the 7tl

In C o nine no ration of Anniversary of + vx Day

CHI! IS 1 PRISCBiIRS OF // i.R Ij KORKxi

i iiioui cj ret o isi a>'l) karch to frakdom

By i'-’ c. fay ..un-yir. - fu

Counself r ox* Amfcass'j of the 'lenuBlio of China

C07T h TS

Chanter One POWs Renounce Co - run! sm

Jisoosition of ?OWs I n d i an Village ''.dx lanat ion" Site Rules o.- " lanat ion"

. r ain-washinv Sc- -cal ea eutral lots Jate of Release Aiding TO is Struggle

Chanter Two They i' arch to .sreeaom

Inaian Decision Breeden Day Eo '.e-cc :inr - ree ari.j tillage ._,du c a on and ?e-settlo ent Six "i . i canoe of Ho .;o- co ..in *

Runrint-ed January 23? 19dl Seoul, Korea

CHAPTER ONE

POWs Renounce Communism

Knowing what communism on tlm. ^ -9 mainland really

is and having been compelled to ioi . o-called ''volunteers”

in Korea, the Ilf. ,700 Chinese anti -cor: run! st non-repatriates have rejected communism at the risk of their own lives.

a miniature (12"xo”) Chinese national

Pledging their loyalty to Free China, the Chinese POWs have anti- communist slogans and pictures tattooed on their arms and bodies and have presented to President Chi ang Kai-shek

an -r colored with blood,

petitions bearing their ringer- prints in blood to the United Nations General Assembly and the United Nations Command . In a torch rally simultaneously held in all Chinese compounds in the Indian Village immediately after 12:00 p.m. on December 23, 1933? they displayed 1}. Chinese characters "anti -communist and anti -Russian” which could be seen miles away in the night.

Disposition of POWs

For nearly t -o years the disposition of the POWs had been the main issue of discussion between the communists and the United Nations Command.* The UN representative had insisted on the principle of voluntary repatriation and the Reds had demanded that all POWs be forcibly repatriated. However, the Armistice Agree 'em was finally signed by the UN Chief Delegate, Lieutenant Gene *al William K. Harrison, and the communist Delegate, Nan II, on July 27? 1953 at Panmunjorn. Concerning the deadlocked issue on tk disposition of POWs, there are 9 long Paragraphs (71-59) under Article III of the Armistice Agreement. The highlights of this Article are as follows:

Each side, UN and the communist, shall release all those POWs who have not been directly repatriated during the first 60 days from its military control and from its custody and hand them over to the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission (NNRC) for disposition in accordance with the provisions in the "Terms of Reference for NNRC."

According to fw annex, the NNRC, to which Sweden, Switzerland, Poland, Oiec oslovakia, and India shall be re- quested each to appoint a member, shall b ^ established to take custody in Korea of those non- repatriated "nui- communis t POWs. The NNRC shall have its headquarters within the Demilitarized Zone in the vicinity of Panmun jom. Pursuant to Paragraph 2 of the "Terns of Reference for NNRC,” sufficient armed forces, permittee: to carry only police-type snail arms, and other operating personnel required shall be provided exclusively by India. The representative of In^-ia shall be the umpire In accordance with the previsions of Article 132 of the Geneva Convention adopted in August 193-9 and also bo Chairman of the

I.' TRfl

The representatives from, each of the ctbo-- f ,ur Powers

shall be allowed staff assistants in equal r: w 50 each, and the total number of personnel 1 c. Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and India

235.

w»t to exceed

W O LtOa ^

not exceed

Th.e Government of the Republic of Korea b- . .. wrongly

oppcs^ - to the landing of Indian troops in Korea: . -ritory. Tc

placate Korea ., both sides of the belligerents agreed in the Armistice Agreement, that the camp for the non- r opatr i at e d anti-

communist PONs shall bo sot up in the Demilitarized Zone in the vicinity of p anmunjom. paragraph 5 of the "Terms of Reference for ITRC1’ specified that the locations designated for the custody of the non-repatriated PONs shall be taken over completely by the armed forces of 'rndia(,

A 6 -man advance party of tho 1 . . .roops , headed by

Brigadier General p. shati a, flew inao tho Seoul airport on August 31 and almost immediately took off for Munsan in a helicopter. On Sop tomb or 1 the first contingent of the Indian trocos mere airlifted from Inchon by helicopters to the muddy- red, '..ill- top compounds in she Korean noU.tr al zone.

The tent- city, then known as the Indian Village, mush- roomed out of no -men > 3 land near the shell-rubbled village of Tong j an, 6 miles southwest of fanmunjori. The Indian Village lies within the UK Section of the I i lit ary Demarcation Zone south of the Demilitarized Line. Tc the east of the Indian Village, heavy military forces of the 11 Command are disposed. Around the comp in -oho Demilitarized Zone American colic o arc responsible for its security, and .along the military Demarcation Lin^ military patrols run back and forth to watch for any emergency that might occur.

