THE CODE OF NOMENXLATURE AND CHECK-LIST OF North American Birds Adopted by the American Omitliologists' Union BEING THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE UNION ON CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE Zoological Nomenclature is a means, not an end, of Zoological Science NEW YORK AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION 1886 \y Copyright, 1S85, By American Ornithologists' Union. fflniSnaUn 19rt«0: John Wilson and Son, Cambridge. i PREFACE. AT the first Congress of the American Ornithologists' Union, held in New Y^ric, September 26-29, 1883, the following resolution was adopted : — '■^ Resolved^ That the Chairman appoint a Committee of five, including himself, to whom shall be referred the question of a Re- vision of the Classification and Nomenclature of the Birds of North America." In pursuance of this resolution the following Committee was appointed : Messrs. Coues, Allen, Ridgway, Brewster, and Hen- shaw. The Committee, having held numerous sessions in Washing- ton and New York, presented its Report at the second Con- gress of the Union, held in New York, Sept. 30 to Oct. 2, 1884, when the following resolution was adopted : — *^ Resolved, That the Report of the Committee en the Revision of the Nomenclature and Classification of North Ameircan Birds be ac- cepted and adopted, and that it be recommitted to the Committee, with instructions to complete and submit it to the Council as soon as practicable ; and that the Council be empowered and instructed to accept and adopt the P.eport as finally rendered, with such modifica- tions as they may deem necessary, and to publish the same, copy- righted, in part or in whole, and in one or more forms, in the name and under the auspices of the American Ornithologists* Union." The Committee, having continued its sessions, presented its final report to the Council at a meeting held in Washington on the 2 1st of April, 1885, when the Report of the Committee was iv PREFACE. accepted and adopted, and was referred again to the Committee for publication, the Committee to exercise such editorial revision as might seem necessary. Pursuant to the foregoing resolutions of the Union and Coun- cil, the Committee now offers to the public, in the name and on behalf of the Union, the result of its labors, consisting of a List of North American Birds, preceded by the Code of Rules adopted by the Committee for its guidance in the preparation of the List. The Committee ventures to hope that the new Code will find favor, not only with ornithologists, but among zoologists generally. ELLIOTT COUES. J. A. ALLEN. ROBERT RIDGWAY. WILLIAM BREWSTER. H. W. HENSHAW. TABLE OF CONTENTS. FACI I. INTRODUCTION i n. PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS . i8 A. General Principles i8 B. Canons of Zoological Nomenclature 22 § I. Of the Kinds of Names in Zoology 22 2. Of the Binomial System as a Phase of Zoological No- menclature 29 3 Of the Trinomial System as a Phase of Zoological No- menclature 30 4. Of the Beginning of Zoological Nomenclature proper, and of the Operation of the Law of Priority ... 32 5. Of Names Published Simultaneously ....... 40 6. Of the Retention of Names . 41 7. Of the Rejection of Names 47 8. Of the Emendation of Names 51 9. Of the Definition of Names 51 10. Of the Publication of Names 54 11. Of the Authority for Names 56 C. Recommendations for Zoological Nomenclature in THE Future c8 § 12. Of the Construction and Selection of Names .... 58 13. Of the Transliteration of Names 65 14. Of the Description of Zoological Objects 67 15. Of the Bibliography of Names 67 16. Of the Selection of Vernacular Names 68 m CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ... 71 L Pygopodes , 73 a. Podicipedes , 73 I. Podicipidae 73 vl TAHLfc OP CONTENTS. rAf.i b. Cepphi 75 3. Urinatorid.T 75 3. Alcidx ••....... 76 II. LONGIFENNES 84 4. Stercorariidx 84 5. Laridx 86 6. Kynchopidx 96 III. TUBINARES 97 7. Diomedeidae 97 8. Procellariidx 98 IV. Steganopodes 106 9. Phaethontidx 106 10. Sulidae 107 11. Anhingidae 108 12. PhalacrocoracidiE 109 13. Pelecanidie 112 14. Fiegatida 113 V. Anseres 113 15. Anatidx 113 VI. Odontogloss-e 130 16. Phcenicopterida 130 VII. Herodiones 131 a. Ibides 131 17. Plataleidae 131 18. Ibididae 131 b. Ciconiae 133 19. Ciconiidas 133 c. Herodii 134 20. Ardeidas 134 VIII. Paludicol^ 138 d. Grues 138 2T. Gruidae 138 e. Ralli 139 22. Aramidae 139 23. Rallidae 140 IX. LiMicoL/E 145 24. Phalaropodidie 145 25. Recurvirostridae 146 26. Scolopacids 147 27. Charadriidae 160 28. Aphrizidae 164 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vii fMm 29. Hspmatoixxlid* IO5 30. Jacanidx 166 X. Gallin;« 167 / Phanianl ttr; 31. Tetraonuljc 167 32. rhasianid;e 177 g. Penelo|)e« 1 78 32. Cracidx 178 XI. CoLUMB>« 178 34. Columbidae 178 XII. Raptores . 182 A. Sarcorhamphi 182 35. Cathartidse 182 I. Falcones 184 36. Falconidae 184 J. Striges 197 37. Strigidae 197 38. Bubonidae 198 XIII. PsiTTACi 205 39. Psittacidae 205 XIV. Coccyges 206 >&. Cuculi 206 46. Cuculidae 206 /. Trogones 208 41. Trogonidae 208 m. Alcyones 209 42. Alcedinidae 209 XV. Pici 210 43. Picidae 210 pcrly within the scope of zoologi- cal nomenclature. The examples of Hyperoodon buizkopf and patelle viride represent two large classes of cases 01 which they respectively furnish a criterion. Names of the former class are not to be modified or rejected ; names of the latter class form no part of zoological nomenclature, and are not to be considered at all. (See Dall, Report^ p. 54.) Principle IV. Zoological nomenclature has no necessary connection with botanical nomenclature, and names given in one of these two systems cannot conflict with those of the other system ; use of a name in Botany, therefore, does not prevent its subsequent use in Zoology. Remarks — This has relation to one of the most mooted points among naturalists, and is intended to determine the question whether or not the use of a name in Botany shall prevent its subsequent employ in Zoology. The duplication of names in the two great branches of biology, though highly undesirable and to be sedulously avoided, is no sufficient reason for the rejection of a name which has once been introduced in either system of nomenclature. In this particular. Zoology may ignore botanical names without ill result. While it is quite true that "the principles and forms of nomenclature should be as similar as possible in Botany and Zoology" (De Caxdolle), it is no less true that "the manner in which Botany and the dif- ferent branches of Zoology have reached their present state, being far from uniform, and the nature of the organisms treated of being dissimilar, an ab- solute identity in the application of nomenclature is impracticable, even if it were wholly desirable," though ''the fundamental principles and the end to be attained are the same in both branches of study." (Dall, Rep.^ p. 23.) PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 21 In the original Stricklandian Code the 'Rules 'were restricted in their application to Zoology, and this restricted scope of the ' Rules ' was explicitly reaffirmed in the ' Recommendations ' prefixed to the Revised Code by the Bath Committee of the British Association in 1865, as follows : "I. That Botany should not be introduced in the Stricklandian Code and Recom- mendations." The A. O. U. Committee reiterates this decision, and constructs its canons without reference to Botany, conformably with the usage of British zoologists, though the rules adopted both by the Societd Zoologique da France, in 18S1, and the Congrc;s Gcologique International, in 1S82, are in- tended to apply alike to Zoology and Botany. Dall's essay also discusses both together. Since botanists do not reject names because previously used in Zoology and indeed pay little regard to the duplication of names in the two king- doms,^ there is little reason for the re jectiun by zoologists of names used in Zoology on account of their prior use in Botany. While there has been heretofore a lack of uniformity in the action of zoologists in this matter, and an increasing tendency to ignore the B. A. rule requiring the rejection Oi names in Zoology preoccupied in Botany, — and as to make the rejection or adoption uniform would in either casp require not far from an equal number of changes (in neither case many), — the adoption of this principle is urged without hesitation. Principle V. A name is only a name, having no meaning until invested with one by being user! as the handle of a fact ; and the meaning of a name so used, in zoological nomencla- ture, does not depend upon its signification in any other con- nection. Remarks. — The bearing of this principle upon the much desired Jixtfy of names in Zoology, and its tendency to check those confusing changes which are too often made upon philological grounds, or for reasons of ease, ele- gance, or what not, may be best illustrated by the following quotation : — " It being admitted on all hands that words are only the conventional signs of ideas, it is evident that language can only attain its end effectually by being permanently established and generally recognized. This consideration ought, it would seem, to have checked those who are continually attempting to subvert the established language of zoology by substituting terms of their own coinage. But, forgetting the true nature of language, they persist in confounding the name of a species or [other] group with its definition; and because the former often falls short of the fulness of expression found in the ' De Candolle advises botanists to "avoid making choice of names used in Zoology." 22 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. latter, they cancel it without hesitation, and introduce some new term which appears to them more characteristic, but which is utterly unknown to the science, and is therefore devoid of any authority.* If these persons were to object to such names of men as Lon^, Utile, Armstrong, Golightly, etc., in cases where they fail to apply to the individuals who bear them, or should complain of the names Goiigh, Laivrcnce, or Harvey, that they were devoid of meaning, and should hence propose to change them for more characteris- tic appellations, they would not act more unphilosophically or inconsider- ately than they do in the case before us ; for, in truth, it matters not in the least by what conventional sound we agree to designate an individual object, provided the sign to be employed be stamped with such an authority as will suffice to make it pass current." (^B. A. Code, 1842.) These words, which in the original lead up to the consideration of the * law of priority,' seem equally sound and pertinent in connection with the above principle of wider scope. B. Canons of Zoological Nomenclature. § I. Of the Kinds of Names in Zoology. Canon I. Zoological nomenclature includes two kinds of names : (i) Common names definitive of the relative rank of groups in the scale of classification ; (2) Proper nanus appella- tive of each group of organisms. Remarks. — f^- g-i Familia Falconidce. Here the name Familia is definitive of the relative rank oi Falconidce in the scale of classification ; and FalconidcE is appellative of that particular group of organisms, i. e., of the family. The vast majority of names in Zoology are of the second kind, or proper names, and it is to the correct use of these that nearly all rules and regula- tions of nomenclature solely apply. Common names are very few, being merely those of the score or more of taxonomic groups, successively sub- ordinated in a certain manner, into which zoologists have divided animal organisms from 'kingdom' to •individual' Proper names, on the other hand, number several hundred thousand. The common names most firmly established among English-speaking zool- ogists are the following : Regnum, Classis, Ordo, Familia, Genus, Species^ Varietas, in regular descent from the most general or comprehensive to the 1 "Linnaeus says on this subject: 'Abstinendum ab hac innovatione quae nun- quam cessaret, quia indies aptiora detegerentur ad infinitum.' " m PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 23 most particular or restricted. Between all these, however, intermediate groups are commonly recognized, and distinguished by the prefix sub- or super- ; as, sub-ordo, supcr-familia. Among these common names those in most general employ are Siibordo, Sitbfamilia, Subgenus, and Subspecies. Several other common names are in use, but to a limited extent, and with- out that definiteness of signification which attaches to the rest, since they are used for groups of very different relative rank by different authors, while the taxonomic subordination of the others is practically fixed. Such com- mon names are P/iy/um, Tribus, Lcgio, Co/tors, Phalanx^ Scctio, etc. '•The al)ove terms are more or less generally accepted; the relative values being more fully and generally recognized in Botany than in Zoology. In the literature of the latter branch some of the terms above mentioned are rarely found, though by no means unnecessary for careful discrimination. The term Tribe [and also Cohort, Section, etc.] in Zoology has been used with several different values. In this, as in other respects, the inchoate condition of zoological nomenclature as compared with that of Botany is clearly apparent." (Dall, AV/., p. 24.) Considering that fixity and precision are as desirable here as elsewhere in nomenclature, the following scale of common names is recommended as adequate to all practical requirements of even a refined system of classi- fication : — I. Recnuvi : Kingdom. Subregnum ; Subkingdom. Classis : Class. Subclassis : Subclass. Super or do : Superorder. Ordo : Order. Subordo : Suborder. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. Superfamilia : Superfamily. 9. Familia : Family. 10. Subfamilia : Subfamily. 11. Genus : Genus. 12. Subgenus: Subgenus. 13. Species: Species. 14. Subspecies : Subspecies. 15. Varietas : Variety. 16. Animal : Individual. Canon II. All members f any one group in Zoology are in- cluded in and compose the next higher group, and no inversion of the relative rank of groups is admissible. Remarks. — Thus, all individuals belong to a species, all species to a genus, all genera to a family, all families to an order, all orders to a class ; and so also of the other (intermediate) groups given under head of the pre- ceding Canon. " The definition of each of these terms or [common] names of groups va- ries, up to a certain point, according to the state of science or the views of the individual writer using them, but their relative rank, sanctioned by usage, cannot be inverted. No classification containing inversions, such as a di- vision of a genus into families, or of a species into genera, car. be admitted." (De Candolle, as rendered by Dall, Rep., p. 25.) 24 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. Canon III. Proper names of groups above genera consist preferably of a single word, taken as a noun and in the nomina- tive plural. Remarks. — It seems to the Committee highly desirable that the proper names of groups of whatever grade, down to (but not including) species, should be expressed in one word, to be considered as a nominative plural noun, standing alone, though grammatically, in fact, it may be an adjective or an adjectival form. This would do away witli any change of termination according to gender, depending upon implied agreement with some unex- pressed noun, as Aves, Pisces, etc., and bring all names of groups higher than genera into one grammatical category with single-word generic names, the latter being always in the singular, all the former plural. The practice prevails to some extent of naming groups higher than genera in two or even three words ; as, Passeres acromyodi, Oscines sciitelliplan- tares. This usage is chiefly confined to intermediate groups, as super- families or suborders, or those groups of no fixed rank called ' tribes,' or 'section?.' While it is not highly objectionable, it is preferably avoided, a single nominative plural noun being considered adequate to meet all the reasonable requirements of such cases. Canon IV. Proper names of families uniformly consist of a single word ending in -idee; of subfamilies, of a single word ending in -iiice ; of other groups, of one word or more of no fixed termination. Remarks. — The above Canon s^ts forth the now wellnigh universal usage of zoologists as recommended in the following terms by the B. A. Code, 1842: — " B. It is recommended that the assemblages of genera termed families should be uniformly named by adding the termination -idee to the earliest known or most typically characterized genus in them ; and that their sub- divisions, termed subfatnilies, should be similarly constructed, with the ter- mination -itlCE. " These words are formed by changing the last syllable of the genitive case into -idee or -ince ; as, St fix, Siri^i^is, StrigidcB j Buceros, Bucerotis, Buceroiidcp, not Strixidce, Bitceridcp^ It is a frequent misconception, arising perhaps from some confounding of -id(z with -oidcE, — a mistake which at least one of the great dictionaries oc the English language makes throughout, — that -ida is derived from the Greek ciSos, signifying likeness ; but, hke -ince, -idee is simply an adjectival patronymic termination. The practical convenience of having a fixed termination of the family and subfamily name respectively is great and obvious. It were much to be rUIN'CIPLES, CANONS, AND RFXOMMENDATIONS. 25 desired, but it is idle to hope, and futile to attempt, the introduction of simi- lar uniformity in the terminations of t'.ie names of otiier "[roups. Evidence of tlie desirableness and of the tendency are witnessed, for example, in those Cuvierian names of hirds which end uniformly in -rosircs ; and of those Huxleian divisions terminating in -trorphce. Several zoologists have used -oiihr, 'Ccp, etc., to characterize groups of a particular grade. But such usage is far from uniform or universal; the reverse is current; and names of sjroups (excepting of families and subfamilies) ending indiscriminately are too thoroughly ingrained in the science to be eradicated without violence to the cardinal rules of nomenclature. It must suffice that names of super- generic groups be held for nouns in the nominative plural. Canon V. Proper names of families and subfamilies take the tenable name of some genus, preferably the leading one, which these groups respectively contain, with change of termi- nation into -idcc or -incs. When a generic name becomes a synonym, a current family or subfamily name based upon such generic name becomes untenable. Remarks. — A practice has prevailed, to some limited extent, of coining names of families and subfamilies without reference to any generic name. This is reprehensible ; and equally so is the practice of retaining for such groups a name derived from that of a genus which belongs to another family or subfamily, or which for any reason has lapsed into a synonym, or been found otherwise untenable : the genus Sylvicola being untenable in Orni- thology, no group of birds can be named Sylvicolids or Sylvicolinae. Canon VI. Proper names of genera and subgenera are single words, preferably nouns, or to be taken as such, in the nomi- native singular, of no definite construction and no necessary signification. Remarks. — All t'lat relates to the grammatical or philological proprie- ties, to elegance, euphony, appropriateness or the reverse, is not necessarily pertinent to zoological nomenclature. A generic name is not necessarily of classical origin, or even in Latin form, if only it be used as if it were a Latin word, conformably with rules of nomenclature.^ (This results from Principle V.) • But this concession must not be construed as giving admission to vernacular names formed from a classical root, like many generic names introduced by the Cu- viers, Lesson, and notably ether French writers of the early part of the present cen- tury. Such names have in many cases been later adopted into the science under a proper classical form, and should take date only from this later introduction. 26 CODE OF NOMENCLATLKE. k "These names may be taken from any source whatever, or may be framed in an absolutely arbitrary manner *' I)e CandoUe justly remarks that it is with generic names as with our patronymics. Many surnames are inconvenient, or even absurd, from bear- ing an adjectival form, from having an inapplicable meaning, on account of being difficult to pronounce, or for some other reason. Uut, since they actually exist, why should 'iieybe changed? It is not the end of Science to make names : she avails herself of them to distinguish things. If a name is properly formed, and different from other names, the essential points are attaired. " Generic names may be taken from certain characters or appearances of the group, from the chief habitat, names of persons, common names, and even arbitrary combinations of letters. It is enough if they are properly constructed, and do not lead to confusion or error." (Dall, Rcp.^ p. 27.) In heartily indorsing the tenor of the above extracts, we would neverthe- Icf: understand the expressions ' properly formed ' and ' properly con- structed' to mean rather ' contextually correct'; /. e., the name to be a 'generic' word within the common meaning of that term in the binomial nomenclature, to be put in the place of a generic term, and to be used as a Latin word, whatever its actual ' form ' or ' construction.' Canon VII. Proper names of all groups in Zoology, from kingdom to subgenus, both inclusive, are wrirten and printed with a capital initial letter. Remark. — The universal usage, and one of the ear-marks by which a professional zoologist may be known from a literary person who uses zoologi- cal nomenclature occasionally. Canon VIII. Proper names of species, and of subspecies or 'varieties,' are single words, simple or coiripound, preferably adjectival or genitival, or taken as such, when practicable agree-, ing in gender and number with any generic name with which they are associated in binomial or trinomial nomenclature, and written with a small initial letter. Remarks. — There is no inherent zoological difference between a 'ge- neric' and a 'specific' name, — the nomen generiaim and the nomen triviale of earlier zoologists. Both alike designate a 'group' in Zoology, — the one a group of greater, the other a group of lesser classificatory value. Some necessary distinction, which has been misconceived to exist between these two names, is simply a fortuitous matter of the technique of nomencla- ture, apparently arising from the circumstance that the generic and the specific names form the contrasted though connected terms of a binomial PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 2^ desi-mation. Recognition of the scientific fact, that a ' species,' so called, is not a fixed and special creation, as long supposed, but simply a group of the same intrinsic character as that called a ' genus,' though usually less exten- sive and always of a lower taxonomic rank, has done more than any other single thing to advance the science of Zoology ; for the whole theory of evo- lution turns, as it were, upon this point. It is therefore obvious that nearly all that has been afihrmed of generic names may be here reaffirmed of specific names. Points requiring further comment are comparatively trivial, and purely technical. Specific and subspecific names (here conveniently treated together, as were generic and subgeneric names) differ from the names of higher groups chiefly in the fact, that as a rule they are adjectives, not nouns, or at least of such adjectival character as the genitive case of a noun implies. But even to this distinction tlie exceptions are many. Specific names, like Latin adjectives, unlike generic ones, are liable to change of termination to agree in "-ender with the generic names with which they may be coupled. Again, like Latin nouns, they are declinable, and may take a genitive case, singular or plural (but the plural is comparatively rare: e. g.^ Icterus parisorum^ Mci^alama jnarshallorum, Passerciilus sanctorum). In many cases, no grammatical agreement with the associated generic name is possible. This occurs when the word is barbarous and not Latinized, and also when it is a Latin or Latinized noun in the nominative case. Specific names have the peculiarity that, though they are always single words, in effect, they may be so loosely compounded as to take a hyphen, and therefore seem like two words. E. g.^ Archibiiteo saiicti-johannis, Ca- loptenus fcmnr-rubrum. Among strict binomialists, in some departments of Zoology, especially Entomology, the propriety of the actual appearance of three Aords in a binomial designation has been questioned. *' The usage of a third word, however, connected with the second by a hyphen, as is common and desirable in the case of gall-insects, e. g., Cynips qucrcns-palustris., is not to be considered an infraction of this [the binomial] rule." (C. V. Riley.) Professor Riley says further, in the same connection : " In some cases, as in the names of gall-insects, it has become the custom to indicate the plant upon which the gall occurs, by combining the name of the plant with the specific name of the insect. Such indication is desirable and useful ; . . . . and we are of opinion that the combined specific name, whether the botani- cal term be abbreviated or in full, should be looked upon as one [loosely compounded] word." There being no necessary intrinsic difference between a generic and a spe- cific name, zoologists have sought to make an artificial distinction by using a small or 'lower-case ' letter for the initial of every specific name, the capitals being confined to generic and higher names. The old practice was differ- ent, substantive specific names, especially those derived from names of per- sons or places, being written with a capital. The practice still prevails in 28 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. Botany, but zoologists are about equally divided on this score. The case of "specific names to he written with a small initial," was formulated in the original 15. A. Code as follows : — *'A convenient ///i-///t;r/Vz technica may be effected by adoptin^j our next proposition. It has been usual, when the titles of species are derived from proper names, to write them witli a capital letter, and hence when the spe- cific name is used alone it is liable to be accidentally mist;iken for the name of a jjenus. Ihit if the title of a species were invariably written with a small initial, and tiiose of genera with a capita^ the eye would at once distin;,'uish the rank of the group referred to. and a possiI)le source of error would be avoided. It should further be remembered that all species are cquil [?] and should therefore be written all alike. We suggest then, that "§ C. Specific names should always be written with a small initial letter, even when derived from persons or places, and generic names should always be written with a capital." {/A ^^. Code, 1842.) This suggestion appears to have been very generally adopted, by Brit- ish zoologists especially, and of later years by many of those of America. But the framers of the Revised Code, in 1865, cancelled it, in the following terms : — " VI. The recommendation, ' Specific names to be written with a small initial.' The Committee propose that this recommendation should be omitted. It is not of great importance, and may be safely left to naturalists to deal with as they think fit." (Recommendations of the Bath Committee, B. A., 1S65. [§ C. and its preamble, of the Original B. A. Code, are accordingly omitted in the Revised B. A. Code.]) The code of the French Zoological Society, and that of the International Zoological Congress, each leaves the writer free to follow his own preference in this matter. Your Committee agrees that it is a trivial matter, hardly to enter into a canon of nomenclature. But its preference is decidedly in favor of the uni- form use of the lower case, and, feeling called upon to express ics view, it has embodied it in the above Canon, without in the least insisting upon its importance. Canon IX. Proper names do not attach to individual organ- isms, nor to groups of lower grade than subspecies ; names which may be applied to hybrids, to monstrosities or other in- dividual peculiarities, or to artificial varieties, such as domestic breeds of animals, having no status in zoological nomenclature. Remark. — Such organisms, having no natural permanent existence, need no recognition by name in a zoological .system. v-^i; A. PKINCIl'LES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 29 § 2. Of the Binomial System as a Phase of Zoological Nomenclature. Few naturalists, whctlicr botanists or zoologists, appear to have consid- ereil the binomial system of naming objects as aiight else than the perma- nent heritage of science, the entire superstructure of which should be built with the binomial nomenclature as the corner-stone, and the wiiole language of which should conform to the requirements of an inflexible binomial sys- tem. From this position your Committee recedes with emphasis. The Committee considers that the rigidity and inelasticity of that system, which has been followed for more than a century, unfits it for the adequate expression of modern conceptions in Zoology, and that therefore a strict adherence to it is a hindrance rather than a help to the progress of science. It believes that strict binomialism in nomenclature has had its day of greatest usefulness and necessary existence ; and that at present it can only be allowed equal place in nomenclature by the side of that more flexible, elastic, and adequate system of trinomials to which the Committee hopes that your action upon its Report will give formal place among the Canons of nomenclature. The proper place and office of binomials may be formulated in the follow- ing Canon. o Canon X. Binomial nomenclature consists in applying to every individual organism, and to the aggregate of such organ- isms not known now to intergrade in physical characters with other organisms, two names, one of which expresses the specific distinctness of the organism from all others, the other its super- specific indistinctness from, or generic identity with, certain other organisms, actual or implied ; the former name being the specific, the latter the generic designation ; the two to- gether constituting the technical name of any specifically dis- tinct organism. Remarks. — The Committee finds little or nothing to cite in illustration or amplification of this Canon. The binomial nomenclature having been considered indispensable and all-sufficient, — in sliort as a foregone conclu- sion,— it has received abounding indiscriminate praise, but little searching and discriminating criticism. Your Committee is far from venturing to do away with it at present. It has attempted to define it with more strict- ness than has perhaps been done before, and by so doing to limit its opera- tion to those cases in which it may still be found useful. The system is, 30 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. moreover, so well understood, that what might be further said here may be best brought into the discussion, beyond, of the starting-point of nomen- clature and of the law of priority. § 3. Of the Trinomial System as a Phase of Zoological Nomcnclatuye. Canon XI. Trinomial nomenclature consists in applying to every individual organism, and to the aggregate of such organ- isms known now to intergrade in physical characters, three names, one of which expresses the subspecific distinctness of the organism from all other organisms, and the other two of which express respectively its specific indistinctness from, or generic identity with, certain other organisms ; the first of these names being the subspecific, the second the specific, and the third the generic designation ; the three, written con- secutively, without the intervention of any other word, term, or sign, constituting the technical name of any siibspecifically distinct organism. Remarks. — This Canon, the Committee knows, directly contravenes the letter of tiie B. A. Code, and also, it ' leves, all previous codes of nomen- clatural rules ; but it feels prepared maintain that it is not antagonistic to the B. A. or any other code, bein:' conceived strictly in the whole spirit and tenor of the binomial system, though contrary to its letter. It evidently amplifies, increases the effective force of, and lends a new precision to, the old system. It is also plainly but a step in the direction of brevity, con- venience, and explicitness, from the common but awkward practice of sepa- rating the third term, in the names of subspecies or varieties, from the second or specific term by the interpolation of ' var.,' which in several codes is for- mally provided for by special rules. The practice of indicating subspecies, as distinguished from species, by trinomials, has already come into nearly universal use with American ornithologists and mammalogists, and is em- ployed to some extent by other American zoologists. The system appears also to have found much favor among British and other foreign ornitholo- gists of high standing, some of whom have already employed it in their pub- lications. It seems likely to supply a present want, and subserve, at least for a time, a very useful purpose. Your Committee's reasons for adopting the system for the class of cases to which it is adapted have already been formally enunciated in this Report (p. i6), in an extract from the minutes of its meetings. ?&ii 1 i PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 31 The rules for the practical handling of trinomials, being not difiTerent from those for the use of binomials, will be given with the latter, beyond, under the appropriate heading. A prevalent misapprehension respecting the meaning and office of the tri- nomial system may be here corrected. Trinomials are not necessarilv to be used for those slightly distinct and scarcely stable forms wliich zoologists are in the habit of calling ' varieties ' ; still less for sports, hybrids, artificial breeds, and the like ; nor indeed to signalize some grade or degree of differ- ence which it may be desired to note by name, but which is not deemed worthy of a specific designation. The system proceeds upon a sound scien- tific principle, underlying one of the most important zoological problems of the day, — no less a problem than that of the variation of animals under physical conditions of environment, and thus of tlie origin of species itself. The system is also intimately connected with the whole subject of the geo- graphical distribution of animals ; it being found, as a matter of experience, that the trinomial system is particularly pertinent and applicable to those geographical 'subspecies,' 'races,' or 'varieties,' which have become recog- nizable as such through their modification according to latitude, longitude, elevation, temperature, humidity, and other climatic conditions. Such local forms are often extremely different from one another ; so different, in fact, that, were they not known to blend on the confines of their respective areas, they would commonly be rated as distinct species. This large and pecu- liarly interesting class of cases seems not to have hitherto been adequately provided for in the stringency of binomial nomenclature. It is obvious, therefore, that the kind or quality, not the degree or quan- fity, of difference of one organism from another determines its fitness to be named trinomially rather than binomially. A difference, however little, that is reasonably constant, and therefore ' specific ' in a proper sense, may be fully signalized by the binomial method. Another difference, however great in its extreme manifestation, that is found to lessen and disappear when specimens from large geographical areas, or from contiguous faunal regions, are compared, is therefore not 'specific,' and therefore is to be provided for by some other method than that which formally recognizes ' species' as the ultimate factors in zoological classification. In a word, intergradation is the touchstone of trinomialism. It is also obvious, that, the larger the series of specimens handled, the more likely is intergradation between forms supposed to be distinct to be estab- lished, if it exists. This is perhaps one reason why trinomialism has been so tardy in entering nomenclature. For until the animals of large areas be- come well known, in all their phases, through extensive suites of specimens, neither the necessity of trinomialism, nor the possibility of putting it to the proper test, is apparent. It is gratifying evidence, therefore, of the progress of Ornithology, and of the position attained by that branch of science in America, that the members of an American Ornithological Association have J 33 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. it -n their power first formally to enunciate tlie principles of the new method, the practicability of which they have already demonstrated to their fellow workers in Zoology. ^ 4. 0/ the Beginning of Zoological Nomenclature proper, and of t/ie Operation of the Law of Priority. Canon XII. The Law of Priority begins to be operative at the be;;inning of zoological nomenclature. Remark. — This Canon will be disputed by no one who observes the law of priority as a ' fundamental ' maxim. The date to be assigned is quite another matter, on which great difference of opinion prevails. Canon XIII. Zoological nomenclature begins at 1758, the date of the Xth edition of the ' Systema Naturae ' of Linnaeus. Remarks. — "With regard to this Canon, the utmost diversity of opinion has prevailed among botanists as well as zoologists, and the Committee de- sires it to be subjected to searching criticism. It will first offer a brief historical resume^ mainly derived from Dall {Rep., pp. 41-44) and other sources, covering the ground of Botany as well as Zoology. Nomenclatural rules, foreshadowed by Linnaeus in his ' Fundamenta En- tomologica,' 1736, were first definitively proposed m the ' Philosophia Bo- tanica,' 1751. These rules, however, related almost exclusively to the generic name. In 1745 he first employed for a few plants a specific name {nomen iriviale), consisting of one word, in contradistinction from the polynomial description which had been as a rule the nomen spccifiaan of naturalists. That which now seems the most happy and important of the Linna^an ideas, tlie restriction of the specific name as now understood, appear, to have long been only a secondary matter with him, as he hardly mentions the nomen triviale in his works up to 1765. In 1753, in the ' Incrementa Botanices,' while dwelling upon his own reforms, he does not allude to bino- mial nomenclature. In the 'Systema Naturns,' ed. x., 1758, the binomial system is for the first time consistently applied to all classes of organisms (though he had partially adopted it in 1745) ; whence many naturalists have regarded the tenth edition as the most natural starting-point. The system being of slow and intermittent growth, even with its originator, an arbitrary starting-point seems necessary. In the twelfth edition, 1766-68, numerous changes and reforms are instituted, and a nuinber of his earlier names are arbitrarily changed. In fact, L'.nnaeus never seems to have regarded specific names as subject to his rules. It must be noted that an apparent rather than a real distinction has been PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 33 observed, especially by botanists, between the citation of the authority for tl)e names of genera, and that belonging to specific names. In the early part of the eighteenth century a few botanists, among whom Tournefort (Rei Herbar., 1749) mav be especially mentioned, had progressed so far as to recognize and name, v ler the title of genera, groups answering essentially to the modern idea of genera. Linna2us himself adopted a number of these, using the names of Tournefort and others as authorities after the generic name adopted by himself. In this the great Swede has been almost unani- mously followed by botanists, though such names take date only from the time of their adoption by Linnasus ; very few authors, Bentham being the most prominent of them, having refused to cite any one excepting Linnaeus as the authority for such genera. Whether the course of the majority be considered judicious or not, it is now the accepted usage in Botany. As regards names in general, botanists appear to agree in adopting the date of the Linncean ' Species Plantarum,' 1753. as the epoch from which their nomenclature must begin. This work contains the first instance of the consistent use of the fioinen triviale, subse- quent to the proposition of the rules in the ' Philosophia Botanica,' to which modern nomenclature is due. Binomial designations cannot, of course, be reasonably claimed to antedate the period when binomial nomenclature, in a scientific sense, was invented ; and, in spite of the solitary instance of 1745, no good reason appears for ex- tending the range of scientific nomenclature to an earlier date than 1751. (The above is quoted in substance from Dall.) We have next to consider the action of the Manchester Committee of the British Association in 1842. The wording of the original B. A. Code is as follows : — " As our subject matter is strictly confined to the binotnial system of no- menclature., or that which indicates species by means of two Latin words, the one generic, the other specfic, and as this invaluable method originated solely with Linnaeus, it is clear that, as far as species are concerned, we ought not to attempt to carry back the principle of priority beyond the date of the 1 2th edition of the ' Systema Naturas.' Previous to that period, naturalists were wont to indicate species not by a name comprised in one word, but by a definition which occupied a sentence, the extreme verbosity of which method was productive of great inconvenience. It is true that one word sometimes sufficed for the definition of a species, but these rare cases were only binomial by accident and not by principle, and ought not there- fore in any instance to supersede the binomial designations imposed by Linnasus. "The same reasons apply also to generic names. Linn-xus was the first to attach a definite value to genera, and to give them a .systematic character by means of exact definitions ; and therefore although the names used by previous authors m> - often be applied with propriety to modern genera, yet 3 34 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. in such cases they acquire a new meaning:, and should be quoted on the au- t'-'ority of the first person who used them in this secondary sense. It is true, that several old authors made occasional approaches to the LinnEan exact- ness of generic definition, but still these were but partial attempts ; and it is certain that if in our rectification of the binomial nomenclature we once trace back our authorities into the obscurity which preceded the epoch of its foundation, we shall find no resting-place or fixed boundary for our re- searches. The nomenclature of Ray is chiefly derived from that of Gesner and Aldrovandus, and from these authors we might proceed backward to iClian, Pliny, and Aristotle, till our zoological studies would be frittered away amid the refinements of classical learning." So far the original B. A. Code, 1842 ; which, upon the foregoing considera- tions, recommended the following proposition : — "§2. The binomial nomenclature having originated with Linnaeus, the law of priority, in respect to that nomenclature, is not to extend to the writings of antece- dent authors." The exact date here implied is 1766 ; and this is explicitly reaffirmed by the Bath Committee in 1865,^ who added to the foregoing § 2 the words, in brackets : " [and therefore the specific names published before 1766 cannot be used to the prejudice of names published since that date.] " The action of both the B. A. Committees related, of course, only to Zool- ogy. Commenting upon their action, Dall continues : — " It is said that in the original draft of the report the number of the edition of the 'Systema Naturce' was left blank, and afterwards filled up by the insertion of the ' twelfth.' This insertion renders the paragraph, otherwise judicious and accurate, glaringly incorrect. What motive resulted in the selection of the twelfth as opposed to the tenth, or of any special edition after ^ "IIL The Committee are of opinion, after much deliberation, that the Xllth edition of the ' Systcma Natarte' is that to which the limit of time should apply, viz. 1766. I?ut as the works of Artedi and Scopoli have already been extensively used by ichthyologists and entomologists, it is recommended that names contained in or used from these authors should not be affected by this provision. This is par- ticularly requisite as regards the generic names of Artedi afterwards used by Lin- naeus himself " In Mr. H. E. Strickland's original draft of these Rules and Recommendations the edition of Linnasus was left blank, and the Xllth was inserted by the Manchester Committee. This was done not as being the first in which the Binomial nomencla- ture had been used, as it commenced with the Xth, but as being the last and most complete edition of Linnaeus's works, and containing many species the Xth did not. For these reasons it is now confirmed by this Committee, and also because these rules having been used and acted upon for twenty-three years, if the date were altered now, many changes of names would be required, and in consequence much confusion introduced.'' — Recommendations of the Bath Committee, prefixed to the Revised Code, 1865. PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 35 the adoption of the binomial form by Linnaeus, has never been set forth in anv SAtisfactory manner. If any special edition were chosen, the tenth has ^;7///^yrtr/^ claims for first consideration. It is as clearly binomial as any, and it is as consistently so To a considerable extent, in the works of the naturalists of Northern Europe, the tenth edition has been taken as the starting-point "It would appear that the Committee were 'plus saint que le Pape,' since they would reject names which Linnaeus himself was ready to and did adopt. In this connection. Prof. Verrill (Am. Jour. Sci., July, 1S69) has made some judicious remarks, calling attention to the works of Pallas, and Thorell has done the same for those of Clcrck on the subject of spiders. "An apologetic paragraph, following the remarks above quoted [see last foot-note] from the B. A. Committee report for 1865, inferentially admits the error of 1842, but goes on and reaffirms it on the ground that confusion would otherwise result. "It is very doubtful if much confusion would be caused by leaving the question open, since half the naturalists of Europe and America have al- ready adopted the tenth edition of their own motion, and the other half, or a large portion of them, may not unreasonably ue believed to be only held back from joining the others by a desire to conform to the rules, even where injudiciously framed. " In a large part of zoology the change would make no difference what- ever, since the scientific study of such branches has begun since 1766." Mr. DalPs own recommendation is as follows : — "§ LVIII. The scientific study of different groups, having a value greater than or equal to that of a class (classis), having been begun at differ- ent epochs, and the inception of that study in each group respectively being usually due to some 'epoch-making' work, the students of each of the respective groups as above limited may properly unite in adopting the date of such work as the statting-point in nomenclature for the particular class tc which it refers: Provided, — that (i). specific names shall in nt) case antedate the promulgation of the Linnaean rules (Philosophia Botanica, 1751); that (2), until formal notice by publication of the decision of such associated specialists (in such manner as may be by them determined upon) shall be decisively promulgated, the adoption of the epoch or st:irting-point recommended by the committee of the British Association in 1842, namely, the twelfth edition of the ' Systema Naturae ' of Linnaeus (1766), shall be taken as the established epoch for all zoological nomenclature. Lastly, that (3), when the determination of the epoch for any particular group as above shall have been made, the decision shall be held to affect that group alone, the British Association date holding good for all other groups until the decision for each particular case shall have been made by the naturalists interested in it, upon its own merits." (See also LeConte on this subject, Canad. Entom., November. 