difference in these observa-
tions. It is considered to be alterative and anodyne. It is
used in the treatment of rheumatism, both articular and
muscular, and is thought to have special curative properties in
the £az disease of children. Epithelioma and rodent ulcer are
among the things for which it is recommended.

CAREX MACROCEPHALA. — #f 2 (Shih-ts‘ao).
Called also & $R 3% (Tz‘ti-jan-ku), ‘‘spontaneous grain, ’’ and
i @® fa (Vii-yii-lang.) It is not to be confounded with the
so-called eagle stone, which bears the latter name. It is an
edible grain-fruit, growing in the eastern islands, but not found
in China. It ripens in the seventh month, and is gathered by
the people until winter. It is considered to be very nutritious,
and is recommended as a constructive food in malnutrition. It
is said to prevent nausea, and is recommended in anorexia. Its
prolonged use produces great bodily strength.

CARICA PAPAYA.—TDhis, the Jafaw or tree melon,
which is native of tropical America, has been introduced and
is now cultivated in South China and other tropical parts of
the Far East. The name by which it has been called at
Canton is 7g J (Mu-kua), which is a translation of ‘‘tree
mielon.’’ But this is the name which is used in the Péxtsao
and classics for the quince (Cydonza sinensis). Woureiro found
that the papaw was also called B§ #2 JL (Wan-shou-kuo),
‘‘longevity fruit.”’ Another name by which it is sometimes
known in the south is # JK (Fan-kua), ‘‘ foreign melon”’?.
Still another name is #7 JX (Shu-kua), which is an alternative
way of saying ‘‘tree melon.’’ Certainly 7& JX cannot be used
for it in the north, where the quince, which has no other
designation, is so extensively grown. Although so recently
introduced into China, the Chinese, where the papaw is grown,
have learned to appreciate its property of rendering meat
tender, as well as its alimentary and medicinal qualities.

94 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

CARPESIUM ABROTANOIDES.—K 4% # (T‘ien=
ming-ching). ‘The seeds are called #§ gf, (Ho-shih), ‘‘crane’s
louse,’? 375. Other names are 4#¢ fF (Shih-shou) and g& ej
(Chi-lu), both meaning ‘‘pig’s head,’’ sf te Bi (Chan-chu-
lan), and the people in the south call it th #4 (Ti-sung’,
‘‘ oround cabbage,’ and Fe 44 7h (Tien-man-ch ‘ing), ‘‘heavenly
rape,’’ for the leaves resemble cabbage or rape leaves, and are

I

of a sweet pungent taste. The seed has a bitter, pungent taste,
is slightly poisonous, and is reputed to destroy insects. ‘The
plant is added to the water in which silk cocoons are boiled,
presumably to kill the pupa. ‘The plant bears small yellow
flowers, and is quite common in South and Mid-China. The
achenia which bear the seeds are awned, causing them to
adhere to the clothing of persons and the fur of animals in a
manner similar to the beggar tick. The leaves, root, and seed
are the parts used in medicine. The two former are regarded
as non-poisonous and as being identical in medical properties
and uses. ‘They are employed as astringent, alterative, anti-
scorbutic, diuretic, expectorant, anthelmintic, vulnerary, and
discutient remedies, in conjunction with the young shoots.
They are specially recommended in bronchorhcea, hemoptysis,
and ague. ‘The seeds, which are regarded as being slightly
poisonous, are principally used as an anthelmintic. They are
also highly recommended in ague.

CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS.—#rE BE 76 (Hung-lan-
hua). Other names, #f 7£ (Hung-hua) and ii BY (Huang-lan),
although this latter is possibly a confounding this with Cyocus
sativus. ‘Che commercial designations are #2 7— (Hung-hua),

530, and 3% 7% (Yao-hua), 1510; the former being the best
quality used for dyeing, and the latter an inferior kind used as
a drug. ‘The natural habitat of this plant, which is safflower,
was regarded-by the Chinese as Thibet. It is now extensively
cultivated throughout China. The famous traveler and general,
Chang Chien, brought the seeds from Turkestan. The flowers
are extensively used for dyeing purposes and in the making of
rouge. Medicinally, they are regarded as having stimulant,
sedative, alterative, emmenagogue, and discutient properties.
On account of their red color, they are thought to have an

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 95

especial value in affections connected with the blood. They
are also used to cause abortion and to expela retained placenta.
The shoots of the young plant are eaten in times of scarcity.
The seeds are given asa lenitive or purgative in apoplexy and
dropsy. An oil obtained from the seeds is used as a lubricant.
It is also used in candle-making.

CARYOPHYLLUS AROMATICUS.—-J ¥ | Ting-hsiang),
JT + & (Ting-tzii-hsiang). The Chinese say that the clove
tree is dicecious, and that the pistillate plant is called #4 | 4
(Chi-shé-hsiang), the ‘‘chicken tongue’’ referring to the shape
of the dried immature flowers of this variety. As this tree is
not indigenous to, nor is it much grown in China, the distinction
here given was probably a shrewd guess based upon different
qualities of the drug appearing in the market. These ‘‘ chicken
tongue spice’’ cannot be the so-called ‘‘ mother cloves,” since
the Chinese know of these also, and call them fF J 4 (Mu-
ting-hsiang), which is an exact translation of the common
English and German terms. The properties of this variety
are considered to be similar to those of the ordinary cloves,
but are especially recommended in combination with ginger
juice as an application to prevent the hair from turning gray.

The place of origin of this drug, as given by the /%z/sao,
is the islands and countries of the East Indian Archipelago,
Cochin China, and Polo Condor. ‘The cloves found on the
Chinese market do not differ in any material respect from those
found in the shops of the West. They are regarded as having
warm, stimulating, carminative, corrective, stomachic, tonic,
anthelmintic, and derivative properties. They are prescribed in
cases of offensive breath, diarrhoea, cholera, intestinal disorders.
of infants, uterine fluxes, sterility, and many other diseases.
They are held to be especially efficacious in nausea and
vomiting. The drug is also used in various ways in the
treatment of nasal polypus, ulcers, cracked nipple, carious
teeth, scorpion stings, and to prevent or render pleasant
offensive perspiration. The bark, somewhat thicker than
cassia bark, is used in toothache and as a substitute for the
cloves. ‘The twigs and root, although regarded as inferior, are
also used for similar purposes. In the Appendix to the Péndsao,

96 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

the clove oil is mentioned as a foreign product, and traders of
Macao are credited with having introduced it into China. It is
now manufactured in the south, and has become an article of
export. Its use asa substitute for the crude drug, aud especially
its application to aching teeth, is well known and appreciated
by the Chinese at the present time.

CASSIA FISTULA.—Du Halde, who never was in China,
but who wrote his work on things Chinese, drawing all of his
information from letters of the Jesuit missionaries, says that
this tree was found in the province of Yunnan, and was called
Lf Bf (Ch‘ang-kuo-tzu-shu). It is said that the peds are
collected in Kuangsi and exported. Dr. Williams gives

ices (Huai-hua-ch‘ing) as the name of the fruit. He
describes the pulp as ‘‘ reddish and sweet, and not so drastic
as the American sort; if gathered before the seeds are ripe, its
taste is somewhat sharp.’’? No other authorities are found for
this plant occurring in China, and it is not mentioned in the
Péntsao. The Customs Lists do not mention it ; so, if exported
as Williams claims, it must be by land routes. The subject is
worthy of investigation. Waring, in the Pharmacopoeia of
India, quotes Dr. Irvine as stating that the root of this tree
acts as a very strong purgative.

CASSIA MIMOSOIDES. — || #4 (Shan-pien-tou) ;
Cassia occidentalis, tr fF (Wang-chiang-nan) and 4 Je HA
(Shih-chiieh-ming); Cassza sophera and Cassia tora, Je Wy
\Chiieh-ming) and #% 3 8A (Ts‘ao-chiteh-ming), 1341. With
slight exceptions, the Chanece make no distinction between
these species. "he Péxtsao uses Ts ‘ao-chiteh-ming for Celosza
argentea. At Peking, Wang- -chiang-nan 1s a common name

for Cassia sophera. Another name for the Ca ssia mimosoides
is ff Te Se WA (Chiang- spiane-cua ee ming.) ‘The proper way of

writing the character Chzich is as above, although it is most
frequently written #. Kanghsi’s Dictionary also uses 3 56
(Chiteh-kuang), a synonym of 3 WA. 4 gt HW is also used for
the shell of Haliotis funebris, 1144.

Hupeh and Kuangtung are given by the Customs Lists as
the sources of the drug. Shensi, Kansuh, and Hunan are also

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 97

said to yield it. The long, reddish pods contain very many
dark brown, shining seeds called 3e Hj) (Chiteh-ming-tzit),
1341, of an irregularly compressed, cylindrical shape, about
three lines in length, and marked with two light stripes on
opposite sides. [They are pointed at one end, and truncated
or rounded at the other, and have a bitterish, mucilaginous
taste. It is said that if eaten on an empty stomach during the
day, on the succeeding night articles will appear as if
illuminated. The drug is therefore considered to be of especial
use in diseases of the eye, being used both internally and
locally in their treatment. It is also recommended in herpes
and furunculoid sores. The Péz¢sao says that the leaves
can be eaten as a vegetable. ‘This must refer to the Chzang-
mang, which may be Cassta auriculata, an edible species
of India. ‘The leaves of Cassza tora are said to be used by
Indian physicians as a substitute for sezvza. Another name
for the Chiieh-ming is FR fii 3e WA (Ma-ti-chiieh-ming), so
called from the shape of the seeds. The /éztsao also speaks
of another plant, apparently of this genus, which it calls
4 8) ¥& (Ho-ming-ts‘ao). It is as yet unidentified. In
addition to its other virtues, it is considered to be diuretic. In
China, as in India, a spirituous liquor and a leaven are made of
the Cassia tora, by the addition of some starchy or saccharine
ingredient.

CASTANEA VULGARIS. —# (Li) This is the
common chestnut, of which several varieties grow in China.
They are cultivated throughout the empire, and are used as an
article of diet, being most frequently cooked with chicken.
However, they are thought to be somewhat difficult to digest,
and are therefore not recommended to the sick as food, or to
those suffering from deranged digestion. They are among the
fruits considered suitable to be presented to the Son of Heaven,
and by the ancient Chinese were used as a present of in-
troduction by women. Owing to the similarity of the leaves
and fruits of some varieties to those of certain kinds of
Quercus, there is a certain amount of confusion among the
Chinese in regard to these plants. Of the different kinds of
chestnuts, the Féztsao mentions a large, smooth, flat variety,

98 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

which grows plentifully in the central provinces, and is called
AQ FB (Pan-li); a small, round variety known as ||j #& (Shan-
li), of which there is a pointed kind which is called $f 3F
(Chui-li) ; a small one shaped like an acorn called 3% #£ (Hsin-
li) ; a still smaller one, like a hazelnut, called 36 3% (Mao-li),
which in the Zrhya is called fi (Erh). The Sanscrit name of
#8 sin (Tu-chia) is also given.

The tree of some varieties is quite large, and some have
very large leaves. The smallest varieties are very delicate
little shrubs. They grow in all of the provinces except the
two south-eastern ones; there being no chestnuts (##) there
except the 4 #8 (Shih-li), A/eurites triloba. The best
chestnuts come from Kiangnan and the north. Several parts
of the chestnut tree and fruit are used medicinally. The fruits
themselves are considered to be saltish and cooling in their
nature. Children should not eat them much, either raw or
cooked. ‘Their use is thought to hinder the development of
the teeth. They are considered to have a beneficial action
upon the “breath,’’ stomach, and kidneys, assisting in endur-
ing hunger. Masticated into pulp and applied as a poultice,
they are recommended in muscular rheumatism and extravasa-
‘ted blood. ‘The crushed fruits are also used as poultices in bites
of animals and virulent sores of various kinds. ‘The septa of
the involucre, called #£ #% (Li-hsieh), is considered to be
especially efficacious in muscular rheumatism and to promote
the circulation of the blood. The tegmen of the seed, which
is known as 3K ¥& (Li-fu), is pulverized and added to honey as
a cosmetic application ; it is thought with the effect of improv-
ing the completion. Incinerated and powdered, it is used for
removing a fish bone from the throat. A decoction of the
hulls is recommended in nausea, thirst, and bloody stools. A
decoction of the spiny involucre is said to be useful as a wash
for inflamed ulcers. ‘The flowers are used in scrofula, a
decoction of the bark of the tree as a wash in poisoned wounds,
and the root in hernia and hydrocele, between which difficulties
the Chinese do not clearly distinguish.

CATALPA BUNGEI.—#fk (Ch‘iu). Classical name, #¢
(Tz). Catalpa kempferi, the same Chinese name or % fff

“VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 99

(Chio-ch‘iu). The names are confounded by both Chinese and
Japanese botanists. Li Shih-chen says there are three varieties,
and then proceeds to name four! ‘That with a white veined
wood is the ¢z#, that with a red wood is ch‘zu, that with a
beautifully veined wood is # (1), while a smaller variety is
called ## (Chia). T’his last character is also written fq, but
this seems also to be used in the Avhya for the tea plant.
The characters ff{ and }## refer to the fact that the leaves of
this tree fall at the end of summer or the beginning of autumn,
and during the Tang dynasty the leaves were worn cere-
monially at the time of the autumnal equinox.

The catalpa is a large tree with very excellent wood, which
is used for buildings of the better sort, for making chess-men,
chess tables, weighing-scale frames, and printing blocks; in
this last replacing the more expensive boxwood. ‘The white
inner bark and the leaves are the parts used in medicine.
This tree is said to have been formerly in much repute asa
remedy for surgical diseases. ‘The bark is considered to be
stomachic, anthelmintic, and very useful as an ingredient in
lotions for stimulating wounds, ulcers, cancer, fistula, and
other indolent or obstinate sores. An extract is prepared from
the bark, and the leaves are reputed to be very efficacious in
the treatment of carbuncles, swellings, abscesses, struma,
porrigo, specks on the cornea, and the like, and are given in
bronchitis and emphysema. ‘The leaves are used in treating
eruptions on hogs, and these and the leaves of Aleurites
cordata are fed to pigs to fatten them.

CECRODENDRON FORTUNATUM.—lIn the Customs
Lists (637) this is given as the identification of FF &
(K‘u-téng-ch‘ai, by which is evidently meant #f ¥& (K ‘u-téng)
and #7 J 2 (K‘u-ting-ch‘a), the second character of which
should be written “7. It is described in the Péxtsao under the
heading of { J (Kao-lu), and is also called JL jf (Kua-lu).
It is said that the people of the Kuang provinces call it A‘w-
téng. ‘The leaf of the shrub is said to be very much like the
tea leaf in shape, but considerably larger. Its action is con-
sidered to be very much the same as that of tea, quenching
thirst, brightening the eye, quieting the nerves, and acting as

100 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

a diuretic. If taken in excess, sleep will be prevented. No
authority is given for the above identifiction ; the plant is not
mentioned in the Index Flore Sinensis, nor has it been found
in any other work consulted.

CEDRELA SINENSIS. —# (Ch‘un). In the classics
the character is written ff. The /éztsao includes this with
Ailanthus glandulosa under the common heading of # 4%
(Ch‘un-ch‘u). External resemblances led the Chinese to con-
found these trees of perfectly distinct orders. The leaves of
the Cedre/a are edible, and on account of their fragrance the
tree is sometimes called # # (Hsiang-ch‘un), while the
Ailanthus receives the name of 5% # (Ch‘ou-ch‘un) because of
the bad odor of its leaves, which for the same reason are not
eaten. The wood of the Cedrela resembles mahogany, and is
used in cabinet work. ‘The parts of the plant entering
commerce are the twigs (4 4% #X%, Hsiang-ch‘un-chih), 409,
and the root (# #& #2, Hsiang-ch‘un-kén), 409.

It is evident that the Chinese regard the medical properties
of Azlanthus and Cedrela as similar, if not identical. ‘There-
fore it is a little difficult to determine if either is put to any
peculiar use. Reference to the article on Azlanthus glandulosa
is made for the general uses of these drugs. The tender leaves
of the Cedve/a are in the spring boiled and eaten as a vegetable,
and are regarded as carminative and corrective. They are also
fed to silkworms. In combination with the leaves of Cazalpa,
they are decocted and used as a remedy for scald head and
baldness. ‘The inner bark of the trunk and that of the root are
used in the treatment of the ff (Kan) disease of children,
intestinal fluxes, menorrhagia, and post-partum hemorrhage.
It is also used in gonorrhcea in both male and female. The
fruits (#, Chia) are regarded as astringent, and are used also in
affections of the eye.

CELOSIA ARGENTEA.—% #i (Ch‘ing-hsiang). This
is also called BF $f 5 (Yeh-chi-kuan), ‘‘ wild cock’s-comb,”
and Wi #4 FF (K‘un-lun-ts‘ao), ‘plant from Kunlun.”’ The
seeds are called WH Se Ay (T's‘ao-chiieh-ming), and are therefore
both theoretically and practically confounded with those of

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. IOI

Cassia tora, the former being frequently found mixed with the
latter in the shops. The plant is found throughout the country,
but the drug supply comes principally from Fukien and
Kuangtung. It is a troublesome weed among the farmer’s
crops, but the common people gather it and consume it as a
vegetable. ‘The stalk and leaves, bruised and applied as a
poultice, are used in infected sores, wounds, and skin eruptions,
and the juice, taken internally, is considered to have special
virtues in pestilential difficulties. To the seeds are attributed
cooling, anti-scorbutic, anthelmintic, vulnerary, and tonic
properties ; and they enjoy an equal reputation with Cassza
tora in the treatment of affections of the eye. ‘TShree-tenths of
a pint of the juice of the seed forced into the nostril is
considered to be a sure cure for epistaxis.

CELOSIA CRISTATA.—€ 5# (Chi-kuan). This cock’ s-
comb, which by some is regarded as a variety of the last, is a
common weed in China, although it is also extensively culti-
vated as a garden flower. The prevailing colors of the flowers
are red, yellow, and white, and the seeds are flat, black, and
glossy. The red flowered variety is the one preferred in medi-
cine, and consequently is fancifully supposed to benefit all
diseases of the blood, such as hemorrhages, fluxes, piles,
menorrhagia, and deficiency of the lochia. The young shoots,
the flowers (50), and the seeds (51), are the parts used.

CELTIS.—According to Henry, Celtzs sinensis is ph
or #£(P‘o). In Japan ft is Celtis muku (Homoroceltis aspera),
and Fp is Celizs szzensis. ‘These do not seem to be mentioned
in the Péxtsao. In Japan HH }3 (Sung-yang) is also Celtis mukue
or Ehretia serrata, which is a synonym. But Swxg-yang in
China has been indentified by Henry as Cornus machrophylla
(which see). This shrub bears an edible fruit, and it has been
suggested that it may bea Prunus. As for the Fp (P‘o), it is
possible that this refers to the EB #f/ (Hou-p‘o) of the Pézzsao,
which is extensively used in medicine, and is Magzolia
hypoleuca (which see).

CERCIS CHINENSIS.—& #iJ (Tztf-ching), 1408. This
is the Judas tree or Red bud, of the order of Leguminosae.

I02 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

The character J, however, is usually applied to different
species of the Vztex of the natural order of Verbenacee.
Similarity of foliage and general appearance has again led the
Chinese to confound plants of two distinct orders. On account
of its beautiful purple flowers, this tree is much cultivated in
gardens. ‘The whole tree, including the wood, is beautiful,
and adds much to the ornamentation of any place it occupies.
The wood and bark are used as medicine. ‘‘The kind that
is as bitter as gall is the best.’? ‘They are employed in the
treatment of bladder disease, and a decoction is used both
internally and asa wash in mad dog bite, intestinal parasites
of all kinds, vicious post-partum discharges, bleeding piles,
and similar difficulties.

CHAMAROPS EXCELSA.—#® # (Tsung-li), #F
(Ping-lii). It is probable that Chamerops fotunet is either
very closely allied to or identical with this. It is also by some
referred to the genus Zvachycarpus and that of Caryota. This:
is one of the coir palms, producing that useful fibre which is
made into cordage, clothing, trunks, brushes, and the like. It
is found in the south of China, and formerly extended as far
north as the Yangtsze. The tree grows to a height of more
than thirty feet. The fibrous integument is annually gathered
and steeped in water, to separate the fibres for use in manufac-
tures. Excellent matting is made from the bark, combined
with more or less of the fibre. The large leaves of this palm
are made into fans. The young flower buds, which are likened
to fish roe and therefore called #2 ff (Tsung-yii), also called
ja St (Tsung-sun), are eaten, although by some considered to
be more or less deleterious. Steeped in honey and soaked in
vinegar, they are used as votive offerings by the Buddhists.
The buds, flowers, and seeds (1350) are recommended in
fluxes and hemorrhages. The bark is prescribed in similar
cases, but as only the ash or charred remains, after incinera-
tion, is used, it is probable that its only action would be to
check fermentation.

CHAVICA BETEL.—3y 4% (Chii-chiang), + # ¥ (T‘u-
pi-po), and the vine is called # AB — BE Be (Fu-ya-t‘u-lu-

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 103

t‘eng), which is probably a reproduction of the Malaysian
name for this plant (vettz/a). The Péntsao gives several
other names of somewhat similar sound, which it says have
not been explained, and which are probably local variations of
the same name. ‘The leaves (called $£ #£, Lii-yeh) of this vine
are spread with chunam and wrapped about a slice of Areca
nut, and the product is chewed by the Malays. It produces a
species of intoxication, which is probably the result of a
substance developed in the combination, as none of the com-
ponent parts taken alone has any such effect. It is now said
to grow in South China, as far north as Szechuan. ‘he
leaves are used in Yunnan as a condiment. The root, leaves
(695, 696), and fruits are employed in medicine, being con-
sidered to have carminative, stimulant, corrective, and pro-
phylactic properties, and they have some reputation in the
prevention and treatment of malaria. In the appendix to the
Péntsao an oil, called $f jf (Lii-yu), is mentioned, and is said
to be made from the leaves of this plant. It is highly
recommended as a counter-irritant in swellings, bruises, and
painful sores, as well as to reduce enlarged glands,

CHAVICA ROXBURGHIIL— ¥ (Pi-po), 1008. This
is the long pepper, the Piper longum of Linneeus. A number
of combinations of characters, having approximately the same
sound, are given in the /éztsao for this plant. This shows
that the name is of foreign origin, and inasmuch as it approxi-
mates the sound of the name for this articie found in other
languages, it is probably of identical origin. The Sanscrit
name was fzppala, which is approximated by 33£ 1 #4 (Pi-po-
li), given in the /éztsao as the name in the language of the
country of #& jm BE (Mo-chia-t‘o), or Magadha, which became
the Pali of the Buddhists. In the country of Fulin the drug
was known by the name of [ij 4 gi) PE (A-li-ho-t‘o). Many
countries of Southern Asia, from Persia eastward, are given as
the places of origin of the drug, but the principal supply is
shipped from India. Points of similarity to other peppers,
especially to Chavica betel and Piper nigrum, are noted by
Chinese authors. The spiked fruits, sold under this name on
the Chinese market, average more than an inch long, are

I04 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

cylindrical, generally pedicellated and slightly tapering at the
point. They are darkish-grey in color and studded with
spirally arranged eminences. The taste is hot, pungent, and
slightly aromatic. Stimulant, stomachic, carminative, cor-
rective, and astringent properties are attributed to the peppers,
which are given in various combinations for coryza, pyrosis,

dysentery, cholera, violent fluxes, enlargement of the spleen, .

menstrual disorders, and toothache. They are used in India
in the treatment of beri-beri.

A derivative of this plant, called 34 #) 7% (Pi-p‘o-mu),
which is probably in imitation of the Hindustani name of
the root, peepla-mool, is spoken of in the Péztsao under the
heading of this same article. Its qualities are much weaker
than those of the fruit, but it is reputed to have the same
stimulant, tonic, and peptic properties. It isa much vaunted
remedy in the treatment of ‘‘cold’’ viscera and diseases
resulting from this condition. Barren women, whose wombs
are supposed to be cold, those suffering from ‘‘cold indiges-
tion,’? and certain kidney and urinary difficulties which are
regarded as ‘‘cold,’’ are all to be benefited by administering
this drug. Dr. Waring reports its use in Travancore for
expediting the expulsion of the placenta.

CHENOPODIUM ALBUM.—z# # (Hui-t‘iao), KR
(Hui-hsien). There is the same uncertainty in the identifica-
tion of the Chinese names for the Chenopodiacee that there is
of those for the Amarantacee, and for the same reason, viz:
the names are not uniformly applied to the same plant in
different parts of China. # is a general term for Chenopodium,
and throughout the north of China //uz-t‘zao is undoubtedly
Chenopodium album, which is a very common weed there.
The #% (Li) of the classics, and also the 3 (Lai), are thought
to be the same. It was evidently the plant which Fohien
saw when he returned from his journey to the Buddhist
countries. In the account of his journey, it is said that when
he landed in Shantung and saw the #% #2 3é again, he knew
that this was the land of Han (China). The plant (stalk
and leaves) is thought to have insecticidal properties, and
is used in cases of insect stings and bites, and the expressed

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I05

juice in freckles and sunburn. The seeds are eaten as au
anthelmintic remedy.

In Japan, Chenopodium ambrosoides is called 4+ Fi FF
(T‘u-ching-chieh) ; whether this includes the variety amthel-
minticum or not is not stated, nor has it been possible to discover
whether or not wormseed is met with in China or Japan.

CHIMONANTHUS FRAGRANS. — i$ # (La-mei),
ja Ms 7E (Huang-mei-hua). This plant has several common
names in Chinese. It blooms in the Chinese twelfth moon,
and its flowers are strung on fine wire and made into hair
ornaments, which are much worn by the women. ‘They have
a very pleasant odor, and their color and texture are also
pleasing. The bark is also fragrant, but not so much so as
some other shrubs of the same order, the bark of which is
sometimes used as a substitute for cinnamon. ‘The Chinese
soak the wood of this tree in water, and then polish it by
rubbing to a brilliant, black surface. The flowers are used in
medicine as a cooling and sialagogue remedy.

CHLORANTHUS INCONSPICUUS.— $§ (Chu-lan),
$2 JN WW 76 (Chi-chao-lan-hua). In Japan this is called
& SE fe (Chin-su-lan). The flowers of this plant, which is
of a tropical genus, are used to scent tea, which is consequently
called 3 PH 26 (Chu-lan-ch‘a), Directions are given that,
after having imparted their fragrance to the tea, the petals
should be carefully sifted out, as their use is considered to be
deleterious. Among scented teas, this is in most favor,
although that scented with the petals of /asmznum sambac is
preferred by some. The bruised root is recommended as a
poultice in boils and carbuncles. Its action is sudorifie and
stimulant, and its use is suggested in malarious fevers, since
according to Blume, the root of a very similar species is
_ extensively used in Java in the intermittent fevers of that island.

CHLORANTHUS SERRATUS.—& G (Chi-chi). This
is the same as Chloranthus japonicus and Tricercandra
quadrifolia. Its leaves are said to be of the shape of a deer’s
ear and its root like that of Asaruwm. For these reasons it is

called J He $8 36 (Chang-érh-hsi-hsin). It grows in shady

106 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

mountain valleys, shooting up in a single stem, at the top of
which come out four leaves, and bearing white flowers which
appear between the leaves. The root is dark in color, bitter,
and poisonous. It is used, chiefly in decoction, externally in the
treatment of parasitic skin diseases, and in infected ulcers and
sores. It has also some reputation as an anthelmintic.

CHRYSANTHEMUM CORONARIUM.—fij & (T‘ung-
hao), #€ %% (P‘ng-hao) The Péxtsao makes these two
identical, although the character ¥ also refers to EAvzgeron
and Conyza. Because the plant is said to bear some
resemblance to Artemzisza stelleriana, it is classed by the
Chinese among the Artemisie(#H). While it is not considered
at all poisonous, its excessive use is said to result in a species
of intoxication. Its action is considered to be sedative, and
its use is thought to benefit the digestive and vital functions.
It is not employed in any particular class of diseases.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SINENSE.—% 7 (Chii-hua),
227. The character 4% is a general name for several kinds of
Composite plants, but is applied particularly to this one species,
which is indigenous to China, growing in a wild state in
several parts of the empire, especially the north. It has also
been cultivated from very ancient times as a favorite winter
flower, very many varieties being found in the Chinese gardens.
The wild plant is small, seldom exceeding one foot in height,
and late in the autumn bears small flower heads, the florets of
the disk being yellow, while those of the ray are rose colored.
A yellow flowered variety is also very common, is called at
Peking oJy BF 4 7E (Hsiao-yeh-chii-hua), and may be Chrysan-
themum indicum. The Péntsao gives a large number of
alternative names, but the one at the head of this article is the
one by which the plant is universally known. The varieties
entering commerce are the #¢ 4 7¢ (Hang-chii-hua), or variety
from Hangchou; the # % 7% (Huang-chii-hua), which by
some is considered to be Anthemis » the tf 3) 7 (Kan-chii-hua),
or ‘sweet chrysanthemum ;’’ and the § 3 %& (Pai-chii-hua),
or ‘‘ white chrysanthemum.”’

Some difference is made by the Chinese in the medical
uses of different varieties, although their therapeutical action

e

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 107

is regarded as practically identical. The use of the ordinary
cultivated varieties is thought to. benefit the blood and
circulation, and to preserve the vitality. The flowers are
prescribed in colds, headaches, and inflamed eyes. Pillows are
recommended to be made of the flowers or leaves for the
treatment of these difficulties. The white variety is considered
to be especially useful in preserving the hair from falling out
or turning grey. The flowers are soaked in wine, producing
a ‘‘chrysanthemum wine,’’ the use of which is considered
beneficial in a great variety of digestive, circulatory, and
nervous difficulties. The use of the dew gathered from the
flowers is also held in much repute in preserving and restoring
the vital functions. Of the wild variety, the whole plant is
recommended to be used. It is thought to be slightly
poisonous. It is employed in decoction in the treatment of
retained menses, and as a wash in infected and cancerous sores,
and as a fomentation in enlarged glands. Anti-vinous properties -
are also ascribed to this plant. Any of these varieties, and
especialy the Kan-chii, will make a good substitute for
chamomile.

CICHORIUM.—It is uncertain whether this genus in
found in China, although Loureiro mentions it. The plants
are generally referred to the related genera of Sonchus and
Lactuca (which see).

CINCHONA.—4 $€ 8 (Chin-chi-lo). In the appendix
to the Pénisao it is said that the foreigners at Macao introduced
this drug in the fifth year of the reign of the Emperor
Kiaching (1801). Its specific action in the cure of malarial
fevers was soon recognized, and the bark was long used before
the introduction of quinine. Dr. Hobson did not seem to be
aware of this fact when he coined his term for Czzchona. Its
use was also highly recommended as an anti-vinous remedy.

CINNAMOMUM CASSIA.—#§ (Kuei), ¢£ #£ (Mou-kuei),
fa #E (Ch ‘iin-kuei). The cinnamon tree is a native of Kuang-
si; the best quality being still produced in the prefecture of
Hsinchou, where it was found by Martini in 1645-1655. It is

108 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

now grown in other parts of Southern China, as well as in
Cochin-China, often giving a name to the political division in
which it is produced; as, for example, Kuiyang, Kuilin, and
Kuichou. ‘The mou-kuez (‘‘male cinnamon’’), which is also
called 7X FE (Mu-kuei, ‘‘ wood cinnamon’’) and WJ FE (Jou-
kuei, ‘‘ fleshy cinnamon’’), is the unscraped bark of the larger
cinnamon tree. ‘The scraped bark is called #E JR ( Kuei-p‘i).
The difference between the ma-kuwez and the jou-kuez is that
the former is taken from the larger and older branches, and is
therefore more woody and less pungent, while the latter comes
from the smaller and younger branches. This latter is also
called #E # (Kuei-chih), and after being scraped, is called #E a
(Kuei-hsin). A very inferior kind of cinnamon, which has
but little aroma, but which is also found on the market, is
called #% #E (Pan-kuei, ‘‘board cinnamon’’), because it is in
unrolled, flat pieces. ‘This is probably the thick inner bark of old
trees. ‘The most delicate young shoots of the cinnamon twigs
are called #) FE (Liu-kuei, ‘‘ willow cinnamon’’), The ch‘%n-
kuet is a smaller tree bearing a thinner bark more like that
from Ceylon. As it quills more readily than the other, it is
called 7 #E (T‘ung-kuei, ‘‘tube cinnamon”’). Another name
is Jy #E (Hsiao-kuei, ‘small cinnamon”’), evidently referring
to the size of the tree. ‘The finest qualities of the bark of this
tree are the #% j& #E (An-pien-kuei), a highly valued kind
brought from Annam, and 2 Jit #E (Chiao-chih-kuei), probably
the same as or similar to the last, but on account of its great
repute these characters are often found on the sign boards of
Chinese medicine shops.

In the Péxtsao, at the close of the article on Ch‘zn-kuet, it
is said that there is a tree much cultivated in China, and bears
the names of /# #E (Yen-kuei) and JR #~ (Mu-hsi). ‘There are
three varieties named according to the color of the flowers they
bear ; the white being called gt #E(Vin-kuei), the yellow & #€
(Chin-kuei), and the red J} #£ (Tan-kuei). The flowers
appear in the axils of the leaves, are very fragrant, and are
used for scenting tea. ‘The common name used by the flower
gardeners, who cultivate it extensively for sale, is RE 7 (Kuei-
hua, “cassia flowers’’). It is the Olea (Osmanthus) fragrans,
and has none of the properties of true cinnamon. J} #E (Tan- —

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I09

kuei), however, is also used for a red kind of true cinnamon
bark, which comes from a variety of tree found most largely in
the province of Kuichou. A similar kind is known as #% #£
(Yao-kuei), and comes from the country of the Yao tribes.

Another kind mentioned in the Péx¢sao is KR & FF (Tien-
chu-kuei). Porter Smith, on the supposition that the first two
characters meant India, identified this with Crxxamomum
tamala. But Li Shih-chen says that it is so named from a
place called T‘ien-chu, in the prefecture of Taichou, Chekiang,
where it grows plentifully. It isa large tree, bearing abundant
flowers and a fruit the size of a lotus nut. The Buddhists
regard it as identical with the JW #— (VYiieh-kuei). In Japan it
is called Cznnamomum japonicum, which is the Czzxamomum
pedunculatum of Nees. Its fruits are called RE f (Kuei-tzit),
as are also those of the Yzeh-kuwer (see Litsea glauca), and the
immature flowers of the C7zuamomum cassia, although the
proper name for these last is #— J (Kuei-ting), according to
the appendix to the Péztsao.

The parts of the cinnamon tree now found in Chinese
commerce are the bark (557, 659, 667, 668, and 672); the
twigs (658, 660) ; the buds (673); the peduncles (671) ; and the
oil (558, 669). The leaves are not found as an article of com-
merce, but the Chinese use the bruised fresh leaves in water
for cleansing the hair. The oil is manufactured in Canton and
exported, but much of that now found in China comes from
abroad, as it is of superior quality to the Chinese article and
sells as cheaply. It is used as a perfume and flavoring in-
gredient, and also as a substitute for the bark in medicine and
cookery. Dr. Williams says that the #E # (Kuei-chih) are the
‘‘extreme and tender ends of the branches’? of the cassia tree,
such as are used in distilling oil at Canton. ‘The leaves are
sometimes used in combination with these twigs for distilling
purposes.

Kuei-pt is met with on the Chinese market in half quills
of a foot in length, half an inch in diameter, and one-twelfth
of an inch in thickness. It is darker, closer in the grain,
thinner, and much less pungent than the /Jou-kuet. ‘This
latter, which is the ‘‘cinnamon”’ of Dr. Williams, is met with
in close, perfect quills, of the same length as the Awez-p'2, but

IIO CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

much stouter and thicker. ‘The texture is more open, of a
lighter color, and the inner surface is more distinctly striated.
The external surface, like that of the Kwe7-f‘z, is variegated
with lichenous patches. ‘The taste is exceedingly pungent and
spicy.

Cassia is more often used by the Chinese as a condiment
than as a medicine, being employed as a flavor for pork and
other meats. Stomachic, stimulant, carminative, astringent,
sedative, and tonic qualities are attributed to this drug. It is
especially recommended in colic and excessive sweating. Post-
partum difficulties and retained foetus are among the troubles
for which it is prescribed, as also are snake bite and rhus poi-
soning. ‘The prolonged use of the better qualities of cassia is
thought to improve the complexion, giving one a more youth-
ful, rubicund appearance. » Pao P‘u-tzif said that if cassia was
taken with toad’s brains for seven years, one could walk on
the surface of the water and never grow old or die; and Chao,
the hunch-back, took the drug continuously for twenty years,
with the result that hair grew on the bottom of his feet; he
was able to walk five hundred /Z (200 miles) in a day, and lift a
weight of one thousand chzz (1,333 pounds).

CITRULLUS VULGARIS. — fy MM (Hsi-kua) # &
(Han-kua), #8 ¥ IK (Yang-ch‘i-kua). This is the ordinary
watermelon, which is very extensively grown in China, and is
eaten as a cooling fruit in very hot weather. It was introduced
from Mongolia in the tenth century, having been brought
there at an earlier period by the Kitans from the country of the
Uigurs farther west. ‘This is the reason that it is called
‘‘western melon’’, and not as some have supposed, because it
was introduced from what is now ‘‘the west’’. ‘The Chinese
melon is not so large as the ordinary American variety, and
not so sweet or so fine flavored ; but it is very juicy. Several
varieties are grown; some having white pulp, some yellow, and
some red. The seeds of these varieties are of different colors—
white, red, brown, and black. ‘The black seeded variety with
red pulp is usually the finest flavored. Melon seeds (Jh F,
Kua-tzt) are extensively eaten in tea shops, and in fact are in
evidence wherever tea is formally or socially served. They

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. II!

are prepared for this purpose by salting and parching. In
eating, the shells are cracked with the teeth and the kernels
extracted. To crack the seed, extract the kernel, and spit out
the shells without using the hands, is an accomplishment that
is considered to evidence the good breeding of the gentleman.
The melon grown to produce these seeds is of a special variety,
evidently the result of a long period of selective development.
It is not so large as the other varieties, contains but little pulp,
and is a mass of seeds. The pulp has little or no taste. The
kernels are said to be demulcent, pectoral, and peptic. Much
of their good effects, however, may be attributed to their
saltiness and the masticatory effort made in eating them. ‘The
Chinese consider that sometimes the eating of melons produces
fluxes, and even Asiatic cholera. But as liquid night soil is so
largely used in their cultivation, and as they are usually left
lying cut open in the markets, it is probable that the infection
comes from the outside of the melon. It is well to wash the
melon thoroughly before cutting. The rind of the melon is
dried and incinerated, and after being finely powdered, is used
in the treatment of aphthous sore mouth.

CITRUS. —}% (Chi). This term is practically generic,
as well as being used with qualifiers as a common term for the
fruit as it appears in the market. There are several species,
with many varieties, all apparently indigenous to China and
_the East Indies. Indeed, it is probable that this is the natura]
habitat of the orange, from whence it has spread to other
parts of the world. After discussing the general subject of
these fruits under the term above given, the P’z¢sao describes
five species, viz: (1) Hf (Kan) or Crtrus nobilis, the tangerine
and mandarin orange, also called ® hy t¥ (Chu-sha-chii) (2)
te (Ch‘eng) or Crtrus aurantium, the coolte orange, also
called fe@ fj (Kuang-chii, ‘‘Canton orange’’) and 4 $f (Chin-
ch‘iu, ‘* golden ball’’); (3) #4 (Yu) or Citrus decumana, the
pumelo or shaddock ; (4) #y KE (Kou-yiian) or Crtrus medica,
the cztron, of which there are some peculiar varieties (see
below); (5) @ #§ (Chin-chit) or Crtrus japonica, the cumguat
or golden orange, also callec 4 ¥ (Chin-tou, ‘‘ golden bean ’’)
and jf 4 (Lu-chii), after the Cantonese sound of these char-

712 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

acters ‘‘/oguat’’, although this term is more often applied to
the pipa (Zr7zobotrya japonica).

The fruits of all of the different species and varieties are
considered by the Chinese to be cooling. If eaten in excess,
they are thought to increase the ‘‘phlegm’’, and this is
probably not advantageous to the health. ‘The sweet varieties
increase bronchial secretion, and the sour promote expectora-
tion. ‘They all quench thirst, and are stomachic and carmina-
tive.

The peel of the ripe fruit is found under various names,
of which the Péxtsao gives Fy If JE (Huang-chii-p‘i), AL Je
(Hung-p‘i), and PR je (Ch‘en-p‘i). The Customs lists also
give # ZZ (Kuo-p‘i) as an equivalent for the last (39), and says
that at Canton it is the peel taken from the mandarin orange.
§§ #0 (Chii-hung) or #§ 4% (Chieh-hung) is another term for
the peel coming from Fukien and Chekiang, while f§ J¥
(Chii-p‘i) or #7 j& (Chieh-p‘i) comes from southern Fukien and
Kuangtung. Although citrus fruits of many varieties are
exceedingly plentiful in China, very little of the peel of these
fruits is thrown away; servants, children, rag-pickers, and
others gathering it all up, drying it and selling to the drug-
gists, who use enormous quantities of it in the preparation of
medicines. ‘The coolie orange peel is especially esteemed, and
sells at a higher price than the others. The peel is regarded
by the Chinese doctor as a panacea for all sorts of ills. Among
the many qualities attributed to it are stomachic, stimulant,
antispasmodic, antiphlogistic, and tussic. ‘The difficulties for
which it is recommended also include marasmus in children,
dyspnoea in the aged, fish and lobster poisoning, pin worms,
and cancer of the breast. It is administered both in pill and
decoction, together with ginger and other carminatives.

The peel of the unripe fruit is called 7 i JR (Ch‘ing-
chii-p‘i), or simply 7 Je (39). At the present time the
immature or unripe fruit is often dried whole or in slices.
Other names found, therefore, are »Jy $f J& (Hsiao-ch ‘ing-p ‘1),
if Jk F (Ch‘ing-p‘i-tzit), and Ff JK #% (Ch‘ing-p‘i-ho). When
fresh, it is very fragrant, but seems to soon lose its aroma and
become of little value. Its virtues are regarded to be for the

most part carminative. ‘The virtues ascribed to several decoc-

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. © 1 ee)

tions for external application must be purely imaginary. A
sort of a spirit of orange, made with hot wine of the membrane
covering the pulp, is regarded as a sure remedy for nausea.

Orange seeds, (225, 235), deprived of their husks and
rubbed up in a mortar, and then decocted with wine, are
prescribed for urinary difficulties, ‘‘ wine nose’’, varicocele,
and buboes. ‘The expressed juice from orange leaves is also
used as a carminative, to promote menstruation, and as a
dressing to ulcers and cancerous sores. The dried leaves (236)
are also used in decoction for the same purposes. ‘The chalaza,
4& ¥§ (Chii-lo), #§ (Chii-pai), is employed in the treatment
of menstrual disorders. :

Citrus nobilis is considered to be stimulant to digestion,
corrective, and diuretic. The peel is used as a carminative
and in alcoholism. A hot, strong decoction is used in feverish
colds. The peel of the wild variety is considered efficacious
in sore throat. The seeds are used in the preparation of
cosmetic applications, and a decoction of the leaf buds in the
treatment of otorrhcea.

Citrus aurantium is considered to be similar to the shad-
dock. Its special properties are thought to be corrective and
deobstruant. The sour juice is rejected, and the remainder of
the pulp is mixed with honey for the treatment of indigestion
and flatulence. It is also used as an antidote to fish and
shrimp poisoning. ‘The seeds are bruised and applied to the
face at night for pimples and freckles. Excellent marmalade
(4% 9, Ch‘eng-kao) may be made from this orange.

Citrus decumana, the shaddoch, pumelo, or pompelmoose,
is a large, thick skinned, yellow fruit. It has been known
since the days of the Great Yii, who mentions it in his Tribute
Roll. Other names given in the Péxtsao are ff (Tiao), # Ht
(Hu-kan, ‘‘jug orange’’, from its occasional shape), & {8
(Ch‘ou-ch ‘éng, ‘‘stinking-orange’’, from its strong odor), and
Fe #4 (Chu-luan). An ancient way of writing the character
commonly used for the pumelo is #{ (Yu). This fruit fourishes
throughout south China, and is especially found in the Amoy
region, which is famous for its pumelos. ‘The flowers of the
tree are very fragrant, and the fruit, when stripped of its thick,
spongy rind, is of exquisite taste. It is frequently grafted upon

«<

114 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

other species of Citrus, and considerable improvement in flavor
has resulted therefrom, ‘The fruit is considered to be digestive,
corrective, antivinous, and is specially recommended for the
use of pregnant women. ‘The peel is bitter, but very aromatic.
If enough is used, it makes an excellent stomachic. The
Chinese use it in coughs and dyspepsia, The leaves are bruised
together with onions, and applied to the temples for headache.
The flowers are used in cosmetic preparations.

Citrus medica in China, as in southern Europe, is rep-
resented by many varieties. ‘The most common one is that
of Cztrus chirocarpus, {ih = Hf (Fo-shou-kan), 323. The fruit
is formed by the natural separation of its constituant carpels
into a form somewhat resembling a hand with the fingers laid
closely together longitudinally. Why it should have been
called Buddha’s hand is not clear. The Jews carried the
citron (e¢hrog) in the left hand at the Feast of Tabernacles as a
sacrifice of a sweet smell, and possibly the Chinese name of
this denotes some similar practice connected with the worship
of Buddha ; or it may have been thought to resemble the hand ~
of Buddha’s image. ‘The tree grows near the water in all of
the southern provinces, ‘The leaves are long and pointed and
the branches prickled. The yellow fruit attains a very large
size in some cases, and is much prized in Central and Northern
China, where it is carried in the hand, or placed on tables, to
give out its strong and delicious perfume. In the south, where
the fruit is plentiful, it is also placed in clothes-presses with
the same object in view ; and it is made into a preserve, or the
juice is used to wash fine linen. ‘The product is found in
commerce principally in the form of the dried peel, f§ = fe
(Fo-shou-p‘ien), 325. This occurs in fine dried slices, thin
and shrivelled, the greenish-yellow cuticle fringing the white,
inert, cellular tissue which forms the greater part of the drug.
The smell is citron-like, but faint, and the taste aromatic and
bitter. Some of the drug met with in the drugshops is very
dark. Stomachic, stimulant, tussic, expectorant, and tonic
properties are attributed to this drug. = Hg (Fo-shou-kan)
is simply the whole fruit dried, and does not differ in use from
the peel. The root and the leaves are used for the same
purposes as the peel, and the flowers appear in commerce, but

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. II5

are not mentioned in the Pév/sao. It is probable that their
uses are the same as those of other species of Citrus. In
Barbadoes, cztronella is prepared from the rind of the citron,
and it is shipped from there to France and used to flavor
brandies. ‘This term, however, is given to several products,
such as: a perfume prepared from Melissa officinalis, an oil
produced from Azdropogon schenanthus, and in France the
term is applied to Artemzsia abrotanum.

Citrus japonica has, in addition to the names already
mentioned, several others by which it is known. The Péz¢sao
gives 4» #} (Chin-kan), @ 1% (Hsia-chii, ‘‘summer orange’’),
Wy 4 (Shan-chi, ‘‘hill or wild orange’’), #4 2 AR (Chi-k‘o-
ch‘éng, ‘‘give-guest orange’’). When dried, it has some
resemblance to a nutmeg, and is therefore called ‘‘nutmeg
orange.’’ It is used as a dessert, or garniture, at weddings,
and is made into a conserve. It is regarded medicinally asa
stimulant, carminative, antiphlogistic, antivinous, and deodoriz-
ing remedy. This ‘‘golden orange,’? in dwarf variety, is
grown in pots, and when the plant is covered with green
oranges, or after they have begun to turn yellow, is used as a
present to friends or guests.

Another form of drug, described by Porter Smith as
Citrus aurantium, var. scabra, is found at Hankow, and is
called 44 4% #£ (Hua-chii-hung). It is probably a different
form of Chii-hung (228), which the Customs lists give as
coming from Chekiang and Fukien. Braun, in the Hankow
list (1909 revision), gives its origin as Szechuan. In regard
to the former, Porter Smith says: ‘‘The dried peel of this
immature orange, a variety of the sweet orange, is brought
from Huachou in Kaochoufu (Kuangtung) and sold at a very
high price in Central China. It is externally of a dark brown,
or blackish color, and covered with a yellowish bloom, which
is seen, by means of a glass, to consist of short hairs. The
inner surface is of a dirty white color. As usually sold in the
shops it is put up in the form of a six-rayed star, made by
dividing into six parts the fruit or rind, from nearly the apex
to the bottom, and doubling the segments of the peel upon
themselves into a flat star. ‘The whole fruits have their rind
thus treated, the pulp being taken away, and the two star-like

116 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

pieces bound together in the centre with red silk thread.
These sell for about a tael a pair.’? (Braun says that they
sell for five cents a pair in Canton.) ‘The pieces vary from
two inches and a half to three inches and three-quarters in
diameter ; the smallest pieces fetching the highest price. It is
made into a tincture, and is much esteemed in the central and
northern provinces as a sedative, carminative, stomachic, and
expectorant remedy.’’ ‘The appendix to the /éztsao describes
this Hua-chou-chii-hung (4% Ji {4 #0) in very much the same
way as does Porter Smith. It makes it out to be a hairy orange,
taken in the immature state and split into a stellate form of
Seven rays, and after being dried is tied in pairs with red cord.
The same orange is sometimes candied whole, or compressed
into a cake and then candied.

Citrus fusca, or Citrus trifoliata, $4 (Chih). ‘This seems
to be the best identification attainable. Loureiro, Franchet,
and the Japanese all so regard it. Siebold and Hemsley call
it gle sepiaria. Other names which the Japanese apply to
the same plant are #y | (Kou-chii) and 5£ f§ (Ch‘ou-chii),
but the /%ztsao discusses these two latter under a heading
separate from the Chih. Bretschneider says that one of the
plants thus confounded may be 77rzphasia trifoizata, a thorny
bush indigenous to China as well as to Japan and cultivated at
Kew. There is no doubt that the products appearing in
Chinese medicine are from a Citrus. ‘The most common form
is called 44 #% (Chih-k‘o), and-consists of the fruits cut in half
and dried. It is in circular discs of one or two inches in
diameter, nearly flat on the cut side and rounded on the other.
The peel is firm and very thick, forming about half the
thickness of the specimen. Externally it is rough, of a
reddish or blackish-brown color, and internally it is buff.
The taste is bitter and agreeably aromatic. Whether the
form known as #8 ## (Chih-shih) is the same fruit gathered in
a more immature state and dried, or whether it is the product
of a different plant, is not clear. "The /éx/sao says that both
are gathered in the ninth and tenth moons, and while the
language is not clear, the place of collection would seem to be
somewhat different. The principal sources of supply for both
drugs is Szechuan and Kuangtung. ‘The properties ascribed

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. t17

to both are stomachic, cooling, deobstruant, and carminative.
They are both prescribed for a very large number of exceed-
ingly dissimilar maladies, and seem to be in very great favor
with the Chinese in all sorts of prescriptions. The rind
of the fruit, the bark of the root, and the young leaves are
all used; the latter being recommended in place of tea in
colds. A wine decoction of the root bark is recommended in
toothache,

Of the #y #4 (Kou-chit), which indeed may be 4£gle
sepiaria, the leaves, thorns, seeds, and bark of the tree are all
used in indigestion, fluxes, and dysentery. ‘The flowers and
fruit of this, while resembling those of the orange, are uot
fragrant. Porter Smith calls this Cztvus dzgaradia.

The % # (Hsiang-yiian), which is very common in some
parts of China, isa variety of citron, not so large as some others.
Its pulp is very sour and somewhat bitter, resembling in taste
the “me, although the fruit is larger than that of Cztrus acida.
It may be regarded simply as a variety of Czérus medica. ‘The
lemon has been called by the same name by foreigners in
China, as well as by the names f# # (Ning-méng) and 3 #§ (Li-
méng). But it is pretty certain that the lemon does not grow
in China proper, or at least has been but lately introduced, and
therefore it isnot named. The Awang-chiin-fang-fu refers toa
small species of vrs under the last name given above, as
having very acid fruit, but no medicinal properties are referred
to it. Mr. Kitel gives #@ 45 $2 (Tan-pu-lo) or 7G JE Be (Chan-
p‘o-lo) as the Chino-Buddhist name of the C7ztrus acida.

CLAUSENA WAMPI.—# jk fF (Huang-p‘i-tzt), 519.
This is a Rutaceous plant, yielding the delicious yellow-skinned
fruit called # je 34 \ Huang-p‘i-kuo) by the Chinese, and by
foreigners wampee. It is common in southern China and the
Indian archipelago. The Péztsao gives its origin as Huang-
chou in Kuangsi, but says that it is also found in Kuangtung.
The fruit is sour, with a yellow, furry skin, and whitish pulp
surrounding several greenish-black seeds. If one has eaten too
many /zchzs, the wampee will counteract the bad effects. Lichis
should be eaten when one is hungry, and wampees only on a
full stomach. ‘Their medical properties are stomachic, cooling,

118 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

and anthelmintic. The root of the plant also appears in com-
merce (520), but the /2éx/sao does not mention it.

CLEMATIS GRAVEOLENS.— #8 (Huang-yao-
tzti), 524. Other names are FR #& - (Mu-yao-tzii), K tH (Ta-
k‘u), of BR (Ch‘ih-yao), and #¢ #% F (Hung-yao-tzu). The
Péntsao says that the plant bears some resemblance to both
Glycyrrhiza glabra and Mentha piperita, but that it is neither.
It grows to the height of two or three feet, with a jointed stalk,
large leaves, white or pinkish flowers, and has a long root,
yellow in color. ‘The root is the part used in medicine. Its
taste is exceedingly bitter and somewhat cooling. Its action is
regarded as antiseptic and cooling. It is prescribed as a gargle
in ulcerated throat, as an application in dog and serpent bites,
and to be taken in cases of hemorrhage from the stomach or
throat. Clematis florida (FR #5 GHi, Tieh-hsien-lien) is not
mentioned in any of the Chinese medical works consulted, and
neither is Clematzs patens (§§ -F 3 Chuan-tzu-lien). Loureiro
calls FA 3 (Mu-t‘ung) Clematis sinensis, but the drug selling
under this name has been identified as Akebza guinnta (see

p- 22). The plant producing the drug, however, still needs
identification.

CLEMATIS MINOR.— # {il| (Wei-ling-hsien), 1443.
This plant grows in the northern provinces, especially in
Shensi. It bears jade-like white flowers in a panicle, and has
a long blackish root, which turns quite black when dry. Roots
of a lighter color are not regarded as genuine. The taste is a
sweetish-bitter. Its action is considered to be antimalarial,
diuretic, and antirheumatic, and is prescribed in all sorts of
muscular rheumatism, constipation, and difficulties due to
catching cold. |

CLEMATIS PANICULATA.—{] A #4 (Hsien-jén-ts ‘ao).
A decoction of this plant is used to wash scrofulous sores in
children. It is reputed to be an antidote in vermillion poison-
ing, and the expressed juice is used in the treatment of corneal
opacities.

CNICUS JAPONICUS.—)\ #ij (Hsiao-chi), 433. This
is the identification of Maximowicz and the Japanese. Siebold

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. IIg

calls it Carduus acaulis. Henry claimed that in Hupeh Cyzcus
japonicus is Fc By (Ta-chi). There is very little difference
between the two. Another name for this is $i yj (Mao-chi,
‘Scat thistle »”), ‘The root, which has a sweetish pleasant taste,
is the part used in medicine. Very remarkable virtues are
ascribed to it, such as building up the animal spirits and
restoring the blood. It is therefore prescribed in hemorrhages,
wounds, and bites of poisonous reptiles and insects. It is also
said to have tonic and febrifuge properties. The shoots of
the plant are also used medicinally, but will be referred to
under Crzcus spicatus.

CNICUS NIPPONICUS.—7§ 3% (K‘u-yao). This was
also called by Maximowicz Czzcus sinensis. Other names for
it are #y 3 (Kou-yao) and 7 # (K‘u-pan). This is the
ordinary thistle found throughout the central provinces. The
shoot is the only part used, and edible. Ithas a bitter, saltish
taste, and is thought to promote respiration and to cool the
blood. A decoction is highly recommended for washing bleed-
ing piles, and the ash is used as an application to wounds.

CNICUS SPICATUS.—X ij (Ta-chi), 1216. Other
names are #F #y (Hu-chi, ‘‘tiger-thistle”), FR gj (Ma-chi,
‘‘horse-thistle’’), i) Rij (Tz‘i-chi, ‘‘thorny thistle’’), jj 4: 3
(Shan-niu-p‘ang), 4 J@ #i (Chi-hsiang-ts‘ao, ‘‘chicken neck
grass’’, from the character of its stalk), Bf fx 76 (Yeh-hung-
hua, ‘‘ wild Carthamus), and F $f ¥i (Ch ‘ien-chén-ts‘ao) ; the
last being the name by which it is called in the north. The
root, which is the part used in medicine, is tuberous, and in
the south is called + A # (T‘u-jén-shén, ‘‘ native ginseng ’’).
The plant grows from four to five feet high, and has wrinkled
leaves. In the Peking mountains the people apply the name
Ta-chi to Crzcus pendulus, which grows from five to six feet
high, is very spiny, and has enormous purple flower heads,
The use of the drug is thought to promote plumpness of the
body. It is prescribed in menstrual difficulties, irritable
uterus, and in hemorrhages. ‘The leaves are also used for
similar purposes, and as a diuretic. Bruised, they are applied
in scaly skin diseases. In many cases, little distinction is

I20 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

made between this plant and the Cxzcus japonicus, as the
Chinese regard the latter as simply a small variety of the
other. Generally speaking, the //szao-chz is used internally,
and the Za-chz is the more frequently recommended for external
application.

CNIDIUM MONNIERI.—# jk (Shé-ch‘uang), r1r4.
This is the Sedzzum monnzeri of Linneeus. The classical name
is BF (Hsii). Other names are J jt (Hui-ch‘uang), By yk
(Ma-ch‘uang), Be % (Shé-mi), #2 4 (Sst-i), #h 3 (Shéng-tu),
3 PR (Tsao-chi), and #& fe (Ch‘iang-mi). It is a fragrant
umbelliferous plant, the seeds of which are used in medicine.
It is found in nearly every part of China, but the product
coming from the region of Yangchow is considered to be the
best. The drug has very little odor, but a warm taste. It is
said to act on the kidneys, and to be aphrodisiac, antirheu-
matic, sedative, astringent, vulnerary, and discutient. Washes
and ointments are made from the erushed or powdered seeds
for bathing prolapsus recti, piles, anal fistula, and leprous or
scabious sores. Li Shih-chen makes the very appropriate
remark, that although we are familiarly acquainted with our
own indigenous plants, we are apt to neglect them in search of
far-fetched drugs of no better quality. .

COCCULUS.—}¥ G (Fang-chi), 291. This identification
is somewhat doubtful, but is from Hoffmann and Schultes,
who follow Siebold. They give yj Bf G (Han-fang-chi) as
Cocculus japonicus, and AX Py G (Mu-fang-chi) as Cocculus
Thunbergit. Faber gives Fang-cht as Menispermum daurt-
cum, and a Japanese identification is Stephanza hernandifolta.
The Chinese books describe only the root, so it cannot be
decided from these what plant is meant. Henry says that
Cocculus Thunbergii is known by other Chinese names in
Hupeh, but he does mot say what these are. Other names
given by the Pétsao are fi fie (Chieh-li) and 4 ff (Shih-
chieh). The drug is a brown, bulky, amylaceous, tuberous
root, split longitudinally into two or four pieces, and showing
on its cross section something of the same radiated disposition
of the vascular tissue as is met with in Adenopnora and other

yj 4

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I21

of the Campanulacee. The smell is agreeable, and the taste
bitterish and mucilaginous. It is used in fevers, dropsies,
rheumatism, and pulmonary diseases, and is also said to be
diuretic. ‘Ihe diseases for which it is to be prescribed are all
of a grave character, and include cholera and pulmonary
hemorrhage. When the innoccuous character of the drug is
considered, one wonders how it secured such a reputation, even
in China. ‘The fruit is used in prolapsus recti.

COCOS NUCIFERA.— pp Ff (Yeh-tzti). Also called
i FE BA ( Yiieh-wang-t‘ou, ‘‘hornbill head”) and 7 ¢& (Hsii-
vii). In regard to the first of these two names, the /éztsao
says that the king of I was angry with the king of Yueh,
invited him to be his guest, made him drunk, and took off his
head and hung it in a tree, when it turned to a cocoa-nut.
So it seems that the slang phrase ‘‘my cocoa-nut,’’ referring
to the head, has its origin in ancient Chinese legend. This
tree is met with in the island of Hainan and on the adjacent
mainland of the Kuangtung province, as far north as latitude
21°. The albumen of the drupe is eaten by the Chinese, and
is considered by them to be very beneficial, promoting a
healthy plumpness of figure and face. ‘The juice or milk,
called af fF #€ (Veh-tzti-chiang), is considered by some to be
cooling and by others heating. This discrepancy is probably
_ due to the fact that one is speaking of the fresh juice, and the
other of that which has been fermented. The intoxicating prop-
erties of the latter are recognised, and it is said to increase
thirst instead of relieving it, as the unfermented juice does.
This juice is said to be nutrient and serviceable in hematemesis
and dropsy. It has lately been recommended in India as a
remedy in phthisis, debility, and cachexia. The bark of the
root of the tree is recommended as an astringent and styptic
remedy in hemorrhages and fluxes. The shell of the nut,
which is sometimes carved and polished to make drinking
vessels and ornaments, is incinerated and mixed with wine,
to be used in the treatment of secondary and tertiary syphilitic
manifestations. The collection of the sweet juice of the
flowering branch of this and of the Palmyra palm, is alluded
to as having been known in China since the Han dynasty.

122 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

The Palmyra palm, Borassus flabelliformts, is called the fA Hy
(Pei-shu), and it yields arrack and a kind of white sugar called
jaggery in India. The tree is said to grow in the southern
provinces. Dr. Waring speaks of a toddy poultice, made by
adding the freshly drawn juice of the cocoa or Palmyra palm
to rice flour till it has the consistence ofa soft poultice, and
subjecting this to heat over a gentle fire until fermentation
commences. This poultice, applied after the manner of the old
fashioned yeast poultice to gangrenous sores, carbuncles, and
indolent ulcers, is said to be very useful. The fibers of the rind
of the cocoa-nut, and the brown cotton-like substance from
the outside of the base of the fronds of the Palmyra palm, nay
be used to staunch wounds.

COIX LACHRYMA. —3& fX fE (1-1-jén), 547. Other
names, ff? #§ (Chieh-li), & @ (Chi-shih), # 3¢ (Kan-mi),
El fl 4 (Hui-hui-mi), and H F (I-chu-tzii). This grami-
neous plant grows in marshes, as well as on the plains and
fields, to the height of several feet. It is said that the famous
general Ma Yuen (A.D. 49) introduced the plant into China
from Cochin China. It does not flourish so well here as it does
in the Philippines, where the Chinese settlers make a kind of
meal of the seeds, which is very nourishing for the sick. The
seeds are hard and beadlike, and are somewhat like pearl
barley, for which they are sometimes mistaken in the Customs
lists, and for which they make an excellent substitute. How-
ever, they are larger and coarser than pearl barley. The un-
hulled corns are often strung by children as beads, and priests
are sometimes seen using the largest ones in their rosaries.
The seeds are considered by the Chinese to be nutritious,
demulcent, cooling, pectoral, and anthelmintic. Given either
in the form of soup or congee, it is highly recommended by
native doctors. It is considered to be especially useful in
urinary affections, probably of the bladder. A wine is made
by fermenting the grain, and is given in rheumatism. The
root of the plant is said to be an excellent anthelmintic. The
leaves also, gathered in the summer month and made into a
decoction, are said to benefit the breath and blood. A new born
infant, washed in this decoction, will be preserved from disease.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 123

COLOCASIA.—z# (Vii), —- & (T‘u-chih). This is the
same as the /avo of the South Sea Islands, which is cultivated
for its edible roots, known as 3 BA (Yii-t‘ou). But the name
tara or kopeh is also applied in New Zealand to the root of
Pteris esculenta, an edible fern. Several species of Colocasza
are cultivated in China. It has been known since before the
Han period. The seeds are used in medicine, as are also the
leaves and stalk. The former are considered to be somewhat
poisonous, and are recommended in indigestion, flatulence, and
in disorders of parturient women. A decoction is prescribed
as a wash in pediculosis. The leaves and stalk are recom-
mended in similar cases and as an application in insect bites
and other poisons.

COMMELYNA POLYGAMA.—f® §% Ef (Ya-chih-ts‘ao),
f # 36 (Chu-yeh-ts‘ai). This isan identification of Tatarinov
adopted by Porter Smith, who says in regard to it: ‘*’This
‘duck’s-foot-grass,’ with its flat narrow leaves and herbaceous
calyx, is considered to be related to the bamboo. ‘The flower of
this Spider-wort is compared by the Chinese to a moth. The
plant is much cultivated as a pot herb, which is eaten in the
spring, and the juice of the flower is used as a bluish pigment
in painting upon transparencies. Demulcent, diuretic, and
lenitive qualities evidently reside in the herbage of this plant,
which is taken internally in cyanache, fevers, dysentery,
abdominal obstructions, and dysuria, and is applied topically
to piles, abcesses, and bites. Dr. Hasskarl, of Java, has pub-
lished a valuable monograph on the Commelynaceze of India
and the Indian Archipelago. In some countries the rhizomes
of Commelynas become very starchy, and are eaten. Com-
melyna rumphit is used in India as an emmenagogue.”?

CONIOSELINUM UNIVITTATUM.—# 3% (Hsiung-
ch‘iung), 469. This is a Japanese identification. It is an
umbelliferous plant, resembling Azgelica. ‘The common
name by which it appears in commerce is JI| # (Ch‘uan-
hsiung), 247. Other names are #j 43 (Hu-ch‘iung) and #
(Hsiang-kuo). The leaves are called § 4 (Mi-wu), which is
given a special article in the Féuztsao. Faber calls this

I24 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Selinum. VA Shih-chen says that the drug was called & #
¥2 (Ma-hsien-hsiung-ch‘iung), from the resemblance of the
root with its joints to a horse’s bit. It was also called # |i} FF
(Chiao-nao-hsiung), when coming from Kuanchung, on account
of the compact masses resembling the brain of a bird. /This
latter is also called ff F¥ (Ching-hsiung) and Py (Hsi-
hsiung). The Chekiang variety is called & #7 (T‘ai-hsiung),
and that from Kiangnan is called #€ f¥ (Fu-hsiung). ‘The
drug is cultivated in some parts of China, and the cultivated
varieties are regarded more highly than the wild ones ; these
latter often being small in size, and having a bitter ea:
taste. The parts used in medicine are the root and leaves.
The former is recommended for a large variety of difficulties :
such as colds, headache, anzemia, menorrhagia, retained
placenta, sterility, pains and aches of all kinds including
toothache, hemoptysis, phthisis, strumous difficulties; rheu-
matism, and fluxes. The leaves are said to .be anthelmintic,
and are also used in the treatment of diarrhcea and dysentery.

The flowers of the plant are used in the preparation of facial
cosmetics.

CONOCEPHALUS CONICA.—Ht $% #4 (Ti-ch ‘ien-ts ‘ao).
This is Faber’s identification. But this name is given in
the /éxtsao under the article on ff 3¢ Fi (Chi-hsiieh-ts‘ao),
which is Vefeta Ai cikeac under which title this will find
reference.

CONOPHALLUS KONJAK.—3% #§ (Chu-jo). This is
an Aroid plant, so identified by the Japanese. Other names
given in the Péztsao are #3 BF (Jo-t‘ou), 5% 4e (Kuei-yii), and
fa DH (Kueit‘ou). It is said to grow in moist and shady
places, principally in the mountainous regions: of Szechuan
and Fukien. ‘The root is the part used, and it is considered
to be very poisonous, being said to produce hematemesis when
ingested in sufficient dose. Its medical uses are not clearly
stated. Being a virulent poison, it is recommended in such
difficulties as cancer, rodent ulcer, lupus, and the like. The
only medical property mentioned is that of relieving thirst,
possibly due to a sialagogue effect.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I25

CONVOLVULUS.—The common representative of the
Convolvulaceze in China is the jf 7é (Hstian-hua), and this is
Calystegia sepium (which see). Another is # 4b - (Ch‘ien-
niu-tzii), which is Zbomea, and will be referred to under that
title. At Peking Convolvulus arvensis is found under the
name ot 47 Be 7E (Ta-wan-hua) and #¢ $4 (Yen-fu). Another,
identified by Faber as Convolvulus japonicus is $8 FE te FF
(Ch‘en-chih-mou-tan). None of these latter, however, is
specially mentioned in the Péztsao, and they are not considered
as differing materially from the principal members of this
family.

COPTIS TEETA.— it j (Huang-lien), 516. The
different names given for this drug in the Customis lists refer
to different qualities and places of origin. The Péztsao gives
as additional names = $# (Wang-lien) and 3 $ (Chih-lien).
The plant grows extensively throughout China, but the best
comes from Szechuan, where it is cultivated. It is a
Ranunculaceous plant, and the root has sometimes the
appearance of a bird’s claw. Two kinds of roots are described
in the Chinese books: one being hairy (fine radicle fibers) and
the other coarse and knotted, forming a series of united tubers,
Large quantities of this drug are shipped from China to India.
Siebold identifies it as Copizs anemonefolia, and the Japanese
describe a three-leaved and a five-leaved variety. Porter
Smith wrongly identifies Huwang-len as Justicia. The drug,
as it appears in the market, is in short branching pieces, one
or two inches long, of a yellowish-brown color, and often
bristled with radicles. The interior is hard, the cortical part
being dark, and the central portion being pierced by a pith of
deeper shade. The color of the main portion is a deep, rich
yellow. The taste is intensely bitter, but aromatic. The
more brittle the root is, the more highly its reputed virtues.
It is regarded by Chinese doctors as a sort of a panacea for a
great many ills. It is supposed to clear inflamed eyes, to
benefit the chest, to combat fever, and to act as an alterative
or alexipharmic drug. Its use in all forms of dysentery is
specially recommended, and in diabetes to relieve thirst and
reduce the quantity of urine. Various poisons, especially that

126 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

of the Croton bean, are said to be antagonized by it. Most
midwives insist upon every infant swallowing a dose of this
drug, mixed with borax, soon after birth. This is said to
prevent apthze and to eliminate or counteract all syphilitic
poison. ‘The drug closely resembles the Creyat, or Karzat of
India in its action, which is the same in general character as
that of Chzretta. The leaves and stalk are not used. The
#7 (Kan) and other infantile disorders are treated both
topically and internally by this drug. A tincture may be
made to be taken asa ‘‘bitter,” by digesting three ounces of
the sliced root and two ounces of coolie-orange peel for a week
in a pint of brandy. ‘This is of some use in indigestion in
cases where bitters are sometimes prescribed.

CORCHORUS PYRIFORMIS.—*# # (T‘ang-ti). Dr.
Morrison gives this as the name of the Chino-Japanese species
of Corchorus which with 7rzumfetta, another Tiliaceous plant,
yields the hemp-fiber called Po-lo-ma. The Shuowén makes
the above characters to be only a various writing of HE #f
(T‘ang-ti). Chinese writers describe this tree very differently ;
some making it out to be a sort of plum or cherry, while
others think it to be an aspen or poplar. Li Shih-chen says
that it is the same as the 3 } (Ch‘ang-ti), which is identical
with the 4 24: (Yii-l), Prunus japonica. tie Be (Ti-t‘ang) is
Kerria japonica.

Corchorus capsularis is also identified by the Japanese as
ii ik (Huang-ma). It is cultivated for its fibre (7wée) in
south China and other parts of tropical Asia. It is not known
to be used in’ medicine. It may be that in the #e77sae
and other Chinese medical works it is regarded as identical

with hit.

CORDYCEPS SINENSIS.—B # & i (Msia-ts‘ao-
tung-ch‘ung), 287. This fungus, described by the Chinese as
a plant in summer and an insect in winter, grows upon the
pupa of a kind of caterpillar as a parasite. It is said to be
common in southern Thibet, but the /éztsao says that it
comes from Szechuan, and this is the source of origin given in
the Customs lists. It is not so rare nor so much thought of as

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 127

in the days of Duhalde, who praises it immoderately. It
belongs to the class of drugs called *# ¥ 4 (Leng-tan-huo), or
things uncommon, but not in great demand. It is sold in
bundles weighing two mace (116 grains Troy) each, or there-
abouts. The bundles are three-quarters of an inch in diameter
and from three to three-and-a-half inches in length. Each of
the many pieces forming the bundles consists of two distinct
portions : one, which is the larger and belonging to the insect,
being more than an inch long and of a yellowish-brown
color, and showing the rings, joints, and more or less of the
characteristic structure of the grub; and the upper fungus
portion, consisting of a spurred filament of a greyish-brown
color, flexible, more or less twisted, and internally of a lighter
shade. It is said by Duhalde to be found in the province of
Hukuang, answering to Hupeh and Hunan of the present time,
and it is entirely probable that it can be found in other parts
of China. The /éxz¢sao compares its action to that of gzvseng,
and it is said to be worth four times its weight of silver. It is
considered to be restorative and tonic, and is used in jaundice,
phthisis, and in cases of injury of any serious nature. Taken
with duck, its virtues are very much increased. Ifa drake is
taken, prepared for cooking, the head split open and the
cavities filled with this drug, while cooking the aura of the
medicine will spread to the whole bird permeating every part,
and thus increasing the potency of the medicament. It is said
that one duck thus prepared will be quite the equivalent of an
ounce of the best gznseng.

CORIANDRUM SATIVUM.—f 4% (Hu-sui', GF 4
Hsiang-sui) Je 3 (Ytian-sui), and 3g 48 (Viian-sui), 1565.
The root and leaves are used in medicine, as well as the fruits.
The former, although sometimes used with green vegetables,
is considered to be slightly deleterious. Carminative, correct-
ive, and quieting properties are ascribed to the plant, and it is
recommended in ptomaine poisoning as well as in the treat-
ment of the 8 (Ku) poison. The fruits, deprived of their
husks, can be eaten, and have carminative and corrective
properties. They are specially recommended to be used freely
in fluxes.

128 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

CORNUS MACHROPHYLLA. —# }% (Sung-yang).
Henry so identifies this. But in Japan Swxg-yang is Celtis
muku or Ehretia serrata. Another name given by the
Péntsao is fe F AC (Liang-tzt-mu). According to the Erhya,
ii (Liang) is the same as ## (Lai). This is a tree of some
proportions, growing in Kiangsi, bearing a small edible fruit
called & Ff IB (Tung-ch‘ing-kuo), and having a reddish
colored sap. ‘The wood is thought to be efficacious as a
constructive remedy, probably on account of the color of the
sap. It is said to destroy bad blood and to build up good
blood, quieting the uterus, relieving pain, and nourishing the
body. ‘he bark is prescribed in all forms of dysentery, prob-
ably being astringent in character.

CORNUS OFFICINALIS.—]]jy 32 #& (Shan-chu-yii),
1094. Other names, 4 jf Ze (Shu-suan-tsao) and WF 3 (Jou-
tsao). This is a large thorny shrub or tree, growing in the
mountainous districts of China. It bears white flowers, resem-
bling those of the apricot. The drupe is red, enclosing a
stone which is retained in the prepared drug. It has a sub-
acid taste, and contains considerable of oil. It is the only part
recommended in Chinese medicine, although the bark of all of
these dogwoods has excellent tonic and astringent properties,
as well as some anti-malarial virtues. Various medical quali-
ties are ascribed to this drug, among which are diuretic,
astringent, tonic, anthelmintic, and antilithic. It is recom-
mended for menorrhagia, impotence, and the urinary difficul-
ties of the aged.

CORYDALIS AMBIGUA.—iE ff # (Yen-hu-so), 1529,
ZS A # (Hsiian-hu-so). The tubers of this Fumariaceous
plant are met with as small, firm, brownish-yellow, flattened
pellets, with a depression on one of the surfaces, giving them
some sort of resemblance to the tubers of Przellia tubertfera.
They are from four to six lines in diameter, and are marked
externally with wrinkles or reticulations. When broken, they
present a horny, semi-translucent, yellow or greenish appear-
ance. ‘I‘he flavor is bitterish and bean-like. ‘The Pés7¢sao says
that it comes from the country of the Northeastern Barbarians,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 129

and this is confirmed by Hanbury, who says that it is
indigenous to Siberia, Kamtchatka, and the Amur region.
The Corydalis goviana of India, and doubtless this species also,
contains, according to Sir W. B. O’Shaughnessy, the crysta-
line principle corydalia, discovered in Corydalis tuberosa by
Wackenréder. This active principle is suggested in the Phar-
macopceia of India as an antiperiodic. Whether it has proven
of any value or not, or whether such use was only suggested
by the intense bitterness of this product, it has not been
possible to learn. To the drug itself, as appearing in China,
is ascribed tonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, deobstruant, astrin-
gent, alterative, and sedative properties. It is much used in
prescriptions for post-partum difficulties, hematuria, and other
bloody fluxes.

CORYDALIS INCISA.—& ¥ (Tzti-chin), #f JE (Ch‘ih-
ch‘in), 4 Ff (Shu-ch‘in), # 3¢ (T‘ai-ts‘ai). This marsh plant
grows in Central China, where the shoots are used in the
spring as food, although they are considered to be slightly
deleterious. The flowers, dried and pulverized, are used in
‘prolapse of the rectum.

CORYLUS.—#% (Chén). Two species abound in the
mountains of Northern China; the Corylus heterophylla and the
Corylus mandshurica. ‘The nuts of both are edible and are to
be found in the markets. The first named has a spreading
involucre, resulting in a flattened nut, while that of the latter
is contracted and prolonged beyond the apex of the nut, pro-
ducing a pointed shape. The faze/ has been known from very
early time in China, and is mentioned in the classics, The
eating of the nuts is considered to be in every way beneficial,
benefitting the breath, relieving hunger, and giving strength
for locomotion. They are not prescribed for any particular
diseases, but are thought to improve the appetite and aid in
digestion. They appear in commerce as #& f{& (Chén-jén) and
He fF (Chén-tzit), 38.

CRATEGUS.—f8 (Cha). This character serves as a
generic name for hawthorne, which in China, as elsewhere, is
represented by several species. The [fj #§ (Shan-cha) is

130 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Crategus pinnatifida, and Crate@gus cuneata is Wy FR HH
(Shan-li-kuo). The fruit of these commonest kinds is scarlet,
or dark-red, and almost as large as the fruit of Pyres spectabilis.
The fruit, when ripe, is sour and of a pleasant flavor, and
upon the addition of sugar is most readily converted into a most
delicious jelly or jam. The jam is a common article of sale
in the shops under the name of {lJ #§ #4 (Shan-cha-kao), 1084,
or {lf #8 (Shan-cha-ping). ‘The flesh of the fruit, after
the skin and core have been removed, is also sold under the
name of {lj 48 f (Shan-cha-jou), 1082. ‘The fruit, sliced and
dried, is called lj #8 # (Shan-cha-kan), 1085. The whole
fruit is preserved in sugar and candied, and then strung upon
straws or slips of bamboo, and peddled upon the streets by
sweetmeat sellers, under the name of #& #jj Gf (T‘ang-hu-lu),
Hr tf (T‘ang-ch‘iu), and lj #§ #k (Shan-cha-ch‘iu).

Another species, which is named 3p J # (Ch ‘ih-chao-
tzit), is probably Crate@gus macracantha. It grows in Shan-
tung to the height of five or six feet, and has a five pointed
leaf and thorny axils. Early in the spring it bears a small
white flower, which is followed by the pome ; this attaining to
the size of a small date. Another kind is known as $
(Mao-cha), ‘‘reed haw”, or #& #§ (Hou-cha), ‘‘ monkey haw’’.
This tree grows to the height of several feet, and there are two
varieties ; one bearing a red fruit and the other a yellow.
The § #8 (Shu-cha), ‘‘rat haw’’, and the ‘‘monkey haw’?
are so named because the wild animals on the hills like to eat
them. The rat haw is also known, especially in the north,
as [lj BE #£ (Shan-li-hung), ‘‘red-on-the-hill’’. Another
kind, having a very large, pear-shaped fruit, is known as 2 kg
F (T‘ang-ch ‘iu-tzii), and is probably Crategus flava. ‘The use
of the character % may have been suggested by the resem-
blance of this fruit in appearance to Pyrzs fruits, as this character
is almost a generic term for Pyrus. This latter species is not
used in medicine, but is employed in making the confection.
From another kind, called 24 if F (Yang-ch‘iu-tzt), which
is possibly Crategus parvifolia, is obtained a greenish or
yellowish fruit, which is not fit to eat until after it has been
exposed to frost. It is not used in medicine. ‘The character
#k in this name is also written fj, in the Aénzsao, but this

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I31I

latter character is more properly applied to the AZyrzca rubra,
Branrrunuse:: :

Antiscorbutic, laxative, stomachic, deobstruant, and altera-
tive properties are ascribed to these fruits. The juice is
used in lumbago, diarrhoea, to stop the itching of ulcers, and
to bring out the rash in the exanthemata of children. It
is considered to be peptic and stimulant, and is employed
im scrotal hernia and prolonged lochial discharge. The
confection is eaten to assist digestion and to promote the
circulation of the blood. As the ‘fruit is constantly used
as food, its physiological effect upon the system caunot be
very powerful. The seeds are recommended for hernia, difficult
labor, and swelling of the genitals. The wood of the #% JK
(Ch‘ih-chao) is used in decoction for pruritus. The root of
the different species of haw is recommended for nausea and
vomiting. A decoction of the twigs and leaves is employed
in varnish poisoning.

CRINUM SINENSIS.—X #R f (Wén-chu-lan). This
beautiful amarillidaceus plant is confounded by the Chinese
with orchids, and is not specially mentioned in the Pézdsaa.
It is cultivated in China, India, and Japan, and is met with
in Cochinchina, the Moluccas, and in Ceylon. Four or five
species are said by Burnett to be found in China. In India
the bulbous root, which has a terminal, stoloniferous, fusiform
portion issuing from the crown of the bulb, as described by
Dr. Waring, has an unpleasant narcotic odor. It is there
used in fresh slices as an emetic and diaphoretic, or the
root is carefully dried and reduced to powder as a substitute
for squills or ipecacuanha. It is said to contain a principle
analagous to scz/7/zn, the active chemical ingredient of Sczl/a
maritzma, which so far as at present known is not met with
in the Far Hast. Dr. Waring bears testimony to the efficiency
of this drug. The classification is given on the authority
of Dr. Morrison.

CROCUS SATIVUS.—# #£ 76 (Fan-hung-hua). Ac-
cording to the Péxtsao, this was brought from Arabia by
Chang Chien, at the same time that he brought the safflower

132 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

and other Western drugs and plants. Another name given
is #R 7 i (Sa-fa-ang), which is evidently a transliteration
of the Arabic name Zafaran. ‘The last character is sometimes
written $7 and fy, but this does not have the proper sound, and
is probably wrongly written. Still another name is jf Je EE (Po-
fu-lan), which is also probably a transliteration of some foreign
term. Saffron is said to be stimulant, carminative, and
antispasmodic. It is thought to have a beneficial action upon
the blood, and to be quieting in cases of fright. At the time
of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty these flowers were used in
cooking. 3% #£ 76 (Tsang-hung-hua), ‘*‘ Thibetan safflower’’,
is given by some foreign writers as another naine for saffron,
but this has not been found mentioned by any Chinese writer.
However, it may be found in Tibet, although this has not yet
been confirmed.

CROTON TIGLIUM.——& #8 (Pa-tou), 933. The first
character of this name refers to a country which was included
within the boundaries of the present eastern Szechuan. The
second character was used because of the resemblance to the
soy-bean. ‘This is one of the five principal poisons mentioned
by Shen Nung, so the plant is probably indigenous to China.
The Arabic name is datoo, which was probably derived from
the Chinese name. One of the Persian names means ‘‘ Rzcznus
from China,’’ so that it is quite possible that the original
habitat of this plant was here. The Paéow is properly a fruit.
It is oblong, obscurely triangular, about three-quarters of an
inch in length, three-celled, and of a yellowish-brown color.
Each cell contains an oval, flattened, or imperfectly quadran-
gular seed, resembling a coffee bean. The dark brown testa
encloses the yellowish albumen, within which is the large
dicotyledonous embryo, often much shrunken. The taste is
very acrid. The fresh fruits, the oil, the testa, and the root of
the tree are all used in medicine. The drug is recommended
for a very large number of difficulties, but, generally speaking,
the Chinese doctors are afraid to employ it on account of the
exaggerated notions of its poisonous properties, which were
handed down from very ancient times. It is recommended as
a revulsive in colds aud fevers, for obstinate diarrhoea and

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 133

dysentery, in delayed menstruation, and similar troubles. It
is also administered in ranula, apoplexy, paralysis, toothache,
and affections of the throat. Externally it is applied in com-
bination with rape-seed oil in various skin affections. The
seeds in coarse powder are also recommended in various kinds
of drug poisoning. ‘The oil is used in much the same classes
of cases, as well as being used for very much the same purposes,
as it is employed in the west. ‘The testa is only recommended
for fluxes. [he bruised root is applied in carbuncle and
cancerous sores.

CRYPTOTANIA CANADENSIS.—%® §i (Tang-kuei),
1250. Faber identifies this umbelliferous plant as the ordi-
nary honeywort of North America. Hanbury identifies it errone-
ously with Arata edulis, and 'Tatarinov as Levzsticum. The
Japanese make it to be Ligusticum or Angelica. 'The root of
this plant represents the drug, which is held in very high repute
among the Chinese. It ranks next to licorice in frequency of
use in prescriptions. It comes principally from the three
western provinces, but is also prepared in Shansi, Shantung,
and Chihli. It is met with in the form of brown, fleshy root-
stocks, branching and dividing into a mass of large, close,
pliant rootlets, something like gentian root. The interior is
soft, sometimes mealy, and of a whitish or yellow color, or
sometimes much darker. The odor is very strong, resembling
that of celery, and the taste is sweetish, warm, and aromatic.
Names by which it is also called are II iff (Shan-ch‘in) and
By (Pai-ch‘in’, which mean ‘‘mountain’’ or ‘‘ white celery,’’
and it is compared to Apzum graveolens, and, indeed, is said by
Siebold to be eaten like celery in Japan, though we do not find
that it is so used in China. The drug is much used by medical
men in China in the treatment of the menstrual, chlorotic, and
puerperal diseases of women. It is used in hemorrhages of all
kinds, colds, fluxes, dyspeptic complaints, ague, and a large
number of other difficulties. Its name is said to be derived
from its asserted power to make the female ‘‘revert’’ to
her husband, and much of its employment is probably to be
referred to the wish of Chinese women to stimulate their
generative organs, in order to increase their opportunities of

134 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

bearing children, at present their only function in Chinese
society. According to Henry, Angelica polymorpha is the
source of the drug Zang-kued exported from Ichang and
Hankow.

CRYPTOMERIA.—#% (Shan). This name is nowadays
‘applied to this and perhaps to other coniferous trees. Henry
claims that in Hupeh some of the many ‘‘.Shaz’’ trees
are undoubtedly Cryptomeria japortca, and in Japan this
character is used for Cryptomeria. But the Shan tree of
the aucieut Chinese authors, and the one which is particularly
discussed in medical works, is Cunnenrghanea sinensis, and will
be referred to under that title.

CUCUMIS MELO.—f JK (Kan-kua), #f J} (T‘ien-kua),
we OM (VYiieh-kua), #F J (Shao-kua), and F jl (Hsiang-kua).
JK (Kua) is a general term for the fruits of cucurbitaceous
plants. The Chinese divide these into two classes ; oue called
# JK (Kuo-kua), including musk melons and water melons,
and the other called 3 JX (Ts‘ai-kua), comprising cucumbers,
squashes, pumpkins, gourds, and the like. ‘This plant is
probably indigenous to China, and the first name above given
is the old name, which has been superseded by the second,
which at present is more colloquial. The third name
indicates the probable original habitat of the plant, the present
province of Chekiang. Several varieties are found in different
parts of the empire ; some being almost mealy when ripe, while
others are firm and more like a cucumber in texture. None
are so juicy as the western kinds, but all have more or less
of an aromatic flavor and fragrance. Some are quite small and
egg-shaped, while others are longer aud more cucumber-like.
The skin varies from a bright yellow, through greenish yellows,
to a pure green, being sometimes striped in darker shades. In
accordance with the Chinese classification, and on account of
the variation of these melons in texture, the Péztsao discusses
these under two separate headings: the jk ji (Yiieh-kua), under
the classification of vegetables, and the #{ m (T‘ien-kua),
under that of fruits. The eating of these melons is regarded
by the Chinese as somewhat deleterious. As they usually eat

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. as

them before they are ripe, and as the melons are opened amidst
the dust and filth of a summer street, it is quite probable
that they do not entirely deserve the reputation they have
secured. Notwithstanding their slight fear of these melons,
large quantities are ingested every season by all sorts and
conditions of people. The Yreh-kua is not much used
medicinally, but is considered to be cooling, diuretic, anti-
vinous, and peptic. ‘The incinerated ash is used in sore mouth.

The pulp of the Z‘zex-kuwa is regarded with more favor
than that of the Yueh-kua. But if eaten to excess, it is
thought to cause pimples, to bring on ague, and to produce
general weakness of the body. Its action is said to be cooling,
diurectic, and resolvent. If eaten during the month of great
heat, sunstroke will be prevented, as it is regarded as decidedly
cooling. The kernels of the seeds, jm — {E (Kua-tzii-jén),
are highly regarded as a stomachic, peptic, and constructive
remedy. They are prescribed in cancer of the stomach and
purulent difficulties of the digestive tract generally. They
are also used in menorrhagia, after the oil has been extracted.
The peduncles, ff J A¥ (T‘ien-kua-ti), 1293, also called
GOT O® (K‘u-ting-hsiang), are vaunted as a remedy out of
all proportion to their importance. General anasarca, the
worst forms of intestinal parasites, and acute indigestion from
the ingestion of too much fruit, will all yield to this
remedy. It is also used in the treatment of nasal polypus,
jaundice, acute coryza, and colds of every kind, and mixed
with musk and Asarum steboldi will restore a lost sense of
smell. The vine (4%, Wan) of the melon is prescribed, together
with Quzsgualis indica and Glycyrrhiza glabra, in suppressed
menstruation. The flowers are used in refractory coughs.
The expressed juice of the leaves is thought to promote the
growth of whiskers in those who have none, and when made
into a tincture with wine, will disperse the blood from bruised
flesh.

CUCUMIS SATIVUS.—#fM I (Hu-kua), # J (Huang-
kua). Chang Chien, the noted legate of the Han dynasty,
seems to have brought this plant from Central Asia to China,
as he did many other useful plants. It is largely cultivated,

136 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

and the fruit is eaten in the raw state and asa pickle. Its use
is considered to be slightly deleterious. Its reputed virtues
are cooling and diuretic. A sort of cucumber salve is recom-
mended for skin diseases, and for scalds and burns. ‘The
expressed juice of the leaves is used as an emetic in acute
indigestion of children. ‘The bruised root is applied in case of
swelling from the wound of a hedgehog quill. There is the
same danger of severe diarrhoea resulting from the ingestion of
the Chinese varieties of this vegetable as in the case of those
from the west.

CUCURBITA MAXIMA.—The Chinese do not distin-
guish clearly between the mammoth winter squash and the
larger forms of gourd. The former undoubtedly is grown in
China, but it is known by the names of #9 ## (Hu-lu), # 7§
(Hu-lu), and #J (P‘ao). These all refer to the gourd (see
Langenaria vulgare), and medical properties will be discussed
under the latter title.

CUCURBITA MOSCHATA, Cucuriita pepo.—m I
(Nan-kua). Several varieties of this are found in China.
Cucurbita maxima may also in some cases be included with
this product. In any case its medical properties would be
similar. A crook-necked variety is called fE JX (Wo-kua,
‘‘Japanese gourd’’). Another variety is the fg J. (Fan-kua).
Li Shih-chén says that the natural habitat of this genus is the
south; hence the name. ‘The Chinese compare the flesh of
this, when cooked, to the sweet potato. It is especially
esteemed when cooked with pork. When prepared with
mutton, it is considered to be deleterious. Squashes are pre-
sented with great ceremony, on the evening of the mid-autumn
festival, to married, childless women, being considered propi-
tious for the speedy production of offspring. A similar custom
prevails in India where, to insure prosperity, the tallow gourd
is presented to the newly married pair at their wedding feast.
The seeds are sometimes used salted along with melon seeds.
The medicinal use of this plant and its fruit is not great. It is
not recominended in any particular class of diseases, but its
action is considered to be beneficial to the viscera and breath.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 137

CUDRANIA TRILOBA.—{q (Ché). This tree is of the
order Artocarfee, and is sometimes mistaken for Morus or
Broussonetia. It is said to grow commonly in the mountains,
and to have a finely grained wood suitable for manufacturing
utensils. Its leaves are used for feeding silkworms, producing
a quality of silk that is especially esteemed for making lute-
strings. It bears a fruit somewhat resembling the mulberry,
of which the birds are very fond. The wood is used in prepar-
ing a yellow dye, which is employed in dyeing the imperial
garments. ‘The wood, the white inner bark of the tree, and
that of the eastward-extending root are used in medicine. The
taste is sweetish and cooling, and it is prescribed for menor-
rhagia, malarial fever, debility, and wasting. An infusion of
the wood is used in weak and sore eyes. An epiphyte growing
upon the tree, called #q # (Ché-huang) and ff HE (Ché-érh), is
used in consumption. Of a thorny variety of the tree, called
AY #@ (Nu-ché), the thorns are used, in combination with other
drugs, iu decoction for the treatment of constipation and
obstruction of the bowels.

CUNNINGHAMIA SINENSIS.—#é (Shan), # 76 (Sha-
mu). This tree grows in the southern, central, and western
provinces of China and in Japan. It is the common pine
of China, and is found in many varieties, one of which is
said to have been introduced from Japan. The color of
the wood in the different kinds varies from red to white;
the former being tough and resinous, while the latter is
of a looser structure, and when dry becomes beautifully
veined. Its short, stiff, pointed leaves, and its avoid-
ance of the sea-coast, have been remarked by Mr. Samp-
son as distinguishing features of this tree. The timber is
much valued for making coffins, flooring, furniture, and
house-frames, as it is less liable to the attacks of insects than
the Pinus sinensis (#%, Sung), but is not so suitable for piles
as the latter, as it rots easily if exposed to continual dampness.
Charcoal for making gunpowder has been usually procured
from this wood by the Chinese. A decoction of the wood is
said to be a sure remedy for varnish poisoning at every stage.
It is also used for bathing fetid feet, and is taken internally for

138 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

flatulence and choleraic symptoms. Also, in combination with
other things, it is used in purulent expectoration and as a
wash to chronic ulcers. ‘The ash of the old bark is a common
application to wounds, scalds, and burns. The leaves, decocted
in wine together with Conzoselinum and Asarum, are used in
the treatment of worms and toothache. The seeds are ém ployed,
one to be ingested for each year of age, for the treatment of
hernia. ‘The epiphyte, called 44 fej (Shan-chiin), is considered
to be antispasmodic and carminative.

CUPRESSUS.—#fJ (Po). This is Faber’s identification,
and Henry says that at Ichang the Po is Cupressus funebris.
Dr. Williams sets the [& #f] (Pien-po) down as Cupressus thy-
ovdes. But undoubtedly in the north, as also in Japan, Po
refers to Thuja (Biota) orientalis. Discussion of this plant will
therefore be reserved for this latter title.

CURCUMA LONGA.—& 4 (Vii-chin), 1545, 1546. The
first character of this name refers to a fragrant plant which,
in the classical period, was mixed with the sacrificial wine
called Il (Ch‘ang), prepared from black millet. ‘The whole
name refers to the yellow tubers of the plant, described by
Hanbury as being ‘‘oblong or ovate, tapering at either end,
from three-fourths to one and a-fourth inch in length, covered
externally with a thin, adherent, brownish-grey cuticle, usually
(but not invariably) smooth. When broken, they exhibit a
shining fracture, and are seen to consist of a hard, semi-trans-
parent, horny, orange-yellow substance, easily separable into
two portions, an inner and an outer. The tubers have an aro-
matic odor, and a slight taste resembling turmeric, and contain
an abundance of starch.’’ In Japan this plant is considered to
be a variety (machrophylla) of Curcuma longa. According to
the éxtsao it is indigenous to the country of # # (Ta Ch‘in),
which comprised parts of what is now Kansu and Shensi prov-
inces, or possibly was Syria. It is also found in Szechuen and
Thibet. ‘The root, which is one of the many forms of ¢rmeric
found in commerce, is used for dyeing women’s clothes. It is
employed medicinally in all sorts of hemorrhages, such as
hematuria, hematemesis, hemoptysis, post-partum hemorrhage,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 139

and wounds. It is also recommended in primary syphilis,
mania, and ‘‘worm poison.’’ Excessive sweating, arsenic
poisoning, and the distress attending hemorrhages are said to
be relieved by it. It is also used in veterinary practice.

Another variety (possibly species) of Curcuma is known
by the name of #£¢ #§ (Chiang-huang), 75. Chinese authors are
not clear about this product; some saying that there are three
forms of the root—yellow, black, and white—while others claim
that these are three distinct varieties. Ch‘en Ts‘ang-ch‘i (8th
Century) says that the root of the Y%-chzng is bitter, cooling, and
red in color; the Chzang-huang is acrid and warming, and the
color yellow; while a third kind, called ji %& (Shu-yao),—see
Kempferia pundurata—is bitter and black in color. Other
varieties are said to be brought from Persia and other western
countries. The dried root stocks, which are the Chinese turmeric
of commerce, are met with in hard, irregular, tuberculated
pieces of a light yellow color externally, and internally varying
in color from orange to saffron-yellow. The smell is aromatic,
and the taste agreeable, with a bitterish after-taste. In the
south a sliced form of a larger tuber, known as #£ #§ Fe
(Chiang-huang-p‘ien), 76, is found. This may be the so-called
Cochin turmeric of commerce. These products are, for the most
part, exported to India, as the Chinese do not use them much
as condiments. They employ them to some extent as a dye
and prescribe them in colic, congestions, hemorrhages, and as
an external application to some intractable diseases of the skin.
They are especially recommended in cancerous discharges. Dr.
Waring advises inhalations of the fumes of burning turmeric
in coryza, and approves of a decoction of turmeric as a wash
for eyes suffering from catarrhal and purulent ophthalimia.

The plant spoken of at the head of this article is evidently
mentioned in the /é¢sao under the title of % 4 # ( Vii-chin-
hsiang). Other names are 33 j# # (Tzit-shu-hsiang), 42 Re
(Ts ‘ao-shé-hsiang, ‘‘ vegetable musk’’), and 3& 48 & (Ch‘a-chii-
mo); this last being a Buddhist name. It was formerly sent as
tribute by the (Yu) tribes, and from this the present $k
(Yii-lin) in Kuangsi derives its name. Ch‘en ‘T's‘ang-ch‘i
says that it comes from the country of # (Ch‘in), and bears a
flower like the safflower. Li Shih-chen says that besides being

140 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

found in various districts in western Kuangsi, it comes from
the countries of jay #4 (Ch‘-pin) and 4m —R (Ch‘ieh-p‘i, Kapila-
vastu). It has leaves like the Ophzopogon spicatus and flowers
like those of the Azbzscus mutabilis. ‘The flowers are very
fragrant, and can be smelled for a long distance. An empress
of the Chin (#) dynasty wrote a poem in praise of this plant,
in which she extols its sweetness. Medicinally, it is used to
correct foul odors and bad breath. It is also used asa perfume.
The plant is not yet identified, but is probably not Curcuma.

CUSCUTA.—Faber identifies % R (T‘u-sstl) as Cuscuta
chinensts and #e HE (Nii-lo) as Cuscuta japonica. According
to the Péntsao the latter is the same as # #E (Sung-lo), which
is Viscum. It is possible that those species growing upon
herbaceous plants are also sometimes indifferently called Wi-Jo.
Under the heading of 7‘u-ss% the Pénxtsao gives a number of
alternative names: # #E (T‘u-lit), 3% gh (T‘u-lei), % EE (T‘u-
lu), % HR (T‘u-chiu), gf #9 (Ch‘ih-wang), +E A (Vii-nii), Be #
(T‘ang-méng), Je RE Bi (Huo-yén-ts‘ao), BP Ag #& (Yeh-hu-ssit),
and 4 #@ #i (Chin-hsien-ts‘ao). It will be probably found that
some of these names refer to different varieties, if not to
different species, of the dodder. ‘The seeds # # fF (T‘u-sstt-
tzii), 1382, are the parts used in medicine, and these are also
found in commerce in the form of cakes, known as ¥ #R f#
(T‘u-ssti-ping), 1383. They are met with as roundish bodies
of the size of black mustard-seed, and of a brown color, with
little or no taste or smell. Diaphoretic, demulcent, tonic, and
aphrodisiac properties are ascribed to these seeds, and they are
administered in gonorrhcea, incontinence of urine, leucorrheea,
and as a nostrum in cases of cross birth. If taken for a long
time, they are thought to brighten the eye, enliven the body,
and prolong life. The young shoots of the plant are used
externally in cosmetic washes, for favus, and for sore eyes.
Hanbury says that the plant was formerly officinal in Europe
as a purgative, under the name of Herba cuscut@ majors.

CYCAS REVOLUTA.—% jg (Wu-lou-tzt). This is
Faber’s identification. In the /éz¢sao the following names
are given for this product: = 4 3% (Ch‘ien-nien-tsao), 83 Rf

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 141

3 (Wan-sui-tsao), #F 28 (Hai-tsao), pe Hf HX (Po-ssti-tsao),
3 (Fan-tsao), 4 3% (Chin-kuo), and JA, & # (Féng-wei-chiao,
**phoenix-tail-plantain.’’) In Japan the tree is called jm JZ #
(Féng-wei-sung), in which the first character is probably
improperly written. In the Customs Lists we find fa 3%
(Féng-wei-ts‘ao), 318, where again the first character is improp-
erly written, and also probably the last, #% (Tsao), being
intended instead of Gi (Ts‘ao). The wood is known as }fm #8
(Hai-tsung). Although western works on botany ascribe the
natural habitat of this tree to Japan, the /ézzsao refers it to
Persia and the East Indies. It is not said to be found in
China, but both the fruits and the wood are said to be brought
to this country in ships. The fruits are the part used, and to
them are ascribed expectorant, tonic, and nutritive properties,
If used for a short time they are said to produce plumpness.

CYCLAMEN.—In Faber’s lists this is given as }ge 3%
(Hai-yii). But he also gives the same Chinese name for
Alocasia macrorhiza, and without doubt the name should be
referred to this aroid plant, instead of to the primulaceous one.

(See page 29.)
CYDONIA SINENSIS. (See Pyrus cathayensia.)

CYPERUS.—The /éxtsao describes two cyperaceous
plants, under the names 7} Hi (So-ts‘ao), # ff -- (Hsiang-fu-
tzu), and 3] = #& (Ching-san-léng) There seems to be the
greatest confusion in regard to the identification of these,
Faber makes the first to be Cyperus zrza and the second and
third Cyperus rotundus. ‘The Japanese agree with the first
identification, call Hszang-fu-tz% Cyperus rotundus, Ching-
san-leng they call Scirpus maritimus, and what is given in the
Péntsao as a synonym of the last, Ri = ## (T's‘ao-san-léng), is
assigned to Cyperus serotinus. Porter Smith calls Wstang-fu
Cyperus esculentus, and with some show of reason, as the
description of the Péxztsao more nearly coincides with this
identification than with any other. These sedges are all used
for making hats, matting, and rain coats. They grow almost
every place where there is moist or boggy ground. ‘The tubers
of the Hszang-fu-tz%, 412, have a strong odor, and are very

T42 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

much in request as a medicament. Stimulant, tonic, sto-
machic, sedative, astringent, and other properties are believed
by the Chinese to reside in the drug, and it is prescribed for
fluxes of all kinds, colds in every organ, post-partum difficulties,
boils, abscesses, felons, and cancers. The shoots and flowers
are also used, being regarded as tonic and sedative to the
nervous system. The tubers of the Chzug-san-léng, 1062, as
they appear in the market, are top-shaped, pointed at one end
and hard, and have, apparently, been cut and trimmed with a
knife to separate them from the running root which connects
them together in the growing state. The internal texture is
hard, yellowish, and woody. ‘The taste and smell are, to some
extent, aromatic. Emmenagogue, galactagogue, stomachie,
tonic, deobstruant, and vulnerary qualities are ascribed to the
drug. It is not in as much favor, however, as the Hszang-
Ju-tzi.

CYTISUS SCOPARIUS.—4 # (Chin-ch‘iao). It is also
called te 7 7E (Huang-ch‘iao-hua). ‘The papilionaceous flower
is aptly compared to a bird by the Chinese botanist. The
leaves are said to be salted and made into a tea. ‘The root,
which is said to be covered with prickles, is used in medicine.
In decoction, it is used as a fomentation for bruises, and it is
also extracted with wine for this purpose. It is also prescribed
internally in coughs and colds. A decoction of the flowers is
said to bring out the eruption in small-pox.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 143

D):

DALBERGIA HUPEANA.—#¥ (T‘an). The Féztsao
describes this as a tree with finely veined, hard wood, and
leaves resembling those of the Sophera. ‘The flowers are
yellow or white, and there is said to be a purple flowered
variety. This plant is not to be confounded with #9 # (T‘an-
hsiang), which is Saxtalum album. FF *Y (Cli‘ing-t‘an) is said
by Henry to be a name for Ce/tzs stnensts. ‘The bark of both
trunk and root is the part of Dalbergia used in medicine. It
is considered to be slightly poisonous, but mixed with elm
bark and pulverized, it may be used as food in time of famine.
As an external application (presumably in the form of a poul-
tice) it is used in scabies and parasitic skin diseases.

DAMNACANTHUS INDICUS. —fK 42 fé (Fu-niu-hua),
Be yl (Hu-tzit), 1425. ‘This is a rubiaceous plant, found grow-
ing in the marshy river valleys of Szechuen, having a small
deep green leaf, a thorny stalk, and pale yellow flowers in
clusters like apricot flowers. Another kind of similar shrub,
which goes by the second name given above, is said to be
evergreen. Of the former, the flowers are used in medicine for
rheumatism, headaches, and bleeding piles. Of the latter, the
root and leaves are used in the treatment of dropsical swellings.

DAPHNE GENKWA.—3é 7€ (VYiian-hua', 1561, [tj pA 7G
(Mén-t‘ou-hua). It is also called $$ f— (Tu-yii, ‘‘ fish poison’’),
since, when thrown into ponds or streams, it poisons the fish.
Another name is 5A J 76 (T‘ou-t‘ung-hua, “ headache flower”),
as the odor is said to give one a headache. ‘The name Yvan-
hua is applied in the Peking region to a plant having small
yellow flowers, which has been identified by Tatarinov as
Passerina chamedaphne, Bunge (Wickstreemia chamedaphne,
Meissn.). ‘The Daphne grows upon a perennial root. Its
leaves are at first green, but as they grow older, they grow
thicker and darker in color. The flowers are purple, red, and
white. Flowers, leaves, and root are all used in medicine.
The flowers and root are employed in the form of tincture in
the treatment of coughs, as a cordial, tonic, and antifebrile

144 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

medicine for the cure of malaria, especially in its chronic
forms, and in mushroom poisoning. The leaves, as well as the
flowers and root, are used bruised in the treatment of buboes,
ulcers, favus, and other skin diseases. The leaves are said to
have a special action on the uterus. ‘They are mixed with salt
and used to color preserved eggs a reddish-brown.

DAPHNE ODORA.—d§ # (Shui [Jui]-hsiang). This
very fragrant plant grows everywhere throughout the southern
provinces. Several varieties are distinguished by the Pézztsao,
some of which are cultivated, being dwarfed or deformed by
gardeners for the purpose of producing ornamental shrubbery
for lawns and conservatories. "The root and leaves are both
used in decoction in the treatment of sore throat, as a wash for
small-pox pustules, and in caked breast.

DAPHNIDIUM CUBEBA.—#- }#% jjjj (Pi-ch ‘€ng-ch ‘ieh),
1006. It is probable that the Chinese use this term for the
true cubeb (xfer cubeba) as well as for this article. Loureiro
first described the tree, under the name Laurus cubeba. Nees
afterwards transferred it to the genus Daphnidium. ‘The drug
consists, according to Hanbury, of ‘‘one-seeded globular ber-
ties, attached to a pedicel sometimes half an inch long; at the
base of each berry traces of the perianth are visible. The
pericarp is thin, fleshy, and in the dried state, corrugated. ‘The
seed is globular, with its cartilaginous, shining brown testa
surrounded longitudinally by a narrow ridge.’’? ‘The berries,
therefore, have only a superficial resemblance to cubebs. The
plant is native of Cochin China, and is grown in South China.
The product is shipped for the most part to India, ‘The berries
are agreeable in odor, and have a warm, aromatic, bitterish
taste. Carminative, peptic, stomachic, tonic, and expectorant
qualities are reported to reside in the fruit, which is given in
cystic, bronchitic, dyspeptic, and choleraic affections. Hanbury
quotes Loureiro to the effect that the fresh fruits are used for
preserving fish, and that the bark of the tree has properties
similar to those of the berries. Another name given in the
fénisao is iit BE Fj F (P‘i-ling-ch‘ieh-tzu), which is said to be
of foreign origin, probably an East Indien term.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 145

DAPHNIDIUM MYRRHA.—B& #% (Wu-yao), 1478. Also
called Lindera strychntfolia, which is probably identical. In
Japan this last is distinguished as R & B BK (T ‘ien-t‘ai-wu-
yao), which is also known as Daphuidium strychuifolium.
Tatarinov called this tree Daphuzs myrrha, but like many
of ‘I'atarinov’s identifications, the term is open to doubt. The
tree grows to the height of ten or more feet, and is found
in the provinces south of the Yangtse, and especially in
Kuangsi. ‘The drug is usually sold in the form of thin slices
of the dried root, which are of a whitish color, and have
an aromatic odor. ‘Tonic, astringent, carminative, stomachic,
and many other properties are assigned to this root, and it is
prescribed in indigestion, malaria, fluxes, hernia, urinary
difficulties, menorrhagia, and gonorrhcea. Mixed with lign-
aloes, ginseng, and licorice, it forms a famous prescription,
which is used as a tonic and sedative. The leaf buds of
the plant may be used instead of tea as a stimulant and
diuretic. The seeds are used in cases in which the yz is
in excess producing fever. They are bruised and decocted,
and the decoction freely drunk, which will induce perspira-
tion, when the yang will return in full force and the patient
convalesce.

DATURA ALBA.—& fe (Man-t‘o-lo). In India the
Sanscrit equivalent of this Chinese name, Mandara, refers
to Erythrina indica. Woffman and Schultes have identified
the plant so called in China as Datura alba, although Hitel
(Handbook of Chinese Buddhism, p. 71) also refers the name
to Erythrina fulgans, or Erythrina indica. ‘The leaves of
the plant contain the alkaloid daturza, which is similar in
physiological action to atropia, but much stronger. In India
the plant is called Dhatura, from which name the generic
term is derived. The plant was said to have been rained down
from heaven at the time when Buddha promulgated the law.
The Sanscrit term means ‘‘ variegated,’’ evidently referring to
the color of the flowers. Names given as equivalents in the
Péntsao are ja ji §{ (Féng-ch‘ieh-érh) and jy ji 5& (Shan-
eb‘iech-érh). It is certain that the Chinese confound the
different species of Datura, and that the first of the latter

146 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

terms refers to the Datura stramonium. Woffman and Schultes
have assumed § jf] §4 (Fo-ch‘ich-érh) as the name of this
last, but such a name has not been found in Chinese books,
does not seem to be known in Japan, and is probably a
mistake for Féng-chch-érh. In the Customs List the first
character of this last term is wrongly written # (Féng), 302,
and the drug is considered to be identical with [i] 36 7 (Nao-
yang-hua), 894, which is there identified as Datura alba.
Without doubt this last term is sometimes referred to Datura
metel, but it also refers to Hyoscyamus niger (which see), and
it is discussed in the /éx¢sao under the article = Hi} Ry (Yang- |
chih-chu), which certainly is Rhododendron (Azalea) sinense
(which see). The ericaceous and solanaceous plants seem in
some cases to be nearly related in the physiological action
of their active principles, as well as being similar in external
appearance. Hence the ease with which they have been con-
founded by the Chinese.

The flowers and seeds of the Jaz-t'o-le are used in
medicine as a wash for eruption$’ on the face, cedema of the
feet, and prolapsus of the rectum. ‘They are prescribed also
for colds, chorea, and nervous disorders, and their use as an
anesthetic is also mentioned. Their delirient action is also
spoken of, being said to produce laughter or dancing move-
ments (#8). If equal quantities of this and of Cannabis
sativa are gathered in the seventh and eighth moons, dried
in the shade, pulverized, and digested in wine, the prepara-
tion, when ingested, will produce a narcotic anzesthesia that

will enable small operations and cauterizations to be done
without pain.

DATURA METEL.—fi] 24 7 (Nao-yang-hua), 894.
This species of Datura is included in Burnett’s list of the Flora
of China, and this name is assigned to it by Dr. Bridgeman
in his Chinese Chrestomathy. Parker makes it identical with
Datura alba. Tatarinov calls it Zyoscyamus. Hanbury says
‘*flowers of Rhododendron??? As this Chinese term is in-
cluded in the Pénztsao as a synonym of 2¢ #8 fj (Vang-chih-
chu), discussion of its medicinal uses will be referred to that
article (see Rhododendron stnense).

oe

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 147

DATURA STRAMONIUM. — jm jij §4 Feéeng-ch‘ieh-
érh), 302. -The Chinese do not distinguish between this and
Datura aiba (see that article for medicinal uses). The term
#5 ii S& (Fo-ch‘ieh-€rh), which was used by Hoffman and
Schultes and is given in Giles’s Dictionary, was not found
in any Chinese or Japanese lists consulted. It is probably a
mistake.

DAUCUS CAROTA.—#W #£ yj (Hu-lo-po). The carrot
is well described in the Péxztsao. ‘The red and yellow varieties

“are there spoken of, and the names #f ¥¢ Sf (Hung-lo-po) and

mm «2 4) (Huang-lo-po), which are in common use, refer to
these. This vegetable is one of those which are said to have
originally come from the country of the Western Tartars.
The seeds of the plant probably appear in commerce under the
name of #¢ yj {£ (Lo-po-jén), 751. ‘The root is considered to
be in every way beneficial to the digestive tract, increasing the
appetite and acting as a carminative. The seeds are used
in chronic dysentery. There is a wild variety, known as
8} ZF ~] (Yeh-lo-po), the hispid fruit of which is used by
the Chinese as the basis of the vermilion-pad for their seals
and stamps.

DAVALLIA TENUIFOLIA.—§ ZE (Wu-chiu). This is
a fern, to which the following alternative names are given:
A ¥&% (Shih-hsii), @ #K (Shih-i), G # (Shih-t‘ai), G 7E (Shih-
hua), 4 5 § (Shib-ma-tsung), and § BE (Kwei-li). Some
of these may refer to different species, or even to different
genera. This plant is said to resemble Lycopodium. It grows
among the stones in mountainous districts, and is considered
to be non-poisonous. Cooling and demulcent properties are
ascribed to it, and it is prescribed in feverish conditions,
bladder difficulties, as an application in burns, and to promote
the growth and preserve the black color of the hair,

DENDROBIUM NOBILE.— ff} (Shih-hu), 1748.
China is very rich in orchidaceous plants, of which this is one
genus. ‘The above is the term given in the Fén¢sao, under

148 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

which doubtless several kinds of these plants, as well as 7rz¢zcum
yepens are described. It grows upon stones, is sometimes
called 3% Wi (Huang-ts‘ao), and is cultivated in Szechuen for
use as medicine. It is found in nearly all of the central and
southern provinces. An epiphytic variety, found growing
upon the root and trunk of oak trees, is called FR ff} (Mu-hu),
and, on account of its yellow color, 4 #}(Chin-hu). These
plants are all remarkably tenacious of life, recovering after
having been dried. Other names by which they appear in
commerce are #% 7 ff} (Kan-mu-hu), 580, AF ff} =+ (Hsien-hu-
tou) 452, and 4 %X (Chin-ch‘ai), 145. These all have straight,
jointed, solid, cylindrical stems of a yellow or golden color,
and often deeply striated or furrowed. Parallel-veined leaves
are attached to some of the stems, which commonly have traces
of their roots. These stems are said to be quite green when
freshly gathered. Under the name of 2 ff} ( Mai-hu) there is also
described a drug which is in all probability the tuber of 77ztzcam
repens. Hanbury (Science Papers, p. 262) mentions a drug under
the name of oJ, # #% (Hsiao-huan-ch‘ai) which is also probably
Shih-hu, although this term is not given in the Péxtsao,. & fj
=}+ (Chin-hu-tou), 152, and #€ =} (Ya-tou), 1486, are other
names by which the drug is known, but why the =} is used in
the first case does not appear. In the last case it may be a
substitute for ff}, which is properly written #¥. The drug is
of a sweetish taste, and is non-poisonous. It is said to have
tonic, stomachic, pectoral, and antiphlogistic properties. Two
peculiar difficulties for which it is prescribed are entropion and
insects in the ear.

DEUTZIA SIEBLODIANA.—7# ff (Sou-su). Identifica-
tions are doubtful ; this term being applied in Japan to Deztzza,
Staphylea, aud Philadelphus. We here follow Faber. Li
Shih-chen seems not to have recognized this tree, although he
gives what was said about it by older authors. The tree is
about ten feet high, and bears reddish berries, similar to the
fruit of the Lyciwm. ‘The bark is white, and is the part used
in medicine. Its properties are said to be cooling and diuretic.
It is prescribed for the thirty-six diseases of the lower abdominal
region (PF Af) in women. ‘

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. I49

DIANTHUS CHINENSIS.—¥ ff (Shih-chu). This, the
common Chinese pink, is not distinguished in the éntsao
from the next, and, in fact, the two are often confounded by
observers.

DIANTHUS SUPERBUS.— # (Ch ‘ii-mai), 237. This
is the same as Dianthus fischeri. ‘The seed resembles wheat,
whence the name. ‘The dried flowering plant is sold in
the medicine shops, being found in large, yellow bundles.
The flowering heads and leaves of these plants are used in
medicine, and very remarkable and dissimilar virtues are
ascribed to them. The former is said to be diuretic, vul-
nerary, abortifacient, to relieve opacities of the cornea, to
check post-partum hemorrhage, alleviate fluxes, promote the
growth of hair, and is used also in the treatment of gravel,
amenorrhoea, and as a resolvent for incipient abscesses. The
latter is used in hemorrhoids, bloody diarrhcea, lumbricoid
worms, ophthalmia, as well as in buboes and venereal sores in
women. Also such difficulties as bones in the throat, bam-
boo splints in the flesh, and wounds with knives or scissors
are treated by the internal administration of a decoction of
this plant.

DICTAMNUS ALBUS.—f,y # (Pai-hsien), 947. This is
a white root with a strong odor, which resembles that of the
goat; hence the name, also written y #4 (Pai-shan). It is a
common plant in Mid-China. It has flowers resembling those
of the Althea, and the root is like a small turnip. The fruit
consists of several carpels like the Zazthoxylon, and is there-
fore called 4> 9 §&% tht (Chin-ch‘iao-érh-chiao), ‘* golden-bird-
pepper.’? ‘The root is the part used in medicine, and to it is
ascribed tonic, sedative, antipyretic, and tussic qualities. It is
also recommended in post-partum difficulties and the nervous
crying of children.

DIERVILLA VERSICOLOR.—#§ jE (Yang-lu). This
is the same as Weigela japonica. It is also by the Chi-
nese confounded with Deutzia stedoldiana. It is a shrub,
or small tree, used in making hedges, and its seeds are

I50 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

borne in a pod. ‘The leaves, which are said to be slightly
poisonous, are recommended in decoction as a wash for viru-
lent sores.

DIGITALIS.—Roots of an unidentified species of this
plant are said to be brought from Honan under the name of
fh #{ (Mao-ti-huang). As $f Be (Ti-huang) is Rehmannia
glutinosa, and as the leaves of this latter are also downy, identi-
fication by this means would be uncertain. It is said that
the roots of the former are smaller and more fusiform than
those of the latter. But this also would be an unreliable
method of identifying so active a drug. It is doubtful if
Digitalis purpurea is found in China, or if found it has not
yet been identified; so it is unfortunate that — }y By (Mao-ti-
huang) has been adopted in pharmacy as a Chinese equivalent
of the name of this drug.

DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS.—(# Yu), Bi f& (Ma-
t‘ang). This is Faber’s identification. ‘Ihe Japanese call it
Caryopterts divaricata. It is also called 2E }if (Yang-ma),
since both horses and sheep eat it. It is said to have a
very vile and persistent odor, which is mentioned in the
Tso-chuan as an illustration of the persistence of evil. It
grows in marshes, has long leaves and a jointed stem. It
much resembles Potomogeton, and has by some been so
identified. ‘Ihe root is the part used in medicine, and is
prescribed in infusion as an eye and ear wash, for fetid feet, in
dry coughs, and to relieve thirst.

DIOSCOREA.—# #& (Shu-yii), ply 3% (Shan-yao), 1108,
BY WG (Pei-hsieh), 988. Shaz-yao is nowadays the common
name in north China for the cultivated yam, Dzoscorea japonica.
In Hupeh it is Déoscorea quingueloba, and in other parts
of China Dzoscorea batatas. ‘The Japanese lists distinguish
Dioscorea japonica as BR \lj 3% (Yeh-shan-yao’, Dzoscorea
quingueloba as \lj ¥i 7% (Shan-pei-hsieh), and Deoscorea sativa as
Ji] 32 7% (Ch‘uan-pei-hsieh). Faber makes the first two names
at the head of this article to be identical, and assigns them
to Dioscorea quingueloba, while the third he assign to Dzoscorea

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 151

sativa. 'To Dioscorea japonica he assigns the names #F #%
(Huang-tu) and -- 38 (F‘u-yii). The Péxtsao gives the last
under a separate article and considers it to be related to
Colocasia. It has leaves like those of the bean, and ege-
shaped tubers, which are the part used in medicine. ‘These
have emetic properties, and are used for this purpose in cases
of poisoning. ‘The Hankow list mentions a 7f£ [lf 4&8 (Huai-
shan-yao), 503, which is said to come from Huaining in Honan,
and which it describes as follows: ‘‘It occurs in long tuberose
roots about a half a foot in length and two inches in circum-
ference, and when divested of its rind and the ends are
trimmed, it has a perfectly white surface and interior. It is
brittle, has no smell, and is tasteless.’ This does not answer
to the description of the tuber of Dvoscorea sativa, and may
be Dioscorea japonica or some unnamed species. The Péztsao
also gives an article on the capsules or berries of the yam,
which it calls ‘& @R - (Ling-yii-tsti), mentioning several
varieties, and claiming for them stronger medicinal powers
than is possessed by the yam itself. Tonic and restorative
virtues are ascribed to them. To the tubers of the several
kinds of yam mentioned in the /ézésao are ascribed cooling
and tonic properties. They are said to benefit the spirits,
promote flesh, and, when taken habitually, brighten the
intellect and prolong life. Astringent properties in diarrhoea
are also ascribed to them, as well as some virtue in polyuria.
As a poultice they are applied in carbuncles, boils, and incipient
abscesses.

DIOSPYROS EMBRYOPTERIS.—j# $i (Pei-shih), #
4% (Ch‘i-shih). The Chinese call this the ‘‘ green persimmon,’’
from the fact that the fruit, when fully. ripe, is of a dark
yellowish tint. The fruit is of the size of a large plum,
or small apple, eight-seeded, and contains a glutinous, very
astringent juice. It is said that it cannot be eaten in the
unripe state, and that it cannot be dried as other species
of persimmon often are. ‘The medicinal properties ascribed
to it by the Chinese are somewhat remarkable. It is said
to be antifebrile, antivinous, and demulcent. Its astringent
properties, which were noted by Dr. Waring, and on account

152 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

of which he recommends the employment of an extract of
the fruit in diarrhoea and chronic dysentery, and as a basis of
vaginal injections in gonorrhoea, have been lost sight of by
Chinese physicians. A sort of extract, or oil, is prepared
from this fruit by crushing and pressing. In this way a dark,
resinous, thick juice is produced, which makes an excellent
varnish, used in varnishing paper umbrellas and fans. It is
cheaper than wood-oil.

DIOSPYROS HIRSUTA.—< }i (Mao-shih). It is not
certain that this tree is found in China, but the probabilities
are in its favor. ‘he wood, called Calamander Wood (probably
a corruption of Coramandel Wood), is met with, and is used as
a substitute for edory.

DIOSPYROS KAKI.—}j (Shih), # 3E (Juan-tsao). The
fruit of this tree, which is common in China and Japan, is the
persimmon, a large, thin-skinned, juicy fruit, of an orange or
yellowish color, and having a sweet taste when fully ripe.
The taste of the unripe fruit is exceedingly astringent. Traces
of the eight-celled character of the fruit, which presents a
great variety of shapes, sizes, and tints, are sometimes met
with. The Chinese ripen the fruits artificially by inserting
one or more splints of bamboo into them by the side of the
stem, which hastens the process of softening. These, however,
lack the fine flavor of the naturally ripened fruit. The
persimmon appears in several forms in Chinese medicine.
‘There is an artificially ripened fruit, called #£ $9) (Hung-shih),
which is produced by placing the unripe fruit in a vessel con-
taining leaves and allowing a process of fermentation to go on
until the fruit is ripe. It is said to become as sweet as honey
under this process, and is used as an antifebrile, antivinous,
and demulcent remedy. Another form is called & {4 (Pai-shih)
and fii #q (Shih-shuang). This is prepared by taking off the
skin of the fruits, and then exposing them to the sunlight by
day and the dew by night until they are dry, when a whitish
powder will have gathered upon them. The persimmons dried
in this way are called {ji # (Shih-ping), 1157. The medicinal
properties of the persimmon are thought to be much enhanced

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 153

by the process employed in the preparation of this product. In
addition to the properties already described, anthelmintic,
restorative, expectorant, and anti-hemorrhagic virtues are as-
cribed, and it is recommended in virulent sores and ulcers. It is
also said to be an antidote to wood-oil poison. Another form
of the dried fruit is the & {9 (Wu-shih), which is prepared by
drying in the heat and smoke of a fire. ‘This is not to be
confounded, as does Porter Smith, with & Ze (Wu-mu), which
is Maba ebenos (see that article). ‘This form of the persimmon
is prescribed as an anthelmintic, in wounds as an anodyne, to
check fluxes, and to prevent nausea after taking other medi-
cines. jk 14) (Lin-shih) are preserved persimmons, and are of
two kinds: those kept over by being simply covered with water,
and those preserved in salt. The former are considered to be
cooling, while the latter are said to be slightly poisonous.
They are regarded as being beneficial to the spleen and stomach,
and to dissolve stagnant blood. Persimmon confection, 4 ££
(Shih-kao), is made by beating together one peck of glutinous
rice and fifty dried persimmons, and then steaming the mix-
ture until it is cooked done. It is recommended to be eaten by
children in cases of autumnal dysentery, as well as in other
forms of flux. The fruit calyces, } 4 (Shih-ti), 1159, are
prescribed in decoction in obstinate cough and dyspncea. The
bark and wood are prescribed as astringents in fluxes and as
styptics in wounds and ulcers. ‘The root is recommended asa
universal astringent. $i HA 341 (Chen-t‘ou-chia) is said to be
the Mongolian (Turkic) name for the persimmon.

