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Pitt Press Series

An Easy Selection

from

Cicero’s Correspondence

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Edinburgh: 100, PRINCES STREET Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO. Leipsig: F. A. BROCKHAUS flew Work: G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS Bombap and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Lrp,

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Et An Easy Selection

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from

Cicero’s Correspondence

Edited by J. D. DUFF, M.A. Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge

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Cambridge: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

PREFACE

COMMITTEE of the Classical Association

has lately recommended that; in certain schools where the Latin Course is generally limited to four years, some of the easier letters of Cicero should be read as part of the third year’s work. An attempt is here made to provide such a selection.

A great many of Cicero’s letters are obviously unsuitable for the purpose: they are too difficult, or the text is corrupt, or they contain Greek. But care has been taken to select such letters only as do not offer much difficulty; and it so happens that some of these easy letters are among the most interesting of the whole correspondence. ‘Two of the letters here printed were written by Caesar ; they are very simple, but there is not much in the whole of literature which surpasses in interest these short notes written by such a man at such a time.

Vik Preface

In most cases the letter is given in full. Some- times a short extract has been taken from a long letter ; sometimes a small part of a letter has been omitted; sometimes only a few words have been cut out; but the text has not been simplified except by abridgement. The letters are arranged in chronological order.

The notes have been kept within the smallest possible compass. Much, that must otherwise have appeared there, will be found in the Intro- ductions and Vocabulary. The Appendix gives a brief account of a few matters which are sure to puzzle anyone who reads these letters for the first time. This and the Introduction should be studied before the text is begun.

It is believed that the Vocabulary contains every word (except proper names) which occurs in the text. The trouble of making it was much lightened by the assistance of A. C. Duff and J. F. Duff, to whom I wish here to record my thanks.

5 eg Oye B

February 1, 1911.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TEXT .

NorTEs APPENDIX .

VOCABULARY

101

105

INTRODUCTION

I. Curicero’s LIFE.

1. Birth and education.

Marcus Tullius Cicero, one of the world’s great men, was born on January 3rd, 106 B.c. Pompey was born in the same year, and Julius Caesar six years later.

He was a native of Arpinum, a small town in the Volscian country. He was five years old, when Marius, the most famous of his fellow- townsmen, won his great victory near Milan over the Cimbri and Teutones, who had swarmed into Italy from Germany.

Cicero’s family had long held a respectable position at Arpinum; but it was not, in the Roman sense of the word, “noble”: that is, no member of it had ever been a senator or had held the public offices at Rome which led up to, and culminated in, the consulship. Thus Cicero was what the Romans called a novus homo and was sometimes treated with insolence on that account by the less worthy members of the Roman aristocracy.

D. 1

2. Introduction

Cicero early showed signs of exceptional ability ; and his father took him, together with his brother Quintus, who was four years younger, to Rome for their education. He intended that they should not remain in provincial obscurity like their ancestors, but should play a conspicuous part as senators of Rome. We hear little of Cicero’s studies as a boy; but we may be sure that he learnt his grammar and studied the Greek and Roman poets. All his life he loved literature; but he continued to rank the poetry of Ennius, which he had loved in his boyhood, above that of his own contemporaries. Of his more advanced studies in rhetoric, law, and philosophy, we hear a good deal from himself. He was most grateful to his teachers and never tires of acknowledging his obligations to them.

2. Entry on public life and temporary —

retirement.

After a long course of arduous study, he began to speak in the law-courts about 81 B.c., when he was 25 years old; and a year later he established his reputation by defending an innocent man against a charge of murder brought by Chryso- gonus, a freedman and favourite of Sulla. Sulla was now dictator; he had conquered and de- stroyed the democratic party, which Marius had led; he had absolute power over the lives and

Introduction 3

fortunes of the citizens; and it required no little courage on the part of a young and unknown man to defy the dictator and his myrmidons. The prisoner was acquitted by the jury, and Cicero’s reputation for eloquence and for political courage was established.

In spite of this success, Cicero soon afterwards left Rome for two years, which he spent partly at Athens, partly in Asia and Rhodes. He had worked too hard and was out of health. Yet even this holiday he spent in the assiduous study of rhetoric and philosophy under the best teachers of the time. He returned to Rome in 77 s.c. and from that time continued in constant practice as one of the leaders of the Bar.

3. Marriage and family.

Soon after his return from the East, Cicero married Terentia, a lady of good family, but, it seems, of uneasy temper. They had two children—a daughter Tullia, to whom Cicero was passionately attached and whose early death was one of the chief sorrows of his life, and a son Marcus, born in 65 s.c. Kind and indulgent as a father, Cicero shows to less advantage as a husband. As years went on he became more and more estranged from Terentia, till he divorced her in 46 8.c. and married Publilia, a young and wealthy woman who had been his ward.

1—2

4% Introduction

4. Preliminary curule offices.

In 76 3.c. he was of age to hold the quaestor- ship, the first of the offices which led to the consulship. He was duly elected and spent his year of office in Sicily. The ties there formed induced him to take up the cause of the Sicilians six years later, when they prosecuted their gover- nor, Verres, for oppression and extortion. Cicero took immense pains in getting up the case and conducted it to a successful issue with great dexterity and ability. His speeches against Verres (not all of which were actually delivered) were published by him and are still preserved ; they form one of ‘the chief monuments of his splendid eloquence.

Next he filled the offices of aedile in 70 and of praetor in 66 8.c. ‘There remained only the con-

sulship ; and this he held in the year 63.

5. Consulship, and conspiracy of Catiline.

His consulship was marked by public events of great importance, which had a decisive influence upon his subsequent fortunes. It fell to him, as chief magistrate of the state, to deal with the conspiracy of Catiline, a young noble of infamous character, who had formed a plot to assassinate the chief men in the state, to cancel all debts, and to divide all positions of honour and emolument among the conspirators. Cicero proved equal

Introduction 5

to the emergency: nothing could exceed his vigilance and energy. He drove Catiline from Rome to the north of Italy and arrested those of the ringleaders who had remained in the capital. He presided at a meeting of the Senate held on December 5th, at which the prisoners, though Roman citizens of noble birth, were con- demned to death ; and he had the sentence carried into execution that same evening, when each of the condemned criminals was strangled in prison. He had saved Rome from a great danger. But, in order to do so, he had broken the law which required that no citizen should be put to death except after appeal to the people. From this time forward he was always liable to be attacked by the champions of the popular or democratic party in their conflicts with the Senate.

6. Exaile and restoration.

Nor had his enemies to wait long for their revenge. In 60 s.c. Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus formed a coalition which is known as the First Triumvirate. Their united power was very great : Crassus contributed his énormous wealth, Caesar his army and his personal genius, and Pompey the immense prestige he had gained by his victories in the East. Their object was to thwart the power of the Senate, and to secure for them- selves and their supporters the highest offices and the avenues to wealth and military strength.

6 * Introduction

It seems that Cicero might, if he had chosen, have been one of this party ; but he refused the overtures made to him. One of his strongest feelings throughout life was attachment to the constitution; and, although he resented the selfish exclusiveness of the Roman aristocracy, he could not endure to see the free institutions of his country crushed by military power or corrupted by bribery. Thus he was left defence- less against his enemies; and one of these, Publius Clodius, was authorised, or at least permitted, by the coalition to carry a bill for Cicero’s banishment, on the ground that he had put citizens to death without trial. Cicero recognised that his position was hopeless. He crossed the sea to Epirus from Brundisium on April 30th, 58 3.c., and remained in exile till August 5th of the following year. His letters show that he was for the time utterly crushed by this calamity. Fortitude in adversity was not one of his virtues. When his restoration came, it was a great personal triumph. But he owed it to the indulgence of the hated coalition, so that it was impossible for him, when he returned to Rome, to take an independent line in politics, as he wished to do, and to express his distrust of their high-handed proceedings. For several years he took little part in politics. But to do nothing was impossible to Cicero: he was very active in the law-courts, if not in the Senate-

Introduction 7

house, and he wrote some of his greatest works about this time.

7. Government of Cilicia.

In June, 51 3.c., Cicero again left Brundisium for the East, but under very different circum- stances. He was not now a hunted exile in danger of his life, but a Roman governor going out to govern his province. For a year he governed Cilicia with a mild and just sway, and took great pleasure in the contemplation of his own virtues. But he had gone there unwillingly ; he missed the society of his friends and the interest of life at Rome; and he was heartily glad to turn his back on Cilicia when his year of office was over. He landed at Brundisium on November 23, 50 z.c.

8. Civil war and despotic rule.

Before long he felt sorry that he had been in such haste to return. He had hardly been in Italy a month when civil war broke out. The coalition of ten years earlier no longer existed. Crassus had fallen in battle against the Parthians in 53 B.c.; Pompey, alarmed by the growth of Caesar’s power, had gradually made up his quarrel with the aristocratic party. Hence, in the struggle which followed between Caesar and the Senate, Pompey was the Senate’s champion. But he

8 4 Introduction .

proved no match for the rival commander, whom he affected to despise. Caesar forced him to leave Italy for the East with all his levies and a great number of senators, and then returned to Rome, where he assembled as many of the Senate as he could induce to attend, that he might be duly elected dictator before proceeding to Spain to attack Pompey’s armies there.

Cicero’s real place was at Pompey’s side. He was attached to the established system of govern- ment and hated revolutionary violence. But this sudden crisis paralysed his will and his activity, and he acted in a way that did not satisfy either party. He did not leave Italy with Pompey ; on the other hand he refused Caesar’s pressing invita- tion to attend the meeting of the Senate at Rome. After months of distress and uncertainty he sailed to Pompey’s headquarters on June 3rd, 49 B.c., Caesar being then in Spain. The battle of Phar- salia (at which he was not present) was fought on August 9th, 48 p.c. Considering that further resistance was useless and that the issue had been decided by Pompey’s defeat, he returned to Italy and remained, in great unhappiness, at Brundisium for ten months, until Caesar returned from the East in September, 47 B.c.

From this time until Caesar’s death he lived at Rome or in one of his many country-houses near the city. He was always treated with marked kindness by Caesar; but no compliments

Introduction 9

could console him for the loss of his former position of influence and authority, for the loss of free speech and free government. In political life he took but little part; but he wrote inde- fatigably : he was in constant correspondence with the exiled members of the senatorial party, and he poured forth treatise after treatise on rhetoric and philosophy. ‘The unhappiness which he felt on public grounds was increased by bereavement : in March 45 s.c. death -took from him his daughter, Tullia, in whom he had found his chief consolation in all his troubles. He was roused from his apathy by the death of Caesar, who was stabbed in the Senate-house on March 15th, 44 z.c., by a band of conspirators. Cicero was present at the scene, but had not been admitted into the confidence of the conspirators.

9. Struggle with Antony and death.

Caesar’s death did not prove the dawn of freedom. There followed a period of anarchy and civil war, in which Cicero bore, until his death, a conspicuous and noble part. But in spite of his exertions and his eloquence, the Senate proved unable to wrest back its old supremacy from those who could support with the sword their claims to power.

For a time Antony, Caesar’s colleague in the consulship, was able to maintain his position against the conspirators ; and his despotism was

10. Introduction

as complete and more grievous than Caesar’s had been. But soon a rival for power appeared on the scene in the person of Octavian, afterwards known as Augustus, the great-nephew and adopted son of Caesar, a youth of 19. In order to drive Antony from his position, Octavian began to enlist an army from among Caesar’s veterans. ‘lo Cicero and the Senate he professed that he was fighting their battles against a usurper and tyrant. Cicero felt very doubtful of Octavian’s loyalty ; but about Antony’s plans and hopes he soon had no doubt at all, and he attacked him in the famous series of speeches known as the Philippics. After several battles had been fought in the north of Italy without any decisive result, Octavian justified the worst suspicions of Cicero by betraying the cause of which he had professed himself the champion. He made terms with Antony; and the two, together with Lepidus, formed a coalition known as the Second ‘Trium- virate. Each member of the coalition had to make concessions, before an agreement was reached ; and Octavian, to his eternal disgrace, suffered Cicero to be sacrificed to the resentment of Antony. He was killed near Caieta on De- cember 7th, 43 n.c. He was within a month of attaining his sixty-fourth year. His head and the hand, with which he had written the attacks on Antony, were cut off and hung upon the rostrum in the Roman forum.

Introduction ll

II. Cicrro’s Works.

1. Rhetoric.

Cicero was unsuccessful as a statesman and undistinguished as a general; but, as a man of letters, he has had few equals in any age or nation.

As an orator, he had no equal among his countrymen, who could find no one to compare with him except the most famous of all orators, the Athenian Demosthenes. Many of his speeches, delivered in the law-courts or in the Senate or before the people, are still preserved and fully justify his reputation as a speaker. He revised and published these speeches himself; and he also wrote a number of works, themselves models of style, in which he dealt with the history or the _ practice of Roman oratory.

2. Philosophy.

But he was not merely an orator: he was a statesman, who played a prominent part in the political life of his time; and he also cherished, from youth to age, a keen interest in political and moral philosophy. When he lost his position in political life, he wrote a number of treatises on political and philosophical subjects, in which the questions are discussed in a style of wonderful clearness and beauty. In these works his custom

12 ¢ Introduction

was to follow, more or less closely, some Greek authority, and the treatment cannot be called original or profound; but, when he is dealing with subjects of universal interest, such as “ Old Age” or “ Friendship ” or “'The Fear of Death,” he makes the same kind of appeal to every reader which Gray makes in his famous Elegy. If there is little to startle or surprise, there is everywhere beauty in the manner, and truth and nature in the matter, of what is there said.

3. Letters.

But, even if all his speeches and all his treatises had been lost, Cicero would still remain the most interesting and the most intimately known of all the personages of antiquity. He is so, because of his correspondence, from which some extracts are given in this book. Hither for the public or to his friends he wrote with astonishing ease and rapidity; and he carried on a great correspondence with a large number of friends. Nearly a thousand letters (including | replies from his friends) have been preserved ; and no part of ancient literature surpasses this corre- spondence in interest and value.

These letters are, in the first place, of great historical importance. They were written at a period of peculiar interest, when the republican constitution, under which Rome had conquered the world, was finally breaking down, to give

Introduction 13

way to the Imperial form of government. During the long and stormy period of transition, Cicero was at the centre of affairs and intimately ac- quainted with the chief actors on the scene, whether statesmen or military leaders. His private letters are our chief source of information for all that took place in the contest between Caesar and the Senate. And they are the more valuable, because they were not intended for publication and therefore tell us exactly what was in the mind of the writer at the time when he wrote. At one time Cicero had a plan of preparing a collection of his letters for publica- tion. If he had carried out this intention, he would, to a large extent, have spoilt the historical value of what he had written.

Secondly, although these letters were not intended to rank as literature, they are a remark- able instance of the power of literary charm. Speaking of his house, Cicero says: “‘ the arrange- ment of my books seems to have given it a soul” ; and the same might well be said of his treatment of public events in his letters. And politics is only one of a hundred subjects over which he ranges. The most ordinary topic is made alive by an apt quotation, a graphic sketch, a humorous or pathetic phrase.

There is much good literature in the form of letters, and some of the best letter-writers have been Englishmen. Yet Cicero is the father of

14 , Introduction

the art, and his letters may fairly be called the best in the world. One competent critic claims this rank for them and says of them: “whether grave or gay, whether lively or severe, they reflect the changing moods of a versatile, ingenious, sensitive, subtle, powerful, and culti- vated mind !.”

III. Crcero’s CorrEsPponDENTs. (The names follow the order of the letters in this book. ) 1. -Q. Cicero.

Quintus Tullius Cicero was about four years younger than his more famous brother. ‘They were educated together at Rome and went to Athens together in 79 3.c. Quintus was aedile in 66 z.c. and praetor in 62, after which he governed ‘Asia till 58. He then served with distinction under Caesar in Gaul and accompanied him to Britain in 55 B.c. Four years later he served under his brother in Cilicia. They returned together to Italy and remained together during the first part of the civil war. But after Phar- salia (48 3.c.) Quintus behaved with incredible baseness, trying to conciliate Caesar by calum- niating his brother. ‘There was a complete recon- ciliation later. Both brothers fell victims in the

1 H. Paul, Men and Letters, p.. 188.

Introduction 15

proscription by the Triumvirate in December 43 B.C.

Quintus was married to Pomponia, the sister of Atticus. It appears that they were not a happy couple.

2. Lentulus.

Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, a noble, was aedile in 63 and praetor in 60 B.c., after which he governed Spain. He was consul in 57 n.c. and on his first day of office moved the restoration of Cicero from exile. After his consul- ship he governed Cilicia and hoped to enrich himself by restoring to his throne Ptolemy, king of Egypt, who, when expelled by his subjects, had appealed for help to the Senate. There was much intriguing at Rome in this matter. The king was lavish with his bribes ; Pompey wished to have the commission; the Senate invented excuses to keep him out of it. Ptolemy was eventually restored but not by either Lentulus or Pompey. |

In the civil war Lentulus was an activ partisan of the Senate. Taken prisoner by Caesar at Corfinium and released by him, he followed Pompey to Greece and, after the defeat at Pharsalia, to Egypt. The date and circum- stances of his death are unknown.

16 « Introduction

3. Caesar.

Gaius Julius Caesar was born July 12th, 100 sc. He first attracted attention by his defiance of Sulla. He served as quaestor in 68, as aedile in 65, and as praetor in 62 8.c. A year later he was for the first time at the head of an army in Spain, and soon gained reputation and wealth. He was elected to the consulship in 60 3.c. and held the office in the following year, having previously formed the coalition with Pompey and Crassus, which is known as_ the First Triumvirate. The next nine years he spent in a thorough conquest of Gaul. In January 49 z.c. he crossed the Rubicon, which divided his province from Italy, to make war against the Senate under Pompey. He drove Pompey from Italy, conquered the army in Spain, and defeated his enemies successively at Pharsalia (August 9th, 48 3.c.), Thapsus (April 6th, 46 3.c.), and Munda (March 17th, 45 2.c.). In the intervals between these campaigns he re-organised the whole Roman state. From April Ist, 49 B.c., his power at Rome was absolute. He was stabbed by a band of con- spirators in the Senate-house at Rome on March 15th, 44 z.c.

Caesar’s character has been much discussed : some attribute all his actions to selfish ambition, others to a noble patriotism. At least it is certain, that he excelled other men both as

Introduction 17

general and statesman, and also that he was a man of most generous and humane disposition, and a good friend to Cicero.

4. T'rebatius.

Gaius Trebatius Testa was a learned lawyer whom Cicero induced to go to Gaul in 55 B.c., that he might advance his fortunes by the favour of Caesar, who was then governor of the province. Trebatius seems to have grumbled at the dis- comforts of life in Gaul, and declined to join the expedition to Britain. In the civil war he followed Caesar’s fortunes. He survived his great contemporaries; for we find Horace addressing him in a poem (Satires ii 1, 4) written about 30 B.C.

Cicero’s letters to Trebatius are very affection- ate, but one may guess that he liked him more than he respected him.

5. Curio.

Gaius Scribonius Curio was a man of great ability but no principles. Cicero, who had known his father, recognised his powers and gave him much good advice to no purpose. Curio, after serving with credit as aedile in Asia, was tribune in the year 50. He professed to be on the side of Pompey; but Caesar bought his services for an immense bribe and found in him an able and

D. . 2

18 Introduction

unscrupulous agent. In the civil war he led an army and gained Sicily for Caesar, but, crossing over to Africa, was defeated and killed, fighting bravely to the last.

6. Marius.

Marcus Marius is known only from Cicero’s letters. He was an invalid, who resided con- stantly on his estate at Pompeii, where Cicero also had a house. He agreed in politics with Cicero ; and they had the same intellectual tastes.

T. Atticus.

Titus Pomponius Atticus, Cicero’s bosom friend and most constant correspondent, was born in 109 2.c., migrated to Athens in 88, and re- turned to Rome in 65. After that time he lived partly in Greece, and partly in Italy. He took no part in politics and was friendly with men of all views. He made money in various ways— as a banker, as a speculator in gladiators, and as a publisher. Cicero relied upon his advice in politics, consulted him in all money matters, and confided to him his domestic worries. It is an unpleasant fact that after Cicero’s death Atticus remained on friendly terms with both Antony and Octavian. His grand-daughter became the wife of the emperor Tiberius. He ended his life by

voluntary starvation in 82 B.c. .

Introduction 19

8. Caelius.

Marcus Caelius Rufus was born in 82 8.c. In his character and career he resembles Curio in many ways. Caelius also was able and eloquent but had the same faults of character. He served as tribune in 52 B.c. and was active in opposition to Pompey. When Cicero went to govern Cilicia in 51 s.c., Caelius sent him regular accounts, which are still extant, of political events at Rome. He constantly asks Cicero to provide him with panthers, to be exhibited at the shows which he had to give as aedile. When civil war broke out, he changed his politics and joined Caesar, solely because he was determined to be on the winning side. So long as he was useful, Caesar employed and rewarded him. But he became discontented and tried to raise a revolt in Italy against Caesar. He was put to death by some soldiers near Thurii in 48 B.c.

|9. Tiro.

Marcus Tullius Tiro was a freedman of Cicero. He served his master in all literary matters with zeal and skill, and was regarded with great affection by all Cicero’s family. He had weak health and yet lived to his hundredth year. He was an author of some repute; but his chief claim to our gratitude is, that we probably owe to him the preservation of Cicero’s letters.

2—2

20 « Introduction

10. Varro.

Marcus 'Terentius Varro, the most learned of the Romans, was born in 116 B.c., and went through the usual succession of offices. When the civil war broke out, he was in command of one of Pompey’s armies in Spain. Defeated there, he joined Pompey’s headquarters in Greece and was with Cicero at Dyrrhachium at the time of Pharsalia. Caesar pardoned him readily and made him librarian of the new library on the Palatine. He was proscribed, together with Cicero, in 43 B.c., but saved his life by conceal- ment and survived till 28 B.c.

He was an unwearied student and_ scholar, whose criticism even Cicero feared, and a volu- minous writer; but nearly all his writings are lost.

11. Caecina.

Aulus Caecina belonged to an ancient Etruscan family. He fought on Pompey’s side and also published a libellous work against Caesar. He was therefore forbidden to return to Italy. He then wrote another work, called Querellae, by which he hoped to make his peace with Caesar ; but it seems that he was disappointed.

Cicero says that Caecina had learnt the Etruscan science of augury from his father; and it is known that he wrote a book.on the subject.

Introduction 21

12. Servius.

Servius Sulpicius Rufus, born in 105. .,.c., early devoted himself to the study of law and oratory. He became a very learned lawyer ; and, as an advocate in the courts, he was Cicero’s chief rival. He filled the usual offices and was consul in 51 s.c. In the civil war he left Rome, but declined to leave Italy, with Pompey; meanwhile his son was serving in Caesar’s army. He attended Caesar’s meeting of the Senate on April Ist, 49 3.c., which Cicero refused to attend. In 46 B.c. he was governor, by Caesar’s appointment, of the province of Achaia or Greece. In January, 43 B.c., he died, while on an embassy to Antony, who was then encamped before the walls of Mutina.

13. Matius.

Gaius Matius Calvena is known only from Cicero’s letters. He was one of Caesar’s most intimate friends, but took no active part in politics or in the civil war. After Caesar’s death he had the courage to deplore the loss of his friend and to express his opinion of the conduct of the conspirators.

Matius writes with a manliness and frankness which are not common in these letters.

14. D. Brutus.

Decimus Junius Brutus (who must not be confused with Marcus Brutus) served under Caesar

22 « Introduction

in Gaul and also in the civil war. Caesar treated him with special distinction, making him praetor and governor of Cisalpine Gaul for 44 B.c., and promising him the consulship for 42 B.c. Yet Brutus betrayed his benefactor and was one of those who stabbed him. He then went to his province of Cisalpine Gaul, where he defended himself against Antony for many months, ap- plauded and encouraged by Cicero. But when he was threatened by Antony on one side and Octavian on the other, he tried to cross over to Macedonia, where Marcus Brutus was, but was put to death by Antony’s order in 43 B.c.

15. T'rebonius.

Gaius Trebonius, quaestor in 60 B.c. and tribune in 55, served under Caesar in Gaul and remained there during the first period of the civil war. In 48 B.c. he was praetor at Rome and did good service in suppressing the wild schemes of Caelius. In October, 45 z.c., he was appointed consul by Caesar, with the province of Asia in the following year. Yet he took part in the conspiracy against Caesar; and the duty assigned to him was to keep Antony away from the scene of the murder. He afterwards withdrew secretly to his province of Asia. In February, 43 x.c., he was treacherously murdered by Dola- bella at Smyrna.

LETTER 1 (ad Q. fr. i 2, 15 and 16).

The letter, from which this is an extract, was written on October 26, 59 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to his brother (Juintus (see p. 14) then governor of Asia.

The First Triumvirate (see p. 5) were now masters of

the state, and all opposition to them was suppressed by violence.

Cicero first describes a scene of the kind, and then refers to the attacks of Clodius upon himself, which he thinks will fail. He was mistaken; for he was driven into exile just six months later (see p. 6).

Nunc ea cognosce quae maxime exoptas. Rem publicam funditus amisimus, adeo ut Cato, adule- scens nullius consilii sed tamen civis Romanus et Cato, vix vivus effugerit, quod, cum Gabinium de ambitu vellet postulare neque praetores diebus aliquot adiri possent, in contionem escendit et ’ Pompeium ‘privatum dictatorem’ appellavit. Pro- pius nihil est factum quam ut occideretur. Ex hoe qui sit status totius rei publicae videre potes.