Indian Village

In order to acco no date the Ik, 700 Chinese and 8,000 north Korean anti- com unist PONs, the American army engineers built the tent-city for the custody of the said PONs to be taken ovm by the :IHC. Altogether there are six big enclosures, within which p3 co pounds are separately constructed. L ch co rpound provides enough soace to -cco lodate about pOO norsons. hi Hit to ten p.. ••sons live I a one tent. The Chinese PONs live in 3e compounds and th '• erth Koreans live in 16 compounds .

larly reports indicated that the anti- corn unist Chinese and forth Korean fO :s Were strongly oooosed to being transferred to tho custody of Indian troons, and to being subjected to brain- washing while in the custody ox the Indian troops as arevidod in the Ar . li stic o -*gr o eiaent .

On August 2, 195>3> President to the PONs, assuring then th t Nr fight for their fro; ’ tV- rough th

o- voluntary rep at:;-.. a. This a

to the Chinese POl's . . mm ad cast tho UIC. In his .eC a Pr .si den

united rations is she v: in its d of the orinciplo Ox volant ary r.ma you may eventually r gain ynur f r e be patient and co oner ate with the He further told the. that ho would, to the fulfilment of tlx principle the United 'rations'* and nro :isod t] to come to Taiwan in Nro e China. “ ; the PONs to be eat lent and to cone questionable whether it would have

Chi ang Kai-shek sent a message je China would continue to ^ onforc ;...ont of tho ‘epLncipie rar.ted message was distributed threv :a th , radio network of t Cl.:', a*' g s aid, "I believe the esiro t j Goo the eni'or cement triatior. ox the PC ns. So that dom, it is necessary th at you H O for tlx next few months.'* "pay close ocrsonal attention of voluntary repatriation by aat they would "bo oerii.itted rad not President Chi .mg mavis oc orate with the II rC, it is been possible to make them

i iio v c into the Demilitarized Zone under the custody oi the Indian ;u ards wither t b lo cashed.

On So eteloxr 8, 1 ,;p3 the non-ror) atri itos be the Demilitarized Zone. They were loaded by sh: Island for Inchon and from there they wore out o for tho LI holding cam is it ] un s in before being o.l: the custody of th.. I IRC. On Sootomber 11 tho v a: nr Chinese anti- communist P0'v3 onto red the newly built

to x.ove into ^ of Cheju ; .ins headed l.v .rod into and of ll|, 700 tent- city

in the Demilitarized Zone. They wore undershirts stamped with the Chinos o rational “Blue 3 ky and vhitc Sun1’ flag. having Republic of China flays, they wore all in high spirits. Coon discovering the or os one o of communist soldiors and newspapermen who wore pooping through the barbed wire, som.o defiant Chinese PO'v's who could not contain their 1 shook their fists and

shouted n death to tho communists." . _ . rrlod rocks and cursed

the communist observers. One angry Chi:: of: e .anti- cor. ion is t POb suddenly slugged a Bed Chinese interpreter . Others shouted,

•’he will go back to the Chinese mainland and kill Fao and crvmh the stooges ane running dogs of Russia. be are do ton dned to go to Taiwan to join the anti-coi munist camp."

"hxplan ation" Site

Bofor^ the "explanations'' began, the ii C and the feds wrangled over f .cilities th .t each had provided for the other explanation te a is . The UB 0 had to provided enou gh s pa.ee to facilit ,t„ the "explanation"' by th co.ir .unists to 22 , 5>00 anti- cor munis t POBes nd the co-.-i; lunists had to iu^nish the facilities for the ex. kg i ‘h. on to dpi Allied and Perth Korean PO.'S.

By the end of Sopte xp, vriori c an .. rg.nuurs, under tho supervision of th.o Indian Custndi .n Fore . , h as out up 16 largo tents v/hich could hold at least 2y PO* s on ore side of a barricade md 2$ "exm! in ;rs " and obs rv era on tho other.

But tho co i purists had constructed only 5 s:. all huts, 9 by 15 feet each, for the explanations to the b'W,rican, British, and South Korean solBiors who r fused to go hone. In a letter of September 2?> I .'.3 3 to the 'BBC, 'rig .da or Kncr .1 a. L. :Baat 1 on , Heed of the UB Beoatri .tion 3roup, r. jeetod the con jurist con- structed sites, pointing out that tho i .cilities were .,nt. roly ursatisf actory in point of design, location and layout.

fhe If C d / anded that the rk -provided facilities be moved to a near location sine ; the one chosen by the co.e.unists was too clos , to the co jpounds occupied by the balky PO’vs. On

tho oth '".and, addition to th October 12, the corn slot ;d 20 oi ' B BC that th., r October 21. T hoy r T Ik and tho ridiculo1

tln Be s demanded the IffC to sot up, in IS tents alre ady built, 28 more tents. By American engineers, working double quick, had the 32 11 explanation." tents ...nd informed the

mining t sots would

shed not later than

however, rushed to co mpletion on October began on October Ip.

an-’

ashy

for n .explanation"

According to f irugraph 8 of the "Ter. s of Reference for ibBC, 11 tks BFBC, '’alter having r Ceivod and taken into custody all those PO *7s ... , V~ ,11 immediately make arrangements so that within 90 days (3 at wb.-r 2p to Dec labor 23* lf5 3 inclusive) aft r th, afRC t f : ,s over th custody, the nations to which the PO 7s b long shall have fr do and facilities to send r pre- sent it i vos to the location wi n each ?0 vs ire in custo dy to explain to .ill the POb's d m nding mon these nations their rights 9 no to inform them of any matter r. 1 iting to their re- turn to their homeland, particularly of t air full rr . , dom to return home to lead a peaceful life." 'The uu : ' f such

mxolain ,rs sh 11 not exc eo s .vm per thousand . . all

•explanations and interviews shall be conduct, « . a presence

cf - representative of e ach number ration of thw m rod a ■\or sentativo from, tile detaining s i •• e .