1874, PP* 203 seq.) 16 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. The principle embodied in the above recommendation of Dall is said by him to be "inferentially admitted to be valid by the B. A. Committee in iheir remarks on Artedi and Scopoli." Thorell, in his monograph of the Spiders, has adopted, so far as species are concerned, a similar plan, taking the binomial work of Clerck, 1757, on Swedish Spiders as his * epoch-maker.' A. Agassiz, in Echinology, has brought the ancient names of Klein, Lang, Breyn, and others, into scientific nomenclature. G. R. Gray, in Ornithology, goes to the first edition of the ' Systema,' 1735, ^^r genera, and to the tenth, 1758, for species, having many followers in different countries. In America, so far as Ornithology is concerned, the use of 1758 for the starting-point for species is practically universal, the tendency being to take genera from the same date alsc. As to replies on this point to the circular issued by Mr. Dall, there are 18 for 1758, 17 for 1766, i for 1736, and two botanists for 1753 ; no an- swer, 7. Your Committee, having duly weighed all the evidence before it, is compelled to dissent from the rulings of both the B. A. Committees, and from all others which do not make 1758 the starting-point for zoological nomenclature ; and it is prepared to give reasons for the decision it has reached. (i) The Xth edition is the one in which Linnaeus first introduced the binomial nomenclature, and in which its use is uniform, consistent, and com- plete. (2) This date admits to recognition the works of Artedi, Scopoli, Clerck, Pallas, Briinnich, Brisson, in favor of the first-named two of whom, and of the last-named one, the B. A. Committees have had to make special exceptions, 1 thereby rendering the rule inconsistent in itself. (3) The Xth, rather than the Xllth, is already accepted as the starting-point by a majority of the naturalists of North America and of Northern Europe, with obviously a growing tendency to abandon the Xllth. The Commission de Nomencla- ture de la Society Zoologique de France (1881), and the Rules adopted by the Congr^s G^ologique International (1882), make no reference to any edition of the ' Systema Naturae Linnzei,' nor do they place any limit of time for the beginning of the law of priority, but accept all generic and spe- ^ For example, the paragraph immediately following § 2 in the original B. A. Code reads : " It should be here explained, that Brisson, who was a contemporary of Linnaeus and acquainted with the * Systema Natura:,' defined and published certain genera of birds which are additional [and likewise prior] to those in the 12th edition of Linnaeus's work, and which are therefore of perfectly good authority. Bat Brisson still adhered to the old mode of designating species by a sentence instead of a word, and therefore while we retain his defined genera we do not extend the same indul- gence to the titles of his species, even when the latter are accidentally binomial in form." — .ff. A. Code, 1842. For the exceptions made in 1865 by the B. A. Committee in favor of Artedi and Scopoli, see foot-note on p. 34. PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 37 cific names which conform to the rules of binomial nomenclature, even when they antedate the Xth edition of the ' Systema Naturae.' They even advo- cate admission of Tournefort's generic names for Mollusks, published in a posthumous work edited by Gautieri in 1742; the genera of Lanjj, 1722; those of Klein, 1 731 and 1734; and those of Breyn, 1732. (Botanists, though dating their departure in binomial nomenclature at 1737, the date of the first edition of Linnaeus's 'Genera Plantarum,' adopt Tournefort's genera pub- lislied in 1700 ) The French Commission and that of the Geological Con- gress do not hesitate to say that the work of these authors is much better than that of Linnsus, who, through vanity or inability to appreciate so well the character of the work of his predecessors in Zoology as in Botany (he being pre-eminently a botanist rather than a zoologist), systematically ig- nored his more scientific predecessors. (4) Besides admitting the works ot other earlier binomialists which the adoption of the Xllth edition would exclude, the date 1758 clears up many questions of synonymy which arise from Linnceus's himself having arbitrarily changed in the Xllth edition many names introduced in the Xth, and in other cases used them in a different sense. (5) Furthermore, it is admitted that in the original Stricklandian draft the number of the edition was left blank, while the context clearly implies that the Xth was the one in mind ; and there is nothing in § 2 of the original B. A. Rules which prohibits the adoption of the Xth. (6) Fi- nally, the adoption of the Xth ".vill necessitate very few changes in current names (in the younger departments of Zoology none), while it forms a rational and consistent starting-point towards which zoologists at large are drifting. Therefore we have no hesitation in proposing as a substitute for § 2 of the B. A. Code the foregoing Canon, which, applied to § 2, would make it read as follows : — " The starting-point of the binomial system of nomenclature in Zoology shall be the Xth (175S) edition of the 'Systema Naturae' of Linnaeus, and the law of priority in regard to specific (and generic) names is therefore not to extend to antecedent authors." There is no question as to the fitness of this rule as regards specific names ; there may be in respect to generic names, since names were used for groups in what may be considered a generic sense by many pre-Linnaean writers, although the generic idea appears to have been essentially Linnasan. As a matter of convenience, it seems highly advisalle to take the same start- ing-point for both generic and specific names, and to have the generic names adopted from pre-Linnaean authors date from their adoption by Linnaeus or the first subsequent author who used them. Otherwise we endanger the stability in nomenclature which all so much desire to establish, by leaving open a mischievous loophole by means of which a well-established post-Lin- ncean generic name may be displaced in favor of a pre-Linnaean one. (See further on this point the second paragraph of the preamble to § 2 of the B. A. Code.) In limiting the action of the law of priority to the Xth edition 38 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. of the ' Systema Naturae,' the only objection met with is that of injustice to the pioneers in Zoology; but this laclis weight in view of remarks subse- quently to be introduced (in reference to bibliography and synonymy), re- specting due recognition of their labors. And here your Committee would emphatically "irge that, the chief object of zoological nomenclature being to secure unifor.Tiity of practice in the bestowal and adoption of names, the rules lo iliat end should be formed with reference to principles and without regard to personality, and that therefore the matter of justice or injustice is in this connection without pertinence. The first rational appHcation of the principles of classification in regard to the recognition of genera, as distinguished from species, is currently attrib- uted to Tournefort in 1700, in his ' Institutiones Rei Hcrbariae.' Later (1742), as already stated, he carried in a posthumous work the same practice into Conchology. Other pre-Linnaean zoologists who recognized genera in a strictly scientific manner are Lang (1721), Klein (1731-1734), Breyn (1732),^ Adanson (1757), and Clerck (1757). The latter was also a strict binomial- ist. There are possibly others, but in not fixing the starting-point at 1758 there is the disadvantage of having to admit the generic names of other pre- Linnnean writers the character of whose works gives them no proper scientific standing, as Link, Brown, Columa, etc. Dr. Asa Gray makes the sensible proposition respecting Botany that "We have only to understand that genera adopted by Linnaeus from Tourne- fort, etc., and so accredited, should continue to be thus cited ; that the date 1737 (Linn. Genera, ed. L), is, indeed, the point of departure from which to reckon priority, yet that botanical genera began with Tournefort ; so that Tournefortian genera whicli are accepted date from the year 1700. That is the limit fixed by Linnaeus, and it definitely excludes the herbalists and the ancients, whose writings may be consulted for hi-^torical elucidations, but not as authority for names." * On the whole, it seems best that the origin of generic names in Zoology should date (as said above) only from 1758 ; that names adopted from earlier authors by Linnaeus date only from their adoption by Linnaeus ; and that in other cases pre-Linnaean names shall date from their first introduction by subsequent authors after 1758. Canon XIV. The adoption of a 'statute of limitation/ in modification of the lex prioritatis^ is impracticable and inad- missible. ^ " Breynius as early as 1732 had, to S' me extent, adopted a binomial nomencla- ture, accurately (for his period) discriminated genera and species, many of which are readily recognized, but which had escaped the notice they deserved till a com- paratively recent period." — A. Agassiz, Revision of the Echini, 1872, p. 12. 2 Am. Jour. Sci., December, 1883, p. 423. PRINCIPLES, C..NONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 39 Remarks. — In consequence of the frequent subversion of lonj^-current nnd familiar names rendered necessary under the inflexible action of the lex prioritatis, throu^di the discovery of some long-forgotten work in which occur names of earlier date than those currently in use for certain species, it has been repeatedly suggested by various writers that a ' statute of limita- tion,' in modification of the lex prioriialis, which should forever suppress and render ineligible names found in early and long-forgotten works, or names which for any reason have been for a considerable period overlooked, would prove a help towards securing stability in nomenclature. If such an end could be attained it would certainly prove a boon, and the importance of the proposition has led your Committee to give it attentive consideration. Having therefore considered the proposition in all its bearings, your Com- mittee feels called upon in this connection to record its conviction that such a statute is inadmissible, for the following reasons. The proposition, as generally stated (see Dall, I\t'p., p. 47), is to the effect that a name wliich has not been in use for a period of twenty-five years (or whatever period may be agreed upon) shall be thereafter excluded from use in that special connection, or, alternatively, that a name which has been universally, or even generally, adopted for a like period cannot be displaced for an earlier obscure name. The insuperable objection to any rule of this character is its vagueness and the uncertainty of its applicability, arising from the diffi- culty of absolutely determining that a name has not been in use for a given period, or whether another name has been universally used, or what .shall be taken as 'current' or "general,' in case anything short of 'universal' be allowed. Unless perfect agreement could be obtained, — and of this there is very little probability, — the proposed rule would tend to increase rather than lessen the confusion it would be the design to remove. As regards obsolete or forgotten works, others equally troublesome might be found to have escaped the operation of such a rule, in consequence of their date of publica- tion falling just outside the period of limitation. Again, it might be difficult to decide whether or not a somewhat obsolete and more or less forgot- ten work was sufficiently obsolete to be set aside. Purthermore, it some- times happens that certain names may be current among writers of one * school ' or nationality, which are rejected by those of other schools or nation- alides ; while in other cases it might be difficult to decide whether a more or less well known name had really sufficient currency to retain its place against an earlier less known but strictly tenable name. In some cases, of course, there would be no uncertainty as to the currency of a name under question, but in many such doubt would arise, and unanimity of opinion and practice in such case would be hopeless. ' The ' statute of limitation ' principle is akin to the anctonim pbirimo- rum rule ; both are Utopian and both radically set at defiance the lex prioritatis. ■&S. 40 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. Canon XV. The law of priority is to be rigidly enforced in respect to all generic, specific, and subspecific names. . V L Remark. — In respect to subspecific names in relation to the law of pri- ority, see beyond, under Canon XXIX. Canon XVI. The law of priority is only partially operative in relation to names of groups higher than genera, and only where names are strictly synonymous. Remarks. — " While this generalization has not been formally numerated in the B. A. Rules, it has become practically the general usage of natural- ists. Thorell explicitly adopts it. and Indeed it is impracticable to follow any other course, especially in relation to the more ancient names. A time will doubtless arrive when mutations in the names of the higher groups, par- picularly families, will be as unnecessary as they are undesirable ; but in Zoology that time has not yet come. " It should be clearly borne in mind that such changes are only allowable when by mutation of the characters, or through newly discovered facts, the W> name in question has become glaringly erroneous, or liable to introduce errors or confusion into science. In family names this occurs most often when a genus from whose name that of the family may have been taken is removed from association with the majority of the genera which that family has included, and that genus is inserted in another family which has already a well-established name. Also, when a large number of genera are redis- tributed into families, widely differing in their limits from those in which they had previously been known. In either of these cases the liability to error may be so great as to render a new name desirable. The answers to Query XXIII. of the circular [seni out by Mr. DallJ indicate tliat a majority of American naturalists concur in this conclusion." (Dall, AV^., p. 27.) A good instance of the soundness of this Canon is seen in the several ornithological groups named by Huxley, ending in -gnatha and -niorphcE. Many of tliem were already named groups, more or less exactly recognized ; but the very different bases and definitions given them rendered it desirable that the names also should be different. § 5. Of Names Ptiblishcd Siimiltaneoiisly. Canon XVII. Preference between competitive specific names published simultaneously in the same work, or in two works of the same actual or ostensible date (no exact date being ascer- tainable), is to be decided as follows : — PRINXIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 41 1. Of names the equal pertinency of which may be in question, preference shall be given to that which is open to least doubt. 2. Of names of undoubtedly equal pertinency, (a) that founded upon the male is to be preferred to that founded upon the female, {&) that founded upon the adult to that on the young, and (c) that founded on the nuptial condition to that of the pre- or post-nuptial conditions. 3. Of names of undoubtedly equal pertinency, and founded upon the same condition of sex, age, or season, that is to be pre- ferred which stands first in the book. Canon XVIII. Preference between competitive generic names published simultaneously in the same work, or in two works of the same actual or ostensible date (no exact date being ascertainable), is to be decided as follows : — 1. A name accompanied by the specification of a type takes precedence over a name unaccompanied by such specification. 2. If all, or none, of the genera have types indicated, that generic name takes precedence the diagnosis of which is most pertinent. § 6. 0/ the Retention of Names. Canon XIX. A generic name, when once established, is never to be cancelled in any subsequent subdivision of the group, but retained in a restricted sense for one of the con- stituent portions. Remarks. — This rule, adopted from the B. A. Code, has been generally accepted as sound in principle, but as difficult of application, especially in relation to what portion of the original genus, when subdivided, shall retain the original name ; — in other words, what, in accordance with modern usage, shall be taken as the ' type ' of the original genus, in cases where no type is specified. In recommending this pro%Msion the B. A. Committee urged : " As the number of known species which form the groundwork of zoological science is always increasing, and our knowledge of their structure becomes more complete, fresh generalizations continually occur to the naturalist, and the number of c;enera and other groups requiring appellations is ever becoming more extensive. It thus becomes necessary to subdivide the contents of old 42 CODE OF NOMENXLATURE. groups and to mike their definitions continually more restricted. In carry- in"; out tills process, it is an act of justice to the original author, that his generic name siiould never be hjst sii;lit of; and it is no less [even more] essentia) to the welfare of the science, that all which is sound in its nomen- clnturc should remain unaltered amid the additions which are continually being made to it." {B. A. Code, 1S42.) Canon XX. When a genus is subdivided, the original name of the g^nus is to be retained for that portion of it which con- tained the original type of the genus, when this can be ascer- tained. Remark. — This principle is universally conceded, and requires no special comment. Canon XXI. When no type is clearly indicated, the author who first subdivides a genus may restrict the original name to such part of it as he may judge advisable, and such assignment shall not be subject to subsequent modification. Remarks. — This in substance is the rule promulQ;atcd by the B. A. Com- mittee in 1S42, and it has been reiterated in most subsequent nomenclalural codes. Its propriety is perfectly apparent, and, as re:j;ards the future, no trouble need arise under it. It has hnppeued, however, in the subdi- vision of comprehensive genera of Linnceus and other early authors, that most perplexing complications have arisen, successive authors having re- moved one species after anoUier, as types or elements of new genera, till each of the species included in the original genus has received a new generic designation, while the old generic name, if not lost sight of, has come to be applied to species unknown to the author of the original genus ! This of course is obviously and radically wrong. The B. A. Committee suggests that, when authors omit to specify a type, "it may still in many cases be correctly inferred that theyfrj'/ species men- tioned on their list, if found accurately to agree with their definition, was regarded l)y them as the type. A specific name or its synonyms will also often serve to point out the particular species which by implication must be regarded as the original type of a genus. In such cases we are justified in restoring the name of the old genus to its typical signification, even when later authors have done otherwise." De CandoUe would restrict the old generic name, when no type is specified, to the oldest, best known, or most characteristic of the species originally included in the genus ; or to that sec- tion of the old genus most numerously represented in species. As Dall observes, " It would, manifestly, be liable to introduce errors and confusion, if it were insisted that the first species should invariably be taken PKINCirLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 43 as the type, or were it permitted to take species subsequently added to the croup, and whicii the original author did not know wiicn he cstablialied his "-cnus. No arbitrary rule will sufiice to determi-.p, off-iuind, questions of so much complic.itiun as is often thu decision i.i rcijard to the type of an ancient ;;enus which has been studied by a nujnbcr of authors." (A'ty>., pp. 39' 43-) CaNon XXII. In no case should tlie name be transferred to a group containing none of tlie species originally included in the genus. Remark. — This rule is in strict accordance with the B. A. Code and with current usage. Caxon XXIII. If, however, the genus contains both exotic and non-exotic species, — from the standpoint of the original author, — and the generic term is one originally applied by the ancient Greeks or Romans, the process of elimination is to be restricted to the non-e.xotic species. Remarks. — The purpose of this restriction in the application of the ' prin- ciple of elimination ' is to prevent the palpable impropriety of the transference of an ancient Greek or Latin name to species unknown to the ancients. By the unrestricted action of the principle of elimination the genus Teirao, for example, becomes transferred to an .American species, viz., Tetrao p/iasia- ncllus of Linnceus, the transference being in itself not only undesirable, but, as it happens, subversive of currently accepted names. The working of the proposed modification of the principle of elimination may be thus illustrated. The genus Tetrao Linn., 1758, contains the following EXOTIC SPECIES. 3, canadensis. 5. phasianelhis. 6. ciipido. NON-EXOTIC SPECIES. 1. nrogallus (^UrogallusY\^\Xi.^ 1822). 2. tctrix. 4. lagopus {Lagopus Briss , 1760). 7. bonasia {Bonasia Steph., 1S19, -)- Bon., 1828). This leaves tetrix as the type of the genus Tetrao, since Lyrurus Sw. was not established for it till 1831. On the other hand, the process of unrestricted elimination would result as follows : — 1. urogallus {UrogallHsY\tm.y\Zzz)\ 2. tetrix {Lyrurus Sw., 1831) ; 3. canadensis {Canace Reich., 1852) ; 4. lagcpus {Lagopus Briss., 1760) ; 5. phasiancllus {Pediocates Bd., 1858) ; 44 CODE OF NOMEN'CLATURE. 6. cJipido (^TynjipanucJius Glop;., 1842; Ciipidonia Reich., 1850) ; 7. bonasia {Bonasia Stepli., 1S19, -j- Bon., 1828) ; which would leave, as type for the genus Teirao, T. phasiancllit^, which was the last species to be removed from the genus Tctrao, its removal being made by Baird in 185S, who made it the type of a genus Pcdiocatcs. No species being now left to bear the name Tetrao, it must be restored either to /'. pJiasianellics (under the unrestricted action of the principle of ehmina- tion), or to T. lyrurus (under the above-proposed restricted action of the principle of elimination). In the latter case, this ancient Greek name for a European species of Grouse would be still retained in nearly its original sense. As in the case of Tetrao, so in the cases of many Linnaean and Brissonian genera, it has happened that, in the process of gradual elimination, exotic (or non-European) species only have been finally left in the original genus, while the European species have successively been made types of separate genera. Caxon XXIV. When no type is specified, the only avail- able method of fixing the original name to some part of the genus to which it was originally applied is by the process of elimination, subject to the single modification provided for by Canon XXIII. Canon XXV. A genus formed by the combination of two or more genera takes the name first given in a generic or sub- generic sense to either or any of its com.ponents. If both or all are of the same date, that one selected by the reviser is to be retained. Remarks. — The propriety of this rule is too obvious to require special comment. It therefore follows that a later name equivalent to several earlier ones must be cancelled, and that the earliest name applied to any of tlie pre- viously established genera thus combined is to be taken as the designation of the new combination. Canon XXVI. When the same genus has been defined and named by two authors, both giving it the same limits, the later name becomes a synonym of the earlier one : but in case these authors have specified types from different sec Lions of the genus, and these sections be raised afterward to the rank of genera, then both names are to be retained in a restricted sense for the new genera. PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 45 Canon XXVII. When a subgenus is raised to full generic rank, its name is to be retained as that of the group thus raised. In like manner, names first proposed or used in a subspecific sense are tenable in case the subspecies be raised to full specific standing, and arc to have priority over a new name for the sub- species so elevated. Rii.MARK. — This of course relates to names which are otherwise tenable, — in other words, have been duly published, and are not synonyms. Canon XXVIII. When it becomes necessary to divide a composite species or subspecies, the old specific or subspecific name is to be retained for that form or portion of the group to which it was first applied, or to which it primarily related. If this cannot be positively ascertained, the name as fixed by the first reviser is to be retained. Remark. — This is simply the extension of the rules already provided for the determination of generic types to species which are composite in char- acter, to which the general principles of elimination already set forth are equally applicable. Canon XXIX. When a species is separated into subspecies, or when species previously supposed to be distinct are found to intergrade, the earliest name applied to any form of the group shall be the specific name of the whole group, and shall also be retained as the subspecific designation of the particular form to which it was originally applied. In other words, the rule of pri- ority is to be strictly enforced in respect to subspecific names. Remarks. — While this principle is generally recognized, one ornithologi- cal writer of prominence ^ has introduced the practice of connecting the names of conspecies or subspecies in accordance with the supposed nearest affinities of such forms, regardless of priority of names. Such disregard of the law of priority, however, can lead only to instability anr^ confusion, without any adequately compensating advantages. If we knew beyond ques- tion what was the original or stock-form of a group of conspecies, and the lines of evolution of the various imperfectly segregated forms, it would be possible to show the genetic relation of such forms in our nomenclature, and were nomenclature classification some gain might thus result. But since 1 Mr. Henry Seebohm. 46 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. nomenclature is not classification, and since our knowledge of genetic rela- tionships even within specific groups is egregiously imperfect, only change and confusion can result from any attempt to express genetic relationship in the collocation of suljspecific designations. In cases where obscurity might arise from designating the earliest-named form of a group of subspecies by simply a binomial name, the specific term may be repeated {c. g., Melospiza fasciata fasciata), or it may be followed by the word typica {e.g., Melospiza fasciata typicd). For the sake of brevity it may be even desirable, where the context makes the reference unequivocal, to abbreviate the second term of the trinomial, as is done with tlie generic part of binomial names {e. g., M.f. rufina = Me- lospiza fasciata rufina). Canon XXX. Specific names when adopted as generic are not to be changed. Remarks. — This Canon is diametrically opposed to § 13 of the origi- nal B. A. Code, which declares that " specific names, when adopted as generic, must be changed." The Bath Committee, however, recommended that, when a specific name had been raised to a generic, " it is the generic name which must be thrown aside, not the old specific name." Both rulings were to the effect that the specific and generic names of a species should not be identical ; the only objection thereto urged by the B. A. Committee being the "■ itielegance oi this method." Many of these 'inelegances' had already crept into zoological nomenclature, and they have since greatly in- creased, although the majority of authors have avoided tliem. Yet all the later codes are at least constructively in favor of their admission, and they have recently received sanctioa in other high quarters. (C/i Dall, Report, pp. 50, 51.) To rule against them would be clearly contrary to the principle of stability in names and the sjjirit of the present Code. While your Com- mittee would strongly discourage the practice of elevating specific names to generic rank, those already thus instituted should be accepted. " The practice," says Dall, " is objectionable on account of its producing tautological inelegance, and because it has resulted in the formation of a number of generic names of adjective form. On the other hand, in connec- tion with certain of the Linnasan and other ancient and universally known species, it had several beneficial effects. It recalled the typical form for which the genus was constituted, and in many cases it might rightly be regarded rather as a change of rank than the creation of a new name. The ancient species .... often covered an assemblage of forms equivalent to a modern genus." Respecting the ruling of the Bath Committee, Mr. Dall continues : " This innovation, the sweeping character of which the Commit- tee cannot have realized, if carried into effect would uproot hundreds of the generic names best known to science, and so familiar that the fact that they i PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 47 were originally specific names has been almost totally forgotten. Its spirit is opposed to the fundamental principles of nomenclature, and the end to be gained is of the most trivial character." (Dall, Rep., pp. 50, 51.) Canon XXXI. Neither generic nor specific names are to be rejected because of barbarous origin, for faulty construction, for inapplicability of meaning, or for erroneous signification. Remarks. — As already stated under Canon VI., of which this is the corollary, a name is merely a name, and should be treated as such, without regard to its construction or signification. This principle, while contrary to provisions of the B. A. Code and to the practice of many writers, has the sanction of modern authorities, and is in line with present tendencies in respect of fixity of names in nomenclature, as already explained. Canon XXXII. A iiomen nudum, generic or specific, may be adopted by a subsequent author, but the name takes both its date and authority from the time when, and from the author by whom, the name becomes clothed with significance by being properly defined and published. § 7. Of tJic Rcjcctio7i of Names. Canon XXXIII. A generic name is to be changed which has been previously used for some other genus in the same kingdom ; a specific or subspecific name is to be changed when it has been applied to some other species of the same genus, or used previously in combination with the same generic name. Remarks. — In other words, a generic name cannot be tenable for more than one genus in the same kingdom, nor a specific or subspecific name for more than one species or subspecies of the same genus. This is in accord- ance with custom and all previous codes. In the present unsettled state of opinion regarding the status of forms considered by some writers as specific, and by others as subspecific, it seems best to place subspecific designations on the same basis in this respect as specific ones. Therefore the maxim, " Once a synonym always a synonym," applies alike to generic, specific, and subspecific names. A diversity of opinion prevails among naturalists in relation to whether a generic name which has lapsed from sufficient cause into synonymy should 48 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. be entirely rejected, or whether it may be considered available for a new and valid genus. Usage seems strongly against the retention of such names ; but a few writers have advocated their admissibility in some other class of the Animal Kingdom, or even the admissibility of the same name in different orders of the same class, as among insects. Inasmuch as a fixed rule is desirable, and as practice and precept are both on the whole favorable to the maxim quoted above, — names in one department of Zoology being »,on- tinually changed when found to be preoccupied in another department, — and as most previous codes explicitly state that a generic name to be tenable must not be in double employ in the same kingdom, it seems to your Committee that the formal adoption of the maxim, ''Once a syno- nym always a synonym," as regards generic names, must meet with general approval. A 'synonym' is properly one of two or more different names for one and the same thin^r. A 'homonvm' is one and the same name for two or more different things. But in the usage of naturalists this distinction of meaning is not generally recognized. Thus the examples about to be adduced in illustration of the operation of Canon XXXIII. are homonyms, not syno- nyms. It is therefore necessary to premise that your Committee includes homonyms in the maxim j-.ist cited. The application of the maxim to specific and subspecific names has been less generally admitted, but can be shown to rest on a sound principle, since it aims at, and is calculated to promote, stability in names. The object of the rule, in its present application, is to make the use of the specific name altogether Independent of the generic name ; to oblige authors to use always the same specific name, even when they disagree as to the generic appellation. In many cases, it is true, the revival of a specific name which has lapsed into synonymy may lead to no confusion, but the cases wliere the reverse may occur are far more frequent. To illustrate: Gmelin, in 1788, described a Lark as Alauda rufa. Audubon, in 1843. also described a Lark as Alauda rufa. In the mean time, however, the Alauda rufa of Gmelin has been found to be a true Anthus, and being therefore transferred to that genus is called Anthus rufics. Now as these birds belong to widely separated fami- lies, it may be claimed that there is no possibility of confusing Audubon's name with the Alauda rufa of Gmelin, and that therefore the name rufa of Audubon is perfectly tenable. There are many parallel cases in zoological literature, and the tendency is to recognize both names as valid. But the case is not always so simple, being susceptible of several complications. For instance, to continue the above illustration hypothetically, let us suppose that, before the generic distinctness of the two species was discovered, the name of the Audubonian Alauda rjifa had been found to be preoccupied and accordingly changed to riifesce?is, and that for many years the spe- cies was known as Alauda rufescens. Finally the original Alauda rufa is removed to Anthus^ and some writers restore to Audubon's species its origi- PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 49 nal name of nifa^ while others prefer to retain the better known and later more current name rufesccis. Again : In 1804 a Munia was named Loxia albiventris by Hermann ; in i860 Swinhoe named a Crossbill Loxia albiventris. Tliese birds certainly belong to different genera, and there is no fear of their being confounded. But it may be contended (indeed was long since so claimed by Lesson) that Hermann's Loxia albiventris (a Munia) is tiie true type of the genus Loxia, and that the Crossbills should be called Cnicirostra. Others maintain that the latter are the true Loxia. Each view may have advocates, and we shall have two species bearing the name Loxia albiventris, whereas the rule, " Once a synonym," etc., at once debars the later name. Again : Temminck, in 1S2S, named a bird Procellaria tennirostris (PI. Col., 587). In 1839 Audubon named a bird Procellaria tennirostris (Orn. Biog., v., p. 333). By many authors these two species are referred to different gen- era, the former being regarded as a Puffinus. Schlegel, among others, con- sidered them congeneric, and changed (Cat. Mus. P. B,, Procellaritc, p. 22) the tennirostris of Audubon to sniithi. In doing this he was of course fully justified, from his view of the relationship of the two birds ; while others, referring them to different genera, would, by current usage, be equally jus- tified in retaining the same specific name for both species. One further illustration : In 1788 Gmelin named a h\r6. Procellaria cine- rca. In 1820 Kuhl applied the same name to another species afterwards called Procellaria kuhlii. These two species are now commonly looked upon as belonging to different genera, the former being an Adamastor, the lattei a Puffinns. They are not, however, called Adamastor cincrcus and Puffinus cine reus, but A. cinereus and P. kuhlii. These illustrations will serve as examples of the complications that arise and the instability which results from present methods in such cases, and show the lack of uniformity of usage now prevailing. Cases of this sort are in reality very numerous, and often egregiously misleading. Your Commit- tee urges that the adoption of the maxim, "Once a synonym always a syno- nym," in relation to specific, as well as to generic names, vill eradicate a prolific source of instability in nomenclature, and provide a consistent and uniform rule for a very troublesome class of cases. So long as naturalists differ in opinion respecting the limits of genera, the absence of such a rule leaves too many specific names open to personal arbitration and individual predilection. C.\NON XXXIV. A nomcn ntidinn is to be rejected as having no status in nomenclature. ' Remarks. — A name, generic or specific, which has been published with- out an accompanying diagnosis, or reference to an identifiable published figure or plate, or, in case of a generic name, to a recognizably described so CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. ■1 species, is not entitled to recognition, being merely a name, and therefore having no status in nomenclature. It may, however, be brought later into use, under the restrictions embodied in Canon XXXII. Canon XXXV. An author has no right to change or reject names of his own proposing, except in accordance with rules of nomenclature governing all naturalists, he having only the same right as other naturalists over the names he has himself proposed. Remakk. — This is so obvious, that it seems trite to dignify the matter by formulation as a Canon ; yet not a few writers fail to recognize the fact, and claim the right, not only to emend the orthography of names pro- posed by themselves, but to change genera and subgenera by substituting for them new types, and to use the original type as the basis of another new genus. Canon XXXVI. A name resting solely on an inadequate diagnosis is to be rejected, on the ground that it is indetermina- ble and therefore not properly defined. Canon XXXVII. If an author describes a genus and does not refer to it any species, either then or previously described, the genus cannot be taken as established or properly defined, unless the characters given have an unmistak"'. ic; significance. Canon XXXVIII. A species cannot be considered as named unless both generic and specific names have been applied to it simultaneously, i. e., unless the species has been definitely re- ferred to some genus. Remarks. — ^. ,^., a West Indian Seal {^Monachus tropicalis Gray) was once described by an author, who, because in doubt as to its generic affini- ties, simply gave, as he says, "the trivial name Wilkianus for the species," without referring it to any genus. Authorities, however, agree that a species thus designated cannot be considered as named. Canon XXXIX. A name which has never been clearly de- fined in some published work is to be changed for the earliest name by which the object shall have been so defined, if such name exist ; otherwise a new name is to be provided, or the old name may be properly defined and retained, its priority and authority to date from the time and author so defining it. PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 51 § 8. (9/* the Emendation of Names. Canon XL. The original orthography of a name is to be rigidly preserved, unless a typographical error is evident. Remarks. — In view of the fact that stability of names is one of the es- sential principles in nomenclature, and that the emendation of names, as shown by the recent history of zoological nomenclature, opens the door to a great evil, — being subject to abuse on tlie part of purists and classicists, who look with disfavor upon anything nomenclatural wliich is in the least degree unclassical in form, — it seems best that correctness of structure, or philological propriety, be held as of minor importance, and yield place to the two cardinal principles of priority and fixity. The permanence of a name is of far more importance than its signification or structure, as is freely ad- mitted by the best authorities in both Botany and Zoology. Your Committee would therefore restrict the emendation of names to the correction of obvi- ous or known typographical errors involving obscurity. They would there- fore reject emendations of a purely philological character, and especiallv all such as involve a change of the initial letter of the name, as in cases where the Greek aspirate has been omitted by the original constructor. It there- fore follows that hybrid names cannot be displaced ; although it is to be hoped that they will be strenuously guarded against in future ; and that, in general, word-coiners will pay the closest attention to philological pro- prieties. " The tendency among working naturalists is to retain names in spite of faults." (A. Gray.) " A generic name should subsist just as it was made, although a purely typographical error may be corrected." (De Candolle ) § 9. Of the Dejlftttion of Names. Canon XLI. A name to be tenable must have been defined and published. Remarks. — " Unless a species or group is intelligibly defined when the name is given, it cannot be recognized by others, and the signification of the name is consequently lost Definition properly implies a distinct ex- position of essential characters, and in all cases we conceive this to be indis- pensable, although some authors maintain that a mere enumeration of the component species, or even of a single type, is sufficient to authenticate a genus." (i5. A. Code, 1842.) Any tenable technical name is called the onym, as distinguished from an $2 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. anonym, nomen mtditm, or mere name unaccompanied by diagnosis ; or from the chironym, an unpublished manuscript name ; or from di pseudonym, a nickname or vernacular name. The ony/n is of two kinds ; ih^graphonym, resting upon a published plate, diagnosis, or description, and the typonym, based upon indications of a type species or type specimen (see Canons XLll., XLIII.). Onyms are further named wononyms, dionyms, irionyms, or polyonyms, according to whether they consist of one, two, three, or more words. (C/. CouES, The Auk, 1., Oct. 1884, p. 321.) Canon XLII, The basis of a generic or subgeneric name is either (i) a designated recognizably described species, or (2) a designated recognizable plate or figure, or (3) a published diagnosis. Remarks. — Some writers insist that a generic or subgeneric name in order to be tenable must be accompanied by a diagnosis. However proper such a requisition may seem theoretically, the principle is thoroughly im- practicable, and if enforced would lead to hopeless confusion. The custom of naturalists has been quite otherwise, and the mere mention of a type has been lound to be often a better index to an author's meaning than is fre- quently a diagnosis or even a long description. Either of the three alterna- tives given above may alone be accepted as a proper definition. In the case of a diagnosis, it must of course give some character or characters by which the organism it is intended to designate may be unmistakably recognized. Canon XLIII. The basis of a specific or subspecific name is either (i) an identifiable published description, or (2) a recog- nizable published figure or plate, or (3) the original type speci- men or specimens, absolutely identified as the type or types of the species or subspecies in question ; but in no case is a type specimen to be accepted as the basis of a specific or sub- specific name, when it radically disagrees with or is contra- dictory to the characters given in the diagnosis or description based upon it. Remarks. — It therefore follows that a specific or subspecific name rest- ing on a description which was originally so vague as to render the name indeterminable, or which has become so through the later discovery of closely allied species, may be established by reference to an authentic type speci- men, when such exists ; but if the description proves to be so glaringly erro- neous as to present characters contradictory to the tjpe specimen, the type specimen is not to be taken as the basis of the name ; the name in such case is to be ignored or treated just as it would have to be if no type specimen PRINXIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOM\fENDATIONS. 53 existed ; and the species is to be reintroduced into science under a new name, as a new sjiccies, and witli a proper description. Tlie autiienticity of a type specimen is often a matter of the highest im- portance. The evidence will vary in different cases ; it may be merely circumstantial, but of such a nature as to be positive in character; or the specimen may bear a label in the handwriting of the original describer signi- 1 fyinji; it to be his type ; or the history of the specimen may be so well known I to those hiving it in charge that there can be little reason for doul)t in the I matter. But tradition, in the general sense of the term, cannot be regarded I as satisfactory evidence ; and nothing short of the written statement of the 5 author, securely attached to the specimen, affirming it to be the type, should iin future be CfJnsidercd satisfactory evidence. Still, this requirement cannot be insisted upon for the past, since in few cases have types been heretofore I thus dcsi;inated, though their authenticity may be in many cases beyond j cavil. Your Committee would recommend that in future authors should not I only specify their types in their descriptions, and label them as their types, but should designate the collection in which they are deposited. Canon XLIV. In determining the pertinence of a description i or figure on which a genus, species, or subspecies may respect- j ively rest, the consideration of pertinency is to be restricted to the \ species scientifically known at the time of publication of the de- scription or figure in question, or to contemporaneous literature. I I Canon XLV. Absohitc identification is requisite in order I to displace a modern current name by an older obscure one. Remarks. — The purpose of the foregoing rules (Canons XLIII.-XLV.) is to check the tendency to replace current names by earlier ones, the identification of which may be determined only by a process of elimination — on the ground that they can relate to nothing else — based on our pres- ent knowledge of Zoology, but which cannot be determined from the imper- fect description given by the original describer, alone or supplemented by the contemporaneous literature of the subject; — in short, the identification of which rests on our present knowledge of the species inhabiting the assigned habitat of the form in question. Canon XLVI. In describing an organism which is consid- ered to represent a new genus as well as a new species, it is not necessary to formally separate the characters into two categories, generic and specific, in order to render tenable the names given to the organism in question, although such a distinction is desirable. 