-DIOSPYROS LOTUS.—# 3% Ff (Chiin-ch‘ien-tzt),
3E (Suan-tsao), 1205, 34 A (Hei-tsao), 368, fk ZR (Juan-tsao),
Se Fe 38 (Yang-shih-tsao), In the case of some of the foregoing
names there is uncertainty as to whether Deospyros or Ziziphus
is meant. The /é¢sao gives a number of other names, which
refer chiefly to the shape of the fruit. It also says that the
fruit resembles the date, but that the tree is like the persimmon.
The fruits are considered to be antifebrile, and are also used
to promote secretion. "They ward off evil influence, and when
eaten for some time, give a pleasing appearance to the coun-

tenance, and strength and lightness to the body. gZ

154 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

DIPHYLLEIA.— #@ £4 (Kuei-chiu), #3 JH) #4 (Tu-chio-lien),
J § 3% (Pa-chio-lien). Faber identifies the first as Arzs@ma
heterophylla, and in Hupeh the second also signifies Arzsema.
Henry found the last to be Podophyllum versipelle, while Bret-
schneider found that plants raised from Zy-chzo-lzen seed pro-
cured at Peking proved to be 7yphonium giganteum. It is not
quite clear whether Awez-chiu is Diphylleia or Podophyllum. A
large number of names are given in the Péxtsao as the equiva-
lents of Awez-chiu, but it is probable that several different plants
are confounded in these names. The plant described grows
in shady places in mountains. It seems to be akin to the North
American ‘umbrella plant.’? The root is perennial, and each
year sends up a stalk, which on dying at the end of the season
leaves a depression, or ‘‘eye,’’? which is likened to a mortar
Fy). Anthelmintic and antiseptic properties are ascribed to the
drug, which consists of the root of the plant, and it is used in the
treatment of coughs, malaria, cancerous sores, snakebite and
arrow poisoning, retained dead foetus, and pernicious jaundice.
That the root itself is regarded as poisonous may be inferred
from the variety of virulent diseases for which it is prescribed.

DIPSACUS.—¥#4 ff (Hsii-tuan), 474. At Peking this is
Dipsacus japonicus, but at Hankow it is Dipsacus asfer. In
Japan it is Lamdum album. It is also called #% fH (Chieh-ku),
as it is considered capable of joining together broken bones.
The roots are met with in commerce in short pieces, very hard,
brown, and wrinkled, and of a dirty white color in the interior.
The taste is sweetish, mucilaginous, and with a bitterish after-
taste. ‘The root is the part used in medicine. It is considered
to be tonic in exhausting diseases, wounds, tumors, fractures,
and ruptured tendons (as its names indicate), suppression of the
secretion of milk, dysmenorrhcea, hemorrhage, and is employed
in hemorrhoids, cancer of the breast, ante- and post-partum
difficulties of every kind, incontinence of urine, and threatened
abortion. ‘The best quality of the drug is called Ji] #4 bf
(Ch ‘uan-hsii-tuan).

DOLICHOS CULTRATUS.—# #8 (Ch‘iao-tou). This
is a Japanese identification of a bean similar to Dolichos lablab,
but black in color, with a white line through the hilum, on

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 155

which account it receives its name of ‘‘magpie bean.’?
Bretschneider says that it is the same as the $+ & (Liao-tou)
mentioned in the Customs Lists, 718. The Péz¢sao does not
distinguish between this and Dodichos lablab, and does not
assign to it any special medical properties.

DOLICHOS LABLAB.—#% i (Pien-tou), 1021. Com-
mon names are }f} jE iy (YEn-li-tou), ‘‘fence-climbing bean,”’
from its climbing habit, and ¥ J # (E-mei-tou), from the
appearance of the seed. The young pods of this bean are
eaten as a vegetable, and the ripe seeds are also eaten boiled.
The seed is, according to variety, black, white, red, and
variegated. Only the white beau, 957, is discussed in the
Péntsao, where it is said that those suffering from fevers should
not eat it. It is tonic to the viscera, and if eaten habit-
ually, will prevent the hair from turning gray. ‘Taken with
vinegar, it is used in cholera morbus. It relieves flatulence,
is anti-vinous and antidotal to fish poison, as well as to every
form of vegetable poison. It relieves diarrhoea, reduces fever
heat from sunstroke, and quenches thirst. The flowers are
prescribed in menorrhagia and leucorrhcea, besides being recom-
mended in the same diseases as the bean. ‘The leaves are also
employed in similar cases, and applied as a poultice in snake
bite. Even the vine is used as a medicament in cholera.

DOLICHOS SINENSIS, Dodlichos umbellatus.—§l
(Chiang-tou). This is a cultivated bean, found in several
varieties ; the pods varying in color. The virtues ascribed are
those of ‘‘controlling the viscera, benefiting the breath, restor-
ing the kidneys, strengthening the stomach, harmonizing the
abdominal organs, subduing the passions, preserving life, in-
vigorating the marrow, quenching thirst, preventing nausea,
checking diarrhoea and frequent urination.”?

DRABA NEMORALIS.—# ¥# (Ting-li), 1307. The
plant to which is applied this Chinese name is evidently a
crucifer, with the probabilities in favor of the above identifica-
tion. Tatarinov called it Szsymbrium,; Loureiro, Lepidium
petreum , and in Japan the name is applied to Masturtium

156 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

palustre and Arabis perfoliata. ‘The classical name of the
plant is #% (Tien). Other names are fq #% (Kou-chi), #
(Ta-shih), and Je if (Ta-shih). The plant very much resem-
bles mustard. ‘he seeds are small, yellow, and very bitter.
Li Shih-chen says there are two kinds of this product—the
sweet and the bitter—and that the former is called fy 3¢ (Kou-
chieh), ‘‘dog mustard.’? ‘The seeds are the part used in
medicine, and are boiled with glutinous rice for this purpose.
They are said to act as a demulcent, laxative, and deobstruant
drug, and are given in dropsy, dysuria, amenorrhoea, coughs,
and fevers. Externally they are used for decayed teeth, tinea,
and poisoning from horse sweat entering a wound (possibly
anthrax).

DRYANDRA CORDATA.—3 fj (Ving-tzt-t‘ung).
This is the same as A/@ococca verrucosa. $( Ving) isan earth-
enware jar, carried by a string run through the ears. ‘This
character is here used in allusion to the shape of the fruit.
The same character is used in the name for the poppy, in
reference to the shape of the capsule. Another name for this
tree is J | Hi) (Hu-tzti-t‘ung), ‘‘tiger seed t‘ung,’’ in ref-
erence to the violently poisonous character of the seeds. Still
another naine is #@ {J (Jén-t‘ung), from the shape of the seeds |
being similar to a bean called by this distinguishing character.
Then, finally and commonly, it is called jt fj (Yu-t‘ung),
‘‘oil t'ung;’, from the fact that from it) 1s produced@phe vam
known as fj $F wh (T‘ung-tztl-yu), ‘‘t‘ung-seed-oil.’’ This
tree is extensively cultivated in the Yangtse valley, and is also
well known in Japan. The /éntsao says in regard to it and its
product: ‘‘It grows in the hills, and the tree is like the Sterculia
platantfolia. ‘That of which the people in the south make oil
is the fiiJ] #4 (Kang-t‘ung, ‘‘ridge-t‘ung’’). The seeds are
larger than those of Stexcudza. In the early spring a flower is
produced, in color a pale red, and in shape like a drum. ‘The
flower changes into a tube, in which are found the seeds out of
which the oil is made.’’ The above are quotations from ancient
works. LiShih-chen says: ‘‘ Ridge-t‘ung is a purple flowered
Paulownia. ‘The branches, trunk, leaves, and flowers of the
Yu-t‘ung are similar to the Ridge-t‘ung, but smaller. The

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. LUIS 4

tree grows more slowly, and the flowers are slightly redder.
But its fruit is large and round, and in each fruit there are two
or four seeds, as large as those of the Je Hi, F (Ta-féng-tzit,
Gynocardia odorata, Wucrabau seeds). Internally they are
white, the taste is sweetish, and the action is emetic. It is
also called ‘ purple-flowered-t ‘ung,’ and is extensively cultivated
by men, who plant and collect the seeds for the business of
oil-making. The oil is used by painters for oiling and caulking
boats. It is often adulterated, but if a bamboo-splint ring
will pick it up like the head of a drum, it is genuine. ‘The
oil is sweetish, slightly acrid, cooling, and very poisonous.”’’
Its action is emetic, and, strange to say, alcohol is considered
to be antidotai to its action. It is applied externally to parasitic
skin diseases and wounds, as well as to scalds and burns. Its
emetic action is taken advantage of in asthma and coughs.
Wine-nose and broken chilblains are also treated with it. The
oil also enters into the composition of nearly all of the ordinary
Chinese plasters.

DRYMOGLOSSUM CARNOSUM.—1i#® @§ ¥% (Lo-yén-
ts‘ao), $8 fil Hi (Ching-mien-ts‘ao). This ‘‘snail-shell grass,”
or “‘mirror-face grass,’’ is a fern which grows in rocky places,
and is of a reddish color. Asa poultice, or in decoction, it is
applied to swellings, fetid feet, and the like. It is also taken
internally in hemorrhages, such as hematuria, hematemiesis,
and nose bleed. It is used principally, however, in felons and
animal bites.

DRYOBALANOPS AROMATICA, Dryobalanops cam-
phora. This tree is found in the islands of the Malaysian
archipelago, and is also said to be found in Kuangtung and
Fukien, although there seems to be no Chinese name for it
recorded in the books. ‘The steareopten derived from it, which
is similar in composition to camphor, is known in commerce as
Borneo, or Baroos,- camphor. ‘Ihe name most commonly
used for it in Chinese is 3< }F (Ping-p‘ien), 1029, but there
are several names for this product, such as, f£ IK 4 (Lung-
nao-hsiang), fg 7— fe (Mei-hua-p‘ien), #4 YE fe # (Chieh-p‘o-
lo-hsiang), and 32 7 @ (P‘o-lu-hsiang). 3K | (Mi-nao),

158 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

3k Sf (Su-nao), and 4 Jil |i} (Chin-chiao-nao) are mentioned in
the Péntsao as names of varieties of this drug, brought from
the Indien archipelago. #8 3k fe (Ch‘ing-ping-p‘ien) and
Ye 7k Ke ‘Ni-ping-p‘ien) are names given by Dr. Williams to
indicate the two sorts, clean and dirty, brought to the Chinese
market. 4 fe KM (Ts‘ang-lung-nao) is the name of a very
pure, greyish, crystalline variety, said to be much stronger than
any of the other sorts. ‘This steareopten is a natural product,
found in the cellular space of the wood. ‘The most common
port of shipment of this valuable substance is Baroos, on the
west coast of Sumatra ; hence one of the English names. The
tree is straight, with a tall stem sometimes twenty feet thick,
overtopping with its huge crown other large trees to the extent
of some scores of feet. The natives describe three kinds of
this tree, named the Mazlanguan, Markin tungan, and the
Markin targan, all distinguished by the mere color of their
bark. ‘The dark-green, oval, pointed leaves are tough and
camphoraceous. The acorn-like fruit, compared by the
Chinese to that of the cardamom, is eaten asa relish, or asa
sweetmeat by the natives. The trees are cut down in April
or May, while fruiting, and the whole of the immense trunk
is split up and sacrificed to find the grains or flat pieces of
crystalized camphor, the largest of which rarely exceeds half
an inch across. ‘hey are met with in crevices or cells in the
body of the tree, and more frequently in the swellings of the
branches as they issue from the trunk. One tree may yield as
much asa half pound. It is met with in commerce in crystal-
lized, reddish-white grains, which upon closer inspection are
seen to be mixed with particles of a purer white color. Large
colorless crystals are seldom met with in the north. Hanbury
says that it ‘‘has the odor of common or laurel camphor,
mixed with something that has been likened to patchouli. It
is less volatile than laurel camphor, and has a greater specific
gravity, so that it sinks in water.’”? Its composition is C,.H,O,
that of ordinary camphor being C,,H,O. It is isomeric with
Neat camphor (see Blumea balsamifera).

This drug is considered to be poisonous, and is little used
as an internal remedy. It has been used by persons attempting
suicide, but it is doubtful whether it will destroy the life of a

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 159

healthy person, and would not commend itself to many for
this purpose on account of its high price, being worth its own
weight of silver. It is said to have diaphoretic, sedative,
stimulant, antispasmodic, arthritic, anthelmintic, and escharotic
properties. It is applied as a powder to chancres, buboes,
carbuncles, and eczematous sores. It enters into the composition
of the better class of dusting powders, so agreeable in prickly-
heat and other eruptions. It is also applied to opacities of the
cornea, polypus of the nose, ranula, fistula, and to any disease
affecting the five senses or any of the apertures of the body.
Many of these recommendations are based upon merely theoret-
ical grounds. ‘The petty chiefs of Sumatra are said to embalm
their dead with this costly substance.

There is also an oil which exudes from the wood when the
tree is felled and split up, and in Sumatra this oil is very
cheap. It is not indentical with, and is superior in value
to the ordinary Oz/ of camphor, which is an uncrystallizable
residue exuding from the freshly sublimed laurel camphor to
the amount of three or four per cent. It might be suggested
that either of these oils, and preferably the former, would
make a cheap and excellent embrocation.

160 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

i.

ECHINOPS SPHAWROCEPHALUS.—ig J (Lou-lu),
756. Another name is #~ Yj (Yeh-lan), wild Aupatorinm.
Also 3% #§ (Chia-hao), artemisia with pods, on account of
its resemblance to Arfemzsta. Still another name given in
the Péntsao is HA Hy hie (Xuei-yu-ma), but this is, in all prob-
ability, another plant, may be SyAhonostegia. ‘The identifi-
cation used here is Faber’s, but without doubt the Chinese
confound several plants under the above names. The plant
is said to have a general resemblance to Artemzsia, Inucar-
villea, and Sesamum ; so it is little wonder that the Chinese,
with their lack of any definite system of classification, should
have confounded these. The plant has a quill-like stem,
and grows to the height of four or five feet. It bears yellow
flowers, and fruits in a pod. When dry, the pods, as well
as the whole plant, turn very dark, almost black in color.
Various parts are used in medicine, but the /4¢sao mentions
particularly the root and shoots. ‘The root goes by the name of
RE §# BL (La-li-kén). It is considered to be a very efficacious
and beneficial remedy, and is prescribed for virulent ulcers
and sores, failure of secretion of milk, to check exhausting
discharges, as an authelmintic, aud it is recommended for
use in the bath.

ECLIPTA ALBA.—fit % (Li-ch‘ang), @ of Hi (Han-
lien-ts‘ao), 359. A number of other names are given in
the /éntsao for this plant. Its identification is tolerably
certain, although Braun in the Hankow list called the product
“‘dried lilies’»/ The plant when’ broken exudes a black,
sticky juice, on which account it is called 3¢ (Mo-ts‘ai),
‘‘ink-vegetable.’? It grows in damp soil to the height of
one or two feet, has a white flower, and seeds like the /zzda.
A yellow flowered kind is spoken of, but this is confounded
with Forsythia. ‘The medicinal action of the plant is said to
be astringent, checking hemorrhage and fluxes, and it is used

to blacken the hair, tighten the teeth, and in all sorts of eye
troubles.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 161

ELZAGNUS LONGIPES.— i} # F (Hu-t‘ui-tzt).
This is an evergreen tree or shrub, growing in northern China
and Mongolia, bearing a drupe similar to that of Cornus
officinalts. Besides several names which are possibly translite
erations of Turkic or Mongol names, it is called #2 5i HR
(Ch ‘iao-érh-su), ‘* bird-cheese,’’ because the birds are fond of the
fruit. ‘The parts used in medicine are the seeds, the root, and
the leaves. The fruit should not be used in fever, and is
prescribed only in watery diarrhceas. ‘The root is used in
decoction as a wash for foul sores and itch in man, and for
sores on dogs and horses. It is also administered as an
astringent in hemoptysis. ‘The leaves are prescribed for coughs.

ELAOCOCCA CORDATA. See Dryandra cordata.

ELATOSTEMMA UMBELLATUM.—R H #
(Ch’ih-ch €-shih-ché). This is a red leaved, red stemmed,
purple rooted plant, growing in the central provinces, and
belonging to the foliage plants. The root is the part used. It
is acrid, bitter, and poisonous, and is prescribed for colds,
worm poison, and flatulence. It is said to improve the flesh
and the color of the skin, and is probably stomachic and tonic.

ELSHOLTZIA CRISTATA.—% 2 (Hsiang-ju), 4138<.
This plant occurs both in the wild and the cultivated states,
and seems to have its natural habitat in the central provinces.
It is grown in gardens, and is used as a pot-herb or condiment.
It is carminative, astringent, and stomachic, is prescribed in
fluxes, dropsy, and nausea, and if taken during the summer
months is supposed to ward off fevers. Nosebleed and burning
of the feet are treated with it. The plant has several other
names given to it in the Péztsao.

EPHEDRA VULGARIS.—fift # (Ma-huang), 801. This
is a common plant in north China and Mongolia. The prin-
cipal supply of the drug seems to have come from Honan
province. ‘The plant, with its leafless branches, has a slight
resemblance to Aguzsetum, and in Japan as well as in China
has been confounded with this latter. It bears yellow flowers,
and produces red, edible berries, which have been likened to

162 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

the raspberry. Pistillate and staminate flowers are borne on
different plants. The drug consists of the yellow, jointed stems
of the plant, tied up in bundles, or the stems from which the
joints have been rejected, cut up into a chaff-like mass. The
reason for rejecting the joints is because they are considered
to have a medical action differing from, and in a measure -
counteracting that of the stems. ‘Ihe action is represented
as decidedly diaphoretic and antipyretic. It is prescribed in
fevers, especially malarial fever, in coughs, influenza, and
post-partum difficulties. Its use should not he long continued,
lest it weaken the body.

The root, which is also known as fy +] (Kou-ku), together
with the joints, is considered to have an action directly opposed
to that of the stem, and is therefore prescribed in profuse
sweating, either critical or natural. It is used as a dusting
powder, applied to the whole body. Although it probably has
some astringent property, it is not recommended for any other
_ difficulty, or to be used in any different way. The fruit is
mucilaginous, with a slightly acrid or pungent flavor, and is
eaten by the Chinese.

EPIGHA ASIATICA.— lt tt ## (Shan-p‘i-p‘a). There
is no description of this in the books, and Li Shih-chen only
says that the charred twigs, pulverized and mixed with honey,
are very efficacious in the treatment of scalds and burns. ‘The
identification is Faber’s.

EPIMEDIUM SAGITTATUM. See Aceranthus sagit-
tatus.

EPIPHVYTES.—The Chinese do not distinguish between
epiphytes and parasites. Nearly all proper epiphytes go by -
the name of #F 46 (Chi-shéng), to which is prefixed the name
of the tree upon which they are found. The medical prop-
erties of the epiphyte in most cases are supposed to be some-
what similar to those of the plant upon which it grows.
There is therefore no sort of classification of these plants. The
only ones especially mentioned in the Péztsao are the mulberry
epiphyte, the peach epiphyte, and the wellow epiphyte, and

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 163

these are classed along with such things as Amber and Pachyma
cocos under the general heading of #f FC (Yii-mu), ‘‘ dwellers
on wood.’’ ‘These epiphytes have been identified as varieties of
Loranthus and Viscum, and will be treated of under those titles.
(See also Dendrobium, Fungi, Mushrooms, ard Pachyma.)

EQUISETUM ARVENSE.—[i] #i] (Wén-ching). ‘This
is spoken of in the /éztsao under the next article, from which
it does not seem to be clearly distinguished. It is said to grow
in Ili by the side of streams, to have a shoot similar to that
of Aguzsetum hyemale, and on account of its peculiar jointed
appearance, it is sometimes called 4% #4 Hi (Chieh-hsit-ts‘ao).
It is prescribed in decoction as an anodyiie and carminative.

EQUISETUM HYEMALE.—7p¢ fi (Mu-tsei), 877. This
is found in Kansu and Shensi growing in watery places. It is
likened to, and perhaps sometimes confounded with, Aphedra.
It grows to considerable length, and, on account of the large
amount of silicious material which it incloses, is used to
polish wood. The drug, as used by the Chinese, consists of
the leafless, striated, fistular stems, deprived of their cuticular
sheathes, and reduced to a coarse powder. It is used as an
astringent remedy in a variety of difficulties, such as ophthal-
mia, fluxes, menorrhagia, leucorrhcea, epiphora, various.
hemorrhages, and prolapse of the rectum. It is also recom-
mended in irritable uterus during pregnancy, and as an anti-
dote in case of having swallowed copper cash.

ERANTHIS KEISKII—@ 3§ (T‘u-k‘uei). This is a
Japanese identification. It is not certain that this may not
be an Anemone, a Hibiscus, or a Malva. ‘The figures and

. descriptions given in the Chinese books are not clear. It is

also called FE ZF (Ttien-k‘uei) and #F HK, EH (Lei-wan-ts‘ao).
It seems to be a small Malva-like plant, bearing a white flower,
and with thick green leaves, slightly purplish on the under
side. Its habitat is said to be Szechuan. ‘I‘he medical use of
the shoot is as an antilithic, and it is said to be antidotal and
anodyne in case of animal and reptile bites. The shoot seems
to be the only part recommended for use in medicine.

164 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ERGOT.—As rye does not grow in China, true ergot is
not found. A decoction of the shoots of Avena fatua (x 2,
Ch‘iao-mai) is given to parturient women to excite uterine
contractions, aud it may be surmised that there is an ergot-
like growth on these shoots. The /éz¢sao describes a growth
appearing on the heads of wheat and barley when the grain is
nearly ripe, which it calls 2 4g (Mai-nu). But this is prob-
ably a rust or smut, as no special action upon the uterus
has been discovered under its use. (See Avena fatua, Hor-
deum, Triticum, and Zea mays.)

ERIANTHUS JAPONICUS.—?® (Mang). This is a
grass, also called fi tY(Pa-mang) or # 4 (Pa-mao), and used
for making screens and fences. In Hupeh it is called A EH
(Pa-wang-ts‘ao). It is also used to make ropes, boxes, and
shoes, and the awns are used for brooms. ‘The stem is used
in decoction, or the juice of the green plant is employed, asa
dressing in animal bites and to promote the absorption of
extravasated blood. It is claimed that worn out boxes made
of this grass may be employed in the preparation of the decoc-
tion with wine, equally well as the plant itself, and it is there-
fore to be presumed that old shoes and ropes made of the
substance would be found similarly useful for this purpose.

ERIGERON KAMTSCHATICUM.— (P‘éng). This
is the same as Lrzgeron acre. It isa very common weed of
north China and Mongolia, but strange to say it is not de-
scribed in any of the Chinese medical works consulted. In
Japan the same character is used for Cozyza ambigua. ‘This
being a ‘‘tumble weed,’’ blown about by the winds, it is to
be presumed that the Chinese would have thought it useful
to quicken the circulation or give sprightliness to the muscles,
or something of that-sort.

ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA.—#k ## (P‘i-p‘a). This is
the ‘‘loquat,’’? or Japanese meddlar. Its Chinese name is said
to be derived from the shape of the leaves, which are likened
to that of the Chinese guitar, #€ @ (P‘i-p‘a). The term
joquat, however, is a transliteration of the Cantonese sound

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 167

of Jf #4 (Lu-chii), which is another name for the ‘‘ cumquat,”’
or golden orange. Just how this name came to be applied by
foreigners to the fruit of the Avvobotrya is uncertain, as the
Chinese books do not indicate any such use. However, it
seems that this term has gained currency in California, where
this fruit is now extensively grown. ‘The fruit, leaves, flowers,
and inner bark of the tree are used in medicine. The fruit, if too
freely eaten, is thought to injure the spleen, and if taken with
roast meat and hot bread will produce jaundice. Medicinally,
it is employed to relieve thirst and nausea and to palliate
cough. The most important medicinal virtues are ascribed to
the leaves (1012). In decoction, they are used to relieve vomit-
ing and cough, as well as in local application to ulcers, nose-
bleed, wine nose, chapped face, and smallpox ulcers. ‘he
flowers are used in coryza. If the bark is chewed and the juice
swallowed, it is said to relieve nausea and vomiting,

ERIOCAULON.—& ## Hi (Ku-ching-ts‘ao), 619. Sev-
eral species of this genus go under the same Chinese name.
That mentioned in the /é/sao is a troublesome weed in fields,
springing up after the grain has been harvested, and supposed
to be produced spontaneously from the aura of the grain ; hence
its name, ‘‘grain essence grass.’’ It bears small leaves and
tiny, star-shaped flowers, and in reference to this last fact it
receives several names. The plant is fed to horses, with a
view to preventing or curing intestinal worms. ‘The flowers
are used in medicine, especially in hemicrania and other head-
aches. They are also used as an astringent in nosebleed,
opacity of the cornea, especially that following smallpox, and
as an anodyne in cephalic diseases and sunstroke. The drug,
as described in the Customs list, comes in bundles of the dried
herbage.

ERITRICHIUM PEDUNCULARE.—% # (Chi-
ch‘ang-ts‘ao). This is the same as 7rigonetts peduncularts,
It is a common plant in gardens and courtyards. Children
express the juice of the plant and mix it with spider web to
use for catching cicadas. When chewed, the plant produces
a very viscous juice. It is used in medicine as a diuretic, and

166 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

as an emollient application in wounds. It is also recom-
mended as a bland remedy in diarrhoea and the dysenteries of
children.

EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES.—#f ff (Tu-chung), 1362.
This tree is found in Hupeh, Honan, Shensi, and Shansi, and
has been so identified by Oliver and at Kew. In Japan it is
Euonymus japonicus. Another name is JX #§ (Mu-mien), which
is the same as that of the cotton tree, Bombax malabaricum.
This name refers to the fact that on breaking the bark, and
drawing the fractured edges asunder, a delicate, silvery, silky
fibre is seen, which may be drawn out to the length of almost
an inch without breaking. ‘The leaves of the tree are eaten
when young, and the wood was formerly used to make pattens.
The bark is the part used in medicine, and is met with in
quilled or shrivelled pieces of four to five inches in length.
The brown, roughened cuticle is often removed in greatest
part, exposing the dark brown liber. The flowers, fruit, and
wood are astringent, and may be used in medicine. The action
of the bark is considered to be tonic, arthritic, diuretic, and
depurative, and is especially prescribed in difficulties of the
liver, kidneys, puerperal diseases, and excessive perspirations.
The use of the young leaves (called # 3F, Mien-ya) as food, is
thought to promote the elimination of poisonous effluvia, and to
prevent hemorrhoids.

EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA.—TJ %# (Ting-hsiang),
875, 1305. See Caryophyllus aromaticus.

EUONYMUS THUNBERGIANUS.—f§ 3 (Wei-mao).
This is the same as Avonymus alatus. Other names for it are
6%} (Kuei-chien), ‘devils’ arrow,’’ and ii! # (Shen-chien),
‘Cangels’ arrow.’’? It grows in the mountains, and is a shrub
with quadrangular, winged branches, and is known where it
grows by the name of [ ## Hf (Ssit-léng-shu), ‘‘ four-angled
tree,’? and also as 48 EF Hf} (Ch’a-yeh-shu), ‘‘tea-leaf tree.’’
An infusion of the flowers is used as a substitute for tea. The
wood of the tree is called J (Kou-ku), ‘‘dog’s bone,’’ and
is used only for fuel. Apparently the branches are the part

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 167

used in medicine. Astringent, anodyne, anthelmintic, and cor-
rective powers are ascribed to the drug, and it is especially
prescribed in menstrual and post-partum hemorrhages, and in
pernicious malaria.

EUPATORIUM.—j#® fH (Tsé-lan), 1355, BY 3S (Lan-
ts’ao). Faber makes the latter of these to be Aupatorium
lindleyanum. ‘The species of the former is unidentified, and
the term may refer to more than one species. In the Péndsao,
which discusses the two under separate headings, a large
number of synonymous names is given in each case; in some
instances the same name being found under both headings. Ti
Shih-chen says, ‘‘ The Zaz-/s’aoand the 7sé-/an are two species
of the same genus, and both grow on the borders of water
courses or in swamps. They have perennial roots, purple,
branched stems, with red joints, and opposite, slightly serrated
leaves issuing from the joints. But the Zaz-¢s’ao has a round
stem, long joints, and glabrous leaves, whilst the Zsé-/az has a
neatly square stem, short joints, and leaves covered with hair.
The flowers are in spikes, and are reddish-white.’? The parts
used medicinally in each case are the leaves. Diuretic, anthel-
mintic, and restorative properties are ascribed to the leaves of
the Zan-ts’ao, and they are used in colds and general debility.
They are also considered to be antidotal to various poisons,
and when made into a pomade will promote the growth of the
hair. The leaves of the Zsé-/az have similar properties, and
are used, as well, as an anodyne and nerve sedative in the
disturbances of pregnancy and the puerperal condition. They
are highly recommended for their constructive properties, The
roots, which are called $4) 3 (Ti-sun), and are sometimes
eaten for food, are considered beneficial to the circulation, and
restorative to women after child-birth. The seeds are prescribed
for the thirty-six diseases of women.

EUPHORBIA HELIOSCOPIA.—# # (Tsé-ch’i). This
is the same as Euphorbia lunulata. ‘The Chinese name means
‘marsh varnish,’’ and refers to the white, viscid juice which
the plant contains. It is a common wayside plant in mid-
China. The floral leaves are round and yellow, resembling the

168 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

pupil of a cat’s eye, and for this reason the plant is called $f
a ie Ag #4 (Mao-érh-yen-ching-ts’ ao). On account of its green
leaves and green flowers it is also called #% 3 #% (6 Wi (Lii-yeh-
lii-hua-ts’ao). The stalk and leaves are the parts used in
medicine. They are prescribed in fevers, dropsies (especially
anasarca), malaria, and as an anthelmintic. The young shoots
of the plant are sometimes eaten as food.

EUPHORBIA HUMIFUSA.—#f #% (Ti-chin). This
plaut has a large number of common names, referring to such
things as its nocturnal blooming habit, the form of its flower,
the use to which it is put medicinally, and the like. Itisa
very common creeping plant, found in fields and gardens, has a
reddish stalk, and bears a reddish-yellow flower. The whole
plaut is employed in medicine ; its chief uses being that of an
anthelmintic remedy, and in menorrhagia, dysentery, corroding
ulcers, hematuria, and hemorrhages from the bowels. All
sorts of discharging wounds and sores seem to be treated with
it. It is also used topically in decoction for the treatment of
impetigo, scabies, and other skin diseases.

EUPHORBIA LATHYRIS.—fq gi) (Lii-ju). In Japan
this is Huphorbia steboldiana, and another species which is
given in the Péztsao under this same title, and called HX [Rj #4
(Ts‘ao-lii-ju), is there Huphorbza palustris. In the Customs lists
(115) is given a product called -- 4 Hi (Ch‘ien-chin-ts‘ao) for
which this identification is suggested. The plant is mentioned
in the appendix to the Péztsao, where its resemblance to the
spurges is pointed out. The flowers, seeds, and herbage are
all prescribed in diarrhceas. There is also another mentioned,
called #€ PR Hi (Fei-yang-ts‘ao), 299, identified as Euphorbia
pilulifera, but this has not been found in the books. The Z7-7z is
a common mountain plant, growing from two to three feet high,
and has a large long root like that of the radish, sometimes
forked, with a yellowish-red skin, and white flesh containing
a yellow sap. The stem and leaves resemble those of other
spurges, and when broken they discharge a white sap. The
flowers are purple, the fruit the size of a pea. The root is
the part used in medicine, and is thought to have slightly

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 169

poisonous properties. It is considered to be antiseptic and anti-
putrefactive, and is used in decoction as a wash for foul ulcers,
gangrenous throat, and skin diseases. It is not much used
- internally.

EUPHORBIA PEKINENSIS.—FE & (Ta-chi), rars.
In Japan this is Huphorbea lastocaula. It is a common marsh
plant, growing to the height of two or three feet, and having
a hollow stem. The stem, when broken, discharges a white
juice. The purple plant of Hangchow, 539, is considered to
be the best for medicinal purposes. ‘The root is the part used
in medicine, is thought to be poisonous, and has a bitter acrid
taste, causing a sensation of scratching in the throat. It isa
favorite remedy with the Chinese for the 4 (gt) disease,
dropsies, persistent nausea and vomiting, and for diarrhceas.
It is thought to have specific action on the bowels and kidneys,
and to qttiet the uterus in pregnancy. A number of popular
prescriptions contain this as the principal ingredient. The
acrid juice secured from the stem of the plant is said to cure
toothache.

EUPHORBIA SIEBOLDIANA.—tf 3% (Kan-sti), 584.
This is a Japanese identification, which Faber follows. Henry
called it Wickstramza, which again Faber adopts. ‘Tatarinov
considered it to be Passerina, in which he is followed by
Porter Smith. This plant is also a common weed found grow-
ing in mid-China, especially in Shensi and Kiangsu. The
stem and leaves contain the same kind of milky juice as is
found in other spurges. ‘The root has a reddish skin and white
flesh. It is cylindrical, or eliptical, in shape, and smells some-
what like ginger. As sold on the market, the tubers are
usually separated, and as a rule much worm-eaten. ‘They are
administered in anasarca, ascites, tympanitis, hernia, hydrocele,
and dysuria. The drug is aiso applied to aching parts to
relieve pain and numbness, and is thought to relieve deafness.

EURYALE FEROX.—# @ (Chiien-shih), 125. This
plant, of the order of water lilies, has, like the lotus, been
cultivated throughout China from remote antiquity. Its farin-

170 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

aceous seeds are used as food. The popular name is ${€ fA (Chi-
t‘ou), from the resemblance of the flower to a cock’s head. A
number of similar names, having reference to the shape of the
flower, are given in the /éztsao. ‘The whole plant is covered
with prickles, and has large leaves, with prominent, spiny
veins. It is much cultivated for the sake of its stems, rhizomes,
and seeds, all of which contain much starch and are used as
food. A kind of dry biscuit is often prepared from the meal of
the kernels. The large, pear-shaped, indehiscent fruits are
many celled and filled with the oval seeds, which are compared
by. the Chinese to the eyes of fish. These seeds are of a ~
reddish color, mottled and veined with a whitish marbling,
and are pale at the hilum. ‘The interior is white, hard, and
starchy, and has a roughish taste. All parts of the plant are
used in medicine, and are considered to be tonic, astringent,
and deobstruent in their action. ‘They are recommended in
polyuria, spermatorrhoea, and gonorrhcea. The biscuit are
fed to children suffering from the £az (jf) disease.

EVODIA RUTZICARPA. See Boymia rutecarpa.

EXIDIA AURICULA JUDZ.—7R H (Mu-érh). This
is the same as /7/zrneola folytricha and Peziza auricula, and
is a common mushroom, or lichen, growing upon trees. The
Chinese choose those which grow upon five kinds of trees—the
mulberry, the Sophera, the paper mulberry, the elm, and the
willow—of which that growing upon the mulberry is considered
to be poisonous. The other four are used as food. Their
action upon the system is considered to be very beneficial,
giving lightness and strength to the body and strengthening
the will. They are thought to aid in the cure of hemorrhoids
and to prevent other hemorrhages. The mulberry epiphytes
are considered to be especially useful for this purpose, and
are prescribed in all sorts of hemorrhages. ‘Those growing
upon other trees are thought to have medical virtues some-
what similar to those of the tree upon which they-are found,
but these will be mentioned under the appropriate article in
each case.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 171

F.

FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM.—# 38 (Ch’ iao-mai), 87.
Other names are i #8 (Ch’iao-mai), & 2 (Wu-mai), and #
(Hua-ch’iao). It is sometimes called vulgarly ff @ (T’ien-
ch’iao), ‘‘sweet buckwheat,’’ to distinguish it from 7F # (K’u-
ch’iao), ‘‘ bitter buckwheat,” spoken of in the next article.
Buckwheat is an important crop in the central provinces of
China, being mnch depended upon as food. It is therefore
classed by the Chinese among the cereals, although it is a
polygonaceous~plant.. -The small, triangular, nut-like fruits of
this plant are very sweet and oily. When ground they make
avery nourishing and digestible food. Pastry made from the
dark colored dough of this flour is commonly sold in the streets.
The crop must be cut before the frost, as the plant is very
susceptible to cold. ‘The use of buckwheat as food is considered
to be highly beneficial to all of the viscera, giving spirit and
streneth to the body. It is recommended as a diet in colic,
choleraic diarrhoea, fluxes of all kinds, and abdominal obstruc-
tions. Gravel, gonorrhoea, and eruptions in children are also
thought to be benefited by its use. It is supposed to affect the
growth of the hair, and a poultice of the meal is very effica-
cious as an application to abscesses, carbuncles, and the like.
The leaves and the stalks are also used in medicine ; the former
being considered to be carminative, but, if taken in excess, to
produce an eruption. The ashes of the latter are used in combi-
nation with lime as an application to virulent sores, unhealthy
granulations, and to the relief of centipede bites.

FAGOPYRUM TARTARICUM.—‘4 # 2 (K’u-ch’iao-
mai). This ‘‘ bitter buckwheat’ issimilar to Fagopyrum escu-
lentum, but is considered by the Chinese to be slightly poisonous,
injuring the stomach and producing jaundice, if taken in
excess. Its only use is found in the scraped bark being taken
in combination with bean hulls, the seeds of Cassza tora, aud
orange peel for making a pillow. This pillow, being habit-
ually used on the bed, is considered to have a beneficial action
on the eyes.

172 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

FALLOPIA NERVOSA.—## $f #£ (Hsieh-pao-yeh). A
plant described as a tall shrub, found growing wild at Macao
aud Canton, and furnishing a tea leaf, is thus identified by
Loureiro and Bridgeman. It is not found in the Féztsao.
The name, #% |lJ 9 (Hou-shan-ch’a), which is also given to it,
is probably local, and does not indentify it with the jj 2¢
(Shan-ch’a), Camellia oleifera.

FARFUGIUM KA/MPFERI.—3E2 # (T’o-wu). This
plant is so identified in Japan, but is described in the Péztsao
under Zusszlago farfara, and is not discriminated from this
latter. Its medicinal uses, therefore, will be referred to the
article on Zzsszlago.

FATSIA PAPYRIFERA.—3f Bt 7K (T’ung-t?o-mu), 3%
¥ (T’ ung-ts’ao), 1405. The second name given above is the
cominon name of the plant, but it is also the term under which
Akebia guinata is described in the Pénztsao. 'To prevent con-
fusing these, this fact must be borne in mind. This aralia-
cious plant, which is the same as Aralia papyrifera, has been
identified by Sir W. Hooker as the source of the rice paper
used by Chinese women in the making of artificial flowers.
This paper is also used by Chinese artists, who make brilliant
paintings upon it. The plant is herbaceous, but some-
times has a tree-like appearance. It grows plentifully in
Formosa, and has been found in Hupeh and Szechuan. Diu-
retic, pectoral, galactagogue, anthelmintic, deobstruent, and
antidotal properties are attributed to the plant. A decoction
is used for washing sore heads. The pollen found upon the
flowers is considered to be a specially efficacious application to
infectious sores, hemorrhoids, and in consumption. The
broken rice paper, called jf ¥& }e (T’ung-ts’ao-p’ien), and
the rice paper cuttings, called jf Bi # (T’ ung-ts’ao-sui), are
used to absorb discharges from wounds.

FERNS.—A large number of different kinds of ferns is
found in China, but they have not been much studied, and
only a few are mentioned in the Péxtsao. Under the name
of Re (Chiieh) and #% (Wei) the Fézzsao discusses the more

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 173

cominon kinds, which are Prerzs, Osmunda, and Vincetoxicum,
and they will be further discussed under these titles. The
young shoots of some kinds are eaten, and a kind of arrow-root
is made from the rhizomes, which, after proper washing and
cooking, are also eaten, in spite of their bitterness. Of course
these things are only used as substitutes for food in times
of famine, which is an index of the sad distress of the country
at such times. Demulcent, diuretic, soporific, and vulnerary

properties are ascribed to these roots.

FERN and LYCOPODIUM SPORES.—if— 4 #& (Hai-
chin-sha), 344, ff fq # (Chu-yiten-sui). The fern which pro-
duces these spores is found in all of the Yangtse provinces,
from Szechuan to the sea. The fern grows in hilly districts
in shady places, preferably among trees. Hence the second
name above given, ‘‘ bamboo garden coriander.’’ ‘The product,
which is commonly called by the Chinese ‘‘ golden sea-sand,”’
is an exceedingly light, fine, reddish-brown powder, which
burns almost as readily as Lycopodium powder. Its medicinal
action is considered to be diuretic, antilithic, and sedative, and
it is given in fevers, dysuria, hematuria, and other urinary
disorders. It is suggested that it might be used as a substitute
for lycopodium powder in pill making.

FERULA.—[ij] #8 (A-wei), [ij ER (A-yii), Be @ (Asiin-_
ch‘), PS #2 YE (Ha-hsi-ni). The Pénxtsao says that the first
character given above is the equivalent of the interjection
‘Oh!’ supposed to be uttered over this stinking gum resin.
The second name given is the Persian equivalent, while in
India it is called JB #@ (Hsing-ch‘i), Sanscrit Avugu,; and
another name said to be used in western Asia is Jt ff (Yang-
kuei). The last name given at the head of this article is the
Mongolian, or Turkic, equivalent. ‘The countries of Central
Asia seem to be the source of supply, but it is said to be found
growing also in the Kunlun mountains. As is the case with
the European supply, the drug is probably derived from Ferula
narthex and Ferula scorodosma, as well as from other species.
A very good description of the drug and its preparation are
given in the /éztsao, where the rarity of the genuine article

174 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

is also spoken of. ‘There is a saying to the effect that ‘‘ of
assafwtida there is none genuine ; of skullcap (a common herb)
there is none sophisticated.’? Garlic, together with the pla-
centa of a lying-in woman, or a dead foetus, is actually boiled
in water and evaporated to produce an abominable compound
as a substitute for this stinking drug. The Mongols use as-
safoetida with meat as a condiment. The drug is said to be
the exudation from both an herband a tree. ‘That prepared by
pounding and boiling down the root is deemed superior to the
simple exudation of the cut root. The yellow grained samples
are said to be the best. Siamese and Sumatran assafcetida are
said to be collected like gamboge, with which they are perhaps
confounded. Several tests for proving the genuineness of the
drug are given in the /ézfsao ; one being that it should leave
a white mark on a copper vessel after being kept in it over
night. Deodorizing, anthelmintic, carminative, cordial, altera-
tive, antispasmodic, deobstruent, alexipharmic, and antiperiodic
properties are ascribed to it. It is said to assist in the diges-
tion of every kind of meat, and to correct the poison of stale
meats, meats of animals that have died of disease, and of edible
mushrooins and herbs. Possibly one of the ascribed virtues
which would prove most useful to ordinary humanity is that
of suppressing the devil and driving out evil. The Péxtsao
does not say whether this is a result of the odor, or of an astral
aura emanating from the second character of the name. This
character is properly written #4 (Wei). It is possible that
galbanum is also sometimes confounded with assafoetida.

FICUS CARICA.—#€ 7¢ 2 (Wu-hua-kuo), ft G #
(VYing-jéh-kuo), #& 3 $k (Yu-t‘an-po), [aj §H (A-tsang) The
first two names given above are the common names of the
ordinary Chinese fig, and the third and fourth names are said
to be those of the Cantonese and Persian varieties respectively.
The Chinese fig, the natural habitat of which is probably the
Yanegtse valley, is a small, irregular shrub, bearing a fruit very
‘much smaller and inferior in quality to the Persian variety.
In the article on this subject in the /éz¢sao, three other fig-
like plants are spoken of. One, the % 3 3% (Wén-kuang-
kuo), Faber identifies as Xaxthoceras sorbifolia. Another,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 175

called F fi} HE (Tien-hsien-kuo), is Ficws erecta ; while the
third, which is unidentified, is called JE f (Ku-tu-tzi).
Stomachic and corrective qualities are asciibed to the fig,
which is sometimes called 7X #% $8 (Mu-man-t‘ou), as is also
the fruit ot Azcuws pumila. The leaves, which are thought
to be slightly poisonous, are recommended to be used to
steam painful and swollen piles. Mr. Eitel (Handbook of
Chinese Buddhism) gives ff 5% Sk 2 ( Yu-yiin-po-lo) as the name
of a tree, the Udumbara of the Buddhists, which is /%cus
glomerata. This may be the fig referred to by the third name
at the head of this article.

FICUS PUMILA.—Z jf (Mu-lien), #% 3% (Pi-li), 7 48 BA
(Mu- -man-t‘ou), 9, #2 BH (Kuei-man-t‘ou). The Chinese names
given to this plant are also applied to other plants. ‘The first
above given is used for the Wagunolia, while the third is equally
applied to Fzcus stipulata, and probably also to Ficus cartca.
Probably the most distinctive name is the second. ‘The leaves
are large and round, and if bruised, exude a white juice, like
varnish. ‘This suggests its Samira to the F7cus tndica, the
source of gum dac. The plant is a creeper, and bears a hollow
‘*fruit’? of red color. This product is much esteemed by the
birds, which eat of it with great avidity. whe leaves are used
in medicine in the treatment of dysentery, hematuria, and
locally as an application to carbuncle. The juice of the vine
is also employed in the treatment of skin diseases. The whole
plant is thought to have a beneficial action upon the virile
powers, and is therefore used in the treatment of spermator-
rhoea, andas a galactagogue. The plant, when eaten, is said to
remove pain in the heart.

FICUS RETUSA.—#¥ (Jung). This is the Banyan tree,
of which the adventitious rootlets, called #4 #3 (Jung-hsii), are
used in medicine. The /éztsao speaks of the varnish-like
juice which exudes from the tree, but does not mention its
being used in medicine. The tree is found in China most
plentifully in the province of Fukien. A good description is a
given in the appendix to the Péntsao. ‘The only use to which
the rootlets seem to be put is in the treatment of toothache,

‘\\

176 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

for which purpose they are mixed with salt, thoroughly dried
and powdered, and applied to the decayed or aching tooth.
‘They are considered to be a sovereign remedy.

FICUS STIPULATA.— = F (Aji-yii-tzt), 9. The
@& (Ai) is a delicate climbing plant of Formosa and the south-
eastern provinces, which bears a fig-like fruit. The plant is
not mentioned in the /ézfsao, nor in any other medical work
examined. Kanghsi’s Dictionary mentions it, but is very
indefinite in its description. That mentioned in the Customs
lists came from Formosa and was exported to Java. Porter
Smith describes the exported article as hard, dried, woody,
immature, tasteless fruits, generally attached to their stalks,
or sometimes separated, and cut into two, showing the charac-
teristic fructification of the genus. The fruits are also called
fi BA Gi (Man-t‘ou-lo; and ZX fi §A (Mu-man-t‘ou). To what
use they are put does not appear, but it has been suggested that
they may be employed in decoction as a fomentation for painful
piles and ulcers.

FCQENICULUM VULGARE.—#¥ 3€ (Shih-lo), 2& HE Hy
(Tzii-mo-lo', oJ. jay # (Hsiao-hui-hsiang), 438. ‘The first of
the names is from the Persian z2/a, or z7ra. ‘Ihe second is also
of foreign origin, but from what language is not known. ‘The
third refers to the origin of the drug from a Mohammedan
country. The stalks and leaves of the plant are eaten in
China, and the seeds are in frequent demand as a condiment.
The fexnel is sometimes confounded with star-anzse. The
fruits, commonly called seeds, are greyish-brown, slightly
curved, beaked, with five prominent ridges, and have the
characteristic aroma of the fennel. The shoots of the young
plant are considered to be carminative and respiratory. ‘The
fruits are prescribed in fluxes, dyspepsia, colic, and other abdom-
inal disorders of children. Made into a Sfzret of Fennel, it is
used locally for backache and toothache. ‘The leaves and stems
may be similarly employed. A number of other fennel-like
plants are mentioned in the Péx/sao under this article. Some
of these are used for food in their natural habitat, and the me-
dicinal virtues of all are regarded as similar to those of fennel.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. B77

FORSYTHIA SUSPENSA.—# #4 (Lien-ch‘iao), 7109.
This is spoken of in the classics as jf (Lien) and §&
(I-ch‘iao). In the Erhya 9 j# -— (Han-lien-tzt) is given
as a synonym, but this is also given in the Péztsao as a
synonym for 4® I (Li-ch‘ang), which is Ac/zpta alba. BE
(Han-lien-ts‘ao) is mentioned in the Customs lists (359), but
this probably refers to Eclzpta alba or Wedelia calendulacea.
Strange to say, Braun, in the Hankow list, identifies this
latter with dried lilies. In this he has probably been misled
by the first two characters. Another name given in the
Péntsao for. the Forsythia is Bj H#€ (Lan-hua), which is
properly a name applied to several orchidaceous plants.
The elu also gives = fi (San-lien), and the root is called
sit #2 (Lien-yao) and ff # (Chu-kén). ‘This shrubby plant
grows in marshy places. ‘There is also said to be a smaller
variety which grows on high mountains. The fruit is a cap-
sule, and it is the valves of this which appear in commerce.
These are little, boat-shaped, brown bodies, a half to three-
fourths of an inch in length, with a thin longitudinal parti-
tion. They originally contained a few dark, pendulous seeds,
which have an aromatic taste. The seeds are not mentioned
in the Chinese’ medical books. ‘The valves are reputed to be
autiphlogistic, antiscrofulous, laxative, diuretic, and emmen-
agogue. ‘They are prescribed also for deatness, and as an
anthelinintic in pin-worms. ‘The stalks and leaves are thought
to be antifebrile, with special action on the lungs and heart.
They are used in poultice as an application to ulcerated
glands and piles. The root is regarded as slightly poisonous.
Besides its antifebrile action, its use is thought to have an
exceedingly beneficial influence on the circulation, improving
the appearance of the body, and giving life and force. It is
also prescribed in colds and jaundice. A decoction of the root
is used for washing cancerous sores.

FRAGARIA INDICA.—#¥ 4% (Shé-mei), #4 # (Ti-mei).
Both names refer to the creeping habit of the plant. It is
quite common in neglected gardens and along the roadsides.
It bears yellow flowers and a bright red fruit, and the leaves,
_ together with the root, are used in medicine. ‘The fruit is

178 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

also thought to be slightly poisonous, and the juice is taken in
fevers and to counteract arrow poison and snake bite. It is
considered to be antiseptic, and is therefore applied to aphthous
sore mouth and fever sores.

FRAGARIA WALLICHII.—f #2 # (Ti-yang-mei).
This plant grows north of the Yangtse in moist, shady places,
and in the fourth and fifth months there is fruit. Nothing
farther is said in regard to it in the Péxztsao. ‘The stem of the
plant is used in dysentery and chronic diarrhea.

FRAXINUS PUBINERVUS.—# J& (Ch’in-p’i), 172.
The first character is properly written #4 (Chin), Another
name is 7 #m@ (K’u-li), but this name is applied in the Peking
mountains to Fraxznus bungeana, which is one of the plauts
upon which the wax insect lives. The C/’z#-f'2 is a tree with
a green bark. It is not distinguished by the Chinese from
some varieties of Quercus. ‘The bark, when steeped in water,
is said to produce a bluish indelible ink. The common name
of the wood is fy ## 7 (Pai-hsiin-mu). The bark is the
part used in medicine, and its virtues seem in the main to be
those of an astringent. It is prescribed in catarrhal fever,
inflamed eyes, fluxes, and in decoction to wash snake and
insect bites. It is also regarded as tonic to the genito-urinary

system.

FRITILLARIA ROYLEI.— }} (Pei-mu), 993. This
liliaceous plant grows in different parts of China. It is culti-
vated in Chekiang and exported from Ningpo. It is also much
cultivated in Szechuan, and this variety is regarded as much
superior to any other. The Reports of Trade for 1869 and 1880
give interesting notices of this drug. The Hankow reports for
1879 also speak of the Szechuan drug. Father David mentions
the Pei-mu as growing in the high mountains of Thibet, having
yellow flowers, and the corms being used in medicine. That
growing in Chekiang has grayish-white flowers. According to
Henry, the name /ez-ma is applied in Hupeh to an orchid,
which is not the same as the Szechuan drug. Porter Smith’s
identifications of this drug are all wrong, unless that of Uvu-

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 179

laria grandiflora may be correct in some parts of China. These
genera are closely allied and somewhat difficult to distinguish,
The classical name of the plant is dR (Méng) or fj (Méng). The
first character of the common name is also written H. ‘This
name has reference to the bulbs resembling a bunch of cowry
shells. The corms are dug up in the spring and autumn, so
that the difference in size depends not only on the difference in
species, but also on the stage of development of the corm.
Those coming from Chekiang are usually as large as a good
sized marble. The Szechuan variety is smaller and held in
more esteem than the others, and commands a higher price.
These corms are naked, of a white, or yellow color, and may
be broken into two or more segments, disclosing the central
shoot. They are easily crushed by the teeth to a white,
starchy, and almost tasteless powder. The likeness of this
product to the oriental Hermodactyls and Colchicum is suggest-
ed. ‘I‘he corms are used by the Chinese in medicine, and are
- prescribed in fevers, coughs, dysuria, hemorrhages, deficiency
of milk, threatened mammary abscess, lingering labor, rheumat-
ism, and diseases of the eye. They are regarded as having
specially favorable action on the viscera and the bone marrow.
They are also highly recommended in spider, snake, and
scorpion bites.

FUCUS SACCHARINUS. See Alge.

FUMARIA OFFICINALIS.—3% 7E it J (Tzi-hua-ti-
ting), 1411 (?). This is a common roadside weed in China,
described in the Péztsao as of two varieties : one having purple,
and the other white flowers. The herbage of these plants is
used in decoction as an application to glandular swellings,
strumous sores, carbuncles, and every kind of abscess. It is
also taken internally for jaundice, and to remove wheat awns
from the throat.

FUNGI.— fit #4 (Chih-érh-lei). Fungi growing on
trees (7k FH, Mu-érh, ‘‘ wood-ears’’) are preferred by the
Chinese to the more delicate mushrooms. Many of the latter
are apparently poisonous, and some of the more delicate varie-

180 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ties are not grown in China, which facts lead the Chinese to the
same result. See Epiphytes, Dendrobium, Exidia, Loranthus,
Mushrooms, Pachyma cocos, and Viscum.

FUNKIA SUBCORDATA.— = # (Vii-tsan), & #8 (il)
(Pai-hao-hsien). This is a common cultivated plant of the
Chinese gardens, growing to the height of a foot or so, having
large, round leaves, which are dark on the under side. The
stem of the plant is bracted, and the flowers grow in the axils
of the bracts. They are white and pearly, giving origin to
the Chinese name. ‘The root and leaves are used in medicine ;
both being regarded as poisonous. ‘The expressed juice of the
root is considered to be a counter poison to infectious abscesses
and cancerous sores. It is prescribed in the early stages of
cancer of the breast, abortion, to overcome cantharidal poison-
ing, and as an anodyne in fish bone lodged in the throat,
fractures, and the extraction of teeth... The bruised leaves are
applied in insect bites, and a spirit is taken or applied in car-
diac pain. ‘The flowers are now distilled and a perfumery made,
which is used in cosmetics. They are also prescribed in sup-
pression of urine or dysuria, as well as being added to prescrip-
tions for the treatment of skin diseases and wounds.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 181

&:

GALANGA.—See Alpinia officinarum.

GALBANUM.-—It is entirely probable that this drug is
imported into China, as it comes from a region which supplies
many such products to the Chinese markets. But under what
name it tay come has not yet been ascertained. It is possible
that in some cases it may be confounded with assafoetida.

GALIUM APARINE.—3£ fit HR (Chu-yang-yang). This
cleavers is thus identified by Faber, but it is not found in the
Péntsao. ‘The Kuang-chiin-fang-pu places it among green vege-
tables, but nothing is said in regard to it except that pigs are
very fond of it, and that it is used as a vegetable in the spring.

GALLA.—% €£& Ff (Wu-shih-tzt), 4% 4 - (Mu-shih-
tzii), 874, 2 4 F (Mo-shih-tzit), HE ZA jf (Mo-t’u-tsé), The
most of the names above given are attempts to reproduce the
Persian name JZazu. Efforts to explain the Chinese names in
any other way are scarcely warranted, however plausible some
of these explanations may seem. The description of the tree
given in the /éztsao is very vague, aud the Chinese seem to be
ignorant of the origin of these galls, which they suppose to be
a fruit of the tree alternating with the proper fruit. Those
coming from Persia and Arabia have long been prized in
China. These galls are not essentially different from those
found in the European markets, as they practically come from
the same place. The Chinese books direct that the galls shall
be pierced, and dried in a sand bath until they assume a
brownish-black color, when they are ready for use in medicine.
Their use in making ink seems to have been formerly known
in China, as also their use asa hair dye. ‘They are powdered
and given in dysentery, chronic diarrhoea, nocturnal sweating,
seminal emissions, toothache, and the az (jf) disease in
children. ‘They are applied to sores and skin affections as a
stimulant and astringent. Galls have been successfully em-
ployed in some parts of India in very mild and chronic forms of

182 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

intermittent fever. Modern Chinese seem to understand~ the
antiperiodic effect of this drug, although the Cinchona salts
have superseded all other forms of treatment for malarial fevers.

GALLA SINENSIS.—x. f -F (Wu-pei-tzii), 1466.
These are the galls that are produced upon the leaves or leaf-
stalks of Rhus semzalata by an insect, which is probably an
aphis. The tree is of the same genus as that which yields the
Chinese and Japanese varnish or lacquer. In India the excres-
cence is called Aakra-singie, and sometimes attains to the size
of a man’s fist. The galls are usually met with as hard, brittle,
oblong, horn-like, contorted bodies, about an inch and a half
long, and resembling a seashell. They are pointed, or taper-
ing, at either end, or triangular, irregular, and tuberculated.
The outer surface is velvety, of a yellowish or light brown
color, the thin walls somewhat translucent, and the interior
smooth, and occupied by the remains of the insect. They
contain between seventy and eighty per cent. of tannin. They
are collected for the most part in Manchuria and the province
of Szechuan. ‘There is a Japanese kind which is smaller, and
that from India, produced upon the Akus succedanea, is more
cylindrical. These galls are used by dyers and tanners to pro-
duce a black color, or are mixed with cochineal and other
coloring substances (according to Dr. Williams) to produce grey,
brown, and fawn tints. They are the principal ingredient in a
kind of imperial electuary, which is very highly rated and only
obtainable as a gift from the throne. The Chinese use them
medicinally as an expectorant, astringent, and corrective
remedy, and they are applied topically to chancres, swellings,
and wounds. ‘The second character in the name at the head of
this article is properly written #7 (P’ei).

Faber speaks of the Gad/s of Celtis stnensts, which he calls
A WE HI (Mu-t’ao-érh), but these are not mentioned in the
Péntsao.

GAMBIR.—See Areca catechu and Uncaria gambir.

GARCINIA MORELLA.—j® # (T’éng-huang). These
characters are sometimes wrongly written Jj w# (T’ ung-huang).
This is the same as Garcinia hanburiz, and the drug produced,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 183

which is the inspissated juice, derived from incisions made into
the bark of the tree, and collected in a hollow bamboo, is the
Szamese gamboge of commerce. ~The tree, which is common in
Hunan and Shensi, is called #¢ jf (Hai-t’éng). When the
juice exudes from the bark and drops upon the stones, it is
called #% Be (Sha-huang). That which exudes from the tree
and congeals on the bark is called |} # (La-huang). We are
indebted to Hanbury for his careful observations upon this
substance. A full account will be found in his Science Papers,
page 326 et seq. Gamboge, as it appears in the Chinese mar-
ket, consists of short cylindrical pieces of the shape of the
bamboo tube in which it has been prepared. Irregular masses
are also found. Chinese draughtsmen use it asa pigment. Its
medicinal use is limited to external application ; its purgative
properties either not being known, or else considered of too
violent a character for safety. The Chinese regard it as very
poisonous. It is used both alone in powder, and as an ingre-
- dient in a large numberof prescriptions, for the treatment of
wounds of all kinds, cancerous sores, and to cause decayed and
painful teeth to drop out. Its irritant and stimulant action
upon the skin is fully taken advantage of in the treatment of
indolent ulcers.

GARDENIA FLORIDA.—#a Ff (Chih-tztt), 639. There
are several kinds of this shrub in China, and these have been
divided into species by various observers, such as the one here
given, Gardenia radicans, Gardenia grandiflora, Gardenia
rubra, and the like. But great confusion exists in regard to
these identifications, and as the uses of the various drugs
derived from these plants are practically the same, and as the
Péntsao discusses them all under one head, they will not be
separated here. Generally speaking, two kinds of dried fruits
from these plants are found in Chinese medicine. One, the
larger, is called simply #@ - (Chih-tztl), while the other and
smaller is called [lj #@ $e \Shan-chih-tzt). The larger occurs
as a smooth, oblong, orange-brown, or yellowish, imperfectly
two-celled berry, from one to two inches in length, strongly
marked with six ribs which terminate in the superior perma-
nent calyx, which generally crowns even the dried fruit of the

184 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

shops. The pericarp is fragile and horny, marked internally
by two uarrow, projecting receptacles. ‘The seeds are numer-
ous and embedded in a dark orange pulp. ‘The smaller fruits
are met with as ovoid, smooth, six-ribbed, light or dark brown,
or even black berries, crowned with more of the calyx than are
the larger fruits. They vary from one-half to an inch or more
in length. ‘These are the berries which are more frequently
used ii medicine than are the large ones. In the Customs lists
several different kinds of the drug are mentioned as appearing
in commerce. i Pa — (Huang-chih-tzit), 512, is given as the
principal term for this product, while 7 a— (Chien-chih), 103,
is a kind from Chienchang prefecture in Kiangsi. The name
i Pa fF (Huang-chih-tzi) is not found in the Péztsao, but is
mentioned in other Chinese medical works. It seems to be
identical with the common #@ -f (Chih-tzit). [lj He $F (Shan-
chih-tzti) and j{j #& #m (Shan-hei-chih), 1092, are given as
naines for the variety yielding the small fruit. The Hankow list
speaks of the #0 Pe -- (Hung-chih-tzt) as a species of Gardenia
from Szechuan. All of these fruits are used for dyeing pur-
poses, producing a beautiful yellow color, but there is some
difference in the value of the different fruits for this purpose ;
the Szechuan variety producing a reddish yellow or orange color.
The flowers of the plant are very fragrant, and are used for
flavoring tea and in cosmetic preparations. In the season when
they are in bloom, they are much worn by Chinese women as
hair ornaments. The medicinal uses of the smaller fruits are
various ; they being prescribed in fevers, fluxes, dropsies, lung
diseases, jaundice, and externally as a vulnerary remedy. ‘The
larger fruits are more particularly used externally ; the pulp
being applied to swellings and to injuries, and to such diffi-
culties as wine-nose, dog bite, slight burns and scalds, and the
like. Other names given for this plant are 7 J¥- (Mu-tan), jk BE
(Viieh-t‘ao), and f# =& (Hsien-chih). In the Customs lists the
root of this plant, #@ $- HE (Chih-tzu-kén), 140, is spoken of as
an article of commerce, but this is not mentioned in the Péxtsao.

GASTRODIA ELATA. — 9 $f (Ch‘ih-chien), Fe fit
T‘ien-ma), 1296. This orchidaceous plant, called ‘‘red-
arrow’’ by the Chinese, grows in the plains of the central

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 185

provinces. Pao P‘o-tzii says that the plant moves even when
the air is still; while Tao Hung-ching goes one better, and
says that it is not moved by the wind, and moves only in still
air! ‘The central root is large, and it is said to always have
twelve smaller tubers of the size of a hen’s egg on the side.
These tubers are much used for food, both raw and steamed.
The best sort comes from Shantung. It is worthy of note that
an Australian species of this plant, Gastrodza sesamotdes, has
a root which is full of starch, and which is used as food by
the natives. The tubers, dried and shrivelled, are found in
the Chinese medicine shops. They are in the form of flat,
yellowish-brown pieces, irregularly oblong, and measuring from
two to two and a half inches long by one inch and a half
broad. This drug is considered to have very beneficial prop-
erties, expelling all kinds of poisonous effluvia, giving strength
and virility to the body, improving the circulation, and strength-
ening the memory. It is prescribed in rheumatism, neural-
gia, paralysis, lumbago, headaches, and other neuralgic and
nervous affections. ‘The stalk of the plant, which is called
ie f + (Huan-t‘ung-tzti), is also considered to be tonic and
aphrodisiac. The plant also produces a fruit, which becomes
yellow and ripe as the leaves begin to shrivel up and fall off.
It contains seeds, the kernels of which are starchy.

GELSEMIUM ELEGANS. —& Wy (Kou-wén). ‘This
identification is not quite certain. Faber uses this same Chi-
nese name also for Rhus toxicodendrom. But in an article on
Chinese Drugs, published in the China Review (Vol. XV, page
214), it is proved that the plant Koz-wénx of the Pénxtsao is
Gelsemium elegans. It is known at Hongkong under the
names of §§ £4 f% (Hu-wan-ch‘iang), fj jy Hi (Tuan-ch ‘ang-
ts‘ao), and Fe 3 HE RR (Ta-ch‘a-yeh-t‘éng), the two former of
which are names found in the Péztsao as synonyms of Kou-wén,
In Japan it is Rhus toxtcodendron, but i FR FS Go) Yy (Huang-
tsing-yeh-kou-wén) is given as an equivalent term, and this is
also assigned to Croomza japonica. ‘The extremely poisonous
character of this plant is well recognized by the Chinese, and
one of the names given to it is f@ # (Tu-kén), ‘‘ poison root.”
Li Shih-chen says: ‘‘When people happen by mistake to eat

4 oy

186 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

the leaves mixed with vegetables, they die in the course of
half a day.’’ ‘The plant is also called ff ff 34 (Ttuan-ch‘ang-
ts‘ao) and }iq I; Hi (Lan-ch‘ang-ts‘ao), because when it comes
in contact with the bowels of man or beast, they become black
and gangrenous in a short time. The younger leaves in
spring and summer are especially dangerous. ‘The old leaves
in autumn are less injurious. The counter-poisou recommend-
ed by the /Péztsao is the blood ef a white goose or duck.
Medicinally the root is used, and it is recommended for
wounds, caked breast, perspiring feet, and skin eruptions. In
these cases it is presumed that it is used locally. It is also
said to be useful in coughs and poisonous effluvia, as well as
in difficulties of the vecal organs. How it is administered in
these cases is not mentioned. ‘he substance is also used for
killing birds and other animals. So exceedingly fearful are
the Chinese of its poisonous properties, that full directions are
given for counteracting its effects. It would seem that fuller
directions as to its administration and dosage would have been
equally advantageous.

GENTIANA SCABRA.—ége )f§ (Lung-tan), 791. PB i
(Ling-yu) is another name. ‘The first Chinese name is used
for more than one species of Gentzan. Indeed the Index
Florze Sinensis enumerates fifty-seven species of this genus,
many of which are called by this one name. Morrison, in
his dictionary, applies this name also to Dictamuus albus, and
according to Porter Smith, this substance has been found in
the markets under this Chinese name. The plant is common
in mid-China, growing in mountain valleys. It has a blue,
bell-shaped flower, and a perennial root, which in the recent
state is almost white. As it appears in the shops, it consists of
long, reddish-brown, numerous rootlets, attached to a short,
twisted rhizome, which is seen on section to be much closer and
more of a brown color than the European gentian root. ‘The
taste is agreeably bitter. It is prescribed in fevers, rheumat-
ism, poisonous effluvia of the viscera, fluxes, and general
debility. Its use is thought to benefit the liver, strengthen the
memory, and give lightness and elasticity to the body. Itis |
used locally in skin diseases and ulcers, and in affections of the

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 187

throat. Its anthelmintic properties are also recognized. It
is specially recommended in nocturnal sweating, hematuria,
and ophthalmia.

GERANIUM NEPALENSE.—4F fi (Niu-pien). This
identification is exceedingly doubtful. The Japanese identify
it as Aconitum lycoctonum, but Faber identifies that found here
in China as this craveshill. ‘The plant grows in marshy places
in river valleys; the leaves resembling aconite leaves. Both
the leaves and root are used in decoction for washing sores,
and especially for destroying lice and maggots on cattle. The
plant is not poisonous, although the root is considered to be
slightly deleterious. The /éxtsao speaks of another plant
under this head, which is also used for killing pediculi. ‘This
is called #, ## HZ (Shih-chien-ts‘ao). It has not been identified.

GEUM DRYADOIDES.—itf @ (Shé-han), Be i (Shé-
hsien), #£ % (Luug-hsien). This plant grows in mountain
valleys and on stony ground. It has small leaves and yellow
flowers. It is said to be cultivated in Szechuan for medicine,
Snakes are reported to dislike it. The stem and leaves are
used medicinally. It is regarded as a special drug for children,
and is even recommended to be taken by the mother during
the foetal life of the child. It is prescribed in convulsive dis-
orders, nervous irritability, and as an anodyne in wounds and
sores. ‘The fevers of children are specially susceptible to its
good influences. It is prescribed for the bleeding of wounds,
obstinate skin diseases, and the bites of centipedes and
scorpions.

GEUM JAPONICA.—3K #8 fg (Shti-yang mei), fh
(Ti-chiao). This is a variety of the well known water avens.
It bears a fruit, shaped like the pepper fruit; hence the second
name. It does not seem to be used internally as medicine,
although it is not regarded as poisonous. ‘The fruit is applied
externally to boils and abscesses.

GINKO BILOBA.—§% 4 (VYin-bsing) fy 3 (Pai-kuo),
952. See Salishuria adiantifolia.

188 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

GLEDITSCHIA CHINENSIS.—@ %€ (Tsao-chia), &
(T'sao-chio), 1331. ‘This leguminous tree is met with through-
out China and Cochin China. It bears a pod which in some
specimens attains to a length of fully two feet. This is thin and
knife-like in appearance, and contains many fiat, brown seeds,
which are used in bathing and in washing clothes. The tree is
thickly beset with thorns, which are called FR J (T‘ien-ting). ~
At the proper time for the seeds to drop, the people surround the
tree with bamboo baskets, and all of the seeds are said to fall
from the tree in one night. Li Shih-chen says that sometimes
when a tree does not produce fruit, the people bore a hole in
the trunk, fill it with from three to five pounds of cast iron, and
cover the opening with mud. Then it will bear fruit. At Peking,
this beautiful tree is called by the second name given above.
It bears small, greenish-yellow, scented flowers, and is much
prized as a lawn tree. The medical uses to which the Chinese
put the different parts of the tree are very numerous. The pods
are considered to be expectorant, emetic, and purgative. They
are prescribed in coughs, flatulence, chronic dysentery, and
prolapse of the rectum. ‘The seeds and pods are used in the
form of a bolus as an antidote in case of metalic poisoning. The
coarse powder is blown into the nostrils, or put into the rectum,
of the victims of accidental drowning and hanging. It is said to
extract the water and to open the passages of the body. Various
other difficulties, remarkable in their character, are treated with
these seeds, such as difficult labor, dribbling saliva in children,
decayed teeth, chronic consumption, and cancer of the rectum.
The thorns are used as an anthelmintic, in decoction as a wash to
ulcers, skin diseases, caked breast, and retained placente. They
are also used as needles in opening abscesses, and as counter-
irritants in tumors and growths. The bark of both the stem and
the root is used as an anthelmintic and antifebrile remedy. The
leaves are used in decoction for washing sores. Another species
or variety of this plant, called §% & #€ (Kuei-tsao-chia), is men-
tioned. It is used for the treatment of ulcers and skin diseases.

GLEDITSCHIA JAPONICA.—}® 3 & 3% (Chu-ya-tsao-
chia), 3F #€ (Va-chia), 4 i (Ya-tsao), 1487. ‘This a Japanese
identification of a species of Gledztschza differing from Gledéts-

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 189

chia chinensis in some respects. In the /éxtsao, Sukung says
in regard to it: ‘‘It is an inferior sort. The pod is crooked,
thin, uncomely, and not succulent. When used for washing,
it does not remove the dirt. The pods, which are two feet
long, are coarse and dry. ‘The best are those which are only
from six to seven inches long.’’ Hanbury received some of
these pods, and he described them as follows: ‘‘They are
from two to four inches long, and from 3/10 to 5/r1o of an inch
broad, more or less sickle-shaped and compressed, their upper
edge prolonged into a narrow wing. The anterior extremity
is pointed, the posterior attenuated into a short stalk. ‘The
pods are indehiscent, and have thick, pulpy valves, which are
extremely smooth and of a deep brown. The substance of the
pod, when chewed, even in very small quantity, produces an
extremely disagreeable sense of acridity in the fauces.’’ He
suggests Prosofis as an identification. The medical uses of
these pods are not distinguished’ from those of Gleditschia
chinensis, although they are regarded as inferior to the latter.

GLYCINE HISPIDIA.—F ¥F (Tactou), 42, FY, and
(Shu), 4: #% (Jén-shu), FE HR (Jung-shu), HF BF (Shih-tou),
& (Hei-tou), H ¥ (Huang-tou). This is the same as Soa
hispidia and Dolichos sora, and is the Chinese and Japanese
soy bean. It has been known in China from ancient times,
and has always been considered by the Chinese as the most
important of the cultivated leguminous plants. A very large
number of varieties is found throughout the Empire, especially
in the north. The name ‘‘great bean’? applies to the plant,
not to the seeds, as these are quite small. It is employed in
China and Japan in the preparation of three products which
are of almost universal use in oriental cookery. ‘These are
‘*bean oil,’ ‘‘ bean-curd,’’ and ‘‘soy.’? There are many varie-
ties of this bean, which the Chinese distinguish by the color
of the seeds ; these being black, white, yellow, gray, azure, and
spotted. The black sort is used in medicine, and the yellow
is specially valued in the preparation of bean-curd and soy.
The black kind is not much used as food, as it is thought to
render the body heavy. The Chinese regard those things
which give lightness to the body with more favor than those

190 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

which promote flesh and sluggishness. The characters Je, #,
or #$ (Shu) are the classical name, while 7£ #% (Jén-shu) and
3% #X (Jung-shu) are equally ancient compound nates for this
plant. §& % (Shih-tou), ‘‘bean-relish bean,’’ indicates its
use in making the bean relish and soy.

Medicinally, the black beans are considered to have much
value. Their frequent use is thought to have a most beneficial
effect upon the body, giving strength and vigor, albeit with
heaviness. This latter fact is the only objection offered to the
use of these beans. ‘They are regarded as an admirable counter-
poison against most of the vegetable poisons, such as Acontte
and Croton tigi. Carminative and quieting properties are
also ascribed to them. ‘They are pescribed in a large number
of difficulties, notably post-partum and sexual disorders; but
as they are always in combination with other active drugs, it
may be readily supposed that the beans play no very important
part in these prescriptions. The green bean hollspeagme
chewed into a pulp, are applied to smallpox ulcers, corneal
ulcer, and the excoriation produced in children by urine. The
bruised leaves of the plant are used as a local application in
snake bite. The flowers, 1310, are used in blindness and
opacity of the cornea.

The dean sprouts, called F<, | BH HF (Ta-tou-huang-chiien)
and %% #€ (Tou-nieh), are also mentioned in the Péxtsao. Bean-
sprouts (qf 3f, Tou-ya) are a common article of diet with the
Chinese, but these former are made of the black bean, and are
especially used in medicine. Ti Shih-chen gives the following
mode of preparation: ‘‘Ona water day ( 4 H) soak black
beans in clear water, and after the sprouts have grown, take
off the hulls and dry the sprouts in the shade.’’? Their
medical properties are considered to be laxative, resolvent, and
constructive. They are reputed to have special influence upon
the growth of the hair, and to be ctrrative in ascites and
rheumatism.

The yellow variety of beans is also given a separate dis-
cussion in the éztsao. As was before said, these are used for
the most part in the preparation of bean oil, bean-curd, and
soy. ‘lhe beans and pods of this variety are larger than those
of the black kind, and in the green state they are highly

an a.) a a oe

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. IQOI

esteemed by the Chinese as an article of food. But they are
also considered ‘‘heavy,’’ and if partaken of too freely they
are thought to produce jaundice. ‘They are considered to be
carminative and deobstruent, and are recommended in ascites.
Locally they are applied to smallpox ulcers. ‘The ashes of
bean stalks are specially recommended as an application to un-
healthy granulations in hemorrhoids (possibly fungous growths
of the anus).

The oil, % jf (Tou-yt), is considered to be very slightly
deleterious, and is used as a local application to ulcers and
skin diseases, and for removing bandoline from the hair. This
oil is manufactured in large quantities, especially in Manchuria,
and is shipped to every part of China. It is used as food,
chiefly by the poorer people, and was formerly used as a burn-
ing oil; but kerosene has now almost superseded it for this
latter purpose. It is usually dark colored, and has a not very
pleasant odor.

BEAN RELISH (Salted Beans), K GF Bk (Ta-tou-shih),
1318, is a product much valued by the Chinese. The mean-
ing of the character §¥ (Shih) is difficult to render in English.
It refers to salted and fermented beans, and is applied to both
the prepared beans themselves and to other preparations made
from them, some of which are in liquid form. For this last
reason, this character is sometimes thought to refer to ‘‘soy.””
But the term ‘‘relish’’ will be used for this product to distin-
guish it from soy, which will be found described a little later.
Tao Hung-ching (V Century) says that Puchou (jf Ji) in
Shansi and Shenchou (BK Ji) in Honan were places noted for
the excellence of this product. He says that at Shenchou
there is produced a liquid bean relish which in ten years will
not spoil, but for medical purposes it is not so good as other

_kinds, as no salt was used in its manufacture. On the other

hand, Meng Shen (VII Century) says that the Shenchou liquid
bean relish is better than the ordinary kind. He gives its
composition as follows: ‘‘Use Hispidia beans which have
been fermented, first steaming them soft. ‘To each peck add
of salt four pints, pepper (Aft), four ounces. In the spring
time, let stand three days; in stmmer, two, when it will be
half ripe. ‘Then add five ounces of ginger (4E #), and let

192 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

stand to clarify. Use only the clear part.’ Li Shih-chen
says: ‘‘ All sorts of beans can be used in making this product,
but that made from the black bean is used in medicine. ‘There
are two kinds of this relish: one called insipid relish (Tan-
shih, #% 5%), and the other salty relish (ff BX, Hsien-shih).
The liquid form of the former is the one most used in treating
diseases. To make this, in the sixth month take two or three
pecks of the black Hispidia beans, wash clean and soak in
water over night. Drain off the water and steam soft. Spread
out upon matting, and after it has become slightly cool, cover
with artemisia stalks. Examine it every three days to note
the process of fermentation. The layer of Mycoderma which
grows on top should not be allowed to become too thick.
When sufficiently fermented, take out and dry in the sun and
sift clean. Use clean water and mix into a half-dry-half-
moist condition, just so that the juice will exude between the
fingers when the material is squeezed in the hand. Put into
an earthenware jar and pack firmly, cover with a layer of
mulberry leaves three inches thick, and seal up with clay.
Set the jar in the sun every day for seven days. ‘Then take
out and dry for a little while in the sun, and again moisten
with water and repack in the jar as before. This do seven
times, and then boil again, spread on matting, dry with fire,
pack again into the jars, and seal up for future use.’’

‘‘“The method of making the salty relish is as follows:
Take one peck of Hispidia beans and soak them in water three
days. Wash, steam, and spread out in a store room, and when
they have fermented, take them up, sift them clean and wash
in water. For every four catties take one catty of salt, halfa
catty of shredded ginger, and of peppers, orange peel, thyme,
fennel, and apricot kernels, a sufficient quantity. Put all into
an earthen jar and cover with water to the depth of an inch.
Cover with bamboo skin, and seal up the mouth of the jar.
Place in the sun for one month, when it will be finished.
To prepare the liquid bean relish, between the tenth and
first moons take three pecks of good salted beans. Boil fresh
hempseed oil until it smokes; then put in the beans and
cook thoroughly. Spread the mixture out on matting and
dry in the sun. When it is dry, steam again. Repeat this

ee

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 193

process three times, and then add a peck of white salt and
pack all well together. Pour on hot water and percolate
three or four gallons. Put into a clean caldron and add
pepper, ginger, onion, and shredded orange peel, and boil all
together until it is evaporated one-third. Then put into a
whole vessel and let stand, and it will develop an exceed-
ingly fine flavor.’’ In addition to the bean relish several
other kinds are made, such as bran relish, melon relish,
and soy relish; but these are for food and are not used in
medicine.

These salted beans and their derivatives are used medic-
inally in various ways. ‘The insipid relish is used in the
treatment of colds, headache, chills and fever, malaria, noxious
effluvia, irritability, melancholy, decline, difficult breathing,
painful and cold feet, and for the destruction of poisons in
pregnant domestic animals. In the treatment of fevers and

perspirations, it should be cooked into a paste. For driving

away melancholy, the uncooked article should be made up
into pills and taken. For chills and fever, colds on the chest,
and for ulcers, it is boiled and eaten, as it also is in the
case of dysentery and colic. It may also be used for the
treatment of ague, bone disease, poisons, marasmus, and dog
bite. It is useful in expelling gas, benefiting the internal
organs, treating colds and cold poisons, and for nausea,

The Puchou relish has a very salty and cooling taste.
It corrects irritability, fever, poison, cold, and decline. It
benefits all of the internal organs, is diaphoretic, opens up
the passages, destroys astral influences, and clears the breath-
ing (‘‘opens up the nose’’). The Shenchou liquid relish
also allays irritability and feverishness. ‘These are employed
medicinally in obstinate dysentery, hematuria, locomotor ataxia,
(= Bl A 3%, Shou-chio-pu-sui), excessive hemorrhage in abor-
tion, threatened abortion, difficult labor, tinea, venereal sores,
stings of insects, scorpion bites, horse bites (anthrax ?), wine
drinkers’ diseases, foreign objects in the eye, and thorns in
the flesh.

BEAN FERMENT.—%§ WH (Tou-huang) This is the
fermentation pellicle (AZycoderma) which forms on the top
of fermenting beans, as the mother-of-vinegar forms on the

194 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

top of vinegar in its process of preparation. The pellicle
contains, in addition to the mycetes of fermentation, various
kinds of moulds and mildews, and its composition is probably
not at all uniform. The method of preparation is given
as follows: ‘‘Take a peck of black beans and thoroughly
steam them. Spread upon matting and cover with artemisia
stalks, as in the process of preparing soy. When the pellicle
is formed on top, take it off, dry in the sun and powder,
when it is ready for use. The taste is sweet and cooling,
and the substance is non-poisonous. It is specially recommended
in the treatment of rheumatism, especially that of the knees,
for the insufficient action of the five viscera, spleen, and
stomach, giving strength to the body, lubricating the muscles
and skin, improving the complexion, invigorating the marrow,
and toning up the system generally, enabling one to eat
fats. It is sometimes combined with pork fat and made
into pills for producing flesh. A hundred pills should be
taken at one time. Fat people should not use this substance.
Chewed into a paste and applied to eczema, it proves very
efficacious.

BEAN CurD.—%& § (Tou-fu). The method of making
bean curd had its origin in the Han dynasty, during the
reign of Huai Nan Wang (A.D. 23), at Liuan. All sorts
of black beans, yellow beans, white beans, clay beans,
green beans, and peas can be used in its preparation. The
process of manufacturing is given in the /éztsao as follows:
‘Wash the beans and crush them in water. Skim off
what floats, and boil. Make a natron solution, or a decoction
of the leaves of Shan-fan (lj #8), Sysplocos pruntfolia, or
use sour soy vinegar, and add to the beans. Heat all together
in a caldron. Afterwards pour into a large jar in which
has been placed powdered gypsum and mix well together.
What will be produced is a saltish, bitterish, sour, acrid mix-
ture, and what congeals upon the surface of the compound
is to be taken out and dripped clean of the other solution.
This is dean-curd.’’ The taste is sweet, alkaline, and cooling.
It is considered to be slightly deleterious. It is thought that
the ingestion of bean curd prevents the curing of diseases,
but if carrots are put with the bean curd, this action is pre-

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 195

vented. It is reputed to be beneficial to the internal organs,
inproving the breath, harmonizing the spleen and stomach,
removing flatulence, and expelling evil gases from the bowels.
Used warm it disperses subcutaneous hemorrhage. It is
prescribed in chronic dysentery, ophthalmia, swellings, and
drunkenness.

Soy.—4# (Chiang). Common names are 4 jf (Chiang-
yu) and Sf 7 (Shih-yu). Li Shih-chen says that the Chinese
name indicates the power of this substance to counteract the
poison which may exist in food. Several forms of soy exist,
such as flour soy, made of wheat or barley flour ; sweet soy, of
similar composition, but varying slightly in the method of
manufacture ; and bean soy, made of various kinds of beans,
but more particularly of the Hispidia bean. One method of
manufacture is as follows: “Take of Hispidia beans three
quarts, and boil in water. Mix with twenty-four catties of
- flour and allow to ferment. To every ten catties of the
mixture take of salt eight catties, of well water forty catties ;
mix and allow to stand until it is ripe.’’ Several other
methods of manufacture are given in the Péntsao, differing in
various respects from this, but the method here given will
suffice to illustrate the mode of manufacture. Soy is a black,
thin liquid, having an agreeable saltish flavor, and frothing up
of a yellow color when even slightly shaken. It is the univer-
sal sauce of the Chinese and Japanese, and is largely exported
to India and Europe as a convenient menstruum for other
flavoring substances used as condiments. In China it is both
made in large quantities by shops and in smaller quantities by
domestic manufacture. It is considered to provoke the appetite
and to correet any injurious qualities of food. It is laxative,
cooling, and antidotal to various poisons, according to Chinese
estimation. It is often applied to burns, scalds, eczema, and
leprous sores. Its use is considered beneficial in threatened
abortion and the hematuria of pregnancy. Two other kinds
of soy are mentioned in the /éx¢sao, both made from the seeds
of the elm (apparently of two different species). One is called
aR. 4 (VYu-jén-chiang) and the other HE # 4 (Wu-i-chiang).
In regard to these two terms for elm, see the article on U/mus.
Both these kinds of soy are considered to be laxative, diuretic,

196 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

and anthelmintic. They should not be used to excess, as they
are considered to have some deleterious properties.

GLYCYRRHIZA.—ff #8 (Kan-ts‘ao), 587. Other names
are @ tf (Mi-kan), # Hi (Mi-ts‘ao), 32 Hi (Mei-ts‘ao), # Hf
(Lu-ts‘ao), #¢ jf (Ling-t‘ung), and fj # (Kuo-lao). This last,
name is applied to the plant on account of its great virtues as a
remedy. The drug is very highly prized by the Chinese, and
enters into the composition of very many prescriptions. The
most common species that supply the Chinese /zcorzce root are
Glycyrrhiza echinata and Glycyrrhiza glabra, both of which
are found growing plentifully in northern China. Quantities
are also brought from Mongolia, especially from the region
about Kokonor. In fact, the plant seems to grow extensively
throughout all the region of Central Asia. The root is com-
monly sold in long pieces, dry, wrinkled, and red on the surface,
and yellow, fibrous, and tough in the interior. ‘The taste is
disagreeably sweet and slightly mucilaginous. It stands next
to ginseng in importance in Chinese pharmacy, being the
gteat corrective adjunct and harmonizing ingredient in a large
number of recipes. Like most celebrated Chinese drugs, it is
credited with the property of rejuvenating those who consume
it fora long time. The roots, twigs, and efflorescence are used
in medicine. Tonic, alexipharmic, alterative, and expectorant
properties are ascribed to the drug. It is used to allay thirst,
feverishness, pain, cough, and distress of breathing. It is
specially prescribed for children, and is used in a large number
of their maladies, but as it is usually exhibited in combination
with other drugs, it can readily be understood why purely
imaginary virtues should be ascribed to it. Locally, it is
applied, mixed with honey, to burns, boils, and other sores.
The properties ascribed to the twigs and flowers do not differ in
any essential respect from those ascribed to the root.

GLYPTOSTROBUS HETEROPHYLLUS (Zaxodium
heterophyllum).—jK #%% (Shui-sung). The /éxtsao says that
this grows on the shores of the southern seas in the water, and
looks like a pine. Hence the name. It is prescribed in animal
bites and in the dropsy of pregnant women (hydropsaiminion ?).

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 197

GNAPHALIUM MULTICEPS.—& #8 # (Shu-chii-
ts‘ao). Other names are fs He (Shu-érh) 4§ HBG (Fo-érh ts‘ao),
320, KE $8 (Mi-chii), M6 yy Bi (Wu-hsin-ts‘ao), # 3 (Hsiang-
mao), # #5 (Huang-hao), and #¥ ff (Jung-mu). This is an
artemisia-like plant, growing principally in northern China,
with a whitish, hirsute leaf, and bearing yellow flowers. Hence
one of the names, ‘‘ yellow artemisia.’? The medicinal action
of this plant is regarded as decidedly anti-malarial and anti-
febrile. It is also prescribed in coughs and diseases of the
lungs and air passages. ;

GNAPHALIUM POLYCEPHALUM.—Z# HH (Yiin-
ts‘ao). This is a fragrant plant with sessile leaves, both the
white flowers and the scabrous leaves having fragrance. For
this reason it is much cultivated in gardens. The odor is very
persistent, and it is said that fleas, lice, and moths do not like
‘it. Because of this latter fact, the plant is frequently put under
the bed mats and into books to drive these insect pests away.
No medicinal properties are ascribed to it.

GOMPHRENA GLOBOSA.—F #£ (Pai-jih-hung).
No part of this beautiful tree seems to be used in medicine. It
is much cultivated in gardens as an ornament, and the name
refers to its long period of flowering. The flowers are small,

red, and fragrant. ‘They are sometimes called J # 7€ (Ting-
hsiang-hua).

GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM.—¥i fff (T's‘ao-mien), gf
#6 (Mien-hua). This malvaceous plant, which yields the
cotton wool, and which is the same as Gossypium indicum, is
not distinguished in Chinese works from the sterculiaceous
Bombax malabaricum, the cotton tree. ‘The reason for this
probably appears in the fact that the cotton tree was known in
China from very ancient times, and its cotton was used by the
Chinese in the manufacture of cloth before the introduction of
the cotton plant, which probably took place about the XI
Century, coming by the way of the south, either by foreigners
trading with the Chinese, or by the Mongol conquerors of
China, who about the same time brought it from the west and

198 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

south-west, or by both of these factors. The plant is now
grown in all parts of southern and central China. Under the
title of 7X #4 (Mu-mien) the /éxtsao discusses this plant and
gives # H (Ku-pei) and 7 #* (Ku-chung) as synonyms, saying
that the former refers to the tree, while the latter refers to the
plant. The Sanscrit names given are A 2 (San-p‘o) and ym
ga U8 i (Chia-lo-p‘o-chieh), the latter of which may be an
attempt at transliteration of the Indian name Karfasz. Kao-
chang, the country of the Uigurs, is named as possessing a
cotton plant which produces a textile fiber, called ,4 #& (Pai-
tich). The Avang-chiin-fang-pu gives full directions as to the
growing of cotton, and names the various varieties raised.
The Chinese card cotton by means of a bow, producing a very
light floss. - Usually the Chinese cotton fiber is short staple,
but they have one kind, called #& # (Ssii-mien), which is very
silky and of great length. They consider the foreign cotton,
which they have had to buy so largely of late years on account
of the failure of their own crops, as inferior in warmth to their
own staples. The cotton plant does not seem to be used in
medicine. ‘The fiber, both in the raw state and after having
been incinerated, is used to staunch wounds. ‘The seed, #8 7
FF (Mien-hua-tzil), #8 7G {E (Mien-hua-jén), 848, are employed
in the manufacture of cotton seed oil, which was formerly used
in villages as food and for lamps. Its taste is very unpleasant,
which fact is due to the Chinese roasting the seeds before
expressing the oil. It is used medicinally as a demulcent, and
is applied to leprous, scabious, and other forms of skin disease.

GYMNOCLADUS CHINENSIS.— ff %#& (Fei-tsao-
chia). This is a leguminous tree, similar to Gleditschia. It
was for some time supposed to be a Cesalpinia, but it was
later found to belong to Gysenocladus, and the above designa-
tion was assigned to it. It is a large tree, growing in central
China, and bearing white flowers. Its pods are collected for
the market, and are met with as greasy, fleshy, yellowish, or
reddish-brown legumes, three or four inches long, and about
one and a half inches broad. ‘They abound in an acrid, deter-
gent, fatty principle, so that when the pods are roasted and
pounded into a pulp, they may be kneaded into balls. These

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 199

are usually as large as children’s marbles, and were formerly
much used for washing clothes and the body. ‘They are called
JE & & (Fei-tsao-t’o), and are not allowed to be used in public
baths, as they have a strong smell. Foreign soap has now
taken the place of these, having even taken the name of this
plant for its common name in Chinese vernacular, JE (Fei-
tsao). The seeds are black and smooth, and are called JE i #&
(Fei-tsao-ho), J2 & @& (Fei-tsao-tou), and JE m -- (Fei-tsao-
tzii), 298. They were described by Hanbury as being three-
fourths of an inch in diameter, of a compressed spherical form,
each furnished (when perfect) with a large, rigid, persistent
podosperm. A transverse section shows a pair of plane cotyle-
dons, between the flat sides of which and the thick, hard testa
lies a layer of black, horny albumen. ‘These are edible after
roasting, but are more frequently used by the makers of
artificial flowers with which to wax. their threads. The pods
are the parts principally used in medicine, and are prescribed in
rheumatism, dysentery, and hematuria. They are applied to
eczema, favus, and venereal sores. It is said that if the pods
drop into water which contains goldfish, these latter will die.
The seeds are reputed to be carminative in their action.

GYMNOGONGRUS PINNULATA.—F §§ % (Lu-chio-
ts’ai), #* 3 (Hou-k’uei). This is one of the marine alge, found
all along the coast of China south of the Yangtse. It grows
to the height of three or four inches, and looks like a stag’s
horns ; hence the name. It is of a purplish yellow color, and
is gathered by the natives as food and for medicine. Its taste
is very mucilaginous, and it is easily converted into a gelatin-
ous mass by cooking in water. Women sometimes use it as a
baudoline. It is used medicinally, principally as a demulcent
in fevers and colds, and it is said to be very useful in cinnabar
poisoning. Its demulcent properties would surely commend it
in catarrhal affections of the bowels or bladder.

GYMNOGRAMME JAPONICA.—i#¥ AR Hi (Shé-yén-
ts’ao). This is a fern which is found growing in old wells, or
in other damp places where there is more or less constant shade.
The sori, which are found on the fronds, are often exceedingly

200 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

numerous, and are said to look like snake’s eyes; hence the
name. ‘True to Chinese therapeutical principles, this plant
is used only as au application in cases of snake bite.

GYMNOTHRIX, Alofecurus.—f— FE (Lang-wei-
ts’a0), #4 (Lang), @ Bk (T’ung-lang), Af 3B (Lang-mao), wf
(Ménge), 7 HW FH (Su-vien-wéng), SF fy (Shou-tien). In all
probability these terms may not all relate to the same species.
The second term would seem to be generic, while the first is a
very good translation of the English name, ‘‘ fox-tail.’? This
grows in China, as it does in other parts of the world, in damp
fields. The seeds are used, though scarcely medicinally ; as
they are said, if used as food, to prevent hunger! Under this
article in the Péxztsao a related plant is mentioned, which is

called ff] #% (K’uai-ts’ao). This is Sczrpus (which see).

GYNANDROPSIS PENTAPHYLLA.—y 4§ 3 (Pai-
hua-ts‘ai), 26 $§ 3€ (Yang-chio-ts‘ai). This is a cultivated
vegetable of the gardens. It is described as having a weak
stalk, spreading out in branches with pinnatifid leaves. In the
autumu it bears a white flower with long petals, and produces
a small horn about two or three inches long (the seed capsule ?).
The seeds are biack and tiny, and are gathered for use as
medicine. There is also a yellow flowered kind. If taken in
excess, the drug produces flatulence and a sense of oppression
in the stomach. Medicinally, it is used as a carminative, and
the decoction is employed as a wash for piles and for rheumat-
ism aud malarial disorders.

GYNOCARDIA ODORATA.—X% fH # (Ta-féng-tzi).
These seeds are imported into China from Siam. The large
tree which yields them is common in Cambodia, Siam, the
Indien Archipelago, Malaysia, Assam, and other parts of
Eastern India. The whole order (Bixinez) to which this tree
belongs is tropical and poisonous. ‘The large, round, indehis-
cent, succulent, capsular fruits, compared by the Chinese to the
cocoanut, contain very many matted, ovoid, irregular, com-
pressed, grayish-brown seeds. [hey vary from a half to seven-
eighths of au inch in length, and consist of a hard, woody testa,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 201

to the surface of which portions of firm dry pulp, or of the
rind of the fruit, are often adherent, sometimes to the extent of
uniting two or three seeds into one mass. The albumen is oily,
and incloses large, heart-shaped, leafy cotyledons. ‘The Indian
nuts are somewhat different from the Siamese samples, the
testa being smooth, thin, and fragile in the case of the former.
Chaulmugra and FPetarkura are Indian names for the drug.
The seeds are likened by the Chinese to A/y/tta lapidescens
(# AL, Lei-wan). The method given in the /éztsao for pre-
paring the oil is as follows: ‘‘ Use three catties of the seeds,
remove the hulls and skins; grind up in a mortar very fine.
Pack into an earthen jar and seal up tightly. Put the jar
into a pot of boiling water and seal the pot, so that no steam
can escape (possibly for increased heat under pressure). Steam
it until the oil assumes a black and tarry appearance. ‘This
is the ‘chaulmugra oil’’’ (Fe Ml wh, Ta-féng-yu), 1221. This
is an extract rather than an oil, although it probably contains
all of the latter found in the seeds. Both the seeds and
this oily extract are used in the treatment of leprosy. Indeed,
the name of the drug is derived from its reputed qualities in
the treatment of this disease (Jg fal #, Ta-féng-ch‘i). Sophera
fiavescens, Momordica cochinchinensts, and calomel are various-
ly used in combination with the oil or seeds in the internal or
external treatment of the disease. ‘The drug is also recom-
mended for impetigo, psoriasis, syphilis, scabies, and parasitic
pediculi. Some of the chaulmugra seeds found in Chinese
shops would seem to be from Aydnocarpus venenatus, of the
same order an Gynocardia, which has been found almost
equally as useful as the latter in the treatment of leprosy. The
Indian name of this is Veeradzmootoo.

GYNURA PINNATIFIDA.—= -& (San-ch‘i), 1059, {fj
% (Shan-ch‘i), 4 % #4 (Chin-pu-huan). This scitamineous
plant is named from the irregular arrangement of the leaves,
The Chinese say that there are three on the left side and four
on the right; hence the first name. Li Shih-chen says that
this 7s probably not true, but that the first name is a corruption
of the second, which means ‘‘ mountain varnish.’’ This name
refers to its property of causing the edges of wounds to adhere

202 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

together. From its extraordinary reputation amongst military
aud fighting men, the root of this plant is very costly. The
last name, ‘‘gold no recompense,’’ refers to this fact. The
drug comes from Kuangsi and Yunnan, where it is cultivated.
It occurs in tapering pieces of from three-quarters of an inch to
an inch in length. The yellow external surface is wrinkled,
inarked with small nodules and ridges, and the interior is of a
pale yellow color. The taste is bitter and slightly saccharine,
something like that of ginseng, to which it is likened by the
Chinese. Vulnerary, styptic, astringent, and discutient prop-
erties of a very high degree are attributed to this drug. It is
recommended in all forms of hemorrhage and wounds, includ-
ing tiger and snake bites. The leaves have similar properties,
aud are often combined with the rhizome.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 203

H.

HABENARIA SAGITTIFERA.—® © E BZ (B-
mao-yii-féug-hua). This orchidaceous flower blooms in the
autumn, and has a waxy petal which is likened in shape
to a bird. It has an appearance of being very light, and
this light, waxy, bird-like petal is indicated in the name
by the three characters, #%, 3, and Jf. No medicinal prop-
erties are assigned to the plant.

HALYMENIA DENTATA.—§ 3 Hi (Chi-chio-ts‘ao).
This is a fresh water alga, a species of du/se, which grows
in marshes and ponds. It has a red stalk and opposite fronds.
The shoot has a bitter taste, and is used in fluxes that have
a tendency to become chronic. A decoction of the root is
employed in lepra-like difficulties.

HAMAMELIS JAPONICA.—4 f #g (Chin-lii-mei).
The Kuang-chiin-fang-pu describes the beautiful thread-like
petals of this shrub, which flutter gracefully in the wind.
The plant is very similar to Hamamelis virginiana, but
does not seem to have been used medicinally by the Chinese.

HELIANTHUS ANNUUS.—jq A %§ (Hsiang-jih-k ‘uei),
Ha ABS (Chao-jih-k‘uei). Although the swz/lower is exteusively
cultivated in gardens and fields throughout China, and the
fruits are used as food, it is not clearly mentioned in the
standard works on medicine or botany. On account of a
reference in the classics, the meaning of which is anything
but clear, this plant has been confounded with the malvacez.
The above names are the common designation by which
the plant is known in Japan and China. The fruits are
also fed to fowls, the leaves are made fodder for cattle, and the
stalks and roots are used as fuel. The oil, 3E -f jf (K ‘uei-tzu-
yu), 1s also known to the Chinese, but does not seem to
be much used. Aside from the nutritive properties of the
fruits, no medicinal qualities have been found ascribed to
this plant.

204 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

HEMEROCALLIS.—#@ Hi (Hsitan-ts‘ao), 476. The first
character is written # (Hsitan) in the classics, and is defined by
i 3 (Wang-yu), the plant of forgetfulness. The common
name is fF 2% (Lu-ts‘ung), because the plant is like the onion
and deer eat of it. Still another name is # 3 (I-nan), because
it is said that if pregnant women wear the flowers at the
girdle the child will be a male. There are several species
of this genus found in China, mostly having orange and
yellow flowers. The names given in this article are variously
referred to Hemerocallis fulva and Hemorocallis minor. ‘The
dried flowers are largely consumed as food by the Chinese, and
are called 4 gf 3¢ (Chin-chén-ts‘ai) and t¥ 7€ 3€ (Huang-hua-
ts‘ai). The article appearing in the Customs list, however, does
not consist alone of the flowers of this plant, but also of other
species of lily. They are used both as medicine and as a relish
with meat dishes. They consist of inferior, tubular perianths
of the unopened flower, enclosing six introrse stamens, with
the three-celled, superior ovary, and simple stigma characteristic
of lilliaceous plants. ‘They are twisted, or wrinkled, so as
to give a length of four or five inches, the color being of a dark,
brownish-yellow, translucent, and covered with a whitish mould
or bloom. ‘The odor is agreeable, and the taste sweet and
mucilaginous. Medicinally, they are used together with the
shoot, and are considered to be antifebrile and anodyne. Some
intoxicant or stimulant properties seem to belong to these
drugs. ‘The root is diuretic, and is given in dysuria, lithiasis,
dropsy, jaundice, piles, and tumor of the breast.

HEMIPTELEA DAVIDIANA.—#—& (Ch‘u). This is a
small ulmaceous tree, provided with large thorns, and found
in the northern provinces. It is described in the Fézztsao
together with the e/m, and its medicinal virtues are not
distinguished. from those of the latter.

HEPATICA.—i) #€ (Ti-i), ‘earth clothes,’’ also called
fi) K JR (Yang-t‘ien-p‘i) and #4 FE je (Chii-t‘ien-p‘i). The
Péntsao does not give much description of this plant, but
what is given is characteristic. ‘The taste is bitter, cooling,
and slightly deleterious. Its medicinal virtues are said to

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 205

be anodyne and antifebrile, and it is prescribed in angina
and sunstroke, and also as a local application in smallpox
ulcerations.

HETEROPOGON CONTORTUS.—# 9% (Ti-chin),
#i (Chien-kén), -— #% (T‘u-chin). This is a grass with a
hirsute root. It is nearly related to /mferata arundinacea,
both in appearance and in medicinal virtues. The root, shoot,
and flowers are all used as a demulcent and antifebrile remedy.

HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS and HIBISCUS MANIHOT.
—iq 4 3& (Huang-shu-k‘uei). The identification of malvaceous
plants is exceedingly uncertain. The Chinese names are often
used interchangably for different genera and species, and even
for plants of other orders. The descriptions also lack in
definiteness, so that it is safe to say that different plants are
often confounded. The one under consideration represents one
or more edible species, which include that furnishing ofra.
However, it is sometimes mistaken for Althea rosea. It is
grown extensively in China as a garden flower, as well as a
vegetable, and it comes up from year to year as a volunteer.
It bears a six-celled, conical seed pod, about the size of a
thumb, and the seed capsules are arranged spirally in the pod.
The seeds are black, ‘The stalk grows to the height of six or
seven feet. The bark is used for making rope. The flowers,
seeds, and root are all used medicinally, and they are con-
sidered to be diuretic and demulcent in their action. They -
are prescribed in difficult labor, and as a local application to
various kinds of sores, wounds, scalds and burns. The root
is mucilaginous, and decoctions of this, as well as of the seeds,
are used in sizing paper.

HIBISCUS MUTABILIS.—AR SH #B (Mu-fu-jung), also
ti 32 4 (Ti-fu-jung). Other names are given, but are not
especially distinctive. The last two characters are usually
applied to Nelumbium and Papaver somniferum, and are used
in this case on account of the resemblance of these flowers to
those of the lotus and poppy. This tree grows readily almost
everywhere in China. The prevailing color of the flowers is

206 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

red, but several colors are mentioned. The bark, as in the
case of many malvaceous shrubs, is used for rope making.
The leaves and the flowers are the parts used in medicine, and
they are evidently demulcent, and are by the Chinese con-
sidered to be expectorant, cooling, antidotal to all kinds of
poison, and anodyne. They are prescribed in old coughs,
menorrhagia, dysuria, and wounds, especially burns and sealds
that are slow in healing. Another name for this plant, as
given by Faber, is #{ 3 (Chiu-k‘uei), but what is said about
this name in the Chinese books does not clearly indicate what
it is. It is stated that the (Chiu-k‘uei) is planted in the
autumn and the & 3 (Tung-k‘uet) is planted in the winter.
For this last see Walva verticillata.

HIBISCUS ROSASINENSIS. —}& & (Fu-sang). Fu-
sang is mentioned in the ancient books as the name of a
fabulous tree behind which the sun is supposed to rise. It
also refers to the name of a country where the plant grows,
and which has been variously identified as Saghalien, Japan,
and America. Professor Neuman confounded this plant with
Agave mexicana, and upon this identification built up a hy-
pothesis of the discovery of America by the Chinese. The shrub
grows to the height of four or five feet, and the flowers show
red, yellow, and white varieties. The red is called 9R # (Chu-
chin) and 3p KE (Ch‘ih-chin). A wrong writing of the first
name is {jh 3% (Fo-sang). A name common to this and other
malvaceous plants is 9 J (Jih-chi). The leaves and the flow-
ers are used medicinally only in combination with other drugs,
beaten into a paste and applied as a poultice to cancerous:
swellings and mumps.

HIBISCUS SYRIACUS.—7 #€ (Mu-chin). It is also
called H J (Jih-chi), because the flowers open in the morning
and fall off before evening. Another name is $§ # #i (Fan-li-
ts‘ao), because it is used for making hedges, being culttvated
for this purpose. It bears beautiful red flowers, much resem-
bling those of Althea rosea. The bark and root are used
in medicine. The taste is mucilaginous, and they are used as
demulcent and antifebrile remedies in diarrhceas, dysenteries, and
dysmenorrhea. Locally, they are also applied in all sorts of

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 207

itchy and painful skin diseases. The flowers, 858, are similarly
employed, and are sometimes made a substitute for tea. This
is called #0 76 2€ (Hung-hua-ch‘a), and comes from Kiangsi.
They are considered to be quieting to the stomach and diuretic.
The seeds are employed in headaches and colds, and are also
used, combined with pig marrow, as an application to discharg-
ing ulcers.

HIEROCHLOE BOREALIS.— 4 (Pai-mao-hsiang).
This grass is said to have its habitatin Annam. ‘The Taoists
use it as a bitter herb. It is to be distinguished from Azdro-
pogon, feteropogon and Jupferata. ‘The root is the part used
in medicine, and it is said to give a fragrance to the whole
body and to be warming to the viscera when taken internally.
Mixed with peach leaves and made into a decoction, it is added
to bath water for the treatment of skin diseases in children.

HIRNEOLA.—See Exidia auricula jude.

HORDEUM VULGARE.—xX # (Ta-mai). The classical
name is #@ (Mou). Notwithstanding the fact that this cereal
was known to the Chinese from very early times, it has not
for a long time been much cultivated by them. ‘They do not
seein to have esteemed it highly as food, and have not used it
extensively in the manufacture of spirituous liquors ; millet and
rice being most frequently used for this latter purpose. An-
other name by which it is called in the Chinese books is ft
(K‘o-mai). Several varieties of dar/ey are grown, and these
seem for the most part to be divided between two species,
namely, that given above and 4} # (Kung-mai), the so-called
‘‘nacked barley,’’? which separates from the chaff in the same
manner as does wheat. Another possible species is spoken of,
on account of its glutinous qualities named ## 2 (No-mai).
This has not been identified, but is used for making wine.
The Xuzg-maz is grown in Szechuan and Shantung as food
for men, but for the most part either kind of grain is used to
feed horses. It is probable that formerly the grain was of
much more importance than it is now. As found in the
market, the kernel is longer and not so plump as that found in

208 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

western countries. But this is true in regard to all of the
cereals raised in China, and is due probably to long years of
inbreeding, failure to rotate crops, and lack of proper condi-
tions of soil. Barley is considered by the Chinese to be very
nourishing, preventing fever and giving vigor and strength to
the body. Continual use of it as food is said to prevent the hair
from turning grey. It is used for making poultices for ulcers
and as a dressing for burns. The shoots of the plant are used
as a diuretic and as an application to chilblains and to frozen
extremities. A mildew or rust found on the awns about the
time that the grain is ripe, and called Je # AQ (Ta-mai-nu), is
considered to be antifebrile and antidotal to poisonous drugs.
Malt or Barley Sprouts, under the name of Fi BE BY (Kung-
mai-nieh), or # 3f (Mai-ya), 817, is prepared by moistening the
grain and allowing it to germinate. It is then dried in the
sun, the sprouts rubbed off, and the grain is ground into flour.
It is considered to be peptic, stomachic, lenitive, demulcent,
expectorant, and abortifacient. This last property might indi-
cate the presence of an ergot. It is much prescribed in puer-
peral and infantile affections, and its reconstructive properties
are well recognized. For this purpose it is recommended in
phthisis and the £az (ff) disease of children (tabes mesenterica ?).
It is also said to have the power of suppressing the secretion of
milk in women whose children have suddenly died after birth.

HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA.—§ (Ch’i), }¥ 3€ (Chii-
ts’ai), fi MH ¥E (Yii-hsing-ts’ao). This plant grows in damp
shady places in mountainous districts. It has a heartshaped,
succulent leaf, green on one side and red on the other,
and is good for feeding to pigs. Notwithstanding the fact that
it has a decayed fishy smell, to which the last name above
given refers, it is sometimes eaten by the Chinese as a salad.
It is a piperaceous plant, and was formerly pickled. When
eaten in excess it is said to cause shortness of breath, and is
therefore considered to be slightly deleterious. Its ascribed
properties are in the main antidotal and astringent, and it is
therefore prescribed in poisoned sores, infectious skin diseases,
piles, prolapsus ani, pernicious malaria, snake bite, and the.
like. The juice of the fresh leaves is most frequently used.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 209

HOVENIA DULCIS.—## #8 (Chib-chii), 129. This is -
a rhamnaceous tree yielding fruit-like, thickened branches,
of a russet color, and filled with a pleasant, yellowish, pear-
like pulp, which is cooling and laxative. Near Peking it is
miscalled #4 #% (Chih-tsao) in imitation of $§ JR - (Chi-
chao-tzi, which is a common way of saying $8 J— (Chi-
chit-tziti. In south China it is miscalled f§ yj (Chieh-kou),
BE 14) (Chi-kou), and #§ j§ (Chi-chii) in imitation of its proper
name. Other names are & 4% #hk (Mi-chih-kou), 9 jij @ (Mi-
ch’ii-lii), Ae A (Mu-mi), 7 fi (Mu-hsing), and 7 3H] H (Mu-
shan-hu). The names given. to the wood are fy 4% ZK (Pai-
shih-mu), & % AR (Chin-kou-mu), 43 HE (Ping-kung), and
%e dm #& (Chiao-chia-chih). The tree is met with in all of
the eastern provinces, and probably some of the central and
western. It is also found in India and Japan. ‘The real fruits
of the tree are small, dry, and pea-like, and are pendent upon
the fleshy peduncles, which greatly increase in size at the
time of their maturing. They contain a flat, shining, dark-
red seed, resembling that of Lzmwm wszttatessimum. 'The seeds
are sold under the name of fA fH -- (Chih-chii-tzt), rao.
Both the fruits and the fleshy peduncles are considered to be
antifebrile, laxative, diuretic, and quieting to the stomach.
Remarkable antivinous properties are also attributed to them.
It is said that after the ingestion of large quantities of alcohol
the use of this drug will prevent any intoxicant or poison-
ous action. ‘The bark of the tree is used in diseases of the
rectum.

HUMULUS JAPONICUS.—# HX (Lii-ts’a0). This is
properly called ij Hi (Lei-ts’ao), because the plant is covered
with fine prickles which chafe (#J) the skin when they come
into contact with it. Another name is 3 #% ¥ (Lai-mei-
ts’ao). ‘This is the common wild hop of China and Japan. Its
medicinal action is considered to be diuretic, tonic to the
‘genito-urinary organs, and constructive in chronic fluxes. It
is prescribed in lithiasis, nocturnal emissions, chronic dysentery,
chronic malaria, and typhoid fever. ‘This is one case in which
.the Chinese have reached about the same conclusions as have
been reached by western physicians.

210 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

HYDROCHARIS MORSUS RANA.—,y $% (Pai-p‘in).
The /éntsao does not distinguish this from the #§ (P‘in),
Marsiha quadrifolia and 7K #8 (Shui-p‘ing), Lemna minor.
It cannot be the former, as it bears small white flowers in
summer and autumn, and JZarszlza is a cryptogamous plant.
This is a Japanese identification. See Lemna and Marsilia.

HYDROCOTYLE ASIATICA.—## 32 #8 (Chi-hsiieh-
ts‘ao). ‘This is Faber’s identification, after Thunberg. But
Bretschneider thinks it is Wepeta glechoma. Why the*labiate
Nepeta should be confounded with the umbelliferous /Zydro-
cotyle is difficult to understand. But ‘‘when doctors disagree,
who shall decide?’’?’ In the /ézfsao, under the Chinese
name given above, is also discussed } # Hi (Ti-ch‘ien-ts‘ao),
which Faber makes to be Conocephalus conica, and 32 $8
(Lien-ch ‘ien-ts‘ao), which in Japan is Vepeta glechoma. ‘The
medicinal virtues of all three will be discussed under Wefeta
(which see). The Customs lists give }ij Fe Be (P‘eng-ta-wan),
Toor, as a term for AYydrocotyle, but this term has not been
found in the Chinese books.

HYDROPYRUM LATIFOLIUM, Zzanza aquatica. —Pk
(Ku), 2 #4 (Chiao-ts‘ao), ¥#¥ #¥ (Chiang-ts‘ao). This is a tall
grass, much cultivated throughout China on account of its
young stalks, called 2 ‘4 (Chiao-pai), which are eaten as
a vegetable. Porter Smith evidently confounded the characters
#@ (Chiao) and # (Ling), and mentions this- under 7yrapa
bicornts. ‘The plaut grows commonly in rivers, lakes, and
marshes, and the leaves make excellent fodder for horses. The
young shoot looks something like a bamboo-shoot, and it
is eaten both raw and cooked, having an agreeable, sweet
taste. It is called fe Sf (Ku-sun), 2 3F (Chiao-sun) 3
(Chiao-pai), and $f 3€ (Ku-ts‘ai). The central mass of the
shoots, which is likened to a child’s arm, is considered separate
from the shoots, and in addition to the two last names above
given is called $f == (Ku-shou) and 2 #@ (Chiao-pa). These
are both considered to be extremely cooling in their nature,
and thin blooded people are recommended not to eat of them
too freely. ‘They are prescribed in feyers for their diuretic and

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 2It

thirst-relieving properties. The root is also considered to
be cooling, and is used medicinally in similar difficulties to
those in which the shoot is recommended. Incinerated and
mixed with chicken excrement, it is applied to burns. The
leaves are said to benefit the five viscera (heart, lungs, liver,
stomach, and kidneys).

The seeds, which in the Choulz were included with the
Six grains (since reduced to five), have apparently fallen into
disuse, and are now gathered only in times of scarcity. They
are called fi, JK (Ku-mi), #2 3 (Chiao-mi), and F% fy (Tiao-
hu). They are nearly an inch long, have a grayish cuticle,
but a white starchy interior. They were formerly made into
cakes and eaten with fish. They also can be used as a
substitute for rice. This product is similar to, if not identical
with, the Zzdian rice (Zizanza aquatica) of North America,
which is much used as food by the American Indians. Its
virtues are said to be about the same as those of other parts of
the plant.

HYOSCYAMUS NIGER.—It is probable that this plant
is found in China, but identifications are uncertain. Henry
found a plant cultivated in a mountain garden in Hupeh which
proved to be “/yoscyamus. It was called $4 4 (Lang-tang),
but elsewhere this is Scofolia japonica (which see). ‘Tatarinov
gave this identification to [ij] 3 7 (Nao-yang-hua) and 26 Hf fa
(Yang-chih-chu), but these have later been determined to he
Rhododendron, or possibly Datura. If henbane grows here,
its proper name has not yet been found, or it is confounded by
the Chinese with other things. It is entirely probable that one
or more of the above names is sometimes applied to this
plant.

HYPERICUM CHINENSE.—@ i #i (Chin-ssti-ts‘ao), &
#% Hk (Chin-ssii-t‘ao). ‘The eliptico-lanceolate leaves, lanceolate
sepals, pentafid stigma, and woody, round stem of this beautiful,
flowering plant, distinguish it from other species of Sz. John’s
wort. It is frequently used as an ornamental plant. It is
credited with astringent and alterative properties, and is also
prescribed in miasmatic diseases and snake bite.

212 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

HYPOXIS AUREA.—{j] 3 (Hsien-mao), 453. The
Péntsao says that this grows in western countries, but it
is found in Hupeh, Fukien, and Kuangtung. Another name
is 3% FR PY Be (P‘o-lo-mén-shén), or ‘‘ Brahminical ginseng,”?
on account of its being brought from India and of its recon-
structive properties. A Sanscrit name given for it is ja] Hg ij
Pé (Ho-lun-lei-t‘o). The root is the part used in medicine,
and its properties are similar to those ascribed to ginseng.
These are reconstructive, rejuvenating, aphrodisiac, and tonic.
It is prescribed in wasting diseases, dyspepsia, lassitude,
impotence, wounds, and diseases of the eyes and ears.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. or3

E.

ILEX CORNUTA.—%ig fp (Kou-ku). Another name is
4 G4 th) (Mao-érh-t‘zti), ‘‘cat-thorn.’’? It is said to resemble
#e §f (Nii-chen), Ligustrum lucidum. It is described as
having leaves of a beautiful green color, thick, leathery, and
evergreen ; each leaf having five angles terminating in spines.
It blossoms in the fifth month, bearing small white flowers.
These are followed by the fruit, which, when ripe, is of a dark
red color, having a thin skin and being of a sweet taste. The
kernel consists of four parts. Of course, this refers to the four
seeds which are usually joined together. The wood is white,
and resembles that of Buxus sempervirens. ‘The bark is boiled
to make bird-lime. ‘The bark and leaves are used in medicine ;
the former being considered to be tonic, while the latter is used
in decoction in intertrigo. A medicinal tea, called $§ yi] 3
(Chio-tz‘ti-ch‘a), is made of the leaves in the Kiangnan
provinces. It is said that if women drink of it they will not
become pregnant, and it is regarded by the Chinese as the
most efficient preparation for putting a termination to preg-
nancy. Its abortifacient properties are spoken of in almost
extravagant terms. Other properties attributed to the tea are
those of a carminative and for purifying the blood. ‘The
common names for the olly in Kiangnan are #% ft wij (Lao-
shu-tz‘ti) and % & jij (Lao-hu-tz‘t%), ‘The wax insect is some-
times found growing on this tree,

ILEX PEDUNCULOSA.— FF (Tung-ch‘ing). Con-
fusion reigns supreme in regard to the use of this Chinese
name. It is most frequently confounded with Ligustrum
lucidum (which see), on account of the fact that the wax insect
is occasionally found growing upon this //ex. ‘The name
is also written jf =f (Tung-ch‘ing) Both of these names
are used in the sense of ‘‘evergreen,’’ and are therefore
applied to several non-deciduous trees. For this reason con-
fusion arises in their use as a distinct term for a genus or
species. The term is also applied to Xylosma racemosa, while
0 38 & W (Hsi-yeh-tung-ch‘ing) is referred to /lex integra.

214 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

In Manchuria the mséletoe is called & 7, but here again its
general sense of ‘‘evergreen’’ is meant. ‘The wood of this
flex is white, beautifully veined, and was formerly used for
making the ivory-like tablets which officials held before their
breasts at Imperial audiences. It bears small white flowers,
and red berries of the size of a pea. The leaves will dye a
dark red color. ‘The young shoots are sometimes used for food.
The seeds, bark, and leaves are used in medicine. The two
former, digested in wine, are used as carminative and tonic
remedies. ‘The ashes of the latter are used in skin diseases and
poisoned wounds. A spirit prepared from the seeds is highly
recommended to be taken in hemorrhoids.

ILLICIUM ANISATUM.—A #§ ff # (Pa-chio-hui-
hsiang), 928. Star anzse is confounded with ¥& # (Huai-
hsiang) in the Péxtsao. This latter is an umbelliferous plant,
most probably Pumpznella anisum, with which the description
in the Féztsao agrees. The plant which produces the star-
anise does not seem to have been very well known to Chinese
botanists, and their identification of this drug seems to have
depended largely upon the characteristic odor. It is brought
in sea-going junks principally to Canton, and for this reason is
called ff] jay # (Po-hui-hsiang). It is presumed that it comes
from the East Indies or Japan, although it is said to grow in
Kuangsi. All that is said about the plant is that it is different
from the native jf # (Hui-hsiang) in every respect except the
odor. In the Appendix to the Péxtsao, where it is called FR
7. # (Mu-pa-chio), a tolerable description of the shrub is
given. It is likened to Avdcscus mutabilis in appearance.
The seeds are recommended in constipation, and as a diuretic,
in lumbago, hernia, extrophy of the bladder, and the like.
There is a #& 7\ $§ (Ts‘ao-pa-chio) which seems to be a
smaller variety of the shrub. It certainly is not an umbellifer.
The star-anise fruits, as they appear in commerce, present
the radiate, star-like arrangement of the eight folicles, from
which appearance they receive their name. Each of the
folicles is compressed laterally, boat-shaped, roughened, and
opens more or less at the top, disclosing a shining, yellow,
ovate, solitary seed in the smooth cavity. The fruits vary

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 215

from one inch to an inch and a quarter in diamete1. One
or more of the carpels is often abortive. Within the brittle
testa is a pair of shrunken, oily cotyledons. The pericarp has
a strongly aromatic, faintly acidulous taste, and an odor like
that of aniseed. ‘The seeds have a sweeter flavor. ‘There
is an oil, called 7\ ¥§ jf (Pa-chio-yu), which is said by Dr.
Williams to be made by distilling the fruit in small retorts; a
picul producing about seven catties of oil. It is sent to
Europe and America in tin-lined cases. The oil is pale, and
warm or sweetish to the taste. It becomes solid at about
50° Fahrenheit.

IMPATIENS BALSAMINA.—f {il} (Féng-hsien). The
Péntsao gives a good description of this ‘‘touch-me-not ;’’ the
irritable character of the seed pods being admirably expressed
by & # - (Chi-hsin-tzt), 46, a more common name by which
the plant is known. In the north of China this plant is used
in combination with alum as a finger nail dye, and for this
reason the name Y ff FA ¥it (Jan-chih-chia-ts’ao) is given to it.
For the same reason it is called jf $f (Hai-na), evidently in
imitation of the Arabian henna. ‘These latter, however,
properly refer to Lawsonia alba (which see). ‘The tender
stalks are said to be eaten after having been soaked in
wine for one night. ‘The plant does not breed worms,
and insects are said not to visit it. This last statement prob-
ably refers to the structurally upside-down character of the
flowers. The seeds are thought to injure the teeth and the
throat, a property also referred to the root of Fuxkza subcordata.
The powdered seeds are mixed with a small quantity of arsen-
ious acid and applied to carious teeth, when these are easily
removed. Dysphagia and cases of fish or other bones sticking
in the throat are treated with them. ‘The powdered seeds are
directed to be taken in difficult labor, the soles of the feet being
rubbed at the same time with as many castor beans as the
woman is years old. ‘The flowers are mucilaginous and cooling.
They are used in snake-bite, lumbago, and intercostal neural-
gia. They are thought to improve the circulation and to
relieve stasis. The root and the leaves are considered to be
slightly deleterious. They are prescribed for all sorts of foreign

216 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

bodies in the throat—copper coins and other metals that have
been inadvertantly swallowed—as well as in thorns and splinters
in the flesh. It is said that if the white flowers are mixed
with the leaves and root, and all beaten into a pulp and rubbed
into the four canthi (44) of a sick horse’s eye, the horse will
break into a sweat and immediately recover.

IMPERATA ARUNDINACEA.— 3% (Pai-mao). Li
Shih-chen says: ‘‘ This plant is short and small. In the third
month it bears panicles of white flowers, followed by the
fruits. The root is white, very long, flexible like a tendon,
provided with joints, and of a sweet taste. The common
people call the plant #% 3 (Ssti-mao), ‘floss grass.’ It is used
for thatching houses. It furnishes the drug 3 #£ (Mao-kén),
spoken of in the Péxching. At night the dry root gives out a
light, and after decaying, changes into glow worms.’’ The root,
Sp HL (Mao-kén), 825, is used in medicine. To it are ascribed
restorative, tonic, hemostatic, astringent, antifebrile, diuretic,
and antivinous properties. It is prescribed in fevers, nausea,
dropsy due to weakness, jaundice, asthma, hematuria, nosebleed,
and the like. The sprouts of the plant which shoot forth in
the spring are likened to needles, and are therefore called 3 ¢}
(Mao-chén). These are regarded as solvent to other food and
thirst relieving. They are also prescribed in hemorrhages and
wounds. ‘The flowers are similarly regarded. The rotted grass
from a thatch is boiled with wine and used in the treatment of
hemoptysis and the bites of poisonous insects. It is also pre-
scribed in vaginismus, obstipation, and other urgent difficulties.

INCARVILLEA SINENSIS.—f§ # (Chio-hao). This
is named for Father Petrus d’Incarville, who lived at Peking -
from 1740 to 1757, during which period he did much research
in the flora and faunaof China. This isa beautiful bignonaceous
plant, with large scarlet flowers, found at the end of summer
in the mountains and plains near Peking. The seeds are angular,
black, aud resemble those of Sz/exe africa. The leaves resem-
ble those of Crzdium monnterez. ‘The plant is considered to
be slightly poisonous. It is prescribed for every form of skin
disease or ulcer, and for spongy gums. .

j
“ol
-

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 217

INDIGOFERA.—A number of plants producing zxdigo
are found in China, nearly all of which go by the common
name of ££ #% (Lan-ts’ao), ‘‘blue plant.’’? Other Chinese
names ate used, but their specific application to genus or
species is not always clear. Faber calis F< 7 (Ta-ch’ing)
Indigofera tinctoria, and such is also the identification of the
Customs lists, 1218. In Japan the plant with this Chinese
name is /wstzcia crinata, but the description in the Péztsao
does not agree with an acanthaceous plant. However, it may
be the plant which Fortune describes as being extensively cul-
tivated in Chekiang province for producing indigo, and which
he called Rueliia indigotica, being the same as the Strodzlan-
thes flaccidifolius of Nees. The Pénxtsao does not mention ~
37 as an indigo bearing plant. It says that it is a common
plant, growing to the height of two or three feet, having a
round stem, leaves three or four inches long, dark green on the
upper side and paler undérneath, and placed in opposite pairs at
the upper joiuts of the stem. The flowers are red, small, and’
arranged in corymbs. ‘The fruit is at first green, but afterwards
turns red, and resembles that of Zanthoxylum. ‘'The stalk and
leaves are used in medicine, and they are considered to be anti-
febrile and antidotal. They are employed in all sorts of febrile
epidemics, including typhoid fever and epidemic dysentery.