Nostrae tamen causae non videntur homines de- futuri; mirandum in modum profitentur, offerunt se, pollicentur. Equidem cum spe sum maxima, tum maiore etiam animo: spe, superiores fore nos, animo, ut in hac re publica ne casum quidem ullum pertimescam. Sed tamen se res sic habet:

wn

15

20

25

30

24 . Condition of politics at Rome

si diem nobis dixerit, tota Italia concurret, ut multiplicata gloria discedamus; sin autem vi agere conabitur, spero fore studiis non solum amicorum sed etiam alienorum ut vi resistamus. Omnes et se et suos amicos, clientes, libertos, servos, pecunias denique suas pollicentur. Nostra antiqua manus bonorum ardet studio nostri atque amore. Si qui antea aut alieniores fuerant aut languidiores, nunc horum regum odio se cum bonis coniungunt. Pompeius omnia pollicetur et Caesar; quibus ego ita credo ut nihil de mea comparatione deminuam. Tribuni plebis designati sunt nobis amici; consules se optime ostendunt; praetores habemus amicis- simos et acerrimos cives, Domitium, Nigidium, Memmium, Lentulum; bonos etiam alios, hos singulares. Quare magnum fac animum habeas et spem bonam. De singulis tamen rebus quae cotidie gerantur faciam te crebro certiorem.

LETTER 2 (ad fam. xiv 1).

This letter was written on November 27, 58 B.c., by Cicero to his wife Terentia at Rome.

He had been seven months in exile (see p. 6). He went first to Thessalonica in the province of Macedonia where he met with great kindness from Plancius, the quaestor; and the first part of the letter was written there; the postscript was added at Dyrrhachium on the east coast of the Adriatic.

Cicero laments his exile and praises his wife for her courageous exertions. He expresses some hope of re- storation and deplores his financial position.

Cicero in exile 25

Et litteris multorum et sermone omnium perfertur ad me incredibilem tuam virtutem et fortitudinem esse, teque nec animi neque corporis laboribus defetigari. Me miserum! te ista virtute, fide, probitate, humanitate in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse, Tulliolamque nostram, ex quo patre tantas voluptates capiebat, ex eo tantos percipere luctus! Nam quid ego de Cicerone dicam? qui, cum primum sapere coepit, acerbissimos dolores miseriasque percepit. Quae si, tu ut scribis, ‘fato facta’ putarem, ferrem paulo facilius; sed omnia sunt mea culpa com- missa, qui ab iis me amari putabam qui invide- bant, eos non sequebar qui petebant.

Quod si nostris consiliis usi essemus neque apud nos tantum valuisset sermo aut stultorum amicorum aut improborum, beatissimi viveremus. Nune quoniam sperare nos amici iubent, dabo operam ne mea valetudo tuo labori desit. Res quanta sit intellego quantoque fuerit facilius manere domi quam redire; sed tamen si omnes tribunos plebis habemus, si Lentulum tam studio- sum quam videtur, si vero etiam Pompeium et Caesarem, non est desperandum.

De familia, quo modo placuisse scribis amicis, faciemus. De loco nunc quidem iam abiit pesti- lentia, sed quamdiu fuit, me non attigit. Plancius, homo officiosissimus, me cupit esse secum et adhuc retinet. Ego volebam loco magis deserto esse in Epiro, sed adhuc Plancius me retinet; sperat posse

30

26 « Cicero in eaile

fieri ut mecum in Italiam decedat. Quem ego diem si videro et si in vestrum complexum venero ac si et vos et me ipsum reciperaro, satis magnum mihi fructum videbor percepisse et vestrae pietatis

35 et meae.

Pisonis humanitas, virtus, amor in omnes nos tantus est, ut nihil supra possit. Utinam ea res ei voluptati sit! gloriae quidem video fore. De Quinto fratre nihil ego te accusavi, sed vos, cum

40 praesertim tam pauci sitis, volui esse quam coniunc- tissimos. Quibus me voluisti agere gratias egi et me a te certiorem factum esse scripsi.

Quod ad me, mea Terentia, scribis te vicum vendituram, quid, obsecro te, me miserum! quid

45 futurum est? et si nos premet eadem fortuna, quid puero misero fiet? Non queo reliqua scribere; tanta vis lacrimarum est; neque te in eundem fletum adducam; tantum scribo: si erunt in officio amici, pecunia non deerit; si non erunt,

50 tu efficere tua pecunia non poteris. Per fortunas miseras nostras, vide ne puerum perditum per- damus; cui si aliquid erit ne egeat, mediocri virtute opus est et mediocri fortuna ut cetera consequatur.

55 Fac valeas et ad me tabellarios mittas, ut sclam quid agatur et vos quid agatis. Tulliolae et Ciceroni salutem dic. Valete. D. a. d. vi K. Decembr. Dyrrhachii.

Dyrrhachium veni, quod et libera civitas est

6oet in me officiosa et proxima Italiae; sed si

The. case of King Ptolemy oF

offendet me loci celebritas, alio me conferam, ad te scribam.

LETTER 3 (ad fam. i 56).

This letter and the next were written in February, 56 3B.c., by Cicero at Rome to Lentulus (see p. 15), governor of Cilicia.

Lentulus, as consul in 57 B.c., had taken active steps for Cicero’s restoration from exile. Though Cicero found it impossible to oppose the triumvirate openly, yet he is willing to speak frankly of Pompey in a private letter.

Cicero says that Pompey has become so unpopular at Rome that he has apparently given up his project of restoring King Ptolemy (see p. 15). Cicero will use every effort to further Lentulus’ wishes in this matter.

Hic quae agantur quaeque acta sint, ea te et litteris multorum et nuntiis cognosse arbitror ; quae autem posita sunt in coniectura quaeque videntur fore, ea puto tibi a me scribi oportere. Postea quam Pompeius et apud populum a. d. virr 5 Idus Februarias, cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque iactatus est, in senatuque a Catone aspere et acerbe inimicorum magno silentio est accusatus, visus est mihi vehementer esse pertur- batus. Itaque Alexandrina causa, quae nobis ro adhuc integra est (nihil enim tibi detraxit senatus nisi id, quod per eandem religionem dari alteri non potest), videtur ab illo plane esse deposita.

Nunc id speramus idque molimur, ut rex, cum intellegat sese, quod cogitabat, ut a Pompeio re- 15

28 « The case of King Ptolemy

ducatur, adsequi non posse et, nisi per te sit restitutus, desertum se atque abiectum fore, pro- ficiscatur ad te; quod sine ulla dubitatione, si Pompeius paulum modo ostenderit sibi placere, 20 faciet; sed nosti hominis tarditatem et taciturni- tatem. Nos tamen nihil, quod ad eam rem per- tineat, praetermittimus. Ceteris iniuriis, quae propositae sunt a Catone, facile, ut spero, resiste- mus. Amicum ex consularibus neminem tibi esse 25 video praeter Hortensium et Lucullum; ceteri sunt partim obscurius iniqui, partim non dissimu- lanter irati. ‘Tu fac animo forti magnoque sis, speresque fore ut fracto impetu levissimi hominis tuam pristinam dignitatem et gloriam consequare.

LETTER 4 (ad fam. i 6).

Quae gerantur, accipies ex Pollione, qui omni- bus negotiis non interfuit solum sed _praefuit. Me in summo dolore, quem in tuis rebus capio, maxime scilicet consolatur spes, quod valde sus-

5 picor fore ut infringatur hominum improbitas et consiliis tuorum amicorum et ipsa die, quae de- bilitat cogitationes et inimicorum et proditorum tuorum.

Facile secundo loco me consolatur recordatio

1o Meorum temporum, quorum imaginem video in rebus tuis; etsi minore in re violatur tua dignitas quam mea afflicta est. Sed praesta te eum, qui mihi ‘a teneris, ut Graeci dicunt,-‘ unguiculis’ es

Prwate affairs 29

cognitus; illustrabit, mihi crede, tuam amplitu- dinem hominum iniuria. A me omnia summa in

te studia officiaque exspecta; non fallam opinionem tuam.

LETTER 5 (ad Q. fr. 11 5. 2-4).

This letter was written on April 8, 56 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to his brother Quintus (see p. 14) in Sardinia.

Cicero speaks of an interview with his nephew, Quintus, who has been unwell; he reports on the pro- gress of the houses, now building at Rome for his brother and himself ; he outlines a visit to his country-houses, and begs his brother to return as soon as possible.

A. d. vit Idus Apriles sponsalia Crassipedi praebui. Huic convivio puer optimus, Quintus tuus meusque, quod perleviter commotus fuerat, defuit. A. d. vi Idus Apriles veni ad Quintum eumque vidi plane integrum, multumque is mecum sermonem habuit et perhumanum de discordiis mulierum nostrarum. Quid quaeris ? nihil festivius. Pomponia autem etiam de te questa est ; sed haec coram agemus.

A puero ut discessi, in aream tuam veni. Res agebatur multis structoribus. Longilium redemptorem cohortatus sum. Fidem mihi facie- bat se velle nobis placere. Domus erit egregia ; magis enim cerni iam poterat quam quantum ex forma iudicabamus; itemque nostra celeriter aedifi- cabatur. Eo die cenavi apud Crassipedem; cenatus in hortos ad Pompeium lectica latus sum, Luci

30 Private affairs

x

eum convenire non potueram quod afuerat; videre autem volebam quod eram postridie Roma exiturus

20 et quod ille in Sardiniam iter habebat. Hominem conveni et ab eo petivi ut quam primum te nobis redderet. ‘Statim’ dixit. Erat autem iturus, ut aiebat, a. d. m1 Id. April. ut aut Labrone aut Pisis conscenderet. ‘Tu, mi frater, simul et ille

25 venerit, primam navigationem, dummodo idonea tempestas sit, ne omiseris.

A. d. vi Idus April. ante lucem hance epistulam conscripsi eramque in itinere ut eo die apud T. Titium in Anagnino manerem, postridie autem in

30 Laterio cogitabam, inde, cum in Arpinati quinque dies fuissem, ire in Pompeianum, rediens aspicere Cumanum, ut, quoniam in Nonas Maias Miloni dies prodicta est, pridie Nonas Romae_ essem teque, mi carissime et suavissime frater, ad eam

35 diem, ut sperabam, viderem. Aedificationem Arcani ad tuum adventum sustentari placebat. Fac, mi frater, ut valeas quam primumque venias.

LETTER 6 (ad fam. vii 5).

This letter was written in February, 54 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to Caesar (see p. 16), who was then in Gaul, preparing for his second invasion of Britain.

Cicero asks Caesar to do all he can for Trebatius (see p. 17), a Roman lawyer and an old friend of his, who is going to Gaul to push his fortunes there; he vouches for the good conduct and ability of Trebatius.

A letter of recommendation 31

Vide quam mihi persuaserim te me _ esse alterum non modo in iis rebus, quae ad me ipsum sed etiam in iis, quae ad meos pertinent. C. Trebatium cogitaram, quocumque exirem, me- cum ducere, ut eum meis omnibus studiis, beneficiis quam ornatissimum domum reducerem; sed, postea quam et Pompeii commoratio diuturnior erat quam putaram, et mea quaedam tibi non ignota dubi- tatio aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur aut certe tardare, (vide quid mihi sumpserim), coepi velle ea Trebatium exspectare a te, quae sperasset a me, neque mehercule minus ei prolixe de tua voluntate promisi quam eram solitus de mea polliceri.

Casus vero mirificus quidam intervenit quasi vel testis opinionis meae vel sponsor humanitatis tuae. Nam cum de hoc ipso Trebatio cum Balbo nostro loquerer accuratius domi meae, litterae mihi dantur a te, quibus in extremis scriptum erat: ‘M. Fulvium, quem mihi commendas, vel regem Galliae faciam ; vel hunc Leptae delega, si vis, tu ad me alium mitte quem ornem.’ Sustu- limus manus et ego et Balbus. Tanta fuit oppor- tunitas, ut illud nescio quid non fortuitum sed divinum videretur. Mitto igitur ad te Trebatium.

Hunc, mi Caesar, sic velim omni tua comitate complectare, ut omnia, quae per me possis adduci ut in meos conferre velis, in unum hunc conferas. De quo tibi homine haec spondeo, probiorem hominem, meliorem virum, pudentiorem esse ne-

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32 A letter of recommendation

minem ; accedit etiam, quod familiam ducit in iure civili, singulari memoria, summa scientia. Huic ego neque tribunatum neque praefecturam neque ullius beneficii certum nomen peto, benevolentiam tuam et liberalitatem peto, neque impedio quo minus, si tibi ita placuerit, etiam his eum ornes gloriolae insignibus; totum denique hominem tibi ita trado, ‘de manu,’ ut aiunt, ‘in manum’ tuam istam et victoria et fide praestantem. Cura ut valeas, et me, ut amas, ama.

LETTER 7 (ad fam. vii 7).

This letter and the next were written in the autumn of 54 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to Trebatius, who was now in Gaul with Caesar.

Cicero playfully advises Trebatius to return to Rome at once, if Britain turns out as poor a prize as report says; he tells Trebatius seriously that this is the chance of his life. In the second letter he complains of getting no news and repeats his advice to make use of the opportunity.

Ego te commendare non desisto, sed quid pro- ficiam ex te scire cupio. Spem maximam habeo in Balbo, ad quem de te diligentissime et saepis- sime scribo. Illud soleo mirari, non me totiens accipere tuas litteras, quotiens a Quinto mihi fratre afferantur. In Britannia nihil esse audio neque auri neque argenti. Id si ita est, essedum aliquod capias suadeo et ad nos quamprimum recurras.

Advice to Trebatius 33

Sin autem sine Britannia tamen assequi quod volumus possumus, perfice ut sis in familiaribus Caesaris. Multum te in eo frater adiuvabit meus, multum Balbus, sed, mihi crede, tuus pudor et labor plurimum. Imperatorem habes_liberalis- simum, aetatem opportunissimam, commendatio- nem certe singularem, ut tibi unum timendum sit, ne ipse tibi defuisse videare.

7 LETTER 8 (ad fam. vii 9).

Iam diu ignoro quid agas; nihil enim scribis; neque ego ad te his duobus mensibus scripseram. Quod cum Quinto fratre meo non eras, quo mit- terem aut cui darem nesciebam. Cupio scire quid agas et ubi sis hiematurus; equidem velim cum - Caesare, sed ad eum propter eius luctum nihil sum ausus scribere; ad Balbum tamen scripsi.

Tu tibi deesse noli; serius potius ad nos, dum plenior. Quod huc properes, nihil est. Sed tibi

consilium non deest. Quid constitueris, cupio scire.

LETTER 9 (ad fam. ii 4).

This letter and the next were written in the summer of 53 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to his young friend Curio (see p. 17), who was serving as quaestor in Asia.

10

wm

The political allusions refer to the position of the_

Triumvirate (see p. 5) still paramount at Rome. Cicero says that the times are too serious for jesting

D. 3

34 . Advice to a young friend

and urges Curio to act as nobly in the future as he has done up to the present time. In the second letter he speaks still more strongly of the political situation.

Epistularum genera multa esse non ignoras, sed unum illud certissimum, cuius causa inventa res Ipsa est, ut certiores faceremus absentes, si quid esset, quod eos scire aut nostra aut ipsorum

5 interesset. Huius generis litteras a me profecto non exspectas; tuarum enim rerum domesticos habes et scriptores et nuntios, in meis autem rebus nihil est sane novi. Reliqua sunt epistularum genera duo, quae me magnopere delectant, unum

10 familiare et iocosum, alterum severum et grave. Utro me minus deceat uti, non intellego. Iocerne tecum per litteras? Civem mehercule non puto esse, qui temporibus his ridere possit. An gravius aliquid scribam? Quid est quod possit graviter

15 a Cicerone scribi ad Curionem nisi de re publica ? Atqui in hoc genere haec mea causa est, ut neque ea, quae sentio, audeam neque ea, quae non sentio, velim scribere.

Quamobrem, quoniam mihi nullum scribendi

20 argumentum relictum est, utar ea clausula, qua soleo, teque ad studium summae laudis cohortabor. Est enim tibi gravis adversaria constituta et parata, incredibilis quaedam exspectatio; quam tu una re facillime vinces, si hoc statueris, quarum laudum

25 gloriam adamaveris, quibus artibus eae laudes com- parantur, in iis esse laborandum. In hanc senten- tiam scriberem plura, nisi te tua sponte satis

Advice to a young friend 35

incitatum esse confiderem ; et hoc, quidquid attigi, non feci inflammandi tui causa, sed testificandi amoris mei.

LETTER 10 (ad fam. ii 5).

Haec negotia quomodo se habeant, ne epistula quidem narrare audeo. ‘Tibi, etsi, ubicumque es, ut scripsi ad te ante, in eadem es navi, tamen, quod abes, gratulor, vel quia non vides ea quae nos, vel quod excelso et illustri loco sita est laus tua in plurimorum et sociorum et civium con- spectu, quae ad nos nec obscuro nec vario sermone sed et clarissima et una omnium voce perfertur.

Unum illud nescio, gratulerne tibi an timeam, quod mirabilis est exspectatio reditus tui, non quo verear ne tua virtus opinioni hominum non respon- deat, sed mehercule ne, cum veneris, non habeas iam, quod cures; ita sunt omnia debilitata et iam prope exstincta. Sed haec ipsa nescio rectene sint litteris commissa; quare cetera cognosces ex aliis. ‘Tu tamen, sive habes aliquam spem de re publica sive desperas, ea para, meditare, cogita, quae esse in eo civi ac viro debent, qui sit rem publicam afflictam et oppressam miseris tempori-

30

bus ac perditis moribus in veterem dignitatem et 29

libertatem vindicaturus.

36. A glorious victory

LETTER 11 (ad fam. vii 2).

This letter was written early in 51 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to Marius at his estate near Pompeii (see p. 18).

Cicero first promises to perform a commission for his friend, and then expresses his great joy over the result of Bursa’s trial.

Bursa, an active supporter of Clodius (see p. 6), after the death of Clodius on January 17, 52 B.c., was . prosecuted by Cicero and condemned for his part in the riots which took place at the funeral.

Mandatum tuum curabo diligenter. Sed homo acutus el mandasti potissimum, cui expediret illud venire quam plurimo. Sed de ioco satis est. Tuum negotium agam, sicuti debeo, diligenter.

5 De Bursa te gaudere certo scio; sed nimis verecunde mihi gratularis; putas enim, ut scribis, propter hominis sordes minus me magnam illam laetitiam putare. Credas mihi velim magis me iudicio hoc quam morte inimici laetatum. Primum

10 enim iudicio malo quam gladio, deinde gloria potius amici quam calamitate ; imprimisque me delectavit tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse contra incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentis- simi viri; postremo (vix verisimile fortasse vide-

15 atur) oderam multo peius hunc quam illum ipsum Clodium.

Illum enim oppugnaram, hune defenderam; et ille, cum omnis res publica in meo capite discrimen esset habitura, magnum quiddam spectavit, nec

A glorious victory 37

sua sponte sed eorum auxilio, qui me stante stare 20 non poterant, hic simiolus animi causa me in quem inveheretur delegerat, persuaseratque nonnullis invidis meis se in me emissarium semper fore. Quamobrem valde iubeo gaudere te. Magna res gesta est. Nunquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt 25 quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes eius, a quo ipsi lecti iudices erant, condemnare; quod fecissent nunquam, nisi iis dolori meus fuisset dolor.

Nos hic in multitudine et celebritate iudici- 30 orum et novis legibus ita distinemur ut cotidie vota faciamus ne intercaletur, ut quamprimum te videre possimus.

LETTER 12 (ad Att. v 1).

This letter was written in May, 51 B.c., by Cicero at Minturnae to Atticus (see p. 18) at Rome. ‘!

Pomponia, the sister of Atticus, was the wife of Cicero’s brother, Quintus; and Cicero gives a lively description of a scene in which Pomponia showed bad temper towards her husband. He suggests that Atticus should remonstrate with his sister.

Ego vero et tuum in discessu vidi animum et de meo sum ipse testis. Quo magis erit tibi videndum ne quid novi decernatur, ut hoc nostrum desiderium ne plus sit annuum.

Nunc venio ad transversum illum extremae 5 epistulae tuae versiculum, in quo me admones de

38. An ill-tempered wife |

sorore. Quae res se sic habet. Ut veni in Arpinas, cum ad me frater venisset, imprimis nobis sermo isque multus de. te fuit. Ex quo 10 ego veni ad ea quae fueramus ego et tu inter nos de sorore in Tusculano locuti. Nihil tam vidi mite, nihil tam placatum quam tum meus frater erat in sororem tuam, ut, etiam si qua fuerat ex ratione sumptus offensio, non appareret. Illo sic 15 die. Postridie ex Arpinati profecti sumus. Ut in Arcano Quintus maneret dies fecit, ego Aquini, sed prandimus in Arcano. Nosti hune fundum. Quo ut venimus, humanissime Quintus ‘ Pomponia’ inquit ‘tu invita mulieres, ego viros accepero.’ 20 Nihil potuit, mihi quidem ut visum est, dulcius idque cum verbis tum etiam animo ac vultu. At illa audientibus nobis ‘Ego ipsa sum’ inquit ‘ hic hospita’: id autem ex eo, ut opinor, quod ante- cesserat Statius ut prandium nobis videret. ‘Tum 25 Quintus ‘En’ inquit mihi ‘ haec ego patior cotidie.’ Dices ‘Quid, quaeso, istuc erat?’ Magnum; itaque me ipsum commoverat; sic absurde et aspere verbis vultuque responderat. Dissimulavi dolens. Discubuimus omnes praeter illam, cui 30 tamen Quintus de mensa misit. Illa reiecit. Quid multa? nihil meo fratre lenius, nihil asperius tua sorore mihi visum est; et multa praetereo quae tum mihi maiori stomacho quam ipsi Quinto fuerunt. Ego inde Aquinum. Quintus in Arcano 35 remansit et Aquinum ad me postridie mane venit mihique narravit nec secum illam dormire voluisse

Cicero on his way to his province 39

et, cum discessura esset, fuiisse eiusmodi qualem ego vidissem. Quid quaeris? vel ipsi hoc dicas licet, humanitatem ei meo iudicio illo die defuisse.

Haec ad te scripsi fortasse pluribus quam 40 necesse fuit, ut videres tuas quoque esse partes instituendi et monendi. Reliquum est ut, ante quam proficiscare, mandata nostra exhaurias, scri- bas ad me omnia, Pomptinum extrudas, cum pro- fectus eris, cures ut sciam, sic habeas nihil me- 45 hercule te mihi nec carius esse nec suavius.

LETTER 13 (ad Att. v 5).

This letter was written on May 15, 51 B.c., by Cicero at Venusia to Atticus at Rome.

Cicero was on his way to Brundisium, to start from there for his province of Cilicia (see p. 7).

Cicero says he has no news and will report later some conversations he has had with Pompey. He begs Atticus to write, and reminds him that a debt to Caesar must be paid.

Plane deest quod scribam; nam nec quod man- dem habeo (nihil enim praetermissum est), nec quod narrem (novi enim nihil), nec iocandi locus est; ita me multa sollicitant. Tantum tamen scito, Idibus Maiis nos Venusia mane proficiscentes has dedisse. Eo autem die credo aliquid actum in senatu. Sequantur igitur nos tuae litterae quibus non modo res omnes sed etiam rumores cognoscamus. Eas accipiemus Brundisii; ibi enim

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40 Cicero on his way to his province

Pomptinum ad eam diem quam tu scripsisti ex- spectare consilium est.

Nos Tarenti quos cum Pompeio sermones de re publica habuerimus ad te perscribemus. Etsi id ipsum scire cupio, quod ad tempus recte ad te scribere possim, id est quamdiu Romae futurus sis, ut aut quo dem posthac litteras sciam aut ne dem frustra. Sed ante quam proficiscare, utique explicatum sit illud HS. xx et pecc. Hoc velim in maximis rebus et maxime necessariis habeas, ut, quod auctore te velle coepi, adiutore assequar.

LETTER 14 (ad fam. ii 11).

This letter was written on April 4, 50 B.c., by Cicero at Laodicea in Asia to Caelius (see p. 19) at Rome.

Cicero devoutly hopes that the term of his government of Cilicia will not be prolonged. He promises to supply Caelius, if he can, with panthers for his shows at Rome.

Putaresne unquam accidere posse, ut mihi verba deessent, neque solum ista vestra oratoria sed haec etiam levia nostratia? Desunt autem propter hance causam, quod mirifice sum sollicitus, quidnam de provinciis decernatur. Mirum me desiderium tenet urbis, incredibile meorum atque imprimis tui, satietas autem provinciae, vel quia videmur eam famam consecuti, ut non tam accessio quaerenda quam fortuna metuenda sit, vel quia totum negotium non est dignum viribus -nostris,

A letter from Cilicia 41

qui maiora onera in re publica sustinere et possim et soleam, vel quia belli magni timor impendet, quod videmur effugere, si ad constitutam diem decedemus.

De pantheris per eos, qui venari solent, agitur mandatu meo diligenter; sed mira paucitas est, et eas, quae sunt, valde aiunt queri, quod nihil cui- quam insidiarum in mea provincia nisi sibi fiat. Itaque constituisse dicuntur in Cariam ex nostra provincia decedere. Sed tamen sedulo fit et im- primis a Patisco. Quidquid erit, tibi erit, sed quid esset plane nesciebamus. Mihi mehercule magnae curae est aedilitas tua; ipse dies me ad- monebat; scripsi enim haec ipsis Megalensibus. Tu velim ad me de omni rei publicae statu quam diligentissime perscribas; ea enim certissima pu- tabo, quae ex te cognovero.

LETTER 15 (ad fam. xvi 1).