54 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. Rhmarks. — In the case of fossil organisms, represented by a few frag- ments, the practice of giving a general description is especially common; but even here, as in all other cases, it would be tar better to give a formal diagnosis or description of the generic characters as dibtinguislied from the specific. § 10. Of the Publication of Names. Canon XLVII. Publication consists in the public sale or distribution of printed matter, — books, pamphlets, or plates. Remarks. — In Botany the distribution, by sale or otherwise, of labelled specimens, bearing the date of their distribution, is likewise recognized as publication. In respect to the matter of publication, the B. A. Committee wisely recom- mend as follows : " A large proportion of the complicated mass of synonyms which has now become the opprobrium of zoology, has originated eitiier from the slovenly and imperfect manner in which species and groups have been originally defined, or from their definitions having been inserted in ob- scure local publications which have never obtained an extensive circulation. Therefore .... we would strongly advise the authors of new groups always to give, in the first instance, a full and accurate definition of their characters, and to insert the same in such periodicals or other works as are likely to obtain an immediate or extensive circulation." Mr. Dall, on the same point, makes the following judicious and explicit recommendations. "To avoid increasing the difficulties encountered in dealing with the al- ready enormous mass of scientific names, authors are earnestly recommended to take the following precautions in publication : — "I. To publish matter containing descriptions of new groups or species [or changes in nomenclature], in the regularly appearing proceedings of some well-established scientific society, or in some scientific serial of acknowl- edged standing and permanence. "2. If a separate publication or independent wcrk be issued by any author, copies should at once be sent to the principal learned societies, sci- entific libraries, and especially to those persons or associations known to be employed in the publication of bibliographical records or annual reviews of scientific progress. " The work should also be placed at the disposition of the scientific world by an advertisement of copies placed in the hands of some firm, society, or individual for sale or distribution. " 3. To avoid most carefully the publication of new names or changes of nomenclature in newspapers ; in serials not of a scientific nature or of limited circulation : in the occasional pamphlets issued by weak, torpid, or obscure PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 55 associations which are distributed [only] to members or not at all ; and in hricf lists, catalogues [especially sale catalogues], or pamphlets inilepen- dcntly issued, insufficiently distributed, or not to be found on sale." (AV/., p. 46.) The question of the restriction of the nature of the channels of publication through which new species and genera, and changes in nomenclature, should be made public, is considered by Mr. Dall, and w;;s even included among the subjects covered by his circular, the replies to which were to tlie effect that, while such restriction would be very desirable, it seemed impracticable ; an opinion reluctantly concurred in by Mr. Dall himself. '•It is charly," Mr. Dall continues, '* the duly of every publishing author to concur as far as possiMe in the suppression of methods loading to confu- sion," and to comply witii recommendations " intended to lead toward this result." Canon XLVIII. The reading of a paper before a scientific society or a public assembly does not constitute publication, and new genera and species first announced in this way date only from the time of their subsequent and irrevocable pub- lication. Remarks. — It often happens that papers are read before a scientific body which are never printed. No one would claim publication in such cases. Often many months elapse between the reading of a paper before a society and its publication in tlie proceedings of the society. Credit for original dis- covery may be thus secured ; but, in deference to the fundamental principle of fixity in nomenclature, new names or changes in nomenclature proposed in such papers obviously cannot be allowed to antedate actual publication. Canon XLIX. The date bc^rne by a publication is presumed to be correct till proved otherwise ; although it is well known that in many instances, as in the proceedings or transactions of societies, and in works issued in parts, the date given is not that of actual publication ; and when this fact can be substan- tiated, the actual date of publication, if it can be ascertained, is to be taken. Remarks. — It is notorious that the dates on the title-page of the com- pleted volume of works issued in parts often antedate — sometimes postdate — the actual publication of the different parts, or are otherwise erroneous. Also, that the volumes of proceedings of learned societies not unfrequently bear simply the date of the period or year to which they relate, even when rot published till months, and sometimes years, after the ostensible date ; Dl 56 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. and that serial fublicaiions, when not issued promptly, as not unfrcqucntly happens, are sometimes antedated l)y several months. This state of things is happily less prevalent now than formerly, and is more frequently the result of inattention, or failure to ai>preciate the importance of precision in such matters, than from any motive of unfairness. At the present time authors in good standing are careful to make permanent record of tlu date of publi- cation of each part of a work issued in successive brochures, or printer's 'signatures' ; and societies not unfrequently give the exact date of the ap- pearance of each signature or part of their various publications. This, it is needless to urge, is a practice which should become general. Where doubt arises as to the priority of publication between a properly dated work and one improperly or dishonestly dated, it would hardly be unfair to throw the onus probaudi on the publishers of the latter, or to favor the work the date of which is not open to question. Finally, respecting the matter of publication, your Committee would sub- mit the following. Naturalists would do well {a) to indicate exactly the date of publication of their works, parts of works, or papers ; {b) to avoid publishing a name with- out indicating tlie nature of the group (whether generic, subgeneric, or supergeneric) it is intended to distinguish; {c) to avoid including in their publications any unaccepted manuscript names, since such names only need- lessly increase synon)'my ; {d) societies, government or other surveys, or other publishing boards, should indicate the date of issue of each part of works published serially or in instalments, as well as of all volumes and completed works. Furthermore, the custodians of libraries, public or private, would do well to indicate, either in the work itself or in a proper book of record, the date of reception of all publications received, particularly in the case of those of a serial character, or which are issued in parts. (This, it may be observed, is a practice carefully adhered to in well-regulated libraries of the present time.) §11. Of the Authority for Names. Canon L. The authority for a specific or subspecific name is the first clescriber of the species or subspecies. When the first describer of the species or subspecies is not also the au- thority, it is to be enclosed in parentheses ; e. g., Turdus migra- toriiis L., or Mcrula migratoria (L.). Remark. — Ordinarily the use of authorities may be omitted, as in inci- dental reference to species of a well-known fauna in faunal lists, etc. ; but, on the other hand, the use of authorities may be of the greatest importance PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 57 in giving exact indication of the sense in which a name is used ; for instance, in check-hsts, or monoyrapliic and revisionary works. In writing the names of sulispecies the authority for the specific or second element of the name may nearly always be omitted. The relation of authorities may be otherwise indicated ; as, e.g., Mcrula viii^ratoria L. sp. ; or Menilu mi^^ratoria S\v. & Rich, ex L. ; or Mcrula mii^ratoria Sw. & Rich. (L. sub / unius), etc. ; but the method first above mentioned has the merit of the greater simplicity and brevity. Two very different practices have prevailed among naturalists in respect to authorities for names. The B. A. Code gave preference to the authority for the specific name, fur the following reasons : '"Of the three persons con- cerned with the construction of a binomial title .... we conceive that the author who Jirst describes and names a species which forms the groundwork of later generalizations, possesses a higher claim to have his name recorded than he who afterwards defines a genus which is found to embrace that species, or who may be the mere accidental means of bringing the generic and specific names into contact. By giving the authority for the specijic name in preference to all others, the inquirer is referred directly to the origi- nal description, habitat, etc., of the species, and is at the same time reminded of the date of its discovery." Agassiz and others opposed this practice, and gave preference to the referrer of the species to its proper genus, on the gDund that it required greater knowledge of the structure and relationship of species to properly classify them than to simply name and describe them. By this school, the authority is considered as constituting part of the name. This method is also in accordance with the usage of the older zoologists and botanists, from Linnaeus down. But it often happens that the authority for the combination of names used is not that of the classifier, but of the author who has merely 'shuffled names,' or worked out the synonymy in accord- ance with nomenclatural rules, and has had nothing to do with the correct allocation of the species. Canon LI. The authority for a name is not to be separated from it by any mark of punctuation (except as provided for under Canon L.). Remarks. — In respect to punctuation and typography, in relation to names and their authorities, usage varies ; but it is quite generally conceded that no comma need be used between the name and its authority ; " the au- thority," as Verrill has suggested, " being understood to be a noun in the genitive case, though written in the nominative form, or more frequently abbreviated." In printing the authority is usually and advisably distin- guished by use of type differing from that of the name ; if the latter be in Italic type the authority may be in Roman, or if in small capitals or in antique, the authority may be in Italic type, etc. L 58 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. Canon LII. The name of the authority, unless short, is co be abbreviated, and the abbreviation is to be made in accord- ance with commonly recognized rules, and -rregularly formed and non-distinctive abbreviations are to be avoided. Remarks. — In the case of a few well-known names usage may be con- sidcrcd to have established certain deviations from strict rule in the matter of al)ljieviation of authors' names, as the use of L. for Linnaeus, DC. for De Candolie, Bd. for Baird, Scl. for Schiter, etc. In general, mimes of one syllal/le are short enough not to require abbreviation ; when, however, it seems preferable to siiorten them the first consonants are retained (as Br. for Brown) or die first consonant and the last, or last two when the name ends witli a consonant or consonants (as Bd. for Baird, GUI. for Ciould, Cs, for Coi'js, etc.). For names of more than one syllable, the first syllable and the first letter or letters of the second syllable should be retained (as Aud. for Audubon, Bon. for Bonaparte, Gorm. for Gorman ; not Grm., which might stand for either Gorman, Garman, or Germar). To avoid confound- ing two names which begin with similar syllables, two syllables may be given, with one or two consonants of the third (as Bertol. for Bertolini, to distinguish it from Bertero), or tlie first syllable wiUi the addition of a char- acteristic final consonant of tb.e name (as Michx. for Michaux, as opposed to Micheli ; or Lamx. for Lamouroux, as distinguished from Lamarck). If several prominent authors in the same department of Zoology have the same name, they may be distinguished, if thought necessary, by prefixing their respective initials, or an abbreviation of tlie Christian name to tiie usual abbreviatiun ; or if father and son, by affixing Ji/. or J. to the name of the younger. In short, the points to be aimed at in abbreviating names of authorities are uniformity and distinctiveness. As Mr. Dall (whom in tliis matter we have closely followed) remarks, in some late works, only those familiar witli the literature of the subject "can divine whether /)'///. is the equivalent of Bentham, Beuth, or Booth, Sz. for Schultz. Steetz, or Szovvitz ; or what is the equivalent oi Htsch., Hk., H. Bn., Bn., Bii., Z//;., Reich., or SpugP C Recommendations for Zoological Nomenclature in the Future. § 12. Of the Co7isU'iiction and Selection of Names. RECOMMENDATION I. As already provided under Canon II., the rules of Latin orthography are to be adhered to in the con- struction of scientific names. PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 59 Remarks. — "In Latinizing Greek words there are certain rules of or- tliograpliy known to classical scholars which must never be departed from. For instance, tliC names which modern authors have written Aiptinemia, Zcnophasia, poiocephala, must, according to the laws of etymology, be spelt /Epycnemia, Xcnophasia, znd pceoccphala. In Latinizing modern words the rules of classic usage do not apply, and all that we can do is to give to such terms as classical an appearance as we can, consistently with the preserva- tion of their etymology. In the case of European words whose orthography is fixed, it is best to retain the original form, even tliough it may include letters and combinations unknown in Latin. Such words, for instance, as Woodivardi^ Ktiv^hti, Bullocki, Eschs:holtai, would be quite unintelligible if they were Latinized into Vudviirdi, Cnichfi, Bidlocci, Essoizi, etc. But words of barliarous origin, having no fixed orthography, are more pliable, and hence, when adopted into the Latin, they sliould be rendered as classical in ai :)earance as is consistent with the preservation of their original sound. Tiius the words Tockus^ aiosure", argoonda/t, kiiiidoo, etc., should, when Latinized, hive been written Tocctis, ausure, argunda, aindu^ etc. Such words ought, in all practicable cases, to have a Latin termination given them, especially if they are used generically." {B. A. Code.) Recommendation II. In Latinizing personal names only the termination should be changed, except as in cases provided for under Recommendation IV. Remarks. — "In Latinizing proper names, the simplest rule appears to be to use the termination -us, genitive -/, when the name ends with a conso" nant : . . . , and -ius, gen. -//', when it ends with a vowel, as Latreiile, Latreillii, ^K.c.'''' (5. A. Code.) Since proper names for species, however, are used mainly — and we recommend that they be so used exclusively — in the possessive case, a still simpler and now generally adopted rule is to add an i to the name; as, Latrcilu\ Latreillci; Hale. Halei; Baird, Balrdi ; but euphony may in some instancco require the fuller form, and here — as in many other instances — is a case where an autlior has the opportunity of displaying his good taste. It sliould be understood that this rule does not apply to names which are already Latin or Latinized in the nominative case. Tiius I.innccns should become Linncri ; Cignccus, Cygncei ; Gmuien/s, Cunncri ; Xaihiisius., Xaihusii ; Nicolaus, Nicolai j — not Linnceusi, Cygnausi, Gunneritsi, Nathtisiusi, Nicolaiisi. The same principle may also he safely followed in cases where the form of the name is perfectly Latin, tliou:^h there may be some doubt whether it originally was Latinized or not; as, Daldaini from Bafdaimts, Blasii from Blasins ; not Baldamusi, Blasiusi. If the name were Blase, the genitive would be Biasei, as distinctive from Blasii. Tin's recommendation of applying the regular Latin genitive when- ever possible without obscuring the name, is particularly to be observed in 6o CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. many names ending in (7, the genitive of which should be cr; as, Molina, A/olincr; Cam, Carce ; Costa, Costa ; Orellana, Ordlance ; Lozana, Lo- zancs ; Marmora, JMarmorce ; Botta, Bottce ; and not Molinai, Carat, Costal, Orellanai, Lozanai, etc. A greater difficulty is experienced with some Italian and Spanish names, and similar o!ies of Roman origin, ending in o or io. Simply adding an / would in many cases give absolutely absurd rcsalts ; as, Antonio, Antonioi. In such cases the only proper way seems to be to apply the regular Latin genitive, or to derive a genitive in the regular manner from a supposed regular Latin nominative form of the name : thus, Anionii, from Antonio; Xamarri, from Xamarro j Naceyri, from Naceyro; Guirai, from Guirao; Durazzi, from Durazso ; Morozzi, from Aforozzo. A few names ending in io, the derivation of which from a true Latin nomi- native form is not obvious, may be treated in a similar manner ; as, Fatio, Fatii, and not Fatioi, though we have seen Fationis, the propriety of which we h-^ve no means of determining. Analogous application may be made in case of similarly ending names not of Latin origin ; as, for instance, Kale- niczenki seems preferable to Kaleniczcnkoi. The above suggestions apply to names of men. It has been the custom to add a: to the name, instead of /, to indicate that the person whose name was thus used is a woman, but -ice will in many, perhaps most, cases be found preferable, on account of its greater euphony ; for instance, Max- wellice, and not Maxwellcc ; Blackhurnice, not Blackburna;. it is sometimes recommended that a personal specific name be put in the adjective form when it is not the name of the original collector or describer of the species. "Thus Corvus corax, Brun non Linnaeus, or a new Corvtis colli-:ted by Brun, would be C. brieni. A Corvus named after one's friend Brun, or an ornithologist Brun, would be C. brunianus" This recom- mendation is impracticable, however, since -ianus is too long a termination to append to most names, as it might give us specific names like Artzi- baschejjianus, Seidcnsacherianiis. Olph-Galliardiamis , Grandidicrianiis, Mac. gillivrayianus, Selys-Longschavtpsianus, etc. When Christian names which have a Latin or Latinized equivalent are adopted for species, the form should accord with the rules of Latin declina- tion ; e. g., Alexandri, Caroli, Francisci, Hectoris, Lndovici, Guillielvii, Annce, Margarethce, Phoches ; not Alexanderi, Charlesi or Karli, Frantzi or Frani^oisi, Hectori, Loiiisi or Lttdwigi, Willianii ; much less Annai, Margarcti, Phoebci, or the hke. In many cases of women's Christian names, especially such as have no Latin or Latinized equivalent, the name may be left unaltered and uninflected, for instance, Ingeborg, Gefion, etc. ; a practice which may be extended to names which in their present form are so altered that their derivation is not longer obvious, as Fanny, and the like. But in many cases the proper Latin form or equivalent is obvious; as, Maries from Mary, LucicE from Lucy, Gratia; from Grace, etc. So much for specific appellations derived from personal proper names, the PRI^XIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMiMENDATIONS. 6l use of which, if practised with discretion, is not objectionable. But care should be exercised as to introducing names of persons who have not ren- dered some noteworthy service to science, either as investigators, col- lectors of materials, or promoters of zoological investigation. The same remark will apply with still greater force to generic names, in respect to which the Bath (1863) Committee of the British Association makes the fol- lowing sound suggestion : — '■^Specific names from persons have already been sufficiently prostituted, and personal generic names have increased to a large and undeserving ex- tent. The handing down the name of a naturalist by a genus has always been considered as the highest honour that could be given, and should never be bestowed lightly. ^ " The simplest rule for forming a generic appellation from a personal name seems to be to ascertain first the genitive of the name according to the above suggestions, and then to append an a. In this case, however, the silent e at the end of a name should be dropped ; e. g., Latreil'ia, not Laireilleia. In some other cases the author will need to exercise his taste in forming the words when the genitive form does not end in /. It has been suggested that the name be "disembarrassed from all titles and all preliminary particles " ; but it is evident that in many cases the "pre- liminary particle " is so important a part of the name that its exclusion would make the name unrecognizable. While, therefore, it is proper to omit the Germon vo7i, for instance, in Lanius Jiomeyeri, it would hardly be de- fensible to write Diifi or Alursii, instead of Diibusi or Desmursii, when intending to honor Du Bus or Des Murs by naming a species after him. That 'particle' does not mean 'article' neM hardly be mentioned, and names like La Fresnaye, etc., should not be csmembered, though in Ger- man names the article also has to be left out when the particle is dropped. Recommendation III. The best zoolojiical names are those which are derived from the Latin or Greek, and express some distinguishing characteristic of the object to which they are apphed. Remarks. — This is Recommendation 'A.' of the B. A. 'Recommenda- tions for the Improvement of Zoological Nomenclature in the Future,' under which the B. A. Committee considers 'Classes of objectionable names.' This subject has also since received detailed consideration from De Candolle in his - Lois de la Nomenclature botanique,' and Mr. Dall has devoted several pages to it in his 'Report' (pp. 29-31), all of which may well be consulted in this connection. The principal of these recommendations may be sum- marized as follows : — ^ " Hoc unicum et summum proemium laboris, sancte servandum, et caste dis- pensandum ad incitamentum et ornamentum Botanices. — Phil. Botan., p. i:'i." 62 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. 1. Avoid adjective generic names. "Tiie names of genera are in all cases essentially substantive, and hence adjective terms cannot be em- ployed for them without doing violence to grammar. The generic names Hians, Crinigcr, Cursorius, Nitidula, etc., are examples of this incorrect usage." {B. A. Code.) 2. Avoid generic names in the genitive case. Like adjective names, these can be used only in violation of both good taste and grammatical construc- tion. (Dall.) 3. Avoid geographical names, which should never be used for genera, and only with discrimination for species. — Even for species, formerly some au- thors (VVagler, for instance) went so far as to substitute others whenever (hey occurred, while other authors (Swainson, for example) would tolerate them only when they applied exclusively j as, Lepus hibcrnicus, Troi^lodyics euro- pceiis, etc. The B. A. Committee were " by no means disposed to go to this length. It is not the less true that Hinindo javanica is a Javanese bird, even though it mp.y occur in other countries also, and though other species of Hinindo may occur in Java. Tlie utmost that can be urged against such words is, that they do not tell the whole truth." {B. A. Code.) The B. A. Committee advised restriction of such names to species confined to the countries whose names they bear. 4. Avoid barbarous names unless they are euphonious, easily mcdified to a Latin form, and arc more or less well known in their original form as names of the species or genera to which they are to be applied ; e. g., AJnja, Ara, Macao, Ponipadora., Skua, Tijuca, etc. " Some authors protest strongly against the introduction of exotic words into our Latin nomenclature, others defend the practice with equal warmth. We may remark, first, that the practice is not contrary to classical usage, for the Greeks and Romans did occasionally, though with reluctance, introduce barbarous words in a modified form into their respective languages. Sec- ondly, the preservation of the trivial names which animals bear in their native countries is often of great use to the traveller in aiding him to dis- cover and identify the species. We do not therefore consider, if such words have a Latin termination given to them, that the occasional and judicious use of them as scientific terms can be justly oI)jected to." {B. A. Code.) 5. " Technical names. — All words expressive of trades and professions have been by some writers excluded from zoology, but without sufficient reason. Words of this class, ivhen carefully chosen, often express the pecu- liar characters and habits of animals in a metaphorical manner, which is highly elegant. We may cite the generic terms Arincola, Laniits, Pastor, Tyraunus, Bei^uhts, Mimus, Ploceiis, etc , as favourable examples of this class of names." (/?. A. Code.) 6. Mythological names should be applied with great care, and only when they have some perceptible reference or allusion to the object on which they are conferred. They may sometimes be used as generic names ** with PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 63 tlie same propriety as technical ones, in or ■ ?s where a direct allusion can be iraced between the narnted actions of a parsonage and the observed habits or structure of an animal. Thus when the name Froone is given to a Swal- low, Clotho to a Spider, Hydra to a Polyp, Athene to an Owl, Nestor to a gray-headed Parrot, etc., a pleasing and beneficial connexion is established between classical literature and physical science." (/>. A. Code.) 7. Avoid hybriJ names. — "Compound words, whose components are taken from two different languages, are great deformities in nomenclature, and naturalists should be especially guarded not to introduce any more such terms into zoology, whicii furnishes too many examples of them already. We have them compounded of Greek and Latin, as Dcndrofalco, Gym/io- corviis, Mojioculus, Arborophila.jlavigasterj Greek and French, as Jacama- ralcyon, Jacamerops; Greek and English, as Biiliockoides, GUberlsocriniles:' (/?. A. Code.) 8. Avoid generic names closely resembling others already in existence, even when the etymology may be different ; as. Pica and Picus, Otoslomia and Odostoiiiia, Tachyphonris and Trachyphofitts, etc. The danger of con- fusion in such cases is evident, and should be guarded against. 9. " Corrup;ed words. — In the construction of compound Latin words, there are certain grammatical rules which have been known and acted on ^or two thousand years, anl which a naturalist is bound to acquaint himself with before he tiies his skill in coining zoological terms. One of the chief of these rules is, that in compounding words all the radical or essential parts of the constituent members must be retained, and no change made except in the variable terminations A name made up of the first half of one word and the last half of another, is as deformed a monster in nomenclature as a Mermaid or a Centaur would be in zoology ; yet we find examples in the names Corcorax (from Corvtts and Pyrrhocorax)^ Cypsnai^ra (from Cypse- lus and Tajiagra), Merulaxis (from Merula and Synallaxis), Loxigilla (from Loxia and pyim^illa'), etc. In other cases, where the commencement of both the simple words is retained in the compound, a fault is still com- mitted by cutting off too much of the radical and vital portions, as is the case in Bucorvus (from Bnceros and Corvus), Ninox (from Nis7is and Noc- tita), etc." {B. A. Code.) 10. "Nonsense names. — Some authors having found difficulty in select- ing generic names which have not been used before, have adopted the plan of coining words at random without any derivation or meaning whatever. The following are examples : Virak>a, Xema, Azeca, Assiminia^ Quedius, Spi- sula. To the same class we may refer anagrams of other generic names, as Dacelo and Cedola of Alcedo, Zapornia of Porzana, etc. Such verbal trifling as this is in very bad taste, and is especially calculated to bring the science ii to contempt It is contrary to the genius of all languages, which appear never to pro:iuce new worls by spontaneous generation, but always to derive them from some other source, however distant or obscure. And it 64 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. is peculiarly annoying to the etymologist, who after seeking in vain through the vast storehouses of human language for the parentage of such words, discovers at last that he has been pursuing an ignis fatuits''' {B. A. Code.) 1 1. Indicate the etymology of each name proposed. — While it is not now intended that names erroneously constructed shall be subject to emendation (see above, Canon XL. and Remarks), it is highly desirable that the etymol- ogy of all generic names newly proposed should be clearly indicated. 12. Avoid names of great length, or of harsh and inelegant pronunciation. Words of more than five syllables should as far as possible be avoided. In the construction of names it is obvious that euphony should be regarded. Thus such names as Eschscholtzi, Sylviorthorhyncluis, ^trii^ymnhemipus, Synthliborha/jiphus, Xiphidiorliynchus, IVurmizicsuvie, etc., are decidedly objectionable. 13. Avoid comparative names. — Specific names expressive of compara- tive size, as minor, minimus, maximiis, should be avoided, as they may be rendered inaccurate by the later discovery of additional species. Names denoting resemblance to another species or genus should be also avoided, as Picoides, Einbcrizoides, Pseudoluscinia, rubeailoides, etc. (^B. A. Code.) 14. Generic names compounded from those of other genera, if not too long, and properly formed (not made corrupt by trying to render them shorter), may sometimes be adopted with advantage, since they serve to express the position of a genus intermediate between, or allied with, two other genera. {B. A. Code.) 15. Avoid making a wrong application of the ancient names of animals. Names of animals found in classic authors have in numerous cases been applied at random to exotic genera or species wholly unknown to the ancients. This practice should be discouraged. The use, however, of an- cient names, when correctly applied, is most desirable, for it is better in framing scientific terms to select old words than to form new ones. (^. A. Code.) 16. In modifying existing names — as, for instance, of genera in naming subgenera or sections, or of species in designating allied species — by means of prefixes and suffixes, the following precautions should receive attention. Before a Greek derivative eti- and psendo- may be used, the former espe- cially in modifying generic names ; after a Greek derivative, -astrum, -aides, or -opsis. Before a Latin derivative, stJ § 14. Of the Description of Zoological Objects. Recommendation V. When naming a new species or sub- species, always give a diagnosis, as short as possible, but still containing all tne essential features by which the species or subspecies may be distinguished from the other known mem- bers of the genus to which it is referred. Base the diagnosis on the type specimen, and indicate the museum where the type is deposited, and the catalogue number by which it may be iden- tified. Give a comparison with the nearest allied forms, and tabulate, if possible, the characters of the new form in a ' key ' to the genus, or a section of it. Recommendation VI. When establishing a new genus, al- ways mention at least the family to which it is considered to belong, and a single typical species ; give then the diagnostic characters by which the members of the genus may be distin- guished from those of the allied genera. § 1 5. Of the Bibliography of Names. Recommendation VII, In preparing tables of bibliographi- cal references in works of a revisionary or monographic charac- ter, all published works which throw light upon the history of the organisms in question are subject to citation. Remarks. — The object of such citation is twofold; — (i) to afford a guide to the literature of the subject ; (2) to show what name or combi- nation of names is tenable for the organism under consideration, and the authorities for such names. Recommendation VIII. Citations are to be made in chrono- logical order, the earliest name given to the organism standing first, and the other designations following in due sequence ; then under each designation are to be arranged, also in chrono- logical order, the several works or papers which treat of the organism under such des'gnation. The date of publication is always to be made a part of the citation. 68 CODE OF NOMENCLATURE. Remarks. — The pre-Linnaean or early historical references are thus separated from the nomenclatural or synonymatic, on which, however, the lat- ter often depend, and are therefore historically important. All bibliographi- cal references are in a measure historical, but a distinction has been made between such as are strictly historical and those mainly biological. While it may be impracticable to separate them into distinct series, it will greatly facilitate the labor of later students of the group if authors will indicate the character of the knowledge conveyed in the work cited by a brief parentheti- cal statement following the citation, as biographical, descriptive, embryo- logical, monographic, geographical distribution, etc., as the case may be, — a practice already adopted by some writers. The extent to which biblio- graphical references may be profitably cited will vary with the nature of the work in hand, but in works of a monographic character, they should include all essential works, whether relating to the status of names, or to the development, relationship, habits, or distribution of the organism under consideration. Since pre-Linnaean authors are necessarily subject to citation, although their names of groups are untenable (unless later adopted by binomial writ- ers), the relation of their work to the science becomes duly recognized, and they acquire such credit as the character of their work may entitle them to receive. Much has been said on the score of justice in relation to the early authors; and it has been claimed that to ignore their names of groups in our nomenclature is to do them great injustice. Your Committee, however, begs leave to submit, as already stated under Canon XIV., that the matter of jus- tice or injustice in relation to authors is not to be considered in matters of nomenclature, which should be based exclusively on certain general prin- ciples of utility, convenience, and practicability. In every historical resumi of our knowledge of particular groups or species, every author who has con- tributed to our knowledge, whether pre-Linnncan or modern, polynomial or binomial, receives his due modicum of recognition, meted in proportion to the merit of his endeavors. So that he is not only recognized in biblio- graphical citation, but in every sketch of the progress of our knowledge of the organisms about which he may have written. Recommendation IX. "^^hen the diagnostic characters or the limits of a group havf ii changed, such change should be shown by an abridged indication of the character of the change, as ' mut. char.,' * pro parte,' to follow the citation. § 1 6. Of the Selection of Vernactilar Names. Recommendation X. Vernacular names, though having no standing in scientific nomenclature, and being not strictly sub- PRINCIPLES, CANONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. O9 ject to the law of priority, have still an importance that demands the due exercise of care in their selection, especially with refer- ence to their fitness and desirability. Remarks — It not infrequently happens that well-known, abundant, and familiar species have several nearly equally familiar vernacular designations, in which case the most euphonious and otherwise most fitting should be selected and given prominence. In the case of two equally unobjectionable names, the earliest should be given preference. In general, vernacular names may well be selected on the auctorum plurimortim principle. Since many species known to science are without vernacular names, oth- erwise than unknown barbarous ones, and since it is necessary, or at least desirable, sooner or later to supply them with vernacular designatious, these should be as far as possible formed by translating, or in part adopting, the technical names of science ; and authors of monographic works, like, for example, the British Museum 'Catalogue of Birds,' or faunal works, like many which might be named, (but which unfortunately in too many cases ignore vernacular names,) would do their fellow naturalists, and through them the public, a favor by considerately supplying vernacular designations to species, particularly in such departments of Zoology as Mammalogy and Ornithology, and indeed Vertebrates generally, together with the better known or more exemplary forms among Invertebrates. CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. ACCORDING TO THE CANONS OF NOMENCLATURE OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION. CHECK-LIST/ Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds. Suborder PODICIPEDES. Grebes. Family PODIOIPID-ffi. Grebes. Genus JECHMOPHORUS Coues. ^chmophorus CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. April, 1862, 229. Type, Podiceps occidcntalis Lawr. 1. il^chmophorus Occident alls (Lawr.). Western Grebe. Podiceps occidcntalis Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 894. jEchmophorus occidcntalis CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 229. [B 704, C 608, R 729, C 845.] Habitat. Western North America, eastward to Manitoba. Genus COLYMBUS Lixn^us. Colymbus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 135, Type, by elimination, Colymbus cristatus Linn. Subgenus COLYMBUS. 2. Colymbus holbcellii (Reinh.). HolboelPs Grebe. Podiceps holbocllii Reinh. Vid. Med. 1853, 76. Colymbus holbocllii RiDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 428. ^ For a detailed statement of tlie scope and plan of the present Check- List of North-Arrerican Birds, see anteh, pp. 14, 15. 74 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B 702, C 6io, R 731, C 847.] Hab. North Aiiierica at large, including Greenland. Also Eastern Siberia, and southward to Japan. Breeds in high latitudes, migrating south in winter. Subgenus DYTES Kaup. Dytcs Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 49. Type, Colymbus au- ritus Linn. 3. Colymbus auritus Linn. Horned Grebe. Colymbus aurihis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 135. [B706, C611, R 732, C 848.] Hab. Northern Hemisphere. Breeds from the Northern United States noi ihward. 4. Coljonbus nigricollis califomicus (Heerm.). American Eared Grebe. Podiceps califomicus Heerm. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 179. Colymbus nigricollis califomicus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VHI. 1885, 356. [B 707, C 612, R 733 a, C 850.] Hab. Northern and Western North America, from the Mississippi Valley westward. Subgenus PODICEPS Latham. Podiceps Lath. Ind Orn. IL 1790, 780. Type, by elimination, Co- lymbus fluviatilis Tunst. 5. Colymbus dominicus Linn. St. Domingo Grebe. Colymbus domitiicus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 223. [B7o8^, C6... R 734, C851.] Hab. Texas and Southern California southward through Tropical America to Paraguay, including the West Indies. i ORDER PYGOPODES. 75 Genus FODILYMBUS Lesson. Podilymbus Less. Traitc, L 1831, 595. Type, Colymbus podiceps Linn. 6. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.). Pied-billed Grebe. Colymbus podiceps Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 136. Podilymbus p> .uceps Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 898. [B 709, C 614, R 735. C 852.] Hab. British Provinces southward to Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chili, including the West Indies and the Bermudas, breeding nearly throughout its range. Suborder CEPPHI. Loons and Auks. Family URINATORID^. Loons. Genus URINATOR Cuvier. Urinator Cuv. Anat. Comp. I. 1799, tabl. ii. Type, Colymbus imber GUNN. 7. Urinator imber (Gunn.). Loon. Colymbus imber GvsiiKRVS, Trondh. Selsk. Skr. L 1761, pi. iii. i/rinai'or imber STEjyi. Orn. Expl. Kamtschat. 1885, 313. [B 698, C 605, R 736, C 840.] Hab. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere. In North America breeds from the northern tier of States northward ; ranges in winter south to the Gulf of Mexico. 8. Urinator adamsii (Gray). Yellow-billed Loon. Colymbus adamsii Gray, P. Z. S. 1859. 167. Urinator adamsii Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 43. 76 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B— , C6o5^, R737, C841.] Hab. Arctic America, west of Hudson s Bay. Casual in Northern Europe and Asia. 9. Urinator arcticus (Linn.). Illac'k-throated Loon. Colj tubus arcticus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 135. Urinator anticus Stejn. Pr, U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 43. [B 699, C 606, R 738, C 842.] Hab. Northern part of the Northern Hemisphere. In North Amer- ica migrating south in winter to the Northern United States. 10. Urinator pacificus (Lawr.). Pacific Loon. Colymbus pacijicus Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 889. Urinator pacijicus Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 43. [B700, C6o6«, R739, C843.] Hab. Pacific coast of North America, south in winter to Cape St. Lucas and Guadalupe Island. 11. Urinator lumme (Gunn.). Red-throated Loon. Colymbus lumme Gunn. Trond. Selsk. Skr. I. 1761, pi. ii. fig. 2. Urinator lumme Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 18S2, 43. [B 701, C 607, R 740, C 844.] Hab. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere, migrating southward in winter nearly across the United States. Family ALCID.^. Auks, Murres, and Puffins. Subfamily FRATERCULINuE. Puffins. Genus LUNDA Pallas. Lunda Pall. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 363. Type, Alca drrhata Pall. ORDER PYGOPODES. 77 13. Lunda cirrhata Pall. Tufted Puffin. Aha cirrhata Pall. Spic. Zool. V. 1769, 7, pi. i., pi. ii. figs, i, 2, 3. Lunda cirrhata Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1826, 363, pi. 82. [B 712, 716, C 619, R 745, C 856.J Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific from Caliiernia to Alaska, and from Japan to Bering's Strait. Accidentai on the coast of Maine. Genus FRATERCULA Brisson. Fratercula Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 81. Type, Alca arctica LiNN. 13. Fratercula arctica (Linn.). '^uflia. Alca arctica Linn. S. N. ed, 10, I. 1758, 13. Fratercula arctica Schaffer, Mus. Orn. 1789, 61. [B 715, C 618, R 743, C 854.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, breeding on the North American coast from the Bay of Fundy northward. South in winter to Long Island, and casually further. 13 i/. Fratercula arctica glacialis (Temm.). Large-billed Puffin. Mormon glacialis "Leach," Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2d ed. II. 1820, 933. Fratercula arctica ^glacialis Blasius, List B. Europ. 1862, 24. [B714, C6i8^, R743^, C855.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the Arctic Ocean, from S^^ntzbsrgeii to Baffin's Bay. 14. FratercTila comiculata (Naum.). Horned Puffin. Mormon corniculata Naum. Isis, 1821, 782, pi, vii. figs. 3, 4. Fratercula corniculata Brandt, Bull. Ac St. Pdtersb. II. 1837, 348. [B 713, C 617, R 744, C 853.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from the Kurile Islands to Sitka. 78 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Subfamily PHALERIN^. Auklets, Murrelms. Guillemots. Genus CERORHINCA B(3naparte. Cerorhinca Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 182S, 427. Type, C. occidentalis Bp. = A lea monocerata Pall. 15. Cerorhinca monocerata (Pall.). Rhiuoceros Auklet. Alca monocerata Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1826, 362. Cerorhina monocerata Cass, in Baird's B. N. Am. 1S58, 905. [B 717, 718, C 620, R 746, C 857.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, breeding southward to California and Japan ; in winter, southward to Lower California. Genus PTYCHORAMPHUS Brandt. Ptychoramphus Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Pdtersb. II. 1837, 347. Type, C/rfa aleutica Pall. 16. Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pall.). Cassia's Auklet. Uria aleutica Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1726, 370. Ptychoramphus aleuticus Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. II. 1837, 347. [6724,0625, R 751, C 862.] Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from the Aleutian Islands to San Diego, breeding southward to the Farallones. Genus CYCLORRHYNCHUS Kaup. Cyclorrhynchas Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 15. Type, Alca psittacula Pall. 17. Cyclorrh3mchus psittaculus (Pall.). Paroquet Auklet. Alca psittacula Pall. Spic Zool. V. 1760, 13, pi. pi. v. figs. 4-6. Cyclorhyiichus psittaculus Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Aug. 5, 1884, 216. ORDER PYGOPODES. 79 [B 725, C 621, R 747, C 858.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from the Aleutian and Kurile Islands northward. Genus SIMORH7NCHTJS Merrem. Subgenus SIMORHYNCHUS. Simorhynchus Merrem, in Er.-ch & Gruber's Encycl. i sect. II. 18 19, 403. Type, A lea cristatella Pall. 18. Simorhynchus cristatellus (Pall.). Crested Auklet. Alca cristatella Pall. Spic. Zool. V. 1769, 20, pi. iii., pi. v. figs. 7-9. Simorhynchus cristatellus Bonap. Compt. Rend. XLII. 1856, 774. [B 719, 720, C 622, R 748, C 859.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Kadiak and Japan northward. Subgenus PEALERIS Temminck. Phaleris Temm. Man. Orn. 1820, p. cxii. Type, by elimination, Alca pygmcea Gmel. 19. Simorhynchus pygmaeus (Gmel.). Whisltered Auklet. Alca pygmcsa Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 555. Simorhynchus pygmcpus Brandt, Mel. Biol. VII. 1869, 222. [B721, C dzz, R 749, C 860.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Unalashka through the Aleutian chain to Kamtschatka. SuBGE.-^us CICEHONIA Reichenbach Ciceronia Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. iii. Type, Phaleris microceros Bk \^Dr =z C/riapusilla Palz.. 20. Simorhjnichus pusillus (Pall.). Least Auklet. Uriapusilla Pall. Zoog. Rnsso-As. II. 1826, 373, pi. 70. Simorhynchus pusillus CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 324, 8o CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B 722, 723, C 624, R 750, C 861.] Had. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan northward to Bering's Strait. /•/;-- Genus SYNTHLIBORAMFHUS Brandt. Synthliboramphus Brandt, Bull, Ac St. Petersb. II. 1337, 347. Type, Aka antiqua Gmel. 21. S3nithliboraxnphus antiqnus (GxMel.). Ancient Murrelet. Alca antiqua Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 554. Synthliboramphus antiqims Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. II. 1837, 347- [B 734, 736, C 627, R 753, 759, C 864, S70.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan northward. Accidental in Wisconsin. 22. Synthliboramphus wumizusume (Temm.). Temniinek's Murrelet. Uria wumizusume Temm. PI. Col. 1838, 579. SynthliborhampJuts wtimizusume Reich. Vollst. Naturg. Vog. Na- tatores, 1845, pi. iv. fig. 31. [B 737, C 628, R 754, C 865.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, from Washington Territory northward, and Japan. Genus BRACH7RAMFHUS Brandt. Brachyratnphus Brandt, Ball. Ac. St. Pdtersb. II. 1837, 346. Type, Colymbus marmoratus Gmel. 23. Brach3nramphus marmoratus (Gmel.). Marbled Murrelet. Colymbus marmoratus Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 583. Brachyramphus marmoratus Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. II. 1837, 346. [B 732, 733» C 629, R 755, C 866.] ORDER PYGOPODES. 8l Hab. Co?sts and islands of the North Pacific ; on the American coast from 'San Diego northward, and breeding as far south as Van- couver Island. 24. Brachyramphus kittlitzii Brandt. Klttlltz's 3Iurrelet. Brachyramphus kittlitzii V>K\iiDi, Bull. Ac. St. P^tersb. II. 1837, 346. [B 735, C 630, R 756, C 867.] Hab. Kamtscha;:ka and Aleutian Islands, east to Unalashka. 25. Brachyramphus hjrpoleucus Xantus. Xautus's 3Iurrelet. Brachyrhamphiis hypoleucus Xantus, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Nov. 1859, 299. [B -, C — , R 757, C 868.] Hab. Coast of Southern California, from San Diego to Cape St. Lucas. 26. Brach3rramphus craveri (Salvad.). Craveri's 3Iurrelet. Uria craveri Salvad. Atli Soc. It. Sc. Nat. VIII, 1866, Estr. p. 17. Brachyrhatnphus craverii CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 66. [B — , C — , R 758, C 869.] Hab. Island of Natividad, Gulf of California. Genus CEPPHUS Pallas. Cepphus Pall. Spic. Zool. V. 1769, 33. Type, C. lacteolus Pall. = C. grylle, albino. 27. Cepphus grylle (Linn.). Slacls Guilleuiot. Alca grylle LiNN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 130. Cepphus grylle Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. 183T, 987. [B ']2(i,part, C 6^1, part, R ^60, part, C 871, /^rrA] Hab. Coasts of Northern Eu'-ope, south to Denmark and the Brit- ish Islands. Coast of Maine, south in winter to Philadelphia ; New- foundland (?). 6 82 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 28. Cepphus mandtii (Light.). Mandt's Guillemot. Uria mandtii Light, in Mandt's Obs. Itin. Dissert. 1822, 30. Cepphus mandtii Bp. Cat. Parzud. 1856, 12. [B "] 26^ part, C 6^1, part, R '] Go, part, C 871,/dr/-/.] Hab. Arctic regions of both continents ; south on the Atlantic coast of North America in winter to New Jersey, breeding to Hud- son's Bay and Labrador; Alaskan coast, south, in winter, to Norton Sound. 29. Cepphus columba Pall. Pigeon Guillemot. Cepphus columba Pall. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 348. [B 727, C 632, R 761, C 872.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, southward from Bering's Strait to Northern Japan and Southern California. Subfamily ALCIN.^. Auks and Murres. Genus URIA Brisson. Uria Briss. Om. VI. 1760, 70. Type, by elimination, Colymbus troile Linn. 30. Uria troile (Linn.). Murre. Colymbus troile Linn. Faun. Suec. ed. 1761, 52; S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 220. Uria troile Lath. Ind. Om. II. 1790, 796. [B 729, 730, C 634, R 763, C 874.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, southward on the coast of North America, in winter, to Southern New England ; breeding from Nova Scotia northward. 30 a. Uria troile califomica (Bryant). California Murre. Catarractes californicus Bryant, Pr. Best. Soc. 1861, ir, figs. 3 5. Uria troile califomica RiDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 483. ORDER PYGOPODES. 83 [B — , C — , R 763 a, C 875.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific, breeding from Cali- fornia north to the Prybilof Islands. 31. Uria lomvia (Linn.). Briinnich's 3Iurre. Alca lomvia Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 130. Uria lomvia Bryant, Proc. Best. Soc. N. H. VI I L May, 1861, 75. [B73i,C635, R764«, C876.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic and Eastern Arctic Oceans ; south on the Atlantic coast of North America to New Jersey, breeding from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward. 31 a. Uria lomvia arra (Pall.). Pallas's Murre. Cepphtis arra Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. IL 1826, 347. Uria lomvia arra RiDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. Sept. 1884, 485. [B -, C -, R 764, C -.] Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Pacific and Western Arctic 0 eans. Genus ALCA Linn^us. Alca Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 130. Tyne, by elimination, Alca torda Linn. 32. Alca torda Linn. Razor-billed Auk. Alca torda Linn, S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 130. [£> 711, <^ oi5, 1^ 742, <^ 077.J Hab. Coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, south in winter on the North American coast to Southern New England. Genus FLAUTUS Brunnich. Plaufus Brunn. Zool. Fund. 1772, 78. Type, Alca impennis Linn. 84 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 33. Plautns impennis (Linn.). Great Auk. Aka impenr.is Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 130. Plautus impennis Steenstr. V'id. Med. Nat. For. Kj^b. 1855, k/4. [B 710, C 615, R 741, C878.] Hab. Formerly the coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, from Massachusetts and Ireland northward nearly to the Arctic Circle. Believed to be now extinct. Subfamily ALLIN.i [B 656, C 543, R 660, C 768.] Hab. Arctic regions, south in winter in North America to the Great Lakes and Long Island. North Pacific. '"^. Lams leucoptems Faber. Iceland Gull. Larus leucopterus Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn. 1822, 91. [B 658, C 544, R 661, C 769.] Hab. Arctic regions, south in winter in North America to Massa- chusetts, occasionally much further south. 44. Lams glaucescens Naum. Glaucous-winged Gull. Larus glaucescens Naum. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. X. 1840, 351. [3 657, 659, C 545, R 662, C 770.] Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from Alaska south to Cali- fornia ; on the Asiatic side south to Japan. 88 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 45. Larus kumlieni Brewst. Kumiien's UuU. Larus kumlieni Bkkw ST. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VIII. I083, 216. [B~,C- R-,C-.] Hab. North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding in Cum- berland Gulf ; south in winter to the coast of the Middle States. 4G. Larus nelsoni Hensh. Nelson's Gull. Larus nelsoni Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 250. [B -, C -, R — , C -.] Hab. Coast of Norton Sound, Alaska. 47. Lams marinus Linn. Great Black-backed Gull. Larus marinus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136. [B 660, C 546, R 663, C 771.] Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic ; south in winter to Long Island and Italy. 48. Larus schistisagus Stejn. Slaty-backed Gull. Larus schistisagus Stejn. Auk, I. July, 1884, 231. [B _ C -, R — , C -.] Hab. North Pacific, chiefly on the Asiatic side; Herald Island, Arctic Ocean, and Alaska. 49. Larus occidentalis Aud. Western Gull. Larus occidentalis Aud, Orn. Biog. V. 1839, S^o* [B 662, C 547^, R 664, C 774.] Hab. Pacific coast of North America, breeding from Southern California northward. ORDER LONGIPENNES. 89 [50.] Lams afElnis Reinh. Siberian Gull. Larus affinis Reinh. Vid. Med. 1853, 78. [B — C — , R 665, C 776.] Hab. Greenland ; Asia and Europe, southward in winter to North Africa. 51. Lams argentatus Brunn. Herring Gull. Larus argentatus Brunn. Orn. Bor. , 764, 44. [B — , C 547, R 666, C 772.] Hab. Old World, south to the Azores ; Cumberland Sound ; occa- sional on the eastern coast of the United States. 51 a. Lams argentatus smithsonianus Coues. American Herring Gull. Larus smithsonianus CouES, Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 296. Larus argentatus var. smithsonianus Coues, Check List, 1873, no. 547 a. [B 661, C 547 a, R 666 a, C 773.] Hab. North America generally, breeding on the Atlantic coast from Maine northward ; in winter south to Cuba and Lower California. 52. Lams cachinnans Fall. Pallas's Gull. Larus cachift nans Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. II. 1826, 318. [B - C -, R 667, C 775.] Hab. Asia, from the Red Sea to the Pacific and Arctic Oceans j coast of Alaska, south in winter to California. 53. Lams californicus Lawr. California Gull. Larus californicus La vr. Ann. Lye. N, Y. VI. 1S54, 79. [B 663, C 548^, R 668, C 777.] Hab. Western Province of North America, from Alaska to Mexico. 90 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN DIRDS. 54. Lams delawarensis Ord. Kiug-billed Gull. Larus delawarensis Okd, Guthrie's Geog. 2(1 Am. ed. 1815, 319. [B 664, C 548, R 669, C 778.] Hab. North America at large ; south in winter to Cuba and Mexico. ho. Lams brach3n:hynchus Rich. Short-billed Gull. Larus brachyrhynchus Rich. F. B. A. II. 1831,421. [B 665, 673, C 549, R 670, C 780.] Hab. Arctic America and Pacific coast, south in winter to Southern California. [56.] Larus canus Linn. Mew Gull. Larus canus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 136. [B-- C-, R67i,C779.] Hab. Europe and Asia ; accidental in Labrador. 57. Lams heennanni Cass. Heermann's Gull. Larus heermanni Ca'^s. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VI. 1852, 187. [B666, C 551, R 672, C 781.] Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from British Columbia to Panama. ^2). Lams atricilla Linn. Laughing Gull. Larus atricilla Linn. S. N. ed. ro, I. 1758, 136. [B 667, C 554, R 673, C 786.] Hab. Eastern tropical and warm temperate America, chiefly along the sea-coast, from Maine to Brazil ; Pacific coast of Middle America. ORDER LONGIPENNES. 91 59. Lams franklinii Sw. & Rich. FraukUu's Gull. Lams franklinii ^\f . & Rich. F. B. A. II. 1831, 424, pi. 71. [B 668, 669, C 555. R 674, C 787.] Hab. Interior of North America, breeding chiefly north of the United States ; south in winter to Central and South America. 60. Lams Philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte's Gull. Sterna Philadelphia Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. II. 1815, 319. Lariis pl{iladelphia Gray, List Brit. B. 1863, 235. [B 670, C 556, R 675, C 788.] Hab. Whole of North America, breeding mostly north of the United States ; south in winter to Mexico and Central America. Genus RHODOSTETHIA Macgillivray. Rhodostet'nia Macgil. Man. Brit. Orn. II. 1842, 253. Type, Larus roseus Macgil. 