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CHIROPTERA OF THE
GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS:
BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH INDEXES BY SPECIES
AND MAJOR SUBJECT AREAS
RESEARCH/RESOURCES MANAGEMENT REPORT SER-56
Vu.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
SOUTHEAST REGION
UPLANDS FIELD RESEARCH LABORATORY GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK TWIN CREEKS AREA CATLINBURG, TENNESSEE 37738
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1 . Research reports which directly address resource management problems in the parks.
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CHIROPTERA OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS: BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH INDEXES BY SPECIES AND MAJOR SUBJECT AREAS
Research/Resources Management Report SER-56
by
Alan Rabinowitz Graduate Program in Ecology
University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee 37916
January 1982
U.S. Department of the Interior
National Park Service
Southeast Regional Office
Natural Science and Research Division
75 Spring Street, S.W.
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
Rabinowitz, Alan. 1982. Chiroptera of the Great Smoky Mountains: Bibliography with Indexes by Species and Major Subject Areas. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Research/Resources Management Report SER-56. 24 pp.
ABSTRACT Of the 40 species of bats known to occur within the United States, 15 occur within Tennessee and/or North Carolina and 10 species occur within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This bibliography was an attempt to document much of the literature concerning bat research and species occurrence in the park and surrounding southeastern states. The bibliography cites approximately 235 books, theses, journal articles, and pieces of correspondence; these cover 117 years, from 1864 to 1981, and are primarily ecological in nature. The majority of the literature was obtained from major scientific journals and from the files and library facilities of the author, the University of Tennessee, and the Tennessee Valley Authority. In addition to the bibliography, two indexes were constructed to allow the reader a quick and efficient means of locating references for particular bat species and/or major subject areas.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the Great Smoky Mountains Natural History Association for its support of the work reported here. The present report is one of a series of bibliographies being developed for the biota, soils, geology, and environment of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The need for such a series was first expressed by a committee made up of representatives from the Interpretation and Resources Management Divsions of Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Uplands Field Research Laboratory. Peter White of Uplands Laboratory supervised the project.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page.
ABSTRACT i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
INTRODUCTION 1
METHODS A
TAXONOMIC CHANGES 5
BIBLIOGRAPHY 6
INDEX OF BAT SPECIES 21
INDEX OF MAJOR SUBJECT AREAS 23
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Bat species that occur within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the states of
Tennessee and North Carolina 2
2 Major books of reference concerning bats 3
I
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2012 with funding from
LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation
http://www.archive.org/details/chiropteraofgreaOOrabi
INTRODUCTION
Approximately 40 species of bats are known to occur in the United States (Barbour and Davis 1969, Mohr 197 6). Of these, 15 (38 percent) occur in Tennessee and/or North Carolina and 10 (25 percent) occur in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) (Table 1). Despite this fact, very little research has been conducted on bats in the southeastern United States. Although the primary objective of this bibliography was to document the literature concerning bat research in GRSM and the surrounding southeastern states, it became necessary to broaden the scope of the project. Many species of bats, like birds, can undergo seasonal migrations. Banded individuals of species such as the Little Brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) and the Indiana bat (M. sodalis) have been recaptured 290 to 300 miles away from their original capture points (Barbour and Davis 1969). Therefore, when dealing with the ecology of such animals, it became necessary to consider the literature of each species from a broad geographic range. Finally, some books (Table 2) were included in the bibliography because they were considered to be important to the overall topic of bat ecology.
Due to the plethora of literature concerning most temperate bat species, it would be incorrect to assume that this bibliography is complete for any of those species. In order to maintain some constraints on the size of the bibliography, most of the literature that has been included is ecological in nature. Literature concerning laboratory-oriented research in areas such as cytology and genetics, for example, was sharply curtailed although not completely eliminated. Furthermore, a sufficient number of general and review papers have been incorporated so that one may obtain additional references by using these general references.
Table 1. Bat species that occur within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the states of Tennessee and North Carolina.
SPECIES
GRSM
TENN
N. CAROLINA
Eptesicus fuscus - Big Brown Bat
Lasionycteris noctivagans - Silver-Haired Bat
Lasiurus borealis - Red Bat
Lasiurus cinereus - Hoary Bat
Lasiurus seminolus - Seminole Bat
Myotis austroriparius - Southeastern Bat
Myotis grisescens - Gray Bat^
Myotis keenii - Keens Bat
Myotis leibii - Least Bat
Myotis lucifugus - Little Brown Bat
Myotis sodalis - Indiana Bat^
Nycticeius humeral is - Evening Bat
Pipistrellus subf lavus - Tri-Colored Bat
Plecotus raf inesquii - Southern Big-Eared Bat
Tsarida brasiliensis - Mexican Free-Tailed Bat->
x
X
X
X
X X
X X X X X X X
X
X
X X X
Never officially collected in GRSM but most likely occurs there. Federally endangered species
3Deemed in need of management by the State of Tennessee and of special concern by the Tennessee Heritage Program
Federally endangered species
Recent documented range expansion into N. Carolina (Lee and Marsh, 1978)
Table 2. Major books uf reference concerning bats,
BATS by G. M. Allen. Dover Publications, New York. 1967. 368 pp.