This letter was written on November 3, 50 B.c., by Cicero, on the return from his province to Italy, to Tiro (see p. 19), whom he had left ill at Patrae on the Corinthian gulf. |

Cicero expresses his great desire to have Tiro back with him, but urges him to run no risks on the score of health.

Paulo facilius putavi posse me ferre desiderium tui, sed plane non fero, et, quamquam magni ad honorem nostrum interest quamprimum ad urbem

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42. A letter to an invalid

me venire, tamen peccasse mihi videor qui a te

5 discesserim ; sed quia tua voluntas ea videbatur esse, ut prorsus nisi confirmato corpore nolles navigare, approbavi tuum consilium, neque nunc muto, si tu in eadem es sententia; sin autem, postea quam cibum cepisti, videris tibi posse me

10 consequi, tuum consilium est. Marionem ad te eo misi, ut aut tecum ad me quamprimum ve- niret aut, si tu morarere, statim ad me rediret.

Tu autem hoc tibi persuade, si commodo vale- tudinis tuae fieri possit, nihil me malle quam te

15 esse mecum; si autem intelleges opus esse te Patris convalescendi causa paulum commorari, nihil me malle quam te valere. 5i statim navigas, nos Leucade consequere; sin te confirmare vis, et comites et tempestates et navem idoneam ut

20 habeas diligenter videbis. Unum illud, mi Tiro, videto, si me amas, ne te Marionis adventus et hae litterae moveant. Quod valetudini tuae maxime conducet si feceris, maxime obtemperaris voluntati meae.

25 Haec pro tuo ingenio considera. Nos ita te desideramus, ut amemus; amor ut valentem vide- amus hortatur, desiderium ut quamprimum ; illud igitur potius. Cura ergo potissimum ut valeas. De tuis innumerabilibus in me officiis erit hoc

30 gratissimum.

Another letter to an imvalid 43

LETTER 16 (ad fam. xvi 11).

This letter was written on January 12, 49 B.c., by Cicero near Rome to Tiro who was still detained at Patrae by illness.

Cicero hopes that Tiro will make health his first consideration and not attempt the journey before he is fit for it. He then tells of the threatening attitude of Caesar and of the measures taken by the Senate to repel Caesar's invasion of the country.

Etsi opportunitatem operae tuae omnibus locis desidero, tamen non tam mea quam tua causa doleo te non valere; sed quoniam in quartanam conversa vis est morbi (sic enim scribit Curius), spero te diligentia adhibita iam firmiorem fore; modo fac, id quod est humanitatis tuae, ne quid aliud cures hoc tempore nisi ut quam commo- dissime convalescas. Non ignoro quantum ex desiderio labores; sed erunt omnia facilia, si valebis. Festinare te nolo, ne nauseae molestiam suscipias aeger et periculose hieme naviges.

Ego ad urbem accessi pr. Non. Ian. Obviam mihi sic est proditum, ut nihil possit fieri ornatius; sed incidi in ipsam flammam civilis discordiae vel potius belli. Cui cum cuperem mederi et, ut arbitror, possem, cupiditates certorum hominum (nam ex utraque parte sunt qui pugnare cupiant) impedimento mihi fuerunt. Omnino et ipse Caesar, amicus noster, minaces ad senatum et

_

fe)

acerbas litteras miserat et erat adhuc impudens 20;

44s Civil war

qui exercitum et provinciam invito senatu teneret, et Curio meus illum incitabat; Antonius quidem noster et Q. Cassius nulla vi expulsi ad Caesarem cum Curione profecti erant, postea quam senatus 25 consulibus, praetoribus, tribunis plebis et nobis, qui pro consulibus sumus, negotium dederat ut curaremus ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Nunquam maiore in periculo civitas fuit, nunquam improbi cives habuerunt paratiorem ducem. Om- 3o nino ex hac quoque parte diligentissime compa- ratur. Id fit auctoritate et studio Pompeii nostri, qui Caesarem sero coepit timere.

Nobis inter has turbas senatus tamen frequens flagitavit triumphum; sed Lentulus consul, quo maius suum beneficium faceret, simul atque expe- disset quae essent necessaria de re publica dixit se relaturum. Nos agimus nihil cupide eoque est nostra pluris auctoritas. Italiae regiones dis- criptae sunt, quam quisque partem tueretur. Nos 4o Capuam sumpsimus.

Haec te scire volui. Tu etiam atque etiam cura ut valeas litterasque ad me mittas, quotiens- cumque habebis cui des. Etiam atque etiam vale.

D. pr. Idus Ian.

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wm

LETTER 17 (ad fam. xiv 14).

This letter was written on January 23, 49 B.c., by Cicero at Minturnae to his wife and daughter at Rome. The civil war had now begun. Caesar was marching south with surprising speed at the head of his army ;

To two ladies shut up in Rome 45

Pompey was raising levies throughout Italy. Cicero had undertaken to superintend the levy in Campania.

Cicero tells the ladies to consult Atticus and other friends, whether it is safe and proper for them to remain at Rome which can make no defence against Caesar.

Si vos valetis, nos valemus. Vestrum iam con- silium est, non solum meum, quid sit vobis facien- dum. Si ille Romam modeste venturus est, recte in praesentia domi esse potestis; sin homo amens diripiendam urbem daturus est, vereor ut Dolabella ipse satis nobis prodesse possit. Etiam illud metuo ne iam intercludamur, ut, cum velitis exire, non liceat. Reliquum est, quod ipsae optime con- siderabitis, vestri similes feminae sintne Romae; si enim non sunt, videndum est ut honeste vos esse possitis. Quomodo quidem nunc se_ res habet, modo ut haec nobis loca tenere liceat, bellissime vel mecum vel in nostris praediis esse poteritis.. Etiam illud verendum est ne _ brevi tempore fames in urbe sit.

His de rebus velim cum Pomponio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis, ad summam animo forti sitis. Labienus rem meliorem fecit ; adiuvat etiam Piso, quod ab urbe discedit et sceleris condemnat generum suum. Vos, meae carissimae animae, quam saepissime ad me scribite et vos quid agatis et quid istic agatur.

Quintus pater et filius vobiss.d. Valete, vim Kal. Minturnis.

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20

46. Feeling in the country towns

LETTER 18 (ad Att. viii 13).

This letter was written on March 1, 49 B.c., by Cicero at Formiae to Atticus who still remained at Rome. Terentia and Tullia were now at Formiae, having left Rome on February 2.

Caesar was now in full career of victory. On February 24, he had taken Corfinium with many prisoners and had surprised all Italy by his generous treatment of them. He reached Brundisium at the head of 40,000 men on March 4, and besieged Pompey and the consuls there till they were forced to leave Italy on March 17. He then returned to Rome.

Cicero expresses his anxiety for Pompey and remarks on the change of feeling in Italy, so that Caesar, who was once a bugbear, is now the popular hero.

Lippitudinis meae signum tibi sit librarii ma- nus et eadem causa brevitatis; etsi nunc quidem quod scriberem nihil erat. Omnis exspectatio nostra erat in nuntiis Brundisinis. Si nactus hic

5 esset Gnaeum nostruim, spes dubia pacis, sin ille ante transmisisset, exitiosi belli metus. Sed videsne in quem hominem inciderit res publica, quam acutum, quam vigilantem, quam paratum? Si mehercule neminem occiderit nec cuiquam quid-

to quam ademerit, ab iis qui eum maxime timuerant maxime diligetur.

Multum mecum municipales homines loquun- tur, multum rusticani; nihil prorsus aliud curant nisi agros, nisi villulas, nisi nummulos suos. Et

15 vide quam conversa res sit; illum quo antea con-

A declaration of policy 47

fidebant metuunt, hunc amant quem timebant. Id quantis nostris peccatis vitiisque evenerit, non possum sine molestia cogitare. Quae autem im- pendere putarem, scripseram ad te et iam tuas litteras exspectabam.

LETTER 19 (ad Att. ix 7c).

This letter was written about March 1, 49 B.c., by Caesar, on his march, to his confidential agents Oppius and Balbus at Rome. A copy was sent by them to Cicero.

The letter is a declaration of policy. Caesar does not mean to imitate the example of Marius and Sulla who massacred their own countrymen. He hopes still to detach Pompey from his alliance with the senatorial

party.

Gaudeo mehercule vos significare litteris quam valde probetis ea quae apud Corfinium sunt gesta. Consilio vestro utar libenter et hoc libentius quod mea sponte facere constitueram ut quam lenissi- mum me praeberem et Pompeium darem operam ut reconciliarem. ‘'Temptemus hoc modo si possi- mus omnium voluntates reciperare et diuturna victoria uti, quoniam reliqui crudelitate odium effugere non potuerunt neque victoriam diutius tenere praeter unum L. Sullam quem imitaturus non sum. Haec nova sit ratio vincendi ut miseri- cordia et liberalitate nos muniamus. Id quemad- modum fieri possit, nonnulla mihi in mentem veniunt et multa reperiri possunt. De his rebus rogo vos ut cogitationem suscipiatis.

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48 A letter from the conqueror

N. Magium Pompei praefectum deprehendi. Scilicet meo instituto usus sum et eum statim missum feci. Iam duo praefecti fabrum Pompei in meam potestatem venerunt et a me missi sunt. Si volent grati esse, debebunt Pompeium hortari ut malit mihi esse amicus quam iis qui et illi et mihi semper fuerunt inimicissimi, quorum artificiis effectum est ut res publica in hunc statum per- veniret.

LETTER 20 (ad Att. ix 16).

This letter was written on March 26, 49 B.c., by Cicero at Formiae to Atticus at Rome.

Cicero now knew that Pompey had been driven from Italy. He encloses a letter, in which Caesar thanked Cicero for a complimentary letter and urged him to return to Rome, whither Caesar was now on his way from Brundisium.

Cum quod scriberem ad te nihil haberem, tamen ne quem diem intermitterem has dedi litteras. A. d. vr K. Caesarem Sinuessae man- surum nuntiabant. Ab eo mihi litterae redditae sunt a. d. vir K. Cum eius clementiam Corfinien- sem illam per litteras collaudavissem, rescripsit hoc exemplo:

‘Recte auguraris de me (bene enim tibi cognitus sum) nihil a me abesse longius crudelitate. Atque ego cum ex ipsa re magnam capio voluptatem, tum meum factum probari abs te triumpho gaudio. Neque illud me movet quod ii qui a me dimissi

Caesar and Cicero meet 49

sunt discessisse dicuntur ut mihi rursus bellum inferrent. Nihil enim malo quam et me mei similem esse et illos sui.

Tu velim mihi ad urbem praesto sis, ut tuis consiliis atque opibus, ut consuevi, in omnibus rebus utar. Dolabella tuo nihil scito mihi esse iucundius. Nec ideo habebo gratiam illi; neque enim aliter facere poterat. ‘Tanta eius humanitas, is sensus, ea in me est benevolentia.’

LETTER 21 (ad Att. ix 18 § 1).

This letter was written on March 29, 49 B.c., by Cicero at Arpinum to Atticus at Rome.

It describes how Caesar, at a personal interview, pressed Cicero to come to Rome, and how Cicero, to his credit, refused to comply (see p. 8).

Utrumque ex tuo consilio; nam et oratio fuit ea nostra ut bene potius ille de nobis existimaret quam gratias ageret, et in eo mansimus, ne ad urbem. Illa fefellerunt facilem quod putaramus; nihil vidi minus. Damnari se nostro iudicio, tar- diores fore reliquos, si nos non venerimus, dicere. Ego dissimilem illorum esse causam. Cum multa, ‘Veni igitur et age de pace.’ ‘Meone’ inquam ‘arbitratu?’ ‘An tibi’ inquit ‘ego praescribam ? ‘Sic’ inquam ‘agam, senatui non placere in His- panias iri nec exercitus in Graeciam transportari, multaque’ inquam ‘de Gnaeo deplorabo. Tum ille, ‘Ego vero ista dici nolo. ‘Ita putabam’

D. 4

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50 Caesar and Cicero meet

inquam; ‘sed ego eo nolo adesse, quod aut sic mihi 15 dicendum est multaque quae nullo modo possem

silere si adessem, aut non veniendum.’ Summa

fuit, ut ille quasi exitum quaerens, ‘ ut deliberarem.’

Non fuit negandum. Ita discessimus. Credo igitur

hunc me non amare. At ego me amavi, quod mihi 20 iampridem usu non venit.

LETTER 22 (ad fam. ix 1).

This letter was written in the year 46 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to Varro, the great scholar and antiquary (see p- 20).

The civil war was over. Pompey was dead; Caesar had conquered his enemies in battle after battle ; Cicero had found favour with Caesar and returned to Rome after his long and miserable sojourn at Brundisium (see p. 8).

Varro had fought for the Senate in Spain but yielded to Caesar after Pharsalia and easily made his peace with him.

Cicero expresses a hope that they will soon meet and be able to forget political disasters over books, to which he has now returned, having acted less wisely than Varro, who never left them.

Ex us litteris, quas Atticus a te missas mihi legit, quid ageres et ubi esses cognovi; quando autem te visuri essemus, nihil sane ex isdem litteris potui suspicari; in spem tamen venio appropinquare

5 tuum adventum; qui mihi utinam solacio sit! etsi tot tantisque rebus urgemur, ut nullam alleva- tionem quisquam non stultissimus sperare debeat; sed tamen aut tu potes me aut ego te fortasse

aliqua re iuvare.

Cicero goes back to his books 51

Scito enim me, postea quam in urbem venerim, redisse cum veteribus amicis, id est cum libris nostris, in gratiam; etsi non idcirco eorum usum dimiseram, quod iis suscenserem, sed quod eorum me suppudebat; videbar enim mihi, cum me in res turbulentissimas infidelissimis sociis demisissem, praeceptis illorum non satis paruisse. Ignoscunt mihi, revocant in consuetudinem pristinam, teque, quod in eo permanseris, sapientiorem quam me dicunt fuisse. Quamobrem, quoniam placatis iis utor, videor sperare debere, si te viderim, et ea, quae premant, et ea, quae impendeant, me facile laturum. Quamobrem sive in Tusculano sive in Cumano ad te placebit, sive, quod minime velim, Romae, dummodo simul simus, perficiam profecto ut id utrique nostrum commodissimum esse diiu- dicetur.

LETTER 23 (ad fam. vii 3).

The letter, from which this is an extract, was written in July, 46 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to his friend Marius (see p. 18), who was probably at his house near Pompeii.

Cicero recalls an interview he had with Marius in May, 49 B.c., shortly before he sailed to join Pompey’s army. He describes how he thought it right to leave Italy and join Pompey, but also thought it right to give up the struggle after Pharsalia.

Persaepe mihi cogitanti de communibus mi- serlis, in quibus tot annos versamur et, ut video,

4—2

Io

—

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52 Criticism of Pompey’s followers

versabimur, solet in mentem venire illius temporis, quo proxime fuimus una; quin etiam ipsum diem 5 memoria teneo; nam a. d. mit Id. Mai. Lentulo et Marcello consulibus, cum in Pompeianum vesperi venissem, tu mihi sollicito animo praesto fuisti. Sollicitum autem te habebat cogitatio cum officii tum etiam periculi mei. Si manerem in Italia, vere- 10 bare ne officio deessem; si proficiscerer ad bellum, periculum te meum commovebat. Quo tempore vidisti profecto me quoque ita conturbatum ut non explicarem quid esset optimum factu. Pudori tamen malui famaeque cedere quam salutis meae 15 ratlonem ducere.

Cuius me mei facti paenituit non tam propter periculum meum quam propter vitia multa, quae ibi offendi quo veneram—primum neque magnas copias neque bellicosas; deinde extra ducem pau-

20 cosque praeterea (de principibus loquor) reliqui primum in ipso bello rapaces, deinde in oratione ita crudeles ut ipsam victoriam horrerem; maxi- mum autem aes alienum amplissimorum virorum. Quid quaeris? nihil boni praeter causam. Quae

25 cum vidissem, desperans victoriam primum coepi suadere pacem, cuius fueram semper auctor; deinde, cum ab ea sententia Pompeius valde abhorreret, suadere institui ut bellum duceret. Hoc interdum probabat et in ea sententia videbatur fore, et

30 fuisset fortasse, nisi quadam ex pugna coepisset suis militibus confidere. Ex eo tempore vir ille summus nullus imperator fuit: Signa tirone et

Cicero a true prophet 53

collecticio exercitu cum legionibus robustissimis contulit ; victus turpissime amissis etiam castris solus fugit. Hunc ego mihi belli finem feci, nec putavi, cum integri pares non fuissemus, fractos superiores fore.

LETTER 24 (ad fam. vi 6. 2-7).

This letter was written in the year 46 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to Caecina (see p. 20) who was in exile.

Cicero prophesies that Caecina will soon be able to return from exile and come back again to Italy. He claims credit as a prophet, because he foretold accurately the whole course of the civil war.

Cum me ex re publica expulissent ii, qui illam cadere posse stante me non putarunt, memini me ex multis hospitibus, qui ad me ex Asia, in qua tu eras, venerant, audire, te de glorioso et celeri reditu meo confirmare.

Si te ratio quaedam mira Tuscae disciplinae, quam a patre, nobilissimo atque optimo viro, acceperas, non fefellit, ne nos quidem nostra divinatio fallet, quam cum sapientissimorum vi- rorum monumentis atque praeceptis plurimoque, ut tu scis, doctrinae studio, tum magno etiam usu tractandae rei publicae magnaque nostrorum tem- porum varietate consecuti sumus.

Cui quidem divinationi hoc plus confidimus, quod ea nos nihil in his tam obscuris rebus tamque perturbatis unquam omnino fefellit. Dicerem,

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54 Cicero a true prophet

x

quae ante futura dixissem, ni vererer ne ex eventis fingere viderer. Sed tamen plurimi sunt testes me et initio, ne coniungeret se cum Caesare, monuisse 20 Pompeium, et postea, ne selungeret. Coniunctione frangi senatus opes, diiunctione civile bellum ex- citar1 videbam. Atque utebar familiarissime Caesare, Pompeium faciebam plurimi, sed erat meum consilium cum fidele Pompeio tum salutare 25 utrique.

(uae praeterea providerim praetereo; nolo enim hunc, de me optime meritum, existimare ea me suasisse Pompeio, quibus ille si paruisset, esset hic quidem clarus in toga et princeps, sed tantas opes,

30 quantas nunc habet, non haberet. Eundum in Hispaniam censui. Quod si fecisset, civile bellum nullum omnino fuisset.

Victa est auctoritas mea non tam a Pompeio (nam is movebatur) quam ab iis, qui duce Pompeio

35 freti peropportunam et rebus domesticis et cupidi- tatibus suis illius belli victoriam fore putabant. Susceptum bellum est quiescente me, depulsum ex Italia manente me, quoad potui; sed valuit apud me plus pudor meus quam timor; veritus sum

40 deesse Pompei saluti, cum ille aliquando non de- fuisset meae. Itaque vel officio vel fama bonorum vel pudore victus, ut in fabulis Amphiaraus, sic ego ‘prudens et sciens ad pestem ante oculos positam”’ sum profectus. Quo in bello nihil

45 adversi accidit non praedicente me. Quare, quoniam, ut augures et astrologi solent, ego

A letter of consolation 55

quoque augur publicus ex meis superioribus prae- dictis constitui apud te auctoritatem augurii et divinationis meac, debebit habere fidem nostra praedictio.

LETTER 25 (ad fam. iv 5).

This famous letter was written in April, 45 B.c., by Servius (see p. 21) at Athens to Cicero at Astura, an island on the coast of Latium, to which he had retired after the death of his daughter, Tullia, in March.

Servius, formerly an adherent of Pompey, had been appointed by Caesar to govern Greece. Yet the chief consolation, which he urges upon Cicero throughout his letter, is this: that, with the loss of liberty, life had ceased to be worth living for Tullia or for any Roman. He also points out that not men only, but cities also, cease to be ; and he ends by saying that excessive grief is unworthy of Cicero and would pain Tullia, if she could know of it.

Postea quam mihi renuntiatum est de obitu Tulliae, filiae tuae, sane quam, pro eo ac debui, graviter molesteque tuli communemque eam calami- tatem existimavi; qui, si istic adfuissem, neque tibi defuissem coramque meum dolorem tibi decla- rassem. tsi genus hoc consolationis miserum atque acerbum est, propterea quia, per quos ea confieri debet, propinquos ac familiares, 11 ipsi pari molestia afficiuntur neque sine lacrimis multis id conari possunt, uti magis ipsi videantur aliorum consolatione indigere quam allis posse suum

50

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56: A tetter of consolation

officium praestare, tamen, quae in praesentia in- mentem mihi venerunt, decrevi brevi ad te per- scribere, non quo ea te fugere existimem, sed quod

15 forsitan dolore impeditus minus ea perspicias.

Quid est quod tantopere te commoveat tuus dolor intestinus? Cogita, quemadmodum adhuc fortuna nobiscum egerit; ea nobis erepta esse, quae hominibus non minus quam liberi cara esse debent,

20 patriam, honestatem, dignitatem, honores omnes. Hoc uno incommodo addito quid ad dolorem adiungi potuit? aut qui non in illis rebus exerci- tatus animus callere iam debet atque omnia minoris existimare ?

25 An illius vicem, cedo, doles? Quotiens in eam cogitationem necesse est et tu veneris et nos saepe incidimus, his temporibus non pessime cum iis esse actum, quibus sine dolore licitum est mortem cum vita commutare! Quid autem fuit

30 quod illam hoc tempore ad vivendum magno- pere invitare posset? quae res, quae spes, quod animi solacium? ut cum aliquo adulescente _pri- mario coniuncta aetatem gereret? Licitum est tibi, credo, pro tua dignitate ex hac iuventute

35 generum deligere, cuius fidei liberos tuos te tuto committere putares. An ut ea liberos ex sese pareret, quos cum florentes videret laetaretur, qui rem a parente traditam per se tenere possent, honores ordinatim petituri essent in re publica,

4oin amicorum negotiis libertate sua usuri? Quid horum fuit quod non priusquam datum est ademp-

A letter of consolation 57

tum sit? At vero malum est liberos amittere. Malum; nisi hoc peius sit, haec sufferre et perpeti.

Quae res mihi non mediocrem consolationem attulit, volo tibi commemorare, si forte eadeny res tibi dolorem minuere possit. Ex Asia rediens cum ab Aegina Megaram versus navigarem, coepi regi- ones circumcirca prospicere. Post me erat Aegina, ante me Megara, dextra Piraeus, sinistra Corinthus, quae oppida quodam tempore florentissima fuerunt, nunc prostrata et diruta ante oculos iacent. Coepi

egomet mecum sic cogitare: ‘Hem! nos homunculi

indignamur, si quis nostrum interiit aut occisus est, quorum vita brevior esse debet, cum uno loco tot oppidum cadavera proiecta iacent? Visne tu te, Servi, cohibere et meminisse hominem te esse natum?’ Crede mihi, cogitatione ea non medio- criter sum confirmatus. Hoc idem, si tibi videtur, fac ante oculos tibi proponas. Modo uno tempore tot viri clarissimi interierunt, de imperio populi Romani tanta deminutio facta est, omnes pro- vinciae conquassatae sunt; in unius mulierculae animula si iactura facta est, tantopere commo- veris? Quae si hoc tempore non diem suum obisset, paucis post annis tamen ei moriendum fuit, quoniam homo nata fuerat.

Etiam tu ab his rebus animum ac cogita- tionem tuam avoca, atque ea potius reminiscere, quae digna tua persona sunt, illam, quamdiu ei opus fuerit, vixisse, una cum re publica fuisse, te, patrem suum, praetorem, consulem, augurem vi-

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58 A letter of consolation

disse, adulescentibus primariis nuptam fuisse, omnibus bonis prope perfunctam esse, cum res publica occideret, vita excessisse. Quid est quod 75 tu aut illa cum fortuna hoc nomine queri possitis ? Denique noli te oblivisci Ciceronem esse et eum, qui aliis consueveris praecipere et dare consilium, neque imitare malos medicos, qui in alienis morbis profitentur tenere se medicinae scientiam, ipsi se 80 curare non possunt, sed potius, quae aliis tute praecipere soles, ea tute tibi subice atque apud animum propone. Nullus dolor est, quem non longinquitas tem- poris minuat ac molliat. Hoc te exspectare tem- 85 pus tibi turpe est ac non ei rei sapientia tua te occurrere. Quod si qui etiam inferis sensus est, qui illius in te amor fuit pietasque in omnes suos, hoe certe illa te facere non vult. Da hoc illi mortuae, da ceteris amicis ac familiaribus, qui tuo go dolore maerent, da patriae, ut, si qua in re opus sit, opera et consilio tuo uti possit.

LETTER 26 (ad fam. iv 6).

This letter was written in April, 45 B.c., by Cicero in reply to the preceding letter from Servius.