Irticle 3 under Section I " hmr al“ of the ; - of Be-

f -r.,nco for Fi RC" states, ‘To force or threat oi r .« rc > shall b.; us,d against th PO vs ... and no violence to taeir persons or affront to their dignity or self-respect shall be permit t

in any manner 1’or any purpose whatsoever. 11 This principle was ruitorit. d in Articles 1 and 2 under Section I "General Provisions” of the detailed rules covering interviews and "explanations " to anti- communist POWs as published on September 30, 1953 by the NNRC .

According to Article 8, b unc . avion III "Explanation” of the "Terms of Reference for NNRC, " the NNRC was entrusted to determine the hours for "explanation" in accordance with Article 53 of the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of POWs . The HIT H C later announced that the work of "explana- tion" shall be carried out each day of the week, except Sundays, from 07:30 a.m. to 16:30 p.ra. , with a lunch interval of one hour .

After the announcement of the 23-point rules covering interviews and "explanations" on September 30, Allied officers charged that the NNRC rules for "explanation" Were inimical to the UN principle of voluntary repatriation. Article 8 in the NNRC rules r^ ids, "Several explanations and interviews to the same group of POWs or the sajrie individual prisoner are per- missible within the tin, or sedb^d in Article 8 of the "Terms of Reference of MPEG." ...s t:,e rules recuiro that all prisoners attend individual rep eated inter vi wc, the allied officers pointed out that the regulations appir.ntly followed the communist line and virtually ignored th. ; desire of the UNC for guarantors against R^d intimidation t aeries . Disregarding the UNC protest, Lieutenant General K. S, Thinayya, Indian Chairman of the NNRC, flatly turned down the UNC demand on the ground that the rules Were drafted and unanimously approved by the 5- nation NNRC.

Brain- was hi ng

The 90-day period for brain- washing should have begun on September 25* 1953# but the work, owing to various reasons, was delayed. Upon the request of the NNRC on October 13# the communists started to practise their brain-wishing tactics on the anti -communist PONs on Thursday, October 15, 1953# at 2:0 p.ra.

While 300 ’explanation"

For the first day of "explanation," 96 communist "explainers" were assigned to r.u • et the anti- Com:, ..uni st POWs at the rate of approxi. .at ly 300 persons a day.

Chinese anti -communist POWs shuffled toward thn tents, their compatriots were ban shouting "Death to Mao Tse-tung."

"I need no explanation. I as ns the anti- communist comp. " During communist POWs ridiculed, cursed.

ix planners

'J-W

Staff Correspondent from Kor inci dent'1 .

First, one clover whore ho saw on,, of the on a small wooden table,

upon

J ePS

oxam ,r .

The ” oxpl liner " almo s t

Another P0W, carrying a Chi lay and White Sun," entered the " top of his voico the anti -communist Mainland and Wipe Out the Commun ignored what the communist "exol

igin	C \-o	p ans	and	C JlI "bo Cj.lIS	and
K	!oi	O, 1 f o e x	tile	10 Ws s hout e d.
olv	vJ	p -u Q L e	go to	Taiwan	to join
; th	.O	i! eA ’ '	lan at	ion, " th	.e anti-
and	insu	ltod	the co inn	uni st
KOI	t	ed by	the	Central	News
• ”		were	s eve	ral inte	resting
l *■ ;n	,t	.ring	tile	" exp 1 ana	.tion" tent
Si	X	a lain	or z "	r a: ting	his elbows
.ho	t	able	aw:, ig	from cho	"ox-
■ fe	1	1 fin	t or	, T'aCe	•
.neS	0	nat i	oe,al	_ .CO a. O X	II PI t -i jD-LUG
exol	ainti	on" t		;ir;g at the
st	s	n p rr 11	Fight	•> 'J	the
st	3	audit	3 "	E	v,tely
A vo • . ..i tie	r	" had	to s	J./ lx X	m.

k third P07, slar-ining his i’cot or the chair and banging his fist on the table, cursed the co a unist ''explainor1’ in the r.ost insulting laiagu ago .

Still another o ole- looking bey, with his arr:s folded inside his slu-eVos in the tynic.al Cl ' w .y, gladly accented

the invit .tier to sit down and list .. . v; mtively to the

co; -.: -unist "oxolainer. " then he was .shed whether he would li’ a, to go bo. cl.: to led China, l Ivj 3 udde.nly whipped out a stick fror: his sleeve and whacked at the head af the cora.unist "ox- plainer" before the Indi an guards could intervene.