BIOLOGY OF BATS by W. A. Wimsatt, Academic Press, London. 1970.
THE LIVES OF BATS by D. W. Yalden and P. A. Morris. Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co. 1975. 247 pp.
ABOUT BATS: A CHIROPTERAN SYMPOSIUM edited by B. H. Slaughter and D. W. Walton. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas. 1970. 339 pp.
LISTENING IN THE DARK by D. R. Griffin. Dover Publications, New York. 1974. 413 pp.
THE WORLD OF THE BAT by C. E. Mohr . J. B. Lippincott Co., New York. 1976. 162 pp.
BATS OF AMERICA by R. W. Barbour and W. H. Davis. University Press Kentucky. 1969. 286 pp.
THE WORLD OF BATS by A. Novick and N. Leen. Holt, Rinehart, New York. 1970.
Our basic approach in constructing the bibliography and the two indexes was historical in nature. Many of the early, classic papers, which are still relevant today, are included, along with the most recent and more sophisticated research. Thus, the bibliography cites approximately 235 books, theses, journal articles, and pieces of correspondence; these cover 117 years, from 1864 to 1981.
METHODS
Much of the literature in this bibliography came from the files of the author. In addition, the library facilities of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and the Tennessee Valley Authority were also used. Records of bat species found within GRSM were obtained from the mammal collection at the University of Tennessee Zoology Department, from Linzey and Linzey (1971), and from the author's personal files.
The major journals that were reviewed for bat literature included Wildlife Review, Journal of Wildlife Management, Journal of Mammalogy, Ecology, and Bat Research News. Other journals that occasionally contained relevant articles included Journal of Wildlife Diseases, American Naturalist, American Journal of Anatomy, Journal of Experimental Biology, Journal of Behavioral and Ecological Sociobiology, and Journal of Morphology.
The bibliography was arranged alphabetically by author. This was the easiest and quickest method and is standard practice for most major journals. In addition to the bibliography, two indexes were constructed to give the reader a quick and efficient means of locating references for particular bat species and /or major subject areas. The references within each index are also arranged alphabetically by author for each bat species end subject area. Thus, the most efficient use of this bibliography would be to go directly to the
indexes for the particular bat species and subject area that is being investigated. The references which are found in both places would be the most worthwhile to initially locate in the bibliography.
TAXONOMIC CHANGES
There are several taxonomic changes that may be confusing within the bibliography. The Southern Big-eared bat (Plecotus raf inesquii) was previously known as Corynorhinus raf inesquii, the Least bat (Myotis leibii) was once Myotis subulatus, and the Mexican Free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) was once Tadarida mexicana.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BATS IN THE REGION OF GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK
Allan, P. F. 19*+7 • Blue jay attacks red bats. J. Mammal. 28:180. Allen, G. M. 19^0. Bats. Harvard University Press. 368 pp.
Allen, H. lQ6h. Monograph of bats of North America. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 165.
Allen, H. 1893. A monograph of the bats of North America. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus . U3 .
Baker, W. W. , S. G. Marshall, and V. B. Baker. 1968. Autumn fat deposition in the evening bat (Nycticeius huraeralis). J. Mammal. 1+9:31^-317.
Baker, W. W. 1967- Myotis leibii leibii in Georgia. J. Mammal. ^8:lU2.
Barbour, R. W. , and W. H. Davis. 1969- Bats of America. University Press Kentucky, Lexington. 286 pp.
Barbour, R. W. , and W. H. Davis. 197*+. Mammals of Kentucky. University Press Kentucky, Lexington. 322 pp.
Barbour, R. W. , W. H. Davis, and M. D. Hassell. 1966. The need of vision in homing by Myotis sodalis. J. Mammal. 1+7:356-357.
Barclay, R. M. R. , and D. W. Thomas. 1979- Copulation call of Myotis lucifugus: a discrete situation-specific communication signal. J. Mammal. 60:632-63*+.
Barclay, R. M. R. , D. W. Thomas, and M. B. Fenton. 198O. Comparison of methods used for controlling bats in buildings. J. Wildl. Manage. UU: 502-506.