Another name assigned to Judigofera tinctoria is FL EE
(Mu-lan). This is a leguminous shrub cultivated in the south
of China and India. It is described in the Péxtsao as having
leaves resembling those of the Sofhera, with pale red flowers,
followed by pods an inch or more long. # € (Sung-lan) is
Isaits tinctoria, the woad of western dyers. In Japan there is
another species called yr fy Ae FF (Chiang-nan-ta-ch’ing), and
judging from its name, to be found in China also, which is
identified by Franchet as /satzs japonica. There is also
(Liao-lan), which is Polygonum tinctortum. These three are
the source of most of the indigo produced in China, and are
described under the general term #2 (Lan) in the Péxtsao.
Two other kinds are mentioned, called 6 #(Ma-lan) and i
(Wu-lan), but these are probably only varieties of the others.
The fruits of these plants are used in medicine. They are
considered to be antidotal, anthelmintic, and restorative. Con-

¢

218 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

tinued use prevents the hair from falling and rejuvenates the
body. The juice of the bruised leaves is considered antidotal to
medicinal poisons, wolf-bites, and arrow wounds. It is also
applied in insect stings, cantharidal blisters, and arsenic cau-
terizations. The F #2, stalk and root, is recommended in
menstrual difficulties, aud the Ja BF is considered to be an anti-
febrile and antidotal remedy, cae prescribed in much the
same difficulties as the Fe ff and the B BE.

Indigo itself is called B% jB% (Lan-tien), or more properly #
He (Lan-tien). ee to the Péntsao it is prepared by
throwing the plants into pits dug in the field, macerating them
in water for one night, after which lime is added and the whole
well beaten up. ‘The water is then drawn off, leaving the
thick, dark blue indigo paste at the bottom to dry, preparatory
to being placed in bamboo baskets. It is then ready for the
dyer’s use. ‘The froth rising to the top of these pits is collect-
ed and made into an extract, called # 76 (Tien-hua) or FF
(Ch’ing-tai), I94, in imitation of the true indigo formerly
brought from Persia. Indian indigo is also imported into
China, as is likewise Manila liquid indigo. The Formosan
product is an excellent dye, but is frequently much adulterated.
In the province of Chihli a very good dye is made and sold
under the name of ¥% WF (Ching-tien). Liquid indigo is called
K we (Shui-tien), dry indigo + jj (T’u-tien), and indigo dye
te 7 (Tien-ch’ing) or 7 HF (Ch’ing-tai). The indigo trade is
a profitable one in China, since the prevailing color of Chinese
clothes is made with this dye. Although aniline dyes, on
account of their brilliancy and cheapness, are having quite a
vogue in China, they will with difficulty supersede indigo,
which on account of its ease of production, its long use by and —
adaptability to the tastes of the Chinese, and its durability as a
pigment, will continue to hold a strong place in Chinese textile
manufactures. Medicinally, the common indigo is thought to .
have similar virtues to the plants from which it is derived ; that
is, of an antifebrile, anti-poisonous, astringent, and anthelmin-
tic remedy.

The FF f& (Ch’ing- tai) or We 7é (Tien-hua), also called
#} (Ch’ing-ko-fén), originally came from Persia, but it is
now made in China, as indicated above. Its siedicinatl action

”

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 219

is the same as that of the plants and the common indigo, but it
is held in rather higher esteem than the others. Swellings,
bruises, stings, strumous glands, and tumors in general are
treated topically with this remedy. Fevers, fluxes, worms, and
infantile disorders are treated internally with it. It is a re-
markable fact that the Chinese recommend it in convulsive and
nervous disorders, when we remember that it had quite a vogue
among western physicians some years ago for this purpose.
Also, the domestic use of the bluebag in western countries for
stings of insects, is paralleled by the Chinese recommendation
of this substance for the same purpose.

Mixed up in the Péztsao with the discussion of these indi-
goferous plants, is mentioned }{ @@ (Kan-lan) or BF 3€ (Lan-
ts‘ai), which is a variety of Brassica oleracea, much grown in the
Yellow river plain. Its use as a vegetable is regarded as highly
beneficial to the body, giving strength and vigor to the vital
organs, and brightening the intellect. It is recommended to be
eaten in jaundice. Soporific qualities are attributed to the seeds.

INULA CHINENSIS.—fe ¥% 7 (Hsiian-fu-hua), 475.
This seems to be the same as /zula britanica, or English ele-
campane. It is indigenous to North China, Mongolia, Man-
churia, and Korea, and a variety is also found in Japan. The
Chinese name should not be confounded with that of Calys-
tegia. Other names are 4 $% 7% (Chin-ch‘ien-hua) and
$8 44 (Chin-ch ‘ien-chii), applied most properly to the cultivated
plant, which much resembles Calendula. Other names refer
to the color of the Howers, or to its resemblance to the chrysan-
themum. ‘The flowers are the part chiefly used in medicine.
Tonic, stomachic, alterative, deobstruent, carminative, and
laxative properties are ascribed to the drug. Sometimes the
whole dried plant, including stalks, pappose fruits, and roots
are fouud for sale in the shops. The stalks have a bitter
aromatic taste. ‘The leaves and roots are considered to be
vulnerary and discutient.

IPOMGZA AQUATICA.—¥$E 3€ (Yung-ts‘ai). This is
cultivated as a garden vegetable in central China. It is grown
either in water or on marshy ground. A small raft of reeds

220 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

is made and floated on the water. Seeds are dropped into
crevices in the reeds, and the plant grows thus directly from
the water. The plant is said not to have much taste, but is
cooked with pork, and is relished in this way. It is considered
to have a beneficial influence upon the body, and is used as an
antidote to poisoning by an unidentified plant, called RH
(Yeh-ko) or #9 && #§ (Hu-wan-ts‘ao). It is also recommended
in difficult labor.

IPOMGHA BATATAS.— ff 2% (Kan-shu), lj 38 (Shan-
yu). The Chinese do not distinguish clearly between favo,
the yam, and the szee¢t potato. ‘The second name given above
is properly Batatas edulis, but in the Péxtsao it is included
with 3 #8 (Shu-yii), which is Dzoscorea guinqueloba. The
plant under discussion is much cultivated at the south and its
tubers used as food; sometimes to the complete exclusion of
rice or other cereals. It is considered to have a good effect
upon the body, giving strength, and especially benefiting the
spleen, stomach, and kidneys. However, those who live largely
upon these and yams do not seem to be so well nourished as do
those who live on rice.

IRIS ENSATA.—#& 'f (Li-shih). This name is also
written #% #¥ (Li-shih), and the plant is mentioned in the
Licht under this character. A common name is By jj (Ma-
lin), 805, which at Peking is 7/ris oxyfetala. Porter Smith,
following Tatarinov, wrongly writes this 5 B§ (Ma-lan), but
this is the aster. This plant has blue or white flowers ; the
fruit is a capsule, and the seeds resemble those of the hemp.
The leaves resemble those of Alum, but are longer and
thicker. The root is long and fibrous, and the Chinese use
it to make brooms or brushes. For this reason it is called
$2 ti a7 (T‘ieh-sao-chou), ‘‘iron broom.’’ The fruits are
prescribed in fevers, rheumatism, hemorrhages, post-partum
difficulties, and fluxes. ‘They are considered to be diuretic,
stimulant to the appetite, astringent, and antagonistic to vege-
table and animal poisons. ‘To the flowers, leaves, and roots are
ascribed similar virtues, and they are specially recommended
as anthelmintic remedies. In Japan {3% fig @ (T'‘ieh-sao-chou)

=

i lia ee,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 221

is Lespedeza juncea, a leguminous plant, and drawings in some
Chinese works seem to agree with this.

IRIS SIBIRICA.—Z #& (Chi-sun). The Chinese do not
distinguish this from y B (Pai-ch‘ang) or Sy it (Shui-
ch‘ang-p‘u), Acorus calamus, and it is described in the Péxtsao
under this title. All that is said is that there is one kind
found in eastern China in rivulets and swamps, which is called
by this name. In odor and color, its root is said to resemble
the #§ jf (Ch‘ang-p‘u) which grows among stones (Acorus
gramineus), but its leaves have no central ridge. It is not
eaten, but is used as an expectorant, and is also employed for
destroying insect vermin.

IRIS TECTORUM.—# £ (Yiian-wei). Another name
is & fq (Wu-yiian). The root is called gf fA (Yiian-t‘ou). At
Peking it is cultivated as an ornamental plant under the name
of Hi = BY (Ts‘ao-yii-lan). The root is said to somewhat re-
semble galangal root, having a yellow skin and white flesh.
When chewed, it gives a scratchy sensation to the throat. The
taste is bitter, and the drug is slightly poisonous. Its medicinal
properties are regarded as being somewhat transcendental,
being chiefly recommended for driving away evil influences
and miasms. It is used in marasmus and wasting diseases.

IXORA Sp.—fJ % 3 (Hu-huang-lien). This identifica-
tion is suggested by Faber. See Barkhausia repens.

IXORA STRICTA.—¥®& $ FE (Mai-tzii-mu). The name
is also written @ -F 7K (Mai-tzii-mu). It is said to come from
the mountain valleys of Lingnan, and has a leaf like that of
the persimmon. It grows up with a slender shaft to the height
of about seventeen feet. It has dark green leaves from one to
two inches long, and its branches have a purplish color. The
flowers are ted and in clusters. ‘The seeds are black and
shining, and resemble Zanthoxylum seeds. The stems are the
parts used in medicine, and are recommended in bruises, ex-
travasated blood, and wounds. ‘The drug is said be beneficial
to the bone marrow, to be anodyne, and quieting to the
pregnant uterus.

222 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ayy.

JASMINUM NUDIFLORUM.—l # 7 (Ving-ch‘un-
hua). This is cultivated everywhere in gardens. It is the
same as the Jasminum sieboldianum. 'The Chinese name is
also applied to the AZagnolia conspicua. It flowers very early
in the spring before the leaves come; the flower somewhat
resembling that of the Daphze, and being yellow in color.
The leaves are used in medicine as a diaphoretic in fevers
and wounds.

JASMINUM OFFICINALE.— #8 (So-hsing). In the
Péntsao this is described in a foot-note to the article on /as-
minum sambac, where it is stated that the plant is of foreign
origin, and is also called I} 4 4 (Yeh-hsi-ming) and ®
(Yeh-hsi-mi), either of which is a good transliteration of the
Arabic yésmzn or the Persian yasmin. The flowers are of
two colors, white aud yellow, identified by the Japanese as
Jasminum grandiflorum and Jasminum floridum respectively.
The Oul of Jasmine is expressed from the flowers of this, aS
well as from those of Jasmznum sambac. ‘The medicinal uses

are not distinguished from those of the latter.

JASMINUM SAMBAC.—3¢ #f (Mo-li). This plant is
now well known in China, but is of foreign, probably Persian,
origin. ‘This is indicated by the fact that a number of very
different characters of similar sound are used for the name of
the plant, all approaching in sound those given above. So
it is probable that they are all transliterations of some foreign
name. The plant is exceedingly popular on account of the
fragrance of its beautiful white flowers, and it is therefore
cultivated in all pleasure gardens. A song, the tune of which
is probably the most popular among Chinese airs, was com-
posed praising the fragrance and beauty of this hower. Any
Chinese will play or sing this air, if asked for the ‘‘ Zo-Z-
hua.’ ‘The petals of the flower are used to scent teas and to
prepare cosmetics. They are also used, together with those of
Jasminum officinale, in the manufacture of the Ozl of Jasmine.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 223

The /éntsao says that there is also a red kind, called AS 7
(Nai-hua), but this is the 2zght-blooming jasmine or Nyctanthes
arbor tristis, the musk flower of eastern India. ‘The roots of
the jasmine are said to be very poisonous. A tincture made
from them is said to have very powerful sedative, anesthetic,
and vulnerary properties. One inch of the root extracted
with wine will produce unconsciousness for one day, two inches
for two days, three inches for three days, and so on. The
bruised flowers of this jasmine are strongly recommended
by Dr. Waring (Pharmacopeceia of India, p. 137) as a remedy *
for arresting milk abscess, or as a galactagogue.

JATROPHA JANIPHA.— # ¥ (Pai-fu-tzti). This
is the identification of Loureiro, whose description agrees very
well. The resemblance of the root to that of aconite gives it
the Chinese name, but the Péxtsao says that this does not
indicate any relationship. It seems to have come originally
from Korea, but is also found in Manchuria. Porter Smith
took it to be an aroid plant, and the Customs lists classify it
as a species of Arzsema, 944. ‘The tuberous, oval, elongated
roots sold under this name vary a good deal in size, being
from an inch to two inches in length. ‘The epidermis is of a
brown color, mottled, withered, and reticulated. ‘The interior
is pure white, starchy, and firm in texture. The plant grows
in sandy soil, and is evidently slightly poisonous, although but
a slight degree of acridity seems to exist in the tubers. The
different varieties of South American cassava also vary in this
respect ; some retaining more of the poisonous juice than do
others. It is said to be useful in apoplexy, aphonia, wry-neck,
paralysis, chorea, heat-stroke, and similar diseases. At the
present time it is chiefly used as a face powder to remove pock-
marks, stains, and pigmentary deposits.

JUGLANS REGIA.— yj PE (Hu-t‘ao), #% PE (Hei-t‘ao),
377, He PE (Ch‘iang-t‘ao). ‘The seed of this tree was brought
to China by General Chang-chien, of the Han dynasty. In
the Péntsao its habitat is given as the Tangut country, about
Kokonor. ‘The second character in each of the names given
refers to the resemblance of the green fruit to the peach. The

224 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

tree is said now to grow in nearly all of the northern provinces.
The nuts are not regarded as being very wholesome, but this
is due to its supposed alchemic relations; nevertheless, the
effects of the nuts when ingested seem to be rather good than
otherwise, being said to produce plumpness, strengthening and
lubricating the muscles, and increasing the blackness of the
hair. ‘They are also considered to be diuretic, antilithic, and
stimulant to the kidneys and lungs. They are recommended
in heartburn, colic, dysentery, and intestinal intoxications.
The oil of walnut seeds is used as an anthelmintic and as an
application to several kinds of skin diseases, including eczema,
chancre, and favus, and is applied to the hair as a pomade.
The pericarp seems to furnish an oily juice, which is used
as a hair and whisker dye. ‘The bark of the tree and root, as
well as the hard shell of the nuts, are used as astringent rem-
edies, and also for dyeing the hair and whiskers and summer
grass-cloth. Another species, called {lj #4 #E ‘Shau-hu-t‘ao),
is spoken of under this heading, and is not distinguished from
the other in its medical uses. This is /uglans steboldiana.

JUNCUS COMMUNIS, Juncus effusus.—¥§ ih Hi (Téng-
hsin-ts‘ao). This sedge grows plentifully in the marshes of
central China, and is used for making mats and lamp wicks.
Its appearance when growing gives rise to its common name,
FE 34 Wi (Hu-hsii-ts‘ao), ‘‘tiger-beard-grass.’? The stalks are
steamed and the cuticle peeled off, leaving the central white
pith, which is sometimes used to keep fistulous sores open in
order to make them heal from the bottom. It is also much
used to prepare a menstruum for other drugs. It is said to be
antilithic, diuretic, pectoral, lenitive, sedative, derivative, and
discutient. The ashes of a lamp wick are placed upon a
mother’s nipples, and thus administered to a nursing child for
the relief of night crying. The Chinese watch the growth of
the flower-like snuff of lamps and candles, and draw ominous
conclusions from its appearance.

JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS.—#@ (Kuei). This is a tall,
straight tree, very common in the northern provinces of China.
A remarkable thing about this tree is the dimorphism of its

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 225

leaves. Generally, these resemble the leaves of the common
cypress, which are scale-like and appressed, but frequently on
the same tree will be found spreading, acicular leaves, and in
rare instances the tree has only this sort of leaves. When it has
only such leaves, it is called {{ (Kuai). The wood of the
tree is quite resinous and the fruits are globular, constituting
the juniper berries. The Chinese do not distinguish this
tree, at least in its medicinal virtues, from Zhuja orentales
(which see).

JUSTICIA GENDARUSSA.—# 3§ (Ch‘in-chiao), 170.
This identification is exceedingly doubtful. The plant described
in the /ézztsao is in all probability one of the Acanthacee. It
grows in the mountain valleys of Szechuan. The root is of
a dark yellow color, twisted and contorted, and about one foot
long. The leaves are said to resemble lettuce leaves. The
root is the part used in medicine, and it is very bitter in taste.
It is boiled in milk and given in rheumatism, dysuria, fever,
carbuncle, jaundice, and diarrhceas. Diuretic and diaphoretic
properties belong to this drug, as well as cooling and anodyne
qualities.

JUSTICIA PROCUMBENS.—#94f (Chio-chuang). Other
names are given to this creeping plant, among which is of Ht
% PE # (Ch‘ih-yén-lao-mu-ts‘ao), ‘‘red-eyed old mother
plant.’’ It grows in the river valleys of Central China, in old
fields and waste places. The odor is unpleasant. The whole
plant is used in decoction in backache, plethora, and flatulence.
In Japan this Chinese name is applied to Mosla punctata, a
labiate plant.

226 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

K.

KADSURA CHINENSIS.—F th | (Wu-wei-tzi).
Properly these Chinese characters are applied to Schizandra
chinensts, and the plant will be described under that title.
These magnoliaceous genera are so nearly alike that the Chinese
do not readily distinguish them. The Aadsura is found in
Japan, where it is distinguished as fe Fi. Ik (Nan-wu-wei),
referring to the fact that it is found in South China, while the
Schizandra, being found most plentifully in North China and
Korea, is called JE Fr Ik (Pei-wu-wei), 1477.

KAMPFERIA GALANGA.—]l] # (Shan-nai), 1063,
Wy i (Shan-lai), = 4 (San-nai). The fragrant, warm roots of
Alpinia and Kempferza are grown in the south of China, and
exported under the general name of Capoor Cutchery, which
is not a very happy alteration of the Hindustani name of this
drug, kafur-kuchri, ‘‘root of camphor.’’? ‘The root is met with
in shops in flat, oblong, or round disks, from a half inch to an
inch in diameter. Externally, they are covered with a reddish-
yellow, shriveled epidermis. Internally, they are white. Some
of the pieces are very irregular in shape, and branched. The
odor is camphoraceous, but pleasant, and the taste is warm and
aromatic. The plant is likened to ginger, and the root is eaten
asarelish. It is credited with stimulant, stomachic, carmina-
tive, prophylactic, and similar properties. It is principally used
as a temedy in toothache, or as a wash in dandruff or scabs
upon the head. It appears to destroy lice and pediculi. Dr.
Williams says: ‘‘It is exported from Canton and Swatow to
India, Persia, and Arabia, where it is used in perfumery and
medicirie, and also to preserve clothes from insects.’’ It is some-
times identified with #@ #£ (Lien-chiang), which is a somewhat
similar scitamineous root, used in the south as a remedy in
pyrosis. The character fj is sometimes improperly written F,
and it 1s properly written $4. The country of Fu-lin, which is
probably Syria, is said to have a plant yielding a root like
that of Kemp/feria, from the flowers of which is produced
an oil used for anointing the body in febrile difficulties.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 227

KA/MPFERIA PUNDURATA.—3€ ¥& JR. (P’éng-o-
mou). Another name by which it is known in the Customs
lists is Z€ FE SE (P‘eng-o-shu), 1003. An alternative name given
in the Péntsao is $f #8 (Shu-yao). ‘The drug comes from the
East Indies and the southern provinces of China. The Péxtsao
says that there are two kinds, a poisonous and a non-poisonous,
and that the method of testing this matter is to offer the root
to a sheep, and if the sheep will not eat it, it is rejected. The
root is specially prepared for medical uses by digesting in
vinegar, as is sometimes done in the case of aconite. Carmina-
tive, stomachic, peptic, emmenagogue, and cholagogue proper-
ties are atributed to the drug.

KERRIA JAPONICA.—# 2 (Ti-t‘ang). This is the
identification in both China and Japan, but the Chinese term
is almost uniformly confounded with 3 sf (T‘ang-ti), or FF &f
(Ch‘ang-ti), which is another name for 7%} as (Yu-li), Prunus
japonica. ‘The Kuang-chiin-fang-pu makes the distinction be-
tween these clear, and gives a very good description of this
plant. It is much cultivated in gardens, and is prized for its
golden yellow, polypetalous flowers, especially as it blooms
with such magnificence in the early spring. The plant is used
medicinally in the diseases of women.

KOCHIA SCOPARIA.—Hh J§ (‘Ti-fu), 1263. This plant
grows in marshes and fields. It is also cultivated in gardens,
the young tender leaves being used as food. ‘The old plant is
used for making brooms, and its common name at Peking is
fis y Fi (Sao-chou-ts‘ao). ‘The seeds, shoots, and leaves are
used medicinally, and to all are attributed diuretic and restora-
tive properties. The seeds are prescribed in fevers, colds,
intercostal neuralgia, hernia, dysentery, and incontinence of
urine in pregnant women. ‘The shoots and leaves are pre-
scribed chiefly in dysentery and diarrhcea, and in digestive
disorders generally.

KGELREUTERIA PANICULATA.—3# 3€ (Luan-hua).
The Péntsao describes this as a tree growing in Central China,
the leaves of which resemble those of /zbiscus syrzacus,

228 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

having yellow flowers and a fruit like that of Physadlis alkckengz.
The fruit capsules of this tree are bladderlike, and contain
black seeds, the size of a small pea. The flowers are used for
dyeing yellow, the leaves for dyeing black, and the seeds are
made into beads. The seeds are called At #& -F (Mu-luan-tzit),
but at Peking they are miscalled AX ig -- (Mu-lan-tzi), and
the tree AX Hg 2F (Mu-lan-ya). The flowers are the parts used
in medicine, in epiphora and conjunctivitis. ‘The drug seems
to be employed only as an eye medicine.

KYLLINGIA MONOCEPHALA.—@ 4 # (Chin-niu-
ts‘ao), 155, is the identification of the Customs lists, but upon
what authority does not appear. The Hankow lists call this
Ardisia gaponica, which in Faber’s list is 33 4 4 (Tzti-chin-
niu). What is spoken of under this term in the /éz/sao does
not answer well to the description of Ayddzngza, or indeed of
any cyperaceous plant, but does approach that of a myrsinaceous
one. So its medicinal virtues will be mentioned in the Ad-
denda under the title of Ardzsta. In Japan AX ydlingia monoceph-
ala is 7K BR HA (Shui-wu-kung), and in the Appendix to the
Péntsao is mentioned Mz WA #8 (Wu-kung-p‘ing), ‘‘centipede-
like duck-weed,’’ which from the description is evidently a
sedge, and may be Ay/izxgza. Insects do not like the odor of
this plant, so it is dried and burned in bed-rooms and about
beds to produce a smoke, which is said to drive away all sorts
of parasitic insects.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 229

be:

LACTUCA.— £& (Pai-chii), 4 BH (Shih-chi), 4 #
(Shéng-ts‘ai). The Péztsao says that y i, 7 HE (K ‘u-chi,
possibly Cechorium endivia), and yy Ei (Wo-chii, Lactuca sativa)
should not be cooked, but should be eaten raw with salt and
vinegar. For this reason they are called 4E $$ ‘‘raw vege-
table.’ The name { (Pa) is also given for this plant, but
this is an error; it should be {% (Chi). Faber calls fy &&
Lactuca albiflora, but this does not agree with the /ézz/sao, as
the plant there described bears yellow flowers. The ‘‘ white”?
refers to the leaves, which are slightly hirsute. Two crops
are grown in the year: one being sown in the first or second
moon, and the other from the eighth to the tenth moon. ‘Two
other varieties are mentioned, called 38 if (Tzit-chii) and 7 Pf
(K‘u-chii) respectively. The former is sometimes mixed with
clay in making pottery, producing an imitation copper. These
are both probably only varieties of Lactuca sativa. ‘The
action of this lettuce is considered to be highly beneficial,
toning up the sinews, dispelling flatus, aiding the circulation,
strengthening the intellect, correcting poisons, relieving thirst,
and opening the emunctories. The expressed juice of the
stalk is instilled into the interior of a bubo after it has been
opened and the pus removed.

In the article on ff] #& (Wo-chii), also called j2; 3€ (Wo-
ts‘ai) and - 42 3é (Ch ‘ien-chin-ts‘ai), and which is also Lactuca
sativa, the Péztsao says that it was brought to China from a
country called fj (Kua, j& Kuo?) in the time of the Han
dynasty. The envoys who brought it received such a rich
reward that the plant was called +: 4> 3 (Ch ‘ien-chin-ts‘ai),
‘‘thousand ounces of gold vegetable,’’ from this fact. It is
cultivated in the same manner as the fy #§, and is found in
two varieties—the white and the purple. ‘The seed stalk, when
it first shoots up, is eaten under the name of fy 2) (Wo-sun).
It is consumed raw, and its taste is likened to that of the
cucumber. The action of this plant upon the body is con-
sidered to be identical with that of Paz-chii, but it is more
highly regarded as a diuretic and parasiticide. Insects do not

230 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

seem to like the juice, and if it is dropped into the ear when ~
an insect has entered that cavity, the insect will be driven out.
The seeds are considered to be galactagogue and anodyne.
They are prescribed in swelling of the genitals and to make
the hair grow on scar tissue.

Another article in the Péuxtsao gives us #F 3 (K ‘u-ts‘ai),
Ze a 14 EF (K‘u-chii), J& # (K‘u-mai), jf & (Yu- -tung),
ij Et. (Pien- fet a Se (Wan: kuan-ts‘ai), and J "ZA; & (T ‘ien-
hsiang-ts‘ai) as more or fess synonymous terms. a we have
a thorough confounding of genera, as well as of species ; at the
least Cichorium, Lactuca, and Sonchus being in all probability
included among this large number of names. These genera —
are very similar, resembling each other in their general appear- —
ance, inflorescence, and milky sap, as well as in the more or
less bitterish taste of most of the species. 7 Ee and 7f @ are
probably Crchorium endivia or Cichorium intybus. Henry says
that in Hupeh A‘w-¢s‘az is Lactuca squarrosa. 4 (T‘u) seems
to be uniformly referred to Sonxchus oleraceus, and in Japan
K‘u-ts‘at is used as a synonvm. ‘This last term is frequently
used in the sense of ‘‘ bitter vegetable,’’ so cannot always be
considered as a distinctive term. According to Li Shih-chen,
the leaves of this plant clasp the stem, and this would indicate
that what he meant was a Sonchus. The action of this vege-
table upon the body is much the same as that of the last, but
its medicinal virtues are considered to be much greater. Pro-
longed use is thought to be highly beneficial, preserving youth
and vitality. The expressed juice is much regarded as an
application to boils, abscesses, and carbuncles, and if put upon
warts will cause them to drop off. It is also used in snake
bite and bleeding piles. The root is prescribed in fluxes and
hematuria. The flowers and seeds are used as an antifebrile
and quieting remedy, and in jaundice.

LACTUCA DEBILIS.—8§ JJ fe (Chien-tao-ku). This
is another kind of lettuce that is eaten raw, and is also made
into pickle. No medicinal virtues are ascribed to it.

LACTUCA DENTICULATA.—JK 74 8 (Shui-k ‘u-mai).
This is a Japanese identification. Other names are Hf JE

a

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 231

(Hsieh-p‘o-ts‘ai) and 42 3% lJ (Pan-pien-shan). The root is
used in medicine for the treatinent of fevers and sore throat.

LACTUCA STOLONIFERA.—#f if $@ (Hu-huang-lien),
482. This is a classification suggested by Faber. (See Bark-
hausia repens).

LAGENARIA VULGARIS.—‘ J# (Hu-lu). These char-
acters are sometimes written with the grass radical, @ 7.
Other names in the classics are 4{ (Hu), @§J (P‘ao), and ff
(P‘iao). These names all refer to the shape of the gourd and
the uses to which it is put, and the Chinese authors try to
distinguish different varieties by these names. In the north
4, -f- (Hu-tzu) is applied to a long, club-shaped gourd. It is the
pear-shaped, or double-bellied, bottle-shaped gourd to which
the name /7z-/ 1s most properly applied. The young leaves
of this plant are sometimes eaten. ‘The gourds are used for
a variety of purposes, as formerly in America, such as cala-
bashes, dishes, beggars’ collection boxes, musical instruments,
drug bottles, floats, and the like. The pulp of the fresh fruit
is sometimes eaten like the squash, but if taken too freely is
liable to cause vomiting and purging. It is considered to be
cooling, diuretic, and antilithic. The prickly cortex of the
vine and the flowers are regarded as counter poisons, while the
seeds are taken together with Achryanthes bidentata for diseased
and aching teeth and gum boils.

LAMINARIA.—# (Lun). See Alge.

LAMPSANA APOGONOIDES.—i# JX 3€ (Huang-kua-
ts‘ai), Ge 7— 3 (Huang-hua-ts‘ai). This grows wild in moist
fields, resembles wild mustard, has a slightly bitter taste, and is
used as a pot-herb. It bears a yellow flower and small seeds like
rape seeds. The rural people sometimes eat these seeds as a sub-
stitute for rice. The use of this plant and of its seed is regard-

ed as beneficial in all cases of feverishness and lack of vitality.

LATHYRUS DAVIDIL—ZrE # Ye HB] (Chiang-mang-
chieh-ming). This is a Japanese identification. (See Cassia
mimosordes).

232 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

LATHYRUS MARITIMUS.—} 9ij (Yeh-wan-ton).
In the /éztsao this is discussed under the term 7% (Wei), and
part of the description evidently refers to a leguminous plant,
although this latter character is more properly applied to a
fern (Osmunda regalis). In Peking the same term is used for
Vicia gigantea. In Japan the classification at the head of this
article is the recognised one, although #4 44% (Ch ‘iao-yao) is also
called Lathyrus maritimus and Vicia hirsuta. In the Péntsao
the plant under consideration is said to grow by river courses
and on marshy ground, although there is said to be a highland
variety. It is used as a pot-berb, and upon prolonged use it is
said to be very nourishing and to greatly benefit the intestinal
tract. It is also thought to be tonic to the urinary organs.

LAWSONIA ALBA.—# 7§ Fl HY (Jan-chih-chia-ts‘ao),
Me iy (Hai-na). The leaves of this lythraceous plant, which
grows all over South China, is used by women and children as
a finger-nail dye; hence the Chinese names, the second of
which is in imitation of the Arabian hexza. In the Pénxésao
these Chinese names are mentioned under the article on /m-
patiens balsamina, because in North China this latter plant is
used in combination with alum as a finger-nail dye. But no
description of Zawsonza is there given. In India the yellowish-
white flowers of this plant are used, together with the leaves,
in preparing an extract which is used as a remedy for leprosy.
The leaves contain gallic acid, and are therefore astringent.
They are used by the natives of India for making a poultice
to be applied to bruises and ‘‘ burning feet.’? It 1s probable
that the plant was introduced into China from India or Arabia
at a very early period. The plant may indeed be Anchusa
(Alkanna) tinctoria.

Under the name of #§ Al 7é (Chih-chia-hua), the Péxtsao
mentions a plant which it says resembles 7& #iz (Mu-hsi),
Osmanthus fragrans, in odor, and which bears yellow and
white flowers, and is superior to /wpatzens balsamina for dye-
ing the finger nails. This may refer to Lawsonza. It is men-
tioned in the /éztsao in a foot-note to the article on Jasminum
officenale. In the Kuang-chiin-fang-pu it receives a somewhat
fuller description as a shrub, growing to the height of five or

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 233

six feet, and as having been introduced from a foreign country,
probably Syria or Persia, during the Liang dynasty. Its
flowers are as white as snow and very fragrant.

HrENNA.—The practice of dyeing the finger nails, and
of using similar pigment upon other parts of the body, prevails
to some extent in China, especially among women and children.
In the south Lawsonza alba, and possibly Anchusa tinctoria,
are used, and in the north Jmpatiens balsamina in combination
with alum. The flowers of a ternstrcemiaceous plant, called
ok 7K HZ (Shui-mu-hsi), are also used to some extent for the
same purpose. A red or yellow dye is imparted to the nails,
which needs daily renewal. Practice varies as to the number
of fingers treated in this way. A circular spot of rouge or
henna is often to be seen between the eyes, or upon the cheeks
or forehead, of Chinese children, especially girls, There is a
tradition that this mark was originally a sign of the separation
of women during the ‘‘uncleanness’’ of menstruation. In
Egypt the Zawsonza is collected and used as a dye, and is
exported to Turkey, where it has similar uses, and is farther
employed to stain the manes and hoofs of horses.

LEAVEN.—¥ (Ch‘ii), commonly written #}. Distiller’s
leaven is largely used in China in domestic operations. This
is called Y§ #% (Chiu-chiao), and is the residum left after the
fermentation process preparatory to distilling spirits. Several
kinds of leaven appearing under the name given at the head
of this article, and that of {§ # (Chiu-mu) are described in
the /éntsao as being made of barley, wheat, or rice. The
process of manufacture is about the same in each case. The
crushed grain or flour is mixed with water, kneaded into dough,
wrapped in the leaves of the paper-mulberry and hung in the
open air for from five to ten days. In one kind the wheat-
flour is mixed with kidney-beans, the juice of Polygonum (Bf,
Liao, ‘‘smartweed,’’) and apricot kernels. It is made during the
dog-days (= {& H, San-fu-jih). This is called #5) x (Mien-
ch‘ii). Besides this there are )J, # #48 (Hsiao-mai-ch‘u), A #
#4 (Ta-mai-ch‘u), and 3€ #48 (Mi-ch‘i).

The peptic and nutritive properties of these are well
recognised in the /éztsao, as well as an abortifacient power.

234 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

They are used largely in digestive disturbances. A preparation
called ji 8 (Shén-ch‘ti), 1126, or ‘‘spirit-leaven,’’ is described.
It is to be made on the fifth of the fifth moon, the sixth of the
sixth moon, or during the dog days, and is composed of white
flour and the juices of wormwood, Phaseolus mungo, apricot
kernels, burweed, and wild /olygonum, compounded together
with the geomantic influences of the white tiger, the azure
dragon, the scarlet bird, the black footstep, the hidden path, and
the wingless dragon. It is wrapped in the leaves of the paper
mulberry and hung up in the same manner as other kinds of
leaven. It comes in yellow cakes, two inches and a half long
by one inch and three quarters wide, packed up very neatly,
two ina box. They are used as a peptic, stomachic, and cor-
rective remedy in dyspepsia, colic, dysentery, the #az disease
of children, and in difficulties following drunkenness. It is said
to have the power of repressing the nilk of puerperal women.
Its action is very similar to that of malt. Another kind of
leaven is called 7 #4 (Nu-ch‘i), and this is simply fermented
grain. Its virtues are said to be the same as those of the other
forms. Still another kind is known as ¥f #4 (Hung-ch‘t). This
is made of non-glutinous rice, which is washed clean, mixed
with ‘* mother-leaven,’’ and by a complicated, slow process of
fermentation, made into a very efficient form of leaven of a
red color, which is much used in fermenting grain for distilla-
tion. Its medicinal properties are the same as those of the
other forms, but it is specially recommended in post-partum
difficulties and the dyspeptic conditions of children.

LEMNA MINOR.— JK #i (Shui-p‘ing), YF #f (Fou-p‘ing),
327. Inthe /éztsao three plants are more or less confounded
under this title: a large one called $@ (P‘in, AZarsziza), an in-
termediate one called #7 (Hsing, Limnanthemum), and the one
under consideration, which is the smallest of all. There is alsoa
kind with leaves green above and reddish-purple beneath, called
ue ZG (Tzt-p‘ing), which in Japan is identified as Salvinza
natans. Henry says that a sample of the drug Fou-p vung from
Hongkong, which is found in the Pharmaceutical Museum in
London, is Pistia stratzotes. In Peking the plant known by
this name is Lemna minor. Cooling, diuretic, autiscorbutic,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 235

astringent, and alterative properties are ascribed to this plant.
It is added to the bath for the treatment of prickly heat, and
the expressed juice is thought to promote the growth of hair.
The juice is also applied to syphilitic sores and to carbuncles.
The dried plant is used to drive away mosquitos.

LEONURUS MACRANTHUS.— 3 (Tsan-ts‘ai). This
grows in shady places in Kiangnan, and resembles the next,
having a square stem and a whorl of white flowers at the
joints. The Zrkya calls it # (T‘ui), and a purple flowered
variety is called f& (T‘ui). This last character, however, is
also used fora Rumex. ‘The shoots of this plant are used asa
vegetable ; hence the character 3 in the name. The medicinal
action is vitalizing to the blood, and it is used in post-partum
difficulties.

LEONURUS SIBIRICUS.—3E fF (Ch‘ung-wei), 283,
# PE (I-mu), 550. The Zrkya also gives the name #£ (T‘ul)
for this. ‘The second name above given is applied also to
Leonurus macranthus, and in Manchuria to Lycopzs lucidus.
This plant grows near the sea shore and on the margins of
pools and marshes. It has a square stem, trilobed leaves, and
the flowers are red, tinged with white, and arranged in a whorl
around the stem at the joints. The plant has a disagreeable
odor, and was called by some ancient authors 5 # (Ch ‘ou-
wei). The name /-mz is explained by its seeds being used in
women’s diseases. ‘This plant is collected by poor people and
dried, and sold to the medicine shops, where it is met with in
bundles. ‘The odor is not strong, but the taste is bitter. Li
Shih-chen speaks of two varieties of the plant : one with purple
and one with white flowers. ‘The latter is /-sz, while the
former is called Bf FE ffi (Yeh-t‘ien-ma). ‘The seeds are con-
sidered to be constructive and aphrodisiac. ‘They are prescribed
in fevers, post-partum hemorrhage, menorrhagia, and loss of
virility. Prolonged use promotes fertility. ‘The stalk is used
in baths for eruptions on the body, and the juice is employed
in dropsies, death of the fcetus, difficult labor, dysmenorrhoea,
fluxes, constipation, and locally in boils, cancer, ear abscess,
Serpent and insect bites, and it is added to cosmetic applica-

236 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

tions. An extract, called 4 fi} # (I-mu-kao), 549, is prepared
and used in cases of difficult or complicated labor.

LEUCOTHOE GRAVANA.—9|¢ 3% Jf (Shui-li-lu). This
is a shrub with leaves resembling those of the cherry, but
narrower, longer, and much wrinkled. In the fourth moon
it bears a small yellow flower, followed by the fruit, which is
of the size of a small pea. The taste of this is bitter and acrid,
and it is poisonous. It is used in the treatment of itch, ring-
worm, and as a general parasiticide. The Chinese name indi-
cates that this is regarded as a species of Veratrum growing on
moist ground. ‘The root is also said to be used, possibly being
in some instances confounded with Veratrum root.

LICHENS.—The characters 3% (Tai), #4 (T‘an), and #
(Hsien) are used to denote these plants, as well as mosses and
alge. The different kinds are not clearly distinguished. Most
lichens are regarded as cooling, astringent, prophylactic, and
anthelmintic.

LIGUSTRUM LUCIDUM.—& 8 (Ni-chén), 913. In
the Shan-hai-ching the second character is written {4 (Chén).
It is also called & 7 (Tung-ch‘ing), in reference to its being an
evergreen (see //ex), and ti #§f (La-shu), in reference to the
fact that it is the tree most commonly inhabited by the wax
insect. This tree, with its evergreen leaves, is regarded as an
emblem of chastity; hence the name, ‘‘female chastity.’
The tree is most commonly known, however, by the
last name, ‘‘ wax tree,’’ because the cultivation of this
tree for the production of the white wax is an extensive and
profitable business in some parts of China. The similarity
of this tree to J/lex pedunculosa is noted by Chinese
authors, and the fact that & fF (Tung-ch‘ing) is used
as a name for both serves to cause some confusion between
these. But it is pointed out that the leaves of the JVii-chén are
oblong, from four to five inches long, and its fruit is black;
whilst the Zung-ch‘zng has roundish leaves and red berries.
The flowers of these trees are very much alike, those of the

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 237

Tung-ch‘ing being white, and those of the Mi-chén greenish-
white. The fruits enter into commerce under the name of &
Hf (Nti-chén-tzit), 913. The taste is bitter. ‘It is tonic
to the centers, brightens the eye, strengthens the yzz, quiets
the five viscera, nourishes the vital principle, makes vigorous
the loins and navel, expels the hundred diseases, restores grey
hair, and if taken for a long time will increase the rotundity
and firmness of the flesh, giving sprightliness and youth to
the body.’? ‘The leaves are prescribed in colds, congestions,
swellings, dizziness, and headaches. It is probable that
other species of Lzgustrum are known by the same Chinese
name.

Insect Wax.—# A HA (Ch‘ung-pai-la), 953. Li Shih-
chen says: ‘‘ Previous to the Tang and Sung dynasties the
wax used for making candles and in medicine was all bees-
wax. From that period, however, the insect wax began to
’ be known, and it is now an article of daily use. It is found
in Szechuan, Hukuang, Yunnan, Fukien, Lingnan, Kiangsu,
Chekiang, and Shantung provinces. That from Yunnan,
Héngchou (Hunan), and Yungchang is the best. ‘The wax
tree, in its branches and leaves, is classed with the & 7F
(Tung-ch‘ing), in that during the four seasons its leaves do not
fall. In the fifth moon it bears white flowers in clusters and
chains of fruits, about the size of those of EX #] (Wan-ching,
Vitex incisa). When fresh, these are green in color; when ripe
they are purple. Those of the Zung-ch‘img are red.’’ It
seems that //ex is here referred to. ‘‘The insect is about the
size of a louse, and after it has been propagated it remains
upon the green branches of the tree, eating its sap and giving
off from its body a secretion which adheres to the fresh stalks,
gradually becoming changed into a white cere which congeals
to form the wax, appearing like frost upon the branches.
After the period of great heat (A ¥#, Ta-shu, about July 23)
it is scraped off, and is then called Hf # (La-cha). If it is
allowed to remain until the period of white dew (fy #, Pai-lu,
about September 9), it adheres very firmly and is with difficulty
scraped off. ‘The crude wax is melted and purified or steamed
in a retort, in order to get rid of the impurities, and is then
poured into moulds to cool. This forms the white wax of

238 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

commerce. ‘The insects produce the wax while they are young
and of white color: When they are old, they are reddish-black
in color, and form balls upon the branches of the tree, at first
of the size of a grain of millet, but in the second spring they
grow to the size of a cock’s head, are purplisli-red in color, and
closely encircle the branches, appearing as if fruits borne upon
the tree. The insect deposits its eggs, making a cell that
much resembles a chrysalis, which is called HS #@ (La-chung)

i -¢ (La-tzti). The eggs within this cocoon are like small
silkworm eggs. In each bundle there are several hundreds.
At the opening of spring they are taken down and wrapped in
bamboo leaves and hung upon the tree. The insects gradually
hatch out and come out of the envelope and adhere to the
under side of the leaves and the other parts of the plant, where
they begin the manufacture of wax. The ground beneath the
tree must be kept very clean, lest the ants eat the young
insects. Phere is also a tree called zk && Af (Shui-la-shu,
Ligustrum tbota), the leaves of which somewhat resemble those
of the elm. ‘This may be used for breeding wax insects, as can
also the F fii (Tien-chu, Quercus sclerophylla.)”’

The insect which produces this secretion is the Coccus
Pe-la of Westwood, otherwise known as Coccus sineusis. It is
whitish in color when young, but becomes of a dark brown
color at the end of the season. The male insect is deseribed
in Hanbury’s Notes (Science Papers, p. 271) as having large
wings, a body of a dark red chestnut color, an elongated anal
point, and reddish-brown legs. The body of the female seems
to develop in such a way as to envelope the twig upon which
it grows. The account given by Li Shih-chen, as quoted
above, seems to be fairly close to the facts, as these have thus
far been gathered by foreign observers.

The trees upon which the insect grows have been much in
dispute as to their identification. For the most part they
belong to the Oleaceze. Without doubt the insect will thrive
upon several different species, such as Ligzustrum, Fraxinus,
Ilex, Quercus, and possibly Rhus. But it seems now to be
well established that Ligustrum lucidum (z HH, Nu-chén and
4 Ff Tung-ch‘ing) and Fraxinus sinensis (& Hi, K‘u-li) are
the principal trees employed for this purpose ; the former for

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 239

the most part in the western provinces, and the latter in the
eastern. Lzgustrum zebota makes a good third in the lst of
wax trees. The Kuang-chiin-fang-pu gives t fi} (La-shu),
‘““wax tree,’’? as the alternative naine for the WVii-chen, and
while it also gives Zung-ch‘ing as a nae, it seems to use this
more in the sense of ‘‘evergreen.’’ The trees are usually
planted upon dykes between fields, and more rarely in clumps
or orchards. Few engage exclusively in this business of
producing the wax. It is usually one of the many activities of
the Chinese farmer.

In commerce the wax appears in cakes of varying sizes ;
the ustal one being of a diameter of about thirteen inches and
about three and a half inches thick, with an oblong hole in the
center for ease of handling. It texture it is highly crystaline
on its broken surface, much resembling spermaceti, but con-
siderably harder. When pure it is almost colorless, inodorous,
and tasteless. It melts at a temperature of about 180° F., and
chemically seems to be a ceryl cerotate, its formula being
C., H;;, C2; H;; O,. It is very sightly soluble in alcohol or
ether, but very soluble in naphtha. It is used in China to
some extent for making candles, being rarely used pure for
this purpose, but sometimes combined with softer fats. It is
more particularly used for giving to the ordinary tallow candle
a hard coating to prevent its guttering and wasting. For
this purpose it is usually colored red with alkanet root, or
green with verdigris. Latterly the analine dyes are being used
to produce other colors. It is used in the trades for polishing
the edges of books, the edges of the soles of shoes, polishing
earthenware, and the like. Medicinally, the /éz¢sao says that
it makes flesh grow, stops bleeding, eases pain, restores strength,
braces the nerves, and joins broken bones together. It is
regarded as a valuable remedy for wounds and all sorts of
external difficulties, being used together with the bark of Ad-
bizzza julibrissin for this purpose. It is also considered to have
anthelmintic properties when taken internally, and is rubbed
into the scalp in cases of favus and alopecia. Pills are some-
times coated with this wax, and it is used for rubbing up
with india ink in printing Chinese visiting cards of the better
quality. Grosier says that public speakers sometimes swallow

240 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

it to the extent of an ounce at a time as a stimulant to the
voice. A large pill, made in Canton, and which is called
Ky ht AL (Pai-la-wan), 687, is considered to be a very good

vulnerary and pectoral remedy.

LILIUM BROWNII. —& @ @ (Yeh-pai-ho); Zz/zum
tigrinum.—Re Bf (Chia-pai-ho). The first term also includes
other wild growing species. In fact, the name @ (Pai-ho),
945, is applied to a number of species of lily, the bulbs of
which, resembling onions, are used as food. Several other
names are given in the /éx/sao, some of which refer to this
resemblance to the onion or garlic. Another name applied
to Lilium tigrinum, the description agreeing very closely, is
#2 J} (Chiien-tan), which refers to the way in which the flowers
roll up as they fade. The domestic varieties of this plant are
raised by manuring with the droppings of fowls. The wild
kinds are preferred by some. The bulbs are considered to be
tonic, eliminant, carminative, quieting, and expectorant. They
are used also in epiphora, suppression of milk, post-partum
neuroses, and externally in swellings and ulcers. The flowers
are dried, powdered, and mixed with oil for the treatment of
moist eczema and vesicular eruptions in children. The bulblets
in the axils of the leaves are steeped in wine and used in the
treatment of intestinal disorders. The dried bulbs of these
lilies appear in commerce as fj 4 H¢ (Pai-ho-kan), 945, while
the fresh bulbs are called & & (Hsien-pai-ho). A sort of
starch is also made out of the bulbs, which is called G & #}
(Pai-ho-fén), 946.

LILIUM CONCOLOR.—jlj J} (Shan-tan). This is also
known as #0 @ 4 (Hung-pai-ho) and #f 7—€ 3 (Hung-hua-
ts‘ai). The term # J} (Chiian-tan) is sometimes applied to
the flowers of this species, but it properly belongs to Ledewm
tigvinum. In the case of this plant the flowers are eaten as
well as the bulb, which latter is smaller than that of the Wy @
(Pai-ho). The bulb is sweet and cooling, and is recommended
in uterine fluxes, choreic affections, ulcers, and swellings.
The flowers are considered to be invigorating to the blood, and
are applied as a poultice to boils and foul ulcers.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 24t

LIMNANTHEMUM NYMPHOIDES. —23& 3 (Hsing-
ts‘ai). According to the Sook of Odes, the first character is
also written 7%. Another name is S ¥$ (Fu-k‘uei), which Li
Shih-chén says ought to be written #f Zs. He also says that
the plant is the same genus with H€ (Shun, Brassenia peltata).
It is therefore also called 7 3£ (Shui-k‘uei), ‘‘ water mallow.”
Legge confounds this plant with Lemna minor. But these all
belong to different natural orders ; Lemna being the type of the
Lemnacee, while Brasseria is a nymphaceous plant, and
Limnanthemum an aquatic Gentianacea. The plant grows in
water, the stem being so proportioned that the leaves may float
on the surface. ‘I'he leaves are peltate, purplish-red in color,
and about an inch in diameter. ‘The inferior part of the stem
is white, and is sometimes eaten as a green vegetable. The
flowers are yellow. ‘True to Chinese ideas of the virtues of
aquatic plants, those supposed to reside in this one are thirst-
relieving, antifebrile, and diuretic. The expressed juice is
used in fevers, and the bruised plant is applied to swellings,
burns, rodent ulcers, and snake bite.

LIMNANTHEMUM PELTATUM.—RR # (Hui-t‘iao).
Other names are Je #E 3€ (Hui-t‘iao-ts‘ai) and 4 #¥ RK (Chin-
so-t‘ien). [he peltate leaves of this plant bear the hook-like
appendages characteristic of this genus, and are also covered
with a white, powdery efflorescence. ‘The stalk and leaves are
highly esteemed as a pot-herb. It bears a small white fower
and produces a globular fruit containing seeds which are also
edible. The stalk and leaves are bruised together with oil and
applied to ulcers and insect bites, and in decoction they are used
as a wash for scaly skin diseases, boils, sudamina, and all forms
of parasitic skin difficulties. ‘The kernels of the seeds are made
into cakes and eaten to destroy and prevent intestinal worms.

LINDERA GLAUCA.— IJ] Wf #~ (Shan-hu-chiao). This
is a Japanese identification. It is spoken of in the Péztsao in
a foot-note to the article on Daphnuidium cubeba. It has a
black drupe, the size of Zanthoxylum berries ; hence the name.
The taste of the drupe is acrid and warming, and it is used as
a carminative and gastric stimulant,

242 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

LINDERA SERICEA.—$y #% (Tiao-chang), also called
B #& (Wu-chang). The Chinese liken this tree to the cam-
phor tree, claiming it to be a dwarf variety of the latter. The
root is likened to that of Daphnidium myrrha. It is a
laurinaceous tree, allied to Benzoin. ‘The leaves are some-
what hirsute, and resemble those of Persea nanumu. ‘The root
is used in medicine, especially its bark, and is prescribed as a
hemostatic in wounds, an astringent in fluxes, and as a wash
in skin diseases. The branches and leaves are placed at the
doors to ward off miasmatic and evil influences.

LINDERA STRYCHNIFOLIA.—, 8% (Wu-yao), 1478.
See Daphnidium myrrha.

LINDERA TZUMU.—#* (Tzitt), 78 FE (Mu-wang). Bret-
schneider at first classed this as Catalpa bungeana, but in his
Jatest work he says that there can be no doubt that it must be
referred to Lzzdera. In Japan it is Rottlera japonica, and in
this Faber follows. Bretschneider being so wide and careful
an observer, he will be given the benefit of the doubt, and this
tree will be here described. The Chinese also confound this
with Catalpa (fk, Ch‘iu). Some confusion also exists with
this and Acanthopanax, and even with Paulownia. ‘This is a
tall, graceful tree, which on account of its great height and the
usefulness of its timber is called by the Chinese 7 (Mu-
wang), ‘* king of trees.’’ It is said that a house built of this
timber is never struck by lightning. The white, inner bark
of the tree is used in medicine, and is considered to be anthel-
mintic and parasiticide. It is used in decoction as a wash in
scabies and pediculosis in children, and in ophthalmia. It is
also prescribed in nausea and vomiting, and is thought to have
some antifebrile properties. The leaves are fed to hogs, and
are said to be very fattening. ‘They are also bruised and
applied in the skin difficulties of these animals, as well as in
sores on the hands or feet of mankind.

LINUM PERENNE.—ii fit (Ya-ma). This plant is
grown largely in Shensi for the oil of its seeds, which was
formerly used in lamps. It is not eaten on account of its bad
odor and taste. It is applied in ulcers and scaly skin eruptions.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 243

LINUM SATIVUM.— I ?§ # fift (Shan-si-hu-ma). This
plant seems to have been unknown to the ancient Chinese, and
it has probably been a comparatively recent introduction into
China. It is cultivated in the north for the oil of its seeds, and
its use as a textile does not yet seem to be appreciated. Its oil
is not distinguished from that of Canxzadbis, Sesamum, or of
other species of Zzxum. It is employed medicinally in the
same manner and for the same purposes as these other oils.

LINUM USITATISSIMUM.—J fff (Chih-ma). This
is thoroughly confounded with Caxnaézs and Sesamum. The
term is found in the /éztsao under the latter article, and the
name #§ Jf (Hu-ma), 486, is without doubt applied to both
genera. The plant is evidently of foreign origin, although it
is extensively cultivated in China for the oil of its seeds. The
medicinal uses of this plant and of its oil do not differ from
those of Sesawzum (see that article).

LIQUIDAMBAR ALTINGIANA.—This is a tall tree of
Java, the Malay name of which is vassamala. It has a fra-
grant wood, which when incised yields a sweet scented resin
of about the consistency of honey, and which hardens upon
exposure to the air. This substance, which is found in Chinese
drug shops, goes by the name of fi @ iff (Su-ho-yu), 1196,
or ff f¢ # (Su-ho-hsiang). The substance is very similar to,
if not identical with, the Zzquzd Storax derived from Liguid-
ambar ortentalis of Asia Minor. ‘The term ‘‘ vose-maloes,””
by which this substance is sometimes known, is probably
derived from the Malay name for the tree. Garcia says that
‘* Roga-malha’’ is the name by which it is known in China,
but this has not been confirmed by any Chinese work con-
sulted. According to some early writers the substance is
produced in the country called #f 4 (Su-ho), from which fact
it receives its name. What this country may have been is not
known, but it may suggest Sumatra. The present source of
supply for this drug to China is uncertain. ‘The account in
the Péntsao suggests Annam, Sumatra, Central India, and
Western Asia. This renders it probable that both the product
of Liguidambar altingiana and that of Liguzdambar ortentalis

244 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

are found. One is Rose-maloes and the other is Liguzd
Storax. Western observers are said to have found both of
these products under. this Chinese name in different parts of
China. Dr. Bretschneider suggests that the Balm of Mecca,
a product of Lalsamodendron opobalsamum, and Mukul,
obtained from Balsamodendron mukul, may also be found in
China under the same name. The Sanscrit name of the drug
is My 4 ZE sa] (Tu-li-sé-chien). Its medicinal action is anti-
dotal to noxious poisons, antimalarial, anticonvulsive, and
constructive. Its prolonged use is said to give vitality and
lightness to the body and to prolong life. A famous nostrum,
called #€ @ # AU (Su-ho-hsiaug-wan), and whose principal
ingredients are Rose maloes, Benzoin, Atractylis, Cyperus
rotundus, Aristolochia, Santalum album, Lign-aloés, Cloves,
Musk, Piper longum, Terminalia chebula, Vermillion, Baroos
camphor, and Olibanum, is used in the treatment of malaria,
epilepsy, and several other serious. difficulties. Dr. Waring
mentions two substances as obtained in Burma: one a light
yellow balsam and the other thick, dark, and terebinthinate,
which correspond closely to descriptions given in the Péz/sao.
He found these of little use as expectorants, which is the
priucipal property of storax.

LIQUIDAMBAR FORMOSANA.—The character
(Féng) is applied to this, to Platanus, Acer, and Gynocardia.
But the description given in the /éz/sao refers to the one
under consideration. It is a very tall tree, with rounded,
dentate, three-cleft, more or less peltate leaves, which have a
peculiar fragrance. The leaves flutter in the wind much like
those of the aspen, and beine such a large tree, this fact
becomes particularly noticeable. It is said that the com-
position of the character # is explained in this way. The
branches are long and supple and wave gracefully in the wind.
In autumn they are covered with the beautifully colored leaves,
which gives an exceedingly attractive appearance to the tree.
On this account, many of these trees were planted in the
Imperial palace grounds at Peking by an emperor of the Han
dynasty, and the palace from this took the name of i
(Féug-chén), and the city was called $i ME (Féng-pi). The

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 245

wood of the tree is considered to be especially appropriate for
making idols, being thought to #¢ (Ling, “spiritualize ”) more
easily than any other. This is probably due to the fact that
on account of the free movement of its leaves and branches in
the wind, the tree top is thought to be the abode of various
sorts of spirits. The tree bears a white flower, and its fruits
are said to be as large as a duck’s egg. It produces a resinous
extract resembling Rose-maloes and Liguid Storax, called
Hil A JG (Feng-hsiang-chih), that produced from the fruits
being called fy #2 # (Pai-chiao-hsiang). Indian and Sanscrit
naines for the substance are given as fg ff #2 YE FF (Sa-chih-
lo-p‘o-hsiang) and pig fa] SB YE FF (Sa-shé@lo-p‘o-hsiang). This
gum-resin is of a pale yellow color, and is said to resemble
frankincense. Its medicinal action is that of a hemostatic,
astringent, anodyne, and corrective remedy. It is used in all
sorts of wounds, skin affections, and ulcers. It is combined
with two sorts of ARkamnus berries in preparing a suppository
(HE #4, Ting-na) for the treatment of chronic constipation.
The bark of the tree is employed in fluxes and as an astringent
wash in skin diseases, while the leaves and the root are used in
cancerous growths. The Lyrhya says that Lzguidambar resin
which has been buried in the ground for a thousand years
becomes amber. An unidentified excrescence found growing
on the tree, which is said to somewhat resemble the form of
the human body, and which is reputed to grow to the length
of three or four feet, is called #i §% (Féng-tzti-kuei) and
Hil JL (Féng-jén). It is said to be poisonous, and to produce,
when ingested, a laughing delirium which is_ persistent.
Faber gives |[f {fk (Shan-ch‘iu) as a term for Lzguzdambar
Jormosana, but Chinese botanical works do not seem so to
recognise it, but on the other hand identify this with Cazalpa,
as the name implies.

LITHOSPERMUM OFFICINALE (ERYTHRORHI-
ZON).—% Hi (Tziti-ts‘ao). Other names are 3% J} (‘Tzii-tan),
$i, fi. (Ti-hstieh), and 9& ff Bi (Ya-hsien-ts‘ao). The Erhya
writes the first character Jf (Tz‘i). This plant is indigenous
to the central and northern provinces of China. It is cultivated
for the purple dye yielded by its root. ‘This is dug up in the

246 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

spring before the plant has flowered, at which time the color-
ing matter will be found to be very bright. If gathered after
flowering, the color has become deeper, and is considered to be
inferior in quality. The root is the part used in medicine,
aud it is said to act on the blood, to be derivative to the skin
and all of the passages of the body, especially the intestinal
canal and urinary tract. It is also prescribed in skin affec-
tions, and especially in eruptive fevers, being supposed to
bring out eruption and to neutralize the poison.

LITSEA GLAUCA.—Jj #£ (Yiieh-kuei). There is an
old tradition that this tree grows in the moon, and that its
fruits fall to earth and are found on the ground. This legend
dates from the Tang and Sung dynasties. The Zang History
says that in A.D. 868, at Taichow in Chekiang, these berries
fell during a period of more than ten days. Also during the
Sung dynasty, during the reign of T‘ien-shéng (1023-1032),
at the monastery of Lingyin at Hangchow, the berries fell
during fifteen moonlight nights. Li Shih-chén gives a
number of other legends in regard to this tree and its fruits.
In the Taoist books it is called A HF FE (Pu-shih-hua), and it
is not permitted to be offered in sacrifice. The only difficulty
for which the seeds are recommended to be used is as a local
application in ringworm of the scalp in children.

LOBELIA RADICANS.—+ 3% if (Pan-pien-lien), 974.
This isa small plant growing in moist ground, having small
leaves and flowers; the latter being reddish-purple in color.
The juice is expressed and used on snake and insect bites, and
the plant is used in decoction in the treatment of fever, asthma,
ague, and the like.

LONICERA JAPONICA.—2, & (Jén-tung), 555, 4& #
Fi (Chin-yin-t‘éng), 162-165. Li Shih-chén gives a good
description of this Chinese honeysuckle, or woodbine. The
first Chinese name refers to the plant not withering during
the winter, and the seccnd to the fact that the flowers, which
are at first white, afterwards become yellow, and as they do

not fall early, the plant bears both colors at the same time.

a

rs]

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 247

The flowers, vine, and leaves are employed in medicine. Pro-
longed use is said to increase vitality and to lengthen life.
Antifebrile, corrective, and astringent properties are ascribed,
and it is used in the treatment of all sorts of infections and
poisons. A wine (2, & 7%, Jén-tung-chiu) and a plaster (2%
2 %, Jén-tung-kao) are officinal, The dried flowers in the
Chinese medicine shops have a smell resembling that of some
kinds of tobacco.

LOPHANTHUS RUGOSUS.— % (Ho-hsiang), 371.
This plant does not seem to be indigenous to China, being
referred to Annam, India, and other parts of Southern Asia.
A number of Sanscrit and other foreign names are given in the
Péntsao for it. The plant is cultivated in Lingnan. ‘The
branches and leaves are used in medicine; their principal
virtues being considered to be carminative and stomachic.
They are also used in cholera and as a deodorizing mouth
wash. The nausea of pregnancy is another difficulty for which
they are recommended. It is possible that Betonica officinalis
is included under this term. If so, it is interesting to note that
this remedy is recommended both in the Herbarium of Appulius
and in the Péxtsao as a remedy for the consequences of the
excessive use of wine.

LOPHATHERUM ELATUM.—ij ff $£ (Tan-chu-yeh).
This gramineous plant is found growing plentifully in wild,
waste land. Its leaves somewhat resemble those of the bam-
boo. The root is dug up and mixed with fermenting cereals
in the production of wine, giving to the latter a peculiarly
agreeable aroma. ‘The leaves are antifebrile and diuretic.

The root is said to be a certain abortifacient. For this reason
it is called PE Hr (Sui-ku-tzii), ‘‘ bone-breaker.”’

LORANTHUS.—The term $f 4t (Chi-shéng), 58, 1320,
properly means an epiphyte; and without doubt the Chinese
include under this term species of Loranthus, as well as of
Viscum. It is used to explain the terms §§ (Niao) and & #
(Nii-lo), which respectively are the mzs¢/etoe and dodder. ‘The
distinction between Loranthus and Viscum is not clearly made,

248 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

but in some cases 3& #F 4E (Sang-chi-shéng), 1067, is Loranthus
yadortki and #R # (Sung-lo) is Loranthus kempfert. ‘The
former is most highly valued in medicine. It is described as
being two or three feet long, having round, thick, soft, green
leaves, white flowers, and yellow fruit. ‘The medicinal action
of the plant is regarded as anodyne, and quieting to the preg-
nant uterus. It is employed in puerperal difficulties, threatened
abortion, menorrhagia, and insufficient secretion of milk. It
is also considered to promote the growth of hair. ‘The fruits
are regarded as vitalizing in their action. The # 3% (Sung-
lo), which is also called & $£ (Nii-lo), and which grows prin-
cipally upon the pine and fir tree, is thought to be antiseptic,
antimalarial, diuretic, and somewhat soporific. It is also used
in scalp diseases and difficulties of the external genital organs
of women.

LOTUS CORNICULATUS.—® fix #t (Pai-mai-kén).
This product comes from Kansu and Northern Szechuan, is
said to resemble /ecerae, has a yellow flower, a root like that of
Polygata japonica, which is gathered in the second and eighth
moous and dried in the sun. Its action is carminative, thirst-
relieving, antifebrile, restorative, and tonic. It is administered
in tinctures, decoction, pill, or powder.

LUFFA CYLINDRICA.—& jt (Ssti-kua). . Other names
are FC #R M (T‘ien-sst-kua), FE ##¢ (T‘ien-lo), #7 JX (Pu-kua),
and § jX (Man-kua). It was unknown in China prior to the
Tang dynasty. Now it is grown in all parts of the empire for
use as a vegetable. It is planted in the second moon, and the
vine is trained over bushes, bamboos, or houses, or a frame-
work of reeds or bamboo poles is made, over which it runs.
The leaves are about the size of hollyhock leaves and hairy.
The expressed juice of these will dye a green color. The stalk
is angled. In the sixth or seventh moon there is produced a
five-parted, yellow flower, slightly resembling that of the
cucumber. The pepo is something over an inch in diameter,
from one to four feet long, deep green in color and mottled,
and when it is fresh it can be baked, stewed, or otherwise
prepared as a vegetable food. When old and ripe, the fibrous

nT

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 249

structure of the pepo renders it useful as a sponge for washing
vessels. For this reason villagers call it JE 4 #2 J\ (Hsi-kuo-
lo-kua). The flowers, buds, and young leaves can also be used
as food. ‘The ripe pepo is incinerated and pulverized, under
which circumtances the medicinal virtues ascribed to it are
something extraordinary. It is reputed to be carminative,
pectoral, cooling to the blood, antiseptic, anthelmintic, emme-
nagogue, quickening to the circulation, galactagogue, and is
also used in the treatment of hemorrhage from bowels or
bladder, hemorrhoids, menorrhagia, jaundice, hernia, orchitis,
cancerous swellings, toothache, smallpox, and scarlet fever.
Mixed with vermillion, it is used to dry up smallpox pustules.
The fresh pepo is considered to be cooling and beneficial to the
intestines, warming to the stomach, and tonic to the genital
organs. The leaves are prescribed in skin diseases and orchitis,
the vine and root in decayed teeth, ozcena, and parasitic. affec-
tions. The fibres of this gourd are found in commerce under
the names of fR I # (Sstl-kua-lo), r190, and #& M Fi (Ssit-
kua-pu), 1191.

LUISIA TERES.—y $ ff (Ch‘ai-tzii-ku). Also called
4 $M fie (Chin-ch‘ai-ku), but it must not be confounded with
Dendrobium nobile, which is 4 § #¢§ (Chin-ch‘ai-hua). This
orchidaceous plant grows in the south and resembles Asarum.
It is a much vaunted counter-poison, especially against the
# (Ku) infection. It is also prescribed for carcinoma, malaria,
and to counteract all sorts of medicinal poisons.

LYCHNIS.—# i (Chien-ts‘ao), 112, HY #§ 2 (Chien-
ch‘un-lo), §§ #0 HE (Chien-hung-lo), BY # ¥ (Chien-ch ‘iu-lo),
BY FR 7G (Chien-lo-hua), g§ 4 # (Chien-chin-lo), BY ar
(Chien-hung-sha). These all seem to be species and varieties
of this genus. Faber also gives J 38 J (Yii-mei-jén), but
this is not given in the /éxztsao, and according to other
observers is identified as Papaver rheas, with which identifica-
tion the description in the Kwang-chiin-fang-pu agrees very
well. The only terms mentioned in the Péxtsao are the first
two, with the third as a synonym of the second. ‘The descrip-
tion of the first is mot at all clear, and as Faber makes it

250 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

identical with /% 32 J\ (Yii-mei-jén), the likelihood of its being
Lychuis is small. It may be a rubiaceous plant, as the Péx¢sao
likens it to fj (Ch‘ien), which is Rwdza. The root is used as a
tonic, anodyne, parasiticide, and hemostatic remedy. The
Bt 4 2 (Chien-ch‘un-lo) is undoubtedly Lychuis grandiflora.
It is a very popular garden flower, having fresh green leaves
and beautiful red blossoms. BY #¢ #3 (Chien-hung-sha) is
probably only another name for this. The leaves and flowers
are crushed together with honey and used as an application in
herpes zoster.

LYCIUM CHINENSE.—#y #8 (Kou-chi), 607, $4 fp Jz
(Ti-ku-p‘i), 1267, 1384. It is also called ff 3€ (T‘ien-ts‘ai),
1300, which is the leaves, 3% 9 (Yang-ju), the fruit, and
{ij J. #k (Hsien-jén-chang), the stalk. This was erroneously
identified by Porter Smith with Berberzs lycitum. It is nota
berberidaceous plant, but a solanaceous one. It is a common
shrub in the northern and western provinces, has soft, thin
leaves, which can be eaten, and small reddish-purple flowers.
The fruits are small, one-celled, red berries, having a sweet
but rather rough taste. The root is met with in light,
yellowish-brown, quilled pieces, having very little taste or
smell. The general action of the plant is considered to be
tonic, cooling, constructive, prolonging life, improving the
complexion, and brightening the eye. The shoots or young
leaves are recommended to be used in all forms of wasting
disease. Used in the form of a tea, they are recommended to
quench thirst and to remove the unpleasant symptoms of
pulmonary consumption. The root is supposed to have special
action on the kidneys and sexual organs, as well as those
virtues ascribed to the leaves, and is used as a hemostatic in
bleeding of the gums and wounds. ‘The seeds are similarly
used. There are a number of officinal preparations, such as an
extract, pills, tinctures, and the like.

LYCOPERDON.—§5 #4 (Ma-p‘o). This is the ordinary
puff-ball. It is of a purple color, hollow, and soft, growing
on decayed wood in damp places. When ruptured, it discharges
its spores in a fine powder. It varies in size, up to that of a

a Acree

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 251

peck measure. The reddish-brown, powdery spores are used as
a dusting powder for all sorts: of ulcers. Mixed with honey
or water, they are used in sore throat, as well as in fever and
diseases of the lungs.

LYCOPERSICUM ESCULENTUM.—¥ #4 (Fan-shih),
~A HA th (Liu-ytieh-shih), The ‘¢omato is not indigenous to
China; but, as the name indicates, is of foreign origin. Just
when it was introduced is uncertain; but, as it is mentioned
in the Kuwang-chiin-fang-pu, this occurred before the beginning
of the XVIII century. It is not yet much cultivated, as the
Chinese do not seem to have learned its value as a vegetable.

LYCOPODIUM.—Several species of this genus are found
in China and Japan. 3 4#y (Yu-po), for which -- 4 4#ff (Ch ‘ien-
nien-po) and #¥ 4@ # (Wan-nien-sung) are given in the Péz-
tsao as synonyms, is Lycopodium japonicum. 'This grows
among stones to the height of five or six inches, and has a
purple ‘‘flower.’? The stalk and leaves are employed medicin-
ally. Their use gives lightness to the body, benefits the breath,
and quenches thirst. #4 # (Shih-sung), 1158, is Lycopodium
clavatum. It also grows plentifully in all mountains to the
length of one or two feet. The stalk and root are used in the
treatment of chronic diseases, and they are supposed to restore
health and vigor, moistening the skin and improving the com-
plexion. The Chinese do not seem to have learned to use the
sporules of these plants as dusting powders. In Japan, +: 4e #
(Ch‘ien-nien-sung) is Lycopodium cernuum, and Faber identi-
fies {jl} A #4 (Hsien-jén-t‘ao) as Lycopodium steboldi. ‘The
last character in the latter name is a way of writing 4% (T‘ao).
This does not seem to be used in medicine, but is described in
the Kuang-chiin-fang-pu. The Customs lists give Ff 4s 4
(Shéng-chin-ts‘ao), 1131, as a term for Lycopodium, but upon
what authority does not appear.

LYCORIS RADIATA.— #% (Shih-suan), 44 9§ 2% (Lao-
ya-suan), — 4% # (I-chih-chien). In Japan this is called
§% #4, Hy (T‘ieh-sé-chien), and this term is also found in the
Péntsao. It isan amaryllidaceous plant, the # (Suan) in the

252 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Chinese name referring to the resemblance of the roots, and the
*#= (Chien) to that of the stalk. The plant is commonly called
4K Jit’ (Shui-ma), and grows almost everywhere in swamps.
In the seventh month it produces a red flower with yellow
sepals. The root hasa purplish skin and a white cortex, and
is the part used in medicine. Its taste is acrid, sweet, and
cooling, and it is slightly poisonous. It is applied to swellings
and ulcers, and administered internally in decoction and tinc-
ture to counteract the poisoned phlegm supposed to accompany
abscesses and ulcers. It is also used in the nervous affections
of children.

LYSIMACHIA ELEUTHEROIDES.—¥# FH 3H (Chén-
chu-ts‘ai), also written J # 3 (Chén-chu-ts‘ai). This plant,
with its filamentous stalk and leaves, is found in moist ground
in Szechuan. As it is used as food, it is probably also culti-
vated. It is fragrant and succulent, and in the fresh state is
highly esteemed as a pot-herb or pickle. It is eaten with
honey, or with a piquant sauce called fi (Hsi). Its use is
regarded as beneficial, but no medicinal properties are ascribed
to it.

_ LYSIMACHIA SIKOKIANA.—# #& (P‘ai-ts‘ao). It is
also called HE #& 4 (P‘ai-ts‘ao-hsiang) on account of its great
fragrance. It grows in the region of Lingnan, and the root is
used to correct fetor of the breath. The Customs lists give
as 7; Hi (Ling-hsiang-ts‘ao) as Lyszmachia fenum grecum,
but this is not found in the Pézésao, nor is any authority given
for the identification.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 25

Lo)

M.

MABA EBENOS.—§, 7 (Wu-mu). Other names, Fy fi 7K
(Wu-mén-mu) and & a 78 (Wu-wén-mu). This comes from
Hainan, Lingnan, and the Indian Archipelago. It is also said
to be brought in junks from Persia (probably, rather, India).
Its heavy, hard texture and black color are mentioned in the
Péntsao, as well as the fact that other heavy woods are some-
times stained black to fabricate it. The tree is not a large
one, being said to seldom exceed ten feet in height. The wood
is pulverized and digested in warm wine, and administered in
poisons and cholera morbus.

MACROCLINIDIUM VERTICILLATUM.—&
(Kuei-tu-yu). This is somewhat confounded in Chinese works
with Pycnostelma chinensis, an asclepiadaceous plant, and with
Gastrodia elata, an orchidaceous one. But this plant is one
of the Composite. It sends up closely set shoots of one stem,
which is surmounted by a whorl of leaves like an umbrella.
The root resembles that of Acryanthes bidentata, but is smaller
and without filaments. The flowers, which come out among
the leaves, are yellowish-white. The taste of the drug is
bitter, and it is somewhat deleterious. It is recommended for
the treatment of an evil disposition, vicious effluvia of the
heart, and the hundred poisonous essences. It is also used in
malaria, to give power to the loins and legs, and to benefit the
muscular strength (4 Jy, Lii-li) generally.

MASA DORANA.—#t ¥ Il] (Tu-kén-shan). This is a
mountain plant, growing toa height of four or five feet, with
leaves like those of Souchus arvensis. It flowers in the autumn,
and towards winter it bears a fruit like that of Lyceum chi-
nense, but larger and white in color. It is used for malarial and
other fevers, headache, and nausea. Digested in new wine and
administered, it will cause vomiting, which clears away the
phlegm and relieves the worst symptoms of febrile attacks.

MAGNOLIA CONSPICUA.— # (Hsin-i), 464. Be-
cause the unopened flower is globular, not unlike a young

254 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

peach, it is called #% $k (Hou-t‘ao). When the flower first
opens it resembles a Chinese pen, and for this reason it is called
AC Ze (Mu-pi), ‘‘ wood pencil.’? Since the flowers appear
very early in the spring, the tree is called 3{§ # (Ying-ch‘un).
This must not be confounded with Jasminum nudiflorum. The
white Howered magnolia is called 3 fj (Yii-lan), and has been
by some botanists designated as Magnolia yulan. 'These names
are all used for this species of magnolia, and usually indicate
varieties. It also is called FR j# 7E (Mu-lien-hua), because its
flowers resemble those of the lotus (Melumbium speciosum).
The tree flowers twice a year: once in the early spring and
once in the autumn. It is much cultivated in gardens, and
the flowers are usually purple or white. It rarely perfects its
fruits. The unopened flower buds (%, P‘ao) are the parts used
in medicine. This is one of the many drugs reputed to give
lightness to the body, brightness to the eye, added length of
life, culminating in a green old age. ‘‘It warms the centers,
lubricates the muscles, benefits the nine cavities, opens up the
nose, expells mucus, relieves swelling of the face and tooth-
ache, mitigates cart and boat vertigo, promotes the growth of
whiskers and hair, and expels white worms.’’ It is prescribed
in headaches and all difficulties of the nose, in which latter
case it is especially recommended if combined with musk and
onions. The flowers appear in commerce under the name

of # 7 (Ch‘un-hua), 272.

MAGNOLIA FUSCATA.—& 4@ (Han-hsiao). This is
the same as I/tchelza fuscata. ‘There are said to be two kinds:
the large and the small; and flowers of two colors: white and
purple. It is a southern species, not being found in the north-
ern provinces. It flowers in every season, but is most prolific
in summer. ‘The flowers are very fragrant, reminding one of
Jasminum sambac. It does not seem to be used in medicine,
but it is possible that its buds are sometimes substituted for
those of Magnolia conspicua.

MAGNOLIA HYPOLEUCA.—JE #p (Hou-p‘o), 381. This
tree is cultivated in the upper Yangtse provinces for its bark,
which on account of its extensive use as a medicine is quite an

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 255

article of commerce. ‘The wood is dark colored and the bark
white. It has very large leaves, and there are two varieties:
one with red and the other with white flowers. ‘The drug
consists of the rough, thick bark, rolled into large, tight
cylinders, from seven to nine inches long, and very thick.
The outer surface is of a greyish-brown color, roughened with
tubercles and marked with lichenous growths. ‘The inner
surface is smooth and of a reddish-brown color. In the coast
provinces there seems to be some confusion in regard to the
drug ; an inferior product, which is probably the bark of a
different tree, appearing in commerce (see Customs Lists, 1040).
There is some confusion of Chinese terms between this and
Celtzs sinensis. ‘The taste of the true bark is aromatic and
bitter, but some of the drug found in the shops is almost taste-
less, and is probably inert. Its medicinal properties are deob-
struent, tonic, stomachic, quieting, and anthelmintic. It is
prescribed in diarrhoeas, flatulence, amenorrhea, pyrosis, and
a variety of dissimilar difficulties. The fruit is said to be
called 3% fff (Chu-ché), but whether it is the fruit of this or
of Eucommia ulmoides, the Péntsao is not quite certain. It
cures ulcers, brightens the eyes, and benefits the breath. A
foot-note to this article in the Péztsao speaks of YF Ig Re ky
(Fou-lan-lo-lé), which in Japan is a variety of Magnolia
hypoleuca. It comes from Samarcand, and is used as a deob-
struent and tonic remedy.

MAGNOLIA OBOVATA.—Z ff (Mu-lan). This tree is
indigenous to China, being found in the mountainous districts
of Szechuan, Hunan, and Shantung. It isa large tree, grow-
ing to the height of fifty or sixty feet. The wood isa useful
building material, being fine grained, and having a yellow
heart. Because of this last named fact, it is sometimes called
% i (Huang-hsin), ‘‘ yellow heart.’? Its flowers resemble
those of the lotus, and for this reason it takes the name JK j# 7&
(Mu-lien-hua). The flowers are red, yellow, and white. The
tree receives its principal name from the odor of its flowers,
which resembles that of the orchid (fj, Lan). The bark is
considered to be deobstruent, constructive, diuretic, and tonic,
and it is prescribed in fevers, sudamina, dropsy, mental

256 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

disease, and alcoholism. The flowers are included among the
drugs having the reputation of dissolving bone and metals
lodged in the throat.

MALT.—gzé 4% (Nieh-mi). The grains of ordinary millet,
spiked millet, glutinous millet, rice, barley, nacked barley,
beans, and wheat are all malted by the Chinese. The grain is
moistened and left to sprout, and when this process has gone
on a sufficient length of time, it is dried in the sun, the sprouts
are rubbed off, and the grain is ground into flour for making
into cakes or bread. The malted millet is called 3 8 (Su-
nieh) or JE 3f (Su-ya), and is considered to be cooling, carmina-
tive, and stomachic. Mixed with fat and applied to the face,
it makes the skin soft and glossy. Malted rice is called #§ 3%
(Tao-nieh) or gf 3f (Ku-ya), and is considered to be peptic,
carminative, regulating, and constructive. The nacked barley
is the kind of barley usually malted, and this is called fj HE #
(Kung-mai-nieh) or 2 3F (Mai-ya), and is considered to be
peptic, warming, stomachic, and abortifacient. It is prescribed
in cholera, as well as in intestinal indigestion due to over-
eating. It is also used in post-partum difficulties and to
suppress the secretion of milk in women whose children have
died at or after birth. Other kinds of malt or sprouted grain
are found, but their general uses do not differ from those given.

MALVA.—The character 3§ (K‘uei) is applied to very
many malvaceous plants and to several others. Adudz/lon,
Althea, Anemone, Basella, Eranthis, Helianthus, Hibiscus,
Mailva, Géeanthe, and Peucedanum all find it used as a dis-
tinguishing term for one or more species; for this reason it is
sometimes difficult to distinguish between plants of these differ-
ent genera. ff Z£ (Chin-k‘uei) seems to be regarded by most
observers as Malva sylvestris. Malva verticillata or Malva
pulchella is assigned to & 3 (Tung-k‘uei). Ford and Crow
called & 3 Ff (Tung-k‘uei-tzi), 1395, at Hongkong Abutzlion
zndicum, but in the north this term seems to refer to a malva.
Faber makes Malva verticillata to be F # (T‘ien-k‘uei), but
the Péntsao gives this as a synonym of # ¥¥ (T‘u-k‘uei), which
in Japan is Anemone or Evanthis. Li Shih-chén says: “In

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 257

ancient times the A’‘wez was a common food, and was ranked as
the first of the five vegetables, but now it is not much eaten. It
was then called # 3£ (Lu-k‘uei, ‘dew mallow’). Now it is
also called 7# 3£§ (Hua-k‘uei), but it is not much cultivated.
There are two kinds, distinguished by the color of the stem,
which is either purple or white. The latter is the best. It
has large leaves and small yellow or purple flowers. The
kind with very many small flowers is called #§ ji) 38 (Ya-chio-
k‘uei, ‘duck’s-leg mallow’). The fruit is of the size of the
end of a finger, and flattened, having a thin skin, and the seeds
are light and resemble those of the elm. That sown in the sixth
or seventh moon is called # 3§ (Chiu-k‘uei), that sown in the
eighth or ninth moon is called & 3& (Tung-k‘uei), and that
sown in the first moon is called #,3§ (Ch‘un-k‘uei). Thus
the plant can be used all the year.’? The shoots and leaves
are eaten, but they are not considered to be very healthful.
If eaten raw, they are especially harmful, and the heart of the
shoot is positively injurious. If a person who has been bitten
by a mad dog, although cured, eats of these, the disease will
return. If eaten with garlic, the poisonous action is not so apt
to show itself. It is the spleen vegetable, and any advantage
accruing from its use is gained by that organ, Its mucil-
aginous qualities recommend it as a demulcent in stomach and
intestinal troubles. Its use is also said to lubricate the passages,
and thus to render labor easy. The ash is used as a styptic in
wounds. The decoction is recommended in vermillion and
other mineral poisons, and the seeds are similarly used. The
root is employed in foul ulcers and as an antilithic, diuretic,
and thirst-relieving remedy. It is recommended for difficulties
similar to those for which the stalk and leaves are used.

MANDRAGORA.—3fi $$ (Lang-tu), 693. This is a doubt-
ful identification. The drug seems to be a very ancient one
with the Chinese, as it is mentioned in the Shéxnung Péntsao
(XXVIII Century B.C.) as one of the five poisons ; the others
being Croton tiglium, Veratrum, Aconitum, and cantharides.
Ma Chi (X Century) classifies it with the ‘‘six old drugs ;”
the other five being “phedra, orange peel, Pinellia tuberifera,
Citrus fusca, and Boymia rutecarpa. There is not much

258 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

description of the plant. Its leaves are said to resemble those
of Phytolactée or Rheum, and both these and the stem are
hirsute. The root externally is yellow, but within is white.
It is exceedinly poisonous, and is used to destroy birds and
beasts, especially rats and other vermin. Its medicinal action
is that of a sedative in coughs, angina, and colic. It is
also used as a parasiticide in the #% (Ku) disease and in
parasitic skin diseases. Combined with another unidentified

plant called Bf $§ (Yeh-ko), it is used in the treatment of
deafness.

MANGROVE BARK.—The Rhkzzophora mangle does not
seem to grow in China ; but, according to Bowra, the bark is
imported from Siam and Singapore, and is used to dye or
tan the sails, cordage, and nets of sailors and fishermen.
The name given is #% JE (K‘ao-p‘i), but this first character
evidently refers to an upland tree, and it is made identical
in the Féxtsao with Cedrela sinensis. Another suggested
identification is Platycaria strobilacea. In the Customs Lists
ETE (K‘ao-hua), 591, and # JB (K‘ao-kuo), 592, are given,
but no identification is suggested. A name given for man-
grove bark im Giles’ Dictionary is #jfj #2 (Ch‘ieh-ting), but
from what source this term is derived does not appear. It
is not known that the Chinese use the bark for any medic-
inal purpose, although both it and the fruits are excellent
astringents.,

MANNA.—tf # (Kan-lu) is a term that is used in Chi-
nese translations of Indian books to'express what is meant by
the Sanscrit word amrita, the food of the Dévas, and it is
used in China for manna-like substances, of which there are
several. One is produced on a coniferous tree, and resembles
the manna of Briancon. A similar substance, called Tf BS
(Kan-lu-mi), is described’ as occurring on a small plant in Sze-
chuan, Samarcand, and Arabia. Under the head of jl
.(T‘zu-mi) or #% 34 (Ts‘ao-mi), a clear, honey-like substance
is spoken of as coming from Tangut, and produced upon a
leafless plant, called 2 ji] (Yang-tz‘u). The Turckic tribes
ate said to call this substance @& HH HE (Chi-p‘o-lo). The

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 259

Tamarix manna is called ## FL (Ch‘€ng-ju). Similar properties
to those set down in foreign works are referred to these
saccharine substances. Some of the mannas are believed to
be produced by an insect, probably the Coccus manniparus
of Ehrenberg. The term }f # -f (Kan-lu-tzil), applied to
Stachys steboldt, should not be confounded with this, as in the
former case it only refers to the taste of the drug, as it also
does in the case of an unidentified climber called tf #2 i®
(Kan-lu-t ‘€ug).

MANGIFERA INDICA.—# #2 #& (An-lo-kuo), &% #8
(Méng-kuo). The first two characters of the first name are a
transliteration of some Indian name, as is also # f& #2 dm HX
(An-mo-lo-ka-kuo), probably of amra, one of the Indian com-
mon names for this fruit. Another name is # # (Hsiang-kai).
The Indian origin of this fruit is indicated by the names and
spoken of in the books. It is now cultivated at Hongkong,
Canton, and throughout the south-eastern provinces. ‘The
Pénisao says that the mango can be eaten very freely, with no
fear of injury. It is thirst relieving, and promotes the circula-
tion of the blood and assists in menstruation. The leaves are
also accounted as cooling. According to Lindley, the root
bark is an aromatic bitter, good for use in diarrhoea and leucor-
rhoea. He also reports the seeds to be anthelmintic. Dr. Waring
recommends the powdered seeds as an excellent remedy in
lumbricoid worms, and says that strongly astringent qualities,
dependent upon the presence of a large proportion of gallic
acid, recommend this powder for use in menorrhagia and

_ bleeding piles.

MARLEA PLATANIFOLIA.—xX @ (Ta-k‘ung). This
is Faber’s identification. In Japan this shrub is called 7\ #4 #i
(Pa-chio-féng), 930. The Péztsao says that another name is
% 2 (Tu-k‘ung). It is described as a small tree with large,
rounded leaves. The bark of the root and the leaves are used
as insecticides. Faber calls the root fy f— 3 (Pai-lung-hsit),
but upon what authority does not appear. The Péxtsao
describes this as an epiphyte growing upon some one of the
many #§ (Féng) trees.

»

260 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

MARSILIA QUADRIFOLIA. —#¥ (P‘in). There is some
confounding this with Wydrocharis, Lemna, and Limnanthe-
mum, both in China and Japan. This is a larger plant than
the others. It has leaves about an inch in diameter, which
float on the surface of the water, while the root is at the bottom
of the pond. The leaves are arranged in a quadriform manner,
and for this reason the plant is called P¥ #E 3€ (Ssii-yeh-ts‘ai)
and pW = Hi (Tien-tzii-ts‘ao). AZarszlia is a pseudo-fern, and
has no flowers, and so when Chinese writers speak of white
and yellow flowered varieties, they confound this with Lemna
and other plants. The drug is considered to be cooling,
diuretic, resolvent, and constructive. Its juice is applied locally
to snake bites and ulcers.

MATRICARIA INDICA.—5} 4 7G (Yeh-chii-hua). Ax-
themis, Calendula, and Chrysanthemum are not clearly
distinguished from this by the Chinese. Another name given
in the Péztsao is 7F # (K‘u-i). It grows plentifully in waste
land. In Japan it is identified as Pyrethrum indicum. The
whole plant is used in medicine. Administered in decoction,
it is considered to be resolvent, but it is used principally as
a fomentation to swellings, boils, tuberculous glands, and
inflamed eyes.

MEDICAGO SATIVA.—f ## (Mu-su). ‘This is one of
the plants said to have been brought to China by General
Chang Chien of the Han dynasty. Its foreign origin is in-
dicated by the fact that its Chinese name is variously written
with characters of similar sound. It also has a name derived
from a Buddhist book, in which the characters 3E ¥& Jy Ym (Sai-
pi-li-ka) evidently stand for an Indian name, possibly széarga,
which is the common name for 777z/olewm giganteum in Kabul.
Medicago sativa is there called vzshka. In Europe the flowers
of this plant are usually purple or blue; but here they are
yellow. For this reason the plant is sometimes thought to be
Medicago denticulata. Faber identifies this latter with Ei 58
(Ts‘ao-t‘ou), 1351, or 4 ¥%—E 3€ (Chin-hua-ts‘ai), 153. Neither
of these names is found in the /ézz¢sao. He also indentifies
Medicago lupulina with 46 3 ¥ (Niu-yiin-ts‘ao) or #

“VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 261

(Huang-hua), and according to the description in the Awang-
chiin-fang-pu, this is probably correct. The J/z-se is included
among the vegetables, and was formerly extensively cultivated ;
and in some parts of China, is still grown. It is found, how-
ever, growing almost everywhere of its own accord. It is not
much valued as a vegetable, as it is almost tasteless. It is
considered too cooling to be eaten very frequently, and it is
thought to make one thin, which is always carefully avoided
by the Chinese. If eaten with honey it is said to cause
dysentery. It is thought to benefit the intestines, and to be
generally depurative. The root is prescribed in feverish and
high colored urine. The expressed juice is reputed to have some
emetic properties, and is administered in gravel to relieve pain.

MELIA AZEDARACH.—# (Lien), 7 # (K‘u-lien),
e He} (Sén-shu). The fruit is called 4 # - (Chin-ling-tzt).
The species from Szechuan called JI] # (Ch‘uan-len-tzt),
251, and which is Aelza toosendan, is considered the best.
The Chinese do not distinguish clearly between these two
species. The fruits of the latter consist of a fleshy, globular
drupe, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, covered
with a shining, yellow skin, and usually much shrivelled. It
is larger than that of Melia azedarach, and probably cor-
responds to the #z# or margosa fruits of India. They yield
a bitter oil, and both in India and China are used as an anthel-
mintic remedy. At the time of the Dragon Festival (fifth day
of the fifth moon) bamboo sprouts and rice cakes are wrapped
in azedarach leaves, and tied with silk thread of five different
colors, and these parcels are thrown into streams to propitiate
the spirit of the waters. The phoenix and the unicorn are
said to eat the fruits of this tree, but the dragon abhors them.
The tree grows very rapidly, and at Canton its timber is called
#: 7K (Sén-mu). Always remembering that the Chinese do
not distinguish between the two species of JZe/za, the medicinal
properties ascribed to the fruits may be said to be those of an
antifebrile, quieting, anthelmintic, and diuretic remedy. These
fruits are a five-celled drupe, yellow when ripe, and dark and
shrivelled when kept any length of time. The azedarach is
much smaller than the Ch‘wau-lien-tzu, measuring about half

262 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

an inch in diameter. They contain a stone, furrowed longitu-
dinally by five or six ridges. The taste is bitter, and they are,
like the leaves, said to be deleterious, but driving away infec-
tion. ‘he leaves are used in decoction for the relief of pain in
hernia. ‘The flowers are used for prickly heat, and are put
under bed mats to destroy fleas and lice. The bark of the root
and tree, 633, is anthelmintic and parasiticide. It is highly
valued in intestinal worms and parasitic skin diseases. The
root, 632, and seeds, 634, are mentioned in the Customs Lists,
but are not specially noticed in the Péxtsao.

MELILOTUS ARVENSIS.—#é ¥i (Hstin-ts‘ao), @ EE F&F
(Ling-ling-hsiang). This is thought by several observers to
be the labiate Oczmum.daszlicum , but the weight of authority
seems to be in favor of identifying it with this fragrant legum-
inous genus. It is quite possible that Chinese botanists often
confound it with Oczmum, both on account of its fragrance and
of several other resemblances. # (Hsiin), B§ (Lan), and
(Hsieh) are characters which have passed into classical litera-
ture as types of fragrance and refinement. ‘The ancients used
to burn the A7szz plant as incense to make the spirits descend,
and when worn in the girdle it is said to dispell noxious in-
fluences. ‘The plant seems to have been first grown in &
(Ling-ling), the present xe JH Hf (Yungchoufu) in southern
Hunan. It grows in moist ground, and is found throughout
the Yangtse provinces. On account of its fragrance, the plant
is used for making mats, pillows, aud mattresses. It is also
employed in cosmetic applications. Medicinally, it is regarded
as carminative, calmative, anodyne, and astringent. It is pre-
scribed in flatulence, colds, muscular rheumatism, polypus of
the nose, and toothache. When ingested, it is said to have
the property of imparting its fragrance to the body, a thing
much desired by the Chinese in the absence of soap, as was
formerly the case. The fruits are regarded as tonic. The
mucoid sap found in the stalk and root is used in colds and
influenza, and is regarded as an excellent local application in
piles, prolapse of the anus, and seat worms.

MENISPERMUM DAURICUM.—See Cocculus.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 263

MENTHA ARVENSIS.—Y fy (Po-ho). Also written
#£ PA (Pa-ho) and # fy (Fan-ho). The plant grows almost
everywhere, but the drug coming from Soochow is regarded as
the best. On this account it is called ¥2 #% FR (Wu-pa-ho), 2
being the old name for Soochow. Jn the south the plant may
be confounded with Dryobalanops aromatica, as it is there
called fe |} YE fy (Lung-nao-po-ho). Two other species or
varieties are mentioned in the /éz/sao, one called fj #€ A (Hu-
pa-ho), and the other 4 }#& fig (Shib-po-ho). The latter grows
in uplands, and is smaller than the ordinary species, while
the former seems to be of foreign origin. Peppermint is
cultivated much in gardens, and is used with other vegetables
to give flavor. Carminative, antispasmodic, astringent, sudorif-
ic, and alexipharmic qualities are ascribed to these plants.
They are prescribed in fevers, colds, nervous disorders of
children, nosebleed, fluxes, snake and insect bites, and diseases
of-the nose and throat. An oil is spoken of in the Customs
Lists, 1035, and also menthol, P& fy Wk (Po-ho-ping), 1033,
but these are not mentioned in the Péxtsao. They are brought
from Canton, and are probably of quite modern origin.

MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA.—fi— 3% (Shui-ts‘ai).
The Chinese point out very clearly the slightly narcotic prop-
erties of this plant, both in their description of it and in the
various names applied to it. It is also called f&% 3¢ (Ming-ts‘ai),
#i 3 (Cho-ts‘ai), and WK i (Tsui-ts‘ao). It grows in ponds,
has a leaf like the M/onochoria hastata, and a root like that of
Nelumbium speciosum. ‘The people where it grows pickle it,
and use it to promote sleep. Its only medicinal use is asa
hypnotic in fevers.

MERCURIALIS LEIOCARPA.—3¥ % Fi (T‘ou-ku-
ts‘ao). This euphorbiaceous plant is not described in the
Chinese books. It is prescribed in all sorts of rheumatic
difficulties, contracted tendons, and perspiring feet. Combined
with Sophera flavescens, rhubarb, and flowers of sulphur, it is
used in a bath in the treatment of obstinate skin eruptions
(possibly scabies or ringworm). ‘The patient is directed to
remain in a close, hot room, until the perspiration falls like

264 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

rain, and then to bathe in the decoction. It is also recom-
mended in combination with other drugs in nausea and vomit-
ing, as well as in dropsy.

METAPLEXIS STAUNTONII.— #€ (Lo-mo), % W
(Huan-lan). The fruits of this creeping plant have several
fanciful names, such as #€ #{(Chio-p‘iao), 2& J Wy (Yang-p‘o-
nai), Yé 3% fm BR EL (P‘o-p‘o-chén-hsien-pao), and JE ye sR HS
(P‘o-p‘o-ch€n-tai-€rh). It is a climbing plant, the stalks of
which, when broken, exude a white juice. It is cultivated,
and the leaves are eaten both raw and cooked. ‘The fruit is
green, and from two to four inches long. On account of its
shape, it is also called 36 7§ 3% (Yang-chio-ts‘ai). The plant
belongs to the natural order Asclepiadaceze, and is found in
north China, both wild and cultivated. The seeds are the
parts used in medicine; but the virtues of the leaves are con-
sidered to be identical. They are thought to be tonic and
constructive. ‘The crushed seeds are applied to wounds and
ulcers as an astringent and hemostatic remedy. ‘They are
also applied to all sorts of insect bites, and if frequently used,
are thought to have some escharotic properies.

MICHELIA CHAMPACA.—Porter Smith gives the fol-
lowing characters for the Chinese name of this magnoliaceous
tree: HE fii (Chén-po), fF gR (Chén-p‘o), fy 2 ym (Chen-p‘o-
ka); but the source from which he secured these has not been
found. From whatever source they may have been derived,
they are evidently an attempt to transliterate the Indian name
tsjampac, or tchampaka. It is said to be found in China, but
perhaps is only cultivated here. It has very fragrant yellow
flowers, and an edible fruit. Its bark is used, with that of
other magnolias, to adulterate czzzamon. It has been used in
the Mauritius, with some success, in the treatment of the low
intermittent fevers of that island.

MIRABILIS JALAPA.— # #] (Tziti-mo-li), fi §F
(Yém@chih). This is described in the Awang-chin-fang-pu.
The flowers are only used for cosmetic purposes. Faber also
gives yx je BE Ri (Huo-t‘an-mu-ts‘ao) as a name for this AZarvet

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 265

of Peru, or Four-oclock, but the description in the Péxtsao
does not agree. ‘The second name above given simply refers to
its cosmetic uses. Other plants also bear this name in some
form (see Basella rubra and Chenopodium album). Another
name sometimes found used for it is J # 7€ (Hsi-tsao-hua),
because it blooms at the time of day when people usually bathe.

MOMORDICA CHARANTIA.—¥# JK (K‘u-kua), 628.
Also called $f #% # (Chin-li-chih) and #§j #j 4 (Lai-p‘u-t‘ao),
from the warty appearance of its fruit. The plant originally
came from the countries south of China, but is now grown in
the southern provinces. It is likened in appearance to the
wild grape vine, but is smaller. The pepo varies from two to
five inches in length, is of a green color, and the skin is
marked with longitudinal rows of oblong tubercles, with the
intervening space crowded with smaller tubercles. In this
tuberculated appearance it is likened to the lichee, and from it
takes the second and third names given above. When it is ripe
it is yellow in color, and it eventually bursts open, exhibiting
a beautiful red pulp enclosing the seeds. The pulp is sweet
and can be eaten. ‘The seeds are the shape of squash seeds,
and are also tuberculated. The fruit is considered to be cool-
ing and strengthening. The seeds benefit the breath and
invigorate the male principle (f§, Yang). The dried ies in
slices, 7] JK # (K‘u-kua-kan), 629, and the peduncles, # jh
“4 (K ‘n-kua-ti), 630, are mentioned in the Customs Liss but
they are not spoken of in the Péztsao.

MOMORDICA COCHINCHINENSIS.—7R HE F (Mu-
pieh-tzti), 872. Also called 7 fF (Mu-hsieh). These names
refer to the form of the seeds, which are likened to a turtle or
crab. ‘The plant is a cucurbitaceous one with a perennial root.
It is described as coming up in the spring in the form of a
vine or creeper, having a five pointed leaf resembling that of
Batatas edulis, green and shiny. In the fourth or fifth moon
it bears yellow flowers, followed by the fruits, which resemble
those of Zricosanthes multzloba, but larger ; first green in@olor,
and when ripe yellowish-red and covered with soft prickles.
Each fruit contains from thirty to forty seeds, flat, and of the

266 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

peculiar shape indicated by the name. In the south the young
pepo and the leaves are said to be eaten asa vegetable. ‘The
seed is of a light to dark brown color, having a double row of
tubercles at the margin, and the testa fragile, roughened and
sometimes coarsely reticulated. ‘They vary from three-quarters
to one and a-quarter inches in diameter, and contain two large,
oily cotyledons, green ou the outside and yellow internally.
These cotyledons are used in medicine, but the oil for the most
part is first removed. ‘Their action is considered to ‘be con-
structive and resolvent, and they are prescribed in strumous
swellings of the neck, mammary abscess, mesenteric enlarge-
ments, bruises, wounds, swellings, and ulcers. They are
recommended in chronic malaria, enlarged spleen, and fluxes.

MONOCHORIA HASTATA.—Z% gi (Tz ‘ti-ku), 1426.
This is also called 7k 7? (Shui-p‘ing), thus confounding it with
Lemna and other species of Monochoria. The shoots are called
WS JJ Hi (Chien-tao-ts‘ao). The principal name is also written
we 4k (Tz‘it-ku), and this is not distinguished from Sagzétara
sagittifolia, being the latter in the north, and JZonochoria in
the south. (See Sagzt/arza sagittifolia.)

MONOCHORIA KORSAKOWII.—}#f (P‘ing). This has
the same Chinese name as the Lema minor, and is therefore
not distinguished from the latter. (See Lemna minor.)

MONOCHORIA VAGINALIS.—Y/F AE (Fou-shih), #7
Hi (Ya-shé-ts‘ao), 1483. This ‘‘ floating polygonum’’, or
‘‘duck’s tongue’’, is likened to Brasenia peltata. Tike all
water plants, it is considered to be cooling.

MORUS ALBA.—& (Sang). The ma/berry tree is prob-
ably the best known tree of China. Its cultivation can be
traced to remote antiquity. According to ancient tradition,
Si-ling, the empress of Huangti (B.C. 2967), taught the people
how to rear silk worms, using the mulberry leaves for that
purpose. The tree is cultivated in all parts of the empire,
being found in several varieties. Cultivation and the constant
denuding the tree of its leaves has resulted in greatly modifying

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 267

the plant as found in the orchards of those engaged in sericult-
ure. The stalk is stunted and gnarled, while the leaves are
large, green, and succulent, round in the south, and lobed in
the north. Some of the varieties are indicated by the names
fy & (Pai-sang), # 3% (Lu-sang), #6 4 (Chi-sang), & & (Nt-
sang), [lf 4 (Shan-sang), Hf 4% (Ti-sang), #iJ 4& (Ching-sang),
4 % (Chin-sang), and {# 4% (I-sang). The J& 4& (Yén-sang),
which is probably identical with Jj 4 (Shan-sang), is Morus
maica. The fruits are called #£ (Shén). ‘his character is
commonly but wrongly, written #— (Chén); and this mistake
in writing is made even in the Book of Odes. When the
fruits are black-ripe, they are called HE (Hsiin or Ian). They
enter into commerce under the name of 4 #£ -- (Sang-shén-
tzti), 1066, and are made into a jam called & $E # (Sang-
shén-kao), 1065, which is the form in which the fruits are
preserved for medicinal use. ‘The bark of the root, 3 #tEA Jk
Sang-kén-pai-p‘i), 1071, is also used in medicine. There is
a persistent opinion among Chinese observers that any portion
of the root which is above ground is poisonous. ‘The drug
is considered to be restorative and tonic, and it is prescribed in
in weakness, menorrhagia, phthisis, and all sorts of wasting
diseases. It is also thought to have anthelmintic and astrin-
gent properties. The juice of the fresh bark is used in epilepsy
in children and in dribbling of saliva. For nervous disorders,
the bark from the root extending toward the east is considered
especially efficacious. The milky sap of the tree is used in
aphthous stomatitis in infants, and in incised wounds, snake,
centipede, and spider bites. The fruits are thirst relieving,
they benefit the internal organs, promote the circulation of the
blood, pacify the soul, energise the spirit, increase mental
vigor, and prevent the signs of old age. The juice is anti-
vinous, and when itself fermented, benefits the water passages
of the body. ‘The leaves, 1073, are considered to be slightly
deleterious. ‘Their action is diaphoretic. Made into strong
decoction, they are used for sweating feet, dropsy, and for
intestinal disorders. ‘The bruised leaves are used in wounds
and insect bites, and are thought to promote the growth of
hair. ‘The twigs, 1068, are given about the same properties as
the fruit, and they are considered prophylactic against all forms

268 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

of cold (fm, Féng). They are also diuretic and pectoral. A
lye made of the ashes of mulberry wood is used as a stimulant
and escharotic in scaly skin diseases and unhealthy granula-
tions. The bark of the tree is sometimes used to dye a brown
color. The Chinese claim that the seeds procured from the
excrement of fowls and ducks which have been fed upon the
berries, produce plants that are more likely to grow to leaf
than to fruit, and are therefore more suitable for silk worm
rearing.

MOSLA GROSSESERRATA.—#& @ (Chi-ning). This
is a labiate plant, which, on account of its foul odor is called
§. #% (Ch‘ou-su), and on account of the color of its leaves is
called 4 & fm (Ch‘ing-pai-su). It is likened to Stachys
aspera. It grows almost everywhere on plains, and has a
hirsute leaf with a bad odor. ‘The poor people eat it, but the
taste is not very pleasant. The stalk and leaves are used in
medicine, are considered to be carminative and warming, and
are recommended in heart-burn.

MOSLA PUNCTATA.—q 3 Be (Shih-chi-ning). In
Japan $f 4k (Chio-chuang) is given as an equivalent for this
plant, but this name applies properly to /ustzcza procumbens.
The drug is used asa warming and carminative remedy, and
in decoction as a wash for parasitic skin diseases. It grows
among the rocks in mountainous districts to the height of one
or two feet. It has small leaves and purple flowers. The hill
people employ it as a substitute for the last.

MUCILAGE.—Jk #2 (Shui-chiao). Chinese mucilage is
very good, and is usually made from seaweed, to which is
added a little alum. Other substances are also used : such as
some of the malvaceous plants and fruits, the dunzgtalz fruits,
the gum from the peach tree (Pk fR, T‘ao-chiao) and that from
the plum tree (f} J, Shu-chiao), all affording excellent
material for making mucilage, and being used as demulcent
remedies. But the thing most commonly used in China, both
for suspending insoluble drugs and as a paste for adhesive
purposes, is rice congee. It is an efficient instrument, usually

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 269

ready at hand, or very easily prepared. The Chinese literary
man usually depends upon a few grains of cooked rice left
over from his last meal, for sticking together paper surfaces.

MUCUNA CAPITATA.—#% &F (Li-tou), 32 W (Li-tou),
FE & (Hu-tou). This is a Japanese identification, and it is not
quite certain that this is the plant mentioned in the Pémtsao.
What is there described is a leguminous plant bearing a hairy
pod, having a purple flower which resembles that of Dolichos
umbellatus, while the leaves resemble those of Dolzchos lablad.
The beans are of the size of those of Canzvallia ensiformis,
and are mottled with black. They are very good eating
when cooked with pork or chicken. They are considered
to be slightly deleterious, and medicinally are warming and
respiratory.

MULGEDIUM SIBIRIACUM.—£& # (Chii-shéng). This
is confounded with Sesamum by Chinese botanists, and is
mentioned in the /ézzsao under that article. However, this
present identification is very uncertain, although the seeds
(Ei BF, Chit-shéng-tzit), 234, answer tolerably well to this
description. Strange to say, the Customs Lists identify them
with the seeds of Jmpatiens balsamina. As described by
Braun, they are yellowish brown in color, oblong, and have all
the appearance of fennel seeds. ‘Those found in the shops of
Peking are of two kinds, black and yellowish-white. What
the black are is very uncertain. The others were regarded
by Maximowics as seeds of Jxrerzs or Mulgedium. ‘The med-
ical action of these seeds is said to be tonic to the viscera,
respiratory, and strengthening to the sinews and bones. ‘The
drug will also dissolve cinnabar.

MURRAYA EXOTICA.—jJL # @ HE (Chiu-li-hsiang-
ts‘ao). No description of this plant is given in the books. It
is prescribed for abdominal abscess.

MUSA SAPIENTUM.—+} # (Kan-chiao), # (Pa-
chiao). Also commonly called # # (Hsiang-chiao). A good
description of this plant is given in the Pézésao, but no dis-

270 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

tinction is made between the plantain and the banana (J/usa
fete aes A number of varieties are oe such as:

#& (Hung-chiao), Kt #£ ae (Shui-chiao), 3 #€ (Ya-chiao), 4b Pf
FE se -chiao), #g 7% (Pan- Ea i} = #6 (Fo-shou- ea
SE -f~- #E (Chi-tzti-chiao), 32 J #€ (Mei-jén-chiao), and jf 3K #2
(Tan-p‘ing-chiao). The plant is met with in Szechuan, Fu-
kien, and the southern provinces. It grows in the VYangtse
provinces, but seldom ripens its fruit. ‘The fruit is considered
to be very cooling, and should not be eaten in excess. When
eaten in the raw state, it relieves thirst, moistens the lungs,
purifies the blood, heals wounds, and is antivinous. Steamed,
it promotes the circulation of the blood and enriches the
marrow. ‘The root, 84, is considered to be antifebrile and
restorative. Bruised, it is applied to wounds and ulcers, and
the juice is administered in jaundice, influenza, and post-partum
difficulties. The viscid sap of the plant, which is called #2 fh
(Chiao-yu), is procured by thrusting a bamboo tube into the
stalk and collecting the sap ina bottle. It has the antifebrile
properties of the other parts, and is specially recommended in
epilepsy, vertigo, and to prevent women’s hair from falling,
to increase its growth and to restore its color. ‘The bruised
leaves are particularly recommended as a poultice in incipient
abscesses. ‘The flowers are used in cardialgia.

MUSCI.— (Tai) is alinost a family name for mosses,
but is not confined to these, being also at times applied to
alga, fungi, and some aquatic spermaphytes. Several mosses
are mentioned in the /éntsao. [i 9% (Chih-li), which is
variously called ge 73 (Shui-t‘ai), gt $f (Shui-mien), and 7 3¢
Tai-ts‘ai), is probably Ceramzum rubrum. It was formerly
used for making a kind of eevee and is still gathered and dried
for food under the name of 3 Jyjj (T‘ai-fu). It is considered
to be very nourishing. Its Acne al action is cooling, peptic,
and emollient. It is used in fluxes, influenza, and cinnabar
poisoning. The moss growing in old wells, Jf es 3 (Ching-
chung-t‘ai), is of repute in the treatment of wounds, scalds and
burns, and is considered to be an antidote to several vegetable
poisons. ‘That from the bottom of boats, fy j~é % (Ch‘uan-
ti-t‘ai); is prescribed in hemoptysis, gravel, and influenza.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 271

ta Zé (Yuan-i) is a kind of moss which grows on house roofs
and stones. In the latter case it is also called Ff 3 # (Ch‘ing-
tai-i). It is prescribed in jaundice, coughs, fever, flatulence,
wounds, burns, and nosebleed. It is considered to be tonic,
respiratory, and constructive, and is said to improve nutrition
aud color.

MUSHROOMS.—A class name for these is 3 #fq (Chih-
cen Another common name is }% (Chiin), and still another
is ## (Hsin). Mushrooms growing on hard ground are called
fi] (Chin), those on soft earth are called 4 (Chih), while those
growing on wood are called {ij or jij (fix). The ® (Hsin) is
more fleshy than the fg (Chin), and is probably referred to
Boletus or a fleshy Polyforus. Some of the mountain varieties
are deleterious. Other terms used for mushrooms are #€ (Kai)
and $x. (Ku), but these refer to a few specific specimens. 2
(Chih) is defined in the classics as the plant of immortality,
and it is therefore always considered to be a felicitous one. It
is said to absorb the earthy vapors and to leave a heavenly
atmosphere. For this reason it is called gf 4 (Ling-chih.) It
is large and of a branched form, and probably represents
Clavaria or Sparassis. Its form is likened to that of coral.
There are very many varieties ; one author says one hundred,
but the principal ones are represented by what are known as
teigy (Liu. eye or ‘‘six mosses;’’ namely: the FF =
(Ching-chih) or fj— 2£ (Lung-chih) ; the #f 26 (Ch‘ih-chih) or
Jt & (Tan-chih) ; the # 4% (Huang-chih) or 45 4 (Chin-chith) ;
a 2 (Pai-chih), 3 2% (Vii-chih), or $$ 2 (Su-chih); the
Be (Hei- -chih) or ¥ 7% (Hsitian-chih); and the 38 2% (Tzt-
aa or AR (Mu-chih). ‘These are all non-poisonous, edible,
and are considered to be highly beneficial. ‘The first comes
from ‘Taishan, has a sour taste, brightens the eye, strengthens
the liver, quiets the spirits, improves the memory, and prolongs
life. The second grows on the Hengshan, has a bitter taste,
acts especially on the heart, and has the tonic and quieting
properties of the first. ‘The third grows on Sungshan, is of a
sweet taste, acts specially on the spleen, and is tonic and con-
structive, as in the case of the other two. The fourth grows
ou Huashan, is of a pungent taste, acts specially on the lungs

272 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

and air passages, with beneficial properties as before. The
fifth grows on Changshan, has a saltish taste, acts specially on
the urinary organs, and is of equaly general value with the
others. The sixth comes from the Kaohsiashan (location not
known), is of a sweetish-cooling taste, acts on the bones and
ligaments, and has the general constructive properties of the
others. It is also recommended in deafness and hemorrhoids.

ZAR H. (Mu-érh) has been identified by some observers as
Exidia auricula zud@, but the probability is rather in favor
of its being Auricularia, even as its name implies, belonging
to the order of Auriculariales rather than to that of Zremal-
lales. Five species have already been mentioned in the article
on £xidia. Three others are given in the Péxztsao. That
growing upon Cudranza triloba, # He (Ché-érh), is employed
in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory organs, especially
hemoptysis and fetid expectoration. The one growing upon
Diervilla versicolor '% tg He (Yang-lu-érh), is employed to
scatter ecchymoses, and has the reputation of rendering the
blood fluid. The one growing upon Cunninghamia sinensis
#2 TA (Shan-chtin), is reputed to relieve cardialgia. Still
another, growing upon Gleditschia chinensis, & 7 B. (Tsao-
chia-hsin), is of high repute in scattering incipient abscesses
and in the treatment of diarrhoea due to cold.

The # ® (Hsiang-hsin) grows upon the Paxlownza, the
willow, Cztrus fusca, and Hovenia dulcis. It is of two colors;
the purple being called #4 & (Hsiang-hsin) and the white
fy # (Jou-hsin). The latter is the fleshy sort, and is probably
Boletus. ‘They are said to benefit respiration, cure colds, and
purify the blood. A kind growing upon the pine tree is used
in the treatment of gonorrhcea. Another mushroom, known
as $ 7E 36 (Ko-hua-ts‘ai) and $§ #L (Ko-ju), is red in color,
with a large, fat hymenium. It is used in the treatment of
excess in wine. A mushroom known as R 7% & (T‘ien-hua-
hsin) and K 7€ %H (T‘ien-hua-ts‘ai), is fragrant, white in color,
and is regarded asa finely edible variety. It is considered to
be respiratory and anthelmintic. Another fleshy mushroom,
known as # $f @ (Mo-ku-hsin), grows upon the decaying
wood of the mulberry and the paper-mulberry. It is two or
three inches long, conical, small at the base and large at the

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 273

upper extremity, white in color, exceedingly fragile, and
hollow internally. Owing to its shape, it is commonly called
SE jit es iy (Chi-t‘ui-mo-ku). ‘This is probably one of the
Clavariacee, and may be /%siéed/arza. Its medicinal action is
upon the intestines and stomach, and it is also said to dissolve
phlegm and benefit respiration. A club-shaped mushroom,
called $ff }f@ (Chi-tsung) and € jj (Chi-chiin), is found in the
sandy plains of Yunnan. A similar kind, called F 14 (Lei-
chiin), comes from Kiangsi. Both of these are used as food,
eaten with tea or cooked with meat broth. They are thought
to benefit the stomach, invigorate the spirits, and to cure
hemorrhoids. A form growing upon the rudders of old sea-
going ships is called from this fact ffg 3 (To-ts‘ai). It is used
in the treatment of goitre.

The poisonous varieties of mushroom go under the names
+ wW (T‘u-chiin), — @ (T‘u-hsin), #y @ (Ti-hsin) #k F
(Ku-tzi), $ #€ (Ti-chi), and J §& (Chang-t‘ou). These,
the more common forms of wild growing mushrooms, or
toad-stools, are well described in the /éxtsao as to their
coarser characteristics. Medicinally they are used, after
having been incinerated, in the treatment of ulcers, scaly
skin diseases, and foul sores. Another poisonous variety
is called | 4 (Kuei-pi), on account of its pencil-like form.
It is also used in the treatment of skin difficulties, especially
those of a parasitic nature. ‘Two non-poisonous varieties of
common field mushroom are the §% #§ (Kuei-kai) and $f 2
(Ti-chin). These are used in the treatment of nervous diseases
of children. The former is found in yellow and white colors,
and the latter is ephemeral, coming up in the morning and
fading by noon. A horn-shaped kind, found growing upon the
bamboo, or in bamboo groves, is for this reason called fF |
(Chu-ju) and ff WW (Chu-jou). It is highly esteemed as a
vegetable and in the treatment of poisonous efluvia. A mush-
room found growing in ponds and marshes, called ¥% jj (Huan-
chiin), is very irregular in shape, and was said by one ancient
observer to be the metamorphosed excrement of the heron,
and for this reason the first character in the name should be
written #8 (Huan). It is slightly deleterious, and is therefore
not used for food. It is esteemed in cardialgia, insect and

274 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

reptile bites, intestinal worms, favus, and internally as an
anodyne in colic. A prickly variety, which may be referred to
flydnum, is found in Szechuan, and is called 43 # (Shu-ko).
It is non-poisonous, and is used in the treatment of fevers and
menstrual difficulties. One called $4 HE (Ti-érh) is evidently
an auriculariaceous form, as is also that called # He (Shih-
érh). ‘The former is eaten, and is said to brighten the eye,
benefit respiration, and promote fecundity. The latter is also
edible, and has all of the good qualities of the % (Chih), being
also used in the treatment of gravel, and being said to benefit
virility. It is specially used in hemorrhage from the bowels
and prolapse of the rectum. While the name of this would
indicate that it was one of the Auriculariales, the fact that the
name #@ 7 (Ling-chih), 731, is also given to it might place it
among the Clavariaceze. It is not fully described, so that there
is no way in which the matter can be determined except by
observation of specimens.

MYLITTA LAPIDESCENS.—# A, (Lei-wan), 699. This
is one of those growths the nature of which has not yet been
accurately determined. Some observers consider it to be the
result of one of the parasitic myxomycetes attacking the
roots of certain trees, developing in them, and from their sub-
stance, these tuberous bodies, as is well known in the case of
Alnus in America. In this case the tuber leads an independ-
ent, though parasitic, existence. Others regard them to be
the result of the mycellium of some parasitic fungus penetrat-
ing the inner bark of the tree-host, and producing from the
tissues of the root itself and the sap of the tree these bodies.
In this case the growth is a pathological excrescence. ‘‘ They
occur in the form of small rounded nodules, varying in weight
from five grains to nearly a half an ounce. ‘Their exterior
surface is of a dark brownish-grey color, and generally finely
corrugated ; their inner substance has a granular appearance,
is of a pinkish-brown color, and of almost stony hardness. A
microscopic section shows that the tissue is divided into areole,
after the manner of that of the truffle and other underground
fungi.’? They have a slight pedicle attached to one or both
poles, and are sometimes met with joined together like a roll

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 275

of imperfectly divided pills. They have little smell or taste,
as they appear on the Chinese market. Similar substances are
dug out of the chalk beds of Travancore and Tinnevelly.
Those produced on the root of the bamboo are called fF
(Chu-ling). The tubers are said to be produced by the thunder-
clap metamorphosing the subtile vapors of plants. In the fresh
state, they are bitter and cooling im taste, and slightly poison-
ous, and are among the large number of drugs reputed to
be prophylactic and antifebrile, are said to benefit the male
but not the female, and if taken for a long time result in im-
potence. ‘They are recommended in epilepsy, chorea, and
other nervous affections of children, and are used for pity worms
and maggots im the flesh.

MYRICA RUBRA.—#3 # (Yang-mei), Jf, F (Chiu-tzi).
This tree is likened to Nepfheliwm, and its fruit to that of
Broussonetia papyrifera or Fragaria. Foreigners call the fruit
the ‘‘ Chznese strawberry.” .There are three principal varie-
ties, determined by the color of the fruit—the white, the red,
and the purple. They are esteemed in the order here given ;
the purple being considered to be the best. ‘They are sour and
cooling. in taste, and are sonvetimes: salted or preserved. In
this form they are considered to be pectoral and quieting to the
stomach. Taken with wine, they prevent the nausea from
wine drinking. They are also said to’ be carminative, and
useful in digestive disturbances, including diarrhcea and dysen-
tery. The kernels of the seeds are used in sweating feet, and
the bark of the tree and the root are employed in decoction in
the treatment of wounds, ulcers, scaly skin diseases, and arseni¢
poisoning.

MYRIOGYNE MINUTA.—% # # (Shih-hu-sui). This
is a minute plant, growing in the crevices of stones and in
moist places among rocks: It is also called ] #W # (T‘ien-
hu-sui). It is not edible, and although it is more or less an
aquatic plant, geese will not eat it, and for this reason it receives
the name @ FR KH (B- -pu-shil-ts‘ao): Its medicinal action is
upon the respiratery passages, including the nose. It cures
films on the eyes, hemorrhoids, polypus of the nose, and

276 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

relieves swellings and deafness. It is also recommended in
malarial fevers.

MYRIOPHYLLUM.—JK #% (Shui-tsao). Several halora-
geous avd naiadaceous plants are described in the Péxtsao
under this term. The larger kind, with leaves like those of
Perilla, is called by the name-given above. This is ALZyrio-
phyllum spicatum. Another, with leaves like the Chrysanthe-
mum coronarium, is called ¥¥ HE (Chii-tsao). In Japan this is
Ceratophyllum demersum. It is also called 7 #8 (Shui-yiin),
RB ¥G (Sai-ts‘ao), and 4F & #4 (Niu-wei-ytin). But these are
probably quite different plants, being referred to Ayrz0phyllum,
Fippuris, and Zostera. Still another mentioned is & #@ (Ma-
tsao), which is usually referred to Potamogeton. All of these
plants are considered to be edible, and are used in medicine ;
the last named being considered to be the best for this pur-
pose. ‘The taste is sweet, very cooling, demulcent, and the
plant is non-poisonous. It is prescribed in fevers, to relieve
thirst, and in fluxes, especially those of children. Faber also
identifies 4 WW (Shih-fan) as Myrzophyllum, but the Péxtsao
describes this. as a seaweed allied to Sargassum, or may be to
Glyptostrobus. It is used in decoction for the treatment of
ainenorrhcea.

MYRISTICA MOSCHATA.—fWY¥ HB # (Jou-tou-k‘ou),
559, 1314. This Chinese name is that of the muimeg. Ans
other name is fy 94 (Jou-kuo). Mace is called QW HW ¥E (Jou-
tou-hua), 560, and py §% 7 (Jou-kuo-hua). It is not produced
in China, but is brought from countries to the south, where it
is said to be called 3 #y Hf (Ka-kou-lé). In this the Chinese
probably confound the nutmeg with the cardamom. The
nutmegs found in China are usually olive shaped, dry, and
worm eaten. ‘They are used principally as a warming, car-
minative and astringent remedy in all sorts of fluxes, especially
those of children and of the aged. They are very seldom
employed as a spice. J/ace is used medicinally equally with
the mutmeg. The Customs Lists speak of fj B #t (Jou-tou-
kén), 561, which seems to be the root of the tree. This is not
mentioned in the Péztsao.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 277

N.

NANDINA DOMESTICA.—jqy 8 (Nan-chu), BK GB
(Nan-t‘ien-chu). This is a berberidaceous shrub, with ever-
green leaves and, in the winter time, beautiful red berries,
making a good substitute for Christmas holly. The generic
name is taken from the sound of the first two characters in the
second name given above. Fortune, from the error of suppos-
ing that the last character in the Chinese name was ff (Chu),
translated the supposed name F ff (T‘ien-chu) into ‘‘ Heaven-
ly banboo,’” a name which the plant still retains among
foreigners. But this combination of characters is not found
in the Chinese books. The berries are called #¢ #% (Hou-shu),
‘“monkey beaus,’’ by the common people, and the plant also
goes by the name of & fy #8 (Wu-fan-ts‘ao), because the leaves
are used in preparing a kind of rice congee called & fig (Wu-
fan) or FF #§ fy (Ch‘ing-ching-fan). The shrub grows on
the hills, but is’ also cultivated on account of its glossy,
green leaves and red berries, which are much used as winter
decorations. Medicinally, the branches and leaves are reputed
to check discharges, drive away sleepiness, strengthen the
tendons, benefit the breath, prolong life, prevent hunger, and
keep off old age. They are also prescribed for colds. The
seeds, 883, have about the same virtues, and they are said to
strengthen virility and improve the complexion. The congee
made with the leaves, as mentioned above, has similar virtues,
to which are added the nourishing qualities of the rice.

NARCISSUS TAZETTA.— 3K {i} (Shui-hsien), & 3 g
™ (Chin-chan-yin-t‘ai). This ‘‘ water-nymph’’ is much cul-
tivated in China, being found in nearly every home at the
New Year’s season, growing in specially prepared dishes in
which the bulbs are set in clean water among clean pebbles
or shells. The flowers are white or red, with yellow centers,
and surmount a greenish white stem ; hence the second name,
“ golden-bowl-silver-stand.’’ ‘They are exceedingly pleasing,
both on account of their beauty and fragrance. The bulbs
are used medicinally as a poultice to swellings, and as a

278 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA. |

demulcent bolus to carry bones out of the cesophagus. The
flowers are used cosmetically, and are thought to benefit the
hair. ‘The plant is regarded as a woman’s remedy.

NARDOSTACHYS JATAMANSI.—This plant, which
properly belongs to India, is found in the province of Yunnan
and on the western borders of Szechuan, but whether indigenous
or transplanted is uncertain. Its product, ff #& 7 (Kan-sung-
hsiang), or true spzkenard, is found in the medicine shops of
China. A name for this, taken from a Buddhist book, is 7 7
w% (K‘u-mi-ch‘é). This is probably a transliteration of some
Indian name. Spikenard is classed together with lign aloes,
cloves, sandalwood, and Ag/aza odorata, as one of the five
odorous plants. ‘The rhizome is used as a deodorant, carmina-
tive, and stimulant. A decoction is used in various skin affec-
tions and in the bath to give fragrance to the body. It is
used in India in hysteria, epilepsy, and other convulsive
diseases. ‘The root is sometimes confounded with sumbul root.