61. Rhodostethia rosea (Macgil.). Ross's Gull. Lams roseus Macgil. Mem. Warn. Soc. V. 1824, 249. Rhodostethia rosea Bonap. Rev. Grit. Orn. Eur. Degland, 1850, 201. [B 678, C 557, R 676, C 789.] Hab.' Arctic regions ; Point Barrow, Alaska ; Melville Peninsula ; England, Faroes, Heligoland, etc. Genus XEMA Leach. Xema "Leach," Ross's Voy. App. 1819, p. Ivii. Type, Larus sabinii Sab. 62. Xema sabinii (Sab.). Sabine's Gull. Larus sabinii^. Sab, Trans. Linn. Soc. XII. 1818, 520, pi. 29. Xema sabini Edw. & Beverl. App. Ross's Voy. Baff. Bay, 4to ed. 1 819, Ivii. 9* CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B 680, €558, R ^,77, C 790.] Hab. Arctic regions ; in North America south in winter to New York, the Great Lakes, and Great Salt Lake ; casual south to Peru. Subfamily STERNIN-, R694, C807.] Hab. Eastern Hemisphere, accidental in North America (Wis- consin). Genus ANOXJS Stephens. Anous Steph. Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. i. 1826, 139. Type, Sterna sto- lida Linn. 79. Anous stolidus (Linn.). Noddy. Sterna stolida Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 137. Anous stolidus Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, 100. [B 696, C 576, R 695, C 808.] Hab. Tropical and subtropical regions ; in America from Brazil and Chili north to the Gulf and South Atlantic States. Family RYNOHOPID-ffl. Skimmers. Genus RYNCHOPS Linn. Rynchops Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 138. Type, R. nigra Linn. ORDER TUBINARES. 97 80. Rynchops nigra Linn. Black Skimmer. Rynchops nigra Linn. S. N. ed. lo, L 1758, 228. [B 697, C 577, R 656, C 809.] Hab. Warmer parts of America, north on the Atlantic coast to New Jersey, and casually to the Bay of Fundy. Order TUBINARES. Tube-nosed Swimmers. Family DIOMEDEIDiE. Albatrosses. Genus DIOMEDEA Linn^us. Diomedea Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 132. Type, D. exulans Linn. 81. Diomedea nigripes Aud. Black-footed Albatross. Diomedea nigripes Aud. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 327. [B— C579, R700, C811.] Hab. North Pacific, including west coast of North America, 82. Diomedea albatnis Pall. Short-tailed Albatross. Diomedea albatrus Pall. Spic. Zool. V. 1769, 28. [B 631, C 578, R 701, C 810.] Hab. Pacific Ocean, including western coast of America, north- ward to Bering's Sea. s Genus THALASSOGERON Ridgway. Thalassogeron Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. H. 1884, 357- Type, Duh medea culminata Gould. 98 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [83.] Thalassogeron culminatus (Gould). Yellow-nosed Albatross. Diomedea culminata Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, 107. Thalassogeron culminatus Kidgw. Water B N. Am. II. 1884, 358. [B 632, C — , R 702, C — .] Hab. Indian and South Pacific Oceans : casual off the coast of Oregon. Genus FHCEBETRIA Reich enbach. Phocbetria Reich. Syst. A v. 1852, p. v. Type, Diomedea fuliginosa Gmel. 84. Phcebetria fuliginosa (Gm.). Sooty Albatross. Diomedea fuliginosa Gmel. S N. I. ii. 1788. 568. Phoebetria Jidiginosa Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. v. [P. 633, C 580, R 703, C 812.] Hab. Oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, northward to the coast of Oregon. Family PROOELLARIID.^. Fulmars and Shearwaters. Subfamily PR0CELLARIIN-. mi^or Bohap. Consp. II. 1856, 187. [B -, C -, R — , C -.] Hab. N >rth Atlantic. 56 1'. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa Stejn. Pacific Fulmar. Fulmarus glacialis ghipischa Stejn. Auk, I. July, 1884, 234. [B 636, C 582^7, R 705^, C 815.] Hab. North Pacific, south on the American coast to Mexico. 86 r. Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii (Cass.). Rodgers's Fulmar. Fulmarus rodgersii Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 290. Fubnarus glacialis var. rodgersi CoUES, Key, 1872, 327. [B — , C 582^, R 705^, C 816.] Hab. Bering's Sea. 100 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Subgenus FRIOCELLA. Hombron & Jacquinot. Priocella Homb. & Jacq. Compl. Rend. XVIII. 1844, 357. Type, P. garnoti Homb. & Jacq. :^ Procellaria glacialoides Smith. 87. Fuhuams glacialoides (Smith). Slender-billed Fulmar. Procellaria glacialoides Smith, Illustr. S Afr. B. 1849 (?), t 5:. Fulmarus ghicialoides Stejn. Auk, 1884, p. 233. [B 637, C 583, R 706, C 817.] Hab. Seas of the Southern Hemisphere, and northward along Pa- cific coast of North America. Genus PUFFINUS Brisson. Puffinus Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 131. Type, Procellaria puffinus Brunn. 88. Puffinus borealis Cory. Cory's Shearwater. Puffinus borealis Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. April, 1881, 84. [B — , C — R — , C 888.] Hab. Off the coast of Massachusetts. 89. Puffinus major Faber. Greater Shearwater. Puffinus major Faeer, Prodr. Isl. Orn. 1822, 56. [B 647, C 597, R 709> C 832.] Hab. Atlantic Ocean; south to Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope. [90.] Puffinus puffinus (Brunn.). Manx Shearwater. Procellaria puffinus Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 29. Puffinus puffinus Light. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1854, 100. [B649, C 599, R7"> C834.] Hab. North Atlantic, chiefly on the eastern side; accidental in Greenland, and rare or casual off the North American coast (?). ORDER TUBINARES. lOI 91. PufllDis creatopus Coues. Pi ik-footed Shearwater. Puffinus creatopHs " CoorEU, MS.," CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. April, 1864, 131. [B-, C 598, R 710, C 833.] Hab. Pacific Ocean ; on the American coast from Lower California to Juan Fernandez Islands. 92. Puffinus auduboni Finsch. Audubon's Shearwater. Puffinus aicduboni Finscn, P. Z. S. 1872, iii. [B650, C 600, R 712, C 835.] Hab. Warmer parts of the Atlantic, north casually to New Jersey. 93. Puffinus gavia (Forst.). Black-vented Shearwater. Procellaria gavia FoRLT. Descr. An. 1844, 148. Puffinus gavia Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, 256. [B— C601, R713, C836.] Hab. Pacific Ocean, chiefly southward ; coast of Lower California. 94. Puffinus Strickland! Ridgw. Sooty Shearwater, Puffinus stricklandi Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. H. 1884, 390. [B 648, C 602, R 714, C 837.] Hab. North Atlantic, south on the American coast to South Carolina. 95. Puffinus griseus (Gmel.). Dark-bodied Shearwater. Procellaria grisea Gmel. S. N. L ii. 1788, 564. Puffinus griseus Finsch, J. f. O. 1874, 209. [B-, C603, R715, C838.] Hab. South Pacific, north on the American coast to Lower Cali- fornia. 102 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 96. PufBnus tenuirostais (Temm.)- Slender-billed Shearwater. Procellaria tetiuirostris Temm. PI. Col. 1828, 587. Puffinus tenuirosiris Temm. & Schleg. Faun. Jap. Aves, 1849, *3'> pi. 86. [B— , C604, R 716, C 839.] Hab. North Pacific \ from Sitka to Kotzebue Sound on the Ameri- can coast. Subgenus PRIOFINUS Hombron & Jacquinot. Priofinus Hombr. & Jacq. Compt. Rend. XVIII. 1844, 355. Type, Procellaria cinerea Gmel. [97.] Puffinus cinereus (Gmel.). Black-tailed Shearwater. Procellaria cinerea Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 563. Puffinus cinereus Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 835. [6651,0595, R 707, C 830.] Hab. South Pacific ; accidental off the coast of California. Genus iESTREIATA Bonaparte. jEstrelata Bonap. Consp. II. 1856, 188. Type, Procellaria hasitata KUHL. [98.] iEstrelata hasitata (Kuhl). Black-capped Petrel. Procellaria hasitata Kuhl, Mon. Proc. Beitr. Zool. i Abt. 1820, 142. ^strelata hcusitata Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 139. [B 638, C 585, R 717. C 819.] Hab. Warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean, straying to Florida, Long Island, England, and France. f -TX)' [99.] iEstrelata gularis (Peale). Peale's Petrel. Procellaria gularis Peale, Zool. U. S. Expl. Exp. 1848, 299. CEstrelaia gularis Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, IV. 1881, 94. ORDER TURIN ARES. IO3 [B-, C— , R- C887.] Hab. Antarctic Ocean ; accidental in Western New York. 100. iBstrelata fisheri Ridgw. Fisher's Petrel. (Estrelata fisheri Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 26, 1883, 656. [B _, C -, R -, C -.] Hab. Coast of Alaska (Kadiak). Genus BULWERIA Bonaparte. Biilweria Bonap. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. 1842, 81. Type, Procellaria bidweri Jard. & Selby. [101.] Bulweria bulweri (Jard. & Selby). Bulwer's Petrel. Procellaria bulweri Jard. & Selby, Illustr. Orn. , pi. d^- Bulweria bulweri Boucard, Cat. Av. 1876, 69. [B— , C— , R 718, C 820.] Hab. Eastern Atlantic, including coasts of Europe and Africa. Accidental in Greenland. Genus DAFTION Stephens. Daption Steph. Gen. Zool. XIII. 1825, 239. Type, Procellaria capensis Linn. [102.] Daption capensis (Linn.). Pintado Petrel. Procellaria capensis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 132. Daption capensis Steph Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. i. 1825, 241. [B 639, C 584, R 719, C 818.] Hab. Oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, north to about latitude 25°. Accidental on the coasts of California and England. Genus HALOC7FTENA Coues. Halocyptena Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. March, 1864, 78. Type, H. microsoma CoUES. 104 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 108. Halocyptena microsoma Coues. Least Petrel. Halocyptena microsoma Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc'. Phila. 1864, 79. [B— , C 586, R y.'o, C 821.] Hab. Coast of Lower California. Genus FROCELLARIA Linnaeus. Procellaria Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 131. Type, by elimination, P. pelagica Linn. 104. Procellaria pelagica Linn. Stormy Petrel. Procellaria pelagica Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 131. [B 645, C 587, R 721, C 822.] Hab. Atlantic Ocean, south on the American side to the New- foundland Banks. West coast of Africa and coast of Europe. Genus OCEANODROMA Reichenbach. Oceanodroma Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv. Type, Procellaria fur- cata Gmel. 105. Oceanodroma furcata (Gmel.). Fork-tailed Petrel. Procellaria furcata Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 561. Oceanodroma furcata Reich. Syst. Av 1852, p. iv. [B 640, C 591, R 726, C 826.] Hab. North Pacific, south on the American coast to Oregon. 106. Oceanodroma lencorhoa (Vieill.). Leach's Petrel. Procellaria leucorhoa Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXV. 1817, 422. Oceanodroma leucorhoa Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 97. [B 642, C 588, R 723, C 823.] ORDER TUBINARES. 105 1^ '•J' Hap. North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans ; south on the coast of the United States to Virgir "^ and California; breeds from Maine and the Hebrides northward on Jr coa its of the Atlantic. ''•/ 107. Oceanodroma melania (Bonap.). Black Petrel. Procellaria melania Bonap. Compt. Rend. XXVIII. .854, 662. Oceanodroma melania Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 371. [B — , C 589. R 724, C 824.] Hab. South Pacific, northward to Lower California. 108. Oceanodroma hoxnochroa (Coles). Ashy Petrel. Cymochorea hoinochroa Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 77. Oceanodroma homochroa Ridgv/. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356. [B 643, C 590, R 725, C 825.] Hab. Coast of California. Subfamily OCEANITINJS. Genus OCEANITES Keyserling & Blasius. Oceanites Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Eur. I. 1840, xciii. Type, Procel- laria oceanica Kuhl. 109. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl). Wilson's Petrel. Procellaria oceanica Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Men. Proc. 1820, 136, pi. 10, fig. I- Oceanites oceanica Light. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1854, 99. [B 644, C 593, R 722, C 828.] Hab. North and South Atlantic and Southern Oceans. Genus CYMODROMA Ridgway. Cymodroma Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 418. Type, Procel- laria grallaria Vieill. I06 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [110.] Cyxnodroxna grallaria (Vieill.). ^Vllite-beliiea I'etrel. ProceUaria gralla}ia\\VA\A.. Nouv. Diet. XXVI. 1817,418. Cytnodroma grallaria Riuow. Water 13. N. Am. li. 1884, 419. [B 646, C 594, R 728, C 829.] Hab. Tropical oceans generally; accidental on the coast of Florida. Genus FELAGODROMA Reichlnbach. Pelagodrofna Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv. Type, Procellaria ma- rina Lath. [111.] Pelagodroma marina (Lath.). White-faced Petrel. Procellaria viarina Lath. Ind. Orn. II. ii. 1790. 826. Pela^odroJiia tnarina Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. iv. [B _, C -, R -, C -.] Hab. South Atlantic, and Southern Seas. Casual off the coast of Massachusetts. Order STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate Swimmers. Family PHAETHONTID^. Tropic Birds. Genus FHASTHON Linn^us. Phaethon Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 134. Type, P. athereus Linn. 112. Phaethon flavirostris Brandt. YeUow-biUed Tropic Bird. Phaethon flavirostris Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Pdtersb. II. 1837, 349. ORDER STEGANOPODES. [B 629, C 538, R 654, C 763.] 107 Had. West Indies and Atlantic coast of Central America, north to Florida ; accidental in Western New York. Sainoan Islands. 113. Fhaethon sethereuB Linn. Red-billed Tropic Bird. Phaethon athereus LiNX. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 134. [B -, C — R 655, C 762.] Hab. Coasts of tropical America, north on the Pacific coast to Lower California ; accidental on the Newfoundland Banks. Family SULIDJS. Gannets. Genus SULA Brisson. Subgenus SULA. Sttla Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 495. Type, by elimination, Pdecanus sula Linn. [114.] Sula cyanops Sund. Blue-faced Booby. Dysponts cyanops Sund. Phys. Tidskr. Lund, 1837, pt. 5. Sula cyanops Sund. Isis, 1842, 858. [B— ,C— , R65i,C-.] Hab. South Pacific, West Indies, and northward to Southern Florida. 115. Sula sula (Linn.). Booby. Pelecanus sula Linn. Syst. Nat. 12 ed. I. 1766, 218. Suia sula Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI H. 1885, 356. [B 618, C 52s, R 652, C 747.] Hab. Coasts of tropical and subtropical America, north to Georgia. 108 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN UIRDS. [UG.] Sula piscator (Linn.). Ked-fuoted liooby. Pelccanus piscator Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 134. SuiapiicatorMoaw. Consp. II. 1857, 166. [B -, C -, R 653, C -.] Hab. Coast and islands of tropical and subtropical seas, north to Western Mexico and Florida. Subgenus DYSPGRUS Illiger. Dysporus Illig. Prodr. 1811, 279. Type, by elimination, Pelecanus bassanus Linn. 117. Sula bassana (Linn.). Gannct. Pelccanus bassanus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 133. Hula bassana Boie, I sis, 1822, p. 563. [B 617, C 524, R 650, C 746.] Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic, south in winter to the Gulf of Mexico and Africa; breeds from Nova Scotia and the British Islands northward. Family ANHINGID-ffi. Darters. Genus ANHINGA Brisson. Anhinga Brisson, Cm. VL 1760, 476. Type, Anhinga Marcgr. = Plotus anhinga Linn. 118. Anhinga anhinga (Linn.). Anhinga. Plotus anhinga Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 218. Anhinga anhinga Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, I93» [B 628, C 536, R 649, C 760.] Hab. Tropical and subtropical America, north to the Carolinas and the mouth of the Ohio River. ORDER STEGANOPODES. 109 Family PHALAOROCORACID-ffl. Cormorants. Genus FHALACROCORAZ Brisson. Subgenus PHALACROCORAX. Phalacrocorax Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 511. Type, Pdecanus carlo Linn. 119. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.). Cormorant. Pelecanus carbo LiNN. S. N. ed. 10, \. ^758, 133. Phalacrocorax carbo CuviER, R^gne Animal, L 1817, 524. [B 620, C 528, R 642, C 750.] Hab. Coasts of the North Atlantic, south in winter on the coast of the United States, casually, to the Carolinas ; breeding (formerly) from Massachusetts northward. 120. Fhalacrocoraz dilopLus (Sw. & Rich.). Double-crested Cormorant. Pelecanus {Carbo) dilcphus Sw. & Rich. F. B. A. H. 1831, 473. Phalacrocorax dilophus Nutt. Man. IL 1834, 483. [B623, C530, R 643, C 751.] Hab. Eastern coast of North America, breeding from the Bay of Fundy northward ; southward in the interior to the Great Lakes and Wisconsin. 120 a. Phalacrocorax dilophus floridanus (Aud.). Florida Cormorant. Phalacrocorax floridanus AuD. Orn. Biog. IIL 1835, 3^7' Phalacrocorax dilophus floridanus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mas. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 205. [B 624, C 530 a, R 643 '?, C 753.] Hab. Coast of the South Atlantic and Gulf States, nortliward in the Mississippi Valley to Southern Illinois. no CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 120^. Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinatus (Brandt). White-crested Cormorant. Carbo cincinatus Brandt, Bull. Sc. Ac. St. Pdtersb. III. 1838, 55. Phalacrocorax dilophus cmcitinattis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 205 [B 622, C 529, R 643^, C 752.] Hab. West coast of North America, south in winter to California. 120 r. Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus Ridgw. Farallone Cormorant. Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus Ridgw. Free. Biol. Soc. Wash. II. Apr. 10, 1884, 94. [B _ C -, R -, C -.] Hab. Coast of California, south to Cape St. Lucas and Revilla- Gigedo Islands. 121. Phalacrocorax mexicanus (Brandt). Mexican Cormorant. Carbo mexicanus Brandt, Bull. Sc. Ac. St. Pdtersb. III. 1838, 55. Phalacrocorax mexicanus Scl. & Salv. Nom. Neotr. 1873, 124. [B 625, C 531, R 644, C 754.] Hab. W^est Indies, South and Central America to Southern United States j north in the interior to Kansas and Southern Illinois. Subgenus COMPSOHALIEUS Ridoway. Compsohalieus Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 145. Type, Carbo penicillatus Brandt. 122. Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt). Brandt's Cormorant. Carbo penicillatus Brandt, Bull. Sc. Ac. St. Pdtersb III. 1838, 55. Phalacrocorax penicillatus Heerm. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1854, 178. [B 626, C 532, R 645, C 755.] ORDER STEGANOPODES. Ill Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from Cape St. Lucas to Washington Territory. Subgenus URILE Bonaparte. Urile BoNAP. Consp. II. 1856, 175. Type, Pelecanus urilc Gmel. 123. Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pa Li.. Pelagic Cormoraut. Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pall. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 303. [B-, C-, R-, C— .] Hab. Aleutian and Kurile Islands, and Kamtschatka, south to Japan. 123 a. Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus Ridgw. Violet -green Cormorant. Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus RiDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 160. [B 627, C 535, R 646, C 758.] Hab. Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound to Sitka. 123/5. Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens (Aud.). Baird's Cormorant. Phaiu^rocorax resplendens AuD. Orn. Biog. V. 1839. 148. Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens RiDGW. Water B. N. Am. I. 1884, 160. [B— , C— , R 646^, C 759.] Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from Washington Territory south to Cape St. Lucas and Mazatlan. 124. Phalacrocorax urile (Gmel.). Red-faced Cormorant. Pelecanus urile Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 575. Phalacrocorax urile Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 162. [B— , C534, R647, C757.] Hab. Prybilof and Aleutian Islands, and coast of Kamtschatka. 112 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Family PELECANID^. Pelicans. Genus PELECANUS Linn^us. Pelecanus Linn. S. N. ed. lo, L 1758, 132. Type, by elimination, P. onocrotalus Linn. Subgenus CYRTOPELICANUS Reichenbach. Cyrtopclicanus Reich. Syst. A v. 1852, p. vii. Type, Pelecanus ery- throrhynchos Gmel. 125. Pelecanus erjrthrorhynchos Gmel. American White Pelican. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 571. [B 615, C 526, R 640, C 748.] Hab. Temperate North America, north in the interior to about Lat. 61°, south to Central America ; now rare or accidental in the Northeastern States ; abundant in the Middle Province and along the Gulf coast ; common on the coast of California and Western Mexico. Subgenus LEPTOPELICANUS Reichenbach. Leptopelicanus Reich. Syst. A v. 1852, p. vii. Type, Pelecanus fuscus Linn. 126. Pelecanus fuscus Linn. Brown Pelican. Pelecanus fuscus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 215. [B 616, C 527, R 641, C 749.] Hab. Atlantic coast of tropical and subtropical America, north on the Atlantic coast to North Carolina; accidental in Illinois. 127. Pelecanus califomicus Ridgw. California Brown Pelican. Pelecanus (Jiiscns?) califomicus RiDGW. Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, 143- F\elecanus'\ califomicus RiDGW. 1. c ORDER ANSERES. II3 [B— ,C-, R-,C-.] Hab. Pacific coast, from San Francisco to Cape St. Lucas, and p. jbably to Mexico and Central America. Family FREGATID-ffl. Man-o'-War Birds. Genus FREGATA Cuvier. Fregata Cuv. Leg. d'Anat. Comp. L 1799-1S00, tab. ii. Type, PeU" cuuus aquilus Linn. 128. Fregata aquila (Linn.). Man-o'-War Bird. Pelecanus aquilus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 133. Fregata aquila Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. vi. [B 619, C 537, R 639, C 761.] Hab. Tropical and subtropical coasts generally ; in America, north to Florida, Texas, and California, and casually on the Atlantic coast to Nova Scotia. Order ANSERES. Lamellirostral Swimmers. Family ANATID.^. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. Subfamily MERGIN-ffl. Mergansers. Genus MERGANSER Brisson. Merganser Briss. Orn. VL 1 760, 230. Type, Mergus merganser Linn. 129. Merganser americanus (Cass.). American Merganser. Mergus americanus Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VL 1853, 187. Merganser americanus Stejn. Orn. Exp). Kamtsch. 1885, 177, 8 I 14 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B6ii,C 521, R 636, C 743.] Hab. North America generally, breeding south to the Northern United States. 130. Merganser serrator (Linn.). Ked-breasted 3Ierganser. Mergus serrator Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 129. Merganser serrator Schaffer, Mus. Orn. 1789, 66. [B 612, C 522, R 637, C 744.] Hab. Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere j south, in win- ter, throughout the United States. Genus LOFHODYTES Reichenbach. Lophodytes REICHENBACH, Syst. Av. 1832, p. ix. Type, Mergus cttcullatus Linn. 131. Lophod3rtes cucullatus (Linn.). Hooded 3Ierganser. Mergus cucullatus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 129. Lophodytes cucullatus Reichenbach, Syst. Av. 1852, p. ix. [B 613, C 523, R 638, C 745-] Hab. North America generally, south to Mexico and Cuba, breed- ing nearly throughout its range. Subfamily ANATIN^. River Ducks. Genus ANAS Linn^us. Anas Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 122. Type, A. boschas Linn. 132. Anas boschas Linn. Mallard. Anas boschas Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 127. [B 576, C 488, R 601, C 707.] Hab. Northern parts of Northern Hemisphere ; in America south to Panama and Cuba, breeding southward to the Northern United States. ORDER ANSERES. "5 133. Anas obscura Gmel. Black Duck. Ul^ Anas obscura Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 541. [B 577, C 489, R 602, C 708.] Hab. Eastern North America, west to Utah and Texas, north to Labrador, breeding southward to the Northern United States. 134. Anas fulvigula Ridgw. Florida Duck. Anas obscura \zx. fulvigula Ridgw, Am. Nat. VIII. Feb. 1874, iii. Anas fulvigula Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 203. [B — , C 489 ^; R 603, C 709.] Hab. Florida; Kansas. Subgenus CHAULELASMUS Bonaparte. Chaulelasmus Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, 56. Type, Anas strepera Linn. 135. Anas strepera Linn. Gadwall. Anas strepera Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 125. [B584, C491, R604, C711.] Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan. In North America breeds chiefly within the United States. Subgenus MAHECA Stephens. Mareca Stephens, Gen. Zool. XIL pt. ii. 1824, 130. Type, Anas Penelope Linn. 136. Anas penelope Ltnn. Widgeon. Anas penelope Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 126. [B 586, C 492, R 606, C 712.] Hab. Northern parts of the Old World. In North America breeds in the Aleutian Islands, and occurs occasionally in the Eastern United States. Il6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 137. Anas axnericana Gmel. Baldpate. Anas americana Gmelin, S. N. I. 1788, 526. [B585, C493, R607, C713.] Hab. North America, from the Arctic Ocean south to Guatemala and Cuba. Subgenus NETTION Kaup. Nettion Kaup, Sk. Ent. Europ. Thierw. 1829, 95. Type, Anas crecca Linn. [138.] Anas crecca Linn. F^uropean Teal. Anas crecca Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 126. [B 580, C 494, R 611, C 714.] Hab. Northern parts of the Old World. Casual in Eastern North Anerica and the Aleutian Islands. 139. Anas carolinensis Gmelin. Green-winged TeaL Anas carolinensis Gmel. S. N. L 1788, 533. [B 579, C 495, R 612, C 715.] Hab. North America, breeding chiefly north of the United States, and migrating south to Honduras and Cuba. Subgenus QUERQUEDULA Stephens. Querquedula Stephens, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 142. Type, Anas querquedula Linn. 140. Anas discors Linn. Blue-Tvinged Teal. Anas discors Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 205. [B581, C496, R609, C 716.] Hab. North America in general, but chiefly the Eastern Province ; north to Alaska, and south to the West Indies and Northern Sc 'h America j breeds from the Northern United Slates northward. ORDER ANSERES. 117 141. Anas cyanoptera Vieill. Ciunaniou Teal. Anas cyanoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. V. 1816, 104. [B582, C497, R610, C717.] Hab. Western America from Columbia River south to Chili, Pata- gonia, and Falkland Islands ; east in North America to the Rocky Mountains ; casual in the Mississippi Valley. Genus SPATULA Boie. spatula Boie, Isis, 1822, 564. Type, Anas clypeata Linn. 142. Spatula clypeata (Linn.). Shoveller. Anas clypeata Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 124. Spatula clypeata Boie, Isis, 1822, 564. [B 583, C 498, R 608, C 718.] Hab. Northern Hemisphere. In North America breeding from Alaska to Texas ; not abundant on the Atlantic coast. Genus DAFILA Stephens. Dafila Stephens, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 126. 143. Dafila acuta (Linn.). Pintail. Anas acuta LiNN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 126. Dajila acuta Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, 56. [B 578, C 490, R 605, C 710.] Hab. Northern Hemisphere. In North America breeds from the northern parts of the United States northward, and migrates south to Panama and Cuba. Genus AIX Boie. Aix Boie, Isis, 1828, 329. Type, Anas sponsa Linn. Il8 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 144. Aiz sponsa (Linn.). Wood Duck. Anas sponsa Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 128. Aix sponsa Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, 57. [B 587, C 499, R 613, C 719.] Hab. Temperate North America, breeding throughout its range. Genus NETTA Kaup. Netta Kaup, Sk. Ent. Europ. Thierw. 1829, 102. Type, Anas rufina Pall. [145.] Netta nifina (Pall.). Rufous-crested Duck. Anas rufina Pall. It. II. App. 1773, 73 !• Netta rufina Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nai. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. [B _, C — , R — , C 886.] Hab. Eastern Hemisphere ; accidental in Eastern United States. Genus AYTHYA Boie. Aythya Boie, Isis, 1822, 564. Type, by elimination, Anas ferina Linn. 146. Aythya americana (Eyt.). Redhead. Fuligula americana Eyton, Monogr. Anat. 1838, 155. Aythya americana Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 793. [B 591, C 503, R 618, C 723.] Hab. North America, breeding from California and Maine north- ward. 147. Aythya vallisneria (Wils.). Canvas-back. Anas vallisneria Wilson, Am. Cm. VIII. 1814, 103. Aythya valisneria Boie, Isis, 1826, 980. ORDER ANSERES. 119 [Bs92, C 504, R617, C 724.] Hab. Nearly all of North America, breeding from the Northwest- ern States northward to Alaska. Subgenus FULIGULA Stephens. Fulif^nla Stephens, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 187. Type, by elimination, Anas fuligtila Linn. 148. Aythya marila nearctica Stejn. American Scaup Duck. Aythya marila nearctica Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 161. [B 588, C 500, R 614, C 720.] Hab. North America, breeding far north. 149. Aythya affinis (Eyt.). Lesser Scaup Duck. Fuligula affinis Eyt. Men. Anat. 1838, 157. Aythya affinis Stejn. Orn. Kxpl. Kamtsch. 1885, l6l. [B 589, C 501, R 615, C 721.] Hab. North America in general, breeding chiefly north of the United States, migrating south to Guatemala and the West Indies. 150. Aythya collaris (Donov.). Ring-necked Duck. Anas collaris Donov. Br. Birds, VI. 1809. pi. 147. Aythya collaris Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356. [B 590, C 502, R 616, C 722.] Hab. North America, breeding far north and migrating south to Guatemala and the West Indies. Genus GLAUCIONETTA Stejneger. Glaucionetta Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 409. Type, Anas clangula Linn. 120 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 151. Glaucionetta clangula americana (Donap.). Ainerioan Goldeu-eye. Clangula americana Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, 58. Glaucionetta clangula americana SxejN. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 409. [BS93>C 505, R 620, C 725.] Hab, North America, breeding from Maine and tlie British Prov- inces northward; in winter, south to Cuba. i52. Glaucionetta islandica (Gmel.). Barrow's Golden-eye. Anas islandica Gmel. S. N. I. 178S, 541. Glaucionetta islandica Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 409. [B 594, C 506, R 619, C 726.] Hab. Northern North America, south in winter to New York, Illi- nois and Utah ; breeding from the Gulf of St. Lawrence northward, and south in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado ; Greenland ; Iceland. Genus CHARITONETTA Stejn eger. Charitonetta Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 18S5, 163. Type, Anas albeola Linn. 153. Charitonetta albeola (Linn.). Buftle-head. Anas albeola Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I. 1758, 124. Charitonetta albeola Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 166. [B59S> C 507, R621, C 727.] Hab. North America ; south in winter to Cuba and Mexico. Breeds from Maine northward, through the Fur Countries and Alaska. Genus CLANGULA Leach. Clangula Leach, in Ross's Voy. Disc. 1819, App. p. xlviii. Type, Anas glacialis LiNN. 154. Clangula hyemalis (Linn.). Old-squaw^. Anas hyemalis LiNN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 126. Clangula /liemalis Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. 1831,933. ORDER ANSERES. 121 [li 597, C 508, R 623, C 728.] Hab. Northern Hemisphere; in North America south to the Poto- mac and the Ohio ; breeds far northward. Genus HISTRIONICUS Lesson. Histrioniius Lesson, Man. d'Orn. IL 1828,415, Type, Anas histri- onica LiXN. 155. Histnonicus histrionicus (Linn.). Harlequin Duck. Anas histTionica Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 127. Histrionicus histrionicus BoucARD, Cat. A v. 1876, 60. [B 596, C 510, R 622, C 730.] Hab. Northern North America, breedin^r from Newfoundland, the Northern Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada, northward ; south in winter to the Middle States and California ; Eastern Asia ; Iceland. Genus CAMPTOLAIMUS Gray. Camptolainius Gray, List Gen. 1S41, 95. Type, Anas labradoria Gm. 15C. Camptolaimus labradorius (Gmel.). Labrador Duck. Anas labradoria Gmel. S. N. L 1788, 537. Camptolaimus labradorus Gray, List Gen. 1841, 95. [B 600, C 510, R 624, C 730.] Hab. Formerly Northern Atlantic coast, from New Jersey (in winter) northward, breeding from Labrador northward. Now ex- tremely rare, and perhaps extinct. Genus ENICONETTA Gray. Eniconeita Gray, List Gen. 1840, T^- Type, Anas stelleri Pall. 157. Eniconetta stelleri (Pall.). Steller's Duck. Anas stelleri Pall. Spicil. Zool. VL 1769, 35. Eniconetta stelleri Gkay, List Gen. 1840, 75. 122 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B598, C5ii,R625. C731.] Hah. Arctic and subarctic coasts of the Northern Hemisphere. Genus ARCTONETTA Gray. Arctonetta Gray, P. Z. S. 1855, 12. Type, Fuligulajischeri Brandt. 158. Arctonetta fischeri (Brandt). spectacled Kider. Fuli^^ula fischeri Brandt, Mdm. Acad. St. P(5tersb. VI. 1849, 6, 10. A rc/onez/it jisi/ieri hLAKiSToa, Ibis, 1803, 150. [^ 599. C 512, R626, C 732.] Hab. Coast of Alaska, north to Point Barrow. Genus SOMATERIA Leach. Subgenus SOMATERIA. Somateria Leach, in Ross's Voy. Disc. 1819, App. p. xlviii. Type, Anas inollissima LiXN. I ^/) rr 159. Somateria mollissima (Linn.). Eider. Arias inollissima LiNN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 124. Somateria inollissima Boie, I sis, 1822. 564. [B 606, >7r/, C ^\Z,part, R 627, C 733.] Hab. Northern Europe and Northeastern North America, includ- ing Greenland and Northern Labrador ; south in winter on the Atlan- tic coast to Maine. 160. Somateria dresseri Sharpe. American Eider. Somateria tfresseri SuARPE, Ann. Mag. Nat Hist. July, 1871, 51. [B 606, part, C 513,/drr/, R 627 a, C 734.] Hab. Atlantic coast of North America, from Maine to Labrador; south in winter to the Delaware. ORDER ANSERES. 123 IGl. Somaterla v.nigra Gray. i'uciUe Eider. Somateiia v-nigra Gray, P. Z. S. 1855, 212. [B 607, C 514, R 628, C 735.] Hab. Coasts of the North Pacific ; in the interior to the Great Slave Lake district, and in Eastern Siberia. Subgenus ERIONETTA Coues. Erionetta Coues, Key N, A. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 709. Type, Anas spec tab His Linn. 1C2. Somateria spectabilis (Linn.). King Kider. Anas spectabilis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 123. Somateria spectabilis Leach, in Ross's Voy. Disc. 18 19, App. p. xlviii. [B 60S, C 515, R 629,0 736.] Hab. Northern part of Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the Arc- tic regions ; in North America south casually in winter to New Jersey and the Great Lakes. Genus OIDEMIA Fleming. Subgenus OIDEMIA. Oidemia Fleming, Philos. Zool. IL 1822, 260. Type, by elimination, Anas nigra LiNN. 1G3. Oidemia americana Sw. & Rich. American Scoter. Oidemia americana Sw. & Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. H. 1S31, 450. [B 604, C 516, R 630,0 737.] Hab. Ooasts and larger lakes of Northern North America ; breeds in Labrador and the northern interior ; south in winter to New Jersey, the Great Lakes, and Oalifornia. Subgenus MELANITTA Boie. Melanitta BoiE, Isis, 1822, 564. Type, by elimination. Anas fusca Linn. 124 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [164.] Oidemia fusca (Linn). Velvet Scoter. Anas fusca LiXN S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 123. Oidemia fusca Stephens, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 216. [B-,C— , R63i,C— .] Hab. Northern Old World ; accidental (?) in Alaska and Green- land. 165. Oidemia deglandi Bonap. White-winged Scoter. Oidemia dcj;landi Boxap. Rev. Grit, de I'Orn. Europ. de Dr. Degl., 1850, 108. [B 601, C 517, R 632, C 738.] Hab. Northern North America, breeding in Labrador and the Fur Countries ; south in winter to the Middle States, Southern Illinois, and Southern California. Subgenus PELION13TTA Kaup. Pelioneita. Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 107. Type, Anas pe}spi:ulaius LiXN. 166. Oidemia pergpicillata (^ nn.). Surf Scoter. Anas perspicillata Lixx. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 125. Oidejnia perspicillaia Stephens, Gen. Zool. XII. pt. ii. 1824, 219. [B 602, 603, C 518, 518^, R 633, C 739, 740] Hab. Coasts and larger inland waters of Northern North America ; in winter south to the Carolinas, the Ohio River, and Lower California. Genus ERISMATURA Bonaparte. Erismatura Bonap. Saggio Dis.tr. Meth. 1832, 143. Type, Anas rubidus Wils. 167. Erismatura rubida (Wils.). Ruddy Duck. Anas rubidus V^ii.so'H, Am. Orn. VIII. 1814, 128. Erismatura rubida Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, 59. ORDER ANSERES. 125 [B 609, C 519, R 634, C 741.] Hab. North America in general, south to Cuba, GuatPmala, and Northern South America, breeding throughout most of its North Amer- ican range. Genus NOMONYX Ridgway. Nomojiyx Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. II. 1880, 15. Type, Anas dominie a LiNN. [168.] Nomon3r2 dominicus (Linn.). Masked Duck. Anas dojninica Linn. S. N. ed. 12, 1766, 201. Nomonyx dominicus RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. II. 1880, 15. [B610, C520, R635, C 742.] Hab. Tropical America ; accidental in Eastern North America (Wisconsin ; Lake Champlain). Subfamily ANSERIN-\\Kii MSS.," Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. i86i, 73. Chen rossii ^mGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 203. [B— ,C48i, R592, C697.] Hab. Arctic America in summer, Pacific coast to Southern Cali- fornia in winter. Genus ANSER Brisson. Anser Brisson, Orn. VI. 1760, 261. Type, Anas anser Linn. [171.] Anser albifirons (Gm.). White-fronted Goose. Anas albifrons Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 509. Anser albifrons Bechst. Gem. Naturg. Deutschl. IV. 1809, 898. [B-, C-, R593,Ce^2.] Hab. Northern parts of Eastern Hemisphere and Greenland. 171 a. Anser albifrons gambeli (Hartl.). American White-fronted Goose. Anser gambeli Hartlaub, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1852, 7. Anser albifrons \ZT. gambeli QoxjES, Key, 1872, 282. [B 565, 566, C 478, R 593 a, C 693.] Hab. North America, breeding far northward ; in winter south to Mexico and Cuba. Genus BRANTA Scopoli. Branta ScoPOLi, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. 1760, 67. Type, Anas bernicla Linn. 172. Branta canadensis (Linn.). Canada Goose. Anas canadensis Link, S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 123. Branta canadensis Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131. ORDER ANSERES. 12/ [B 567, C 485, R 594, C 702.] Hab. Temperate North America, breeding in the Northern United States and British Provinces ; south in winter to Mexico. 172 a. Brr .ta canadensis hutchinsii (Sw. & Rich.). Hutchins's Ooose. Anser hutchinsii 'tiW. & Rich. Faun. Bor. Am. II. 1831, 470. Branta canadettsis var. hutchinsii CouES, Key, 1872, 284. [B 569, C 485 b, R 594^, C 704.] Hab. North America, breeding in the Arctic regions, and mi grating south in winter, chiefly through the Western United States and Mississippi Valley ; Eastern Asia. 112 b. Branta canadensis occidentalis (Baird). White-cheeked Goose. Bernicla occidentalis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 766. Branta canadensis occidentalis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355- [B 567 rtr, C — , R 594 f, C — .] Hab. Pacific coast region, from Sitka south, in winter, to Cali- fornia. 112 c. Branta canadensis minima Ridgw. Cackling Goose. Branta minima RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. No. 2, April 20, 18S5, 23. Branta canadensis minima Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355- [B 568, C 485 a, R 594 b, C Tozypart."] Hab. Coast of Alaska, migrating southward into the Western United States, east to Wisconsin. 173. Branta bernicla (Linn.). Brant. Anas bernicla LiNir. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 124. Branta bernicla Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat. 1769, 6^. [B 570, C 484, R 595' C 700-] 128 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Hab. Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere ; in North Amer- ica chiefly on the Atlantic coast ; rare in the interior, or away from salt water. 174. Branta nigricans (Lawr.). Black Brant. Anser tiigricans Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y. IV. 1846, 171. Branta nigricans Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131. [B571, C— , R596, C 701.] Hab. Arctic and Western North America ; rare or casual in the Atlantic States. [175.] Branta leucopsis (Bechst.). Barnacle Goose. Anas leucopsis Bechstein, Orn, Taschb. Deutschl. 1803, 424. Branta leucopsis Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131. [B 572, C 483, R 597, C 699.] Hab. Northern parts of the Old World ; casual in Eastern North America. Genus FHILACTE Bannister. Philacte Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 131. Type, Anas catia C 7c6.] Hab. Southwestern border of the United States and southward (Mexico, West Indies, etc.). 178. Dendrocygna fulva (Gmel.). Fulvous Tree-duck. Anas fulva Gmel. S. N. L 1788, 530. Dendrocygna fulva Burmeister, Reise durch die La Plata Staaten, 1856, 515. [B 575, C 486, R 600, C 705.] Hab. Southern border of the United States (Louisiana, Texas, Nevada, California) and southward. Subfamily CYGNINjE. Swans. Genus OLOR Wagler. Olor Wagler, I sis, 1832, 1234. Type, Anas cygnus Linn. [179.] Olor cyguus (Linn.). Whooping Swan. Anas cygnus LiNN. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 122. O/^r ^j^;/«j Bonaparte, Catal. Parzudaki, 1856, 15. [B —, C — , R 586, C 690.] Hab. Europe and Asia ; Greenland. 180. Olor columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan. Anas columbianus Ord, in Guthrie's Geogr. 2d Am. ed. 18 15, 319. Olor columbianus Stejn, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, 210. [B 561 bis, C 477, R 588, C 689.] Hab. The whole of North America, breeding far north. 130 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 181. Olor buccinator (Rich.). Trumpeter Swan. Cy^nus buccinator Richards. Fauna Bor. Am. I. 1831, 464. Olor buccinalor V^ XGiJE.Ky Isis, 1832, 1234. [B 562, C 476, R 589, C 688.] Hab. Chiefly the interior of North America, from the Gulf coast to the Fur Countries, breeding from Iowa and Dakota northward ; west to the Pacific coast, but rare or casual on the Atlantic. Order ODONTOGLOSS^. Lamelliros- TRAL GrALLATORES. Family PHCENICOPTERID-ffi. Flamingoes. Genus FHCUNICOFTERnS Linn. Phoenicopterns Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 139. Type, P. ruber Linn. 182. Phoenicopterus ruber Linn. American Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 139. [B 502, C 475. R 585, C 687.] Hab. Atlantic coasts of subtropical and tropical America ; Flor- ida Keys. ORDER HERODIONES. 131 Order HERODIONES. Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc. Suborder IBIDES. Spoonbills and Ibises. Family PLATALEID-ffl. Spoonbills. Genus AJAJA Reich. Ajaja Reich. Handb. 1852, p. xvi. Type, Platalea ajaja Linn. 183. Ajaja ajaja (Linn.). Roseate Spoonbill. Platalea ajaja Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 140. Ajaja ajaja Boucard, Cat. Av. 1876, 54. (B 501, C 488, R 505, C 653.) Hab. Southern United States southward to the Falkland Islands and Patagonia. Family IBIDID^. Ibises. Genus GUARA Reichenbach. Guara Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xiv. Type, Tantalus ruber Linn. 184. Guara alba (Linn.). White Ibis. Scolopax alba Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 145. Guara alba Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, 9. [B 499, C 446, R 501, C 651.] Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States southward to the West In- dies and Northern South America ; casually on the Atlantic coast to 132 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Long Island ; in the interior to the Lower Ohio Valley and Great Salt Lake. [185.] Guara rubra (Linn.). Scarlet Ibis. Tantalus ruber Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 241. Guara rubra Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xiv. [B 498, C 447, R 502, C 652.] Hab. Florida, Louisiana (?), and Texas, southward to the West Indies and Northern South America. No record of its recent occur- rence in the United States. Genus PLEGADIS Kaup. Plegadis Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. 1829, 82. Type, Tantalus falci- nellus Linn. = Tringa autumnalis Hasselq. 186. Plegadis autumnalis (Hasselq.). Glossy Ibis. Tringa autumnalis Hasselquist, Raise nach Palast. Deutsche Ausg. 1762, 306. Plegadis autumnalis Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. 1885, 160. [B 500, C 445, R 503, C 649.] Hab. Northern Old World, West Indies, and Eastern United States. Only locally abundant, and of irregular distribution in America. 187. Plegadis guarauna (Linn.). White-faced Glossy Ibis. Scolopax guarauna Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 242. Plegadis guarauna RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. I. Oct. 2, 1878, 163. [B — , C 445 jis, 445 ter, R 504, C 650.] Hab. Western United States (Texas, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Cali- fornia, etc.), southward to Mexico, West Indies, and Central and South America. ORDER IIERODIONES. 133 Suborder C ICONIC. Storks, etc. Family CICONIID-^. Storks and Wood Ibises. Subfamily TANTALINuSl. Wood Ibises. Genus TANTALUS Linn^us. Tantalus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 140. Type, T. loculator Linn. 188. Tantalus loculator Linn. Wood Ibis. Tantalus loculator Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 140. [B 497, C 444, R 500, C 648.] Hab. Southern United States, from the Ohio Valley, Colorado, Utah, California, etc., south to Buenos Ayres ; casually northward to Pennsylvania and New York. Subfamily CICONIINuE. Storks. Genus M7CTERIA LiNNiEus. Mycteria Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 140. Type, M. americana Linn. [189.] Mycteria americana Linn. Jabiru. Mycteria americana Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 140. [B — , C 448 bis, R 499, C 654.] Hab. Tropical America, north casually to Southern Texas. 134 check-list of north american birds. Suborder HERODII. Herons, Egrets, Bitterns, etc. Family ARDEID-^. Herons, Bitterns, etc Subfamily BOTAURIN-^. Bitterns. Genus BOTAURUS Hermann. Subgenus BOTAURUS. Boiaurus Hermann, Tabl. Affin. Anim. 1783, 13^. Type, Ardea stellaris Linn. 190. Botaums lentiginosus (Montag.). American Bittern. Ardea letitiginosa Montag. Orn. Diet. Suppl. 1813, — . Boiaurus lentiginosus Steph. Gen. Zool. XI. ii. 1819, 592. [B 492, C 460, R 497, C 666.] Hab. Temperate North America, south to Guatemala and the West Indies. Subgenus ARDETTA Gray. Ardetta Gray, List Gen. B. App. 1842, 13. Type, Ardea tninuta Linn. 191. Botaurus ezilis (Gmel.). Least Bittern. Ardea exilis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 645. Botaurus exilis Reichenow, J. f. O. 1877, 244. [B 491, C 461, R 498, C 667.] Hab. Temperate North America, from the British Provinces to the West Indies and Brazil. l'C'-/1hl ORDER HERODIONES. 135 Subfamily ABDEIN^. Herons and Egrets. Genus ARDEA Linn. Subgenus ARDEA. Ardea Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, Ui- Type, by elimination, A. cinerea Linn. 192. Ardea occidentalis Aud. Great White Heron. Ardea occidentalis Aud. Orn. Biog. II L 1835, 542. [B 489, C 451, R 486, C 6s(>,part.] Hab. Florida ; Jamaica ; accidental in Southern Illinois. 193. Ardea wardi Ridgw. Ward's Heron Ardea wardi Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan 1882, 5. [B — , C — , R — C — .] Hab. Florida. 194. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. Ardea herodias Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, I43- [B 487, C 449> R 487, C 655.] Hab. North America, from the Arctic regions southward to the West Indies and Northern South America. [195.] Ardea cinerea Linn. European Blue Heron. Ardea cinerea Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 143. [B — , C — , R 488, C 657.] Hab. Most of the Eastern Hemisphere; accidental in Southern Greenland. 136 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Subgenus HERODIAS Boie. Herodias BoiE, Isis, 1S22, 559. Type, by elimination, Ardaa egretta Gmel. 196. Ardea egretta Gmel. American Kgret. Ardea egretta Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 629. [B 486, 486*, C 452, R 489, C 658.] Hab. Temperate and tropical America, from New Jersey, Minne- sota, and Oregon south to Patagonia ; casually on the Atlantic coast to Nova Scotia. Subgenus OARZETTA Kaup. Garzetta Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. 1829, 76. Type, Ardea gar- zetta Linn. 197. Ardea candidissima Gmel. Snowy Heron. Ardea candidissima Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 633. [B 485, C 453, R 490, C 659.] Hab. Temperate and tropical America, from Long Island and Oregon south to Buenos Ayres ; casual on the Atlantic coast to Nova Scotia. Subgenus DICHROMANASSA Ridgway. Dichromanassa Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. IV. Feb. 5, 1878, 246. Type, Ardea rufa Bodd. 198. Ardea rufa Bodd. Reddish Egret. Ardea rufa Bodd. Tabl. P. E. 1783, 54. [B 483, 482, C 455, R 491, C 661.] Hab. Gulf States and Mexico south to Guatemala, Jamaica, and Cuba ; north to Southern Illinois. Subgenus H7DRANASSA Baird. Hydranassa Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 660 (in text). Type, Ardea ludoviciana Wils. = A. tricolor Mull. ORDER HERODIONES. I37 191). Ardea tricolor ruflcoUic (Gosse). Louisiana Heron. Egntta rnjkollis Gosse, B. Jamaica, 1847, 338. Ardea tricolor rujicollis RiLtGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. [B 484, C 154, R 492, C 660.] Hab. Gulf States, Mexico, Central America, and West Indies, casually northward to New Jersey and Indiana. Subgenus FLORIDA Bairo. Florida Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 671. Type, Ardea caerulea Linn. 200. Ardea ccemlea Linn. Little Blue Uerou. Ardea caerulea Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 143. [B 490, C 456, R 493, C 662.] Hab. New Jersey, Illinois, and Kansas, southward through Central America and the West Indies to Guiana and New Grenada ; casually north on the Atlantic coast to Massachusetts and Maine. \K> Subgenus BUTORIDES Blyth. Butorides "Blyth, 1849," Bonap. Consp. II. 1855, 128. Type, Ardea javanica Horsf. 201. Ardea virescens Linn. Green Heron. Ardea virescens Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 144. [B 493, C 457, R 494, C 663.] Hab. Canada and Oregon, southward to Northern South America and the West Indies ; rare or absent in the Middle Province. Genus NYCTICORAZ Stephens. Subgenus NYCTICORAX. Nycticorax Steph. Gen. Zool. XI. ii. 18 19, 608. nycticorax Linn. Type, Ardea 138 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 202. Nycticorax nycticoraz neevius (Bodd.). Black- crowned Night Heron. Ardea ncevia Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. 1783, 56. Nycticorax nycticorax ncevius Zeledon, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 113. [B 495, C 458, R 495, C 664.] Hab. America, from the British Possessions southward to the Falk- land Islands, including part of the West Indies. / , ^.