One PCI s id, h have lost confidence in the aialnland

an;-

he w .

l w

freeQO

. an d

know-

the 1

aws in

T-a

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that

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s all

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the

isl

and of

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once

ov .

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tile F

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host of the PC. .? lied t the "wml a t i •• n" tents covered their oar 3 with t a ,ir a a. ...wa r -fur a t sit and listen.

stood with

a c

+■

O e/ i ae

c • unist

:nl liners . "

So. ..e said, when asked to ; baca h . t s e their -ar ents, ''lay parents were kill.: bn you m ■ unists, Russian running dogs, I I an go in , t •• a aw a. Und -r tha, 1 ; •• dor ship of Pre- sident Chi nog n.ni-shek. We shall fi aht back to the :■ .ainl'-nd and liquidate co. aounis . "

,cc rdi'ig t the statistics 'published b:~ the : 1 RC °n r 'Vo: :ber 16, 195.3? 94-2 Chinese PObs had und.org ::e the process oi " .xa lan ati n" an October lp and 17 mo ave- ber Ij. and 5?

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wore trained under the supervision of the Cha- in Inch a uva instruction from Peiping. C a a a nrot.rs, they infiltrated into the

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Fore- t 1 w rk as c-: aiunist so:

The Indians gradually adopted Censures, int n:t-i . r ally or unintentionally, which Were -advantage vs to the cm. unists. For one thing, t’- Indians confiscated two radios brought by

the PODS to	the	In-’ i a	n V	ilia	(? y o •	. i.	op	ar ..	ntl;
to hi	ackout	nei:	s r or	the	PC i	s fre	1	t	he	fr-.
	The if'	HC,	under	the	I.. a	dersh	i	P	ol	the
Lieut	n ant	Dene	ral K.	n o .	Thi	1 y. o - • " <x o			.. a u ■ . .	th.
f \v r	able t	••• th	.e c >i ■	uni	sts	leSOIi	t		1.
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an 1 r	adi. .
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h' '

chosen t r turn t • c"- iris".. This act! n er th.. vrt >f the Indi .n Oust dim F re ; is f 1 ^;r:.nt vi l'tjxn f the "Terrs x Icfc.renco x r ,..10." In a st .t .rot issue..'. m January 2, lv54, For ;i,yr rinistur fe-mgo K. C. 2hh n mt.J out that

t h In 13. • m t r •'-•os in thh.r betrayal in the., beginning on I. th ir istic . Igr , o on screening was t.v ;n thre.it -.mi t take t ' - c r ... jn the ?,n t j. - c

1-e £ -e ll.

cr_ec t -ii-

is “in "shown

.e trust which	j- -	le Ud C o i l ol ic... in then
their i r - g	3°	. ,'f thv i.r in I Hit cry
The re act i	n	in If r_r to th - illegal
re vi lent.	• ;v. j.	a Hw public -f Iv r.i
eti -:i ay inst	tv	t Indi ens unless tf.ey c.e

.. unist PO.s.

Do te 'I 1 .jloe.se

■’Th;:. bitter winter will sc on mass :.n 1 soring

n it;

■ jay

r \i :1 f;.-

i . Chi an g Kfv-shdr or Dm ib-r 17 p 1^33 in a

stirring radio sicech te th. anti-coirrurist Chi

further til" th..; r Ob's, "In Free Chino., w r sunshine or., awaiting to welcmc 'i Free da. ,i. "

u ie v. x

you, who

KTJs . She

..•J. ::g in .1

tie S' .h i

-iCC'r in: .».• .l n ^ •-x.ij _• '-v.. • .

: to Paragraph 11 of the llihrr.s •••!* H e . for

t the irrcisticc Igro .....rt, the C • .is si n shall .eel ire the- relief fr >a the ?0r; st tus to civil! m st: tus of any ?0 s wh. h o/e not exercise 1 their right tx be r . vatriated an for whore no -ther liso sitirn his b .on ~gro .. " to by the Political Confer one •• within 120 a*- s aft ..r the Co lesion has

assume 1 their custody. In view of the fact th t the Political Conference has failed to t ko place bef • - ro January 22, 1954? it is clean that no agree' Us position • f such PO is has been reached 'in . that they should bo restore ■ t: their civilian

status .

.t his or ss c mfor nc.

19>3? Secretary -. f 3t t , Jahn P sto.1 Dull

. n on f evarabar 17.

itice provisions or., cl.