Cicero expresses gratitude for the letter of consolation and for the sympathy shown to him by the son of Servius. He points out that his loss is the more grievous, because he cannot forget his private sorrow in the activity of public life, which has ceased to exist under the despotism of Caesar. He ends with a wish to see Servius back in Italy.

and the reply 59

Ego vero, Servi, vellem, ut scribis, in meo gravissimo casu adfuisses; quantum enim praesens me adiuvare potueris et consolando et prope aeque dolendo, facile ex eo intellego, quod litteris lectis aliquantum acquievi. Nam et ea scripsisti, quae levare luctum possent, et in me consolando non mediocrem ipse animi dolorem adhibuisti. Servius tamen tuus omnibus officiis, quae illi tempori tribui potuerunt, declaravit et quanti ipse me faceret et quam suum talem erga me animum tibi gratum putaret fore. Cuius officia iucundiora scilicet saepe mihi fuerunt, nunquam tamen gra- tiora. Me autem non oratio tua solum et societas paene aegritudinis sed etiam auctoritas consolatur; turpe enim esse existimo me non ita ferre casum meum, ut tu tali sapientia praeditus ferendum putas. Sed opprimor interdum et vix resisto dolori, quod ea me solacia deficiunt, quae ceteris, quorum mihi exempla propono, simili in fortuna non defuerunt. Nam et Q. Maximus, qui filium consularem, clarum virum et magnis rebus gestis, amisit, et L. Paullus, qui duo septem diebus, et vester Gaius, et M. Cato, qui summo ingenio, summa virtute filium perdidit, iis temporibus fuerunt, ut eorum luctum ipsorum dignitas conso- laretur ea, quam ex re publica consequebantur.

Mihi autem amissis ornamentis iis, quae ipse commemoras, quaeque eram maximis laboribus adeptus, unum manebat illud solacium, quod ereptum est. Non amicorum negotiis, non rei

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60: Reply to a letter of consolation

publicae procuratione impediebantur cogitationes meae, nihil in foro agere libebat, aspicere curiam non poteram, existimabam, id quod erat, omnes me et industriae meae fructus et fortunae perdi- disse. Sed, cum cogitarem haec mihi tecum et cum quibusdam esse communia, et cum frangerem iam ipse me cogeremque illa ferre toleranter, habebam quo confugerem, ubi conquiescerem, culus in sermone et suavitate omnes curas dolor- esque deponerem. Nunc autem hoc tam gravi vulnere etiam illa, quae consanuisse videbantur, recrudescunt ; non enim, ut tum me a re publica maestum domus excipiebat, quae levaret, sic nunc domo maerens ad rem publicam confugere possum, ut in eius bonis acquiescam. Itaque et domo absum et foro, quod nec eum dolorem, quem de re publica capio, domus iam consolari potest nec domesticum res publica.

Quo magis te exspecto teque videre quam-

o primum cupio; maius mihi solacium afferre ratio

nulla potest quam coniunctio consuetudinis ser- monumque nostrorum; quamquam sperabam tuum adventum (sic enim audiebam) appropinquare. Ego autem cum multis de causis te exopto quam- primum videre, tum etiam ut ante commentemur inter nos, qua ratione nobis traducendum sit hoc tempus, quod est totum ad unius voluntatem ac- commodandum et prudentis et liberalis et, ut perspexisse videor, nec a me alieni et tibi ami-

60 Cissimi. Quod cum ita sit, magnae tamen est

A friend of Caesar’s defends himself 61

deliberationis, quae ratio sit ineunda nobis non agendi aliquid sed illius concessu et beneficio quiescendi. Vale.

LETTER 27 (ad fam. xi 28).

This letter was written at the end of May, 44 B.c., by Matius (see p. 21) at Rome to Cicero.

Caesar had been murdered two months earlier. Matius, an intimate friend of Caesar’s, had promised to preside at games which Octavian was to give in Caesar’s memory. He writes to Cicero to justify himself for this promise.

Matius expresses pleasure in Cicero’s good opinion ; he defends his resentment against Caesar’s murderers, and says he never used his friendship with Caesar for selfish objects. He denies the want of patriotic feeling imputed to him, and resents the attempt to interfere with his private friendships, an attempt which Caesar had never made.

Magnam voluptatem ex tuis litteris cepi, quod quam speraram atque optaram habere te de me opinionem cognovi; de qua etsi non dubitabam, tamen, quia maximi aestimabam, ut incorrupta maneret laborabam. Conscius autem mihi eram nihil a me commissum esse quod boni cuiusquam offenderet animum. Eo minus credebam plurimis atque optimis artibus ornato tibi temere quicquam persuaderi potuisse, praesertim in quem mea pro- pensa et perpetua fuisset atque esset benevolentia. Quod quoniam ut volui scio esse, respondebo crimi- nibus, quibus tu pro me, ut par erat tua singulari bonitate et amicitia nostra, saepe restitisti,

wm

62. A friend of Caesar's defends himself

Nota enim mihi sunt quae in me post Caesaris

15 mortem contulerint. Vitio mihi dant quod mor- tem hominis necessaril graviter fero atque eum quem dilexi perisse indignor; aiunt enim patriam amicitiae praeponendam esse, proinde ac si iam vicerint obitum eius rei publicae fuisse utilem.

20 Sed non agam astute; fateor me ad istum gradum sapientiae non pervenisse ; neque enim Caesarem in dissensione civili sum secutus sed amicum; quam- quam re offendebar, tamen non deserui, neque bellum unquam civile aut etiam causam dissen-

25 sionis probavi, quam etiam nascentem exstingul summe studui. Itaque in victoria hominis necessaril neque honoris neque pecuniae dulcedine sum cap- tus, quibus praemiis reliqui, minus apud eum quam ego cum possent, immoderate sunt abusi.

30 Atque etiam res familiaris mea lege Caesaris de- minuta est, cuius beneficio plerique, qui Caesaris morte laetantur, remanserunt in civitate. Civibus victis ut parceretur aeque ac pro mea _ salute laboravi.

35 Possum igitur, qui omnes voluerim incolumes, eum, a quo id impetratum est, perisse non indig- nari? cum praesertim idem homines illi et invidiae et exitio fuerint. ‘ Plecteris ergo,’ inquiunt ‘ quo- niam factum nostrum improbare audes.’ O super-

40 biam inauditam, alios in facinore gloriari, aliis ne dolere quidem impunite licere! At haec etiam servis semper libera fuerunt, ut timerent, gaude- rent, dolerent suo potius quam alterius arbitrio ;

A friend of Caesar's defends himself 63

quae nunc, ut quidem isti dictitant, ‘libertatis

auctores’ metu nobis extorquere conantur.

Sed nihil agunt; nullius unquam periculi ter- roribus ab officio aut ab humanitate desciscam; nunquam enim honestam mortem fugiendam, saepe etiam oppetendam putavi. Sed quid mihi suscensent, si id opto ut paeniteat eos sui facti? Cupio enim Caesaris mortem omnibus esse acerbam.

At debeo pro civili parte rem publicam velle salvam. Id quidem me cupere, nisi et ante acta vita et reliqua mea spes tacente me probat, dicendo vincere non postulo. Quare maiorem in modum te rogo ut rem potiorem oratione ducas, mihique, si sentis expedire recte fieri, credas nullam commu- nionem cum improbis esse posse. An quod adu- lescens praestiti, cum etiam errare cum excusatione possem, id nunc aetate praecipitata commutem ac me ipse retexam? Non faciam, neque quod displi- ceat committam, praeterquam quod hominis mihi coniunctissimi ac viri amplissimi doleo gravem casum. Quod si aliter essem animatus, nunquam quod facerem negarem, ne et in peccando improbus et in dissimulando timidus ac vanus existimarer.

At ludos, quos Caesaris victoriae Caesar adu- lescens fecit, curavi. At id ad privatum officium, non ad statum rei publicae pertinet ; quod tamen munus et hominis amicissimi memoriae atque honoribus praestare etiam mortui debui, et opti- mae spei adulescenti ac dignissimo Caesare petenti negare non potui.

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64 <A friend of Caesar's defends himself

Veni etiam consulis Antonii domum saepe salu- tandi causa. Ad quem, qui me parum patriae amantem esse existimant, rogandi quidem aliquid aut auferendi causa frequentes ventitare reperies. Sed quae haec est arrogantia, quod Caesar nun- quam interpellavit quin quibus vellem atque etiam quos ipse non diligebat tamen iis uterer, eos qui mihi amicum eripuerunt carpendo me efficere co- nari ne quos velim diligam ?

Sed non vereor ne aut meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit in posterum contra falsos ru- mores, aut ne etiam li, qui me non amant propter meam in Caesarem constantiam, non malint mei quam sui similes amicos habere.

LETTER 28 (ad fam. xi 5).

This letter was written in December, 44 8.c., by Cicero at Rome to Decimus Brutus (see p. 21) in Cisalpine Gaul.

Brutus, who had been appointed by Caesar to govern this province, had gone there after Caesar’s death and was now in the town of Mutina, trying to keep out Antony, who claimed the province for himself. |

Cicero explains that he has now come to Rome and heard about Brutus from Pansa, the consul-designate. He urges Brutus to play the man against Antony and to be faithful to the cause of the Senate. Cicero promises to support him to the utmost of his power.

Lupus familiaris noster cum a te venisset cum- que Romae quosdam dies commoraretur, ego eram in iis locis in quibus maxime tuto me esse arbitra-

The struggle with Antony 65

bar. Eo factum est ut ad te Lupus sine meis litteris rediret, cum tamen curasset tuas ad me perferendas. Romam autem veni a. d. v Idus Dec., nec habui quidquam antiquius quam ut Pansam statim convenirem ; ex quo ea de te cognovi quae maxime optabam.

Quare hortatione tu quidem non eges, si ne in illa quidem re, quae a te gesta est post homi- num memoriam maxima, hortatorem desiderasti. Illud tamen breviter significandum videtur, popu- lum Romanum omnia a te exspectare atque in te aliquando reciperandae libertatis omnem spem ponere. ‘Tu si dies noctesque memineris, quod te facere certo scio, quantam rem gesseris, non obliviscere profecto quantae tibi etiam nunc gerendae sint. Si enim iste provinciam nactus erit, cui quidem ego semper amicus fui, ante quam illum intellexi non modo aperte sed etiam libenter cum re publica bellum gerere, spem reliquam nullam video salutis.

Quamobrem te obsecro iisdem precibus quibus senatus populusque Romanus, ut in perpetuum rem publicam dominatu regio liberes, ut principiis con- sentiant exitus. Tuum est hoc munus, tuae partes, a te hoc civitas vel omnes potius gentes non ex- spectant solum sed etiam postulant. Quamquam, cum hortatione non egeas, ut supra scripsi, non utar ea pluribus verbis, faciam illud, quod meum est, ut tibi omnia mea officia, studia, curas, cogi- tationes pollicear, quae ad tuam laudem et gloriam

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66 The struggle with Antony

pertinebunt. Quamobrem velim tibi ita persuadeas, me cum rei publicae causa, quae mihi vita mea est carior, tum quod tibi ipsi faveam tuamque digni- tatem amplificari velim, me tuis optimis consiliis, amplitudini, gloriae nullo loco defuturum.

LETTER 29 (ad fam. x 28).

This letter was written on February 2, 43 B.c., by Cicero at Rome to Trebonius (see p. 22) in Asia. Trebonius was dead before this letter could have reached him.

Since the beginning of the year Cicero had been straining every nerve against Antony, making speeches in the Senate and to the people, and writing letters to all leaders at the head of armies, trying to keep them faithful to the cause of the Senate. Antony was before Mutina in Cisalpine Gaul; and Octavian with Hirtius, one of the consuls, was gone in pursuit of him. ‘The first battle was fought on April 15.

Cicero gently reproaches Trebonius for not putting an end to Antony together with Caesar. He describes a meeting of the Senate, at which he spoke, on December 20, 44 B,c. ; he gives a brief account of the state of affairs.

Quam vellem ad illas pulcherrimas epulas me Idibus Martiis invitasses! reliquiarum nihil habe- remus. At nunc cum iis tantum negotil est, ut vestrum illud divinum in rem publicam beneficium

5 nonnullam habeat querellam. Quod vero a te, viro

optimo, seductus est tuoque beneficio adhuc vivit haec pestis, interdum, quod mihi vix fas est, tibi subirascor; mihi enim negotii plus reliquisti uni quam praeter me omnibus. -Ut enim primum

10 post Antonii foedissimum discessum senatus haberi

Cicero speaks against Antony 67

libere potuit, ad illum animum meum reverti pristinum, quem tu cum civi acerrimo, patre tuo, in ore et amore semper habuisti.

Nam cum senatum a. d. xm K. Ian. tribuni plebis vocavissent deque alia re referrent, totam rem publicam sum complexus, egique acerrime, sena- tumque iam languentem et defessum ad pristinam virtutem consuetudinemque revocavi magis animi quam ingenii viribus. Hic dies meaque contentio atque actio spem primum populo Romano attulit libertatis reciperandae ; nec vero ipse postea tempus ullum intermisi de re publica non cogitandi solum sed etiam agendi.

Quod nisi res urbanas actaque omnia ad te perferri arbitrarer, ipse perscriberem, quamquam eram maximis occupationibus impeditus. Sed illa cognosces ex aliis; a me pauca, et ea summatim. Habemus fortem senatum, consulares partim timi- dos, partim male sentientes; magnum damnum factum est in Servio; L. Caesar optime sentit sed, quod avunculus est, non acerrimas dicit sententias; consules egregii, praeclarus D. Brutus, egregius puer Caesar, de quo spero equidem reliqua; hoc vero certum habeto, nisi ille veteranos celeriter conscripsisset legionesque duae de exercitu Antoni ad eius se auctoritatem contulissent atque is oppo- situs esset terror Antonio, nihil Antonium sceleris, nihil crudelitatis praeteriturum fuisse. Haec tibi, etsi audita esse arbitrabar, volui tamen notiora esse. Plura scribam, si plus otii habuero. |

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NOTES

LETTER 1

1. maxime exoptas: Quintus in Asia preferred political news to any other kind.

rem publicam, ‘the constitution.’ Caesar, as consul, was passing many laws by vote of the people in defiance of the senate.

2. Cato: this ‘foolish young man’ was not the famous Marcus Cato, who died by his own hand in the civil war, but Gaius Cato, tribune in 56 B.c., who was attacking the triumvirs in the interest of the Senate. Cicero means that anyone, who bore the name of Cato, should have been safe from popular violence,

4. Gabinium: Gabinius was a tool of the triumvirs : he had been elected consul for 58 B.c., and was to be prosecuted for bribery at his election.

5. postulare: the prosecutor had to get leave from one of the praetors before bringing his action: in this case the praetors, being influenced by the triumvirs, refused Cato an interview.

6. incontionem escendit, ‘rose up to address the people’: contio means (1) a meeting of the people, (2) a speech addressed to such a meeting.

7. privatum: Pompey, although he had not been appointed dictator, was acting as though he had been. A _ properly appointed dictator was not bound by any law.

8. propius...occideretur, Jit. ‘nothing more nearly happened than that he should be murdered,’ i.e. ‘he had a very close shave of being murdered.’

9. rei publicae, ‘of the country’: this word has many

Notes 69

meanings; and the particular meaning in each case must be determined by the context.

10. nostrae...causae, ‘to defend me’ against the attacks of Clodius; see p. 6. mostrae has the sense of meae: it is important to note that Cicero constantly uses nos and noster of himself only, not of himself and others: see p. 103.

homines, ‘ people,’ generally.

12. se, ‘ their services.’

cum does not govern spe: it means ‘both’ and is: answered by tum, ‘and,’ below.

spe is an abl. of description.

Note the change of construction, by which, while spe governs acc. and inf., animo is followed by wt and subj.

14. in hac re publica, ‘even in the present state of politics.’

ne casum quidem, ‘not even an unpleasant incident,’ far less, destruction.

16. dixerit : the subject to be supplied is Clodius.

17. gloria is abl. of accompaniment.

discedamus, ‘I shall come off’: for the plur. of the Ist person in a singular sense, see n. to 1. 10.

vi agere: Clodius might excite the mob against Cicero rather than prosecute him.

19. alienorum: even Cicero’s political opponents might be reckoned upon to repel the violence of Clodius by violence.

21.. nostra...bonorum, ‘my former band of loyalists,’ i.e. the senators and knights who supported Cicero in 63 B.c. when he suppressed the conspiracy of Catiline: see p. 4.

boni is a regular name at this time for supporters of the Senate and the constitution.

22. nostri: gen. of the object.

24. regum, the triumvirs, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus : the word rex was detestable: to a Roman ear.

25. quibus...deminuam, ‘whom I trust in such a way that I do not relax any of my preparations,’ i.e. ‘ but I don’t trust them enough to relax....’

Both Pompey and Caesar were friends of Cicero in private life and promised to protect him; but he was wisely dis- trustful.

70 . Notes

27. designati: the magistrates, of whom he speaks, had already been elected but had not yet entered upon office.

28. se...ostendunt, ‘make excellent professions’: the con- suls in the following year were A. Gabinius and L. Calpurnius Piso.

praetores, ‘as praetors’: of the four here mentioned, Memmius suddenly changed over to Caesar’s side, but the other three took an active part against Caesar in the civil war.

29. acerrimos cives, ‘energetic patriots.’

31. fac governs habeas, ut being understood: ‘see that you keep....’

32. singulis rebus, ‘ details.’

LETTER 2

2. perfertur ad me: the impers. verb here governs acc. and inf.

3. corporis: Terentia was going about, interviewing influential persons at Rome, with a view to her husband’s restoration.

4. me miserum, ‘how unhappy I am, that you...’: the acc. of exclamation introduces the following infinitives inci- disse and percipere. :

ista virtute, ‘a woman of such excellence’: abl. of de- scription.

6. Tulliolam: Cicero’s daughter Tullia was now twenty years old and was already married: the diminutive form expresses affection.

ex quo patre...ex eo...: in Latin the antecedent constantly follows the relative clause; but the order must be reversed in English.

8. quid...dicam, ‘why should I speak of my son Cicero?’: i.e. his condition is even worse than his sister’s. Cicero’s son was now seven years old.

ll. fato facta, ‘were brought about by destiny.’ Cicero says that his exile was due to his own fault, not to mere bad luck. The nobles, to whom he looked for support, were jealous

Notes 71

of his glory; and he had turned his back on the triumvirs when they courted his favour.

15. nostris, ‘my own.’ Cicero says that his friends, who advised him to retire into exile, gave him bad advice, either from stupidity or treachery.

19. desit, ‘fail to support.’

res, ‘a task.’

22. Lentulum: Lentulus was one of the consuls: for his friendly action, see p. 15. Pompey and Caesar, though they had permitted Cicero’s exile, were now willing that he should return, if he did not thwart them.

25. familia: Cicero was intending to set free his slaves, for fear they should be confiscated with the rest of his a pike His friends had sent some advice on the point.

26. loco: there had been some epidemic at Thessalonica, and Terentia had expressed a fear that Cicero would catch it.

31. decedat: Plancius was soon to return to Italy, his year of office having expired: he hoped to bring Cicero back with him.

32. videro, ‘I see’: the fut. perf. must here be rendered by the present in English.

vestrum and vos refer to the children as well as to Terentia. The 2nd pers. plur. is not used of one person only. .

36. Pisonis: Piso was Tullia’s husband; he died before Cicero returned from exile.

37. possit: supply esse.

res, ‘conduct.’

38. ei voluptati sit, ‘may prove a pleasure to him’: voluptati and gloriae are predicative datives.

39,40. Terentia seems to have taken some words of Cicero as a reproof for quarrelling with her brother-in-law, Quintus. Cicero now says that he did not mean to find fault with her; only he thought misfortune should have drawn them closer together.

Note the different meaning of te and vos,

41. All supporters had to be thanked for their exertions.

43. quod...scribis, ‘when you write’; lit. ‘as to the fact of your writing.’

72 Notes

Terentia proposed raising money by the sale of some houses (vicus lit. ‘a street’); Cicero fears that his children will lose all their patrimony. .

45. premet, ‘shall continue to oppress us.’

46. puero: abl.

48. erunt in officio, ‘remain loyal.’

53. cetera means wealth and distinction.

55. fac valeas: see n. to fac habeas, 11. 31.

tabellarios: as there was no government postal system, the writer had to send his letter by his own messenger.

57. D.=datum, ‘sent off,’ ‘despatched’: hence our word ‘date.’

For the date, see p. 102.

59. veni, ‘I have come,’ since writing the above letter.

Dyrrhachium was the port generally used by Romans crossing between Italy and Greece: as such it was celebre, ‘full of people,’ which Cicero thought a disadvantage ; but, as it was an independent state, an exile from Italy might feel safer there from the authorities at Rome.

61. alio: an adverb.

LETTER 3

1—4. Cicero undertakes to forecast future events, as Lentulus gets information from others of the past and present.

3. posita sunt in, ‘ depend upon.’

4, fore, ‘likely to happen.’

5. a. d. VIII Idus Feb.: see p. 102.

6. Milone: Milo, as tribune in 578.c., had done much to promote Cicero’s recall. He was now supporting Pompey against Clodius, and there were daily contests in the streets of Rome between his armed gangs and those of Clodius. Milo, being no longer a magistrate, was impeached by Clodius for rioting : Pompey and Cicero defended him.

7. Catone: Gaius Cato: seen. toll. 2.

8. silentio: abl. of accompaniment.

10. Alexandrina causa, ‘the Alexandrian affair,’ i.e. the task of restoring Ptolemy, the exiled King of Egypt, to his capital of Alexandria: see p. 15.

Notes 73

nobis...est, ‘is not settled against us so far.’

12. religionem: the Senate were unwilling that Pompey should have this important charge; and Cato, acting in their interests, produced an oracle from the Sibylline books, for- bidding the king to be restored ‘with a large company of men.’

Cicero says that, if Lentulus is thus prevented from restoring Ptolemy with an army, he is not in a worse position than the other candidates for the business.

15. quod is the relative pronoun.

ut...reducatur, ‘namely, restoration by Pompey.’

17. proficiscatur : Ptolemy was now at Ephesus.

19. paulum modo...placere, ‘ gives even a slight indica- tion of approval.’

20. hominis tarditatem, ‘how slow the man is’: in politics as in war, Pompey’s movements were always very deliberate.

22. ceteris iniuriis: Cato was trying to have Lentulus dis- missed from his office of governor of Cilicia.

26. partim...partim =alii...alii.

28. levissimi hominis, ‘a contemptible fellow,’ i.e. Cato.

LETTER 4

1. Pollione: Gaius Asinius Pollio, famous later as a general and a writer; he was a patron of Horace and Virgil. He was only twenty at this time and had begun his public career by prosecuting Cato, Lentulus’ enemy.

2. non...praefuit, ‘has taken not only a part but the chief part.’

6. ipsa die, ‘by mere lapse of time’: dies, generally mase., is often feminine, when it means either length of time or an appointed day..

9. facile qualifies secundo: by way of consolation, the recollection of Cicero’s own exile comes ‘ easily second’ to the hope already mentioned.

11. etsi...afflicta est, ‘although your position is attacked in a matter of less importance than that in which mine was dashed to the ground’: Cicero was driven into exile; for

7A Notes

Lentulus the danger is merely that he may lose his post as governor and a chance of enriching himself.

13. a teneris unguiculis probably means ‘from earliest youth,’ the nails being soft at that age.

LETTER 5

1. A. d. VIII Idus Apriles : see p. 102.

Crassipes was Tullia’s second husband: they were betrothed on April 4th, and Cicero now gives a party to celebrate the occasion.

2. Quintus is Cicero’s nephew, his brother’s son: he caused much anxiety and distress to Cicero later.

3. commotus, ‘indisposed’: Cicero says elsewhere that this boy ate too much,

6. discordiis mulierum nostrarum: the quarrels between Terentia and Pomponia, the boy’s aunt and mother; as the boy was only ten years old, Cicero can only be half-serious : even so young a boy feels their disputes, he means.

7. quid quaeris? ‘in short’: a common phrase in the letters.

nihil festivius, ‘nothing could have been more amusing’: to us it seems strange that Cicero should be amused, not pained, by the boy’s talk.

8. Pomponia was wife of the elder Quintus and sister of Atticus: she quarrelled with her husband as well as with her sister-in-law : see Letter 12.

9. agemus, ‘ we shall discuss.’

10. aream tuam, ‘the site cf your house’: both brothers were building houses at Rome: Cicero’s house on the Palatine had been destroyed by the mob, incited by Clodius, at the time of his exile.

11. structoribus: as these are considered to be instru- ments, a is not prefixed to the abl.

12. cohortatus sum: the contractor was not getting on as quickly as Cicero wished.

fidem...faciebat, ‘he assured me.’

14. iam shows that the house was partly built.

Notes 75

quantum iudicabamus= ‘ when we judged merely.’

16. cenavi: Crassipes was returning Cicero’s hospitality.

cenatus: the participle, though passive in form, is not so in meaning: so pransus, ‘having lunched.’

17. in hortos ad Pompeium, ‘to Pompey’s town-house’: horti is a town-house in a park.

luci is a locative case, like ruri, ‘in the country.’

20. in Sardiniam: Pompey had been put in charge of the corn-supply, which was deficient, and was to visit the sources of the supply in Sardinia and Africa. He did not tell Cicero that he was going first of all to Luca in north Italy, where Caesar and Crassus were already. The three held a conference there, and renewed the coalition of 60 B.c. (see p. 5).

hominem means no more than ewm.

21. te nobis redderet : Quintus Cicero was in Sardinia : Pompey, if he chose, could give him leave of absence.

23. a.d. III Id. Apr.: see p. 102.

Labrone aut Pisis: Labro is perhaps the port now known as Livorno or Leghorn; Pisae is the modern Pisa.

28. conscripsi...eram...cogitabam : the past tenses should be rendered by the present in English. A Roman letter-writer often describes a present action as it will present itself to the reader: see p. 102. ;

29. Anagninum is a house at Anagnia, a town in Latium, 40 miles from Rome. From there Cicero’s route was to Laterium, a house at Arpinum belonging to Quintus, and then to houses at Arpinum, Pompeii, and Cumae, belonging to Cicero himself: he was to return to Rome on May 6th. Cicero had at least eight country-houses and several houses in Rome.

in Laterio: supply esse.