Barclay, R. M. R. , M. B. Fenton, and D. W. Thomas. 1979. Social behavior of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus. II. Vocal communication. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 6:137-l1+6.
Barkalow, F. S., Jr., and D. A. Adams. 1955- The seminole bat, Lasiurus seminolus, in North Carolina. J. Mammal. 36:^53-^5^.
Barkalow, F. S. , Jr., and J. B. Funderberg, Jr. i960. Probable breeding and additional records of the seminole bat in North Carolina. J. Mammal, kl: 391+-395.
Barr, T. C, Jr. 1961. Caves of Tennessee. Tennessee Dept. of Conservation and Commerce, Div. of Geology, Bull. No. 6k . 567 pp.
Barr, T. C. , Jr., and R. M. Norton. 1965- Predation on cave bats by the pilot black snake. J. Mammal. U6:672.
Beer, J. R. 1953. The screech owl as a predator on the big brown bat. J. Mammal. 3U:38U.
Beer, J. R. 195!+. A record of a hoary bat from a cave. J. Mammal. 35: ll6.
Beer, J. R. 1955. Survival and movements of banded big brown bats. J. Mammal. 36:2U2-2U8.
Beer, J. R. 1956. A record of a silver-haired bat in a cave. J. Mammal. 37:282.
Beer, J. R. , and A. G. Richards. 1956. Hibernation of the big brown bat. J. Mammal. 37:31-Ul.
Belvood, J. J. 1979- Feeding ecology of an Indiana bat community with emphasis on the endangered Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. Master's Thesis, Univ. Florida, Gainesville.
Belwood, J. J., and M. B. Fenton. 1976. Variation in the diet of Myotis
lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) . Can. J. Zool. 15: I67U-1678 .
Bishop, S. C. 19^7. Curious behavior of a hoary bat. J. Mammal. 28: 293-29U.
Bole, B. P. , Jr. 19^3. Myotis austroriparius (Rhoades) in Tennessee. J. Mammal. 2U:U03.
Brimiey, C. S. 1905- A descriptive catalog of the mammals of North Carolina, exclusive of the Cetacea. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc . 21:1-32.
Buchler, E. R. 1975- Food transit in My ot i s lucifugus. J. Mammal. 56: 252-255.
Buchler, E. R. 1976. Prey selection by Myotis lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Am. Nat. 110:619-628.
Buchler, E. R. 1980. The development of flight, foraging, and echolocation in the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus ) . Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 6:211-218.
Cagle, F. R. , and L. Cockrum. 19^3. Notes on a summer colony of Myotis lucifugus lucifugus. J. Mammal. 2U : I+7U-U92 .
Cahalane, V. H. 19^8. The status of mammals in the U.S. National Park system. J. Mammal. 29:2^7-259-
Caire, W. , R. K. LaVal, M. L. LaVal, and R. ClawsQn. 1979- Notes on the ecology of Myotis keenii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in eastern Missouri. Am. Midi. Nat. 102:UoU-U07-
Carter, T. D. 1950. On the migration of the red bat, Lasiurus borealis borealis. J. Mammal. 31:3^9-350.
Christian, J. J. 1956. The natural history of a summer-aggregation of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. Am. Midi. Nat. 55:66-95-
Clark, D. R. 1978. Uptake of dietary PCB by pregnant big brown bats
(Eptesicus fuscus) and their fetuses. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19: 707-71^-
Clark, D. R. 1981. Death in bats from DDE, DDT or Dieldrin: Diagnosis via residues in carcass fat. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 26:367-37*+.
Clark, D. R. , T. H. Kunz, and T. E. Kaiser. 1978. Insecticides applied to a nursery colony of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus): Lethal concentrations in brain tissues. J. Mammal. 59:8U-91.
Clark, D. R. , R. K. LaVal, and D. M. Swineford. 1978. Dieldrin-induced mortality in an endangered species, the gray bat (Myotis grisescens). Science 199:1357-1359-
Clark, D. R. , Jr., R. K. LaVal, and A. J. Krynitsky. 1980. Dieldrin and heptachlor residues in dead gray bats, Franklin County, Missouri; 1976 versus 1977. Pesticides Monitoring J. 13:137-l1+0.
Clawson, R. L. , R. K. LaVal, M. L. LaVal, and W. Caire. 1980. Clustering behavior of hibernating Myotis sodalis in Missouri. J. Mammal. 6l: 2U5-253.
Cockrum, E. L. 1970. Insecticides and guano bats. Ecology 51:761-762.