.loci a:

The

*11 prisoners who have

not eba

h as	b ,	_.n	->-5a
giv	en	*L» li.'	ir
J .	u ir	y 22,
he 1	a	t t	h t
the	ir	y. r .	e e •.
r--'U s	t b	v>	ele
the	or	v^li	a. in
S pc	ci a	i u	ni t
a a	a’ a s	s	■p.
lib	ert	IvjS	f «i •
		oil	■ .wi;
the	bn	it..	'v_L

eO.itri ti n, an " t a vhc* i no tli or disposition eed t by th.. Political Conference, sh .11 be fr. .. ... :..f ter 120 ays. This peri- . on Is n

1954* -even if nr political C< m .ruoco has bc,,n tin, the prisoners n that ate shoul receive

s t at a.,', er.t eiiph --.sizing t

in ni

t civil! an s t ■ - 1 u s b} ‘ J - nu ; .Ik t c nvene the E r an

t the POhs ry 22, 1954 hiring '1: tic al Ci ni\,r..nco.

ai n

inv

orthur I'l . Dean cunclai. .

vici ‘us assault n hue. an rights, human sairit .n-:l

1954

1 1 n s rldr t

GeP.e r .1 t ke UP

■ ini -i th , lr v e ’ll... eii t ,f India that soi bly r..c nvv.no n ]?ebru iry 9,

U he VhC

n quest! n, the

Indian Chair- van -i the r"’RC, Lieutenant G-an..r .1 II. 3. Thir.iayya,

.v.asive c n c ’ n in g t h . , - die' u 1

.1,.

f tie. PO s

at 00:01 an J mu .ay 21? 1 . 54* The 11 RC sent n Dec- „ her 28,

1933

request t

the j". C an .1 th c -'-..a. unists ashing whether

tho U!-TC on 1 the Re Is wi

t i rec n.si h.r the r ,le

-t . fix<

in tho -mist ice ygro-orient. T a this request, kn^r .il Jolin

lull.

nito-

ns C

ce.ph't' call'' stated, th" t

the PO'Vs waul be free 1 at one seem 1 after ai .night on January 22, 1954* Sine the co uiunists are opp' se-.l t- tho r , lease of the mis mors, the ' IRC pay have t- d.cile wa it t- >• after ...ii '-night u J mu ary 22. Since the !"'-'RC will c-e.ase t functi n after 39 l".ys i 11 ;wing the t . rain vti n -f the "oxpl-n ati n" peri.- Lieutenant 1- moral T, s. Thi nyya is r. n rtel. t: ba.vo sail th . t d mu 11 h ve t : rele so 11 the n -n-r.. a atri ates .

Urging the In :• ns t aos-rve th.. t . n s 1 the amistico igreeaieiit, the Chin .s. anti-c - -unist PObs put • n a a l ustra- tion -n J--.nu -ry 7? 1954 vr--thin the x.msd- fi In li an tillage

an 1	st	'V	-	hunger	stri	p J ■ n
cm J	anu	.ry	5	i c bii ? — / j-\-	b;-; U	P that tl;
rude	p!	ans	t	o -aseic	■i h-	?0 ' .' 3 t
t -le 'j	c ann >	t	wait u"	mil	y light
thv/y	wi	11	ba-	gu i ' e	1 out	t t : ar Is
1 ->uN	a o j -j	p ^ r , •	rs	.Ir i		unted ,.n

u. iry 8. It was als- re .-■ rtel .... US 0 tli _r y in Korea had.

.rch out t fr. eJ.o-i... If n t he ■ rning ,f Janu. ry 23, the r -uth by se re hi x gluts ..nd hills .1 tag the r ute t -> freed

^ riJ.

.dding PO'.-s r Struggle

-s •. ■ arly as m Oct -ber o, 1953 General H .rk :i . Clark led ,r . ' that the bvi us and taurd choice of the C incse

ant j - c wounist ?0 :s is t g t T iwin.1’ Ho pointed cut that 11 there is nothing in the ohms < f Reference which prevents th , s e P0:/s wh r fuse r -p tri iti n t c. i ana m f r- : j going to Iiiwii. ,j It is lately disci sod by inf r a urc , that the visit of General J. hn a. Hull, United h ti nr J . under, and thor .istinguisho.l vnric m guests t Taiwc.r, ' in alize J

plans f r shipping the inti- cor : unist Ppi/s t ww China.

*ith the purpose ox' aidin'; the Chinese anti-co i. "unist jtC'7 s, tho dr a China Do .aittee ion -idan.; Anti-coi luuist Chinos e PObs in Korea, co,-. )3?isf - f :|)i ' civic bodies in ' Taiwan, st -• pod a bio rail; o c . . 10,000 is o l.e in

i:\ioei on October 7 to protest ■ • ■ at the brutal acts ox*

the Indian Custodian iorco vixen Chi esc ahti-co. -lurist PCls war, Iliad b the Indian troops. Tho Co-ainittoo and its ...o- :bor units have cent- a Dually cabled their views in su hi rt ox the P0 ;s to the United 1 tions, the President oi the United states, the President oi th dooubl: c of Korea, an I t no United ations Co jieind, asdina; then to a- here to the -rinciolo p.t voluntary ron ■'trintj on.

of or ,

; Chi

°nti

- co

■ munis

PC;

x v. . th

WvPv

t r ans

f erred

to the

rull

'/ill

■»

C! ' "a

t at avc

iro;, .

civic

b a j

os in

h;, x C

hi'

‘h 'h

V 3_ S .*

t ,

O'-

Oho ju

1 - n d

and a

*,o • r? . ya

tod

t '.n

h a

S_ j_

s . 0

, • - "h y

r r.

3j Ian

Or.

J. ..,;n

■' Liu

Chiir.