30. Arpinati: Arpinus (neut.) is a house at Arpinum.

32. Nonas Maias: see p. 102. Milo’s trial (see n. to 3 1. 6) was still going on.

33. dies: for the gender, see n. to 41. 6.

36. Arcani: Arcanum, ‘The Retreat,’ was a country-house at Minturnae belonging to Quintus.

placebat: see n. to conscripsi above.

76 Notes

LETTER 6

1. te me esse alterum, ‘ that you are my second self.’

3. meos, ‘ my friends.’

4. quocunque exirem, ‘if I went anywhere abroad,’ i.e. if I accepted any appointment out of Italy. Pompey was governor of Spain as well as commissioner for the corn-supply: Cic. had accepted an appointment on Pompey’s staff and might expect to be sent to Spain.

5. studiis, beneficiis: the omission of et between a pair of similar nouns is common in Latin.

7. commoratio: Pompey never went to his province of Spain, but governed it by deputies.

It is not certain what Cic. means by his own ‘hesitation.’

11. coepi velle, ‘I have formed a wish.’

ea, ‘that advancement.’

15. casus...intervenit, ‘meanwhile there was a strange coincidence. ’

16. testis, ‘to bear witness to’: the noun is best translated by a verb.

17. Balbo nostro, ‘our friend Balbus’: he was Caesar’s confidential agent and banker at Rome.

18. accuratius, ‘with some particularity.’

meae: a possessive adj., when attached to the locative domi, is regularly in the gen. case.

19. in extremis, ‘as a postscript.’

Caesar wrote jestingly that he would make any friend of Cicero’s a king in Gaul: he had pulled down most of the native kings by this time.

21. Leptae: Lepta was an officer of Caesar’s and himself able to serve anyone he chose.

31. accedit etiam, quod, ‘ besides’: lit. ‘there is added also the fact that....’

familiam ducit, ‘he is the head of his profession.’ His profession was that of a iuris consultus, whose business was not to speak in court but to explain the law to litigants.

32. memoria and scientia are abl. of description.

33. tribunatum, praefecturam : in a legion there were six

Notes 77

officers called tribuni; the praefecti were cavalry officers. A later letter shows that Trebatius was offered the pay of a tribunus without the duties, for which he was probably unfit; but he declined it, to Cicero’s annoyance.

34. ullius beneficii certum nomen, ‘any specific favour.’

37. gloriolae insignibus, ‘little marks of distinction,’ such as an Officer’s rank and pay.

38. ut aiunt, ‘according to the proverb’: the expression ‘from my hand to your hand’ means ‘from my protection to yours.’

39. Cicero pays a pretty compliment to Caesar : ‘you excel other men not only as a conqueror but also as a friend and benefactor.’

40. ama, ‘continue to love me.’

LETTER 7

1. commendare: in his letters to Caesar.

3. Balbo: apparently Balbus was now with Caesar.

5. Quinto: Q. Cicero was now commanding a division of Caesar’s army and went with him to Britain: he won great distinction in the following year by a gallant defence of his camp in Gaul.

7. auri...argenti: gen. of the part, governed by nihil.

essedum : the Britons used these in war.

10. The ‘object which we wish to gain’ is the advancement of Trebatius.

15. commendationem: Cicero means that he has never recommended anyone so strongly as Trebatius.

16. unum, ‘one thing only.’

LETTER 8

2. scripseram, ‘have I written’: for the tense, see p. 102.

3. Both Quintus and Trebatius were in Gaul but in different parts of it.

4, cui darem=‘ by whom to send a letter.’

5, After velim, hiematurus sis must be supplied.

78 Notes

*

6. luctum: in September, 54 3.c., Julia died: she was Caesar’s only child and Pompey’s wife.

8. serius...plenior, ‘better come back to us later, provided you return richer’: supply redi with serius and redeas with dum plenior.

10. consilium, ‘ability to decide.’

LETTER 9

2. certissimum, ‘most indisputable’: the kind of letter which gives important news to absent friends has the best claim of all to the name: it is the primitive form of letter.

4. nostra is governed by interesset: interest indicates the person to whom a matter is of importance by the abl. sing. fem. of the possessive pronouns, med, tua, sud ete., and by the gen. of other words, as ipsorum here.

5. profecto: an adverb.

7. scriptores are those who write news, nuntios those who bring it.

8. novi: gen. of the part.

11. iocerne: né enclitic, added to the verb, marks the question.

12. civem, ‘a patriotic citizen.’

13. temporibus his: in this year the prospect was very dark both at home and abroad: Crassus with his army had been destroyed by the Parthians; Caesar was hard pressed by Vercingetorix in Gaul; at Rome the factions fought so fiercely in the streets that it proved impossible to elect any consuls for the following year.

15. re publica, ‘ polities.’

16. in hoc genere, ‘with regard to them,’ i.e. politics. Cicero means that he is unwilling to pretend approval of the political actions of Pompey and Caesar, and that it is unsafe to express disapproval even in a letter.

22. Cicero says that Curio has a dangerous ‘isu to contend against, namely, the high hopes he has already excited, which it will be difficult to satisfy.

23. uma re, ‘in one way only.’

24. quarum laudum...laborandum: a simpler order of. the

Notes 79

'words would be, laborandum esse in eis artibus (qualities),

quibus eae laudes, quarum gloriam adamaris, comparantur. 28. quidquid attigi, ‘in so far as I have touched upon it.’ 29. tui is gen. of tu, not of tuus.

LETTER 10

1. haec, ‘here at Rome.’

3. in eadem...navi: if Curio was still ‘in the same boat’ as Cicero, that is, on the side of the Senate and the constitu- tion, he was bribed to leave it soon after his return to Italy : see p. 17.

6. sociorum: these are the natives of Asia where Curio was quaestor.

The praise of Curio seems excessive; but Cicero’s geese were apt to be swans.

10. non quo verear: Cicero regularly uses non quo and subjunctive to express a cause which he does not believe to be true: sed quia with indicative often follows to express the true cause.

12. non habeas iam, quod cures, ‘ you may no longer have anything to take care of’: for all the institutions of the State may be overthrown by that time.

14. haec ipsa, ‘ even this.’

15. litteris: dative.

cognosces: the 2nd pers. of the fut. often resembles an imperative in meaning.

16. dere publica, ‘for the State.’

18. sit belongs to vindicaturus below.

20. dignitatem refers to the street-riots, libertatem to the domination of Caesar and Pompey.

LETTER 11

1. mandatum tuum: Marius had commissioned Cicero to

“buy something for him. Cicero says that he was a strange

agent to choose, as the object belonged partly to him, so that it was to his interest to raise the price. 2. illud: it is not known what Marius wanted to bis

80 Notes

*

3. vénire must be distinguished from vénire.

5. Bursa: Munatius Bursa, who had taken a leading part in the riots after Clodius’ death, was prosecuted by Cicero and condemned in spite of Pompey’s efforts on his behalf.

8. credas is governed by velim.

9. morte inimici: Clodius was murdered by Milo’s gang of ruffians at Bovillae, ten miles from Rome, on January 17th, 52 B.C.

10. malo: supply rem agi: Clodius had fallen by the sword, Bursa by the verdict of a jury.

The death of Clodius had caused the exile (calamitas) of Milo ; the condemnation of Bursa was a triumph (gloria) for Milo.

iudicio and gladio are abl. of instrument, gloria and calamitate are abl. of accompaniment.

12. bonorum, ‘of loyalists’: seen. toll. 21.

13. clarissimi viri: Pompey.

18. cum, ‘since’: Cicero means that his exile left the Triumvirate free to destroy the institutions of the country.

20. sua sponte: supply egit.

eorum : Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus, the triumvirs.

21. hic simiolus, ‘but this little ape’: the conjunction, necessary in English, is best omitted in Latin.

23. se in me emissarium fore, ‘that he would be ready to be let slip against me’: the word is formed from emittere, ‘to let slip.’

27. iudices : in 52 8.c. Pompey was elected sole consul for the purpose of restoring order at Rome: one of his measures was to select special juries for criminal trials: he had selected the jury who condemned Bursa.

28. dolori: predicative dat.: dolor here is not ‘grief’ but ‘resentment.’

30. celebritate refers to the state of the courts during the trials.

31. novis legibus : Pompey had passed severe laws against rioting and bribery at elections.

32. intercaletur: the verb is here impers.: to make their calendar agree with the sun, the Romans twice every four

Notes 81

years inserted an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days after February 23rd: the calendar was in the hands of the pontifices, and no one else knew whether or not there would be a thir- teenth month in any given year. When Cicero was in Cilicia, he was very anxious that his time of office should not be prolonged by the insertion of the extra month. Caesar, as pontifer maximus, put an end to all this confusion, when he reformed the calendar in 46 B.c.

In the present case, if there were no intercalary month, Cicero would be able to leave Rome sooner,

LETTER 12

1. vero here, as often, replies to something said in a letter by Atticus: ‘indeed, I did see....’ animum=affection for me.

2. meo: supply animo.

3. ne quid névi: the change which Cicero feared was that his time of office might be prolonged.

ut...ne is often used by Cicero for né.

After plus, quam must be supplied.

5. transversum...versiculum, ‘the line written across at the end of your letter’: versus is used of prose as well as of verse.

7. sorore, ‘your sister’: Pomponia, the wife of Quintus.

8. Arpinas: seen. to 51. 30.

9. isque multus, ‘and a long talk too.’

10. veni ad, ‘ went on to.’

11. Tusculano, ‘my house at Tusculum.’

nihil: ‘no one’ is here more natural than ‘ nothing’ in English,

14. sumptus, ‘of her extravagance.’

illo sic die: supply factum est.

16. dies, ‘the day’: apparently it was an anniversary of some kind which made it necessary for Quintus to spend the night (maneret) at his own house of Arcanum, while his brother went on to the town of Aquinum,

ego Aquini: supply mansi.

18. It seems that Pomponia was already at Arcanum.

D. 6

82 Notes

®

When the two Ciceros turned up there with a party, Quintus asked Pomponia to invite the ladies of the party into the house.

19. accepero has the sense of the future.

20. potuit: supply esse.

21. cum...tum, ‘ both...and.’

22. hic hospita, ‘a stranger in this house,’ so that she could not take the liberty of inviting guests to enter it. The cause of her ill-temper was her jealousy of Statius, a favourite servant of Quintus.

23. exeo: supply ortum est.

24. videret, ‘might see to.’

25. haec, ‘this treatment.’

26. Atticus may think her rudeness a trifle, but Cicero does not agree.

istuc is for istudce: not an adverb.

27. me ipsum, ‘even me,’ as well as her husband.

28. dissimulavi dolens, ‘I was vexed but concealed it.’

30. de mensa, ‘food from the table.’

quid multa: supply dicam ?

33. stomacho : predicative dat.

35. Aquinum: supply veni.

37. discessura: her conduct was the worse, because her husband was starting for Cilicia with his brother.

38. quid quaeris ?=‘ need I say more?’

40. pluribus: supply verbis.

41. tuas quoque esse partes, ‘that you also have a part to play’: the genitives which follow define the nature of that part.

44, Pomptinus was to go with Cicero to Cilicia but was slow in starting. He had some reputation as a soldier; and Cicero relied upon him, in case of a Parthian invasion.

cum profectus eris, ‘when you leave Rome,’ for Epirus, where Atticus had an estate and often resided.

45. sic habeas, ‘be assured.’

LETTER 13

1. quod mandem, ‘any commission.’ 3. ndvi must be distinguished from névi.

Notes 83

iocandi: Cicero seems to divide the possible contents of a letter into commissions, news, and jokes; so Charles Lamb wrote: ‘epistolary matter usually compriseth three topics— news, sentiment, and puns.’

5. Idibus Maiis: see p. 102.

Venusia, on the Appian Way, was often used as a halting- place by travellers between Rome and Brundisium.

6. has: supply litteras.

7. in senatu: Cicero was hoping that the Senate would vote him a larger army for his province.

10. Pomptinus intended to be at Brundisium by June Ist : in fact he only joined Cicero at Athens.

12. Tarenti: after leaving Venusia, Cicero was to meet Pompey at Tarentum to discuss the political situation.

14, quod ad tempus, ‘till what date.’ It would not be safe to send confidential news to Atticus, after he had left Rome for Epirus.

16. quo dem, ‘ where to address.’

17. utique...DCCC, ‘at least let that debt of £200 and £8,000 be settled.’ With illud, supply nomen=‘ debt.’

HS is a symbol meaning sestertius, a silver coin worth about 24d. A line drawn above numerals multiplies them by 1000: hence XX = 20,000.

After his exile Cicero was in difficulties and accepted a loan of £8,000 (800,000 sesterces) from Caesar : the £200 is probably the interest on the loan. The debt was still unpaid, when Cicero returned from Cilicia.

20. auctore, adiutore: Atticus, having urged Cicero to pay his debt, was bound to help him in doing so.

LETTER 14

1. mihi is emphatic.

2. ista vestra oratoria, ‘the words which you great speakers use’: a playful allusion to the fact that Caelius was now a magistrate (aedile) at Rome.

3. haec levia nostratia, ‘the humble vernacular I use,’ the plain Latin of a mere provincial governor.

5. de provinciis: almost every letter which Cicero wrote

6—2

84 Notes

from Cilicia expresses his anxiety lest the Senate should prolong his time of absence.

9. fortuna, ‘the chance of disaster.’

12. belli: with the Parthians.

13. effugere=likely to escape.

14. decedemus, ‘I leave the province.’

15. pantheris: Caelius wanted wild beasts for the shows which, as aedile, he had to give at Rome.

17. nihil...insidiarum...fiat, ‘no traps are laid’: a playful compliment to himself for his good government of the province.

18. fiat is subjunctive, because it is the reported speech of the panthers. _ 19. To get to Caria, the panthers would have to travel west, through Pisidia.

21. Patisco: he was evidently a hunter of wild beasts.

quidquid erit, ‘whatever turns up’ in the way of panthers.

22. nesciebamus, ‘I don’t know’: for the tense, see p. 102.

23. curae: predicative dat.

admonebat and scripsi should also be rendered by the present tense.

24. Megalensibus, ‘on the Megalesia,’ or festival of the Magna Mater. This lasted from April 4—10. The panthers were wanted for other shows later in the year.

LETTER 15

1. facilius qualifies ferre.

2. magni: the gen. of price expresses the degree of impor- tance: multum might be used instead.

3. honorem: Cicero hoped to celebrate a triumph, or solemn procession with his soldiers through the streets of Rome, because of some trifling military successes in Cilicia: but the civil war knocked this hope on the head.

4. qui, ‘when I.’

9. cibum cepisti: Tiro was fasting, to cure his fever.

10. tuum consilium est, ‘it is for you to judge.’

Marionem : a slave of Cicero’s.

13. commodo, ‘without hurt to’: abl. of accompaniment,

Notes 85

15, Patris: locative case.

18. consequére is fut.

20. diligenter videbis, ‘be careful’: see n. to 101. 15.

25. ita te desideramus, ut amemus, lit.‘I miss you in such a way that I love you,’i.e. ‘though I miss you, yet I love you,’ and therefore wish you to be careful.

27. illud, ‘the former,’ i.e. the desire to see Tiro in good health.

LETTER 16

3. quartanam: supply febrim: a fever, between the attacks of which there was an interval of two days: it was not considered dangerous,

4. Curius was a Roman banker at Patrae, in whose house Tiro had been left.

5. iam, ‘soon.’

6. humanitatis, ‘in keeping with your gentle character ’: gen. of possession.

12. ad urbem : Cicero, though close to Rome, did not enter the walls: if he did, he could not, according to the law, celebrate a triumph. :

pridie Non. Ian.: see p. 102.

obviam...est proditum: when a person of distinction returned to Rome from abroad, it was the custom for his friends to go out some distance to meet him: a distance of five miles is specified elsewhere.

18. impedimento: predicative dat.

et ‘both’ is answered by et Curio below.

20—22. erat, teneret, incitabat: see p. 102.

21. qui, ‘since he.’

Caesar claimed the right to keep his province of Gaul and his army until he became consul on Jan. Ist, 48 B.o.: the Senate required him to surrender both before the consular elections in the summer of 49 B.c. This was the ostensible cause of the civil war.

22. Curio meus: it was a shock to Cicero to find Curio on the wrong side: as tribune he had been working actively at Rome in Caesar’s interests; he left Rome for Caesar’s camp

86 Notes

at Ravenna early in January, and was soon commanding a division of his army.

23. expulsi, from Rome. Antony and Cassius were both tribunes at the time and obstructed the proceedings of the Senate.

24. senatus: on Jan. 9th the Senate passed what was called the senatus-consultum ultimum, declaring the country in danger and entrusting its safety to the chief magistrates.

29. omnino, ‘it is true that.’ hac, ‘our.’

30. comparatur is here impers.

37. relaturum, ‘would bring forward a motion’ about Cicero’s triumph.

38. pluris: gen. of price.

Italiae...tueretur, ‘Italy has been divided up into districts, showing what part each of us is to defend’: each consular had a district assigned to him.

43. cui des=‘a messenger.’

44, D.: seen. to2 1.57. pr. Idus Ian.: see p. 102.

LETTER 17

1. vos, Terentia and Tullia; nos, Cicero and his son.

vestrum...consilium est: seen. to 151. 10.

3. ille: Caesar.

5. vereor ut: ut, after verbs of fearing, =ne non.

Dolabella held a command in Caesar’s army: he had married Tullia shortly before. This third marriage turned out very badly for her.

7. intercludamur, ‘I may be cut off from you’ by Caesar’s army.

exire, ‘to leave Rome.’

8. reliquum est, ‘ there is one other thing.’

9. vestri is governed by similes.

similes, i.c. of equal rank.

12. modo ut, ‘provided that’: modo alone would mean the same.

haec loca tenere, ‘to stay where I am,’ in Campania, where he had several country-houses. Pompey might summon him, or Caesar might drive him, away from there.

Notes 87

16. Pomponio: Atticus.

18. Labienus, a trusted officer of Caesar, had just left him and so improved the prospects of the other side. Caesar sent his money and baggage after him.

19. Piso was the father of Calpurnia, Caesar’s wife: he had left Rome with the other senators, which showed that he disapproved of Caesar’s action.

22. istic=‘at Rome.’

23. s. d.=salutem dant.

24. VIII Kal.: see p. 102.

LETTER 18

1. manus, ‘handwriting’: Cicero had dictated the letter to save his eyes.

3. erat=‘is’: for the tense, see p. 102.

4. Brundisinis: Pompey was in Brundisium, Caesar on the march there, to cut off his retreat to Greece.

hic, Caesar: Gnaeum is Pompey’s first name.

6. metus: supply est.

7. in quem hominem, ‘the man into whose power.’ It was known by this time throughout Italy that Caesar, after taking Corfinium, had spared the lives of all his prisoners and had let the officers keep their private property.

14. villulas, ‘farm-houses’: nummulos = bits of money.

15. res, ‘the situation.’

illum, Pompey.

17. nostris, i.e. of the senatorial party.

19. scripseram, ‘I have written,’ in previous letters.

20. exspectabam, ‘I am waiting for’: see p. 102.

LETTER 19

1. vos: Oppius and Balbus, They had written to express their satisfaction with Caesar’s clemency at Corfinium: Cicero also wrote to the same effect, as the next letter shows.

3. hoc: abl. of the amount of difference.

8. reliqui: especially Cinna and Marius, Caesar’s prede- cessors as leaders of the democratic party.

88 “ Notes

16. Numerius Magius, one of Pompey’s officers, had fallen into Caesar’s hands and been released at once.

17. meo instituto, ‘my regular practice’: he had released all the other officers he had taken.

18. fabrum: contracted form of fabrorum.

21. iis: such men as Cato and Lentulus, who had once feared and distrusted Pompey no less than Caesar.

LETTER 20

1. haberem and dedi must both be present tense in English: see p. 102.

3. <A. d. VI K.: see p. 102.

mansurum, ‘will spend the night.’ Caesar was now march- ing northwards to Rome along the Appian Way and would pass the town of Sinuessa. .

10. cum...tum, ‘ both...and.’

12. ii: the chief prisoners released at Corfinium were Domitius and Lentulus, both of whom met Caesar on the field again.

14. me mei similem esse, ‘that I should be true to my character’: a fine saying and expressive of the writer’s character.

16. mihi ad.urbem praesto sis, ‘that you would meet me at Rome’: Caesar wished to assemble as many senators as possible, in order to be elected dictator: see p. 8.

18. Dolabella tuo, ‘than your son-in-law Dolabella’: see nto 17 I. 6.

Caesar says that Dolabella is a charming companion but deserves no gratitude for it because he can’t help being so: a pretty compliment to Dolabella, and a pleasant piece of news for Cicero.

21. is sensus, ‘such is his opinion of me.’

LETTER 21 1. utrumque: supply feci. This letter was evidently written off in haste after the interview with Caesar: and many words are left for the reader to supply.

Notes 89

oratio...nostra, ‘what I said.’ ea=talis.

2. ille: Caesar. Cicero’s firmness was vexatious to him but extorted his respect.

3. ad urbem: supply iremus.

4. illa fefellerunt, ‘we were mistaken in one respect’; lit. ‘the following things escaped our notice.’

With putaramus supply eum: the subject to putaramus is Cicero and Atticus.

5. nihil vidi minus, ‘I never saw anyone less so.’

nostro iudicio, ‘by my decision’ not to attend the Senate.

6. dicere, ‘he said’: historic infinitive, used with the meaning of dicebat.

7. ego: supply dizi. multa: supply dixissemus.

8. age, ‘speak.’

9. arbitratu: supply agam.

10. sic...agam, ‘I shall speak to this effect.’

Cicero told Caesar plainly that, if he appeared in the Senate, he would move that Caesar should not be allowed to attack Pompey’s armies in Spain or Greece, and would express sympathy with Pompey. This did not suit Caesar’s views at all.

1l. iri is impers.: lit, ‘that it should be gone,’ i.e. ‘that there should be an expedition.’

17. ille has no verb expressed: rogaret must be supplied.

exitum, ‘a way out of thie difficulty.’ .

19. ego me amavi: since Pompey had been driven out of Italy twelve days before, Cicero had been very unhappy, feeling that he ought to have shared Pompey’s flight; but now his self-respect was restored by his refusal to comply with Caesar’s wishes,

LETTER 22

1. mihi goes with légit.

2. wubi esses: it does not appear where Varro was: he was clearly not in Italy.

5. solacio: predicative dat,

6. tot tantisque rebus : the political situation is meant.

*

90 Notes

10. Cicero returned to Rome or its neighbourhood from Brundisium in October, 47 B.c. (see p. 8).

ll. redisse...in gratiam, ‘have made it up’: while at Brundisium, Cicero had been too wretched to write or even to read.

13. suscenserem: the subjunctive marks the reason rejected by the writer.

15. res turbulentissimas, ‘ the whirlpool of strife.’

sociis : abl. absolute.

16. Cicero says that, if he had done what his books told him, he would have taken no part in the civil war.

18. permanseris : as a matter of fact, Varro had taken a much more active part in the war than Cicero had.

20. utor, ‘I find.’

ea, ‘the troubles.’

22. Tusculano, ‘your house at Tusculum.’

23. ad te=apud te.

Cicero would much prefer the privacy of the country to Rome for the meeting.

24. profecto: adverb.

25. id: our meeting.

LETTER 23

2. tot annos, i.e. 34 years, since the civil war began.

ut video, ‘ as far as I see.’

3. solet...temporis, ‘I am wont to recall that time’: the impersonal verb, in mentem venit, governs a gen. as reminiscor does.

4. proxime fuimus una, ‘ we last met.’

quin, ‘ nay.’

5. a. d. IIIT Id. Mai.: see p. 102.

Cicero was then lingering in Italy, quite unable to make up his mind whether he should follow Pompey to Greece or not.

6. Pompeianum, ‘my house at Pompeii.’

vesperi : locative, like luci, ‘ by day.’

7. praesto fuisti, ‘waited upon.’

12. profecto: adverb.

Notes 91

13. Pudori...ducere: i.e. I left Italy from a sense of duty, in spite of the danger.

18. ibi...quo veneram, i.e. Pompey’s camp at Dyrrhachium in Epirus.

19. ducem: Pompey.

20. praeterea has exactly the sense of alios. ,

21. rapaces: supply erant.

22. crudeles: the partisans of the Senate talked fiercely, threatening death and confiscation to all who had remained neutral in the quarrel; but they never had an opportunity of executing their threats.

24. quid quaeris?: see n. to 121. 38.

boni: gen. of the part, governed by nihil. They were on the right, i.e. the constitutional, side; but nothing else was right about them.

30. quadam ex pugna: at Dyrrhachium Pompey succeeded in breaking through Caesar’s lines and defeated him : this was his only success.

31. vir ille summus, ‘he who had once been so great’ : ille refers to Pompey’s earlier exploits.

32. nullus imperator, ‘nothing of a general.’

tirone, really a noun, is used here as an adj., ‘with an army of raw recruits.’

33. exercitu: abl. of instrument.

36. integri, ‘at full strength.’

LETTER 24

1—13. As you prophesied my return from exile, so I now prophesy the same for you.

1. ii are the triumvirs of 60 B.c. who thought they could - manage affairs better, if Cicero were out of the way, and there- fore suffered him to be banished: see p. 6.

3. ad me: Cicero spent his exile partly at Thessalonica in Asia, partly at Dyrrhachium.

5. confirmare, ‘spoke confidently.’

6. Tuscae disciplinae: the science of augury, which came originally from Etruria.

®

92 Notes

8. ne nos quidem...fallet, ‘I too shall not be mistaken in my prophecy,’ that you will be restored to Italy.

9. cum...tum, ‘ both...and.’