Coleman, R. H. 1950. The status of Lasiurus borealis seminolus. J. Mammal, 31:190-192.
Constantine, D. G. 1958. Ecological observations on lasiurine bats in Georgia. J. Mammal. 39:6U-70.
Constantine, D. G. 1967. Rabies transmission by air in bat caves. U.S. Public Health Service Publ. l6l7.
Constantine, D. G. 1979a. An updated list of rabies-infected bats in North America. J. Wildl. Dis. 15:3^7-3^9.
Constantine, D. G. 1979b. Bat rabies and bat management. Bull. Soc . Vector Ecol. U:l-9.
Cope, J. B. , and S. R. Humphrey. 1967. Homing experiments with the evening bat Hycticeius humeralis. J. Mammal. U8:136.
Cope, J. B., and S. R. Humphrey. 1972. Reproduction of the bats Myotis keenii and Pipistrellus subflavus in Indiana. Bat Res. News 13:9-10.
Cope, J. B. , and S. R. Humphrey. 1977. Spring and autumn swarming behavior in the Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. J. Mammal. 58:93-95-
Cope, J. B. , K. Koontz, and E. Churchaell. 196l. Notes on homing of two species of bats, Myotis lucifugus and Eptesicus fuscus. Proc . Indiana Acad. Sci. 70:270-27^.
Dalquest, W. W. 19*+7- Notes on the natural history of the bat Corynorhinus rafinesquii in California. J. Mammal. 28:17-30.
Davis, R. 1966. Homing performance and homing ability in bats. Ecol. Monogr. 36:201-237.
Davis, R. , and E. L. Cockrum. 1963- Bridges utilized as day-roosts by bats. J. Mammal. UU: i+28-U30.
Davis, W. H. 1955. Myotis subulatus leibii in unusual situations. J. Mammal. 35:63-80.
Davis, W. H. 1957- The status of the seminole bat (Lasiurus seminolus Rhoads). Proc. Biol. Sue. Washington 70:l8l.
Davis, W. H. 1959a. Taxonomy of the eastern pipistrelle. J. Mammal. U0: 521-531.
Davis, W. H. 1959b. Disproportionate sex ratios in hibernating bats. J. Mammal. U0:l6-19.
Davis, W. H. 196Ua. Winter awakening patterns in the bats Myotis lucifugus and Pipistrellus subflavus. J. Mammal. 1+5:61+5-6^7.
Davis, W. H. 196Ub. Fall swarming of bats at Dixon Cave, Kentucky. Bull. Nat. SpeleoL 26:82.
Davis, W. H. 1966. Population dynamics of the bat, Pipistrellus subflavus. J. Mammal. U7: 383-396.
Davis, W. H., and R. W. Barbour. 1965. The use of vision in flight by the bat, Myotis sodalis. Am. Midi. Nat. Ik: ^97-^99.
Davis, W. H. , and J. W. Hardin. 1967. Homing in Lasionycteris noctivagans. J. Mammal. U8:323.
Davis, W. H. , and W. Z. Lidicker, Jr. 1956. Winter range of the red bat, Lasiurus borealis. J. Mammal. 37:280-281.
Davis, W. H. , and R. E. Mumford. 1962. Ecological notes on the bat Pipistrellus subflavus. Am. Midi. Nat. 68: 29^-298 .
Davis, W. H., and 0. Reite. 1967. Responses of bats from temperate regions to changes in ambient temperature. Biol. Bull. 132:320-328.
Davis, W. H., R. W. Barbour, and M. D. Hassell. 1968. Colonial behavior of Eptesicus fuscus. J. Mammal. U9:UU-50.
Davis, W. H. , M. D. Hassell, and C. L. Rippy. 1965. Maternity colonies of the bat Myotis 1. lucifugus in Kentucky. Am. Midi. Nat. 73:l6l-l65.
DeBlase, A. F. , and J. B. Cope. 1967 . An Indiana bat impaled on barbed wire. Am. Midi. Nat. 77:238.
DeBlase, A. F., S. R. Humphrey, and K. S. Drury. 1965. Cave flooding and mortality in bats in Wind Cave, Kentucky. J. Mammal. U6:96.
10
Dowries, W. L. , Jr. 196U. Unusual roosting behavior in red bats. J. Mammal. l*5:lU3-lM.
Downing, S. C. 196l. Sharp-shinned hawk preys on red bat. J. Mammal. 1+2:5^0.
Dymond, J. R. 1936. Life history notes and growth studies on the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus lucifugus. Can. Field Nat. 50:lll+-ll6.
Easterla, D. A. 1967 • Black rat snake preys upon gray Myotis and winter observations of red bats. Am. Midi. Nat. 77:527-528.