:.n

ry\ ^ .. t J

■ ' V. .

? % , 1

Cro

S3, t o

r' y

th iV

Wj th

r are

° ont

atives

v a

: ( us

ics

in .ir

Chi

na, tp' Ve "

n "0

- •' "7

aop v',

a a

•1 :-t

1 n

svii

o . jnt

i ort

o d r

lx of

itc-is

asuro

tons

';’.C 'US

■:.y

coid.'’1

n it

OotteP

th In

•• '■ ■ _> ■> 3

“G

■ f

had to

hand

re t

' j ir

if t?

thr u

i- s Q

r j

d ■

Or os

r~l

the

lad

•an i ,

Ores

s f o r

ale L: v

O'**, r

Last to hither

Only in the coldest days of the year do peoole see that the pine and the cypress ■are the last tress to wither.

- The Confucian Analects -

CHAPTER TWO

THEY MARCH TO FREEDOM

Having rejected communism in favor of freedon at the risk of their lives, the former Chinese pri'sov' '-*3 of war in Korea have written a glorious page of history, rive days after they had marched out of the Indian Village, the ex- POWs landed on the soil of Free China. With unwavering determination, they have won the victory of their struggle with the communists. ‘‘It is a great blow to the cormiunists, “ the Few York Times said editorially,

■'for it means that the communist oligarchs can never again be certain of their hold over subjects who now know that they can find freedom in the Free World.

Indian Decision

Paragraph 11 under Article IV ''Disposition of POWs" of the ■'Terms of Reference for the Heutral Rations Repatriation Commis- sion (FNRC ) " provides that "the I IRC shall declare the relief from the POW status to civilian status of any PC is who have not exercised their right to be repatriated and for whom no othca? disposition has been agreed to by the Political Conference within 120 days after the IRC has assumed their custody." As the Political Conference on Korea has failed to take place before January 22, lRui-!-* it should be generally accented that no other agreement regarding the disposition of such POWs exists. There- fore, the POWs should be im ediately given their civilian status in place of their POWs status.

•/hen the United Fations Command insisted that the POWs be released on January 23, 1954 according to the Armistice Agreement and the co m .unists stubbornly de landed that more ti. e be given for further ' ,xol nation, " Lieutenant General K. 3. Tliiw.ayya, Chairman ol the FFRO, declared on January lip that the 22,000-odd Chinese and Forth Korean POWs in the neutral zone would be turned back respectively to the united Rations Command and the communists on January 20. The Indian Chairman said, "The Indian Custodian Force wonts to wash its hands ox the job because it cannot oro- oerly declare that it is able to carry out all the armistice terras and release the prisoners as civilians or the agreed deadline - January 2R." He further tied a string to his announcement by warning that it would be illegal for the UFC and the com unists to free the POWs after they had been returned to them. The Indian Custodian Force would turn back the men as prisoners, not as civilians. In so doing, the Indian Chair 'an oluced u con the UFC the burden of determining unilaterally whether the POWs might be role a s e d an d p r mi 1 1 e d tv,o co :: . : u. lists to c 1 e.i n t ha t the UT 0 action was illegal.

On January 16, ion oral John h. Hull, Commander of the United

announced that he would ignore the Indian warning lease the anti- covmnunis t POWs as civ: lians on January

iv ^ said, 1 1 1 shall

Fat ions Fo r cos, an d • ;cu 1 d

23. In a letter to General Thinayya, General hull said, accent the anti- communist POWs to be turned over on January 20, The United rations Command will honor its obligation to treat they as being fully entitled to their freedom as civilians on Jar v. ary 23.'' In sun port of General Hull’s ar.no t n cement , Henry Sir dam, Press Officer of the U.S. State Depart

in m shington.

said, that the United States still insisted that ..11 unreontriated POWs in Korea be returned to civilian status at xaiu-.nm ht of January 22.

Freedom Day

Anticipating the release of the Chinese PC 's in Korea, the Chinese Government and civic bodies sent two missions to Korea.

function of the one led by Major Gonc^ Finis try of Defense was to receive • other, which was composed by Huang he the Legislative Yuan, Chi on 3ze-liang,

Lai I ling- tang of China the PO':'Ts;

— s u, Vice President President of the Taiwan

vers: ty and Fang Chih, Secretary Gen Jo-Mittee for Aiding the Anti-cov rcunist took upon itself to extend to the PC is Free China unon their release.

.oral of the Free China Chinese POWs in Korea the good wisbes from.

At 08 : ep a,,i. on January 20, the Chinese and Forth Korean PDFs marched to their freedom. In long columns, the freed neople poured out of the neutral zo.n to the south along a barbed-wire lane, having the ‘'Blue Shy and ,hitc Sun'* flag o_ the republic of China and singing anti- cow .unist songs, the Chinese P0 s regained their freedom. This triui.i hnnt da; cli axed thoi:-» three-year battle against being returned to the control of co nmu nisei.

is soon as he lei t the neutral zone, one Chinese boy said,

"he did not sloe. a all night because wo vea. afraid that the co-i- iunists would attach us md lore., us beck. Ah were determined to ."he in the compound rather than to go north."