NASTURTIUM PALUSTRE.—® ji (Ting-li), see
Draba nenoralis. 7 Fé (Shui-ch‘in), see Ganthe stolonyera.

NAUCLEA GAMBIR.—See Uncaria gambir and Acacia
catechu.

NELUMBIUM SPECIOSUM.—7yj (Ho), 3€ #@ (Fu-ch ‘i).
This exceedingly popular and very useful plant has a distinct
name for its every part. [ts stem is called jij (Ch‘ieh) ; the
rootlets on the lower part of the stent or at the top of the
rhizome are called # (Mi); its leaf is called 3 (Hsia) ; its
flower is called #4 #{ (Haun-t‘ao) ; its fruit jg (Lien); its root
¥#H (Ou); its seed #§ (Ti); and its caulicle # (1). In some
parts of the country the flowers are called % # (Fu-jung).
However, the common names now in use are limited for
the most part to if 7€ (Lien-hua), 722, for the flower, jij B€
(Ho-yeh), 729, for the leaves, and $j (Ow), 923, for the root.
Such is the arrangement in the Péztsao, which discusses the
plant under the term i# #§ (Lien-ou). The seeds, called jf 7
(Lien-shih), 726, and 4 3% -f (Shih-lien-tzt), or more com-
monly 3 ¥f (Lien-tzti); are usually found iu the hard, dry state,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 279

having a black testa and a reddish tegmen. These are removed
in preparing the seeds for use, and the fleshy cotyledons
are boiled or ground into flour, and in either case form the
basis of a very palatable food. The fresh cotyledons are
also much relished in the raw state by the Chinese, being
peddled on the streets in their receptacles in the season.
In any form they are considered to be very nourishing and
highly beneficial in preserving the body in health and strength.
They are refreshing, preventive of fluxes, promote the cir-
culation, strengthen the virility, and ‘‘the more you eat, the
more you want of them.’? ‘Their use is recommended in
leucorrhcea and gonorrheea. Although the plant grows amidst
the filth and slime of ponds, it is considered to be an emblem
of purity, and for this reason the different parts of the plant
are thought to purify the body of noxious poisons and evil
conditions. The seeds must not be confounded with those
of Cesalpinia minax, which are also called j# F (Shih-
lien-tzit), 1153. Li Shih-chén utters this warning, but says
that he does not know what these latter seeds are. ‘The
root-stock is jointed and fleshy, and when cut across shows a
number of cavities in the tissue, concentrically arranged, and
terminating at the joints, which interrupt them at every foot
or less of the length of the stock. These are boiled and sold
in slices on the streets, forming a sweet, mucilaginous food,
looking like the sweet potato, and very much relished by-the
Chinese. ‘The joints of the root-stock are considered separately
under the name of ## @ (Ou-chieh), 923, and are thought to
be hemostatic in hemoptysis, and also in post-partum hemor-
rhage, hematuria, and bloody stools. Two kinds of arrow-root
_are made of the root-stock, one called #§ ## (Ou-fén), 924, from
the fleshy part, and the other called fj #} (Chieh-fén) from the
joints. The latter is far the more expensive of the two, and
is made in the region about Huaian, Kiangsu. ‘The mode of
manufacture in either case is to crush the root and wash out
the starch with water. After subsidance, the water is drained
off and the starch left to dry. ‘The taste of the Ox-fén is
sweetish and somewhat aromatic. It is considered to be
nutritious, stomachic, tonic, increasing the mental faculties
and quieting the spirits, The taste of the Chzeh-fén is some-

280 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

what bitterish and acrid, and it is thought to have special
action upon the circulation, and is recommended in hemor-
thages. ‘The ordinary Ou-fénx is a reddish-white, glistening,
unctuous powder, making a very tenacious jeHy of a dark
color when boiled with water. It answers all the purposes of

the best arrow-root, and is of great value in the treatment of -

diarrhoea and dysentery. It is given in diseases of the chest,
and is an important ingredient in the article called = 4 #
(San-ho-fén), used in the rearing of hand-fed infants. It also
is a chief ingredient in a nourishing pudding specially prepared
for the weak and ill-nourished, and called J\ 4) #5 # (Pa-
hsien-ou-fén). This arrow-root, as found in the shops, is so
frequently adulterated with leguminous starches that many
families endeavor to make it for themselves. The caulicle
of the seeds, called ji 3 (Lien-i) and jf $ sf) (Lien-tzt-
hsin), 728, is bitter in taste, relieves the sense of thirst after
hemorrhages, and is used in the treatment of cholera, he-
moptysis, and spermatorrhcea. The stamens of the flowers,
called df 35 9% (Lien-jui-hsii), 721, and qh JE $4 (Fo-tso-hsii),
purify the heart, permeate the kidneys, strengthen the virility,
blacken the hair, make joyful the countenance, benefit the
blood, and check hemorrhages. ‘The flowers, 722, are recom-
mended as a cosmetic application to the face to improve the
complexion, and it is said that in cases of difficult labor a
single petal is taken, the father’s literary ‘‘style” is inscribed
thereon, and then swallowed by the woman, in which case the
labor will be made easy. The seed pod or receptacle is called
iff jf: (Lien-fang), 720, or mf € Wk (Lien-p‘éng-fu), 725. After
the seeds have been removed, it looks something like the nozzle
of a garden sprinkler. Its medicinal action is regarded as anti-
hemorrhagic, and it is also employed to promote the expulsion
of the afterbirth and in watery decoction to counteract the
poison of deleterious fungi. The leaves, iy #2 (Ho-yeh), re-
ceive various names according to their age or position. The
very young ones are calléd ff #% (Ho-ch‘ien), those lying upon
the water ## fiy (Ou-ho), and those extending above the
water 3% fiy (Chih-ho). The dried leaves are sold to grocers,
who use them for wrapping wp some of their goods. The leaf
stalk is called # £ (Ho-pi). The medicinal virtues of the

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 281

leaf are considered to be antifebrile, antihemorrhagic, con-
structive to the blood, promotive of labor and the expulsion of
the afterbirth, antidotal to poisonous fungi, and useful as an
application in eruptive fevers and other skin diseases. Some
of these properties are attributed to the leaf stalk, and it is said
to have the special quality of quieting the pregnant uterus.
Two lotus-like flowers, brought from some foreign country,
and called #L fy j# 76 (Hung-pai-lien-hua), are spoken of in
the Péntsao. The prolonged use of these drives away old age
and gives a fine complexion. ‘They may be Nymphee.

NEPETA GLECHOMA.—#@ 33 #i (Chi-hsiieh-ts‘ao).
Because this plant has leaves like Chinese copper coin, it is
also called } $2 Hi (Ti-ch ‘ien-ts‘ao) and j# $8 Ei (Lien-ch ‘ien-
ts‘ao). On account of its fragrance it is called 49 YF fj (Hu-
po-ho). It grows in the river valleys of the central and
northern provinces, and is the well known ground ivy. The
stalk and leaves of the plant are used in medicine, and their
chief virtue seems to be that of an antifebrile remedy. They
are also anodyne, and are prescribed in every form of fever and
in all sorts of spontaneous pain; including toothache and
earache.

NEPHELIUM LAPACUM.—#% F (Shao-tzt). This
grows in Lingnan, resembles the /zchee, and is esteemed asa
fruit. It is recommended in severe dysentery and as a warm-
ing carminative in ‘‘cold’’ dyspepsia.

NEPHELIUM LITCHLI.—¥% #& (Li-chih), 700, $3 # (Tan-
li). Many of the sapindaceous plants are poisonous, but the
Nephelium fruits are an exception, being much esteemed both
in the fresh and in the dry state. These grow thtoughout
China, but are only found in their perfection in the southerh
provinces ; those from Fukien being regarded as the best. The
fruits are dried in the sun or by artificial heat, and are used
as a sweetmeat at feasts, and often given as presénts to the
newly niarried. They are not regarded as entirely without
deleterious properties; and when the raw fruits are partaken of
freely they are said to produce féverishness and nosebleed.

282 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Partaken of in small quantities or in the dried form, they are
thirst relieving and beneficial to nutrition. But they are
specially recommended in all forms of gland enlargement and
tumors. The seeds, 701, are regarded as anodyne, and are
prescribed in various neuralgic disorders and in orchitis. The
leathery external tegument of the fruit is used in decoction in
the distress caused by small-pox eruption, and also in fluxes
from the bowels. ‘The flowers, bark, and root, 702, are
employed in decoction in angina and quinsy.

NEPHELIUM LONGANA.—#é if (Lung-yen). A num-
ber of other names are given for this plant, which resembles
the /zchee, but is smaller. On account of this inferiority it is
called #% #e AL (Li-chih-nu), ‘‘slave of the lichee.’’ Because
it is supposed to benefit the understanding, it is called # #
(I-chih), but it must not be confounded with Amomum
amarum. The fruits are supposed to be counter-poison,
anthelmintic, and constructive. They act specially upon
the spleen, improve the mental faculties, and are regarded
as generally beneficial. The seeds are used in excessive
perspirations. The flowers, 793, and leaves, 794, are sold
on the markets, but are not mentioned in the Péztsao. .

NEPHELIUM Sp.— fe #% (Lung-li). This grows south
of the Meiling, and as its name implies, resembles both the
lichee and the /uxgyen. It is slightly poisonous, cannot be
eaten raw, but is cooked and used as food. If eaten in the
raw state, it produces a sort of frenzy, and causes one to have
hallucinations. This shows the narrow line between the
poisonous and non-poisonous Sapindaceee.

NEPHRODIUM FILIX MAS.—According to Henry, in
Hupeh % & 3 (Mao-kuan-chung) is the name for this male-
fern, as well as for Onoclea orientalis and Woodwardia radt-
cans. It is not distinguished in the Péztsao from & # (Kuan-
chung). In Shantung, according to Fauvel, this last name is
applied to Aspidium jalcatum ; while, according to Franchet,
in Japan it is applied to Lomaria japonica. Several Chinese
names are given in the /éz/sao for this plant, among which

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 283

is A fe Fi (Féng-wei-ts‘ao), or ‘‘ phoenix-tail.’? It is probable
that a number of species of Aspzazwm, as well as of other ferns,
is included under these names. ‘The root-stock is gathered
twice a year, in the second and the eighth moons, and dried
for use as medicine. Its virtues are considered to be anthel-
mintic and corrective. It is also used in wounds and hemor-
thages, such as epistaxis, menorrhagia, and post-partum
hemorrhage. It is employed in the treatment of the diseases
of swine. Flowers are spoken of, which would indicate that
Osmunda is sometimes confounded with this. These so-called
flowers are employed in foul ulcers, and are said to be pur-
gative.

NICOTIANA TABACUM.—}§ Hi (Yen-ts‘a0), f- ¥
(Jén-ts‘ao), J HE (Yu [Yen]-ts‘ao). This is one of the evil
gifts of the new world to the old. It seems to have been
introduced into China about the year 1620 A.D., and prob-
ably came by the way of Manila. ‘he plant has no proper
name in Chinese, being known as }¥ #4 (Yen-ts‘ao), ‘smoke
weed,” and ¥& © $m (Tan-pa-ku), which is variously writ-
ten, and which is probably a transliteration of the West
Indian ¢adacco. There is no evidence to show that the plant
was known in Mongolia, as claimed by some, although the
Mongoliaus are said to have smoked the leaves of Lobelia
inflata, as did some tribes of North American Indians. The
plant seems to have been first introduced into Fukien, and
this province has maintained its preéminence in producing
the kinds which find the most favor with smokers. It is
now grown in almost every part of the empire, and almost as
many species and varieties are found in China as in America,
although the Chinese do not use the care in cultivating, curing,
preserving, and manufacturing the products as is the case in
America and other countries where it is grown. Various
qualities are indicated by such terms as # gg (Kai-lu), pa i
(T‘ou-huang), = 3% (Erh-huang), and the like. These refer to
the time and effects of curing. Little care is taken by the
Chinese to preserve the leaf from dampness, as it is usually
shipped in open boats, only covered with matting, or thatched
over with straw. Consequently it loses much of its favor and

284 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

strength, and often becomes mouldy. The prepared tobacco,
as formerly almost universally smoked by the Chinese, was
called 4 $% #4 (Chin-ssiti-yen), and was manufactured by
tightly packing the leaves with yellow ochre between, and
cutting into fine threads with planes. Tobacco is considered
by the Chinese to be antimalarial, and to increase this effect,
arsenic is sometimes mixed with the leaves before cutting.
The deleterious effects of tobacco are fully recognised by the
Chinese. #€ Jit #8 ff. (Hao-fei-sun-hsiieh), ‘‘ wasting the lungs
and injuring the blood,’’ are the unequivocal terms in which
they describe its evil effects. Another author uses $f jf) (Sun-
hsin), ‘‘injuring the heart,’? which certainly describes the
effect well known to Western observers. It is also said to JH @
(Sun-jung), ‘‘injure the features,’? referring to the sallowness
and dry skin produced in excessive smokers. In addition to its
use as a prophylactic to malaria, its decoction or oil is used to
destroy insects, in parasitic skin diseases, and the prepared
tobacco is used to staunch the flow of blood in wounds in the
same way as “‘ fine cut?’ is sometimes used in the rural districts
of America. #9 t¢ 2 (Hu-hnang-lien) with tea, or the Chinese
black sugar, are regarded as antidotes to the poison of tobacco.

The flower stalk of the tobacco plant, {§] § (Yen-kén), is
considered to be more poisonous than the leaves. It is said to
be used for stupefying fish. For this purpose it is chopped
fine and bruised together with green walnut hulls and thrown
into the pond, when the large fish will be stupefied by it, the
small ones will be killed, as will also all shrimps, turtles,
‘sttell-fish, and other animal life found in the pond ; and the
author goes on to say that although it thus shows itself to be
deadly poisonous, yet men prepare it for smoking! ‘The
powdered tobacco leaf is recommended as an insufflation in
nasal catarrh (NS ifs, Nao-lou). This disease is said to be pro-
duced in some people who smoke what is known as fj 7£ 1
(Lan-hua- yen), which is made by adding Lwpatorium seeds to
the tobacco, in order to give it fragrance. The expressed juice
of the fresh leaves is combined with pine resin, and the vapor
inhaled to benefit the blood vessels in defective circulation.
The bruised leaves are also applied in snake bite, and the
dried leaves sometimes put into beds, or burned under the bed,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 285

to drive away Cimex lectulariws and his progeny. An old
tobacco pipe stem, #4 #$ (Yen-kan), and the deposit in its
interior, 1 #2 wh (Yen-kan-yu), are regarded as sovereign
remedies for the bite of venomous snakes. One that has been
in use at least forty years is considered the best, especially if
it was smoked by a man rather than a woman. ‘The remedy
is both administered internally and applied locally. It is also
used in menorrhagia. The substance from the interior of pipe
stems, as well as the water from a water-pipe, goes by the
names }] 3% (Yen-kao) and { wh (Yen-yu). It it said to be
the emanation of the five elements (water, fire, wood, metal,
earth) developed in the process of smoking, and is therefore
sometimes called FL #7 Ff (Wu-hsing-tan). It is used to kill
insects, to cure parasitic skin diseases, snake and centipede
bites, and the like. It is also sometimes secured from the
metal tops of ordinary pipes,

SNuFF, & 1 (Pi-yen), was formerly quite extensively used,
but, as in Western countries, has largely fallen into disuse.
A few officials and wealthy people still employ it, but seem to
do so rather to make an exhibition of their costly snuff bottles.
The collection of these snuff bottles, which are made of jade,
lapis lazuli, chrysoprase, and other precious stones, in many
artistic and beautiful designs, has become a hobby with pur-
chasers of bric-A-brac. Snuff-rubbing, as formerly practiced
in some parts of America, does not seem to have ever gained a
foothold in China. Foreign snuff was introduced through
Macao, and was considered to be superior to the native product.
This latter was composed of Angelica anomala, Asarum ste-
boldi, Gleditschia officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Baroos camphor,
and prepared tobacco (iJ #%). ‘The water tobacco 7K JM (Shui-
yen) comes from Lanchou in Kansu, is also called #§ $% (Hsi-
yi), and is highly esteemed as a tussic remedy, and also in the
treatment of snake and scorpion bites. It is probable that
this is Lobedia, rather than Nzcotzana, as the leaves are likened
to those of £rzobotrya paponicea.

The use of tobacco has undergone considerable change in
China within the last few years. Formerly it was smoked in
small quantities at a time, and almost universally with a water
pipe or a long-stemmed bamboo pipe, either of which reduced

286 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

the absorption of nicotine by the lungs to a minimum. But
since foreigners have become so largely identified with the
tobacco trade, the use of cigars, and especially of cigarettes,
has not only largely driven out the former and less deleterious
methods of consumption, but has also vastly increased the per
capita amount of tobacco consumed. The modern Chinese
student, clerk, or coolie is seldom seen without a ‘coffin
nail” between his lips, almost uniformly inhaling the smoke
and blowing it out through his nostrils. If this manner of
consumption goes on at its present increasing rate, the Chinese
people will soon demonstrate to the world whether or not
nicotine has any specially deleterious effects on the race. This.
will be especially true in this case, since the women use cigar-
ettes almost as freely as the men, and youths and even small
children of both sexes are frequent consumers.

NITRARIA SCHOBERI.—Under the title #j #@ (Kou-
chi), Li Shih-chén describes a globular, red, edible berry,
which he says grows in Kansu. It is certainly not Lyczum, as
this is not edible. It seems to correspond to a plant described
by Przewalski, the Nz¢érarza schroberz of the order of Zygophyl-
lee, the berries of which form an important article of diet to
the Mongols and Tangus of Gobi, Ordos, and Tsaidam. The
name of the plant in Mongolian is sharmyk. It is a crooked
shrub, having dense foliage and small thick leaves. It blooms
profusely in May, the flowers being small and white. These
are followed by the fruit, which consists of small, dark-red
berries, ripening in August and remaining on the tree until
late in the autumn. The people collect these berries on the
twigs when fully ripe and put them away for winter use.
They are soaked and boiled in water to soften them, and eaten
together with barley meal. The water in which the berries
have been boiled is also used as a drink. Bears, wolves, foxes,
and birds also feed on the berries. Their medicinal properties,
if any, can scarcely be the same as those of Lyczum.

NOTHOSMYRNIUM JAPONICUM.—# 7 (Kao-pén),
589. Henry says that in Hupeh the drug is derived from
Ligusticum stnense. 'The root is said to resemble that of

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 287

Conioselinum univittatum, but is lighter and less juicy. The
plant has small, bipinnate, entire leaves. As found in the
shops, the roots are yellowish-brown, branched and nodulated,
with small rootlets and portions of the stem attached to them.
They have a sweetish and somewhat acrid flavor. Stimulant,
antispasmodic, arthritic, deobstruant, alterative, and resolvent
properties are attributed to the drug. It is especially recom-
mended for women, and is also employed in congestive affections
of the skin. It is added to cosmetic preparations, both on
account of its good influence on the skin and of its fragrance.
The seeds are employed in rheumatic affections of the extrem-
ities as a resolvent.

NUPHAR JAPONICUM.—#§ 3€ 4 (P‘ing-p‘éng-ts‘ao).
This is also called 7k 3£ (Shui-su), ‘‘ water millet,’’ on account
of the resemblance of its seeds. It grows in the southern
provinces in marshes and ponds, the leaves resembling those
of Limnanthemum nymphoides. It bears yellow flowers, and
has a root-stock like that of the lotus, which in famine years
is eaten. Its seeds ate borne in a capsule about two inches
long, and they resemble poppy seeds. ‘They are also edible,
and are made use of by the people living in the marshy country
in which the plant grows. The flavor of the root is compared
to that of the chestnut, and for this reason the plant is some-
times called 7 Bi - (Shui-li-tzti). The king of Ch‘u ferried
the river and found the fruit of the #f£ (P‘ing), large as a peck
measure, red like the sun, and sweet as honey to the taste.
This quotation from the Book of History is supposed to refer to
this plant. The seeds are supposed to benefit the spleen and
intestines and to satisfy hunger. The root is regarded as
constructive and tonic, benefits the digestive organs, and in-
creases the bodily strength.

NYCTANTHES ARBOR TRISTIS.—&S 7§ (Nai-hua),
£0 5K #J (Hung-mo-li). This is the ‘‘ z2ght-blooming jasmine”?
or musk flower of Eastern India. It is called hurszughar in
India, and is used both in China and in India as a red dye and
as an ornament. It is not distinguished in the Pénxtsao from
Jasminum sambac.

288 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

NYMPHAA TETRAGONA.—fif ji (Shui-lien). This
is spoken of in the /éntsao under the article on Nuphar
japonicum. Its leaves resemble those of Lzmuanthemum nymph-
otdes, but are larger. Its flowers spread above the leaves, and
during the summer open during the day, closing at night and
withdrawing beneath the water, to appear with daylight the
following morning, It is not distinguished medicinally from
Nuphar.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 289

O.

OCIMUM BASILICUM.—£g i (Lo-lé), % 3% (Hsiang-
ts‘ai), 426. ‘The common name at Peking is # HR (Ai-k‘ang).
Because it is used in the treatment of opacity of the cornea it
is called @ - ¥4 (I-tzii-ts‘a0). The plant is found every-
where. The /ézdsao distinguishes three varieties: one resem-
bling Perilla ocymordes, and one has large leaves and is very
fragrant, its perfume carrying to a distance of twenty paces,
and the third can be used asa vegetable. The plant is recom-
mended to be extensively sown in gardens to overcome the
bad odors due to the use of fertilizers. Peptic and carminative
properties are ascribed to it, and the decoction is used as a wash
for ulcers. It is prescribed in vomiting, hiccough, and polypus
of the nose. The seeds are specially prescribed in diseases of
the eyes, are said to remove films and opacities, and to soothe
pain and inflammation. They are also recommended for rodent
ulcer (32 5 F 3, Tsou-ma-ya-kan). ‘The Customs Lists give
Ju fe 3& (Chiu-ts‘éng-t‘a) as a term for Oczmum, but this has
not been found in the Chinese books.

CECGHOCLADES FALCATA.—}i §§ (Féng-lan), FB ig
(Tiao-lan), This orchidaceous plant grows suspended from
rocks in mountain gorges of the southern provinces. It
resembles Dendrobium, and has been confounded with it.
Faber calls it Angrecum falcatum. It has a drooping stem
and leaves, and the latter are flat and two or more inches in
length. When once rolled up they do not open again, ‘The
people place the plant in bamboo baskets and suspend these
from the eaves of the house, where it grows and blossoms,
drawing its nourishment from the air. It is said that if this is
suspended in the room in which a woman.is going through
parturition, the labor will be hastened.

GENANTHE STOLONIFERA.— 7K #f (Shui-chin). The
name is commonly written Jt # (Shui-ch‘in). It is described
in the Péntsao under the title 7 BF (K‘u-chin). Other names
are Ff 3 (Ch‘in-ts‘ai), 7 3e (Shui-ying), and 4 3 (Ch‘u-

290 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

k‘uei). There are two kinds: the white, of which the root is
used in medicine, and the red, of which the leaves and stem
are eaten, either pickled or in the fresh state. This is an
umbelliferous plant, much resembling celery. While the
white varieties are most commonly eaten, some of the red
kinds are considered to be non-poisonous. Caution has to be
used, however, as in the case of the red varieties of celery,
because these are often deleterious, resembling water hemlock.
The properties of the drug are considered to be cooling,
strengthening, hemostatic, and antivinous. It is prescribed
in choleraic affections of children, urinary difficulties, colds,
and hematuria. ‘The seeds are recommended in plethora.
Under the article on Ranunculus scleratus is also men-
tioned jf #2 (Shui-chin). The characters #8, #f, and j£ are
used more or less interchangeably, and serve to confound
Cnanthe, Nasturtium, Aconitum, Ranunculus, and other
genera. However, @zanthe is most commonly referred to
when the character 7\¢ is prefixed to either of the three char-
acters. In the article to which reference is here made the
plant is recommended to be bruised and applied to horse
bites, snake bites, scorpion bites, and cancerous swellings.
Administered internally, it has the reputation of causing resolu-
tion in scrofulous swellings, curing choleraic affections, and
the like. It is said to be emetic if taken in large quantities.

OINTMENTS.—Aside from the very much overworked
term # (Kao), the Chinese have no term for ointment as that
is understood in the West. Foreign physicians have prefixed
the characters # (Mo) or #€ (Ch‘a), ‘‘to rub on,’’ “‘to smear,”
in attempting to distinguish an ointment from an extract or
plaster. A better character would be # (T‘u), as that is the
one universally used in Chinese medical works to indicate the
smearing on the skin of unctuous remedies. The most com-
mon vehicle for applying drugs to the skin is the #& yf
(Hsiang-yu), ‘‘fragrant-oil,” or sesamum-seed oil. Lard comes
next, and it is often mixed with vegetable wax, beeswax, or
white (insect) wax. Pomades and cosmetic applications are
many, and are called WH & (Yén-chih). While there are few
formule of ointments in the Chinese books, unctuous applica-

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 291

' tions to the skin are very extensively used, although a favor-
ite way of treating skin diseases among the Chinese is the
medicated bath. One or two special ointments are mentioned
among the Plasters (which article see).

OLEA AQUIFOLIA.—Faber gives #y (Kou-ku) for
this, but in China Kou-ku seems to be /éex cornuta (which see).

OLIBANUM.—}E fi # (Hsun-lu-hsiang), FL # (Ju-

hsiang). See Boswellia.

ONOCLEA ORIENTALIS.—This is one of the ferns
confounded under the name & #€ (Kuan-chung). See Wephro-
dium filix mas.

OPHIOPOGON SPICATUS.—2# FY & (Mai-mén-tung),
816. Two species are described, one with large leaves, which
is this, and the other with small leaves, which is Ophzopogon
japonica. A large number of names are given for this plant,
most of which refer to the similarity of its leaves to those of
Allium odorum. ‘The plant bears blue, globular berries in
winter. The root is the part used in medicine, and as it
appears in the drug stores, consists of shrivelled, pale yellow,
soft, flexible tubers, from one inch to an inch and a half long,
tapering at either end and traversed by a central thread-like
cord. ‘The taste is sweet and aromatic, and the smeil agree-
able. It is non-poisonous and is edible. ‘The plant is specially
cultivated in the province of Chekiang. ‘The drug has some
of the properties of sgzz//, for which it may be used as a sub-
stitute. It is supposed to benefit the dual principles, and is
therefore tonic and aphrodisiac, promoting fertility. It assists
the memory and promotes the secretion of milk. It is con-
sidered as one of the very important remedies.

OPUNTIA FICUS.—{] A & (Hsien-jén-chang). This
“fairy palm” is the well known cactus of the plains. It is
found in the wilds of Szechuan and Hupeh. It is prescribed,
together with licorice, in piles and diarrhoea, and is dried,
powdered, and mixed with oil to be applied to favus in
children.

292 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ORITHIA EDULIS.—|ly 2% 4 (Shan-tzii-ku), 4&
(Chin-téng). This plant grows in moist places in mountain
valleys, and resembles Sagzttarza. It is valued for its flowers,
of which there are white, red, and yellow varieties. The
small, shrunken, horny, irregularly ovate bulbs of the plant,
with a mass of fibrous, tangled rootlets attached to each bulb,
are sometimes called % %¢ (Mao-k‘o). The hairy rootlets are
detached from the bulb before the latter is used in medicine.
Slightly deleterious properties are attributed to the drug, and
it is used by military doctors in the treatment of strumous
diseases, specific diseases of the blood, carbuncles, injuries,
hydrophobia, and any disease requiring the exhibition of
alteratives. It enters into the composition of a famous \nos-
trum prepared by the Chinese, called the ‘‘ Universal Counter-
poison’? (BY 33 2 $$ 4L, Wan-ping-chieh-tu-wan). The leaves
are used externally as an application to buboes, abscesses, and
diseases of the breast. The flowers are said to be efficacious
in urinary disorders. This is the same as 7ulipa graminzfolia.

ORIXA JAPONICA.—%# {ly (Ch‘ang-shan), 30. Also
called 4 ¥% (Shu-ch‘i), ‘‘ Szechuan varnish,’’ ## [ly (Hén-
shan), and W ¥i (Hu-ts‘ao). The /éztsao classifies this plant
among the poisonous drugs (3 Wi #4, Tu-ts‘ao-lei), and says
that it comes from the provinces of Szechuan and Yunnan, and
especially from Chentehfu in the former province, where it
grows in the mountain ravines. It is also found in the forests
of the Yangtse hills. It is described as having a round,
pointed stalk, and being not over three or four feet high, with
opposite leaves shaped like the tea-leaf. In the second month
appears a white flower with green carpels, and in the fifth
month a fruit, green and round, and with three seeds in each
receptacle. The dried leaves have a greenish-white color
when they are fit for use, but if they turn black they are
spoiled. The leaves are collected in the fifth or sixth month.
One author says that the Szechuan varnish is the stalk of the
plant, and that it is gathered in the eighth or ninth month.
This plant is also said to be brought from ‘‘ Hainan,’’ which
probably means Cochiu-China and other places in the south.
The only places from which it is reported as coming in

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 293

the Customs lists of 1885 are Canton and Hankow, and the
following record is found: ‘‘Several plants supply drugs of
this name, which are used as febrifuges, as Dechroa febrifuga,
Lour, Hydrangea sp., and an unknown herbaceous plant.”’
By referring to Loureiro’s list, we find a plant, the name of
which Romanized according to the Cantonese dialect is cham
chan (the Chinese characters are lacking), but which presum-
ably is this same plant, and is called by him Dzychroa
febrifuga. As VLoureiro’s work was wholly done in Cochin-
China, the plant he thus identifies is presumably indigenous to
that country. Whether it is the same as the Szechuan plant
described by the Péxtsao remains to be determined. ‘Tatarinov
makes Ch‘ang-shan to be Lystmachia, and +. ¥% {lf (T‘u-ch ‘ang-
shan) is also a Hydrangea. In addition to the leaves and
stalk, the shoot and roots are used in medicine. The drug is
steeped in a decoction of licorice root to correct its nauseant
properties. The tincture, or the dessicated drug, is not
strongly emetic, but if prepared with vinegar its emetic proper-
ties are increased. All forms of the drug are used in fevers,
specially those of malarial origin. There is no form of this
latter disease for which it is not recommended. The leaves
are used in goitre.

OROBANCHE AMMOPHYLA.—W %€ & (Jou-tsung-
jung), 1359. Zsung-jung is a name of several orobancaceous
plants. Another variety, or possibly species, of the one under
consideration, is called #i #% # (Ts‘ao-tsung-jung) or i
(Lieh-tang). The ancients thought that this plant sprang up
from the semen dropped on the ground by wild stallions,
somewhat similar to the supposed origin of Salenophera,
another orobancaceous plant. ‘The growing plant is scaly, has
a scaly root, and both the root and stalk have the appearance
of flesh, from which fact it receives its name. Both the plant
and root are eaten either raw or cooked with meat. The root
is salted, or dried in the sun, for use as medicine. It is first
cleaned, soaked in wine, and the central fibres rejected.
These latter are considered to be deleterious. Its virtues seem
to be tonic in all of the wasting diseases and injuries, as well
as aphrodisiac, promoting fertility in women and curing

204 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

impotence in men. It is used in spermatorrhcea, menstrual
difficulties, gonorrhoea, and all forms of difficulties of the
genital organs. The ZLzeh-tang has similar virtues, but is
specially recommended in impotence.

ORYZA SATIVA.—#} (Tao), #F (Tu), #8 (No),
(Kéng), fil (Hsien). These characters and several others
are used in the classics and other ancient works for race.
Originally, Zao was equivalent to Mo, and was used for the
glutinous variety, while Aézg referred to the non-glutinous
variety. At present Zao is a general term for rice and
includes both kinds, but refers for the most part to the
non-glutinous, while the glutinous is known only as Wo.
Kéng is also written #7@ (Kéng). F&F (T‘u) is a very old
name, and is no longer in use. The common name now
in use is # (Mi), which refers more particularly to the hulled
rice. In fact, every stage in the growth and preparation of
rice gives it a distinctive name. The young shoots are called
Fi (Yang), that growing in the field is called fj (Tao), the
unhulled rice is called ## (Kéng), the hulled rice is called
(Mi), the hulls are called #% (K‘ang), the cooked rice is called
fj (Fan), and the rice congee is called if (Chou). The gluti-
nous rice is described in the Péztsao under the term #§ (Tao).
It may be used for distilling spirits (j§), for pastry (#8), for
sweet-meats (#4), for dumplings (f£), and as puffed-rice }> 3.
All these are quite common uses of the Mo-mz. The dump-
lings, under the name of #2 -F (Tsung-tzti), are made at the
time of the Fifth Moon Feast and consumed in large quantities,
They are also made of glutinous millet, and sometimes are
stuffed with meat or sweet-meats. The puffed or parched rice
is sold at all times of the year, and is largely consumed by
children and persons of weak digestion. It also serves as a
foundation for candy balls, which are made by sweet-meat
makers, and which vary in size from that of a marble to balls
a foot or more in diameter. A sticky confection is also made
of this rice and sold by street vendors in strips or cakes. The
rice is considered too heating as a constant article of diet, and
it is said to produce paralytic symptoms in men, cats, dogs,
and horses, if consumed for some time (beri-beri?). It is consid-

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 295

ered to be constipating, and therefore is recommended to be
used in diarrhoeas. Cakes made of this rice and fried in camel’s
fat are used for hemorrhoids. ‘The congee is used in fevers as
a diuretic, and both internally and externally as a demulcent.
The Chinese often heat the water in which the rice is to
be scoured, and after. thorough washing the water is called
3% jit (Mi-kan). This is considered cooling as a drink, is
administered in fluxes from the bowels, and used to wash foul
sores. The rice flowers, ## {§ 7€ (No-tao-hua) are dried and
used as a dentifrice and cosmetic. The root, ## #§ #L (No-
tao-kén), 912, is not mentioned in the Péztsao. ‘The green
culm or stalk is recommended in biliousness, and the ash of
the straw is used in the treatment of wounds and discharges.
The awns (@ 7, Ku-ying) are also recommended in jaundice.
The ashes of the hulls are used to clean discolored teeth.

The non-glutinous kind is described under the title f#
(Kéng). ‘There are two varieties : the 7[¢ 7€ (Shui-mi) and the
& X (Han-mi), or the water-grown and the upland varieties.
The former is by far the more common. The Chinese regard
rice as the best food, and their term for the prepared article, f
(Fan), has about the same signification that the word ‘‘bread’’
had to English-speaking people of the time of King Jamies ;
that is, a term signifying food in general. Their estimate is

very nearly correct, as rice is the one cereal which comes
‘nearest having all the elements necessary to sustain life. It
is said to benefit the breath, remove anxiety and thirst, check
discharges, warm the viscera, harmonize the gases of the
stomach, and cause the growth of flesh. If taken in the form
of congee, together with Euryale ferox, it will benefit the
vital principle, strengthen the will, clarify the hearing, and
brighten the eye. If one constantly eats the dry cooked rice,
he will not have hiccough. The second water in which non-
glutinous rice is scoured is called jf ™ jH (Hsi-é@rh-kan) and
XK 7 (Mi-shén), and is regarded as cooling to the blood and
diuretic. It is given in hematemesis, epistaxis, and in cases in
which medicine has been taken in excessive doses. Parched
rice broth, ~> 4 #& (Ch‘ao-mi-t‘ang), benefits the stomach and
drives away the vicious humor produced by eating too inuch
farinaceous food; but if the element of fire is not driven out of

296 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

the preparation, it will produce thirst. ‘The rust sometimes
found growing on the ears of rice, called #8 #% 4y (Kéng-ku-
nu), is administered in acute paralysis of the fauces. The
lixiviated ash of rice straw, 7 #8 (Ho-kan), is used as an
antidote in arsenical poisoning.

Another sort of rice is described under the term fj (Hsien).
It was brought trom Cochin-China (-4 $ ff) by the Fukienese,
and is therefore called py #§ (Chan-tao). It is an upland rice,
and as it ripens earlier than other varieties it is called Ft #g
(Tsao-tao). Its qualities are the same as the ordinary rice.
The lixiviated ash of the straw is used in nausea and to destroy
stomach worms. ‘The Chinese dry boiled rice in the sun and
then grind it into flour, called 3€ # (Mi-fén). This is used
for making gruel to feed dry-nursed infants and invalids.
It also makes an exceilent poultice. (For malted rice see Malt,
and for Cougee see that article in the Addenda.)

OSMANTHUS FRAGRANS.— #E (Yén-kuei), HR #
(Mu-hsi). This tree grows on cliffs; hence the first name. It
is spoken of in the /é@ztsao at the close of the article on
cinnamon, where it is said that there are three varieties: one
with white flowers, called 9% #E (Yin-kuei), one with yellow
flowers, called 4¢ #£ (Chin-kuei), and one with red flowers,
called J} #E (Tan-kuei). ‘There are some varieties that flower
in the autumn, some in the spring, some each season, and some ~
monthly. The bark of the tree is thin, has not the properties
of true cinnamon, and is not used in medicine. The flowers
are very fragrant, are employed for scenting tea and wine, and
an oil is distilled from them, called RE 7é jf (Kuei-hua-yu),
662. This tree is much cultivated in China for its fragrant
flowers, which appear in great profusion in the axils of the
leaves. These are used semi-medicinally as a flavor for other
medicines, to disguise foul odors, as a tussic remedy, and in
cosmetic preparations for the hair and skin. ‘The plant is the
same as the Olea fragrans of Thunberg.

OSMUNDA REGALIS.—#% (Wei). This is a Japanese
identification, but without doubt the same term is sometimes
applied to this fern in China. However, the plant described

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 297

in the Péntsao under this title is a leguminous one, probably
Vicia gigantea or Lathyrus maritimus. But in the same
article the character is made to refer to i #¢ (Mi-chiteh), which
under the article on $f (Chiteh), Prerds aguilina, is described
as a ‘‘flowering’’ fern, thus evidently referring to Osmunda.
But it is not distinguished medicinally from //erzs.

OXALIS CORNICULATA.—jif 4% (Tso-chiang), Ge
(Suan-chiang), 1204, sv BE 3€ (Hsiao-suan-ts’ai). This well
known small plant, with its ternate, sour leaves is found in all
parts of China, Children like to eat the young fresh leaves.
In the fourth moon it bears a small, yellow fower. It
is confounded with Rumex japonicus. Cooling; anthelmintic,
emmenagogue, diuretic, lithontriptic, astringent, and styptic
qualities are referred to the plant, and the juice is held to be
antidotal to mercurial and arsenical poisoning, as well as bene-
ficial when applied to burns, insect and scorpion bites, and
eruptions.

298 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

|g

PACHYMA COCOS.—# 4 (Fu-ling), 332. This is a
fungus growth upon the roots of fir trees, and is used by-
the Chinese both as a food and medicine. It is met with
in the form of large tubers, having a corrugated, blackish-
brown skin, and consisting internally of a hard, starchy sub-
stance of a white color, but sometimes tinged with pale-
red or brown, especially towards the outside. The tuber is
sometimes perforated by an irregular channel lined with
red membrane, marking its attachment to the root. ‘The
tubers vary in size from that of a fist to that of a peck
measure. The smaller ones, and especially those which cling
to the root, are called ff ji (Fu-shén). They are met with
on the sites of old fir plantations, or actually connected with
living fir trees. The Chinese suppose these tubers to be pro-
duced either from the metamorphosed resin of the fir tree, or
from the spurious vapors of the tree. They do not easily
decay, and are said to be found unchanged after lying in
the ground for a period of thirty years. The Chinese con-
found them with the genuine root of the Syzlax pseudo-
China, and the two substances are exported to India or else-
where as China-root. "The hardest and whitest is the best.
The substance probably consists largely of pectine, and is
free from smell or taste. A similar substance is found in
Japan and in America, in which latter country it is called
Indian-bread. In China it is ground up, mixed with rice
flour, and made into small square cakes, which are sold hot
by hawkers on the streets of most cities in the Central prov-
inces. Medicinally, it is considered to be peptic, nutrient,
diuretic, and quieting, especially in the nervous disorders of
children. It is prescribed in wasting diseases. The red
variety is specially recommended in diarrhceas and disorders
of the bladder, while the skin of the tuber, 333, is considered
useful as a diuretic in dropsy. ‘The smaller and younger
varieties, {% ji! (Fu-shén), are considered to be superior as a
nerve tonic and sedative to those which are older and larger.
The portion of the root of the fir tree which is encircled by

Tg:

s

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 299

these growths is called ji} 7k (Shén-mu), and is prescribed in
contractions of the tendons and convulsive disorders. (See
articles on Smzlax and Fungi.)

te acters THUNBERGIANUS.—% (Ko), 599.
This is a wild growing creeper, of the order of Leguminose,
furnishing a textile fiber of which a kind of cloth is made.
The cloth somewhat resembles in texture that made from
Behmeria nivea, and is also called grass-cloth. The Chinese
name for this cloth is $§ 7 (Ko-pu) or H 7 (Kung-pu), and
it is of a yellow color, very fine and durable, and is much
prized by the Chinese as a summer cloth. The root of the
plant, 600, 601, is used both as food and medicine, although
that portion which is above the ground is considered to be
somewhat poisonous, having emetic properties. The plant is
much cultivated both on account of its textile fiber and of its
root. ‘The latter is considered to be thirst-relieving, antifebrile,
anti-emetic, and counter-poisonous. It is prescribed in colds,
fevers, influenza, dysentery, snake and insect bites, and to
counteract the effects of croton oil and other poisonous drugs.
Externally, it is applied in dog bites. The seeds, 3 #% (Ko-
ku), are prescribed in adults for dysentery aud in alcoholic
excess. The flowers are also prescribed in the latter difficulty.
The leaves are applied in wounds as a styptic. ‘The shoots
are used in insufficient secretion of milk, as an application in
incipient boils, and in aphthous sore mouth in children.
Every part of the plant is also used in the treatment of skin

rashes. ‘The root is made into an arrowroot-like preparation
called $5 #} (Ko-fén).

PAIDERIA FCITIDA.—%& F (Nii-ch‘ing). This plant
is also called # #{ (Ch‘iao-piao), “sparrow’s calabash ;’’ the
latter character indicating the shape of the fruit, and the
former its small size, which is about that of ajujube. ‘The
stem and leaves have an offensive odor. ‘To the root is ascribed
remarkable virtues in driving away the Aw poison, expelling
foul gases, destroying evil demons, and curing ague. It is
used in virulent epidemics, and is said to restore to life those
who are already in articulo mortis.

300 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

PHONIA ALBIFLORA.—4j #% (Shao-yao), 143, 1112,
959. Properly speaking this Chinese name is generic ; there
being two kinds described in the Péxztsao: one with white
flowers called 4 4j #% (Chin-shao-yao), which is Peonta albi-
flora and the other with red flowers called 7t 2j #% (Mu-shao-
yao), which may be Ponta officinalis in some cases, while in
others it is confounded with Peonta moutan. ‘The plant is
found growing wild in Anhui and Honan, as well as in Sze-
chuan. It is also cultivated in Kiangsu for its root, which is
used in medicine. It is a drug much prized by Chinese doctors,
who use it as a tonic, alterative, astringent, and general remedy
in diseases of women. As found in the shops, it is in hard,
heavy pieces, tapering, of the size of the thumb or middle
finger, and from four to six inches long. It is of a pinkish-
white color on the outside, and marked with scars and tuber-
cles, and is whitish, or brownish, and semitranslucent in the
interior. It is said to be anodyne, diuretic, and carminative.
It is specially recommended in the diseases of pregnancy and
all forms of puerperal difficulty. It has also special action
upon the spleen, liver, stomach, and intestines, and is pre-
scribed in nosebleed, wounds, and other hemorrhages.

PHONIA MOUTAN.—# J} (Mou-tan). This is known
as the ¢ree Peony, and is also called #§ FE (Hua-wang), ‘‘the
king of flowers,’? and f fj 4 (Pai-liang-chin), ‘‘a hundred
ounces of gold.’? This latter name is given on account of the
value in which the Chinese hold this exceedingly popular flower.
It is a plant which is always discussed at length in all Chinese
works on botany ; more than-thirty varieties being described.
By long care, the plant has been rendered suffructicose. It is
grown in Szechuan, where it seems to have been indigenous,
but it has been cultivated for such a long period that the wild
variety is no lenger valued. During the Han dynasty, Lo-
yang in Honan was famous for its moztan flowers. The bark
of the root, 857, 1245, is the part used in medicine, and is met
with in quills three or four inches long, dark brown on the
outside, and of a purplish color on the inside and on the broken
surface. It has a warm flavor and but little smell. It is pre-
scribed in fevers, colds, nervous disorders, hemorrhages, head-

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 301

aches, and menstrual difficulties. Its prolonged use is supposed
to give vigor to the body and to lengthen life. The root of this
peony, J} Hi (Tan-kén), 1242, and the small rootlets, J} 3%
(Tan-hsii), 1241, are mentioned in the Customs list, but do not
appear in the Pézz¢sao.

PALIURUS RAMOSISSIMUS.— } (Pai-chi). This
is a rhamnaceous shrub, found in the south of China growing
to the height of three or four feet. The wood of its stem is
very white, which distinguishes it from the jujube tree. It
has rather long, straight spines, and the branches and leaves
are more or less tomentose. The drug seems to consist of the
spines, and for this reason they are by some said to be the
spines of the jujube tree, and it may well be that these are
sometimes substituted. They are prescribed in spontaneous
pains, neuralgias, ‘‘stitch in the side,’? and the like. They are
also said to increase virility in married men and to benefit the
genito-urinary system. The ashes of the twigs, mixed with oil,
are used to cleanse filthy hair. Here the Chinese came very
near to making soap. The flowers are used as an application
to discharging wounds. The fruits are said to be cooling and
diuretic. The leaves are applied in chronic ulcer of the leg.

PANAX GINSENG.—A & (Jén-shén), 554, wih #E (Shén-
ts’ao). ‘This, with the Chinese, is the medicine Jar excellance ;
the dernier ressort when all other drugs fail ; reserved for the
use of the Emperor and his household, and conferred by
Imperial favor upon high and useful officials whenever they
have a serious breakdown that does not yield to ordinary
treatment, and which threatens to put a period to their lives
and usefulness. The principal Chinese name is derived from
a fancied resemblance of the root to the human form, and to
certain astral influences said to be derived from the constel-
lation of Orion. It is related that during the reign of Wenti,
of the Sui dynasty (581 to 601 A.D.), at Shangtang in Shensi,
at the back of a certain person’s house, was heard each night
the imploring voice of a man, and when search was made for
the source of this sound, at the distance of about a / there
was seen a remarkable ginseng plant. Upon digging into the

302 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

earth to the depth of five feet the root was secured, having
the shape of a man, with four extremities perfect and complete;
and it was this that had been calling out in the night with a
man’s voice. It was therefore called -| # (T’u-ching), ‘spirit
of the ground.” It is said that the best ginseng formerly came
from this Shangtang, but at present no true ginseng is
produced in that part of Shansi; on the contrary, the place is
famous for its production of ‘‘bastard ginseng’’ from Adeno-
phora (which article see) and other campanulaceous plants.
The ginseng which is considered to be the best is the wild
growing variety of Manchuria, and the next in repute is that
coming from Korea. The former is practically all reserved
for Imperial use, while the ordinary qualities of the latter are
the best that appear on the general market. Japanese and
American ginseng are also found in quantities, but these,
especially the latter, are considered to be much inferior to the
Korean kind. American ginseng is considered by Western
physicians to have no medicinal virtues worth mentioning,
and is thought to be a superfluous member of the Pharmaco-
peeia. But entirely apart from ideas of its astral relations,
true Chinese ginseng is persistently held by the Chinese to
have stimulant, tonic, and restorative properties, which give it
its high place in their pharmacology. It is probable that the
Manchurian drug has not been carefully studied by any Euro-
pean observer on account of its scarcity, the Imperial mo-
nopoly, and its exceeding high price; this best quality being
valued at Taels 6,400 a picul, and the superior sort costing as
much as 250 times its weight in silver. For these reasons
also only two or three complete herbarium specimens of the
Manchurian wild ginseng plant are to be found in the
museums of Europe. ‘The ordinary ginseng of the markets
has been studied and has not been found to possess any impor-
tant medicinal properties. But the Chinese describe cases in
which the sick have been practically in articulo mortis, when
upon the administration of ginseng they were sufficiently restored
to transact final items of business. Much of the ginseng on
the market consists of campanulaceous roots, substituted for
those of the araliaceous Pazax. ‘The former roots, while ina
general way resembling those of the true ginseng, are more or

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 303

less hard and woody, and free from worms; while the latter is
succulent and very liable to be attacked by insects. That
prepared for Imperial use is carefully cleansed and dried,
wrapped in paper and sealed up to preserve it from dampness
and worms. It is said to have an aromatic, sweet taste, with
a spice of bitterness. It may contain, therefore, in its fresh
state an essential oil and a small amount of alkaloidal or other
principle. The Chinese count five kinds of ginseng, viz., the
one under consideration, which they consider to be the true
ginseng, acting on the spleen, which to them is the center of
life ; the ¥ B (Sha-shén), Adenophora, which operates upon the
lungs; ¥% #B (Hsiian-shén), Scrophularza, which acts upon the
kidneys; 4 3 (Mou-méng), Polygonum bistorta, which oper-
ates on the liver; and J} #& (Tan-shén), Sa/vza multiorrhiza,
which acts on the heart. Each of these is described under its
appropriate title. The true ginseng plant has five parted, palmate
leaves, bears minute flowers in an umbellate form, and has red,
berry-like fruits. It somewhat resembles the American Aralia
guinguefolia, but is not the same. In Manchuria and Korea
it is usually found growing in the shade of trees, notably
that of the #& (Kia) Zza (?) or Paulownia (?). ‘This tree
and the ginseng plant are thought to have mutual sympathy,
and whoever would find the latter must look for the tree.
The root is dug up both in the spring and the autumn. It is
said that in order to test for true ginseng two persons walk to-
gether, one with a piece of the drug in his mouth and the other
with his mouth empty. If at the end of three to five Z the one
with the ginseng in his mouth does not feel himself tired, while
the other is out of breath, the drug is true. ‘The Manchu.
rian root is carefully searched for by the natives, who boast that
the weeds of their country are the choice drugs of the Chinese.
The drug is yellowish, semitransparent, firm, somewhat brittle,
and has a sweet, mucilaginous taste, accompanied with a
slight bitterness. It is usually prepared by steaming and dry-
ing in still air, so as to make its appearance approximate the
accepted standard of clearness. Fabulous stories, similar to
that above given, are told of the finding of special deposits of
this root, associated with guiding voices, stars, and other good
omens. ‘The drug is sometimes prepared for use as an extract,

304 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

or as a decoction, silver vessels usually being employed for this
purpose. Medicinally, the Chinese claim it to be ‘‘a tonic
to the five viscera, quieting the animal spirits (#§ jh), estab-
lishing the soul (#f fj), allaying fear, expeliing evil effluvia,
brightening the eye, opening up the heart, benefiting the
understanding, and if taken for some time it will invigorate the
body and prolong life.’? Alterative, tonic, stimulant, carmina-
tive, and demulcent properties are the ones principally ascribed
to it, and it is prescribed in nearly every kind of disease of a
severe character, with few exceptions, but with many reserva-
tions as to the stage of the disease in which it may be
administered with the greatest benefit and safety. All forms
of debility, spermatorrhcea, the asthenic hemorrhages, the
various forms of severe dyspepsia, the persistent vomiting of
pregnant women, chronic malaria, continued fevers, exhaust-
ing discharges, old coughs, and polyuria are treated with this
drug in confidence of relief and cure. The leaves, 8 jf (Shén-
lu), are sold in bundles of the green, fragrant, excellently
preserved foliage of the shrub. They are used as an emetic
and expectorant remedy.

PANAX REPENS.—+ #® (T‘u-shén), 1380. This is
given in the Customs lists as an article of commerce, but it is
not mentioned in the Péxtsao. ‘The Chinese term may also be
applied to native ginseng, referring to that produced within
China proper, as distinguished from that brought from other
places. In Szechuan wild Paxax repens is known by the
name = &% (San-ch‘i), 1059, but in other parts of China Saz-
cht is Gynura pinnatifida,

PANICUM CRUS CORVI, Panicum crus galli. —%&®
(Pai), & A (Wu-ho), 7 ## (Shui-pai), 5& # (Han-pai). This
panic grass takes the place in China of ¢ares and cheats in
western countries. It grows plentifully in a wild state almost
everywhere, and is found in fields of millet, wheat, and rice.
The seed is said to be found in thrashed millet sometimes to
the amount of three-tenths of the total bulk. The grain,
although somewhat bitter in taste, is edible, and indeed is
sometimes used in times of scarcity as a substitute for other

ya

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. © 305

cereals. Its use is said to benefit the breath and to act on the
spleen. The shoots and roots are used bruised as an applica-
tion to wounds to check hemorrhage.

PANICUM FRUMENTACEUM.—#% F (Shan-tzt). It
is not certain that this is not Elewszve indica, the ‘‘ragg7”!
of India. Both were found by Staunton in Shantung, the
former cultivated and the latter wild. It is also called §~E JN 3€
(Lung-chao-su), ‘‘dragon’s-claw-millet,’? and ff JR fH (Ya-
chao-pai), ‘‘duck’s-claw-tare,’? on account of the shape of its
head. It grows in moist ground, and somewhat resembles
Panicum crus corvi, having a grain like Panicum meltaceum,
but smaller. It is cultivated in Shantung and Honan. ‘The
grain is red, and has a rough taste when prepared as food. It
has no particular medicinal uses, but is considered to be tonic,
nutritious, and strengthening, preserving health and warding
off disease.

~PANICUM MILIACEUM.—#® (Chi) seems to be a
general name for the species while # (Ch‘i) seems to refer
more properly to the non-glutinous variety. 2 (Shu) is the
term for the glutinous variety. 3 (Tzit) is another common
name for the panicled millet. ‘This comprises two of the F, #4
(Wu-ku) of Shénnung, the others being rice, wheat and barley,
and the soy bean. Of the six grains of the Choz/z, it also
forms two, the others being rice, Se/arza ztalica, wheat, and
fTydropyrum , and of the nine grains enumerated in another
part of the Chou, it again forms two, the others being Se/arza
wtadica glutinosa, rice, hemp, soy bean, Phaseolus beans,
barley, and wheat. Both varieties have been known and
cultivated in China from the earliest times, and are probably
indigenous, the characters being exceedingly ancient. The
first character refers to the necessity of careful plowing for the
grain (§ and Ff), the second to a grain suitable for sacrifice
(FE and #%), while the third isa grain for the manufacture of
spirits by fermentation (Ft A 7K). The fact that the Chinese
distinguish so clearly between these two varieties of panicled
millet has led Legge, Biot, and other translators of the classics
to translate # by ‘‘rice,’’? ‘‘sorghum,’’ and other similar

306 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

attempts at keeping the translation of this character and #
distinct. At Peking the non-glutinous millet is commonly
called jf -F (Mi-tzii). This character is also written f&. 7K
(Huang-mi) is another common name. There are several
sub-varieties, producing red, white, yellow, and dark colored
grains. ‘This is considered the chief of grains, and as the
chiefest and best should be offered in sacrifice, it is the proper
sacrificial grain (#§). If eaten exclusively it is said to predis-
pose to the twenty-six ‘‘cold’’ diseases (including marasmus,
ague, paralyses, and the like). Its use is considered strengthen-
ing and nourishing. It is cooling, and antidotal to the
poisoning by cinnabar or Momordica charantia. Its action
upon the stomach is considered to be demulcent and beneficial.
It should be eaten with mutton. The cooked mass also makes
an excellent poultice for boils and abscesses. ‘The root of the
plant is used in decoction for pyrosis and difficult labor.

The glutinous variety (4) has also several sub-varieties.
The red is called 3 (Mén) also written fi; the white @& (Ch‘i);
the dark colored #& (Chu); and a kind said to contain two
seeds within one glume is called #4 (P‘ei). Prolonged use of
this millet as food is said to cause fever and discomfort, to
produce in children and animals which eat it continuously
incoérdination of voluntary motion, and to predispose to
infection with pin worms. ‘The former condition is probably
due to the presence of some parasitic growth upon the grain,
and the latter is probably a co-incidence, nematode infection
being exceedingly common in China. Its ordinary use as food
is considered to be nutritious and strengthening. If inciner-
ated, mixed with oil and applied to venereal sores, they will
heal without a scar. If chewed and the juice applied to gaping
sores of children, it is considered to be a sovereign remedy.
The red variety is especially recommended in coughs, fevers,
fluxes, to restore the yz principle in males, and to prevent
jealousy in females. ‘The stalks and root are considered to be
slightly deleterious. A decoction is prescribed in Momordica
poisoning, and is used in the bath for prickly heat and skin
eruptions. When taken with Phaseolus beans, it is diuretic.
It is also administered in the hematuria of pregnant women,
and in sprains it is used as a fomentation.

” al

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 307

PAPAVER RHG#AS.—E # #i (Li-ch‘un-ts‘ao). It is
probable that J— 32 A (Vii-mei-jén) is the same, but this is
considered to be a species of Lychuzs. It is also called {ll} & &
(Hsien-nti-hao), or ‘‘fairy artemisia.’’ Its habitat is said to be
the mountain valleys south of the Huai river. The flower and
root are used in medicine, and are prescribed for jaundice.

PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM.—# Ff HE (Ying-tzii-shu).
It bas a jar-shaped capsule, and seed like those of Setarza
virzais y hence the Chinese name. Another name, #) 4 (Yu-
mi), was derived from the fact that the grain was paid as
Imperial taxes. The plant was originally grown on account of
its beautiful flowers, and both the young plant and the seeds
were used for food. ‘The poppy seed oil is also spoken of, and
was used in medicine. The seed was employed in the treat-
ment of nausea and vomiting, fluxes, and fever. The capsule,
1359, was prepared by washing, removing the outer skin, dry-
ing in the shade, slicing, and digesting in rice vinegar or
honey. It was used in the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery,
prolapse of the rectum, spermatorrhcea, old coughs, and for
the relief of spontaneous pains everywhere. It was specially
recommended in all kinds of fluxes.

Oprum.—fiJ 3 ¥ (O-fu-jung), fi] } (O-ptien), y HF
(Ya-p‘ien). The poppy does not seem to have been indigenous
to China. Evidence goes to show that it was introduced
during the Sung period. But even then the preparation of
opium does not seem to have been known. Li Shih-chén
mentions its appearance just prior to his time (end of XVI
Century), and quotes a contemporary work, which says that it
came from F Ff fd (T‘ien-fang-kuo) ; for this reason it is also
called [iJ Jj (O-fang). The method of piercing the capsule
and scraping off the inspissated juice that oozes out, as prac-
ticed at the present time, is described in the Fézfsao as the
method introduced from JF Ff. The author of the Appendix
to the Péxisao, who wrote in the Chienlung period, mentions
the prevalence of the opium smoking habit, and describes the
manner of preparing and smoking the drug. He speaks of
the opium dens, and says that after one has smoked a few
times the habit becomes established. Asa result of this there

308 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

is physical and moral deterioration, insomnia develops, sexual
degeneracy supervenes, and there is lack of moral control.
The drug is here said to have been brought from [5 Bf] DE pe
(Ko-la-pa-hai), ‘‘ Arabian sea’? (?), and was said to be produced
in [We PB (Chiao-liu-pa) and | 3 (Lii-sung), the Philip-
pines. Although it was a prohibited article of commerce,
there were those who insisted upon having it, claiming that it
increased strength and promoted sleep. As a consequence, con-
sumption was then on the increase. Some had smoked to the
extent that they had 9 3@ 3 & (P‘o-chia-shang-shén), ‘‘ broken
up the home and destroyed the body.’?’ The confirmed opium
smoker is described as black-faced, weak-voiced, watery-eyed,
with prolapse of the bowels, and prospect of an early death.
The Chinese names at the head of this article are all
intended to imitate the Arabian name, afroum, or the Persian
afioun. It is said that the resemblance of the flower of
the poppy to that of the /A7zbzscus, 52 # (Fu-jung), gives
cause for the use of these two characters in transliterating.
The drug seems to have first come from Arabia or Persia,
probably at the beginning by overland route through India.
The extension of its use seems to have been more or less
gradual. In the Ming dynasty it came into general use in
medicine. It was then given as an astringent and sedative in
dysentery, diarrhoea, rheumatism, catarrh, coughs, leucorrheea,
dysmenorrheea, and spematorrhoea, but generally in combina-
tion with other drugs. At the present time this practice has
largely ceased, and the drug is. branded with all the infamy
and illegality which belong to the habits of opium-smoking
and opium-eating. From the researches of Mr. Hobson, made
in the sixth decade of-the last century, it appears that opium
was a recognized product of the prefecture of Yungchang, in
the west of the province of Yunnan, in the year 1736, the
beginning of the reign of Chienlung. Growing the poppy for
the production of opium in the central provinces did not take
place until about the middle of the XIX Century, and the
popular story in Szechuan is that it was introduced there from
India and ‘Thibet towards the end of Chienlung’s reign (say
about 1780). Fully one-half of the best arable land in Sze-
chuan is believed by Mr. Hobson to have been given up

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 309

to the bearing of an annual crop of poppy. And he found
that probably seven-tenths of the dwellers in towns in
Szechuan were habitual opium-smokers, and that more than
one-half of the country-people had fallen victims to this
seductive and injurious habit.

Foreign opium has a number of names, the principal of
which are 2 WJ (Kung-yén), 2 FF (Kung-kao), 2 +. (Kung-
t‘u) or ZS HE + (Kung-pan-t‘u), from the Chinese name for the
East India Company, 2 #€ yj (Kung-pan-ya). These terms are
also used for Patna opium and for the ‘‘ first-class’? quality.
Another name for Patna opium is J -- (Ta-t‘u), while the
Malwa is known as oJy -— (Hsiao-t‘u). 4 - (Yén-t‘u), 4 +
(Yang-t‘u), and fF -- (Kuang-t‘u), ‘‘Canton-earth,’’ are com-
mon names for opium, while # - (Hei-t‘u), ‘‘ black-earth,’’ is
a slang term for it. The commonest colloquial-term of all,
however, is ## }§ (Yang-yén), ‘‘ foreign-smoke.’’? The foreign
drug is still considered the best, and is not noticeably replaced
by the native article, although this latter is considerably cheaper
than the other. ‘The increase in the opium trade is explained
by the wider prevalence of the habit and the ever increasing
consumption on the part of each indivdual smoker. Hence,
although there has been a greatly increased production of the
native drug, there has also been a substantial increase in the
foreign importations. In the light of this increased consump-
tion, it is small wonder that the Chinese government and people
are anxious to prohibit the production of the native drug and
to get rid of the traffic in the foreign article. The Szechuan
opium is called JI[ -- (Ch‘uan-t‘u), and in favorable years can
be produced at about half the cost of the Indian drug. It is
made to imitate Malwa opium, and Dr. R. A. Jamieson found
it to contain 6.94 per cent. of morphia. It is sometimes
adulterated with mud, sesamum and hemp seeds, and an
extract from the fruit of Sophora japonica, but it is probably
not tampered with more than is the foreign drug. More extract
for smoking is said to be got from Szechuan opium than from
the Indian product. Yunnan opium, and that from Kuecichou,
are called ff + (Nan-t‘u), while that from Kansu, Shensi, and
Shansi is called fy + (Hsi-t‘u). These all represent a good
quality of the native drug. According to Baron Richtofen, a

310 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

large quantity of opium, some of it of a very inferior kind, is
produced in Honan province, and is, for the most part, consumed
locally. Other provinces, including Manchuria, have produced
smaller quantities of ‘the drug. In fact, no part of the empire
has been entirely free from the scourge of its growth.

The prepared drug is called {4 # (Yén-kao) or 3k YM (Shu-
yén), and is prepared on a large scale by mixing the ashes from
opium-pipes with the raw opium, which facilitates the making
of the watery infusion. ‘This is further filtered and evaporated
to the consistence of a thin extract, which is combustible in
the opium-pipe when held in the flame of a small lamp.
Water dissolves from one-half to three-fourths of ordinary
opium, but nothing is lost by the Chinese practised manipu-
lator.. The extract is usually made by the keepers of the
opium-joints, but rich people and Buddhist priests usually
make their own extract. The burning of this extract in an
incomplete manner, as is practiced by the Chinese, yields a
smoke containing sundry empyreumatic compounds unknown
to the chemist, but producing by absorption into the pulmon-
ary vessels a stimulant, or some perfectly indescribable effect,
unknown to all but the actual smoker. Of the effects of this
habit one has heard all but too much. The positive necessity of
improving, or increasing the quantity of, the extract used, leads
to the loss of the volitional, digestive, and sexual powers, or in
other words, to the gradual degradation of the man. That the
habit may be suddenly and permanently broken off is a fact of
frequent experience. But the failures are far more frequent
than the cures, from the fact that it requires great will power
on the part of a weakened and enslaved will. The use of tonics
and stimulants, under careful supervision, combined with the
provision of good food for body and mind, with restraint and
disciplinary measures in certain cases, will greatly aid in enring
the habit. The substitution of decreasing doses of morphia
may also be practiced, but should only be done under the
supervision of a competent and conscientious physician or
dispenser, lest a morphia-eating habit be substituted for that of
opium-smoking. ‘The indiscriminate sale or distribution of
anti-opium pills, most of which contain morphia, is reprehen-
sible, not to use a more severe term.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 311

PARDANTHUS CHINENSIS.—J} -F (Shé-kan), 1120.
Other names for this are Lelamcanda chinensis, Txta chinenszs,
and Morea chinensis. It is one of the Iridaceze, and is grown
in gardens. It resembles /rzs ¢ectorum.in its leaves, grows
two to three feet high, has orange flowers, and black, berry-like
fruits. It has a number of other names ; a common one being
fa Tf (P‘ien-chu). It grows wild in the Peking mountains,
but the wild variety bears white flowers (Pardanthus dicho-
tomus). ‘The rhizomes are used in medicine, and as found in
the shops they are very hard, bristled with rootlets, and of a
chrome-yellow in the interior. The taste is acid in the fresh
state, and the drug is considered by the Chinese to be delete-
rious. It is described as having expectorant, deobstruent,
carminative, and diuretic properties, and seems to have some
special popularity in diseases of the throat. It is prescribed
in amenorrhoea, malaria, dropsy, cancer of the breast, arrow
poison, and a number of dissimilar difficulties.

PARIS POLYPHYLLA.— {x (Tsao-hsiu). This plant
has a solitary stem, bearing at the top two or three whorls of
7 or 8 leaves each, with yellow and purple flowers. The leaves
are of a reddish-yellow color, and run out into gold-colored,
drooping filaments. The fruit is red, and the root has a
purplish-red skin and white flesh. The plant is likened to
Euphorbia steboldiana, and is somewhat confounded with it.
The root is bitter and poisonous. It is prescribed in nervous
affections, epilepsy, chorea, mania, puerperal eclampsia, and
ague. It is also a counter poison against snake, insect, and
rat bites. It is administered in the form of an aqueous extract.

PARIS QUADRIFOLIA.—= ff (Wang-sun). This grows
in the river valleys of Kiangsu. In is similar to the last, but
the whorls have only four leaves. The root resembles that
of Nelumbium speciosum, and is bitter, but not poisonous. It
is prescribed in rheumatism, and is considered as a sort of
general prophylactic and preservative of life and black hair.

PARMELIA Sp.—4@ H (Shih-érh), 1146. Faber is
authority for the identification of this gymnocarpous lichen.
Another observer calls it Leptogium fuliginosum. ‘The plant

312 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

is not described in the books, and without observation in its
habitat nothing more definite can be said. For its medical
uses, see the article on AZushrooms.

PATRINIA SCABIOSAVFOLIA.— # (Pai-chiang.)
Faber also gives }4 #4 (K‘u-chih), but this term is also applied
to Physalis angulata and to Sophora flavescens. The root of
the plant smells like spoiled soy, hence the Chinese name.
The plant is quite common, and is sometimes called 7 2
(K‘u-t‘u), because the aborigines eat it. In the spring, when
the plant first comes up, the leaves lie on the ground. They
appear tour in a whorl. ‘The stem attains to the height of two
or three feet, and is jointed. The white flowers appear on the
top of the stem in an umbel. The root is the part used in
medicine, and its properties are considered to be counter
poison, resolvent, anodyne, and astringent. It is prescribed
in abscesses, post-partum pain and other puerperal difficulties,
various poisions, and parasitic skin diseases.

PAULOWNIA IMPERIALIS. —#ij (T‘ung). This is also
known as § ffi (Pai-t‘ung), ix #3) (Huang-t‘ung), #2 fa (P‘ao-
t‘ung), #} Hi (I-t‘ung), and 4 Hj (Jung-t‘ung). Li Shih-chén
gives the following description of the tree: ‘‘It has very large
leaves, of various shapes. The bark is of a dirty white color,
and the wood is light and not attacked by insects. It is used
in making various utensils, and is also very good for posts and
beams in building houses. It bears flowers in the second
month, resembling those of /fomaa hederacea, of a white or
purple color. The fruit is more than an inch long and as
large as a jujube. Within the capsule are the seeds, which
are light, flattened, and winged like the seeds of the elm tree.
When ripe, the capsule bursts, and the seeds are carried away
by the wina.’’ ‘The leaves are used in decoction as a wash
for foul sores, and to promote the growth of the hair and to
restore its color. ‘The wood and bark are used as an astringent
and vermicide, in ulcers, in falling of the hair, and are admin-
istered in the delirium of typhoid fever. The flowers are
considered to be a good remedy for skin diseases of swine, and
if fed to these animals will fatten them three-fold. They are

_ VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 313

also give to those who are suffering from hallucinations, which
would indicate that the fattening of the pigs could not be a
hallucination !

PEDICULARIS RESUPINATA.—5; 5§ # (Ma-hsien-
hao); properly §& 4@ # (Ma-shih-hao), because the herbage
has the odor of horse excrement. It bears a reddish tinted,
white flower. ‘The herbage is gathered in the second and
eighth moons and dried for medicine. It is used in fevers,
rheumatism, leucorrhcea, sterility, urinary difficulties, and in
decoction asa wash to foul sores. This plant is confounded
with Artemisia japonica and Lncarvillea sinensis.

PEDICULARIS SCEPTRUM CAROLINUM.— [f@ &
(Lin-hao), #§ # (O-hao). This is a Japanese identification,
and somewhat uncertain as to the Chinese plant. It grows in
swampy places, and can be eaten raw or cooked. It is fragrant.
Its properties are considered to be resolvent and carminative.

PERILLA OCIMOIDES.—2 fm (Tzii-su), 1417. Li
Shih-chén distinguishes two varieties of this plant, the purple
and the white, fy ff (Pai-su), according to the color of the
leaves. The young leaves are eaten as a vegetable, also
pickled with plums. They are used to prepare a fragrant
beverage. The seeds, 1202, grow in capsules, and are about
as large as mustard seeds, and an oil is expressed from them
called jf (Su-tzu-yu). The seeds are also fed to ducks
under the name of AE 4 (Kuei-jén). ‘The stalk and the leaves,
1203, are used for driving away colds, as a stomachic and
tonic, in cholera, and to benefit the alimentary canal. ‘They
are considered to be diaphoretic and pectoral, and antidotal to
fish and flesh poison. ‘The seeds have similar properties and
uses, and are also thought to be highly nutritious. They are
also prescribed in rheumatisin, seminal losses, asthma, and
obstinate coughs.

PERSEA NANMU.—#¥ (Nan). The character is more
commonly written ##. This is a large tree found in the
province of Szechuan, and furnishes the highly esteemed
nanmu, a tough wood which does not easily rot, and which

314 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

for this reason is much used for buildings and furniture. The
tree has reddish-yellow flowers, and a fruit resembling cloves,
green in color, but which is not edible. The tree grows to the
height of more than a hundred feet, and the wood is red in
color in the best varieties. The white wood is more brittle
than the red. The root is called #% #4 #§ (T‘ou-pai-nan), and
is used for making utensils. The twigs of the tree are used in
decoction for the treatment of choleraic difficulties, and as a
fomentation in sprains and swellings. The bark is similarly
used, as well as in infants that vomit up their milk.

PEUCEDANUM DECURSIVUM.— fj 7 (Tu-huo),
1364. Faber also gives if Ag (Ch‘ien-hu), but this is dugelica
refracta (which see). The Chinese name is derived from the
belief that the plant is not moved by the wind, but that it is
self-moving when there is no wind. For this reason it is
also called fj # ¥ (Tu-yao-ts‘ao). Another name is 5 7§
(Ch‘iang-huo), 81, but this is said to indicate another species
or variety. As this latter name indicates, the plant is found
in Thibet, Kokonor, Kansu, and now in Szechuan ; that from
the latter place being more distinctively known as 7#-huo.
There is a difference in the appearance of the drug between
these two kinds, the Zz-hwo coming in long, twisted pieces,
deeply marked both lengthwise and crosswise with ribs or striz,
with portions of the crowning leaves of the roct-stock sometimes
-still attached. ‘The exterior surface is of a dark or yellowish
brown color, and the interior is open in texture and is of a
dirty-white. The Ch‘zang-huo is much darker in color, and is
marked off into short internodes of nearly three quarters of an
inch in length, by rings or ridges of tissue which indicate
joints. This is less apparent in some samples, which are
probably mixed. The interior, yellow, woody tissue is very
brittle, and loosely arranged in wedge-shaped masses, a thick-
ness of red cortical fibers intervening between the vascular
bundles and the epidermis. Both drugs are similarly prescribed
as stimulant, arthritic, antispasmodic, and derivative remedies,
They are adininistered in catarrh, colds, rheumatism, apoplexy,
leprosy, post-partum difficulties, dropsy of pregnancy and other
dropsies, and in headache.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 315

PEUCEDANUM JAPONICUM.—fR 3& (Fang-k‘uei).
The root and leaves are like those of Malva, and the flowers,
seeds, and the odor and taste of the root are like Bf ml (Fang-
féng) (see the next article), hence the name. The plant has
palmately three-divided leaves, and an umbelliferous flower
head with white flowers. The drug, which is the root, easily
decays. It is tested in water ; if it sinks it is good, but if it
floats it is decayed. Most observers regard the root as non-
poisonous, but by some it is considered to be slightly delete-
rious. Its properties are represented as eliminative, diuretic,
tussic, nerve sedative, and if taken for some time is thought to
benefit the marrow, increase the vitality, and give activity to
the body. It is prescribed in constipation, suppression of
urine, various mental and epileptoid affections, delirium and
hallucinations, nocturnal polyuria, malaria, and typhoid fever.

PEUCEDANUM RIGIDUM, Peucedanum terebtntha-
ceum.—)fj jg (Fang-féng), 292. At Peking this Chinese name
is sometimes applied to the former species, and in the mount-
ains of Hupeh it represents the latter. But it properly refers
to Szler divaricatum (which see).

PHARBITIS HEDERACEA.—See /pomea hederacea.

PHASEOLUS MUNGO.—# ®% (Lu-tou). Veta sativa
is known by this Chinese name in Hupeh. This is a small
bunch-bean, the stalk growing to the height of a foot or more,
and having small, roundish, hairy leaves. It is grown exten-
sively for food, the bean being made into a congee, or only
cooked soft. It is also ground into a meal and used as a
porridge or pancake, and it is used for distilling into spirit.
It is also sprouted and the sprouts used as food. ‘The beans
are largely fed to horses and cattle. Prolonged use of these
beans as food is thought to produce billiousness. The bean is
recommended to be used together with its tegmen, and is
considered to be a resolvent, carminative, antifebrile, and
counter-poisonous remedy. It is prescribed in the sequelz to
smallpox, obstinate dysentery, bladder difficulties in the aged,
and all sorts of poisons. ‘The bean meal, 778, is similarly

316 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

used, and is highly esteemed as a poultice in boils and abscesses.
It is also regarded as an antivinous remedy. The tegen,
781, alone is considered as an antifebrile, and is used in opacity
of the cornea. ‘The pods are used in obstinate dysentery, the
flowers to counteract the effects of wine, the sprouts are con-
sidered to be countervinous and antifebrile, and the leaves are
steeped in vinegar and used in cholera.

PHASEOLUS RADIATUS.—# oy HH (Ch ‘ih-hsiao-tou),
141, #£ % (Hung-tou). The leaves are called # (Huo). On
account of the second naime, the Chinese sometimes confound
Abrus precatorzus with this, and Tatarinov and other western
botanists have fallen into the same error. ‘This bean is largely
cultivated north of the Yangtse. ‘The plant, in its character
and growth, is very similar to Phaseolus mungo, of which it is
sometimes considered to be a variety. It is considered to be
good food for donkeys, but is too heavy and heating for
mankind. Medicinally, it drives away dropsy and scatters
carcinomatous and purulent swellings. Otherwise, its proper-
ties are similar to those of Phaseolus mungo, and it is prescribed
in even a larger number of similar difficulties than is this latter.
Threatened abortion, menstruation during pregnancy, dif_i-
cult labor, retained placenta, post-partum troubles, and non-
secretion of milk constitute a series of obstetrical difficulties for
which its use is recommended. ‘The leaves are recommended
in fever and urinary difficulties, and the sprouts in threatened
abortion whether from an abortive tendency or from injury.

PHELLODENDRON AMURENSE.—z¢ 7K (Po-mu),
ja Be (Huang-po). This last is also wrongly written fy a
(Huang-po), 518. Loureiro calls this Prerocarpus flavus,
and Faber calls it Prerocarpus indicus. But Henry has shown
the identification at the head of this article to be the correct
one. ‘The root is said to be called #¥ fH (T‘an-huan), and it is
covered with nodular masses resembling Pachyma cocos, which
are probably fungoid. The tree grows to the height of thirty
or forty feet, having a whitish outer bark and an inner yellow
one. ‘The latter is used in dyeing silk yellow, as well as in
medicine. ‘The drug, as it appears in the market, is in square

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Say

or rectangular pieces, from three to five inches long, rough on
the outer surface, and smooth, or striated longitudinally, on
the inner surface. ‘The interior is of a deep yellow color, and
the taste is very bitter. It varies a good deal in thickness,
that from Hupeh province being the thinnest. It is regarded
as tonic, diuretic, alterative, aphrodisiac, and antirheumatic.
It is prescribed in jaundice, hemorrhoids, fluxes, menstrual
difficulties, chancre, sexual incompetence, intestinal worms,
nosebleed, dysuria, and favus. This list only includes types
of difficulties for which it is prescribed. To see the complete
list as given in the Chinese books, one would be led to think
that it was a universal panacea. ‘The soot is said to be taken
for medicinal uses only when one hundred years old. The
therapeutic virtues ascribed to it seem to depend upon some
mysterious power connected with age and geomantic aspect.
It is said to relieve the hundred diseases of the heart and
abdomen, to quiet the soul, to relieve hunger and thirst, and if
taken for a long time to prolong life and permeate the spirit.

PHOTINIA GLABRA.—j#t # F (Ts‘u-lin-tzi). This
evergreen tree, with its luxuriant foliage, is said to grow on
the hills of Szechuan. It bears white flowers in early summer,
and in the winter becomes covered with bunches of red berries,
much resembling cherries in appearance. These are dried in the
shade, or are pickled by the natives for food. The leaves are
sour in taste, and are pickled and eaten with fish. The fruits
are recommended in obstinate dysentery, piles, intestinal worms,
and jaundice. The pickled fruits are said to be appetizing and
peptic, but if taken in excess will make the mouth and tongue
rough and crack open.

PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS.—j## (Lu), # (Wei), #
(Chia), also known as Arundo phragmites and Phragmites
roxburghit. The flowers are called 3 ~& (P‘éng-nung), and
the shoot #f (Ch‘uan). Of the names given at the beginning
of this article the third is said to indicate the young plant, and
is explained by # 5é ‘excellent ;’’ the first refers to the stage
before blooming, and is explained by jg, ‘‘black,’’ denoting
its color; the second refers to the reed when it is fully grown,

318 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

and is explained by f# ‘‘strong, fine-looking.’’ This plant, next
to the bamboo, is one of the most useful plants in China.
Indeed, north of the Yangtse it in a large measure takes the
place occupied by the bamboo in the southern provinces. ‘The
shoots are eaten like bamboo shoots; the stalks are used for
building the hovels of the poor, for wattled fences, for mats,
screens, and blinds, and as the principal kitchen ftel of the
Yangtse, under which circumstances it is known as jf 3& (Lu-
ch‘ai); the large, long leaves are used as wrappings fo the
glutinous rice dumplings so largely consumed at the Fifth
Moon Feast, and the broken leaves and autumnal sweepings
are used far bedding ; aud lastly, these leaves and tops, when ~
boiled in water and the water afterwards evaporated, yield a
dark, glutinous, sweet substance, used as a substitute for sugar.
The whole plant is used as fodder for cattle, and the stalk,
roots, leaves, tops, old house and fence wattles, broken screens
and blinds, and the rakings of the reed fields and cattle yards,
are all added to the pile of kitchen fuel. The portion of the
root growing in the mud is also in times of scarcity used as
food ; that above the ground being bitter and unpalatable. The
plant grows in river valleys at flood water, and in marshes. It
is almost the only thing one sees sailing up the lower Yangtse
in August. Medicinally, the root, 768, is regarded as cooling
and diuretic. It is administered in nausea and vomiting,
‘internal’? fevers including typhoid fever, hiccough, and
fluxes. The shoot is slightly bitter, and is considered cooling
and counter poison, and is highly recommended for choleraic
difficulties and various kinds of flesh and medicinal poisons.
The stalks and leaves are used in cholera and fetid bronchitis,
and the ash is applied to foul sores, unhealthy granulations,
and the like. he use of the plant ach grows in the waters
of the Yangtse by married couples is supposed to conduce to
harmony in their sexual relations. The flowers are made into
a strong decoction in water, and administered as a very effica-
cious remedy in cholera, fish and shrimp poisoning, and the
ashes are used for checking hemorrhage.

PHYLLANTHUS URINARIA.—® # BH (Chén-chu-
ts‘ao), 37. See Lyszmachia eleutheroides, also Spondias amara.,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 319

PHYLLOSTACHYS.—& ff (Tziti-chu), 9K ff (Shui-
chu). See Bambusa.

PHYSALIS ALKEKENGI.— ji 4@ (Suan-chiang). This
is a common plant, its habitat being the provinces of Hukuang;
but it is also grown in fields and gardens in other parts of the
empire. The plant resembles Solanum nigrum, bears small
white flowers, and a reddish-yellow, cherry-like fruit, enclosed
in an inflated calyx. On account of this bladder-like calyx, the
plant is called }& #€ Hi (Téng-léng-ts‘ao), “lantern plant’’.
The fruit is edible, but does not have much taste. The seeds
are sour and the shoot is bitter. A smaller kind is called 7 #R
(K‘u-chih). This is Physal’s angulata. The shoot, leaves,
stalk, and root are used in medicine, and are considered to be
autifebrile, diuretic, and expectorant. They are prescribed in
a number of feverish conditions, especially those of children.
The seeds are also used, and besides the properties ascribed to
the other parts, they are said to promote easy labor, and to
specially benefit children.

PHYTOLACCA ACINOSA.--f§ f& (Shang-Iu), rir.
This term also evidently includes Phytolacca decandra. 'Two
kinds are described ; one with white flowers and a white root
which is edible when cooked, and the other with reddish-
purple flowers and a purple root which is poisonous. ‘The
former is cultivated in some parts of the empire for food. ‘The
toxic action of the drug is said to manifest itself in bloody
stools and hallucinations. It is prescribed in dropsy and as a
counter-poison, especially in abdominal parasites. Externally
it is used in foul sores of all kinds. The flowers, called 3; 7
(Ch‘ang-hua), are prescribed in apoplexy.

PICRIS REPENS.—j & # (Hu-huang-lien). See

Barkhausta repens.

PIERIS OVALIFOLIA.—% FR (Li-mu). No description
is given of this tree, except that its wood is veined in dark
green, from which fact it receives its name. A tincture (of

320 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

what part is not mentioned) is recommended in wasting, and

is said to benefit the male principle and to act as a tonic to the
loins and legs.

PILEA.—JK 3% (Shui-ying). There is not much descrip-
tion of this plant, and it is confounded with Gvanthe stolonifera.
It grows in Szechuan, and is there used for the treatment of the
form of rheumatism known as ># jal (Ku-féng).

PILLS.—This is a favorite method of exhibiting drugs
amoung the Chinese. But the remarkable difference between
the Chinese and western practice in the use of these, is that the
former never use this form of preparation for the exhibition of
cathartics. A pill with the Chinese usually means a tonic or
astringent remedy. ‘I‘he general term for these is #{ (Wan),
although J} (Tan) nearly always refers to a similar preparation,
while # (Kao) frequently refers to a pill-mass, rather than toa
medicinal extract. In regard to the character J} (Tan), it refers
to what is considered to be an efficacious drug compound,
usually exhibited in the form of pill or pill mass, and almost
seems sometimes to have been miswritten for 4, (Wan). Pills
are usually made up with honey as an excipient, but if they
are to be eaten fresh, they are prepared with rice-flour or
wheat-flour paste. Those which are not desired to dissolve at
once in the stomach are usually made small and coated with
wax. Pills are made of all sizes, from that of a millet seed to
that of a pigeon’s egg, and are most frequently not swallowed
whole, but are chewed up in the mouth and swallowed with
some approved decoction, with spirits, or with meat broth.
This explains why patients in mission hospitals are sometimes
seen to chew up the sugar or gelatine coated pills given them
by the dispenser. Sometimes the pill mass is not made up
into pills or bolusgs, but the patient simply helps himself to a
piece as large as he likes, and eats it as he would confec-
tionery. There is a very large number of formule extant,
and we give below the most famous of these.

Accumulation Pill; %& Im Fu (Chiao-chia-wan). Atractylis
sinensis, Zanthoxylum, Psoralea corylifolia, Phellodendron amu-
rense, fennel, and honey. ‘This causes water to ascend and fire to

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 321

descend in the body, and therefore is a good remedy in almost
any disease.

Anti-dysentery Pils, 3 Hp FH HE JL (Chih-li-hsiang-lien-
wan). Aristolochia recurvilabra, Coptis teeta, and honey.

Aphrodisiac Pills; %& J FR (Chiao-kan-tan). Cyperus
rotundus, Pachyma cocos (the kind that encircles the root), and
honey. For impotence in middle age, and to prolong virility
into old age (fifty-one to eighty). Another formula is as follows:
Atractylis sinensis, Zanthoxylum, fennel, and paste. ‘Tonic
and strengthening to the virile powers, producing fertility.

Apricot-gold Pills; # 4: fe (Hsing-chin-tan). ‘The for-
mula of this pill reminds one of those of the old alchemists,
It is made entirely of the kernels of apricot seeds, but there is
a long process of preparation, extending to the selection during
the winter of a tree having auspicious surroundings, the use
of geomantic influences, the combination of the various ele-
ments, water, fire, earth, and frost, the collection of the
kernels, giving preference to those seeds containing double
kernels, the use of south-flowing water for the digestion of the
kernels, followed by a process of fermentation, decoction, and
mixing with the pulp of dates to form the pill-mass. It is said
that Chaos (jf §!) took these pills and for long ages did not
die. Hsia-chi (# iff) took them and attained to the age of
seven hundred years, and afterwards became an immortal.
“‘The people of the world will not believe this, but their
unbelief is due to their unwillingness to purify their hearts.”

Atractylis Pills; 3 ji H, (Tsang-shu-wan). These consist
of Atractylis sinensis and black sesamum seeds. The former is
prepared in a special manner, mixed with the latter and made
into pills with flour-paste. For rheumatism and malaria.
There is another formula, into the composition of which
Atractylis sinensis, Zanthoxylum, fennel, Psoralea corylifolia,
and Ipomoea hederacea enter. These are.said to give strength
to the eyesight. .

Azure-excellent Pills ; %#% WU (Ch‘ing-6-wan). These
are composed of Psoralea corylifolia, walnuts, aud licorice, and
are regarded as tonic, reconstructive, and diuretic.

Barkhausia Closing-passages Pills, %& #8 i) F&F JL (Huang-
lien-pi-kuan-wan). Barkhausia repens, pangolin scales, Cassia

322 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

occidentalis, 34 ff. #4 (Tung-hsiieh-hsiang), and flowers of
Sophora japonica. ‘These are for the cure of excessive dis-
charges of all kinds.

Beating Age Pills ; #3} %& Si JU (Ta-lao-érh-wan). Cotton
seeds, walnut kernels, and congee paste. Said to be preserva-
tive and rejuvenating.

Black and White Pills , % 4 Fy (Hei-pai-wan). Volunteer
(wild) black beans and white Tribulus terrestris. Peptic and
digestive.

Cannabis Kernel Pills; jit — TE FU (Ma-tzt-jén-wan).
Kernels of Cannabis seeds, Pzeonia albiflora, Magnolia hypo-
leuca, rhubarb, Citrus fusca, apricot kernels, and honey. Used
in constipation and profuse urination.

Checking Ague Pills» #% JE Fy (Chieh-nio-wan). ‘There
are a number of formule for these, the principal ingredient in
all, and the only active one in some, being Orixa japonica.
For ague in all stages.

Cinnabar Five Odor Pills ; fe ty FT %& FL (Ch ‘én-sha-wu-
hsiang-wan). ‘T‘hese are made of cinnabar from Chenchou in
Hunan, dragon’s blood, olibanum, myrrh, Corydalis ambigua,
Huachou orange flowers, and honey. ‘They are carminative,
anti-spasinodic, and anti-emetic.

Citrus-Atractylis Pills ; #8 jf Wy (Chih-shu-wan). Citrus
fusca, Atractylis ovata, Pterocarpus indicus, and honey.
Peptic and digestive.

Controlling Saliva Pills, ¥ ¥ FJ} (K‘ung-hsien-tan).
Euphorbia pekinensis, Euphorbia sieboldiana, white mustard
seed, ginger juice, and paste. These check phlegm and
salivation, and relieve rheumatic and sciatic pains.

Cotton Seed Pills ; ¥& #E F- FU (Mien-hua-tzt-wan). Cot-
ton seed, Eucommia ulmoides, ginger juice, Lycium sinense,
Cuscuta chinensis, and honey. ‘Tonic and constructive.

Cutting-away Pills; Ye fie FL (K‘an-li-wan). Atractylis
ovata, Zanthoxylum, Psoralea corylifolia, Schizandra sinensis,
Conioselinum. univittatum, Pterocarpus indicus, and honey.
Considered to be peptic, digestive, and antirheumatic.

Date and Ginseng Pills, 9 B JU (Tsao-shénu-wan).
These are made of large southern dates and ginseng. They
are strengthening to the respiratory organs.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 323

Diagnostic Pills; Sp # HK, (Fén-ch‘ing-wan). Euryale
ferox, Pachyma cocos, yellow wax and honey. For gonor-
rheea.

Dissolving-potson Protecting-infant Pills , ih Hs TR FF
(Hsiao-tu-pao-ying-tan). The vine of a creeping bean with its
beans, both the red and the discolored, the flesh of Crateegus
fruits, Cimicifuga davurica, Relhmannia glutinosa, Salvia
plebia, Siler divaricatum, Peucedanum decursivum, licorice,
Pzeonia albiflora, Cryptoteenia canadensis, Forsythia suspensa,
Coptis teeta, Platycodon grandiflorum, Arctium lappa, ver-
million, and Momordica charantia. These pills are intended
as a preventive of smallpox when it is epidemic. They are
considered not only to prevent the disease, but to make it
lighter in those who have already become infected.

Driving away Boils and Saving-life Pills ; 3 FF HE Ry FF
(T‘ui-ting-t‘ao-ming-tan). Siler divaricatum, green orange
peel, Peucedanum decursivum, Coptis teeta, red Pzonia,
Asarum sieboldi, silk worms, cicada exuvia, Eupatorium
flowers, Lonicera chinensis, licorice root, Diphylleia, Paris
polyphylla, and ginger juice. These are only used in the treat-
ment of boils, abscesses, and carbuncles.

Everlasting Spring Pills; § #% Hy (Ch‘ang-ch‘un-wan),
Fish-glue, powdered oyster shell, cotton seed, lotus stamens,
Rosa laevigata, Dendrobium nobile, Tribulus terrestris, Lycium
sinense, deer’s horn, and honey. ‘Tonic, diuretic, and cooling.

Eye Medicine Pills ; Wk #& JU (Yén-yao-wan). Volunteer
(wild) beans, cicada exuvia, Equisetum hiemale, Cuscuta
chinensis, Anthemis, white Tribulis terrestris, and honey. To
be used in eye diseases.

Fairy Flat-peach Pills , \\j & #& bk JU (Hsien-ch ‘uan-p‘an-
t‘ao-wan). Cotton seed, red dates, Achryanthes bidentata,
Lycium sinense, Orobanche ammophila, Cornus officinalis,
Cuscuta chinensis, isinglass, Pachyma cocos, and woman’s
milk. For all sorts of weaknesses and injuries.

firm-true Pills ; {i AF} (Ku-chén-tan). The two charac-
ters probably refer to the name of one of the ingredients,
Atractylis sinensis, Zanthoxylum, Melia azedarach, fennel,
Psoralea corylifolia, and paste. Antirheumatic and diges-
tive.

324 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

First Quality Pure Pills; |. j§ H, (Shang-ch ‘ing-wan).
Soochow peppermint, white borax, black plums, Fritillaria
roylii, Terminalia chebula, mixed with honey, for the treat-
ment of syphilis.

Five Tiger Pills, Fi EF} (Wu-hu-tan). Aconite, ginger
juice, wild sesamum seeds, dragon’s blood, flowers of sulphur,
and scaly ant eater skin. For wounds, boils, and colds.

Four Essences Pills; (Q #§ JL (Sst-ching-wan). Urea,
Pachyma cocos, Euryale ferox, and lotus root. Anaphrodisiac,
and used in polyuria and spermatorrhecea.

Four-precious Great-spirit Pills ; a FE Jc wih J} (Ssti-pao-
ta-shén-tan). Volunteer (wild) beans boiled in the bath water
from a public bath house (jf #), Astragalus hoangtchy
cooked in woman’s milk, Cryptotenia canadensis washed in
spirits, and Rosa levigata soaked in child’s urine. These are
said to be tonic, and to one who is able to swallow them they
should prove to be so.

Four Spirit Pills ; YQ WR FU (Ssu-shén-wan). Lycium
sinense, spirits, Zanthoxylum, fennel seed, sesamum seed,
Melia azedarach, Rehmannia glutinosa, Atractylis ovata,
Pachyma cocos, and honey. For kidney and eye troubles, as
a tonic.

Gastrodia Pills; FR jit Hy (Wien-ma-wan). Gastrodia
elata, Conioselinum univittatum, and honey. ‘Tonic and con-
structive.

Helping the Yin and Bringing back the Soul Pills ; #
(2 BE BH J (Chi-yin-fan-hun-tan). These are made of the whole
plant of Leonurus sibirica, dried, powdered, and mixed with
honey. ‘T‘hey are said to have preserved the lives of many, and
are specially recommended in the difficulties of pregnancy and
of the puerperal state.

Flundred Felicities Pill; Fi We (Pai-hsiang-kao). These
are simply the red sprouted Euphorbia lasiocaula, thoroughly
cooked in starch water, and made into a pill mass, or rolled ~
into pills the size of millet grains. They are used in coughs,
nausea, and smallpox of an irregular type.

Hypoxis Pills; {) 3 JG (Hsien-mao-wan). Hypoxis
aurea, glutinous rice, Atractylis sinensis, Lycium sinense,
Plantago major, Pachyma cocos, fennel, kernels of Thuja

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 325

orientalis, Rehmaunia glutinosa, spirits, and paste. These are
a tonic, reconstructive, and aphrodisiac remedy.

Jade-lock Pills ; %& $4 Ff (Vii-so-tan). The joints of lotus
root, stamens of the lotus flower, lotus arrowroot, Euryale
ferox, Dioscorea quinqueloba, both kinds of Paclyma cocos,
Rosa levigata, and flour. This a famous prescription for
seminal losses and gonorrhoea. It is aphrodisiac and strength-
ening to virility.

Long-life Pills; #© H (Ling-chih-wan). Atractylis
sinensis made into a pill mass with date pulp. These give
virility and strength.

Lung-tonic Pills ; $j Sif FH, (Pu-fei-wan). These consist of
apricot kernels soaked in child’s urine in summer seven days,
in winter twenty-seven days, and then decocted until soft. They
are used for coughs.

Man-red Pills; J. #% Wy (Jén-hung-wan). That which is
called J. #€, ‘‘man dragon,’’ which is nothing more nor iess
than a tape-worm, is washed in child’s urine, pulverized, and
mixed with red dates, radish seeds, Rehmannia glutiuosa,
lotus arrowroot, and Melia azedarach. ‘These are used for
marasmus in children.

Magnolia Decoction Pills; J& #> BE FL (Hou-pu-chien-
wan). Decoct the bark of Magnolia hypoleuca with ginger
and licorice to dryness. Mix the extract with dates and make
into pills. These are carminative, stomachic, and astringent.

Moistening the Passages Pills ; ff F 4, (Jun-hsia-wan).
Ripe orange peel, licorice, and honey. ‘They dissolve phlegm
and cool fever.

Most Virtuous Pills ; % 32 F} (Chih-shéng-tan). Former-
ly croton beans were used under this title, but they were found
to be too drastic, especially in cases in which the patient’s
physical strength was very much reduced. Latterly, the seeds
of Sophora kronei have been substituted, and are considered to
be equally efficacious and less dangerous. They are used in
chronic dysentery and chronic intestinal discharges of all kinds.
Diuretic properties are also ascribed to them.

Myriad Diseases Pills ; B& HR FL (Wan-ping-wan). One
has heard of nostrums regarded as panaceas for all ills, and
here we have one of these. It is composed of the kernels of

326 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

apricot seeds boiled in child’s urine until soft, mixed with
honey, and again steamed in child’s urine until of a pill mass.
This may be eaten ad “zbztum by those suffering from any
disease.

Myriad Harmonies Pills; BH WE J} (Wan-ying-tan).
Human urine sediment, spirit leaven, white grapes, withered
carrot root, lign aloes, and honey. Used for jaundice and all
billious difficulties.

Nine Dragons Pills, j. RE Ff} (Chiu-luug-tan). Lycium
sinense, Rosa laevigata, flesh of Crateegus fruits, stone lotus,
lotus stamens, Rehinannia glutinosa, Euryale ferox, Pachyma
cocos, Cryptoteenia canadensis, and honey. For the treatment
of venereal diseases and as an anaphrodisiac.

Nine Fairies Life-saving Pills; fU i) % Fe FF (Chiu-
hsien-t‘ao-ming-tan). Cinnabar, flowers of sulphur, olibanum,
myrrh, Baroos camphor, dragon’s blood, sulphate of copper,
copperas, musk, burnt alum, bear’s gall, yellow lead, ceuti-
pedes, earth worms, silk worms, plum flowers, cow bezoar,
toad spittle, white jade dust, borax, tree grubs, and snails.
For the treatment of all sorts of infected sores and boils.

One Grain of Gold Pills; — #% 4 J} (I-li-chin-tan).
These are made of opium and glutinous rice, and are for the
relief of pain and for the purpose of checking discharges.
They are taken with a variety of teas and congees for various
purposes.

One Sort Pills ; — i, JU (I-p‘in-wan). Cyperus rotundus
is boiled, dried, powdered, mixed with honey and made into
pills. For the treatment of hemicrania and other headaches.

Penetrating-bones Pills ; ¥ ¥y Ff} (V‘ou-ku-tan). Azalea
sinensis, distilled spirit, child’s urine, olibanum, myrrh, musk,
and dragon’s blood. Broken bones, rheumatic pains, diseases
of bones, and the like, are treated with this remedy.

Lepper-red Pills ; }q #0 Fy (Chiao-hung-wan). Zanthoxy-
lum pods and Rehmannia glutinosa. Injuries to the viscera,
eyes, and ears are treated with these. They enable one to
do without sleep, and still preserve his health and strength.

Physalis alkekengi Pills , i %& #@ RH (Suan-chiang-shih-
wan). Fruits of Physalis alkekengi, of Amarantus blitum,
Valeriana villosa, white elm bark, Buplureum faleatum,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 329

Seutellaria macrantha, ‘Tricosanthes multiloba, Euphorbia
lathyris, and honey. As an antifebrile remedy, and in difficult
labor.

Plum-flower Pills; ff Ye Jf (Mei-t‘ao-tan). Plum flow-
ers, peach kernels, cinnabar, licorice, and Luffa cylindrica
pulp. ‘To bring out the eruption in smallpox.

Plum-flower Lozenge Pills , tg 4 Bh FG FF (Mei-hua-tien-
shé-tan). Olibanum, pearl bean flowers, womaun’s milk, and
toad spittle. These are both swallowed and allowed to dissolve
under the tongue, for all sorts of sores and abscesses, especially
those in the mouth.

Preserving Youth Pills, AV # F¥ (Pu-lao-tan). Atracty-
lis chinensis, Zanthoxylum, Polygonum multiflorum, black
beans, red dates, Lycium sinense, mulberries, and honey.
Benefits the spleen and kidneys. Those taking these pills
will retain their youthful appearance until seventy.

Prophe?s Fruit Pills; FR Fl fF J (Vti-chih-tzit-wan).
These are made of the kernels of an unknown plant called
JA @I -, Pachyma cocos, Lycium sinense, Acorus calamus,
kernels of Thuja orientalis, ginseng, Polygala sibirica, Dios-
corea, Polygonatum multiflorum, and honey. They are used
in nervous affections, insomnia, mania, physical debility, and
the like.

Protecting the True Pills ; 4 S& J (Pao-chén-wan). Rosa
rugosa, Psoralea corylifolia, Atractylis ovata, Astragalus
hoangtchy, Scutellaria macrantha, Cuscuta japonica, Coniose-
linum univittatum, Cryptoteenia canadensis, Pzeonia albiflora,
Rehmannia glutinosa, walnut kernels, Eucommia ulmoides,
Allium odorum, and honey. These are a blood remedy, and
are prescribed in all diseases of the blood vessels, hemorrhages,
and the like.

Protecting Pregnancy Pilis,; % fe JU (Pao-t‘ai-wan).
Pachyma cocos, Atractylis ovata, Hibiscus rosa sinensis,
myrrh, Cyperus rotundus, coriander, Leonurus sibiricus, and
honey. These are to prevent threatened abortion and to render
labor easy.

Protecting Health Pills ; {& FG J} (Pao-viian-tan). Poly-
gonatum miultiflorum, Lycium sinense, must, yellow spirits,
decocted together. This decoction is to be drunk by the

328 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

cupful, and pills made of the lees by adding walnut kernels,
large black dates, and dried persimmons. For colds, seminal
losses, gonorrhea, difficult labor, and failure of smallpox
eruption to appear.

Psoralea Pills ; MH FP WR WU (Pu-ku-chih-wan). Psoralea
corylifolia, dodder seeds, walnut meats, olibanum, myrrh, lgn
aloes, and honey. ‘Tonic, and healing to wounds and injuries.

Purple Clavaria Pills; 3 fy (Vzi-chih-wan). Purple
Clavaria, Dioscorea quinqueloba, Aconitum fischeri, kernels of
Thuja orientalis, Polygala reinii, Pachyma cocos, Citrus fusca,
Rehmannia glutinosa, Ophiopogon spicatus, Schizandra chi-
nensis, Pinelia tuberifera, Aconitum variegatum, Pzeonia
moutan, ginseng, Polygala sibirica, fruits of Polygonum
hydropiper, Alisma plantago, kernels of melon seeds, and
honey. ‘This remarkable array of drugs, all of which the
Chinese regard as being tonic, and especially since the plant
of felicity is included as the principal ingredient, can only be
regarded as a most wonderful tonic and reconstructive remedy

in all wasting diseases.

Purple-gold-creeper Pills; 3% & YR (Tzu-chin-t‘eng-
wan). ‘he principal ingredient in this pill is the bark of an
unknown creeper called 3 4 ff and jl Hf Hi. The others
are Polygala reinii, Boymia rutacarpa, galangal root, cinna-
mon, salt, and paste. Its virtues are highly extolled as a
strengthening remedy in ‘‘cold’’ uterus, menstrual difficulties,
and deficiency in the vital and virile elements.

Purple-gold Pill Mass, 3% 4: $ (Tzii-chin-ting). Ver-
milion, Euphorbia lasiocaula, Sagittaria sagittifolia, F- 4 7%,
powdered oyster shell, Paris polyphylla, pearls, amber, flowers
of sulphur, Baroos camphor, best quality India ink, plum-
flower stamens, ox gall, musk, and rice flour paste. This pill
is for tuberculosis and tuberculous like sores.

Reducing the Yang Pills; w ( FJ} (Shao-yang-tan),
Atractylis ovata, Lycium chinense, mulberries, and honey.
Taken according to directions for one year, grey hair or
whiskers will turn black, and if taken for three years the
countenance will become rubicund like that of a youth.

Preventing Epidemics Pills ; BE 3 J} (Pi-wén-tan). Red
dates, Artemisia capillaris, rhubarb, and benzoin. ‘This is

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 329

beaten into a pill mass or confection, and eaten when epidem-
ics threaten.

Relieving the Centers Pills ; #& 4A FU (K‘uan-chung-wan).
Orange peel, Atractylis ovata, spirits, and paste. Warming
and carminative.

Returning Youth Pills ; ¥ WY FJ} (Huan-shao-tan). Plan-
tago major and Cyperus rotundus, prepared by a complicated
process described in the /éztsao. Marvelous properties are
ascribed to these. If the aged (80 years) use them, the hair
and whiskers will again turn black, and the teeth, if they have
fallen out, will be renewed. If the young use them, their
strength and virility will be preserved to old age.

Rhinoceros Pills ; 4 J JU (Niu-hsi-wan). Conioselinum
univittatum soaked in millet congee for two days, dried,
powdered, and mixed with the brain of the musk-ox and
rhinoceros skin, and boiled in honey to the consistence to
make pills. These are considered to be depurative and
digestive.

Rice Crust Pills; $§ f& FU (Kuo-chiao-wan). The rice
that is baked on the pot in the process of cooking is called
$4 #2. This is taken and mixed with cardamouns, chrysanthe-
mums, the flesh of Crateegus fruits, lotus seeds, chicken skin,
sugar, and ground rice, boiled together, and made into cakes.
They are considered to be very good for children who are
weakly or ill nourished.

Rose-matoes Pills ; %& % Hy (Su-ho-hsiang-wan). Rose
maloes, benzoin, Atractylis ovata, Cyperus rotundus, Aristolo-
chia recurvilabra, sandalwood, lign aloes, cloves, musk, Ficus
religiosa, Terminalia chebula, rhinoceros horn, Baroos cam-
phor, olibanum, and honey. An autispasmodic in all nervous
affections, ague, cholera, and obstinate dysentery.

Seven-precious Handsome-whiskers Pilis; % FE 3 3 FF
(Ch ‘i-pao-mei-jan-tan). Polygonum multiflorum, black beans,
Pachyma cocos, lign aloes, woman’s milk, Achryanthes biden-
tata, Cryptoteenia canadensis, Lycium chinense seeds, Cuscuta
chinensis, Psoralea corylifolia, black sesamum seeds, and honey.
Tonic, constructive, preserving life and youthfulness, which
last is marked by the flourishing state of the health and dark
color of the whiskers and hair.

330 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Stegsbeckia-Dryandra Pills ; F% Hi JU (Hsi-t‘ung-wan).
These two substances are powdered and mixed with honey,
made into pills, and used for rheumatic affections.

Skimmia Pills » By 3 FU (Yin-yii-wan). Leaves of Skim-
mia japonica, Coix lachryma, Prunus japonica kernels, Ipomeea
triloba seeds, and honey. For colds and constipation.

Strengthening the Vitality Pills ; A 3G Fe (Ku-yiian-tan).
Atractylis sinensis, fennel, salt, Zanthoxylum, Psoralea coryli-
folia, aconite, Melia azedarach, alcohol, vinegar, paste. For
all sorts of wasting difficulties, especially those of sexual origin.

Len-parts Perfect Pills; -- A Hy (Shih-ch‘tien-wan).
Musk, Aplotaxis auriculata, dragon’s blood, flowers of sulphur,
sesamum seeds, Strychnos nux vomica, maggots, centipedes,
and honey. This is for the curing of wounds, of cancerous
sores, and as a tonic.

The Tartar General Resumes the Battle Pills ; } RE
iy Jf (Chiang-chtin-fu-chan-tan). Soak wild sesamum seeds
in child’s urine for four times and in distilled spirit for three
times. Dry and add olibanum, myrrh, and dragon’s blood.
This is for wounds and broken bones.

Thousana-li-plum-flower Pills, F- Rg 7E FU (Ch“en-li-
mei-hua-wan). Eriobotrya leaves, Pachyrhizus angulatus,
black plum flesh, wax plum flowers, licorice, and honey. To
be used by travellers, but for what is not stated.

Three Flowers Pills; = %#% F¥ (San-hua-tan). Plum flow-
ers, peach flowers, and pear flowers, made into a pill and
coated with flowers of sulphur, is taken in a congee of Phaseo-
lus and black Hispidia beans for smallpox.

Three Tonic Pills; = #§ W, (San-pu-wan). Coptis teeta
and Pterocarpus indicus, mixed with honey. ‘Tonic and
febrifuge.

Three Yellow Pills; = 7% FU (San-huang-wan). Scutel-
laria macrantha, rhubarb, and Coptis teeta, mixed with honey.
Tonic and corrective in men and women.

Twenty Pearls Pilis ; 4 ¥ FL (Nien-chu-wan). Benzoin,
seeds of Nephelium longana, and yellow wax. For hernia,
orchitis, and the like.

Two Aure Pills; = RHR (Erh-ch‘i-wan). An umbil-
ical cord is said to represent the aura of the abyss, while

ges».

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 331

the plum flower represents that of nature. These two things are
therefore combined in this pill, which is used as a prophylactic
of smallpox.

Uniting the Viscera Pills, Vy Hy (Tsang-lien-wan).
Take Barkhausia repens and 3 ff. #4, place in a pig’s large
intestine, cook, and put through the process described in the
Péntsao. For hemorrhoids of all kinds, prolapse of the
rectum, and the like.

Universal Counterpotson Pills ; BS jig i SE FL (Wan-ping-
chieh-tu-wan). Orithia edulis, Galla sinensis, two Euphorbia
products, Potentilla cryptoteenia, and musk. Geomantic
influences and auspicious days are observed in the preparation
of this pill, and many details and conditions are regarded as
necessary in its administration.

Vegetable Resurrection Pills » i xe F- (Ts‘ao-huan-tan),
Cornus officinalis, Psoralea corylifolia, Cryptoteenia canadensis,
musk, and honey. ‘This acts on the foundations (3g) of health
and life, and is tonic and restorative.

Walnut Pills ; # Yk FU (Hu-t‘ao-wan). Walnut kernels,
Psoralea corylifolia, Eucommia ulmoides, Dioscorea sativa,
mixed and made into a pill mass. Tonic to the blood, liga-
ments, bones, muscles, and preventive of fever.

PIMPINELLA ANISUM.—j% # (Huai-hsiang), fy #
(Huei-hsiang), 7\ A BR (Pa-yuieh-chu). The Chinese confound
aniseed, fennel, and star-anise. But what is described in the
Péntsao is an umbelliferous plant, and since fenuel is distinct-
ly described in another place, andas the odor of this is said to
be similar to that of star anise, it is entirely probable that
aniseed is referred to under this title. The leaves and seeds
are likened to coriander. The plant bears umbels of yellowish
white flowers, followed by the fruits. It is cultivated in
gardens for the seeds, which are used as a condiment. ‘The
stalks and leaves are also eaten in Szechuan. The plant is
said to grow wild in Kansu. ‘The seeds are considered to be
warming and stimulant, being prescribed in choleraic affec-
tions and flatulence. They are thought to be a stimulant to
the kidneys and warming to the pubic region. Some anodyne
properties are ascribed to them, and it is probable that in the

332 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

description of their medicinal uses they are not discriminated
from star aniseed. The stalks and leaves when eaten are
considered to be chiefly carminative, relieving flatulence and
griping in the bowels.

PINELLIA TUBERIFERA.—4# § (Pan-hsia), 975.
This aroid plant is found in the northern provinces, notably
Shensi, Shantung, and Kiangsu. It is cultivated in Szechuan
and Hupeh.. The plant has tripartite leaves of a light green
color. In preparing for medicinal use, the tubers are soaked
for seven days in warm water and dried. After slicing, 978,
they are mixed with ginger juice and kept for use, or else
powdered, 977, and mixed with ginger juice, dried, and
repowdered. ‘This last is called 42 #} (Pan-hsia-fén). Or
this is made into cakes, 42 3 fj (Pan-hsia-ping), or the powder
mixed with ginger juice and alum, made into cakes, wrapped
in paper mulberry leaves, and preserved in salt, is called 42 @
Hi (Pan-hsia-ch‘u), 976. There are a number of other
methods of preparation, in which it is mixed with other sub-
stances besides ginger, and these are more or less carefuly
distinguished from each other as to their uses in medicine.
The simple prepared drug is called j#: 42 8 (Fa-pan-hsia),
978. ‘The drug, as met with in the market, consists of the
tubers in the form of small spherical bodies, either flattened on
one side, pyriform, or ovoid, which are from three-tenths to
six-tenths of an inch in diameter. The surface is white, or
yellowish-white, and for the greater part of the tuber is dotted
over with little, dark pits, and these are more especially found
around the umbilicated depression which marks the flat surface.
The interior of the tubers is white, dense, and amylaceous. In
the prepared state they have little smell or taste; but in the
fresh state they are said to be bitter, acrid, and poisonous, pro-
ducing vomiting and diaphoresis. The prepared drug is said
to be antifebrile, tussic, counter-emetic, ecbolic, antimalarial,
astringent, and slightly laxative. It is administered in fevers,
influenza, jaundice, coughs, constipation, gonorrhoea, leucor-
rhcea, and seminal losses. All diseases attended by ‘‘phlegm”’
(38) are particularly its therapeutic field. The number of
difficulties for which it is recommended is very large, and

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 333

includes a great variety of very dissimilar troubles. That the
prepared drug is comparatively inoccuous is proven by the fact
that in some mission hospitals it has been substituted for
sulphate of potash in the preparation of Dover’s powder. The
viscid sap of the stalk of the plant is said to restore fallen hair
and whiskers.

PINUS SINENSIS.—# (Sung). This character includes
Pinus, Abtes, and Larix, but refers most specifically to this
species, which is the same as Pinus massontana. Other species,
some of which are mentioned in the Péztsao, are fy f (Pai-
sung), Pinus bungeana,; 3 # (Hei-sung), Prvus thunbergiz ;
jp HS (Ch‘ih-sung), Pemus densiflora; and fe HS (Hai-sung),
Pinus koravensts. ‘This last bears large seeds, called jg HA +
(Hai-sung-tzit), 1214, which are included among the edible nuts.
They are also called #f £2 #4 F (Hsin-lo-sung-tzit), as they come
from the country of Hsinlo (southern Korea), although they
are also brought from Yunnan. ‘They are like the ordinary
pine-nuts found in other countries, three-cornered, and contain-
ing a rich, aromatic, meaty kernel. They are considered to
be very nutritious, improving the flesh, prolonging life, curing
constipation and coughs. Of the other species of Prxus a
number of products are mentioned, the first of which is ff JP
(Sung-chih), veszz, also called # 7 (Sung-kao), HA IR (Sung-
fang), # JB (Sung-chiao), and most commonly # F (Sung-
hsiang), 1211. This, if it lies in the ground for a thousand
years, becomes changed into amber. It is administered inter-
nally, and is said to be carminative and antifebrile. But it is
used for the most part externally in various skin eruptions,
old ulcers, and indolent wounds. It is considered to be bene-
ficial to the tendons, eyes, and ears. It is administered in pill
in leucorrhcea. The joints of pine twigs, called # ff (Sung-
chieh), 1210, form another product used in medicine. They
are prescribed principally in decoction, in colds, rheumatism,
toothache, and vomiting. # 4 (Sung-i) is an extract prepared
by roasting the twigs of the pine (turpentine ?). ‘There is no
description of the process, and the product is employed in
ulcers, itch, and the skin diseases of horses and cattle. The
pine needles are also used in medicine ; decocted, or chopped

BoA CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

fine and mixed with meal, they are administered in rheumat-
ism, evil diseases, and intestinal parasites. The decoction is
also used externally. The white bark of the root, 1213, is
considered tonic, while the bark of the tree is healing to
wounds, astringent, and parasiticide. The flowers, #7 (Sung-
hua), 1212, also called #4 HH (Sung-huang), are considered to
have especial action on the heart and lungs, and to be astrin-
gent. ‘hey are distilled into a sort of ‘‘wine,’’ which is used
in ‘‘fullness in the head’’ and post-partum fever.

PIPER NIGRUM.—#g #g (Hu-chiao). This is said to
have originally been brought from Magadha, where it was
called if fi % (Wei-fu-chih), possibly the transliteration of
an Indian name. It is now imported from the islands of the
East Indian archipelago. Black and white pepper are both
used as a condiment by the Chinese, but not so exclusively as
in the west. Capsicum and Zanthoxylum are so plentiful and
cheap that they are used rather than the more expensive
pepper. It is said that some attempts have been made, though
rather unsuccessfully, to domesticate the pepper vine, which
grows indigenous on the island of Hainan. Prior to the
coming of Europeans, the ground pepper was apparently not
known in China; the pepper-corns being either used whole, or
crushed as required. Carminative, warming, and eliminative
properties are ascribed to the drug, and it is administered in
cholera, dysentery, vomiting, summer diarrhoea, and dysuria. It
is said to correct fish, flesh, shell-fish, and mushroom poisoning.

PIPER LONGUM.—# # (Pi-po), 1008. See Chavica

roxburghit.

PISTACIA VERA.—}i Al ff (O-ytieh-chiin-tzi), 9.
ie f- (Hu-chén-tzit), #€ 4 $F (Wu-ming-tzii.) This is of foreign
origin, and the first Chinese name is said to be in imitation
of the Persian. There is no description of the tree, although
it is said to grow in Lingnan. The kernels of the nuts are said
to be good for dysentery, aud to be very nutritious, promoting
the growth of flesh. The bark of the tree is said to be
strengthening to the female principle, and is used in decoction
in pruritus of the genitals.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 335

PISUM SATIVUM. —iji @ (Wan-tou). 7% 7% (Jung-shu),
7 J. @ (Ch‘ing-hsiao-tou). Peas are of foreign origin, but
- are now extensively cultivated in China. ‘They are planted
in the autumn, and the young stalks are used for food in the
spring. The peas, both green and dry, are much relished,
and they are also ground into flour and used in this way asa
sort of gruel or porridge. Peas are thought to promote
flatulence. They are considered cooling, and are recommended
in feverish conditions, fluxes from the bowels, nausea, urinary
difficulties, to promote the secretion of milk, and to increase
the flesh.

PLANTAGO MAJOR.—Hi jf (Ch‘é-ch‘ien), 34. This,
the common Plantain, is as much of a pest in China as it is in
other lands. It grows at the roadside and in dooryards, and is
exceedingly prolific, springing from both seeds and roots and
killing out all other grass. Formerly the plant and the seeds
were eaten, and in rare cases this is still done. The seeds, 35,
are mucilaginous, and have a sweetish, cooling taste. They
are considered to be quieting, diuretic, antirheumatic, and tonic.
The drug is good for wasting diseases in male and female,
promotes the secretion of the semen, and therefore conduces
to fertility. It nourishes the liver, assists in difficult labor,
and cures summer diarrhcea. The plant and the root are used
as astringents in wounds, nosebleed, hematuria, and other
hemorrhages, as a diuretic, in seminal emissions, and in gravel. |

PLASTERS.—The character # (Kao) is used for these,
as it is also for medicinal extracts, ointments, fats, gelatinous
and cereose substances. In order to distinguish plasters from
these latter, medical missionaries use fh # (T‘ieh-kao) for the
former. The Chinese do not have a very large number of .
these preparations, but they use what they have in season and
out. An adhesive plaster pure and simple is practically
unknown, unless the common compound of resin and wood-oil
can be called such. * Even this is not often used uncombined
with other drugs. But all sorts of gaping wounds are often
plastered over with some of the medicinal plasters. <A
Universal Plaster Basts, called BY HE jh (Wan-ying-yu), is

336 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

made in the following manner: Take of fragrant sesamum oil,
sixteen ounces ; peach twigs, willow twigs, Sophora japonica
twigs, mulberry twigs, cinnamon twigs, and Allium fistulosum,
of each one ounce; male hair (?, 8 32), four ounces; Zan-
thoxylum bungei, half an ounce; castor oil bean, two ounces;
Strychnos nux vomica (? B% yy), four ounces ; Chavica rox-
burghii, half an ounce; and Angelica anomala, two ounces.
Soak the drugs in the oil in the winter seven days, in the
summer three days, and in the spring or autumn five days.
Then boil until the drugs are withered and dry, when the oil
should be drained off and boiled until it is reduced to eight-
tenths of its volume. It is then ready for use.

Baroos Camphor Plaster; tk kr % 4% (Ping-p‘en-kao-
yao). This is an expensive warm plaster, at present in much
repute among the Chinese. Its composition is not given in
the books.

Dissolving Abscesses Plaster» #§ 3 # (Hsiao-chti-kao).
This is made by crushing nine kernels of the castor oil bean,
aud beatiug up with this three-tenths of an ounce each of pine
resin, white lead, and finely powdered Luan tea leaves. If it
is too dry, a little sesamum oil is added, and it is then spread
on a piece of cloth, applied to the abscess and the whole covered
with a layer of cotton paper. It is said to heal in seven days.

Four Perfection Plaster or Ointment ; 3 F} (Sstt-shéng-
tan). Incinerate forty-nine peas, three-hundredths of an ounce
of hair, and fourteen real pearls. Beat up the ash with oily
cosmetic to a paste. This is for vicious smallpox eruption in
children, in those cases in which eight or nine out of ten die.
Use a hair-pin and press out the bad blood ; and then apply a
little of the paste to the sore, when it will turn red and healthy
in appearance.

Healing Ringworm Plaster; 3% ¥& B — @ FF (Chih-
hsien-ti-i-ling-tan). Crush to a pulp three-hundred day lilies
(Funkia subcordata), and add cloves, six ounces ; lign aloes,
four ounces; Baroos camphor and musk, of each three-tenths
of an ounce; pulverized city wall brick from Shansi, twelve
ounces. Boil all in three and a half catties of sesamum oil.
Mix with charcoal dust, and drop into water to form pellets.
Place in a porcelain jar and seal with yellow wax, and then

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 237

bury in the ground for twenty-one days. Take out and apply
to the ringworm, and this will soon be cured.

Flealing Abscess Plaster, j§ JE 3 (Chih-chung-tu-
kao). Mix four ounces of Siamese gamboge with eight ounces
of white wax. Boil thoroughly twelve ounces of sesamumi oil,
and add the above mixture. Keep in a porcelain bottle with
a little sesamui oil on top to preserve it. This is to be
applied to any sort of abscess or sore.

The Chin Family Plaster; 4> Sq te i # (Chin-shih-li-
tung-kao). To five ounces of Universal Plaster Basis add of
Siamese gamboge, one and a half ounces; yellow wax, two
ounces. Boil to a dark brown color, spread on cloth and
apply. Said to be a sure cure for varicose ulcer.

PLATYCARIA STROBILACEA.—## # (Huai-hsiang),
HH Ht Ye | (Tou-lo-p‘o-hsiang). This is described as a small
tree, growing in the mountains of mid-China and used for fuel.
It has long, pinnate, green, fragrant leaves, serrated, and
resembling thistle leaves. The root resembles that of Lyceum,
but is larger and is very fragrant when burnt. It is used in
the bath to give fragrance to the body. The root is used
medicinally only in the preparation of an ointment to be
applied to sores on the scalp. #€ (K‘ao) is also suggested for
Platycarza, but it is also used for Wangrove bark.

PLATYCODON GRANDIFLORUM.—#§ §f (Chieh-
kéng), 89, 94. This is often confounded with Adenophora, and
the latter is sometimes called j4 #§ fi (K‘u-chieh-kéng). ‘The
young plant is eaten as a pot-herb, and is considered to have
vermicidal properties. The root is of a yellowish-white color,
and is about as thick as a little finger. It is one of several roots
that are fraudently substituted for true ginseng. Its medicinal
properties are given in the article on Adenophora. The stem
and the leaves, jf §A (Lu-t‘ou), are also used in ‘medicine, and
are prescribed in decoction in dyspeptic vomiting of mucus.

PODOCARPUS MACROPHYLLA.—# ¥ 7% (Lo-han-
mu), ¥ # (Lo-han-sung). The fruit of this tree, which
is said to resemble the pine, is given in the Customs Lists

338 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

under the term of ## ya 9% (Lo-han-kuo), 749. But there has
been no description of the plant, or of its medicinal properties
and uses, found in the Chinese books.

PODOPHYLLUM VERSIPELLE.— JH jf (Tu-chio-
lien). According to Ford and Crow, this is the identification at
Canton. ‘This Chinese name, however, is used for different
plants in different parts of China. For description and medicin-
al action and uses, see the article on Dzphylleza.

POGONIA OPHIOGLOSSOIDES.— | (Chu-lan).
This is not distinguished from Chloranthus and other orchida-
ceous plants.

POLLIA JAPONICA.—#- 4 (Tu-jo). Another term
given for this is #£ @ (Tu-héng), but this properly is Asarum
Sorbesit (which see). It is also much confounded with A/pznza
officinarum, and the descriptions of the plant given in the.
Péntsao are almost inextricably confused with Alpinia and
other zingiberaceous plants. The root is the part used in
medicine, and is considered to be carminative, sedative, stim-
ulant, and tonic. Taken for some time, it benefits the animal
spirits, brightens the eye, and strengthens the memory. It is
administered as a warming remedy in colds and fluxes, in
dizziness, and as an aromatic in foul breath.

POLYGALA REINII—F & KH (Pa-chi-t‘en), 926.
This is a polygalaceous wzxtergreen, and is therefore also
called A i] Hi (Pu-tiao-ts‘ao), and was by Loureiro called
Septas repens, and by Bentham Herfestzs monniera. The
description in the Pézésao is not clear. The root is used in
wiedicine, and is considered to be warming and tonic. It
strengthens the bones and sinews, quiets the five viscera, is
tonic to the centers, increases the will power, and benefits the
breath. It is specially beneficial to males, preventing seminal
losses and nocturnal pollutions.

POLYGALA SIBIRICA, VPolygala tenuztfolia.—ig 5B
(Yiian-chih), 1557. A classical name is 3% ## (Yao-jao), and
a common name is sJv Hf (Hsiao-ts‘ao). ‘There are two kinds,

a eri ai

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 339

a large leaved and a small leaved, as indicated by the botanical
names given above. There is not much description of the
plant ; but the drug, which consists of the root, and is called
i GB WY (Yiian-chih-jou), is brought from the northern prov-
inces, especially from Shensi and Honan, and is found in
contorted, quilled pieces, larger than a lead-pencil, marked
transversely, and of a brownish-yellow color. It is sometimes
quite tubular, the central vascular portion of the root having
been removed. ‘The taste is sweetish and somewhat acrid.
It is supposed to have special effect upon the will and mental
powers, giving strength of character, improving the under-
standing, strengthening the memory, and increasing the phys-
ical powers. It is prescribed in cough, jaundice, hysteria in
females, infantile convulsions, mammary abscess, and gon-
orrhcea. The leaves are also recommended for spermator-
rhoea.