Easterla, D. A., and L. C. Watkins. 1969. Pregnant Myotis sodalis in northwestern Missouri. J. Mammal. 50:372-373.
Easterla, D. A., and L. C. Watkins. 1970. Breeding of Lasionycteris
noctivagans and Nycticeius humeralis in southeastern Iowa. Am. Midi. Nat. 8U:25U-255.
Elder, W. H. , and W. J. Gunier. 1978. Sex ratios and seasonal movements
of gray bats (Myotis grisescens) in southwestern Missouri and adjacent states. Am. Midi. Nat. 99: 1+63-1+72.
Engel, J. M. 1976. The Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis, a bibliography. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. , Spec. Sci. Rep. 196*"! IT pp.
Fenton, M. B. 1977. Variation in the social calls of little brown bats. Can. J. Zool. 55:1151-1157.
Fenton, M. B. , and J. H. Fullard. 1981. Moth hearing and the feeding strategies of bats. Am. Scientist 69:268-275.
Fenton, M. B., J. J. Belwood, J. H. Follard, and T. H. Kunz. 1976. Responses of Myotis lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) to calls of conspecifics and to other sounds. Can. J. Zool. 5^+ : 1UU3— lUU8 .
Findley, J. S. 195U. Tree roosting of the eastern pipistrelle. J. Mammal. 35:U33.
Findley, J. S. 1976. The structure of bat communities. Am. Nat. 110:129-139.
Findley, J. S. , and C. Jones. 1961+. Seasonal distribution of the hoary bat. J. Mammal. 1+5:1+61-1+70.
Folk, G. E. , Jr. 19I+O. Shift of population among hibernating bats. J. Mammal. 21:306-315-
Gates, W. H. I9I+I. A few notes on the evening bat, Nycticeius humeralis. J. Mammal. 22:53-56.
Geluso, K. N., J. S. Altenbach, and D. E. Wilson. 1976. Bat mortality: pesticide poisoning and migratory stress. Science 19I+: 18U-186.
11
Glass, B. P. 1966. Some notes on reproduction in the red "bat, Lasiurus borealis. Proc . Oklahoma Acad. Sci . h6:k0-kl.
Goehring, H. H. 195*+. Pipistrellus subflavus obscurus, Myotis keenii, and Eptesicus fuse us fuscus hibernating in a storm sever in central Minnesota. J. Mammal. 35: U3U-U35 .
Goodpaster, W. , and D. F. Hoffmeister. 1950. Bats as prey for mink in a Kentucky cave. J. Mammal. 31:*+57«
Goodpaster, W. , and D. F. Hoffmeister. 1952. Notes on the mammals of western Tennessee. J. Mammal. 33:362-371.
Gould, E. 1971. Studies of maternal-infant communication and development of vocalizations in the bats Myotis and Eptesicus. Commun. Behav. Biol. 5:263-313.
Gould, E. 1975. Neonatal vocalizations in bats of eight genera. J. Mammal. 56:15-29.
Graves, F. F., Jr. 1969. A survey of the Chiroptera of West Tennessee. Thesis, Memphis State Univ., Memphis. 71 pp.
Graves, F. F., and M. J. Harvey. 197*+. Distribution of Chiroptera in western Tennessee. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 1+9:106-109.
Greenhall, A. M. 1973. Indiana bat: A cave-dweller in trouble. Natl. Parks and Conserv. Mag. *+7:lU-17.
Greenhall, A. M., and J. L. Paradise 1968. Bats and bat handing. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Resource Puhl. 72. U.S. Government Printing Office. *+7 pp.
Griffin, D. R. 1958. Listening in the dark. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. *+13 pp.
Griffin, D. R. , and H. B. Hitchcock. 1965 . Probable 2*+-year longevity records for Myotis lucifugus. J. Mammal. U6: 332 .
Guilday, J. E. , H. W. Hamilton, E. Anderson, and P. W. Parmalee. 1978. The Baker Bluff Cave deposit, Tennessee and the late Pleistocene faunal gradient. Bull. Carnegie Mus . Nat. Hist. 11. 67 pp.
Gunier, W. J., and W. H. Elder. 1971. Experimental homing of gray bats to a maternity colony in a Missouri barn. Am. Midi. Nat. 86:502-506.
Gunnier, W. J., and W. H. Elder. 1972. New records of Myotis leibii from Missouri. Am. Midland Nat. 89:1+89-1+90.
Guthrie, M. J. 1933- Notes on the seasonal movements and habits of some cave bats. J. Mammal. lU:l-19-
Hall, J. S. 1962. A life history and taxonomic study of the Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis. Reading Public Mus. Art Gallery Sci. Publ. 12:1-68.