12. nostrorum temporum, ‘of my experiences.’

14. hoc: abl. of amount of difference.

15. his, ‘ the present.’

17. ex eventis, ‘in accordance with the event.’

18. sunt testes=testantur and is followed by ace. and inf.

23. plurimi: gen. of price.

27. hunc: Caesar.

28. ille: Pompey.

29. in toga=‘in peace,’ whereas he now rules by the sword. toga is the dress worn in peace and hence stands for peace itself.

31. in Hispaniam: Pompey was governor of Spain at the outbreak of civil war but never went there: that he should withdraw to his province was one of the conditions of peace offered by Caesar.

38. manente me, ‘while I stayed there,’ in Italy.

40. cum, ‘since.’ The reference is to the time of Cicero’s restoration from exile, in which Pompey had helped.

41. fama bonorum, ‘by the talk of the loyalists,’ who attacked Cicero for staying in Italy; and he was very sensitive to what people said of him.

42. in fabulis, ‘in the plays’: Greek and Latin tragedies told of the fate of the seer, Amphiaraus, who was induced to join the Argive expedition against Thebes, though he knew by his art that it was doomed to destruction.

43. This is a quotation from a Latin play on the subject.

45. adversi: gen. of the part, governed by nihil.

47. augur: the augurs, or diviners, formed one of the official priesthoods at Rome: and Cicero was elected on this body to fill the place of Publius Crassus, who feli fighting by his father’s side against the Parthians in 53 B.c.

50. praedictio: that Caecina would be restored from exile.

Notes 93

LETTER 25

2. sane quam...graviter, ‘very grievously indeed’: this use of quam with adverbs is fairly common in Cicero’s own letters.

pro eo ac debui, ‘in accordance as I was bound to do’: pro eo is followed by.ac (atque) as proinde would be.

3. communem, ‘shared by myself.’

4, istic: in Italy: he wrote from Athens.

13. brevi, ‘briefly’: the word generally means ‘before long.’

14. non quo...existimem: see n. to 101. 10.

ea is subject, te object, of fugere. |

18. nobiscum egerit, ‘has treated us.’

20. dignitatem: Servius is unfair: he was himself now holding a post of great distinction which had been conferred on him by Caesar.

23. minoris: gen. of price.

25. illius: fem. vicem, ‘on account of’: once the ace. of a noun, it has become a preposition.

cédo, ‘tell me’: 2nd pers. sing. imperative of a defective verb: common in early and colloquial Latin.

, 26. veneris: the subjunctive is governed by necesse est ; and, if the sentence were regular, inciderimus would take the place of incidimus.

27. non pessime cum iis esse actum, ‘that those have not been the least fortunate.’

31. res, ‘circumstance in the present’; spes, ‘ hope for the future.’

34. credo marks that the sentence is ironical. Servius means that none of the young men in the present generation were fit for Cicero to trust his daughter to.

37. florentes, ‘growing to manhood.’

38. rem, ‘ wealth.’

39. honores: the curule offices of quaestor, aedile, praetor, and consul, which were held successively (ordinatim)

94 4 Notes

One of the main complaints against Caesar was that he appointed these magistrates himself and suppressed the election by the people.

40. amicorum negotiis: see 26 1. 30: Servius means that, under the despotic government of Caesar, it was no longer possible for Roman nobles to speak freely in the law-courts in defence of their friends.

libertas = freedom of speech.

41. priusquam datum est ademptum: the fall of the republic has taken from them, while yet unborn, all chance of such privileges.

42. at vero, ‘but you will say’: anticipating Cicero’s objection.

43. nisi= ‘but perhaps.’

44. quae res, ‘a thought which.’

The ruin of these Greek cities was in itself a forcible indict- ment of the Roman Republic, the loss of which Servius is deploring.

48. circumcirca= quae circumcirca sunt.

49. Megara was destroyed in 307 B.c. by Demetrius Poliorcetes, Piraeus by Sulla in 86 3.c., Corinth by Mummius in 146 s.c. The last was rebuilt on Caesar’s initiative.

55. oppidum: a contracted form of oppidorum.

visne tu expresses a peremptory command addressed by Servius to himself: ‘I beg you to check yourself,’ 7.e. ‘ to be modest.’

58. idem, ‘also.’

59. modo, ‘of late’; at Pharsalia, Thapsus, and Munda.

61. deminutio: the Roman empire had lost no territory under Caesar; but Servius, and those who thought with him, considered that it had lost in reputation.

62. in unius...facta est, ‘if the loss of the little life of one feeble woman has taken place’: the two diminutives are meant to express the small importance of the loss.

67. etiam marks a remonstrance: ‘I pray you.’

his rebus, ‘the present situation’ of politics.

70. re publica here means, ‘free government.’

71. augurem: see n. to 24 1. 47. -The order of words

Notes 95

shows that this was considered a greater distinction than the consulship.

72. adulescentibus: she was thrice married, to Piso, Crassipes, and Dolabella: the first she lost by death, the other two she divorced.

78. neque imitare: Cicero would have written neve for neque with the imperative.

80. tuté is an emphatic pronoun: tuté is an adv.

85. eirei occurrere, ‘to meet that event half-way.’

86. inferis: belief in a future life was not strong among Romans of that age: it is remarkable that Servius makes no attempt to console Cicero by suggesting that Tullia is happier now than she was on earth, where her married life certainly gave her little happiness.

87. qui illius...amor fuit, ‘such was her love.’

88. Da hoc illi, ‘do this for her sake.’

91. possit: for subject, supply patria.

LETTER 26

1. vero: see n. to 12 1. 1: ‘I do indeed regret that you were not present.’

6. possent: consecutive subjunctive, quae being=wt ea.

7. Servius...tuus, ‘your son, Servius.’

9. quanti: gen. of price.

11. iucundiora: no kindness could have made Cicero happy then, yet he never was more grateful for kindness.

20. The examples of bereavement quoted are those of Quintus Fabius Maximus, who fought against Hannibal, Lucius Aemilius Paullus who conquered Macedonia at Pydna, Marcus Porcius Cato the censor, and Gaius Sulpicius Gallus: the last is called vester, because he belonged, like Servius, to the gens Sulpicia.

21. rebus gestis: abl. of description.

22. duo: supply filios. Aemilius Paullus celebrated a triumph at the end of 167 B.c. after his victory over Perseus, king of Macedonia ; his son, aged twelve, died five days before the triumph, and another son, of fourteen, died three days

96 « Notes

after it. Thus he was left childless, as his other two sons had passed by adoption into other families. Later writers loved to draw a moral from the coincidence of such great glory and such utter bereavement.

24. iis=talibus. fuerunt=viverunt.

30. amicorum negotiis: the law-suits of his friends in which he used to speak.

31. cogitationes meae=‘ my sad thoughts.’

33. id quod erat, ‘as was the case.’

38. His harbour of refuge was his daughter.

41. vulnere=propter vulnus: abl. of cause.

illa, ‘the old wounds.’

44. domo, ‘from my home.’

48. domesticum: supply dolorem.

50. ratio nulla, ‘no system of philosophy.’

54. cum...tum, ‘ both...and.’

56. inter nos, ‘ together.’

57. totum, ‘entirely.’ unius: Caesar.

60. cum, ‘though.’

61. deliberationis: gen. of description.

LETTER 27

1. ex tuis litteris:; in an earlier letter Cicero says that he always defends Matius against unfriendly critics.

4. maximi: gen. of price.

6. boni, ‘good man’: Matius had done things offensive to the boni in the narrower sense of the word, the partisans of the Senate: seen. tol 1. 21.

7. eo: abl. of amount of difference.

9. praesertim in quem=praesertim quia in te.

11. ut is here=quomodo.

12. ut par erat: supply te resistere.

13. bonitate, amicitia: abl. of cause.

15. vitio: predicative dat.

18. iam vicerint, ‘they have already proved.’

19. non agam astute, ‘I shall speak frankly.’

20. ad istum gradum sapientiae, ‘to that height of philo- sophy.’ I am no philosopher, says Matius, but ‘a plain blunt

Notes 97

man, that love my friend’ (Antony in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar).

23. re, ‘by his action.’

24. causam, ‘his pretext.’

25. quam: the antecedent is dissensionis.

26. in victoria hominis=cwm vicisset homo: this use of in is a Latin idiom.

28. reliqui, not reliqut.

29. cum, ‘ though.’

30. lege Caesaris: as early as 49 B.c. Caesar passed a law in favour of debtors, by which creditors lost about 25 per cent. of the sums owing to them. Matius had lost money by it. The moderation of this law was very distasteful to many of Caesar’s followers, who expected an entire cancelling of debts (novae tabulae); and this discontent gave rise to the disorders caused by Caelius (see p. 19) and Dolabella,

31. cuius is fem.: the law enabled many debtors to pay their debts and so to remain in Italy.

33. mea, ‘my own.’

36. aquo, ‘from whom.’ id: i.e. the safety of all.

37. illi: dative. invidiae, exitio: predicative dat. The men who took Caesar’s life also caused his unpopularity with capitalists, because he passed the law to relieve them.

38. plectéris is future.

39. 0, as often, governs the acc.: superbiam is defined by the acc. and inf. which follow.

40, facinore, ‘their deed’: the word does not necessarily mean an evil deed.

44. quae, ‘ this privilege.’

46. nihil agunt, ‘their labour is vain.’

50. opto, ‘I pray.’

51. omnibus, ‘to them all.’ This desire was fulfilled: every one of the murderers died a violent death.

52. at, ‘it is said that,’ states a possible objection.

pro civili parte, ‘as a patriot should.’

rem publicam is an ambiguous word: in the mouth of Matius it means ‘my country’; to his critics it meant ‘a republican form of government.’

D. (

98 Notes

54. reliqua mea spes, ‘my hopes for the future.’

55. vincere: see n. tol. 18.

maiorem in modum, ‘earnestly.’

56. rem, ‘actions,’ oratione, ‘ words.’

58. quod: relative.

61. me ipse retexam, ‘am I to undo the fabric of my life?’: the metaphor is from weaving.

non faciam, ‘I will not do so.’

67. at: seen. tol. 52: at in]. 68 is different.

ludos: Caesar had vowed to Venus Victrix that he would celebrate games in commemoration of his victory at Pharsalia. After his death, his heir Octavian, here called Caesar after the father who had adopted him, undertook to give these games and obtained the assistance of Matius.

adulescens: Octavian was only nineteen at this time.

68. The excuse given by Matius would not be accepted by a stern republican: for these games could not pass as a mere sign of personal regard but must have political significance as well.

71. optimae spei, ‘who promises excellently for the future’: gen. of quality.

72. Caesare is governed by dignissimo (dat.). petenti goes closely with negare.

74. veni etiam: another charge against Matius, that he was too familiar with Antony, who seemed likely to prove a second Caesar. Matius’s answer begins with ad quem.

76. quidem throws emphasis on rogandi: Matius was accused of visiting Antony for reasons of politeness; he retorts that his critics visit Antony for more solid reasons.

77. frequentes, ‘often.’

78. quod, ‘a thing which’: transl. ‘ whereas.’

79. quin...uterer, ‘from associating with.’

85. etiam ii, ‘even those.’

87. sui: gen. of se, governed by similes.

LETTER 28

1. Lupus was an officer serving under Brutus. 3, in iis locis: Cicero left Rome soon after Sept. 2, 44 B.c.,

Notes 99

when he delivered the First Philippic against Antony. The activity of Octavian forced Antony to leave Rome on Nov. 20th ; and Cicero returned from south Italy on Dec. 9th.

4. meis litteris, ‘a letter from me.’

6. a.d. V Idus Dec, : see p. 102.

7. Pansa was one of the elected consuls for the next year.

11. illa...re: the murder of Caesar.

13. illud may be translated ‘ one thing.’

16. dies noctesque: acc. of duration of time.

18. obliviscére is future.

19. iste: Antony. provinciam, ‘the province’ of Gaul.

26. ut, ‘so that.’ principiis, the murder of Caesar; exitus, the destruction of Antony.

31. pluribus verbis, ‘in more words,’ i.e. at greater length. meum est, ‘belongs to me.’

35. cum...tum, ‘ both...and.’

LETTER 29

1. quam vellem...me invitasses, ‘how sorry I am you did not invite me.’ The ‘splendid feast’ is Caesar’s murder ; by saying that nothing would have been left, Cicero means that Antony would have perished too.

3. nune, ‘as itis’; because you did not invite me.

lis : reliquiis, i.e. Antony.

4, vestrum includes the other conspirators as well as Trebonius ; tuum would apply to him alone.

5. habeat, ‘is open to.’

6. tuo beneficio, ‘thanks to you.’

7. haec pestis: Antony, which accounts for the gender of seductus.

Trebonius kept Antony away from the place, while Caesar was being murdered.

9. ut...primum, ‘as soon as.’

10. discessum: see n. to 28 |. 3.

12. civi acerrimo: see n. to 11. 29.

13. in ore: Trebonius had always praised Cicero’s patriotism,

7—2

&

100 Notes

14. a. d. XIII Kal. Ian.: see p. 102.

15. de alia re referrent, ‘ put some other business before the house’: referre is technically used of the magistrate pre- siding in the Senate.

totam rem publicam, ‘ the political situation in general.’

16. egi, ‘I spoke.’ This was the speech known as the Third Philippie.

18. animi, ‘of my enthusiasm’; ingenii, ‘of my eloquence.’

19. mea contentio atque actio, ‘the vigour of my speech.’

24. res urbanas, ‘the news of Rome.’

acta, ‘the gazette’ of proceedings in the Senate.

26. eram, ‘Iam’: epistolary past: see p. 102.

27. cognosces: seen. to 101. 15.

29. male sentientes, 7.e. opposed to the boni and favourable to Antony.

30. Servio: Servius Sulpicius had lately died: see p. 21.

31. avunculus: Lucius Caesar’s sister, Julia, was Antony’s mother.

32. consules: Hirtius and Pansa were the consuls.

33. puer Caesar: Octavian, who had now taken the name of his adoptive father.

equidem, ‘for my part,’ implies that some distrust him.

spero...reliqua, ‘I hope that his conduct in future will be satisfactory.’

34. veteranos...conscripsisset: the most famous of all Latin inscriptions is the Ancyra Monument, which was in- scribed on the walls of a temple at Ancyra (now Angora) in Galatia. It was a record of his own actions written by Octavian, afterwards called Augustus, and begins with these words: ANNOS UNDEVIGINTI NATUS EXERCITUM PRIVATO CONSILIO ET PRIVATA IMPENSA COMPARAVI, PER QUEM REM PUBLICAM DOMINATIONE FACTIONIS OPPRESSAM IN LIBERTATEM VINDICAVI.

35. legiones duae: Antony had summoned over from Macedonia to Brundisium four legions of Caesar’s veterans : two of these mutinied and declared for Octavian, when he appeared in Italy and claimed their allegiance.

37. sceleris: gen. of the part, governed by nihil.

39. arbitrabar, ‘I suppose’: epistolary past: see p. 102.

APPENDIX

1. Roman Dares.

(1) The Romans denoted any year by the names of the two consuls who held office in that year: thus Lentulo et Marcello consulibus (23 1. 5)=49 B.c.

(2) The day of the month was indicated in a more complicated fashion. In each month there were three fixed points, the Kalends (the 1st), the Nones (the 5th), and the Ides (the 13th); and the date was reckoned backwards from these points. But four months, March, July, October, May, had the Nones on the 7th and the Ides on the 15th.

A further complication is this—that the Romans, in reckoning the number of days backwards, included in the calculation the day from which, and the day to which, the reckoning was made. Hence

January lst was Kalendae Ianuariae, and December 31st was pridie Kalendas Ianuarias ; but December 30th, being reckoned as the third day before the Calends, was called ante diem tertium Kalendas Ianuarias and written a. d. III Kal. Ian. December 29th was a. d. IV Kal. lan. ; December 21st was a. d. XII Kal. Ian.; December 14th was a. d. XLX Kal. Ian.; December 13th was Jdus Decembres and was commonly written Jd. Dec. ; December 12th was pridie Idus Decembres and was written prid. Id. Dec. ;

®

102 Appendix

December 5th was Nonae Decembres and was written Non. Dee. ;

December 4th was pridie Nonas Decembres and was written prid. (or pr.) Non. Dec.

(3) The following is a list of the dates occurring in these letters with their English equivalents:

21.57 a.d. VI K. Decembr.=Nov. 26th 31. 5 a.d. VIII Id. Febr. =Febr. 6th

51. 1 a. d. Vill Id. Apr. =April 6th 51, 4 ad. VIIId. Apr. =April 7th 51.23 a.d. WI Id. Apr. =April 11th § 1.27 a.d.VIlId. Apr. =April 8th

5 1. 32 Monae Maiae = May 7th

5 1.33 pridie Nonas Maias = May 6th

13 1. 5 Idibus Maiis = May 15th 16 1.12 pr. Non. Ian. =Jan. 4th 16 1.44 pr. Idus Tan. =Jan. 12th 211. 3 a.d. VI Kal. [Apr.] =March 27th 23 1. 5 a.d. IT Id. Mai. =May 12th 281. 6 a.d. V Idus Dec. = Dec. 9th 29 1. 2 Idibus Martiis = March 15th 291.14 a. d. XIII Kal. Ian. =Dec. 20th

2. EprsrouaRy TENSES,

There are many instances in Cicero’s letters where a past tense should be translated by a present tense in English. Thus sevibebam often means ‘I am writing,’ and habebam means ‘I have.’

The writer expressed himself thus, because his thoughts passed from himself to his correspondent, to whose mind the action of writing would be not present but past.

Other tenses as well as the imperfect are used similarly ; thus scripseram sometimes takes the place of scripsi and should then be translated ‘I wrote’ or ‘I have written.’

Appendix 103

But these tenses are exceptional, and in the great majority of cases Cicero uses the present tense just as we do. Therefore, in every case where such a tense as erat occurs, the English reader must determine from the context whether it means ‘is’ or ‘ was.’

Examples of the former meaning will be found in 5 1. 28 (eram), 5 1. 36 (placebat), 8 1. 4 (nesciebam), ete.

- 3. Nos and Eeo.

It is essential to bear in mind that Cicero often uses nos and noster, where he is speaking of himself only, so that the words should in such cases be translated ‘I’ and ‘my, not ‘we’ and ‘our.’

An example may be taken from Letter 1 1. 10 where Cicero speaks of nostra causa. If nostra here had a plural sense, the phrase would refer to the contest between the Senate and the triumvirate. But the context proves that this is not so, that nostra=mea, and that the reference is merely to the attack of Clodius against Cicero personally.

In each case the context must be carefully examined, in order to determine whether nos is singular or plural in meaning.

VOCABULARY

ABBREVIATIONS abl. ablative. neg. negative. ace. accusative. part participle. adj. adjective. pass passive. adv, adverb. ps. perfect. comp. comparative. pl. plural. con). conjunction. prep preposition. deft defective. pron pronoun. 7 feminine. sing. singular. gen. genitive. subst substantive. ampers. impersonal. v. verb. indecl. indeclinable. UV. a. verb active. inter}. interjection. v.d. verb deponent. interr. interrogative. v. nN. verb neuter. irreg. irregular. 1, 2,.3, 4 Ist, 2nd, 3rd, 4th m. masculine. conjugation. n. neuter.

The quantity of long vowels is marked except in syllables where they are also long by position.

a, ab, and abs, prep. with abl. from, by, after.

abed, 4 v.n. abivi or abii, abitum, go away.

abhorre6, 2 v.n. shrink from.

abicid, 3 v.a. cast away.

abiectus, a, um, low, mean.

absens, entis, absent.

absum, v.n. abfui or afui, be absent, be distant.

absurdé, adv. offensively.

abiitor, 3 v.d. abuse, take ad- vantage of.

ac, conj. and, as.

accédd, 3 v.n. accessi, acces- sum, approach, be added to.

accessié, dnis, f. addition.

accid6d, 3 v.n. accidi, happen.

accipid, 3 v.a. accépi, accep- tum, receive, hear.

accommodd, 1 v.a. suit.

acciraté, adv. exactly, care- fully.

accfis6, 1 v.a. accuse, prose- cute.

Acer, acris, acre, keen, ener- getic, spirited.

acerbé, adv. bitterly.

acerbus, a, um, bitter, harsh, painful.

acquiescd, 3 v.n. acquiévi, am relieved.

acriter, adv. with vigour.

acta, drum, n. records, gazette.

actid, dnis, f. speech.

acitus, a, um, sharp, clever.

ad, prep. with acc. to, at, towards, till, according to, with a view to, upon.

adam6, 1 v.a. begin to love.

106

addo, 3 v.a. addidi, additum, add, attach.

addiicé, 3 v.a. bring to, induce.

adeé, 4 v.n. adivi or adii, aditum, approach, go to.

ade6, adv. so far, to such an ex- tent, so much, further, also.

adhibeo, 2 v.a. apply, show.

adhiic, adv. hitherto, as yet, still.

adim6, 3 v.a. take away.

adipiscor, 3 v.d. adeptus, gain.

adiung6, 3 v.a. add.

adititor, dris, m. helper.

adiuv6, 1 v.a. adiiivi, adiutum, help.

admoned, 2 v.a. advise, re- mind, warn,

adsum, v.n. be present.

adulescens, -entis, m. young man, youth.

adventus, Us, m. arrival.

adversaria, ae, f. adversary, rival.

adversus, a, um, adverse, dis- astrous.

aedificatid, Onis, f. building.

aedificd, 1 v.a. build.

aedilitas, atis, f. office of aedile.

aeger, gra, grum, sick, ill.

aegritidd, inis, f. sickness, sorrow.

aequé, adv. equally.

aerumna, ae, f. calamity.

aes, aeris, n. copper, bronze; phrase, aes aliénum, an- other’s money, i.e. debt.

aestim6, 1 v.a. value.

aetas, atis, f. age, time of life.

afferd, v. irreg. attuli, alla- tum, bring to.

afficid, 3 v.a. affect.

affligd, 3 v.a. atfiixi, afflictum, strike down, damage, afflict.

ager, agri, m. field, farm.

ago, 3 v.a. and n. égi, actum, lead, drive, do, act, plead,

Vocabulary

pass time, live, discuss, speak; ago gratias, give thanks.

aid, v. def. say, speak.

aliénus, a, um, another’s, unfriendly, strange ; subst. aliénus, i, m. foreigner, stranger.

alid, adv. elsewhere.

aliquandd, adv. at one time, at some time.

aliquantum, adv. somewhat.

aliquis, a, id, someone, any- one.

aliquot, indecl. some, several.

aliter, adv. otherwise.

alius, a, ud, other, another, different ; alius...alius, one ... another.

allevatid, Onis, f. lightening, relief.

alter, era, erum, one...other, the one, the other (of two).

ambitus, tis, m. bribery.

amens, entis, mad.

amicitia, ae, f. friendship.

amicus, a,um, friendly; subst. amicus, i, m. friend.

Amittd, 3 v.a. Amisi, Amissum, lose.

amo, 1 v.a. love.

amor, Oris, m. love.

amplificé, 1 v.a. increase.

amplitidd, inis, f. greatness.

amplus, a, um, large, dis- tinguished.

an, conj. whether, or.

anima, ae, f. breath, life, soul.

animatus, a, um, minded, dis- posed.

animula, ae, f. little life.

animus, i, m. mind, intellect, courage, heart, inclination ; animi causa, for amuse- ment.

annus, i, m. year.

annuus, a, um, lasting a year.

ante, adv. and prep. with acc, before.

.

Vocabulary

anteai, adv. before.

antecéd6, 3 v.n. go before, pre- cede.

antiquus, a, um, former, an- cient, important.

aperté, adv. openly.

appare6, 2 v.n. appear.

appelld, 1 v.a. call, appeal to.

approbé, 1 v.a. approve.

appropinqud, 1 v.n. near.

apud, prep. with acc. at, with, among, in.

arbitratus, tis, m. free will, pleasure.

arbitrium, ii, n. will.

arbitror, 1 v.d. think.

arded, 2 v.n. arsi, burn.

area, ae, f. open space, site.

argentum, i, n. silver.

argimentum, i, n. proof, sub- ject.

arrogantia, ae, f. arrogance.

ars, artis, f. art, device, method, quality, pursuit.

artificium, ii, n. contrivance, scheme.

asper, era, erum, rough, harsh.

asperé, adv. roughly, rudely.

aspici6, 3 v.a. behold, see.

assequor, 3 v.d. catch up, reach, attain.

astrologus, i, m. astrologer, astronomer.

astité, adv. cunningly.

at, conj. but, it is said that.

atque, conj. and, as.

atqui, conj. and yet, but.

attingd, 3 v.a. attigi, touch, mention slightly.

auctor, dris, m. adviser.

auctoritas, atis, f. authority, influence, truthfulness.

auded, 2 v.a. and n. ausus, dare, venture.

audid, 4 v.a. hear, listen.

draw

arsum,

insolence,

107

aufer6, v. irreg. abstuli, abla-

tum, carry dway, carry off.

augur, uris, m. augur, sooth- sayer.

augurium, ii, n. augury, fore- cast.

auguror, 1 v.d. surmise, fore- tell.

aurum, i, n. gold.

aut, conj. either, or.

autem, conj. but.

auxilium, ii, n. help.