POLYGONATUM CANALICULATUM.—¥# # (Huang-
ching), 514. This Chinese term is applied in different parts
of the empire to Polygonatum macropodum, Polygonatum
chinense, Polygonatum giganteum, and Polygonatum muttt-
forum. Tatarinov erroneously identifies it as Caragana
flava ; but the plant is liliaceous, not leguminous. The plant
grows in the mountains, and its leaves so much resemble those
of the bamboo that it is sometimes called ‘‘hare bamboo,’? or
‘deer bamboo.’’? ‘The leaves also resemble those of the Rhus
radicans, and the plants are sometimes confounded, disastrous-
ly if the Aus is substituted for this. The root, leaves, flowers,
and fruit are all eaten. For medicinal use, the root is steeped
in wine, or administered in powder. ‘The Taoists make much
of this plant, and call it the food of the immortals. The
following legend is found in the Powuchz (III Century): ‘The
Emperor Huangti once asked one of his councilors if he knew
of a plant which, when eaten, would confer immortality. The
reply was that the plant of the great male principle (4 PB, the
sun) which is called Hwang-ching, when eaten, would prolong
life. On the other hand the plant of the great female principle
(qe (, the moon) which is called & YW (Rhus), when it even
enters the mouth produces death. ‘The root of the Auang-

340 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ching is prepared tor food by steaming aud drying. In this
condition it may be used as a substitute for grains, and is
called 3 fff (Mi-pu). The root is the part used medicinally,
and is inet with in the shops in flat pieces, from one to two and
a quarter inches long, having a greenish-yellow color, with a
varying degree of translucency and flexibility. The outer
surface is marked with small circular cicatrices, tubercles, or
transverse lines. The inner surface is paler, and shows signs
of having been attached to the stalk. The taste is sweetish
and mucilaginous. The drug is regarded as chiefly tonic and
constructive in its properties; but it is also regarded as
demulcent, arthritic, lenitive, and prophylactic. It is also
administered in confirmed leprosy.

POLYGONATUM OFFICINALE.—Ze # (Wei-jui), 3
ff (Yii-chu), 1547. The first character is also written 3%. The
leaves resemble bamboo leaves; hence the second name (jade
bamboo). ‘The leaves and root are edible. It is a common
plant in the mountains of northern China. The drug as found
in the shops consists of pale yellow or brown, brittle, semi-
translucent, twisted pieces, pretty evenly jointed, and varying
a good deal in size, length, and hygrometric state. The taste
is sweet and mucilaginous, and the odor something like that
of newly baked bread. It is very liable to become mouldy.
When macerated in water the roots swell up again to their
original dimensions, and are three or four times as thick as in
the dry state. Cooling, demulcent, sedative, tonic, antiperiod-
ic, and arthritic qualities are attributed to the rhizome, and
it is prescribed as a wash in ophthalmia, to be taken with
peppermint, ginger, and honey in muscz volitantes, in other
combinations for gravel, the fevers of influenza and caked
breast, and in the anzemias of epileptic children.

POLYGONUM AMPHIBIUM.— 8 (T‘ien-liao). This
is given in the Péztsao in a note to the article on Polygonum
orientale, and the plant is not clearly distinguished from this
latter. The root and stalk are bruised, and the juice taken
and employed in the treatment of foul sores and rheumat-

ism.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 341

POLYGONUM AVICULARE.—}i ¥% (Pien-hsii). This
is the ordinary £uot-grass, or goose-grass, growing by the
road-side and spreading out so as to cover the ground. ‘The
stem is covered with a white powder, and on this account the
plant is called #} @j HL (Fén-chieh-ts‘ao). The whole plant
is used in medicine and its juice is prescribed in itching affec-
tions of the skin, venereal sores, especially in women, and asa
diuretic and anthelmintic remedy. Piles is one of the diffi-
culties for which it is specially recommended.

POLYGONUM BISTORTA.—3& #& (Tzi-shén), 8B #
(Ch’tian-shén), 4 3 (Mou-méng). ‘These are not identified
with each other in the Péztsao. Neither is described in any
detail, and all furnish a dark purple or black root. ‘That from
the first is considered to be antifebrile, diuretic, and laxative.
It is prescribed in hemorrhages, wounds, tumors, anemorrhcea,
ague, and fluxes. It stirs up the dual principles. The second
is used in dropsy.

POLYGONUM BLUMEI.— 3% (Ma-liao). This is
also called Fe BE (Ta-liao). The second character is generic
for Polygonum. ‘The plant grows to the height of four or five
feet, and the leaves are marked by a black splotch in the
center. It is the same as Polygonum Persicaria. ‘The stalk
and leaves are used in medicine as a vermicide.

POLYGONUM CHINENSE, Poly ie cymosuUum.—Fr
$F) (Ch‘ih-ti-li). This is the - AW 4 BE (Shan-ch ‘iao-mai),
r ‘‘hill-buckwheat.’’ It grows in mountain valleys, has a
red stem, green leaves, and bears a white flower, followed by
greenish seeds: The root resembles that of .Syzzlax, has a
purplish-red skin and a yellowish-red interior. It is adminis-
tered in all sorts of fluxes, as an anthelmintic, in insect and
scorpion poisoning, for this last both internally and the bruised
plant is applied locally.

POLYGONUM CUSPIDATUM.—} ft (Hu-chang).
The stem of this is covered with spots, and for this reason
it is also called HE f{ (Pan-chang). The plant is some-

342 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

what prickly, and its leaves resemble those of the apricot.
It grows plentifully in waste places. The root is the part
used in medicine. It is recommended in menstrual difficulties,
as an antifebrile and diuretic remedy, in post-partum troubles,
and to scatter swellings and ecchymoses. It is also used as a
prophylactic in epidemics.

POLYGONUM FILIFORME.—4 & #8 (Chin-ssti-ts‘ao),
A> $% 8 (Chin-hsien-ts‘ao). This is confounded with Cuscuta
and Hypersicum. It grows in mountain valleys, and the whole
plant is used in hemorrhages and fluxes.

POLYGONUM FLACCIDUM.— 3K 2 (Shui-liao). This
is also known as [— 3% (Yti-liao) and j 43% (Tsé-liao), ‘‘marsh,
or water, smartweed.” It is probably the same as Polygonum
hydropiper. It grows on the margin of ponds and in other
damp places, and has a red stem. Que variety is cultivated,
and is called # 3% (Chia-liao). It is used in the preparation
of one sort of leaven (lI). Medicinally, it is used in snake
bites, bruised and applied locally ; and also 1n blistered and
swollen feet.

POLYGONUM JAPONICUM.—®@ #§ # (T's‘an-chien-
ts‘ao). This is Faber’s identification; but the species is not
mentioned in any other works consulted. It grows in wet
ground, and has a red stem and white flower. It is bruised
and applied to caterpillar stings and to ulcers.

POLYGONUM LAPATHIFOLIUM.— 3 (Mao-liao).
This is a hairy-leaved Polygonum growing in mountain valleys.
The plant is applied to tumors and foul sores, and is considered
to be antiseptic and healing. A decoction is also used to
wash sore feet.

POLYGONUM MULTIFLORUM.—(q 7% & (Ho-shou-
wu), 376. The /éztsao describes this plant as being dicecious.
It grows principally in the Lingnan region. The root, when
old, is said to have mysterious properties. At fifty years it is
as large as a fist, and is designated ‘‘ mountain slave’ ([lf 4),

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 343

and if taken for a year will preserve the black color of the
hair and moustache; that at a hundred years is as large as
a bowl, is called “hill-brother’’ (j[f #F), aud if taken for one
year, a rubicund and cheerful countenance will be preserved ;
that at a hundred and fifty years is as large as a basin, is
called ‘‘hill uncle’’ ({lj f@), and if taken for cne year the
teeth will fall out and come afresh ; that at two hundred years
is the size of a one peck ozier basket, is called ‘‘ hill father’’
(lj #), and if taken for a year the countenance will become
like that of a youth, and the gait will equal that of a running
horse ; and that at three hundred years is the size of a three
peck ozier basket, is called ‘‘mountain spirit’? ({l] #7), bas a
pure ethereal substance, and if taken for some time, one be-
comes an earthly immortal (f§ {jl]). Therefore, wonderful
restorative and reviving powers are ascribed to the ordinary
root, and it is also prescribed in tumors, piles, post-partum
and menstrual difficulties, colds, and diarrhceas. Its use is
also said to promote fertility. It is commonly sold in flat,
oblong or round pieces, often of a very irregular shape and
thickness, their outline being for the most part crenated,
showing a tendency to the distribution of the vascular tissue
into five concentric portions around the central mass. The

‘cuticle is shrivelled, and of a dark, reddish-brown color, and

the interior woody structure is of a rufous tint. The taste is
rough and bitterish. The stalk and leaves are used in decoc-
tion in scabious and itching skin diseases.

Faber also identifies #8 gg Bi (Shé-chien-ts‘ao) as Poly-
gonum multiflorum, but this cannot be confirmed from other
observers. It is described in a different volume of the Péztsao
from the last, is said to have leaves like the Colocasza, and red-
jointed stems. Snakes are said to avoid the plant. The root
and leaves are bruised and applied to snake and scorpion bites.
If they are proving efficacious, the wound will discharge a
yellow serum.

POLYGONUM ORIENTALE.—#r #i (Hung-ts‘ao).
There are said to be two kinds of this plant, that growing on
dry ground and that growing in water ; the latter being called
K # (Tien-liao). But this is Polygonum amphibium. ‘The

344 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

leaves are large, pinkish in color, and the plant grows to the
height of several feet. The stalk is as thick as a thumb and
hairy. ‘The plant bears reddish-black seeds with white kernels,
which when steamed or roasted can be eaten. They are said
to relieve thirst and fever, brighten the eye, and benefit the
breath. ‘They are prescribed in tuberculous swellings and
flatulence. The flowers are said to thin the blood, remove
obstructions, and ease pain.

POLYGONUM Sp.—% (Liao). In addition to those
already given, the /éztsao speaks of others under this title.
It is probable that the term more particularly refers to Poly-
gonum hydropiper, Polygonum persicaria, and Polygonum
bistorta ; but there are others mentioned, such as $f 3% (Ch ‘ing-
liao), @ 3% (Hsiang-liao), and jf Bf (Ch‘ih-liao), including
Polygonum barbatum and other edible species. They are
somewhat pungent in taste, but used for food. ‘The seeds are
considered to be stimulant, carminative, and diuretic. They
are also used in scalp eruptions in children. The shoots and
leaves are carminative, warming, and anthelmintic. They
are prescribed in the cramps of liver diseases and cholera, in
dysentery in children, and for mad-dog bite.

POLYGONUM TINCTORIUM.—# & (Liao-lan). This
is mentioned in the /éz¢sao under the article on /udigofera Sp.
(see that article). No medicinal properties are therefore dis-
tinguished from those belonging to the latter.

Another tinctorial plant is mentioned in the Péztsao under
the name # Fi (Chin-ts‘ao). An identification of Phalares
arundinacea has been suggested for it, but the plant described
in the Péntsao is not Phalaris. ‘The description corresponds
more to that of the Polygonaceze. Its common names are Fe Be
(Lii-ju) and ¥# / (Lii-chu), and it is used for making a
greenish-yellow dye for cloth. It is used medicinally in old
coughs, asthma, tremor, itch, tinea, as an insecticide, in fevers
of children, and as a wash for foul sores.

POLYPODIUM BAROMETZ.—%y # (Kou-chi), 606.
This is Loureiro’s term, and is the same as Cvbotium barometz
of J. Smith. The plant is found extensively in eastern Asia,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 345

including the whole of China, Annam, Cochin-China, the
Philippines, and the islands of the Malaysian Archipelago.
The Chinese name, ‘‘dog’s spine,’’ refers to the form of the
root, which suggests the appearance of a cadaverous dog with
its spine showing, and especially the kind covered witn yel-
lowish root filaments suggesting the ordinary, nearly starved
Chinese wouk, with its bristly hair. There is some confusion
of this with other kinds of ferns ; but not so much as is usually
the case. The drug, as it has appeared in the European
markets, consists of the stipes of the fern so thickly covered
with golden-brown hairs as to suggest the skin of some animal.
The native names under which this appeared were Jenghawar
djambt and pakoé kidang. According to the authors of the
Dutch Pharmacopeeia, this plant is identical with the so-called
Agnus Scythicus, or Scythian lamb, which in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries was regarded as a sort of plant-
animal, springing from a seed, attached to the earth by a root
like a plant, while it had flesh and blood like an animal, and
fed upon the herbs which surrounded it until they were all
gone, after which it starved to death, because it could not move
from its place. Adam and Eve were said to have been aston-
ished on seeing this vegetable lamb in the Garden of Eden.

In Chinese medicine the drug is considered strengthening
to the spine, antirheumatic, stimulating to the liver, kidneys,
and male generative organs, and is recommended as an old
man’s remedy. Gencral tonic properties are also ascribed to it.
In Europe the hairy filaments from the stipes were recommended
as a hesmostatic in wounds, and this use is also mentioned in
the Appendix to the Péxztsao. ‘Their action seems to be purely
mechanical.

POLYPODIUM FORTUNEI.— > #& # (Ku-sui-pu), 624.
The name of this was originally #¢ #£ (Hou-chiang), but the
Emperor Kaiyuen (713 A.D.), because he considered it capable
of mending broken bones, commanded that the former name
should be given to it. It grows in the shade of trees, about
the roots and on stony ground. ‘The rhizome, 1125, is said to
somewhat resemble ginger, and is filamentous. Its taste is bit-
ter and cooling, and it checks hemmorrhage and heals wounds.

346 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

It is prescribed in wasting diseases, ulcerations, gangrene,
toothache, failing of the hair after sickness, and ear difficulties.

POLYPODUM LINGUA.—4 # (Shih-wei), 1161, & #
¥§ (Chin-lsing-tsao), The second name applies when the
plant is sporulating. It is also called 7 i (Shib-p‘i), on
account of its habit of growing on rocks and its leathery leaves.
One kind which grows on old brick walls is callec 7E Ht (Wa-
wei). This is Polypodium lineare. It is useful in the treat-
ment of urinary calculus. The leaves of the .Shzhk-wez are
gathered in the second moon and dried in the shade. ‘The
best kind is that which grows in places where neither the noise
of water nor the human voice is heard.’’ he drug is consid-
ered to be diuretic and tonic, and it is prescribed in gravel,
urinary difficulties, menorrhagia, hematuria, wounds, and
carbuncle.

The Chin-hsing-ts‘ao, or sporulating plant, shows fronds
two or three feet long, with star-shaped spore cases on the
back arranged in pairs. The fronds and root are both used
medicinally in carbuncle, carcinomatous ulcers, scrofulous
glands, brimstone poisoning, and digested in oil as an applica-
tion to make the hair grow. It cools the blood and promotes
the excretion of water.

POPULUS ALBA.—fq #% (Pai-yang). This Chinese
name refers to both the poplar and aspen, the name of the
latter being more specifically 4% #8 (I-yang). ‘There is little
discrimination between Populus alba, Populus tremula, and
Populus suaveolens. The last has a smaller, green leaf, and is
called #f #% (Ch‘ing-yang). A name common for this and
other species of Populus, refering to their moving leaves, is 3%
# (Tu-yao), ‘‘self-moving.’? The bark of the tree is con-
sidered to be antiseptic and astringent, and is prescribed in colds,
hemorrhage, fluxes, the bloody stools of preguant women, and
as a local application in goiter. The decoction in water, wine,
or vinegar is the preparation usualy exhibited. The twigs are
used in colic, herpes labialis, enlarged spleen, and to clear the
complexion. A decoction of the leaves is used in decayed
teeth and necrosis of bone where there is a sinus.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 347

POPULUS BALSAMIFERA.—j} fj (Hai-t‘ung). Also
called ji # (Tz‘t-t‘ung). This is Faber’s identification, but
the description in the Péxtsao would rather indicate dAcantho-
panax (see p. 4). It grows in the south near the sea, has
leaves as large as a hand arranged ternately, a firm white
bark which can be made into ropes that do not rot in water,
and bears a red flower. It is possible that two or more genera
are confounded under this name. ‘The bark is used as an
astringent in cholera, chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, dis-
charging skin diseases, decayed teeth, infamed eyes, and as an
anthelmintic and parasiticide. The flowers are used as a
styptic in wounds.

POPULUS TREMULA.—#% }§ (I-yang). This is de-
scribed in the /éxtsao under the term #& #% (Fu-i), and the
name fe ff (T‘ang-ti), or more properly fF # (Ch‘ang-ti), is
given as a synonym. In Japan g #$ (Fu-i) is the Chinese
term for Arvonza astatica, a small tree of the order Rosacez,
with white flowers in racemes, and bearing a fruit like the
Prunus japonica. ‘There seems therefore to be some confound-
ing of names in the /éxtsao, but the description given evidently
refers to a Populus. The bark is bitter and considered to be
slightly deleterious. It is used for affections of the feet, one
of which answers pretty well to the description of gout. It
also is regarded as anthelmintic and is highly esteemed in
profuse leucorrheea.

PORPHYRA COCCINEA.—2§ 3% (Tzii-ts‘ai). This algal
plant is a sort of Javer, which is green when in the fresh state
and purple when dry. It grows on the sea shore of south
China, and the Fukienese gather it and press it into cakes. It
is not poisonous, but when taken in excess produces colicky
pains, flatulence, and eructation of mucus. It is recommended
in diseases of the throat, especially goitre.

PORTULACCA OLERACEA.—& W (Ma-ch‘ih-
hsien). The furslanes and amaranths are confounded in
China, and very naturaily so, since the plants resembie each
other in general appearance and habits. §% (Hsien) refers fer

348 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

the most part to Amarantus, but in this case it seems to be
applied to the common purslane. There is a fairly good
description in the /éztsao. The plant is said to contain
mercury. It is eaten as a cheap, cooling, spring vegetable by
the Chinese of all classes. Cooling, lenitive, antiscorbutic,
alterative, vulnerary, and discutient properties are ascribed to
it, and the plant or its juice is recommended to be used in
ulcers, tumors, indigestion, leucorrhcea, nausea, gravel, wounds,
herpes, anthrax, eczema, colds, dysentery, colic, intestinal

worms, and pruritis of the genitals. The seeds are considered

to be tonic and constructive, and are prescribed in opacities of
the cornea and to benefit the intestines.

POTAMOGETON.—#§ (Yu). This spadiceous endogen
is well described in the /énz¢sao. Horses and goats are
exceedingly fond of it, and it therefore has names referring to
this fact. It has a very foul odor, and the name above given
is said to indicate the fact. ‘The 7sochuan says: ‘‘ There is a
fragrant herb and a stinking one, and for ten years the stench
will remain’? (— ie — 7 -++ 4E 9 FR OA OSL). The root is used
in medicine. It is considered to be tonic, giving brightness
to the eye and acuteness to the hearing. It is also considered
to be antifebrile and diuretic. Faber gives i $= 3€ (Yén-tzt-
ts‘ai) as a term for Potamogeton polygonifolius, but this has not
been found mentioned in the Chinese works consulted. FE #
(Ma-tsao) is usually considered to be Potamogeton oxyphyllus,
but this is not distinguished in the Péxtsao from Myrzophyllum
spicatum. See Digitaria sanguinalis. .

POTENTILLA CRYPTOTANIA.—j— 3F (Lang-ya).
The plant grows in the provinces north of the Yangtse, and
the root, which is officinal, is said to resemble the tooth of an
animal ; hence the name, “wolf’s-tooth.” It is very poisonous,
and is prescribed in some of the Jml (Féng) diseases, foul sores,
and intestinal worms. Venereal and rodent sores, arrow wounds,
and snakebites are also treated with it.

POTENTILLA DISCOLOR.—% & #i (Fan-pai-ts‘ao).
This grows to the height of seven or eight inches, has a firm,
thick, serrate leaf, light colored on the back, rather small, and

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 349

lanceolate. It bears a yellow flower, and the root is about the
size of a finger, with a red skin and white flesh. ‘The seed is
shaped like that of coriander. The root is eaten both raw and
cooked, children preferring it in the former condition. Its me-
dicinal properties are those of an astringent, and it is prescribed in
. hematemesis, hematuria, menorrhagia, malaria, and carbuncle.

POTENTILLA WALLICHIANA.—B @& (Shé-han).
See Geum dryadotdes.

POTERIUM OFFICINALE.— th ig} (Ti-yii). This is
the same as Potertum sanguisorba, the common dburnet. Its
leaves slightly resemble those of the elm and spread over the
ground, and these facts give rise to the Chinese name, ‘‘ground
elm.’’ The root is long, tough, wrinkled, and fibrous, brown
externally, and of a pink or yellowish color internally. It is
astringent and slightly bitter to the taste, and is used as a
styptic, astringent, vulnerary, and anodyne remedy. It is
prescribed in post-partum difficulties, wounds, ulcers, dysentery,
hemorrhages, snake and insect bites, and skin diseases.
The leaves are used as a substitute for tea, and are considered
to be cooling in fevers.

POWDERS.—The Chinese use a number of these; some for
internal medication, some for external use, and one for insuf-
flation into the throat. They nearly all go by the name of #
(San), and consist of one or more drugs specially prepared,
dried, and thoroughly powdered. ‘The following are a few of
the more popular.

Amber Powder; 38 34 # (Hu-p‘o-san), It is made as
follows: Take of amber, one ounce; turtle shell, one ounce;
Cyperus rotundus, one ounce ; Corydalis ambigua, one-half
ounce; myrrh, one-half ounce; rhubarb, one-fourth ounce.
These are to be all heated together and beaten into a powder.
The drug is considered to be styptic and tonic, and it is used
after labor with a view to restoring the normal circulation of
the blood, in which case the rhubarb is left out.

Atractylis Powder ; % jt #e (Tsang-shu-san). Atractylis
ovata is dried and prepared by a complicated process, the value

35° CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

of which is not very apparent. The powder is administered
in rheumatic difficulties.

Brassica Powder ; 4 ™& i (Yin-t‘ai-san). Use seeds of
Brassica juncea, Cryptotzenia canadensis, cinnamon heart, and
Peeonia albiflora in equal quantities, and beat into a powder.

It is used in indigestion, vicious lochia, and all post-partum.

difficulties. It is said that the first three days after labor can
not safely be passed without using this remedy.

Five Yellows Powder; Fi % te (Wu-huang-san). Take
of rhubarb, brimstone, flowers of sulphur, turmeric, and gam-
boge equal parts; powder finely and mix with rape seed oil, to
be applied to scaly skin diseases. .This is really an ointment,
but has the name of being a powder.

Four-compound Fairy Atractylis Powder ; (Q HS fi) ot
(Ssii-chih-hsien-shu-san). Use Chekiang Atractylis sinensis,
four ounces ; divide into four parts, and decoct one part to-
gether with Astragalus hoangtchy ; combine one part with
hornet’s stings(?) and roast dry ; bake one part in bran until
dry, and combine one part with Dendrobium. Mix these four
portions together and powder. This is valued in the treatment
of profuse perspiration.

Fungus Powder; Fe py Be FH (Mu-chan-ssu-san). This
contains a substance called 7e fy Hf (Mu-chan-ssit), which
is described as a fungous growth on the camphor tree. Equal
quantities of this, of licorice, Magnolia hypoleuca, Asarum
sieboldi, Tricosanthes multiloba, Siler divaricatum, ginger,
ginseng, Platycodon grandiflorum, and Patrinia villosa are
powdered together. It is useful in carbuncles and in all sorts
of carcinomatous and infected sores.

Glycine-malt Powder, Fe BBE HK (Ta-tou-nieh-san). This is
made of malted hyspidia beans, roasted and powdered. It is used
in marasmus and like difficulties, and is considered to benefit
the five viscera, increasing secretion and making pliant the skin.

Gourd Peduncle Powder; JN #% 7 (Kua-ti-san). Take
gourd peduncles browned to a yellow color, and Phaseolus
radiatus, equal parts, and powder. ‘This is used for the same
purposes for which melon peduncles are recommended.

Green Plum Powder; 7 ge #{ (Ch‘ing-mei-san). Use
the kernels of green Canarium seed, seven in number, dry and

i,
,.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 351

powder fine without either roasting in fire or washing in water.
Also take twenty-one of the jade-butterfly plum flowers, ex-
cluding the peduncles. Mix the powdered kernels and the
flowers with two teaspoonfuls of white honey into a contfec-
tion. ‘This given toa child will prevent smallpox, or if already
infected there will not come out more than two or three small
spots of eruption.

Headache Powder, §R ja JE Be (T‘ou-f€ng-mo-san).
This is for external application, and consists of aconite root,
pulverized, mixed with salt, and finely powdered. It is either
rubbed directly into the temples, or mixed with oil and made
into a pomade for the same purpose.

Insuffiation Powder; WR '& i (Ch‘ui-hou-san). Take
large black dates, remove the pits, and put inside a Chinese
nutgall, after having removed the worms from the latter.
Add Fritillaria bulb, removing the heart, and wrap in a layer
of mud, baking until dry. Then powder finely and use as an
insufflation powder for all diseases of the throat.

- Jade Dragon Powder; FE % (Vi-lung-san). Use
Funkia subcordata flowers and snake skin, of each one-fifth
ounce ; cloves, one-tenth ounce, and powder. ‘This is used in
suppression of urine.

Nux vomica Powder; & Wi #% (Ma-ch‘ien-san). Take
half an ounce of Nux vomica seeds, place in an iron vessel and
roast in a sand bath until yellow ; then beat up in a mortar,
and sift out all coarse particles. Also of wild sesamum seeds,
removing the husks, a half ounce; olibanum and bamboo
leaves roasted dry, a half ounce ; powder all finely together.
This is for cancerous sores and abscesses, and for the relief of
pain. ‘The dose is, of course, very limited in quantity, on
account of the poisonous character of the Nux vomica seeds.

Permeating the Spirit Powder ; 3% wh Be (T‘ung-shén-
san). Use Phaseolus mungo husks, white chrysanthemum
flowers, and Eriocaulon australe, of each equal parts. This is
to be powdered and boiled together with dried persimmons and
millet, and used in the treatment of eye diseases.

Protecting the Heart Powder, && X % (Hu-hsin-san).
Use Phaseolus mungo meal, one ounce ; olibanum, one-half
ounce ; mix together and powder. This is to be taken with a

352 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

decoction of licorice in cases of abscess and wasting due to
discharging sores.

Rubbing Bright Powder ; ¥, He (Mo-kuang-san). Pre-
pare a powder of the wild water chestnut by a process similar
to that used for preparing arrowroot powder. Also take equal
parts of Coptis teeta, Pterocarpus indicus, Scutellaria mac-
rantha, sweet chrysanthemum flowers, and peppermint. First
steep in water and evaporate the decoction, and then
steep in child’s urine and evaporate in the same way and
mix the two powders; also take a pearl and enclose it ina
piece of bean curd and boil, after which powder finely. Take
one ounce of the water chestnut powder, one-half ounce of the
second preparatiou, aud three-tenths ounce of the pearl powder ;
mix, powder finely, and put into a porcelain bottle and cork
tightly. When about to use, add a little Baroos camphor and
drop the powder into the eye. This is considered to be a
remarkably efficacious remedy in all forms of opacity of the
cornea.

Salvia Powder, Fy 8 FH (Tan-shén-san). This is simply
Salvia plebia washed clean, cut in slices, dried, and powdered.
The dose is a fifth of an ounce to be taken in warm wine for
all menstrual difficulties, whether early or late, too much or
too little, or in pregnancy to quiet irritation in the last weeks,
or to correct the discharges after delivery. It is also good for
all forms of backache and pains in the bones and joints.

Seven Candarin Powder; % F& ft (Ch‘i-li-san). Use
dragon bone (ff 7), borax, dragon’s blood, catechu, Cannabis
indica, and Forsythia suspensa, of each equal parts ; powder
finely. ‘The dose is seven candarins, and is used in the treat-
ment of wounds as an anodyne.

Seven Fairies Powder; ‘I Ff (Ch‘i-hsien-tan). As-
tragalus hoangtchy two ounces ; ginseng, one ounce; licorice,
one-half ounce; Paris polyphylla, one ounce ; plum flowers,
one and a half ounces; Monochasma savatieri, one ounce ;
human skull bone (J ## #%), one piece ; all powdered together.
This is a remedy for preventing smallpox and for modifying
the eruption.

Seven Precious Powder, & #& (Ch4-pao-san). Use

dragon bone, elephant’s skin, dragon’s blood, ginseng, Gynura

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 353

pinnatifida, olibanum, myrrh, and laka wood, all powdered te-
gether. This is thought to promote healing in wounds, and
is a military men’s remedy. :

Two Flowers Powders = eE Pe (Erh-hua-san). Take
yellow plum flowers in any quantity and peach blossoms dried
in the shade; Crategus fruits, remove the seeds, roast, and
powder; a small Luffa cylindrica, dried in the shade and
powdered ; orange peel, ginseng, Astragulus hoangtchy, lico-
rice, vermilion, Paris polyphylla, Monochasma_ savatiera,
scaly ant eater, a human tooth, piece of skull, all powdered
together. ‘This is one of the many remedies used in the
treatment of smallpox.

PREMNA JAPONICA.—(§ i (Fu-pei). This term,
‘worthless slave-girl,’’ is applied to the flower of Phaseolus
mungo, that of Pachyrizus thunbergtanus, and to a small tree
which grows near the sea-shore. ‘This last has a crooked stem,
bears a yellow flower, and has a fetid smell. It is not quite
certain which of these three is the drug mentioned in the
Péntsao. Flowers are evideutly referred to in the discussion of
medicinal uses. Ague, fever, fluxes, alcoholism, and hemor-
rhoids are treated with it.

PRUNELLA VULGARIS,—B #4 Wf (Hsia-ku-ts‘ao).

See Brunella vulgaris.

PRUNUS ARMENIACA.—4%; (Hsing), ff #g (T ‘ien-mei. )
The apricot is said to have been indigenous in Shansi. It is
now cultivated in many parts of the country. There are
several varieties, as 4 #F (Chin-hsing), AC ZF (Mu-hsing), ly F
(Shan-hsing), Fy AF (Pai-hsing), W ZF (Sha-hsing), #g Az (Mei-
hsing), 2 ap (Lai-hsing), and f¥ # (Jou-hsing). These are
all distinguished from each other in the Péxztsao. ‘The fruit
is regarded as being somewhat deleterious, and if eaten in
excess is thought to harm the bones and sinews, to promote
blindness and falling of the hair, including that on the eye-
brows and the eye-lashes, to benumb the mental faculties, and
to injure parturient women. It is considered to pertain to the
heart, and therefore should be used in cases of heart disease.
Dried and eaten, it is thirst-relieving and antifebrile. The

354 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

kernel of the seed, 466, has been mistaken for the almond.
But the fact is that the kernels of the apricot and of the peach
are used in China instead of the almond, which is more or
less rare. ‘She kernel is considered to be somewhat deleterious,
and it is said that a double kernel will kill a man, and may be
used to poison a dog. Ordinarily, the calyx of the apricot
flower is five-parted, but if a six-parted one is found, the seed
will contain a double kernel. Sedative, tussic, antispasmodic,
demulcent, pectoral, vulnerary, aud anthelmintic properties are
ascribed to these kernels, and a number of nostrums are
prepared with them, and they are prescribed ina great variety of
difficulties. A kind of fatty confection, called 4¢ Rf (Hsing-su),
is made from the kernels, and they are also used together with
peach and other kernels in producing a kind of bland oil, called
As {= if) (Hsing-jén-yu). One form of the confection, in which
ginger and licorice are combined with the kernels, is used
as a tussic and expectorant remedy, while the other, which
is prepared by a process of fermentation, 1s more especially
used as a prophylactic and tonic. <A decoction, called AF fe
(Hsing-jén-t‘ang), is made by crushing the blanched kernels in
boiling water, with the addition of other drugs and flavoring
ingredients. This is sold in the streets of some Chinese towns,
much as sassafras tea is in European cities, as a kind of ptisan.
It is given in coughs, asthma, and catarrhal affections. The
juice of apricot kernels is added to rice-congee, and given in
hemorrhages, the kernels being sometimes parched beforehand.
They are also crushed and made into a paste, which is applied
to the eye in inflammations of that organ. Apricot flowers are
considered to be tonic and are a woman’s remedy, promoting
fecundity. They are also used in cosmetic preparations. ‘The
leaves are recommended in decoction for plethora, the branches
in injuries, and the root is said to be antidoral to the poison of
the kernels. This latter illustrates a popular belief of the
Chinese doctors, who regard the root of a plant as the polar
antagonist of the stem and all that is borne upon it, so that if
one is poisonous, the other will furnish the antidote.

PRUNUS COMMUNIS, Amygdala communts.-—B, A FF
(Pa-tan-hsing). This is brought from Mohammedan countries,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 355

but is said now to be grown in Kansu and Mongolia. The
tree and fruit is fairly well described in the FPénztsao. The
kernel is used in coughs, flatulence, and heartburn.

PRUNUS JAPONICA.—#f 2 (Yu-li), 1551, 3 dé
(T‘ang-ti), 72 ff (Ch‘iao-mei). The second name is also
written fe 4 (I'‘ang-ti) and # Ht (Ch‘ang-ti). ‘his is a
small tree, six or seven feet in height, growing in the mountain
valleys of Kiangsu, bearing a small, red fruit, like a cherry,
having a rather harsh, sour taste and edible, but not much
used. It is sometimes made into sweetmeats, and for that
reason, and for the kernels of the seeds, the tree is cultivated
in some parts of China. The kernels are either dried, or put
up in a sort of confection with honey, and used in medicine.
They have a bitterish-sour- taste, and demulcent, diuretic,
lenitive, and deobstruent properties are ascribed tothem. They
are given in dropsy, rheumatisin, fevers, cardialgia, indiges-
tion, constipation, and mixed with Baroos camphor are used in
ophthalmia. The root of the tree is used in affections of the
teeth, constipation, fevers of children, and to destroy pin worms.

PRUNUS MUME.—# (Mei). This is said to have been
indigenous to Shensi, but is now found in many of the prov-
inces. There are a great many varieties, both wild and
cultivated. There are also several kinds of the prepared
fruits. If plums are gathered half ripe and smoked, they
constitute what is called & fg (Wu-mei), ‘‘black-plumns ;” if
the green ones are pickled in brine and then dried, they are
called ~y #g (Pai-mei); they are also made into a confection.
The ripe plums are put ina press and the juice expressed, to be
used as an addition to water for a cooling summer drink.
Plums, if taken freely, are not considered to be entirely free
from deleterious effects. They are said to injure the teeth,
harm the tendons, corrode the spleen and stomach, and inflame
the diaphragm. The ‘‘black plums’’ mentioned above are
considered to be carminative, antifebrile, and antispasmodic,
and they are recommended in fluxes, malaria, choleraic
difficulties, nausea, intestinal worms, fish and sulphur poison-
ing, and poisoning from the bite of a horse. They are soaked

350 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

in water and the infusion given in typhoid fever to relieve
thirst. he ‘‘white plums,’’ also known as ‘‘salted plums,’’
are much relished as a savory pickle, and will be found at most
Chinese feasts, under the name of 4f #7 (Ch‘ing-mei). They
are crushed and applied locally as a styptic in incised wounds,
i cancer of the breast, and are taken internally in epilepsy,
fluxes, and choleraic affecitons, menorrhagia, and the like.
The kernels of the seeds are considered strengthening and
cooling, and are crushed, mixed with vinegar, and applied
to a felon on the finger. The flowers are added to various
eongees and other preparations, and are thought to improve
the strength-giving qualities of these. The leaves are nsed in
fluxes and menorrhagia. ‘The root is prescribed for colds and
fluxes, and it is taken, together with that of the peach and of
the domestic plum, and decocted in water for a bath for a new
born infant, with the result that the infant will remain free
from prickly heat and boils.

PRUNUS PERSICA.—#k (T‘a0). The peach is indigen-
ous to China, which is also shown by the character represent-
ing it being one of the few ancient, unchanged characters.
The wood of the tree is used in fortune telling, and this is
indicated by the composition of the character ; the right hand
part meaning ‘‘omen’’ and the left meaning ‘‘ wood.” It is
also suggested that the right side of the character means a
million, and that this refers to the prolific character of the tree
as to leaves, flowers, and fruit. The varieties of peaches in
China are very numerous, and marvelous stories are told in
regard to the size of some of the fruits. Also, there is an account
of having grafted the peach upon persimmon and plum trees,
and producing a modified fruit. In the former case it is called
4: bk (Chin-t‘ao), and in the latter 4¢ Yk (Li-t‘ao) or #¥ HE (Mei-
t‘ao). It is said that the fruit is heating and produces fever
if taken in excess. It improves the complexion, and as a fruit,
belongs to the lungs and should be freely used in diseases
of that organ. ‘The late variety, known as & #§ (Tung-t‘ao),
is recommended for the feverishness of work or anxiety. The
kernel of the seed, 1257, is often combined with, or substituted
for, the kernels of the apricot seed, and it is these which have

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 357

been mistaken for almonds. They are recommended for
coughs, blood-diseases, rheumatism, amenorrhcea, ague, post-
partum hemorrhage, and worms. Crushed and mixed with
honey, they make an application for keeping the hands smooth,
if applied at night. ‘The hairy pellicle of the skin of the fruit
is used in hemorrhages and evil effluvia. The fruit which
hangs on the tree all winter and is gathered in the early
spring, is called Hk 4 (T‘ao-hsiao), HE A (T‘ao-nu), and ih BE
(Shén-t‘ao). Another name means ‘‘demon’s skull.’? These
are regarded as slightly deleterious, and have the power of
overcoming every kind. of demoniac influence and of relieving
many sorts of neuralgic and rheumatic pains. Profuse sweat-
ing in children, hemorrhage in pregnant women, ague, scald-
head, and sickness from the over-ingestion of peaches are all
treated with these. The flowers of the peach tree are supposed
to have some supernatural power in driving away the demon
of ill health, giving a good color to the complexion, and rejoic-
ing the countenance. ‘They are regarded as diuretic, vermi-
fuge, and quieting, and they are applied locally in favus and
acne, and as a cosmetic. The leayes, 1259, are regarded as
parasiticide, antifebrile, and astringent, and are prescribed in
typhoid and other fevers as a diuretic and corrective remedy,
and in cholera. ‘The bark of the tree and root, 1258, are both
used, but preference is given to the latter, and especially to
the bark of that root extending toward the east. Only the
white inner bark is employed. It is considered to be pro-
phylactic, parasiticide, and quieting. Extreme jaundice,
epidemics, and dropsy are special indications for its use. The
peach gum (Pk J%, T‘ao-chiao) is also used as a sedative,
alterative, astringent, and demulcent remedy. Peach-wood
slips, Hk #F (T‘ao-fu), are used as charms against evil spirits.
These are sometimes affixed to the lintels of the door, or the
lintel is made of peach wood. Posts of peach-wood, called
Pk Hi (T‘ao-chtieh), are also set out about the house for the
saine purpose. ‘lhe epiphyte growing on the peach tree, Pk
HE (T‘ao-chi-shéug), is said to partake of the medicinal prop-
erties of the tree, as do also the grubs, pk # (T‘ao-tu), which
infest the wood. The # $& (Yu-t‘ao) is the nectarine, and
fi PE (Ping-t‘ao) and @ PE (Ho-t‘ao) are the names of a flat

358 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

variety, of excellent flavor and of foreign origin. The peaches
of Honan province are especially of fine quality and favor.
The difficulty is that the Chinese almost never allow the fruit
to ripen on the tree, but pluck and eat it quite green. Former-
ly a sort of vinegar was made from the pulp of ripe peaches.

PRUNUS PSEUDO-CERASUS.—# #k& (Ying-t‘ao).
This, the Chinese or bastard-cherry, is very similar to the
European kind, but differs from it in having its lowers grow
in racemes, instead of in fascicles, and in the stems being
hairy. The classical name is @& #k (Han-t‘ao). The large,
sweet cherries are called @ % (Yai-ini). The fruit is said to
harmonize the centers, to benefit the disposition, and to give
a good complexion anda hopeful will. It prevents the loss of
virility and checks fluxes. ‘The leaves of the tree are bruised
and applied in snake bite. The root on the east side of the
tree is good in pin worms. The twigs are rubbed together
with Salvinza natans, Gleditschia officinalis, and pickled plums
(4 fg), and used as an application for freckles. The flowers
are also used as a cosmetic. The fruit of the cherry is often
preserved with honey and used as a sweet-meat.

PRUNUS SPINULOSA.—## Ze (Lin-mu). This is an
identification of Faber’s; but upon what authority he does not
state. The Péz/fsao gives little description of the tree, except to
say that it is a large tree growing in the mountainous districts
of Central China, that it bears a white flower, and that its wood
is used in dyeing brown, and the leaves are sometimes distilled
with spirits. Rice is cooked with the lye from the ashes of
this tree, and eaten to cure dyspepsia and intestinal worms.

PRUNUS TOMENTOSA.—|l] # #k (Shan-ying-t‘ao),
Pk (Chu-t‘ao), 4s pk (Li-t‘ao), ge Pe (Mei-t‘ao). This cherry
does not have a good taste, so it is not much eaten. It has
the same qualities and medicinal uses as the ordinary cherry.

PRUNUS TRIFLORA, Prunus domestica.—Zs (Li), % &
F (Chia-ch‘ing-tzu). Although the character for this pluim is
very old, the tree is not mentioned as being indigenous to
China ; but on the other hand the equivalent Sanscrit name of

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 359

KE 6& Ym (Chit-ling-chia) is given, indicating that it may have
been introduced from India or Persia. ‘There are very many
varieties of these plums in China (Li Shih-chén says nearly a
hundred) varying in size, color, shape, and flavor. Most of
the finest varieties are found in the northern provinces. Those
plums which do not sink in water are considered deleterious,
and should not be eaten. If eaten in excess, they are thought
to cause dropsical swelling. ‘There is also some suggestion of
them causing choleraic difficulties. When eaten dried, they
are thought to drive away chronic disease and harmonise the
centers. ‘hey pertain to the liver, and should be eaten in
diseases of that organ. ‘The kernels of the seeds are used in
sprains, bruises, injuries to bones, in hysterical phantom tumor,
and in dark spots on the face (#F). ‘Their ingestion is said to
improve the complexion. ‘The white bark of the root is
considered to be very cooling, and is therefore used 1n thirst
aud febrile difficulties. In decoction it is also used in ulcers,
toothache, fluxes, menorrhagia, leucorrhcea, and fevers of
children. ‘Ihe flowers are added to cosmetic preparations. The
leaves are used in intermittent fever and epileptoid affections
of children. The gum of the tree is recommended in pannus,
to stop pain and relieve swelling.

PSORALEA CORYLIFOLIA.—j # J (Pu-ku-chih).
Bi & WE (P‘o-ku-chih), roq2, HR (P‘o-ku-chih). This
drug is said to come from Persia, and the above names are prob-
ably transliterations. ‘The plant is now found in Lingnan
and Szechuan. The flat, oval or slightly reniform, black one-
seeded leguines are about two or three lines long, and often
retain the persistent, five-lobed calyx. ‘They have an aromatic
odor, and a bitter, aromatic flavor. They are regarded as
highly aphrodisiac and tonic to the genital organs, and are
prescribed in all forms of sexual incompetevcy. ‘Threatened
abortion, the discomforts of pregnancy, insufficient erections,
polyuria, and incontinence of urine in children, are difficulties
for which the drug is administered.

PTERIS AQUALINA.—jR (Chiieh). The different

kinds of ferns are not clearly distinguished from each other.

360 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

But the description given in the é¢sao answers well enough
to Fteris. There is some confounding of the genus with
Osmunda, The thallus and root-stock are both eaten and used
medicinally, and they are sweet, mucilaginous, and cooling.
They expel fever, benefit the water passages, and promote
sleep. Tonic properties are also ascribed to them. JF
i WH (Ching-k‘ou-pien-ts‘ao), J & BE (Féng-wei-tsao), #¢ #€
¥i (Hung-mao-ts‘ao), and ie WA Ei (Wu-kung-ts‘ao), 1461, are
other names for Perzs, but are not distinguished in the Péxz/sao.
ak wR (Shui-chiieh) is Ceratopterts thalictroides, and is much
esteemed as a food. ‘The root-stock has a slightly bitter taste,
and it is regarded as eliminative and is used in constipation.

PTEROCARPUS SANTALINUS.—3& ff (Tzi-t‘an).
This is described in the Féz¢sao under the article on Sasztalum
album. 'The Chinese do not distinguish clearly between this
red saunders and sandal-wood. It is not grown in China, but
comes from the region of the Kunlun mountains, and is not
fragrant like the sandal wood. Mr. Eitel (Handbook of
Chinese Buddhism) gives ¢adlaparne or rakta tchandana as
Sanscrit names of this wood. He also speaks of a kind of
copper-brown sandal-wood under the Samscrit name of goszrcha
tchandana, which is rendered into Chinese as 4F ff fff ## (Niu-
shou-chan-t‘an). The saunders wood being of a red>color is
considered a blood remedy; therefore it is used in wounds,
ulcers, and the like, to check hemorrhage and suppuration.

It is not used for anything else.

PTEROCARYA STENOPTERA.—{# (Chi), 7% #
(Chii-liu). Henry thus identifies this tree as it grows in
Hupeh. In other parts of China and in Japan the first name
is applied to an elm-like tree, the wood of which is highly
valued for making boxes and tables. In the latter country
this is identified as Ulmus keaki or Zelkowa keaki. ‘The seed
vessels of this look like small coins, and the country people
use the leaves as a substitute for tea. The description in the
Péntsao is very faulty, and does not distinguish between these ;
so the identification of Henry is here adopted. The bark of
the tree is used in medicine, and it is directed that it shall be

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 361

taken from the west half of a tree over twenty years old. Its
action is said to be antifebrile and astringent, and is prescribed
in dysentery, anasarca, and conjunctivitis. ‘Ihe leaves are
used locally in eroding ulcers.

PUERARIA.—% (Ko). See Pachyrhizus thunbergianus.
PULSATILLA.—See Anemone cernua.

PUNICA GRANATUM.— 4 #§ (An-shih-liu). ‘The
pomegranate is not indigenous to China, but was introduced by
the famous general Chang Chien (circa B.C. 120), from Kabul
or Parthia, as indicated by the first two characters. The last
character is explained by #4, a tumor or wen, and refers to the
appearance of the fruit when burst open. ‘Three kinds are
spoken of in the /éntsao, a red-flowered, a yellow-flowered,
aud a white-flowered, bearing sweet, sour, and bitter fruits
respectively. The last is called [J 4 #§ (Shan-shih-liu),
which name is also referred to under the article on Rhododen-
dron tndicum, and may refer to that shrub. Several varieties
are also mentioned, and the plant is much cultivated by
Chinese gardeners for its flowers; some very. beautiful ones
being produced, among which is one bearing large white
flowers. The red fruit, bursting open and revealing its
numerous seeds, is compared to a grinning mouth showing the
teeth. The fruit is much relished by the Chinese, who
always seem to have spare time enough to devote to the
ingestion of pomegranates and melon seeds. The sweet
pomegranate, if eaten in excess, is said to injure the lungs.
It is thirst-relieving, and is prescribed in caked-breast and
worms. The fruit of the sour kind is used in fluxes from the
bowels, colic, menorrhagia, and leucorrhcea. The peel, 1155,
is astringent, and is used in dysentery, seminal losses, paralyses,
incodrdination in the muscles, intestinal worms, prolapse of
the rectum, and fluxes of all kinds. The eastward-extending
root is anthelmintic and astringent. It is used in diseases of
the mouth or gums, in the diseases for which the peel is used,
and in dyes for the hair or whiskers. The flowers, 1154, if
dried, pulverized, mixed with iron, and taken for a year, cause
the hair to turn white. They are also styptic and astringent.

362 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

PYCNOSTELMA CHINENSIS.—§ £& Jj (Hsii-ch ‘ane-
ch‘ing). This is confounded in the /énz¢sao with Macroclint-
dium verticillatum ; but the latter is a composite plant, while
this is an asclepiadaceous one. The name of the plant is
properly the name of a man, a famous physician for whom the
plant was named. The description is not very character-
istic. The root is said to resemble that of Asaraum szeboldz.
The taste of the drug is acrid and it is somewhat deleterious.
It is used in driving away evil effluvia, in the treatment of
marasmus, and for the purpose of quieting nervous affections,
and is also recommended in car and ship sickness (vertigo).

PYROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA, Pyrola media.—fi ti;
(Lu-ti-ts‘ao), 764. This wetergreen is found in similar
localities in China to those occupied by it in America. ‘There
is not much description of it. The plant is bruised and
applied to wounds to staunch hemorrhage, and it is also
applied to serpent, dog, and insect bites.

PYRUS BACCATA.—z @ (T‘ang-li). Also called
Pyrus betulefolia. This is a small coarse pear, originally
growing wild in mountainous districts. It is nct fit to eat
until after heavy frost. There are two varieties, a sweet and
a sour, bearing white and red flowers respectively. The wood
of the red variety is also red, and is good for making bows.
The leaves of this tree are sometimes pickled and eaten, or
used as a substitute for tea. The flowers also can be roasted
and eaten, or ground up and made into cakes. These are
said to benefit the muscles. The fruits, if baked, are said to
cure mucous diarrhoea. The twigs and leaves are prescribed
in cholera and choleraic difficulties, including cramps and
colic, and in vomiting.

PYRUS CATHAYENSIS.— ZR JK (Mu-kua), 866. This
is the samme as Cydonza sinensis. ‘The Chinese term is used in
the south for Carzca papaya. But in the north the name is ap-
plied to the gzzzce, and the description in the /éz¢sao evidently
refers to this fruit, although some of the varieties mentioned
may refer to Carica. An ancient name for the quince is

Ee

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 363

if{ (Mou). The tree is found in Persia, Nepal, the Himalayas,
and North India. In China it is found chiefly in the Yangtse
provinces, especially Anhui, where it is largely cultivated ;
that from Hsttanchen, in Ningkuo prefecture, being considered
the best. ‘The sour fruit is well described in the Péztsao, and
it is sliced and dried, 868, and used in medicine. It is pre-
scribed as an astringent in choleraic affections, and is thought
to quiet spasm. Digestive, thirst-relieving, and diuretic prop-
erties are also ascribed to it. ‘he seeds are prescribed in
choleraic troubles, along with warm water, probably for their
demulcent properties. The twigs, leaves, bark, and root are
used in similar difficulties, presumably as astringents. The
flowers are used in cosmetic preparations.

Another kind of small quince is described under the name
of #2 -F (Cha-tzu) or AR PE (Mu-t‘ao). The first character
refers to Crat@gus: but in Japan, and probably in China,
these terms are applied to Pyras japonica, var. pygmea
(Cydonia japonica). They are specially grown in Méngchou,
Honan. ‘The color is yellowish, the taste sour, and the fruit
is smaller than the ordinary quince. It has a coarse peduncle
and core, and the seeds are round. If eaten in excess these
fruits are said to injure the teeth and tendons. They are
recommended in dysentery, pyrosis, and choleraic affections.

A third kind is described under the terms #% #§ (Ming-
cha), FR 4s (Mu-li), and AE Ft (Mu-li). This is known in
Japan as Pyrus chinenses or Cydonia vulgares. It is a very
large quince of a yellow color. ‘The Taoists take the expressed
juice of the green fruit and mix it with powdered spikenard
and Scrophularia root, and make an incense which is said to be
very agreeable to the gods. The action of the fruit is considered
to be antivinous, resolvent, antacid, and astringent. Soaked in
oil and used as a bandoline, it ‘‘cures’’ grey or red hair.

A fourth kind is called 49 4 (Wé€n-po). ‘This is a very
small variety, and the fruit is often mistaken for that of
Crate@gus. ‘The tree resembles that of Pyrus malus, and bears
a greenish white flower. Faber calls it Pyzas cydonza, as it is
also called in Japan. ‘The taste is between sweet and sour, and
is cooling. It is peptic, carminative, astringent, and antivinous.
The bark of the tree is used in ulcers, probably as an astringent.

364 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

PYRUS MALUS.—#f ## (Lin-ch‘in), Z© (Nai), 3 4@
(Lai-ch‘in), #@ #£ (Hua-hung). ‘This is discussed in the Péztsao
under two articles, to which are attached the first and second
terms respectively. The Zzz-ch‘7x is also called 4 $f BK
(Wén-lin-lang-kuo), because it is said that a man named Wén
Lin-lang found a tree floating in the river, and took it up and
planted it, producing this fruit. In the south it is con-
founded with the }# s@(Weé€n-po). There are two varieties,
a sweet, ripening early, and a sour, ripening later. There
are also several varieties distinguished by the color of the
fruit. The ripe apples are crushed, dried, pulverised, and
made into a decoction called $f #@ #¢ (Lin-ch‘in-ch‘ao), which
is used by Buddhist priests. These fruits are also sometimes
confounded with Crategus. If eaten in excess, the fruits are
said to depress the circulation. Medicinally, they are said to
dispel gas, dissolve mucus, and cure fluxes. The root is con-
sidered anthelmintic, thirst-relieving, and sleep promoting.

The Vaz is also called #4 32 (P‘in-p‘o), which seems to
represent a Sanscrit name, but is also said to be used in the
north. The fruit is found principally in the northern provinces,
is larger than the Zzz-ch‘cx and is found in white, red, and
green varieties, and also a winter variety, which is pearl colored.
The fruit is considered to be slightly deleterious, producing
flatulence and consumption, and if eaten by the sick increases
the difficulty. Tonic, antifebrile, and constructive properties
are attributed to this fruit. Pyrus tomentosa is included
among these. /%zxz-f‘o is also applied to Sterculia lanceolata,
and #{ 48 (P‘in-kuo) is a term applied to the large, green,
cultivated apple.

PYRUS SINENSIS.—#4 (Li). This is the common
Chinese pear, which is very similar to our Pyrus communts.
There are many varieties, of which the best is the fy 4 (Pai-
li) or white pear. The fruit is small, globular, yellowish-
white, and has the appearance of an apple. It is very savory.
A large white pear, the size of a fist, is called ( @ (Yii-li),
‘‘TImperial pear,’’ has a crisp flesh, is very juicy, and is of
fine flavor. The # 42 (Sha-li) is a coarser kind, but in much
favor with the Chinese in all parts of the empire. It bakes

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 365

well, but is scarcely fit to eat in the raw state. The pear has
been known in China from very ancient times, and is probably
indigenous. It was introduced into India and Japan from
China, and may have been carried to other parts of the world.
The characters #4 (Li) and 3 (Tang) are generic, and the
former is very ancient. The eating of the fruit in the cool
weather is thought to produce weakness ; and those suffering
from wounds, nursing women, and the anemic should not eat
it. It is considered to be antifebrile, peptic, quieting to the
nerves, and lubricating to the lungs. The flowers are used
in cosmetic preparations, the leaves are astringent, and the
bark is antiseptic.

A kind of wild pear is called fF 4% (Lu-li), fl # (Shu- -li),
and lj 4 (Shan-li). The fruit is as large as an apricot, the
leaf looks like a tea-leaf, and the root is about the size of a
thumb. The fruit is used in dysentery, and the bark of the
root is used as an astringent in wounds and itch.

Another kind is called # 3% FR (Sha-t‘ang-kuo). It grows
in Lingnan, bears a yellow flower and red fruit, which tastes
like a plum, but has no pit. The fruit is recommended for
‘‘water’’ diseases. Still another is called #F -- (Shan-tzit),
and it grows in Kiangnan. ‘The fruit does not ripen until
winter, has a sour taste, and the seeds are quite hard. If eaten
raw, it cures diarrhoea, and when ripe cures cough.

PYRUS SPECTABILIS.—jf # (Hai-t‘ang), #¢ #2 (Hai-
hung). This fruit is said to come originally from Hsinlo
(Korea). Szechuan furnishes large quantities; but the best
kinds come from Kiangnan. It is a long stemmed crab-apple,
red and sour. It bears a beautiful red flower. Its medicinal
uses are limited to being recommended in fluxes.

366 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

©).

QUERCUS.—More than forty species of Quercus have
been found in China, but identifications of the Chinese names
are exceedingly unsatisfactory. #£ (Tso), # (Li), 1} (Hu), ##
(Chu), and #% (Hsiang) are all characters specifically applied to
this genus; but they are often used in combination with each
other, and with other characters in different parts of the empire,
to indicate different species. The first character is generic,
but not common. The second is referred to Quercus serrata ,;
the third to Quercus dentata ; the fourth to Quercus sclerophylla
and Quercus glanca, the fifth 1s Quercus sinensis, but is
also applied to the acorns of the ## (Li). Other characters
applied to this genus are fa (Yt), ## (P‘o), #4 (Hsti), dp (Chu),
PE (Chiu), Bx (Su), # (Chiang), #§ (Yu), fl] (Chou), f@ (Fou),
aud fq (Ko). This array of characters indicates a wide range
of terminology, if only they were specifically assigned to
definite species. Since identifications are so difficult, it will
only be possible to follow the /éz¢sao in its various accounts of
the trees of this genus and their products.

& - (Chu-tzii). This is an evergreen oak, smaller than
the #% (Hsiang). There are two kinds, the bitter and the
sweet, and the latter is edible. The leaves are like those
of the chestnut, pointed, thick, and shining, with deep serra-
tions. ‘The sweet acorns are smaller than the bitter, and
the grain of the wood is fine and the wood white. The
acorns are called #f ff (Mien-chu), Quercus glanca (?). In the
case of the bitter variety, the grain of the wood is coarse and
red, giving the name ff, # (Hsiieh-chu), Quercus acuta (?);
or black, when it is called $& # (T‘ieh-chu). The wood
is used for making pillars for houses and coffins, because
it does not easily decay. The ingestion of the acorns is con-
sidered to be highly beneficial, being nourishing, relieving
thirst, and checking diarrhoea. A decoction of the bark and
leaves is used to check hemorrhage in puerperal women,
and tender, young leaves are applied to chronic ulcers. The

sweet acorns are also called #J 32 (Kou-li) and & fy F (Ch ‘ao-
kou-tzu).

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 367

# '# (Hsiang-shih) are said to be the fruits of the f# (Li),
which is made to be identical with the #f (Tso). The fruit is
also called ™ =} (Tsao-tou), because of the shape of the
cupules and the fact that they are used to dye black. There
are two kinds of the Zz, one which does not bear fruits (sterile
flowered), which is called fa (Yi), and which has a red heart
wood ; the other bears fruits (fertile fowered), called #4 (Hsit),
which bears the acorns referred to in this paragraph. The
people in the mountainous districts where these acorns grow
eat them cooked whole or ground into meal; when they are
very plentiful they are fed to pigs to fatten them. The young
leaves are sometimes ttsed as a substitute for tea. The acorns
are recommended in fluxes and as a nourishing food. ‘The
cupules, powdered and decocted, are used as an astringent in
fluxes, menorrhagia, and prolapse of the rectum. As a black
dye, they are sometimes used to color the whiskers and hair.
The bark of the wood and of the root is used as an astringent
and cleansing dressing in foul sores, in fluxes, and as an appli-
cation to promote absorption of tuberculous nodules. The
cupules of the acorn are called A fi -f (Hsiang-wan-tzi).

iit #{F (Hu-shih). The //w is a common tree in the
mountains. It resembles the Zz, and is therefore called - 3
##% (Ta-yeh-li), Quercus atiena (?). Other names are fi} Bk
(Hu-su) and # #i{ (P‘o-su). The acorns of this species are
small, the wood is also inferior, and is not used by mechanics, but
is employed for fuel and for charring. As known in the north,
this tree has obovate, sinuate leaves, with a very short petiole,
and on young trees they attain to enormous size, being often
as much as two feet long and correspondingly broad. ‘The
acorns of this tree have the same medicinal properties as those
of the #i (Hsiang). The leaves, called {ff #7 (Hu-jo), are
astringent in hemorrhoids, dysentery, and hemorrhages, and
are considered thirst-relieving and diuretic. They are also
applied to the face, in decoction, to relieve congestion and
erythema. ‘The bark of the wood is said to be anthelmintic,
and is used in decoction as an astringent in excessive dis-
charges, foul sores, enlarged glands, and dysenteries.

fi] Kt (Ko-shu) is identified as Quercus cuspidata. It is
said to grow in the mountainous districts of the Kuang (f§)

368 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

provinces, and its wood was said to have been used by the
Persians for making ships. The bark is used medicinally, and
is considered to be slightly deleterious. It is regarded as a
drastic, aud is used in ascites.

QUISQUALIS INDICA.—fi # F (Shih-chtin-tzi), 1145.
It is said that a famous physician named 3f {fi @ (Kuo Shih-
chtin) made a specialty of treating children’s diseases, and
extensively used this drug for the purpose; therefore it was
given his name. It is a combretaceous plant which originally
came from the south, but is now grown in Fukien. It is not
difficult of cultivation, is a climbing vine growing upon trees
or poles, and has green leaves resembling those of Acaztho-
panax. In the fifth month it bears a bunch of fifteen or twenty
red flowers. The fruits are about an inch or an inch and a half
long, oblong, pointed at both ends, with a slight obliquity, and
sharply pentagonal. The pericarp is smooth, hard, thin be-
tween the ridges, of a dark brown or black color, and enclos-
ing an oily seed with two cotyledons, which should be of a
yellow color. The taste is by no means unpleasant. Fruits
showing any signs of dehiscence, or at all worm eaten, should
be rejected. The principal property of the drug is that of a safe
and efficient vermifuge. It is said to cure the hundred diseases
of children, of which it is safe to say that in China from seventy
to ninety are due to animal parasites. The #f (Kam) disease
(marasmus), and the fF Hg (P‘i-k‘uai), enlarged abdomen in
children, both of which are due to intestinal worms, are
successfully treated with it. It is also given in the diarrhoeas
and leucorrhceal discharges of children, which likewise are
frequently due to nematode infection. Macerated in oil, it
is applied to parasitic skin diseases. Four or five seeds,
roasted and eaten on the first morning of the month before
taking food, is the usual method of administering the drug to
Chinese children, and this seldom fails to expel worms. Few
children are brought to the mission hospitals for simple worm
infectious. There are two reasons why this is so: namely,
that the Chinese have such an excellent vermifuge in these
Quisquadis fruits, and because they believe that worms are
necessary in the process of digestion, especially to voracious

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 369

and omnivorous children. ‘The creeper is the axe vermiuge
of the Mauritius, where the drug has caused spasms and
other ill effects when given in quantities of more than four or
five fruits. According to Dr. Waring’s account in the Indian
Pharmacopeeia, in the Moluccas the drug has long enjoyed a
high repute as an anthelmintic. He says that the scandent
shrub is met with in Burma, the Malayan archipelago, and in
gardens in India, where it is called the Rangoon creeper. He
recommends that four or five of the seeds be bruised and given
with honey or jam, as an electuary, which suffices to expel
the worms of children, especially lumbrici. The drug is cheap
in China; but will scarcely supplant the more convenient and
equally effective santonin in hospital practice.

OO OOOO

370 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

R.

RANUNCULUS ACRIS.—Z% # (Mao-kén). It is also
called 3% BY (Mao-chin), because it resembles aconite or Zx-
anthe, but is hairy. This grows by water courses and is
said to be eaten by crabs. If men eat it by mistake, it pro-
duces a sort of maniacal delirium. The leaves and seeds are
used externally as blisters and counter-irritants, in foul sores,
cancer, and as a derivative in inflammation. It is applied as an
epispastic to the back in ague, in men to the left of the spine
and in women to the right, as the ‘‘door of life’? (qf PY) is
supposed to vary in this way in the sexes. It is bruised with
ginger root, and the juice applied to the abdomen in colic.
It does not seem to be used internally.

RANUNCULUS SCLERATUS.—q je ¥ (Shih-lung-
jui). Also called 7 BF (K‘u-chin), ‘bitter aconite.’’ It grows
in hilly country to the height of about one foot, is usually
found by water courses, has ternate, dissected, glabrous leaves,
and bears small yellow flowers. The fruit is green, as large
as a bean, and resembles an unripe mulberry. For this reason
it is called #4 HE (Ti-shén), ‘‘ ground mulberry.’? The young
leaves of the plant are sometimes eaten as a vegetable. The
seeds are used in medicine, and are considered to be tonic.
They are prescribed in colds, rheumatism, spermatorrhcea, and
general debility.

RANUNCULUS Sp.—p Jf 3€ (Yeh-ch‘in-ts‘ai), J F#
(Lang-tu). Different genera of ranunculaceous plants are often
confounded by the Chinese, and we see these terms applied to
Aconitum, Actea, Heleborus, and Ranunculus, as well as to
solonaceous plants, Apzwm, and Cicuta. ‘The first is also iden-
tified as Cardamine hirsuta. See Apium graveoleus, Cory-
dalis incisa, and Mandragora.

RAPHANUS SATIVUS.—3£ ‘@j (Lo-po). This is the
common name for the radish, but includes all napiform roots,
including beet root. The old name is 3€ JR (Lai-fu). The

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 371

plant seems to be indigenous to China, and to have been
cultivated from remote antiquity. Judging from the similarity
of the names by which it is known, it seems to have been
introduced into adjacent countries from China. In Annam
and the Malay peninsula it is called Zodac, in Thibet, aphug ;
and in Mongolia, /aofang and Jobin. In Persia it is called
turup, and from this our English word turnzp is probably
derived. The /éztsao gives a good description of the plant,
and notes its resemblance to the 4 if (Wu-ch‘ing), vafe.
Many varieties are found in China, most of which are sweet,
but some are coarse and acrid. ‘The use of the root as food is
regarded as carminative and corrective. ‘The Chinese cook
radishes with stale meat, and claim that it prevents ptomaine
poisoning. Radishes are crushed and applied locally as a
dressing or poultice to burns, scalds, fetid feet, ecchymoses,
and the like. The seeds, 688, are considered to be expector-
ant, peptic, diuretic, carminative, and corrective. A decoction
is used to bring out the rash in eruptive fevers. The flowers
fermented in wine are taken to produce brilliancy of the eyes.
Another kind of sweet radish, which is specially relished in
the raw state, is called 7k #£ @) (Shui-lo-po), and is found in its
best state in the province of Shantung.

REHMANNIA GLUTINOSA.—f§ ig (Ti-huang), 1264.
This is a common plant in North China, said to resemble
Plantago in some respects. It was at first called Digztalis
glutinosa, but was found to represent a different, but related
genus. It is probable that the mistaken identity of Dzgztalis
purpura as ZX 4 Be (Mao-ti-huang) arose from this fact. ‘The
scapes and leaves are covered with hairs, the flowers red and
yellow, the fruit a capsule, the seeds small and greyish-brown,
and the root large and juicy, especially in rich soil. The
root is prepared for medicine by washing clean and drying
in the sun, when it presents the appearance of dark, soft,
wrinkled, spindle-shaped masses, sometimes more or less flat-
tened, from two to five inches long, black in color, moist in
section, and having a sweetish taste. In this state it is known
as we ii) de (Kan-ti-huang). Sometimes part of the juice is
first expressed in a wooden mortar, or the root is soaked several

372 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

times in spirits, and then dried; but this last process partic-
ularly must detract from the medicinal activity of the drug.
The root is largely prescribed as a cooling and purifying drug,
acting directly on the blood as an alterative and tonic. It is
said to heal broken bones and tendons, to prolong life, ‘‘quiet
the soul and confirm the spirit,’’ benefit the eyes and ears, and
is prescribed in fatigue and injuries of men, hemorrhagic dis-
charges in women, hemoptysis, nosebleed, and fevers. The
drug in the fresh state, AE }) Bf (Shéng-ti-huang), is considered
to be more active than in the dried. It is prescribed in the
same cases as above, but more particularly in active hemor-
rhages and acute difficulties. A preparation, called 3h }i tH
(Shu-ti-huang), is made by taking juicy roots, washing in
spirits, filling with the seeds of the bastard cardamom, steaming
on a willow frame in a porcelain vessel, drying, and resteaming
and redrying nine times. This is thought to harmonise,
increase, and cool the blood, and to strengthen the marrow.
It is considered highly tonic, and is used in all wasting dis-
eases and weakened conditions of the body. In diseases of
pregnancy, puerperal difficulties, diseases of children, and
wasting discharges, it is specially recommended. The leaves
are bruised, and used in scaly eczema. The fruits, powdered and
taken with water, have properties similar to those of the root,
as is also the case with the flowers. Another plant, said to be
similar to Rehmannia, grows in Lingnan, and is called 9 fii #
(Hu-mien-mang). It is mentioned in the /éésao in an_ap-
pendix to the article on Rehmannia, It has a sweetish cooling
taste, and is non-poisonous. It is taken in decoction in
dyspepsia, flatulence, and colic. It is also found in Japan.

REINECKIA CARNEA.— 3 jf i (Chi-hsiang-tsao).
This is Faber’s identification. ‘The term means ‘‘plant of
felicity.’ Chén Tsang-chi says that it grows in western
countries and was brought to China by the Tartars. It is sweet
and cooling in taste, and non-poisonous. It brightens the eye,
strengthens the memory, and is tonic to the heart. Li Shih-
chén says that there was a plant cultivated in China during his
time, which was called by the same name, the leaves of which

resembled those of the jf # (Chang-lan), an orchid, and it

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 373

remained green throughout the year, bearing purple flowers in
panicles. He says it is not the plant to which Chén Tsang-
chi refers.

RHAMNUS CHLOROPHORUS, Rhamnus tinctorius.
This is a tree of Chekiang province, called by the natives #% 28
(Lii-ch‘ai). There are two kinds, one growing wild, which is
known as the white, and a cultivated kind, called the yellow.
A brilliant green dye is made of the bark of these, by boiling
together thoroughly that of the two varieties in an iron pan.
It is left to stand for three days, after which it is placed in
earthen-ware vessels, and cotton cloth which has been previous-
ly prepared with lime is immersed in it five or six times. The
coloring matter is then washed from the cloth with clean water,
and is again placed in the pans and boiled. Cotton yarn is
then dipped into the solution several times, which takes up the
coloring matter, which is again washed off with water, and
placed on paper to dry. The process of drying is completed
under the full rays of the sun. In order to dye with it, three
parts of carbonate of potash are mixed with ten parts of dye.
It is very expensive, and so is used sparingly by dyers. «Grass
cloth, on account of its rough texture taking up the color most
easily, is the principal fabric upou which it is employed. It is
a very permanent color, and consitutes the saf-green of water
color painters. The Chinese call the pigment $% # (Lii-kao)
and #% J (Li-chiao). It appears on the Chinese market in
thin, dry, bluish scales, which when rubbed up produce a
bluish-green pigment, and is used by the Chinese to color
shark-skin for covering spectacle cases and the like. It has
the purgative properties of the buckthorn, in the crude state,
and when mixed with lunar caustic makes an excellent indel-
ible ink.

RHAMNUS JAPONICA.—fm 2s (Shu-li). The same
name is also applied to Rhamuus arguta and Rhamnus virgata.
Other common names are 4 as (Niu-li) and jj 2: (Shan-li).
The tree, which is common in the provinces north of the
Yangtse, grows to the height of eight or ten feet, has leaves
resembling those of the common plum, and bears fruits that

374 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

are black in color, containing a purplish-black juice. The
branches of the tree are used for dying green. The fruits are
recommended in fevers, scrofulous sores, ascites, small-pox
eruption, scabious sores, and sores on horses and cattle. The
bark of the tree is similarly used.

RHEUM OFFICINALE, Rheum palmatum.—X ig (Ta-
huang), 12@5. This is also called 3 Pf (Huang-liang),
‘*yellow efficacy,’? and 3% ® (Chiang-chtin), ‘‘ Captain-
general,’’ both referring to the esteem in which it is held
asadrug. It has been known in China since the time of the
Five Rulers (circa 3000 B. C.). The Emperor Shennung and
Leikung, who is said to have lived in the reign of the Emperor
Huangti, considered the drug to be poisonous; hence it is
classed among the poisons in the Péxz¢sao. It is produced in
the north-western provinces, but that coming from Kansu is
considered the best. The plant grows six or seven feet high,
and the stem is brittle and has a sour taste. The stalks were
formerly eaten raw. The leaves are coarse, long, and thick,
and the flowers vary in different varieties, being yellow, green,
or rea. The root in the fresh state is red, bowl-shaped, and
nearly two feet long. It is pulpy, and is easily attacked by
worms. It is usually cut into slices, placed on heated stones
and partially dried. Afterwards it is strung together on
twine and dried in the sun. Sometimes the drying is com-
pleted by artificial heat, and in this case the drug is not so apt’.
to become wormy. <A kind of rhubarb, called + F KK
(T‘u-fan-ta-huang), comes from Thibet or Turfan. Another
called + A H (T‘u-ta-huang), and which is found in the
north-eastern provinces is Rheum rhaponticum, but in Japan is
a Rumex. Good Chinese rhubarb is of a reddish-yellow color,
variegated or mottled, and firm in texture, showing evidences
of considerable deposits of raphides in its structure. The
pieces should be dry and not too light. When chewed, the
root should grate upon the teeth, have a bitter and sharp rather
than smooth flavor, and color the saliva with a deep yellow
tinge. Boracic acid should not color the external yellow
suriace a dark brown. The purgative properties of rhubarb are
not made so much of by the Chinese as they are in the west.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 375

It is regarded more as a general eliminant and tonic to the
digestive tract. Depurative properties are also ascribed to it
in a marked degree. It is recommended in diseases of women,
especially those attended by congestion of the pelvic organs,
such as dysuria and dyspareunia. It is also used in malarial
fevers and the fevers of children.

RHODODENDRON (AZALEA) INDICUM.—#t f&
(Tu-chiian), fe yy #£ (Ying-shan-hung), ¥#¢ #8} #} (Hung-chih-
chu), and #£ #£ @§ (Hung-tu-chitan) ; Rhododendron (Azalea)
sinense, jx FE 4 (Huang-tu-chtian) and #% JE 7% (Lao-hu-
hua). These are all given in the /éz¢sao under the title 34 Ff
fy (Yang-chih-chu), which seems to be a sort of generic
name, and derives its meaning from the fact that when sheep
eat of these plants, incodrdination of the muscles is produced,
and the animal staggers and falls. For this reason it is also
called 2 A #& He (Yang-pu-shih-ts‘ao). Other names are
given, and other species of Azalea are evidently referred to,
such as {lj #) fj (Shah-chih-chu), which in Japan is Rhodo-
dendrou sublanceolatum ; fy $f § (Pai-tu-chtian), a cultivated
kind with white flowers, Rhododendron leucanthum,; and ¥}
5 (Yeh-tu-chiian) Rhododendron dauricum. In addition to
these, the term [fi] 2 76 (Nao-yang-hua) is also given, which
has been variously referred to Datura metel and Hyoscyamus
niger (see these articles). The number of Rhododendrons and
Azaleas to be found in China is very large. Bretschneider
gives a list of 132 names in his ‘History of Botanical
Discoveries in China,’? and when varieties are counted the
number will probably exceed this. ‘The flowers are used as a
sedative in rheumatism, neuralgias, contractions, and bron-
chitis. Upon the principle of ‘‘ szmzlia stmilibus curantur ,??
the Chinese regard these very poisonous substances as admir-
able counterpoisons to the most virulent forms of toxcmia.
Mixed with aconite it is used in toothache, and with Arisema
thunbergi as an application to painful abscesses to benumb
them, or previous to opening them by those who are bold
enough to do such a thing. The Shan-chih-chu is said to be
non-poisonous, and children eat the flowers. The yellow
flowered variety is deleterious. The Yang-pu-shth-ts‘ao grows

376 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

in Szechuan, and is also said to be non-poisonous. It is con-
sidered to be tonic and eliminant. These two are probably
not Rhododendrons.

RHODODENDRON METTERNICHIL— wR (Shih-
nan). ‘This is a Japanese identification, in which Faber con-
curs. It is probable, judging from the conflicting descriptions
given in the /éxtsao, that several plants are known by this
name in China. In Kueiyang it is called ml #% (Féng-yao), and
taking the place of tea or steeped in wine, it is used as a cure
for headaches. This tea is called %# 3 (Luan-ch‘a) by the
people of the southern provinces. Fortune described a Rho-
dodendron found growing in the province of Chekiang, which
on that account is called Rhodenendron fortuner. ‘This is also
found in the Yangtse provinces, and is called BF ft JH (Yeh-
p‘i-p‘a). This may be the same as the Szzh-nan, as the latter
is described as having /'z-p‘a-like leaves. "These leaves,
which are used in medicine, are acrid, bitter, and slightly
poisonous. They are said to strengthen the kidneys, cure
internal injury and weakness in the yzz principle, and to
benefit the bones, sinews, skin, and hair. Females should not
continue to use the drug, as it has excessive aphrodisiac prop-
erties. It is also prescribed in fevers, colds, and intestinal _

WOTms.

RHUS SEMIALATA.—&& #& (Vén-fu-tzi). The tree
is called } Fk (Fu-mu), and it is confounded with Broussonetia
papyrifera by the Chinese. Another name for the tree is #% #3
(Fu-yang); but this is not found in the Péztsao. This is the
tree upon which is borne the Chinese nut-galls, Fi f% — (Wu-
pei-tzii). Several names are given in the Péztsao for the drug,
referring to the sour and saline taste of the leaves, seeds, and
bark, all of which are used in medicine. The /éztsao has a
very fair description of the tree, and mentions the fact that its
reniform seeds are sometimes eaten by children. There is also
mentioned a [jf 2B Ht (Hsien-p‘ing-shu), said to be used by the
people of Cambodia as an acid condiment ; & $4 (Suan-chio),
which is said to resemble Gleditschia, and to be used in Ling-
nan as a substitute for vinegar ; and fj Hi (Hsien-ts‘ao), which

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 377

comes from a woman’s kingdom, located east of the country of
Fu-lin, and which is fragrant, saline, and eaten as a vegetable.
These are all said to belong to the same class (possibly of
plants having a sour and saline taste). ‘The seeds of the Yéz-
fu-tzi% are said to cure malaria, rheumatism, jaundice, epidemic
fevers, coughs, and dysentery. The bark of the tree is astrin-
gent and anthelmintic, while that of the root is considered to be
cholagogue.

RHUS SUCCEDANEA.—§ J (Huang-lu). This grows
in the mountains of Shensi and Szechuan. It has a round leaf
and yellow wood which is used in dyeing yellow. It is consid-
ered to be antifebrile, antivinous, cholagogue, and is used in
ophthalmia and as a wash for varnish poison.

RHUS TOXICODENDRON.—In Japan this is 4 1%
(Kou-wén) and § #§ (Yeh-ko), and Faber also gives the
former name as an equivalent. ‘There is little doubt but that
the plant described in the /éztsao under this title is Gelsemzum
elegans (which see). The title refers to the plant and the
second term to the root. It is quite possible that this Ahus
and Gelsemium might be confounded by the Chinese, since
both are climbers and have a very superficial resemblance to
each other. ‘That the Péz/sao does not mention any peculiar
poisonous action on the skin, would be presumptive evidence
against the identification as Rhus. Nothing is said either of a
resinous juice.

RHUS VERNICIFERA.—# (Ch‘i). The proper way
to write this character is 7 (Ch‘i), which represents water
dropping out of wood, referring to the sap oozing out and
running down. This is the Chinese /acguer tree, found in both
China and Japan. ‘The character refers to the varnish and
gives a name to the tree. The &% 7 (Kan-ch‘i), 62, is used in
medicine. ‘This is the juice of the tree dessicated and pulver-
ized. It is considered to be tonic and stimulant, and is pre-
scribed in coughs, intestinal worms, amenorrhcea, and ecchy-
moses. ‘I‘he leaves are used in wasting diseases and intestinal
parasites, the seeds in dysentery, and the flowers in the swelled

378 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

belly of children. A uumber of remedies for varnish poison
are given. A prophylactic is to chew Zanthoxylum piperitum,
and apply the resulting saliva to the face, when the poison
will. not act on the skin. A decoction of the wood of Cun-
ninghamia sinensis, of Perilla ocymordes, of Sagina maxima,
or the broth of crabs, if applied to the inflamed skin, is reputed
to be very efficacious. ‘The remedy giving greatest relief,
however, is hot camphor water, frequently applied.

RHYNCHOSIA VOLUBILIS.—fg # (Lu-huo). Also
called }¥ @ (Lu-tou), # F (Lao-tou), and BF # W (Veh-lit-
tou). It is a wild leguminous plant, found growing in wheat
fields. Both the plant and the seeds are eaten either raw or
cooked. The latter are sometimes ground into meal, from
which cakes are made. ‘hey are recommended in the Az
poison, scrofulous glands, backache and abdominal pain in
women, and headache.

RHYNCHOSPERMUM JASMINOIDES.—# @ (Lo-
shih), This is an apocynaceous plant, allied to Merzwm, found
clambering over rocks. It has small, thick, firm, green leaves,
white flowers, and bears a black fruit. It is evergreen, and
therefore is called jj 2 (Nai-tung), ‘‘enduring the winter.”’
The stalks and leaves are used in medicine, and are non-poison-
ous. ‘They are considered to be restorative and tonic, and are
a medicine especially adapted to the aged. Gonorrhea, car-
cinomatous growths, sciatica, viper bites, and wounds, are
some of the difficulties for which it is recommended.

RICINUS COMMUNIS.—¥ fig. (Pei-ma). The first
character is properly written jg; both having the same sound
(Pei or Pi). ‘The character is explained by ¥{% (Pi), a cattle
tick, which the seeds are said to resemble. ‘The plant is of
foreign origin, having been introduced from Tartary, where
it is extensively grown. In China it is cultivated for its
shade, as an ornamental plant, and for its seed and leaves
which are used in medicine. It grows in a short time to
a height of more than ten feet, having a woody stem,
which never survives the winter of central and northern
China. ‘There is a red-stemmed and a white-stemmed variety,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 379

but the former is the more common. ‘The tricoccous, spiny
fruit contains the seeds, one in each cell. There is a species,
or variety, said to have smooth fruit, and to be non-poisonous.
An oil is extracted from the seeds of these and used in cooking.
Information is still lacking as to what this plant may be. The
castor oil seeds, 990, are oval, siightly curved or compressed,
grey, shining, and striped or mottled with blackish or reddish-
brown stripes or spots upon the outside. They vary from four
to five lines in length, are three lines in breadth, and are
marked with a ridge running down the inner or under surface
from the larger end to the prominent hilum. On breaking the
hard and brittle seed-coat, the oily albumen is seen to be
covered with a delicate membrane. The mass of albumen and
cotyledons is easily crushed, yielding the acrid, purgative oil,
992, upon which their properties depend. The crushed seeds are
used in Chinese medicine as an outward application in a large
nuimber of diseases, combined with the oil of the seeds, or the
pulp is taken internally as a remedy, the effects of which must
be very similar to those of the pure oil. The pulp is rubbed
into the temples in headache, into the palms of the hands in
palsy, is introduced into the urethra in stricture, and is rubbed
into the soles of the feet of parturient women to hasten the
birth of the child or the expulsion of the placenta. It is
stuffed into deaf ears, rubbed over the top of the head in
cases of prolapsus uteri, and is applied to burns and scalds.
The seeds are chewed in scrofula, and the pulp is used in a
variety of skin affections, dog bite, and wherever a lubricant is
needed. The leaves, 991, are applied in swellings as a discutient
remedy, and are given internally as a tussic and expectorant.
The oil is expressed by the Chinese, but was not especially
used in medicine apart from the pulp ; its special use being to
mix with vermillion for stamping ink. In a note appended
to the article on Azcenws, there is another plant spoken of,
called {ij # 7M (Po-lo-ch‘iung), the stalk or leaves of which
are said to resemble Pez-ma, having a hollow stem that when
blown through will produce a sound. ‘This, when broken,
exudes a yellow juice which is exceedingly poisonous. It
grows in mountain ravines and is probably a Rhus. It is con-
sidered to be an efficient counter-poison to virulent infections.

380 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ROSA ne. AL ZE (Viieh-chi-hua),
AOS O#& (VYutieh-ytieh-hung). This is the Chinese monthly
rose, a variety of the Rosa sempervirens, a common scrambling
shrub, bearing a profusion of red flowers, mostly barren. It is
supposed to act on the blood, reduce swelling, and destroy
poison in ulcers. The flowers are said to encourage the
breaking of stumous abscesses when taken internally, after
having been prepared according to very disgusting process
suggested by an ancient formulary.

ROSA BANKSIA.—7ze # (Mu-hsiang). This is not
described under this term in the /é/sao, what is there said
referring to Aplotaxis and Arzstolochia (which articles see).
Li Shih-chén speaks of a kind of rose (#% #%) being called MZu-
Astang, but no further reference is made to it.

ROSA INDICA, Rosa multiflora.—B fe (Ch‘iang-wei).
This is a general name for the species. The fruit is called
‘gf (Ying-shih), and the plant #% #& (Ch‘iang-mi), *‘ wall-rose.”’
One kind with very large flowers is called fh FL 4€ (Fo-chien-
hsiao), ‘‘Buddha sees and smiiles.”” It grows wild in the
forests and on banks. In the spring, children strip the bark
and spines from the young shoots and eat these latter. The
flowers have yellow anthers and pale or pink petals. Cultivated
varieties have white, yellow, red, and purple flowers. The
fruits are used in wounds, sprains, injuries, foul sores, and are
said to be anodyne. The root is considered carminative
and astringent, and is used in fluxes, ulcers, wounds, skin
diseases, and polyuria. ‘The leaves are applied in ulcers. Li
Shih-chén speaks of a perfume found among the jy @ (which
may refer to any place outside of China, and whose people
approach China from the South), called ae 2 Pe (Ch‘iang-wel-
lu). This may refer to A¢tar of Roses , or this latter may be the
#e 7% 7K (Ch‘iang-wei-shui), brought to Canton and Fukien by
Arabian traders, and referred to in the annals of the Sung
dynasty, quoted by Dr. Bretschneider in a series of articles of
great interest in the ‘‘ Chinese Notes and Queries’? for 1870.

ROSA LAVIGATA.—4 fH fF (Chin-ying-tsii), 166.
The second character should be #4 (Ying), as its seed capsule

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 381

is the shape of a water jar. Pyrus madus also has this same
Chinese name, as does also Rhododendron sinense. This rose is
found everywhere. It bears a white flower, a yellow capsule,
and small seeds, which are hairy and aromatic. ‘These seeds
are carminative, astringent, and diuretic. The flowers are also
used in dysentery, and to restore the color of hair. The leaves
are famous as a vulnerary remedy. Dried together with the
leaves of the mulberry and of Behmeria nivea, and all pow-
dered, they form a renowned vulnerary called Hs — 34 &
(Chun-chung-i-nien-chin), ‘fa pinch of gold in the army.’’
The root, 169, is anthelmintic, and the bark of the root is
astringent, and is used in diarrhoea and menorrhagia. |

ROSA RUGOSA.—% $i 76 (Mei-kuei-hua), 834. This
is the cultivated species of rose, with red and pink flowers,
which is so highly prized by the Chinese. Purple and white
varieties are also found. This rose is fragrant, its nature is
cooling, its taste is sweet with a slight bitterishness, and it
acts especially on the spleen and liver, promoting the circula-
tion of the blood. It is prescribed in the form of an extract
for hematemesis, and the flowers are used in all diseases of the
liver, to scatter abscesses, and iu blood diseases generally. The
petals are used as tea, I # 28 (Mei-kuei-ch‘a), to soothe the
liver. The Attar of Roses is also said to be called ie PL ah
(Mei-kuei-yu), and a scented liquor is called % #& 3% (Mei-
kuei-lu), ‘‘Dew of Roses.’

ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS.—3&% 3& % (Mi-tieh-
hsiang). ‘This was brought from the bounds of the Roman
Empire during the reign of Wenti of the Wei dynasty (452 A.
D.). It was valued for its delightful fragrance. It is used to
make fine odors, as a perfume, and when burned will drive
away demons. Mixed with Peucedanum decursivum, it is
burned to drive away mosquitoes.

ROTTLERA JAPONICA.—pE (Tzii). See Catalpa
kempferi and Lindera tzumu.

RUBIA CORDIFOLIA.—#§ #& (Ch‘ien-ts‘ao), 126. A
very luxuriant variety of the plant is called 7% (Ch‘ien), and

382 — CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

the root is called #% (Sou). \ Other names are 4h fff (Ti-hsiteh),
ye HE BE (Jau-fei-ts‘ao), and ff 5 # (Hsiieh-chien-ch‘ou),
478. The first of these terms, as well as the character 9 just
above, refers to the belief that the color of the plaut is due to
transformed human blood ; the second to the use of the plant
in dyeing a deep red color ; and the third means ‘* when blood
sees it, itis shamed,’’ referring to the color produced by it. It
is the Indian madder plant, and is very similar to the European
madder. It is a creeper, growing toa length of several feet,
has a square, hollow stem, covered with small prickles. The
leaves are in whorls of five, scabrous and dark on the
upper side. The root is purplish-red. In the /Zzstorical
Records it is said that he who plants a thousand mow with
this plant and the Gardenza, is considered to be equal in
wealth to a nobleman who has control of a thousand households.
This shows the importance in which these plants are held in
the estimation of the Chinese. The root is used as a red dye
not only in China, but also in Japan, and is called muzzelte,
or mandjuchaka in Sansc¢rit. Tonic, alterative, astringent,
vulnerary, and emmenagogue properties are ascribed to the
root, and it is used in rheumatism, jaundice, hemorrhages,
fractures, and all sorts of exhausting discharges.

At the close of the article in the Pé¢sao, a creeper called
fi WR (Hstieh-t‘€ng), 479, is spoken of, and is probably a
rubiaceous plant. It is vellow, and is used as a blood remedy.

RUBUS CORONARIUS.—# B¥ (T‘u-mi). This is a fra-
grant bramble, similar to, or possibly identical with, the Arzer
Rose. Its only use is to scent a kind of wine called RR we 7H
(T‘u-mi-chiu). The characters are sometimes written 4§ J.

RUBUS INCISUS.—%% #4 -— (Hsian-kou-tzt). This
is also called j{j # (Shan-mei) and 7& # (Mu-mei), ‘‘wild or
wood berry’’. he berries are rather sour, but quite edible.
They are counter-vinous, refreshing, and expectorant. The
leaves are used in dysphagia. The bark of the root is used in
case of the death of a fetus which has not come away, in
menorrhagia, chronic dysentery, and chronic discharges of all
kinds.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 383

RUBUS THUNBERGII.—x@ #& (P‘€ng-lei). [8 (Piao)
is a name for berries like the blackberry, raspberry, or straw-
berry. Under the present article in the /éztsao a number
of species and varieties of Rubus are mentioned, such as
te FH ffs (Nou-t‘ien-piao), which is Rubus parvifolius ; He Be
fi (Hao-ying-piao), Rubus trifdus; % fe (Han-mei), Radius
buergert, +4 FA fe (Ch‘a-t‘ien-piao), Rubus coreanus; and
2% je fF (Tung-piao-tzit), Rubus rzchangensts. The general
description given in the /é/sao is quite characteristic, but
detailed account of the various species is so incomplete that
identifications are difficult. Nor is this necessary, since all
are used medicinaily in the same way. ‘These fruits are
said to quiet the five viscera, strengthen the virile powers,
increase the yz, give force and vigor to the body, and
promote fertility. They improve the complexion, promote
the growth of hair, and cure fevers and colds. The shoots
and leaves are used in the same cases as those of the Fu-
pén-tzit.

RUBUS TOKKURA.—#% #4 - (Fu-p‘én-tzii), 335.
Ancient writers did not distinguish this from the last. The
Chinese name, meaning ‘‘a turned-over bowl,’’ refers to the
shape of the fruit. A number of other names are given, some
of which evidently refer to a foreign origin for the plant.
Some of the names given in the last article are also applied to
this. This is the common Chinese wild raspberry, resembling
the American Rubus strigosus. It is found in the uplands of
the central and western provinces, and the fruit is not much
used by the Chinese, especially in the fresh state. It is some-
times dried or made into jam. ‘The fruit is bruised, made into
cakes, and dried for medicinal use, or it is made into a conserve
with honey. It is supposed to benefit respiration, give vigor
to the body, and prevent the hair from turning grey. Tonic,
restorative, and aphrodisiac properties are ascribed to it, and it
is recommended in phthisis, wasting, diabetes, impotence in
the male and sterility in the female. ‘The fresh leaves are
bruised and the juice employed in ophthalmia, especially the
infectious kind. ‘The root is used in decoction in ophthalmia
and opacities following smallpox.

384 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

RUMEX.—Docks and sorrels are common in China, but
the identification of Chinese names is difficult. The same
names are used for widely differing plants, and as descriptions
are incomplete or confusing, definite identification in many
cases is well-nigh impossible. % 3€ (Ko-ts‘ai) is sometimes
used as a term, but this first character is properly applied to
Pachyrizus. %& 7 (Wan-ching) is also used for Aumex, but
what is described in the Péztsao under this title is Brassica
rapa. Another term is 3& 7% 3€ (Tzti-hua-ts‘ai), and this
properly refers to Raphanus or Brassica. In Japan — Kw
(T‘u-ta-huang), or gE %K i (Tu-ta-huang), is identified as
Rumex aguaticus, and it is probable that there is some con-
founding of genera by the Chinese, but the latter do not
distinguish this from Aewm. In the Peking mountains a
Rumex goes by this name.

Rumex acetosa is § #i (Suan-mo). This is confounded
with Oxalis corniculata aud Physalis alkekengt. Other names
are [lj 2& Sif (Shan-yang-ti), pj J¢ He (Shan-ta-huang), and
4: (Suan-mu). This last is Prysades. One kind that resem-
bles 2& ji (Yang-ti) and is sour, is used in the treatment of
itch. ‘Ihe plant has a reddish-yellow root, and the juice of
this and of the leaves is used to correct the poison of corrosive
sublimate. ‘She leaves are sour and the root slightly bitter.
Taken internally it is regarded as antifebrile and carminative.
Externally it is used for parasitic skin diseases and freckles.
Another name for this plant in Hupeh, according to Henry,
is 4 7] BA (Niu-shé-t‘ou) ; but at Peking this is Raumex crispus.
It is a water dock having a leaf a foot or more long, according
to the description given in the Péztsao. ‘The fruits of this are
considered tonic and constructive. ‘These fruits are called 3¢
& (Shih-shon), ‘‘hog’s head,’? and the leaves 4+ Hf (Niu-érh),
““eow’s ear.’? Another kind of water dock, called fj 7 (Chiin-
shé), is highly recommended in choleraic affections.

RUMEX JAPONICUS.—:# Sif (Yang-ti). Another name
given for this is §4% AU (Kuei-mu), which is also a name for
Techoma grandiflora, the seeds of Solanum dulcamara, and a
sort of Amomum, also called % AW (Lu-mu), found in Lingnan.
So this name is not very distinctive. Other names are 4F G 36

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 385

~ (Niu-shé-ts‘ai), J 3€ (Tu-ts‘ai), 2 Hi Je BE (Vang-ti-ta-huang),
and the seeds are called 4 # H€ (Chin-ch‘iao-mai), ‘‘golden
buckwheat.’’ At Peking this is Rumex crispus. It grows in
marshes and at the side of water courses, to the height of three
or four feet. Its leaves somewhat resemble those of Lactuca,
but are darker in color. ‘The stalk is purplish-red, and it
bears a greenish-white flower. The seeds are borne on a spike,
and are three angled. The root is reddish-yellow, and resem-
bles that of Akewm. It is used as a parasiticide, insecticide,
and antiseptic remedy in skin diseases, ulcers, and the like.
It is also used internally in constipation. ‘The leaves are used
as a demulcent food, and are recommended in diarrhoeas and
intestinal worms. ‘The seeds are used as a demulcent and
carminative in dysentery and flatulence.

RUTA GRAVEOLENS.—Z # #4 (VYiin-hsiang-ts‘ao).
This grows in Yunnan. Two kinds are described, one with
five leaves (compound), and one with leek-like leaves. Its
action is considered to be counterpoisonous, and it is recom-
mended in malarial poisoning. The name is derived from that
of the resin secured from Sywplocos pruntfolra, to the odor of
which that of this plant is likened.

386 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

=.

SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM.— ff j§ (Kan-ché). The
earliest account of the swpar-cane in China dates from the
second century before Christ, and the characters were then
written #7 Hf (Kan-ché), the radical indicating the sweetness of
the plant. The name is also written 4£ # (Kan-ché), referring
to the reed-like character of the stalk. In the Shzowéz it is
termed #% (Ché). Under these characters are included both
Saccharum offictnarum and Sorghum saccharatum. The
Chinese distinguish several kinds; such as }{ J (Tu-ché) or
44 j= (Chu-ché), which is used for making sugar ; Py j& (Asi-
ché), also used for making sugar ; 35 Jf (Lé-ché), af 7 (La-ché),
or # JH (Ti-ché), which is Sorghum saccharatum , and 31 §&
(Hung-ché), & jf (Tztt-ché), or B # 7% (K‘un-lun-ché),
which is used principally for chewing in the fresh state. The
sugar-cane is grown in Kiangsi, Szechuan, Hunan, Chekiang,
Fukien, Formosa, and Kuangtung, largely as a substance for
chewing, but also for the manufacture of sugar and treacle.
This latter use has been much on the increase as foreign inter-
course with China has developed. The ingestion of the cane
with wine is thought to increase phlegm, and if eaten in
excess it is said to produce feverishness and nosebleed. The
use of the juice is considered to be cooling, tussic, stomachic,
and antivinous. The bagasse, #, is incinerated and mixed
with black juniper oil, & #ff iff, as an application to the sore
heads of children.

Raw sugar is called jp fi (Sha-t‘ang) or 4& 6 (Tzt-t‘ang).
The second character is now more commonly written #&
(T‘ang). The name is derived from the fact that in the Tang
(fz) dynasty, during the reign of the Emperor Tai-tsung, the
method of boiling the juice of the crushed cane was introduced
into Szechuan and other parts of China from Turkestan or
Central Asia. Hence the term for sugar is made up of the
character for the name of the dynasty combined with the
“food”? or ‘rice’? radical. The method of manufacture as
first introduced into China is given in the Péxtsao. The
character § (T’‘ang) is also used, but it is probably a wrong

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 387

way of writing §% (Hsing), ‘‘sweet-meats.’? A number of the
various products of the process are named, such as +5 f%
(Ch‘ing-t‘ang), which is a pasty mass, produced by boiling and
partly clarifying ; and several clarified and crystallized products
are called 4% % (Shih-mi), 3k fF (Ping-t‘ang), and $F #y
(T‘ang-shuang). Figures of men, birds, and animals have
long been made of the coarse sugar for children and for use
at feasts. A preparation made up with refined sugar and cow’s
milk is called Ff fiff (Ju-t‘ang), and it much resembles in
appearance the sweetened condensed milk now on sale in
China. ‘The refined sugar, which was called 4 3 (Shih-mi)
and « 4 fH (Pai-sha-t‘ang), is considered to be a remedy for
the spleen, and is prescribed in fevers, lack of secretion, dry
cough, and like difficulties. At the Yangtse ports sugar is
sometimes called 7 ## (Yang-t‘ang), from the fact that it is
brought in foreign steamers.

The making of sugar in Szechuan has been much inter-
fered with by the cultivation of the poppy, so that the Yangtse
provinces which used to draw their supply from this source,
now receive sugar in large quantities from Swatow, Canton,
and Hongkong. ‘The provinces of Hunan, Kueichou, and
Kiangsi are still able to supply the greater portion of what
they consume, although the imported sugar is considered
better, and in the end cheaper. ‘The sugar-cane is largely
cultivated in Chekiang for chewing, although the manufacture
of sugar is on the increase from year to year. It is to be
remembered that the embassies of 1792 and 1816, which visited
this province, found sugar very extensively manufactured there.
According to Mr. Bowra’s account in his Customs Report of
1869, intinerant sugar-boilers go about through the Chekiang
sugar districts, carrying with them an iron cauldron and a pair
of cylinders. The sugar mills are of the rudest kind, being
set up in the midst of the cane plantation, and are sometimes
rented out. ‘The juice having been boiled and partly clarified
is transformed into #7 #* (Ch‘ing-t‘ang) or PB, #F (Wu-t‘ang),
a green or black sugar of a pasty description.’’ In some places
a good sugar is produced by the claying process. ‘‘As in the
case of black sugar, the cane is ground and the juice is partly
clarified, and having been boiled to a certain consistency, is

388 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

transferred into earthen-ware vessels of a conical shape,
the article being then known as #¥ 3¢ (T‘ang-ts‘ai). These
cones being inverted into empty vessels to drain, in a short
time an article known as ## 3 ## (Chi-ch‘ih-t‘ang) is formed
and partly dried in the sun. In refining, moist clay is placed
on the base, renewed as required, and in due course removed,
when the sugar, on being shaken free from the cone, is found ©
to consist of three or four grades, that at the apex being coarse
and moist, known to the trade as jf; FE (Lou-wei), the next in
order being #§ #% (Chieh-t‘ang), the next #3 ## (Yang-t‘ang),
and above all & # ## (Kung-fén-t‘ang), which is the whitest
and best.’? [he molasses is treated afterwards to make the #£
#® (Hung-t‘ang), an article which the Chinese use as a laxative
remedy. Steam mills and refineries have been introduced into
the south, many of which are the result of foreign enterprise.
These are supplying much better grades of sugar at such cheap
rates that local manufacture is being driven out. It has not
been possible to learn whether the sugar-beet is yet cultivated
to any extent in China. Barley sugar is manufactured in
Fukien under the name of 3k # (Ping-t‘ang). A sort of
dextrose is also made in many parts of China from the ## #
(No-mi), glutinous rice. Sugar is often found adulterated in
China, as elsewhere, with sand, ricemeal, and the like. The
same ideas about the damage to the teeth and digestive organs
by sugar prevail in China as are entertained in Western countries.
It is frequently used as an application to wounds, ulcers, boils,
and inflamed eyes. It is noted that both barley sugar and
rock-candy are called jk #f.

SAGINA MAXIMA.—j 44 ¥% (Ch‘i-ku-ts‘ao). This is
a Japanese identification. It is given in the /éztsao under the
article on %y 2& St (Shu-yang-ch‘tian), which in Japan is
Solanum lyratum. ‘Three distinct plants are described, the
third being called # 3& HR a ¥£ (Lao-ya-yén-ching-ts‘ao),
which is the same as the ff 3 (Lung-k‘uei), Solanum nigrum.
These descriptions are very much mixed; but there is no
doubt that one of them refers to a Sagzza, and that this is the
one most commonly called Ch‘z-ku-¢s‘ao. The name is said
to be derived from the fact that the plant is regarded as an

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 389

antidote to varnish poisoning. ‘The juice of the plant is used
in fevers, foul sores, and all sorts of parasitic skin diseases,
decayed teeth, vaginal injuries, nervous difficulties of children,
to promote the growth of hair, in varnish poisoning, and inter-
nally in jaundice. Just which of these virtues is ascribed to
which plant is not made clear.

SAGITTARIA SAGITTIFOLIA.—#& f§ (T‘zti-ku),
1426 ; also written i #4 (Tzii-ku) and 2& ff (T‘zu-ku). Other
names are #% 4 (Chieh-ku), A Hy HE (Pai-ti-li), and Ke 7
(Shui-p‘ing), for the bulb, while the stalk is called §§ JJ Hi
(Chien-tao-ts‘ao), and #% ff ¥4& (Yén-wei-ts‘ao), referring to the
shape of the leaves. ‘This is confounded with Monochoria
hastata, and indeed this latter is called by these names in the
south. As one of the Chinese names indicates, it is also
confounded with Zemza. It is also said to resemble Alisma
plantago. It grows in shallow water, and is also cultivated in
ponds and irrigated fields. The arrow-shaped leaf is well
described in the Péztsao. In the fall and early spring the
tubers are dug up and steamed for food. ‘The tender stalk is
similarly used, and a sort of arrowroot is made of these products.
The herbage is somewhat acrid. The ingestion of the tubers
in the raw (cold) state is considered to be deleterious, producing
fluxes, weakness, and hemorrhoids. Pregnant women should not
eat of them. They are recommended in deficient lochia, and
in retention of the placenta, as well as in gravel. ‘The bruised
leaves are applied in foul sores, snake and insect bites, and as
a powder to itching diseases.

SAGUS RUMPHII.—+#¢ #f (Kuang-lane); Saguerus rum-
phi, ¥& FE (So-mu). The first character of the latter name
is properly written #$ (So). The former is also called #§ 7
(Mien-mu), referring to its starch, and $&% 7 (Tieh-mu), refer-
ing to the hardness of its wood. ‘The tree grows in Lingnan,
and it is cultivated. The description of the fecula and the
mode of obtaining it is given in the Péztsao. The bark is used
for making ropes, and the fiber for making a coarse cloth or
matting. The fruits resemble those of Areca catechu, and are
supposed to render fluid the blood and disperse ecchymoses.

390 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

The sago, called € #h #F (Kuang-lang-mien), is considered to
be very nutritious and strengthening. The second above named
is an allied kind of palm found growing in Annam, and called
fy AR (Asiang-mu). The tree is somewhat taller than the other,
and grows on mountain ridges. It resembles the coir-palm,
but furnishes the fecula which yields sago. ‘There is no appar-
ent difference in the preduct of this tree and that of the other.

SALISBURIA ADIANTIFOLIA.— 4 (Vin-hsing),
& 3B (Pai-kuo), 952. This tree grows south of the Yangtse,
and is said to be found at its best in Hsitan-chéng-hsien in Ning-
kuofu, Anhui. It grows from twenty to thirty feet high, with
thin, vertical leaves resembling a duck’s foot (triangular-fan-
shaped). In the second month the tree blooms with a greenish-
white bud, which opens in the night and quickly drops off, so
that men rarely see the flower on the tree. The fruits are
borne prolifically on the branches, and resemble lotus seeds.
They ripen after frost. The seeds are pointed at the extremi-
ties, and are marked by two or three longitudinal ridges. The
Chinese say that the three ridged seeds produce staminiferous
plants, and the two ridged pistiliferous ones. Care should be
taken to plant both kinds of seeds together. ‘This tree is the
Ginko biloba, the generic term being derived from the Japanese
pronunciation of the two characters §R 9 (Yin-kuo). It isa
tree of great beauty, and has been successfully transplanted to
Europe and America, growing quite well even in the north,
and the fruits ripening in the warmer latitudes of the south.
These are resinous, bitterish, and astringent. The Paz-kuo,
‘‘white-fruits,’’ of the shops, consist of the nut-like seeds,
which are from three-quarters of an inch to one inch long, and
have a brownish-white, smooth, hard shell. The kernel
consists of two yellow, mealy cotyledons, covered with a beauti-
ful, thin, reddish membrane. The Chinese consume these
nuts at weddings, the shedl being dyed red. ‘They are also
much used at feasts, and are a fair substitute for lotus seeds.
They have a somewhat fishy taste, and are supposed to benefit
asthma, coughs, irritability of the bladder, blenorrhoea, and
uterine fluxes. Eaten raw, they destroy cancer and are
counter-vinous. Cooked, they are said to be peptic and

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 391

anthelmintic, and are similarly used by the Japanese to promote
digestion. In some cases they appear to cause peculiar symp-
toms of intoxication, and occasionally to destroy life. They
are sometimes used to wash clothes, and are digested in wine
or oil to make a kind of detergent cosmetic. This detergent
action is dependent upon a peculiar, crystallizable, fatty princi-
ple which the pulp contains. ‘The wood of the tree is made
into seals, which are used as charms by quacks in the treatment
of disease. ‘The trees sometimes grow to a very great size; one
of the famous ‘‘big trees’’ of Kuling being of this kind.

SALIX BABYLONICA.—#if (Liu), Jv #3 (Hsiao-yang),
‘2 i) (VYang-liu). Several kinds of willow are included under
these terms; but the most common Chinese willow, and the
one that is planted extensively in all parts of the empire, is
the Salix babylonica. Of this there are several varieties, some
with the long pliant branches characteristic of the weeping
willow, while others have shorter and less pliant limbs. The
tree is well described in the Chinese books. The cottony
down of the seeds is called ff] S€ (Liu-hua) and # 28 (Liu-hsii) ;
but this may also include the catkins. This product is recom-
mended in jaundice, rheumatism, hemorrhage, fever, and
locally in foul sores and ulcers, cancers, and perspiring feet.
Decoction of the leaves, 741, is used in ulcers, skin diseases,
varnish poisoning, and internally in rheumatism, gonorrhcea,
ephemeral fever, and carbuncle. The white bark of the twigs
and root, 746, is used in the bath for parasitic skin eruptions,
and internally in decoction for jaundice, gonorrhoea, and rheu-
matic swellings. A kind of tea, called fff 3¢ (T‘ien-ch‘a), is
made of the leaves of this and other trees of the willow family,
and they are sometimes used to adulterate tea. The gum from
the willow tree, called #1 # (Liu-chiao), is applied to foul
sores. The willow epiphyte $l #4 4E (Liu-chi-shéng), is a
species of /zscum, and is sold in the shops as a dried, yellow,
flowering plant, with the leaves attached. It is used as a
carminative, autispasmodic, and sedative.

SALIX PURPUREA.—JK 43% (Shui-yang), if PB (P‘u-
liu), #7 #§ (Ch‘ing-yang). This is a willow with leaves that

392 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

are rounder and shorter than those of the last, and short, stiff
branches, with reddish bark and wood that is fit to make
arrows. Possibly more than one kind of willow is included
under these terms, as the #ff #3 (P‘u-yang) is said to have long
leaves and pliant branches suitable for making baskets. The
twigs and leaves, 746, are used in chronic dysentery, cancerous
sores, and as a dressing to smallpox ulcers. The white bark
of the tree and the root, 741, is used in similar cases and as
a styptic and anodyne in wounds.

SALVIA JAPONICA.—§s J— #4 (Shu-wei-ts‘ao), 1171.
This plant takes its name from its flower spikes, which some-
what resemble those of Plantago major. It is used for dyeing
black, and for that reason is called & ¥#% (Wu-ts‘ao). It grows
in marshes, and is therefore called 7¢ # (Shui-ch‘ing). There
are two varieties, one with red and the other with white flowers.
The flowers and leaves are used in medicine in struma,
fluxes, and discharges. ‘‘The white-flowered kind is good for
colorless discharges, and the red-flowered for red discharges.’’
It is also used in ague and dropsy.

SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA.—J} # (Tan-shén), 1246.
This labiate plant is grown in Shensi, Shansi, Shantung, and
in the Peking mountainsitisa common plant. It has from three
to seven hirsute leaves and large violet flowers. The root is
red externally and purplish internally when fresh. It is sold
in short, shrivelled pieces of a bright, brick-red: color, some-
times branching or twisted, and generally bristling with radi-
cles. The interior is soft, and the taste of the whole is
sweetish, resembling that of licorice. ‘This root is one of the
five astral remedies, # 3 (Wu-shén), which are thought to
correspond to the five colors—yellow, white, black, purple, and
red—and to the five principal viscera—spleen, lungs, kidneys,
liver, and heart. This particular one belongs to the heart, and
its red color suggests the blood. It is credited with alterative,
antispasmodic, arthritic, tonic, sedative, astringent, and vul-
nerary properties, and it is highly recommended in all blood
difficulties, hemorrhages, menstrual disorders, and miscar-
riages.

,

|

|
|

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 393

SALVIA PLEBIA.—#i 3 (Ching-chieh), 175. This
Chinese name is used for various plants, such as Mepeta tenze-
folia, Molsa lanceolata, Origanum vulgare, Phthetrospermum
chinense, Elsholtzia, and Melampyrum. It is described in the
Péntsao under 4h #R (Chia-su), Zeercun stoloniferum (which
see), and is not distinguished medicinally from it. At Peking,
however, Chzzg-chieh is Salvia plebia.

SALVINIA NATANS.—® jf (Tzit-p‘ing), see Lemna
minor. Salvinia vulgaris, {% BE yq (Huai-yeh-p‘in), see Ay-
adrochartis morsus rane and Marsilia quadrtfolia.

SAMBUCUS JAVANICA.—f& 3 (Lu-ying). The de-
scription of this plant in the Péxtsao is very vague, but its
identity is sufficiently established by observation. The leaves
aud root are used in medicine, and are regarded as non-poison-
ous. It is prescribed for all diseases of bones, pain and numb-
ness, and rheumatic difficulties generally.

SAMBUCUS RACEMOSA.—# Ze (Chieh-ku-mu),
go. This is the same as Sanebucus sieboldiana, and is a real
woody e/der. Other names are fj BH ZK (Asii-ku-mu) and
AR HH ZE (Mu-so-t‘iao). It grows extensively throughout
China, and is a small tree from ten to fifteen feet high, and
has a hollow stem. It is sometimes cultivated. The juice is
acrid and slightly emetic. It is used in broken bones, sprains,
colds, and carious teeth. The bark of the root is used in
dropsy, ague, and suppressed lochia. As it is emetic, care
should be exercised in its use. ‘The leaves are used in ague
fits, when adults use the juice of seven leaves and children that
of three leaves. ‘This produces emesis, which is supposed to
break the attack.

SAMBUCUS THUNBERGIANA.— $f 2% (So-t‘iao).
Also called # % #4 (Chieh-ku-ts‘ao), 90. This is the same as
Sambucus chinensis. It is a half-woody, half-herbaceous plant,
and grows quite commonly in waste ground. It has five-
parted leaves, white flowers, and berry-like fruits which
become red when ripe. The leaves, stem, and root are used in

394 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

medicine, have a sour taste, and are poisonous, being emetic.
They are used in decoction in the bath in the treatinent of
itchy, scaly, and parasitic skin diseases. They are somewhat
used internally in obstinate agues, suppressed lochia, and
anasarca.

SANDARAC.—It is not known that this substance
appears by itself in Chinese commerce ; at least no name has
been found for it. Porter Smith gives 28 % (VYiin-hsiang) as a
term for it, and this term is indeed found in the /ézzsao refer-
ring to an herb (Au¢a graveolens), and as one of the names of
Symplocos prunvfolia. Under this last article there is a refer-
ence to a resin coming from Khoten which is called = @F B
(Yiin-hsiang-chiao). It is used in polishing jade. It is quite
probable that olibanum is sometimes found with an admixture
of sandarac, as often happens in that found in western phar-
macies, and it may even be that the pure sandarac is sometimes
confounded in China with olibanum or storax. Porter Smith
did not claim to be able to procure the drug in Hankow, but says
that it is somewhat whiter than mastich and is used in much
the same way as the other resins: z.¢., as a stimulant, sedative,
and deodorizing drug. It is often put into clothes-trunks to
keep away moths. Gunda birosa is the Indian name of a
drug resembling sandarac.

SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS.—# @& (Ti-yu); see

Poterium officinale.

SANTALUM ALBUM.—#¥ # (T‘an-hsiang). This is
somewhat confounded with Dalbergia hupeana and Pterocar-
pus santalinus. Put it is distinguished as the id f# (Chén-
t‘an), ‘‘true t‘an,’? and ff f# (Chan-t‘an), which is in imita-
tion of the Sanscrit chandana, the name of the sazdal wood
in India. Another nime is fy fff #¥ (Pai-chan-t‘an). The
principal name is explained by its phonetic — (Tan), which
means ‘‘true,’’ ‘‘sincere,’’? and refers to the use of the wood as
incense for worship. ‘The wood originally came from the
couutries of the Buddhists and Mohammedans, but is now
grown in Lingnan. Medicinally, it is regarded as carminative

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 395

and corrective, and is used in hiccough, vomiting, and choleraic
difficulties. It is mixed with mucilage and applied to acne
ot the face and to aching parts. The sandal-wood tree grows
under the protection of the British government in Mysore, and
in some cases is allowed to attain to the height of twenty-five
feet. The trees are usually cut down when twenty years old,
and the wood is chopped into billets for sale. The roots and
heart-wood yield a fine, yellow, clear oil, which is imported
into China, 1249, and is much valued for its fragrance. Other
woods used in the carving of fans and like articles are given a
coating of this oil to make them appear to be genuine sandal-
wood. ‘This oil is mentioned in the Appendix to the éxtsao
as a carminative remedy ; but modern Chinese doctors have
learned to use it in gonorrheea also.

SAPINDUS MUKOROSSI.—& #& -F (Wu-huan-tzii),
AR HBF (Mu-huan-tzit), 865. Other names are JE 3K F (Fei-
chu-tzii), jth BR fF (Vu-chu-tzii), #2 #2 -F (P‘u-ti-tzi), and
SL 2X (Kuei-chien-ch‘ou). The first two refer to the oily
nature of the seeds and their pearl-shape, while the third
meaus bodhi seeds, and is used by the Buddhists, and the fourth
is used by the Taoists and refers to the benign influence of the
seeds in exorcising demons. The tree is a large one, bearing
seeds resembling those of AZelza azedarach, which are some-
times used for making rosaries. Notwithstanding their
acridity, they are roasted and eaten by the Chinese. The dark
kernels were formerly made into a tincture, which was used as
a corrective and eliminant remedy. The globular fruit outside
the seed is used in medicine under the name of FR B& W (Mu-
huan-jou), 863. It is considered to be slightly poisonous, and
is cleansing to the skin, removing tan and freckles. The
cotyledons of the seeds are recommended for bad breath and
gum boils. The root, 864, is also-used, probably in the same
way as the fruit and seeds.

SAPONARIA VACCARIA.— KA BY fF (Wang-pu-liu-
hsing), 1440. Other names are #& Bf 7 (Chin-kung-hua) and
& 3 # = (Chin-chan-yin-t‘ai). The plant is trequeutly
met with in the fields, and grows from one to two feet high.

396 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

It has bell-shaped flowers, with an inflated calvx enclosing the
seed capsule. At Peking, Szlexe aprica is called by this name.
The plant is slippery and unctuous, and when trod upon is apt
to cause a fall. Hence, one of the princes forbade its being
allowed to grow in the palace grounds. From this arose the
two principal names. The seeds are dark red and round,
resembling turnip seeds. The root, shoot, flowers, and leaves
are all used in medicine and are said to be vulnerary, styptic,
diuretic, galactagogue, discutient, and solvent. ‘They are a
soldier’s remedy after receiving wounds.

SARACA INDICA.—3&§ # 7 (Wu-yu-hua). The
flowers of this ‘‘sorrowless’’ tree upon which the mother of
Sakyamuni Buddha is said to have laid hold in the pangs of
the birth of her son, are barely mentioned in the Avang-chiin-
fang-pu. It is a leguminous tree, and the legend is that it
always bursts into flower when touched by a woman. It is

therefore a woman’s remedy.

SARGASSUM SILIOUASTRUM.—j 3% (Hai-tsao).
See Alge.

SAURURUS LOUREIRI.—= 4 # (San-pai-ts‘ao). The
Customs lists give = ‘ff #B (San-ya-hu) = ‘f #8 (San-ya-ts‘ao),
1064, but from what source these are derived has not been
found. The plant grows in marshy ground, has a stalk that
resembles Folygonum, leaves that resemble those of Celosza
argentea, and in the fourth month the three terminal leaves
of the plant successively begin to turn white. There is a
common saying, ‘‘one leaf white, eat wheat; two leaves
white, eat plums and apricots; three leaves white, eat
millet.’’ In the fifth month it bears a spike of small, white,
slightly fragrant flowers, followed by small, one-seeded berries.
The root is white, elastic, jointed, and covered with bristly
rootlets. The plant is to be distinguished from Polygonum
persicaria, which has black spots on the leaves. The flowers
and root are used in medicine, and are considered to be slightly
deleterious. Eliminative, antimalarial and parasiticide prop-
erties are attributed to it.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 397

SAXIFRAGA SARMENTOSA.—)}& Ff ¥% (Hu-érh-ts‘ao).
This grows in moist, shady places, and is also cultivated on
stony ground. It has a creeping stalk, and sends up leaf-stalks
to the heiglit of five or six inches, the leaf-blade being rounded,
hairy, and shaped like a tiger’s ear or lotus leaf. For this
last reason it is sometimes called 4 fi RE (Shih-ho-yeh). The
flower, which opens in summer, is pale red. The drug is used
in choleraic difficulties, vomiting, discharges from the ear, and
piles. In the last case, the plant is dried in the shade and then
set fire to in a bucket, and used to steam or smoke swollen,
painful hemorrhoids.

SCAPHIUM SCAPHIGERUM.—JP Fe Hg (P ‘ang-ta-hai),
KK wy F (An-nan-tzit), Je ify] FE (Ta-t‘ung-kuo), 7 fe F (Ta-
hai-tzti), 1223. This drug comes from the Tatung mountain
of Annam, where it grows in the darkness of the jungle. It
is described in the Péz¢sao as follows: ‘The fruits resemble
dried Canxartum fruits, have a yellowish black skin very much
wrinkled, and when soaked in water the layers swell up into a
cloudy mass. But in the middle is a soft shelled seed contain-
ing the cotyledons, the taste of which is sweetish.’’? The drug
is also found in Siam, where the tree is called Boa-tam-fat-
jang, Poungtaraz, and Bungtalaz. ‘The leaves examined by
Hanbury were about five inches long, simple, entire, ovate-
acuminate, and glabrous on both surfaces. The fruits are about
an inch long, ovoid, and without a pedicle, the cicatrix left by
the dark-brown, deeply-wrinkled fruit being very conspicuous
and curiously oblique, with a kind of spur. The thin, dry
epidermis being removed, reveals a dry, black mesocarp, within
which is the central seed, consisting of the two shrunken
cotyledons. When the fruit is put into water for some: few
hours, the thin epidermis peels off, and the dark mesocarp
swells up into a very large, tasteless mass of gelatine showing
all the wrinkles of the fruit, and imparting a dark tint to the
water. This is due to the bassorine contained in the pericarp.
Sir R. H. Schomburgk was told that where the trees grow by
a roadside and the fruits drop on the road abundantly, after a
hard rain there will be such a mass of glutinous jelly formed
that the passage of the road by travellers is a matter of dif-

398 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ficulty. Extravagant properties are attributed to the drug.
Said to grow in the shade, it is a remedy for ‘‘fire’’ in the
system. It is used to bring out the eruption of smallpox, to
cure all fevers, phthisis, hemorrhage from the nose, stomach,
bowels or bladder, to counteract poison, sunstroke, ophthalmia,
toothache, intestinal worms, hemorrhoids, dry cough, fever in
the marrow, all sorts of ulcer, ‘‘and it is difficult to enumerate
all of its medicinal virtues.’? Some years ago it was introduced
into France as a certain specific in diarrhcea and dysentery.
Its virtues were probably due to being a mucilaginous drink
substituting all other medication, thus affording rest and an
opportunity for the diseased organs to recover. The jelly is
sweetened and eaten, but its principal use is as a domestic
cooling, demulcent, and laxative remedy.

SCHIZANDRA CHINENSIS.—F, if — (Wu-wei-tzi),
1477. This is confounded with its allied genus Kadsura, and
in Japan Kadsura japonica is fi Fi ik (Nan-wu-wei), and
Schizandra chinensis 1G Ft WY (Pei-wu-wei), 996. The drug
is said to have five distinct tastes. The skin and pulp of the
fruit are sweet and sour, the kernels are pungent and bitter,
and the whole has a salty taste. This gives rise to the name,
‘five flavors.”? The plant is a climber, and the fruit is a
berry, being black in the case of Schzzandra nigra, and red in
that of Kadsura and Schizandra chinensis. ‘The fruit and
branches contain a great amount of viscid mucoid material,
and the Japanese women are said by Siebold to dress their hair
with it, it being also used to size the Japanese mulberry-bark
paper. The specimens of the drug generally contain portions of
the stalks of the berries, which are collected in a head as they
grow upon the trees which support the trailing plant. Tonic,
aphrodisiac, pectoral, and lenitive properties are ascribed to
the plant, although the Chinese unwisely reject the branches,
which yield a mucilaginous decoction, efficacious in dysentery,
gonorrhcea, and coughs. The plant is believed to contain the
quintessence of the five elements as the basis of its properties.

SCIRPUS CYPERINUS.—jffi] Hi (K‘uai-ts‘ao). This is

mentioned in the /éxztsao in a foot note to Gymnothrix

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 399

japonica. It is said to have a shoot like /mferata, and can.
be made into matting and ropes. The seeds can be eaten as
a substitute for rice.

SCIRPUS-TUBEROSUS.—& 3& (Wu-yt), =: & (Pi-
ch‘i), 4) Be (Ti-1i), & HE (Fu-tzn). The second name is usual-
ly wrongly written 3f ff, and is properly pronounced P%o-chz.
The tubers are like taro and black ; ducks like to eat them,
hence the first and fourth names. This last is the proper name,
according to the books, while the second 1s the common name.
The plant is the same as Eleocharis tuberosus. The tuber is
eaten both raw and cooked, and is liable to produce flatulence.
It is largely cultivated and sold as a food all over China. In
some parts of the country, especially in the Yangtse valley, the
plant grows wild, and is therefore not specially cultivated.
The tubers are sweet, juicy, and somewhat resemble the chestnut
in appearance rather than in flavor, and are therefore called by
the foreigners ‘‘water-chestnuts,’’? although the Chinese call
them ‘‘ground-chestnuts’’ (ff§ 3). They are considered to be
cooling and beneficial to the breath, and are used in fluxes
and poisons. A starchy preparation is made from them, known
as =& g& fp (Pi-chi-fén), which is considered very nourishing
and beneficial to the digestive organs, and is given to children
when they swallow cash or other metallic substances. In the
Customs Lists it is called 5 fi #} (Ma-ti-fén), 811, but upon
what authority does not appear.

SCOPOLIA JAPONICA.—fR @& (Lang-tang).. The
plant described under this name in the Péztsao does not seem
to be Hyoscyamus niger, although Henry found a plant called
by this name in a mountain garden in Hupeh, which proved
to be /Zyoscyamus, and Bretschneider says that at least two
species of /Zyoscyamus are found in North China. He does not
give any Chinese name for these. The plant described is hir-
sute, has leaves resembling those of _Rekmannia, white or
purple flowers, urn-shaped calyx, persistent and enclosing the
seed capsule, which contains greenish-white seeds. These seeds,
when eaten, produce madness. For use in medicine, the seeds
are prepared by digesting in vinegar and then in milk, and

400 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

afterwards drying in the shade. In this way they ina large
measure lose their poisonous properties. Anodyne, construct-
ive, tonic, diuretic, and tussic properties are attributed to the
drug, and it is prescribed in dysentery, coughs, mania, epilepsy,
dropsy, toothache, cancer of the breast, and-.prolapse of the
rectum. ‘The root is used in pernicious malaria, and in parasitic
skin diseases.

SCROPHULARIA OLDHAMI.—% # (Hsitan-shén),
1563. The first character is se frequently written 3g (Yiian).
The plant is also called 3 & (Hei-shén) and Bf JS fi (Yeh-
chih-ma). It has opposite leaves, which are long and serrated.
It grows four and five feet high, has a slender stem of purplish-
green color. It bears greenish, purple, or white flowers, and
black fruits. The stem, which is square, and the leaves are
covered with hairs. The roots, which represent the drug
proper, are about three or four inches long, and nearly an inch
in diameter in the middle, tapering off to either end. They
are brown externally, and very irregularly furrowed and wrink-
led. They are fleshy and dark internally, and moist in fresh
samples. Some of the roots are branched and jointed. Al-
though this is said to be used by ingense-makers, it has very
little smell, and the taste is raw and sweetish. It is very
liable to be attacked by worms. It is regarded as cooling,
diuretic, tonic, and restorative, and is prescribed in fevers,
malaria, typhoid, scrophulous glands, galactorrhcea, and leu-
corrheea.

SCUTELLARIA MACRANTHA.—#& 4 (Huang- ch‘in),
513. This name seems also to be applied to Scwtellaria viset-
dula. ‘This Chinese skud/cap is a common plant in nearly
every part of China, in Mongolia, and well into Siberia. It
grows about a foot high, has small, lanceolate leaves, and
bears blue flowers. Other species, which are also used, bear
yellow, or purple, flowers. The root, which is usually cut
into slices, is light, spongy, yellow in color, slightly bitter,
and mucilaginous. When it is fresh and soll: it is called
Ff 2 (Tzit-ch‘in), and when old, broken, and full of holes,
it is called 4% AE (Su-ch‘in). This old root, from being

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 401

hollow and black within, is sometimes called 4 4 (Tu-fu),
‘jealous woman;’’ such a person being supposed by the
Chinese to have the typical rotten, black heart. This thing
is said to equalize the vital principles, to be tonic to the
bladder, quieting to the pregnant uterus, stimulant to the
respiratory organs, anodyne, and astringent, and it is prescribed
in fevers, jaundice, diarrhoeas, ulcers, colic, amenorrheea,
fluxes, boils, carbuncle, and cancer of the breast. A famous
prescription is known as the = ® }, (San-huang-wan),
‘‘ three-yellow-pill,’? and is composed of this root, rhubarb
(K HH), and Copies teeta (#¥ HH). It is regarded as a tonic and
reconstructive remedy in weakness of sexual origin in men and
women. ‘I‘he seeds are also used to cleanse the bowels of
blood and pus.