12
Hall, J. S. 1963. Notes on Plecotus raf inesquii in Central Kentucky. J. Mammal, kk: 119-120.
Hall, J. S. 196U. Bat hibernation in the Mammoth Cave region of Kentucky. Bull. Nat. Speleol. Soc. 26:71-72.
Hall, J. S. 1972. The status of Myotis sodalis. The West Virginia Dep. Nat. Re sour. , Elkins. 5 PP«
Hall, J. S., and C. H. Blewett . I96U. Bat remains in owl pellets from Missouri. J. Mammal. U5:303-30U.
Hall, J. S. , and W. H. Davis. 1958. A record of homing in the "big brown bat. J. Mammal. 39:292.
Hall, J. S. , and N. Wilson. 1966. Seasonal populations and movements of the gray bat in the Kentucky area. Am. Midi. Nat. 75:317-32U.
Hamilton, R. B. , and D. T. Stalling. 1972. Lasiurus boreal is with five young. J. Mammal. 53:190.
Hamilton, W. J., Jr. 1933. The insect food of the big brown bat. J. Mammal. 1^:155-156.
Hamilton, W. J., Jr. 19^3. The mammals of eastern United States. Comstock Publ. Associates, Ithaca, N. Y. U32 pp.
Handley, C. 0., Jr. 1959- A revision of the American bats of the genera, Euderma and Plecotus. Proc . U.S. Natl. Mus. 110:9^-2U6.
Hardin, J. W. 1967. Waking periods and movement of Myotis sodalis during the hibernation season. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Kentucky, Lexington.
Hardin, J. W. , and M. D. Hassell. 1970. Observation and waking periods and movements of Myotis sodalis during hibernation. J. Mammal. 51:829-831.
Harvey, M. J. 1975. Endangered Chiroptera of the southeastern United States. Proc. 29th Annu. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game and Fish Comm. 29:1+29-^33.
Harvey, M. J. 1976. Homing of gray bats, Myot i s grisescens, to a hibernaculum. Am. Midi. Nat. 96:U97-U98.
Hassell, M. D. 1967 . Intra-cave activity of four species of bats
hibernating in Kentucky. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Kentucky, Lexington.
Henshaw, R. E., and G. E. Folk, Jr. 1966. Relation of thermoregulation to seasonally changing microclimate in two species of bats (Myotis lucifugus and Myotis sodalis). Physiol. Zool. 39:223-236.
Herreid, C. F. , Jr. 1967. Mortality statistics of young bats. Ecology U8: 310-312.
13
Herreid, C. F. , Jr., and R. B. Davis. 1966. Flight patterns of bats. J. Mammal, hj: 78-86.
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14
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15
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16
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17
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18
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19
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20
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21
INDEX OF BAT SPECIES THAT OCCUR WITHIN GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK AND THE STATES OF TENNESSEE AND NORTH CAROLINA
THE BIG BROWN BAT Eptesicus fuscus Barbour & Davis (1969) Beer (1955)
Beer & Richards (1956) Christian (1956) Clark (1978) Cope et al. (1961) Davis et al. (1968) Goehring (1954) Hall & Davis (1958) Hamilton (1933) Krutzsch (1950) Kunz (1974) Phillips (1966)
THE SILVER-HAIRED BAT Lasionycteris noctivagans Barbour & Davis (1969) Beer (1956) Davis & Hardin (1967) Easterlea & Watkins (1970) Izor (1979) Krutzsch (1966) Reith (1980)
THE RED BAT
Lasiurus borealis
Allan (1947)
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Carter (1950)
Coleman (1950)
Constantine (1958)
Davis & Lidicker (1956)
Downes (1964)
Easterla (1967)
Glass (1966)
Hamilton & Stalling (1972)
Johnson (1932)
LaVal & LaVal (1979)
Mackiewicz & Backus (1956)
Quay & Miller (1955)
THE HOARY BAT Lasiurus cinereus Barbour & Davis (1969) Beer (1954) Bishop (1947) Constantine (1958) Findley & Jones (1964) Iwen (1958)