For the roc out ion and train snort at ion oi the freed ?07s, the ul C had made careful and thorough planning. As o arly as January 16, a tent city, na.ud As cor: City, was erected. Asco : City lies about four hours by true” fro:, the loading -.ant south of the Indian Village. The freed neople were required to w ..Ik about one and a half ...lies to the loading point fro a where they wore transported to isco. . City in 30 tru ck- convoys .

A huge decorate . steel arch marked the watrarce of As con City ’o the truck- convoys of the released Chines... PC vs arrived at - iinute intorv ils, After having received Co h .in equie ent aid laving their First .leal outside the barb-wir^ co apound, they wore :ahon to Inchon to board the waiting LSTs.

Bach LST carried fro,: Glo to 1 , 0 lip en. The first of the Ip LSTs sailed fro . Inchon for K, clung it 0e:0p a. an on January 21 and the last .it p:4.> p, . On. hundred an Forty two sic .: and wound o il persons arc f 1ot u to Taiwan by U.3 . military tr 'assorts.

bhen the anti-co. muni t C. an so w on the hi dn sc as, the united tions aid-night on January 22, declared the and lorth Korean PC s civilians.

e r e s a i 1 1 n g for Fr e o Chi nu.

Co ...land, t one second after fr uh an t i - c or i .u n i s t Chin e s e

In a si . ale cwr.mony Bight h Army Kea&qu rters Taylor and i ijor General cialize the h in " -over of to Free China.

at Ip : 00 n.'w. . or J mu ary 23 in the U.3. in Korea, Lieutenant General Maxwell Lai I i n > t an g si gn o d do cuine nt s to offi- tho Id, 220 Fro. d Chinese iron the Ul.'C

In observance of the " Anti- co .£ uniat Fr D . , •*

China, factory sirens whistled, church and t...r:pl - "* 1 lirnlanes «: rorned cloud 3 of leaflets, doves of n ac ■oaring circles. At 10; 00 : ,u. in the morning oi J

in Free

y* ' Ti O'

-11.' p 3

W 23, over

000 -wo ;lo j aimed the square in front of the TeJaa . - y tribute to the loyal sons of Free China who ha torod their civilian status. The huge rally decif ■>y 23 (one- two -throe ) "Anti-co anunist Freedom D 1 a ,t . d ev ory year .

C. -c. Hall a. at been . c i lake to be

Home Coming

Upon the arrival of the Chinese Anti- communist ex-POWs, the residents in Tainei virtually went wild with joy. Thousands of jubilant people jammed the streets to welcome the patriots. do v eminent official0, v '.sines smen as well as p j0pie from all walks of life rushv.^. me into the streets to Have a glimpse of their returning fellow countrymen.

Through their own choice, the Chinese ex-FOWs were sent bach to Taiwan by the United rations Command. A barrage of fire-crackers and de.;fening cheers greeted the home-coming boys. Led by 00 lice motor- cycles , bicycle riders from the Youth Anti-cov.iuunist and rational Salvation Corps, and military bands on trucks, the truck- convoys could hardly move along the road. people fought to shake hands with the returnees .

These boys seemed in high spirits. Some ot them exchanged words with the on- lookers while others, moved by the warmth of tk welcome accorded them, failed to hold back their tears.

The lp grey LSf s of the U.S. navy carried llj.,073 ex-POVs to the misty port of Keelung, where so ;e 10,000 people braved the rain to welcome them. Large quant ies of gifts were showered on them. Tung Chung- chien, a. native of Kunming, was the first to set foot on the soil of free China.

"I aril too harpy to find anything to say, ,! the mark slender returnee said.

In si .ole but solemn ceremonies at the port of ‘eelun.g, the returnees 'were greeted, by re -resent at ives of t • 0 Central }overn lent and the Provincial Government and 01 ficials of the Keelung I unicioality. In appreciation of the warmth of the welcome, one representative of the returnees sail, " hen we carried on the struggle against co unis wo had nothing to depend upon except our will power and deter, ination. ivory one of us had been pro 'ared to sacrifice our lives at any time for our cause. ... Joining the anti-co .unis t camp in Taiwan, we shall double our effort to recover the China mainland, md liquidate co •r-iunism. "

Freedom Village

Before the \r ! 7 \1 of the ex- P0Tvs, the L'xecutivo Yuan ordered the cstabl: eh ent of an ''mmlo; ant Advisory Bureau5' to take overall charge of the reception, education and the re- settlement of the returnees. In a ok, t ion to this Bureau, a Co wiittoe, composed of Premier Chen Chong and other cabinet ranking notables, has been organized to consider end discuss problems relating to the returnees.

Throe army camps at Strawberry Ville, Big Lake, and Lower Lake in the district of Peach Orchard, about one hour by train to the south of Taipei, have been set up to accom- modate the returnees. These camps, neat mid clean, arc newly built. The returnees are well-fed and are -reviled with recreational facilities .

In addition to providing their needs, th. ^v.r:i ent pays each person UT a month to cover their personal expense .

The first week in the Freedom Villages was given to relaxation and recreation. Stage shows and concerts were staged to entertain the boys. Sports equipment, playing cards.

etc, were present to then by various business and cultural groups in Taiwan.