SEDUM ERYTHROSTICTUM.—#% JE (Ching-t‘ien).
It is not certain that this plant in China is not Sempervivum
tectorum. It has a large number of names meaning ‘‘to
protect from fire,’? as it is supposed to have this quality,
and is therefore planted in pots on house tops. It is also
much cultivated on artificial rocks in gardens for ornament-
ation. The stem is tinged with red and yellow, the leaves
are pale green, shining, soft, spoon-shaped, thick, and not
pointed. They have a bitterish-sweet taste, and can be
eaten after scalding. An allied species, called 7A §&
(Pa-pao-érh), is very beautiful and is commonly cultivated.
It is probably Sedum alboroseum. ‘The leaves are considered
to have antifebrile properties, and are prescribed in all forms
of fever, wounds, and inflammations. The flowers are used
in fluxes from the vagina, the nervous affections of children,
in opacity of the cornea, and in prolapse of the genital
organs after labor. The juice of the leaves is a common
domestic remedy in eruptions, as well as an application
to burns.

SEDUM LINEARE.—{js HA ¥8 (Fo-chia-ts‘ao). It is
said to resemble purslane, to be four or five inches high, and
to have a brittle stem with fine linear leaves. It blooms in
summer with a yellow flower, is cultivated on stony places or

402 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

old walls, and is thought to have some mysterious power of
preventing famine. It is slightly poisonous, and is used as a
local application in the treatment of burns and scalds.

SEDUM Sp.— # (Shih-sung), 1158. In most places
this is Lycopodium clavatum (see the article on Lycopodium),
but Faber also gives this identification.

SELAGINELLA INVOLVENS.— 44 (Chiian- po).
The Customs Lists, 1438, confound this with B§ 4¢ # (Wan-
nien-sting); but this is properly = #H (Yii-po), or Lycopodium
japonicum. Bretschneider says: ‘This curious plant of the
order Lycopodiacece, is very common in the Peking mountains,
where it grows ou stones and rocks. It has the fronds curled
in and contracted when dry, in which condition it is of a
yellowish-brown color, but it expands immediately and assumes
a fresh green color when put into hot water. Its common
name at Peking is Sj % Fy (T‘ang-t‘ang-ch‘ing), which means
it becomes green in hot water.’? The plant is also found
plentifully at Nanking, and wherever there is rocky, moist
ground that is allowed to remain undisturbed. It is also called
£ 4 RH FE BW (Ch‘ang-shéng-pu-ssii-ts‘ao), as it is thought
to have the property of prolonging life, when administered
medicinally. It is prescribed in coughs, prolapse of the rectum,
gravel, amenorrhoea, and hemorrhage from the bowels. The
power of driving away evil spirits is also ascribed to it.

Two other lycopodiaceous plants are spoken of under this
article. They are called }¥ #4 (Ti-po) and @ 4 ¥ (Han-
shéng-ts‘ao), respectively. They are like Selagznella, and the
first is used in hemorrhages. The second comes from the
country of the red-socked nomads in Kokonor, and is used in

difficult labor.

SELINUM MONNIERI. oe tk (Shé-ch‘uang). See

Cnidium monniert.

SELINUM Sp.—j# 2 (Mi-wu). This is Faber’s identi-
fication ; but Li Shih-chés says that this name stands for the
young leaves of Cozzoselinum unztvittatum, an umbelliferous

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 403

plant. Another name given is jf # (Chiang-li), ‘‘river
sedge ;’’ but these characters, if properly applied to this plant,
evidently do not have this meaning. The plant was much
cultivated formerly, aud may yet be, for its fragrant leaves,
which seem to have inspired poets to write about them.
These leaves are used in medicine as a tussic, carminative,
nervine, antiseptic, and anthelmintic remedy, and they are
prescribed in colds and diarrhceas. ‘The flowers are used in
cosmetic preparations.

SENECIO CAMPESTRIS.—jg GF Hi (Kou-shé-ts‘ao).
This plant grows in Szechuan in moist ground. It has a leaf
somewhat resembling that of Plazdago, and bears a yellowish-
white flower. It is regarded as slightly poisonous, and is only
used as a parasiticide in skin diseases and on the clothes.

SENECIO PALMATUS.—#% ff (Wei-hsien).. There
are very many species of Sezeczo in China, and this name prob-
ably refers to more than one kind. Other names given are
Be # (Mi-hsien), #E # (Lu-hsien), 32 i YF (Wu-féng-ts‘ao),
4 jy ¥S (Wu-hsin-ts‘ao), Me fj (Wu-tien), 9 H% (Ch ‘éng-chi),
and #& # (Ch‘éng-kao). It is said that deer, when sick, eat
this plant and then recover ; hence the name Zu-hszen. It has
hairy leaves, a red stem, and bears yellow flowers. It is said
not to move in the wind, but to be self-moving in still air.
The stalk and leaves are used in rheumatism, epilepsy, can-
cerous sores, and general debility. It is said to preveut concep-
tion, and a decoction is employed as a wash for foul sores.
The Wet-hsien-ts‘ao is considered to be tonic, and astringent
and carminative in diarrheea.

SENECIO SCANDENS.—F- # 3% (Ch‘ien-li-chi). Also
called - 3¢ (Ch‘ien-li-kuang), 199. The other plant spoken
of in the Customs Lists, J, Fi 49 (Chiu-li-ming), 199, is an
allied species, Czmeraria repanda. But this German ivy is
well described in the Péxtsao. ‘The flowers, when produced,
are yellow, and the seeds seldom come to perfection. The
stalk and leaves are regarded as an efficient remedy in eye
diseases. The plant is regarded as slightly poisonous (emetic).

404 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

It is used in all sorts of epidemics, jaundice, malaria, and snake
or dog bites. Decocted with licorice, it is used as an antifebrile,
and with JJ, #7 (Hsiao-ch‘ing), Ardisia japonica (?), for the
tenesmus of dysentery.

SERISSA FCYTIDA.—#h fi i (Ch ‘i-chieh-ts‘ao). Other
names are 7y AY # (Liu-ytieh-ling) and 7, A 4 (Liu-ytieh-
shuang). These last, however, are considered to represent
Euonymus.: ‘This plant resembles Solidago virgo aurea, but
is greener and more brittle. Its flowers resemble those of
Mentha arvenis. The stalk and leaves are used in carbuncles
and cancers.

SESAMUM INDICUM.—@j ff (Hu-ma), 77 3 (Ch ‘ing-
jang). This latter is said to represent the leaves of the former.
The character }ff, is properly applied to plants yielding textile
fibers, as Corchorus, Bomeéria, Linum, and as anciently, to
Cannabis sativa. But hemp seed has been from ancient times
an article of food; so it has not been surprising that the term
should be applied to Sesamum, which is commonly called 7h
ji, (Yu-ma), although this latter term also includes one or more
species of Zzzum. ‘The famous general, Chang Chien, brought
the seed of these oil-bearing plants from the West when he
made his famous tour in the time of the Han dynasty. For
this reason it gets the character J (Hu), ‘‘Scythian,’’ in its
name, as do the most of the plants brought from abroad
by this observant traveler. The account in the /éztsao
thoroughly confounds Sesamum, Linum, and Mulgedium ,; so
medical uses are not clearly defined. The fruits are dark
brown, or black, four-angled capsules, two-valved, and about
a quarter of an inch long. ‘The taste is sweet and aromatic.
They are used as cooling, emollient, pectoral, laxative, and
uterine remedies. The seeds are distinguished between black, °
2 ith ji. (Hei-yu-ma), and white, & jf ji (Pai-yu-ma); and
while the medicinal properties are necessarily very much alike,
the Chinese make certain distinctions in their use. Generallv
speaking, they regard the seeds as emollient, constructive, and
cooling. The black seeds are specially used in labor, to pre-
vent catching cold, and the raw seeds bruised are employed

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 405

as a sort of poultice in the sore heads of children and in
venereal sores in women. The white seeds are eaten by
nursing mothers to prevent colds and convulsions in their
infants. The oil, very naturally, has similar properties,
and is used as a bland emollient internally in diarrhceas,
and externally in all sorts of sores. Its ingestion is also
thought to facilitate labor. The dregs of oil from an old
lamp are considered to be specially efficacious. The oil-cake,
jit fi # (Mla-k‘u-ping), is used to fatten fish and to enrich the
fields. It is also used as food for human consumption, and is
employed to clean the teeth and blacken the hair. The Ching-
jang, which is the foliage of the plant, is also considered very
beneficial when eaten, having qualities not much inferior to
those of the seeds. A strong decoction is recommended in
dysmenorrhcea. The flowers are thought to make the hair
grow after favus, and to promote the growth of the eyebrows.
They are emollient to the intestines, and are used as an
application to warts and other excrescences of the skin. The
stalks are incinerated, and the ash used on hemorrhoids and
in purulent otorrheea.

SESELI LIBANOTIS.—¥ # (Hsieh-hao). This is an
umbelliferous plant having a general resemnblance to Artemisia
apiacea, but it does not have the offensive odor of the latter.
The leaves and root are both edible. It is carminative and
corrective, and is recommended in flatulence and indigestion,
A decoction is used to wash foul sores.

SETARIA ITALICA.—2£ (Liang). This is the common
spiked millet, which is so extensively grown for food in the
north of China, where the popular name of the plant is # +
(Ku-tzii), and of the hulled grain is sJ. 9 (Hsiao-mi). The
character designating this grain is explained by B (Liang),
‘excellent grain.’? Another explanation is that it originally
came from 2% Ji] (Liang-chou), formerly including parts of Sze-
chuan, Hupeh, and Honan. The character 3€ (Su) is sometimes
applied to this form of millet, but belongs rather to another
variety. ‘[‘hree varieties of grain are distinguished: te BER
(Huang-liang-mi), yellow, —& 2% 4 (Pai-liang-mi), white, and

406 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

FF GE WK (Ch‘ing-liang-mi), green. It is possible that the last
is confounded with Se/arta viridis (see below). The yellow
grain is considered as constructive, as well as emollient and
astringent in diarrhceas and choleraic affections. The white
is cooling, and is therefore recommended in feverish and
choleraic conditions. The green has about the same qualities
as the other two, but is also diuretic and strengthening to
virility. All are used in the form of congee.

SETARIA ITALICA GLUTINOSA.—#i (Shu). This
is the glutinous variety of the spiked millet. It 1s not mueh
used as food, as it is thought to obstruct the viscera ; but it is
extensively used for the distilling of spirits. Three varieties
are mentioned: yellow, red, and white. It is reeommended in
feverish conditions, as a local application in varnish poisoning,
mixed with white of egg in boils and abscesses, and in dog
bite. It is used in a congee with Astragalus hoangtchy by
pregnant women who have a discharge from the vagina.

SETARIA VIRIDIS (Germanica).— (Su), Hl
(Hsien-su). Anciently 3£ (Su) was a general name for imillet-
like grains, including 2, #§%, 32, and #ff ; but later this term is
applied to a non-glutinous variety of the spiked millet, distin-
guished by short spikes and short bristles. This is also com-
monly called sJy 3 (Hsiao-ini) in the north. There are green,
red, yellow, white, and black varieties. The grain is regarded
as beneficial to the kidnevs, lungs, stomach, bladder, and liga-
ments. It is recommended in cholera, nosebleed, vomiting,
and claw wounds of bears or tigers.

SHOREA ROBUSTA.—# # 7€ (So-lo-mu). This is
a coniferous tree of India, described in the Awang-chiin-fang-pu,
and which furnishes a sort of frankincense, called B§ #R F
(Tu-nou-hsiang). It grows in Cambodia, and the resin is
white and translucent. That made from the bark by roasting
is dark in color. Another kind is ealled ]# 7\ #% (Tan-pa-
hsiang), and is produced by a maple-like tree in Cochin-
China. ‘The resin is used in a cosmetic preparation made
with this substance, Jatropha janipha, the kernels of the seeds

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 407

of Benincasa cerifera, and pomegranate bark, digested in
spirits for three days. Applied to the face after first washing,
and doing this for some days, the skin will gradually assume
a lustrous appearance like jade.

SIEGSBECKIA ORIENTALIS.—% @ (Hsi-lien), 395,
Ae HE (Chu-kao-mu), fe 34 (Hu-kao), jay FF (Kou-kao), f¥
Hy 3 (Nien-hu-ts‘ai). This composite plant is said to smell!
like a pig and have an acrid, bitter taste; hence the principal
name. The third and fourth names are derived from the fact
that wounds by dogs and tigers are treated with this drug,
and the last name from the use of the plant as food after
boiling, which removes the bad odor and taste and produces
a mucilaginous pot-herb. It is probable that a number of
varieties, species, or even genera, are included under the
several names given for the plant in the /éxztsae. Li Shih-
chén gives a lengthy description of the differences, but in
general characteristics the plants seem to be very similar.
Some are regarded as being slightly deleterious (emetic), while
others are thought to have no untoward properties. It is used
in worm fever aud loss of appetite, in wounds to relieve pain,
as a mild stimulant in ulcers, in chronic malaria, dog and
tiger bites, spider and insect bites, and numbness of the extrem-
ities. Two other similar plants are mentioned in a footnote
to this article, called #4 f& (Lei-pi) and 26 J 4& (Yang-shih-
ch‘ai) ; but these are not identified. The leaves of the former
are used as a tonic, and those of the latter to treat cancerous
sores. The root of this latter may be used to poison fish.

SILER DIVARICATUM.—[f J (Fang-féng), 292.
This is an umbelliferous plant, and it is not quite certain
whether the name refers to this, to Peuwcedanum rigidum, or
to Peucedanum terebinthaceum, possibly to all these, as well
as to others. There is not much description, and that given
is very unsatisfactory. The plant is found in most of the
central and northern provinces. It is compared to the fennel
plant, and is eaten as a pot-herb. The best root is sold in
long, brownish-yellow, irregular, branching pieces, having
some of the stem attached to the root-stock. It has a sweetish,

408 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

aromatic taste, and is given in all difficulties due to damp and
chill, including the thirty-six varieties of fm (Féng), diseases of
the circulation, and general debility. The leaves are used as
a diaphoretic in fevers, the flowers in circulatory disturbances,
and the seeds in obstinate colds. The root is regarded as an
antidote to aconite poisoning. ;

SINAPIS.—# (Chieh). The mustards grown in China
are mostly varieties of Szzapis juncea. In the Péntsao
there is an article on the general term given above, and one
on & Ff (Pai-chieh), 96, or §J 3f (Hu-chieh), which is probably
Sinapis alba. Li Shih-chén speaks of the following kinds :—
4f 4p (Chiing-chich), also called sj 3F (Tzt-chieh), which
from his description seems to be Szzafis nigra, Fe FF (Ta-
chieh), which is either Szzapis tntegrifolia or Brassica cam-
pestris rutabaga , By 3¢ (Ma-chieh) ; # ZF (Hua-chieh) ; 3& ZF
(Tzii-chieh) ; 47 3 (Shih-chieh), which is also called ff} 3F
(La-chieh), # 3F (Ch‘un-chieh), and 33 3 (Hsia-chieh), accord-
ing to-the season at which it is planted and eaten. Of these
varieties, which seem to be indigenous to China, the stalk
and leaves are used as a pot-herb, having carminative qualities.
The large leaved kinds are eaten, while the small leaved are
considered harmful. Medicinally, they are recommended as
corrective, digestive, and expectorant remedies. They are
also used as a stimulant application in toothache, varnish erup-
tions, and ulcers. The seeds have about the same properties,
and are used by preference as being more convenient. The
Pai-chich is also called 3 FF (Shu-chieh), because it was
introduced into Szechuan from Mongolia. It is extensively
cultivated for its stalk, leaves, and seeds. The stalk and
leaves are carminative. The seeds, as indeed the whole plant,
have about the same qualities as the other varieties have; but
the Chinese endeavor to distinguish in favor of this. A strong
decoction of mustard, called 3f #@ (Chieh-chiang), was made
to be eaten with meat, and was much relished, as the Eure-
pean eats prepared mustard with his corned beef.

SIPHONOSTEGIA CHINENSIS.—# [fj (An-li), see
Artemisia keiskiana. ig ji (Lou-lu), 756, see Lekznops spharo-

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 409

ocephalus. But under this last title is given another plant
called § jh jit (Kuei-yu-ma), which seems to answer the
description of Szphonostegia. Another plant, which seems to
be Szphonostegia, is called (2 77 Hi (Yin-hsing-ts‘ao), but this
is not found in the /Péxzsao. ‘Tatarinov thought to identify
B\ A AM (Liu-chi-nu) as Szphonostegia chinensis; but he was
evidently mistaken, as this is a composite plant, in all
probability Soddago virgo aurea (which see).

SISYMBRIUM SOPHIA.— fié (Ting-li), 1307. See
Draba nemoralis. Jes #§ (Lin-hao) is Faber’s identification.
Under this title in the Péz/sao the term Fy Mf BH (Pao-niang-
hao) is given, and this is thought by some to be Szsymbrium.
See Pedicularts sceptrum cariolinum.

SKIMMIA JAPONICA.—j 3 (Vin-yit). The second
- character is also written #§. This is an evergreen shrub,
which bears fragrant, reddish-white flowers. It is considered
to be poisonous. Another species, known as Skzmmta for-
/unez, is smaller, has dark green, lanceolate leaves, hemaphro-
dite flowers, and bears dark crimson, obovate berries. This
probably is also known by the same name. Still another
species, to which the name Skzmmza reevesiana has been given,
is called by the Chinese &% lj #E (Wang-shan-kuei), has finely
scented white flowers, glossy evergreen leaves, and bears in
the winter bunches of red berries, resembling those of the
common holly. It is a very desirable garden shrub. The
stalk and leaves of the Y?x-yz are considered to be tonic and
restorative. A tincture, composed of this and eleven other
drugs, is used in atrophy of the muscles. There is also a
compound pill, employed for a similar purpose.

SMILAX CHINA.—# 3 (Pa-ch'‘ia). The second
character is also written ff, and the plant is called 4 fj
HE (Chin-kang-kén), #k 2 #§ (Tieh-ling-chio), and — j
(Wang-kua-ts‘ao). Li Shih-chén says: ‘‘It is a common
mountain plant, which sometimes climbs, but its stem is
strong, hard, and covered with spines. The leaves are large,
round like the hoof of a horse, and shining. In the autumn

410 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

it bears yellow flowers, followed by red fruits. The root is
very hard, and is covered with bristle-like hairs. A decoction,
which is sour and harsh, is made of the root. The aborigines
gather the leaves and root and use them as a dye.’’ It is
commonly supposed that Chzva root is obtained from the
Smilax china, but this is not the case (see Srzzlax pseudo-
china aud Pachyma cocos.) ‘The root is tonic, diuretic, and
antimalarial, and it is used in colds, menorrhagia, gravel,
fluxes, and debility.

SMILAX PSEUDO-CHINA.—+ # 4 (T‘u-fu-ling),
1368 (see also 332). Other names given are ji #K A (Tz‘u-
chu-ling), 4 pe By (Léng-fan-t‘uan), ‘‘cold rice ball, and
iy #4 HE (Shan-ti-li), ‘‘mountain ground-chestnut.’’? It was
called 3 @ f# (Yti-yti-liang), because once when the Great Vii
was traveling in the mountains and ran short of food, he had
this root gathered and used as a substitute. Li Shih-chén
says that the plant grows. plentifully in Hukuang and Sze-
chuan. It is a climbing plant, having a spotted stem ; and
the leaves, which are not opposite, somewhat resemble large
bamboo leaves, but are thicker, more glabrous, and five or six
inches long. The root somewhat resembles that of Svzlax
china, but is round, and consists of a conglomeration of
tubers of the size of a hen’s or duck’s egg, being found at
varying depths in the ground. The flesh is very tender and
can be eaten raw, and there are two kinds: one red and one
white. The latter is used in medicine. This is the principal
substance known as Chzxa root, although Pachyma cocos is also
included under this name, and it is sometimes difficult to
separate the two products or distinguish them on the market.
The latter is usually much larger, and in China proper is more
common. But the Syzz/ar root is exported to India and
Burma, being called in the former country Chob-Chznxa, and in
the latter 7sezn-apho-taroup. It is met with on the market in
the form of brown, irregular, nodulated, branching, tuberous
roots, with wiry radicles of some length attached to them.
The interior is white and starchy, and sweet to the taste, with
patches of yellow near the surface. It can be used as food,
strengthening the body, and assisting in keeping one awake on

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. AII

journeys prolonged into the night. It is regarded as tonic,
astringent or corrective in diarrhceas, and curative in ulcers
and mercurial sores. But its use par excellence is in syphilitic
difficulties, especially the secondary and tertiary manifestations.
Dr. Waring found the large tuberous roots of the Burmese
variety, the Szlax prolifera of Roxburgh, very useful, in the
form of a decoction of the fresh root, in secondary syphilis,
cachexia, and chronic skin diseases. The sliced root, + # &
fe (T‘u-fu-ling-p‘ien), 333, 1369, is also found on the market.

SMILAX SINENSIS.—t& # (Pei-hsieh), 988. Other
names are jp, @ (Ch‘ih-chieh), ‘‘red-joint,’’ and fy ## 3% (Pai-
pa-ch‘ia), ‘‘white smilax.’’ The root resembles that of Syzclax
china, but is larger, is yellowish-white, and has many joints
which are purplish in color. The account in the Péztsao is
not clear, being confounded on the one hand with Smzlax china
and on the other with Dzoscorea. But it is said to have a hard
root with a bitter taste. It is regarded as tonic, and is specially
recommended for the aged. It is also warming and quieting,
and is used for nocturnal polyuria and all forms of gonorrhceal
difficulty. See Deoscorea.

SOJA HISPIDIA.—q ® (Pai-tou). Also called RK B
(Fan-tou). This is a small bean, a variety of Glyczne hispida,
the stalks of which, when young, are eaten as a pot-herb. The
bean is sometimes used to make soy and bean-curd, and is eaten
both boiled and as a congee. It is considered to belong to
the kidneys, therefore those suffering from diseases of this organ
should use it. The bean is regarded as very nutritious, and
both it and the leaves benefit the viscera.

SOLANUM DULCAMARA.—*% jij (K‘u-ch‘ieh), 33 26
wt (Shu-yang-ch‘iian). The former is described as a small,
prickly, wild shrub, found in Lingnan. It may be that this is
the plant which supplies the jij #* (Ch‘ieh-chih), roo, of the
Customs Lists. Its berries are mixed with vinegar and used as
a local application to cancerous sores and other swellings.
The root is used in decoction for the same purpose, and is also
recommended in malarial poisoning. Shw-yang-ch‘tian was

¢

412 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

identified by Porter Smith as Solanum dulcamara, but on
what authority he does not mention. The Japanese identify it
as Solanum lyratum, which is a variety of Solanum dulcamara.
In the Péntsao it is confounded with Sagzza maxima, but
although Li Shih-chén notes the confusion in these very
different genera, he does not attempt to clear up the matter,
but adds further confusion by likening both to Solanum
nigrum. See the article on Sag7vza maxima for medical
uses.

Another plant identified by the Japanese as Solanum
dulcamara is fy # (Pai-ying), The young leaves of this are
whitish and can be eaten. The flowers are small and white,
and the fruit, which is called § § (Kuei-mu), is at first
green, but turns dark-red when ripe. This, however, is not
the only use to which the name 9% & is put. The root
and shoot of this plant are considered to be cooling and con-
structive, as are also the leaves, which are used in chronic
malaria and fevers of children. The fruit, besides its cool-
ing and nutritive properties, is considered to be a_ useful
remedy for the eye. The whole plant is used as a counter-
poison.

SOLANUM MELONGENA.—jj (Ch‘ieh). This is the
brinjal, ambergine, or egg-plant of western countries. Another
name is ¥#§ ff (Lo-su), which is said to be wrongly written
for #& Bf (Lo-su), referring to the resemblance of the fruit to
a ball of cheese. Still another name is Fe #} JM (K‘un-lun-
kua), ‘‘Kunlun melon.’’? . There are many varieties of the
ege plant; the fruit varying in color—white, yellow, azure,
and purple. ‘These fruits are not regarded by the Chinese as
being free from deleterious properties ; prolonged use being
thought to produce digestive troubles and to injure the uterus.
They are regarded as cooling, and are used bruised with
vinegar as a poultice to abscesses and in cracked nipple. The
peduncle, incinerated, is used in intestinal hemorrhage, piles,
and toothache. ‘The root, ror, and the dried stalk and leaves
are used in decoction for washing sores and discharging
surfaces, and as an astringent in hemorrhage from the bladder
and other hemorrhagic fluxes.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Al3

SOLANUM NIGRUM.—je 3 (Lung-k‘uei). Other
names are FE Hj F (T‘ien-ch‘ieh-tzit), FE jg #4 (T‘ien-p‘ao-ts‘ao),
and # 9@ Af #§ BX (Lao-ya-yén-ching-ts‘ao), ‘There is a fair
description of this plant, with its small white flowers and black
seeds, in the /éz¢/sao. ‘There is some confounding with Sagzza
maxima and Solanum dulcamara, also with Althea rosea.
The young shoots are eaten, after boiJing, and are considered to
be corrective, cooling, and tonic to men (virility) and women
(menstrual disorders). The stalk, leaves, and root are used
in decoction in wounds, cancerous sores, and as an astringent.
They are also thought to have diuretic properties. The seeds
have about the same properties and uses as the young shoots.

Another plant is mentioned, called #€ # (Lung-chu) and
jf FR (Ch‘ih-chu), which is said to be the Lung-k‘uer with
red seeds. It evidently is another species or variety of Solanum
nearly allied to Solaxum nigrum. 'The shoots and seeds of
this are said to have about the same qualities as those of the
Lung-k‘wer, except that while the latter promotes sleep, this
plant promotes wakefulness.

Another plant mentioned in this connection is 4F ty if +
(Niu-hsin-ch ‘ieh-tzii). It grows in the island of Hainan, and
it is said that if one fruit is swallowed, the person will quickly
die. It is only used for outward applications, aud should not
be taken internally. There is no description of the plant, but
its action may suggest A/ropa belladona, Atropa mandragora,
or Hyoscyamus niger.

SOLANUM TUBEROSUM.—+ 3& (T‘u-yit), - 9p
(T‘u-luan). This is more latterly called # 4 (Yang-shu),
because it has been reintroduced, at least in eastern China, by’
foreigners. It was known and eaten by the people of the
Liang dynasty. Faber calls # # (Huang-tu), which is given
as one of the synonyms for this, Dzoscorea zaponica. Without
doubt there is some confusion in the Chinese books, as one
author claims for the tuber emetic properties, while others say
it can be freely eaten, and claims that it is very nutritious.

SOLIDAGO VIRGO-AUREA.—%) # 4 Hi (Liu-chi-
nu-ts‘ao), 739. The identification of this go/den rod is Japan-

AI4 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ese, confirmed by Faber. ‘Tatarinov calls it Szphonostegia
chinensis, but the description in the /éz/sao indicates a
composite, not a scrophulariaceous, plant. The Chinese name
is probably derived from the name of a person. ‘There isa
legend to the effect that in the reign of one of the Emperors of
the Sung dynasty a man whose surname was Liu Yi, and
whose ‘‘small name,’’ was Chi-nu, while cutting down a %K
(Ti) plant, saw a large snake and killed it with an arrow. On
the next day he went there and heard the sound of mortar and
pestle. When he searched for the source of this sound, he
saw several youths dressed in green robes in the hazel thicket
bruising this plant for medicine. When he asked why they
did this, they replied that their master was shot with an
arrow by Liu Chi-nu, and that they were now preparing
medicine to cure the wound. So the. Chinese have ideas in
regard to the healing properties of this plant similar to those
which gave the botanical name to this genus. The seeds are
officinal, and are said to dissolve the blood and expel flatus.
If taken too long, they produce hemorrhage of the bowels.
They are used in hemorrhages, wounds, menstrual disorders,
cholera, diarrhoea, and hemorrhage from the bladder in chil-
dren.

SONCHUS OLERACEUS.—4§ (Tu), # 3€é (K‘u-ts‘ai).
See Lactuca. ‘The first character, which originally was the
name for tea, is now generally referred to this genus. The
second name is also used for various species of Lactuca, as
well as other plants used as pot-herbs, such as some of the
Solanaceee.

SOPHORA ANGUSTIFOLIA.—}q # (K‘u-shén), 635.
This is the same as Sophora flavescens and Sophora kronet.
Other Chinese names are 2} #4 (Yeh-huai), zt #4 (Shui-huai),
and $f, #4 (Ti-huai). Other names are given, referring to its
dwarf and herbaceous character as compared to the Sophora
japonica. ‘Yatarinov, following Loureiro, called it Rodznza
amara. It is a very common plant in mid-China, bears
yellowish-white flowers, a siliquaceous pod, and a _ long,
yellowish, exceedingly bitter root, which last is the part used

eS

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 415

in medicine. The best comes from Juningfu in Honan. It is
one of the five 8 (Shéu) enumerated by T'‘ao Hung-ching. In
the list of Li Shih-chén, however, 38 2 (Tzti-shén) takes its
place. The drug is given in eat jaundice, dysentery,
leprosy, scrofula and many other important maladies. As a
bitter tonic and stomachic, it probably is of more value than
the true ginseng, for which it is named. Anthelmintic pro-
perties are also aa to it, as are also those of an ee
The fruits, called 7 #& # (K‘u-shén-shih) or #f¥ BF (K
shén-tzt), 636, ae properties identical with tae of the a
and are considered restorative and tonic.

SOPHORA JAPONICA.—#™ (Huai). This leguminous
tree is very common in China, growing in all latitudes from
Kuangtung to Manchuria, and is a frequent ornament of the
streets, courtyards, and parks of Peking and other cities.
The leaves are elliptico-lanceolate, and greyish on the under
surface. The legumes are wrinkled, fleshy, and moniliform,
often containing only one seed, or the pod is lengthened so as
to have from five to seven seeds, and by a constriction of
the pod at various places, these are grouped into twos or
threes. The pods containing one or five seeds are rejected by
the Chinese, and those containing groups of two or three are
employed in medicine. The pods are used in peparing a
yellow dye. In order. to prepare them for medicinal use, they
are first broken up with a brass pestle, and then soaked over
night in the milk of a black cow, and steamed and dried.
These legumes are considered to be tonic, to preserve the
freshness of youth, and to be astringent and styptic in wounds
and hemorrhoids. Difficult labor, abortion, venereal sores,
profuse salivation, and milk fever are treated with them. They
are called #2 & (Huai-shih), 504, and # $§ (Huai-chio), sor.
The fowers, which are usually gathered in the immature state,
and are called #% 7 (Huai-hua), #§ 4% (Huai-mi), and se +
(Huai-tzit), 502, are greenish-yellow, and are eed in dyeing
cloth a yellow color, or for changing the color of blue cloth to
green. They are astringent, anthelmintic, and cooling, and
are employed in loss of voice, Remon epistaxis, and
menorrhagia. The leaves seem to resemble senna-leaves in

416 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

their action, and have been used in India as a purgative. In
China they are used in convulsions and epilepsy in children,
post-partum difficulties, and as a wash in scabious skin affec-
tions, for which last the stalk and bark are also used. The
twigs, 505, are decocted for the treatment, as a wash, of all sorts
of skin difficulties, piles, sore eyes, and discharging surfaces.
The bark of the tree and of the root is used for similar purposes
and is specially recommended in orchitis, gonorrhceal dis-
charges in women, and in the bath to improve the skin. The
gum which exudes from the tree is given several fanciful
virtues, the principal use being that of an application in skin
affections. An extract made from the leaves and the fruit of
this tree is used to adulterate prepared opium. The wood was
formerly employed in making primitive fire drills, and was
also used as a cautery or form of the moxa.

SORGHUM SACCHARATUM.—%K f& (Ti-ché). This
is included under the article on Saccharum saccharatum (which
see). In Japan 4 4 (Shu-shu) is used for this, but in China
this term refers to Sorghum vulgare.

SORGHUM VULGARE.—&j # (Shu-shu). The com-
mon name is fy 4€ (Kao-liang), or ‘‘high-millet.’”’ Other
names are f& 3€ (Lu-su) and x $f (Ti-liang). This is one of
the-three,“* milléts;”’ so se grown in northern China
as food for man, provender for beasts, and for distilling ‘spirits,
the others being Pazzcum miliaceum and Setarza ttalica. ‘The
seed of this plant was brought from Szechuan, but whether
indigenous there or originally coming from further west is not
now known. ‘There are glutinous and non-glutinous kinds, the
former being used for distilling spirits, and the latter as food
and provender. ‘Ihe stalks are used as reeds in the construction
of fences, wattle houses, mats, and the like, replacing the
Phragmites reeds of the Yangtse valley. ‘The grain is regarded
as warming, nutritious, and beneficial in fluxes. The glutinous
kind can be used as a substitute for the glutinous panicled
millet. The second and third names at the beginning of this
article distinguish between the yellow and black varieties
respectively.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. AI7

SPINACIA OLERACEA.— 7k $@ 3€ (Po-l€ng-ts‘ai), 76 3E
(Po-ts‘ai). The seed of this plant was brought from India by a
Buddhist priest in the Tang dynasty, and the herb is extensively
used by the bonzes as one of their ig (Su), lentenfare. As the
Chinese have a tendency to attribute everything that comes
from the south-west to Persia, we are not surprised to find this
called jf Hy i (Po-ssi-ts‘ao), ‘‘ Persian vegetable.’? Another
name is jp HE HE (Ch‘ih-kén-ts‘ai), ‘‘red-root.’? ‘The diceceous
nature of the flowers in this genus is noted by the Chinese.
The herbage with the root is regarded as a cooling, carmina-
tive, antivinous, thirst-relieving vegetable. No special medici-
nal uses are noted.

SPIRITS.—iM§ (Chiu). ‘The character is explained by #E
(Chiu), since the action of this drug determines (#) the good
or evil (32 #)in the disposition of men, referring, it is sup-
posed, to the varying action of alcohol in producing different
types of intoxication. The clear spirit is called Rf (Niang,
which also means ‘‘to ferment’’); the turbid is called 3 (Ang);
the concentrated is called #% (Shun); the dilute is called Ag
(Li); the double fermented is called ff} (Ch‘ou); ‘‘one night
wine’’ is called #4 (Li); good wine is called AF (Hsit); the
unpressed is called f# (P‘ei); red wine is called Mi (T‘i) ; the
green is called §E (Ju) ; and the white is called #¥ (Ts‘o). Spirit
is made from the various kinds of millet and of rice, from
honey and from grapes. In all except the honey and grapes,
yeast is used to produce fermentation. Glutinous rice is said to
make the best spirits, with panicled millet next, and spiked
millet poorest of all. The invention of spirits is ascribed to
(& ik (I-ti), a daughter of one of the legendary emperors who
presented it to the Great Yu. The Shuo-wén says it was
invented by > fe (Shao-k ‘ang), otherwise known as #f- Fé (Tu-
k‘ang). Others still put it as early as the reign of Huang-ti
(circa 2700 B.C.). The spirit derived from fermented grain
may have been the kind the use of which resulted in the curse
of Canaan and the incestuous origin of the two troublesome
tribes of Moab and Ammon. Originally, all forms of spirits
were made by the fermentation process, as distillation was not
known until the Mongol dynasty. ‘The only methods of puri-

418 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

fication and concentration known to the ancient Chinese were
decantation and refermentation of the dregs. The rice spirit
was the principal one recommended in medicine. They said
that its prolonged use injured the mind (ji!) and shortened life
(33), weakened the bones and ligaments, produced flatulence,
and when complete drunkenness was frequently produced, mania
would result. A drunk person should not take a cold bath, as
it was certain to result in rheumatism. Neither should a
drinker take cinnabar and other mineral drugs, nor ginger, as
these tended to the production of cancerous troubles. Spirits
and tea taken together are said to injure the kidneys and pro-
duce dropsy. The treatment of all poisonous difficulties is
made difficult by the ingestion of spirits. The antiseptic and
stimulant properties of spirits are recognized, especially the
stimulant action upon the circulation and apparently upon the
brain, but the incoherence of thought produced by its action is
also noted. It is thought to prevent the action of various
ptomaine poisons, and is often taken with meals on the chance
of the food not having been perfectly fresh.

#4 jg 4H (Tsao-ti-chiu) is that which has stood on the dregs
for three years. It is stomachic, digestive, and corrective of
vegetable poisons.

% {8 (Lao-chiu) is that which is made in the twelfth
moon, which is said to keep for several years. It is said to be
warming.

#e WH (Ch‘un- chit) is that made at the time of the Ching-
ming Festival, and is also said to keep good for many years.
Its habitual use is said to produce obesity.

The sacrificial wine left over from the altar jit Ja # IE
(Shé-t‘an-yii-t‘so-chiu) is used in stammering of children, in
deafness, and is squirted into the corners of the room to destroy
mosquitoes.

The spirits found in the pipes of the vat, #4 4) @i -p 7%
(T'sao-sun-chieh-chung-chiu), is said to cure nausea, if taken
with milk, and is rubbed locally on urticaria.

i PR WW (Tung-yang-chiu) is the same as 4 HE j§ (Chin-
hua-chiu), made at Kinhuafu in Chekiang. It is used in the
compounding of medicines. It is thought to bring out the
virtues of the medicines digested in it, and to enhance their

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 419

remedial action. It is used externally in all sorts of sores, and
especially to harden the skin and protect it from chapping or
cracking.

A kind of spirit prepared after a special process is called
# JE {fH (Vii-nio-chiu), ‘‘curing ague spirit,’’ because it has a
reputation in that disease.

J& #& YH (T‘u-su-chiu) is made after the formula of the
famous physician Huato. It is considered an infallible remedy
in epidemics, especially those of a virulent character. It
therefore receives the name ‘‘killing-and-reviving-spirit,’’ i.e.
killing the demon of disease and reviving the patient. It is
composed of red Atractylis, cinnamon heart, Siler divaricatum,
Smilax china, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Platycodon grandi-
florum, rhubarb, aconite, and Abrus precatorius. These are
digested in spirits, both cold and hot. It is kept cool by.
hanging in a vessel at the bottom of the well, and used as a
prophylactic at times of epidemics.

A compound spirit, made in a very fanciful manner, is
called 3 3 7H (Chin-hstin-chiu). To it is attributed remark-
able virtues in the treatment of rheumatism and as a life
preserving and health promoting remedy.

Honey spirit, called 9 jf§ (Mi-chiu), is made by mixing
glutinous rice congee and yeast with honey, and fermenting in
a sealed jar for seven days. It is used in the treatment of
eruptive fevers.

DISTILLED Spirits, called $ j§ (Shao-chiu) and KR FR
(Huo-chiu), was unknown in China until the Yuan dynasty,
when the large contact with the Western world had by that
‘Tartar dynasty, which conquered so large a portion of Central
Asia and threatened to overrun Europe, served to convey
from the west a knowledge of the process of distillation. It
is a remarkable fact that this Tartar invasion of all parts of
the civilized world, which served to carry the germs of so
many useful inventions and industrial arts into Europe,
should have been the instrument of conveying to the Far East
the first knowledge of the triple curses of ardent spirits, opium,
and tobacco. Proof of the foreign origin of the process of
distillation is given in one of the names of its product, [ij ji) 3
(A-la-chi), which is a transliteration of the Arabic avag. The

420 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

process of distillation is described by Li Shi-chén in the
Péntsao. 2 i (Asien-lo-chiu), ‘‘ Siamese spirit,’’ is the
triple distilled = & (San-shao), or saeshu as it is called by
foreigners. It is sometimes colored and flavored with charred
sandal-wood, after which it is sealed up in jars and buried in
the earth for two or three years to ripen. Several kinds of
distilled spirits are found on the markets. ¥} 7j§ (Fén-chiu) isa
kind that comes from Fénchoufu in Shensi. The common
name for the sort most generally consumed at the present day
is j¢ 7% (Huang-chiu), which is of about the strength and
appearauce of sherry wine. 5¢ 7€ 7§ (Yitan-hua-chiu) is a weak
white spirit, flavored with the flowers of the Daphne genkwa,
and said to be tonic. $i 3g {§ (Kuei-yiian-chiu) is a red wine.
34 #% j® (Pi-lii-chiu) is a greenish spirit, made in several
places in the north. But the most famous spirit is the #2 Sh #§
(Shao-hsing-chiu), made in the province of Chekiang, having
a sour flavor and yellow color. It would seem to be a purer
ethyl spirit than samshu and other forms, as it does not have
the delirient action possessed by many of these, which seem to
contain large percentages of methyl spirit. A common saying
with the Chinese is:
RBA iB ke
‘*Shaohing is the polished scholar,
‘‘Samshu is a rowdy.”’

The Chinese always consume the spirits warm, and they very
soon redden the face. As. their wine cups are very small,
holding only about a dessert-spoonful, and as they do not
usually drink many of these, drunkenness is not common, and
liver diseases from this cause are infrequent. The Chinese
seem to have the same ideas of the virtues of the samshu that
many Europeans attribute to whiskey, using it whenever there
is attack of choleraic or indigestive trouble. Ague, hiccough,
and general feeling of illness are troubles for which recourse is
had to the wine-pot.

The mash of fermenting grain is called ## (Tsao) or #4
(P‘o), and the wort is called 8 (Nieh). For this latter, see
the article on J/a/t. ‘The mash for preparing spirits is made
in the twelfth moon, at the Chingming festival, or the ninth
of the ninth moon festival. It is used unpressed, because if

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 421

expressed it has no taste or virtue. It is said to warm the
digestive organs, promote digestion, destroy putrefaction and
vegetable poisons, give a healthy appearance to the body, and
benefit all of the viscera. It is used externally in bruises, insect
and animal bites, chilblains, and sunburn. Fermented sweet-
meats, called # #2 } (Kan-hsing-tsao), are used in nausea
and vomiting, and as a digestive and stomachiic.

SPONDIAS AMARA.—# J€ i (An-mo-lé), @ Tt +
(Yii-kan-tzu). The first name is in imitation of the sanscrit
Amaia, and another form of the same, or similar name is #£ &
¥& is 32 (An-mo-lo-chia-kuo). The second name refers to
the taste of the fruit, which at first is bitter, but leaves an
increasingly sweet taste in the mouth. It is similar to the
hog-plum of the West Indies. The fruit is sometimes con-
founded with the mango. It grows in Lingnan, and has fine
leaves, like the Albzzzta julibrissin, yellow flowers, plum-like
fruits, greenish-yellow in color, with a six or seven angled,
round seed, the kernel of which is also used in medicine. ‘The
tree grows to the height of ten or twenty feet, and has pliant
branches. The fruits are reputed to be tonic, pectoral, and
alexipharmic. ‘Their ingestion is regarded as highly favorable
to long life, health, and the preservation of a youthful ap-
pearance. It is also said to be antidotal to mineral poisons,
especially of vermillion and sulphur. A pomade made of the
crushed fruits is used to promote the growth of hair and pre-
serve its black color. It is not stated for what the kernels
are used.

SPONDIAS DULCIS.—A jij - (Jén-mien-tzi). This -
comes from the south-seas; the tree is like the cherry. The
fruit has not much taste, but if stewed with honey it is relished.
The seed looks like a man’s face, with eyes, nose, and mouth
well marked. It is often used asa plaything. The kernel is
brittle and pleasant flavored, and is sometimes added to tea to
give it a fragrant, mucilaginous, sweet taste. The medicinal
qualities are considered as alexipharmic and cooling. It is
recommended in bad cases of itch, and to be taken internally to
prevent extensive ulceration. In cases of difficult labor, if the

422 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

parturient woman will hold one of the seeds in her hand, on
the odd days in the right hand and on the even days in the left
hand, delivery will soon be accomplished.

STACHYS ASPERA.—Jk f& (Shui-su). This is also
called # ff (Hsiang-su) and fe |} YE fy (Lung-nao-po-ho),
‘‘camphor-mint.’’ It is a common plant growing in moist
eround, and is sometimes eaten as a vegetable. It is some-
times confounded with dJosla grosseserrata. ‘The stalk and
leaves are used in medicine as a carminative, deodorizing, and
astringent remedy. ‘Taken with hot spirits tt is recommended
for colds, very much as hot mint-juleps have been recommend-
ed in domestic practice in the west.

STACHYS SIEBOLDI, Stachys tuberifera.-B AE
(Ts‘ao-shih-ts‘an), #%§ $% (Ti-ts‘an), ff % -F (Kan-lu-tst).
This tuber named ‘‘ground coccoon,’’ and ‘‘sweet dew,”’ is the
‘“Crosnes’’ of France and \other parts of Europe. It was
first cultivated in Europe by Mr. A. Paillieux on his estate
‘‘Crosnes,’’ from tubers sent him from China by Bretschneider.
Kan-lu is used in the Bible to translate the word manna be-
cause the same characters are used by the Chinese for avercta,
the food of the devas ; but this product must not be confound-
ed with manna. ‘The similarity of this plant to Stachys aspera
is noted in the Péztsao. ‘The tuber is soaked in wine and
taken for colds, and when dry and powdered is considered to
be anodyne. No matter how prepared it is considered to have
a beneficial influence upon the body.

STEMONA TUBEROSA.— #f (Pai-pu), 958. It is
likened to Asparagus lucidius, and is sometimes called wild
asparagus. The root, which is the part used in medicine,
consists of a central mass with ten or more tubers attached,
long, pointed, hollow, and sweet. The stem is sometmmes
eaten when young as a pot-herb. As sold in the shops, the
drug is in the shape of brown, dried, shrivelled pieces, from
two to four inches long. It is given in coughs, as a carmina-
tive, anthelmintic, and is used as an insecticide. Old coughs
of thirty years standing are reputed to be cured by it.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. A423

STELLARIA AQUATICA.—#& # (Fan-lii). This is
confounded with Artemzsza stelleriana vesiculosa; and it is
also called $3 ]% ¥& (Chi-ch‘ang-ts‘ao), but this is Avryiérechium
pedunculare. Another name is §% If Bi (H-ch‘ang-ts‘ao).
This plant grows commonly in damp places and on margins of
ditches and cannals. It has a twining stem, containing a
viscid sap, which, when the stem is broken, draws out in silk-
like filaments. It is used as a pot-herb and is sweet and tender.
‘It has small white or yellow flowers and bears minute seeds,
resembling those of Szsymbrzum. ‘The whole plant is used in
medicine, and is said to have a sour taste. Its action is con-
sidered to be solvent to the blood, increasing secretion general-
ly. For this reason it is used in the treatment of ulcers, hem-
orrhoids, insufficient secretion of milk, and scanty urination.

STERCULIA PLATANIFOLIA.—#& fj (Wu-t‘ung),
1475. This is one of the many 7 ‘zg trees. It isan ornamental
tree and is frequently met with in the courtyards of Chinese tem-
ples and houses, its large leaves affording an excellent shade.
It may be readily recognized by its panicled flowers with colum-
nar stamens, and the peculiar tendency of the follicular carpels
to put on a leafy form, bearing the seeds on their margins.
The seeds are oily, and hence the tree is called after the wood-
oil tree, which is the Dryandra cordata. The wood of the tree
is regarded as very good for coffins, and tle seeds enter into the
composition of the moon cakes, eaten by the Chinese at the
Autumnal Festival of the eighth moon. There is abundance
of mucilage in the young branches. ‘The leaves and liber are
used to make a hair-wash and a soothing lotion for carbuncular
and other sores. Cloth and ropes are made from the inner
white bark of the tree, and this bark is used in preparing an
astringent lotion for hemorrhoids. ‘The seeds are crushed and
the juice rubbed into gray hair, with the reputed virtue of
causing the gray to fall out and the new hair to come in black.
The same preparation is used in apthous sore mouth in children.

STILLINGIA SEBIFERA.—f§ # (Wu-chiu). This is
the tallow tree. ‘Ihe Chinese naine is derived from the two
facts that the birds like to eat the berries and that the root of

424 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

the tree is nsed for making mortars. The tree is quite com-
mon throughout central China aud somewhat resembles the
Azedarach, or Pride of India. It varies a good deal in size in
different provinces, and is readily known by its aspen foliage,
which is permanent, but becomes a brilliant red color in autumn
and winter. The leaves yield a black dye with sulphate of
iron, thus demonstrating the large amount of tannin contained
in them. ‘The berries are three-seeded, and dehisce when ripe,
disclosing the kernels enveloped with a coat of the vegetable
fat which renders the tree so valuable. Dr. Williams says that
the tree is called #R Af (Ch‘iung-shu) in the neighborhood of
Macao. ‘The white bark of the root is bitter and considered to
be slightly deleterious. It is diuretic and derivative in its
action and is also used in the treatment of snakebite and skin
ulcers. The leaves are used for a similar purpose and are con-
sidered specially useful in the treatment of boils.

VEGETABLE ‘TALLOW.—fA 7 (Chiu-yu). The tallow
yielded by tallow berries is made by the following process.
The ripe nuts are bruised and the pericarp separated by sifting.
They are then steamed in wooden cylinders with numerous
holes in the bottom, which fit upon kettles or boilers. The
tallow is softened by this process, and is separated from the
albumen of the seeds by gently beating them with stone mallets,
when the tallow is effectually removed by sifting the mass
through hot sieves. The tallow still contains the brown testa
of the seeds, which is separated by pouring it into a cylinder
made up of straw rings, laid one on top of the other, in which
it is put into a rude press and the tallow is squeezed through in
a pure state. A picul of seeds yields from twenty to thirty
catties of tallow, besides the oil FF jy (Ch‘ing-yu), which is
obtained from the albumen by grinding, steaming, and pressing
it a second time. The tallow is of a whitish color, hard and
tasteless. It melts, according to Dr. Macgowan, at 104°, and is
composed mainly of tripalmatine, a substance which, saponified
by alcoholic potash, produces palmitic acid. It is largely used
in candle making, being mixed with white insect wax, in the
proportion of three ounces of wax to ten catties of tallow.
These candles as especially used by the Buddhists. The tallow
has been exported to Europe and would doubtless make a good

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 425

lubricant for railway axles, for which purpose it has been used
in India. ‘The tallow tree is not the only one producing a vege-
table tallow ; other kinds coming from Singapore and other
places in the Far East. But strange to say, according to Mr.
Sampson, this tree yields no tallow in Kuangtung province,
where it grows so generally. Large quantities of vegetable
tallow are exported from some of the Yangtse ports. It is
sometimes used as an ingredient in ointments, and the yellow-
ish mixture procurable from the candle-makers is useful in
making up suppositories. Medicinally is is used as a pomade
for the hair, being said to change gray hair to black. It is
also applied to all sorts of sores and skin eruptions. ‘Taken
internally, it is believed to be emetic, purgative, hydragogue,
and antidotal. Cases of poisoning, in China, are generally
treated with a dose of the tallow, or the oil of the albumen,
and it is generally useful for this purpose on account of its oily
nature and its not violently emetic properties.

STRYCHNOS IGNATIA.—B& # (Li-sung-kuo).
This is mentioned in the Appendix to the Péztsao. ‘There is
not much description of the plant, but what there is is suffi-
cient to identify this Strychuos philippinenszs of Blanco. fm &
3% (Chia-wa-lung) is given as the Bisayan name of the fruit.
The bitter and poisonous properties of the fruit and seed are
pointed out. The drug is highly valued medicinally, and the
seeds are called #§ @ (Pao-tou), ‘precious beans,’’ either on
account of this estimate or on account of their cost. They are
used as a counterpoison in ague, intestinal worms, in post-
partum difficulties, and epidemics.

STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA.—# 7 && (Fan-mu-
pieh), & wy (Ma-ch‘ien), 798. The second character of the
second name is properly written $%, as referring to the ‘‘cash”’
on a horse’s bridle; but it is commonly written as above.
Other names are 74 @&f 32 H (K‘u-shih-pa-tou), ‘‘bitter-seeded-
Persian-bean,” and JX Fe Yi #6 AP (Huo-shih-k‘o-pa-tu), which
seems to be a transliteration of a foreign term. ‘This drug is
now found in Szechuan, but it originally came from some
Mohammedan country. As the bright red fruit of the plaut

426 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

resembles that of AZomordica cochin-chinensts, it is sometimes
confounded with that innocuous plant. ‘The seeds are common-
ly used to poison dogs, and are forbidden to be sold to strange
persons. A considerable amount of uncertainty exists as to the
identification of this substance as found in the shops ; for while
the above statement, as to the poisonous properties of the seeds,
and caution in regard to their sale, is given, the kernels are
still said to be non-poisonous. ‘These kernels are said to be
useful in the treatment of the ome hundred and twenty
diseases, and are especially recommended in fever, throat
affections, ague, and abdominal enlargements. ‘They are
powdered and enter into the composition of ointments for the
dispersion of swellings, and the powder is blown into the
throat in the treatment of cynache. Made into a mass, it is
sometimes introduced into the vagina to produce abortion.

STYRAX BENZOIN.—# §& # (An-hsi-hsiang). The
Sanscrit name is represented by Hh FL #2 #& (Ch‘u-pei-lo-
hsiang). This drug is said to be used by makers of incense,
but on account of its cost it is probable that very little is so
employed. According to Dr. Williams it is imported into
Southern China from Borneoand Sumatra. The dz-hsz, in the
Chinese name, probably refers to the Parthians, or Persians,
whose country together with Anam, Sumatra, and Central
Asia, is said to have yielded this foreign drug. The tree is
said to have evergreen four-cornered leaves and to resemble
the Melia azedarach. Disinfectant, deodorizing, carminative,
cordial, stimulant, arthritic, and sedative properties are
ascribed to the drug. It is prescribed in worms, griping pains
in the abdomen, and other diseases of children. A very
curious and amusing test is given for ascertaining the purity
of this drug ; if genuine the fumes from burning this substance
will attract rats and mice, and is also said to drive away devils
and attract good spirits. However, this should not be adduced
as a proof that the Chinese consider rats to be good spirits.
The drug is recommended in spermatorrheea.

LIQUID BENZOIN.— , ji (An-hsi-yu). This is men-
tioned in the Péztsao as a treacle-like oil with all the properties
of the gum benzoiu. It is sold in small bottles in the large

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 427

medicine shops; but is much adulterated, having the same
dark brown color as wood oil, but usually not so much of the
odor of the drug as it should have. Rose-maloes is apparently
substituted for it. This is the same drug as that described by
Hanbury under the name of 9K & @ 7% (Shui-an-hsi-hsiang).
His sample was enclosed in ‘‘small globular, wooden shells,
apparently the pericarp of some fruit, about one and three-
fourths inches in diameter, closed with wax. The Chinese
assert that they import it by way of the Indian archipelago ;
but I have not been able to trace it either there or in Siam.
It is curious, moreover, that this fragrant resin, even to the
shell enclosing it, is extremely like that kind of balsam of
Peru, which was brought to Europe long ago in the capsules
of Lecythis and naturally supposed to be a product of South
America.’’? The virtues of this product are extremely like
those of gum benzoin, but it is more highly valued as a
medicine because of its scarcity and high price.

SYMPLOCOS PRUNIFOLIA.—]]j #£ (Shan-fan). Other
names ate 2 4 (Viin-hsiang) and Ho # (Ch‘i-li-hsiang).
This tree grows throughout the Yangtse valley to the height
of ten or fifteen feet, having leaves resembling those of the
Gardenia. ‘These are used for dyeing purplish black and do
not need a mordant. This explains the Chinese name
“mountain alum? It bears a very plentiful supply of
beautiful white flowers with yellow stamens and is very
fragrant. The seeds are as large as pepper corns, and when
ripe can be eaten. ‘The leaves are also used in the preparation
of bean curd, and are used mixed with tea leaves to give the
latter a flavor. They are also eaten as a pot-herb. They
have a sweetish-sour taste, and are used in chronic dysentery,
to relieve thirst, and to kill fleas. For the latter purpose,
about thirty leaves are decocted with three slices of ginger
and the decoction used asa wash.

428 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ale,

TAMARINDUS INDICA.—# #H 2 (An-mi-lo). This
is a Buddhist transliteration of the Sanscrit name of the
tamarind, awa, and is only met with in Buddhist books. See
Eitel’s Handbook of Buddhism, pages 7 and 8. Faber is
wrong in using # #2 Hf (An-lo-shu) for this, as these char-
acters refer to the hog-plum and mango. See Mangifera mdica
and Spondias amara.

TAMARIX CHINENSIS.—4# # (Ch‘€ng-liu). Other
names are 7 #@ (Ch‘ih-ch‘éng), jf $) (Ho-liu), # # PM
(Ch‘ui-ssii-liu), 270, and $f # #) (Kuan-yin-liu). The com-
mon name is = ¥# ff (San-ch‘un-liu). The resemblance of
the flowers of this genus to those of the willow has caused the
Chinese to class this with the latter family. It has a dark red
bark, its leaves resemble floss silk, it is not injured either by
frost or snow, and it knows when rain is approaching and
indicates this fact by its moving leaves. It is called Saz-
ch‘un-liu, because it flowers three times a year, in pale red
spikes three or four inches long. The tamarisk wood is used
in medicine in the treatment of sores due to horse or donkey
blood getting into a wound (anthrax ?). The twigs and leaves
are antivinous, carminative, and diuretic. Tamarix manna
is called ## fL (Ch‘éng-ju), and is used as a vulnerary remedy
in wounds.

TANACETUM CHINENSE.—ij 3¢ (Ch‘i-ai). See Arte-
mista vulgaris.

TANARIUS MAJOR (of Sumatra). (% I % (Chiang-
chén-hsiang). This botanical name follows Dr. Williams ; it
has not been found elsewhere. The product is known as /aka
wood. Other Chinese names are 3 #R # (Tzii-t‘éng-hsiang),
in which it is confounded with Wrstarza, and $§ > #% (Chi-
ku-hsiang), 48, in which it is confounded with lign aloes. It
is said to come from Syria, and its odor is likened to that of
sappan wood. It is said now to be found in Kuangtung,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 429

Kuangsi, Yunnan, Szechuan, Hupeh, Cambodia, Siam, Borneo,
and Liuchiu. That coming from abroad is preferred to the
native article. It is met with in bundles of long, rough pieces,
of a reddish-grey color on the outside, and of a deep magenta
red on the broken surface. Rotten portions of the wood are
sometimes found in its substance, having lost more or less of
their color. The grain is very hard, the odor fragrant, but the
taste is very slight. The wood is used in dyeing, and is
powdered and mixed with other substances to make incense.
Is is used in medical practice as an astringent, as a wash to
cleanse sores and excite granulations, and as a deodorizing or
disinfecting agent.

TARAXACUM OFFICINALIS.—iif ZA oe (P‘u-kung-
ying), 1055. This common plant has a large number of names,
suck as ## #% #8 (Chiang-nou-ts‘ao), ‘‘plowing-and-hoeing
weed,’ 4 # # (Chin-tsan-ts‘ao), ‘‘golden-hair-pin weed,’’
em 76 We JT (Huang-hua-ti-ting), ‘‘yellow-flowered earth-nail,”’
In) FL ¥& (Kou-ju-ts‘ao), ‘‘dog’s milk weed,’’ and & if $f (Pai-
ku-ting). The plant is found generally in all parts of the
country, north of the Meiling range, but is most common in
the Yangtse valley. It is fairly well described in the Péztsao.
The tender shoots are eaten as a pot-herb. Tonic and alter-
ative properties are ascribed to the plant, and it is prescribed
in all sorts of abscesses and swellings, carious teeth, and snake
bites.

TAXODIUM HETEROPHYLLUM.—3K #& (Shui-sung).
This identification is somewhat doubtful. It is counter-poison,
cures ascites, and hastens labor.

TECOMA. GRANDIFLORA.—# @F (Ling-hsiao), 733.
See Bignonia grandifiora.

TENERIUM STOLONIFERUM.—4k fm (Chia-su). It
is not quite certain if this is not Salvza plebia. #j Ff (Ching-
chieh) is given as a synonym, and at Peking this is Sa/vza
plebia and Nepeta tenutfolia. As usual where there is con-
founding of plants in the /éztsao, there is not much descrip-

430 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

tion, so that it is difficult to distinguish. The stalk and the
flower spike of the plant spoken of is used in medicine, and
they are both eaten as an herb, and an infusion is drunk asa
tea. ‘Tonic and alterative properties are ascribed, and it is
recommended in fevers, in abscesses and swellings, after labor,
in menstrual difficulties, in headaches, indigestion, and as an
astringent in hemorrhages.

TERMINALIA CHEBULA.—jy # Wy (Ho-li-lé), a +F
(Ho-tzit), 379. The identification is not quite certain, as the
fruits described in the /éz¢sao are six-angled, while all the
Terminaha fruits are five-angled. Amblica officnalis may be
suggested as an alternative. ‘The fruits of this tree, as well as
those of the Zermznalia bellerica, have been long celebrated
in European and Indian medical practice under the name of
myrobalans. ‘The first name is an imitation of some Sanscrit
name, the drug having been brought by T‘ien Wang from
India. According to Chinese account, the tree grows in the
Kuangtung province and resembles Sapzvdus chinensis. It
belongs to the order Combretaceze, and produces in India a
peculiar gall-like excrescence upon its leaves, the result of the
deposition of the ova of some unknown insects. ‘These are
called Kadu-kaz-fu in Tamil, but are not known in China.
They are astringent and very useful in infantile diarrhoea.
In former days Cochin-China, Persia, and Arabia supplied the
myrobalans to China. As they are placed in the Péz/sao just
after galls, and not along with fruits, it is possible that the
galls of the tree were imported along with the fruits. The
myrobalan fruits are deeply furrowed, wrinkled, oblong, and
pointed at the lower end. ‘They vary from one inch to an
inch and a half in length, and are of a reddish or greenish-
yellow color. The interior is hard.and woody, and the taste
is bitter. They are used in China as a mild laxative, deob-
struent, tonic, carminative, and even astringent remedy va-
riously combined with other drugs to determine its action to
the lungs, stomach, and intestines. In India it is used asa
topical and general astringent drug, highly extolled by the
natives. ‘I'wining has found the fruits serviceable in enlarged
spleen. Curious accounts are given in the /@z/sao of ships

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 431

unable to move at sea through the slippery mucus of some
great fish, being able to get away after pouring overboard a
decoction of the fruit. Hair dyes, diet drinks, and charms to
drive away all diseases are spoken of as made from them. ‘The
seeds are mixed with white honey and used in eye diseases.
They are also used in coughs and dysentery. A decoction of
the leaves is carminative, demulcent, and astringent.

THALICTRUM RUBELLUM.—Ff Jie (Shéng-ma), 1132.
This is properly Actea sficata (which see). ‘These root-stocks
are met with as dark-brown, irregular pieces, bristled with
rootlets, and having more or less of the stems attached to them.
The taste is bitterish. The Indian Pharmacopceia quotes the
native account of Zhalictrum foltolosum, which is called Pila
Jari, and which is a tonic and antiperiodic remedy, combining
some aperient properties, which are found in the root when
administered as a powder, or as an extract, prepared as is that
from gentian root.

THEA.—25 (Ming), 3 (Ch‘a). See Camelia thea.

THERMOPSIS FABACEA.—iq 7%§ (Huang-hua). One
four-parted flower with gamapetalous corolla to each stalk.
The frost colors the flower more deeply yellow. ‘The fruits
(pods) are the parts used in medicine for diseases of the mouth,
throat, and teeth.

THLADIANTHA DUBIA.— 3 jh (Wang-kua), 4. m
(T‘u-kua), jf @ (Ch‘ih-pao). This is a climbing plant, with
roundish leaves, small, yellow, five-cleft flowers, red fruit
which gives the name ‘‘red hail-stone’’ to the plant, and
a tuberous, starchy root. The young plant and root are both
used for food, and the root and seeds are used in medicine.
The former is considered to be alterative, cholagogue, galac-
tagogue, and diuretic, and is used in jaundice, urinary difficul-
ties, constipation, alactia, amenorrhoea, fluxes, pimples on the
face, and deafness. ‘The raw seeds are said to be tonic to the
heart and lungs and good for jaundice, and when roasted are
used as an astringent in fluxes and to relieve nausea and
vomiting.

432 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

THLASPI ARVENSE.—#F 4 (Hsi- ming). Another
name is Fx # (Ta-chi), ‘‘large shepherd’s-purse.’’ It is akin
to Capsella bursa-pastoris, and is larger and more hirsute. It
is also likened to Szsymébrium. ‘The shoots are said to har-
monize the internal organs and brighten the eyes. The seeds
are considered to be tonic and constructive, and are used in the
treatment of lumbago and eye diseases.

THUJA (Biota) ORIENTALIS.—4f (Po). The Chinese
do not distinguish clearly between 7huja and Cupressus. In
fact, Adzes and /unzperus are sometimes called by this same
generic name. ‘The arbor vitee is fj #4 (Pien-po). Other names
for Thuja are f= 4] (Ai-po) and fii] #4 (Ts‘e-po); but this last
sometimes refers to Juniperus chinensis. All other trees face
east; this alone faces west, and therefore it is an emblem of
chastity. These trees furnish the cypress-wood much used by
Chinese furniture makers, and Chinese and Japanese gardeners
delight to dwarf and train them into all sorts of shapes, of
animals, baskets, and the like. The leaves are used as decora-
tions and garnitures for presents. The fruits, called ff] # (Po-
shih), and the kernels of the same, called #f {E (Po-tzit-jén),
950, 968, are used in medicine. The nuts are considered to
be very nutritious and fattening, and they are said to benefit
the réspiratory organs and to check profuse perspiration.
They also act on the liver, and are prescribed in convulsive
disorders of children. ‘The leaves, 1019, 1039, are used in
hemorrhages, and also in colds. A decoction of the joints of
the branches is used in colds, rheumatic difficulties, and locally
in parasitic skin difficulties. The resin is mixed with pine
resin and plastered on tumors as a resolvant. The white bark of
the root is powdered and called #4 % # (Po-hsiang-sui), 1936,
and it is used in an ointment made with wax and lard to
cure burns and scalds and to make hair grow on the cicatrices.

TILIA MIOQUELIANA.—3® # $f (P‘u-ti-shu). This is
purely Japanese. In China the three characters refer to the
Ficus religiosa, the sacred Bo tree of Buddhism. This must
not be confounded with #% # F (P‘u-ti-tzii) which are the
fruits of Sapzndus mukorosst. See Ficus religiosa and Sapin-
dus mukorosst.

i Re Mi i

| VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 433

TILIA CHINENSIS.—#§ (Tuan). This character is
also written ff (Chia) in the Arya, and it is not quite certain
whether two different trees are confounded, or two characters
are not clearly distinguished. At Peking Zax refers to the
linden or lime tree. It is described as having very large
leaves folded together like a fan, and the bark furnishes textile
fiber for making fish nets. No medical uses are given for any
part of the tree.

TINCTURES. —if {ij (Chiu-lei). ,These with the Chinese
are usually fermented spirits, made by macerating the drug in
a mixture of grain (usually rice) and leaven during the process
of fermentation for producing spirits. In some instances the
prepared spirit is used, but at the time most of the formule
were prepared distilled spirits were unknown. In the native
medicine shops the old process is still in use, although in those
cases where the prepared spirit is directed to be used, distilled
spirits are now employed instead of the old fermented spirits.
A large number of these preparations is found in the books of
which the following are the principal ones:

Tincture of Acanthopanax spinosum, Fr Im je 7 (Wu-
chia-p‘i-chiu). A decoction of the bark is fermented with rice
and leaven. It is used in colds and is regarded as beneficial in
diseases of the ligaments and bones.

Tincture of Achryanthes bidentata,; “2 ff jG (Niu-hsi-
shiu). A decoction of the drug is fermented with rice and
eaven, and the preparation is considered tonic and useful in
‘hronic malaria.

Tincture of Acorus calamus, - if YH (Ch‘ang-p‘u-
hiu). A decoction of the root is fermented with rice and
‘raven, aud the preparation is regarded as useful in all forms
{ colds, rheumatic difficulties, and to improve the sight and
earing.

Tincture of Akebia quinata ; 3 Ei 7j§ (T‘ung-ts‘ao-chiu),
he fruits of this plant are decocted and fermented with rice
id leaven. It is used in the treatment of diseases of the
scera and to improve the circulation.

Tinceure of Allium fistulosum ; Be Gk {A (Ts‘ung-shih-
‘iu). The onions are mixed with bean ferment and digested in

434 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

spirits. This is a remedy for fever, headache, and dysentery.
It is also considered to be anhydrotie.

Tincture of Amomum zanthoides ; ¥§ fy {4 (So-sha-chiu).
Cardamon kernels are roasted, powdered, and digested in
spirits. This is a carminative preparation, used in digestive
difficulties.

Tincture of Arctium lappa, 4 3§ i (Niu-p‘ang-chiu).
The root is sliced and digested in spirits. It is used in colds,
and to give strength to the back and legs.

Tincture of Artemisia apiacea; FF B PH (Ch‘ing-hao-
chiu). ‘The juice of the herb is expressed and fermented with
rice and leaven. It is used in general debility and chronic
malarial difficulties.

Tincture of Artemisia capillaris ; VA ji WB (Yin-ch ‘en-
chiu). The herb is roasted to a yellow color, and then mixed
with rice and leaven and fermented in the usual manner.
Colds and muscular rheumatic pains are treated with this
preparation.

Tincture of Asparagus lucidum ; F PY & iG (T‘ien-mén-
tung-chiu). The herb is decocted and the decoction fermented
with rice and leaven. ‘This is considered to be tonic to the
viscera and the blood vessels, and quieting in nervous affec-
tions. It is used in alcoholic poisoning.

Tincture of Atractylis ovata, ji YH (Shu-chiu). The
drug is peeled and soaked in east-flowing water for thirty days.
The juice is taken and exposed to the dew for one night, and
then fermented with rice and leaven. It is prescribed in rheu-
matism and fever.

Tincture of Bambusa leaves, "ff BE jf (Chu-yeh-chiu).
A decoction of bamboo leaves is fermented in the usual manner,
and used in the treatment of fevers, and to clarify the intellect.

Tincture of Brasenia peltata ; 4\\) $f {8 (Hsien-mao-chiu).
The drug is steamed and dried nine times, and then digested
in spirits. It is considered to be strengthening to the virile
powers, and is used in the treatment of general debility and
wasting.

Tincture of Cannabis sativa seeds, {= Si i (Ma-jén-
chiu). There is more than one formula for this preparation,
but in the common one the kernels of the seeds are browned

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 435

and digested in spirits. The preparation is used in rheumatic
difficulties, where there is much pain and inability to move.

Tincture of Chrysanthemum sinense , 45 {€ 7 (Chii-hua-
chiu). A decoction of the dried flowers is fermented with rice
and leaven, and if Rehmannia glutinosa, Cryptoteenia cana-
densis, and Lycium chinense are added, the preparation 1s
greatly improved. ‘This is for headaches, to improve the hear-
ing and sight, and as a prophylactic against diseases in general.

Tincture of Citrus acida compound; He R (Pai-kuo-
chiu), ‘hundred fruits spirit.’? ‘Take one each of Citrus acida
and Citrus chirocarpus; walnut meats, lungans, lotus seeds,
and dried oranges of each a half catty ; seeds of Thuja orient-
alis, four ounces; pine nuts, three ounces; red dates, twenty
ounces; black sugar, three catties; dry distilled spirit, fifty
catties. Digest all together. The preparation is regarded as
tonic and beneficial to the kidneys.

Tincture of Citrus fusca; + 44 {8 (Chih-ju-chiu). The
inside lining of the Citrus fruits is digested in spirits and
used for colds and influenza.

Tincture of Clematis graveolens, tq 8% YR (Huang-yao-
chiu). The drug is cut into slices and digested in spirits. It
is used in the treatment of goitres and tumors of the neck.

Tincture of Cocos nucifera, i "YR (Yeh-chung-chiu).
This is the fermented milk of the cocoanut. It is used in the
treatment of dropsy, hemoptysis, and is applied to the head to
restore the black color to the hair, which it is also supposed
to do if drunk habituallly.

Tincture of Cotix lachryma; & JR fe J (1-i-jén-chiu),
The Job’s tears are powdered, and fermented with rice and
leaven, and used as a tonic and stimulant remedy in rheumatic
difficulties.

Tincture of Cryptotenia canadensis, & Sis YA (Tang-kuei-
chiu). A decoction of the drug is made, and either fermented
in the usual manner, or mixed with prepared spirits, and used
as a tonic in diseases of women and to promote menstruation.

Tincture of Cudrania triloba root compound, *h Rt 1
(Ché-kén-chiu). Take of the Cudrania root, 20 catties ; Acorus
calamus, five pecks; boil in one ¢az of water to five pecks ; add
old iron, 20 catties, and ferment the whole with rice and leaven

436 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

in the usual manner. ‘This is used in diseases of the kidneys
aud the ears.

Tincture of Cyperus rotundus root, =}; Hk 7 (So-kén-chiu).
The root is sliced and steamed, and then digested in spirits.
It is used in diseases of the bladder, and in depression of spirits
due to any cause.

Tincture of Dioscorea quinqueloba,; 3& FR {7S (Shu-yu-
chiu). The tubers are powdered and fermented with leaven,
or there is added Cornus officinalis, Schizandra chinensis, and
ginseng, to increase its virtue. It is considered to be tonic,
strengthening to the virile powers, and beneficial to the spleen
and stomach.

Tincture of Feniculum vulgare, jy %#& {4 (Aui-hsiang-
chiu). The fennel seeds are simply digested in spirits.
Foreign fennel is most highly esteemed for this purpose. The
preparation is used as an anodyne and carminative in strangury
and tenesmus.

Tincture of Ipomea batatas; t{ $2 {8H (Kan-shu-chin).
The tuber is sliced and digested in spirits for an indefinite
length of time. The preparation is considered warming to the
stomach, astringent in diarrhoea, and aphrodisiac.

Tincture of Ligustrum lucidum bark; xe 48 JK YB (Ni-
chén-p‘i-chiu). The bark is cut into slices and digested in
spirits. It is considered as tonic, especially to the loins.

Tincture of Lontcera japonica; 7, & jf (Jén-tung-chiu).
This tincture is prepared by a complicated process which does
not seem of much importance. Some of the virtues ascribed to
the preparation are doubtless attributed to the peculiar method
of preparation which is given in the /éztsao. It is vaunted as
a remedy in all forms of cancerous and virulent sores, no
matter upon what part of the body they may be found. It is
taken internally. The tumor is punctured and some form of
plaster is applied, in perfect confidence that the disease will
be speedily cured.

Tincture of Lycium chinense; %j #G j§ (Kou-chi-chiu).
The seeds of the plant are boiled soft, the pulp expressed, and
fermented with rice and leaven. Or the seeds are digested
together with Rehmannia glutinosa in prepared spirits. This
is a tonic preparation, and is useful especially in sexual debility.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 437

Tincture of Monochasma savatier’ ,; FE % 7 (Lu-jung-
chiu). ‘The drug is digested in spirits together with Dioscorea

_batatas. This is used in profuse urination and general debility.

Tincture of Morus alba , 3% | 7H (Sang-shén-chiu). The
juice of mulberries is boiled and fermented with leaven in the
usual manner. It is used in dropsy, and it is said that out of
ten afflicted with this difficulty, if they use this remedy, uot
one will die.

Li coupled of Mulgedium sibiriacum ; Fx Sy {4% (Cht-shéng-
chiu). ‘wo pints of the seeds are ee with two pints of
the kernels of Coix lachryma and a half catty of the fresh
root of Rehmannia glutinosa.* These are digested in spirits,
aud the preparation is used in the treatment of debility and
rheumatic difficulties.

Tiacture of Pachyma cocos ; # 7 iH (Fu-ling-chiu). ‘The
powdered tubers are fermented ont lesen and rice and used
as a tonic remedy.

Tincture of Panax ginseng, J #& YR (Jén-shén-chiu).
The root is powdered and fevaiaiea with rice and leaven, or
digested in prepared spirit. It is used as a tonic in all wasting
diseases.

Tincture of prich , Hf FE YA (Sung-yeh-chiu). The freshly
collected pitch is fermented with glutinous rice, and used in the
treatment of colds and locally in chillblains.

Tincture of Polygonatum canaticulatum ee) ie 1s
(Huang-ching-chiu). Four catties each of nO eo cana-
liculatum and Atractylis-sinensis; five catties of Lycium
orientalis leaves; and three catties of Asparagus lucidus are
decocted, and the decoction mixed with glutinous rice and
leaven, and fermented. ‘This is nourishing, tonic, aphrodisiac,
and reconstructive.

Tincture of Polygonum ,; 3& J (Liao-chiu). A decoction
of the plant is fermented with leaven and rice, and the prepara-
tion is recommended as a tonic.

Tincture of Tree Polygonum; FR 3 iH (T‘ien-liao-chiu).
The plant from which this is made is not really a Polygonum,
resembling that plant only in taste ; but it has not been possible
to identify it. The bark of the tree FR RK B (Mu-t‘ien-liao) is
digested in spirits, in the spring and summer for seventeen

438 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

days, and-in the autumn and winter for twenty-seven days. It
is considered to be a sovereign remedy for all the Fézg diseases.

Tincture of Populus alba bark; & 8 J& {7 (Pai-yang-
p‘i-chiu). The bark of the tree is sliced and digested in
spirits. It is used as a revulsive and correcting remedy.

Tincture of Prunus persica bark; Pk JR {RH (T‘ao-pi-
chiu). A decoction of the bark of the peach tree is fermented
together with rice and leaven. ‘This preparation is considered
to be diuretic, and is used in dropsy.

Tincture of Rehmania glutinosa; Hy HR WH (Ti-huang-
chiu). The root of this plant is mixed with leaven and rice,
sealed up in a vessel for seven days, and thus fermented under
pressure. The preparation is considered to be tonic and
rejuvenating.

Tincture of Rosa rugosa co.; Ji #& #2 YR (Feng-pi-yao-
chiu). Use one ounce each of the white flowers of Hibiscus
syriacus, Rosa anemonzeflora, and Rosa rugosa ; one half ounce
of the flowers of Datura metel ; five flowers of Solanum nigrum,
and of the flesh of Longan fruits and northern dates, one ounce
each. All is soaked in spirits and used in rheumatic difficul-
ties and colds.

Tincture of Sargassum stliquastrum , ¥ #% i (Hai-tsao-
chiu). ‘The seaweed is washed clean and digested in spirits.
It is used in the treatment of goitre, and may be considered to
be a very good way of administering iodine.

Tincture of Skimmia japonica ; 7 F& #H (Ying-yu-chiu).
Skimmia japonica, the three named species of aconite, Justicia
gendarussa, Polygonatum vulgare, Siler divaricatum, Cocculus
thunbergii, Rhododendron metternichii, Rhododendron chi-
nensis, Asarum sieboldi, and cinnamon heart are digested in
spirits for a period ranging from three days in summer to seven
days in winter. This combination of poisonous drugs is used
only in wasting palsies. The disease being considered to be
the result of a virulent poison, requires these virulent drugs
for its treatment.

Tincture of Sophora japonica ; #% #% iW (Huai-chih-chiu).
The twigs of Sophora japonica are decocted and fermented in
the usual manner. The preparation is used in the treatment
of leprosy.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 439

Tincture of Stemona tuberosa, A * jf (Pai=pu-chiu).
The root of this plant is digested in spirits and the preparation
is used in the treatment of acute and chronic coughs.

Tincture of Sterculia platantfolia; *% ii) 7H (Wu-tung-
chiu). ‘I‘he tops of this tree are used in spring or summer, and
the root in autumn or winter, together with distilled spirits,
in the preparation of a tincture, which is used both externally
and internally in the treatment of mammary abscess.

Tincture of Thuja ortentalis leaves; # BE {fH (Po-yeh-
chiu). A decoction of the leaves is fermented together with
leaven and rice and used in colds and rheumatic difficulties.

Tincture of turpentine, % Eh JB (Sung-chieh-chiu). A
decoction of pine joints is fermented together with leaven and
rice, or the leaves of the pine may be used in making this
preparation. It is used, presumably externally, in the treat-
ment of weak tendons, aching points, and chillblains.

Tincture of Zanthoxylum and Juniper , i #A i (Chiao-
po-chiu). Thirty-seven peppers and seven twigs of the juniper,
taken from the east side of the tree, are digested in prepared
spirits and used as-a prophylactic against miasms.

Tincture of Zingiber officinale; %& {4 (Chiang-chiu).
This is simply ginger root, steeped in prepared spirit, or
ginger juice fermented with leaven. It is used as a stimulant
in colds and indigestion.

TORREYA NUCIFERA.—+# (Fei). The character is
also, but incorrectly, written 32 (Fei) and #Jf (Fei, Pei, or
Pai). The tree is a taxaceous one, resembling Cunninghamia
stmensis. In fact it is sometimes called ¥ #2 (Yeh-shan), ‘‘wild
Cunninghamia.’’ ‘The nuts of the tree are called #§ # (Fei-
shih), 297, tk fF (Pi-tzit), of Fk (Ch‘ih-kuo), and = ly FR (Vii-
shan-kuo). They are collected and eaten by the Chinese, and
are much relished as a food and valued as an anthelmintic.
They are from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a
quarter long, oblong, pointed at either end, but more sharply
so at the upper end. The skin is of a reddish-brown color,
mottled with patches of a darker tint, woody, fragile, and
marked longitudinally with broad, shallow strie. The kernel
is much roughened, obscurely villous, and covered with a thin,

6

440 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

reddish-brown membrane. ‘hey have little taste, but are
reputed to be peptic, anthelmintic, laxative, and tussic in their
qualities. ‘Chey contain much oil, and in Japan this is ex-
pressed and sold on the market. They can be eaten in large
quantities without fear of disease from their use. The Péz-
‘sao distinguished the fk F as being slightly deleterious ; so
sometimes this must refer to the fruits of another tree; prob-
ably Cunninghamia. ‘Their only use is as an anthelmintic.
A product called {jf 3E (Pai-hua), and described as flower of
Torreya nucifera, is also given. It is said to be bitter, car-
minative, anthelmintic, and to give a good color. It cannot
be taken very long without deleterious effects

TRACHYCARPUS EXCELSA.—## fi] (Tsung-lit) ; see

Chamerops excelsa.

TRACHYLOSPERMUM JASMINOIDES.—* ff (Wan-
lan); see Metaplexts stauntonit. $& A (Lo-shih) ; see Rhyn-
cospermum jasminoides.

TRAPA BISPINOSA, Z7rapa natans.— %F (Chi-shih),
¥€ (Ling), 7K #2 (Shiu-li). This is the water-calthrop, or water-
chestnut. Yhe common names are # -j (Ling-chio) and G ¥
(Lao-ling). The common kind is the two horned ; but there
are three and four horned kinds. The first name is said to
refer to the three horned, while Zzzg refers to the two and
four horned. But in central China they are all called Lzzg.
The plant is sometimes confounded with Zzyale ferox. It
grows plentifully in the ponds, lakes, and rivers of China,
has been used from very ancient times as an article of diet,
and is included among the things to be offered in religious
ritual. Li Shih-chén gives a very good description of the
plant, its fruit, and the manner of cultivation. It is said that
if eaten raw it will injure the digestive tract, producing worms
and intestinal disorders. This is not surprising, since the nut
is usually produced in filthy ponds. Boiled,it is eaten in great
quantities with great relish by all classes of people, especially
children, and without danger. It is regarded as nutritious and
constructive, and being a water product, it is thought to

;
:
:

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. A4I

relieve thirst, reduce fever, and to be useful in sunstroke.
The flowers and shells of the fruits are used for dyeing the
whiskers and hair, and as an astringent in fluxes. YR ¢Z
(Fou-ling) isa name assigned to 7rapa xatans, and refers to a
kind resembling the French water chestnut.

TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS.—g@ #2 (Chi-li), 52. The
Erhya gives & (Tzii) as the classical name. It is the calthrop,
and is found in many parts of China. On account of the spiny
character of the fruit it is called Jk # (Chihb-hsing), ‘‘prevent-
ing walking.’’ ‘There are two kinds, the common kind being
called ft 3 #2 (Tu-chi-li) and another kind coming from
Shensi is called & $F # (Pai-chi-li), 936, or PF Ae HE Ae (Sha-
yiian-chi-li), 1081, from the place from which it is brought.
The seeds of the ordinary kind are considered to be diuretic,
tonic, abortifacient, galactagogue, alterative, and anthelmintic.
They are used in spermatorrhcea, anemia, in parturition,
coughs, purulent expectoration, and hemmorrhoids. The seeds
of the white kind are specially recommended in kidney difficul-
ties and spermatorrhcea. The flowers are recommended in
white leprosy, and a decoction of the shoots is used in scaly
and scabious skin diseases.

TRICOMANES JAPONICUM.—B, dE (Wu-chiu). Other
names are 47 $2 (Shih-fa), 47 3 (Shib-t‘ai), 4 #€ (Shib-i), and»
§R #E (Kuei-li). As usual with the Chinese in the case of
ferns, there is much confounding of genera and species. It is
used in fevers, bladder difficulties, jaundice, wounds, menor-
rhagia, and as a stimulant to the growth of hair.

TRICOSANTHES MULTILOBA.—f& # (Kua-lou), 640.
It is probable that other species are included under this term,
as Tricosanthes kirilowit aud Tricosanthes japonica. The plant
is a sort of dryony, resembling Bryonta dioica. A classical
name is 3% # (Kuo-lo). Nearly every part of this plant is used
in medicine, but the principal products are the seeds, 640, the
rind of the fruit, 641, and the root. The brownish-yellow
dried rind of this fruit is met with in drug shops in broken, or
collapsed, pieces indicating a globular fruit of some three or

442 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

four inches in length. In the recent state, the pepo has a
yellow rind, and the globular fruits, about the size of a man’s
fist, hang gracefully from the branches, on long slender
pedicels. The seeds are large, flat, and brown. The kernel
in the recent state is green and contains much oil, which is
sometimes expressed and used as lamp oil. ‘There is little or
no difference in the medical action and use of the fruit and
seeds. Both are regarded as nutritious, tussic, thirst-relieving,
tonic, and astringent in fluxes. They are also administered in
jaundice, suppression of urine, relaxation of the mucous mem-
branes, retained placenta, agalactia, and syphilitic ulcers. The
seeds are found in commerce, under the name of JX #& {& (Kua-
lou-jén), 640.

The root goes under the name of FR 7§ HH (T ‘ien-hua-fen),
1292, and fy 4% (Pai-yao), 970. ‘This is found in the shops in
irregular pieces, two or three inches in length, and varying in
size from that of a little finger toa man’s thumb. Externally
they are pale yellowish-white in color, usually marked with
irregular longitudinal striz, and internally they are hard,
amylaceous, and white, with yellowish medullary rays passing
from the circumference toward the center. ‘They are very apt
to be wormi-eaten, when they become reduced to a very fine,
white, dry powder, compared to snow. This amylaceous
substance is not found in the root of the growing plant, but is
deposited as the plant attains maturity, and is therefore ex-
tracted from the old root dug up in the autumn. This starch
is considered to be cooling, nutritious, quieting to the centers,
and healing in the case of wounds. It is also recommended in
jaundice, polyuria, amenorrhcea, and abscesses. To the stalk
and leaves of the plant are attributed antifebrile properties.

TRICOSANTHES PALMATA.— #& - (Pai-yao-tzii),
970. Such is an identification of Faber. See the last article.

TRIGONELLA FC!NUM-GRACUM.—i #& & (Hu-
lu-pa), 485, 7 # (K‘u-tou). These are the small, pale, red-
dish-brown seeds of a leguminous plant with small pods,
introduced into the southern provinces of China from some
foreign country, and at first understood by Chinese writers to be

CO —

————

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 443

the seeds of a brassicaceous plant. Since it has been grown in
Kuangtung, however, it is recognized as being of a different
species. ‘The seeds are furrowed and compressed so as to be
somewhat angular in shape, and have a peculiar and some-
what bitter taste. The beans, which have been in use asa
medicine since the time of the Tang dynasty, are usually
boiled or parched, and given with lign-aloes, anise-seed, and
other substances as a tonic, carminative, arthritic and deob-
struent remedy. Renal diseases, hydrocele, hernia and diseases
of the hypogastric region are said to be benefitted by this drug.
It is especially recommended as a demulcent in diseases of the

-bladder, and this seems to be a reasonable use for it, as this is

practically its only property.

TRIGONOTIS PEDUNCULARIS.—# KR # (Chi-
ch‘ang-ts‘ao). See Eritrichium pedunculare. ‘The name, Chz-
ch‘ang-ts‘ao is also applied to Mazus rugosus, which see.

TRILLIDIUM JAPONICUM.—® ff (Tsao-hsiu). See
Paris polyphylla.

TRISLARIGATA KAUMPFERI.—% te FE (Shih-
ch‘an-hua). This is Faber’s identification. Others make it
38 te 7E (Pi-ch‘an-hua), but this is given under the article
on Commelyna polygama (which see).

TRITICUM VULGARE.—)J, 3 (Hsiao-mai). An old
name is Z€ (Lai), also written # (Lai). The character # is
explained as coming from some place, some say from heaven
and some say from another country ; by others still the char-
acter is said to resemble the spikelets of the ears of wheat.
The learned compiler of the Péztsao gives 3m fii #7 (Ka-shih-
tso) as the Chinese transliteration of the Sanscrit or Pali name.
As arule, the grain is sown in winter, although a spring crop
is occasionally heard of. Wheat is very extensively raised in.
the provinces of Honan, Shensi, Shansi, Shantung, and Chihli.
It is sown broadcast in the north, but in the more southerly
provinces where only an inferior grain can be raised, the seed
is more thickly sown and produces only a precarious crop.
Setting aside the story of the heavenly origin of this grain, it

444 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

may be assumed that barley or rye (included by Dr. Schlegel
under the name of Zaz) has been longer known in Shensi, the
original home of the Chinese, than wheat, which ‘‘came’’ to
them from elsewhere. It is asserted in the Péz¢sao that if the
Xanthinm strumarium be cut up, dried, and mixed with the
wheat it will not suffer from weevils. Wheat is regarded as
nourishing, but heating in its nature. It is said to be diuretic,
demulcent, and antihemorrhagic. Its use is also said to pro-
mote fertility in women. It is recommended to be used in
gravel, leprous skin diseases, and in wounds of the abdomen.
The grains of wheat which have not filled out, and will there-
fore float on water, are called Y@ # (Fou-mai). They are
roasted and considered useful in colliquative sweating, espe-
cially in tuberculosis in women.

WHEATEN BRAN.—2E #K (Mai-fu), HE JR F (Mai-fu-tzt).
Bran is of very good quality in China, the flour not having
been entirely removed by the rough mode of grinding the
meal. Nutritive, demulcent, vulnerary, and discutient prop-
erties are referred to this useful domestic remedy, which is
made into poultices with vinegar, or into a tea for the suppres-
sion of severe sweats, bloody urine, or any flux. Barley bran
is directed to be substituted for wheaten bran in spring and
summer. A pillow stuffed with fresh bran is credited with
much the same soothing or cooling effects in smallpox and
other serious diseases of infancy as the old fashioned hop
pillow. Bran is not much used in feeding cattle, but it is
sometimes given to pigs. It is anarticle of veterinary medicine.

WHEATEN FLour.—%#§ (Mien), # #5 (Hui-mien), & 35
(Pai-mien). This is described in the /éztsao as being slightly
deleterious. If hung up in an airy place for several years, it
is said to lose this injurious quality and to be suitable for
medicinal purposes. Formerly, wheat was ground by rude
handstones of the most primitive character, as in the rural
districts of China is to some extent still the case. In larger
towns the millers employ the yellow cow as a motive power to
grind over and over again the wheat, which yields a coarse
flour. The = 3@ #§ (San-tao-mien), or ““three-way-flour’’, is
considered the finest quality which the Chinese can make with
their rude mills. At present, several flouring mills after the

ore

re

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. A45

foreign pattern have been established in China, and the flour
from these, together with that imported from abroad, is
rapidly taking the place of the old style flour. Aside from the
nutritious properties of this article, a raw paste is used in fevers
and sunstroke, and is also used as a poultice in ecchymoses,
and internally in epistaxis and hemoptysis. A variety of other
difficulties are also treated with flour or its paste, but are of no
special interest, since the virtues ascribed are mostly imaginary.
BREAD.—2 fjf (Chéng-ping), #& BH (Man-tou), #5 J
(Mien-pao), gf 98 (Mo-mo). Much more appears to be known
of Trans-himalayan customs and manners by the Chinese than
most persons suppose, as many habits known to, or practiced by
them, in former times, in common with Indo-aryan or Turanian
races, have dropped out of use and memory. Many words
have been coined by those too willing for the task, who might
have searched and found out that the Chinese language at least
knew of such things. The use of wheaten bread is very
ancient and much more general than is supposed by most
persons. Bread pills are an old remedy with Chinese doctors.
Stale bread is looked upon as very digestible. Bread is raised
by means of leaven, native soda, or pearl ash, the small loaves
or cakes being steamed in a very simple and ingenious way
described in JLockhart’s ‘‘Medical Missionary in China.’
Bread and pastry are consumed as the staple article of diet in
Honan, Shensi, Shansi, and Shantung. A kind of fancy
bread, shaped like a top, is made in Tien-men-hsien, Hupeh.
The Mohammedans are the best confectioners. The Chinese do
not use alum in their bread, and if made from the best quality
of their native flour, it is very wholesome. J/o-mo is a Honan
name for bread. Stale bread is recommended in the Péxtsao
in diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, leucorrhcea, menorrhagia, pro-
fuse sweats, and in serious injuries. Burnt bread is mixed
with oil and applied to burns and scalds. A remarkable case
of one of the Sung monarchs, in his infancy, having been
cured of incontinence of urine by the use of stale bread, garlic,
and beans, is quoted in the /4¢sao with approbation.
-WHEATEN STARCH.—% #} (Mien-f€n). Under this name,
often improperly applied to the flour of wheat, the Pén-
ésao gives the starch prepared from bran or flour by washing

446 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

and separation. It is much used to stiffen clothes. Medicinally,
it is cooked and used in dysentery, or parched and made into
a poultice with vinegar to be applied to all sorts of swellings.

WHEAT GLUTEN.—35 jf (Mien-chin). This is prepared
by washing out the starch, and when a small quantity is
wanted for catching birds, it is only necessary to masticate
the wheat until nothing else is left. It is used as a nutritious
article of diet, and is also considered to be antifebrile.

WHEAT DEXTRINE.—2 # (Mai-ch‘ao). This is prepared
by steaming, drying and powdering the wheat. It is consid-
ered to be nutritious, antifebrile, and quieting. The young
sprouts of wheat are considered to be antivinous, constructive,
and antibilious. A growth upon the wheat ears, evidently
parasitic in its nature, is called # 4y (Mai-nu). For this see
the article on Ergot. The straw of wheat is burned to an ash,
aud used as a caustic application on unhealthy granulations.

TROPAZOLUM MAJUS.—4 3# 7€ (Chin-lien-hua). The
Kuang-chiin-fang-pu describes fully this flower, giving as its
natural habitat Wutaishan in Shansi. It is not mentioned
in the /ézzsao, but the first two characters of the name are
given under the article on Lemnanthemum nymphoides.

TULIPA GRAMINIFOLIA.—jl] 3% 4% (Shan-tz‘u-kw),
653. See Orithyta edulis.

TUSSILAGO FARFARA.—k %& (K‘uan-tung), 650.
This is the common co/¢sfoot used in popular medicine in
western countries, and the flowering scapes, with the purplish
bracts and unopened florets, are used in Chinese medicine.
T'wo varietes are met with in China and Korea, one having a
large flower. A number of names are given for the plant,
among which is #¢ % (To-wu), which is Farfugium kempfert
(which see). Some of the names given refer to the early
flowering of this plant and its resistance to cold and frost.
The principal medicinal qualities attributed to the drug are -
those of an expectorant in apoplexy, phthisis, coughs, and
asthma, and as a demulcent in fevers. Eyes are bathed with
a decoction of the flowers in hot water. The flowers are also
smoked in the treatment of chronic cough in much the same

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 447

way as the leaves of the plant are used as a substitute for
tobacco in England and America.

TYPHA ORIENTALIS. — # jf (Hsiang-p‘u), 420.
This is a kind of dulrush, resembling the 7ypha latefolia of
Europe, which is also found in the south of China. It grows
at the side of pools, and its linear, reddish leaves are made into
mats and fans. The young shoots are gathered in the spring
and pickled, and may also be steamed and eaten. The
character # is used to distinguish it from Acorus calamus,
which is sometimes called 54 ff (Ch‘ou-p‘u). The heart of the
tender plant, which is found at the bottom of the pond in the
mud, is called jf $4 (P‘u-jo) and fy BY (Pai-jo), and is some-
times eaten raw, after careful cleansing. It is sweet and
delicate, and the Chinese like it steeped in vinegar. The
stem of the plant bears at the top a kind of mace, containing
the flowers, which is called jf # (P‘u-ch‘ui) and jf 4% (P‘u-o).
The pollen of the flowers, which is exceedingly plentiful, and
is like a fine, golden dust, is called jf 3¥ (P‘u-huang), 1054.
It is collected, mixed with honey, and sold as a sweetmeat.
The old root is also edible when boiled or steamed with fat
meat, or it is dried in the sun, powdered, and made into cakes.
The rhizomes are also called #ff 2) (P‘u-sun), and are reputed
to be tonic, cooling, diuretic, and galactagogue. ‘They are
recommended in caked breast, fevers, and dysentery. The
pollen, which comes mixed with the stamens and the hairy
sepals of the flowering spike, is a yellow powder tending to
collect into balls, and resembles lycopodium powder, especially
in being quite infammable. It requires sifting, and is then
used as an astringent, styptic, sedative, dessicant remedy in all |
sorts of hemorrhages, bruises, and eccliymoses, especially those
occurring after labor. The refuse ({#) left after sifting the
pollen, is called 77 3& (P‘u-6), and is bréwned and used as an
astringent in dysentery and other hemorrhages from the bowels.

TYPHONIUM GIGANTEUM. = #% JH i& (Tu-chio-lien).
The identification of this plant is uncertain, it having been
confounded with Arvisema heterophylla (Henry and Faber),
Podophyllum versypelle (Ford and Crow), and Dzphylleia
(Japanese). See the article on Drbhylleia.

448 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ws;

ULMUS CAMPESTRIS.—#R (Yi). This is Ulmus sin-
ensis. Also called & # (Ling-yii), and the white variety is
called Jj} (Fén). Li Shih-chén says that there are very many
varieties of e/m. ‘The inner bark, 1554, is used in medicine,
and for this purpose is dried and ground up into a meal. This
meal is used for a variety of other purposes, among which is
the manufacture of incense sticks. A kind of paste was
formerly made of it, and in times of great scarcity the ground
bark, the leaves, and the membranous fruit are all used as food.
Demulcent, lenitive, diuretic and antifebrile properties are
attributed to it. It is applied with oil and vinegar to various
parasitic and porriginous eruptions. Poultices are made of it
also in caked breast, abscesses, and swellings. Advantages
are taken of its demulcent properties in diarrhceas, bladder
difficulties, and gonorrhcea. The leaves of the elm are used
in the green state as a sort of pot-herb and are supposed to be
antilithic and counter-poisonous. A decoction is used as an
application to wine nose, and also in the treatment of bilious
difficulties. Ihe flowers are used in the nervous affections of
children and their fevers. The kernels of the seeds are made
into a porridge and eaten, and are said to promote sleep, to
control menstrual discharges, and to be anthelmintic. An-
other kind of bark is found in the Customs Lists under the
name of # #t Je (Hsiang-yti-p‘i), 430. A fungus growing on
the elm tree, and called # He (Yii-erh), is given in the Cus-
toms Lists as #t #2 (Yt-mo), 1553. The last character is not
found in any of the dictionaries, and the entry must refer to
an exidiaceous growth referred to in the article on Fwzgz.
If so, it is an edible fungus, and has no special medical
properties.

ULMUS MACROCARPA.—#E # (Wu-i). The name)
of the tree is fff (P‘ien), which has been by some observers mis-
taken for Zznudera. 1, Shih-chén says that there are two
varieties, but seems to confound one with the fruit of the com-
mon elm. ‘he fruit of this species is used in medicine, and

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 449

has a fetid odor. For this reason it is sometimes called 5% 2 #
(Ch‘ou-wu-i), which is found mentioned in the Hankow List of
Medicines (p. 7), and is described as ‘‘a small lentil-shaped seed,
_ of a very disagreeable and strong odor. The flesh of the berry
generally adheres to the seed.’? The Customs Lists call the
Wau-t, 1457, ‘‘a medicine cake,’’ the characters used being the
same as appear at the head of this article, and also x{ #% the
name of the ‘‘Bohea’’ hills in Fukien. The medicinal prop-
erties attributed to these seeds are antifebrile, anthelmintic,
digestive, counter-poisonous, and prophylactic. They are also
used externally in parasitic skin diseases.

ULMUS PARVIFOLIA.—#f # (Lang-yii). The simi-
larity of this tree to U/mus campestris is noted. The bark is
mucilaginous, and the fruits ripen in the autumn. The bark
is used as an antifebrile, antilithic, diuretic, soporific, and
quieting remedy.

ULMUS KEAKI.—#& # (Chii-liu). See Prerocarya
stenoptera.

UMBILICUS FIMBRIATUS, Cotyledon fimbriata.—t
¥E fig Hi (Tso-yeh-ho-ts‘ao), 7 # (Wa-sung), fy K HE (Hsiang-
t‘ien-ts‘ao). This grows upon old tile roofs to the height to
a foot or more, and at a little distance looks like a pine
branch; hence one of the Chinese names. The plant is
dried in the sun for medical use. It is used as a styptic in
dysentery, as an ointment in falling out of the eye-brows,
as a stimulant in suppressed menstruation, in gravel, and in
dog bite.

UMBILICUS MALACOPHYLLUS, Cotyledon mataco-
phylla.— | ike (Wu-yu), H #K (Wa-i), HB (Wa-t‘ai), Ee
(Wa-hsien), fi 9} (Po-hsieh). This is similar to the last, but
does not grow so tall. Its medical uses are also similar, but
it is more particularly used as an antifebrile and quieting
remedy. A decoction, to which salt is added, is used in fever-
sores of the mouth, gumboils, and nosebleed. It is also recom-
mended in dog bite.

450 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

UNCARIA RHYNCHOPHYLLA.—#qy jf (Kou-t‘€ng).
It is also called FR f# (Tiao-t‘éng), on account of its hooked
thorns. It is common in the mountains of Hunan, Hupeh,
and Kiangsi, and it is a climber, varying in length from eight
to twenty feet, hollow, and about the thickness of a finger. -
It is said that thieves use this hollow stem with which to
syphon out spirits from wine jars without having appeared to
have disturbed the latter. It is the Vazclea sinensis, and has
been identified by fatarinov as the Uncaria gambir. This
identification is somewhat doubtful. The task set for himself
by Hanbury, of identifying the various gambir and catechu
extracts with their respective plants has not, so far as we are
able to find, yet been accomplished. No mention is made in
the Péxtsao article of any extract from this plant. Whether
it is that the Chinese have not recognized the identity of the
plant with that of the Indian Archipelago, from which pale
catechu is derived, or whether it is really not the same plant,
has not been determined. The drug is found in China under
the name of %& fi X (Hai-érh-ch‘a), or & je (Wu-tieh-ni),
being confounded with the product from Acacza catechu (which
article see). Short pieces of the shrub constitute the form in
which the drug is found in Chinese comerce, 612. Each piece
is of a dark, or reddish-brown color, and contains a node from
one half an inch to one inch in length, with two sharp stiff
recurvent stipules. These spines are sometimes found in
commerce as representing the form of the drug employed.
The drug is used in infantile fevers and the nervous disorders
of children. In adults, dizziness, motes in vision, and bilious
disorders are treated with it. A tincture is made of the nodes
of this plant, which seems to have the properties of tincture of
catechu. Another plant is spoken of in the same article in the
Péntsao called ff #p fF (Tao-kua-t‘eng). There is no descrip-
tion of the plant, except that it grows deep within the mountain
valleys, has long pointed leaves, and recurved spines by which
it hangs to the branches of the trees. It is recommended as an
astringent in all post-partum difficulties.

Gampir or Pale Catechu of commerce. While it is not
certain that the plant under consideration is really Uncaria
gambir, an account of the manufacture of this substance and

eS ene

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 45!

its appearance in commerce is here given. Dr. Williams says
that is made ‘‘by boiling the leaves for five or six hours, until
a strong decoction is formed. ‘They are then taken out and
strained above the caldron. ‘The decoction is evaporated almost
to dryness, when it is cooled and the water drawn off. A
soapy substance remains which is dried and cut up.’’ It
occurs in cubes, or cakes formed by the coherence of these
cubes. ‘They are about an inch square, porous, externally of a
brown color, and internally of a brick-red or ocherous color.
The pieces become much darker with age. Gambir is seven
or eight times richer in tannin than oak bark, and is perfectly
soluble in boiling water. The solution is bitter, astringent,
and its after-taste is slightly sweet. The decoction should not
be very smooth to the taste, nor should it give a blue color
with iodine. The drug is imported into China from Singapore,
principally for dyeing purposes. It is probable that this drug
is often found mixed with that derived from Acacia catechu,
Areca catechu, and other substances.

URTICA SCORPIONIDES. i -* #f (Hsieh-tzii-ts‘ao).
This is a name given by Porter Smith to a Chinese nettle
described in the Auang-chiin-fang-pu as being formidable to
all animals, except the camel, on account of its stings. In
man the sting swells and turns red, resembling the bite of a
scorpion. It is not used in medicine.

URTICA THUNBERGIANA. 2& fit (T‘an-ma); also
called 3% # (Mao-hsien). ‘This is said to have originally come
from the mountain valleys of Kiangningfu (Nanking). It has
a prickly stalk two or three feet high, and the leaves are
green, or purplish, and hirsute, and the prickles on the leaves
produce a sting whenever touched with the bare hand. It is
said that if these leaves are thrown into water, they will poison
fish. The taste is bitter and cooling, and the action of the
plant is emetic. It is used only externally, bruised, in snake
bite, and applied to pemphigus-like skin difficulties, which it
is said to cure in one night. :

UVULARIA GRANDIFLORA. H #f (Pei-mu). See
Fritillavia thunbergit.

452 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Vv.

VALLISNERIA SPIRALIS.—7 #% (K‘u-ts‘ao). This
tape-grass, or eel-grass, grows to the length of two or three
feet in ponds and marshes. ‘There is no farther description of
the plant. It is prescribed in decoction in leucorrhcea, and is
used together with sesamum to increase the appetite, in which
case it is made into a tea, or the dry drugs are masticated
together.

VERATRUM.—#% J# (Li-lu); also called jl # (Shan-
ts‘ung), ‘‘mountain onion.’’ ‘This term also includes Veratrum.
album and Veratrum nigrum. It grows in north-central
China. The description in the /éztsao agrees with this
identification. ‘The name in Chinese refers to the black color
(#2) of the root-stock, as does the word Veratrum (vere-atrum,
truly black). As found in the market, the drug consists of the
root-stock, terminated with the radicals and embraced by a
bundle of hairy, coir-like fibers. The Chinese recognize its
poisonous properties, and consider it to have errhine, emetic,
expectorant, evacuant, and anthelmintic effects. It is given
in apoplexy as a rousing emetic, and is used as an ointment
for itch and other parasitic skin diseases. It is also used in skin
diseases of the horse. As an appendix to this article in the
Péntsao, there are given three other plants as resembling, in some
respects, Veratrum. One is lj 3% 47 (Shan-tzt-shih), which
by Faber is identified as Zulipa edulis. It is used in menstrual
difficulties. The second is 3% # #2 (Shén-kuo-kén), which is
used in corroding ulcers. The third is called Bj Hk (Ma-
ch‘ang-kén), which is used in the Aw disease, the Féng
disease, and in scabious ulcers.

VERBENA OFFICINALIS.— $f 2% (Ma-pien-ts‘ao),
807. This is a common plant in low grounds, having a square
stem, opposite leaves, and bearing in autumn small purple
flowers in spikes. Another name for it is Be fF EE (Lung-ya-
ts‘ao). The plant is often confounded with Leonurus on
account of its square stem and other similar characteristics.

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 453

The stalk and leaves are thought to act on the blood, relieving
congestion, obstructions, dropsical effusions, and hematoceles,
and is also accredited with emmenagogue, anthelmintic, and
antiscorbutic properties. It is administered in malarial diffi-
culties. The root is considered astringent, and is employed in
dysentery.

VIBURNUM DILATATUM.—§ #€ (Chia-mi); also called
8 YR (Hsi-mi). The leaves are like to those of zbzscus syriacis,
and the fruits resemble those of Deutzza gracilis, red in color
and sweet in taste. The tree grows in mountain valleys. The
fiber of the internal bark is used in making ropes. The twigs
and leaves are used in making medicine, and are considered _
anthelmintic and corrective. A decoction is used as a wash.
to maggoty sores, destroying the maggots, and acting as an
astringent and stimulant to the sore.

VIBURNUM OPULUS.—? f& (Hstieh-ch‘iu). - This
‘“‘snowball’? plant is mentioned in the Awang-chiin yang pu, but
is not used medicinally. It is known in Europe as the Gzlder
rose, but in China it is confounded with the AH/ydrangea,
which is called # #§ $k (Yang-hsiu-ch‘iu), and which also is
not used medicinally. This confounding is liable to lead to
disastrous results, since the leaves of the latter are sometimes
used for tea, while the leaves of Veburnum are said to be
emetic and drastic.

VICIA FABA.—# B (Ts‘an-tou). This is the Windsor
bean, or horse bean, of England. Equally with Prsum sativum,
it is called §§] H (Hu-tou), because it comes from abroad.
This bean is extensively cultivated, especially throughout the
south and west of China. ‘The tender shoots are eateti as a
pot-herb. The description given in the Péxtsao is quite good.
The beans are supposed to benefit all the viscera. The shoots,
boiled in oil and salt, are said to be very efficacious in arousing
a drunkard from his stupor.

VICIA GIGANTEA.—At Peking the character #% (Wei)
is applied to this, and in the Péztsao the description under
this title seems, in most cases, to indicate a leguminous plant,

454 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

and there is given as an alternative term !} 95 Hf (Yeh-wan-
tou), which in Japan is Lathyrus maritimus. But Wez also
refers to a fern, and. both in China and Japan the term is so
used. It is impossible, therefore, to distinguish the medical
uses of this from those of Osmunda regalis, which are the
same as those of Pterts agutlina (which articles see).

VICIA HIRSUTA. —## #§ (Ch ‘iao-yao), #% Hi (Yao-ch‘e),
»Jv #£ 3€ (Hsiao-ch ‘ao-ts‘ai). The fine leaves of this purple plant
can be eaten. It grows commonly everywhere, but is cultivated
in Szechuan. Its leaves are likened to those of Sophora
japonica. ‘The beans are small, andthe pods resemble those of
peas. Their medicinal action is considered to be beneficial to
the blood, strengthening to the flesh, atid they can be eaten a
long time without one’s losing a taste for them. ‘They are
recommended in chronic malarial difficulties.

VINCETOXICUM ATRATUM.—,y §& (Pai-wei), 969.
This 1s a common plant in central and north China. It has
leaves resembling willow leaves, red flowers, and a yellowish-
white root. The root is used in medicine as an antifebrile
remedy in malarial fevers, and in all fevers attended by
delirium, which it is thought to quiet. It is also diuretic, and
is used in diseases of the urinary organs, especially incontinence
of urine.

VINCETOXICUM “PURPURASCENS.— ff (Pai-
ch‘ien), 939. . This. grows freely in central China to the height
of a foot or more. Another name for it is [ik 2% (Sou-yao),
‘cough medicine,’’ referring to its chief medicinal use. It is
recommended in all forms of bronchial and lung troubles, and
especially in chronic cough with bloody expectoration.

VINEGAR. —{f (Ts‘u). Other names for this are if (Tso),
H& (Hsi), and #¥ #§ (K‘u-chiu). Vinegar is made in China
from rice, wheat, leaven, chaff, must, fermented sweetmeats,
peaches, grapes, dates, cherries, and various other fruits. Old
rice vinegar is the kind most highly valued in medicine, but
other kinds are also used. Li Shih-chén gives an account of

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 7 455

the manner of making vinegar from many of these substances.
The corrective and condimental uses of vinegar are fully dis-
cussed in the Pénz/sao, and as it is the only acid with which
the Chinese have had any definite acquaintance, its solvent and
oxidizing properties are also referred to. It is believed to spoil
the teeth and to make people thin. The reviving effects of the
fumes of vinegar, as in parturition, are understood by the
Chinese. It is believed to be cooling, astringent, antidotal,
stomachic, alterative, anti-emetic, and discutient. It is especial-
ly recommended as a wash in foetid exudation in the axille and
groin, where hot-water and soap would probably be more
efficacious. It is also used in insect bites of all kinds, and to
aid in the expulsion of a dead fcetus or retained placenta.

VIOLA PATRINII.—3& 76 He T (Tziti-hua-ti-ting), 1272,
141. See Fumaria offictnalts.

VIOLA PINNATA.—#j # Bi (Hu-chin-ts‘ao). This wild
violet resembles the Vola sylvestris, has a purple flower, and
the plant is often used as a pot-herb, having a slighly acid
taste. It is considerered nourishing, purifying to the blood,
and anodyne. Bruised and applied to ulcers and foul sores, it is
considered cleansing, and is mixed with turpentine, olibanum,
ashes from burnt hair, charcoal from mulberry twigs, and made
into a pill for use in dispersing cancerous tumors.

VIOLA SYLVESTRIS.—# 3 (Chin-ts‘ai). In the
Péntsao this is confounded with Afpzum graveolens, being
considered to be a sort of wild celery. The plant is considered ~
to be counter-poisonous, and is used as an application in horse
bites, reptile bites, and cancerous sores. Its ingestion is also
thought to benefit in tubercular troubles and cholera. This
same character # (Chin) is used for Aconzte, Sambucus
chinensis, and Ranunculus sceleratus.

VISCUM.—& [| # 4 (Sang-shang-chi-shéng), 1067, #A
#€ (Sung-lo), # 4E (Chi-shéng), 58, #& # 4E (Tsa-chi-shéng),

1320. ‘I‘hese terms usually refer to loranthaceous plants,
although all kinds of epiphytes and parasitic plants are really

456 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

included in the third and fourth. These epiphytic plants
are found growing upon the fir, poplar, oak, elm, willow,
peach, mulberry, liquidamber, Pterocarya stenoptera, and other
trees. Some of the authorities in the Péxztsao say that it is
the same plant, only differing in its root according to the tree
upon which the plant lives. But it is more than probable
that more than one genus is represented by these many varieties
of epiphytes. According to Henry, Loranthus yadortkt is found
in Hupeh, and the Japanese find Loranthus (Viscum) kempfert
in Japan on Lar?x, Aézes, and some species of pine. Whatever
description of the two plants is given in the /ézésao, together
with their medicinal uses, will be found under the article on
Loranthus.

VITEX CANNABIFOLIA.—4f $i] (Mu-ching). This
includes also Vztex negundo, which is called 3 Hi) (Huang-
ching). The classical name for the plant is 4 (Ch‘u). The
character Ching was the name of one of the nine provinces
into which the empire was divided under the Great Yu. Ch‘u
also was the name of a state which occupied the same territory
as the province of Ching. What reference these characters
may have to the name of this plant, if any, is not clear. At
Peking the Vitex zucisa, which is there called #] -F (Ching-tzi)
or $i) #~ (Ching-t‘iao), is a very common shrub. It is also used
for fuel and for making charcoal. In the mountains where it is
allowed to grow for several years it becomes quite a tree,
although ordinarily the tree does not attain to very large size.
The flowers are preduced in the axils of the leaves, and the
fruit is about the size of coriander. ‘They are used in
rheumatic difficulties, coughs, colds, angina, leucorrhcea,
hernia, deafness, and gonorrhoea. The leaves are used as an
astringent and sedative in cholera, gravel, and moist eczemas
of the lower extremities. The root is employed in colds and
rheumatic difficulties; the twigs, in decoction, as a dressing
in burns and scalds. An infusion, called #J jf (Ching-li),
is made of the twigs of the plant, and is considered to be a
very efficacious remedy in all forms of headache, dizziness,
convulsions of children, coughs, and mental unrest, and at
the same time it is said to promote wakefulness.

7

REE

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 457

VITEX TRIFOLIA.—é& #i) (Man-ching), 819. This
is the same as Vtex zncesa. ‘The description in the Péxtsao
agrees fairly well with this identification. The branches are
slender and weak, somewhat resembling a vine; hence the
Chinese name. It is found plentifully in north China. The
berries are the part used in medicine, and as they appear in
drug shops are globular, black, nucumentaceous, about two or
three lines in diameter, and usually covered with the remains
of the calyx, or mixed with the dried leaves of the plant. The
interior is white, ligneous, and made of four carpels in a state
of adhesion. ‘They have little taste or smell, and must be
neatly inert. They are prescribed in headache, catarrh, and
watery eyes, and are said to promote the growth of the beard,
that great desideratum of the middle life of every Chinese man.
Cancer of breast is also treated with it.

VITIS BRYONIAFOLIA.—#4 Hf (Ving-yii). This is
also called [lf 4] 4j (Shan-p‘u-t‘ao) and gF # ay (Yeh-p‘u-
t‘ao). It is the wild grape, which is found growing in the
Peking mountains, bearing small, edible, black fruits. Vz¢zs
labrusca is also represented by ik title. The fruits are con-
sidered cooling and beneficial to the complexion and breath.
The vine is thought to be diuretic, and is used in typhoid with
a view to checking nausea. The root is recommended in
gravel and pain in the lower abdomen, especially in women.

VITIS CORNICULATA.—2% % (Tzii-ko). This grows
in mountain valleys, the vine being more than ten feet long,
the root purple in color and two or three inches in dees
The bark of the root, which is the part used in medicine, is
employed in an acetous decoction in cancerous and other swell-
ings, and is considered eliminant. It is also used after labor for
relieving thirst, and as an application in all sorts of wounds.

VITIS FLEXUOSA.—F # & (Chiien-sui-lei). This
is also called 3 3 ji (Ch‘ang-ch‘un-t‘éng), and has a vine
resembling the grape- vine, yielding in the fourth month a
white sap, sweet in taste, and in the eighth month bearing
fruits which are greenish-black with a tinge of red. These
fruits are used medicinally, and are supposed to be strengthen-

458 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ing and constructive. The sap of the vine is one of the
many drugs supposed to restore youth and black hair. The
root is considered warming to the sinews.

VITIS INCONSTANS.—% #§ J (Ch‘ang-ch ‘un-t‘€ng).
It is also called JE @ BE #5 (Lung-lin-pi-li), ‘‘dragon scale
fig.’ This is a creeper upon bushes and trees, bearing a
round berry of a pearl color. ‘The stalk and leaves are bitter
and the fruit is sweet. Ail are used in medicine as a tonic
and constructive remedy, and in the treatment of inflamma-
tory swellings. A decoction of the fruit is recommended in
obstinate epistaxis.

VITIS PENTAPHYLLA.—S # 3§ (Wu-lien-mei). On
account of its five pointed leaf it is also commonly called F JX
BE (Wu-chao-lung), ‘‘five clawed dragon.’”? This grows in
hedges as a vine, has a greenish white flower, an angled stalk,
and bears fruits somewhat resembling the berries of Solazwm
nigrum. ‘The root is mucilaginous, and is the part used in
medicine. It has special reputation in the treatment of can-
cerous sores, boils, insect bites, and all sorts of inflammatory
swellings. It is also diuretic, and is used in the treatment of
hemorrhage from the bladder.

VITIS SERIAN HFOLIA.—fy & (Pai-lien), 954. Other
names for it are fy Hi (Pai-kén) and 9 Gl Jf (Mao-érh-luan).
It is a common plant in mid-China, having a tuberous root
with reddish black skin, white flesh, and collected together in a
mass like a nest of duck’s eggs. The medicinal virtues of the
different parts of the plant are the same, but the root is the part
commonly employed in medicine. It is used in inflammatory
swellings of all kinds, being considered anodyne and cooling.
It is also recommended in the nervous disorders of children,
ague, swelling of the genitals in women, and menorrhagia.

VITIS VINIFERA.—*@j 4 (P‘u-t‘ao). As this name is
also written 7f Pk (P‘u-t‘ao), being different characters of the
same sound, it is entirely probable that these represent some
foreign name. Indeed it is said in the history of the Han
dynasty that the famous general Chang Chien introduced them

es

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. , 459

from western Asia about B.C. 120-125. Li Shih-chén notes
that the grape was known in China from very early times, but
he probably confounds other species of Vz¢c’s with the domestic
grape. It is certain that this vine has not been cultivated very
extensively in China to the present time. No improvement in
the original species has taken place under Chinese cultivation,
and good western varieties have only been introduced within
recent times by missionaries. ‘The description in the Pézsao
is fairly good, and the appreciation of the virtues of this fruit
is fully shown in its medicinal applications. The fruit is con-
sidered strengthening, cooling, constructive, diuretic, and
anthilithic. It is recommended to bring out the eruption in
small-pox. A decoction of the root, vine, or leaves is recom-
mended in the vomiting of cholera, vomiting of pregnancy, and
threatened abortion. It is also diuretic and useful in dropsy.

WINE. —-#j 4 (8 (P‘u-t‘ao-chiu). With the Chinese there
are two kinds of grape wine; the fermented and the distilled.
The former is called AjE 4j 49 7 (Niang-p‘u-t‘ao-chiu) and the
latter 8 4] 49 WH (Shao-p‘u-t‘ao-chiu). ‘The fermented is pro-
duced by mixing the expressed juice with leaven in the usual
manner which the Chinese use, or the dried grapes may be
used. The distilled is fermented in the same manner, but is
afterwards distilled by the usual method employed by the
Chinese, resulting in a form of weak brandy. However, it is
strong enough to be considered very poisonous, producing
inebriation much more quickly than the ordinary Chinese is
accustomed to. Foreign brandies are also mentioned, some of
them being considered stronger and some weaker than the
native product. One of these is called PA fi) ye (Ha-la-huo),
which may be a transliteration of ‘‘hollands,’’ or maybe of
‘falcohol.’? ‘The fermented wine is considered warming, and
is recommended in kidney affections and for improving the
color. The stimulating properties of the distilled wine are
fully recognized, and it is used to prevent hunger, stimulate the
intellect, and quiet the centers, which all know it seems to do.
But the Chinese have a certain amount of prejudice against
grape-wine on account of its heating properties, which are
supposed to be given to it by the reputed origin of the grape
from the volcanic districts of Turfan.

460 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Ww.

WAHLENBERGIA MARGINATA.—q #€ py 2 (Hsi-
yeh-sha-shén). See Adenophera.

WICKSTRG@IMIA CHAMADAPHNE.—3é 7 (Yiian-
hua). See Daphne genkwa.

WICKSTRG@MIA JAPONICA.—s€ 7 (Jao-hua).
There is not much description of this plant, and what there is
is somewhat conflicting. There seem to be two kinds, one
with white and the other with yellow flowers. It is regarded
as poisonous, and is used medicinally in typhoid fever, ague,
coughs, and its action is regarded as diuretic.

WISTARIA CHINENSIS.—3 j@ (Tzii-t‘eng). The
description given in the /én-¢sao is sufficient to identify this
plant, and in some parts of China it is called 44 2 ji (Chao-
tou-t‘eng). The seeds, if placed in wine, are said to preserve
it from spoiling, and if put into wine that is already spoiled
will restore its good qualities. It is considered slightly delete-
rious, and is prescribed as a diuretic and in a disease of the
heart called }€ (Yin).

WOODWARDIA JAPONICA.—}y # (Kou-chi), 606.
This is the Japanese identification which Faber refers to Wood-
wardia radicans , but this is evidently a mistake, so far as the
genuine Kou-chi plant is concerned. See Polypodium barometz.

WOODWARDIA RADICANS.—¥ 3% (Kuan-chung), 647.
This entry in the /én-tsao refers to Aspidium, Nephrodium,
Onoclea, and other ferns, as well as to Woodwardia. A number
of Chinese names is given, such as & @j (Kuan-chieh), # #
(Kuan-ch‘ii), 7 5A (Pai-t‘ou), Fi Ks BA (Ts‘ao-ch‘ih-t‘ou), B fig
# (Hei-kou-chi), and Ja & ¥ (Féng-wei-ts‘ao). The last is said
to be the name of the herbage, and the first the name of the
root, referring to the manner in which the rootstock is seem-
ingly strung together. Exact identifications are exceedingly
difficult, especially as the Chinese confound both genera and
species. Medicinal uses are given under Vephrodium filix mas.

I t= ee el Se

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 461

oe.

XANTHIUM STRUMARIUM.—# ¥ (Hsi-érh). This
is a common weed throughout China. At Peking, and also in
the south, it is called # H- (Ts‘ang-érh), 1328. Another name
is # He (Chian-érh); but this in Japan is Cerasteum gluteno-
sum. ‘The fruits are said to look like a woman’s ear pendant,
and for this reason are called Hj (Erh- -tang). Because the
fruits are prickly and adhere to the fleeces of sheep that are
being driven about the country for pasturage, the plant is
scattered widely, and for this reason it is sometimes called =6
#4 3 (Yang-fu-lai), ‘‘sheep-carried-it-here.’? A number of
other names are given, being applied in different parts of the
country, and on account of various resemblances or uses. The
leaves are eaten, and also used for dyeing yellow. ' The fruits
are considered slightly deleterious, and are used as a tonic,
anti-strumous, anti-rheumatic, anti-periodic, and diuretic

-remedy. The shoot and leaves have cooling and quieting

properties ascribed to them, and are used as an astringent and
hemostatic. The root, 1329, is not mentioned in the /éztsao,
except as being pobiiea with the leaves in the preparation of
an extract (see Extracts in the Appendix). The flowers are
recommended in the Appendix of the Pézésao as a remedy
in colds.

XANTHOCERAS SORBIFOLIA.—%X% 3% # (Wen-
kuang-kuo). This beautiful tree grows wild in Tartary, is
cultivated in Peking, and is now found in most of the botanical
gardens of Europe and America. The Chinese name is found
in the Péz/sao in a foot-note to the article on Ficus carica,; but
there is no description of the plant, and none of the fruit,
except that it resembles the fig and tastes like the chestnut,
being ripe in the fifth moon. No medicinal virtues are
ascribed.

XYLOSMA RACEMOSUM.—% 7 (Tung-ch‘ing). See
Tlex pedunculosa and Ligustrum ies

462 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Z.

ZANTHOXYLUM AILANTHOIDES.—# # # (Shih-
chu-yii). This is also called jk fg (Yiieh-chiao) and $k +
(La-tzu). A common name by which it is described in the
Péntsao is ##& F- (Tang-tzu). It is said to grow in Fukien
and is a lofty tree, resembling Az/anthus, but is thorny. ‘The
fruits are pungeut and are eaten by the people as a substitute
for the ordinary red-pepper. The tree also grows in other
parts of China, has a mottled bark and yellow flowers. The
fruits are green in color, and are gathered by the people in the
eighth month, bruised together with lime and the juice
expressed, which is called 3& jf (Ai-yu) or $ 3€ ith (La-t'‘sai-
yu), and eaten as a condiment. Medicinally, the fruits are
considered to be slightly deleterious, but their virtues are
regarded as practically identical with those of Boymza rute-
carpa, with which this product is frequently confounded.
Carminative, tussic, stimulant, and counter-poisonous virtues
are ascribed, and the drug is prescribed in diarrhceas, leucor-
rhoea, aud chronic dysentery.

ZANTHOXYLUM BUNGEI.—Z fy (Ch ‘in-chiao) ; also
called Jo Hg (Ta-chiao) and 4% 4g (Hua-chiao), 492. As in-
dicated by the first name, this originally came from Shensi,
and the drug consists of the small, red, tuberculated carpels,
called 4g #0 (Chiao-hung), inclosing the black, round, shining
seed. By abortion, the carpels, normally four in number, are
reduced to two, and the slender pedicles attached to the carpels
are often found mixed with the dehisced carpels. The drug
has an aromatic odor, and a peculiar, pungent, and terebin-
thinate flavor, with a benumbing, acrid after-taste, faintly
resembling that of aconite. The properties which render it
condimental and medicinal are probably due to the oleo-
resin of the tubercles of the pericarp. The leaves are also
collected and used with the fruits as medicine. They are also
employed for feeding silk-worms. The resemblance of this fruit
to Zanthoxylum piperitum is noted, but the fruits are said to
be larger and the seeds smaller than in the latter. It occurs in

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 463

different parts of the country in both the wild and cultivated
state. Its medicinal virtues are considered to be carminative,
stimulant, sudorific, emmenagogue, astringent, and anthelmin-
tic. Its use asa condiment is regarded as highly beneficial to
all the vital processes. An infusion in vinegar dropped into
the ear is said to be able to drive out every form of bug
or worm that may have invaded that cavity.