Mackiewicz & Backus (1956) Nero (1958) Vaughan (1953) Zinn & Baker (197 9)
THE SEMINOLE BAT Lasiurus seminolus Barbour & Davis (1969) Constantine (1958) Hamilton (1943) Barkalow & Adams (1955) Barkalow & Funderberg (1960) Coleman (1950) Davis (1957) Jennings (1958) Sherman (1935)
THE SOUTHEASTERN MYOTIS BAT Myotis austroriparius Barbour & Davis (1969) Bole (1943) LaVal (1970) Rice (1957) Rippy (1965) Sherman (1930)
THE GRAY BAT
Myotis grisescens
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Clark et al. (1978,1980)
Easterla (1967)
Elder & Gunier (1978)
Gunier & Elder (1971)
Hall & Wilson (1966)
Harvey (197 6)
Kennedy & Best (1972)
Krulin & Sealander (1972)
LaVal et al. (1977)
Miller (1939)
Mohr (1932)
Thillips & Hays (1978)
Rabinowitz (1978)
Rabinowitz & Tuttle (1980)
Saugey (1978)
Tuttle (1975,1976 a & b,
1979 a & b) Tuttle & Stevenson (1977)
KEEN'S BAT Myotis keenii Barbour & Davis (1969) Caire et al. (197 9) Cope & Humphrey (1972) Goehring (1954)
THE LEAST BAT
Myotis leibii
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Baker (1967)
Davis (1955)
Gunier & Elder (1972)
Krutzsch (1966)
Neuhauser (1971)
Schwartz (1954)
Tuttle (1964)
22
THE LITTLE BROWN BAT
My otis lucifugus
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Barclay & Thomas (1979)
Barclay et al. (1979)
Buchler (1975, 1976, 1980)
Cagle & Cockrum (I9U3)
Clark et al. ( 1978b)
Cope et al. (1961)
Davis (196U)
Davis et al. (1965)
Dymond (1936)
Fenton (1977)
Fenton et al. (1976)
Griffin & Hitchcock (1965)
Humphrey (1966)
Humphrey & Cope (1976)
Hurst & Wiebers (1967,1968)
Jegla (1963)
Keen & Hitchcock (1980)
Krutzsch (1961)
Kunz et al. (1977)
Leffler et al. (1979)
Martin & Stehn (1977)
Martin & Fenton (1978)
McManus (197*0
Miller (1939)
Procter & Studier (1970)
Rauch & Hayward (1970)
Reeder (1939)
Roth (1957)
Stones & Wiebers (1965)
Thomas et al. (1979)
Wimsatt (19UU, i960)
THE EASTERN PIPISTRELLE BAT
Pipistrellus subflavus Barbour & Davis (1969) Cope & Humphrey (1972) Davis (1959a, 196Ua, 1966) Davis & Mumford (1962) Findley (195*0 Goehring (195*0 Humphrey et al. ( 1977b) Lane (19U6)
O'Farrell & Miller (1972) Ploskey & Sealander (1979) Rabinowitz (l98l)
THE INDIANA BAT Myotis sodalis Barbour & Davis (1969) Baker et al. (1966) Belwood (1979) Belwood & Fenton (1976) Clawson et al. (1980) Cope & Humphrey (1977) Davis & Barbour (1965) DeBlase et al. (1967) Easterla & Watkins (1969) Engel (1976) Greenhall (1973) Hall (1962, 1972) Hardin (1967) Hardin & Hassell (1970) Humphrey et al . ( 1977a) Humphrey (1975-letter , 1978) Humphrey & Cope (1977) LaVal et al. (1977) Mohr (1932) Rabinowitz (1979 a&b) Richter et al. (1978) Rippy (1965)
THE EVENING BAT Nycticeius humeral is Baker et al. (1968) Barbour & Davis (1969) Cope & Humphrey (1967) Easterla & Watkins (1970) Gates (19U1) Jones (1967)
THE EASTERN BIG-EARED BAT
Plecotus rafinesquii
Barbour & Davis (1969)
Dalaquest (19^7)
Hall (1963)
Hoffmesiter & Goodpaster
(1962) Pearson et al. (1952)
THE MEXICAN FREE-TAILED BAT Tadarida brasiliensis Barbour & Davis (1969) Lee & Marsh (1978) Jennings (1958) Krutzsch (1955) Ross (1961) Schwartz (1955) Sherman (1937) Twente (1956)
23
INDEX OF MAJOR SUBJECT AREAS CONCERNING BATS
ACTIVITY: Harkin 1967, Hassel 1967, LaVal et al. 1977, Mumford and Whittaker 1975, Reith 1980, Stones and Wiebers 1965.
CAVES: Barr 196l, Lawhon 1969, Tuttle 1972 - letter.
COMMUNICATION: Barclay and Thomas 1979; Barclay et al. 1979; Fenton 1977 i Fenton et al. 1976; Gould 1971, 1975; Martin and Fenton 1978; O'Farrell and Miller 1972.
ECHOLOCATION: Buchler 198O, Griffin 1958.