To cover the ho me- coming of the ex-POf s, 17 foreign corresnondents , including Hebert Scia'-re of the International i: ews Service, Lee liartin of the U.3. and world deport,

Hyoichi Anano of the iainichi Shimbun, arrived In Taioei at 9 a.n. on January 29. iree to interview the returnees, they were deeoly touched b the stories told by the ex-POJs about their lives under the rule of communism.

On January 31» renresentatives of the Kuomintang Central Co -r.it tee, the Women's Inti- Aggress ion League, and the Chinese Harmonica association visited and entertained the loyal returnees at the three Freedom Villages. The renresentatives of the > uonmntang Central Corirnittee, headed by Secretary General Chang Chi-yun, were warmly greeted by the returnees and regaled with nusic olayed on their hone-made instruments . Addressing the returnees, I r. Chang commended them for the unflinching spirit and boundless courage which they had shown uring their long period oi confinement. He urged- then to maintain this unflagging devotion to their country and to contribute their share towards the recovery of the mainland. To show their gratitude .for the concern shown b, the 7uo,.iintang renresentatives, the loyal returnees offered hr. Chang a banner dyed in blood as a symbol ox their love for their country.

The next day, Jovernor 0. K. Yui led a group ox more than 50 high provincial ofxicials to visit the loyal sons of China.

They brought wit them a vast quantity oi ares exits for the returnees, such as fish, nor", wire and cigarettes.

On February 3? which happened to be the lunar new year,

120 renresentatives o . the returnees naid their respects to President Chi an g Kai-shek. The President told them that their return to Free China was life a family union. On the eve of the lunar new year, General Kwei Yung- ching brought to the nat riots on behali of the President lorey gifts wrapped in red envelopes. The sick and wounded received ;o re 'than others.

.education and Ho- settlement

The llj., 000-odd fori or POV/s from Korea, divided into 120 groups, began on February 6 their 12- we eh orientation and. voca- tional training courses. The o sowing ccr_ ony , which included oath- taking and signing pledges to fight for the anti- communist cause, was nresided over by high ranking officials of the mmsloyncat Advisory Luroau. The education program is directed tow rds the following. (1) Jo familiarize the returnees with the progress that has been brought about in Taiwan, (2) To .sake then understand the current world situation, (3) To acquaint them with the strength of the armed forces of Free Chino., (i|) To study th - ways and means of liquidating communism and recovering the mainland, (p) To increase their fundamental knowledge, and (6) To assist thorn to fulfill their duties tow rds their country.

The curriculum inc udes the following: (1) Livelihood Education, (2) Fundamental Knowledge, (3) Intern. Lions.1 Situation, (4-) Communist Activities, (5) 13u sic and. Shorts, f^) Theories ox the rational devolution, (7) Hocroationnl Acti .* ties, and (8) Visits. Upon completion oT the 12 -wo ok tr g course,

the returnees were given free choice to ent ^ w lk of life in Free China.

It w.as th o established policy ol the government that while none of the r turnecs would be conscripted, volunteers who desired to join the armed forces • were welcomed. The average ago of the returnees is 27. They - wore given the opportunity to engage in agricultural and industrial! production. "The Clovoanment, " said Premier Chon Cheng, 1 do its best to assist

thorn In finding jobs of tod r own choice. They should also recognize the hardship now facing the Chinese people in Taiwan and should share th life of the neople here. They should also sun port the national policy recovering the mainland to the best of their individual ability.'*

Significance of Horne- coming

The principle of voluntary repatriation is something now.

The., successful implementation of the nrinci )le oi voluntary reoa- triatj on has o 3oned a now chapter of International Law.

fully aw-ar ■ of the significance of the principle oi voluntary repatriation, th. communists fought with might and main on the battlefield and at the conference table to prevent its successful implementation. The termination of th tx-POes not to go back to communist control represents, in th;. vords of r loader of the io public of Korea, “the .ost re sound! n.g ideological defeat of communis a in its history." Hung L n-yu, Secretary 3- ,n oral of the Chinese ; ti n .1 Assembly, pointed out that "the return of th ex-POVs from Korea represents a .oral victory of freedom o v o r e n s 1 av erne n t . "

The ho ac -coming of the ox-POHs also servos to underscore the fact that the communist punnet regime in Peiping does not enjoy the support of ^coolo . .expressing his welcome and concern for tho returnees. President Chiang Kai-shek, in a state iont issued on tlx. eve o their arrival in free China, s '.id, ‘'aero the -ooplo on the mainland given the s mo chance, they, too, would not hesitate to fight for their freedom in the heroic manner •as has been demonstrated by these compatriots." The return ox tho ox- 10 ms •gives hone to all oooolo und r communist oppres- sion. They now know that they can find freedom in tho free World.

Punishments vs. Rules of Propriety If you guide the people by political means and make them behave with punishments, they will try to evade your orders and be without any sense of honor. If you guide the people by moral means and ,.ake them behave with rules of r ooriety, they will full

sense of honor and walk in the right path.

■acts -

The Confucian A’