Avoc6, 1 v.a. call away.

avunculus, i, m. uncle.

beatus, a, um, happy, blessed.

bellé, adv. nicely.

bellicésus, a, um, warlike.

bellum, i, n. war.

bene, adv. well.

beneficium, ii, benefit.

benevolentia, ae, f. goodwill.

bona, subst. good things, bless- ings.

bon, subst. loyalists, parti- sans of the Senate.

bonitas, atis, f. kindness.

bonus, a, um, good.

brevi, adv. briefly.

brevis, e, short.

brevitas, atis, f. shortness.

breviter, adv. shorily.

n. kindness,

cadaver, eris, n. corpse.

cad6, 3 v.n. cecidi, casum, fall.

calamitas, atis, f. disaster; esp. exile.

called, 2 v.n. callui, be hard- ened.

capid, 3 v.a. cépi, captum, take, seize, catch, get, feel.

caput, itis, n. head, person, position.

carp6, 3 v.a. slander.

carus, a, um, dear.

108

castrum, i, n. fort; pl. castra, orum, n. camp.

cAasus, tis, m. fall, chance, accident.

causa, ae, f. cause, reason, position, business; causa, for the sake of.

cedo, v. def. imperative only, tell me, give me.

cédd, 3 v.a. and n. cessi, cessum, yield, withdraw.

celebritas, atis, f. crowded state, publicity, renown.

celer, eris, ere, quick, speedy.

celeriter, adv. swiftly, quickly.

cénd, 1 v.n. dine, sup.

censed, 2 v.a. express an opinion, vote.

cerno, 3 v.a. crevi, cretum, perceive, discern.

certé, adv. really, surely, at least.

certidrem facere, inform.

cert6, adv. surely, certainly.

certus, a, um, jived, certain, settled.

céterus, a, um, the remainder, the rest.

cibus, i, m. food.

circumcirca, adv. round about.

Civilis, e, civil.

cIvis, is, m. citizen.

civitas, atis, f. state, common- wealth, town.

clamor, Oris, m. shouting, noise.

clarus, a, um, clear, loud, Jamous,

clausula, ae, f. way of ending.

clémentia, ae, f. clemency.

cliens, entis, m. client, de- pendent.

coepi, v. def. begin.

cogitatid, Onis, f. thought, re- flection, purpose, imagina- tion.

cégitd, 1 v.a. think, imagine, purpose.

Vocabulary

cognosco6, 3 v.a. cognovi, cog- nitum, learn, investigate, pf. know.

cog6, 3 v.a. coégi, coactum, compel, force.

cohibed, 2 v.a. restrain, check.

cohortor, 1 v.d. exhort, en- courage.

collaudd, 1 v.a. praise highly.

collecticius, a, um, hastily gathered,

comes, itis, m. and f. com- panion.

comitas, atis, f. affability.

commemor6, 1 v.a. mention.

commendati6, Onis, f. recom- mendation.

commend6, 1 v.a. commend, entrust.

commentor, consider.

committd, 3 v.a. commit, en- trust, act, perpetrate.

commodé, adv. conveniently, comfortably.

commodum, i, n. advantage, comfort.

commorati6, Onis, f. sojourn.

commoror, 1 v.d. stay, so- journ.

commoved, 2 v.a. move, dis- turb ; commétus, a, um, unwell.

commini6, dnis, f. sympathy.

comminis, e, general.

commitd, 1 v.a. change, get in exchange.

comparatid, dnis, f. prepara- tion.

compar6, 1 v.a. acquire, pre- pare.

complector, 3 v.d. complexus, embrace.

complexus, us, m. embrace.

concessus, fis, m. permission.

concurr6, 3 v.n. concurri, con- cursum, run together.

condemn6, 1 v.a. condemn.

1 v.d. devise,

Vocabulary

condiicé, 3 v.a. and n. bring together, be of use.

confer6, v. irreg. contuli, col- latum, bring together, com- pare, confer, converse, betake, impute.

confidé, 3 v.n. confisus, trust, feel confident.

confid, v. irreg. be done, be accomplished.

confirméd, 1 v.a. strengthen, assert.

confugid, 3 v.n. take refuge.

coniectiira, ae, f. guessing.

coniuncti6, Onis, f. wnion, alliance.

coniunctus, a, um, wnited.

coniungs, 3 v.a. bring to- gether.

conor, 1 v.d. attempt.

conquass6, 1 v.a. shatter.

conquiescé, 3 v.n. find rest.

consanesco, 3 v.n. consanui, become whole, be healed.

conscend6, 3 v.n. ascend, get up, take ship.

conscius, a, um, aware.

conscribd, 3 v.a. write, enroll.

consentid, 4 v.n. agree with, correspond to.

consequor, 3 v.d. follow up, attain, overtake.

considerd, 1 v.a. think over.

consilium, ii or i, n. wisdom, purpose, advice, decision.

consélatid, Onis, f. consola- tion.

consdlor, 1 v.d. console.

conspectus, tis, m. sight.

constantia, ae, f. wachanging devotion.

constitud, 3 v.a. appoint, deter- mine, prove.

consuescé, 3 v.a. and n. con- sulevi, accustom, be accus- tomed.

and on.

conscious,

consider,

109

consuétidd, inis, f. custom, friendship.

consul, ulis, m. consul.

consularis, is, m. a former consul.

contenti6, dnis, f. exertions.

conti6, duis, f. meeting, speech at a meeting.

contra, prep. with acc. against ; adv. on the other hand,

conturb6, 1 v.a. upset.

convalesc6, 3 v.n. convalui, get well,

conveni6, 4 v.a. and n. come together, meet, call upon, agree, suit.

convertdé, 3 v.a. converti, con- versum, turn, change.

convicium, ii, n. noise, cry, abuse.

convivium, ii, n. party.

copia, ae, f. abundance; pl. copiae, forces, troops.

céram, prep. with abl. in the presence of; adv. face to face.

corpus, oris, n. body.

cotidié, adv. every day.

crébr6, adv. frequently.

créd6, 3 v.a. and n. crédidi, créditum, entrust, trust, believe.

crimen, inis, n. charge, ac- cusation.

cridélis, e, thirsty.

cridélitas, atis, f. cruelty.

culpa, ae, f. sin, fault.

cum, prep. with abl. with.

cum, con] when, since, though.

cum...tum, both...and.

cupidé, adv. selfishly.

cupiditas, Atis, f. desire, evil passion.

cupio, 3 v.a. desire.

cura, ae, f. care, anxiety.

ciiria, ae, f. senate-house.

banquet,

cruel, blood-

110

cfiré, 1 v.a. care for, take care, take care of, cure.

damn6, 1 v.a. condemn.

damnum, i, n. loss.

dé, prep. with abl. down from, from, concerning, out of.

débed, 2 v.a. owe, be bound, ought.

débilitd, lv.a. weaken, cripple.

décédd, 3 v.n. depart, leave the province.

deced, 2 v.a. become, befit; impers. decet, it becomes.

décern6, 3 v.a. and n. decree,

_ determine.

déclar6, 1 v.a. make clear.

défendo6, 3 v.a. defend.

défessus, a, um, weary, worn out.

défetigo, 1 v.a. weary out.

déficid, 3 v. a. and n. fail.

deinde, adv. then, nezt.

délectd, 1 v.a. charm, delight.

délég6, 1 v.a. assign, hand over.

déliberatid, onis, f. considera- tion.

déliberd, 1 v.n. consider.

déligd, 3 v.a. choose.

déminus, 3 v.a. lessen, diminish.

déminitid, donis, f. loss, les- sening.

démittd, 3 v.a. send down, lower.

dénique, adv. lastly.

dépell6, 3 v.a. thrust out, drive out.

dépléré, 1 v.a. and n. lament.

dépond, 3 v.a. lay aside.

déprehend6, 3 v.a. catch, find out.

descisc6, 3 v.n. descivi or descii, fall away, prove un- true to.

déserd, 3 v.a. déserui, déser- tum, desert, abandon,

Vocabulary

désertus, a, um, deserted.

désiderium, ii, n. love, longing, sad parting.

désiderd, 1 v.a. love, long for, miss, need.

désign6, 1 v.a. mark out, desig- nate; magistrates elected, but not yet holding office, are called désignati (magis- trates elect).

désist6, 3 v.n. leave off.

despér6, l v. a. andn. despair.

désum, v.n. be wanting; déesse sibi, be wanting to oneself, throw away one’s chances.

détrahd, 3 v.a. draw down, remove, take away.

détrimentum, i, n. harm.

dextra, adv. on the right hand.

dic6, 3 v.a. dixi, dictum, say, speak, call.

dictator, Oris, m. dictator.

dictitd, 1 v.n. repeat.

diés, Gi, m. and f. in sing., m. in pl. day, time ; diem alicui dicere, prosecute someone.

dignitis, atis, f. dignity, honour, position.

dignus, a, um, worthy.

diifidicd, 1 v.a. decide, deter- mine.

diiunctié, dnis, f. separation.

diligenter, adv. carefully.

diligentia, ae, f. care, pains.

diligd, 3 v.a. love.

dimittd, 3 v.a. send away, let go, give up.

diripid, 3 v.a. sack, plunder.

dirud, 38 v.n. dirui, dirutum, destroy, tear in pieces.

discéd6, 3 v.n. depart, come off.

discessus, Us, m. departure.

disciplina, ae, f. study, science... 4

discordia, ae, f. disagreement.

Vocabulary

discrib6, 3 v.a. map out, divide up.

discrimen, inis, n. danger, risk.

discumb6, 3 v.n. sit at table.

displiced, 2 v.n. displease.

dissensid, Onis, f. disagree- ment, quarrel.

dissimilis, e, wnlike.

dissimulanter, adv. secretly.

dissimul6, 1 v.a. conceal.

distined, 2 v.a. engage, detain.

dil, adv. for a long time.

diiturnus, a, um, lasting.

divinatid, dnis, f. prophecy.

divinus, a, um, divine, super- human, providential.

dé, 1 v.a. dedi, datum, give, send off (of a letter).

doctrina, ae, f. learning.

doled, 2 v.a. and n. feel pain, grieve.

dolor, Oris, m. pain, grief, resentment.

domesticus, a, um, private, domestic.

dominatus, wus, m. tyranny.

domus, tis, f. house, home; locative, domi, at home; domum, to the house.

dormié, 4 v.n. sleep.

dubitatis, dnis, f. hesitation.

dubitéd, 1 v.n. doubt, hesitate.

dubius, a, um, doubtful.

diic6, 3 v.a. duxi, ductum, lead, guide, consider, marry,

long-

rule,

prolong. dulcéd6, inis, f. sweetness, charm. dulcis, e, sweet, pleasant, charming.

dum, conj. while, until, pro- vided that.

dummodo, conj. provided that,

duo, ae, 0, two.

dux, ducis, m, Jeader.

111

6 and ex, prep. with abl. out of, from; according to, after.

efficid, 3 v.a. efféci, effectum, effect, cause.

effugid, 3 v.a. and n. flee away, escape.

eged, 2 v.n. be in want, lack.

ego, mei, I; egomet, I my- self; mécum, with me, in my heart, to myself.

égregius, a, um, excellent, distinguished.

éiusmodi, of that kind, such.

émissarius, ii, m. emissary.

én, interj. see! behold!

enim, conj. for.

ed, 4 v.n. ivi or ii, itum, go.

ed, adv. thither, therefore.

epistula, ae, f. letter.

epulae, arum, f. feast.

equidem, adv. for my part, indeed.

erga, prep. with acc. towards.

ergo, adv. therefore.

éripid, 3 v.a. snatch away.

err6, 1 v.n. err.

escendd, 3 v.n. and a. climb up, ascend.

essedum, i, n. chariot.

et, adv. and conj. both, and, also, even.

etiam, adv. and conj. also, even, really, still, I pray you.

etsi, conj. although.

évenid, 4 v.n. happen.

éventum, i, n. event, result.

ex, see e.

excéd6, 3 v.n. depart from.

excelsus, a, um, lofty.

excipid, 3 v.a. excépi, excep- tum, take up, receive.

excitd, 1 v.a. stir up.

exciisati6d, Onis, f. excuse, in- dulgence.

exemplum, i, n. example, model; phrase, héc exempl6, as follows.

1f2

exe6, 4 v.n. go out, go abroad. exercit6, 1 v.a. try, practise. exercitus, tis, m. army. exhaurié, 4 v.a. exhausi, ex- haustum, drink up, exhaust, complete. existim6, 1 v.a. and n. reckon, think. exitidsus, a, um, ruinous. exitium, ii, n. destruction. exitus, Us, m. way out, end. exopto6, 1 v.a. desire earnestly. expedi6, 4 v.a. and n. ez- tricate, release, settle, be expedient. expelld, 3 v.a. expuli, expul- sum, drive out, expel. explicé, 1 v.a. explicavi and explicui, explicatum and explicitum, loosen, disen- tangle, settle. exsist6, 3 v.n. exstiti, exsti- tum, come forth, appear. exspectatid, Onis, f. expecta- tion, hope. exspect6, 1 v.a. expect. exstingud, 3 v.a. exstinxi, ex- stinctum, quench, destroy. extorque6, 2 v.a. wring from. extra, adv. outside; prep. with ace. except. extrémus, a, um, last, wtmost. extriidd, 3 v.a. thrust out, dislodge.

wait for,

faber, bri, m. workman, arti- PiCer:

fabula, ae, f. play, story.

facile, adv. easily.

facilis, e, easy, compliant.

facinus, inoris, n. deed, evil deed.

facié, 3 v.a. féci, factum, make, do, practise, value.

factum, i, n. action.

fall6, 3 v.a. fefelli, falsum, deceive, escape notice.

Vocabulary

falsus, a, um, false, untrue.

fama, ae, f. fame, reputation, talk.

famés, is, f. hunger, a famine.

familia, ae, f. household, family, the slaves.

familiaris, e, intimate; phrase, res familiaris, private pro- perty.

familidriter, adv. in a friendly way.

fas, only nom. and ace. sing. n. right.

fateor, 2 v.d. fassus, confess, admit.

fatum, i, n. fate, fortune.

faved, 2 v.n. favi, fautum, favour.

fémina, ae, f. woman.

ferd, v. irreg. tuli, latum, bear, carry, endure.

festin6, 1 v.n. hasten.

festivus, a, um, charming, amusing.

fidélis, e, faithful, loyal.

fidés, ei, f. faith, belief, pro- mise, protection.

filia, ae, f. daughter.

filius, ii, m. son.

fing6, 3 v.a. and n. fictum, feign, invent.

finis, is, m. end.

f16, v. irreg. factus, happen, become, be made.

firmus, a, um, strong.

flagitd, 1 v.a. demand.

flamma, ae, f. flame, blaze.

flétus, ls, m. weeping.

fldrens, entis, flourishing.

fldred, 2 v.n. flourish, grow up.

foedus, a, um, fowl, detestable.

fore: future infinitive of sum.

forma, ae, f. shape, beauty, architects plan.

forsitan, adv. perhaps.

fortasse, adv. perhaps.

forte, adv. by chance.

finxi,

Vocabulary

fortis, e, strong, brave.

fortitid6, inis, f. cowrage.

fortuitus, a, um, accidental, casual.

fortiina, ae, f. fortune.

forum, i, n. forwm, law-court.

frangd, 3 v.a. frégi, fractum, break, put constraint on.

frater, tris, m. brother.

frequens, entis, frequent, crowded,

frétus, a, um, trusting to.

fructus, ts, m. enjoyment, produce, fruit, advantage.

frustra, adv. in vain, to no purpose.

fugid, 3 v.a. ftigi, flee, escape.

funditus, adv. from the bottom, utterly.

fundus, i, m. farm, country house.

relying on,

place,

gauded, 2 v.n. gavisus, rejoice.

gaudium, ii, n. joy.

gener, eri, m. son-in-law.

gens, gentis, f. nation.

genus, eris, n. kind.

gerd, 3 v.a. gessi, gestum, bear, carry on, wage, man- age, spend.

gladius, ii, m. sword.

gloria, ae, f. glory.

glériola, ae, f. diminutive of gloria.

glorior, 1 v.d. boast.

gloéridsus, a, um, glorious, boastful.

gradus, iis, m. degree.

gratia, ae, f. favour, kindness, gratitude ; pl. thanks.

gratulor, 1 v.d. congratulate.

gratus, a,um, agreeable, grate- ful.

gravis, e, heavy, serious, digni- ed.

graviter, adv. heavily, seri- ously.

¢

D,

113

habed, 2 v.a. have, involve, hold, consider; phrase, sic rés habet, so it is; sé habére = esse.

hem, interj. indeed! what !

hic or hic, haec, hoc, de- monstr. pron. this,

hic, adv. here, hereuwpon, here- in, in this respect.

hiem6, 1 v.n. winter, pass the winter.

hiems, hiemis, f. winter.

homo, inis, m. man, human being, fellow.

homunculus, i, m. mannikin, feeble man.

honestas, atis, f. distinction.

honesté, adv. with credit.

honestus, a, um, honourable.

honds, doris, m. honour, office, distinction.

horre6, 2 v.a. tremble, shudder at.

hortatid, Snis, f. encowrage- ment.

hortator, Gris, m. encourager.

hortor, 1 v.d. urge.

hortus, i, m. garden; horti, pl. park.

hospes, itis, m. host, guest, visitor.

hospita, ae, f. guest, stranger.

hiic, adv. hither.

hiimané, adv. kindly.

hiimanitas, atis, f. kindness, refinement.

well!

iaced, 2 v.n. iacul, lie.

iactéd, 1 v.a. throw, toss, treat rudely.

iactiira, ae, f. loss.

iam, adv. now, already, by this time, soon; non iam, no longer.

iampridem, adv. for long, long since.

ibi, adv. there.

114

idcircé, adv. therefore.

idem, eadem, idem, the same.

ided, adv. on that account.

idéneus, a, um, fit, suitable, favourable.

igitur, conj. therefore, then.

ignord, 1 v.a. be ignorant.

ignoscé, 3 v.n. forgive.

ignotus, a, um, unknown.

illustris, e, conspicuous.

illustr6, 1 v.a. throw light on, glorify.

imag6, inis, f. picture, like- ness.

imitor, 1 v.d. imitate, copy.

immoderaté, adv. beyond measure.

impedimentum, i, n. hind- rance.

impedi6, 4 v.a. hinder. impended, 2 v.n. overhang, be imminent. imperator, mander. imperium, ii, n. empire, power. impetro, 1 v.a. gain by ask- ing. impetus, tis, m. onset, attack. imprimis, adv. chiefly.

Oris, mM. com-

improbitas, atis, f. wicked- ness, persistence, restless- ness.

improbé, 1 v.a. disapprove.

improbus, a, um, wicked, knavish.

impudens, entis, shameless.

impftinité, adv. with impunity.

in, prep. with acc. into, against, for, till, tending to; with abl. in.

inauditus, a, um, unheard of.

incid6, 3 v.n. incidi, fall into.

incit6, 1 v.a. rouse, spur on.

incolumis, e, safe, unharmed.

incommodum, i, n. distress, inconvenience.

incorruptus, a, um, unspoilt, uninjured.

Vocabulary

incrédibilis, e, incredible, be- yond belief.

incorruptus, a, um, unspoilt, unimpaired.

inde, adv. from this, thence, then.

indiged, 2 v.n. be in want of.

indignor, 1 v.d. be angry.

industria, ae, f. activity.

ined, 4 v.a. enter on.

inferd, V. irreg. intuli, sifsiar carry in; bellum inferre alicui, to make war upon someone.

inferus, a, um, lying beneath; subst. inferi, the dead.

infidélis, e, unfaithful.

inflamm6, 1 v.a. set on fire, excite.

infring6, 3 v.a. break down.

ingenium, ii,n. nature, charac- ter, intellect.

inimicus, a, um, unfriendly, hostile ; subst. inimicus, i, m. enemy.

iniquus, a, um, wrfair, hostile.

initium, ii, n. beginning.

inifiria, ae, f. wrong, injustice.

innumerabilis, e, countless.

inquam, v. def. inquii, say.

insidiae, arum, f. ambush, treachery.

insignis, e, remarkable, emi- nent; insignia, badges.

institud, 3 v.a. begin, instruct.

instititum, 1, n. custom, prac- tice.

integer, gra, grum, untouched, undamaged, sound, restored.

intelleg6, 3 v.a. intellexi, in- tellectum, understand.

inter, prep. with acc. among, between; inter nos, to one another,

intercald, 1 v.a. insert, inter- calate.

interclid6, 3 v.a. cut off.

interdum, adv. sometimes.

Vocabulary

intered, 4 v.n. perish.

intermittd, 3 v.a. leave out.

interpellé, 1 v.a. hinder.

intersum, v.n. take part in; impers. interest, there is a difference, it concerns.

interveni6, 4 v.n. intervene.

intestinus, a, um, internal, personal.

invehor, 3 v.d. invectus, at- tack.

invenid, 4 v.a. find, discover, devise,

invided, 2 v.a. envy.

invidia, ae, f. unpopularity.

invidus, a, um, envious, jealous.

invit6, 1 v.a. invite.

invitus, a, um, wnwilling; me invito, against my will.

iocor, 1 v.d. jest.

iocésus, a, um, playful.

iocus, i, m. jest, joke.

ipse, a, um, self, himself.

Tratus, a, um, angry.

is, ea, id, that, he.

iste, a, ud, that, this, that of yours, that by you.

istic, adv. there.

ita, adv. so, thus, accordingly.

itaque, adv. therefore, accord- ingly.

item, adv. likewise, also.

iter, itineris, n. journey, way.

iubed, 2 v.a. iussi, iussum, bid, order.

ificundus, a, um, agreeable.

ifidex, icis, m.juryman, judge.

ifidicium, ii, n. trial, opinion.

itidicd, 1 v.a. judge, decide.

iis, ilris,n. right, justice, law.

iuventis, itis, f. youth, the young men.

iuv6, 1 v.a. itivi, iitum, help, please.

labor, Oris, m. work,

suffering.

toil,

115

labér6, 1 v.n. work, toil, suffer, be anxious.

laetitia, ae, f. rejoicing, triumph,

laetor, 1 v.d. rejoice.

langued, 2 v.n. be faint, be feeble.

languidus, a, um, faint, weary,

faint-hearted.

laus, laudis, f. praise, glory.

lectica, ae, f. litter.

legid, onis, f. legion, army.

leg6, 3 v.a. légi, lectum, read, choose.

lénis, e, mild, gentle.

levis, e, light, slight, wun- principled.

lev6, 1 v.a. lighten.

lex, légis, f. law.

libenter, adv. gladly.

liber, bri, m. book.

liber, era, erum, free, un- controlled.

liberalis, e, generous.

liberalitas, atis, f. generosity.

liberé, adv. freely.

lYberI, orum, m. pl. children.

liber6, 1 v.a. set free.

libertas, Atis, f. freedom.

libertus, i, m. freedman.

libet, 2 v. impers. it pleases.

librarius, ii, m. secretary.

licet, 2 v. impers. licuit and licitum est, it is allowed,

lippitids, inis, f. sore eyes.

littera, ae, f. letter of alphabet ; pl. letter, epistle, letters, literature.

locus, i, m. place, position, state, opportunity ; pl. loci and loca.

longé, adv. far.

longinquitas, atis, f. length.

loquor, 3 v.d. lociitus, talk, speak, say.

luctus, tis, m. grief, mourning.

lidus, i, m. game, play; pl. lidi, a show, games.

8—2

116

lux, lucis, f. light; ltci, by day.

maered6, 2 v.n. maerui, grieve. maestus, a, um, sad, sorrow- Sul. magis, adv. more, rather. magnopere, adv. greatly. magnus, a, um, great, im- portant, serious. maior, maius, greater. malo, v. irreg. malui, prefer. malus, a, um, bad. mandatum, i, n. commission. mandatus, us, m. order. mando, 1 v.a. entrust, convey. mane, adv. in the morning. mane6, 2 v.a. and n. mansi, mansum, remain, wait for.

manus, us, f. hand, hand- writing, band. maximé, adv. exceedingly,

especially, certainly.

maximus, a, um, very great, greatest.

medeor, 2 v.d. heal.

medicina, ae, f. medicine.

medicus, i, m. doctor.

mediocris, e, moderate, ordin- ary.

mediocriter, adv. moderately.

meditor, 1 v.d. study, practise.

mehercule, interj. I declare! ; lit. so help me Hercules.

melior, us, better.

memini, v. def. remember.

memoria, ae, f. memory.

mens, mentis, f. mind.

mensa, ae, f. table.

mensis, is, m. month.

mereor, 2 v.d. meritus, de- serve.

metué, 3 v.a. fear.

metus, ts, m. fear.

meus, mea, Meum, my.

miles, itis, m. soldier.

minax, acis, threatening.

Vocabulary

minimé, adv. least, not at all. :

minor, us, smaller, less.

minud, 3 v.a. lessen.

minus, adv. less.

mirabilis, e, wonderful.

mirandus, a, um, wonderful.

mirificé, adv. wonderfully.

mirificus, a, um, wonderful, marvellous.

miror, 1 v.d. wonder at, ad- mire,

mirus, a, um, wonderful.

miser, era, erum, wretched.

miseria, ae, f. wretchedness.

misericordia, ae, f. pity.

mitis, e, mild, gentle.

mitt6, 3 v.a. misi, missum, send, release; missum fa- cere, discharge, let go.

modesté, adv. peaceably.

modestia, ae, f. moderation, discretion.

modo, adv. only, just, just now; conj. provided that, lately.

modus, 1, m. manner, degree.

molesté, adv. grievously.

molestia, ae, f. distress.

molior, 4 v.d. undertake, labour at, build up.

molli6, 4 v.a. soften.

moneé, 2 v.a. advise, warn.

monumentum, i, n. record, writing.

morbus, i, m. disease, illness.

morior, 3 v.d. mortuus, die.

moror, 1 v.d. delay.

mors, mortis, f. death.

mortuus, a, um, dead.

més, moris, m. custom; pl. manners, character.

moved, 2 v.a. movi, motum, move, influence.

mulier, eris, f. woman, wife.

muliercula, ae, f. weak wo- man.

multiplicé, 1 v.a. increase.