FLIGHT: Buchler 1980, Davis and Barbour 1965, Herreid and Davis 1966,
Humphrey 1966, Kennedy and Best 1972, Thomas and Suthers 1972.
FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS: Belwood 1979, Belwood and Fenton 1976; Buchler
1975, 1976, 1980 ; Fenton and Fullard 198I; Hamilton 1933; LaVal et al. 1977; Rabinowitz 1978; Ross 196l, 1967; Sherman 1935; Webster and Griffin 1962.
FOSSIL REMAINS: Guilday et al. 1978, Jegla 1963, Jegla and Hall 1962.
GRSM: Humphrey 1965 - letter; Linzey & Linzey 1968, 1971; Neuhauser 1971;
Rabinowitz 1979a & b; Rabinowitz and Nottingham 1979; Tuttle 1972 - letter.
HIBERNATION: Beer and Richards 1956, Clawson et al. 1980, Davis 196Ub, Folk 19^0, Goehring 1951*, Hall 196U, Hardin 1967, Hardin and Hassell 1970, Humphrey 1978, Menaker 196U , Mohr 1953, Rabinowitz 1981, Rabinowitz and Nottingham 1979.
HISTOPLASMOSIS: Hoff and Bigler 1981.
HOMING AND MOVEMENTS: Barbour et al. 1966, Beer 1955, Carter 1950, Cope and
Humphrey 1967, Cope et al. 196l, Davis 1966, Elder and Gunier 1978, Gunier and Elder 1971, Guthrie 1933, Hall and Davis 1958, Hall and Wilson 1966, Harvey 1976, Leffler et al. 1979, Tuttle and Stevenson 1977.
MANAGEMENT: Barclay 1980; Humphrey 1978; Ladlow and Fenton 1971 ; LaVal and LaVal 1980 ; Racey 1970; Tuttle 1977, 1979a.
PESTICIDES: Clark 1978, 198l; Clark et al. 1978a & b, 1980; Cockrum 1970; Geluso 1976; Kunz et al. 1977.
PHYSIOLOGY: Herreid and Schmidt-Nielson 1966; Hook 1951; Hurst and Wiebers 1967, 1968; Krulin and Sealander 1972; Martin and Stehn 1977; Ploskey and Sealander 1979; Stones and Wiebers 1965, Thomas and Suthers 1972.
24
PREDATORS: Allan 19^7, Barr and Norton 1965, Beer 1953, Downing 196l,
Easter la 1967, Goodpaster and Hoffmeister 1950, Hall and Blewett 196U, Silver 1928, Sperry 1933.
RABIES: Constant ine 1967, 1979a & b, Kaplan and Koprowski 1980.
REPRODUCTION: Cope and Humphrey 1972; Easterla and Watkins 1970; Glass 1966; Hamilton and Stalling 1972; Kunz 191k; Lane 19^6; LaVal and LaVal 1979; Miller 1939; Nero 1958; Pearson et al. 1952; Reeder 1939; Sherman 1930, 1937; Thomas et al. 1979; Wimsatt 19M+, 19^5, I960, 1966.
SEX RATIOS: Davis 1959, Elder and Gunier 1978, Tinkle and Milstead i960.
SUMMER COLONIES: Cagle and Cockrum 19^3, Christian 1956, Davis et al. 1965,
Humphrey et al. 1977a & b, Krutzsch 196l, Laidlow and Fenton 1971, Rabinowitz and Tuttle 1980.
SURVIVAL AND MORTALITY: Beer 1955, Deblase et al. 1965, Geluso 1976,
Herreid 1967, Keen and Hitchcock 1980, Kunz 191 h, Kunz et al. 1977, Tuttle 1976b, Tuttle and Stevenson 1977-
SWARMING: Cope- and Humphrey 1977, Davis 196Ub.
THERMOREGULATION: Davis and Reite 1967; Henshaw and Folk 1966; Herreid and Schmidt-Hi elson 1966; Hock 1951; Hurst and Wiebers 1967, 1968; McManus 197^; Rabinowitz 198l; Stones and Wiebers 1965; Twente and Twente 196U.
As the Nation's Department of the In our nationally owned This includes foster water resources, pro ing the environment parks and historical ment of life through assesses our energy assure that their de all our people. The bi 1 i ty for Ameri can people who 1 i ve in i stration.
principal conservation agency, the terior has responsibility for most of
public lands and natural resources, ing the wisest use of our land and tecting our fish and wildlife, preserv- and cultural value of our national
places, and providing for the enjoy-
outdoor recreation. The Department and mineral resources and works to velopment is in the best interests of
Department also has a major responsi- Indian reservation communities and for sland territories under U.S. admini-