ZANTHOXYLUM PIPERITUM.—# 4 (Shu-chiao),
commonly called Jif ##¢ (Ch‘uan-chiao), 241, and also PR 4g
(Nan-chiao). As the name indicates, this is the Szechuan
species, and is much cultivated in western China. It is a
shrub from four to five feet high, spiny, with hard, shining
leaves, and fruits appearing in the axils of the twigs and
leaves. ‘These fruits are the size of a small pea, have a
purplish-red skin, and contain a shining, black seed, resem-
bling the pupil of the eye, and for this reason called # A
(Chiao-mu), ‘‘pepper eyes.’’? It is not always clearly distin-
guished from Zanthoxylum bunget. The carpels, which are
called # #0 (Chiao-hung), are considered somewhat deleterious.
It is probable also that they are sometimes confounded with
some other acrid drug, as it is said that the kind which
closes the mouth (benumbing or acrid) will produce death.
The prolonged use of these carpels is said to produce im-
becility and to injure the blood vessels. Medicinally, they are
carminative, stimulant, warming, tussic, antimalarial, and
prophylactic. They are recommended in dysentery, spermat-
orrhoea, galactorrhcea, and polyuria. Externally, they are
used as a stimulant to the skin and as a parasiticide. The
seeds are considered diuretic, and are used in dropsies, diseases
of the kidney and bladder, and in asthma. ‘The leaves have
properties similar to those of the fruits, and are prescribed in
similar cases. A decoction of these is recommended in varnish-
poisoning. ‘The root is made into a decoction and used in
kidney and bladder difficulties, and externally in ecchymoses
and other skin affections.

ZANTHOXYLUM SCHINNIFOLIUM. — jf (Yai-
chiao) ; also called #f #{f (Yeh-chiao). This isa wild species,

464 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA,

resembling Zanthoxylum piperitum, but having gray, dull
seeds, instead of black. The seeds are parched, and fed to
chickens and ducks. ‘The carpels of this plant are mixed with
wild ginger and administered with wine as a remedy for
asthma and coughs.

ZANTHOXYLUM \Sp.—#x Hq (Wan-chiao). This is a
Yunnan species, is a creeper instead of a shrub, and is also
called 3% 4g (Chu-chiao), “pig pepper,” fy 4% (Kou-chiao),
“dog pepper,’’ and 4p ##% (Chin-chiao), ‘‘golden pepper.’’ It
grows wild in thickets, and has a pliant stem. The natives
eat it. The fruit, root, and stem are all used medicinally in
colds, coughs, dropsy, and externally as as a wash to hemor-
rhoids.

ji, #g (Ti-chiao). This is a still smaller creeper and
comes from Shangtang in Shansi. It has a very small stalk
and leaves, aud purplish-white flowers. The leaves are boiled
with mutton to give a flavor. The medicinal properties of the
fruits are anodyne and anthelmintic.

ZEA MAYS.—* ff % (Yii-shu-shu) ; also called — Wy
Ye (Yii-kao-liang). This came from the west, and the descrip-
tion given in the Péztsao is characteristic. (Common names
for the 7zdian corn are 7\ % (Pa-lu) and ~ ¥# (Liu-su), ‘‘the
sixth grain.’? ‘The corn is regarded as nutritious and sto-
machic. A decoction of the root and leaves is used in urinary
difficulties, strangury, and gravel.

ZELKOWA KEAKI.—#& jp) (Chii-liu). See Pterocarya

stenoptera.

ZINGIBER MIOGA.—#¢ jip (Jang-ho). Henry refers
these characters to Lz/iéum giganteum, but without doubt the
description given in the Péztsao indicates Zngiber. There
seems to be two sorts, one with a red root, the other with a white.
The leaves are said to resemble those of the banana, and the
roots are like ginger roots, but more succulent. The roots are
often pickled in the same manner as ginger. They are con-
sidered to be slightly deleterious, and are prescribed in malaria,

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. | 465

malacia, insect and scorpion bites, and the decoction as a
wash in inflamed eyes. The leaves have similar virtues, and
in addition to the uses already indicated, are used as a
prophylactic.

ZINGIBER OFFICINALE.—# (Chiang), 574. In the
Péntsao this is given in two articles, one on 4E # (Shéng-
chiang), ‘‘fresh ginger,’? and the other on #% #£ (Kan-chiang),
“dry ginger.” Originally, the whole was discussed under
the latter title, but Li Shi-chéu, for some reason best known to
himself, separated them in this manner, and discusses under
Shéng-chiang ¥& He # (Kan-shéng-chiang), ‘‘dry fresh gin-
ger.’? He does not succeed in making out any essential dif-
fereuce between the two articles discussed. The character
Chiang is explained by ##@ (Chiang), which would indicate that
ginger was not originally a native product, but caine from the
Mongolian borders. The product is very well described in
the /éntsao. It is largely cultivated in the central provinces,
and is much eaten in the green state as a condiment and
corrective. ‘That grown in the southern provinces’ is much
less mucilaginous than that grown in the Yangtse valley, and
‘ consequently is better adapted for making preserves and sweet-
meats. Most of the preserved ginger found in the market,
therefore, comes from the south. It is called #§ # (T‘ang-
chiang). Dry ginger, such as is tound in the west, is not
easily made from the Chinese root, as the skin does not readily
separate by maceration. What is known as dry ginger in
China occurs in flat pieces, of an inch in length, much
shrivelled and wrinkled. The taste is much inferior to that
from the West Indies and other gingers. The fresh ginger is
used to correct fetor, stimulate the digestive organs, quiet
nausea, check cough, and act as a carminative and astringent
remedy in dysentery. It isalso thought to overcome the poison
of mushrooms. ‘The dried ginger has similar properties, and
is also used in urinary difficulties, hemorrhages, constipation,
and perverted lochia. The ginger skin, # Je (Chiang-p‘1),
77, is also used as a carminative remedy and in opacity of the
cornea. The ginger leaves are bruised and the juice used as a
digestive stimulant and as a local application in ecchymoses.

466 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

An oil of ginger, # jf (Chiang-yu), 80, is made in Kuang-
tung and used as a condiment. Indian ginger, K & & =
(T‘ien-chu-kan-chiang), is also mentioned in the FPéxtsao ina
foot note to the present article. Kan-chiang is also called
(j # (Pai-chiang).

ZIZANIA AQUATICA.—¥f (Ku). See AWydropyrum
latifolum.

ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA.—i% 3 (Suan-tsao). This is the
wild, spinous form of Zzzyphus vulgaris, which in its cultivated
state has no spines. This wild form is a very thorny shrub,
producing small, spherical, sour, edible fruits, having a globular
pit. It is used for hedges. The dried, crushed, red drupes of
this and other rhamnaceous trees are sold in the shops under the
name of 3% y& (Tsao-p‘i), 1337, and #& fy (Tsao-jou), 1336, and
these are said to be stomachic and tonic. .The kernels of these
fruits and also of Rhamnus soporzfer, if indeed these are not the
same, are sold under the name of @@ # {& (Suan-tsao-jén), 1205.
As the name .Szaz-tsao is also used for Dzospyros lotus, it may
be that these refer also to the kernels of that fruit. They are
used as sedatives. From the fact that the tree grows in the
mountains it is sometimes also called |lj # (Shan-tsao). The
fruits are considered cooling, anodyne, and tonic. If eaten
frequently, they are said to increase the flesh and strength.
They are recommended in rheumatic difficulties and especially
in sleeplessness, whether from weakness or from pain.

ZIZYPHUS VULGARIS.—# (Tsao). This is the com-
mon cultivated jwjube. It is grown in different parts of China,
and has been cultivated from most ancient times. Those
growing in the north are known as qi 3% (Pei-tsao), and those
in the South as fy # (Nan-tsao). The green dates are said to
produce fever, and those who are in low flesh should not eat
them. ‘The large dates, Je #é (Ta-tsao), are also called ff #R
(Kan-tsao), 32 # (Mei-tsao), and fE 3 (Liang-tsao). They
are much used in medicine, especially in the preparation of
pill masses and confections. They are considered nourishing,
beneficial to the viscera, tonic, quieting, and laxative. They

EY

ee

VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 467

are thought to be antagonistic to Aconzte, and are recom-
mended in nausea and vomiting, ague, abdominal pain in
pregnancy, and as a poultice in cancrum oris. The three-
year old kernels of the stones are considered especially effica-
cious in abdominal pain and as an application to wounds.
The leaves of the tree are regarded as diaphoretic, and are
prescribed in the typhoid fever of children. The heartwood
of the tree is recommended in marasmus, or the disease
known as #& (Ku), and a decoction of it is said to have
a beneficial action on the blood. The root is used in the
eruptive fevers of children, and to promote the growth of hair.
The bark is used in decoction, together with mulberry bark,
as a wash to old inflamations of the eyes.

ZIZYPHUS Sp. or Rhamnus Sp.—ff HB A (Chung-ssii-
tsao), also called {jl} 38 (Hsien-tsao). A fairy (fj) named (fp BB)
discovered this tree, hence the name. The fruit resembles
the jujube, is two inches long, purple in color, striated, has
a'small stone, and is sweet in taste. It is regarded as tonic,
moistening to the tissues, expectorant, and gives a good color
to those who eat it for a long time.

2 (K‘u-tsao). This also has a Buddhist name; JR jt
(Chiieh-i). It is said to grow almost everywhere, has a fruit
green and small, intensely bitter, and therefore it cannot be
eaten. Its virtues are said to be antifebrile, diuretic, and
purgative.

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APPENDIX.

Since the first half of this work was in press, the identifica-
tions of other plants have been found; and owing to the
alphabetical arrangement of the work, it is necessary to place
those belonging to the first half of the alphabet in an appendix.
There are also other drugs considered by the Chinese to be
important, but which have not been fully identified. These
are also placed here. It was not originally intended to include
pharmaceutical preparations in the work ; but it was afterwards
thought desirable todo this. Therefore Decoctzons, Essences,
and “#xtracts will also be found here. Finally, a list of the
rare drugs mentioned in the Féz¢sao, but which have not been
identified, is placed at the close of the Appendix. In the
interests of the study of botany, it is hoped that many of these
will be identified in the near future.

ABUTILON AVICENNA.—%7f§ Jit (Hsiang-ma). The first
character is usually read Méng; but in this case the sound is
taken from the Zang Péntsao. Another name is & Jif (Pai-
ma), and the classical name is f (Ch‘ing). The plant is the
same as S7da ¢zlieyolia aud grows commonly in northern China
both in the wild and cultivated state. Its fiber is used for
making cloth and cordage. It grows to the height of from
four to seven feet, and has leaves resembling those of
Behmeria nivea ,; it bears a yellow flower and seeds like the
hollyhock, but black. The name ‘‘white hemp”’ refers to the
color of the fiber, which is very flossy and inflammable. Chil-
dren sometimes eat the seeds of the plant. The fruits are
prescribed in dysentery, and are used in opacity of the cornea
and entropion. The root is also used for the same difficulties.

ZAGLE SEPIARIA.—# ff (Kou-chii) ; also called & i%
(Ch‘ou-chii). This is a citrus-like tree, thorny, bearing in the
second month white flowers with green stamens, and not fra-
grant. Its fruit resembles that of Cztrus fusca, but with a more
horny rind. The plant is grown as a hedge, and the rinds of

470 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

the fruit are sometimes substituted for green orange peel. The
leaves are prescribed in dysentery with mucous and bloody
stools, and in, derangements of the digestive organs generally.
The thorns are used in tooth-ache. The seeds are also prescribed
in fluxes, and the bark of the tree in colds. Also see the
article on page 19.

ALLIUM VICTORIALIS.—jl] 7 (Shan-suan); also
called }#€ 7% (Ts‘€-suan), and the classical name is § (Li). This
is a common plant in the north of China. It has a root like
garlic, and a leaf like the leek. The plant is used as a car-
minative and in profuse menstruation. Also see page 26.

ANGELICA Sp.—#} #% Ei (Tu-kuan-ts‘ao). This is a
plant which grows wild, and has a root resembling that of
Peucedanum. Its leaves resemble those of Arvalza, and the
root is used in medicine, in the treatment of swellings, tumors,
ecchymoses, throat difficulties, and centipede bites.

ANGELICA KIUSIANA.—tgg %% (Hsien-ts‘ao). This is
given in the /éztsao under the article on Ahws semzalata, and
is said to come from a women’s kingdom located to the east of
the country of Fulin, is fragrant, saline, and is eaten as a vege-
table. Its leaves are said to resemble those of Seselz Libanotzs.

ANISONIA ELLIPTICA (?)—3K tf Bf (Shui-kan-ts‘ao).
This grows by the side of water streams, shoots up in the
spring with green stalk and leaves, and is said to bear no
flower. ‘The herbage is decocted with licorice root, and used
in the febricula of children.

ARACHIS HYPOGA(A.—¥ 7 4 (Lo-hua-shéng) The
peanut or goober is not indigenous to China, having been
introduced from abroad some time previous to the eighteenth
century. The name is derived from the way the young pod
has of thrusting itself into the ground at the time of the falling
of the flower. In common use the name has been contracted
to 7£ 44 (Hua-shéng). Other names are 2 4A Rt (Ch‘ang-shéng-
kuo) and -- & (T‘u-tou). A very good description of the
plant and its manner of cultivation is given in the Appendix to

.

APPENDIX. 471

the Pénxtsao. It is said to have been introduced into China
from the country of Fusang (#& 3%) by a priest (ff) during the
first year of the reign of Kanghsi. It was introduced into
Fukien, and the nuts from this province are still regarded as
the best, although they are now extensively grown in the
Yangtze valley and other parts of China. There are two
principal kinds raised in China, that known as the native
peanut having a small, rough pod; but the beans being very
sweet and tasty. The other kind, sometimes called the foreign
peanut, which may be, and probably is, of later introduction
than the other, is larger, and more resembles that grown in
the southern United States, atthough not so large, nor is the
plaut so prolific. This is probably due to less favorable condi-
tions of cultivation. Peanuts are regarded by the Chinese
with much favor as an article of diet, and very large quantities
are roasted and eaten by all classes of people. ‘They are con-
sidered to be nutritive, peptic, demulcent, and pectoral ; in
the last case being recommended to be eaten raw. Cases
are reported in which those affected with chronic coughs
(phthisis ?) have been fully cured by eating one or two ounces
of raw peanuts daily for half a year. ‘They are also shelled,
crushed, and mixed with meat-broth for this purpose. The
oil, #€ 4E wh (Hua-shéng-yu), is made in many places in China,
and is a fair substitute for olive oil. It is laxative and pectoral.

ARALIA SPINOSA.—#% 7 (Ts‘ung-mu). This. grows
in the mountain valleys of central China to the height of more
than ten feet. It is the Angelica-tree, and is well described in
the Péntsao. ‘The crown leaves are eaten by the people where
it grows, and are called W HR (Wén-t‘ou). The tree is also
called #8 Ay #§ (Ch‘iao-pu-tao), ‘‘the magpie does not perch,”’
on account of the fewness of its branches and its thorny nature.
The white bark is used medicinally, and is considered to be
slightly poisonous. It is used as a diuretic, and also has
sialagogue properties.

ARDISIA CRISPA.—# fy #k (Chu-sha-kén). This
‘‘cinnabar-root’’ grows in the mountains of central China.
It has a leaf like //ex, but very red on the lower side. The

472 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

root, which is the part used in medicine, is also red. It is used
in throat difficulties, being made into a gargle with vinegar
and water.

ARDISIA HORTORUM.— jf 4 (Pai-liang-chin).
This is a woody shrub not more than two or three feet high,
growing in Yunnan. ‘The leaves are at first green on both
sides ; but later the under side turns purple, and the shrub is
only partially deciduous. It bears pearl colored flowers and
fruits the size of a pea, which turn red when ripe. The root
is red and fleshy. It is used in fevers, throat difficulties, and
excessive salivation.

ARDISIA JAPONICA.—3§ 4 4 (Tzii-chin-niu). This
grows in Fukien, has a leaf like that of the tea shrub, green
on the face and purple on the back. ‘The fruits are round and
purplish-red in color. The root is used in medicine for
influenza and asa carminative. It is said to render fluid the
blood. oJ. fF (Hsiao-ch‘ing) is also suggested as Ardzsia
japonica, but the descriptions do not agree.

ARISH#MA SURATUM.—8& (J BR (P‘an-tao-tséng).
There is no description of this except that it has a stalk and
leaves like Mentha arvensis. It is antifebrile and _thirst-
relieving.

ASPARAGUS GIBBUS.—fé— 3% Hi (Lung-hsu-ts‘ao).
This term is found in the Péxztsao in two places; but one
seems to refer to a cyperaceous grass used to inake mats, while
the other refers to a sea-weed. Asparagus gibbus grows in the
northern provinces, but it does not seem to be mentioned in
the books.

BECKMANNIA ERUCASFORMIS.—}qyj Hi (Wang-ts‘ao).
The classical name is & (Huang), and others are 5f fy (Shou-
t‘ien) and SF $@ (Shou-ch‘i). It grows in wet fields and resem-
bles wheat, but is smaller. It is ripe in the fourth month and
is used for food. It has some resemblance to Hydropyrum.
The grain is cooling, nutritious, and generally beneficial to the
digestive organs.

ace a. aS .

APPENDIX. 473

BETA VULGARIS.—Since the article on page 68 was in
print, the Chinese name has been found in the Péztsao with
the first character wrongly written 3. The plant was formerly
used for making a fish condiment. ‘whe leaves are used by the
people at the south as a pot-herb. Li Shih-chén gives a fair
description of the plant, but does not clearly indicate its
biennial nature. Medicinally, it is regarded as cooling, and is
recommended in dysentery, as a hemostatic, stomachic, and

_ constructive. It is specially recommended for women. The

root acts on the blood vessels, is carminative and tussic. The
seeds are used in the favus of children, and steeped in vinegar
are considered a good application to the face to remove cosmetic
powders. They are also used in bleeding piles.

BOCCONIA CORDATA.—fi#& #% 44 (Po-lo-hui). This
grows in the mountain valleys of the Yangtze provinces, has a
stalk and leaves like Recinus communts, a hollow stem contain-
ing a yellow sap which is exceedingly poisonous. When dry,
the stem may be used asa whistle. Being very poisonous, this
plant is regarded as an admirable counter-poison in all forms of
poisoned sores, abscesses, carcinoma, and the Aw disease.

CAKES, PASTRY, AND SWEET-MEATS.—The term
f£ (Kao) is applied to sweet cakes, puddings, and the like.
They are usually steamed and made of glutinous rice, glutinous
millet, or common rice flour. Those made of glutinous rice are
called ¥#¢ (Tziti), and those made of rice, beans, and sugar are
called #J{ (Erh). Those made of the common rice are con-
sidered the most digestible, while those made of common millet
are thought to injure the spleen and should be forbidden to
children. The former nourish the spleen, stomach, intestines,
benefit the breath, and harmonize the centers. The latter
benefit the breath, warm the centers, and assist in excretion.
They are specially recommended in the diarrhceas of the aged.

# (Vsung) is the name of the three-cornered dumplings
extensively used at the Fifth Moon feast. The character is
commonly written #% (Tsung). Another name, referring to
their shape and the substance from which they were made in
ancient times, is ff 4 (Chio-shu), They are now most fre-

474 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

quently made of glutinous rice. Formerly, at the Fifth Moon
feast, they were thrown into the river to feed the scaly dragon
(es fg, Chiao-lung). They are considered to be an excellent
adjuvant to anti-malarial remedies.

A kind of fried cake which was formerly made and eaten
the day before the Feast of All Souls (about April 5th), and
is still made to some extent, takes its name from the day above
referred to, and is called 3€ H. (Han-chii), ‘‘cold articles.”
It is said to keep for several months. Other names are
#3 UA (Nien-t‘ou), ‘‘pick-ups,’’ #8 @ (Huan-ping), ‘‘ring ©
cakes,’’? and #4 (San). ‘They are nade of glutinous rice and
flour, with a little salt, and are fried in sesamum oil. They
are used as an antidote to tobacco smoking, are said to tone
up the excretory organs, lubricate the intestines, warm the
centers, and benefit the breath. Chronic dysentery is treated
with them.

STEAMED CAKES, # (Chéng-ping), are made of wheat
flour, and are of many varieties. ‘They are usually raised
with leaven, and are eaten both hot and cold, being included
among the cold foods above referred to. They are considered
to be peptic, nourishing, anhydrotic, and eliminative. They
are recommended in chronic diarrhoea, menorrhagia, colli-
quative sweating, burns, scalds, fractures, and other injuries.

SWEET-MEATS are known by the names fig ff (I-t‘ang)
and §}§ (Hsing). They are made of a variety of grains and
seeds; but that used medicinally is made of glutinous rice,
with that made of maize sometimes employed. It is said to
be best in the form of a thick treacle, like the Japanese mdsz
ame. It is often made of malted grain, when it probably much
resembles glucose. It is regarded as tonic, cooling, strengthen-
ing, carminative, and expectorant. It is also regarded as an
antidote to aconite poisoning. Externally it is applied to
virulent sores and wounds.

CAREX PACHYGYNA.— #8 (Yai-tsung). There is
not much description of this. It is used with three unidentified
plants S{f 3 jig (Chi-wéng-t‘eng), 4F J [el (Pan-t‘ien-hui), and
D> Gy Pb (Yeh-lan-kén), as a woman’s remedy in wasting
diseases,

APPENDIX. 475

CHARCOAL, VEGETABLE.—jé (Tan), & Be (Pai-
t‘an). The Péztsao directs that charcoal for medicinal use
should be made of oak wood. ‘The powder jx 4é (T‘an-mo) is
directed to be mixed with water and taken after the accidental
swallowing of coins or metallic substances. Mixed with honey,
it is given in acute diseases of the throat, or is combined with
other drugs in the treatment of dysentery. Charcoal dust is
mixed with sesamum oil and applied to burns and scalds. It
is mixed with water and used as an antidote to poisoning by
mercury or calomel. Chinese families make it a practice to
burn a portion of charcoal in their houses on the last night of
the year to drive away evil spirits and noxious effluvia.
Doubtless the carbon dioxide has some influence as a disinfect-
ant, which makes the house a little more sanitary for the New
Year’s day. There are frequent accidents from the inhaling
of charcoal fumes; but they are fewer than would be expected
from the frequency with which charcoal braziers are used in
Chinese houses. Doubtless the open character of the house
prevents this danger from being more serious than it is.
Accidents of this kind to foreigners’ servants, who often sleep
in close rooms which they try to heat with a charcoal fire, are
more common than in the Chinese houses.

Soor is called ¥& 9H (Pai-ts‘ao-shuang), 966, and is
used as an antifebrile, astringent, styptic, absorbent, alterative,
deobstruent, and topical remedy. A ready supply is always
found in the Chinese household, in that which may be scraped
from the bottom of the ordinary cooking pot, and which is
called & }}§ 28 (Fu-chi-mo).

CHENOPODIUM Sp.—Several Chinese plants may be
referred to this classification, Bf $6 3€ (Yeh-p‘o-ts‘ai), #2 Ye Se
(Lo-han-ts‘ai), 7 3% (Shang-t‘iao), and # (Li). None of
these are described in the Péztsao except the last. This:
character is also applied to Veratrum and Aconitum ; but in
this place is made the equivalent of #€ (Lai), which seems to
be Chenopodium. ‘This is also called ££ wh 7 #2 (Hung-hsin-
hui-t‘iao), ‘‘red-hearted-goose-foot,’’ #§ JH Hi (Hao-ting-ts‘ao),
“‘crane’s crest vegetable,’? and fit J 3€ (Yén-chih-ts‘ai),
‘‘cosmetic vegetable.’? It resembles Chenopodium album, but

476 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

has a red heart. When young, it is used as food. When old,
the stalk can be used as a staff. It is also called #3 # (Li-
huo), and a remark made by Li Shih-chén suggests that this
name was also applied to Sorghum vulgare (jf Yt, Kao-liang),
and it may have been this which Fa Hsien saw, and by it
recognised that he had once more reached the shores of China.
The leaves and the stalk of the species under consideration are
used in medicine; the former as an anthelmintic and insecti-
cide, and the ashes of the latter as an escharotic in unhealthy
grauulations and to remove warts.

CONGEE.—5f} (Chou), BE (Mi). When this gruel has
been boiled thick it is called f## (Chan), and when thin the
name is fig (1). The number of these gruels is very large, and
they are made from any of the cereal grains and other sub-
stances, sometimes used alone and sometimes with an admix-
ture of other drugs. The common congee is made of rice or
millet, that made of the former being also known as Ff fix
(Hsi-fan). This is almost the universal staple of the Chinese
breakfast, being eaten with a relish of salted vegetables or bean
curd. It is easily digested and fattening, and as a diet for the
sick it is most excellent, being demulcent, cooling, easily
digestible, and nourishing. Whena cemulcent is needed, as in
bowel or bladder difficulties, there is nothing better, as it can
easily be diluted by adding. boiling water, it can be strained,
or meat broth, wine, or other substances can be added to it.
It readily takes the place of, and excels, barley broth or
barley water. To prepare it, a relatively small quantity of
rice should be put to boil in a sufficiently large quantity of
water, so that no water need be added to make the gruel of the
right consistency. For this reason, it is better to use too
much water rather than too little, as it rather improves the
congee to boil it a long time until the water has sufficiently
evaporated. ‘The gruel used for breakfast is usually much
thicker than that given to the sick. ‘Two places where this
gruel finds very practical use is in the case of nursing mothers,
to increase the supply of milk, and in the case of hand-fed
infants, as a useful addition to and diluent of cow’s milk. It
should always be freshly made for this latter purpose.

APPENDIX. 477

Wheat Congee, )\, BE ih} (Hsiao-mai-chou), is considered
to be cooling and is used in feverish conditions.

Apricot Kernel Congee, called #€ @& if} (Han-shih-chou),
is made of apricot or peach kernels and certain flowers. It is
recommended for coughs, as a carminative, and stomachic.

Congee made of glutinous rice, (f& 3k, No-mmi), glutinous
Setaria ttalica (Ai HK, Shu-mi), and glutinous Panzcum
miliacum (As Fk, Shu-mi), is used as a demulcent in diarrhceas,
and vomiting, and is employed as a local application in small-
pox in children. ©

Congee made of ordinary rice (ff 3%, Kéng-mi), Annamese
tice (Al) 3€, Shan-mi), Indian corn (3£ 3K, Su-mi), and
Sorghum vulgare (AK, Liang-mi), is considered to be diuretic,
thirst-relieving, and nutrient.

Congee of Phaseolus radiatus beans, Fp Jv FF Hf (Chih-
hsiao-tou-chou), is diuretic, resolvant in dropsies, and: curative
in gout.

Congee of Phaseolus mungo beans, #& WH. tty (Lu-tou-chou),
is cooling and thirst-relieving.

Congee of poppy seeds, i HK Hf (Yii-mi-chou), relieves
vomiting and benefits the large intestine.

Congee of the kernels of Cozx lachryma, #8 YX E ay (I-i-
jén-chou), is considered curative in rheumatism and beneficial
to the digestive organs.

Congee of lotus seed meal, iii -f- #} if (Lien-tzti-fén-chou),
is tonic to the spleen and stomach, and astringent in diarrhoea
and dysentery.

Congee prepared of the meal made from the seeds of
Euryale ferox, 3 '& ®t iH (Ch‘ien-shih-fén-chou), also called
$8 HA jh} (Chi-tou-chou), is regarded as tonic and constructive,
improving the vision and hearing.

Congee made of the meal of the zwater chestnut, # "& Fp
_ Kj (Ling-shih-fén-chon), is beneficial to the digestive organs,
and cooling to the viscera.

Chestnut Congee, 3 -f jf; (Li-tzii-chou), is tonic to the
kidneys and strengthening to the loins and legs.

Congee of Dioscorea quingueloba, SZ FA hy (Shu-yii-chou),
is strengthening to the kidneys and virile organs, as well as
to the digestive organs.

478 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Taro Congee, 3£ if} (Yii-chou), is regarded as very nutri-
tious.

Congce made of the flour of Zly bulbs, Ty fp Bt Hy (Pai-
ho-fén-chou), is moistening to the lungs and harmonizing to
the centers,

Radish Congee, #€ Bj if} (Lo-po-chou), is digestive and
beneficial to the diaphragm.

Carrot Congee, #} #€ 2 ik} (Hu-lo-po-chou), is carmina-
tive and peptic.

Purslane Congec, B %& jh} (Ma-ch‘ih-hsien-chou), is
recommended for rheumatism and swellings.

Rape Congee, i 36 yf} (Yu-ts‘ai-chou), is harmonizing to
the centers and carminative.

_ Pond weed Congee, FH ¥ Ze Hf (Chiin-ta-ts‘ai-chou), is
strengthening to the stomach and beneficial to the spleen.

Spinach Congec, }B BE SE i (Po-léng-ts‘ai-chou), is
harmonizing and moistening to the viscera.

Shepherd’ s-purse Congec, IR 3% i (Chi-ts‘ai-chou),
brightens the eye and benefits the liver.

Celery Congee, Fe ¥€ if (Ch‘in-ts‘ai-chou), is cooling in
summer and beneficial to the intestines.

Mallow Congec, 3© ¥ if, (K‘uei-ts‘ai-chou), is moistening
in feverishness.and peptic.

Mustard Congec, FE. 3 yy (Chieh-ts‘ai-chou), expels
phlegm and prevents evil effluvia.

Leek Congee, 3E 3€ ify (Chiu-ts‘ai-chou), is warming to
the viscera.

Salted onion Congee, AR Sk iy (Ts‘ung-shih-chou), is
diaphoretic and lubricating to the muscles.

Congee made of the meal of Pachyma cocos, {k 7 Bp Fy
(Fu-ling-f€n-chou), is a general tonic and nutrient.

Pine-nut kernel Congee, # F {= ify (Sung-tzii-jén-chou),
is moistening to the heart and lungs, and harmonizes the large
intestine. ;

Wild jujube Congee, RE A te Hy (Suan-tsao-jén-chou),
relieves fever and benefits the gall.

Congee made of the seeds of Lyctum stnense, Hy HLF Hy
- (Kou-chi-tzt-chou), is tonic to the blood and beneficial to the
kidneys.

APPENDIX. 479

Scallion bulb Congee, # fy ty (Hsieh-pai-chou), cures
“cold diarrhcea’’ in the aged.

Ginger Congee, E #% if (Shéng-chiang-chou), is warming
and antiseptic to the viscera.

Red-pepper Congec, HE HR ih) (Hua-chiao-chou), prevents
malaria and cold.

Fennel Congee, JA Ff thy (Hui-hsiang-chou), harmonizes
the stomach and cures hernia.

Congee made with dlack pepper, #3 HR Hi} (Hu-chiao-chon),
Congee of Boymia rutecarpa, Fz Ws ify (Chu-yti-chou), and
Smart-weed Congee, $i HK ify (La-mi-chou), are all carmina-
tive, and are recommended for pain in the bowels.

Congee made of hemp seed, Jit — thy (Ma-tziti-chou),
sesamum seed, #3 I} of} (Hu-ma-chou), or the kernels of -
Prunus japonica $f} As {= Hy (Yu-li-jén-chou), are all moisten-
ing to the intestines and cure rheumatism.

Congee made of the seeds of Perzlla ocymoides, tie Oy
(Su-tzii-chou), is carminative and benefits the diaphragm.

Congee with bamboo-leaf decoction, {5 FE #; ify (Chu- he
t‘ang-chou), is thirst relieving and purifies the heart.

Congee with pig's kidney, FE Be tty (Ghu-sh@a-chioa),
sheep’s kidney, > ¥F ify (Yang-shén-chou), or deers kidney,
KE PS Hy (Lu-shén-chou), is thought to be strengthening in all
wasting diseases of the kidneys.

Congee with 4 bas liver, >f \¥F th; (Yang-kan-chou), or
chicken’s liver, $3 JF ty (Chi-kan-chou), is cae used in
diseases of the liver.

Congee with mutton broth, 2 YH Fy (Yang- -chih-chou), or
chicken broth, %§ {f+ hy (Chi-chih+chou), is recommended in
wasting and shoinigiee

age with duck broth, 8, + iy (Ya-chih-chou), or carp
broth, Wh 4 YF yy (Li-yii-chih-chou), recommended in dropsy.

Congee with mz/k, 4B FL iy (Niu-ju- fae is recommended
for the thin and emaciated.

Congee with milkcurd and honey, fig He Te (Su- mi-chou),
is considered beneficial to the heart and lungs. ~

Congee to which has been added eb s horn hie cE 44
RS A hy (Lu-chio-chiao-ju-chou), is eaten to benefit the vital
principle and as constructive food.

480 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA

Congee to which drowned flour has been added, } ¥ A
ify (Ch‘ao-mien-ju-chou), is used to cure “white dysentery.”’

Congee with baked salt, Be YS A, ify (Shao-yén-ju-chou), |
is recommended in the treatment of bloody flux.

Rehmannia glutinosa Congee, Hi Be yf, (Ti-huang-chou),
is made by boiling the root with rice, and when it is nearly
done adding curds and honey and boiling dry. ‘The mixture
is afterwards boiled in water and eaten as a tonic to the blood
and general constructive.

COPAL.—It is not certain ‘that true copal has been
brought to China in the past. Neither of the genera Zrachylo-
bium nor Hymenea have been observed in this country, and if
the substance itself has been brought in, it has not been dis-
tinguished from gum anim, gum elemt, or dammar.

CORCHOROPSIS CRENATA.—[f fifi (T'‘ien-ma). This
grows in wild places, along water courses. The leaves are
used in the treatment of cancerous sores, boils, and abscesses.

CYNACHUM CAUDATUM.—yQ & # (Pai-t‘u-huo).
Also called fy $§ (Pai-ko). This is a creeper growing in
mountainous districts, and it somewhat resembles JZetaplexis
stauntoni, It is not quite certain whether the root or shoot
is used; one authority giving the former, another the latter.
Its virtues are antagonistic to all forms of animal virus, and
it is therefore used in all kinds of bites and stings. It is em-
ployed internally in all kinds of infections.

DAMMAR.—H ig jf (Pa-ma-yu). This is the translitera-
tion of a Malay name, and is properly applied to the product
yielded by Dammara australis and allied species. But with-
out doubt it is often used for gam anim, gum elemz, copal, and
other substances used in boat-caulking. In this way it came
to be applied to coa/ tar. Dammar is imported into China
from Borneo, Singapore, and indirectly from India, for caulk-
ing seams in boats. Coal tar now largely takes its place. It
is not mentioned in the Péztsao, is not known to be used in
medicine, and is only mentioned here because it is sometimes
confounded with gum elemi.

APPENDIX. 481

DECOCTIONS.—# #% #8 (T‘ang-yao-lei). While the
character # is most commonly used for this class of prepara-
tions, Ag (Chien) is also very frequently used, and with con-
siderable less frequency we find # (Kéng) and #R (Yin), while
4 (Ch‘a) and ¥ (Chih) are sometimes used for the same pur-
pose. Most Chinese medicines are administered in decoction
or infusion, but there are certain of these that have more or
less of an officinal standing, of which the following are given
in the Péztsao :

Resolvent Decoction, 3% *P # (Chih-chung-t‘ang), com-
posed of ginseng, Atractylis ovata, ginger, and licorice, and
used in all diseases of the viscera, especially of the heart, lungs,
and spleen.

Tonic Decoction, W FF -f # (Ssi-chiin-tzt-t‘ang), com-
posed of ginseng, Atractylis ovata, Pachyma cocos, dried
licorice root, ginger, and dates, and it is used in all conditions
of wasting or weakuess.

Citrus-Atractylis Decoction, #8 ji % (Chih-shu-t‘ang),
composed of Atractylis ovata and Citrus fusca, and prescribed
in indigestion, flatulence, and derangement of the vital func-
tions.

Artemisia capillaris Decoction, fi B= (Yin-ch‘én-kéng),
is recommended as a diuretic in fevers, especially in typhoid
and malaria.

Snow-fever Decoction, f% 32 2 % (Shang-han-hsiieh-
chien), composed of Ephedra vulgaris, apricot kernels, and rhu-
barb, boiled in snow-water by a complicated process, and evaporat-
ed to the consistence to form pills. This is administered in
typhoid and other fevers, and is said to produce diaphoresis and
to check diarrhoea.

Rehmannia glutinosa Decoction, fy te BL (Ti-huang-
chien), made by decocting the root and evaporating the decoc-
tion to the consistency to form pills. This is tonic, and
is administered in hematemisis, hemoptysis, and _ cancer-
ous swellings. Another decoction of the same is called fy
#@ wy (Ti-sui-chien), and is composed of Rehmannia root,
stag’s bone glue, ginger, honey, spirits and seeds of Perilla
ocymoides. This is taken in the form of decoction as a tonic
remedy.

482 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Polygonum bistorta Decoction, 3 B % (Tzti-shén-t‘ang),
composed of the root boiled together with licorice root, and
used in dysentery.

Anemone cernua Decoction, JA # & (Pai-t‘ou-wéng-
t‘ang), composed of the root of this plant, Coptis teeta, Phel-
lodendron amurense, and Fraxinus pubinervus. It is pre-
scribed in inflammatory dysentery. In the case of post-partum
bloody stools, licorice root and the medicinal glue known as
pa} J (A-chiao) are added.

Ophiopogon spicatus Decoction, BE PY & we (Mai-mén-
tung-chien), composed of the fresh root and white honey
decocted together, and prescribed as tonic and general con-
structive remedy.

Eclipta alba Decoction, 4> )& Fit (Chin-ling-chien), com-
posed of this herb, raw ginger, and white honey. It is said to
have the power of renewing a youthful appearance by chang-
ing grey hair to black.

Ague-checking Decoctions, # JE #% % (Chieh-nio-chu-
t‘ang). Several formule for antimalarial decoctions are
given, and the principal ingredient in these is Orixia japonica.
The other ingredients vary with each prescription.

Three cycle Decoction, = je 7% (San-chien-t‘ang),
composed of the three forms of aconite recognised by the
Chinese decocted together with ginger. It is considered to be
vitalizing and depurative, and is recommended in difficulties
marked by turbid urine.

Roasted beans Purple Decoction, > Bo # # (Ch‘ao-tou-
tzu-t‘ang), is made by roasting black beans, and digesting in
clear spirits until the latter has a purple color. It is regarded
as solvent to the blood, but can have no virtues except those
of the spirits.

Pien Chiao's three bean Decoction, fi #8 = B & (Pien-
ch‘iao-san-tou-yin). Pien Chiao was a famous physician, and
this is one of his prescriptions. It is composed of Phaseolus
mtungo beans, Phaseolus radiatus beans, Glycine hispidia
beans, and licorice root decocted together, and one may either
eat the beans or drink the broth. It is supposed to be prophy-
lactic to small-pox.

APPENDIX. 483

Deécoction of Orange peel, }& JR B (Chii-p‘i-t‘ang), is
composed of orange peel and fresh ginger, and is prescribed in
typhoid fever, vomiting, and cold hands and feet.

Quickening the diaphragm Decoction, Pe BR & (K ‘uai-
ko-t‘ang). This is composed of the peel of the unripe orange
fruit, part of it having been digested in salt water for three
days, part in plain boiling water, part in vinegar, and part in
spirits, after which it is taken out and shredded and then
roasted with salt toa brown color. ‘This is afterwards decocted
with tea, and taken for hiccough and fullness after drinking
wine.

Fragant Orange Decoction, & Ki # (Hsiang-ch ‘éng-t‘ang).
is made of coolie orange peel, fresh ginger, Artemisia vulgaris,
and sandal-wood. It is first made into a sort of confection,
and when it is wanted, a piece is taken and steeped in boiling
water. It is carminative and antispasmodic.

Red Dragon bark Decoction, Fp F~ JR HB (Ch ‘ih-lung-p ‘i-
t‘ang). This is a simple decoction of oak bark, which is used
on sores and ulcers.

Belonging to the spleen Decoction, $i FR BS (Kuei-p‘i-
t‘ang). This is composed of lungan fruits, date kernels,
Astragalus hoangtchy, Atractylis ovata, Pachyma_ cocos,
Aplotaxis lappa, and licorice root. It is recommended in
mental anxiety, and nervous difficulties.

Decoction of Roses, 4 2% - He (Chin-ying-tzi-chien).
The flower heads are taken and decocted continuously until the
decoction assumes the form of a syrup. A teaspoonful is used
at a dose in the treatment of sluggish circulation and anzemia.

Decoction of Lyctum chinense, *j #i BY (Kou-chi-chien).
In the spring and summer the stalk and leaves are used, and
in the autumn and winter the root and seeds. The drug is
decocted several times and the decoctions put together and
, evaporated to the consistency of a syrup. It is prescribed as a
tonic and antifebrile Eoeey It is also said to abort cancerous
swellings.

Golden Marrow Decoction, 4 ‘ig Hy (Chin-sui-chien).
Seeds of Lycium chinense are digested for two months in clear
spirits, and this is evaporated on a sand bath until of a syrupy
consistency. It is considered to be tonic and revivifying.

484 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Decoction of Lindera and Lign-aloes, B i #; (Wu-ch ‘én-
t‘ang). The two substances are decocted together with ginseng

and licorice root, and the preparation is used in a great variety ©

of difficulties as a counter-poison, tonic, anodyne, antirheumatic,
and antimalarial remedy.

Decoction of Xylosma racemosa, *: 7R PR (Tso-mu-yin).
The leaves of this tree, lotus leaves and petioles, root of
Hemerocallis minor, licorice root, and Poterium officinale,
are boiled together for the treatment of all kinds of swellings
and abscesses.

ESSENCES.—# #f #2 # (Ko-chung-yao-lu). Chinese
druggists use the characters 7¢ # (Hua-lu) on their sign-boards
to indicate the more aromatic of these preparations. But
is not confined to volatile and aromatic extracts, but includes
any preparation in which the ethereal part of the drug is
supposed to reside. So some of these preparations are more
or less fanciful, while in most cases their therapeutical applica-
tions are based on imaginary virtues. The essences found
mentioned in the Appendix to the /éxtsao, and which are
those most commonly used, are given below. The method of
preparing the aromatic essences by distillation was brought
from the west at a comparatively late date, probably with the
beginning of Dutch or Spanish commercial relations with
China. The importation of foreign perfumes and essences is
mentioned, as well as the fact that these come packed in bottles
and jugs. It is said that these were to be distinguished from
each other, not by the color, but by the odor.

Gold and silver Essence, 4: $& HB (Chin-yin-lu), was dis-
tilled from the flowers of Lonicera japonica, and is used medic-
inally as a stomachic, carminative, antifebrile, and antiseptic
remedy. It is especially recommended in small-pox.

Essence of Peppermint, ¥§ Fiy #® (Po-ho-lu), is distilled
from the fresh leaves of Mentha arvense, and used as a carmin-
ative and antispasmodic. It is said that the weak should use
it sparingly.

Essence of Rose, t¢ $i # (Mei-kuei-lu), is made by distill-
ing the flowers of Rosa rugosa. Its medicinal action is upon
the liver, stomach, and blood. It drives away melancholy.

ae 1 et

APPENDIX. 485

Essence of Citrus chetrocarpa, % = ¥ (Fo-shou-lu), is
distilled from the fresh fruit, and is considered antispasmodic
and warming.

Essence of Citrus medica, % Wt Be (Hsiang-yiian-lu), does
not differ materially from the last, either in method of prepara-
tion or medicinal uses. It is also used as a tussic.

_ Essence of Cinnamon flower, KE féE # (Kuei-hua-lu), is
distilled from the fowers of Osmanthus fragrans, and is used
as a deodorant for fetid breath, in toothache, and as a remedy
in liver diseases.

Essence of Jasmine flowers, ## H#\ ¥ (Mo-li-lu), is distilled
from the flowers of Jasminum uae and is considered
generally beneficial to the viscera. Prolonged use is apt to
produce nasal catarrh.

Essence of Rosa indica, # % (Ch‘iang-wei-lu),
brought from Indo-China, Java, and the Mohammedan countries.
Its foreign name is [if ii) FF (A-tz‘ti-chi.) It is used as a heart
remedy and in the treatment of melancholy. ‘There is alsoa
native product which is used as a warming and antiseptic remedy.

Essence of Eupatorium flowers, ¥§ 4é % (Lan-hua-lu), is
used as a stimulant only.

Essence of Ginger, #% 3 (Chiang-lu), is warming, anti-
septic, antimalarial, and expectorant.

Pepper Essence, ti #g (Chiao-lu), is stomachic, peptic,
stimulant, and tonic to the spleen.

Clove Essence, 7 # # (Ting-hsiang-lu), is warming and
antispasmodic.

Essence of Plum-flower, ti # (Mei-lu), is made of the
fresh buds of the flower, and is considered counter-poisonous in
epidemics, and is added to wine to impart a fragrance.

Essence of Lyctum chinense root, ¥ JR % (Ku-p‘i-lu),
is regarded as tonic to the muscles and bones.

Essence of Betony, # #% (Huo-hsiang-lu), is distilled
from the leaves of Lophanthus rugosus. It is a remedy in
sunstroke.

Essence of White Lotus flower, fy tw fe # (Pai-ho-hua-
lu), is a remedy in coughs and hemoptysis.

Essence of Mulberry leaves, & 2 ¥R (Sang-yeh-lu), is
used in diseases of the eye and colds.

486 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Essence of Brunella vulgaris, 3 i Fi xg (Hsia-ku-ts‘ao-
lu), is used in scrofulous glands and corroding ulcers.

Essence of Evrtobotrya leaves, tj } BE ¥# (P ‘i-p‘a-yeh-lu),
is a remedy in coughs and lung diseases.

Essence of Chamomile, |! #j 4¢ 3% (Kan-chii-hua-lu), is a
stimulant and sedative in headaches, dizziness, and colds.

EUPHOLIA LITCHI.— fe #% (Lung-li). This is found
in Faber’s list. Aupholza is the same as Nephelium, and the
drug is mentioned under Nephelium Sp. (which see). It is
probably not the lichee, but an allied species or variety.

EXTRACTS.—& % #8 (Yao-kao-lei). The character
% is used equally for an extract and a plaster. 4 7 also
means opium ; but this is in line with its meaning of extract.
In practice, there is not much difference to the Chinese
between an extract and a pill mass; many of their extracts
being administered as pills. However, there are a few of
their extracts, simple and compound, that ought to be mien-
tioned.

Extract of Ginseng, \ & # (Jén-shén-kao). This is a
watery extract made by fractionally decocting ginseng in
water, and evaporating to a pasty consistency in a silver or
porcelain vessel. The extract is kept in a closely sealed vessel
until wanted for use, when it is combined with decoctions of
other drugs, to bring out its tonic and constructive properties.
Marvelous stories are told as to how this extract saved the lives
of those in extremis. |

Extract of Aristolochia recurvilabra, 4 jit % (Pai-shu-
kao). This is also made by fractional decoction in an earthen-
ware vessel. It is tonic and curative in diarrhoea and dysen-
tery.

Extract of Atractylis ovata, 3% jit # (Tsang-shu-kao).
This is prepared by various washings, digestings, and decoct-
ings, until an extract is procured, which is to be mixed with
honey and the juice of Pachyma cocos, to be taken as a tonic,
stomachic, and constructive remedy.

Extract of Ginseng and Aristolochia, B& jh FF (Shén-shu-
kao). ‘The drugs are taken in the proportion of four ounces of

APPENDIX. 487

the former to one catty of the latter. The extract is combined
with honey and used as tonic.

Extract of Leonurus sibiricus, Hm, BE RF (I-mu-kao). The
whole plant, including the root, is taken, dried, cut into pieces,
and decocted in water. The decoction, after straining, is
evaporated to a syrupy consistency, and it is taken in all forms
of puerperal and post-partum difficulties, fractures, internal in-
juries, and obscure diseases.

Myriad Crises Extract, 8% We % (Wan-ying-kao). ‘This is
so named because the Chinese have such a fear of inflammatory
swellings, all of which this preparation is supposed to cure. It
is made of the root andleaves of Xanthium strumarium in the
usual manner, care being taken to thoroughly strain the decoc-
tion and to evaporate over a slow fire. It is used in boils,
felons, carbuncles, infected sores, abscesses, cancers, and the
like.

Jade Extract, }§ E & (Chit-yu-kao). This is made of
the juice of fresh Rehmannia glutinosa, ginseng, Pachyma cocos,
and white sugar, and is properly a confection. It is credited
with marvelous restorative powers in all wasting diseases,
sterility, and cancerous swellings.

Extract of Asparagus lucidus, F PY & FB (T‘ien-mén-
tung-kao). This is prepared in the usual way, honey is added,
and the preparation is used in obstructions, coughs, hemor-
rhages, intestinal worms, and asa preventive in epidemic fevers.

Extract of Seaweed, % 46 # (Shih-hua-kao). This is
little more than a gelatine preparation, sweetened with white
sugar. It is recommended as a demulcent in diarrhceas,
hemorrhoids, especially those of heavy drinkers, and similar
difficulties.

Expectorant Extract, i} PE Ik WK = (Hsiao-t‘an-chih-so-
kao). This is made of a strong decoction of Hyson tea, leaf-
lard, and white sugar. It is properly a confection, and is used
ad libitum for the relief of cough.

Counter-hemorrhagic Rose Extract, 7% We fl he WE
(Chih-t ‘u-hsiieh-mei-kuei-kao). The flowers are decocted twice,
the decoctions mixed and evaporated, and then mixed with
white sugar. ‘This is administered in hemoptysis, and is said
to #k AE i% Wf, ‘‘save the life of this mortal existence.”?

488 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Cocoanut Extract, ff) ~ (Yeh-kao). The natives of Namao
are said to make an extract of the cocoanut shell, which they |
employ as an application to ringworm.

Substitute for Ginseng Extract, {% & % (Tai-shén-kao).
The fresh root of Aristolochia recurvilabra from Hangchow is
combined with Pachyma cocos, and an extract made, which is
regarded as a fair substitute for ginseng, when the latter can-
not be procured.

FICUS ERECTA.— jl) 38 (T‘ien-hsien-kuo). This
grows in Szechuan to the height of eight or nine feet, the leaves
are likened to those of the lichee, but smaller. Like the Fizczs
carica, it is said to have no flower, and the fruit is likened to
the cherry, borne in the axils of the branches, and is very sweet.
It may be used for the same purposes as the fruit of Fucus carica.

FICUS RELIGIOSA.—3# #2 #4 (P‘u-t‘i-shu). This is
the tree of intelligence, the dodhzdruma, called by the Buddhists
the Bo tree under the shade of which Buddha spent seven years
in penance. ‘The Japanese call this 7z/za mzqgueliana. It is
not mentioned in the /éxtsao, but the Kuang-chiin-fang-pu
gives a full description. It comes from Magadha, from the
original temple of Buddhism. It is said not to shed its leaves
ordinarily, but when Buddha underwent the metamorphosis
(died), its leaves fell off and its bark changed color. About a
thousand three hundred years ago, the first tree brought to
China came by sea in a ship, and was planted at Canton in the
court yard of the J # 3 (Kuang-hsiao-sstt) monastery. It is
not used in any way medicinally.

GRACILLARIA LICHENOIDES.—@4 7 3 (Shih-hua-
ts‘ai). Quite a number of algal plants are found in China.
This one is commonly kuown as Ceylon moss, and is used
extensively in the East as food. It is included in the Péxtsao
under the article on 7vzcomanes japonica. It is a demulcent,
and is recommended in intestinal and bladder difficulties. It
is also recommended in jaundice.

GUM ANIMI.—This East Indian form comes from Borneo
and Sumatra. It is said to be produced from certain dipter-

APPENDIX. 489

aceous trees. It exudes from the tree in a liquid form, and
gradually becomes hard and dark with age. When fresh, it
makes an excellent varnish. Dr. Williams says: ‘“T’here is a
hard sort, found in big lumps under the trees, or on their
trunks, in large quantities. It is mixed with a softer kind to
make it less brittle. It is brought to China in native vessels.’
This is of a reddish yellow color, friable, and of a waxy luster.
It is possible that it is sometimes confounded with dammar,
and therefore goes by the name of ME M& jf (Pa-ma-yu). If
so, it is used for caulking ships. No other use is given.

GUM ELEMI.—## # (Lan-hsiang). This is the product of
Canarium commune. hile it is probably the same as Wanzla
elemz, it is not so clear as the latter, and is described in the
Péntsao as a black, glue-like substance. It is used for caulking
boats. See Canarzum and Dammar.

GUM LAC.—3% gh (Tzt-k‘uang), 5% FR (Ch‘ih-chiao),
Re tm (Tzii-kéng). This is produced by the Coccus lacca on
a species of Arythrina. It is given in the /éztsao under insect
products, and will not be further mentioned here.

HERMODACTYL.— #f (Pei-mu). See Frztellarza.
ILLICIUM RELIGIOSUM.—# #4 (Mang-ts‘ao). The

first character is also wrongly written { (Mang); but this is
Evrianthus japonicus. Another name is fy Ri (Mang-ts‘ao),
and still another ft 7 (Shu-mang). This is a poisonous plant,
producing unconsciousness in those who eat the leaves, and
these are said to be used to destroy rats. There is considerable
confusion in regard to the plant, some writers considering it an
herb, while others say it is a tree or shrub. The leaves are
the part used. They are employed as a counter-poison,
anthelmintic, parasiticide, and anodyne. The decoction should
not enter the eye, but the reason for this caution is not stated.

IPOMGWA HEDERACEA.—# 4 (Ch ‘ien-niu-tzt).
This is the same as Pharbitzs hederacea. In Japan the Chinese
term is applied to Coxvolvulus vulgarts. Another name is &
Ft (Hei-ch‘ou), 289, on account of the color of the seeds. The

490 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

horary character + belongs to the zodiacal constellation
Taurus, the ox. So this character is used instead of 4p. Li
Shih-chén describes both the black and the white (fq Ff,
Pai-ch‘ou) kinds, the latter of which is frequently cultivated,
and is Zfomea nil. ‘This has cordiform, tomentose leaves,
while the black kind has trilobed leaves. Both kinds bear
a beautiful blue flower. The fruit, which is a capsule, is
gathered while still unripe and roasted in honey, to be eaten as
a sweet-meat. It is called FE Fj (T‘ien-ch‘ieh), which is also a
name for Solanum nigrum. As seen in the Chinese shops,
the seeds of the two kinds are usually found mixed together.
Their properties are regarded as diuretic, anthelmintic and de-
obstruent, and they are prescribed in dropsy, constipation, to
promote menstruation, and to produce abortion. The seeds
have a sweetish and subacrid taste, and contain an essential oil
and brown, purgative resin. In the Indian Pharmacopeeia, they
are recommended as a substitute for alap. Several preparations
of the black seeds, which there go by the name of Kaladana,
are found in India.

LICHENS AND MOSSES.—Some kinds of these are
found mentioned in the /éxtsao as being used in medicine.
One of them, 4 #3 (Shih-jui), is found growing on the top of
mountains, especially the 3 (Méng) mountain in Kwangtung,
for which reason it is called 3 JW 2 (Méng-ting-ch‘a). The
description is not very clear. The plant may be a Lzverwort.
It is considered to be tonic, rejuvenating, and nourishing. Its
use is recommended in fevers and as an expectorant.

3% FE (Sang-hua), 4 # (Sang-hsien), is a lichen or moss
growing on the bark of the mulberry tree. It is considered to
be strengthening to the spleen, lubricating to the intestines,
hemostatic in nose-bleed, hemoptysis, and menorrhagia, and is
prescribed in coughs.

Another found on old pine trees is called 3& # (Ai-na),
and is similar to the above. One variety is used by Buddhist
priests as food.

Another moss of lichen is known as + B& 3 (T‘u-ma-
tsung), and is likened to Zyicomanes japonicum. ‘The name
means ‘‘earthy horse mane,’’ on account of its appearance. It

APPENDIX. AQI

grows on the shady side of old walls, in moist weather very luxu-
riantly. It is antifebrile, hemostatic, and diuretic. Locally it
is used to cause the hair to turn black, and as a treatment for
eczema of the auricle.

Dried Moss, % 7 (Kan-t‘ai), is sea moss, or sea alge,
dried for use as food. Medicinally, it is recommended in the
treatment of goiter, piles, intestinal worms, cholera, and vege-
table and mineral poisons.

UNCLASSIFIED DRUGS found in the Péztsao.

£& # (Ch‘ang-sung), {ij $7 (Hsien-mao).—This grows in
mouutain valleys, has a leaf resembling that of the pine, and
this exudes a sort of viscid sap, which is sweet and is used
by the natives. The root is fragrant and resembles that of
Peucedanum. It is prescribed in colds, falling of the eyebrows,
carious bones, and intestinal worms.

we ff (YEn-chih).—This is the cosmetic pomade used by
Chinese ladies on their faces. Four kinds are described. One is
made of the juice of the safflower (Carthamus tinctortus) colored
with white lead cosmetic. The second is made of the juice of
Mirabalis galapa flowers colored with rouge. A third is derived
from pomegranate flowers, and the fourth from fuid gui lac
and cosmetic oil. The flowers of Basella rubra and Impatiens
Salsamina are also employed for this purpose. It is used me-
dicinally in the earache of children (warmed and dropped into
the ear), as an application to simall-pox ulcers, cracked nipples,
stomatitis in children, and excoriations of the vulva or anus.

%@ (Jo).—This is a plant of south China which has the
appearance of a small bamboo, the shoots resembling seeds.
The leaves are dark green on the face, but paler beneath, and
are soft all seasons of the year. They are used for making
hats, wrapping groceries, and rice dumplings. They are also
put into the soles of shoes. In Japan the Chinese character is
applied to Bambusa kumasasa. In the classics it is applied to
the cuticle of the bamboo. Medicinally, the leaves are used in
all sorts of hemorrhages, and the ashes are used in ulcers and
virulent sores. Urinary difficulties are also treated with it.

4 ft 4 (Shih-lung-ch‘u). In Japan, this- is /wzcus
balticus. It is a rush, much used in making mats. It is also

492 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

called #£ $2 (Lung-hsii), and it is said that when Huangti,
ascended to Heaven on a dragon, his ministers held on to the
latter’s moustaches, pulling them out, and they dropped to the
earth and produced this plant. ‘There are also other legends in
the books referring to it. The plant is still cultivated in
China for the manufacture of mats. The rush is considered
to be diuretic, carminative, tonic, and anthelmintic. It is
prescribed in gravel, rheumatism, and indigestion, especially
that produced by intestinal worms. Old mats are considered
to be a good remedy for suppression of urine.

Be te Hi (Lung-ch‘ang-ts‘ao) is a gramineous plant grow-
ing by river sides. It has a salty taste, and is used in rheumat-
ism.

i) f& BH (Kou-wei-ts‘ao) is a gramineous weed found
growing in grain fields. Another name is # (Yu). It may be
Setaria viridis, as the latter Chinese name is applied to this
plant at Peking, where it grows plentifully. Or, it may be
Setarta glauca, as Henry thought to identify Kou-wer-ts‘ao in
Hupeh. It is used as a decoction in diseases of the eye, such
as swelling of the lids, trichiasis, entropium, hordeolum, and
the like.

1# FR F (K‘o-t'eng-tzi). The plant is a creeper growing
in the south of the Kuang provinces. Its fruit ripens once in
three years, the pod being sac-shaped, and the seeds about the
size of a hen’s egg, purplish-black on the outside, and lustrous.
The kernel is used in medicine, in the treatment of hemor-
rhoids, dysentery, and as a general counter-poison. The seed is
also called # W (Hsiang-tou), ‘‘elephant-bean,’’ in reference
to its size.

7H AY -- (Yu-chih-tzti). This is evidently a leguminous
plant, the pods resembling those of Gymnocladus, and the
beans being a very dark red. Both the seeds and the root are
used in medicine, the former as an anthelmintic, tonic, diuretic,
and prophylactic remedy. It is directed to be used in epidem-
ics, and locally in all sorts of bites and stings. The root is
regarded as a sovereign remedy in the Az poison.

ia He (Huang-huan), fg RR F (Lang-po-tzil). This is a
leguminous plant which grows in Szechuan. The first name’
seems to refer to the root and the second to the seeds. The

APPENDIX. 493

description is not at all clear. The Hwang-huan is non-
poisonous, and is considered to be antifebrile and counter-
poison. It is also diuretic and is prescribed in dropsy, and
also in profuse expectoration. The Lang-fo-tz%i is poisonous
(emetic), and is only used externally in parasitic skin diseases.
It is said to be able to poison fish. ;

te Z# (Nit-wei). Li Shih-chén definitely says that this is
not Polygonatum vulgare. ‘There is no description, however,
except to say that the plant is a climber. In the /mferzal
Encyclopedia there is a figure of the plant, which shows it to
be a climber with two stems from a rhizome, with alternate,
penniform, entire, acuminate, almost sessile leaves. It is said
to resemble Vztzs sertanefolia. 'The stalk is used medicinally
for dysentery and as a digestive; also in cholera, colds, flatu-
lence, and in all diseases marked by diaphoresis.

xe WH FF (P‘éng-ts‘ao-tzi). This is referred in the Péz-
tsao to Hydropyrum setaria. ‘The first character is used for
plants such as Artemisia, Erigeron, and others. In this case
the grain is used for food, and its qualities are not different
from those of ordinary rice.

4 (K‘u-hu). The meaning is ‘‘bitter gourd.” “ao
Hung-ching says that this is not a distinct species of gourd,
but that.among the sweet ones occasionally there is found some
that have a bitter taste. Others say that he is very much
mistaken, as this is a distinct kind. It may be A/omordica.
The pulp and seeds are used in medicine, and are considered
to be poisonous. They are employed in dropsy and are emetic.
Gravel, coughs, incontinence of urine, vomiting of nematode
worms, chronic ulcers, parasitic skin diseases, and jaundice are
treated with them. ‘The flowers are used in scrofulous ulcers,
and the vine in leprous sores and favus in children.

4. fy $F (Wu-lou-tzit). Some identify this as the true date
palm, Phenix dactylifera; but Faber’s identification is Cycas
revoluta (which see). ~It is probable that the former identifica-
tion is the more nearly correct.

AE #% (Jui-ho), also called fy #€ (Pai-sui), is the fruit (a
nut) of a thorny shrub. It is not Polygonatum, as the first
character might indicate, but this character refers to the
drooping nature of the flowers. The tree grows in many

494 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

places in China, but has not yet been identified by its Chinese
name. ‘The kernel is used in medicine, and is said to be
nourishing, cooling, and sedative. It is used in the treatment
of eye diseases, epiphora, nasal polypus, nose-bleed, and con-
stipation. Identifications suggested are Perberis or a Prunus.

a Hf) (Luan-ching), also called 34 #J (Wan-ching), is prob-
ably either Vztex or Rhododendron. 'The trunk and branches
are light colored and the leaves are small and evergreen. There
are two kinds, one bearing white flowers and the other bearing
purple. The seeds are used in medicine, and are slightly
deleterious. They are used in nervous and epileptoid diffi-
culties, and are regarded as sedative and parasiticide.

A K B (Mu-t'ien-liao). The /Pénxtsao describes three
forms of this, a tree about twenty feet tall, a creeper, and a
small shrub. They all grow in the mountain valleys of
central China, have evergreen leaves, and agree in having a
peppery taste like that of smartweed. The branches and
leaves of the larger tree are slightly deleterious, and are
recommended in colds and wasting diseases. The twigs and
leaves of the smaller shrub are not considered poisonous, and
are thought to relieve all forms of numbness and rheumatism,
“‘the disease coming out of the skin as though it were a worm
crawling out.’’ The seeds are also tonic and corrective, and
the root is used in decayed and aching teeth.

fy i (Chan-ssti). Also called 7X fy BF (Mu-chan-ssit), pe
Je (Tan-pi), and 3 $& # (Liang-wu-chi). Some say that this
is an epiphyte growing on the camphor tree ; others that it is
the bark of a tree resembling the Magnolia hypoleuca, found
growing in Shensi and Shantung. The fleshy hull of the
walnut is also sometimes called Chan-ss#. It is counter-
poisonous, antimalarial, eliminative, and healing to wounds.
Its use is thought to promote fecundity, and to cure menstrual
difficulties. Locally, it is applied to chapped feet and hands
due to the action of water.

%& A (Chu-ling), 214. "These are tuberiform bodies of an
irregular size, and compared by the Chinese to pig’s dung,
Rx #% BR (Chia-chu-shih). Other names are AX 3 (Shih-t‘o)
and $4 & pk (Ti-wu-t‘ao). They are said to grow pleutifully
on the roots of Lzgiudambar formosana and other trees. They

APPENDIX. 495

are covered with a thin, dark brown, roughened cuticle, are
often worm eaten, and are lighter than Pachyma cocos, which
they somewhat resemble. The interior is of a yellowish-brown
color, and very much resembles cork. ‘They have no taste or
smell, and do not contain starch. They are produced mostly
in Hunan and Szechuan, and are considered counter-poisonous,
antimalarial, diuretic, and constructive, and are administered
in typhoid fever, epidemics, gravel, gonorrhoea, leucorrhcea,
and incontinence of urine during pregnancy.

REMARKABLE DRUGS.—The Chinese use a number
of peculiar substances, ‘‘not so nice by half?’ as those already
mentioned. Most of these are derived from the animal king-
dom; but some come from the vegetable kingdom, among
which may be mentioned the following :

Jf OF 38 Hi (Ching-k‘ou-pien-ts‘ao). This is the grass
growing in the mouth of an old well. Dried and placed under
a baby’s sleeping mat, the mother will not hear the latter cry
during the night.

‘St JL Pp HE (Shu-k‘ung-chung-ts‘ao) is the grass growing
in a hole in a tree. It is placed over the bed room door, to
relieve colic in an infant and to stop its crying in the night.

BE BE ae A RE EE HE (Ch‘an-ssu-fu-jén-chung-shang-ts‘ao).
This is the grass from the grave of a woman who has died in
child-birth. It is decocted and used as a mouth wash in
aphthous sore mouth in infants.

we BE EG (Vén-ju-ts‘ao) is the grass growing in a swallow’s
nest. It is dried brown, powdered, and swallowed for noctur-
nal incontinence of uriue.

Sit Bz Ei (Chi-k ‘o-ts‘ao), or grass from a chicken’s nest, is
placed under an infant’s mat to prevent night crying.

#%i 3 Hi (Chu-k‘o-ts‘ao), grass from a pig’s wallow, is used
for a similar purpose.

4: Wf G Ei (Niu-ch ‘ih-t‘ai-ts‘ao) is a cow’s cud, and is.
recommended in vomiting and choleraic difficulties.

Kk He KE AK (Ch ‘éng-tung-fu-mu), rotten wood from east
of the city is considered to be astringent and carminative, and
a decoction in spirits is applied in centipede bites and in
numbness and prickling of the extremities.

496 CHINESE MATERIA. MEDICA.

He 3 SE BE Ae (Tung-chia-chi-ch‘ih-mu), the family
chicken perch is burned, and the ashes taken with water for
aphonia.

4 Ja) 7K (Ku-ssii-mu), the wood from an old privy is
incinerated, and the ashes used as a preventive of evil effluvia
and epidemics. It is a final resort in difficult labor and
cholera.

Hh i 4% (Ku-ch‘én-pan) is the wood of an old coffin, the
older the better, and it is thought to drive away all evil
effluvia, especially if taken in decoction with an east-extending
branch of a peach tree.

fe 7K (Chén-shao-mu) is the wood of a tree that has
been struck by lightning, and is given to those who have been
frightened by a conflagration. It is also hung at the door to
prevent the house catching fire.

ii] 3 AX (Ho-pien-mu) is drift wood, and if placed in wine,

the latter will not cause intoxication.

UNIDENTIFIED DRUGS.—The following plants and
medicinal substances are mentioned in the /éz/sao, but are of
lesser importance. Some of the Chinese names have already
been mentioned, but they are again placed here so that the list
may be complete. And as the same name is often used for
different substances, notwithstanding the fact that a certain
name has already been mentioned, the product may be a totally
different one. The list suggests practical possibilities in
systematic botany.

A-p‘0-lé bil Ph say Chi-hou-ts ‘ai SE Re Se
Cha-érh-ts‘ao 4] HH Chi-li-ts‘ao 5A
Cha-mu-p‘i AM AR OR Chi-mu BB
Ch ‘ai-tzti Bb we Chi-nieh Sie 264
Chan-t‘ang-hsiang & #F #F Chi-wéng-t‘éng S& # HR
Ch‘an-tzii he Ch ‘i-p‘o-t‘éng mS 2 HR
Ch ‘ang-li-chih- Ch ‘i-ts ‘ao bi

sh ‘éng e BZ 4A | OCh‘i-tun-kuo ye 1 FR
Ché-k ‘uei ke Jk Ch ‘iao-ch ‘iao fe 7
Ché-shang-mu i BK Ch ‘iao-i-ts‘ao BH
Chén-niao-chiang f& By Wt Ch ‘iao-mei E Ke
Chi-chio-ts ‘ao SE Yi BE Chieh BF .

APPENDIX.

Chieh-ch ‘€-hsiang
Chieh-hsin-ts‘ao
Chieh-hua
Chieh-p‘o-fu
Chien- chung-hsiao |
Chien-shui-ts ‘ao
Chien-tzii
Ch‘ien-chin-li

Ch ‘ien-chin-t ‘éng
Ch ‘ien-nien-ai

Ch ‘ien-sui-tzi
Chih-chang
Chih-chu-hsiang
Chih-han
Chih-té-lé

x

fs oo tit

Gm We Go iam

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a

Ch‘ih-chu Hh
Ch ‘ih-hei Dib
Ch ‘ih-nieh 7H
Chin-ch ‘uang-hsiao-

ts‘ao He Jy
Chin-kén xe
Chin-léng-t ‘ng j= Tg
Chin-ti-lo His £2
Chin-tzi-kén Ff Hh
Ch ‘in-ti-li jk
Ching-fu-tzii Re -F
Ching
Ch ‘ing-féneg-t ‘Eng fal We
Ch‘ing-tz‘t IE
Chio-lo-mu-p‘i ¥E 7
Chiu-hsien-ts‘ao till
Chiu-li-hsiang-ts‘aojL Hi &
Chiu-lung-ts‘ao— Ju ig F4
Chiu-niu-ts ‘ao I
Chiu-pei-t ‘€ng-tzi 74 A je -
Chiu-shé-jén-ché x die A
Chiu-shu-ts ‘ao iA
Chu-fu Vy tf
Chu-lan-tzii Re Be fF

G

be

Chu-yao-tzii
Ch‘uan-hung
Ch‘ui-hu-kén
Chung-ts‘ao
Chii-ts ‘ao
Ch ‘ti-yii
Ch ‘ii-shé
E-hsiang-ts ‘ao
E-pao
Erh-huan-ts‘ao
Fan-hun-hsiang
Fang-chang-mu
Fén-lan
Féng-hua
Féng-liu
Féng-yén-mei
Fo-chang-hua
Fou-lan-lo-lé
Fu-chi-tzu-kén
Fu-fang-téng
Fu-pi-kén
Fu-pien-tzit
Hai-chiang-yin-
ming
Hai-hung-tou
Hai-wu-tzu
Hai-yao-shih-kén
Han-ch ‘un-t ‘éng
Han-shui-t ‘éng
Ho-chien
Ho-hsin-imu
Ho-t ‘€ng-tzit
Ho-tzt-ts ‘ao
Hcu-sao-tztt
Hsi-lo
Hsi-mi-tzu
Hst-wang-léng
Hsiaig-niao
Hsiao-€rh-ch ‘iin

497

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498

Hsiao-wén-chiu
Hsien-hsia-ts ‘ao
Hsin-chi-mu
Hsin-ts‘ao
Hsii-huang
Hsiieh-mu-ho
Hstieh-t ‘eng
Hsiin-ho
Hu-chin-ts‘ao
Hu-mien-mang
Hu-t ‘éng-lei
Hu-ts‘ao

Hua

Huai-mu

Huan-ch ‘ang-ts ‘ao

Huang-hsiao
Huang-hu-ts ‘ao
Huang-hua-liao
Huang-huan

Huang-liao-lang

Huang-pai-chih
Huang-p‘i-kuo
Huang-pien
Huang-shu
Huang-t‘éng

Hung-mou-ts ‘ao

I-chtieh-ts‘ao
J-nai-ts ‘ao
I-nan-ts‘ao

J-t ‘ai-ts ‘ao
I-ts‘ao
Jang-shih
Jén-mien-tzti
Kan-chien-tzu
Kan-t‘o-mu-p 4
Kan-t ‘eng
Ko-chu-ts‘ao
Ko-kung
Ko-mu

Sf ES He
yet
3h tt

He DRESSY WAa Sweet Re

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Sy beh SRE eee ook Se BE AS Se ao BoD BD EY DBA Di OE OGG OG i OE Nik GSS Se SS SS SS

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CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA,

Ko-shan-hsiao
K ‘o-ch ‘ti-shih
K ‘o-yao
Ku-huo
Ku-lu-chih

K ‘u-chieh-tzu
Kua-t ‘eng
Kuan-ts ‘ao

K ‘uang-shih
Kuei-ch ‘ih
Kuei-po-t ‘eng |
Kung-imai
Kuo-kung-tz‘u
Lan-t‘éng
Lei-pi
Li-chih-ts ‘ao
Li-ko-ts ‘ao
Li-lou-ts ‘ao
Li-mu
Liang-t ‘a
Liao-ch ‘iao
Lieh-chieh

+ . ¢
Liug-ch ‘uang-

shang-kuo-tztt

Ling-shou-mu
Ling-yu-tztl
Lo-kuang-tzu
Lo-wang-tzu
Lo-yén-mu
Lo-yén-ts ‘ao
Lu-chin-ts‘ao
Lu-ching
Lu-chio-ts ‘ai
Lu-ku-tzu
Lu-liang
Lu-shih
Lu-yao
Lu-mu
Lung-chu

ha wl a
Wy Ae TT
ee
Mit
iy Be 3
i IF F
UN
He
Ui

St

=

ZEB RS aes
SEF Shs GRE Pb BE ol SE ED SS tO SS ON I SS SO RE

i
40; iO} i

2S

“
.
©,
©

Lr
7a
dy

BS
A Nt

Grr Se DE SS ay BS BS) SS AS

St PbS ON Mal oe at Ss

Lung-hsii-ts ‘ai
Lung-shé-ts ‘ao

Lung-shou-t ‘éng

Ma-ch ‘ang-kén
Ma-ch‘i
Ma-féng
Ma-pin-lang
Ma-po
Ma-ssu-ta-chi
Ma-tien

APPENDIX.

3 Se do

=
=

©.

oF 2mm 2 Bi Bi
25 Om DD Ge SE

Os

Ma-yang-mu-kén- |

pi

Man-yin-shih
Man-yu-t‘éng
Mao-chih-wu
Mao-kao-ts ‘ai

Mei-chih-wang-mu
Méng-niang-ts ‘ai

Mo-ch‘u-tzti
Mo-t‘ou-hui
Mu-chu-tzti
Mu-ho
Mu-hsi-hsing
Mu-kan-ts‘ao
Mu-ma
Mu-wei-tzit
Na-ch‘i-hsi
-Nan-t‘€ng
Niu-chih-lé
Niu-ling-t ‘eng
Niu-nai-t ‘eng
Niu-shé-shih
Nu-ché
Nu-hui-tzit
Nu-ko-sa-érh
O-érh-chih
O-hsi-érh
Pa-chi

ly

Fi i ARIZ
Man-chiang-hung #§ 70 #0

ia)
i

BW SH NEA

'
g

CASS SS FFARR AAAAAM SH SM Ska
SSO Se MR Sh St

Set Om eT Up mp SY ON SS GR Sp SOS, Sot BS BS aha

Pa-chu

; a
Pai-chang-ch ‘ing

Pai-hsing
Pai-hua-t ‘éng
Pai-léng-t ‘eng
Pai-lung-hsu
Pai-lu-tzti
Pai-ma-ku
Pai-nt-ch ‘ang
Pai-pei
Pai-shan-kén
Pai-shih
Pai-yao-tsu
Pai-yén-ts‘ao
P ‘ai-p‘u-mu

P ‘ai-ts‘ao-hsiang

Pan-chu-t ‘eng
Pan-t ‘ien-hui
P ‘€ng-ts‘ao-tzil
Pi-li-hsiang
Pi-o

Pi-ssu-lé
Pi-ssti-ta

P ‘i-hui-lei

P ‘i-li-ching -
Pieh-chi
Pien-chi-ch ‘ai
Ping-k‘u
Po-lo-ch ‘iung
P ‘o-lo-té
Pu-li-ts‘ao
Pu-tiao-mu
Pu-sa-ts‘ao
San-chio-féng
San-yeh
Sang-kén-shih

Shan-p ‘i-p ‘a-ch ‘a1

Shan-tsao
Shan-tz ‘u-shih

EEE WWE NAKERESSR eRe SES OMNROD OOP OAD one

499

- zit

GR SS ant WE SE A eb OF
Sa OF on Gi Sh SH

pee
cr

fa HS 4h OH SE Se A ON SI OS

fae

=

oH
a

HAs a SER a Sl fo SNS Oh OP
ER Ht eae

¢ HRS ANA Ae =

OS att SS
DN

500 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Shé-yén-ts ‘ao Bye AR ee
Shé-yu-ts‘ao he 1 EA
Shén-hu-ts‘ao qh ee ET
Shén-kuo-kén Be UL Hh
Shén-mt fe 7K
Shéne-kua-ts‘ai AE IR 3%
Shéng-téng 4 ik
Shih-chi A EI
Shih-chien-ch‘uan 7 Fl
Shih-ching Ay ipl
Shih-ch ‘ui Ai ie
Shih-ho-ts ‘ao Ae
Shih-hsi fii Z
Shih-hsiang-ju AGF
Shih-hsien A
Shih-hsiao-yao. 4 38 3%
Shih-hua-ts ‘ai Ai tE #
Shih-kua A IM
Shih-shun Ay BE
Shih-tz ‘ti-mu A Hi AR
Shih-yiin ips
Shu-hu-lan ket oH Vid
Shu-ku BR 4g
Shu-t ‘Eng i We
Shuang-t‘ou-lien S A i
Shui-yin-ts ‘ao Ik HG
So-ch ‘ien a
Sst-wei-kuo i
Su-ti ee 1
Suan-ts‘ao ime
Suan-wu he Fe
Sui-mi-ch ‘ai RE KE Be
Sui-yang-mu 3 PE ZK
Ta-mu-p ‘i KA JE
T‘ang-i HE
Té-ch ‘ing-kuo fia See
Ti-ch ‘ieh-tzti th Jit
Ti-chin th $e
Ti-hsiu Re

Ti-hu-ts ‘ai he Si Se
Ti-lung-t ‘éng TW HE Ja

Ti-p4 I IK

Ti-wu-kung-ts‘ao ph We Wh Ee

T ‘ieh-ko gh Bs
T‘ien-chieh-ts‘ai JR ZF SE
T‘ien-hsien-lien jjl
T ‘ien-hsien-t‘€nge F
T ‘ien-hsiung-ts ‘ao
T ien-hua

‘T ien-mu-ts ‘ao

T ‘o-ku-ts ‘ao

T ‘o-té-hua
Tou-mu-hsiang
Tou-na-hsiang

T ‘ou-shan-kén
Tsai

Ts‘ao-ch ‘ih

T's ‘ao-hsi
‘T'so-na-ts ‘ao

'T ‘so-shih-ho-ts ‘ao
Tsui-hsing-ts‘ao
Ts‘ui-féng-shih
Tu-chio-hsien
Tu-chiieh-tzu
Tu-hsien-tzu
Tu-nien-tzu
Tu-yung-chiang-

=

SH
sae OBA oh ehh dot dak SR

PEE BERNESE ESSA OS He

oy

G Pe BS WAVER se? we

Be
Tung-ch ‘iang

Tung-féng-ts ‘ai
T‘ung-ku-ts‘ao

$2 sat sat ME ERS LH SH BS BO SR ih te oo

chiin i
Tu-yung-t ‘Eng pi
Tu-ch ‘ih wi
T‘u-kan-ts ‘ao it
T ‘u-lo-ts ‘ao yA
T ‘u-tsao ea
Tuan-kuan-ts‘ao iE
Tui-lu Nik

iG
Hii
oH

HOF 7

i

1c

Tzu-chi
Tzu-chin-t ‘éng
Tzt-lan
Tzu-pei-chin-p‘an
Tz‘u-hu
Tz ‘ti-mu-chih-yeh
Wan-i-t ‘éng
Wang-ming
Wei-chih
Wei-i
Wén-shih
Wén-t ‘éng
Wu-fén-tu-yao-
ts‘ao
Wu-hsin-ts‘ao
Wu-hsing-ts ‘ai
Wu-ma
Wu-mu-ma
Wu-sé-fu

APPENDIX.

ue eh Wu-tzit-shih
4a 4 IR Ya-chio-ch ‘ing
Se BE Yang-mao
ye 3G Ay fe | Yang-shih
HR) RE Yang-shih-ch ‘ai
Ze EE Ae HE «=| Yang-yao-tzu
By — RR Yao-shu
x WY Yao-wang-ts‘ao
Ke Yeh-chu-wei
Zhe Yeh-hsia-hung
aay Yeh-lan-kén
1B jig Yeh-sui-ts‘ao

Yén-ch‘ih
4m. Js y#e #4 | Ving-ts‘ao-hua
am Sy FS Yu-tien
i XK Vit-chib-tzit
us iit Yiian-tzti-lé
EE dit Viieh-wang-yii-
Ee & FF suan

501

Eh A

wey fe i SPP te

aoe
=a

OR Se Se oe Se he

Git Se Ses 4h a SA al EER a EH

A
7

Sl Sah RR

&
HH
so
ss

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES.

The list of Unidentified Drugs at the close of the Appendix, being
arranged alphabetically, is not included in this index.

- A-chiao [iy
A-la-chi Bry HR FE
A-shih-mo-chieh-p‘o pay 7X par fy UE
A-tsang pay FEAL
A-tz‘ii-chi pay ak
A-weli fay
A-yu [ny BE
Ai pa
Ai-ién EO}
Ai-fu Xt TF
Ai-hao Baden
Ai-jung Ze HK
Ai-kang IF fe
Ai-mien Dae
Ai-na x iH
Ai-na-hsiang XO
Ai-pa XH
Ai-p‘ien EVE
Ai-t‘iao Ke te
Ai-yeh Be OWE
Ai-yu x ih 79,
Ai-yii-tzti as TE -F-
An-hsi-hsiang RA
An-hsi-yu RB ith
An-hua-ch‘a Fe 4b Be
An-lo-kuo He HE EE
An-lo-shu He #2 ti
An-li He FA isl,
An-mi-lo He TH HE
An-mo-lo-ka-kuo = #§/BRYATEE
An-mo-lo-ka-kuo = #E PERRET RE
An-mo-lé He GE Bh
An-nan-tzti Fé 78
An-pien-kuei Fe 3 FE
‘An-shih-liu Fe KY
Ang a
Cha ig
Cha-hua th 7E
Cha-tztt te
Ch‘a lati ae 81, 82,

Ch‘a-chin-tiiao - 28 @(K
Ch‘a-chii-mo “SR ii pe

482
419
34
174
485
173
173
52
70
54
52
52
289
53

Ch‘a-hua Fe 16 8r
Ch‘a-mei-hua SE ME TE 18
Ch‘a-t‘ien-piao fai fil BE 383
Ch‘a-tzii-ping aR F ff 81
Ch‘a-yeh Ze ee 82
Ch‘a-yeh-shu ae ME iit 166
Ch‘a-yu aR yh 8I
Ch‘ai-hu 22 76
Ch‘ai-tzt-ku oN fe jhe 249
Chan t¥ 476
Chan-chu-lan Hf he AY 94.
Chan-hsiang EO 45
Chan-p‘o-ka py YS ihn 264
Chan-p‘o-lo ii UE He 117
Chan-ssti a DF 494
Chan-t‘an be FY 394
Chan-tao ri f8 296

Ch‘an-chih-mu-tan #8 *% +f FF 80, 125
Ch‘an-ssti-fu-jén-

chung-shang ts‘aoze seit At LAt4g5

402

Chang RE 87
Chang-ch‘ai FE 4p 88
Chang-érh-hsi-hsin $% Jf #) 3¢ 105
Chang-mu-p‘i RE AR BE 88
Chang-mu-tzit RE A 88
Chang-nao RE IS 88
Chang-nao-p‘ien #£ #§ JE 88
Chang-t‘ou fix pe 273
Ch‘ang ‘i 138
Ch‘ang 8 12
Ch‘ang-ch‘u fe ae 14, 60
Ch‘ang-ch‘un-téng #§ 4 WR 457, 458
Ch‘ang-ch‘un-wan + # Zt 323
Ch‘ang-hua TE 319
Ch‘ang-jung AS 12
Ch‘ang kuo-tzt shu & 3 fy 96
Ch‘ang-p‘u A WH 12, 54, 221
Ch‘ang-p‘u-chiu = Hii 79 433
Ch‘ang-shan ae ul 292
Ch‘ang-shéng-kuo 3 4 470
Ch‘ang-shéng-pu-
ssti-ts‘ao EAA

Ch‘ang-sung fe

49 Fd ve

504
Ch‘ang-ti ae EE cee ey
347, 355
Chao jih-k‘uei fa 203
Chao-tou-t‘éng JZ 0 RR 460
Ch‘ao-nao 4 iS 88
Ch‘ao-kou-tztt HE By 366
Ch‘ao-mi-t‘ang Kb ke A 205
Ch‘ao-mien-ju-chou b> 3 A He 480
Ch‘ao-tou-tzii-t‘ang kb BW 3B 482
Ché Ti 137
Ché a 386
Ché-érh th 137, 272
Ché-huang th te 137
Ché-kén-chiu oh fh 28 435
Ch‘é-ch‘ien HE hi 335
Chén tR 129
Chén AL 236
Chén-chu-ts‘ai PEAR 252
Chén-chu ts‘ai ft ok 2B 252
Chén-chu-ts‘ao Eaee ae 318
Chén-jéa BRE 129
Chén-po WS TB 264
Chén-p‘o om 264
Chén-shao-mu Fz BEA 496
Chén-t‘an i fa 394
Chén-t‘ou-ka $a py tht 153
Chén-tzit Ks 129
Ch‘én-hsiang Wt 44
Ch‘én-hsiang-mu = jt FF AK 45
Ch‘én-p‘i Bie RE II2
Ch ‘én-sha-wu-
hsiang-wan ebnet 322
Chéng-ping 2 (UF 445, 474
Ch‘éng fs ELI
Ch‘éng-chi 7s 403
Ch‘éng-ju +E FL 259, 428
Ch‘éng-kao ft 113
Ch‘éng-kao KE 403,
Ch‘éng-liu BE 428
Ch‘éng-lu Tf Be 66
Ch‘éng-tung-fu-mu $& He AE OAK 495
Chi Aa 229
Chi bot 305
Chi-chao-lan-hua 28 BYTE 105
Chi-chao-tzii 2B MF 209
Chi-ch‘ang-ts‘ao Ze ib Ht
165, 423, 443
Chi-chi IN 105
Chi-chih-chou FE t+ Wa 478
- Chi-ch‘ih-t‘ang HE a Bl 388
_Chi-chio-ts‘ao Pe A) 203

a
ean

na.

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Chi-chii 2B t@ 209
Chi-chii-tzti By pe =f 209
Chi-chiin 20 18 273
Chi-hsiang-ts‘ao— ME mE AL 119
Chi-hsiang-ts‘a0 = if & 372
Chi-hsieh Ze 24
Chi-hsin-tzti a fe F 215
Chi-hsiieh-ts‘ao fa =H
124, 210, 281
Chi-kan-chou 28 FF 479
Chi-k‘o-ch‘eng A hE II5
Chi-k‘o-ts‘ao Ae Se AL 495°:
Chi-kou RR 45) 209
Chi-ku-hsiang 28° 7 45, 428
Chi-kuan £2 ick Ior
Chi-li Pe Bi 441
Chi-lu wet BA 94
Chi-mu FER 384
Chi-ni we f2 16, 17, 18
Chi-ni-nung-lu ae ite 16
Chi-ning wie ee 268
Chi-p‘o-lo i HK OE 258
Chi-sang Be SS 267
Chi-shé-hsiang et Te iF 95
Chi-shéng ay 4A 162, 247, 455
Chi-shih a 122
Chi-shih Ft 440
Chi-sun i 221
Chi-t‘ou SE PE 170
Chi-t‘ou-choeu 26 BM 477
Chi-ts‘ai His OR g2
Chi-ts‘ai-chou HK AEG 478
Chi-tsung Re HE 273
Chi-t‘ui-mo-ku 38 HEE HK = 273
Chi-tzti-chiao Bt f- #5 270
Chi-wéng-téng 2, 3 RR 474
Chi-yin-fan-hun-tan ¥¥[2ikaiyt 324
Ch‘i i 395
Chi = 306
Chi #. 377
Ch‘i Es 377
Chi Pid 208
Ch‘i-ai He XX 52, 428
| Ch‘i-hsien-tan + fili #F 352
Ch‘i-ku-ts‘ao 8 4a 388
Ch ‘i-li-hsiang tHe = 7
h‘i-li san ds #¥ tk 352
Ch‘i-lin-chieh Re BE DR 79
| Ch‘i-pao-mei-jan-tan ¢ ScgFF —- 329
Ch‘i-pao-san 4c ik 352
Chfi-shih ia fh I5r

i

EE —— “<< - ——-

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 505

Ch‘i-t‘ou-hao HE SA 51 {| Chiao-hung AL HT, 462, 463
Ch‘i-yeh-shu - BE if 19 | Chiao-hung-wan = #& #1 Ht, 326
Chia A 83 | Chiao-kan-tan me AM FE 321
Chia th 99 | Chiao-lu hl #8 485
Chia EE 317 | Chiao-lung ee tH 474
Chia iB 303, 433 | Chiao-mi ZE 3h 211
Chia-ch ‘ing-tzti e+ 358 | Chiao-mu aR OA 463
Chia-chu-shih i 3% RR 494 | Chiao-pao 2 210
Chia-hao HE HE 160 | Chiao-pai Zz A 210
Chia-liao 5 3H 342 | Chiao-po-chiu AR A HG 439
Chia-ling 494 | Chiao-sun 3E 210
_ Chia-mi HE SK 453 | Chiao-ts‘ao 26 £4 210
Chia-mu-yao 1 12 4 62 | Chiao-yu #é yh 270
Chia-pai-ho RA 240 | Ch‘iao-érh-su 92 Gi aK 161
Chia-su 1 RR 393, 429 | Ch‘iao-mai 2 2B 59, 164
Chia-wa-lung in 2 # 425 | Ch‘iao-mai #4 = 171
Chiang ue 195 | Ch‘iao-mai ce I7i
Chiang = 366 | Ch‘iao-mei E te 355
Chiang i _ 465 | Ch‘iao-nao-hsiung # fi§ 124
Chiang es 465 | Ch‘iao-p‘iao #2 =I 299, 264
Chiang-chén-hsiang f% BH 428 | Ch‘iao-pu-tao iy A FA 471
Chiang-chiu iw 439 | Ch‘iao-tou i 154
Chiang-chu YL ER 34 | Ch‘iao-yao ie 232, 454
Chiang-chin We aE 374 | Chieh A 408
_Chiang-chiin-fu- Chieh-chiang FF 408
chan-tan Tee 330 | Chieh-fén efi Bt 279
Chiang-huang ra we 139 Chieh-hung *G 3 Iiz
Chiang-li rae Be 403 Chieh-hsii-ts‘ao # te c=3 163
Chiang-Iu Hz 485 | Chieh-kéng i BR 15, 18, 337
Chiang-mang-chiieh- Chieh-kou a ky 209
ming EER) «96, 231 | Chieh-ku ¥§ 4h 389
Chiang-nan-ta- ’ | Chieh-ku ee 154
. ch‘ing WwBK HE 217 | Chieh-ku-mu A 393
Chiang-nou-ts‘ao |=. 3% 1 429 | Chieh-ku-ts‘ao Be 393
Chiang-p‘i Br 465 | Chieh-li fe PME 120
Chiang-tou it 155 | Chieh-man-ching Fp SH. 75
Chiang-ts‘ao HF LL 210 | Chieh-nio-chu-t‘ang jE # HB 482
Chiang-yu we oh 195 | Chieh-nio-wan # FE Fu 322
- Chiang-yu 74 wh 466 | Chieh-p‘i' ta
-'Ch‘iang-huo 3 IF 314 | Chieh-p‘o-lo-hsiang #% 2
‘Ch‘iang-mi yas RE 120 | Chieh-t‘ang Fi He
Ch‘iang-mi 8 BE 380 | Chieh-ts‘ai-chou FF AR HH
Chiiang-t‘ao 5é bk 223 | Chieh-tu fe Tie
Ch‘iang-wei #5 7% 380 | Chieh-tu-tzii fie. tie F
Ch‘iang-wei-lu #5 2% BZ 380, 485 | Chiieh ‘ ri
Ch‘iang-wei-shui #§ #% 7k 380 | Ch‘ieh-chih tn tk
Chiao Zé 141 | Ch‘ieh-ting th FE
Chiao 26 210 | Chien AB
-Chiao-chia-chih BE im 209 | Chien Ril
- Chiao-chia-wan ZB In Ft 320 | Chien-chih Bie 5
Chiao-chih-kuei Se Bik HE 1o8 | Chien-chin-lo See
Se Bt

506 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Chien-ch ‘iu-lo Hl fh HE 249 | Chih-mu Fl BE: 40
Chien-ch‘un-lo BY fe BE 249 | Chih-shéng-tan =p Up fF 325
Chien-hung-lo By a0 249 | Chih-shih A St 116
Chien-hung-sha at xr 249 | Chih-shu-t‘ang tw 481
Chien-kén i FB 205 | Chih-shu-wan AM ot 3 322
Chien-lo-hua GY 38 7é 249 | Chih-tsao A Fe 209
Chien-nii-yiian 4h br pe 56 | Chih-ts‘ao KH 52
Chien:tao-ku ai 77 Ae 230 | Chih-t‘u-hsiieh-mei-
Chien-tao-ts‘ao ay 7] tx 266, 389 kuei-kao THM MBM 487
Chien-ts‘ao: gy AL 249 | Chih-tztt He 183
Ch'ien ry 250 | Chih-tzii-kén He + th 184
Chien hie 381 | Ch*ih-chao ax IN 131
Ch‘ien-chén-ts‘ao =F gf #1 rig | Ch‘ih-chao-tzti Ts RE gs
Ch‘ien-chin-ts‘ai F- AR 229 | Ch*ih-ch‘é-shih-ché 9 Ai ff AF 161
Ch‘ien-chin-ts‘ao. J #& 44 168 | Ch‘ih-ch‘éng A PE 428
Ch‘ien-hu At HY 42, 314 | Ch‘ih-chiao Ie WE 489
Ch‘ien-li-chi FB I 403 | Ch*ih-chieh As Bit 4II
Chiien-li-kuang ==> HY 403, Ch‘ih-chien A iit 184
Ch‘ien-li-mei-hua- Ch‘ih-chih rises 271
wan HME 330 | Chtih-chin Ay 4% 206
Ch‘ien-nien-ai + 4p HE 52 | Ch‘ih-ch‘in Ase 42, 129
Ch‘ien-nien-po F- 4B A 251 | Ch‘ih-chu Fie BR 413
Ch‘ien-nien-sung f ae ee 251 Ch‘ih-hsiao-tou at ZN Bg B50 I16
Chiien-nien-tsao =F 42 #B 140 | Ch‘ih-hsiao-tou-
Ch‘ien-niu-tzt He 4p 125, 489 chou Fe ST HH 477
Chtien-shih mE ¥6g | Ch‘il-kén-ts‘ai Ay AR 417
Ch‘ien-shih-fén- | Ch*ih-kuo vies 439
chou BREE FO 477 | Ch‘ih-liao A BE 344
Chtien-sui-lei + i & 457 | Ch‘ih-lung-p‘i-t‘ang AR ad BEB 483
Ch‘ien-ts‘ao pa 381 | Ch‘it-mu wg Hd: 41
Chih #1 19, 116 | ch: ih-pao' viet 431
Chih tr 481 | Ch‘ih-sung A FS 333
Chih a 271 | Ch‘ih-ti-li Fe Hy Fi 341
Chih-chia-hua sp 7€ 232 Chih-wang Ae Hid 140
Chih-chung-t‘ang FH hh 481 | Ch‘ih-yao Fe 3% 118
Chih-chung-tu-kao 3§ fff # # 337: | Ch*ih-yén-lao-mu-
Chih-chii AL AL 209 ts‘ao FE EE 225
Chih-chii-tzit a eh 209 | Chin i 43
Chih-érh S fit “272 | Chin fz 178
Chih-érh-lei 3S th FG 179 | Chin-chan-hua & SE7E 80
Chih-ho SF tf 280 | Chin-chan-yin-t‘ai 4 3 ji! BE i
Chih-hsien-ti-i-ling- 277, 395
tan JAR —eRPF 336 | Chin-ch‘ai > xX 148
Chih-hsing IEG 441 | Chin-ch‘ai-hua & S16 249
Chih-ju-chiu a 2h 435 | Chin-clr‘ai-ku & He ye 249
Chih-k‘o He 116 | Chin-chén-ts‘ai > ot BR 204
Chih-li Bas Hee 270 | Chin-chi-lé & UH th 107
Chih-li-hsiang-lien- Chin-chiao A> HR 464
wan ThA AMIt «= «321 | Chin-ch‘iao SR 142
“y Chih-lien 125 | Chin-ch‘iao-érh-
Chih-ma IK It 243 |. chiao 2 S$ BRR 149

Chin-ch‘iao-mai
Chin-ch‘ien-hua
Chin-ch‘ien-chii
Chin-chih
Chin-chio-nao
Chin-ch ‘iu
Chin-chu
Chin-chit
Chin-féng-hua
Chin-hsien-ts‘ao
Chin-hsing
Chin-hsing-ts‘ao
Chin-hu
Chin-hu-tou
Chin-hua-chiu
Chin-hua-ts‘ai
Chin-kan
Chin-kang-kén
Chin-kou-mu
Chin-kuei
Chin-k‘uei
Chin-kung-hua
Chin-kuo
Chin-li-chih
Chin-lien-hua
Chin-ling-chien
Chin-ling-tzti
Chin-lti-mei
Chin-niu-ts'ao
Chin-pu-huan
Chin-sang
Chin-shao-yao
Chin-shih-li-tung-
kao
Chin-so-t‘ien
Chin-ssti-t‘ao
Chin-ssii-ts‘ao
Chin-ssii-yén
Chin-su-lan
Chin-sui-chien
Chin-t‘ao
Chin-téng
Chin-tou
Chin-ts‘ai
Chin-tsan-ts‘ag
Chin-ts‘ao
Chin-yin-lu
Chin-yin-t‘éng
Chin-ying-tziti

Chin-ying-tzti-chien

Chiu

Si KD > E> > Bat RD BH KD BD > HD BD RD MD HD > > BD BD > > > BD HD > So > YR Sz > MD BD RD ED BP BD HD RD RD BD RD RD BRED BD & BD DD

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES.

2 OF

Pe

He

140,

mots |

m i

108,

GOALS SSRN RH PRESS HHESMHVERISENB RH

He SSNS

B
SHERRY E
2H

phot
~

i

Be SE BS AO me 7 nl Bb SE BR Ss SE SS

WN SS
_

ELS. |

409
209
296

395
141
265
446
482
261
203
228
201
267
300

337
241
2II
342
284
zO5
483
356
292
ELL
455
429
344
484
246
380
483

42

———ES EES ES EEE ESS Eee

Ch‘in-chiao
Ch‘in-chiao
Ch‘in-p‘i
Ch‘in-ts‘ai
Ch‘in-ts‘ai-chou
Ching-chieh
Ching-chung-t‘ai
Ching-hsiung
Ching-k‘ou-pien-
ts‘ao
Ching-li
Ching-mien-ts‘ao
Ching-san-léng
Ching-sang
Ching-t‘iao
Ching-tien
Ching-t‘ien
Ching-tzit
Ching
Ch‘ing-chieh
Ch‘ing-ching-fan
Ch‘ing-chi-p‘i
Ch‘ing-hao
Ch‘ing-hao-chiy
Ch‘ing-hsiao-tou
Ch‘ing-hsiang
Ch‘ing-jang
Ch‘ing-ko-fén

Ch‘ing-kuei-hsiang

Ch‘ing-kuo
Ch‘ing-liang-mi
Ch‘ing-liao
Ch‘ing-mei
Ch‘ing-mei-san
Ch‘ing-mu-hsiang
Ch ‘ing-6-wan
Ch‘ing-pai-su°
Ch‘ing p‘i-ho
Ch‘ing-p‘i-tzti
Ch‘ing-ping-p‘ien
Ch‘ing-tai

Ch ‘ing-t‘ai-i
Ch‘ing-t'an
Ch‘ing-t‘ang
Ch*ing-t‘ang
Ch‘ing-yang
Ch‘ing-yu
Chio-ch ‘iu
Chio-chuang
Chio-hao
Chio-shu

SES PB ED het set ht my wy SH oh ah a HE hE EH aE EK oh mh aE ah a ya ME oo} BE BE ES SE

SG ot

Hie

2} 5 Si Fe Te BH BS HE

=
ie G
a

| we

~*~ mS

WH SRSCRRSKHARRO SHR ESR SRR BAD fH RY

OTF Nis SH of oy RE

ie

225
462
178
42, 289,
478

393, 429
270

508 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Chio-tz‘ti-ch‘a $4 Hl 2& 87, 213 | Chu-lan ze BY 84, 105
Chiu aE 27 | Chu-lan-ch‘a PE BY Se 105
Chiu ry 417 | Chu-ling Bi 45 35, 494
Chiu-chiao Wi we 233 | Chu-luan Je 113
Chiu-hsien-to-ming- Chu-ping-lang af FR 47
tan Aes 326 | Chu-sha-chit tk Bb ta IIL
Chiu-lei 1 433 | Chu-sha-kén tek ab HR 471
Chiu-li-hsiang-ts‘ao 7 7 HE = 269 | Chu-shen-chou wa I'S 479
Chiu-li-ming 7u OW 403 | Chu-shun ak HE 73
Chiu-lung-tan Ju #8 FF 326 | Chu-t‘ao = Bk 358
Chiu-mu 7 BF 233 | Chu-tzii ik 366
Chiu-ts‘ai-chou SE 2a 478 | Chu-ya-tsao-chia RR BR 188
Chiu-ts‘ao KH 52 | Chu-yang-yang ii; BL 181
Chiu-ts‘éng-ta Ju ig 33 289 | Chu-yeh-chiu vy iG 434
Chiu-tzitt tt F 275 | Chu-yeh-t‘ang-chou 47 3699 == 479
Chiu-yu #6] wh 424 | Chu-yeh-ts‘ai ify BE BB 123
Ch‘iu tit 98, 242 | Chu-yii-chou a 479
Chiiu #R 366 | Chu-yiian-sui 4 fal 23 173
Ch‘iu-hai-t‘ang RK Ts 66 | Ch‘u ahs 456
Ch ‘iu-k‘uei KB 206, 257 | Ch‘u Hk 204
Ch‘iung-shu fo ta 42 Ch‘u 2 20, 21
Cho-ts‘ai Rei Ae 265 | Ch‘u #8 75
Chou ih 294, 476 | Ch‘u-k‘uei at 38 289
Chou # 366 | Ch‘u-ma 25 itt 70
Chou pat 417 | Ch‘u-pei-lo-hsiang #} 2 426
Ch‘ou-ch‘éng ity 113 | Ch‘u-p‘1 ea 2I
Ch‘ou-ch‘u SL 2 20 | Ch‘u-shih-tzit #% @F 75
Ch‘ou-chii Et 8 116, 469 | Ch‘u-tao KE BK 75
Ch‘ou-ch‘un 5 HE 20 | Chu ei III
Ch‘ou-hao LE 50 | Chu Li} 306
Ch‘ou-p‘u 5. 447 | Chi be 360
Ch‘ou-su SL ik 268.| Chii-chiang 3H i 102
Ch‘ou-wei SL 235 | Chu-hua 3 7€ 106
Ch‘ou-wu-i SL BEE 449 | Chii-hua-chiu 2B 7é 7 435
Chu a yo | Chii-hung th #2. II2
Chu Ay 277 | Chii-jo oh ay 124
Chu + 366 Chiu-ling-ka 5 t iy 359
Chu tf 366 | Chii-liu #2 fill 360, 449, 464
Chu-ché eit 255 | Chii-lo fa 133
Chu-ché Ay WR 386 | Chii-ma Ht iit go
Chu-chiao Ex 464 | Chii-pai 14 113
Chu-chieh-wu-t‘ou fy i & HA 8 | Chu pti HE <tr
Chu-chin BR 206 | Chii-p‘i-t‘ang ake » 483
Chu-huang ye #E 64 | Chii-shéng ER 269
Chu-jou me 64, 273 | Chii-shéng-chiu Be 7 437
Chu-ju ay 64, 273 | Chii-shéng-tzil ER 269
Chu-kao-mu aS AF 1: 407 | Chii-t‘ien-p‘4i PARK 204
Chu-kén Ay 177. | Chii-ts‘ai yA 2B 208
Chu-ko-chin 2h JE 27 Chii-tsao ZK Pa 276
| ah SE EE 495 | Chit ia, 4 233
As bal 338 | Ch‘ii-chieh-ts‘ao AH ff) HE 404

a Se

~~ — —

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 509

Ch ‘ii-mai ga as 149 , H-ch‘ang-ts‘ao REE EY 423
Chi-yu-kao -Fq Te 487 I}-mao-yii-feng-hua EERE 203
Chuan-tzii-lien i SH 118 | K-mei-tou i Jet Ae 155
Ch‘uan Be 82 I}-pu-shih-ts‘ao BABE 275
Ch‘uan-chiao Nl AR 463 | Erh in 98, 271
Ch‘uan-fu Mi RG 7 | rh Ail, ith 271
Ch‘uan-hsiung Jil 123 Erh BE 473
“Ch'uan-hsii-tuan Jj] [Bh 154 | Erh-ch‘a &L Ee 2
Ch‘uan-lien-tzi Jil ee _ 261 Erh-ch‘i-wan = & Fh 330
Ch‘uan-niu-hsi Jil 2E 6 | Erh-hua-san = 76 Be 353
Ch‘uan-pei-hsieh )i] Hi 150 | Krh-huang = 283
Ch‘uan-tang Mi) 18 | Erh-ts‘ao 5a Et a
Ch‘uan-ti-t‘ai Bl ps Je 270
Ch‘uan-t‘u Wt 309 Fa-pan-hsia "EPR - 332
Ch‘uan-wu I& 7,8,9,11 | Ban . 52
Ch‘uan-wu-t‘ou INS BR 8 | Fan AE 294, 295
Chiian-érh 4= 461 | Fan-ho 3 of 263
Chiian-po aE HY 402 | Fan-hung-hua ae om 76 131
Chiian-tan 485 FF 240 | Fan-kua a Oh 93
Ch'tian pie 317 | Fan-kua AK 136
Ch‘iian-shén 2 341 Fan-li-ts‘ao oe He HE 206
Chiieh BR 172, 297,359 | Fan-lu & 66
Chiieh-i DA itt 467 | Fan-lii HB 423
Chiieh-kuang 3% 36 96 | Fan-mu-pieh ar ak RF 425
Chiieh-ming 5 wy 97 | Fan-pai-ts‘ao Wa 348
Chiieh-ming-tzi BY =F 97 | Fan-shih aE th 251
Chui-li SE BA 98 | Fan-tou RF 4II
Ch‘ui-hou-san WR We He 351 | Fan-tsao wt R I4I
Ch‘ui-ssit-liu ie £& gy 428 | Fang-chi Be 120
Ch‘un HE too | Fang-féng Bi JEL 315, 407
Ch‘un-chieh #& FF 408 | Fang-féng-tang- ;
Ch‘un-chiu #14 418 shén Wi a Be 17
Ch‘un-ch‘u i 20, 100 | Fang-hsiang FOF yee
Ch‘un-hai-t‘ang Fe Ue 66 | Fang-k‘uei bh 315
Ch‘un-hua 4% 76 254 | Fang-tang-shén By a 17
Ch'un-kuei if 28 257 | Fei HE. FR. YE 439
Ch‘un-p‘i- HE HZ 21 | Fei-chu-tzii KE 3k 395
Ch‘un-sha-hua BG 38 | Fei-lien AR fie 92
Chiin es) 271 | Fei-shih HE £2 439
Chiin-ch ‘ien-tzii A + 153 | Fei-tsao Ke Yt rag
Chiin-chung-i-nien- Fei-tsao-chia AE 198
~ ehin. ith—#4 ~—-38r_'| ‘Fei-tsao-ho 8% 199
Chin-hsiin-chin = & jj 419 | Fei-tsao-t‘o Re ¢ 199
Chiin-shé BG 384 | Fei-tsao-tou Ss 199 .
Chiin-ta-ts‘ai Xe aR 68 | Fei-tsao-tzi . Ee +
Chiin-ta-ts‘ai-chou #¥ $@ 28} = 478 | Fei-yang-ts‘ao We by Fe
Ch‘iin-kuei Bi té Io7 | Fén iH
Chung-k'uei xk BE 66 | Fén-chieh-ts‘ao et fii Be
Chung-ssii-tsao th FA BB 467 | Fén-ch‘ing-wan y He Tt.
‘Ch‘ung-pai-la #4 af 237 | Fén-chiu Ww
Ch‘ung-wei BF 235 | Féng Shy a

510

Féng

Féng-chén
Féng-chieh-érh
Féng-hsiang-chih
Féng-hsien

nas ‘ rhs
Féng-huang-ch‘ang

Béng-hung-shu
Féng-jén
Féng-lan
Féng-pén
Féng-pi
Féng-pi-yao-chin
Féng-p‘1
Féng-p‘i-tang
Féng-tzti-kuei
Féng-wei-chiao
¥ éng-wei-sung
Féng-wei-ts‘ao

Féng-yao
Fo-chia-ts‘ao
Fo-ch‘ieh-érh
Fo-chien-hsiao
Fo-érh-ts‘ao
Fo-sang
Fo-shou-chiao
Fo-shou-kan
Fo-shou-kan
Fo-shou-lu
Fo-shou-p‘ien
Fo-tso-hsii
Fou
Fou-lan-lo-lé
Fou-ling
Fou-mai
Fou-p'ing
Fou-shih
Fu-chi-mo
Fu-ch‘i
Fu-hsiung
Fu-i

Fu-jung
Fu-k‘uei
Fu-li

Fu-ling
Fu-ling-chiu
Fu-li

Fu-mu
Fu-niu-hua
Fu-pei
Fu-p‘éu-tzii

CHINESE

146,

r

Ee |e

tay
x=

BERBER

a
>} S>KRBSH

ie

2 ES PB Be
iy
rey

2 =
PRR
SS

rs

Ww
fo)

» 300, I4I.

146,

FB TH th 4H tH SA hv Som BY aS
1 AS oD to}

DSF A gop 2

i
=

Ss

35>

WES RASS URPKKHHHRESSSSISISSSBSEy
my

ASDA HH RPGS HRMS

TF

MATERIA MEDICA.

244
244

0 ae Se Se

Fu-p‘ien

Fu-sang

Fu-shén

Fu-tzit

Fu-tzt
eFu-ya-t‘u-lu-t‘'éng

Fu-yang

Ha-hsi-ni
Ha-la-huo
Hai-chin-sha
Hai-érh-ch‘a
Hai-hung
Hai-lo

Hai-na
Hai-sung
Hai-sung-tzit
Hai-tai
Hai-t‘ang
Hai-t‘éng
Hai-ts‘ai
Hai-tsao
Hai-tsao
Hai-tsao-chiu
Hai-tsung
Hai-yun
Han-ch ‘in
Han-chu
Han-fang-chi
Han-kua
Han-lien-ts‘ao
Han-lien-tzit
Han-ma
Han-meti
Han-mi
Han-pai
Han-shéng-ts‘ao
Han-shih-chou
Han-tan
Han-t‘ao
Han-ts‘ai
Hang-chu-hua
Hao
Hao-fei-sun-hsiieh
Hao-ting-ts‘ao
Hao-ying-piao
Hei-chih
Hei-ch‘ou
Hei-fu-tzit
Hei-kou-chi
Hei-pai-wan

Wt he 7, 10
kK 20, 206
1K ip 298
i 7-11
itt 399
$k HE a BE eR 102
BK 376
Wy Er Ye 173
ver Bk Ye 459
HE EP 173
5% GE 2, 450
Vy. AL 365
Uy HE 24
45 215, 232
3 RS 333
: He 333
UB Att 24
UB SE 365
Ue 183
He AR 23, 24
HE HK 23, 24, 396
Ve FR 14L
Hi 3K 7G 438
Hy: 2 I4I
Ye HA 24
Ar 42, 43
se A. 474
i BE 120
Ze 110
#h $di FX 160, 177
+t 5k Z; 177
Pc Oy (a go
Be JE 383
HK 295
Sh Fe 304
Pome 402
aS fe Mi 477
A 278
& 358
YE 2B 28
i HE 106
m 5
£6 iti TA ht = 284
a 475
ih Ht 383
a> 271
™ FA 489
A ht 9
Mt fh) FF 460
my HL 322

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. Eek
Hei-shén we 400 | Hsi-t‘u py + 309
Hei-sung Mf, 333 | Hsi-t‘ung-wan Re Hd Ht 330
Hei-tou ey 189 | Hsi-yeh-sha-shén i #6 j>38 = 460
Hei-ts‘ao OB 153 | Hsi-yeh-tung-ch‘ing #y BE FF 213
Hei-t‘u oe 309 | Hsi-yit py HS 285
Hei-yu-ma SS yeh Site 404°! Hsia 3H 278
Hén-shan ta 292 | Hsia-chieh a 408
Héng-ts‘ai A 2B, 7] GE 24 | Hsia-chu B 115
Ho Any 278 | Hsia-ku-ts‘ao BHA 75, 353
Ho-ch‘ien af 32 280 | Hsia-ku-ts‘ao-lu BARS 486
Ho-hsiang me 247 | Hsia-pu BT 70
Ho-huan > # 22 Hsia-ts‘ao-tung-
Ho-hun A> & 22 ch‘ung SR 126
Ho-kan He Fi 296 | Hsiang pf 366
Ho-li-lé any 22 3) 430 | Hsiang-ch‘éng-t‘ang# fF # 483
Ho-lin I 428 | Hsiang-chiao 269
Ho-lun-lé-t‘o WY be BH BE 212 | Hsiang-ch‘un He 2f, 100
Ho-ming-ts‘ao 4 Ay A 97 | Hsiang-ch‘un-chih 7 #F # 100
Ho-pi op 280 | Hsiang-ch‘un-kén # # # 100
Ho-pien-mu yi} 3% 496 | Hsiang-ch‘un-pi 4 fF & 21
Ho-shih i Hl 94 | Hsiang-fu-tzit Mi 141, 142
Ho-shou-wu fit 342 | Hsiang-hao e& 50
Ho-t‘ao RE Bk 222 | Hsiang-hsin F 272
Ho-t‘ao $= Bk 357 | Hsiang-jih-k‘uei fy H 3 203
Ho-tzti Sa 430 | Hsiang-ju 4B 161
Ho-yeh 4oy TRE 278, 280 | Hsiang-kai tt 259
Hou-cha Ie WE 130 | Hsianyg-kua & 134
Hou-chiang ie 1 345 | Hsiang-kuo He 123
Hou-k ‘uei ie BE 199 | Hsiang-liao fe 2 344
Hou-p‘o kes ff 254 | Hsiang-ma ite 40
Hou-p‘o-chien-wan Je fh Hi dt 325 Hsiang-ma Te it 469°
Hou-shan-ch‘a @ iy 4 172 | Hsiang-mao ie 197
Hou-shu We AL 277 | Hsiang-mu 4 AK 390
Hou-t‘ao tee Hk 254 | Hsiang-p‘u ii 447
Hsi my 35 | Hsiang-shih i 367
Hsi ips 454 | Hsiang-ssti-tzti *A ES I
Hsi-chang-tan HE He FF 47 | Hsiang-ssti-tou 1): ae 2
Hsi-ché PY HE 386 | Hsiang-su FE hE
Hsi-érh x 461 | Hsiang-sui # 4E
Hsi-érh-kan ft = yt 295 | Hsiang-tan IG
Hsi-fan i fi 476 | Hsiang-tan-ch‘a WH je SE
Hsi-hsiu a 7B. 55 | Hsiang-tang FR BK
Hsi-hsiung mS 124 | Hsiang-t‘ien-ts‘ao [Rh] K HE
Hsi-kua Py II_ ' Hsiang-tou RE
Hsi-kuo-lo-kua BE $a RE i 249 *siang-ts‘al # a
Hsi-lien Ri 3% 407 | Ki\‘ang-yu ® ih
Hsi-mi WE 56 453 | Hsit\, '-yii-p‘i # hi
Hsi-ming aa 432 fa, vilan FF a
Hsi-sha-tou tn ob 37 | Hsiang-ytian ‘u =
Hsi-tang py RK 18 | Hsiang-wan-t2\ Ki ti
Hsi-tsao-hua UE GE TE 265 | Hsiao-ch‘ao-ts‘ai ~ me

Ee
¢

512

Hsiao-chi
Hsiao-ch‘ing
'Hsiao-ch ‘ing-p‘i
Hsiao-chti-kao
Hsiao-huan-ch‘ai
Hsiao-hui-hsiang
Hsiao-kuei
Hsiao-mai
Hsiao-mai-chou
Hsiao-mai-ch‘ti
Hsiao-mi
Hsiao-po
Hsiao-suan
Hsiao-suan-ts‘ai
Hsiao-t‘an-chih-so-
kao
Hsiao-ts"ao
Hsiao-tu-pao-ying-
tan
Hsiao-t‘u
Hsiao-yang
Hsiao-yeh-chu-hua
Hsiao-yuan-shu
Hsieh
Hsieh
Hsieh-hao
Hsieh pai
Hsieh-pai-chou
Hsieh-pao-yeh
Hsieh-p‘o-ts‘ai
eHsien
Hsien
Hsien
Hsien-chih
Hsien-ch‘uan-p‘an-
t‘ao-wat.
Hsien-hu-tou
Hsien-jén-chang
Hsien-jén-chang
Hsien-jén-t‘ao .
Hsien-jén-ts‘ao
Hsien-ling-p‘i
Hsien-lo-chiu
Hsien-mao
Hsien-mao
Hsien-mao-chiu
Hsien-mao-wan
_ Hsien-mi

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Ay Rij 118, 120
nS a 472
yf FE II2
ini 336
> 3B EX 148
7). Tal rg 176
Ay KE 108
my 443
ay BE ht 477
> BE By 233
7h k 405
|. EE 67
Wy 27, 28
BA 297

1 TR wb ORK AF 487
yy 338

i ie TH SA FE 323

“Wat 309
My AG 391
7 iF 48 TE 106
Ay 7c ait 49
aE 25
Ee 262
Al 405
aE A 26
BE BG 479
fie EE HE 172
aH UE AE 2302
ca 33, 347
fe 236
Aus 294, 296
BE 3 184
fill 5 aR PE Fu 323
fie fF} = 148
fly A ak 250
fill A. 3% 291
fi A #4 251
fi) A Ht 118
fil) Be Ae 4
ve HE 7 420
fil) 212
fil) 34 491
fill FF AP
fill 4 Ft 324
fll 2K 477
fill 307
ho41< 240
"7B Bad 376

Hsien-shih wk BE
Hsien-ts‘ai BA 33
Hsien-tsao {il 4B 467
Hsien-ts‘ao tin Se 376, 470
Hsin mea 27:
Hsin-i ae Fe 253
Hsin-li Se op 98
Hsin-lo-sung-tzi F#MF 333
Hsing ar 40, 353
Hsing f= 234, 241
Hsing fi 387, 474
Hsing-chin-tan as Ft 321
Hsing-ch ‘ti 1G iE 173
Hsing-jén-t‘ang BEB 354
Hsing-jén-yu. a it 354
Hsing-su ay BRK 354
Hsing-ts‘ai SE OE 241
Hsing-yeh-sha-shén 7F #E p> B 15, 16
Hsiung-ch‘iung eS fe 123
Hsi EF I20
Hsii a 417
Hsii 7 366, 367
Hsii-ch‘ang-ch‘ing #% & i 362
Hsii-chin-kén at fi TR 80
Hsii-ku-mu el Ep AS 393
Hsii-tuan et [Bh 154
Hsii-yii a ER 12k
Hstian a 204
Hsiian-chih ae 271
Hsiian-fu-hua We 7E 16 29
Hsiian-hua he ié 80, 125
Hsiian-kou-tzu RS $4 -F 382

» Hsiian-shén Ye 15, 303, 400
Hstian-ts‘ao vemos 204
Hstieh-ch‘a es 86
Hsiieh-chieh min HS ES
Hsiieh-chien-ch‘ou ft H, #& © 382
Hsiieh-ch‘iu SR 453
Hsiieb-chu ii ft 366
Hstieh-t‘éng mii Rm. — 382
Hsiin 7K | 262
Hsiin Es ih
Hsiin-ch‘i RE .44b ‘173 :
Hsiin-lu-hsiang we Re Ws = =671, 291
‘Hsiin-ts‘ao me 262
Hu a 28
Hu a (231
Hu a 366
Hu-chang pe 48
Hu-chang BE 34I _

-Hu-chén-tzu By te F 334

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 513

Hu-chi Ray 119 | Hua-hung iE AL 364
Hu-chiao By AR 334 | Hua-k‘uei it 3S 257
Hu-chiao-chou By AR 479 | Hua-lu iE 484
Hu-chieh by GF 408 | Hua-mu BE AC 68
Hu-chin-ts‘ao Be & 455 | Hua-mu tH AS 68
Hu-ch‘iung By 123 | Hua-shéng 1E 470
Hu-érh-ts‘ao ER 397 | Hua-shéng-yu 4é 22 ith 471
Hu-hsin-san 28 aby Ie 351 | Hua-wang 1t = 300
Hu-huang-lien BY te He Huai hil ° 415
65, 22TH 284, 319 Huai-chih-chiu Pil RE 74 438

Hu-hsii-ts‘ao Bae 224 Huai-chio Bi 74 415
Hu-jo i 367 Huai-hua hi 1E 415
Hu-kan ae Hi 113 | Huai-hua-ch‘ing Pi 7E FF 96
Hu-kao iS 4o7 | Huai-hsiang i 214, 331
Hu-kua HW 135 | Huai-hsiang i 337
Hu-lo-po Hy 28 Si 147 | Huai-mi Bil k 415
Hu-lo-po-chou #1 2 Bi 478 | Huai-shan-yao ite 1 3% be en
Hnr-lu #1 136 | Huai-teti ML 415 Y
Hu-lu ite J 231 Huati-yeh-p‘in Pik we EA 393
Hu-lu-pa Wi faa | een ith aie
Hu-ma #] Iii 90, 243, 404 Huan-chiin 2 273
Hu-ma-chou BA ite ay 479 | Huan-lan Fa Bel 264
Hu-mén-mang Wi 3 372 | Huan-ping TE (VF 474
Hu-pa-ho WE 263 Huan-shao-tan se I> FF 329
Hu-po-ho te 28; | Huan-t‘ung-tzii i it 185
Hu-p‘o ae sti ayes) eee We & 472
Hu-p‘o-san ye RK 25, 349 Huang-ch‘i uw =e 57
Hu-shéng-ts‘ao 6 a EY 92 Huang-ch‘iao-hua te fe iE 142
Hu-shih i 367, | Muang-chih; «tee 271
Hu-su HY ek 367 Huang-chih-tzii tt te 184
Hu-suan ES 2g | Huang-ch‘in mi 400
Hu-sui Hy 48 127 Huang-ching ic KF 339
Hu-t‘ao HI BE 223 | Huang-ching i HH 456
Hu-t‘ao-wan By pe Ft 331 | Huang-ching-chiu 3¢ fy 7H 437
Hu-tou Bee 269 | Huang-chiu sa 74 420
Hu-tou We 453 Huang-chu-hua a AE 106
Hu-ts‘ai WE 74 | Huang-chi-p‘i a A BL II2
Hu-ts‘ao he 292 | Huang-hao ree 197
Hu-ts‘ung By AR .26 | Huang-hsin ob 255
Hu-tzit Mh 231 | Huang-hua i HE 261
Hu-t‘ui-tzii wy i F 16x | Huang-hwa-hao, Rm ES 50
Hu-tzii-t'ung BEF ta 156 | Huang-hua-ti-ting ¢ 7E fh T 429
Hu-tz‘tt ie Hl 143 | Huang-hua-ts‘ai = #¢ JE 2B 231
Hu-yén-chih HA ie WG 66 | Huang-huan *< 1 492
Hua-chiao TE AR 88, 462 | Huang-kua OM 135 r;
Hua-chiao-chou 4E A 479 | Huang-kua-ts‘ai i 4 231
Hua-ch‘iao 16 & 171 | Huang-lan 3
Hua-chieh * 16 FF 408 Huang-liang eH
Hua-chou-chi- Huang-liang-mi Ew;

hung 1b Wt 4£ =116 | Huang-lien 3
Hua-chii-hung {bk ta #0 115 ' Huang-lo-po 3G HE

514
Huang-lu

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

re 18

Huang-lien-pi-kuan-

wan
Huang-ma
Huang-mei-hua
Huang-mi
Huang-p‘i-kuo
Huang-p‘i-tzti
Huang-po
Huang-po
Huang-shih
Huang-shu-hsiang
Huang-shu-k ‘uei
Huang-tou
Huang-ts‘ao
Huang-ching-yeh-
kou-wén
Huang-tu
Huang-tu-chiian
Huang-t‘ung
Huang-yang-mu
Huang-yao-chiu
Hui-ch‘uang
Hui-hsiang
Hui-hsiang-chou
Hui-hsiang-chiu
Hui-hsien
Hui-hui-mi
Hui-hui-ts' ung
Hui-mien
Hui-t‘iao
Hui-t‘iao-ts‘ai
Hun
Hun-ts‘ai
Hung-ch‘a
Hung-ché
Hung-chiao
Hung-chih-tzii
Hung-chih-chu
Hung-ch‘ii

Hung-hsin-hui-t‘iao

Hung-hua
Hung-hua-ch‘a
Hung-hua-ts‘ai
Hung-lan-hua
Hung-lo-po
Hung-mao-ts‘ao
Hung-mo-li
Hung-pai-ho

_ Hang-p‘i

_ Hung-pai-lien-hua

Bae SL

x jit 90, 91,

BE
RE ES Bh
a a

1
Tm,

iF SS AS ag SS
ye TH

oH

PU

2

Se A PA Sl Bl ah OO ON SES Se SP
Sek iH

cc

+t SE BA SR EME Be
iH

Bat

~_
¥

FL.

ak Ot OF ot

ot

EHMHHA HH HRAN HK AAA A AS SS BS Ee OG OB oe ee BOE ee ae SS Dae Date OO Dt
o> BoM OO

Se Ty HK MS

I5I,

4,

co
=

377

_T-sang

Hung-shih
Hung-tang
Hung-t‘ang
Hung-tou
Hung-tou-k‘ou
Hung-ts‘ao
Hung-tu-chiian
Hung-yao-tzt
Huo

Huo-chiu
Huo-hsiang-lu
Huo-ma

Huo-mu
Huo-shih-k‘o-pa-tu
Huo t‘an-mu-ts‘ao
Huo-yén-ts‘ao

I

I

1k

T-chih
I-chih-chien
I-chu-tzti
I-i-jén
J-i-jén-chiu
I-i-jén-chou
I-li-chin-tan
I-ma

T-inu
I-mu-kao
I-nan
I-p‘in-wan

I-t‘ang
I-ts‘ao
I-t‘ung
I-tzti-ts‘ao

Jan-chiang-tzt
Jan-chih-chia-ts‘ao
Jan-fei-ts‘ao
Jang-ho
Jao-hua
Jén-hung-wan
Jén-shén
Jén-shén-chiu
Jén-shén-kao
jJén-tung
Jén-tung-chiu
Jén-tung-kao
Jén-t'ung

ee i 152
A 18
AL HH 388
ian I, 316
AL DE 32
ar 343
Ac #L AB 375
AL 35 -F 118
= 316
K 419
Fe = 485
IK Sit go
Ft Bf 41
KAZE 425
kK pe He Ht 264
Kk aR Ae 140
= 278
Fat 99
Ste 476
eB 282
— hk i 251
tk 122
ra a 122
FUE 435
ot 477
— hier 326
SE iti go
Sr #3: 235
. EE 236, 487
i 204
= mn Ft 326
RB 267
ta BA 474
Be et 52
Fei Hel 312
Bt 289
ie 3 66

tS as

a
ey

x

fe

3

Ye Be 382
BS oy 464
#5 iE 460
A A Ht 325
K ® 15, 16, 301
KBD 437
KE 486
mh & 246
RB & ii 247, 436
Se Se 247
¢ Ha 159

I ——————

a

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 515

Jén-ts‘ao

je El 283 | Kan lu-tzit H EF 259, 422
Jén-shu TE AL 189, 190 | Kan-mi BF OK 122
Jih-chi HR 2c6 | Kan-mu-hu ae AK MRF 148
Jo se 491 | Kan-shéng-chiang #% 4 & 465
Jo-t‘ou 33 BE 124 | Kan-shu We es
Jou-hsin A = 272 | Kan-shu-chiu WT 4 ia 436
Jou-hsing A 4 353 | Kan-sui W 169
Jou-kuei AY RE 108, 109 | Kan-sung-hsiang +f 278
Jou-huo Al 276 | Kan-t‘ai ae 491
Jou-huo-hua A RiEe 276 | Kan-ti-huang 8¢ Hh BE 371
Jou-tou-kén Ae ko 276 | Kan-tsao WR 466
Jon-tou-k‘ou Al sz 276 | Kan-ts‘ao qi) 196
Jou-tsao A as 128 | K‘an-li-wan 2K ME Ft 322
Jou-tsung-jung A HE 4 293 | Kang-t‘ung Wii} ad 156
Ju ii 63 | K‘ang HE 294
Ju oi 417 | Kao ¥F 289, 320, 335
Ju-hsiang aL 71, 291 | Kao fs 473
Ju-t‘ang SL Gf 387 | Kao-chou-fu wy NF 32
Juan-tsao i 3B 152,153 | Kao-liang i 416, 476
Jui-ho RE HZ 493 | Kao-liang-chiang HH ® 31
Jui-hsiang im 144 | Kao-liang-chiang-
Jun-hsia-wan a 325 tzii wat 32
Jung Li 175 | Kao-lu Se. 99
Jung-hsii Ke FR 175 | Kao-pén BK 286
Jung-k‘uei Ke 33 | K‘ao te 337
Jung-mu If E: 197 | K‘ao-hua *E 7E 258
Jung-shu Fe AL 189, 190, 335 | K‘ao-kuo te 258
Jung-t‘ung BR Hel 312 | K‘ao-p'i FE BE 258
Kéng fed 294
Ka-kou-lé it yh 276 | Kéng Bi mae
Ka-lo-p‘o-chih Yn Fe We 198 | Kéng Ea 481
Ka-shih-tso iin gin SB 443 | Kéng-hu-nu Fs Re AL 296
Kai # 271 Kéng-mi bed * 477
Kai-lu =z 283 Kéng-tzt Tk = 8
Kan Ht IIl Ko o 299, 361
Kan iti 126 | Ko ry 366
Kan-ché iy He 386 | Ko-chung-yao-lu 4% f§& 38#2 484
Kan-ché oF TK 386 | Ko-fén #8 Bt 299
Kan-ché W he 386 | Ko-hua-ts‘ai % IE 272
Kan-ch‘i a Ys 377 | Ko-ju FL 272
Kan-chiang _ ee 465 | Ko-ku we 299
Kan-chiao We 269 | Ko-ku-lu-tsé aM 65
Kan-chu Wr 63, 64 | Ko-pu ey Ai
Kan-chii-hua TT 4 7E 106 | Ko-shu rol tat
Kan-chi-hua-lu WT Bivé # 486 | Ko-ts‘ai sR
Kan-kua Tt 134 | Ko-ts‘ung Ee
* Kan-lan Kit RE 8&9 | K‘o-liu Ye ia.
Kan-lan HW 219 | K‘o-mai ee BE
Kan-lu WT 258 | K‘o-ping yy
Kan-lu-mi Wt = 258 | K‘o-t‘éng-tzit 1S ie
Kan-lu-t‘éng H Eu 259 | Kou-chi ka Fa

516

Kou-chi
Kou-chi
Kou-chi-chien
Kou-chi-chiu
Kou-chi-tzii-chou
Kou-chiao
Kou-chieh
Kou-chi
Kou-ju-ts‘ao
Kou-kao
Kou-ku

Kou-li
Kou-shé-ts‘ao
Kou-t‘eng
Kou-yao
Kou-yuan
Kou-wei-ts‘ao
Kou-wén

Ku
Ku-chén-tan
Ku-ch ‘én-pan
Ku-ching-ts*ao
Ku-chung
Ku-féng
Ku-hsieh
Ku-mii

Ku-pei
Ku-p‘i-la
Ku-shih
Ku-shou
Ku-shu
Ku-ssti-mu
Ku-sui-pu
Ku-ts‘ai
Ku-tu-tzi
Ku-tzt
Ku-tzt

Ku-ya
Ku-ying
Ku-yitan-tan
K‘u-ch‘a
K'‘u-ch‘iao
K‘u-ch ‘iao-mai
K‘u-chieh-kéng
K‘u-ch‘ieh
K‘u-chih
K‘u-chin

kK u-ch‘in

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

K‘u-chit
K‘u-hsin
K‘u-hu
K‘u-kua
K‘u-kua-kan
K‘u-li
K‘u-lien
K‘u-mai
K‘u-mi-ch‘é
K‘u-pan
K‘u-shén
K‘u-shén-shili
K‘u-shén-tzii
K‘u-shih-pa-tou
K‘u-téng
K‘u-téng-ch‘a
K‘u-ting-ch‘a
K‘u-ting-hsiang
K‘u-tou

K ‘u-tsao
K‘u-ts‘ao
K‘u-ts‘ai
K‘u-t‘u
K‘u-t'u
K‘u-yao

Kua

Kua-lou
Kua-lou-jén

| Kua-lu
| Kua-ti-san

Kua-tzt
Kua-tzti-jén
Kuai

K‘uai-ko-t‘ang

Hy FR 156
i) FF 344, 460
Kay il Hil 483
ka #3 436
Ka td 478
Hi] BR 464
4h) ZF 156
Fay 4 116, 117, 469
Yo) FL St 429
1) 407
45)

162, 166, 213, 291
ey BE 366
Ht 7G Ee 403
£4) Hie 450
Fa SE 119
Ral ie III
4) HE 492
£4 Wy 185, 377
Fk 210, 271
El RAF 58, 323
Ty Hil A 496
ie Fig 165 |
Th 198
Jal 320
HS is 25
Hh OK 2I1
fr A 198
A 485
ie 75
Hh = 210
ie tat 75
Ty Wl AS 496
Ee ttf 345
riiqeans 210
HF 175
Fk F 273
me 405
pe BF 256
i fA 295
fal 7c FF 330
we Se 82
Be 171
Ts ee 171
Ti Hi $B 337
TH hn 411
vy Hae 312, 319
re 379
Bi 43, 289
“iG 454
47 63

K‘uai-ts‘ao
Kuan-chieh
Kuan-ch‘t
Kuan-chung

Kuan-yin-lien
Kuan-yin-liu
K‘uan-chung-wan
K‘uan-tung
Kuang-chit
Kuang-lang ©
Kuang-lang-mien
Kuang-mu-hsiang
Kuang-t‘u
Kuang-wu

Kuei

Kuei-ch ‘ai

Ty

229, 230
41

493

265

265

178, 238
261

230

Wye 278

cS

#0

A A AE OO Dk fe DAE ED ODE OE OO OE De DS Oe OE De Ihe
BPSK e eR SRa RAR S

BESS NNR A

ESRI SRE SS BRERSSARARAA
RH > 8S RR ok my

ke &
\
‘

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. Bly

Kuei-chén-ts‘ao oh 68 | La-chung Lael 238
Kuei-chien Ca 166 | La-huang We BE 183
Kuei-chien-ch‘on J% 5, 395 | La-mei ES Ae 105
Kuei-chih #E #{ 108, 109, 110 | La-mi-chou PR OK 479
Kuei-chiu A 154 | La-shu aS Ast 236, 239
Kuei-chu = 4 63,64 | La-ts‘ai-yu oR OR ith 462
Kuei-hsin KE 108 | La-tztt hit F 238
Kuei-hua FEE 108 | La-tsti aK -F 462
Kuei-hua-lu FE 7E 485 | Lai Ae 104, 475
Kuei-hua-yu #E 7E ih 296 | Lai He 128
Kuei-jén RE f£ 313 | Lai BK 443
Kuei-kai HL te 273 | Lai 7K 443
Kuei-li Si B47, 441 | Lai-ch‘in K 364
Kuei-man-t‘ou HL fd BR 175 | Lai-fu A Mk 370
Kuei-mu bi =| 384 | Lai-hsing as AF 353
Kuei-pi KL 273 | Lai-mei-ts‘ao We FE Fi 209
Kuei-p‘i rE 108, 109 | Lai-p‘u-tao HA il FE 265
Kuei-p‘i-t‘ang Big Me Z 483 | Lan Us 217
Kuei-ting RT Iog | Lan Bi 255, 262
Kuei-t‘ou KL Bey 124 | Lan-ch‘ang-ts‘ao il Bb Be 186
Kuei-tsao-chia HL va BE 188 | Lan hsiang Bo go
Kuei-tu-yu , SL RB i 253 Lan-hua Wa 4 69
Kuei-tzii tE tog | Lan-hua Bi 3 Ly
Kuei-yu-ma BL ih File 160 | Lan-hua-lu Mi 7c 485
Kuei-yiian-chiu Ba 7c i 420 | Lan-hua-mi BY 7E 2k 20
K‘uei aE 256, 257 | Lan-hua-yén BY 7E 44 284
K‘uei-ts‘ai-chou BE AR phy 478 | Lan-t'ang i HS go
j K‘uei-tsii-yu aE yh 203 | Lan tien ac 218
| K‘un-lun-ché BE 386 | Lan-tien Be ex 218
' K‘un-lun-ts‘ao BAe too | Lan-ts‘ai HE aR 219
K‘un-pu BL 4 24 | Lan-ts‘ao wi =e 167
Kung-fén-t‘ang HOt Be 388 | Lan-ts‘ao fe A 217
Kung-kao L. & 309 | Lang A 200
Kung-mai KH 207 | Lang-mao I # 200
Kung-mai-nieh i 2 YZ 208, 256 | Lang-pa-ts‘ao 2 68
Kung-pan-t‘u XE + 309 | Lang-po-tzit ie BF 492
Kung-pu BR 299 | Lang-tang i a3 2IL, 399
Kung-t‘u + 309 | Lang-tu I i IL, 257, 370
Kung-yén , BB 309 | Lang tu-t‘ou it ae BE
K‘ung-hsien-tan = # jE FF 322 | Lang-wei-ts‘ao et Fe Ee
Kuo-chiao-wan $5 AB Sh 329 | Lang-ya IR
Kuo-kua aI 134 | Lang-yii BR hii
_ Kuo-lao A + 196 | Lao-chiu % ia
Kuo-lo. Be 441 | Lao-hu-hua #ER TE
@Ku0-p‘'i RE BE 112 | Lao-hu-tz't SE JE hl
Kuo-shih-chiin 20 Gk F 368 | Lao-kuan-ts‘ai HER
Lao-ling BE
La-cha wes 5 237 | Lao-shu-lé ERA
La-ché his RE 386 | Lao-shu-tz‘tt a |
La-chiao BE HY 92 | Lao-tou ms
La-chieh HS FF 408 | Lao-ya-san SE Fe

Eos x4
AS

518

Lao-ya-yén-ching-
ts‘ao

Lé-ché
Lé-ts‘ao
Lei-pi
Lei-wan
Lei-wan-ts‘ao
Léng-fan-t‘uan
Léng-tan-huo
Li

Li

Li

Li

TA

Li

Li

Li-ch‘ang
Li-chih
Li-chih-nu
Li-ch‘un-ts‘ao
Li-fu

Li-hsieh
Li-huo

Li-1n

Li-mu

Li-shih
Li-shih
Li-t‘ao

Li-tou

Li-tou
Li-tzi-chou
Li-yii-chih-chou
Liang

Liang

Liang
Liang-chiang
Liang-chou
Liang-mi
Liang-t‘ou-chien
Liang-tsao
Liang-tzi-mu
Liang-wu-chi
Liao
Liao-chiu
Liao-lan
Tiao-tou
Lieh-tang
Lien

CHINESE

eM A
388,

ymis

uy Et

At

& 201,

ra ee

Ye te

AK

i

*i 104,

=e

ca

fig

ut 364,

fal FE 160,

H ¥

He RE AL

we fF At

Be Fe

Te

Ri

i

He

am

w

2 Bt 356,

oF

Be =f iy

AD FH

Lind

BAS

Ez

HE

Zr spp |

UE ok

PA BA

HR

fi Fk

Bl Ht th

Ess 233,

24 7B

3x RE 217,

HE

Bll ts 293;

3

wd

sé

MATERIA

413
386
209
407

MEDICA.