Vocabulary

multitidd, inis, f. number, multitude.

multé, adv. by much, much.

multum, adv. much.

multus, a, um, much; pl. many.

miinicipalis, e, of the country towns.

miinié, 4 v.a. fortify, defend.

minus, eris, n. service.

mité, 1 v.a. change.

great

nam, conj. for.

nanciscor, 3 v.d. nactus, light upon, obtain.

narr6, 1 v.a. tell.

nascor, 3- v.d. born.

nausea, ae, f. sea-sickness.

navigatid, Onis, f. voyage, chance of sailing.

navigs, 1 v.n. sail.

navis, is, f. ship.

né, conj. lest, that not, not.

né...quidem, not even.

ne, enclitic mark of interr. whether.

necessarius, a, um, necessary, pressing, intimate.

necesse, adj. n. (only nom. and acc. sing.), necessary.

nego, 1 v.a. and n. refuse, say no.

negotium, ii, n. trouble.

ném6 (pl. and abl. and gen, sing. borrowedfrom nullus), no one.

neque or nec, conj. neither, nor, and not.

nescio, 4 v.a. be ignorant, not know.

nescio quid, something.

nihil and nil, indecl. n. no- thing, not at all.

nimis, ady. too.

nisi, conj. if not, unless.

nobilis, e, noble.

natus, be

business,

117

nol6, v. irreg. ndlui, be un- willing.

nomen, inis, n. name, title, score, account.

non, adv. not, no!

nonnullus, a, um, some.

nds, pl. of ego, we; often=ego; nobiscum, with us.

nosc6, 3 v.a. come to know, discern; pf. novi, know.

noster, stra, strum, our; often = meus.

nostras, atis, adj. belonging to. us.

notus, a, um, known, well- known.

novus, a, um, new, strange.

nox, noctis, f. night.

niibd, 3 v.n. nupsi, nuptum, veil oneself, marry (of a woman).

nullus, -a, none.

nummulus, i, m. little coin.

nunc, adv. now, next.

nunquam, adv. never.

nuntid, 1 v.a. announce.

nuntius, ii, m. messenger, news.

-um, not any,

obed, 4 v.a. obivi or obii, go

over, die; phrase, diem suum obire, die. obitus, tis, m. death. obliviscor, 3 v.d. oblitus,

Sorget. obsctirus, a, um, dark, secret. obsecr6, 1 v.a. beseech, entreat. obtemper6, 1 v.n. comply with. obviam, adv. to meet. occids, 3 v.a. occidi, occisum, kill. occidé, 3 v.n. die. occupatis, Snis, f. business. occurr6, 3 v.n. meet, present oneself to, oculus, i, m. eye. 6di, v. def. hate.

118

odium, ii, n. hatred; odio esse, used as pass. of 6dl.

offends, 3 v.a. strike against, light upon, come to grief, offend.

offensid, Onis, f. offence, an- noyance.

offerd, v. irreg. obtuli, obla- tum, offer.

officidsus, a, um, friendly.

Officium, ii, n. duty, office, service.

omitts, 3 v.a. let slip, pass over.

omnin6, adv. altogether, to be sure, in general, to sum up.

omnis, e, all, every.

onus, eris, n. load, burden.

opem, opis (no nom. or dat. sing.), aid, help; pl. opés, power, wealth.

opera, ae, f. work, effort, ser- vice, attention, aid; phrase, operam dare, take pains.

opinis, Onis, f. opinion.

opinor, 1 v.d. suppose.

oportet, 2 v. impers. it be- hoves, it is becoming.

oppeto, 3 v.a. face.

oppidum, i, n. town.

oppond, 3 v.a. place against.

opportinitas, atis, f. con- venience, handiness.

opportiinus, a, um, convenient, suitable.

opprimé, 3 v.a. crush, oppress.

oppugno, 1 v.a. attack.

optimé, adv. very well, best.

optimus, a, um, best.

opto, 1 v.a. pray, wish.

opus, eris, n. work, business, need, want; opus est aliqua ré, something is needed.

6ratid, Onis, f. speaking, speech.

6ratorius, a, um, oratorical.

ordinatim, adv. in order, suc- cessively.

Vocabulary

ornamentum, i, n. distinction.

ornatus, a, um, adorned, furnished, distinguished.

ornd, 1 v.a. furnish, adorn, distinguish.

6s, Oris, n. mouth, face.

ostend6, 3 v.a. and n. show.

Stium, ii, n. leisure.

paene, adv. almost.

paenitet, 2 v. impers. it repents, it grieves.

panthéra, ae, f. panther.

par, paris, equal, matched.

paratus, a, um, ready, pre- pared.

parcé, 3 v.n. peperci, spare.

parens, entis,m.andf. parent.

pared, 2 v.n. parui, obey.

parid, 3 v.a. peperi, partum, bear, bring forth.

par6, 1 v.a. prepare, procure, buy.

pars, partis, f. part, side; pl. partés, part to play.

partim, adv. partly; esp. sub- stantively, some, others.

parum, adv. too little, little.

pater, tris, m. father.

patior, 3 v.d. passus, suffer, endure, allow.

well-

patria, ae, f. native land, country.

paucl, ae, a, few.

paucitas, atis, f. scarcity,

small number.

paulum, i, n. a little.

pax, pacis, f. peace.

peccatum, i, n. sin, fault.

peccd, 1 v.n. sin.

peciinia, ae, f. money.

péius, adv. worse.

per, prep. with acc. through, by means of, during, in the name of.

percipid, 3 v.a. percépi, per- ceptum, feel, get.

Vocabulary

perditus, a, um, ruined, des- perate, depraved.

perdé, 3 v.a. perdidi, perdi- tum, lose, ruin.

pered, 4 v.n. perii, be lost,

perish, perferd, v. irreg. pertuli, perlatum, deliver, bring

through; impers. perfertur, news reaches.

perficid, 3 v.a. perféci, perfec- tum, perform, finish.

perfungor, 3 v.d. fully enjoy.

perhimanus, a, um, very touching.

periculosé, adv. with danger.

periculum, i, n. danger.

perleviter, adv. very slightly.

permaned, 2 v.n. continue, remain always.

peropportinus, a, um, very timely.

perpetior, 3 v.d. perpessus, endure.

perpetuus, a, um, unbroken, continuous.

persaepe, adv. very often.

perscrib6, 3 v.a. write in full.

perséna, ae, f. character, position.

perspici6, 3 v.a. perspexi, per- spectum, see clearly.

persuaded, 2 v.n. persuasi, persuasum, persuade, con- vince.

pertimescé, 3 v.a. pertimui, fear.

pertined, 2 v.n. reach, extend, pertain to.

perturb6, 1 v.a. frighten, terrify.

perveni6, 4 v.n. arrive, come to.

pessimé, badly.

pestilentia, ae, f. pestilence, plague.

confuse,

adv. worst, very

119

pestis, is, f. plague, disaster.

petd, 3 v.a. petivi and petii, petitum, seek, ask.

pietas, atis, f. devotion, piety, affection.

placatus, a, um, peaceable.

placed, 2 v.n. please, satisfy ; impers. placet, it is agreed.

plané, adv. clearly, entirely, quite.

plebs, plébis, f. the common people.

plecté, 3 v.a. beat, punish.

plénus, a, um, full, rich.

plérique, pléraeque, pléraque, most.

plirimus, a, um, very much; pl. very many, most.

plis, pluris, n. in sing. more; pl. pliirés, pliira, more.

polliceor, 2 v.d. promise.

pond, 3 v.a. posui, positum, place.

populus, i, m. people.

possum, v. irreg. potui, be able, have power.

post, prep. with acc. behind, after,

postea, adv. afterwards.

posterus, a, um, coming after ; phrase, in posterum, for the future.

posthac, adv. afterwards.

postrém6, adv. lastly.

postridié, adv. on the next day.

postul6, 1 v.a. ask, demand, accuse,

potens, entis, powerful.

potestas, atis, f. power, ability, authority.

potior, us, better, superior.

potissimum, adv. especially, by preference.

potius, adv. rather.

praebed, 2 v.a. offer, show, give.

praeceptum, i, n. teaching, injunction.

}20

praecipid, 3 v.a. praecepi, praeceptum, teach.

praecipité, 1 v.a.and n. throw down; phrase, aetate prae- cipitata, when life is draw- ing to a close.

praeclarus, a, um, splendid.

praedico, 3 v.a. foretell.

praedictié, dnis, f. prediction, forecast.

praedictum, 1, n. tion.

praeditus, a, um, endowed, furnished.

praedium, ii, n. estate, farm.

praefectiira, ae, f. office of praefectus.

praefectus, i, m. officer; praefectus fabrum, chief of engineers.

praemium, il, n. reward, prize.

praepond, 3 v.a. prefer.

praescrib6, 3 v.a. and n. pre- scribe, dictate.

praesens, entis, present.

praesentia, ae, f. presence; phrase, in praesentia, for the present.

praesertim, adv. especially ; cum praesertim, especially since.

praesto, 1 v.a. praestiti, show, surpass, make good.

praesto, adv. at hand.

praesum, v.n. be at the head of.

praeter, prep. besides, except.

praeterea, adv. besides.

praetered, 4 v.a. puss over, omit.

praetermittd, 3 v.a. let slip, pass over.

praeterquam, conj. except.

praetor, is, m. praetor.

pranded, 2 v.n. prandi and pransus. sum, dine.

prandium, ii, n. early dinner.

predic-

with ace.

Vocabulary

prem6, 3 v.a. pressi, pres- sum, press, crush,

[prex, precis], only pl. with abl. and acc. sing. prayer.

pridié, adv. on the day before.

primarius, a, um, first rate, excellent.

primum, adv. at /irst, first, for the first time.

primus, a, um, /irst.

princeps, cipis, chief; as subst. leader, chief.

principium, ii, n. beginning.

pristinus, a, um, former.

priusquam, conj. before that.

privatus, a, um, private, un- official,

pro, prep. with abl. in front of, for, on behalf of, in pro- portion to, instedd of.

probitas, atis, f. goodness, honesty.

probo, 1 v.a. approve, prove.

probus, a, um, honest.

prochratid, onis, f. manage- ment,

préded, 4 v.n. prodii, prédi- tum, go forth, come forth.

prodicé, 3 v.a. foretell, fix beforehand.

proditor, dris, m. traitor.

profecti6, dnis, f. departure.

profectd, adv. assuredly.

proficid, 3 v.n. succeed.

proficiscor, 3 v.d. profectus, set out, start.

profiteor, 2 v.d. professus, profess, offer.

proicid, 3 v.a. cast forth.

proinde, adv. just as, there- fore.

prolixé, adv. favourably.

promittd, 3 v.a. promise.

prope, adv. near, nearly ; comp. propius, nearer.

prdopensus, a, um, well-dis- posed..

proper6, 1 v.a. hasten.

Vocabulary

propinquus, a, related.

prépond, 3 v.a. put forward, offer, set before.

propter, prep. with acc. on account of, for the sake of.

propterea, adv. therefore.

prorsus, adv. absolutely, entirely.

prospici6, 3 v.a. survey.

prosternéd, 3 v.a. prostravi, prostratum, lay low, over- throw.

présum, v.n. profui, prddesse, give aid to, give help to.

provided, 2 v.a. and n. fore- see,

provincia, ae, f. province.

proximé, adv. last,

um, near,

proximus, a, um, nearest, next. pridens, entis, with fore-

knowledge, wise. piblicus, a, um, official. pudens, entis, honourable. pudor, Oris, m. modesty, sense of honour. puer, eri, m. boy. pugna, ae, f. fight, battle. pugn6, l v.n. fight. pulcher, chra, chrum, beauti- ful. putd, 1 v.a. and n. think.

quaer6, 3 v.a. quaesivi, quae- situm, seek, enquire, ask for; phrase, quid quaeris ? in short.

quaes6, 3 v. def. beg, pray.

qualis, e, of what kind? such as, as,

quam, adv. how, as, than; with adj. very.

quamdifi, adv. as long as, how long.

quamobrem, adv. wherefore.

quamprimum, adv. as soon as possible.

121

quamquam, conj. although, and yet.

quando, conj. and adv. when.

quantum, adv. how much, as much as.

quantus, a, um, how great? as great as.

quaré, adv. wherefore.

quartana, ae, f. quartan fever.

quasi, adv. as if.

que, enclitic conj. both, and.

quemadmodum, adv. how.

qued, v. irreg. quivi, be able.

querella, ae, f. complaint.

queror, 3 v.d. questus, com- plain.

qui, quae, quod, who.

quia, con]. because.

quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whoever.

quidam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain one, somebody.

quidem, adv. indeed, at least.

quiescé, 3 v.n. quiévi, quié- tum, remain quiet, take no part.

quin, conj. indeed, but that.

quinque, indecl. five.

quis or qui, qua or quae, quid or quod, pron. interr. who?

quis, qua, quid, pron. indef. anyone, someone ; non quod, not that.

quisnam, quaenam, quidnam, who.

quisquam, n. quidquam, any- one.

quisque, each. «

quisquis, n. quidquid, who- ever.

quo, adv. whither, by which, so much.

quoad, adv. as long as.

quocumque, adv. to whatever place.

quod, conj. because ; quod si, but if.

quaeque, quidque,

®

122

quéminus, conj. that...not.

quomodo, ady. how ?

quoniam, con}. since.

quoque, conj. also, too.

quotiens, adv. as often.

quotienscumque, adv. when- CUCT.

rapax, acis, rapacious.

ratio, Onis, f. acccunt, method, plan, reason, system.

reciper6, 1 v.a. recover.

reconcilid, 1 v.a. gain back, make friends with,

recordatid, dnis, f. tion.

recrfiidescé, 3 v.n. become fresh again, break out again.

recté, adv. rightly, properly.

recurr6, 3 v.n. recurri, recur- sum, run back, return.

redd6, 3 v.a. reddidi, reddi- tum, give back, give up, render, deliver.

redemptor, Oris, m. contractor.

reded, 4 v.n. redii, reditum, return, be restored.

reditus, us, m. return, restora- tion.

rediicé, 3 v.a. bring back, re- store.

referd, v. irreg. retuli, rela- tum, bring back, repeat, bring before the Senate.

regio, onis, f. region, district.

régius, a, um, of a king, tyrannical,

réicid, 3 v.a. reject, refuse.

religid, Onis, f.* religious scruple, devoutness, religion.

relinqu6, 3 v.a. reliqui, re- lictum, leave, leave behind.

reliquiae, arum, f. leavings, remnants.

reliquus, a, um, left, remain- ing.

remaned, 2 v.n. remain.

reminiscor, 3 v.d. remember.

recollec-

Vocabulary

renunti6, 1 v.a. bring news.

reperid, 4 v.a. repperi, re- pertum, find, discover.

rés, rei, f. thing, matter, busi- ness, property, advantage, reality, wealth; pl. rés gestae, military exploits.

res publica, rei publicae, f. state, government, politics. -

rescrib6, 3 v.a. and n. write back, reply.

resist6, 3 v.n. restiti, stop, resist, withstand.

responded, 2 v.a. and n. re- spondi, responsum, answer, come up to.

restitud, 3 v.a. restore.

retexd, 3 v.a. undo.

retined, 2.v.a. detain, keep back.

reverto, 3 v.a. reverti, rever- sum, turn back.

revertor, pf. reverti, return.

revoco, 1 v.a. call back.

rex, régis, m. king.

rided, 2 v.n. risi, laugh.

rdébustus, a, um, powerful.

rogo, 1 v.a. ask.

rumor, Oris, mM. rumour, re- port.

rursus, adv. again.

rusticanus, a, um, country.

risum,

of the

saepe, adv. often.

salfis, itis, f. health, safety, life, greeting.

salitaris, e, wholesome, bene- Jicial.

saliito, upon.

salvus, a, um, whole, safe, alive.

sané, adv. certainly, assuredly, it is true.

sapiens, entis, wise.

sapientia, ae, f. wisdom.

1 v.a. greet, call

Vocabulary

sapid, 3 v.n. understand, be wise.

satietas, atis, f. satiety, weari- ness.

satis and sat, indecl. n. subst. and adv. enough, sufficiently, sufficient, quite.

scelus, eris, n. crime.

scientia, ae, f. knowledge.

scilicet, adv. of course, I as- sure you, forsooth, namely.

scid, 4 v.a. know.

scrib6, 3 v.a. scripsi, scriptum, write.

scriptor, Oris, m. writer.

sé and sésé, sui, reflexive pron. himself, themselves ; sécum, by himself, with himself.

secundus, a, um, second.

sed, conj. but.

sédiicé, 3 v.a. lead aside.

sédul6, adv. carefully, zeal- ously.

séiungd, 3 v.a. separate, dis- join.

semper, adv. always.

senatus, tis, m. senate.

sensus, tis, m. feeling, habit of mind, opinion. sententia, ae, f. opinion,

~ thought, purport, speech.

sentid, 4 v.a. sensi, sensum, feel, think.

septem, indecl. seven.

sequor, 3 v.d. sectitus, follow.

serm6, Onis, m. conversation, discourse, speech.

sér6, adv. late.

- servus, i, m. slave.

sevérus, a, um, strict, severe.

si, conj. if.

sic, adv. so, thus.

sicuti, adv. as.

significd, 1 v.a. and n. show, indicate,

signum, i, n. sign, indica- tion; pl. signa, standards;

123

phrase, signa conferre, to join battle.

silentium, ii, n. silence.

siled, 2 v.a. and n. be silent, keep back.

similis, e, like.

simiolus, i, m. /Jittle ape.

simul, adv. at the same time, together; simul ac and at- que, as soon as.

sin, con]. but if.

sine, prep. with abl. without.

singularis, e, wnique, excep- tional.

singuli, ae, a, pl. individuals, one each, single.

sinistra, adv. on the left hand.

situs, a, um (pf. part. of sind), placed.

sive, conj. whether, or.

societas, atis, f. partnership.

socius, il, m. comrade, partner ; pl. socil, allies.

sdlacium, ii, n. consolation.

soled, 2 v.n. solitus, be wont, be accustomed.

sollicitd, 1 v.a. trouble, annoy.

sollicitus, a, um, anxious.

sdlum, adv. only.

sdlus, a, um, alone, lonely.

sordés, is, f. meanness, low condition; pl. has same meaning.

soror, Oris, f. sister.

spectd, 1 v.a. see, watch, aim at.

spérd, 1 v.a. and n. hope, expect.

spés, ei, f. hope.

sponded, 2 v.a. spopondi, spon- sum, promise, warrant.

sponsdlia, ium, n. betrothal feast.

sponsor, Oris, m. surety.

sponte, adv. willingly ; sponte tua, of your own accord.

statim, adv. straightway, im- mediately.

*

124 statud, 3 v.a. place, determine. status, s,m. position, posture,

condition. std, 1 v.n. steti, statum, stand.

stomachus, i, m. stomach, anger. structor, Oris, m. builder,

mason, workman.

studed, 2 v.n. be eager, take pains,

studidsus, a, zealous,

studium, ii, n. study, pursuit.

stultus, a, um, foolish.

sfladed, 2 v.a. suasi, suasum, urge, persuade.

suavis, e, sweet, pleasant.

suavitas, Atis, f. sweetness.

subici6, 3 v.a. suggest.

subirascor, 3 v.d. be a little angry.

sufferd, v. irreg. sustuli, sub- latum, endure.

sum, v.n. fui, be, exist.

summa, ae, f. chief thing, up- shot, sum; phrase, ad sum- mam, above all.

summatim, adv. briefly.

summé, adv. excessively.

summus, a, um, highest, greatest.

sfim6, 3 v.a. sumpsi, sump- tum, take; stimere sibi, take upon oneself.

sumptus, Us, m. expense, ex- travagance.

superbia, ae, f. pride.

superior, comp. of superus, higher, more powerful.

suppudet, 2 v. impers. it shames somewhat.

supra, adv. and prep. with acc, above, beyond.

suscensed, 2 v.n. be angry with.

suscipié, 3 v.a. suscépi, sus- ceptum, undertake, undergo.

um, devoted,

eagerness,

Vocabulary

suspicor, 1 v.d. suspect, sur- mise.

sustenté, 1 v.a. swpport, sus- tain, stop.

sustined, 2 v.a. support.

suus, a, um, his own, their own.

tabellarius, ii, m._ letter- carrier, courier,

taced, 2 v.n. be silent.

taciturnitas, atis, f. silence.

talis, e, such.

tam, adv. so, so much.

tamen, adv. yet, however.

tantopere, adv. so much.

tantum, adv. so much, only.

tantus, a, um, so great.

tarditas, atis, f. slowness.

tard6, 1 v.a. delay, retard.

tardus, a, um, slow.

temere, adv. rashly, for no reason.

tempestas, weather.

tempt6, 1 v.a. and n. try.

tempus, oris, n. time, crisis.

tened, 2 v.a. hold, keep, under- stand, possess.

tener, era, erum, tender.

terror, Oris, m. fear.

testificor, 1 v.d. attest, bear witness.

testis, is, m. and f. witness.

timed, 2 v.a. fear.

timidus, a, um, cowardly.

timor, dris, m. fear.

tird, Onis, m. recruit.

toga, ae, f. gown, dress of civilians.

toleranter, adv. patiently.

tolld, 3 v.a. sustuli, sublatum, raise, take away.

tot, indecl. so many.

totiens, adv. so often.

totus, a, um, whole, entire.

tractd, 1 v.a. handle, manage.

traid6, 3 v.a. tradidi, tradi-

atis, f. storm,

Vocabulary

tum, hand over, surrender, hand down.

tradticé, 3 v.a. pass through.

transmitté, 3 v.a. and n. send over, cross over.

transport6, 1 v.a. transport, convey across, carry over.

transversus, a, um, turned across, transverse.

tribinadtus, tis, m. office of tribune.

tribiinus, i, m. tribune.

tribud, 3 v.a. give, render.

triumphé, 1 v.n. triumph, exult.

triumphus, i, m. a triumph.

til, tui, you, thou; pl. vos, vestrum or vestri, you, ye; técum, with you; tite, you yourself.

tueor, 2 v.d. protect, guard.

tum and tune, adv. then, at that time.

tum, see cum.

turba, ae, f. crowd; pl. turbae, confusion.

turbulentus, a, um, stormy.

turpis, e, shameful.

turpiter, adv. shamefully.

tits or tité, adv. safely.

tuus, a, um, your, thine.

ubi, adv. where, when.

ubicumque, adv. wherever.

ullus, a, um, any.

fina, adv. together.

unguicula, ae, f. little nail.

unquam, adv. ever.

finus, a, um, one, alone.

. urbanus, a, um, of the capital.

urbs, urbis, f. city, Rome.

urged, 2 v.a. ursi, press, beset.

fisus, lis, m. use, experience, friendship, profit; phrase, isi venit, it happens.

ut and uti, conj. in order that, so that, when, as, how, ;

125

uter, trum, which of two.

uterque, utraque, utrumque, each of two, either, both.

uti, see ut.

itilis, e, useful, advantageous.

utinam, inter}. would that!

utique, adv. at least.

fitor, 3 v.d. isus, use, enjoy, follow, associate with; phrase, titi aliquo fami- liariter, to be an intimate friend of someone.

tra,

valdé, adv. strongly, greatly, very.

valed, 2 v.n. be well, be strong, be able, succeed, have power ; valé, farewell.

valétidd, inis, f. health, bad health.

vanus, a, um, empty, untruth- ful.

varietas, atis, f. variety, ups and downs.

varius, a, um, varying, different. vehementer, adv. violently,

vigorously, extremely.

vel, conj. and adv. either, or, even.

vend6, 3 v.a. vendidi, vendi- tum, sell.

véned, 4 v.n. véenivi or ii, vénitum, be sold.

venid, 4 v.n. veni, ventum, come.

vénor, 1 v.d. hunt.

ventitd, 1 v.n. go often.

verbum, i, n. word.

verécundé, adv. modestly.

vereor, 2 v.d. fear, respect.

vérisimilis, e, probable, likely.

vér6, adv. in truth, indeed, but.

versiculus, i, m. little line.

versor, 1 v.d. move, be engaged, live.

126

versus, with acc. to- wards,

vesperl, adv. in the evening.

vester, tra, trum, your.

veteranus, a, um, veteran.

vetus, eris, ancient, former.

vicem (no nom.), f. change, hap.

victoria, ae, f. victory.

vicus, 1, m. street, village, town.

vided, 2 v.a. vidi, visum, see, provide ; pass. seem ; impers. vidétur, it seems good.

Vigilans, antis, watchful.

villula, ae, f. little house.

vincé, 3 v.a. vici, victum, conquer, beat, prove.

vindicé, 1 v.a. set free, avenge, restore.

viol6, 1 v.a. injure.

vir, viri, m. man, husband.

prep.

Vocabulary

virtis, tis, f. manliness, courage, virtue. Vis, acc. vim, abl. yi, f.

force, abundance ; pl. vires, strength.

vita, ae, f. life.

vitium, ii, n. vice, failing, Fault.

vivo, 3 v.n. vixi, victum, live.

vivus, a, um, living, alive.

vix, adv. hardly, scarcely.

voco, 1 v.a. call, summon,

vol6, v. irreg. volui, wish,

voluntas, Atis, f. desire, will, good will.

voluptas, atis, f. pleasure.

votum, i, n. prayer, wish.

vox, vocis, f. voice, speech, sound,

vulnus, eris, n. wound, blow.

vultus, us, m. countenance, look, expression.

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