Lien-chiang
Lien-ch‘iao
Lien-ch ‘ien-ts‘ao
Lien-fang
Lien-hua

Lien-i
Lien-jui-hsit
Tien-mu

Lien-ou
Lien-p‘éng-fu
Lien-shih
Lien-tzitt
Lien-tzt-fén-chou
Lien-tzti-hsin
Lien-yao
Lin-ch‘in

Lin-ch in-ch‘ao
Lin-hao

Lin-mu

Lin-shih

Ling

Ling

Ling-chih
Linug-chih-tan~
Ling-chih-wan
Ling-chio
Ling-hsiang-ts‘ao
Ling-hsiao
Ling-hsiao-hua
Ling-ling-hsiang

Ling-shih-fén-chou

Ling-t‘iao
Ling-t‘ung
Ling-yu
Ling-yu
Ling-yii-tzt
Liu-chi-nu
Liu-chi-nu-ts‘ao
Liu-chi-shéng
Liu-chiao
Liu-chih
Liu-hst
Liu-hua
Liu-kuei
Liu-ytieh-ling
Liu-yiieh-shuang
Liu-su
Lo-chieh-ch‘a
Lo-han-kuo
Lo-han-mu
Lo-han-sung

ei
EN

&

HoH +H ine fe ae

al

313,

BH BS
ra

bani
a

4
24

27 i,

Sant WH SS

G

Ne EER SP SR Sb Se AR OS NTS
HS SSH

a
r=

Be Oe wad SRE De DE SS SS Dp SS BS BS oh hg ABR NO Se SES PR Tt PS FDS DS
to

SS eS Sue
Se eg

a

Lo-han-ts‘ai
Lo-hua-shéng
Lo-k‘uei
Lo-lé
LLo-mo
Lo-po
Lo-po-chou
Lo-po-jén
Lo-shih
Lo-su
Lo-su
Lo-yén-ts‘ao
Lou-lan-tzti
Lou-lu
Lou-wei
Lu-chiai
Lu-chio-chiao-ju-
chou
Tu-chio-ts‘ai
Lu-chu
Lu-chu
Lu-chii
Lu-hsien
Lu-hui
TLu-huo
Lu-ju
Lu-jung-chiu.
Lu-k‘uei
Lu-li
Lu-li-kén
Lu-sang
Lu-shén-chou
Lu-su
Iu-tang
Lu-ti-ts‘ao
Tu-tou
Lu-t‘ou
Lu-ts‘ao
Lu-ts' ung
Lu-ying
Lii
Li-ch‘ai
Lu-chiao
Lji-hao
Lii-kao
Li-lan
Lii-li
Lii-sung-kuo
Lii-sung-ma
Lii-tou
Lii-tou-chou

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES.

HE ER 475
4 iE A 479
15 3 66
HE Bh 289
BE 264
Be al 37°
HE ST NH 478
HAE 147
mal 378, 440
Bs PSK 412
YE ik 412
Re SE 157
ty HF Sant
ey Jf 160, 408
ty FG 388
ie 38 318
KE #4 FE A OM 479
I fq RE 199 |
Je (T 63
= Vr 344
ee tG LIl. 165
WE Sy 403
i & 29
Ki # 378
ii Ee 344
i te 78 437
Fe 257
ie 3 365
RE Be te 160
BS 266, 267
eS ay 479
i 416
Bs 18
BE Sie 362
Be 378
Jz DE 337
i 196
HE 2% 204
Be BE 393
= 52
kB 373
¥k E 373
££ 52
ek 373
te HE 89
eH 253
ma AR 425
A Mit 19
hE 315
so 477

Liu-ts‘ao
Lu-yeh

Lii-yeh-lti-hua-ts‘ao

Lu-yu

Luan-ch‘a
Luan-ching
Luan-hua

Lun

Lun-pu
Lung-ch‘ang-ts‘ao
Lung-chao-su
Lung-chi-ch‘a
Lung-ching
Lung-chu
Lung-hsien
Lung-hsit
Lung-hsii-ts‘ao
Lung-k‘uei
Lung-li
Lung-lin-pi-li
Lung-nao-hsiang
Lung-nao-po-ho

Lung-shé-ts‘ao
Lung-tan
Lung-ya-ts‘ao
Lung-yén

Ma-ch‘ang-kén
Ma-chieh
Ma-ch‘ien
Ma-ch‘ien-san
Ma-ch‘ih-hsien

Ma-ch'‘ih-hsien-chou /&

Ma-ch‘uang
Ma-fén
Ma-hsien-hao
Ma-hsien-hsiung
ch‘iung
Ma-huang
Ma-jén-chiu
Ma-k‘u-ping
Ma-lan
Ma-lan
Ma-liao
Ma-liao-tou
Ma-lin
Ma-pien-ts‘ao
Ma-p‘o
Ma-p‘o
Ma-shih-hao

BH 209
ae He 103
ek SE BR GE AL 168
BE th 103
aS 2K 87, 376
8 Hi] 494
qe 227
il 231
Ai Ai 24
i ae 492
Be 8 305
Ri #f 3 85
Bi FF 84
BH BR 413, 413
fH 187
Ba 5a 492
fH 54 Et 472
va 3s 388, 413
fH 292, 486
Hl GE RE 458
Fa AS 7 157
fd AS HR tof
263, 422
Be 24
Hi IG 186
ioe 452
He HE 282
i a TE 452
BaF 408
Bi 425
He Bil WC 351
ey 347
i BH ©6478
120
go
ra 313
SH 124
I6I
if 434
(OF 405

RELA SSerHS yeesew
{fl

RARFRRRRRSZSEER gBe

it

520

Ma-t‘ang
Ma-ti-chiieh-ming
Ma-ti-fén
Ma-ti-hsiang
Ma-tou
Ma-tou-ling
Ma-tsao
Ma-tzti-chou
Ma-tzu-jén-wan
Mai-ch‘ao
Mai-fu
Mai-fu-tzii
Mai-hu
Mai-mén-tung

Mai-mén-tung-chien

Mai-nu
Mai-tzti-mu
Mai-tzt-mu
Mai-ya
Man-chiang
Man-ching
Man-ching
Man-kua
Man-t‘o-lo
Man-t‘ou
Mau-t‘ou-lo
Mang
Mang-ts‘ao
Mang-ts‘ao
Mang-yi
Mao-cha
Mao-chi
Mao-chin
Mao-chén
Mao-érh-luan
Mao-érh-tz‘u

Mao-érh-yén-ching

ts‘ao
Mao-hsiang
Mao-hsien
Mao-ju-ma
Mao-kén
Mao-kén
Mao-k‘o
Mao-kuan-chung
Mao-li
Mao-liao
Mao-shih
Mao-ti-huang >.

> Mei

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

150
97
399
45, 54
79

49
276, 348
479

Su 322
446
444
444
148
291
jl = 482
168, 446
221

=F ‘
Dy Bs

Nx &

RR

SERA SBM RANE SSSR ye ee ol
> >

Seo Sp Sid ih SBS SMG rh BBE SOE Hk FRE aS BY Who as Ae Som A NAS ot Oo
mt | BN

2Y

al
ah
ii

x

mt

cae Se WE MR OY Sk Pod as SS mn Sh Se
ro)

ja 150,

Se SF dH cH A Se A cH cH SH Si Ht Se BS

ot

Mei-hua-tien-shé
tan
Mei-jén-chiao
Mei-kuei-ch‘a
Mei-kuei-hua
Mei-kuei-lu
Mei-kuei-yu
Mei-lu
Mei-t‘ao
Mei-t‘ao-tan
Mei-tsao ~
Mei-ts‘ao
Mén
Mén-t‘ou-hua
Mén-tung
Méng
Méng-kuo
Méng-ting-ch‘a
Mi
Mi
Mi
Mi-chih-kou
Mi-chiu
Mi-ch‘u-lii
Mi-ch‘a
Mi-chiieh
Mi-fén
Mi-hsiang
Mi-hsien
Mi-hou-t‘ao
Mi-kan
Mi-kan
Mi-méng-hua
Mi-nao
Mi-pu
Mi-shén
Mi-sui-lan
Mi-tieh-hsiang
Mi-ts‘ao
Mi-tzt
Mi-wu
Mien
Mien-chin
Mien-chu

‘Mien-ch‘ii

Mien-fén
Mien-hua
Mien-hua-jén
Mien-hua-tzti
Mien-hua-tzii-wan
Mien-mu

is
nh
+

381,

sR oe eS

=

356,

HEMESSE>m

We NK NK BR SE RE SSS SE
xa

SI pm Hot

=
ot

R

é

By A NE BY
a
F

mw

197;

oH m~ &

ae: H oh bi 3B i BB BR SESE oS RS OA Ss Se Rt
a
a

2 BS 2S pe Pm RE Be SR as BZ Oe DB sR SR RG A eB

KT

> ot OF OF oF SS GE SY SR
&

ee

eS

a

Mien-pao
Mien-ya
Mien-yin-ch‘en
Ming
Ming-cha
Ming-tang
Ming-tang-shén
Ming-ts‘ai

Mo

Mo-chia-t‘o
Mo-ku-hsin
Mo-kuang-san
Mo.-1é-hsiang
Mo-li

Mo-li-lu
Mo-mo
Mo-shih-tzt
Mo-ts‘ai
Mo-t‘u-tsé

Mou

Mou
Mou-ching
Mou-kuei
Mou-hao
Mou-méng
Mu-chan-ssit
Mu-chan-ssit-san
Mu-chih
Mu-chin
Mu-érh

Mu-fang-chi
Mu-fu-jung
Mu-hsi
Mu-hsi-hsin
Mu-hsiang
Mu-hsieh
Mu-hsing
Mu-hsing
Mu-hu
Mu-huan-jou
Ma-huan-tzt
Mu-kua
Mu-kuei
Mu-lan
Mu-lan
Mu-lan-tzit
Mu-lan-ya
Mu-luan-tzit
Mu-li

Mu-li

VELELMHHMYSSSSSSSANN HAHAH PSP SSR MMSE

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES.

Saar

a
ea
We

are

q

co
=

Me ON Ge SS ok aS
@ oF HM WE a oF

a A
al
[e}
S

i:
E

3S HEMOoDY
FF
Re

335

170, 179,

tel

108,

8 a a
tt

a SE Ot Se BR oh

E

+

93,

dy at ae Se Se GE EA
ECE

+

Mu-lien
Mu-lien-hua
Mu-man-tou
Mu-mei
Mu-mi
Mu-mien
Mu-mien-shu
Mu-pa-chio
Mu-pi
Mu-pieh-tzt
Mu-shan-hu
Mu-shao-yao
Mu-shih-tzit
Mu-so-t‘iao
Mu-su
Mu-tan
Mu-t‘ao
Mu-t‘ao-érh
Mu-t‘ien-liao
Mu-ting-hsiang
Mu-tsei
Mu-t‘ung
Mu-yao
Mu-yao-yu
Mu-yao-tzti

Nai-hua
Nai-tung

Nan
Nan-chiao
Nan-chu
Nan-kua
Nan-t‘ien-chu
Nan-tsao
Nan-t‘u
Nan-wu-wei

Nang-chieh-ch‘ieh

Nao-yang-hua

Nao-yii-hua
Ni-ping-p‘ien
Niang

Niang-p‘u-t‘ao-chiu

Niao

Nieh

Nieh-mi
Nien-chu-wan
Nien-hu-ts‘ai
Nien-t‘ou

Niu-ch ‘ih-t‘ai-ts‘ao

Niu-érh

PACES BMPR R SSD

Se oF
iS
n
=

TMs

MHA RE

260,

437)

TH \E

aos

MHRGYHRAAHAGARAAHAAAHAAAAY
Ms eS MS es SE od SE SE Se SON Ot SB aR Se SB

ne

223;

RTF

Hit aes HAS
i

We =>
—7
at at S$

1
=

sm?
F

ra
BS
he

#3

522 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Niu-hsi 2E BS 6 | Pa-chio-lien W fa 3 154

Niu-hsi-chiu Ae 433 | Pa-chio-yu \ Fa ith 215
Niu-hsi-wan AE EE ty 329 | Pa-ho 263
Niu-hsin-ch‘ieh-tzii 4F > GH F413 | Pa-hsien-ou-fén J\ fill BB 280
Niu-ju-chiao AE BL, 7E 270 | Pa-lu \ 464
Niu-ju-chou Ze SL A 479 | Pa-ma-yu -NE WS ih ©6480, 489
Niu-li 4 A 373 | Pa-mang Bt 164
Niu-p‘ang-chiu 4e Be i 434 | Pa-mao Be + 164
Niu-p‘ang-tzti 4f 3B 45 | Pa-pao-érh NK 4ol
Niu-pien Es -II, 187 | Pa-tan-hsing EL BAF 40, 354.
Niu-shé-t‘ou EG BR 384 | Pa-tou Ee 132
Niu-shé-ts‘ai “FG A 385 | Pa-wang-ts‘ao RE 164
Niu-shou-chan-t‘an 4 7f fi #2 = 360 | ~Pa-yiieh-chu ABR 331
Niu-ts‘ai spe 46 | Pai Fi 304
Niu-wel-yiin “F $a 276 | Pai HE 439
Niu-yiin-ts‘ao 4p 3 Et 260 | Pai-chan-t‘an Ki be #2 394
No i 294 | Pai-ch‘ang He 12, 221
No-hui WW 29 | Pai-chi Hk 69
No-mai es 207 | Pai-chi emia 301
No-mi te OK 477 | Par-chi-li A Be 441
No-tao-hua tf 16 295 | Pai-chiang Hs 466
No-tao-kén if fA 8 295 | Pai-chiang We 2& 312
Nou-tien-piao +e 383 | Pai-chiao-hsiang 4 [BE #& 245
Niu-chén &K W213, 238 | Pai-ch‘ien ad 454
Nii-chén-pi-chin #& Kj 436 | Pai-chih ie AI, 271
Ni-chén-tztii RAF 237 | Pai-chih-hsiang Bo 41
Nu-ch‘ing ke 299 | Pai-ch‘ih Hi 4
Nii-ch‘i x 234 | Pai-ch‘in BaF 133,
Nu fu K tf 56 | Pai-ch‘ou = Yai f 490
Nu-hui QF 29 | Pai-chu aE 229
Nii-lo K 248 | Pai-chii-hua 4 4 1é 106
Nii-sang KR 267 | Pai-fu-tsii Hw 9, 223
Nii-wei KB 493 | Pai-hao Bee ae 52
Nii-yiian Kp 56 | Pai-hao Hs 83.
Pai-hao-hsien i fil 180.
O-fang Say Fy 307 | Pai-ho He 240° .
O-fu-jung by EE 307 | Pai-ho-fén H #240
O-hao SE a - 313 | Pai-ho-fén-chou Hat 478
O-p‘ien Bay He 307 | Pai-ho-hua-lu Hi tr 7E SE 485.
QO-yiieh-chiin-tzi = fig Yi = 3334 _:«||:~Pai-ho-kan Be%z ° "240°
Ou = 278 | Pai-hua HEHE gg.
Ou-chieh Fe Gi 279 | Pai-hua-ts‘ai gw 7E 28 200°
Ou-fén #8 it 280 | Pai-hsiang-kao BRB 324
Ou-ho RE tof 280 | Pai-hsien Gi & 2) SBAG*
Pai-hsing 6 & 953+
Pa ry 229 | Pai-hsiin-mu =, ee 9
Pa-chi-t‘ien a ae 338 | Pai-jih-hung BH 8 # 197
_ Pa-ch‘ia eee 409 | Pai-jo HW 33 gay
seetico fe FE 269 | Pai-kén i fk - 458
J 44 3 259 | Pai-ko Ae 480
AV #6 Wei @ = 0-214 | Pai-ku-ting Be - 429

EE ————ma=« rr hl

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES.

Pai-kua HK 67
Pai kuo ie 187, 390
Pai-kuo-chiu BH 3 435
Pai-la-wan Bi BE Sy 240
Pai-li Bu 364
Pai-liang-chin - BZ 300,472
Pai-liang-mi Hi ¥ 2k 405
Pai-lien i aX 458
Pai-lung-hsii A ti 8& 259
Pai-ma 4 itt 469
Pai-mai-kén | TK ines 248
Pai-mao Siea 216
Pai-mao-hsiang H # 7 40, 207
Pai-mien a 444
Pai-pa-ch‘ia eae 4il
Pai-p‘in Al Ei =
Pai-pu Ht 422
Pai-pu-chiu FY ik 7 439
Pai-sang Hs 267
Pai-sha-t‘ang i yb fi 387
Pai-shan HR 149
Pai-shén As 15
Pai-shih A th 152
Pai-shih-mu BG A 209
Pai-shu 8 alt
40, 59, 57, 5

Pai-shu-kao Hot ¥ 86
Pai-su A atk 313
Pai-sui Hi kK 493
Pai-sung A t& 333
Pai-t‘an Ai fe 475
Pai-ti-li A he 389
Pai-tieh A eh 198
Pai-tou A 4II
Pai-tou-k‘ou AD os 36
Pai-t‘ou Hoe: © 460
Pai-t‘ou-wéng A baw 41
Pai-t‘ou-wéng-t‘ang 4 if HY 282
Pai-tu-chiian Ai kL AB 375
cet ag H i # 55, 480
Pai-t'un i td 312
Poe BH 73
Pai-ts‘ao-shuang_ Hi fe a5 475
Pai-wei © El fet 454
Pai-yang A ts 346
Pai-yang-pii-chiu 4% Ki 438
Pai-yao BH 2 442
Pai-yao-tzii BS) 442
Pai-ying A 412
Pai-yu-ma Fi vit Sit 404
P‘ai-ts‘ao oe i 252

P‘ai-ts‘ao-hsiang
Pan-chang
Pan-chiao
Pan-hsia
Pan-hsia-ch‘ti
Pan hsia-fén
Pan-hsia-ping
Pan-kuei
Pan-li
Pan-pien-lien
Pan-pien-shan
Pan-t‘ien-hui
P‘an-tao-tséng
P‘ang-ta-hai_
P‘ang-wéng-t‘sai
Pao-chén-wan
Pao-niang-hao
Pao-t‘ai-wan
Pao-tang
Pao-tou
Pao-ylan-tan
P‘ao

P‘ao
P‘ao-tung
P‘ang-wéng-ts‘al
Pei

Pei-hsieh
Pei-ma

Pei-mu
Pei-shih
Pei-shu
Pei-tsao
Pei-wu-wei
iPrei

Pei

Pei

P‘éng
P‘éng-hao
P‘éng-lei
P‘éng-nung
P‘éng-o-mou
P‘éng-o-shu
P‘éng-ta-wan
P‘éng-ts‘ao-tzit
Pi-ch‘an-hua
Pi-ch‘éng-ch‘ieh
Pi-chi
Pi-chi-fén

Pi-li
Pi-lii-chiu
Pi-po

523
BE 252
BE pL 341
Ay #8 270
ae 332
cP SE 7a 332
SL tt 332
4 SL (oe 332
A HE 108
x SR 98
Pi Si 246
4p WW 231
eR il 474
SE fh] 8 472
HE OK Vi 397
JB 35 AR 46
te Ft Ay 327
du WE OR 409
t& JH Hu 327
fi, 18
ey 425
te 7G PE 327
ey 136
ey, 254
1, Hil 312
Be 55 46
HE 439
OE RE 150, 411
SE it 378
Al PE: 489
AE BE 151
AH hit 122
dt AR 466
dt Ti, wR 226, 398
Ke 182
FE 306
iy 417
E 164 |
7 106 ,
EH 383 o
é 317 4
ME FE TG 227 hs
26 HE SE 227 af
Ka Kk BE 210 4s
x6 Hi -F 493
a WR TE 443
SE WE Gin 144,
He Bt )
HE ‘ty
a i
RR

524

Pi-po-li
Pi-p‘o-mu
Pi-tzti
Pi-wén-tan
Pi-yén
P‘i-p‘a
P‘i-pa-yéh-lu
P'i-ling-ch ‘ieh-tzu
Piao
P‘iao
Pien-chiao-san-tou-
yin
Pien-ch‘ien-niu
Pien-chii
Pien-fu-tz‘t
Pien-po
Pien-hsti
Pien-tou
P‘ien
Ptien-chu
Pin
P‘in-kuo
P‘in-p‘o
Ping-kung
Ping lang
Ping-lang-hsin
Ping-lang-kao
Ping-lu
Ping-p‘ien

Ping-p‘ien-kao-yao 7

Ping-t‘ang
Ping-t‘ao

Ping
P‘ing-p‘éng-ts‘ao
P‘ing-shu

Po

Po-fu-lan

Po-ho

Po-ho-lu
Po-ho-ping
Po-hsiang-sui
Po-hsieh
Po-hui-hsiang
Po-léng-ts‘ai
Po-léng-ts‘ai-chou
Po-lo-chiiing
Po-lo-ma-
Po-lo-mi
_Po-lo-hui

CHINESE
Se HER 103
Ee 3) YZ 104
BEF 439
hit 3k PF 328
os HH 285
At 48 164
At te HE E486
a etn | 144
B 383
ad 231
mi — De 482
{ii Be °F 46
thi 230
bg a FR 46
lt 44 138
mS 341
im 155
if 448
ka TT 311
#R 210, 234, 260
1 364
wm 364
Rp He 209
Biwi 46
FA tBu 3, 46
A OF 3, 46
PF HE 102
AK Fe 157
Ik Fe FR -336
IK £8 387
BF BE 357
¥F 287
SE Ze 287
tL = 49, 58
A 138, 432
iA KB 132
i tT 263
24 tof BE 484
iH tot vk 263
a 432
8 449
aA tel 214
Vik 7% AR AI7
SEER 478
fh #4 34 379
PE ME litt 20
We He 54
TB Fe Fd 473
HE Ae 316
Mi 432

MATERIA MEDICA.

417

Po-ssti-ts‘ao ve Dt HE
Po-ts‘ai oh AR 4u7
Po-tzti-jén mM FE 432
Po-yel-chiu a 3 iS 439
Po ke IoI, 366
P'o Al 420
P‘o-chi ay iit 399
P‘o-ku-chih De He we 359
P‘o-ku-chih YE TB) He 359
P‘o-lo-mén-shén VE MEP] O22
P‘o lu-hsiang UE ft 157
Po-na-so YE Fh 32 54
P‘o-p‘o-chén-hsien-

pao YE EE oh BR 4 264
P‘o-p‘o-chén-tai-erh % YE BR 48 FI 264
P‘o-sstt-kan-lan VE OE BLE 89
P‘o-su RE OK 367
Pu-fei-wan AA Siti Sy 325
Pu-ku-chih i EAE 359
Pu-ku-chih-wan ti A Ae = 328
Pu-kua 46 Ds 248
Pu-lao-tan A = Ft 327
Pu-shih-hua Ar bee FE 246
Pu-tiao-ts‘ao A 338
P'u TH 12
P‘u-chien wh Sa 54
P‘u-ch‘ui wh BE 447
P‘u-érh-ch‘a ae 7H St 85
P‘u-huang wh Be 447
P‘u-jo iH 33 447
P‘u-kung-ying wh ZA BE 429
P‘u-liu 38 Hl 391
P‘u-o wh 447
P‘u-sun wh Ay 447
P‘u-t‘ao 4 458
P‘u-t‘ao wh BE 458
P‘u-t‘ao-chiu il 7 7 459
P‘u-ti-shu #2 HH 432, 498
P‘u-ti-tzi HEF 395, 432
P'u-t‘o-ch‘a Me PE SE C(t é8E
P‘u-yang i By 392
Sa-chih-lo-p‘o-

hsiang ARE 245
Sa-fa-ang dat YE Fh 132
Sa-shé-lo-p‘o-hsiang KERAHE EA 245
Sai-pi-li-ka 5 Fj i = -260
Sai-ts‘ao i 276
Sen ria 349
San rise 474
San-ch‘i = 45 201, 304

A

‘=

San-chien-t‘ang
San-chio-féng
San-ch‘un-liu
San-ho-fén
San-hua-tan
San-huang-wan
San-lien

San-nai

San-pai-liang-yin-

yao
San-pai-ts‘ao
San-pu-wan
San-p‘o
San-shao
San-tao-mien
San-ya-hu
San-ya-ts‘ao
San-yeh-lan
Sang
Sang-chi-shéng
Sang-hsien
Sang-hua
Sang-kén-pai-p‘i
Sang-shang-chi-
shéng
Sang-shén-chiu
Sang-shén-kao
Sang-shén-tzi
Sang-yeh-lu
Sao-chou-ts‘ao
Sén-mu
Sén-shu
Sha-hsing
Sha-huang
Sha-jén
Sha-jén-hua
Sha-jén-k‘o
Sha-li
Sha-mu
Sha-shén

Sha-t‘ang
Sha-t‘ang-kuo
Sha-ytian-chi-li
Shan

Shan-cha
Shan-cha-ch‘iu
Shan-cha-jou
Shan-cha-kan
Shan-cha-kao
Shan-cha-ping

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES.

SE gw

DOL LAU DOL LOE ET que fat Lu
St} 3H BE nt o> oh oe A
+E

2) ob
war

i
e Bae

’ pa) I

i

SS SE SBF SW BM ow mt ae de dee Ce dr Se LE
1 AH oy

=
ie Pe aE TR TC TUB SS BE Db UU a ER GE be

Y

s$

te Oe

pit ot

2
a
2

15, 16, 17, 18,

we

es

BEEFEEE
Pas ak ok Se A
RAS SS

it 48
rs

137

393

137
129
130
130
130
130
130

Shan-ch‘a
Shan-chi-chu
Shan-chiang
Shan-ch‘iao-mai
Shan-ch‘ieh-érh
Shan-chih-tzii
Shan-ch‘i
Shan-ch'‘in
Shan-chiu
Shan-ch'iu
Shan-chu-yii
Shan-chit
Shan-chiin
Shan-fan
Shan-hei-chih
Shan-hsi-hu-ma
Shan-hsing
Shan-hu-t‘ao
Shan-hu-chiao
Shan-lai
Shan-li

Shan-li

Shan-li
Shan-li-hung
Shan-li-kuo
Shan-mei
Shan-nai
Shan-niu-p‘ang
Shan-pai-chu
Shan-pei-hsieh
Shan-p‘i-p‘a-
Shan-pien-tou
Shan-p‘u-t‘ao
Shan-sang
Shan-shih-liu
Shan-suan
Shan-ta-huang
Shan-tan
Shan-ti-li
Shan-tou-kén
Shan-tsao
Shan-ts‘ung
Shan-tzi
Shan-tzi-ku
Shan-tzti-shih
Shan-yang-ti
Shan-yao
Shao-chiu
Shao-hsing-chiu
Shao-kua
Shao-nao

525
Wy 4E 81
Wi 2a Fe Sha
Wh 30, 31
ly ee 341
ID on 5 145
Wi He -F 183, 184
ly 201
WG; 133
1 4E 27
Wt 245
Vr 24e FX 128
1 Wi ris
42 BY 138, 272
iy 8 427
Wy 3 He 184
Wi Pe BY Ji = 243
ey 353
Ws BA 224
WL Be) AR 241
IL #ef 226
Wy Be 98
iy 4 365
i 373
I) Sf 46 130
Wi fe Ae 130
Wl) BE 382
hz 226
Ili 4 ae 119
Oe = 64
WL) ie fee 150
1 AE 42 162
Wy a 96
Ws ai] 28 457
iy 267
Wt 47 #2 361
WW # 470
I A Be 384
1 240
iy 3h SE 410
WW FR 79
Wh He 466
Wi 2% 452
BF 305
Wi 22 4 292, 446
a 452
Wy 26 Fi 384
iy 3
EE
mA HL
|
WA Me

526

Shao-p‘u-t‘ao-chiu
Shao-tzti
Shao-yang-tan
Shao-yao
Shao-yén-ju-chou
Shang-ch‘ing-wan
Shang-han-hstieh-
chien
Shang-lu
Shang-shén-tzt
Shang-tang *
Shang-tang-jén-
shén
Shang-t‘iao
Shé
Shé-chien-ts ‘ao
Shé-ch‘uang
Shé-han
Shé-hsien
Shé-kan
Shé-mei
Shé-ni
Shé-t‘an-yii-ts ‘o-
chiu
Shé-wang
Shé-yén-ts‘ao
Shén
Shén
Shén-chien
Shén-ch‘ti
Shén-kuo-kén
Shén-lu
Shén-mu
Shén-shu-kao
Shén-t‘ao
Shén-ti-huang
Shén-ts'ao
Shéng-chiang
Shéng-chiang-chou
Shéng-chin-ts‘ao
Shéug-ma
Shéng-ma-jou
Shéng-ma-t‘ou
Shéng-shu
Shéng-ts'‘ai
Shéng-tu
Shih
- Shih-ch‘an-hua
Shih-ch ‘ang-p‘u
-ch‘ang-shéng
chi-ming

E MATERIA MEDICA.

CHINES
RE BIW = 459
w+ 281
> BFF 328
AT 3G 300
BE HA A i = 480
-h tf Fu 324
BIeBM 481
Pa fe 319
Ss TF 267
Ek Be 16
LEAS 16
Wa #2 475
ak 83
KE Ry Be 343
KE HK 130, 402
KES 187, 349
KE Ey 187
St 311
KE 4 177
WE Se 120
mISERV 418
St i 8
we ie Ee 199
7E 267
z 415
WE iit 166
wh 24 234
RE 452
2 304
int Ac 299
Et 486
met pe 357
4 Dh ie 3872
mh Be 301
+B 465
- = is 478
A 251
Fr Wit 13, 431
Ft ik 14
Fr it BE 14
7B ait 49
es See 229
we Fe 120
= ; 5
A HE 443
A ES iis 12
AR 19
A 268

Shih-chieh
Shih-chieh
Shih-chien-ts‘ao
Shih-chu
Shih-chu-yii
Shih-chiieh-ming
Shih-chti
Shih-chiin-tzit
Shih-ch‘tian-wan
Shih-érh
Shih-fa
Shih-fan
Shih-ho-yeh
Shih-hu
Shih-hu-sui
Shih-hua
Shih-hua-kao
Shih-hua-ts‘ai
Shih-hsii
Shih-i

Shih-jui
Shih-kan-ts‘ao
Shih-kao
Shih-li
Shih-lien
Shih-lien-tzti
Shih-lo
Shih-lung-ch‘u
Shih-lung-jui
Shih-ma-tsung
Shih-mi
Shih-nan
Shih-p‘i
Shih-ping
Shih-po-ho
Shih-shou
Shih-shuang
Shih-suan
Shih-sung
Shih-t‘ai
Shih-ti
Shih-t‘o -
Shih-tou
Shih-ts‘ao
Shih-wei
Shibh-yin-ch‘en
Shih-yu
Shou-ch ‘i
Shou-t‘ien

Shu

Shu

HBG ANSE NS AAAS HANS NANA NASA NAS SAA NAAN AN NASR AAR AAA

+N Se wf

274,

(HRS SHSM RHR RRR YR

i
:

wR OR

i

oy St

ae 4

Sees ee eer ean ee

i
bo
#
$
Sd

te

Shu
Shu
Shu-chiao
Shu-chiao
Shu-ch‘i
Shu-chieh
Shu-ch‘in
Shu-chiu
Shu-ch ‘ii-ts‘ao
Shu-érh
Shu-ko
Shu-kua
Shu-k‘uei
Shu-k‘ung-chung-
ts‘ao
Shu-li
Shu-mi
Shu-mi
Shu-nien
Shu-pai-p‘i
Shu-shu
Shu-suan-tsao
Shu-ti-huang
Shu-wei-ts‘ao
Shu-yang-chtian
Shu-yao
Shu-yén
Shu-yii
Shu-yii-chiu
Shu-yii-chou
Shui-an-hsi-hsiang
Shui-ch‘ang-p‘u
Shui-chiao
Shui-chih
Shui-chin ~
Shui-chin
Shui-chin-hua
Shui-ch‘in
Shui-ch‘ing
Shui-chu
Shni-chiieh
Shui-hsiang
Shui-hsieh
Shui-hsien
~Shui-huai
Shui-kan-ts‘ao
Shui-k‘uei
Shui-k‘u-mai
Shui-la-shu
Shui-liao
Shui-li

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES.

ae A oe RE Sy The KS
tt

WW
523
oo

ON
On

eee WH Oh oh As Ae ae

eS
ea as

fed SH on Se 2H BEE eo SA EE BE A Sa Be ay Se BE St
fil

"
et

et OS a se

Int ost a a

PIN yA a Ne
Se Se en Se GS
=
We
to
on
2)

BR ES fe SE NG

ae
A HE AST
ak 2
ak

395
406
268
463
292
408
129
434
197
197
274

93

33

495
373
477
477

46

21
416
128
372
392
4it
227
310
220
436
477
427
221
270

67
289
290

76

, 289

392
319
360
144

24
277
414
470
241
230
238
342
440

Shui-li-lu
Shui-li-tzt
Shui-lien
Shui-lo-po
Shui-ma
Shui-mi
Shui-mien
Sbhui-mu-hsi
Shui-pai
Shui-p‘ing

Shui-sha-lien-ch‘a
Shui-shén P
Shui-su

Shui-su

Shui-sung
Shui-tien
Shui-ts‘ai
Shui-tsao
Shui-tsé-hsieh
Shui-yang
Shui-yén
Shui-ying
Shui-yiin

Shun

Shun

Shun-ts‘ai

So

So-hsing
So-kén-chiu
So-lo-mu

So-lo-tzit

So-mu
So-sha-chiu
So-sha-jén

So-sha-mi

So-t‘iao

So-ts‘ao

So-yang

Sou

Sou-su

Sou-yao
Ssi-ching-wan
Sstt-chih-hsien-shu-
* san
Ssii-chiin-tzi-t‘ang

Ssti-kua -* &

Sstt-kua-lo
Ssu-kua-pu
Ssti-léng-shu
Ssii-mao

7k BS Vee 236
7k HEF 287
fife Sez 288
ak #8 al 371
Ak Dit 252
7k 3K 295
7K it 270
Ik Ak He 233
ak F4 304
7k YE
210, 234, 266, 389
ak > Hi SE 87
mk & 41
7k 3 287
7K ii 422
Ak 196, 429
Wk fie 218
He 3 263
7k %H 276
Ik FE tb 25
Wk #5 391
7k 4 285
ak He 42, 289, 320
7k # 276
Bt 73, 241
ret 417
uf AE 73
Vb 389
Se ie 222
ys fe 7H 436
32 HE AR 406
Ai xe 19
Bi AK 389
ee i 434
awe 38, 39
ee & 38
Esa "393
Ht 141
i 61
382,
big. 148
ai 454
his *u 324

528 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA,

Ssti-mien £% Hh 198 | Sung-kao i oF 333

Ssii-pao-ta-shén-tan POPE iPr 324 | Sung-lan ih RE 217
Ssit-shén-wan Py ith! Sy 324 | Sung-lo fk BE 140, 248, 455
Ssii-shéng-tan py Hap 336 | Sung-tzii-jén-chou #8 $— (ij 478
Ssii-yeh-ts‘ai po 3 AR 260 | Sung-yang RS HB IoIl, 128
Su HK 366 | Sung-yeh-chiu #2 EH 437
Su we 405, 406 :
Su we 417 | Ta-ch‘a-yeh-t‘éng 34t HER 185
Su-chi-mi-lo-hsi Fe CREM 36 | Ta-chi K HK 44, 169
Su-chih See 271 | Ta-chi , RR 119
Su-ch‘in te 400 | Ta-chi K tk 432
Sa-fang-mu fie i AR 78 | Ta-chieh K GF 75, 408
Su-ho Tit 4p 243 Ta-chiao ‘K AR 462
Su-ho-hsiang fk O 243 | Ta-ch‘ing Ke 217
Su-ho-hsiang-wan #7, 244, 329 | Ta-féng-ch‘i K I FR 201
Su-ho-yu Fi TH 243 | Ta-féng-tza K ial 200
Su-mi BE OK 477 | Ta-féng-yu A Fal yeh 201
Su-mi-chou fk BE A 479 | Ta-fu-p‘ K WE 47
Su-mu fie IK 78 | Ta-fu-tzit K WEF 47
Su-mu-k‘ang He HK ORE 78 | Ta-hai-tzit K VE 397
Su-nao SE AS 158 | Ta-huang Ke 374
Su-nieh Me ye 256 | Ta-k‘u RE 118
Su-t{ien-wéng fa 200 | Ta-k‘ung AS 259
Su-tzti-chou fie 479 | Ta-lao-€rh-wan FT 5b Su 322
Su-tzti-yu fie th 313 | Ta-li-tzti ie ae 45
Su-ya ae OE 256 | Ta-liao Ke 341
Suan Aah 27, 28 | Ta-ma K Ki go, 9I
Suan-chiang we 3 297 | Ta-mai KE 207
Suan-chiang pas ME “319 | Ta-mai-ch‘t K 2 233
Suan-chiang-shih- Ta-mai-nu KE 208
wan RRL Ty 32 Ta-shih K iki 156
Suan-chio He Fy 376 | Ta-suan K 27, 28
Suan-mo fie HE 384 | Ta-tou : AS 189
Suan-mu HE BE 384 | Ta-tou-huang-chiian kK OH 190
Suan-tsao he FB 153, 466 | Ta-tou-nieh-san K DB ik «©3550
Suan-tsao-jén Wie 3a {2 466 | a-tou-shih Ke IQL
Suan-tsao-jén-chou }# #5 (Hj 478 | Ta-tsao K 466
Sui-ku-tzit re 247 | Ta-t‘u FOE 309
Sun-hsing #8 ob 284 | Ta-t‘ung-kuo Ai # 307
Sun-jung Bez 284 | Ta-wan-hua FT mfE = 125
Sung is 73 | Ta-yeh-li ARB 367
Sung rit 333 | Tai-shén-kao REG 488
Sung-chiao FR FE . Cheeta te eee) we 236, 270
Sung-chieh RE fifi 333 | Tai-fu & ii 270
Sung-chieh-chiu RE BT 7G 439 | T‘ai-hsiung 2s I24
. Sung-chih RS NK 333 | T‘ai-ts‘ai BR 129, 270
Sung-fang AR BG 333. | Tap FF 320
- Sung-hsiang RE B33in|) ban gy 394
iE 334 | Tan-chih Fe 271
AR TE 334 | Tan-chu LE aT 63
AR Gia 333 | Tan-chu-yeh Ds yp HE 247

Tan-hsu
Tan-kén
Tan-kuei
Tan-li
Tan-pa-hsiang
Tan-pa-ku
Tan-p‘ing-chiao
Tan-pu-lo
Tan-shén
Tan-shén-shan
Tan-shih

T‘an

T‘an

T‘an

T‘an
T‘an-hsiang
T‘an-huan
T‘an-ma
T‘an-mo
T‘an-pi
Tang-kuei
Tang-kuei-chiu
Tang-shén
Tang-tzit
Tang

T‘ang

Tang
T‘ang-chiang
T‘ang-ch ‘iu
T‘ang-ch ‘iu-tzii
T‘ang-hu-lu
T‘ang-li
T‘ang-méng
T‘ang-shuang
T‘ang-ti

T‘ang-ti
T‘ang-ts‘ai
T‘ang-t‘ang-ch ‘ing
T‘ang-yao-lei
Tao
Tao-kua-t‘éng
Tao-nieh
Tao-tou

T‘ao

Tao
T‘ao-chi-shéng
T‘ao-chiao
T‘ao-chu
T‘ao-chtieh
T‘ao-fu

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES.

Fh 3a 301
Ft i 301
PE EE 108, 296
FE 5 281
aA & 406
AE Hk 283
NE HR RE 270
ie AS HE 117
FE 3 15, 303, 392
AE tt 352
VR 192
ha 143
yal 236
Hit 267
pre 475
fd # 143, 394
‘a Fa 316
Se Mitt 451
pre AS 475
he BE 494
ry Bit 45, 133
ea Br 7 435
fe 2 16, 17, 18
tid = 462
Se 365
He 386
£5 386
ME BE 465
ME 130
te RF 130
He OA 130
ae He 362
JE Be 140
i Fa -387
Be BE

126, 227, 355
JE RR 355
Hi aR 388
Bie 402
BSE Hi 481
a 294
Al Bb HR 450
7A BE 256
IE go
t# 251
BE 355
Be AF ZE 357
ES 268,357
Bk TT 64
Bk BR 357
Bk Ft 357

T‘ao-hsiao
T‘ao-nu
T‘ao-p‘i-chiu
T‘ao-tu

Té
Téng-hsing-ts‘ao
Téng-léng-ts‘ao
T‘éng-huang
T‘éng-k‘uei

aby

Ti-ch‘ien-ts‘ao

Ti-chih
Ti-chiao
Ti-chin
Ti-chin
Ti-ch‘in
Ti-ch‘iu
Ti-érh

Ti-fu
Ti-fu-jung
Ti-hsin
Ti-hstieh
Ti-huai
Ti-huang
Ti-huang-chien
Ti-huang-chiu
Ti-huang-chou
Ti-i
Ti-ku-p‘i
Ti-liang
Ti-mei
Ti-mi-ts‘ai
Ti-ni

Ti-po
Ti-shén
Ti-shén
Ti-sang
Ti-sui-chien
Ti-sun
Ti-sung
Ti-t‘ang
Ti-ts‘an
Ti-wu-t‘ao
Ti-yang-mei
Ti-yu

el
Tiao-chang
Tiao-hu

AS we

YS aH BS
a to

nS

zl

2S ie ae BY A ES Be Rae Wo SR HE SHS RSM
By &

SSE EERE SREE EERE ESSER ESSSSSSSESASESESSEES SFSRPRARKHSSRS

os

il

245, 382

159, 374

126, 227

ao”

Tiao-lan
Tiao-t‘eng
T‘iao .
Tieh-chu
T‘ieh-hsien-lien
T‘ieh-kao
T‘ieh-ling-chio
Tieh-mu
T‘ieh-sao-chou
T‘ieh-sé-chien
T‘ieh-sien-ts‘ao
Tien
Tien-ch‘ieh
Tien-ch ‘ing
Tien-hua
Tien-lé
T‘ien-ch‘a
T‘ien-ch‘iao
T‘ien-ch‘ieh
T‘ien-ch‘ieh-tzii
T‘ien-chu
Ttien-chu
T‘ien-chu-huang
T‘ien-chu-kan-
chiang
T‘ien-chu-kui
T‘ien-hsiang-ts‘ai
T‘ien-hsien-kuo
T‘ien-hsiung

T‘ien-hu-sui
Tien-hua-fén
JT“ien-hua-hsin
T‘ien-hua-ts‘ai
T‘ien-kua
Tien-kua-ti
T‘ien-k ‘uei
T‘ien-liao
T‘ien-liao-chiu
T‘ien-lo
T‘ien-ma
T‘ien-ma
T‘ien-ma-wan,
T‘ien-nan-ching
T‘ien-mei
T‘ien-mén-tung

T‘ien-mén-tung-chiu
T ‘ien-mén-tung-kao

T‘ien-ming-ching

T‘ien-nan-hsing

_ Tien-p‘ao-ts‘ao
Re

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

bY 289
HG OR 450
1 113
BY 366
fel HR SHE 118
NE 335
BL Ze F4 409
Be AK 389
BY tap ae 220
ek t fit 251
Be PR Ft 18
id 156
fi Bit 58
BF 218
Ae ic 218
i Ph 55
alt 48 391
at % 171
R it 490
Ktn— 58, 413
R 277
KR 238
KM HE 64
K* ee 466
K * FE 109
KER 230
K ili H 488
R ite

Foley LOgd 2
RK 275
KR iE HH 442
Rit & 272
RIE R 272
ay 134, 135
att DN #8 135
R 163, 256
RK 340, 343
KE iG 437
RK #¥ 248
4 Sic 480
R Mite 184
KR Hi Fy 324
RK SF 94
att fi 353
KPA 55
RAYA W 434
RAZ H 487
KB ts 94
KH 47
Ri 413

T‘ien-shih-li
T'ien-sst-kua
T‘ien-t ‘ai-wu-yao
Tien-ting
T‘ien-tou
T‘ien-ts‘ai
T‘ien-ts‘ai
T‘ien-tsé-hsiang
T‘ien-tzt-ts‘ao
Ting-hsiang
Ting-hsiang-hua
Ting-hsiang-lu
Ting-li

Ting-na
Ting-tzti-hsiang
To-chia-lo-hsiang
To-ku

To-ts‘ai

To-wu

Ato)

Tou-fu
Tou-huang
Tou-k‘ou
Tou-ling
Tou-lo-p‘o-hsiang
Tou-nieh

Tou-ya

Tou-yu
T‘ou-féng-mo-san
T‘ou-huang
T‘ou-ku-tan
T‘ou-ku-ts‘ao
T‘ou-pai-nan
T‘ou-t‘ung-hua
Tsa-chi-shéng
Ts‘ai-kua
Ts‘al-yu

Tsan-ts‘ai

Ts‘an-chien-ts‘ao

; Ts‘an-tou

Tsang-hung-hua
Tsang-lien-wan
Ts‘ang-shu-kao
Ts‘ang-shu-san
Ts‘ang-érh
Ts‘ang-lung-nao
Ts‘ang-shu

Tsao

Tsao-chi
Tsao-chia

| Tsao-chia-hsin

fa (Sap AS Da a Oe MME NE SE BO a Wt 2G a BRE EY SE A SK SS SS

19

A fie FE
RK OD 248
Rake we 145
Se Ii. 188
Ke 79
HH Ze 68, 250
Fe 68
Rie 71
FA oe 260
ITF 95,166
TB 197
TFs 485
BS 278, 409
BE 3A 245
T+F 95
4 th HE A 71, 72
can 36
fe 2 273
Se 446
8 64
a AG 194
ae Be 193
BSE 30
Se gr 49
eRe 337
oe BE 190
stk ZF 190
7H I9L
i JE HK = «35
rig 283
f FF 326
Se 263
AA HH 314
ji 1 143
ay 4B 455
UN 134
i. 74
aR 235
a 342
B 453
Al 4E 132
# Hu 33
at 486
mt ix 349
7 461
His «=—-158
at 58
420, 466
RR - 120
BE 188
Be 272

Tsao-chio
Tsao-hsiu
Tsao-jou
Tsao-p‘i
Tsao-shén-wan
Tsao-sun-chieh-
chung-chiu
Tsao-tao
Tsao-ti-chiu
Tsao-tou
Ts‘ao
Ts‘ao-ch‘ih-t‘ou
Ts‘ao-chueh-ming
Ts‘ao-hao
Ts‘ao-huan-tan
Ts‘ao-kuo
Ts‘ao-li-ju
Ts‘ao-mi
Ts‘ao-mien
Ts‘ao-pa-chio
Ts‘ao-san-léng
Ts‘ao-shé-hsiang
Ts‘ao-shih-ts‘an
Ts‘ao-tou-k‘ou

" Ts‘ao-t‘ou

Ts‘ao-ts‘ung-jung
Ts‘ao-wu
Ts‘ao-wu-t‘ou
Ts‘ao-yii-lan
Tsé-ch‘i
Tsé-fén
Tsé-hsieh
Tsé-lan
Tsé-liao
Tsé-suan
Tsé-tzitt

Tso

Tso
Tso-chiang
Tso-mu-yin
‘Tso-na-ts‘ao
Tso-yeh-ho-ts‘ao
Ts‘o
Ts‘o-shih
Ts‘u
Ts‘u-lin-tzi
Tsui-ts‘ao
Tsui-yti-ts‘ao
Tsung

Tsung
Tsung-chu

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES,

me fi 188
MK 311, 443
RA 466
Rm BK 466
RE Jt 322
Re =| 418
HR 296
HY be 3 418
¥. 3} 367
Fi 141
Fi RG 460
FL XW 96, 100
He 50
FL 3 FP 331
Fe oR 37
St AS ati 168
HO 258
Ae ith 197
HLA 4 214
= 141
HOY 139
HA 422
HOW NR 30
FL py 260
Hi HE He 293
RR 7,9
fi G ay 7,9
HE 221
PE 44, 167
1 41
Ye Wh 24
WY 167
fe 342
TE oR 470
fill 8, Io, If
1 366, 367
if 454
WE FE 297
iE As tik 484
ah EE 59
RE SE ef FE 44g
aa 417
eR 92
Bi 454
Rk mh F 317
me He 263
He FG Ee 76
1p 473
# 473
Re tr 63

Tsung-lii >
Tsung-mu
Tsung-sun
Tsung-tztt
Tsung-yvit
Ts‘ung
Ts‘ung-jung
Ts‘ung-shih-chou
Tu-ché
Tu-chi-li
Tu-chia
Tu-chio-lien

Tu-chiian
Tu-chung
Tu-fu
Tu-héng
Tu-hsing-kén
Tu-huo
Tu-jo
Tu-kén
Tu-kén-shan
Tu-kuan-ts‘ao
Tu-k‘uei
Tu-kung
Tu-k‘ung
Tu-li-sé-chien
Tu-nou-hsiang
Tu-pai-ts‘ao
Tu-ta-huang
Tu-ts‘ao-lei
Tu-yao
Tu-yu
Tu
Sus!
Ji
T‘u-ch‘ang-shan
T‘u-ch ‘én-hsiang
T‘u-chih
T‘u-chin
T‘u-ching
T‘u-ching-chieh
T‘u-ch‘ing-mu-
hsiang
Tu chin
T‘u-fan-ta-huang
T‘u-fu-ling
T‘u-fu-ling-p‘ien
T'u-fu-tzii
T‘u-hsi-hsin
T‘u-hsin

552

#2 #20, 102, 440
VE >A 471
HE St 102
8 294
PB FG, 102
By 26
& 61
Ae ik 478
RE 386
we Pe Bi 441
ie 93
Say IHL SH E
154, 338, 447
AL AB 375
RE fit 166
Wh ie 401
KE fr 54, 338
i 47 fh 50
iy VE 314
A 338
He TE 185
AE 4 253
a a 470
Ht BE 54
a: 8
fy 28 259
Ot A 2 R244
% ie 406
iy A ae II
REA He 384
He EX AY 292
iy Hit 346
we FR 143
ER 230
WB 290
& 294
+ Ww 293
LU E 19
Anz 123,
ih 205
ck Hi 302
ch HT FF 105
| Re Aste 49
+8 273
RAR 374
LE Alo
RAH arr
rE itt F 8
=k fl B54, 55
Mig

7

532

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

T‘u-jén-shén thie T19
T‘u-kua + 431
T‘u-k‘uei %E 163, 256
T‘u-luan - Se 413
T‘u-lei mB 140
Tu-lu Be 140
Tu-lit me 140
T‘u-ma tsung LES 490
T‘u-mi Be ie 382
T‘u-mi-chiu BE 352
T‘u-pi-po + BR toe
T‘u-shén i 304
T‘u-shu + att 49
T‘u-ssit Be 140
T‘u-ssii-ping Te. HR VE 140
T‘u-ssti-tz tt F 140
T‘u-su-chiu JE fe 78 419
T‘u-ta-huang AK RH 374, 384
T‘u-tang-kuei + ES Ba 45
T‘u-tang-shén + mB 155 27
T‘u-tien -- BE 218
T‘u-tou Sb lel 470
T'u-yu +f IST, 413
Tuan road 433
Tuan-ch‘ang-ts‘ao fb AE 66, 185, 186
T‘ui HE 235
Tui eet 235
T‘ui-ting-to-ming-
tan SBT TemAF —- 323
Tun-ch‘ang-ts'ao |= i RE 80
Tung-chia-chi-ch ‘ih- 3
mu RACTEAS 496
Tung-ch ‘ing RT
213, 236, 237, 238, 461
Tung-ch‘ing-kuo «& FR 128
Tung-kua A IN 67
Tung-k‘uei RR 3 206, 256, 257
Tung-k‘uei-tzti KR Be | 2, 256
Tung-piao-tztt A B+ 283
Tung-p‘o-tou-k‘ou Hy HE 36
“Tung-shu & Tt 49
Tung-t‘ao a bk 356
Tung-yang-chiu wh Te 418
Tung #il 312
T‘ung-hao i it 106
T‘ung-hstieh-hsiang jf ih 322
T‘ung-huang Sia] hig 182
T‘ung-kuei fal FE 108
T‘ung-lang EF PR 200
T‘ung-p‘i Hal BE 4, 70
T‘ung-shén-san 38 ih ik 351

T‘ung-ts‘ao
T‘ung-ts‘ao-chiu
T‘ung-ts‘ao-p‘ien
T‘ung-ts‘ao-sui
T‘ung-t‘o-mu
T‘ung-tzil-yu
Tzii

Tzu

Tzi

Tzti-ai

Tzu-ché
Tziti-chieh
Tztt-chih
Tzt-chin
Tzti-ch‘in
Tzit-chin-niu

Tzt-chin-t‘éng-wan
‘Tzti-chin-ting

Tzti-ching
Tsti-chu
Tzti-chii
Tzt-chi
Tzii-hua-ti-ting
Tzti-hua-ts‘ai
Tzti-kéng
Tzu-ko
Tzu-ku
Tzti-k‘uang
Tzti-mo-li
Tzit-mo-lé
Tzt-ping
Tzti-po
Tzti-shén
Tzti-shén-t‘ang
Tzu tan
Tzi-t‘an
Tzt-t‘ang
Tzi-t‘éng
Tzii-ts‘ai
Tzii-ts‘ao
Tzu-wei
Tzii-yian
Tait
Tz‘t-ch‘a
Tz‘ti-chi
Tz‘ti-chu-ling
Tz‘t-ch‘iu-shu
Tz‘t-chu
Tz‘i-chu
Tz‘t-hsien
Tz‘i-hu

2 Sct BS SS ee

ih 2
wh A WW
ii FE
i AL ee
iH Ait AS
Hid ith
FE 98, 242,
ME 305,
RR
BE
BS ie
Hu SF
=
aE 42,
S oi
Se 4 eee
36 4 HR Jy
38 Hi
Be if
32
32
se7E hI 179,
32 i
Ee
ME BE
Be Bk
RRM
3S at Sh
32 FE 393,
=F BE
ye 3 8 4t5,
RAY
32 J}
Be Rf
38 ff
2

9

Bi

x

iG

K ist

tr

tf

sh

ry]

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES. 533

Tz'ti-jan-kuo H RR 93 | Wén-lin-lang-kuo 2 FR RR HL 364
Tz‘t-ku Ba GE 266 | Wén-po Ee 363, 364
Tz‘ti-ku eG 266, 389 | Wén-t‘ou wy Br 471
Tz‘t-ku #% Th 389 | Wo-chi & ef 229
Tz‘ti-mi hy 258 | Wo-kua 4B IN 136
Tz‘ti-mo-lé Fe att Bh 176 | Wo-sun i AR 229
Tz‘ t-shu-hsiang 38 Se FF 139 | Wo-ts‘ai i ZR 229
Tz‘ii-t'ung i Ha 347 | Wu-chang ky RE 242
Wu-chao-lung OM #8 458

Wai RH 449 Wu-ch‘en-t'ang Suh 484
Wa-hsien Te RE 449 | Wurchia At mm 4
Wa-sung Ht 44g | Wu-chia-p4i It fn Bz 4
Wa-t‘ai KE 449 Wu-chia-p‘i-chiu hh im FEY = 433
Wa-wei Ke tt 346 Wu-ching ae SF 74
Wan a 135 | Wu-chiu my 42-147, 441
Wan Sy 320 Wu-chiu R, ta 423
Wan-chiao mn AY 464 | Wu-chiu-mu G Ha AC 23
Wan-ching 4 3H] 237 | Wu-chu-yu Te TS 72
Wan-ching Qo 384 | Wu-fan Ey file 277
Wan-lan ie 440 Wu-fan-ts‘ao B i Hi 277
Wan-nien-sung ii 42 RS 251, 4o2 | Wu-féng-ts‘ao Se Mil Fe 403
Waa-ping-chieh-tu- Wu-fu-tztt Fy 2 -F 22
wan i555 AEE Ay Wu-han-tzi Te ak 59
292, 331 | Wu-ho ks 7s 304

Wan-ping-wan Ba 8 Fu 325 | Wu-hsin-ts‘ao qe ay FL 197, 403
Wan-shou-kou i se 93 | Wu-hsing-tan dt ¥¥ Fh 285
Wan-sui-t‘éng He WE A 55 | Wu-ku Th 305
Wan-sui-t‘sao SS pat HB 14r | Wu-hu-tan he 324
Wan-ying-kao i He 487 | Wu-hua-kuo me 1G FE 174
Wan-ying-tan a He PE 326 Wu-huan-tzit 4. #8 395
Wan-ying-yu Ss AE oh 335 | Wu-huang-san AL 3K he 350
Wang-chiang-nan @ jr jj 96 | Wu-hui ik rope Its i)
Wang-kua = 431 | Wu-i RE © 448, 449
Wang-kua-ts‘ao =m EE 409 | Wu-i-ch‘a Bt As HE 86
Wang-lien E HE 125 Wu-i-chiang ae TEE 195,
Wang-pu-liu-hsing FER 395 | Wurk‘uei-hua Se US TE 33
Wang-shan-kuei @ il ¢E 4og | Wu-kung-p'ing byt Ww SE 228
Wang-sun KR 311 Wu-kung-ts‘ao Gl Py Fe 360
Wang-ts‘ao ae 472 Wu-lan Bt 89
Wei BY 5I Wu-lan HR 13 217
Wei HR Wu-léng-tztt #+F 59
172, 232, 296, 453 Wu-lien-mei B ag iE 458

Wei pe 174 | Wu-lou-tzit dee. He $F 140, 493
Wei 3 317 | Wu-lung & tt 83
Wei-hsien , Be 87 403 | Wu-mai es 171
Wei-jui Ze 340 | Wu-mei Fe He 355
Wei-ling-hsien Re filj 118 | Wu-mén-mu §S i AR 253
Wei-mao ti 166 | Wu-ming-tzit 4. % Ff 334
‘Wén-ching Fil SHY 163 | Wu-mu Bx 153
Wén-chu-lan x ER RY 131 | Wu-po-ho EE 263
Wén-kuang kuo XG HE 174, 461 | Wu-pei-tzit t ff F 182, 379

534

Wu-shén
Wou-shih
Wu-shih
Wu-shih-tzt
Wu-shu
Wu-t‘ang
Wu-tien
Wu-tieh-ni
Wu-tou
Wu-ts‘ao
Wu-tu
Wu-t'ung
Wu-tung-chiu
Wu-wei-tzil
Wu-wén-mu
Wu-yao
Wu-yu
Wu-yii
Wu-yu-hua
Wu-yiian —

Ya-chao-pai
Ya-chia
Ya-chiao
Ya-chih-chou
Ya-chih-ts‘ao
Ya-chio-k‘uei
Ya-féng-shu
Ya-hsien-ts‘ao
Ya-ma
Ya-p‘ien
Ya-pu-iu
Ya-shé-ts‘ao
Ya-tou
Ya-tsao
Yai-chiao
Yai-mi
Yai-tsung
Yang

Yang
Yang-ch‘i-kua
Yang-chih-chou
Yang-chih-chu

Yang-chio-ts‘ai
Yang-ch ‘iu-tzti
Yang-ch‘un-sha
‘Yang-fu-lai
Yang-hsiu-ch‘iu

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

ne 392
EF 45
& a 153
4ne 181
Se ott 49
EH 387
dre 403
& & YE 2,450
& SH 7,8, 9, 11
Be 392
Ba 7
HE Hl 423
i Had 3 439
RF 226, 398
fe SCA 253
& 145, 242
Exepus 449
GF 399
ae Ee 4 396
& a 221
BE TN 305
FOB 188
fe 270
RE TE Oo 479
A Pe Be 123
RE JE 3s 257
He HB, SY 5
a8 a HE 245
ae Jie 242
4 he 307
Hh AN TEE 59
RE iG Rt 266
HE > 148
FB 188
EE AR 463
HS 358
Et 474
[ss 72
Be 294
Be YS IN 110
= eg | 479
26 Bh 7H

146, 211,375
=F #9 2B 200, 264
=p tk 130
BA 38
* 462
7H Hi ER 453
= 2 15, 250
SE HF 479

Yang-liu
Yang-lu
Yang-lu-érh
Yang-mna
Yang-mei
Yang-p‘o-nai
Yang-pu-shih-ts‘ao
Yang-shén-chou
Yang-shih-ch‘ai
Yang-shih-tsao
Yang-shu
Yang-t‘ang
Yang-t‘ang
Yang-t‘ao
Yang-ti
Yang-ti-ta-huang
Yang-ts‘ai
Yang-t‘u
Yang-tz'u
Yang-yén
Yao-ch'‘e
Yao-hua
Yao-jao
Yao-kao-lei
Yao-kuei
Yeh-ch‘a
Yeh-ch‘a-t‘ou
Yeh-chi-kuan
Yeh-chiao
Yeh-ch‘ieu-niu
Yeh-chih-ma
Yeh-ch‘in-ts‘ai
Yeh-chi-hua
Yeh-chung-chiu
Yeh-ho
Yeh-hsi-mi
Yeh-hsi-ming
Yeh-hu-ssit
Yeh-huai
Yeh-hung-hua
Yeh-kao
Yeh-ko
Yeh-lan
Yeh-lan-kén
Yeh-lo-po
Yeh-liu-tou
Yeh-pai-ho
Yeh-p‘i-p‘a
Yeh-p‘o-ts'at
Yeli-p‘u-t'ao
Yeh-shan

S A

Bi

if ot

wee

m «YS By

Oe SO RO OS Se oe oe EB
ES 25: co o> Ko ay

KS HEU RKLSSHRHSSKADS VHRR S Se ME

275

375

140
414
119
488

220, 258, 377

160

474°

147
378
240
376
475
457
439

——*

Yeh-shan-yao
Yeh-t‘ien-ma
Yeh-tu-chiian
Yeh-tzit
Yeh-tzii-chiang
Yeh-wan-tou
Yeh-yu
YVén-chih
Yén-chih
Yén-chih-tou
Yén-chib-ts‘ai
Yen-chih-ts‘ai
Yén-tzii-ts‘ai
Yén-wei-ts‘ao
Yén-yao-wan
Yén-yu
Yén-fu
YVén-fu-tzti
Yén-fu-tzi
Yén-hu-so
Yén-ju-ts‘ao
Yén-kan
Yén-kan-yu
Yén-kao
Yén-kén
Vén-kuei
Yén-li-tou
YVén-mai
Yén-sang
Yén-ts‘ao
Yén-t'u
Yin
Yin
Yin-ch‘én-chiu
Yin-ch‘én-hao
Vin-ch‘én-kén
Yin-hsing
Yin-hsing-ts‘ao
Vin-kuei
Yin-kuo
Yin-yang-huo
Vin-yi
Yin-yii-chiu

- Yin-yii-wan
Ying
Ying
Ving-ch‘un
Ying-ch‘un-hua
Ying-jéh-kuo
YVing-ko-shé

Ying-shan-hung

INDEX OF CHINESE NAMES.

yas)
Bae

oh
|

,

bel
cal
at rs!
Cc.
a

BA Na aR
ee Nt 2B
He 2B
we Je, HL
AR 3 Hy
MA Tih

ae Ai

ie AE
Het tf
AE HY
ake Bs Fe

oe

4 SS 4 th Ae RE I ot
Be

SSSS REE RHR RES
ao

E 24 mo oH gt
Fy OA 3a oF

232,

187,

108,

150
235
375
121
E2r

Ying-shih
Ying-t‘ao
Ying-tzti-shu
Ying-tzu-t‘ung
Ying-yu

Yu

Yu-chu-tzt
Yu-li

Yu-li-jén-chou
Yu-po
Yu-ts‘ai
Yu-ts‘ai-chou
Yu-ts‘ai-tzu
Yu-t‘ao
Yu-tung
Yu-t‘ung
Yu-yil
Yu-yiin-po
Yu-ytin-po-lo
Vii

Yu

Yu

Yu
Yii-chang
Yii-chien
Yu-ch‘ien
Yu-chih
Yii-chih-tzti

Vii-chih-tzt-wan

Yi-chin
Vii-chin-hsiang
Yu-chow
Yii-chu
Yu-érh
Yu-hsing-ts‘ao
Yu-jén-chiang
Vu-kan-tzii
Yi-kao-liang
Yii-lan

Yu-li

Yii-liao

Yu-lin
Yii-lung-san
Yii-mei-jén

Yii-mi-chou
Yii-mo
Yu-mu

505
ex Tf 380
PA pk 358
Saf 307
BA Hi 156
WK BL 457
ihe 113
A IIl
cia 150, 348
ih SK =F 395
tik
126, 355, 227
Ak 224258 479
FH BK 47
TH aS 74
Th AR ata 487
ith EF 74
ih BE 357
ie & 230
Tey td 156
a 27
fi as DK 174
fi Se SRE = 175
aE 123
Ki 448
fal 366, 367
at 25
ih 88
is 49
TW i 83, 84
eee 271
fA 4 492
TA Al = Ft © 327
i < 138
ee ee 139
3E 478
EA 340
‘i IE. 448
Ae 208
Hi 1 $F 195
eR HF 421
FE tes 464
TE A 254
(a 3 364
be 2 342
# HK 139
TE Hd 351
Bt 5 A
307, 249, 250
ok 477
hi 448
a AX 163

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Yii-nio-chiu fe cE WG 419 | Yiian-sui st 4

Yu-ni Goes i40 | Ytian-t‘ou Ei -< 221
Yu-po TE AY 251, 402 | Ytian-wei BE 221
Yii-shan-kuo Fe ese 439 | Ytteh-chi-hua A Bie 380
Yii-shu-shu Ey Ze 464 | Wtieh-chiao BR HY 462
Yii-so-tan TE gh PF 325 | Ytieh-kua bE 134, 135
Yii-sun is &% 25 | Yiieh-kuei FAYE 246, 109
Yii-t‘ou 3E HT 123 | Yueh-t‘ao #S PE 184
Yiu-ts‘ai tA 2B 66 | Ytueh-wang-t‘ou Re =E Hii 121
Vii-ts‘an Te 180 | Yueh-yueh-hung fj 4 380
Yii-ts‘ao A 283 | Yun-hsiang Ss: FF 394, 427
VYii-yti-liang By it Kk «6093, 410 | Viin-hsiang-chiao 3 FE 394
Yiian 5G 400 | Yin-hsiang-ts‘ao =. 35 7 AL 385
Yiian-chih ta ik 338 | Yiin-shih =‘ 78
Viian-chib-jou iz mh A 339 | Ytin-shu = it 49
Yuan-hua sc it 143, 460 | Yiin-t‘ai ES 3S 74
Yiian-hua-chiu Se 1E Wi 420 | Viin-t‘ai-san He ae Te 350
Yutan-i ta Ee 271 | Vin-ts‘ao ae 197
Yiian-shu 7c Ht 49 | Yung-ts‘ai HE OR 219

- INDEX OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

A.

3”?

Abies 333, 432
Abrus precatorius Ti 5, Baus)
Abutilon avicennze 469
a indicum 2, 256
Acacia catechu 2, 46, 450, 451
a julibrissin 22
Acanthopanax 347, 242
oF ricinifolium oo GAL
3 spinosum 4
Acanthus ilicifolius 47
Acer 244
8 trifidum 5
Aceranthus sagittatus 4
’ Achillea sibirica 5
Achyranthes bidentata 6, 231
6 aspera Gy]
Aconitum 7, 9, 290, 475
an ferox gy Lt
53 fischeri aos TO
Re japonicum 7
a: kusnezoffii 7,9
np lycoctonum Fie gt
if multifidum It
HN napellus 7= TO
0 rotundifolium II
ee septentrionale II
“F unciatum 7,9
x variegatum on
Ag volubile 7,9
Acorus 12
a calamus 12, 035) 545220
ae gramineus £2; 13

ss Solera,”
a spurius I2
», . terrestris 1A, fee
Actea 370
A spicata 13, 431
Actinidia 14, 15, 60
5 chinensis 15
5 rufa 15
Adenophora Wis Sloe, Bol, Rely
= alternifolia 15
Se polymorpha 15
remotifolia 16

Adenophora trachelioides

3 verticillata
Adiantum

i flabellulatum

30 monochlanys

ZEgle sepiaria
A¥sculus chinensis

s turbinata
Agave americana

n chinensis

0 mexicana

Aglaia odorata
Agnus scythicus
Ailanthus

nh glandulosa
Akebia quinata
Alaria
Albizzia julibrissin
Aleurites cordata

“a moluccana

<5 triloba
Algze
Alisma plantago
Alkana tinctoria
Alliaria wasahi
Allium ascalonicum

” cepa

9 cepaproliforum
5 fistulosum

5 japonicnm

5 odorum

+ sativum

Pr scorodoprasum
“ senescens

ae tuberosum

an uliginosum

- victorialis

Alocasia macrorhiza
Aloe vulgaris

- perfoliata
Aloexylon agallochum
Alopecurus
Alpinia allughas

a galanga
Aa globosum
” japonica

15

15, 41
18
“18
19

19, 116, 117, 469

19

19

19

19

20, 206
20

345
20, 21
20
22, 118, 172
24

32

99

23
23, 98
23, 270
24, 389
232, 233
28

25

26

26

26

27
26, 27
27

28

27

27

27

26, 470
29, 141
29

29

44

200
35

31

39, 37
an

538 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.
Alpinia officinarum 31, 32, 338 | Arisazema japonica 47: 48
Althea rosea 33, 205, 256, 413 - riugens 47, 48
Amarantus 6, 33, 348 _ suratum 472
oA blitum 33 i thunbergii 47, 48, 375
rs spinosus 34 | Aristclochia 43
Amomum 384 #3 contorta 49
, amarunml 35, 282 AS ichilis 49
- cardamomum 36, 39 6 keempferi 49
. globosum 30N 37 nF recurvilabra 49, 57
nf grana-paradisa 37 | Aronia asiatica 347
- granumi-paradisi 37 | Artemisia 5
i medium 37 55 abrotanum 50, 115
rs melagueta 37, 38 A annua 50
ee villosum 38, 39 a apiacea 50
‘A xanthoides, 37139; 39 a capillaris 50
Aimyegdalus communis 40, 354 aS chinensis 52
Auchusa tinctoria 232, 233 5B desertorum 50
Andropogon schcenanthus 40, I15 » dracunculus 50
Anemarrheua asphodeloides 40 56 giloéscens 52
Anemone 163, 256 pA herba-alba 52
» cernua AI i) eludiea 52
Angelica 45, 133, 470 »» japonica 51, 313
* anomala AI ” keiskiana 5f
53 decursiva 42, 314 3 moxa 52
Se kiusiana 470 ni stelleriana 106
me officinalis 42 53 stelleriana vesiculosa 52, 423
0 polymorpha 134 5 vulgaris 52
Angrecum faleatum 289 | Artocarpus integerifolia 54
Anisonia elliptica 470 | Arum 9
Anthemis 106, 260 5 pentaphyllum 47
Apium graveolens 42, 455 oe triphylum 47
Aplotaxis auriculata 43 | Arundinaria 62
5 lappa 43 ie japonica 63
Apocynum venetum 44 | Arundo phragmites 317
Aquilaria agallocha 44 | Asarum 105
Arabis perfoliata 156 | Ka forbesii 54, 338
Arachis hypogeea 470 | bs sieboldi 55
Aralia cordata 45 | Asclepias 55
3 edulis 45, 133 | Asparagus gibbus 472
5 palmata A |} S34 lucidus 55, 56
» papyrifera 172 | Aspidium 283, 460
- spinosa 471 = falcatum 56, 282
35 quinquefolia 303 | Aster fastigiatus 56
Arctium lappa 45 * tataricus 56
Ardisia crispa 471 x trinerius 57
3 hortorun 472 | Astilbe chinensis 13
5 japonica 228, 404, 472 | Ae thunbergii ity
Areca catechu 3, 40, 472452 Astragulus hoangtchy 57
Argemone mexicana 47, 87 | Atractylis 57, 5°
Arisema B2R a chinensis 58
Be heterophylla 154, 447 | Atractylodes lancea 558

_

ee a

:

\ Atractylodes lyrata

58

+ ovata 58
Atropa 58
5 belladonna 413

55 mandragora 413
Aucklandia costus 43
Auricularia 272
Avena fatua 59, 164
Averrlioa carambola 15, 59
Azalea sinense 146, 375
3 indicum 375

E B:

Balanophora 61, 293
Balsamodendron mukul 62, 244
‘ myrrha 61

‘i, opobalsamunm 244

of roxburghii 62
Bampbusa 62
a arundinacea 63

re: kumiasasa 491

% puberula 63

an spinosa 64
Barkhausia Repens 65
Basella rubra 66
Batatis edulis 220
Beckmannia eruczeformis 472
Begonia discolor 66
ca evansiana 66
Belamcanda chinensis gee
Benincasa cerifera 67
Berberis 494
5 lycium 250

¥ thunbergii 67

af vulgaris 67
Beta valgaris 68, 473
Betonica officinalis 247
Betula alba 68
Bidens parviflora 68
sf tripartita 68
Bignonia grandiflora 68
Biota 432
Blumea balsamifera 69, 88
Bocconia cordata 473
Boehmeria 404
# nivea 70, 381
‘Boletus EYAL PTE)
Bombax malabaricum 4, 71, 166, 197
Borassus flabelliformis 122

Boswellia

71

INDEX OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Sly)

Boswellia glabra 71
‘ thurifera 71
Boymia rutcecarpa 72, 257
Brachy podium sylvaticum 59
Brasenia peltata 73, 241, 266
Brassica 73
% campestris rutabaga 75, 408

a chinensis Gla Gi!

ss oleracea 735, 219

a oleracea caulorapa 75

- 55 vrapa 74, 384

bi rapa-depressa 74.
Bromus japonicus 59
Broussonetia papyrifera 75, 376
Brunella vulgaris 75
Bryonia dioica 441
Buddleia curviflora 76

A neemda |
a officinalis 715
Bupleurum faleatum 42, 76
Buxus sempervirens 76
C.

Czesalpinia 198
A minax 78, 278

5; pulcherrima 78

a sappan 78

£ sepiaria 78
Cajanus indicus 79
Calamus draco 79
Calendula 219, 260
e officinalis 80
Calystegia 219
% sepium 80, 125
Camelia japonica 81
on oleifera 81 172

oe sasanqua 81

fs thea 81
Campanula glauca 18
Campanumeea pilosula 177
Camphora officinarum 87
Campsis adrepens 69
Canarium 89
re albuum 89

eA commune 90, 489

Pr pimela 89
Canavallia ensiformis 90
Canella 20
Caunabis 243
™ sativa 90, 146, 404

540
Capsella bursa pastoris
Capsicum

in annuum

an baceatuim

. fastigiatum

ol frutescens

> sinense

Caragana flava
Cardaimtine hirsuta
Carduus acaulis

45 crispus
Carex macrocephala
5 pachygyma

Carica papaya
Carpesium abrotanoides
Caryopteris divaricata
Caryota

Cassava

Cassia auriculata

ae fistula

aa mimosoides

ve occidentalis

35 sophora

5 tora
Castanea vulgaris
Catalpa

a bungeana

An bungei

39 keempferi
Cecrodendron fortunatum
Cedrela

7 sinensis
Celosia argentea

36 cristata
Celtis

- muku

sinensis

”
Ceramium rubrum

Ceratophyllum demersum
Ceratopteris thalictroides

Cerastium glutinosum
Cercis chinensis
Chamrops excelsa

ee fortunei
Chavica betel

ms roxburghii
Chelidonium maius
Chenopodium

mf sp.

a album

34 ambrosoides

339
379
119

474
93, 362

150
102
222

O75 LO, Ll
100, 242, 245
242

99

20, 21

20, 100, 258
100
IOI
Io
128
255
270
276
360

461

IOI,
101, 143,

104, 475

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Chimonanthus fragans
Chiretta

Chloranthus inconspicuus

i japonicus

3A serratus
Chrysanthemum

a coronarium

$5 indicum

oa sinense
Cibotium barometz
Cichorium

n endivia

6 intybus
Cicuta

Cimicifuga davurica
AP foetida

” japonica
a racemosa
Chinchona

Chineraria repanda
Cinnamomum cassia

% japonicum

a pedunculatum

‘s tamala
Citrus

o acida

6 aurantium

* bigaradia

ae chirocarpus

a decumana

se fusca

5 japonica

35 miedica

Bs nobilis

3 trifoliata
Citrullus vulgaris

Clausena wampi
Clavaria

Clematis
5 florida
29 grata
an graveolens
ss heraclecefolia
. minor
af paniculata
A patens
» sinensis
Cnicus japonicus
if nipponicus
33 pendulus
5. sinensis

107,

Tun
19, 116,
Tae
bs her Bs fal
1g G15

19,

22,
118, 119,

105
126
105
105
105
260
106
106
106
344
230
229
230
379

13

13

T3

14
107
403
109
109
109
Stele)
III
117
13
117
II4
D1
272
II5
m7
Dp a
116
IIo
117
271

22
118

22
118

22
118
118
118
118
120
119
IIg
119

eee ee

INDEX OF

Cnicus spicatus
Cnidium mounieri
Cocculus

a japonicus

= thunbergti
Coccus pela

oe sinensis

Codonopsis lanceolata
Coix lachryma
Colchicum
Colocasia
Comimelyna polygama
ad rumphii
Conioselinum
A univittatum
Conocephalus conica
Conophallus konjak

Convolvulus

7 arvensis

Bs japonicus

a vulgaris
Conyza

re ambigua
Coptis anzemonzefolia

S teeta

Corchoropsis crenata
Corchorus
7 capsularis
us pyriformis
Cordyceps sinensis
Coriandrum sativum
Cornus machrophylla

Ef officinalis
Corydalia

i ambigua

si goviana

eee se itTCISA

+5 tuberosa
Corylus

as heterophylla

ad mandshurica
Cotyledon fimbriata

5h malacophylla
Crateegus

a cuneata

ee flava

i macracantha

=e parvifolia

‘5 pinnatifida
Crinuni sinensis
Crocus sativus

119

120, 216, 402
120

120

120

238

238

17

122

179

123

123

123

138

123, 402

210
124
125
125
125
489
106
164
125
125, 32], 401
480

20, 404

QI, 126

126

126

127

IOI, 128

128, 161

129
128
129
37°
129
129
129
129
449
449
364
130
130
130
130
130
131
94, 131

35>

42, 129,

129, 363,

BOTANICAL ‘TERMS.

Croomia japonica
Croton tiglium
Cry ptomeria

oC japonica

Cry ptoteenia canadensis

Cucumis sativus
Cucumus melo
Cucurbita maxima
* moschata
= pepo
Cudrania tribola

Cunninghamia sinensis

137,

134, 137, 272,

Cupressus
A funebris
“ thyoides
Curecuma
As longa
Cuscuta
ae chinensis
6 japonicus
Cyathula
Cycas revoluta
Cyclamen
Cydonia japonica
x sinensis

vulgaris

”

Cynachum caudatum

Cyperus
Ae esculentus
“ iria
a rotundus
ne serolinus

Cytisus scoparius

D.

Dalbergia hupeana
Damnacanthus indicus

Daphne

a genkwa

= odora
Daphnidium cubela

a myrrha

a strychnifolium
Daphnis myrrha
Datura

a alba

x metel

on stramoninum

Daucus carota

140,

140,

93, 141,

35, 141,

143,

143,

145, 146,

146,
146,

542 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Davallia tensifolia 147 | Eleusine indica 305
Dendrobium 180 | Eleutherococcus henryi 4
5 nobile 147, 249 PA leucorrhizus 4
Deutzia sieblondiana <= 148, 149 ak senticosus. 4
. staphylea 148 | Emblica officinalis 430
Dianthus chinensis 149 | Ephredra 163, 257
a3 fischeri 149 3 vulgaris 161

i superbus 149 | Epigeea asiatica 162
Dichroa febrifuga 293 | Epimedium sagittatum 4, 162
Dictamnus albus 149, 186 | Equisetum 161
Diervilla versicolor 149, 272 - arvense 163
Digitalis 150 a hyemale 163
sy glutinosa 37 Eranthis 256

- purpurea 150 on keiskii 163
Digitaria sanguinalis 150, 348 | Erianthus japonicus 164, 489
Dioscorea 150 | Erigeron 106
aA batatas 150 it acre 164

»» Japonica 150, 151, 413 5, kamtschaticum 164

5c quinqueloba 150, 220 | Briobotrya 165

» Sativa ih ler See 7 Yapettiea 112, 164
Diospyros embryopteris USI eroeanlon 165
” bersaita 152 | Eritrichium penduneulare 165, 423

» kaki 152 | Erythrina fulgans 145

” lotus. 153 ut indica 145
Diphylleia 154, 338 | Erythrorhizon 245
Dipsacus , 154 | Ethrog 114
» asper 154 | Euconimia ulmoides 166
Dolichos cultratus 154 | Rugenia caryophyllata “66
”» Jablab- 154,155 | Ruonymus 404

As sinensis 154 5 atatus 166

oo soja 189 oe japonicus 166

» umbellatus 155 | » thunbergianus 166
Draba nemoralis I55, 278 Eupatorium 160, 167
Dryandra cordata ¥56, 161, 423 2 iixillowil 41
Drymoglossum carnosuim 157 ie lindleyanum 167
Dryobalanops aromatica 157, 263 Euphorbia 44
»» camphora 88, 157 », helioscopia 44, 167

Rs humifusa 168

EK. be lasiocaula 169

Echinops spherocephalus 160, 408 » _ dathyris 168
Eclipta alba 160, 177 ¥ lunulata 167
Ehretia serrata 1or, 128 5 palustris 168
Eleagnus longpipes 161 ” pekinensis 169
Eleeococea cordata 161 ”» pilulifera 168
. verrucosa 156 sieboldiana 168, 169
Elatostemma umbellatunr 161 | Euryale ferox 169
Eleocharis tuberosus 399 | Euxolus P 33
Elsholtzia 393 Exidia 180
pe? cristata 161 » ° auricula jude 170, 272

Elettaria cardamomum 37 | Evodia rutecarpa 170

INDEX OF -

Fagopyrum esculentum
a tartaricum
Fallopia nervosa
Farfugium keempferi
Fatsia papyrifera

Ferula

> narthex

A scorodosma
Ficus carica

56 erecta

7 glomerata

=e pumila

6 religiosa

56 retusa

56 stipulata
Filix

Foeeniculum vulgare
Forsythia

a suspensa
Fragaria indica

Ls wallichii
Fritillaria roylei
Fraxinus

pay bungeana

» . pubinervus

is sinensis

Fucus saccharinus
Fumaria officinalis

Fungi
Fuukia subcordata
G.

Galanga

6 cardamon
Galium aparine
Galla

re sinensis
Gambir
Garcinia hanburii

- morella
Gardenia

a florida

ap grandiflora

< radicans

HA rubra
Gastrodia elata

a sesamoides

Gelsemnium elegans
Gentiana

22)

175,

180, 215,

184,
69,

184,

66, 185,

BOTANICAL TERMS. 543
Geiitiana scabra 186
Geranium nepalense 187

wie _ Geum dryadvides 187

Fe " japonica 187
Gigartina tenax 24

a Ginko biloba 187,390

ae Gleditschia i98

ie 3 chinensis 188, 189, 272

ae 3 japonica 188

174 +5 officinalis 358

488 Glossocomia lanceolata 15

Sor Glycine hispidia 189

Spe Glycyrrhiza 196

488 % echinata 196

one a glabra 118, 196, 135

a Gly ptostrobus 276

ie | alge heterophyllus _ 196

a6 Gnaphalium multiceps 197

aa sh polycephalum 197

ee | Gomphrena globosa 197

be Gossypium herbaceum 197

a i indicum 197

af Gracilaria lichenoides 24, 488

ae 56 spinosa 24

178 Gymmnocladus 198

178 * chinensis 198

e3 Gymnogongrus pinnulata 199

He Gymnogramme japonica 199

179 Gymnothrix alopecurus 200

179 5 japonica 398

cee Gymandropsis pentaphylla 200
Gynocardia 244

% odorata 200
Gynura pinnatifida 201
181
32 lelp

181

i181 Habenaria sagittifera 203

182 | Halymenia dentata 203

182 | Hamamelis japonica 203

182 a virginiana 203

182 | Haliotis funebris ; 96

382 | Helianthus annuus 203

183 | Hemerocallis 204

183 Er fulva 204

183 Pr winor 204.

183 | Hemiptelea davidiana 204

253 | Hepatica 204

185 | Heteropogon contortus 205

377 | Herba cuscute majoris 140

186 | Hermodactyl 489

544

Herpestris monniera
Hibiscus

33 esculentus

‘. manihot

es mutabilis

is rosasinensis
syriacus

9”
Hierochle borealis
Hirneola

ys polytricha
Hippuris
Hordeum vulgare
Hovenia dulcis
Houttuynia cordata
Humulus japonicus
Hyduum
Hydnocarpus venenatus
Hydrangea
Hydrocharis

. morsus rane
Hydrocotyle asiatica
Hydropyrum latifolium

as setaria
Hynoscyamus

-—

I40, 205,
20,

33,

209,

293

»» niger 9, 146, 211, 375; 399,

Hypericum
BG chinense
Hypoxis aurea

i:
Tex
e; cornuta
+ integra
a pedunculosa
Tilicium anisatum
3 religiosum

Impatiens balsamina
Imperata arundinacea
Incarvilla sinensis

Indigofera
Inula
“6 britanica
6 chinensis
Ipomoea
aquatica
a batatas
* hederacea
nil

s9
Jris ensata
florentina

”

237)
218"

215, 232,
205,

a7.

338
163
205
205
214
206
206
207
207
17

276
207
272
208
209
274
201
453
200
210
210
210
493
146
413
342
211
212

238
291
213
213
214
489
269
216
216
344
160
219
219
125
219
220
489
490
220

4I

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

220

Iris oxpetala
ee sibirica 221
7 tectorunl 22%:
Isatis japonica 217
a tinctoria 217
Ixia chinensis 31L
Ixora sp. 221
Ss stricta 221
if
Jasminum floridum 292
aa grandiflorum 222
+9 nudiflorum 222
ch officinale 222
ne sambac 84, 105, 222, 287
~ sieboldianum 222
Jatropha janipha 223
Juglans regia 223
a sieboldiana 224
Juncus balticus 491
a8 communis 224
5 effusus 224
Juniperus 432
Ss chinensis 224, 432
Justicia 125
pe crinata 217
a gendarussa 225
“a procumbens 225, 268
K.
Kadsura chinensis 226
<)) japonica 398
Kempferia galanga 226
re pundurata 139, 227
Kerria japonica 126, 227
Kochia scoparia 227
Keelreuteria paniculata 227
Kyllingia monocephala 228

L.

Lactuca

albiflora
debilis
denticulata
sativa
squarrosa
stolonifera
Laginaria vulgaris
Laminaria

107, 229, 230, 414

INDEX OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Loranthus

Laminaria saccharina 24
Lamium album 154
Lampsana apogonoides 231
Lathyrus davidii 231
ae maritimus 232, 297, 454
Laurus cubela 144
Lawsonia alba 2152324223
Lecythis 427
Lemna 241, 260, 266
rf minor 234, 241, 266
Leonurus 452
aes.) atiacratithus 235
3 sibiricus 235
Lepidium petrzeum 155
Leptogium fuliginosum 311
Lespedeza juncea 221
Leucothce grayana 236
Levisticum 133
Ligusticum 133
i sinense 286
Ligustrum 238
<3 ibota 238, 239
3 lucidum 213, 236, 238
Lilium brownii 240
” concolor 240
a tigrinum 240
Limnanthemum 260
= nymphoides 241
os peltatum 241
Lindera glauca 241
“F sericea 242
fe strychnifolia 145, 242
an tzumu 242
Linum 404
» perenne 242
a sativum 243
a usitatissimum 209, 243
Lithospermum officinale 245
Litsea glauca 246
Liquidambar altingiana 243
ea formosara 244, 245
¥ Er (orientale) 5
= orientalis 243
Lobelia 285
os inflata 283
a radicans 246
Lonicera japonica 246
Lomaria japonica 56, 282
Lophanthus rugosus 247
Lophatherum elatum 247

163, 247, 456

545

Loranthus kempferi 248, 456
= yadoriki 248
Lotus corniculatus 248
Luffa cylindrica 248
Luisia teres 249
Lychnis 249, 250, 307
e grandiflora 250
Lycium 148, 286
7. chinense 250
Lycoperdon 250
Lycopersicum esculentum 251
Lycopodium 147, 251
or cernuum 251

a clavatum 251, 402

Fe japonicum 251, 402

ot sieboldi 251
Lycopsus lucidus 235
Lycoris radiata 251
Lysichitum camtschatense 29
Lysimachia 293
a eleutheroides 252

Ke foenum greecum 252

8 sikokiana 252

M.

Maba ebenos 153, 253
Machrophylla 135
Macroclinidium verticillatum 253, 362
Mesa dorzena 253
Magnolia 175

AS conspicua

3 fuscata 254
ad hypoleuca IOI, 254
» yulan 254
Malva 256
», pulchella 256
x3 sylvestris 256 ©
ae verticillata 256
Mandragora 257, 370
Mangifera indica 259, 428
Marlea plantanifolia 259
Marsilia 234
ay quadrifolia 210, 260, 393
Matricaria indica 260
Medicago denticulata 260
Ps lupulina 260
* sativa 260
Melampyrum 393
Melanthium cochinchinese 56
Melissa officinalis 115

222, 253, 254

546

Melia azedarach 261
“i toosendan 261
Melilotus arvensis 262
Menispermum dauricune 120, 262
Mentha arvensis 263, 404
oP piperita 118
Menyanthus trifoliata 263
Mercurialis leiocarpa 263
Metaplexis stauntonii 264
Michelia champaca 264
Mimosa arborea 22
Mirabilis jalapa 264
Momordica 493
45 charantia 265, 306
= cochinchinensis I1, 201, 265
Moncochoria hastata 266, 389
a korsakowii 266
ee vaginalis 266
Morcea chinensis 311
Morus 137
ne alba 266
ar indica 267
Mosla grosseserrata 268, 422
a lanceolata 393
re punctata 268
Mucuna capitata 269
Mulgediuin 404
i. sibiriacum 269
Musa paradisica 270
Ae sapientum 269
Musci 270
Mylabris cichorii 7
Myrica-rubra 131, 275
Myriogyne minuta 275
Myriophyllum 276
ib spicatum 276, 348
Myristica moschata 276
N.
Nandina domestica 277
Narcissus tazetta 277
Nardostachys jatamansi 278
Nasturtium 290
FP palustre 155, 156, 278
Nauclea gambir 278
5 sinensis 450
Nelumbium 205
6 speciosum 278
Nepeta glechoma 124, 210, 281
ia tenuifolia 393, 429 |

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Nephelium sp. 282, 485

<5 lapacum 281

5 litchi 281

se longana 35, 282
Nephrodium 460

a filix mas 56, 282, 291, 460
Nerium 378
Nicotiana 285

- tabacum 253
Nitraria schoberi 286
Nostoc edule 24
Nothosmyrnium japonicum 286
Nuphar japonicum 287, 288
Nyctanthes arbor tristis 287
Nymphea tetragona 288

0.

Ocinum basilicum 262, 289
Cécceoclades falcata 289
QGE&nanthe stolonifera 42, 278, 289, 320
Olea aquifolia 291

53 fragrans 108, 296
Onoclea 460

Br orientalis 282, 291
Ophiopogon japonica 291

ie spicatus 291
Opopanax 41
Opuntia ficus 2a1
Origanum yulgare 393
Orithia edulis 292
Orixa japonica 292
Orobanuche 61

, ammophyla 293
Oryza sativa 294
Osmanthus fragrans 108, 232
Osmunda 173, 283, 297; 360

» xepalis 232, 296, 454
Oxalis corniculata 297, 384

eds

Pachyma cocos 35, 163, 180, 298,

Pachyrhizus

thunbergianus
Peederia foetida
Peeonia albiflora

An moutan

55 officinalis
Paliurus ramosissimus
Panax

» +. ginseng

321
384
299
299
300
300
300
301
302
301

INDEX

Panax repens
Panicum crus corvi

” ” galli

a frumentaceum

5 miliaceum
Papaver rhceas

AA somniferum
Pardanthus chinensis

a dichotomus
Paris polyphylla

AS quadrifolia
Parmelia sp.
Passerina

of Chamzedaphne
Patrinia scabioszfolia
Paulownia 156, 242,

5 imperialis
Pedicularis resupiuata

“5 sceptrum carolinum

Perilla ocimoides
Persea nanmu

Peucedanum decursivum
or japonicum
a rigidum
terebinthaceum

”
Peziza auricula

Phalaris arundinacea
Pharbitis hederacea
Phaseolus mungo

aA radiatus
Phellodendron amurense
Pheenix dactylifera
Photinia glabra
Phragmites
communis

sis roxburghit
Phtheiviospermum chinensis
Phyllanthus urinaria
Phyllostachys

re nigra
Physalis alkekengi

ay angulata
Phytolacca acinosa

-e decandra
Picris repens
Pieris ovalifolia
Pilea
Pimela alba

e nigra
Pimpinella anisum
Pinellia tuberifera

234,

”

319;

48, 128,

OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

304
304
304
3095
416
397
307
311
311
2H
311
311
169
143
312
393
312
313
313
37

313
381
315
407
407
170
344
489
316

305,
249,
205,

272,

313,
314,
315;
315;

315;
315;
2,

62,

326,
312,

65,

214, 331
257, 332

Pinites succinifer 34
Pinus 34
5p bungeana 333
5 densiflora 333
re koraiensis 333
a massoniana 333
Pe sinensis 137) 333
Br thunbergii 333
Piper cubela 144
AG longum 103, 334
rs. nigrum £03, 334
Pistacia vera 334
Pistia stratiotes 234
Pistillaria 273
Pisum sativum 335, 453
Plantago major 51, 335
Platanus 244
Platycaria 337
KA strobilacea 258, 337
Platycodon grandiflorum 18, 337
Plectranthus glaucocalyx 56
Podocarpus macrophylla 337
Podophyllum versipelle 154, 338
Pogonia ophioglossoides 338
Pollia japonica 338
Polygala reinii 338
* sibirica 338
AA tenuifolia 338
Polyonatum canaliculatum 339
bs chinense 339
» giganteum 339
A macropodum 339
Ae multiflorum 339
»» ° Officinale 340
“7 sibiricum 33
We vulgare 493
Polygonum sp. 233, 234, 344
» amphibium 340, 343
x aviculare 341
ne barbatum 344
» _ bistorta 303, 341, 344
i blumei 341
s chinense 341
os cuspidatum 341
re cymosum 341
es filiforme 342
*, flaccidum 342
» hydropiper 342, 344
i japonicum 342
a lapathifolium 342

multiflorum

342, 343

548

Polygonum orientale
a persicaria
Ae tinctorium

Polypodium barometz ~

ae fortunei

‘5 lineare

. lingua
Populus alba

na balsamifera

5 sauveolens
Porphyra coccinea
Pertulacca oleracea
Potamogeton

+ oxyphyllus

Y) polygonifolius

Potentilla cryptotenia
a discolor
5 wallichiana
Poterium officinale
% sanguisorba
Premna vulgaris
Prosopis
Prunella vulgaris
Prunus
+ armeniaca
nF communis
Re japonica
y mume
2s persica

“F pseudo-cerasus

of spinulosa

a3 tomentosa

a triflora
Psoralea corylifolia
Ptarmica sibirica
Pteris

+ aqualina

os esculenta
Pterocarpus flavus

ae indicus

x santalinus
Pterocarya stenoptera
Pueraria
Pulsatilla
Punica granatum
Pupalia
Pycnostelma chinensis
Pygmea
Pyrola media

a rotundifolia
Pyrus

341, 344,

24, 150, 276,

349;

75»
130;

2651227.

173,
297, 359;

360,

4I,

253)

340
396
344
344
345
346
346
346
347

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Pyrus baccata
oF betulzfolia
Ar cathayensis
is chinensis
3 communis
s3 cydonia
japonica
5 malus
59 sinensis
7 spectabilis
o5 tomentosa

Q.

362

362

362

363
364

363

363
363, 364, 381
364
130, 365
364

Quercus 97, 178, 238, 366
a5 acuta 366
> aliena 367
5 cornea 23
a cuspidata 367
sh dentata 366
5 glauca 366
3 sclerophylla 238, 366
55 serrata 366
‘5 sinensis 366
Quisqualis indica 30, 135, 368
R.
Ranunculus sp. 290, 370
= acris 370
“ scleratus 290, 370, 455
Raphanus 384
a sativus 370
Rehmannia glutinosa 150, 371
Reineckia carnea 372
Rhamous arguta 373
is chlorophorus 373
% japonica 373
% tinctorius 373
» virgata 373
Rheum officinale 374
a palmatum 374
45 rhaponticum 374
Rhododendron 376
i dauricum 375
a fortunei 376
» indicum 361, 375
3 laucanthum 375
3 metternichii 376
An sinense 146, 375, 381
- sublanceolatum 375
Rhodymenia 24

INDEX OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Rhizophora mangle
Rhus
% semialata
5 succedanea

AA toxicodendron

* vernicifera
Rhynchosia volubilis

Rhynchospermum jasminoides

Richardia africana
Ricinus communis
. Robinia amara
Rosa anemoneflora
a banksia
“f indica
“5 leevigata
multiflora
f. rugosa
3 sempervirens
- Rosmarinus officinalis
Rottlera japonica
Rubia
En cordifolia
Rubus buegeri
% coreanus
a coronarius
eA ichangensis
Rubus incisus
4 parvifolius
_ thunbergii
33 tokkura

i trifidus
Rumex

oe acetosa

es aquaticus

- crispus

Ruta graveoleus

S.
Saccharum officinarum
ye saccharatum

Sagina maxima
Sagittaria sagittifolia
Saguerus rumphii
Sagus rumphii
Salisburia adiantifolia
Salix babylonica

mt purpurea
Salvia japonica
2 multiorrhiza
$3 plebia

258

238, 339, 379
182, 376

182, 377
185, 377

377
378
378

29

I, 378
414
380

43. 380
380
380
380
381
380
381
242, 381
250

381

383

383

382

383

382

383

383

383

383
374, 384
384

384
384, 385
385, 394

386
416

378, 388, 412, 413

389
389
389
390
391
391
392
392
393, 429

549

Salvinia natans 234, 393
55 vulgaris 393
Sambucus chinensis 393, 455
ae javanica 393

. racemosa 393

3 sieboldiana 393

4 thunbergiana 393
Sanguisorba officinalis 394
Santalum album 143, 360, 394
Sapindus mukorossi 395, 432
Saponaria indica 396
Sargassum 276
‘ siliquastrum 24, 396
Saururus loureiri 396
Saxifraga sarmentosa 397
Scaphium scaphigerum 397
Schizandra chinensis 226, 398
4 nigra 398
Scilla maritima 131
Scirpus cyperinus 398
fs miaritimus I4t

an tuberosus 399
Scopolia japonica 211, 399
Scrophularia 303
a oldhami 400
Scutellaria macrantha 400
a viscidula 400
Sedum sp. 402
. alboroseum 401

i erythrosticum 4ot

x lineare 401
Selaginella involens 402
Selinum 124, 402
monnieri 120, 402
Sempervirum tectorum 401
Senecio campestris 403
iF palmatus 403,

i scandens 403
Septas repens 338
Serissa foetida 404
Sesamum 404.
se indicum 404.
Sesili libanotis 405
Setaria glauca 492
5 italica 305, 405, 416

- a glutinosa 305, 406

a viridis 406, 492
Shorea robusta 406
Siegsbeckia orientalis 407
Silene aprica 216
Siler divaricatum 315, 407

550
Sinapis 408
9 alba 408
x0 integrifolia 408
. juncea = 408
3 nigra 408
Siphonostecia 160, 409
5 chinensis 408, 409, 414
Sisymbrium 28, 155, 432
46 sophia 409
Skimmia fortunei 409
5 japonica 409
55 reevesiana 409
Smilax 299
nA china 409, 410
5p prolifera 4il
5 pseudo-china 298, 410
93 sinensis AIL
Soja hispiola 189, 411

Solanum dulcamara 384, 411, 412, 413

e lyratum 388, 412
a melongena 412
» nigrum 59, 388, 412, 413
5c tuberosum 413
Solidago virgo-aurea 413
Souchus 107, 230
se oleraceus 82, 230, 414
Sophora 57
xs angustifolia 414
aA flavescens 201, 263, 312, 414
af japonica 309, 414, 415
" kronei 414
Sorghum saccharatum 386, 416
6 vulgare 416
Sparassis 271
Sphoerococcus 24
Spinacea oleracea 417
Spinifex squarosis 47
Spondias amara 421, 318
ns dulcis 421
Stachys aspera 422
. sieboldi 259, 422
5 tuberifera 422
Stelaria aquatica 423
Stemona tuberosa 422
Stephania hernandifolia 120
Sterculia lanceolata 364
7 platanifolia 156, 423
Stillingia sebifera 23, 423
Strophanthus II
Strychnos ignatia 425
ae nux-vomica 425

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Strychnos philippinensis 425
Styrax benzoin 426
Symplocos prunifolia 194, 385, 427
aT;

Tamarindus indica 428
Tamarix chinensis 428
‘5 manna 259
Tanacetum chinense 52, 428
Tanarius major 428
Taraxacum officinalis 429
Taxodium heterophyllum 196, 429
Techoma grandiflora 384, 429
Tenerium stoloniferum 393, 429
Terminalia bellerica 430
A chebula 37, 430
Thalictrum foliolosum 431
ss rubellum 14, 431
Thea 82, 431
P assamica 82

i bohea 82

5 sinensis &2

a. viridis 82
Thermopsis fabacea 431
Thladiantha dubia 431
Thlaspi arvense 432
Thuja orientalis 138, 225, 432
Tilia 203
,3 chinensis 433

“a miqueliana 432, 488
Trachycarpus 102
of excelsa 440
Trachylospermum jasminoides 440
Trapa bicornis 210
) bispinosa 440

oe natans 440, 441
Tremallales 272
Tribulus terrestris 441
Tricercandra quadrifolia 105
Trichomanes japonica 441, 488
Tricosanthes japcnica 441
55 kirilowii 441

5 multiloba 441

oF palmata 442
Trifolium giganteum 260
Trigonella foenum-graecum 442
Trigonotis peduncularis 165, 442
Trillidium japonicum 443
Trionyx sinensis 35
i16

Triphasia trifoliata

INDEX OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

Trislaerigata kaempferi
Triticum repens

as vulgare
Triumfetta
Tropzolum majus
Tulipa edulis

3 graminifolia
Tussilago farfara
Typha orientalis

a latifolia

_ Typhonium giganteum

U.

Ulmus campestris

AS keaki

55 marcrocarpa

Ps parvifolia

“fs sinensis
Umbilicus fimbriatus

35 malocophyllus

Uncaria gambir

sf rynchophylla
Urtica seorpionides

” thunbergiana
Uvularia grandiflora

V.

Vallisneria spiralis
Veratrum

ie album

‘a migrum
Verbena officinalis
Viburnum dilatatum

5 opulus

Vicia faba

a gigantea

a; hirsuta

> sativa
Vincetoxicum

Ah atratum

oF purpurascens
Viola

“6 pinnata

A patrinii

4 sylvestris
Viscum

443
148
443
20, 126
446
452
292, 446
172, 446
447
447
154, 447

448, 449
360, 449
448
449
448
449
449
450
450
451
451

178, 179, 451

452

236, 257, 452, 475

452
452
452
453
453
453

232, 297, 453

232, 454
315
173
454
454
43
455
455
455

140, 163, 180, 247, 391, 455

. Vittila

Vitis bryonizfolia
- corniculata
A flexuosa
ks inconstans
. labrusca
- pentaphylla
3 serianzefolia
Bs vinifera

Vitex
ys cannabifolia
3 incisa
is negundo
3 trifolia

W.

Wahlenbergia marginata

Wedelia-calendulacea

Wickstroemia
or chamzedaphne
58 japonica

Wistaria chinensis
Woodwardia japonica
A radicans

?: Fe
Xanthium strumarium

Xanthoceras sorbifolia
Xylosma racemosa

Z.

Zanthoxylum
- ailanthoides
3 bungei
% piperitum
ME schinnifolium
Zea-mays
Zelkowa keaki
Zingiber mioga
5 nigrum
Ps officinale
Zizania aquatica

Ziziphus

» jujuba

sp vulgaris
Zostera

So)

103

457

457

457

458

457

458

458

458
102, 494
456
237, 456, 457
456

457

15, 460
177
169
143, 460

444, 461
174, 461
213, 461

88, 149, 217, 334, 464

462
462
378, 463,
463
464
360, 464
464
35
465
210
153, 467
466
466
276

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Abrin
Aconite
Aconitine
Acorns
Afioum
Afioun
Agallochum
Agar-agar
Agila wood
Agnus Scythicus
Agur

Aguru

Alge
Almonds
Aloes
Aloes-wood
Amaranth
Amala
Amber
Ambergine
Ambergris
Amra

Amrita
Angelica tree
Animi
Aniseed
Apricot

Araq

Apple

Areca nut
Areca palm
Arrack
Arrow-poison
Arrow-root
Aspen
Assafcetida
Attar of roses
Ayalur chee
Azedarach

Bagasse
Balm of Mecca
Bamboo
Banana
Banyan

ENGLISH INDEX.

23, 270

Sy 0), HE

279, 299, 389
346

174

380, 381

44

261

386
244
' 62
270
175

Barley
50 sprouts
FC sugar
Baroos camphor
Bastard cardamom
5 cherry
i Ginseng
Batoo
Bdellium
Bean curd
si ferment
nf oil
i relish
” soy
5A sprout
Beet
Belguam
Betel chewing
a leaf
as nut
Birch tree, white
Birth root

Bitter-seeded cardatiiom

Blackberry
Black catechu
Bo tree
Boa-tam-paijang
Bodhi seed
Bodhidruma
Bohea
Borneo camphor
Boxwood
Bread fruit
Brier rose
Brinjal
Broad bean
Buck wheat
Buddha’s fingers
Bukkum wood
Burdock
Burnet
Bungtali

He fruits

C.

Cachang
Cachu

3, 46,

554

Cactus

Cajan

Cakes

Calamander wood

Calambac

Candle nut tree

Canton orange

Caoutchouc

Capoor cutchery

Carambola

Cardamom
io bastard
+ bitter-seeded
sp malabar
* ovoid China
op round, or cluster

Carrot

Castor oil

Cassava

Catechin

Catechu

Catta-cambu

Celery

Ceylon moss

Chamomile

Chandana

Charcoal, vegetable

Chalaza of orange

Chaulmugra

Cheats

Cherry

Chestnut

Chiaket

Chicory

China root

Chinese galls

5 gooseberry
* hemp
se olive
oe strawberry
3 turmeric
Chiretta
Ciboule
Cinnamon
Citron
Citronella
Cleavers
Cloves
Clove oil

Cochin turmeric
Cock’s-comb

291
79
473

3, 46
43,133

107,
III,

488
107
394
175
113

CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Cocoanut 121
Coir palm 20, 102
Congee 476, 480
Coolie orange III
Copal 480
Coramandel wood 152
Coriander 28
Cosmetic pomade 491
Cotton plant 197

5 tree af

Pe seed oil 198
Coriander 127
Cow tree 54
Crab-apple 365
Cranesbill 187
Crosnes 422
Crotin 2

pe:
Dahl 79
Dammar 480
Date palm 493
Datura 145
Decoctions 481-484
Delphinine 8
Dew of roses 381
Dextrose 388
Dhatura 145
Digitalis 371
Distilled spirits 419
Dock 384
Dodder 140, 247
Dogwood 128
Dragon’s blood So
Dragon-boat Festival 13, 53
Dried moss 491
E.

Eaglestone 93
Eaglewood 44
Ebony 152
Egg-plant 412
Eel grass 452
Elecampane 219
Elemi go, 480
Elder = 393
Elm 204
Ergot 164, 208
Essences 484-486
Ethrog 114
Extracts 486-488

Fennel

Ferns

Fern spores
Fermented spirits
Fig

Filbert-oil
Four-o’clock
Foxtail
Frankincense
Fungi

G.

Galanga Cardamom
Galangal root
Galbanum
Galls

"A of Celtis

- Chinese
Gambier, or Gumbir
Gamboge
Garlic
Garoo wood
German ivy
Gillur-ka-putta
Ginger

FF , wild
Ginseng
Glen rose
Golden orange
Goldenrod
Goober
Goose grass
Gosircha tehandana
Gourd
Grains of Paradise
Grass cloth
Ground ivy
Gugiil
Guinea grains
Gilder rose
Gum animi

PA elemi

. lac
Gunda birosa

Harebell
Hawthorne
Hazel

ENGLISH INDEX.

176,

179,

TS;

136,

70,

480,
480,
175)

331
172
178
417

81
265
200
406
270

129

Heal-all
Heavenly bamboo
Hedge mustard
Hemp
Henbane
Henna
Hermodactyl
Hingu
Hog plum
Hollyhock
Honeysuckle
Honeywort
Hop
Horse bean

56 chestnut
Holly

I,

Indian bread

Pe corn

oe rice

Ae walnut
Indigo
Insect wax
Isinglass

J.
Jack (jak or jaca) fruit
Jaggery
Jalap
Japaconitine
Japonica
Jasmine
Jequerity
Jab’s tears
Judas tree
Juniper berries
Jute

K.

Kafur-kuchri
Kakra-singie
Kaladana
Kariat
Karpasi
Kassa
Khaiar
Kharnyk
Knot-grass
Kohlrabi
Kopeh

555

75

277

28
20, 90, 404

23

217, 218
237

24

556

Kuanyin lotus
Kundurn
Kushta

Kust

Lacquer

Laopang

Laphug

Laurel camphor
Laver

Leaven

Lebonah

Leek

Lemon

Liane vermifuge
Lichee or lichi
Lichens

Licorice root

Lime
Liquid-ambar resin
Liquid storax

Lign aloes
Liverwort

Lobac

Lobim

Local anesthesia
Long pepper
Loquat

Lotus

Lungan, or lungyen
Lycopodium spores

M.

Mace

Madder
Mailangnan
Male fern

Malt

Mandara
Mandarin orange
Mandjuchaka
Mango
Margosa
Mango-wood
Mangrove bark
Manhead tea
Manna

Maple
Marigold
Markin targan

CHINESE

117,
236,

Ti2,

208,

258,

MATERIA MEDICA.

29
72
43
43

377
37!

Markin tungan
Marmalade
Marvel of Peru
Mash
Mazu
Medlar
Melons

< seed
Menthol
Midzu ami
Milfoil
Millet
Mistletoe
Molasses
Mo-li-hua
Mosses
Moutan
Moxa
Mucilage
Mugwort
Mukul
Mulberry
Munjette
Musk flower
Mushrooms
Mustard
Myrrh

Nacked barley
Nanmu
Nectarine
Neeradimootoo
Nettle
Ngai-camphor

Night-blooming-jasmine

Nim
Nitrogenous foods
Nutmeg

3 orange

0.

Oats
Oil of camphor
.. »» jasmine
”) ” myrrh
3% », Star anise
- ,, sunflower
Ointments
Olibanum
Olive, Chinese

305, 405, 416
214, 247

270, 490

214, 287

70, 88
223, 287
261

28

276

II5

|

..

Orange
Ft golden
a nutmeg
6 peel
Ox knee
P.

Pakoeé kidang
Pale catechu
Palmyra palm
Panic grass
Panicled millet
Papaw
Patchak
Pastry

Peach

Peanut
-~Pear

Peas
Peepla-mool
Penghawar djambi
Pepper
Peppermint
Persimmon
Petarkura
Pigeon pea
Pills

Pinang»

Pine

Pine nut

Pipa

Pippala
Pita-flax
Plantain
Plasters

Plum
Pomegranate
Pompel moose
Poplar
Poungtarai
Powders
Pride of India
Pseudaconitine
Puffball
Pumpkin
Pumelo
Purslane
Putchuk

Quince

ENGLISH INDEX.

307
III
1I5
II5
IT5

320, 331

137, 333

362

Radish
Raggi
Raktatchandana
Rangoon creeper
Rape

re -seed oil

Be -turnip
Raspberry
Rassamala
Raw sugar
Redbud
Red saunders
Reeds
Refined sugar
Remarkable drugs
Resin
Rhubarb
Rice
Rishka
Roca-malha
Rocamabole
Rock candy
Rose maloes
Rosemary
Rutabaga
Rush, lamp

Safflower

Saffron

Sago

Salted beans

Samshu

Sandal wood
% ae oil

Sandarac

Sap green

Sappan wood

Sea-weed

Sedge

Senna

| Shaddock
| Shallot

Shepherd’s purse
Sibarga

Skullcap

Snow tea

Snuff

Soap tree

Soin

72;

558 CHINESE MATERIA MEDICA.

Sorrel 284
Soot 475
Southern-wood 50
Soy bean 2 182
Spanish needles. 68.
Spiders’-wort 123
Spiked millet 405
Spikenard 278
Spinach 417
Spirit of fennel 176
Spirits 417
Squash 44 136
Squaw root 61
Squill : R205
St. John’s wort 2
Star-anise, 176, 214, 33
Steamed cakes 474
Storax 72, 243
Sugar cane 386
Sukmil 36
Summer-grass winter-worm 126
Sunflower 203
Sweet-flag 12
Sweetmeats 473, 474
Sweet potato 220
2 Bs

Tabasheer 64
Tailaparui 360
Tallow tree 23, 423
Tallow, vegetable 424
Tamarind 78
Tamarix manna 259
Tangerine III
Tape grass 452
Tara 123
Tares eae 304
Taro 123, 220
“Tay? 82
Tchampaka 264
Tea 8I

oil Sr

ss -seed cakes 81
Teak 78
Temi .- 2
Terra japonica 2
Thistle II9g
Toad-stools 273
Tobacco 283
Togara 72
Tomato 251

Touch-me-not ©
Treacle

' Tree melon

” poecony
Tsein-apho-taroup
Tsjampac
Tumble weed
Turnip
Turumic
Turup

U

Udumbara
Unidentified Drugs

Universal Plaster Basis.

& Wi.

Vegetable tallow
Vinegar
Vettila
1 Wi

Walnut
Wampee
Water avens

3 chestnut

Be melon

Ws plantain
White birch
White gourd

Wild grape

55 leek
Willow
Wine

Windsor bean
Wintergreen
Wolf’s bane
Wood

rs oil
Woodbine
Wormseed
Wort

Yam
Yasmin
Yésmin

Zafaran
Zila

‘Zira

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