^ -.mu. . Subgenus NYCTHEB.ODIUS Reichenbach. Nyctherodius Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xvi. Type, Ardea violacea Linn. 203. Nycticorax violaceiis (Linn.). Yellow-crowned Night Heron. Ardea violacea Linn, S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 143. Nycticorax violacea Vigors, Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 446. [B 496, C 459, R 496, C 665.] Hab. Warm-temperate Eastern North America, from the Carolinas and the Lower Ohio Valley south to Brazil j casually north to Massa- chusetts and west to Colorado. Order PALUDICOL^ Cranes, Rails, etc. Suborder GRUES. Cranes. Family GRUID^. Cranes. Genus GRUS Pallas. Grus Pall. Misc. Zool. 1766, (3^. Type, Ardea grus Linn. ORDER PALUDICOLiE. 139 204. Grus americana (Linn.). Whooping Crane. Ardea americana Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 142. Grus americana Sw. & Rick. Faun. Bor. Am. IL 1831, 372. [B 478, C 462, R 582, C 668.] Hab. Interior of North America, from the Fur Countries to Flor- ida, Texas, and Mexico, and from Oliio to Colorado. Formerly on the Atlantic coast, at least casually, to New England. 205. Grus canadensis (Linn.). Little Brown Crane. Ardea canadensis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 141. Grus canadensis Temm. Man. L 1820, p. c. [B 4S0, C 463, R 584, C 669.] Hab. Arctic and subarctic America, breeding from the Fur Coun- tries and Alaska to the Arctic coast, migrating south in winter into the Western United States. 206. Grus mexicana (Mull.). Sandhill Crane. Ardea i^grus) mexicana Mull. S. N. Suppl. 1776, no. Grus mexicana Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mas. VIIL 1885, 356. [B 479» C — , R 583, C 670.] Hab. Southern half of North America ; now rare near the Atlantic coast, except in Georgia and Florida. Suborder RALLI. Rails, Gallinules, Coots, etc. Family ARAMID^. Courlans. Genus ARAMUS Vieillot. Aramus Vieill. Analyse, 1816, 58. Type, Ardea scolopacea Gmel. I40 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 207. Aramus giganteus (Bonap.). Limpkin. Rail us giganteus BoNAP, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. 1825, 31. Arafnus giganteus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 657. [B481, C 464, R581, C671.] Hab. Florida, West Indies, and Atlantic coast of Central America. Family RALLID.^. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots. Subfamily RALLIN., R 532, C 622.] Hab. Prybilof Islands, Alaska. Subgenus ACTODROMAS Kaup. Actcdromas Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 37. Type, Tringa minuta Leisl. 238. Tringa acuminata (Horsf.). Sharp-tailed Sandpiper. Totanus acnminatns Horsf. Linn. Trans. XHI. 1821, 192. Tringa acuminata Swixh. P. Z. S. 1863, 315. [B-, C— , RS33.C619.] Hab. Eastern Asia, and coast of Alaska, migrating south to Aus- tralia. 239. Tringa maculata Vieill. Pectoral Sandpiper. Tringa maculata Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV. 18 19, 465. [B531, C420, R534, C616.J Hab. The whole of North America, the West Indies, and the greater part of South America. Breeds in the Arctic regions. Of frequent occurrence in Europe. ORDER LIMICOL/E. I5» 240. Tringa fuscicoUis Vieill. Wliitu-ruuipeil Suuilpiper. Tringa fmcicollis ViEiLL. Nouv. Diet. XXXI V. 1819,461. [^^533. ^421, K 536, C 617.] Hah. Eastern Province of Norih America, breeding in the high north. In winter, the West Indies, Central and South America, south to the Falkland Islands. Occasional in Europe. -41. Tringa bairdii (Coues). BairU's Sandpiper. Actoci/ Off I as bairdii QovES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. i86r, 194, Tritiga bairdii ScL. P. Z. S. 1867, 332. [B— , C419, R 537, C 615.] Hab. The whole of North and South America, but chiefly the in- terior of North and the western portions of South America. Rare along the Atlantic coast, and not yet recorded from the Pacific coast. -42. Tringa minutilla Vieill. Least Sandpiper. Ttifiga mifititilla Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV. 1819, 452. [B 532, C 418. R 538, C 614.] Hab. The whole of North and South America, breeding north of the United States. Accidental in Europe. 7.- ^^i'j/ Subgenus PELIDNA Cuvier. Pelidtia Q\2V. R^gne An. 1S17, 490. Type, Tringa aipina Lixx. [243.] Tringa aipina Linn. Dunlin. Tritiga alpitta Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 149. [B - C -, R 539, C 623.] Hab. Northern parts of the Old World \ accidental in North America. 152 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 243 a. Tringa alpina pacifica (Coues). Red-backed Sandpiper. Pelidna pacifica CouES, Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 189. Tringa alpina pacifica RiDGW. MS. [B 530, C 424, ::i 539 «, C 62 ;.] Hab. North America in general, breeding far north. Eastern Asia. Subgenus ANCYLOCHEILUS Kaup. Ancylocheilus Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 50. Type, Tringa subarqiiata Temm. = T. ferruginea Brunn. 244. Tringa fenuginea Brunn. Curlew Sandpiper. Tringa ferruginea Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 53. [B 529, C 425, R 540, C 625.] Hab. Old World in general ; occasional in Eastern North America. Genus EURYNORHYNCHUS Nilsson. Eurynorhynchus NiLSS. Orn. Suec. II. 1821, 29. Type, Platalea pygmcea Linn. [245.] Eurynorhynchus pygmeeus (Linn.). Spoon-bill Sandpiper. Platalea pygvicpa Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 140. Eurynorhynchus pygmceus Pearson, Jour. As. Soc. Bang. V. 1836, 127. [B — , C — , R 542* C 884.] Hab. Asia; in summer along the Arctic coast, in winter Southern and Southeastern Asia. Accidental on the coast of Alaska. Genus EREUNETES Illiger. Ereunetes Illig. Prodr. 1811,262. Type, E. petrificatus ILLIG. = Tringa pusilla Linn. ORDER LIMICOLiE. 153 246. Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.). Seuiipalmated Sandpiper. Tringa pusilla Linn. S. N. ed, 12, I. 1766, 252. Ereunetes pusillus Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. i860, 195. [B535, C 417, R 541, C 612.] Hab. Eastern Province of North America, breeding north of the United States j south in winter to the West Indies and South America. 247. Ereunetes occidentalis Lawr. Western Sandpiper. Ereunetes occider talis Lawr. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 107. [B — , C 417 «, R 541 a, C 613.] Hab. Chiefly Western Province of the United States, occasional eastward to the Atlantic coast ; breeding far north and migrating in winter to Central and South America. Genus CALIDRIS Cuvier. Calidris Cuv. Leg. Anat. Comp. L 1 799-1 800, tabl. ii. Type, Tringa arenaria Linn. 248. Calidris arenaria (Linn.). Sanderling. Tringa arenaria Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 251. Calidris arenaria Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1816, 28. [B 534, C 427, R 542, C 627.] Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in the Arctic and Subarctic regions, migrating, in America, south to Chili and Patagonia. Genus LIMOSA Brisson. Limosa Briss. Orn. V. 1760, 261. Type, Scolopax limosa Linn. 249. Limosa fedoa (Linn.). Marbled Godwit. Scolopax fedoa Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 146. Limosa fedoa Ord, Wils. Orn. VIL 1S24, 30. 154 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B 547, C 428, R 543, C 628.] Hab. North America ; breeding in the interior (Missouri region and northward), migrating in winter southward to Central America and Cuba. 250. Limosa lapponica baueri (Naum.). Pacific Godwit. Lifiiosa baueri Naumaxx, Vcig Deutschl. VIII. 1834, 429. Limosa lapponica baueri ^i'e.]'^. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1885, 122. [B— , C 430, R544, CC31.] Hab, Shores and islands of the Pacific Ocean, from Australia to Alaska. On the American coast recorded south of Alaska only from I.ower California. 251. Limosa hsemastica (Linn.). Hudsoiiiau Godwit. Scolopax hcemastica LiXN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 147. Limosa hccmastica CouES, Birds Northwest, 1S74, 760. [B 548, C 429, R 545, C 629.] Hab. Eastern North America and the whole of Middle and South America. Breeds only in the high north. [252.] Limosa limosa (Linn.). Black-tailed Godwit. Scolopax limosa Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 147. Limosa limosa Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356. [B _ C -, R 546, C 630.] Hab. Northern parts of the Old World ; accidental in Greenland. Genus TOTANUS Bechstein. Totanus Bech. Orn. Tasch. Deutschl. 1803, 282. Type, Scolopax totanus Linn. ORDER LIMICOLyE. 155 Subgenus GLOTTIS Koch. Glottis Koch, Baier. Zool. 18 16, 304. Type, Totanus glottis Bechst. = Scolopax nebularius Gunner. [253.] Totanus nebularius (Gunn.). Green-shank. Scolopax nebularius Gunner, in Leem, Lapp. Beskr. 1767, 251. Totanus nebularius Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 18S2, yj. [B 538, C 434, R 547, C 635.] Hab. Eastern Hemisphere ; accidental in Florida. 254. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmel.). Greater Yellow-legs. Scolopax melanoleuca Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 659. Totanus tnelanoleucus Vieill. Nouv. Diet. VI. 1816, 398. [B 539, C 432, R 548, C dzi^ Hab. America in general, breeding in the cold temperate and sub- arctic portions of North America, and migrating south to Chili and Buenos Ayres. 255. Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). Yellow-legs. Scolopax flavipes Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 659. Totamis flavipes Vieill. Nouv. Diet. VI. 1816, 410. [B 540, C 433, R 549, C 634] Hab. America in general, breeding in the cold temperate and sub- arctic districts, and migrating south in winter to Southern South America. Less common in the Western than in the Eastern Province of North America. /•2/ — Subgenus RHYACOPHILUS Kaup. Rhyacophilus Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thlerw. 1S29, 140. Type, Tringa glareola Linn. 156 CHECKLIST OF NORTH-AMERICAN BIRDS. 2oG. Totanus solitarius (Wils.). Solitary Sandpiper. Tringa solitaria WiLS. Am. Orn, VII. 1813, 53, pi. 58, fig. 3. Totanus solitarius Bonap. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. 1825, 86. [B 541, C 435, R 550, C 637.] Hab. North America, breeding occasionally in the Northern United States, more commonly northward, and migrating southward as far as Brazil and Peru. [257.] Totanus ochropus (Linn.). Greeu Sandpiper. Tringa ochropJuts (err. typ.) Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 149. Totanus ochropjis Temm. Man. 1815, 420. [B-,C-,R 551,0636.] Hab. Northern parts of the Old World. Accidental in Nova Scotia. Genus SYMFHEMIA Rafinesque. SympJiemia Rafinesque, Jour, de Phys. VII. 1819, 418. Type, Sco- lopax scmipalinata Gmel. 258. Symphemia semipalmata (Gmel.). Wiilet. Scolopax semipalmata Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 659. Symphemia semipalmata Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1845, 342. [B537, C 43i>R 552, C 632.] Hab. Temperate North America, south to the West Indies and Brazil. Genus HETERACTITIS Stejneger. Heteractitis Stejn. Auk, I. July, 1884, 236. Type, Scolopax inca- nus Gmel. 259. Heteractitis incanns (Gmel.). Wandering Tatler. Scolopax incanus Gmel. S. N. I. ii, 1788, 658. Heteractitis incanus Stejn. Auk, I. July, 1884, 236. ORDER LIMICOL/E. 1 57 [B 542, C 440, R 553, C 642.] Hab. Eastern islands and shores of the Pacific Ocean ; frequent during migrations on the coast of Alaska. Genus FAVONCELLA Leach. Pavo7icellii Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1816, 29. Type, Tringa pugnax Linn. [260.] Favoncella pugnax (Linn.). Kuff. Tringa pugnax Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 148. Pavoncella ptignax Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 1816, 29. [B 544, C 437. R 554, C 639.] Hab. Northerii parts of the Old World, straying occasionally to Eastern North America. Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson. Bartramia Less. Traitd, 183 1, 553. Type, B. laticauda Less. = T?-inga longicauda Bechst. 261. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). Bartramian Sandpiper. Tringa longicauda Bechst. Uebers. Lath. Ind. Orn. IL 1812, 453. Bartramius longicaudus Bonap. Rev. et Mag. Zoo). XX. 1857, 59. [B 545, C 438, R 555. C 640.] Hab. Eastern North America, north to Nova Scotia and Alaska, breeding throughout its North American range ; migrating in winter southward, as far even as Southern South America. Occasional in Europe. Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis. Tryngites Cab. Jour, fur Orn. 1856, 418. Type, Tringa rufescens ViEiLL. = T, subruficollis Vietll. 158 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 262. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieill.). Butt-breasted Sandpiper. Tringa subruficollis \VEAiA.. Nouv. Diet. XXXIV. 1819,465. Tryngites subrujicollis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356. [B 546, C 439, R 556, C 641.] Hab. North America, especially in the interior ; breeds in the Yukon district and the interior of British America, northward to the Arctic coast ; South America in winter. Of frequent occurrence in Europe. Genus ACTITIS Illiger. Actitis Illig. Prodr. 181 1, 262. Type, Tringa hypoleucos Linn. 263. Actitis macularia (Linn.). Spotted Sandpiper. Tringa macularia Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 249. Actitis macularia Naumann, Vog. Deulschl. VIII. 1836. 34. [B 543. C 436, R 557. C 638.] Hab. North and South America, south to Brazil. Breeds through- out temperate North America. Occasional in Europe. Genus NUMENIUS Brisson. Numenius Briss. Orn. VI. 1760, 311. Type, Scolopax arquata Linn. 264. Numenius longirostris Wils. Long-billed Curlew. Numenius longirostris Wils. Am. Orn. VIII. 1814, 24, pi. 64, fig. 4. [B 549, C 441, R 558, C 643.] Hab. Temperate North America, migrating south to Guatemala and the West Indies. Breeds in the South Atlantic States, and in the interior through most of its North American range. ORDER LIMICOLiE. 159 205. Numenius hudLonicus Lath. Iludsuniuu Cur»«^w. Numenius hudsonicus Lavh. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 712. [B 550, C 442, R 559> ^ 645.] Hab. All of North and South America, iricluding the West Indies ; breeds in the high north, and winters chiefly south of the United States. 26G. Numenius borealis (Forst.). Kskinio Curlew. Scolopax borealis Forst. Phil. Trans. LXII. 1772, 411, 431. Numenius borealis Lath. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 712. [B 551, C 443, R 560, C 646.] Hab. Eastern Province of North America, breeding in the Arctic regions, and migrating south to the southern extremity of South America. [267.] Numenius phaeopus (Linn.). W'hiinbrel. Scolopax phccopus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 146. N'umenijfs phceopus Lath. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 711. [B— C— , R561, C644.] Hab. Northern parts of the Old World ; occasional in Greenland. [268.] Numenius tahitiensis (Gmel.). Bristie-thighed Curlew. Scolopcx tahitiensis Gmel. S. N. L ii. 1788, 656. N'umenius tahitiensis RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 201. [B — , C 442 bis, R 562, C 647.] Hab. Islands of the Pacific Ocean. Occasional on the coast of Alaska. l6o CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Family CHARADRIID-ffi. Plovers. Genus VANELLUS Brisson. Vanellus Brlss. Orn. V. 1760, 94. Type, Tringa vanellus Linn. [2G9.] Vanellus vanellus (Linn.). Lapwing. Tringa vanellus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 148. Vanellus vanellus Light. Nom. Mus. Berol. 1854, 95. [B— C— , Rsi2,C593.] Hab. Northern parts of Eastern Hemisphere. Tn North America, occasional in Greenland and the islands in Norton Sound, Alaska. Genus CHARADRIUS Linnaeus. Subgenus SQUATAROLA Cuvier. Sguatarola Cuv. Khg. An. I. 1817,467. Type, Tringa squatarola Linn. 270. Charadrius squatarola (Linn.). Black-bellied Plover. Tringa squatarola Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 149. Charadrius squatarola Naum. Vog. Deutschl. VII. 1834, 250. [B 510, C395, R 513, C V J.] Hab. Nearly cosmopolitan, but chiefly in the Northern Hemi- sphere, breeding far north, and migrating south in winter ; in America, to the West Indies, Brazil, and New Grenada. Subgenus CHARADRIUS Linn^us. Charadrius Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 150. Type, C. apricarius Linn. [271.] Charadrius apricarius Linn. Golden Plover. Charadrius apricarius Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 150. ORDER LIMICOL^. l6l [B-C-,R 514,0583.] Hab. Europe, south to Africa in winter; Greenland. 272. Charadrius dominicus Mull. American Golden Plover. C}u„radriiis dominicus Mull. S. N. Suppl. 1776, 116. [B 503, C 396, R 515, C 581.] Hab. Arctic America, migrating southward throughout North and South America to Patagonia. 112 a. Charadrius dominicus fulvus (Gmel.). Pacific Golden Plover. Charadrius fiilvus Gmfl. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 6S7. Charadrius dominiais ftilvus RiDGW. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. III. 1880, 198. [B-C—R 515^,0582.] Hab. Asia, and islands of the Pacific Ocean ; in North America, Prybilof Islands and coast of Alaska. Genus ^GIALITIS Boie. Subgenus OXYECHUS Reichenbach. Oxyechus Reich. Syst. Av. 1853, p. xviii. Type, Charadrius vo- cifents Linn. 273. .ZBgiaUtis vocifera (Linn.). Killdeer. Charadrius voci/er us Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 150. jEgialites vociferus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45. [BS04, C397, R516, C584.] Hab. Temperate North America, migrating in winter to the West Indies, and Central and Northern South America. II l62 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. SUDGENUS iEOIALITIS Boie. /Egi'aliiis Boie, Isis. 1822, 558. Type, by elimination, Charadrius hiaticula LiNN. 274. iEglalitis semipalmata Bonap. Scmipalinuted Plover. jEgialites semipalmatus Bonap. Geo£;. & Comp. List, 1838, 45. [BS07, C^99, R 517, C 586.] Hab. Arctic and subarctic America, migrating south throughout tropical America, as far as Brazil and Peru. 275. iEgialitis hiaticula (Linn.). King Plover. Charadrius hiatiacla Linn. S. N. ed. ro, L 1758, 150. jEgialitis hiaticula Boie, Isis, 1822, 558. [B— , C-, R518, C589.] Hab. Northern parts of the Old World and portions of Arctic America, breeding on the west shore of Cumberland Gulf. [276.] iBgialitis dubia (Scop.). Little Ring Plover. Charadrius dubius Scopol:, Delic. F. et Fl. Insubr. II. 1786, 93. jEgialites dubius Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc VIII. ii. 1872, 89. [B — , C 4oo<'3;V, R 519, C 590.] Hab. Most of the Eastern Hemisphere, breeding northward. Ac- cidental on the coast of California and in Alaska. 277. iBgialitis meloda (Ord). Piping Plover. Charadrius vielodus Ord, ed. Wils. VII. 1824, 71. jEgialites melodus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45. [B 508, C 400, R 520, C 587.] Hab. Eastern Province of North America, breeding from the coast of Virginia (at least formerly) northward ; in winter, West Indies. ORDER LIMICOLit. 277 a. u^gialitis meloda circumcincta Ridgw. Belted Piping Plover. 163 A^gialilis melodus var. circumcinclus Ridgw. Am. Nat. VIII. 1874, 109. [B — , C 400 rt, R 520 rt, C 583.] Hab. Missouri River region ; occasional eastward to Atlantic coast. 278. iEgialitis nivosa Cass. Snowy Plover. uEgialitis nivosa Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 696. [B 509, C 401, R 521, C 591.] : Hab. Western Province of North America; in winter, both coasts of Central America, and Western South America to Chili, [279.] ^gialitis mongola (Pall.). Mongolian Plover. Charadrius mongoltts Pall. Relsa Russ. Reich. III. 1776, 700. ^gialUes mongoliis Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, 140. [B — , C — , R -, C -.] Hab. Northern Asia, southward to Northeastern Africa, India, Malay Archipelago, and Australia. Choris Peninsula, Alaska \ acci- dental. Subgenus OCHTHODROMUS Reichenbach. Ochthodromus Reich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. xviii. Type, Charadrius ivilsonius Ord. 280. iEgialitis wilsonia (Ord). Wilson's Plover. Charadrius wilsonia Ord, Wils. Orn. IX. 1814, 77, pi. 73, fig. 5. uEgialites wilsonius Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 45. [B 506, C 398, R 522, C 585.] Hab. Coasts of North and South America, from Long Island and Lower California southward to Brazil and Peru, including the West Indies. Casual north to Nova Scotia. 1 64 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Subgenus FODASOCYS Coues. Podiisocys Coues, I'r. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. iS66, 96. Type, Chaia- lirius montanus 1 owns. 281. 2!gialitl8 montana (Towns.). Mouiituiii Plover. Charadrius montaiius Towns. Jour. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 192. ^gialilis tnontanus Cass, in Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 693. [B 505, C 402, R 523, C 592.] Had. Temperate North America, from the Great Plains westward ; accidental in Florida. Family APHRIZID-ffi. Surf Birds and Turnstones. Subfamily APHRIZIN- C 596.] IIab. Sea-coasts of temperate and tropical America, from New Jersey and Lower California to Patagonia; occasional or accidental on the Atlantic coast north to Massachusetts and Grand Menan. /• 7. :=^^/'/ 287. Hsematopus bachmani Aud. Black Oyster-catcher. Hainatopiis bachmani Aud. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 245, pi. 427. [B 513, C 405, R 508, C 597.] Hab. "*acific coast of North America, from Alaska to. Lower Cali- fornia. Family JAOANID-^. Jacanas. Genus JACANA Brisson. Jacnna Briss. Orn. V. 1760, 121. Type, by elimination, Fulica spi- u Linn. /'^I ^ [288.] Jacana gymnostoma (Wagl.). Mexican Ja^aua. Parra gvmnosio»ia Wagler, Isis, 1831, 517. Jacana gymnostoma Zeledon, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 114. [B— , C— R 568, C 672.] Hab. Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, south to Central America ; Cuba. ORDER GALLING. 167 Order GALLIN^^. Gallinaceous Birds. Suborder PHASIANl. Pheasants, Grouse, Par- tridges, OUAILS, ETC. Family TETRAONID^. Grouse, Partridges, etc. Subfamily PERDICIN-dove. Columba martinica Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788. 781. Geotrygon martinica Bonap. Consp. Av. II. Dec. 1854, 74. [B 454, C 376, R 467, C 550.] Hab. Key West, Florida, and West Indies. Genus STARNCENAS Bonaparte. Starnoenas Bona?. Geog. & Comp. List, 183S, 41. Type, Columba /- ^yanocephala Linn. [328.] Stamcenas cyanocephala (Linn.). Blue-headed Quail-dove. Columba cyanocephala Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 163. Starnoenas cyanocephala Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 41. [B 455, C 377, R 468, C 551.] Hab. Florida Kevs and Cuba. Order RAPTORES. Birds of Prey. Suborder SARCORHAMPHI. American Vultures. Family CATHARTID-ffi. American Vultures. Genus P3EUDOGRYPHUS Ridgway. Pseudogryphus Ridgw. Hist. N. Am. B. HI. Jan. 1874, 337. 338. Type, Vultur californianus Shaw. ORDER RAPTORES. 1 83 324. Fseudogryphus califomianus (Shaw). California V^ulture. Vultur califomianus Shaw, Nat. Misc. IV. 1797, pi. ccci. Pseitdogryphus califortiianus RiDuW. Hist. N. Am. B. III. 1874, 338. [B 2, C 364, R 453» C 536.] Hab. Pacific coast region of the United States, from Oregon south- ward, and in the interior to Southern Utah. Genus CATHARTES Illiger. Cathartes Illig. Prodr. 181 1, 236. Type, by elimination, Vulitir aura Linn. 325. Cathartes aura (Linn ). Turkey Vulture. Vultur aura Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 86. Cathartes aura Spix, Aves Bras. I. 1825, 2. [B I, C 365, R 454, C 537.] Hab. Temperate North America, from New Jersey, Ohio Valley, Saskatchewan region, and Washington Territory southward to Pata- gonia. Casual northward on the Atlantic coast to Maine. Genus CATHARISTA Vieillot. Catharista ViEiLL. Analyse, 1816, 21. Type, by elimination, Vultur atratus Bartr. 326. Catharista atrata (Bartr.). Black Vulture Vultur atratus Bartr. Trav. Car. 1792, 285. Catharista atrata Gray, Handl. I. 1869, 3. [B 3, C 366, R 455, C 538.] Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to North Carolina and the Lower Ohio Valley, west to the Great Plains, and south through Mexico and Central America, the West Indies, and most of South America. Straggling north to New York and Maine. l84 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Suborder FALCONES. Vultures, Falcons, Hawks, Buzzards, Eagles, Kites, Harriers, etc. Family FALCONID-ffi. Vultures, Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, etc. Subfamily ACCIPITRIN-^. Kites, Buzzards, Hawks, Goshawks, Eagles, etc. Genus ELANOIDES Vieillot. Elanoidcs\\YA\A.. Nouv. Diet. XXIV. i8i8, loi. TyTpt^Falco/urcr- tits = F. forficahis Linn. 327. Elanoides forficatus (Linn.). Swallow-tailed Kite. Faico forficaUis Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 89. Elanoides forficatus CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875, 345. [B 34, C 337, R 426, C 493.] Hab. Southern United States, especially in the interior, from Penn- sylvania and Minnesota southward, throughout Central and South America ; westward to the Great Plains. Casual eastward to Southern New England. Accidental in England. Genus ELANUS Savigny. Elamis Savig. Descr. de I'figypte, 1809, 97. Type, E. casius-= Falco melanoptcrns Daud. 328. Elanus leucurus (Vie ill.). WhJte-tailed Kite. Miivus leucurus Y iEVLL. Nouv. Diet. XX. 181S, 563 (errore 556). Elanus leucurus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 4. [B SS, C 336, R 427. C 492.] Hab. Southern United States, from South Carolina, Southei'n Illi- nois, and California, southward to Chili and Buenos Ayres. ORDER RAPTORES. 1 85 Genus ICTINIA Vieillot. Ictinia Vieill. Analyse, 1816, 24. Type, Fako mississippiensisV^ius. 320. Ictinia mississippiensis (VVils.). 3Iississippi Kite. Falco mississippiensis Wils. Am. Orn, III. 181 1, 80, pi. 25, fig. i. Ictinia mississippiensis Gkav, Gen. B. I. 1845, 26. [B36, C335, R428, C49I-] Hab. Southern United States, southward from South Carolina on the coast, and Wisconsin and Iowa in the interior, to Mexico. Genus ROSTRHAMUS Lesson. Rostrhamtis Lf.ss. Traite, 1831, 55. Type, Falco hamatus ILLIG. 330. Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieill.). Everglade Kite. HerpetotJieres sociabilis YmiiA.. Nouv. Diet. XVIII. 1818, 318. Jiostrhamus sociabilis D'Orb. Voy. Ois. II. 1S47, 73. [B 37> C 334, R 429, C 490.] Hab. Florida, Cuba, Eastern Mexico, Central America, and East- ern South America, to the Argentine Republic. Genus CIRCUS LACEPtDE. Circtis Lac^p. Mem. de ITnst. III. 1801, 506. Type, Falco cyaneus Linn. 331. Circus hudsonius (Linn.). Marsh Havrk. Falco hudsonius Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 128. Circus hudsonius Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, pi. 9. [B 38, C 333, R 430, C 489.] Had. North America in general, south to Panama. 1 86 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus ACCIPTTER Brisson. SuuGENUs ACCIFITER. Accipiter Briss. Cm. I. 1760, 310. Type, by elimination, Falco nisus Linn. 332. Accipiter velox (Wils.). Shurp-sliiuued Hawk. Falco velox Wils. Am. Orn. V. 1812, 116, pi. 45, fig. i. Accipiter velox Vigors, Zool. Journ. I. 1824, 338. [B17, C338, R 432, C 494.] Had. North America in general, south to Panama. 333. Accipiter cooperi (Bonap.). Cooper's Hawk. Falco cooperi Bonap. Am. Orn. IT. 182S, i, pi. x. fig. i. Accipiter cooperi (^-^w, List B. Brit. Mus. Accipitre.s, 1844, 38- [B 15, 16, C 339, R 431, C 495.] Hab. North America in general, south to Southern Mexico. Subgenus ASTUR LACfirfeoE. Astnr LAcfip. Mem. de I'lnst. III. 1801, 505. Type, Falco palmtiba- rius Linn. 334. Accipiter atricapillus (Wils.). American Goshawk. Falco atricapillus WiLS. Am. Orn. VI. 1812, 80, pl. 52, fig. 3. Accipiter atricapillus Seeboh.m, Brit. Birds, I. 18S3, iv. [B 14, C 340, R 433, C 496.] Hab. Northern and Eastern North America, breeding mostly north of the United States, south in winter to the Middle States. Acciden- tal in England. 334 dt. Accipiter atricapillus striatuluD Ridgw. "Western Goshawk. Astnr atricapillus var. striatulus Ridgw. in Hist. N. Am. B. III. 1874, 240. Accipiter atricapillus striatulus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. ^^^s, 355. ORDER RAITORES. 1 87 [B-, C— , R433^, C497.] Had. Western North America. Genus PARABUTEO Ridgway. Parabiitco Ridgw. in Hist. N. Am. B. III. Jan. 1874, 250. Type, Falco harrisi AUD. 335. Farabuteo unicinctus harrisi (Aud.). Harris's Hawk. Falco harrisi AuD. B. Am. V. 1839, 30, pi. 392. Parabiiteo unicinctus var. harrisi RiDGW. in Hist. N. Am. B. III. Jan. 1874, 254. [B46, C348, R 434, C 512.] Hab. Mississippi, Texas, and Arizona, southward to Panama. Genus BITTEO Cuvier. Buteo Cuv. Leg. Anat. Comp. I. tabl. ii. Ois. 1 779-1800. Type, Falco buteo Ll.\N. [33G.] Buteo buteo (Linn.). European Buzzard. Falco buteo Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 90. Buteo buteo Light. Nomencl. Mus. Bcrol. 1854, 3. [B -, C -, R 435, C -.] Hab. Europe and Western Asia. Accidental in North America (Michigan ?). 337. Buteo borealis (Cm el.). Red-tailed Hawk. Falco borealis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 266. Buteo borealis Vieill. Nouv. Diet. IV. 1816, 478. [B23, C351, R436, Csi6.] Hab. Eastern North. America, west to the Great Plains. loS CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 'J37a. Buteo borealis kriderii Hoopes. Krider's Hawk. Bu/t'o borealis var. kriderii Hoopes, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1873, 238, pi. 5. [B— , C35ir, R 436 «, C 519.] Hab. Plains of the United States, from Minnesota to Texas. 337/^. Buteo borealis calurus (Cass.). Wcsteru Iled-tail. Buteo calunis Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1855, 281. Buteo borealis var. calurus RiUGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Nov. 1S73, 186. [B 20, 24, C 351^, R 436^, C 517.] Hab. Western North America, from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, south into Mexico ; casual east to Illinois. 337^. Buteo borealis lucasanus Ridgw. Saint Lucas Red-tail. Buteo borealis var. lucasanus Ridg\v. in CouES's Kej', 1872, 216 (under B. borealis). [B-, C35i^, R436^, C518.] Hab. Peninsula of Lower California. 5.3s ' ^38. Buteo harlani (Aud.). Harlan's Hawk. Falco harlani AuD. B. Am. I. 1830, 441, pi. 86. Buteo harlani Boxap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 3. [B22, C3S0, R438, C515.] Hab. Kansas, Louisiana, and Texas, south to Central America. Casual in Southern Illinois and Pennsylvania. 339. Buteo lineatus (Gmel.). Red-shouldered Hawk. Falco lineatus Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 268. Buteo lineatus Jard. ed. WiLS. Am. Orn. II. 1832, 290. ORDER RA pro RES. 1 89 [B 25, C 352, R 439» ^ 520-] Hab. Eastern North America, west to Texas and the Plains, south to the Gulf coast and Mexico. 3a"J<7. Buteo lineatUR alleni Ridcw. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk. Butco lineatus alleni RiUGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Jan. 19, [B _, C -, R -, C — .] Hab. Florida. 330/^. Buteo lineatus elegans (Cass). Red-bellied Hawk. Buteo elegans Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 281. Butco lineatus var. ele-ans Ridgw. in Hist. N. Am. B. III. Jan. 1874, 257. -^n- [626,0352^, R439^'^- 521] Hab. Western United States, from Western Texas to California, and south into Mexico. 340. Butf;0 abbreviatus Caban. Zone-tailed Hawk. Buteo abbreviatus Cab. in Schomb. Reise Brit. Guian. III. 1848, 739. [B— , C353, R440, C522.] Hab. Texas, Arizona, and Southern Californi'c', south to Northern South America. 341. Buteo albicaudatiis Vieill. White-tailed Hawk. Butes albicaudatus Vieill. Nouv. Diet. IV. 1816, 477. [B—C-,R 4^1, 0513.] Hab. Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and .southward through Mexico and Central America, and most of South America. 342. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. Swainson*s Hawk. Buteo swainsoni Bos AP. Geog. & Comp. List, 183S. 3. 190 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B iS, 19, 21, 28, C 354, R 442, C 523.] Hab. Western North America, from Wisconsin, Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas to the Pacific coast ; north to the arctic regions, and south to Buenos Ayres. Casual east to Massachusetts. 043. Buteo latissimus (Wils.). Broad-winged Hawk. Falco latissimus Wils. Am. Om. VI. 181 2, 92, pi. 54, fig. i. Buteo latissimus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. I. Accip. 1874, 193. [B 27, C 355, R 443, C 524.] Hab. Eastern North America, from New Brunswick and the Sas- katchewan region to Texas and Mexico, and thence southward to Cen- tral America, Northern South America, and the West Indies. Subgenus BUTEOLA Bonaparte. Buteola Bonap. Compt. Rend. XLI. 1855, 651. Type, Buteo bra- chyurus ViElLL. J .^^ ^ [344.] Buteo brachyurus Vieill. Short-tailed Hawk. Buteo brachyurus Vieill. Nouv. Diet. IV. 1816, 477. [B-,C- R-,C— .] Hab. Mexico, Central America, and most of South America. Florida (accidental ?). Genus URIJBITINGA Les.son. Urzibitinoa Less. Rev. Zool. 1839. 132. {Cf. Compl. Buff. VII. 1837, 64 ) Type, Falco urjibitinga Gmel. 345. Urubitinga anthracina (Light.). Mexican Black Hawk. Falco anthracinus Light. Preis-Verz 1830, 3. Urubitinga anthracina Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, 241. [B — , C — , R 444, C 528.] Hab. Arizona, southward to Northern South America. ORDER RAPTORES. 191 Genus ASTURINA Vieillot. Asitirina Vieill. Analyse, 1816, 24. Type, Falco nitidus Gmel. 346. Asturina plagiata Schlegel. Mexican Goshawk. Asturina plagfata " LiCHT." SCHLEGEL, Mus. P. B. Asturinae, 1862, i. [B ZZy C 358, R 445, ^ 527-] Hab. Southwestern border of the United States, southward to Panama. Southern Illinois (accidental ?). Genus ARCHIBUTEO Brehm. Archibuteo Brehm, Isis, 1S28, 1269. Type, Falco lagoptis Gmel. [347.] Archibuteo lagopus (Brunn.). Rough-legged Hawk. Falco lagopus Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 4. Archibuteo lagopus Gray, List Gen. B. ed. 2, 1841, 3. [B-, C- R-, C-.] Hab. Northern parts of the Old World ; Alaska. 347a. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.). American Rough-legged Hawk, Falco sancti-johannis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 273 Archibuteo lagopus var. sancti-johannis RiDGW. in CoUES's Key, 1872, 218. [B 30, 31, C 356, R 447, C 525.] Hab. Whole of North America north of Mexico, breeding chiefly north of the United States. 348. Archibuteo ferrugineus (Light.). Ferruginous Rough-leg. Falco ferni gill ens Light. Abh. K. Akad. Berl. 1838, 428. Archibuteo ferrugineus Gray, Gen. B. fol. ed. 1849, 12. [B 32, C 357, R 448, C 526.] 192 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Hab. Western North America, from the Plains (Iowa to Texas) westward to the Pacific, and from the Saskatchewan region south into Mexico. Genus AQUILA Brisson. Aquila Briss. Orn. I. 1760, 419 Type, Falco chrysaetos Linn. 349. Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.). Golden Eagle. Falco chrysaetos LiXN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 88. Aquila chrysaettis Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat. I. 1816, 339, [B39, C361, R449, C 532.] Hab, North America south to Mexico, and northern part's of the Old World. Genus THRASAETUS Gray. Thrasaettts Gray, P. Z. S. 1837, 108. Type, I'ultur harpyia Linn. [350.] Thrasaetus harpyia (Linn.). Harpy Eagle. Vulttir harpyia LiNN. S. N. ed. 10, \. 1758, 86. Thrasaetus harpyia Gray, P. Z. S. 1837, ic8. [B— , C— , R4SO. C631.] Hab. Lower Rio Grande Valley, casual, south to Paraguay. Genus HALIiEETUS Savigny. Haliceetus Savigny, Descr. de I'figypte, 1809, 35. Type, Falco albi- cilla Linn. [351.] Haliaeetus albicilla (Linn.). Gray Sea Eagle. Falco albicilla Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 89. Haliceetu^ albicilla Leach, Syst. Cat. M. B. Br. Mus. 1816, 9. [B 42, C — , R 452, C 533.J Hab. Northern Europe and Asia ; Greenland. ORDER RAPTORES. I93 352. Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linn.). Bald Eagle. Falco leucocephalus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 124. HalicEtus leucocephalus Boie, Isis, :822, 548. [B 41, 43, C .362, R 451, C 534.] Hab. North America at large, south to Mexico. Subfamily FALCONING. Falcons. Genus FALCO Linnaeus. Falco Livn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 88. Type, by elimination, F. subbu- teo Linn. Subgenus HIEROFALCO Cuvier. Hierofalco Q\}\. R^g. An. L 1817, 312. Type, Falco candicans Gmel. =: F. islandus Brunn. 353. Falco islandus Brunn. White Gyrfalcon. Falco islandus Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 2. [B II, C 341 a, R 412, C 501.] iIab. Arctic regions, including Arctic America and Greenland. 354. Falco nisticolus Linn. Gray Gyrfalcon. Falco rusticolus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 88. [B 12, C — ^, R 412^, C 500.} Hab. Iceland, Southern Greenland, and Northeastern North Amer- ica, straggling southward in winter to Southern New England. 354a. Falco nisticolus gyrfalco (Linn.'. Gyrfalcon. Falco gyrfalco Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 91. Falco rusticolus g)'?falco ^TE.]'ii. Auk, II. 1885, 187. 13 194 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B— , C341, R4I2/^, C498.] Hab. Interior of Arctic America, from Hudson's Bay to Alaska. 354^. Falco rusticolus obsoletus (Gmel.). Bl-Ack Gyrfaleon, Falco obsoletus Gmel. S. N. 1. i. 1788, 268. Falco rusticolus obsoletus Stv.]'^. Auk, II. 1885, 187. [B — , C — , R 4.1 2 r, C 499.] Hab. Labrador, south in winter to Maine and New York. 35d. Falco xnezicaniis Schleg. Prairie Falcon. Falco mexicanus Schleg. Abh. Geb. Zool. 1841, 15. [B 10, C 342, R 413, C 502.] Hab. United States, from the eastern border of the Plains to the Pacific, south into Mexico ; casual eastward to Illinois. Subgenus RHYNCHODON Nitzsch. Rhyttchodon Nitzsch, Pterylog. 1S40, 78. Type, by elimination, Falco peregrinus Lath. 356. Falco peregrimis anatum (Bonap.). Duck Hawk. Falco anatum Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 4. Falco peregrinus ^. anatum Blasius, List B. Eur. 1862, 3. [B 5, 6, C 343, R 414, C 503.] Hab. North America at large. 366 a. Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgw. Peale'a Falcon. Falco com fnunis v2lt. pealei RiDG'W. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Dec. 1873, 201. Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 192. [B — , C 343 a, R 414^, C 504.] Hab. Pacific coast region of North America, from Oregon to the Aleutian and Commander Islands. ORDER RAPTORES. IQS Subgenus iESALON Kaup. jEsalon Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur. Thierw. 1829, 40. Type, Falco asalon Gmel. = F. regulits Pall. .357. Falco columbarius Linn. Pigeon Hawk. Falco columbarius Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 90. [B7, C344, R417. C505.] Hab. The whole of North America, south to the West Indies and Northern South America. 357 *bec. 3'6Sa. 3yrnium nebulosum alleni Rid<;\v. Florida Barred Owl. S/r/x Hcbulosa alleni Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat Mus. III. March 27, 1880, 8. [B-,C- R397'^C477•] Hab. Florida. 300. Syrnium occidentale Xantus. Spotted Owl. Syrnium occidentale Xa\tus, Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Fhila. 1859, 193. [B — , C 324, R 398, C 478.] Hab. Southwestern United States (New Mexico, Arizona, Cali- fornia), and Lower California and Mexico. Genus ULULA Cuvier. Ulula Guv. R^g. An. I. 1817, 329. Type, Strix uralensis Pall. /•^r- 370. Ulula cinerea (Gmel.). Great Gray Owl. Strix cinerea G.mel. S. N. I. i. 1788, 291. Ulula cinerea Bonap. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 53. [B 53» C 322, R 399, C 474.] Hab. Arctic America, straggling southward, in winter, to the north- ern border of the United States. l»}l' [370 «.] Ulula cinerea lapponica (Retz.). Lapp Owl. Strix lapponica Retz. Faun. Suec. 1800, 79. Uhila cinerea lapponica Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. HI. Aug. 24, 1880, 191. [B— , C— , R399«. C 475.] Hab. Arctic portions of the Old World ; accidental in Alaska. 200 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus NYCTALA Lrehm. Nyctali Brehm, Isis, 1828, 1271. Type, Strix tcn^maiini QtWLi^ 371. Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.). UU hardsou's Owl. Nyctale rkcardsoni Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 7. Nyctale Uniimalmi var. richardsoni Riugw, Am. Nat. VI. 1S72, 283. [B 55, C 327, R 400, C 482.] Hab. Arctic America, south occasionally in winter into tlie North- ern United Slates. 372. Nyctala acadica (Gmel.). Saw-whet Owl, Sirix acadica Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 296. Nyctale acadica Bonap. Geog. «& Comp. List, 1838, 7. [B 56, 57, C 328, R 401, C 483.] Hab. North America at larr,e, breeding from the Middle States northward. Genus MEGASCOPS Kaup. Megascops Kaup, 7 sis, 1848, 765. Type, Strix ajio Linn. 373. Megascops asio (Linn.). Screech Owl. Strix asio Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I. 1758, 92. Megascops asio Stejn. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184. [B /^^,pari, C 318, R 402, C 465.] Hab. Temperate Eastern North America, south to Georgia, and west to the Plains. Accidental in England. 373 373^. Megascops asio kennicottii (Elliot) Kennicott's Screech Owl. Scops kennicottii Elliot, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 69. Megascops asio kennicotti ?ii^]^. Auk. II. April, 1885, 184. [B— , C 318^, R402^, C 466.] Hab. Northwest coast region, from Sitka to Oregon, and eastward to Idaho and Montana. 373^. Megascops asio maxwelliae (Ridgw.). Rocky Mountain Screech Owl. Scops asio van mexwellice Ridgw. Field & Forest, June, 1877, 210, 213. Megascope asio maxwellice Stejx. Auk, II. April, 1885, 184. [B — , C — , R 402 c, C 467.] Hab. Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Montana. 202 CIIIXK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN lURDS. 373/. Megascops asio trichopsis (VVagl.). Mexican 8crocch Owl. Scrps trichopsis VVagi.. I sis, 1832, 276. Alc^ascops asii) trichopds Kidgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. [IJ — t C — , R 403, C 470.] Hab. New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, and Western Mexico. 374. Megascops flammeolus (Kaup). Flam III u luted Screech Owl. Scops JlammcoUi Kaup, Trans. Zool. See Lond. IV. 1862, 226. Mci^ascops Jluinmeolns Stejn. Auk, II. April, 18S5, 184. [B — » C 319, R 404, C 471.] Hab. Guatemala and Central Mexico, north to Colorado and California. Genus BUBO Cuvier. Bubo Cuv. R6g. An. 1817, 351. Type, Strix bubo LiNN. 375. Bubo virginianus (Gmel.). Great Horned Owl. Strix Virginia fia Gmel. S. N. I. i. 17S8, 287. Bubo virginianus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 6. [B48, C317, R405, C462.] Hab. Eastern North America, west to the Mississippi Valley, and from Labrador south to Costa Rica. 375 rt. Bubo virginianus subarcticus (Hoy). Western Horned Owl. Bubo subarcticus HoY, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VI. 1852, 21 T. Bubo virginianus ^. subarcticus RiDGW. Orn. 40th Par. 1877, 572. [B 48, part, C 3 1 7 «, part, R 405 a, part, C 463, part!\ Hab. Western United States from the Great Plains westward; southward to the Mexican table-lands. East, casually, to Wisconsin and Illinois. iiiit' ORDER RAPTORES. 203 ?,7olf. Bubo vlrginianus arcticus (Swains.). Arctic lIuriKMl Owl. Sfn'x {Pubo) arctkii Swains. Fauna Bor. Am. ii. 1831, 86, pi. 30. Bubo virginianus var. arcticus Cass. lUust. H Cal. etc. i!S54, 178. [13 4S,/>ar/, C 317 a, /ar/, R 405/^, C 463, /vains.). Rivoli Hummingbird. Trochilus fulgens Swatn'S. Phil. Mag. 1827, 441. Eugenes fulgens Gould, Mon. Troch. 11. 1856, pi. 59. [B— , C274^/s, R334, C408.] Hab. Southern Arizona, through Mexico to Guatemala. Genus CCELIGrENA Lesson. Cccligcna Less. Ind. «Sc Synop. Gen. Troch. 1832, p. xviii. Type, Ornismya clemencice Less. 427. Cceligena clemenciae Less. Blue-throated Hummingbird. * Ornismya clemencice Less. Ois. Mouch. 1829, 216, pi. 80. Cceligena clemencice Less. Ind. & Synop. Gen. Troch. 1832, p. xviii. 224 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B— ,C-, R- C-.] Hab. Mexico and Southern Arizona. Genus TROCHILUS Linnaeus. Subgenus TROCHILUS. Trochiliis Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 119. Type, by elimination, T. colubris Linn. 428. Trochilus colubris Linn. liuby-throated lluiniiiiugbird. Trochilus colubris Linn, S. N. ed, 10, L 1758, 120, [B loi, C 275, R 335, C 409.] Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, north to the Fur Coun- tries, and south, in winter, to Cuba and Veragua. 429. Trochilus alezandri Bourc. & Muls. Black-cliiuned Hummingbird. Trochilus alexandri BouRC & MuLS. Ann. Sec, Agric. Lyons, IX. 1846, 330. [B 102, C 276, R 336, C 410.] Hab. Pacific coast region, from California east to Utah and Ari- zona, and southward. Subgenus CALYPTE Gould. Calypte Gould, Introd. Troch. 1861, ^T. Type, Ornismya costcs Bourc. 430. Trochilus costae (Bourc). Costa's Hummingbird. Ornisviya costce Bourc Rev. Zool. 1839, 294. Trochilus costce Gray, Handl, I. 1S69, 145. [B 106, C 280, R 337, C 415-] Hab. Southern California, Arizona, and Western Mexico. ORDER MACROCHIRES. 225 431. Trochilus anna (Less.). Anna's Hummingbird. Ornistnya anna Less. Suppl. Ois. Mouch. 1831, 115, pi. vii. Trochi/us afina JARDiHE, Nat. Lib. Orn. L 1833, 93- [B 105, C 279, R 338, C 415.] Hab. Southern California, Southern Arizona, and Mexico. Subgenus SELASPHORUS Swainson. Sdasphorus SwAiNS. Fauna Bor. Am. IL 1831, 324. Type, Trochilus ruftis Gmel. 432. Trochilus platycercus Swains. Broad- tailed Hummingbird. Trochilus platycercus Swains. Phil. Mag. L 1827, 441. [B 104, C 278, R 339, C 413.] Hab. Rocky Mountain plateau region, south to Guatemala. 433. Trochilus rufus Gmel. Rufous Hummingbird. Trochilus rufus Gmel. S. N. L i. 1788, 497. [B 103, C 277, R 340, C 411.] Hab. Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, north to Sitka, south into Mexico. 434. Trochilus alleni (Hensh.). Allen's Hummingbird. Selasphorus alleni Hensh. Bull. Nult. Orn. Club, H. 1877, 54. Trochilus alleni Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIIL 1885, 355. [B— C— , R34i,C4i2.] Hab. Pacific coast, north to British Columbia, east to Southern Arizona. 226 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Subgenus ATTHIS Reichenbach. Atthis Reich. Aufz. der Colib. 1853, 12. Type, Ornysmia heloisa Less. & DeLatt. J.gJ '435. Trochiliis heloisa (Less. & DeLatt.). lleloise's Uummingbird. Ornysmia heloisa Less. & DeLatt. Rev. Zool. 1839, 15. Trochilus heloisa Gray, Handl. 1. 1869, 145. [B— , C281, R342, C416.J Hab. Soutiiern Texas and Eastern Mexico. Subgenus STELLULA Gould. Stellula Gould, Introd. Troch. 1861, 90. Type, Trochilus calliope Gould. 436. Trochilus calliope Gould. Calliope Hummingbird. Trochilus {Calothorax) calliope Gould, P. Z. S. 1S47, 11. [B— , C282, R343, C4I7-] Hab. Mountains of the Pacific slope, from British Columbia south to Lower California, and east to Montana, Nevada, and New Mexico. t Subgenus CALOTHORAX Gray, Calothorax Gray, Gen. B. 1 840, 1 3. Type, Cynanthus lucifer Swains. 437. Trochilus lucifer (Swains.). Lucifer Hummingbird. Cynanthus lucifer Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, 442 Trochilus lucifer GiKTiKi., Thes. Orn. III. 1877,683. [B _, C — , R 344, C 418.] Hab. Mexico and Southern Arizona. Genus AMAZILIA Reichenbach. Amazilia Reich. Syst. Av. 1849, pi. 39. Type, Orthorhynchus amazili Less. ORDER MACROCHIRES. 227 438. Amazilia fdscicaudata (^Fraser). liieffer's Iluuiniiugbird. Trochilus fuscicaudatus Fras. P. Z. S. 1840, 17. Amazilia fuscicdudata Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. I. Oct. 2, 1878, 147. [B — , C — , R 345, C 419.] Hab. Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, south through Eastern Mexico to Central America and Northern South America. 439. Amazilia cerviniventris Gould. Buff-bellied Hummingbird. Amazilius cerviniventris Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, 150. [B _ C — , R 346, C 420.] Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande south into Eastern Mexico. Genus BASILINNA Boie. Basilinna Boie, Isis, 1831, 546. Type, Ttochilus leucotis Vieill. 440. Basilinna xantusi (Lawr.). Xantus's Hummingbird. Amazilia xantusi Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i860, 109. Basilinna xanthusi Elliot, Class. & Synop. Troch March, 1879, 227. [B — , C 273, R 347, C 407.] Hab. Lower California. Genus IACHE Elliot. lache Elliot, Class. & Synop. Troch. March, 1879, -3-1 • Cynanthus latirostris Swains. Type, 441. lache latirostris (Swains.). Broad-billed Hummingbird. Cynanthus latirostris Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. 441. lache latirostris Elliot, Class. & Synop. 1 roch. March, 1879, 235. [B— , C— , R 348, C 421.] Hab. Southern Arizona and Western Mexico. lA^Hi-i il 228 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Order PASSERES. Perching Birds. Suborder CLAMATORES. Songless Perching Birds. Family TYRANNID-ffi. Tyrant Flycatchers. Genus MILVULUS Swainson. Miknilns Swainson, Zool. Journ. HI. July, 1827, 165. Type, Tyran- nus savanna Vieill. = Miiscicapa tyrannus Linn. [442.] Milvulus tyrannus (Linn.). Fork-tailed Flycatcher. Mnscicapa tyrannus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 325, Milvulus tyrannus Bonap. Geogr. & Comp, List, 1838, 25. [B 122, C 240, R 302, C 366.] Hab. Mexico and southward throughout Central and most of South America. Accidental in the United States (Mississippi, Kentucky, New Jersey). 443. Milvulus forficatus (Gmel.). Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Muscicapa forficata Gmel. S. N. I. i. 1788, 931. Milvulus forficatns Swains. Classif. B. II. 1827, 225. [B 123, C 241, R 301, C 367.] Hab. Texas and Indian Territory, casually north to Kansas and Missouri ; south to Central America. Accidental in Virginia, New Jersey, New England, Manitoba, and at York Factory, Hudson's Bay. Genus TYRANNUS Cuvier. Tyrannus Cuvier, Leg. d'An. Comp. I. 1799, tabl. ii. {Cf. Tabl. Elem. 1797, p. 201.) Type, Lanius tyrannus Linn. ORDER PASSERES. 229 444. TyismnuB tyrannus (Liw.). Kiugbird. Lanius tyrannus Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 94. Tyrannus tyrannus Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 4, 1884, 96. [B 124, C 242, R 304, C 368.] Hab. Eastern North America, from the British Provinces south to Central and South America. Rare west of the Rocky Mountains (Utah, Nevada, Washington Territory, etc.). 445. Tyrannus dominicensis (Gmel.). Gray Kingbird. Lanius tyrannus fi. dominicensis Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 302. Tyrannus djminicjnsis Richardson, Rep. Sixth Meet. Brit. Ass. V. 1837, 170. [B 125, C 243, R 303, C 369.] Hab. South Atlantic States (South Carolina, Georgia, Florida), West Indies, Atlantic coast of Central America, and Northern South America. Accidental in Massachusetts. 446. T3nrannus melancholicus couchii (Baird). Coucli's Kingbird. Tyrannus couchii Baird, B. N. Am. 1S58, 175. Tyrannus melancholicus var. couchii CoUES, Checkl. ed. i, Dec. 1873, 51- [B 128, 129, C 246, R 305, C 372.] Hab. Southern border of the United States (Texas, Arizona), south to Guatemala. 447. Tsrrannus verticalis Say. Arl<.ansas Kingbird. Tyrannus verticalis Say, Long's Exp. H. 1823, 60. [B 126, C 244, R 306, C 370.] Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south to Guatemala. Accidental in Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Maine. ] i I ; '■': ill 230 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 44s. Tjrrannus vociferans Swains. C'aKHiu'8 Kingbird. Tyrannus vociferans Sv/ains. Quirt. Jour. Sci. XX. 1826, 273. [B 127, C 24s, R 307, C371.] Har. Western United States, from the western border of the Plains to Southern California, south to Guatemala. Genus PITANGUS Swainson. PitangHS SwAiNSON', Zool. Journ. III. July, 1S27, 165. Type, Tyran- niis sulphuratus Vilill. 449. Fitangus derbianns (Kaup). Derby Flycatclier. Saurophagus derbianus Kaup, P. Z. S. 1 851, 44, pi. xxxvi. Pilangus derbianus Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 297. [B — , C — , R 308, C 364.] Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, south to Northern South America. Genus MYIOZETETES Sclater. Myiozetctes ScL. P. Z. S. 1859, 46. Type, Muscicapa cayennensis Linn. [450.] M3^ozetetes tezensis (Giraud), Giraud's Flycatcher. Muscicapa texensis Giraud, Sixteen Texas B. 1841, pi. i. Myiozetetes texensis Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, 56. [B — C -, R 309, C — .] Hab. "Texas" (Giraud), south to Central America and Northern South America. Genus MYIODYNASTES Bonaparte. Myiodynastes Bonap. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandde, II. 1857, 35. Type, Muscicapa audax Gmel. •ili ill ORDER PASSERES. 23 1 451. Msriodjrnastes luteiventris Scl. ttulphUA* b iUieii Flycatcher. Myioiiynastes !uteiventris ScL. P. Z. S. 1S59, 42 (ex Bonap. Compte Rend. XXXVIII. 1854, C57, nomen nudum). [D-,C-, R3I0, C365.] Had. Scuthern Arizona, south to Costa Rica. Genus MYIARCHUS Cabanis. Myiarchus Cau. Faun. Per. Aves, 1844-46, 152. Type, Muscicapa ferox Gmel. 452. Mjriarchua crinitus (Linn.). Crested Flycatcher, Muscicapa crinita Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 325. Myiarchus crinitus Light. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1854, 16. [B. 130,0 247, H 312, C 373.] Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the Plains, south through Eastern Mexico to Costa Rica. 453. M3riarchiis mexicanTis (^Kaup). Slexican Crested Flycatcher. Tyr\annula, tnexicana Kaup, P. Z. S. 1851, 51. Myiarchus mexicanus Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX. May, 1869, 202. [Bi32,C—,R 311,0374.] Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, southward to Guatemala. 453 rt. Myiarchus mexicanus magister Ridgw. Arizona Crested Flycatcher. Myiarchus mexicanus magister Ridgw. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. II. April 10, 1884, 90. [B -, C -, R -, C — .] Hab. Southern Arizona, south into Western Mexico. 232 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 454. M3riarclius cinerascens Lawr. Ash-tliroated Flycatcher. Tyrannula cinerascens Lawk. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1851, 121. Af\jiarchus'\ cinerascens Lawk. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VII. iMay, i860, 285. [B 131, C 248, R 313, C 375.] Hab. Western United States, north to Oregon, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, south to Guatemala. [455.] Myiarchus lawrenceii (Gir.). Lawrence's Flycatcher. Muscicapa lawrenceii Giraud, Sixteen Sp. Texas B. 1841, 9 (by actual counting, the text not being paged). Myiarchus lawrencii Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 181. [B 133, C 248, R 314, C 376.] Hab. "Texas" (Giraud) and Eastern Mexico. 455 iz. Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens Ridgw. Olivaceous Flycatcher. Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens Ridgw. Pr. Eiol. See. Wash. II. April 10, 1884, 91. [B _, C — , R — C —.] Hab. Arizona and Western Mexico. Genus SAYORNIS Bonaparte. Say amis Bonap. Coll. Dglattre, 1854, 87. Type, Tyrannula nigri- cans Swains. 456. Sayomis phcebe (Lath.). Phoebe. Muscicapa phcsbe Latham, Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 489. Sayomis phabe Stejn. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 51. [B 135 C 252, R3i5»C379.] Hab. Eastern North America, from the British Provinces south to Eastern Mexico and Cuba, wintering from the South Atlantic and Gulf Spates southward. ORDER PASSERES. 233 457. Sayomis saya (Bonap.). Say's Phoebe. liluscicixpa saya Bonap. Am. Orn. I. 1825, 20. Sayomis sayus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 185. [B 136, C 250, R316, C 377.] Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to tiie Pacific, south into Mexico. 458. Sayornis nigricans (Swains.). Black Phoebe. Tyranmila nigricans Swains. Philos. Mag. I. May, 1827, 367. Say or 7iis nigricans V>o^\v. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 87. [B 134, C 251, R 317, C 378.] Hab. Southwestern United States, from Texas through Southern New Mexico and Arizona to California, and northward along the coast to Oregon ; south to Southern Mexico. Genus CONTOPUS Cabanis. Contopus Cab. J. f. O. III. Nov. 1855, 479. Type, Muscicapa virens LlXN. 459. Contopus borealis (Swains.). Olive-sided Flycatcher. Tyrannus borealis Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831, 141, pi. 35. Contopus borealis Baird. B. N. Am. 1858, 1S8. [B 137, C 253, R 318, C 380.] Hab. North America, breeding from the northern and the higher mountainous parts of the United States northward. In winter, south to Central America and Colombia. 460. Contopus pertinax lab. Coues's Flycatcher. Myiarchus pertinax Light. Nomen. Mus. Berol. 1854, 16 (nomen nudum). Contopus pertinax Cab. Mus. Hein. II. Sept. 30, 1859, 72. 234 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B-, C254, R319, C381.] Hab. Southern Arizona, Mexico, and Guatemala. 401. Contopus virens (L'nn.). Wood Pewee. Miiscicapa virens Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 327. Contopus virens Cab. J. f. O. IH. Nov. 1S55, 479. [B 139, C 255, R 320, C 382.] Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, and from Southern Canada southward. 402. Contopus richardsonii (Swains.). Western W^ood Pewee. Tyrannula richardsonii SwAiNS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 146, pi. 46, lower fig- Contopus richardsonii Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 189. [B138, C255«,R32i, C383.] Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south through Central America to Colombia. Genus EMFIDONAX Cabanis. Empidonax Cab. J. f. 0. 1855, 4S0. Type, Tyrannula pusilla Swains. 403. Empidonax flaviventris Baird. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Tyrannula flaviventris Baird (W. M. & S. F.), Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. July, 1843, 283. Empidonax flavive7itris Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 198. [B 144, C 259, R 322, C 388.] Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, and from Southern Labrador south through Eastern Mexico to Panama, breeding from the Northern States northward. \.l*l -404. Empidonax difficilis Baird. Baird's Flycatcher. Empidonax difficilis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 198 (in text). ORDER PASSERES. 235 [B 144^7, C 2S(),part, R 323, C 3S9.] Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south through Western Mexico to Costa Rica. 465. Empidonaz acadicus (Gmel.). Acadiau Flycatcher. Muscicapa acadica Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 947. Empidonax acadicus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 197. [B 143, C 256, R 324, C 384.] Hab. Eastern United States, chiefly souihward, west to the Plains, south to Cuba and Costa Rica. 460. Empidonax pusillus (Swains.). Little Flycatcher. PlatyrhvncJuis pusillus Swains. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 366. Empidonax pusillus Cabanis, J. f. O. 1855, 480. [B141, C 257 a, R 325, C 386.] Hab. Western North America, from the western border of the Plains to the Pacific, and from the Fur Countries south into Mexico. 460 fz. Empidonax pusillus traillii (Aud.). Traill's Flycatcher. Muscicapa traillii Aud. Orn. Biog. I. 1832, 236. Empido7iax pjisillus var. traillii B, B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. II. 1874, 369- [B 140, C 257, R 325 a, C 3S5.] Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from the Middle States (Southern Illinois and Missouri) northward ; in winter south to Cen- tral America. 467. Empidonax minimus Baird. Least Flycatcher. Tyraunula minima Baird (W. M. & S. F.), Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. July, 1843, 284. Empidonax minimus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 195. 236 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B 142, C 258, R 326, C 387.] Hab. Eastern North America, south in winter to Central America. Breeds from the Northern States northward. 4GS. Empidonaz hammondi (Xantus). llaiiiiuond's Flycatcher. Tyranmila havimondi Xantus, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. May, 1858, 117. Empidoaax hannnoiidiVtMKQ, B. N. Am. 1858, 199. [B 145, C 260, R 327, C 390.] Hab. Western North America, from the western border of the Plains westward, north to the Lesser Slave Lake, and south to South- ern Mexico. ^ fc:^ 4G9. Empidonax obscurus (Swains.). Wright's Flycatcher. Tyranmila obscura Swains. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 367. Empidonax obscurus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 200. [B 146, C 261, R 328, C 391.] Hab. Western United States, north to Oregon and Montana, and south to Southern Mexico. [470.] Empidonax fulvifrons (Giraud). Fulvous Flycatcher, Muscicapa fulvifrons Giraud, Sixteen Tex. B. 1841, pi. ii. Empidonax fulvifrons ScL. P. Z. S. 1858, 301. [B — , C -, R 329, C — .] Hab. " Texas " (Giraud), and probably Northeastern Mexico. 470 ar. Empidonax fulvifrons pygmaeus (Coues). Buff-breasted Flycatcher. Empidonax pygmccus CouES, Ibis, 1865, 537. Empidonax ftdvifrons pygmceus RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1S85, 356. ORDER PASSERES. 237 [B — , C 262, R 329 ^, C 392.] Hab. Western New Mexico and Southern Arizona, south probably into Western Mexico. Genus PYROCEPHALTTS Gould. Pyrocephalus GoULD, Zool. Voy. Beag. 1841, 44. Types, '' Pyro- cephalits parvirostris (Gould), and Muscicapa coronaia (AuCT.)." 171. Pyrocephalus rubineus mezicanus (Scl.). Vermilion Flycatcher. Pyrocephalus mexicanus ScL. P. Z. S. 1859, 45. Pyrocephalus rubineus var. mexicanus Coues, Key, 1872, 177. [B 147, C 263, R 330, C 394.] Hab. Southern Arizona and valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, south to Guatemala. Genus ORNITHION Hartlaub. Ornithion Hartlaub, J. f. O. 1853, 35. Type, O. inerme Hartl. 472. Ornithion imberbe (Scl.). Beardless Flycatcher. Camptostoma imberbe Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, 203. Ornithion imberbe Lawr. Ibis, 1876, 497. [B— , C— , R33i>C393.] Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, south into East- ern Mexico. 472 a. Ornithion imberbe ridgwayi Brewst. Ridgway's Flycatcher. Ornithium imberbe ridgwayi Brewst, Bull. Nutt. Qrn. CI. VH. Oct. 1882, 208. i [B -, C — , R — , C -.] Hab. Southern Arizona and Western Mexico. 238 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Suborder OSCINES. Song Birds. Family ALAUDID-ffl. Larks. Genus ALAUDA Linn^us. Alauda Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 165. Type, by elimination, A. arvensis LiNN. [473.] Alauda arvensis Linn. Skylark. Alauda arvensis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 165. [B — , C 55 bis, R 299, C 88.] Hab. Europe and Asia. Accidental in Greenland and the Ber- mudas. Genus OTOCORIS Bonaparte. Otocoris BoNAP. Faun. Ital. Ucc. Introd. 1839. Type, Alauda aipes- tris Linn. 474. Otocoris alpestris (Linn.). Hornea Lark. Alauda alpestris Linn. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 166. Otocoris alpestris Bonap. Fauna Ital. Uccelli, Introd. 1839 (^ot P^g^d). [B 302, C 53, R 300, C 82.] Hab. Northeastern North America, Greenland, and northern parts of the Old World ; in winter south in the Eastern United States to the Carolinas, Illinois, etc. 474 a. Otocoris alpestris leucolaBma (Coues). • Pallid Horned Lark. Eremophila alpestris b. leucolcema Coues, B. N. W. 1875, 38 (part). Otocoris alpestris leucolcema Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 34. ORDER PASSERES. 239 [B — , C S3 ^, R 300 a, C 83.] Hab. Interior of British America, and Alaska, south in winter into Western United States. 474 3. Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. Prairie Horned Lark. Oltocorysl alpestris praticola Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 264. [B _, C -, R -, C -.] Hab. Upper Mississippi Valley and the region of the Great Lakes. 474 r. Otocoris alpestris arenicola Hensh. Desert Horned Lark. Ol^tocorysl alpestris arenicola Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 265. [B _, C - R -, C -.] Hab. Rocky Mountain region and Great Basin of the United States. 474 //. Otocoris alpestris giraudi Hensh. Texan Horned Lark. Otocorys alpestris giraiidi Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 266. [B— C— , R— , C— .] Hab. Eastern and Southeastern Texas. a 474^. Otocoris alpestris chrysolaema (Wagl.). Mexican Horned Lark. Alauda chrysolcema Wagl. Isis, 1831, 530. Otocoris alpestris chrysolcsma Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 34. [B— C53«, R3oo3,C84.] Hab. Southern Arizona and Southern New Mexico, south into Mexico. 240 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BHiDS. 474/ Otocoris alpestris nibea Hensh. Ruddy Uoroed Lark. O\^tocorys'\ alpestris rubeus Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 267. [B _ C -, R -, C -.] Hab. California. 474^. Otocoris alpestris strigata Hensh. Streaked Horned Lark. C{toc^ys'\ alpestris strigata Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 267. [B _ C -, R -, C -.] Hab. Coast region of Washington Territory, Oregon, and British Columbia. 1 ,2^"' ^y^i Family CORVID-ffi. Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc. Subfamily GARRULIN-^. Magpies and Jays. Genus PICA Brisson. Pica Briss. Orn. II. 1760, 35. Type, Corvus pica Linn. 475. Pica pica hudsonica (Sab.). American Magpie. Corvus htidsonicus Sab. App. Frankl. Journ. 1823, 25, 671. Pica pica hudsonica Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 4, 1884, 94. [B 432, C 233, R 286, C 347.] Hab. Northern and Western North America, casually east and south to Michigan (accidental in Northern Illinois in winter) and the Plains, and in the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico and Arizona, mainly replaced in California by the next species. 476. Pica nuttalli Aud Yellow-billed Magpie. Pica nuttalli Aud. Orn. Biog. IV. 1838, 450, pi. 362. 1 1 ORDER TASSERES. 24I [B 433, C 233 a, R 287, C 348.] Hab. California. Genus CYANOCITTA Strickland. Cyanocitta Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. XV. 1845, 261. Type, Corvus criitatus LiNX. 477. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.). Blue Jay. Corvus crista/us Li\N. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, ic6. Cyanocitta cristata Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. XV. 1845, 261. [B 434, C 234, R 289, C 349.] Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, and from the Fur Countries south to Florida and Eastern Texas. 477 <7. Cyanocitta cristata florincola Coues. Florida Blue Jay. Cyanocitta cristata florincola Coues, Key, ed. 2, 1884, 421. [B _, C - R -. C -.] Hab. Florida. 478. Cyanocitta stelleri (Gmel.). Steller's Jay. Corvus stelleri Gmel. S. N. I. 1788, 370. Cyanocitta stelleri Stkicki.. Ann. N. Hist. XV. 1845, 261. [B 435, C 235, R 290, C 350.] Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from the Columbia River to Sitka, and northern Coast Range in California. 478 a. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis (Ridgw.). Blue-fronted Jay. Cyanura stelleri var. frontalis Ridgw. Am. Journ. Sc. & Arts, 3d ser., V. Jan. 1873, 41- Cyanocitta stelleri v^x . frontalis Boucard, Qat. Av. 1876, 279. [B — , C 235^, R 290 a, C 353.] 16 I! 1 1: f l! ii 242 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Hab. Sierra Nevada of California and Western Nevada, from Fort Crook to Fort Tejon. 478/^. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Baird). Long-crested Jay. Cyanocitta macrolopha Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phih. June, 1854, 118. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha Coui:s, Dull. Nutt. Orn. CI. V. April. 18S0, 98. [B 436, C 235^, R 290/^, 290 r, C 352.] Hab. Central Rocky Mountains, from British America to New Mexico and Southern Arizona. A//. * ^iSt Genus APHELOCOMA Cabanis. Aphclocoma Cahanis, Mus. Hein. I. Oct. 15, 1S51, 221. Type, Gar- rulus calijornicits Vie 479. Aphelocoma floridana (Bartr.). Florida Jay. Corvus floridamis Bartr. Trav. Carol. 1791, 291. Aphelocoma Jloridana Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 185 1, 221. [B 439, C 236, R 291, C 354.] Hab. Florida. 480. Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird). Woodliouse's Jay. Cyanocitta woodhousei ^WRTt, B. N Am. 185S, pi. 59. Aphelocotna woodhousii Ridgw. Field and Forest, June, 1877, 208. [B 438, C 236^, R 292, C 355.] Hab. Middle Province of the United States, north to Eastern O-jgon, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, east to Colorado and New Mexico, west to Nevada and Arizona. 481. Aphelocoma californica (Vic). California Jay. Garrubts californicus Yig. Zool. Beech. Voy. 1839, 21, pi. v. A\^helocoma'\ californica Cab. Mus. Hein. I. Oct. 15, 1851, 221. ORDER PASSERES. 243 [B437»C236^, R293, C356.] Hab. Pacific coast region, including both slopes of the Sierra Ne- \lf:-j/ 194- Perisoreus obscurus SnxKTE., Brit. Mus. Cat. B. III. 1877, 105. [B — , C 239 Z- Type, Oriolus phocniceus Linn. \'^^. Agelaius phceniceus (Linn.). Red-winged Blackbird. Oriolus phocniceus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, i6t. Agelaius phocniceus Swains. F. B. A. IL 1831, 2S0. [B 401, C 212, R 261, C 316.] Hab. North America in general, from Great Slave Lake south to ,, Costa Rica. "■ 499. Agelaius gubernator (Wagl.). Bicolored Blackbird. Psarocolius gubernator V^XGi^. Isis, IV. 1832, 281. Agelaius gubernator Bonap. Geo;,^ & Comp. List, 1S38, 29. [B 402, C 2i2rtt, R 261 dr, C 317.] Hab. Pacific Province of the United States, south into Western Mexico. 500. Agelaius tricolor (Nurr.). Tricolored Blackbird. Icterus tricolor " Nutt." Aud. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, pi. 388, fig. i. Agelaius tricolor Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 29. [B 403, C 212 ^, R 262, C 318.] 250 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Hab. Pacific Province of the United States, from the Columbia River southward. Genus STURNELLA Vieillot. Stuniella Vieill, Analyse, 1S16, 34. Type, Alauda magna Linn. 501. Sturnella magna (Linn.). 3Ieadow lark. Ahiitda magna Lixx. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 167. Sturnella magna Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 436. [B 406, C 214, R 263, C 320,] Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada to the Plains. 501 «. Stnrnella magna mexicana (Scl.). 3Iexiean Meadowlark. Sturnella mexicana ScL. Ibis, 1861, 179. Sturnella magna var. mexicana B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. II. 1874, 172. [B_ C-, R263^, C321.] Had. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande, and Arizona, southward. 501/^. Sturnella magna neglecta (Aud.). Western Meadowlark, . Sturnella neglecta Aud. B. Am. VII. 1843, 339- P^- 487. Sturnella magna var. neglecta Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. III. No. 2, July, 1872, 178. [B 407, C 214^, R 264, C 322.] Hab. Western United States, from Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Texas, etc., west to the Pacific coast. Genus ICTERUS Brisson. Subgenus ICTERUS. Icterus Briss. Orn. II. 1760, 85. Type, by eliminaticn, Oriolus icte- rus Linn. ORDER PASSERES. 25 I [502.] Icterus icterus (Linn.). Troupial. Oriolus icterus Linn. S. N. eel. 12, L 1766, 161. Icttrus ickrus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI I L 1S85, 355. [B 40S, C — , R 265, C 323.] Had. West Indies (introduced) and Nortliern South America. Accidental at Charleston, S. C. (Audubon^. U)o. Icterus audubonii Giraud. Audubon's Oriole. Icterus audubonii GiRAUD, Sixteen Texas B. 1841, 3. [B 409, C 220, R 266, C 330.] Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, and southward. 504. Icterus parisorum Bonap. Scott's Oriole. Icterus parisorum Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, 109. [B 411, C 219, R 268, C 329.] Har. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to Lower California, and southward. Subgenus PENDULINUS Vieillot. Pettdulinus "Vieill. Analyse, 18 16, 33. Type, Oriolus spurius Linn. 505. Icterus cucullatus Swains. Hooded Oriole. Icterus cucullatus Swains. Phil. Mag. L 1827, 436. [B 413, C 218, R 269, C 328.] Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, and southward through Eastern and Southern Mexico. 505 dr. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgw. Arizona Hooded Oriole. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. VIII. No. 2, April 20, 1885, 19. 252 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B - C -, R -, C -.] Hab. Southern Arizona, west to San Diego, and south to Mazatlan and Cape St. Lucas. BOG. Icterus spurius (Linn.). Orchard Oriole. Oriolus spurius Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 162. Icterus spurius Bonap. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, III. 1823, 363. [B 414, C 215, R 270, C 324.] Hab. United States, west to the Plains, south, in winter, to Panama. Subgenus YPHANTES Vieillot. Yphantes ViEiLL. Analyse, 1816, 33. Type, Coracias galbula Linn. 507. Ictsnis galbula (Linn.). lialtiinore Oriole. Coracias galbula Linn. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 108. Icterus galbula CoUES, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI. V. 1880, 98. [B 415, C 216, R 271, C 326.] Hab. Eastern United States, west nearly to the Rocky Mountains. 508. Icterus bullocki (Swains.). Bullock's Oriole. Xanthornus bullocki SWAISS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 436. Icterus bullocki BO'S Av. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 29. [B416, C 217, R 272, C 327.] Hab. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific coast. Genus SCOLECOPHAGrUS Swainson. Scolecophagus Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831, 2S6. Type, Oriolus ferru- giticus Gmel. = Turdus carolinus Mull. ORDER PASSERES. 509. Scolecophagns carolinus (Mull.). . llusty Blackbird. 253 Turd.'s carolinus Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. 1776, 140. Scolccophagus carolinus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 356. [B417, C 22J, R 273, C 331.J Hab. Eastern Nonh Arncrica, west to Alaska and the Plains, r.reeds from Northern New England northward. 510. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagl.). Brewer's Blackbird. Psarocoliiis cyanocephalus Wagl, Isis, 1S29, 758. Scolecophai^us cyanocephalits Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1851, 193. [B 418, C 222, R 274, C 332.] Hab. Western North America, from the Plains to the Pacific, anfl from the Saskatchewan region south to the highlands of Mexico. Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot. Subgenus QUISCALUS. Quiscahis Vieill. Anal. 181 6, 36. Type, Gracula quiscula LiNN. 511. Quiscalus quiscula (Linn.). Purple Grackle. Gracula quiscula Linn. S. N. ed. 10, 1758, 109. Quiscahis quiscula Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 4, 1884, 93. [B421, C 225, R278, C 335.] Hab. Atlantic States, from Florida to Long Island. 511 \\KD, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jime, 1854, 119. [B 307, C 140, R 169, C 195.] Hab. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, and south over the plateau region of Mexico. 1.21 " ^^^' Carpodacus frontalis (Say). House Finch. Fringilla frontalis Say, Long's Exp. II. 1824, 40. Carpodacus frontalis Gray, Gen. B. II. 1844, 384. [B 308, C 141, R 170, C 196.] Hab. Middle Province of the United States. ORDER PASSERES. i/j^ 519/7. Carpodacixs frontalis rhodocolpus (Cab.). Ci'iniiion House Fiuch. 257 CarpodacHs rhodocolpus Cah. Mus. llein. I. 1S51, 166. Carpodaciis frontalis var. rhodocolpus KiUGW. Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts, V.Jan. 1873, 39. [B — , C 141 rtr, R 170^, C 197.] Hab. Pacific coast region, from Oregon to Cape St. Lucas. 520. Carpodacus amplus Ridgw. Guadalupe House Fincb. Carpodacus (Wiplus RiDGW. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. II. No. 2, April I, 1876, 187. [B— , C— R171, C-.] Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Genus LOXIA Linn/Eus. Loxia LiKN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 171. Type, by elimination, Loxia curvirostra Linn. 521. Lo2:ia curvirostra minor (BrehxM). Americaa Crosfbill. Crucirostra minor Brehm. Naumannia, 1S53. 193. Loxia curvirostra minor Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. [B318, C 143, R 172, C 199.] Hab. Northern North America, resident sparingly south in the Eastern United States to Maryland and Tennessee, and in the Al- leghanies ; irregularly abundant in winter ; resident south in the Ricky Mountains to Colorado. 521 a. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgw. Mexican Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354- [B 318 rt', C 143 a, R 172 a, C 200.] Hab. Colorado, Southern Arizona, and highlands of Mexico. <7 258 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 522. Lozia leucoptera (^mel. >Vhito-\viuKe(l Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 17SS, 540. [B319, C 142, R 173, C 19S.] ' Hab. Northern parts of North America, south into the United States in winter. Breeds from Northern New Kniiland northward. Genus LEUCOSTICTE Swainson. Lcucnsticte SwAJNS. F. B. A. II. 1831, 265. Type, Linaria tephrocotis Swains. 623. Leucosticte griseonucha (Brandt). Aleutian Leucosticte. Friwrilla (^Linaria) grisconuJia Brandt, Bull. Ac St. Pdtersb. Nov. 1S41, 36. Leucosticte griseonucha Bonap. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 537. [B 323, C 144^7, R 174, C 205.] Hab. Aleutian Islands, including Kadiak, Unalashka, Prybilof, and Commander Islands. 524. Leucosticte tephrocotis S^vmns. Gray-crowned Leucosticte. Linaria (^Leucosticte) tephrocotis Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831, 255, pi 50. Leucosticte tephrocotis SwAiNS. F. B. A. II. 1S31, 494. [B322, c 144, R 175, c 203.] Hab. Interior of British America, south in winter throughout the ent.re Rocky Mountain. region of the United States, but most abundant on the eastern slope- 524 «. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis (Baird). Hepburn's Leucosticte. Leucosticte littoralis Baird, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci. I. 5. 1869, 318, pi. 28, fig. I Leucosticte tephrocotis vdx. littoralis CoUES, Key, 1872, 130. ORDER PASSERES. 259 [B— , C— R 175^7,0204.] Had. In summer, probably the interior mountainous regions of British Columbia ; in winter, northwest coast, from Kadiak southward, and eastward in the Rocky Mountain region to Colorado. 525. Leucosticte atrata Ridgw. ISlaok Leucosticte. Leucosticte atrata Ridgw. American Sportsman, July 18, 1874, 241 ; Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. 2d ser. No. 2, May 11, 1875, 69. [B— , C— , R 176, C 201.] Had. In winter, mountains of Colorado and Utah'; summer range not known. 626. Leucosticte australis (Allen). lirown-capped Leucosticte. Leucosticte tepJirocotis var. australis " ALLEN, MS." RiDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Dec. 1873, 197. Leucosticte australis Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. 2d ser. No. 2, May 11, 1875, 79. [B—,C—,R 177,0203.] Hab. Mountains of Colorado, breeding above timber-line, descend- ing into the valleys in winter j New Mexico. Genus ACANTHIS Bechstein. Acanthis Bechst. Orn. Tasch. Deutschl. 1803, 125. Ty'^e, Fringilla linaria LiNN. 527. Acanthis horne.ii\anniJ (Holb.). Greenland Redpoll. Linota hornemannii Holboll, Naturh. Tidskr. IV. 1843, 398. Acanthis hornemannii St'E]^. Auk, I. April, 1884, ^52- [B321, C— , R 178, C 209.] Hab. Greenland and Eastern Arctic America. 26o CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN B^RDS. C27^. Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (Coues), Hoary Redpoll. /Egiothus exilipes Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 3S5. Acanthis horiieinaiinii exilipes Stejn. Auk, I. April, 18S4, ''52 [B— , C 146 /^ R 178^, C 210.] Hab. Arctic America and Northeastern Asia. C2S. Acanthis linaria (Linn.). KcdpoU. Friiigilla linaria Lin'N. S. N. ed. 10, I. 175S, 182. Acanthis li7iaria Bonap. & Schleg. Mon. Lox. 1850, 48. [B 320, C 146, 146 dr, R 179, C 207.] Hab. Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere, south irregularly in winter, in North America, to the Middle United States (Washing- ton, D. C, Kansa::, Southeastern Oregon). 528 a. Acanthic linaria holboellii (Brehm). Holboeirs Redpoll. Linaria Jiolboellii Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 280. Acanthis linaria /3. holboellii Dubois, Consp. Av. Europ. 1871, 18. [B — , C — , R i']()a, pari, C 2o?>,part.'] Hab. Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere, near the sea- coast. C28^. Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues). Greater Redpoll. iEgioihns rostratus CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. i86r, 378. Acanthis linaria rostrata Stejn. Auk, I. April, 18S4, 153. [B — , C — , R i']()a, part, C 208, /«r/.] Hab. Greenland and Northeastern North America, south irregu- larly in winter to Ne'v England, New York, and Northern Illinois. Genus SPUTCTS Koch. Spitms Koch, Bayr. Zool. 18 16, 233. Type, Fringilla spinus Linn. ORDER PASSERES. 261 529. Spinus tristis (Linn.). American Goldfiuch. Fringilla tristis Li\N. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 181. spinus tristis Stejx. Auk, I. Oct, 18S4, 362. [B 313, C 149, R 181, C 213.J Hab. North America generally, breeding southward to the middle districts of the United States (to about the Potomac and Ohio Rivers, Kansas, and California), and wintering mostly south of the northern boundary of the United States. 530. Spinus psaltria (Say). Arkansas Goldfinch. Frin:riiia psaltria Sav, Long's Exp. II. 1823, 40. Spinus psaltria Stejx. Auk, II. Oct. 1884, 3^2. [B314, C 151, R 182, C 21.5.] Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, and from Colorado and Utah southward to Sonora. 530 rt. Spinus psaltria arizonae (Coues). Arizona Goldfincli. Chrysomitris mexicana var. arizonae CoUES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 82. Spinus psaltria arizonce Stejn. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 362. [B— C 151 ^rR 182^, C 216.] Hab. Southern New Mexico and Southern Arizona, southward into Northern Mexico. 530^. Spinus psaltria mexicanus (Swains.). Mexican Goldfinch. Cardiielis mexicanus Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 435. spinus psaltria mexicanus Stejn. Auk. I. Oct. 1884, 362. [B315, C 159 ^R 182/;, C 217.] Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, southward through Mexico and Central America to Panama. 262 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 531. Spinus lawrencei (Cass.). Lawrence's Goldfiucli. Carduelis lawrencei Cass. Fr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1S51, 105, pi. v. Spinus lawrencei Stejn. Auk, II. Oct. 1884, 362. [B316, C 150, R 183, C 214.] Hab. California ; Arizona, in winter. [532.] Spinus notatus (DuBus). Black-headed Goldfinch. Carduelis notata DuBus, Bull. Ac. Brux. XIV. pt. 2, 1847, 106. Spinus notatus Stejn. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 362. [B3io,C— , R 184, C 218.] Hab. Mexico ; accidental in Kentucky (Audubon). 633. Spinus pinus (VVils.). Pine Siskin. Fringilla pinus Wils Am. Orn. II. iSio, 133, pi, 17, fig. t. spinus pinus Stejn. Auk, I. Oct. 1SS4, 362. [B317, C 148, R 185, C 212.] Hab. North America generally, breeding mostly north of the United States and in the Rocky Mountain region ; in winter south to the Gulf States and Mexico. Genus FLECTROPHENAZ Stejneger. Plectrophenax Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1S82, 33. Type, Emberiza nivalis Linn. 634. Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.). Snowflake. Emberiza nivalis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 176. Plectrophenax nivalis Stfjn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33. [B325,C 152, R 186, C 219.] iS;]!! ORDER PASSERES. 263 Hab. Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the arctic resions ; in North America south in winter into the Northern United States, irregularly to Georgia, Southern Illinois, and Kansas. 535. Plectrophenax hyperboreus Ridgw. McKay's Snowflake. Plectrophenax hyperboreus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. June ii, 1SS4, 68. [B— , C— , R— C-.] Hab. Alaska. Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein. Calcariics Bechst. Taschb. Vog. Deutschl. 1803, 130. Type, Fringilla lapponica LiNN. 536. Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.). Lapland Longspur. Fringilla lapponica Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 180. Calcarius lapponicus Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33. [B326, C 153, R 187, C 220.] Hab. Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere, breeding far north ; in North America south in winter to the Northern United States, irregularly to the Middle States, accidentally to South Carolina, and abundantly in the interior to Kansas and Colorado. 537. Calcarius pictus (Swains.). Smith's Longspur. Emberiza {Plectrophancs) picta Swains. F. B. A. II 183 1, 250, pi. 49. Calcarius pictus Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33. [B327, C1.-4, R188, C221.] Hab. Interior of North America, from he Arctic coast to Illinois and Texai, breeding far north. 538. Calcarius omatus (Towns.). Chestnut-collared Lougspur. Plectrophanes omatus Towns. Journ. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 189. Calcarius omatus Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. June 5, 1882, 33. 264 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B32S, 329, C 155, R 189, C 222.] Hab. Interior of North America, from the Saskatchewan Plains south to Texas. Rare west of the Rocky Mountains. Accidental in Massachusetts. Genus RHYNCHOPHANES Baird. Rhynchophanes Baird, B. N. Am. 1858,432 (in text). Type, Plectio- phaiies mccoiunii Lawr. 539. Rhynchophanes mccownii (Lawr.). McCown's Longspur. Plectropltancs mccownii hxwK. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1851, 122. Rhynchophanes maccowni Ridgw. Field & Forest, II. May, 1877, 197. [B 330, C 156, R 190, C 223.] Hab. Interior of North America, from the Saskatchewan Plains south to Texas and Mexico \ breeds from about the northern border of Western Kansas northward. Genus FOOC^TES Baird. Poocatcs Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 447. Type, Fringilla graininea Gmel. 540. Foocaetes gramineus (Gmel.). Vesper Sparrow. Fringilla gramittea Gmel. S- N. I. ii. 1788, 992. Pooccetes gramineus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 447. [B 337^ A-^^' C 161, R 197, C 233.] Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, from Nova Scotia and Ontario southward ; bre^ids fron Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri northward. 640 a. Poocaetes gramineus con:'inis uaird. Western Vesper Sparrow. Pooccetes gramineus var. confinis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 448 (in text). ORDER PASSERES. 265 [D ZZI.part, C 161 «, R 197 cu C 232.] Hab. Western United Statesj from the PiAins to the Pacific, south into Mexico. Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson. Ammocframus SwAiNS. Zool. Journ. III. 1827, 348. Type, FringUla caudacuta Wilson. Subgenus PASSERCULUS Bonaparte. Passer ciclus BoxAP Geog. & Comp. List, 183S, 2>2>- Type, Fringilla savanna WiLS. 541. Ammodramus princeps (Mayn.). Ipswich Sparrow. Passcradus princeps Mayx. Am. Nat. VI. 1872, 637. Ainiitodramus pj-inceps Ridgw, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. [B— C 158, R 192,0225.] Hab. Atlantic coast, from Nova Scotia south, in winter, to Vir- ginia. o42. Ammodramus sandwichensis (Gmel.). Sandwich Sparrow. Etnberiza sandwichensis Gmel. S. N. T. ii. 1788, 875. Ammodramus savdwichensis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354- [B i2>l^ C 159 /a R 193, C 226.] Hab. Northwest coast, n.om the Columbia River to Unalashka. 5 12^. Ammodramns sandwichensis savanna (Wils.). Savanna Sparrow. •• Fringilla savanna Wiis. Am. Or\ III. 181 1, 55, pi. 22, fig. 2. Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1S85, 354. [B 332, C 159, R 193 rt, C 227.] 266 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN RIRDS. Hab. Eastern Province of North America, breeding from the North- ern United States to Labrador and Hudson's Bay Territory. 5A2l\ Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus (Bonap.). Western Savanna Sparrow. Passercidus alaudinus BoxAP. Compt.-Rend. XXXVII. 1853, 91S. Avunodranms sandwichensis alaiidimis Ridgw. Pr. J. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1085,354. [B335, C— , R 193^,0229.] Hab. Western North America, from the Plains to the Pacific coast region, north to the Arctic coast. 542 r. Ammodramus sandwichensis bryanti Ridgw. Bryant's 3Iarsh Sparrow. Passerculiis sandwichensis bryanti Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Jan. 19, 18S5, 517. Ammodramus sandwichensis bryanti Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885,354. [B 334, Z^-''^, C i^<)a, part, R 194, /, part.'] Hab. Salt marshes about San Francisco Bay, probably south along the coast in winter. 543. Ammodramus beldingi Ridgw. Belding's Marsh Sparrow^. Passerculus beldingi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Jan. 19, 1885, 516. A mmodramtis leldingi RiHGW . Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. [B 334, /<7r/, C \^<^a^part, R \()^, part, C 228,/^;-^] Hab. S;ilt marshes of the Pacific coast, from Santa Barbara south to Todos Santos Island, Lower California. 544. Ammodramus rostratus Cass. Large-billed Sparrow. Emberiza rostrata ss. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, 348. Animodronms rostratus Cass. Illustr. B. Cal, Tex. etc. 1855, 226, pi. 38. \ ORDER PASSERES. 267 [B 336, C 160, R 196, C 230.] Had. Coast of California, south in winter to Cape St. Lucas and Northwestern Mexico. 544 a. Ammodramus rostratus guttatus (Lawr.). St. Lucas Sparrow. Passcuiclns guttatus Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VI I L 1867, 473. Atninodramus rostratus nuttatus RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI I L [B — , C 160 a, R 195, C 231.] Hab. Lower California. Subgenus CENTRONYX Baird. Ccntronyx Baird, B. N. Am. 1 858, 440. Type, Emberiza bairdii AuD. 545. Ammodramus bairdii (Aud.). Baird's Sparrow. Emberiza bairdii AuD. B. Am. VI L 1843, 359- P^- S^O' Affi>fiodro?nus bairdi Gii-EYiRi., Thes. Orn. I. 1872, 328. [B 331, C 157, 157 bis, R 191, C 224.] Hab. Interior of North Anieric;i, from the plains of the Red River and Saskatchewan south to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Subgenus COTUPNICULUS Bonaparte. Cotunncitlus BoxAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 183S, 32. Type, Fringilla passer: na WiLS. 546. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus (Wils.). Grasshopper Sparrow^. Fringilla passerina WiLS. Am. Orn. III. i8rr, 76, pi 26, fig. 5. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 355. [B 338, C 162, R 198, C 234.] Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada to the Plains, scath to Florida^ Cuba, Porto Rico, and coast of Central America. 268 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 54C^a. Ammodraimis savannarum perpallidus Ridgw. Western Grasshopper Sparrow. Coturniculiis passerinus wzx. perpallidus " Ridgw. MS." Coues, Key, 1872, 137. Amiiiodrainns savannarum pcrpallUhis Riu:jw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885,355. [B 338, /^r/, C 102 a, R 198 dr, C 235.] Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific coast, and the table lands of Mexico. 547. Ammodramus henslovrii (Aud.). Henslow's Sparrow. Einberiza hensloivii AuD. Orn. Biog. I. 1831, 360, pi. "Jl. Avimodromus henslowi Gray, Gen. B. II. June, 1849, 374* [B339, C 163, R 199, C 236.] Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, north to Southern New England and Ontario. 548. Ammodramus leconteii (Aud.). Leconte's Sparrow. Emberiza leconteii Avu. B Am. VII. 1843. 338, pi. 488. Amniodromus leconteii Gray, Gen. B. II. June, 1849, 374. [B 340, C 164, R 200, C 237.] Hab. From the Plains eastward to Illinois, South Carolina, and Florida, and from Manitoba south to Texas. Subgenus AMMODRAMUS. A7nmodramns Swains. Zoo!. Jour. III. 1827, 348. Type, Orioltts caudacuttis Gmel. 540. Ammodramus caudacutus (Gmel). Sliarp-tailed Sparrow. Orioltts caudacutus Gmel. S. N. I. i. 17S8, 394. A/nmodraiJius caudacutus ^yfAias. Classif. B. II. 1837, 289. ORDER PASSERES. 269 [B 341, C 166, R 201, C 240 ] Hab. Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast, from Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia to the Gulf States. old a. Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni Allen. Nelson's Sparrow. Amtnodromus caud.ictttiis var. nelsoni Allen, Pr. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. XVII. March, 1875, 93. [B~, C— , R 201^, C 241.] Har. Fresh marshes of the Mississippi Valley region (Illinois, Kansas, etc.), and the Atlantic coast in its migrations (Lower Hudson Valley to Charleston, S. C). 550. Ammodramus maritimus (VVils.). Seaside Sparrow. Fringilla inaritima WiLS. Am Orn. VII. 181 1, 68, pi. 24, fig. 2. Amniodrannts viaritinia Swains. Cl.issif. B. II. 1837, 289. [B 342, C 165, R 202, C 238.] Ill Hab. Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast, from Massachusetts south- ward, and alonsj the Gulf coast to the Rio Grande. 551. Ammodramus nigrescens Ridgw. Dusky Seaside Sparrow. Anunodronins man'iimns \^v. nizyesccns RiDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Dec. 1873, '9S. Aminodraums nigrescens Ridsw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 18S0, 178. [B- C 165^, R203, C 239.] Hab. Salt Lake, Southern Florida. Genus CHONDESTES Swainson. Chondestes Swains. Fiiil. Mag. I. 1S27, 435, Type, C. strigatus Swains. 270 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 552. Chondestes grammacus (Sav). Lark Sparrow. Frini:;illa grammaca Say, Long's Exp II. 1823, 139. Chondestes grammaca Bovap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 32. [B iw^part, C i^G,parf, R 204, C 2S1, par/. '\ Hab. Mississippi Valley region, from Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan to the Plains, south to Eastern Texas. Accidental near the Atlantic coast (Massachusetts, Long Island, New Jersey, and Washington, D. C). 552^. Chondestes grammacus strigatus (Swains.). Westera Lark Sparrow. Chondestes stri<^atus Swai.nS. Phil. Mac:. I- 1827, 435. Chondestes gram maca strigata RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 179. [B 344, /ar/, C 1^6, part, R 204,7, C 281, /rt^/.] Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific coast, south into Mexico. Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson. Zonotrichia Swains. F. B. A. II. 1831, 493. Type, by elimination, Emberiza leucophrys For ST. 553. Zonotrichia quenila (Nutt.). Harris's Sparrow. Fringilla quertda Nutt. Man. I. 2d ed. 1840, 555. Zonotrichia querula Gamb. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2d ser. I. 1847, 51. [B 348, C 185, R 205, C 280.] Hab. Middle United States, from Missouri and Iowa west to Mid- dle Kansas and Dakota, and from Texas north to the Red River of the North. 554. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). White-crow^ned Sparrow. Emberiza leucophrys Forst. Phiios. Trans. LXII. 1/72, 382, 426. Z{onotrichia'\ leucophrys Swains. F. B. A. II. 183 1, 493. . '6^ ORDER PASSERES. 27 1 [B 345, C 183, R 206, C 276.] Had. North America at Iar;;e, breeding chiefiy in the Rocky Moun- tain region (including Sierra Nevada) and northeast to Labrador. ^ - 655. Zonotrichia intermedia Ridgw. Interiiiediiito Spurrow. Zonotrichia leucoplirys var. intermedia RiDGW. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Dec. 1873, 198. Zonotrichia intermedia RiDGW. Field tSc Forest, May, 1S77, 198. [B 346, A?/-/, C 183/;, R 207 «, C 277.] Hab. Western North America, from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, and from Mexico to Alaska. Breeds, so far as known, only north of the United States. X>o'o. Zonotrichia gambeli (Nutt.). G ambers Sparrow. Frimrilla gambeli NuTT. Man. I. 2d ed. 1840. 556. Zonotrichia gambeli Gamu. Journ. Ac Nat. Sd. Piiila. 2d ser. I. 1847, so. [B i\(i,part, C 183 rt, R 207, C 278.] Hab. Pacific coast region, from Oregon southward. 557. Zonotrichia coronata (Pall.). Golden-crowned Sparrow. Emberi::a coronata Pall. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 44. Zonotrichia coronata Baiud, B. N. Am. 1858, 461. [B 347, C 184, R 208, C 279.] Hab. Pacific coast region, from Alaska to Southern California. 558. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.). White-throated Sparrow. Fringilla albicollis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 17S8, 926. Zonotrichia albicollis Swains. Classif. B. II. 1837, 288. [B 349» C 182, R 209, C 275.] 272 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Hab. Eastern North America, west to the Plains, north to Lab- rador and the Fur Countries. Breeds in Northern Michigan, Northern New York, and Northern New En;_: und, and winters from the Middle States southward. Genus SFIZELLA Bonaparte. Spizelhi BoNAP. Saggio Distr. Met. 1S32, i^^o. Type, Fringilla pii- silla WiLS. 559. Spizella monticola (Gmel.). Tree Sparrow. Fringilla monticola Gmel. S N. I. ii. 1788. 912. Spizella 7nonticola Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 472. [6357,/^/-/, C i^Tipaft, R 2\o,part, C 2G2>, pari.'] Hab. Eastern North America, westward to the Plains, and from the Arctic Ocean south, in winter, to the Carolinas, Kentucky, and East- ern Kansas. Breeds north of the United Stales, east of the Rocky Mountains. 559^. Spizella monticola ochracea Brewst. Western Tree Sparrow. spizella monticola ochracea Brew^t. Bull. Nutt. Cm. Club, VII. Oct. 1882, 228. [B 357, /^^A C 177,/rtrr/, R 2\o, part, C 268, /^rA] Hab. Western North America, east to Dakota and Western Kan- sas, south in winter to New Mexico and Arizona, north to the arctic regions ; breeds in Alaska. 560. Spizella socialis (Wils.). Chipping Sparrow. Fringilla socialir > LS. Am. Orn. II. 18 10. 127, pi. 16, fig. 5. spizella socialis L. ap. Gcog. & Comp. List, 1838, 33. [B 359, /^r/, C 178, R 211, C 269.] Hab. Eastern North America, west to the Rocky Mountains, north to Great Slave Lake, and south to Eastern Mexico. ORDER PASSERES. 273 BGOa. Spizella socialis arizonse Coues. Western Chipping Sparrow. Spizella socialis var. arizona Coues, Key, 1872, 143. [6359,/^/-/, C 178 [B -, C — , R — , C — .] Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas south into Central and Western Mexico. 578. Feucaea cassini (Woodh.). Cassia's Sparrow. Zonotrichia cassini \Woov>Yi. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. April, 1852, 60. Peucaa cassini Baikd, B. N. Am. 185S, 458. [B 371, C i^o bis^ R 228, C 254.] Hab. Plains of Kansas southward and westward, through Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, into Mexico. 579. Feucaea carpalis Coles. Rufous-winged Sparrow. PeuccBa carpalis Coues, Am. Nat. VII. June, 1873, 322. [B — , C 171 bisy R 229, C 257.] Hab. Arizona. 580. Feucaea nificeps (Cass.). Rufous-crow^ned Sparrow. Ammodro)nus rjtficeps Cass. Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. Oct. 1852, i84« PeuccBa nificeps Baird, B. N. Am. 1&58, 486. [B372, C 171, R 230, 0255.] Hab. Coast of California, south to Cape St. Lucas. 580^7. Peucaea ruficeps boucardi (Scl.). Boucard's Sparrow^. Zonotrichio. boitcardi Sclater, P. Z. S. 1867, i, pi. 1. PeuccEa ruficeps boucardi Uidgw. Hist. N. Am. B. II. 1874, 38. ORDER PASSERES. 279 [B_,C—,R 230^,0256.] IIab. Southern New Mexico and Southern Arizona, south into Mexico. 580^. Peucaea ruficeps eremceca Brown. Rock Sparrow. Peucaa rjtficeps eremceca Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CI. VII. Jan. 1882, 26. [B _ C — , R — , C — .] Hab. Southwestern I'exas, south into Eastern Mexico. Genus MELOSPIZA Baird. Melospiza Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 478. Type, Fringilla melodia WiLS. = F.fasciata Gmel. 581. Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.). Song Sparrow. Fringilla fasciata Gmel. S. N, I. 1788, 922. Melospiza fasciata Scott, Am. Nat. X. 1876, 18. [B 363, C 169, R 231, C 244.] Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains, breeding from Virginia and the northern portion of the Lake States northward. .581^. Melospiza fasciata fallax (Baird). Desert Song Sparrow. Zonotrichia fallax Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 1 19 (nee Melospiza fallax auctorum plurimorum !). Melospiza fasciata fallax Hensh. Auk, I. July, 1884, 224. [B 367, C i6(.) a, part^ R 231 a, part, C 245, /«/-/.] Hab. New Mexico and Arizona. b?>\b. Melospiza fasciata montana Hensh. Mountain Song Sparrow. Melospiza fasciata motitana Henshaw, Auk, I. July, 1884, 224. 28o CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [li — , C iG() a, part, R 2^1 a, part, C 245, /, C 303.] Hab. Pacific coast region, from Washington Territory south to San Francisco, California. 589. Pipilo consobrinus Ridgw. Guadalupe Towhee. Pipilo maatlatus consobrinus RiDGW. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. II. No. 2, April i, 1876, 189. Pipilo consobfinns RiDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. July, 1877, 60. [B — , C — , R 238 c, C — .] Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 590. Pipilo chlomrus (Towns.). Green-tailed Towhee. FringUla cJilorura " Towxs." Aud. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 336. Pipilo chlorurtis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 519. [B 398, C 208, R 239, C 310.] Hab. Interior Plateau region of the United States, from the west- ern border of the Plains to the Sierra Nevada, from about lat. 40*^ south into Mexico. ORDER PASSERES. 285 591. Fipilo fuscns mesoleucus (Baird). Cauou Towhee. Fipilo mesoleucus Baird, Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. June, 1854, 119. Vipilofuscusy-as. mesoleucus Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. Nov. 1873. 183. [B 397, C 206, R 240, C 306.] Hab. Southern border of the United States, from the valley of the Upper Rio Grande west to the valley of the Gila, south into Western Mexico. 591 rt. Pipilo fuscus albigula (Baird). Saint Lucas Towhee. Pipilo albigula Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Nov. 1859, 305. Pipilo fuscus S2X. albigula Coues, Key, 1872, 152. [B — , C 206 dr, R 240 tf, C 307.] Hai3. Lower California. 591^. Pipilo fuscus crissalis (Vic). Californian Towhee. Fringilla crissalis ViG. Zool. Bios. 1839, 19. Pipilo fuscus var. crissalis CouES, Key, 1872, 153. [B 396, C 2o6^ R 240/^, C 308.] Hab. California. 592. Pipilo aberti Baird. Abert's Towhee. Pipilo aberti Baird, Stansbury's Rep. Exped. Utah, 1852, 325. [B 395, C 207, R 241, C 309.] Hab. New Mexico and Arizona, north into Southern Colorado and Utah. Genus CARDINALIS Bonaparte. Cardinalis Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, ill. Type, C. virginianus Bonap. = Loxia cardinalis Linn. 286 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 593. Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.). Cardinal. Loxia cardinalis Linn. S. N. ed. lo, 175S, 172. Cardinalis cardinalis LiCHT. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. 1854,44. [B 390, C 203, R 242, C 299.] Hab. Eastern United States, north to New Jersey and the Ohio Valley (casually farther), west to the Plains. 593 dr. Cardinalis cardinalis superbus Ridgw. Arizona Cardinal. Caidinalis cardinalis S2tperbus RiDGW. Auk, IL Oct. 1883, 344. [B — , C 202, a, part, R 242 a, part, C 300, /^r/.] Hab. Arizona and Western Mexico. 593^. Cardinalis cardinalis igneus (Bafrd). « Saint Lucas Cardinal. Cardinalis igneus Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 305. Cardinalis cardinalis igneiis Stejn. Auk, I. 1884, 171. [B — , C 202, a, part, R 2^2 a, part, C 300, /^r/.] Hab. Lower California. Genus FYRRHULOZIA BonapaRxE. Pyrrhuloxia Bonap. Consp. Av. L 1850, 500. Type, Cardinalis sinuatus Bonap. 594. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata Bonap. Texan Cardinal. Cardinalis sinuatus Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, in. Pyrrhuloxic sinuata BoNAP. Consp. A v. L 1850, 500. [B 389, C 202, R 243, C 298.] Hab. Southern border of the United States, from the valley of the Lower Rio Grande westward and southward. ORDER PASSERES. 287 Genus HABIA Reicuenbach. Habia Reich. Syst. Av. June i, 1850, pi. Ixxviii. Type, Guiraca meUiHocephula Swains. 595. Habia ludoviciana (Linn.). Rose- breasted Grosbeak. Loxiii ludoviciana LKn'N. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 306. Habia ludoviciana Stejn. Auk, 1. Oct. 1884, 367. [B 380, C 193, R 244, C 289.] Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the eastern borc'ar of the Plains, south, in winter, to Cuba, Central Amer- ica, and Northern South America. 596. Habia melanocephala (Swains.). Black-headed Grosbeak. Guiraca tnclanocephala SwAixs. Philos. Mng. I. 1827, 438. Habia melanocephala Stejn. Auk, I. Oct. 1884, 367. [B381, C 194, R 245, C 290.] Hab. Western United States, from Middle Kansas to the Pacific coast, and south into Mexico. Genus GUIRACA Swainson. Guiraca Swains. Zcol. Jour. III. Nov. 1827, 350. Type, Loxia ccerulea Linn. 597. Guiraca cserulea (Linn.). Blue Grosbeak. Loxia ccerulea Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 175. Guiraca ccerulea Swains. Phil. Mag. L 1827, 438. [B 382, C 195, R 246, C 291.] Hab. Southern half of the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, south into Mexico. '^-5? 7^ 288 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus FASSERINA Vieillot. Passerina Vikill. Analyse, 1816, 30. Type, by elimii.alion, Tatiaora cyanea LiNX. 598. Passerina cyauea (Linn.). ladlgo Buutiug. Tanaj^ta cyanea Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 315. Passerina cyanea Vieill. Nou.. Diet. dHist. Nat. XXV. 1817, 7. [B 387, C 199, R 248, C 295.] Hab. Eastern United States, south in winter to Veragua. 699. Passerina amcena (Say). Lazuli Bunting. Emberiza amcena Say, Long's Exp. II. 1823, 47. Passerina avicena Gray, Handl. II. 1870, 97. [B 386, C 200, R 249, C 296.] Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south into Mexico. 600. Passerina versicolor (Bonap.). Varied Bunting. Spiza versicolor Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, 120. Passerina versicolor Gray, Handl. II. 1870, 97. [B 385,0 197, R 250, C 293.1 Hab. From the valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas and Lower California southward to Guatemala. Accidental in Southern Michigan. 601. Passerina ciris (Linn.). Painted Bunting. Emberiza ciris Linn. S. N. ed. 10, T. 1758, 179. Passerina ciris V iKiiA.. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXV. 1817, 17. [B 384, C 196, R 251; C 292.] Hab. South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to North Carolina and Southern Illinois, and south to Panama. ORDER PASSERES. 289 Genus SFOROFHILA Cabanis. Sporophila Cabanis, Fauna Peruana, 1844, 211. G02. Sporophila morelleti (Bonap.). Morellet's Seed-eater. Spermophila tnorelleti " Pucherax,' Bonap. Consp. Av. I, 1850,497. Sporophi/a fnorelleii Cabaius, Mus. Hein. I. 1851, 150. [B 388, C 200, R 252, C 296.] Hab. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, south through Mexico to Costa Rica. Genus "BUETHEIA Reichenbach. Ettetheia Retch. Av. Syst. Nat. Knacker, "June i, 1850," pi. Ixxix. Type, Emi .riza lepida Linn. 603. Euetheia bicolor (Linn.). Grassquit. Frin^illa bicolor Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 324. Euethia bicolor Gundlach, J. f. O. XXIL 1874, 312. [B — , C 201, R 253, C 297.] Hab. West Indies. Accidental or casual in Southern Florida. Genus SPIZA Bonaparte. Spiza Bonap. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. IV. i. Aug. 1824. 45. Type, Emberiza americana Gmel. 604. Spiza americana (Gmel.). Dickcissel. Emberiza america?ta Gmel S. N. L ii. 1788, 872. Spiza americana RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. IIL March 27, 1880, 3. [B378, C 191, R 254, C 287.] Hab. Eastern United States to the Rocky Mountains, north to Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and south in winter through Central America to Northern South America. «9 290 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus CALAMOSFIZA Bonaparte. Calainospisa BoxAP. Geog. >k Comp. List, 1838, 30. Type, Frin^illa bicolor Towns. := Calamospiza fuelanocorys Stejn. G05. Calamospiza melanocorys Siejn. Lark Bunting. Calamospiza melanocorys Stejn. Auk, II. Jan. 1885, 49. [B 377, C 190, R 256, C 286.] Hab. From the Plains of Dakota and Middle Kansas west to the Rocky Mountains, less commonly thence to the Pacific, and south to Northern Mexico and Lower Caliiomia. Accidental in Massa- chusetts. Family TANAGRID-^S. Tanagers. Genus EUPHONIA Desmarest. Euphonia Desm. Hist. Nat. Tang. 1805, — . Type, Pipra mtisica Gmel. ? 606. Euphonia elegantissima (Bonap.). Blue-headed Euphonia. Pipra elegantissima Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, 112. Euphonia elegatitissima Gray, Gen. B. App. 1849, ^7' [B224, C— , R 160, C— .] Hab. Eastern Mexico, and south to Veragua. Texas (Giraud). Genus FIRANG-A Vietllot. Piranga Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, p. iv. T)'pe, Muscicapa rubra Linn. 607. Firanga ludoviciana (Wn.s.). Louisiana Tanager. Tanagra ludoviciana WiLS. Am. Orn. III. 181 1, 27, pi. 20, fig. i. Pyranga ludoviciana Richardson, Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. V. 1837, ^11- Jy/f^ [lol'j] ORDER PASSERES. 291 [B 223, C no, R 162, C 158.] Hab. Western United States, from the Great Plains to the Pacific. In winter south to Guatemala. 608. Firanga erjrthromelas Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. Pyranga erythromelas Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXVIII. 1819, 293 (= Pyranga rubra AucT., nee Fringilla rubra Linn.). [B 220, C 107, R 161, C 154.] Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, and north to Southern Canada. In winter the West Indies, Central America, and Northern South America. 609. Firanga hepatica Swains. Hepatic Tanager. Pyranga hepatica Swains. Phil. Maj. I. 1827, 438. [B 222, C 109, R 163, C 157.] Hab. Southern New Mexico and Southern Arizona southward. 610. Firanga rubra (Linn.). Summer Tanager. Fringilla rubra Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, t8i. Firanga rubra Vieill. Ois. Am, Sept. I. 1807, p. iv. [B 221, C 108, R 164, C 155.] Hab. Eastern United States, to the Plains, north to Southern New Jersey and Southern Illinois, casually north to Connecticut and Ontario, and accidentally to Nova Scotia. In winter, Cuba, Central America, and Northern South America. 610 wiugcd Swallow. Hirundo serripennis AuD. Orn. Biog. IV. 1838, 593. Stelgidopteryx serripennis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 312. [B 230, C 116, R 158, C 164] Hab. United States at large (in the Eastern States north to Con- necticut), south to Guatemala. Family AMPELID^. Waxwikgs, etc. Subfamily AMPELIN.^. Waxwings. Genus AMFELIS Linnaeus. Ar^pelis Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 297. Type, by elimination, A. garrulus Linn. 618. Axnpelis garrulus Linn. Bohemian Wax wing. Lanius garrulus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 95. Ampelis garrulus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 297. [B 232, C 118, R 150, C 166.] Hab. Northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, south in winter, irregularly, £0 the Northern United States. 619. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). Cedar WaxTv^ing. Bombycilla cedrorum Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 88, pi. 57. Ampelis cedrorum Gray, Gen. E. I. 1846, 278. ORDER TASSERES. 295 [n 233, C 119, R 151, C 167.] Had. North America at large, from the Fur Countries southward. In winter south to Guatemala and the West Indies. Subfamily PTILIOGONATIN-^. Genus PHAINOPEFLA Sclater. Phaitiopepla SCL. P. Z. S. 1858, 543. Type, Ptiliogoiiys nitens Swains. 620. Fhainopepla nitens (Swains.). Phainopepla. Ptilioi^onys nitens Swains. Anim. in Menng. 1838, 285. Phainopepla nitens Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, 543. [B 234, C 120, R 26, C 168.] Hab. Southwestern United States, from Southwestern Texas west- ward to California, north to Southern Utah and Nevada, and south into Mexico. Family LANIID.^. Shrikes. Genus LANIUS Linn^us. Lanius Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 93. Type, by elimination, L. excubitor Linn. 621. Lanius borealis Vieill. Northern Shrike. Lanius borealis Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 90. pi. 50. [B 236, C 134, R 148, C 186.] Hab. Northern North America, south in winter to the middle por- tions of the United States (Washington, D. C, Kentucky, Kansas, Colorado, Arizona, Northern Callfoi-nia). 296 CHECK-LIST OK NORTH AMERICAN UIRDS. 622. Lanius ludovicianus Linn. LoffKf^rhead Shrike. Lanius ludoviciamts Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 134. [B237, C 135, R 149, C 187.^ Hab. Florida, the Carolinas, and the Gulf States east of Texas. 022 a. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (Swains.). White-rumped Shrike. Lanius excitbitoridcs Swains, fauna Bor. Am. 11. 1831, 115, pl. 34. Lanius ludovicianus var. excubiioroidcs CouES, Key, 1872, 125. [B238, C t3sr?, R 149 a, C 1S8.] Hab. Western United States, east to the Middle and New England States, breeding as far north as Northern New York and Northern New England. Rare or local east of the AUeghanies. LIS ^U:i^ Family VIREONID^. Vireos. Genus VIREO Vieillot. Subgenus VIREOSTLVA Bonaparte. Vierosylva Bona p. Geog. & Comp. List, 1S38, 26. Type, Afuscicapa olivacea Linn. ooq^ [623.] Vireo altiloquus barbatulus (Cab). ' Black- whiskered Vireo. Phyllomanes barbatulus Cab. J. f. O. 1855. 467. Vireo altiloquus var. barbatulus CouES, Key, 1872, 120. [B 243, C 123, R 137, C 172.] Hab. Bahamas, Cuba, and Southern Florida. C24. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.). Red-eyed Vireo. Muscicapa olivacea Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 327. Vireo oliiiaceus Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. Y. II. 1826, 71. ORDER PASSERES. 297 [B 240, C 122, R 135, C 170.] Har. Eastern North America, to the Rocky Mountains, north to the arctic regions. iJ'Jo. Vireo flavoviridis (Cass.). YcUow-grcon Vireo. Vireosyhiajlavovindis Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. Feb. 185 1, 152. Vireo flavoviridis Baiiid, B. N. Am. 185S, 332. [B241, C— , R 136, C 171.] Had. Valley of the Lower Rio Orande in Texas, southward to Panama. Accidental at Godbout, Province of Quebec. G2G. Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.). Philadelphia Vireo. Vireosylvia philadelphidi Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V. Feb. 1851, 153, pi. 10, fig. 2. Vino philadelphicus Baird, B. N. Am. 1S58, 335. [B 244, C 124, R 138, C 173.] Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay ; south, in winter, to Costa Rica. 627. Vireo gUvus (Vieill.). Warbling Vireo. Mtiscicapa gilva Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 65, pi. 34. Vireo gilvus Boxap. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci Phila IV. 1824, 176. [B245, C 125, 125 a, R 139, 139 rt, C 174, 175.] Hab. North America in general, from the Fur Countries to Mexico. Subgenus LANIVIREO Baird. Lanivireo Baird, Rev. Am. B. I May, 1866, 345. Type, Vireo fla- vifrons Vieill. 628. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. Yellow- throated Vireo. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1807, 85, pi. 54. 298 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [P 252, C 126, R 140, C 176.] Hab. Eastern \J--ni -A States ; south, in winter, to Costa Rica. 629. Vireu sol* .^rius (Wils.). Blue-headed Vireo. Muscicapa solitaria VViLS. Am. Orn. II. iSio, 43, pi. 17, fig. 6. Vireo solitariiis Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXVI. 1819, 103. [B 250, C 127, R 141, C 177.] Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains. In winter, south to Mexico and Guatemala. 629 «. Vireo solitarius cassinii (Xantus). Cassin's Vireo. Vireo cassinii XxsT. Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 117. Vireo soliiarius var. cassini Hexsh. Rep. Orn. Spec. (Wheeler's Exp.), 1874, 105. [B251, C — , R i4idt, C 178.] Hae. Western United States ; confined to the Pacific slope during the breeding season. 629^. Vireo solitarius plumbeus (Coues). Plumbeous Vireo. Vireo plumbeus CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 74. Vireo solitarius vdit. plumbeus Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. III. 1872, 176. [B — , C 127^, R 141 /^, C 179.] Hab. Western United States, fi-om the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains westward, south into Mexico in winter. Vireo Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1S07, 83. Type, V. imisicus Vieill. = Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmel. 630. Vireo atricapillus Woodh. Black-capped Vireo. Vireo atricapillus Woodh. Pr. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1852, 60. [B 427, C 133, R 142, C 185.] Hab. Mexico and Texas, and north to Kansas. Subgenus VIREO Vieillot. ORDER PASSERES. 299 C31. Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel). White-eyed Vireo. Muscicapa noveboracensis Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 947. Vireo noveboracensis Bonap. Tourn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. IV. 1824, 176. [B 348, C 129, R 143, C 181.] Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Rocky Mountains ; south, in winter, to Guatemala. Resident in the Bermudas. 632. Vireo huttoni Cass. Hutton's Vireo. Vireo huttoni Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185 1, 150, pi. 10, fig. i. [B 249, C 130, R 144, C 182. J Hab. California. 632^. Vireo huttoni stephensi Brewst. Stephens's Vireo. Vireo huttoni stephensi Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. July, 1882, 142. [B-, C-, R- C— .] Hab. Arizona, Western Mexico, and Lower California. 633. Vireo bellii Aud. Bell's Vireo. Vireo bellii Axjn. B. Am. VII. 1844, 333, pi. 485. [B 246, C 131, R 145, C 183.] Hab. Middle portion of the United States, from Illinois and Iowa west to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, south into Mexico. 633^. Vireo bellii pusillTis (Coues). Least Vireo. Vireo pusillus Coues, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 76. Vireo bellii pusillus RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. 300 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B— , C 132, R 146, C 184.] Hab. Arizona and California, soutli to Cape Sc. Lucas, and through- out Western Mexico. Gol Vireo vicinior Coues. Gray Vireo. Fireo vicinior CouES, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1866, 75. [B— , C 128, R 147, C 180.] Hab. Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern Cali- fornia. Family CCEREBIDJEj. Honey Creepers. /OJ— Genus CERTHIOLA Sundevall. Certhiola Sund. Vet. Ak. Handl. Stockh. 1835, 99. Type, Certhia Jlaveola Linn. /.23 =rG35. Certhiola bahamensis Reich. Bahama Honey Creeper. Certhiola bahamensis Reich. Handb. L 1853, 253. [B301, C 106, R 159, C 153.] Hab. Bahamas, and the Keys of the southeastern coast of Florida. Family MNIOTILTID-ffi. Wood Warblers. Genus MNIOTILTA Vietllot. Mniotilta Vieill. Analyse, 1816, 45. Type, Motacilla varia Linn. 63G. Mniotilta varia (Linn.). Black and White Warbler. Motacilla varia Linn. S. N. ed. 12, \. 1766, 333. Mniotilta varia Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXL 1818, 230. [B 167, C 57, R 74, 74a, C 91, 92.] ORDER PASSERES. 3OI Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains, north to Fort Simpson, south, in winter, to Central America and the West Indies. Genus FROTONOTARIA Caird. Protonotaria Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 239. Type, Motacilla citrea BODD. 637. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.). Prothonotary Warbler. Motacilla citrea BoDD. Tabl. P. E. 1783, 44. Protonotaria citrea Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 239. [B 169, C 59, R 75, C 95.] Hab. Eastern United States, chiefly southward ; in winter, Cuba and Central America. Genus HELINAIA Audubon. Helinaia Aud. Synop. 1839, 66. Type, Sylvia swainsonii Auo. 638. Helinaia swainsonii Aud. Swainson's Warbler. Sylvia swainsonii Avn. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 563, pi. 198. Helinaia swainsonii Aud. Synop. 1839, 66. Hab. Southeastern United States (South Carolina, Georgia, Flor- ida, Louisiana, Texas) and Jamaica. Genus EELMITHERUS Rafinesque. Helmitherus Rafin. Joum. de Phys. LXXXVIII. 1819, 417. Type, Motacilla vermivora Gmel. 639. Helmitherus vermivoms (Gmel.). Worm-eating Warbler. Motacilla vermivora Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 951. Helmitheros vermivora Bonap. Consp. Av. I. April 20, 1850, 314. ! [B 179, C 61, R 76, C 97.] ll ( s L 302 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B 178, C 60, R 77,096.] Hab. Eastern United States, north to Southern New York and Southern New England, south, in winter, to Cuba and Central America. . » Genus HELMINTHOPHILA Ridgway. Helminthophila Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1882, 53. Type, Sylvia ruficapilla Wils. 640. Helminthophila bachmani (Aud.). Bachman's Warbler. Sylvia bachtnani Aun. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 4S3, pi. 183. Helminthophila bachvtaul RiDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1882, 53. [B 182, C 64, R 78, C 103.] Hab. South Carolina and Georgia; Cuba, in winter. No recent record of its occurrence. 641. Helminthophila pinus (Lixn.). • Blue-winged Warbler. Certhia pinus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 187. Helminthophila pinus Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1882, 53. [B 180, C 62, R 79, C 98.] Hab. Eastern United States, from Southern New York and South- ern New England southward. In winter, Mexico and Guatemala. G42. Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linn.). Golden-winged Warbler. Motacilla chrysoptera Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 333. Helminthophila chrysoptera Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1882, 53. [B 181, C (>z, R 81, C 102.] Hab. Eastern United States ; Central America in winter. ORDER PASSERES. 303 Ci3. Helxninthophila luciee (Cooper). Lucy's Warbler. Helmint/topha-^a lucicB Cooper, Pr. Cal Ac. Sci. July, 1S62, 120. Helminthophila lucice Ridgw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V'll. Jan. 1882, 54. [B— , C65, R83, C 104.] Hab. Valleys of the Colorado and Gila Rivers in Arizona and California. G44. Helxninthophila Virginias (^aird). Virginia's Warbler. Hehninthophaga virginice Baird, B. N. Am. ed. i860, Atlas, p. xi. foot-note, pi. 79, fig. I. Helminthophila virginice Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1882, 54. [B — , C 66, R 84, C loc.l Hab. Rocky Mountain region of the United States, from Colorado, Utah, and Nevada southward. 645. Helminthophila nificapilla (Wils.). Nashville Warbler. Sylvia ruficapilla Wils. Am. Orn. III. 181 1, 120, pi. 27, fis:. 3. , Helminthophila ruficapilla RiDGVv. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1882, 54. [B iST^part, C 6'j,parf, R Z^.part, C 106, /^r/.] Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, north to the Fur Coun- tries, breeding from the Northern United States northward. Mexico in winter. 645^. Helminthophila nificapilla gutturalis Ridgw. Calaveras Warbler. Helminthophaga ruficapilla var. gutturalis Ridgw. in Hist. N. Am. B. I. Jan. 1874, 191. Helminthophila ruficapilla gutturalis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885,354. [B iS^, part, C 67, part, RS^^part, C 106, part.] Hab. Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. H ■ ■ Mi-. 304 CIIFXK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 646. Helminthophila celata (Sav). Orange-crowned Warbler. Sylvia celata Say, Long's Exp. I. 1823, 169. Helminthophila celata Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1882, 54. [B \Z\, party C 68, R 86, C 107.] Hab. Eastern North America (rare, however, in the Northeastern United States), breeding as far northward as the Yukon and Mac- kenzie River districts, and southward through the Rocky Mountains, and wintering in the South Atlantic and Gulf States and Mexico. 646^. Helminthophila celata lutescens (Ridgw.). Lutescent Warbler. Helminthophaga celata var. htte!:ccns Ridgw. Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts, 1872, 457. Hebninthophila celata lutescens Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. April, 1882, 85. [B i^j^.part, C 68«, R 2>(>a, C 108.] Hab. Pacific coast of North America, eastward, during migrations, to the Rocky Mountains, and northward to Kadiak, Alaska. 647. Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.). Tennessee Warbler. Sylvia peregrina Wils. Am. Orn. III. 181 1, 83. pi. 25, fig. 2. Helminthophila peregrina RiDGW. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1S82, 54. [B 185, C 69, R 87, C 109.] Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from Northern New York and Northern New England northward to Hudson's Bay Territory ; Central America in winter. Genus COMFSOTHLYPIS Cabanis. Compsothlypis Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 20. Type, Parus americanus Linn. ORDER PASSERES. 305 648. Compsothlypis amerlcana (Linn.). I'arula Warbler. Varus americatius LiXN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758. 190, Compsoihlypis aniericana Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1S50, 20. [B 168, C 58, R 88, C 93.] Had. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, north to Canada, and south in winter to the West Indies and Central America. C40. Compsothlypis nigrilora (Coues). Sennett's Warbler. Pantia nigrilora CoUES, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. IV. 187S, II. Compsothlypis nigrilora Stfjn. Auk, I. April, 1884, 170. [B — , C — , R 89 a, C 94.] H\B. Valley of the Lowei Rio Grande in Texis. Genus DENDROICA Gray. Subgenus FERISSOGLOSSA Baird. Pcrissoglossa Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. April, 1865, 180. Type, Mota- cilla tigrina Gmel. 6,>0. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.). Cape May Warbler. Motacilla tigrina Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788. 985. Dendroica tigrina Baird, B. N. Am. 185S, 286. [B 206, C 85, R 90, C 126.] Hab. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Bay Territory, west to the Plains. Breeds from Northern New England northward, and also in Jamaica ; winters in the West Indies. Subgenus FEnCEDRAMUS Coues. Pettcedramus CouES, in Zool. Wheeler's Exp. 1876, 202. Type, • Sylvia olivacea GiRAUD. 20 ;il 11 'It- I ipi; 306 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 651. Dendroica olivacea (Giraud). Olive Warbler. Sylvia olivacea Gikaud, Sixteen Sp. Tex. B. 1841, 29, pi. 7, fig. 2. Dendroica olivacea Baird, B. N. Am. 1S58, 305. [B— , C— , R92, C no.] Hab. Southern New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, and Guatemala. Texas (Giraud). SuncENUs DENDROICA Gray. Dendroica Gray, List Gen. B. App. 1842, 8. Type, Motacilla coro- nata Linn. 652. Dendroica sestiva (Gmel.). Yellow Warbler. Motacilla cestiva Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 996. Dendroica cestiva Baird, B. N. Am, 1858, 282. [B 203, C 70, R 93, C III.] Hab. North America at large, south in winter to Central America and Northern South America. 653. Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps Ridgw. Mangrove Warbler. Dendroica b*-yanti castaneiceps Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. Sept. 2, 1885, 350. [B-,C-, R— , C-.] Hab. Western Mexico, and Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. 654. Dendroica ceenilescens (Gmel.). Black-throated Blue Warbler. Motacilla ccerulescens Gmel. S. N. \. 1788. 960. Dendroica ec^rulescens 'Qmkd, Rev. Am. B. 1865, 186. [B 193, C 76, R 94, C 117.] Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, breeding from North- ern New England and Northern New York northward, and in the AUeghanies to Northern Georgia ; West Indies in winter. ORDER PASSERES. 307 655. Dendroica coronata (Linn.). Myrtle Warbler. Motacilla coronata Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 333, Dendroica coronata Gray, List Gen. B. App. 1842, 8. [B 194, C 78, R95, C 119.] Hab. Eastern North America, chiefly, straggling more or less com- monly westward to the Pacific ; brceus from the Northern United States northward, and winters from the Middle States and the Ohio Valley southward to the West Indies and Central America. ^^^. Dendroica auduboni (Towns.). Audubon*s Warbler. Sylvia audnboni Towss. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila, VIL 1837, 191. Dendroica audubonii Baird, B. N. Am. 185S, 273. [B 195, C 79, R 96, C 120.] Hab. Western United States, east to the western border of the Plains ; south in winter to Guatemala. Accidental in Massachusetts. 657. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.). Magnolia Warbler. Motacilla maculosa Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 178S, 984. Dendroica maculosa Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 284. [B 204, C 84, R 97, C 125.] Hab. Eastern North America to the base of the Rocky Mountains, breeding from Northern New England, Northern New York, and Northern Michigan, to Hudson's Bay Territory. In winter, Bahamas, Cuba, and Central America. 658. Dendroica caerulea (Wils.). Cerulean Warbler. Sylvia carulea WiLS, Am. Orn H. 1810, 141, pi. 17, fig. 5. Dendroica ccerulea Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 280. [B201, C 77, R98, C 118.] Hab. Eastern United States and Southern Canada to the Plains. Rare or casual east of Central New York and the Alleghanies. Cuba (rare) and Central America in winter. II 11 ■ II 308 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 65'J. Dendroica pensylvanica ;Linn.). Chestnut-sldcd Warbler. Motacilla pensylvanica Liw. S. N, ed. 12, I. 1766, 333. Dendroica pennsylvanica Baird, li. N. Am. 1858, 279. [B 200, C Zi, R 99, C 124.] Hah. Eastern United States and Southern Canada, west to the Plains, breeding southward to Central Illinois and in the Appala- chian highlands probably to Northern Georgia. Visits the Bahamas and Central America in winter. 6C0. Dendroica castanoa (Wils). Bay-breasted Warbler. Sylvia castanea WiLS. Am. Orn. II. 1810, 97, pi. 14, fig. 4. Dendroica castanea Baiud, B. N. Am. 1858, 276. [B 197, C 82, R 100, C 123.] Had. Eastern North America, north to Hudson's Br.y. Breeds from Northern New England and Northern Michigan northward ; win- ters in Central America. 661. Dendroica striata (Forst.). Black- poll W'arbler. Muscicapa striata FoRST, Philos. Trans. LXII. 1772, 406, 428. Dendroica striata Baird. B. N. Am. 1858, 280. [B 202, C 81, R loi, C 122.] Har. Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains, north to Greenland, the Barren Grounds, and Alaska, breeding from North- ern New England northward. South in winter to Northern South America. 662. Dendroica blackbumige (Gmel.). Blackburnian Warbler. Motacilla blackbiirnice Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 977. Dendroica blackburnicE Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 274. [B 196, C 80, R 102, C 121.] ORDER PASSERES. 309 Had. Eastern North America to the Plains, breeding from the northern and more elevated parts of the Eastern United States north- ward ; in winter, south to the liahamas, Central America, and North- ern South America. ijiJS. Dendroica dominica (Linn.). Yellow-throated Warbler. Motacilla dominica Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 334. Dendroica dominica Baird, Rev. Am. D. L 1865, 209. [B 2QCf,/>art, C ?>^, R 103, C 129.] Had. Southeastern United States, north to the Middle States, and rarely to Southern New England; south to the West Indies. 6G3tf. Dendroica dominica albilora Baird. Sycamore Warbler. Dendroica dcminicav^v. albilora "Baiud," Ridgw. Am. Nat. VI L Oct. 1873, 606. [B 20<),part, C 88 ^z, R 103 iirf, C 93,/i/r/, F. ii6<7, C 137.] Hab. United States from Illinois westward to California, and north into British America. Winters from the southern borde' of the United States southward to Northern South America. 670. Seiurus motacilla (Vieill.). Louisiana Water-Thrush. Turdiis hiotacilla Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II. 1807, 9, pi. 65. Seiurus motacilla Bonap. Cons p. Av. 1. 1S50, 306. [B 188, C 94, R 117, C 138.] Hab. Eastern United States, north to Southern Ne'v England and Michigan, west to the Plains. In winter, West Indies, Southern Mex- ico, and Central America. Genus GEOTHLYFIS Cabanis. Subgenus OPORORNIS Baird. Opoi-ornis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 246. Type, Sylvia agilis WiLS. G77. Greothlypis formcsa (Wils.). Kentucky Warbler. Sylvia formosa Wils. Am. Orn. III. 1811, 85, pi. 25, fig. 3. Geothlypis forinosa Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mas. VIII. 1885, 354. [B 175, C 96, R 119, C 140.] Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, and north to Southern New England and Southern Michigan. In winter, West Indies and Central America. 678. Geothl3rpis agilis (Wils.). Connecticut Warbler. Sylvia agilis Wils. Am. Orn. V. 1812, 64, pi. 39, fig. 4. Geothlypis agilis Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, — (p. 7 of reprint). [B174, C95, R118, C I39-] Hab. Eastern North America, breeding north of the United States. 314 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Subgenus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis. Ccothlypis Cab. Wie^jm. Archiv, 1S47, i. 316, 349. Type, Turdus trichas LiXN. 679. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.). Slouruiiig Warbler. Sylvia pJiiladc'phia WiLS. Am. Orn. Tl. 1810, loi, pi. 14, fig. 6. Geoildypis Philadelphia LiAiRD, B. N. Am. 1S5S, 243. [B 172, C 98, R 120, C 142.] Hab. Eastern North America to the Plains, breeding fiom the mountainous portions of Pennsylvania, New England, and New York, and Northern Michigan northward. Central America and Northern South America in winter. 680. Geothlypis xuacgillivrayi (Aud.). 3Iacgillivray's Warbler. Sylvia macgillivrayi \\]r>. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 75, pi. 399, figs. 4, 5. Geothlypis macgillivrayi Baikd, B. N. Am. 1858, 244. [B 173, C 99, R 121, C 143] Hab. Western United States, from the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, north into British Columbia. Mexico and Central America in winter. 681. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.). Maryland Yellow-throat. Turdus trichas LiNN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 293. Geothlypis trichas Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 16. [B I'jo, part, C ()'j,part, R 122, part, C \^\,part.'\ Hab. Eastern United States, mainly east of the Alleghanies, north to Ontario and Nova Scotia, breeding from Georgia northward. In winter, South Atlantic and Gulf States, and the West Indies. 681 df. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewst. Western Yellow-throat. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VIII. July, 1883, 159 ORDER PASSERES. 315 [^B i']Oy part, C ^I^Part, R 122, part, C 141, /ar/.] Hab. United States, from the Mississippi Valley west to the Pacific coast, south, in winter, to Central America. 682. Greothlypis beldingi Ridgw. Belding's Yellow-throat. Geothlypis beldingi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. Sept. 5, 1S82, 344. [B_,C-, R-,C-.] Hab. Lower California. Genus ICTERIA Vieillot. Icteria Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I. 1S07, pp. iii., 85. Type, Miiscicapa viridis Gmel. = Turdiis virens Lixn. 683. Icteria virens (Linn.). Yellow-breasted Chat. Turdus virens Lixx. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 171. Icteria virens Baird, Rev. Am. B. L 1865, 228. [B 176, C 100, R 123, C 144.] Hab. Eastern United States to the Plains, north to Ontario and Southern New England, south, in winter, to Eastern Mexico and Guatemala. 683 rt;. Icteria virens longicauda (Lawr.). Long-tailed Chat. Icteria longicauda Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. VL 1853, 4. Icteria virens var. longicauda Coues, Key, 1872, 108. [B 177, C \ooa, R 123^, C 145.] Hab. Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific, south into Mexico. Genus S7LVANIA Nuttall. Sylvania Nutt. Man. Land Birds, L 1832, 290. Type, by elimina- tion, Muscicapa selbii Aud. = Motacilla mi t rat a Gmel. 1 Hi] 3i6 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. C84. Sylvania xnitrata (Gmel.)- Hooded Warbler. UTotacilla mitrata Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 178S, 977. Sylvania mitrata Nutt. Man. Land B. ed. 1S40, 333. [B 211, C loi, R 124, C 146.] Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Plains, north and east to Michigan, Southern New York, and Southern New England. In win- ter, West Indies, Eastern Mexico, and Central America. GSu. Sylvania pusilla (Wils.). Wilson's Warbler. Muscicapa pusilla WiLS. Am. Orn. III. iSii, 103, pi. 26, fig. 4. Sylvania pusilla Nutt. Man. Land B- ed. 1840, 335. [B 2\.T^,part, C 102, R 125, C 147.] Hab. Eastern North America, west to and including the Rocky Mountains, north to Hudson's Bay Territory and Alaska. Breeds chiefly north of the United States, migrating south to Eastern Mexico and Central America. G8odr. Sylvania pusilla pileolata (Pall.). Pileolated Warbler. Motacilla pileolata Pall. Zoog. Rosso- As. I. 1826, 497. Sylvania pusilla pileolata RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. [B 2 13, /a/-/, C 102 (7, R 125 rtr, C 148.] Hab. Western North America, from the Great Basin to the Pacific, north to Alaska (Kadiak), and south, in winter, to Costa Rica. 086. Sylvania canadensis (Lixn.). Canadian Warbler. Muscicapa canadensis LiXN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 327. Sylvania canadensis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. [B 214, 215, C 103, R 127, C 149.] Hab. Eastern North America, westward to the Plains, and north to Newfoundland, Southern Labrador, and Lake Winnipeg, south, in winter, to Central America and Northern South America. ORDER PASSERES. 3^7 Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson. Setophaga Swains. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 3^8- Type, MotaciUa ruticilla Linn. 687. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.)- American Redstart. Mfltacilla ruticilla Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 186. Setophaga ruticilla Swains. I'hil. i\Lig. L -May, 1827, 368. [B217, C 104, R 128, C 152.] Hab. North America, north to Fort Simpson, west regularly to the Great Basin, casually to the Pacific coast, breeding from the middle portion of the United States northward. In winter, the West Indies, and from Southern Mexico through Central America to North- ern South America. 688. Setophaga picta Swains. Painted Redstart. Setophaga picta Swains. Zool. Illustr. 2d ser. I. 1829, pi. 3. [B 21S, C 105, R 129, C 151.] Hab. Southern Arizona, south through Mexico to Guatemala. [689.] Setophaga miniata Swains. Red-bellied Redstart. Setophaga miniata SWAINS. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 368. [B219, C— , R 130, C—.] Hab. Mexico and Guatemala. Texas (Giraud). Genus CARDELLINA Du Bus. Cardellina Du Bus, Esq. Orn. 1850, pi. 25. Type, C. amicta Du Bus = Muscicapa rubrifrons GiRAUD. 690. Cardellina rubrifrons (Giraud). Red-faced Warbler. Muscicapa rubrifrons Giraud. Sixteen Sp. Texa.s B. 1841, pi. 7, fig- i. Cardellina rubrifrons Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, 66. 3l8 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B— , C — , R 131, C 150.] Hab. Southern Arizona, through Mexico, to Guatemala. Texas (Giraud). Genus ERGATICUS Baird. Ergaticus Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. May, 1865, 264 Type, Setophaga rubra Swains. [691.] Ergaticus ruber (Swains.). Red Warbler. Setophaga rubra Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 368. Ergaticus ruber ScL. & Sal. Nom. Neotr. 1873, 'i- [B216, C— , R 132,0—.] Hab. Mexico. Texas (Giraud). Genus BASILEUTERUS Caranis, Basileuterus Cab. in Schomb. Guiana, III. 1848, 666. Type, Sylvia vermivora Vieill. =: Setophaga auHcnpilla Swains. [G92.] Basileuterus culicivorus (Light.). Brasher's Warbler. Syhna atlicivora Light. Preis-Verzeich. 1830, no. 78. Basileuterus culicivorus Bonap. Consp. Av. I. 1850, 313. [B — , C — , R 133, C — .] Hab. Mexico and Central America. Texas (Giraud). [693.] Basileuterus belli (Giraud). Bell's Warbler. Muscicapa belli Giraud, Sixteen Sp. Texas B. 1841, pi. 4, fig. i. Basileuterus belli Sgl. P. Z. S. 1855, 65. [B — , C — , R 134, C -.] Hab. Mexico and Guitemala. Texas (Giraud). ORDER PASSERES. 319 Family MOTACILLID-ffi. Wagtails. Genus MOTACILLA Linnaeus. Motacilla Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 184. Type, by elimination, M. alba Linn. [G94.] Motacilla alba Linn. White Wagtail. Motacilla alba Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 185. [B — , C — R 69, C 86.] Hab. Northern Europe and Northern Asia, south, in winter, to North Africa and India. Accidental in Greenland. [G95.] Motacilla ocularis Swinh. Swinhoe's Wagtail. Motacilla ocularis Swinh. Ibis, Jan. i860, 55. [B _, C — , R — , C — .] Hab. Eastern Asia. Accidental in Lower California. Aleutian Islands ? Genus BUDYTES Cuvier. Budytes Cuv. R^gne An. L 1817, 371. Type, Motacilla flava Linn. 69G. Budytes flavus leucostriatus (Hom.). Siberian Yellow Wagtail. Budytes leucostriatus Homeyer, J. f. O. 1878, 128. Budytes Jlavus leucostriatus Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. 1S85, 280. [B -, C 54, R 70, C 87.] Hab. Alaska and Northern Siberia to Chinn, wintering in the Moluccas. Genus ANTHXJS Bec hstein. Subgenus ANTHUS. Artthus Bechst. Gem. Naturg. Deutschl. II L 1807, 704. Type, by elimination, A. aquaticus = Alauda spinoletta Linn. 320 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. G97. Anthus pensilvanicus (Lath.). Aiucricau Pipit. Alaiida pensilvanica Lath. Synop. Suppl. L 1787, 287. Anthus pensilvanicus Tmv.^KU. Rhea, II. 1849, ^7'' [B165, C5S, R71, C89.] Hab. North America at large, breeding in the higher parts of the Rocky Mountains and subarctic districts, and wintering in the Gulf States, Mexico, and Central America. Accidental in Europe. [098.] Anthus pratensis (Linn.). 3Ieadow Pipit, Alauda pratensis LiXN. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, iC5. Anthus pratensis Dechst. Gem. Xaturg. Deutschl. III. 1807, 732. [B— , C 55/^/>, R 72, C 88.] Hab. Europe, straggling to Greenland (and Alaska?). [G99.] Anthus cervinus (Pallas). Red-tliroated Pipit. Motacilla cervina Pallas, Zoog. Rosso- As. I. 1826, 511. Anthus cervinus Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Eur. I. 1840, p. xlviii. [B _, C — , R — , C — .] Hab. Northern parts of the Old World. Accidental in Lower California. St. Michael's and Aleutian Islands, Alaska ? Subgenus NEOCOR7S Sclater. Neocorys ScL. P. Z. S. 1857, 5. Type, Alauda spragueii A\3'D. 700. Anthus spragueii (Aud.). Sprague's Pipit. Alauda spragueii Aud. B. Am. VIL 1843, 335' pl- 486. Anthus spraguei Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. Oct. 1S64, 155. [B 166, C 56, R 73, C 90.] Hab. Interior plains of North America, breeding from Central Da- kota northward to the Saskatchewan district, and from the Red River ORDER PASSERES. 321 westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains). South in winter to Southern Mexico. Family OINOLID-ffi. Dippers. Genus CINCLUS Bechstein. Cinclus Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. Deutschl. 1802, 205 Type, Slurnus cinclics Linn. 701. Cinclus mexicanus Swains. American Dipper. Cinclus mexicanus Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 368. [B 164, C 19, R 19, C 30.] Hab. The mountainous parts of Central and Western North Amer- ica, from the Yukon Valley and Unalashka to Guatemala; east, in the United States, to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. Family TROGLODYTID-ffi. Wrens, Thrashers, etc. Subfamily MIMING. Thrashers. Genus OROSCOFTES Baird. Oroscoptes Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 346. Type, Orpheus montanus Towns. 702. Oroscoptes montanus (Towns.). Sage Thrasher. Orpheus montanus Towns. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 193. Oroscoptes montanus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 347. [B 255, C 7, R 10, C 14.] Hab. Western United States, from the western part of the Plains to the Pacific. 21 322 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus MIMUS Boie. Mimt's Boie, ^sis, Oct. 1826, 972. Type, Turdus polyglottos Linn. 703. Mimus polyglottos (Linn.). Mockingbird. Turdus polyglottos Linn. S. N. ed. 10, \. 1758, 169. Mimus poiyglottus Bonap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 17. [B 253, 253.2, C 8, R II, C 15.] Hab. United States, south into Mexico. Rare from New Jersey, the Valley of the Ohio, Colorado, and California northward. Genus OALEOSCOPTES Cabanis. Galeoscoptes Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 82. Type, Muscicapa caroli- nensis Linn. 704. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.). Catbird. Muscicapa carolinensis Linn. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 328. Galeoscoptes carolinensis Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 82. [B 254, C 9, R 12, C 16.] Hab. Eastern United States and British Provinces, west to and including the Rocky Mountains ; occasional on the Pacific coast. Winters in the Southern States, Cuba, and Middle America to Pan- ama. Accidental in Europe. Genus HARPORH7NCHITS Cabanis. Subgenus METHRIOPTERUS Reichenbach. Methriopterus Reich. Syst. Nat. 1850, pi. iv. Type, Turdus rufus Linn. 705. Harporhynchus nifus (Linn.). Brown Thrasher. Turdus rufus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 169. Harporhynchus rufus Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 82. ORDER TASSERES. 323 [B 261, 261 a, C 10, R 13, C 17.] Hab. Eastern United States, west to the Rocky Mountains, north to Southern Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba, south to the Gulf States, including P^astern Texas. Accidental in Europe. /.:3-706. Harporhynchus longlrostris (Lafr.). Long-billed Thrasher. Orpheus longlrostris Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1838, 55. Harporhynchus longlrostris Cab. Mus. Heln. I. 1850, 81. [B 260, C 10^, R 13^, C 18.] Hab. Eastern Mexico, north to the Valley of the Rio Grande in Texas. 707. Harporhjmchus curvirostris (Swains.). Curve-billed Thrasher. Orpheus curvirostris S WAINS. Phil. Majr. III. 1827, 369. Harporhynchus curvirostris Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 81. [B 259, 259 d-, C — , R 15, C 19.] Hab. Eastern Mexico, extending into the southern border of Texas and Eastern New Mexico. 707 a. Harporhynchus curvirostris pahneri Ridgw. Palmer's Thrasher. Harporhynchus curvirostris var. palmeri " Ridgw." Coues, Key, 1872, 351. [B — , C II, R 15 <7, C 20.] Hab. Southern Arizona, south into Sonora (Guaymas). 708. Harporhynchus bendirei Coues. Bendire's Thrasher. Harporhynchus bendirei Coues, Am. Nat. VII. 1873, 33°' • [B — , C II bis^ R 14 a, C 21.] Hab. Southern Arizona, south into Sonora (Guaymas), and north, at least casually, to Colorado (Colorado Springs). 324 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 700. Harporhynchus cinereus Xantus. St. Lucas Thrasher. Harporhynchus cinereus Xantus, Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 298. [B — , C 12, R 14, C 22.] Hab. Lower California. Subgenus HARFORHTNCHUS Cabanis. Harporhynchus Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1848, i. 98. Type, Harpes redivivus Gamb. 710. Harporhynchus redivivus (Gamb.). Califoruian Thrasher. Harpes rediviva Gamb. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1845, 264. Harporhynchus redivivus Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1848, i. 98. [B 256, C 13, R 16, C 23.] Hab. Coast region of California, and Lower California. 711. Harporhynchus lecontei (Lawr.). Leconte's Thrasher. Toxostoma lecotUei Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. 1852, 121. Harporhynchus lecontii Bonap. Notes Coll. Delattre, 1854, 39. [B2S7, C 13^1, R 16 <7, C 24.] Hab. Valleys of the Gila and Lower Colorado Rivers, south into Sonora. 712. Harporhynchus crlssalis (Henry). Crissal Thrasher. Toxostoma crissalis Henry, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 117. Harporhynchus crissalis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 350. [B 258, C 14, R 17, C 25.] Hab. Southwestern United States, from New Mexico to Utah and Southern California. ORDER PAbSERES. 325 Subfamily TROQLODYTIN-ZE. Wren*. Genus CAMFYLORHYNCHIJS Spix. Campylorhynchus Spix, Av. Bras. I. 1824, 77. Type, C. scotopaceus Spix = Turdus vanegatus Gmel. 713. Campylorhynchus brunneicapiUus (Lafr.). Cuctus Wren. Picolaptes brunneicapiUus Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1835, 61, pi. 47. Campy hrhynchus brunneicapiUus Gray, Gen. B. I. 1847, 159. [B 262, C 43, R 56, C 63.] Hab. Southern border of the United States, from Texas to South- ern California, and south into Northern Mexico. 714. Campylorh3mcha8 affinis Xantus. St. Lucas Cactus Wren. Campylorhynchus affinis Xantus, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 298. [B — , C 44. R 57, C 64.] Hab. Lower California. Genus SALFINCTES Cabanis. Salpinctes Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i. 323. Type, Troglodytts obsoletus Say. 715. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say). Rock Wren. Troglodytes obsoletus Say, Long's Exp. H. 1823, 4, Salpinctes obsoletus Cab. Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i. 323. [B 264, C 45, R 58» C 65.] Hab. Western United States, from the western border of the Plains to the Pacific. 326 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 716. Salpinctes guadeloupensis Ridgw. Guadalupe Rock Wren. Salpinctes obsoletus gitadclonpensis Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog, Surv. Terr. II. No. 2, April, 1876, 185. Salpinctes guadalupensis Ridgw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II. July, 1877, 60. [B— , C— , RsS^, C-.] Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. GexNus CATHERFES Baird. Catherpes Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 357. Type, Thryothorus tnexica- nus Swains. I'U [717.] Catherpes mezicanus (Swains.). White-throated Wren. Thryothorus mexicanus Swains. Zool. 111. 2d ser. I. 1829, pi. 11. Catherpes mexicanus Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 356. [B 263, C — , R 59, C 66.] • Hab. Mexico. Texas (Giraud). 717 a. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgw. Cafion Wren. Catherpes viexicamis var. conspersus Ridgw. Am. Nat. VII. Oct. 1873, 602. [B 262,, part^ C 46, R 59^-, C 67.] Hab. Southwestern United States, from Western Texas and Colo- rado to the Pacific. Genus THRTOTHORUS Vieillot. Subgenus THRTOTHORUS. Thryothorus WvEAiA.. Analyse, 18 16, 45. 1'ype, Troglodytes arandi- naceus Vieill. = Sylvia ludoviciaua L.nH. ORDER PASSERES. 718. Thryothoms ludovicianus (Lath.). CaroHua Wren. 327 Sylvia ludoviciatia Lath. Ind. Orn. II. 1790, 54S. Tluyothorus ludovicianus Boxap. Geog. ik Comp. List, 1838, ii. [B 265, C 47, R 60, C 68.] 'Hab. Eastern United States (rare toward the northern border), west to the Plains. Rare in Southern New England. 718^. Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis Ridgw. Florida Wren. Thryothorus ludovicianus var. miamensis Ridgw. Am. Nat. IX. Aug. 1875, 469. [B 26^, parf^ C ^'j,part, R (yob, C 69.] Hab. Southern Florida. Subgenus THRYOMANES Sclater. Thryomanes Scl. Cat. Am. B. 1861, 22. Type, Troglodytes beivickii , J AUD. 719. Thryothorus bewickii (Aud.). Bew^ick's Wren. Troglodytes be-cvickii AxjU. Orn. Biog. I. 1831, 96, pi. 18. Thriothortis bewickii I^AiKH, B. N. Am. 1858, 363. [B 267, C 48, R 61, C 71.] Hab. Eastern United States, to Eastern Texas and the eastern border of the Plains ; north to New Jersey and Minnesota. 719^. Thryothorus bewickii spilurus (Vig.). Vi^ors's Wren. Troglodytes spilurus Y\G. Zool Voy. Bless. 1839, 18, pi. 4, fig. r. Thryothorus bewi'-kii \'2Lr. spilurus Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. 1864, 126. [B— , C ^2,b, R6irt:, C 73.] Hab. Pacific coast region of North America, from British Columbia southward to Lower California and Western Mexico. 328 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 719 b. Thryothonis bewickii bairdi (Salv. & Godm.). Baird's Wren. Thryoihorus bairdi Salv. & Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am. Aves, April, i88o, 95. Thryoihorus bewickii bairdi Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. [B— , C48a, R6i^, C 72.] Hab. Southern Texas and Arizona, north to Middle Kansas, Colo- rado, and Southern Utah, south into Mexico. 720. Thryothonis brevicaudus Ridgw. Guadalupe Wren. Thryomanes brevicauda Ridgw. Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. II. No. 2, April I, 1876, 186. Thryothortis brevicaudus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. [B — C — , R 62, C — .] Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Genus TROGLODYTES Vieillot. Subgenus THOGLODTTES. Tro^^Iodytes Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II. 1807, 52. Type, T. aedon ViEILL. 721. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. House Wren. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. II. 1807, 52, pi. 107. [B 270, 272, C 49, R 63, C 74.] Hab. Eastern United States, and Southern Canada west to In- diana and I..ouisiana. 721 (z. Troglodytes aedon parkmanii (Aud.). Parkman's Wren. Troglodytes parkmanii k.\iv» Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 310. Troglodytes adon var. parkmanni Coues, Key, 1S72, 87. ORDER PASSERES. 329 [B 271, C 49flt, R 63 tf, C 75.] Hab. Western North America, from Texas, Illinois, Minnesota, and Manitoba westward ; north to Great Slave Lake, south to Jalapa, Mexico, and Lower California. \'l(p -^ /«^ ' "^ Subgenus ANOHTHURA Rennie. Anorthura Rennie, Mont. Orn. Diet. ed. 2, 1831, 570. Type, Mota- cilla troglodytes Linn. 722. Troglodytes hiemalis Vieill. Winter Wren. Troglodytes hiemalis Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXIV. 1819, 514. [B 273, C 50, R 65, C 76.] Hab. Eastern North America generally, breeding from the north- ern parts of the United States northward, and wintering from about its southern breeding limit southward. 722 a. Troglodytes hiemalis pacificus Baird. Western Winter Wren, Troglodytes hyemalis var. pacifiCus Baird, Rev. Am. B. L Sept. 1864, 145. [B zii^part^ C 50,/^/-/, R 65 fig- 3. . [B— , C 50^, R 66, C 78.] Hab. Aleutian and Pribylof Islands, Alaska. Genus CISTOTHORUS Cabanis. Subgenus CISTOTHORUS. Cistothorus Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, ^^. Type, Troglodytes stellaris Light. 330 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 724. Cistothorus stellaris (Light.). Short-billed Mursli Wrcu. Troglodytes stellaris Light, in N.\um. Vog, Deulschl. III. 1823, tab. ad p. 724, Cistothorus stellaris Cab. Mus. Htin, I. 1S50, Tj. [B 269, C 52, R 68, C 81.] Had. Eastern United States and Southern British Provinces, west to the Plains. Winters in the Gulf States and isoutliward. Subgenus TELMATOD7TES Cabanis. Telmatodytes Cab. Mus. Hein. I. 1850, 78. Type, Certhia palustris WiLS. 725. Cistothorus palustris (Wils.). Liong-billed Marsh Wren. Certhia palustris Wils. Am. Orn. II. iSio, 58, pi. 12, fig. 4. Cistothorus {Telmatodytes) palustris Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 364. [B 268, C 51, R 67, 67^, C 79, 80.J Hab. Southern British America and the United States, south, in winter, to Guatemala. / '/C >- /2 ^ •/ Family OERTHIID^. Creepers. Genus CERTHIA Linn^us. Certhia Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 118. Type, by elimination, C. /ami liar is Linn. 726. Certhia familiaris americana (Bonap.). Brown Creeper. Certhia an^ricana BoNAP. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838, 11. Certhia familiaris var. americana Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. V. ^1873, 180. [B 275, C 42, R 55' C 62.] Hab. North America in general, breeding from the northern and more elevated parts of the United States northward, migrating south- ward in winter. ORDER PASSERES. 33 I 720 a. Certhia familiaris mexicana (Gloc). Mexican Creeper. Certhia mexicana Glog. Handb. 1834, 381. Certhia familiaris var. mexicana B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. I. 1S74, 1 28. [B276, C- Rss^, C-.] Hab. Guatemala, Mexico, and Southern Arizona. ''' ' ~ ' Family PARID-ffi. Nuthatches and Tits. Subfamily SITTIN.T,part, C iZ^part, R iZ.part, C 41, /ar/.] Hab. California and Western Oregon. 733^. Parus inornatus griseus Ridgw. Gray Titmouse. Lophophanes inornatus griseus RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. Sept. 5, 1882, 344. Parus inornatus grisettsKiUGW . Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885,354. [B 2^1, part, C 2%, part, R 2>Z, part, C 41,/izrA] Hab. New Mexico and Colorado to Arizona and Nevada. 733 <^. Parus inornatus cineraceus Ridgw. Ashy Titmouse. Lophophanes inornatus cineraceus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI. Oct. 5, 1883, 154. Parus inornatus cineraceus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354- [B — , C — , R -, C — .] Hab. Lower California. 734. Fams wollweberi (Bonap.). Bridled Titmouse. Lophophanes wollweberi BoNAP. Compt. Rend. XXXI. Sept. 1850, 478. Parus wollweberi Henry, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 309. [B288, C30, R39, C43-] Hab. Western Texas, Southern New Mexico, Southern Arizona, and southward. 334 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Subgenus PARUS Linnaeus. Pants Linn. S. N. ed. lo, I. 1758, 189. Type, by elimination, P. major Linn. 735. Panis atricapillus Linn. Chickadee. Partis atricapillus Linn. S. N. ed. 12, L 1766, 341. [B 290, C 31, R41, C 44.] Hab. Eastern North America, north of the Potomac and Ohio Valleys. 735 rtr. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris). Long.tailed Chickadee. Parus septentrionalis Harris, Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. 1845, 300- Parus atricapillus var. septentrionalis Allex, Bull. AL C. Z. III. 1872, 174. [B 289, 289 ^?, C 31 «, R 41 a, C 45.] Hab. Rocky Mountain Plateau region, east to Manitoba and the Plains. 735/5. Parus atricapillus occidentalis (Baird). Oregon Cliickadee. Parus occidentalis Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 391. Parus atricapillus var. occidentalis CouES, Key, 1872, 8r. [B 291, C 31 ^, R 41 b, C 46.] Hab. Pacific coast region of North America, from Northern Cali- fornia northward. 73G. Fanis carolinensis Aud. Carolina Chickadee. Parus carolinensis Aud. Orn. Biog. XL 1834, 474, pi. 160. [B 293, €31^, R 42, C 47.] Hab. Southeastern States, north to New Jersey and Illinois, west to Missouri, the Indian Territory, and Eastern Texa.s. i.n-'i3i ^ I ORDER PASSERES. 335 ]10 [737.] Pams meridionalls Scl. Mexican Chickadee. Parus meridionalis Scl. P. Z, S. 1856, 293, [B 292, C — , R 43, C 879.1 Hab. Mexico, north to Southern Arizona. 738. Parus gambeli Ridgw. Mountain Chiclcadee. Parus gambeli Ridgw. MS. [B 294, C 32, R 40, C 48.] Hab. Mountainous parts of the Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada. 739. Parus cinctus obtectus (Cab.). Siberian Cliicltadee. Parus {Pcecila) obtectus Cab. J. f. O. 1871, 237. Parus ductus obtectus Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. [B — , C — , R 44, C 52.] Hab. Northern Alaska and Eastern Siberia. 740. Parus hudsonicus Forst. Hudsonian Chicliadee. Parus hudsonicus Forst. Phil. Trans. LXII. 1772, 383^ 43°- [B 296, C zi, R 45' C 49-] Hab. Northern North America, from the more elevated parts of the Northern United States (Northern New England, Northern New York, Northern Michigan, etc.) northward. /,/7 ^1*0 ar/, C ^ a, pari, R ^,/>arl, C 12,/drr/.] Hab. In summer, mountainous parts of the Northeastern States (Catskills, White Mountains, etc) and Nova Scotia, migrating south in winter. ORDER PASSERES. 343 753. Turdus ustulatus (Nltt.). Russet-backed Thrush. Turdus ustulatus Nutt. Man. Orn. Land B. ed. 2, 1840, 830 {cestu- latus, err. typ. p. 400). [B152, C 5^,114, C II.] Hab. Pacific coast region of North America, from Alaska to Cali- fornia, south in winter to Guatemala. 758 a. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (Cab.). Olive-backed Thrush. Turdus sivainsonii Qkv,. Fauna Per. 1845-46, 187. Turdus ustulat2is (i. swainsoni RiDGW. Field & Forest, II. May, 1877, 195. [B 153, C 5, R4rt;, C 13.] Hab. Eastern North America, and westward to the Upper Colum- bia River and East Humboldt Mountains, straggling to the Pacific coast. Breeds mostly north of the United States. 759. Turdus aonalaschkce Gmel. Dwarf Hermit Thrush. Turdus aonalaschkce Gmel. S N. I. ii. 1788. 808. [B150, C4^, R5, C8.] Hab. Pacific coast region, from Alaska to Lower California, east, during migrations, to Nevada and Arizona. Breeds from California northward. 759^. Turdus aonalaschkse auduboni (Baird). Audubon's Hermit Thrush. Turdus auduboni Baird, Rev. Am. B. June, 1864, 16. Turdus aonalaschkce auduboni Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 3, March 27, 1880, i. [B 149^, C 4^-, R 5<7, C 9.] Hab. Rocky Mountain region, from near the northern border of the United States south into Mexico. 759^. Turdus aonalaschkaB pallasii (Cab.). Hermiit Thrush. Turdus pallasii Cab. Wiegm. Archiv. 1847, i 205. Turdus aonalaschkce pallasi lilDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. March 27, i83o, i. 344 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B 149, C 4, R 5 /^, C lo.] Hab. Eastern North America, breeding from the Northern United States northward, and wintering from the Northern States south- ward. Subgenus TURDUS Linn/«:us. Ttirdiis LiN'N. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 168. Type, by elimination T. viscivortis Linn. [7C0.] Turdus iliacus Linn. Red-winged Thrush. Turdus iliacus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 168. [B — , C — , R 6, C 4.] Hab. Northern parts of the Old World ; accidental in Greenland. Genus MERULA Leach. Merula Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mam. & B. 181 6, 20. Type, Turdus inerula LiNN. 761. Menda znigratoria (Linn.). American Robin. Turdus migratorius LiNN. S. N. ed. 12, I. 1766, 292. Merula migraioria Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 368. [B -i^l^.part, C i,part, R 7, C i.] Hab. Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains, including Eastern Mexico and Alaska. Breeds 'rom near the southern border of the United States northward to the Arctic coast ; winters from Southern Canada and the Northern States (irregularly) southward. 761 d!. Merula migratcria propinqua Ridgw. Western Robin. T[urdus'\ propinquus Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Or? Ciub, IL Jan. 1877, 9- Merula tnigratoria propinqua RiDGW. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. IH. Aug. 24, 1880, 166. ORDER PASSERES. 345 [B xil^part, C lypart, R 7 <7, C 2.] Hab. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains westward. 7G2. Merula confinis (Baird). St. Lucas Robin. Turdus confinis Baird, Rev. Am, B. I. June, 1864, 29. Menila confinis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 166. [B — , C I dr, R 8, C 3.] Hab. Lower California. Genus HESPEROCICHLA Baird. Hcsperocichla Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. June, 1864, 12. Type, Turdus ncevius Gmel. 7G3. Hesperocichla naevia (Gmel.). Varied Tlirush. Turdus ncevius Gmel. S. N. I. ii. 1788, 817. Hesperocichla ncevia Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 166. [B 156, C 2, R 9, C 5.] Hab. Pacific coast of North America, from Bering's Strait to Cali- fornia. Accidental in the Eastern States (New Jersey, Long Island, and Massachusetts). Genus CYANECULA Brehm. Cyanecula Brehm, I sis, 1828, 1280. Type, Motacilla suecica Linn. [764.] Cyanecula suecica (Linn.). Red-spotted Bluethroat. Motacilla suecica Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 187. Cyanecula suecica Brehm, Isis, 1828, 1280. [B— , C— , R20, C31.] Hab. Northern parts of the Old World ; casual in Alaska. . jU 346 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. Genus SAXICOLA Bechstein. Saxicola Becust. Orn. 'J aschb. 1803, 216. Type, Motacilla anan- the Linn. 7G5. Saxicola oenanthe (Linn.). Wlieatear. Motacilla wnant/ie LixN. S- N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 186. Saxicola cenanthe Bechst. Orn. Taschb. 1803, 217. [B157, C 15, R 21, C 26.] Hab. Europe, North Africa, Asia, Alaska, Greenland, and Lab- rador, straggling southward to Nova Scotia, Maine, Long Island, and the Bermudas. Genus SIALIA Swainson. Sialia SvvAiNS. Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 369. Type, Motacilla sialis Linn. 76G. Sialia sialis (Linn.). Bluebird. Motacilla sialis Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 187. Sialia sialis Haldem. Trego's Geog. Penn. 1843, 77- [B 158, C 16, R 22, C 27.] Hab. Eastern United States to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, north to Manitoba, Ontario, and Nova Scotia, south, in winter, from the Middle States to the Gulf States and Cuba. Ber- mudas, resident. 7G6dJ. Sialia sialis aziirea (Swains.). Azure Bluebird. Sialia azurea Swains. Phil. Mag. I. 1827, 369. Sialia sialis var. azurea B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. I. Jan. 1874, 62. [B _ C -, R -, C -.] Hab. Southern Arizona and Eastern Mexico. 767. Sialia mexicana Swains. Western Bluebird. Sialia j/iexicana Swains. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 1831, 202. ORDER PASSERES. 34/ [B 159, C 17, R 23, C 28.] Hab. Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky Mouutains to the Pacific coast, south to Southern Mexico. 7G8. SiaKa arctica (Swains.). Monntain Bluebird. Erythaca {Sialia) arctica SwAiNS. Fauna Bor. Am. II. 183 1, 209, Pl- 39- Sialia arctica Nutt. Man. Land B. 1834, 573. [B .60, C 18, R 24, C 29.] Hab. Western North America (chiefly the interior), from the west- ern parts of the Plains to the Pacific, north to Great Slave Lake, south to Mexico. HYPOTHETICAL LIST/ Family PODICIPID-ffl. 1. iEjChmophoms clarkii (Lawr.). Clark's Grebe. Podiceps clarkii Lawr. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 895. jEchmophorus ciarkii QovsES, Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 229. [B 705, C 6o3«, R 730, C 846.] Probably the female of yE. occidentalis (Lawr.). (QC Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. 188 1, pp. 214-218 ; B. B. & R., Water B. N. Am. II. p. 423 ; and especially Bryant, Auk, II. 1885, pp. 313, 314.) Family ALCID-ffi. 2. Cepphus motzfeldi (Benick.). Black-wiuged Guillemot. Uria motzfeldi Benick. Isis, Aug. 1824, 889. Cepphus motzfeldi Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. Aug. 5, 1884, 210. [B ~ C — , R — , C — .] North American, but its specific validity not satisfactorily estab- lished. (QC Stejn. /, c, and Water B. N. Am. II. 1884, pp. 497, 498). ^ Consisting of species which have been recorded as North American, but whose status as North American birds is doubtful, either from lack of positive evidence of their occurrence within the prescribed limits of the present Check-List, or from ab- sence of satisfactory proof of their validity as species. 350 CIIFXK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. a. Cepphus carbo Pa:-.. Sooty Guillemot. Ccpphtts carbo Pall. Zoog. Rosso- As. II. 1826, 350. [B 728, C 633, R 762, C 873.] No evidence of its occurrence in North America. {Cf. Stejn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. 1884, pp. 225-227.) Family LARID-ffl. ?'58 ' ^' ^^'^^ (Creagms) fiircata (Neb.). ^ ^ Swallow-tat led Gull. Lams furcatus Neb. Voy. 'Venus,' Atlas, pi. 10 (1S46). Xema furcatum Coues, Key, 1S72, 317. [B679, C559, R678, C79I-] In all probability erroneously accredited to North America. Only three examples are known, — the type, said to be from Monterey, Cal., one from the Galapagos, and one from the coast of Peru. Family PROOELLARIID^. o. Puffinus kuhlii (Bote). Cinereous Sliearw^ater. Procellaria kuhlii BoiE, Isis, 1835, 257. Puffinus kuhlii BoxAP. Consp. II. 1856, 202. [B651, C 596, R 708,0831.] An Eastern Atlantic species, of which no American specimens are known to exist in collections. 6. Oceanodroma hornb3ri (Gray). Hornby's Petrel. Thalassidroma hornbyi Gray, P. Z. S. 1853, 62. Oceanodroma hornbyiV>0'^K?. Consp. II. 1856, 195. [B 641, C 592, R 727, C827.] HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 35 I A very distinct species, of which only one specimen has been ob- tained, the alleged locality being the "northwest coast of America." Family PHALACROOORACID-ffl. 7. Fhalacrocoraz perspicillatus Pall. Pallas's Cormorant. Phalacrpcorax perspicillatus Pall. Zoog. Rosso- As. H. 1S26, 305. [B 621, C 533, R 648,0 756.] Believed, on good evidence, to be now extinct, as it unquestionably is in the locality (Bering Island) where originally discovered. Only three specimens are known to exist in collections, — one each being in the St Petersburgh, Leyden, and British Museums. Even if exist- ing, it has no valid claim to a place in the North American fauna. (C/. Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI. 1883, p. 65.) Family ANATID-ffl. /,/t - 8. Chen cserulescens (Linn.). Blue Goose. Anas ccerulescens Linn. S. N. ed. 10, L 1758, 224. Chen cceruUscens Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. IIL Aug. 24, 1880, 202. [B 564, C 479, R 590, C 694.] Possibly a race of C. hyperboreiis (Pall.). (Cy! B. B. & R. Water B. N. Am. I. 1884, 437 ; Ridgw. Auk, I. 1884, 240.) Family ARDEID-S. 9. Ardea wuerdemanni Baird. Wurdemann's Heron. Ardea iviirdcfnanni Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 669. [B 488, C 450, R ^Z6,part, C 6$6,part.'] !|i- 352 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN DIRDS. Believed to be either the colored phase of A. oceukntalis Aud., or an abnormal specimen of A. uP^*'^t ^ 661, />arf.'] Supposed to be the white phase of A. rufa Bodd., but possibly enti- tled to recognition as a local or geographical race. Family SCOLOPACID^. 11. Tringa (Actodromas) cooperi Baird. Cooper's Sandpiper. Tringa cooperi Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 716. [6527,0 422, R 535, C 618.] Known only from the single specimen from which the species was originally described, taken on Long Island, in May, 1833, and still extant in the National Museum. The status of the species is in doubt. Family OATHARTID-ffi. Genus GYFAGUS Vieillot. Gypagus Vieill. Analyse, 1816, 21. Type, by elimination, Vultur papa Linn. 13. Gypagus papa (Linn.). King Vulture. Vultur papa Linn. S. N. ed. 10, I. 1758, 86. Gypagus papa YiKiLL. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXXVI. 1819,456. [B _ C - R -, C ~.] HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 353 L-t Recorded as occi-Ting on the Rio Verde, Arizona, but its identity not satisfactorily determined. (C/. Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vl. 1881, p. 248.) 13. Cathartes burrovianus Cass. Burroughs's Turkey Vulture. Cathartes burrovianus Cass. Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. II. 1845, 212. [B 4, C -, R — , C — .] Hab. Mexico and Eastern South America. Reported as having been seen near Brownsville, Texas. {Cf. Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 322.) Family FALCONID-ffi. 14. Buteo cooperi Cass. Cooper's Henhawk. Buteo cooperi Qh%s. Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. VIII. 1856, 253. [329,0349, R 437, C 514.] Probably the light phase of B. harlani Aud. {Cf. Ridgw. Auk, I. 1884, pp. 253, 254; lb. II. 1885, pp. 165, 166.) 15. Buteo fuliginosus Scl. Little Black Hawk. Buteo fuliginosus Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, 356. [B -, C -, R -, C -.] Hab. Tropical America; Florida (accidental?). Slid to be the melanistic phase of B. brachyurus Vieill. {Cf Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. Oct. 1881, pp. 207-214.) Genus RH7NCHOFSITTA Bonaparte. Rhynchopsitta Bonap. Rev. et Mag. Zool. VI. 1854, 149. Type, Ma- crocerctts pachyrhynchus Swains. 23 354 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 16. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swains.). Thick-bUled Parrot. Macrocercus pachyrhynchus Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, 439. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Bonap. Rev. et Mag. Zool. VI. 1854, 149. [B64, C— , R39i,C-.] Hab. Mexico. There is said to be a specimen in " the collec- tion of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, labelled Rio Grande, Texas, J. W. Audubon," but there is doubt as to whether the specimen was really taken within the limits of the United States. {Cf. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, p. 66, foot-note.) Its occurrence in Texas is not improbable. /•/f -z^-/ Famit.y FRINGILLID.^. Finches, Sparrows, etc. 17. Acantliis brewsterii (Ridgw.). Brewster's Linnet. jEgiothus {^flavirostris var.) brewsterii Ridgw. Am. Nat. July, 1872, 433 Acanthis brewsterii Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. [B— , C 147, R 180, C 211.] The type-specimen, taken at Waltham, Mass., remains unique. It cannot be identified with any known species, but may be a hybrid be- tween Acanthis linaria and Spinus pinus. {Cf. Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. 18S1, p. 225 ) 18. Spiza townsendxi (Aud.). Townsend's Bunting. Emberiza townsendii Aud. Orn. Biog. II. 1834, 183. Spiza townsendi Ridgw. Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus. III. Aug. 24, 1880, 182. [B 379, C 192, R 255, C 288.] The original specimen, taken May 11, 1833, in '^hester County, Pa., by Mr. J. K. Townsend, remains unique. Its peculiarities cannot be accounted for by hybridism, nor probably by individual variation. HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 355 Family VIREONID-ffi. Vireos. Genus HYLOFHILUS Temminck. Hylophilus Temm. PI. Col. III. Livr. 29, 1S23, text, and pi. 173, fig. i. Type, H. ihoracicus Temm. 19. Hylophilus decurtatus (Bonap.). Short-winged Hylophilus. Sylvicola decurtata Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, 118. Hylophilus decurtatus Baird, Rev. Am. B. I. 1866, 380. [B -, C -, R -, C -.] Hab. Mexico and Central America, to Isthmus of Panama. South- ern Texas 1 {Helinai brevipennis Giraud, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1850, 40. " Mexico and Texas.") Family MNIOTILTID-ffi. Wood-Warblers. 20. Helminthophila lawrencei (Herrick). Iiawrence's Warbler. Heltfiinthophaga lawrencei Herrick, Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, 220, pi. 15. Helminthophila lawrencei Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1882, 53. [B — , C — , R 80, C 99.] Two specimens have been taken in New Jersey. Supposed to be a hybrid between H. pinus and H. chrysoptera. {Cf. Ridgw. Ibis, 1876, p. 169, and Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. 188 1, pp. 218-225.) 21. Helminthophila leucobronchialis (Brewst.). Brewster's Warbler. Helminthophaga leucobronchialis Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, L Jan. 1876, 1, plate. Hetnnnthophiia leucobronchialis Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. Jan. 1882, 53. 356 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. [B— , C— , R82, C 100.] Known from numerous specimens, taken in Southern New England, Lower Hudson Valley, New Jersey, Virginia, Michigan, etc. Sup- posed to be a hybrid between H. pinus and H. chrysoptera^ but pos- sibly a distinct species. {Cf. Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. 1881, pp 218-225 ; RiDGW. Auk, II. Oct. 1885, pp. 359-363.) 22. Helminthophila cincinnatiensis (Langd.). Cincinnati Warbler. Hcbninthophaga cincinnatiensis Lan'GD. Jour. Cine. Sec. N. H July, 1880, 119, 120, pi 4. Helviinthophila cincinnatiensis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. [B— , C— , R— , C loi.] One specimen taken near Cincinnati, Ohio. Probably a hybrid between H. pinus and Geothlypis {Oporomis) formosa, {Cf. Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. 1880, p. 237.) 23. Dendroica (Perissoglossa ?) carbonata (Aud.). Carbonated Warbler. Sylvia carbonata Aud. Orn. Biog. I. 1831, 308, pi. 60. Dendroica carbonata Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 287. Perissoglossa carbonata B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. I. Jan. 1874, 214. [B 207, C— , R91, C— .] Known only from Audubon's plate and description of two specimens killed near Henderson, Kentucky, in May, 181 1. 24. Dendroica montana (VVils.). Blue Mountain Warbler. Sylvia montana WiLS. Am. Orn. V. 1812, 113, pi. 44, fig. 2. Dendroica montana Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 278. [B 199, C— , R 112, C—.] Known only from the works of Wilson and Audubon. Taken in th Blue Mountains of Virginia. Not as yet Saticfactcrily identified with any oth^^r species. HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 25. Sylvania(?) microcephala Ridgw. Sinall-Iieaded Warbler. 357 Sylvania microcephala Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. VIII. 1885, 354. (= Miiscicapa miimta WiLS. Am. Orn. VI. 181 2, 62. pi. i, tig. 5.) (Nee Gmel., 17S8.) [B 212, C — , R 126, C — .] Known only from the works of Wilson and Audubon. Claimed to have been taken in New Jersey and Kentucky, Family SYLVIID-ffl. Warblers. 26. Regulus cuvieri Aud. Cuvier's Kinglet. Regulus cuvieri h.\jT>. Orn. Bic^ I. 1832. 288, pi. 55. [B 163, C — , R 32, C — .] Known only from Audubon's description and figure of the original specimen, killed in June, 1812, on the banks of the Schuylkill River, in Pennsylvania. ,jkii THE FOSSIL BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. A. — JURASSIC. 1. Laopteryx priscus Marsh. Laopteryx prisons Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XXI. i88i, 341. Upper Jurassic beds of Wyoming. B. - CRETACEOUS.^ 2. Apatomis celer Marsh. Ichthyornis celer Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. V. 1873, /4. Apatornis celer Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. V. 1873, 162. Middle Cretaceous of Western Kansas. 3. Baptomis advenus Marsh. Baptornis advenus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XIV. 1877, 86. Cretaceous of Western Kansas, in the same beds with Odontornithes and Pteranodontia. 1 The genera alphabetically arranged. 3^0 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. , 4. Graciilavus veloz Marsh. Graciilavus velox Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 363. Greensand of the middle marl bed, or Upper Cretaceous, near Hor- nerstown, New Jersey. 5. Graciilavus pumilus Marsh. Graadavus pumilus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. HI. 1872, 364. Greensand of the middle marl bed, or Upper Cretaceous, near Hor- nerstovvn, New Jersey. 6. Hesperornis regalis Marsh. Hesperornis fcgalis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, $6. Pteranodon beds of Western Kansas. 7. Hesperornis crassipes Marsh. Lestornis crassipes Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XI. 1876, 509. Hesperornis crassipes Marsh, Odontornilhes, 1880, 196, figs. 40 a-d^ pis. vii, xvii. Yellow chalk of the Pteranodon beds, Western Kansas. 8. Hesperornis gracilis Marsh. Hesperornis gracilis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XI. 1876, 510. Yellow chalk of the Pteranodon beds, Western Kansas. 9. Ichthyomis dispar Marsh. Ichthyornis dispar Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872. 344. Pteranodon beds, Middle Cretaceous, Northwestern Kansas. 10. Ichthyomis agilis Marsh. Graculavus agilis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. V. 1873, 230. Ichthyornis ngilis Marsh, Odontornithes, 1880, 197. Pteranodon beds, Miuale Cretaceous, Western Kansas. FOSSIL BIRDS. 361 11. Ichthyomis anceps Marsh. Graculavus anceps Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 364. Ichthyomis anceps Marsh, Odontornithes, 1880, 198. Gray shale of the Middle Cretaceous, Smoky Hill River, Western Kansas. 12. Ichthyornis lentus Marsh. Graculavus lentus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XIV. 1877, 253. Ichthyornis lentus Marsh, Odontornithes, iS8o, 198. Middle Cretaceous beds, near Fort McKinney, Texas. 13. Ichthyornis tener Marsh. Ichthyornis tener Marsh, Odontornithes, 1880, 198, pi. xxx. fig. 8. Pteranodon beds, Middle Cretaceous, Wallace County, Kansas. 14. Ichthyornis validus Marsh. Ichthyornis validus Marsh, Odontornithes, 1880, 198, pi. xxx. figs. 11-14. Yellow chalk of the Middle Cretaceous, near SDlomon River, North- western Kansas. 15. Ichthyomis victor Marsh. Ichthyornis victor Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XI. 1876, 511. Middle Cretaceous of Kansas, in various localities. IG. Laomis edvardsianus Marsh. Laornis edvardsianus Marsh, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 5. Middle marl bed. Upper Cretaceous, Birmingham, New Jersey. 17. Palseotringa littoralis Marsh. Palceotf-inga littoralis MARSir, Pr. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 5. Greensand of the Upper Cretaceous, near Hornerstown, New Jersey. 362 CHECKLIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 18. Falaeotringa vagans Marsh. Palaotrin^a vagans Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. III. 1872, 365. Greensand of the Upper Cretaceous, near Hornerst.own, New Jersey. 10. Falseotringa vetus Marsh. Scolopax Morton, Syn. Organic Remains of the Cret. U. S. 1834, 32. Palceotringa vetus Marsh, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1S70, 5. Lower marl bed of the Cretaceous formation, near Arneytown, New Jersey. 20. Telmatomis prisons Marsh. Telmatornis pi iscus Marsh, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 5. Middle marl bed of the Upper Cretaceous, near Hornerstown, New- Jersey. 21. Telmatomis affjniR Marsh. Telmatornis affinis Marsh, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 5. Middle marl beds of the Upper Cretaceous, near Hornerstown, New Jersey. C- TERTIARY. Subclass RATIT^. 22. Gastomis giganteus (Cope). Diatryma gigantea Cope, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1876, ir. Ga'^tornis giganteus CouES, Key N. A. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 825. Wahsatch Epoch, Eocene of New Mexico. FOSSIL BIRDS. 363 Subclass CARINAT^. Order PYGOPODES. 23. Uria antiqua (Marsh). Catarractes aniiqua Marsh, Am. Jour a. Sci. XLIX. 1870, 213. Uria antiqua CoUES, MS. Miocene of North Carolina. 24. Uria affinis (Marsh). Catarractes ajjinis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 259. Uria ajjinis CouES, MS. Post-pliocene of Maine. Order TUBINARES. 25. Puffinus conradii Marsh. Puffinus conradii Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XLIX. 1870, 212. Miocene of Maryland. Order STEGANOPODES. 26. Sula loxostyla Cope. Sula loxostyla Cope, Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. XIV. 1870, 236. Miocene of North Carolina. 27. Fhalacrocoraz idahensis (Marsh). Gracidus idahensis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. XLIX. 1870, 216. Phalacrocorax idahensis Coues, Key N. A. Birds, 2d ed. T884 Pliocene of Idaho. ■rj -•- 364 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 28. Fhalacrocoraz micropus (Cope). Graculus mhropus Coi'ii, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. No. 2, 1878, 38O. Phalaaocorax micropus CouES, Key N. A. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 824. Pliocene of Oregon. Order ANSERES. 29. Cygnus paloregoniis Cope. Cygnus paloregonus Cope, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. No. 2, 1878, 3S8. Pliocene of Oregon. 0. Branta h3rpsibates (Cope). Anscr hypsibates Cope, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. No. 2, 1878, 387. Branta hyPsibates CouES, MS. Order PALUDICOL.^. ol. Grus haydeni Marsh. Grtis haydeni Marsh, Am. Joum. Sci. XLIX. 1870, 214. Pliocene of Nebraska. 32. Gnis proavus Marsh. Grus proavus Marsh, Am. Joum. Sci. IV. 1872, 261. Post-pliocene of New Jersey. 33. Aletomis nobilis Marsh. Aleiornis nobilis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 256 Eocene of Wyoming. FOSSIL BIRDS, 365 34. Aletornls pemiz Marsh. AUtornis pernix Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 256. Eocene of Wyoming. 35. Aletomis venustns Marsh. Aletornis venustns Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 257. Eocene of Wyoming. 36. Aletornis gracilis Marsh. Aletornis gracilis Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 258. Eocene of Wyoming. 37. Aletornis bellus Marsh. Aletornis bellus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 258. Eocene of Wyoming. Order LIMICOL/E. 38. Charadrius sheppardianus Cope. Charadrius sheppardianus Cope, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. VI. No. I, 188', 83. (Formation and locality not given.) Order GALLIN^E. 39. Meleagris antiquus Marsh. Meleagris antiquus Marsh, Am. Journ. f ci. II. 1871, 126. Miocene of Colorado. L Z66 CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 40. Meleagris altus Marsh. Melea^ris altus Marsh, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 11. Post-pliocene of New Jersey. 41. Meleagris celer Marsh. Meleagris celer Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. 1872, 261. Post- pliocene of New Jersey. Order RAPTORES. 42. Falasoboms mubrosus (Cope). Cathartes utnbrosus Cope, Pr. Ac, Nat. Sci. Phila. T874, 151. Palceoborus utnbrosus CouES, Key N. A. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 822. Pliocene of Ne»s' Mexico. 43. Bubo leptosteus Marsh. Bubo leptosteus Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. II. 1871, 126. Lower Tertiary of Wyoming. 44. Aquila danana Marsh. Aquila danana Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. II. 187 1, 125. Pliocene of Nebraska. Order COCCYGES. 45. Uintomis lucaris Marsh Uintornis lucaris Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. IV. 1872, 259. Lower Tertiary formation of Wyoming. ^ FOSSIL BIRDS. 367 Order PASSERES. 4G. Falaeospiza bella Allen. Palaospiza bella Allen, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. No. 2, 1878, 443, pi. i. figs. I, 2. Insect-beaiins shales of Florissant, Colorado. INDEX. ACANTHIS, 259. brewsterii, 354. hornemannii, 259. hornemannii exilipes, 260. linaria, 260. linaria holbcellii, 260. linaria rostrata, 260. Accipiter, 186. atricapillus, 186. atricapillus striatulus, 186. cooperi, 186. velox, 186. Accipitrinae, 184. Actitis, 158. macuiaria, 158. Actochelidon, 92. Actodromas, 150, 352. -Echmophorus, 73. clarkii, 349. occidentalis, 73. vEgialitis, i6i, 162. dubia, 162. hiaticula, 162. raeloda, 162. meloda circumcincta, 163. mongola, 163. montaim, 164. nivosa, 163. semipalmata, 162. vocifera, 161. wilsonia, 163. /Esalon, 195. yEstrelata, 102. fisheri, 103. fularis, 102. asitata, 102. Agelaius, 249, jjubernator, 249. phoeniceus, 249. tricolor, 249. Aix, 117. Aix sp >sa, 118. Ajaja, 131. ajaja, 131. Alauda, 238. arvensis. 238. Alaudicae, 23S. Albatross, Black-footed, 97. Short-tailed, 97. Sooty, 98. Yellow-nosed, 98. Alca, 83. torda, 83. Alcedinidae, 209. Alcidae, 76, 349. Alcinae, 82. Alcyones, 209. Alectorides, J64. Aletornis bellus, 365. gracilis, 365. nobilis, 364. pernix, 365. venustus, 365. Alle, 84. I alle. 84. i Allina?, 84. I Amazilia, 226. j cerviniventris, 227. I fuscicaudata, 227. ! Aminodramus, 265, 268. j bairdii, 267. ) beldingi, 266. caudacutus, 268. caudacutus nelsoni, 269. henslowii, 268. leconteii, 268. maritimus, 269. nigrescens, 269. princeps, 265. rostra tus, 266. rostratus guttatus, 267. sandwichensis, 265. 24 J/" INDEX. Ammodrdmus sjndwichensis alaudi- nus, 266. sandvvichensis bryanti, 266. 5-andwichensis savanna, 265. savannarum pashcrinus, 267. savannarum perpallidus, 268. Ampelidae, 294. Ampeliuae, 294. Anipelis. 294. cedrorum, 294. g.irrulus, 294. Amphispiza, 276. belli, 276. belli nevadensis, 277. bilineata, 276. Anas, 114. americana, 116. boschas, 114. carolinensis, 1 16. crecca, Ii6. cyanoptera, 117. discors, 1 16. fulvigula, 115. obscura, 115. penelope, 115. strepera, 115. Anatidae, 113, 351. Anatinae, 114. Ancylocheilus, 152. Anhino[a, 108. anhinga, 108. Anhingidas, io8. Ani, 206. Groove-billed, 207. Anorthura, 329. Anous. q6 stolidus, 96. Anser. 126. albifrons, 126. albifrons gambeli, 126. Anseres, 113, 364. Anserinze, 125. Anthus, 319. cervinus, 320. pensi'vanicus, 320. pratensis, 320. spragueii, 320. Antrostomus, 219. carolinensis, 219, vociferus, 219. vociferus arizonoe, 219. Apatornis celer, 359. Apheloconia^ 242. ralifornica. 242. floridana, 242. Aplielocoma sieberii arizonae, 243. woodhousei, 242. Aphriza, 164. virgata, 164. Aphrizidas, 164. Aphrizinae, 164. Aquila, 192. cbrysaetos, 192. danana, 366. Aramidae, 139. Aramus, 139. giganteus, 139. Archibuteo. 191. ferrugineus, 191. lagopus, 191. lagopus sancti-johannis, 191. Arctonetta, 122. fisrheri, 122. Ardea, 135. candidissima, 136. cinerea, 135. coerulea, 137. egretta, 136. herodias, 135. occidentalis, 135. pealei, 352. rufa, 136. tricolor ruficollis, 137. virescens, 137. warr'i, 135. wuerdemanni, 351. Ardeidas, 134, 351. Ardeinae, 135. Ardetta, 134. Arenaria, 164. interpres, 165. melanocephala, 165. Arenariinje, 164. Arquatella, 149. Asio, 198. accipitrinus. 198. wilsonianus, 198. Astur. 186. Asturina, 191. plagiata, 191. Asyndesmus, 216. Atthis. 226. Auk, Great. 84. Razor-billed, 83. Auklet, Cassin's, 78. Crested, 79. Least, 79. Paroquet, 78. Rhinoceros, 78. Whiskered, 79. INDEX. 371 Auriparus flaviceps, 338, Avocet, American, 146. Aytliya, K18. afifinis, 119. americana, 118. coliaris, 119. marila nearctica, i ig. vallisneria, 1 18. Baldpate, 116. Baptornis advenus, 359. Bartramia, 157. longicauda, 157. Basileuterus, 3r8. belli, 318. culicivorus, 318. Basilinna, 227. xantusi, 227. Bird, Red billed Tropic, 107. Surf, 164. Yellow-billed Tropic, 106. Bittern, American, 134. Least, 134. Blackbird, Bicolored, 249. Brewer's, 253. Red- winged, 249. Rusty, 253. Tricolored, 249. Yellow-headed, 249. Bluebird, 346. Azure, 346. Mountain, 347. Western, 346. Bluethroat, Red-spotted, 34^. Bobolink, 247. Western, 247. Bob-white, 167. Florida, 167. Grayson's, 168. Masked, 168. Texan, 167. Bonasa, 172. umbellus, 172. umbellus sabini. 173. umbellus togata, 172. ' umbellus umbelloides, 172. Booby, 107. Blue-faced, 107. Red-foot^, 108. Botaurinae, 134. Botaurus, 134. exilis, 134. lentiginosus, 134. Brachyramphus, 80. Brachyramphus ctpveri, 81. hypoleucus, 81. kittlitzii, 81. marmoratus, 80. Brant, 127. Black, 128. Branta, 126. bernicla, 127. canadensis, 126. canadensis hutchinsii, 127. canadensis minima, 127. canadensis cccidentalis, 127. hypsibates, 364. leucopsis, 128. nigricans, 128. Bubo, 202. leptosteus, 366. virginianus, 202. virginianus arcticus, 203. virginianus saturatus, 203. vir<.'inianus subarcticus, 202. Bubonidae, 198. Budytes, 319. flavus leucostriatus, 319. Bullfinch, Cassia's, 255. Bulweria, 103. bulweri, 103. Bunting, Indigo, 288. Lark. 290. Lazuli, 288. Painted, 288. Townsend's, 354. Varied, 288. Bush-Tit, 337. Black-eared, 337. Californian, 337. Grinda's, 337. Lead-colored, 337. Buteo, 187. abbreviatus, 189. albicaudatus, 189. borealis, 187. borealis calurus, 188. borealis kriderii, 188. borealis lucasanus, 188. brachyurus, 190. buteo, 187. cooperi, 353. fuliginosus. 353. harlan', 188. latissiiTius, 190. lineatus, 188. lineatus alleni, 189. lineatus elegans, 189. swainsoni, 189. 372 INDEX. Buteola, loo. Butorides, 137. Buzzard, European, 187. Calamospiza, 290. melanocorys, 290. Calcarius, 263. lapponicus, 263. ornatus, 263. pictus, 263. Calidris, 153. arenaria, [53. Callipepla, 169. californica, 169. californica vallicola, 169. gambeli, 170. squamata, 169. squamata castanogastris, 169. Calothorax, 226. Calypte, 224. Campephilus, 210. principalis, 210. Camptolaimus, 121. labradorius, 121. Campylorhynchus, 325. affinis, 325. brunneicapillus, 325. Canachites, 171. Canvas-back, 118. Capri mulgi, 219. Caprimulgidae, 219. Caracara, Audubon's, 196. Guadalupe, 196. Cardellina, 317. rubrifrons, 317. Cardinal, 286. Arizona, 286. Saint Lucas, 286. Texan, 286. Cardinalis, 285. cardinalis, 286, cardinalis igneus, 286. cardinalis superbus, 286. Carinatae, 363. Carpodacus, 250. amplus, 257. cassini, 256. frontalis, 256. frontalis rhodocolpus, 257. purpureus, 256. purpureus caiifornicus, 256. Catbird, 322. Cathansta, 183. atrata, 183. Cathartes, 183. aura, 183. burrovianus, 353. CathartidiC, 182, 352. Catherpes, 326. mexicanus, 326. mexicanus conspersus, 326. Centrocercus, 176. urophasianus, 176. Centronyx, 267. Centurus, 217. Ceophloeus, 215. pileatus, 215. Cepphi, 11. Cepphus, 81. carbo, 350. columba, 82. grylle, 81, mandtii, 82. motzfeldi, 349. Cerorhinca, 78. monocerata, 78. Certhia, 330. familiaris americana, 330. familiaris mexicana, 331. Certhiidae, 330. Certhiola, 300. bahamensis, 300. Ceryle, 209. alcyon, 209. cabanisi, 209. Chaclialaca, 178. Chaetura, 222. pelagica, 222. vauxii, 222. Chaeturinae, 221. Chamaea, 336. fasciata, 336 fasciata henshawi, 336. Chamaeinae, 336. Charadriidae, 160. Charadrius, 160. apricarius, 160. dominicus, 161. dominicus fulvus, 161. sheppardianus, 365. squatarola, 160. Charitonetta, 120. albeola, 120. Chat, Long-tailed, 315. Yellow-breasted, 315. Chaulelasmus, 115. Chelidon, 292. erythrogaste ', 292. Chen, 125. INDEX. 373 Chen ccerulescens, 351. hyperborea, 125. hyperborea nivalis, 125. rossii, 126. Chickadee. 334. Californian, 336. Carolina, 334. Chestnut-backed, 335. Hudsonian, 335. Long-tailed, 334. Mexican, 335. Mountain, 335. Oregon, 334. Siberian, 335. Chloroceryle, 209. Chondestes, 269. grammacus, 270. grammacus strigatus, 270. Chor^Ieiles, 220. virginianus, 220 virginianus henrvi. 221. virginianus minor, 221. texensis, 221, Chuck-will's-widow, 219. Ciceronia, 79. CiconiiE, ^33. Ciconiidae, 133. Cieoniinae, 133. Cinclids, 321. Cinclns, 321. mexicanus, 321. Circus, 185. hudsonius, 185. Cistothorus, 329. palustris, 330. stellaris, 330. Clamatores, 228. Clangula, 120. hyemalis, 120. Clivicola, 293. rijDaria. 293. Coccothraustes, 254. vespertina, 255, Coccyges, 206, 366. Coccyginae, 207. Coccyzus, 207. americanus, 208. erythrophthalmus, 208. minor, 207. Coeligena, 223. clemenciae, 223. Coerebidae, 300. Colaptes, 217. auratus, 217. cafer, 218. Colaptes cafer saturatior, 218. chrysoides, 218. rufipileus, 218. Colinus, 167. graysoni, 168. ridgwayi, 168. virginianus, 167. virginianus floridanus, 167. virginianus texanus, 167. Columba, 178. fasciata, 178. flavirostris, 179. leucocephala, 179. Cohimbae, 178. Columbidas. 178. Columbigallina, 1 8 1. passerina, 181. Colymbus, Ty auritus, 74. dominicus, 74. holboelii, 73. nigricollis californicus, 74. Compsohalieus, no. Compsothlypis, 304. americana, 305. nigrilora, 305. Contopus, 233. borealis, 233. pe.tinax, 233. richardsonii, 234. virens, 234. Conurus, 205. carolinensis, 206. Coot, American, 144. European, 144. Cormorant, 109. Baird's, in. Brandt's, no. Double-crested, 109. Farallone, no. Florida, 109. Mexican, no. Pallas's, 351. Pelagic, III. Red-faced, ni. Violet-green, ni. White-crested, 1 10. Corvidae, 240. Corvinae, 245. Corvus, 245. americanus, 245. americana.-. iioridanus, 245. caurinus, 246, corax sinuatus, 245. cryptoleucus, 245. 374 INDEX. Corvus ossifragus, 246. Coturnicops, 142. Coturniculus, 267. Cowbitd, 248. lironzed. 24S. Dwarf, 248. Cracidae, 178. Crake, Corn, 143. Spotted, 141. Crane, Little Brown, 139. Sandhill, 139. Whooping, 139. Crea^Tus, 350. Creciscus, 142. Creeper, Bahama Honey, 300. brown, 330. Mexican, 331. Crex, 143. crex, 143, Crossbill, 257. American, 257. Mexican, 257. White- winged, 258. Crotophaga, 206. ani, 206. sulcirostris, 207. Crotophagin;c, 206. Crow, American, 245. Fish, 246. Florida, 245. Northwest, 246. Crymophilus, 145. fulicarius, 145. Cuckoo, Black-billed, 208. Mangrove, 207. Yellow-billed, 208. Cuculi, 206. Cuculidae, 206. Curlew, Bristle-thighed, 159. Eskimo, 159. Hudsonian, 159. Long-billed, 158. Cyanecula, 345. suecica, 345. Cyanocephalus, 246. cyanocephalus, 246. Cyanocitta, 241. cristata, 241. cristata florincola, 241. stelleri, 241, stelleri frontalis, 241. stelleri macrolopha, 242. Cyclorrhynchus, 78. psittaculus, 78. Cygninae, 129. Cygnus palorcgonus, 364. Cymodroma, 105. graliaria, 106. Cypseli. 221. Cypseloides, 221. niger, 222. Cyrtonyx, 170. montczumze, 170. Cyrtopelicanus, 112. Dafila, 117. acuta, 117. Daption, 103. capensis, 103. Dendragapus, lyo. canadensis, 171. franklinii, 172. obscurus, 170. obscurus fidiginosus, 171. obscurus richardsonii, 171. Dendrorygna. 128. autumnalis, 129. fulva, 129. Dendroica, 305, 306. zestiva, 306. auduboiii, 307. blackburnijE, 308. Iryanti castaneiceps, 306. ca^rulea, 307. caerulescens, 306. carbonata. 356. castanea, 308. chrysoparia, 310. coronata, 307. discolor, 312. dominica, 309. dominica albilora. 309. graciai, 309. kirtlandi, 311. maculosa, 307. montana, 356. nigrescens, 309. occidentalis, 310. olivacea, 306. palmarum, 311. palmarum hypochrysea, 311. pen sylvan ica, 308. striata, 308. tigrina, 305. townsendi, 310. vigorsii, 311. virens, 310. Dicbromanassa, 136, 352. Dickcissel, 289. INDEX. 375 Diomedea. 97. albatrus 97. nigripcs, 97. Diomedeidce, 97. Dipper, American, 321. Dolichonyx, 247. oryzivorus, 247. oryzivorus albi nucha, 247. Dove, Ground, 181. Inca, 181. Mourning, 180. White-fronted, 180. While-winged, 180. Zenaida, i8o. Dovekie, 84. Dowitcher, 148. Long-billed, 148. Dryobates, 210. borealis, 212. nuttallii, 212. pubescens, 211. pubescens gairdnerii, 211. scalaris, 212. scalaris lucasanus, 212. stricklandi, 213. villosus, 210. villosus audubonii, 211. villosus harrisii, 211. villosus leuconielas, 2ro. Duck, American Scaup, 119. Black, 115. Florida, 115. Harlequin, 121. Labrador, 121. Lesser Scaup, 119. Masked, 125. Ring-necked, 119. Ruddy, 124. Rufous-crested, 118. Stejler's, 121. Wood, 118. Dunlin, 151. Dysporus, 108. Dytes, 74. Eagle, Bald, 193. Golden, 192. Gray Sea, 192. Harpy, 192. Ectopistes, 179. migratorius, 179. Egret, American, 136. Peale's, 352. Reddish, 136. Eider, 122. American. 122. King. 123. Pacific, 123. Spectacled, 122. Elanoides, 184. forficatus, 184. Elanus, 1S4. leucurus, 1 84. Embernagra, 2.S2. rufivirgata. 283. Empidonax. 234 acadicus, 235. difficilis, 234. flaviventris, 234. fulvifrons, 23O. fulvifrons py^maeus, 236. hammondi, 236. minimus, 235. obscurus, 236. pusiilus, 235. pusillus traiilii, 235. Engyptila, 180. albifrons, 180. Eniconetta, 121. stelleri, 121. Ereunetes, 152. occidentalis, 153. pusillus. 153. Ergaticus, 318. ruber, 318. Erismatura, 124. rubida, 124. Euetlieia, 289. bicolor, 289. Eugenes, 223. fulgens, 223. Euphonia, 290. elegantissima, 290. Euphonia, Blue-headed, 29c. Eurynorhynchus. 152. pygmaeus, 152. Falco. 103 columbarius, 195. columbarius suckleyi. 195. fusco-coerulescens, 195. islandus, 193. mexicanus, 194. peregrinus anatum, 194. peregrinus pealei, 194. richardsonii, 195. rusticolus, 193. rusiicolus gyrfalco, 193. 376 INDEX. Falco riisticolus obsoletus, 194. sparverioides, 196. sparverius, 196. Falcon, Aplomado, 195. Peak's, 194. Prairie, 194. Falcones, 184. Falconidae, 184, 353. Falconinae, n>3. Finch, California Purple, 256. Cassin s Purple, 256. Crimson House, 257. Guadalupe House, 257. House, 256. Purple, 256, Flamingo, American, 130. Flicker, 217. Gilded, 218. Guadalupe, 218. Northwestern, 218. Red-sha£ted, 218. Florida, 137. Flycatcher, Acadian, 235. Arizona Crested, 231. Ash-throated, 232. Baird's, 234. Beardless, 237. Buff-breasted, 236. Coues's, 233. Crested, 231. Derby, 230. Fork-tailed, 228. Fulvouji, 236. Giraud's, 230. Hammond's, 236. Lawrence's, 232. Least, 235. Little, 235. Mexican Crested, 231. Olivaceous, 232. Olive-sided, 233. Ridgway's, 237. Scissor-tailed, 228. Sulphur-bellied, 231. Traill's, 235. Vermilion, 237. Wright's, 236. Yellow-bellied, 234. Fratercula, 77 arctica, 77. arctica glacialis, TJ. corniculata, 77. Fraterculinae, 76. Fregata, 113. aquila, 113. Fregatidae, 113. Fringillidx, 254, 354. Fulica, 144. americana, 144. atra, 144. Fulicinae, 144. Fuligula, 119. Fulmar, 99. Giant, 98. Lesser, 99. Pacific. 99. Rodger's, 99. Slender-billed, loo. Fulmarus, 99. glacialis, 99. glacialis glupischa, 99. glacialis minor, 99. glacialis rodgersii, 99. glacialoides, 100. Gadwall, 115. Galeoscoptes, 322. carolinensis, 322. Gallinae, 167, 365. Gallinago, 147. delirata, 148. gallinago, 147. Gallinula, 144. galeata, 144. Gallinule, Florida, 144. Purple, 143. Gallinulinae, 143. Gannet, 108. Garrulinae, 240. Garzetta, 136. (iastornis giganteus, 362. Gavia, 86. alba, 86. Gelochelidon, 92. nilotica, 92. Geococcyx, 207. californianus, 207. Geothlypis, 313, 314. agilis, 313. beldingi, 315. formosa, 313. macgillivrayi, 314. Philadelphia, 314. trichas, 314. trichas occidentalis, 314. Geotrygon, 181. martinica, 182. Glaucidium, 204. gnoma, 204. INDEX. 377 Gl.iucidium phalaenoides, 205. Glaucionetta, 119. clangula americana, 120. islandica, 120. Glottis, 155. Gnatcatchcr, Hlack-talled, 340. lUue gray, 340. Plumbeous. 340. Godwit, Black-tailed, 154. i'udsonlan, 154. Marbled, 153. Pacific, 154. Golden-eye, American, 120. Harrow's. 120. Goldfinch, American, 261. Arizona, 261. Arkansas, 261. Black-headed, 262. Lawrence's, 262. Mexican, 261. Goose, American White-frohted, 126. Barn, cle, 128. Blue, 351. Cackling, 127. Canada, 126. Emperor, 128. Greater Snow, 125. Hutchins's, 127. Lesser Snow, 125. Koss's Snow, 126. White-cheeked, 127. White-fronted, 126. Goshawk, American, 186. Mexican, 191. Western, 186. Grackle, Boat-tailed, 254. Bronzed, 254. Florida, 253. Great-tailed, 254. Purple, 253. Graculavus pumilus, 360. velox, 360. Grassquit, 289. Grebe. American Eared, 74. Clark's, 349. Holbcell's, 73. Horned, 74. Pied-billed, 75. St. Domingo, 74. Western, "j-^. Green-shank, 155. Grosbeak, Black-headed, 287. Blue, 287. Evening, 255. Pine, 255. Grosbeak, Rose-breasted, 287. Grouse, Canada, 171. Canadian Kuffcd, 172. Columbian Sharp-tailed, 176. Dusky. 170. Franklin's, 172. Gray Ruffed. 172. Oregon Ruffed, 173. Prairie Sharp-tailed, 176. Richardson's, 171. Rufted, 172. Sage, 176. Sharp-tailed, 176. Sooty, 171. Grues, 138. Gruidae, 138. Gius, 138. americana, 139. canadensis, 139. haydeni, 364. mexicana, 139. pioavus, 364. Gu.ira, 131. alba, 131. rubra, 132. Guillemot, Black, 81. Black-winged, 349. Mandt's, 82. Pigeon, 82. Sooty. 350. Guiraca, 287. caerulea, 287. Gull, American Herring, 89. Bonaparte's, 91. California, 89. Franklin's, 91. Glaucous, 87. Glaucous-winged, 87. Great Black-backed, 88. Herring, 89. Heermann's, 90. Iceland, 87. Ivorv, 86. Kum'lien's, 88. Laughing, 90. Mew, 90. Nelson's, 88. Pallas's, 89. Ring-billed, 90. Ross's, 91. Sabine's, 91. Short-billed, 90. Siberian, 89. Slaty-backed, 88. Swallow-tailed, 350. 3/8 INDEX. Gull. Western, 88. Gypagus, 132. pap."., 35 2. Gyrfal en, 193. Black, 194. Gray, 193. White, 193. Habta, 287. ludoviciana. 287. melanocephala, 2S7. Haematopodicloe, 165. Haematopus, 165. bachmani, 166. ostralegus, 165. palliatus, 165. Haliplana, 95. Halocyptena, 103. microsoma, 104. Halia'ctus. 192. albicilla, 192. leucocephalus, 193. Harporhynchus, 322,324. bendirei. 323. cinereus, 324. crissalis, 324. curvirostris. 323. curvirostris palmeri, 323. lecontei, 324. longirostris. 323. redivivus, 324. rufus, 322. Hawk, American Rough-legged, 191. American Sparrow, 196. Broad-winged, 190. Cooper's, 186. Cuban Sparrow, 196. Duck, 194. Florida Red shouldered, 189. Harlan's, 188. Harris's, 187. Krider's. 188. Little Black, 353. Marsh, 185. Mexican Black, 190. Pigeon, 195, Red-bellied, 189. Red-shouldered, 188. Red-tailed, 187. Rough-legged, 191. Sharp-shinned, 186. Short-tailed, 190. Swainson's, 189. White-tailed, 189. Hawk, Zone-tailed, 189. Helinaia, 301. swainsonii, 301. Helminthophila, 302. bachmani, 302. celata, 304. celata lutescens, 304. chrysoptera, 302. cincinnatiensis, 356. lawrencei, 355. leucobronchialis, 355. luciae, 303. peregrina, 304. pinus, 302. ruficapilla. 303. ruficapilla gutturalis, 303. virginiae, 303. ilehiiitherus, 301. vermivorus, 30 j. Hen, Heath, 175. Lesser Prairie, 175. Prairie, 175. Henhawk, Cooper's, 353. Herodias, 136. Herodii, 134. Herodiones, 131. Heron, Elack-crowned Night, 138. European Blue, 135. Great Blue, 135. Great White, 135. Green, 137. Little Blue, 137. Louisiana, 139. Snowy, 136. Ward's, 135. Wurdemann's, 351. Yellow-crowned Night, 138. Hesperiphona, 254. Hesperocichla, 345. naevia, 345. Hesperornis crassipes, 360. gracilis, 3C0. regalis, 360. Heteractitis, 156. incana, 156. Hierofalco, 193. Himantopus, 146. mexicanus, 146. Hirundinidae, 292. Histrionicus, 121. histrionicus, 121. Hummingbird, Allen's, 225. Anna's, 225. Black-chinned, 224. Blue-throated, 223. INDEX. 379 Hummingbird, Broad-billed, 227. Brood-tailed, 225. Buf¥-bellied, 227. Calliope, 226. Costa's, 224. Heloise's, 226. ,. Lucifer, 226. Rieffer's, 227. Rivoli, 223. Ruby-throated, 224. Rufous, 225. Xantus's, 227. Hydranassa. 136. Hydrochelidon, 95. leucoptera, 96. nigra surinamensis, 96. Hylocichla, 341. Hylophilus, 355. decurtatus, 355. Hylophilus, Short-winged, 355. Iache, 227. latirostris, 227. Ibides, 131. Ibididae. 131. Ibis, Glossy, 132. Scarlet, 132. White, 131. White-faced Glossy, 132. Wood, 133. Ichthyornis agilis, 360. anceps, 361. dispar, 360. lentus, 361. tener, 361. validus, 361. victor, 361. Icteria, 3f5. virens, 315. virens longicauda, 315. Icteridas, 247. Icterus, 250. audubonii, 251. bullocki, 252. cucullatus, 251. cucullatus nelsoni, 251. galbula, 252. icterus, 250. parisorum, 251. spurius, 252. Ictinia, 185. mississippiensis, 185. lonornis, 143. martinica, 143. JARIRU, 133. Jacana, 166. gymnostoma, 166. Jaqana, Mexican, 166. Jacanidae, 166. Jaeger, Parasitic, 85. Pomarine, 85. Long-tailed, 85. Jay, Alaskan, 244. Arizona, 243. Blue, 241. Blue-fronted, 241. California, 242. Canada, 243. Florida, 242. Florida Blue, 24T. Green, 243. Labrador, 244. Long-crested, 242. Oregon, 244. Pifion, 246. Rocky Mountain, 244. Steller's, 241. Woodhouse's, 242. Junco, 274. aikeni, 274. annectens, 275. bairdi, 276. caniceps, 275. cinereus dorsalis, 275. cinereus palliatus, 275. hyemalis, 274. hyemalis oregonus, 274. insularis, 276. Junco, Arizona, 275. Baird's, 276, Gray-headed, 275. Guadalupe, 276. Oregon, 274. Pink-sided, 275. Red-backed, 275. Slate-colored, 274. White-winged, 274. KiLLDEER, 161. Kingbird, 229. Arkansas, 229. Cassin's, 230. Couch's, 229. Gray, 229. Kingfisher, Belted, 209. Texan, 209. Kinglet, Cuvier's, 357. Djsky, 339. 38o INDEX. Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 339. Ruby-crowned. 339. Western Golden-crowned, 339. Kite. Everglade. 185. Mississippi. 1S5. Swallow-tailed, 184. White-tailed, 1S4. Kittiwake, 86. Pacific, 86. Red-legged, 87. Knot, 149. Lagopus, 173. lagopus, i73._ lagopus alleni, 173. leucurus, 174. rupestris, 173. rupestris atkhensis, 174. rupestris nelsoni, 174. rupestris reinhardti, 174. welchi, 174. Laniidas, 205. Lanius, 295. borealis, 295. ludovicianus, 296. ludovicianus excubitorides, 296. Lanivireo, 297. Laopteryx priscus, 359. Laornis edvardsianus, 361. Lapwing, 160. Laridae, 86, 350. Larinae, 86. Lark, Desert Horned, 239. Horned, 238. Mexican Horned. 239. Pallid Horned, 238. Prairie Horned, 239. Ruddy Horned, 240. Streaked Horned, 240. Texan Horned, 239. Larus, 87. affinis. 89. argentatus, 89. argentatus smithsonianus, 89. atricilla, 90. brachyrhynchus, 90. cachinnans, 89. californicus, 89. canus, 90. delawarensis, 90. franklinii, 91. glaucescens, 87. glaucus. 87. heernianni, 90. Larus kumlieni, 88. leucopterus, 87. marinus, 88. nel.^oni, 88. cccidentalis, 88. Philadelphia, 91. schistisagus, 88. Leptopelicanus, 112. Leucosticte, 258. atrata. 259. australis, 259. griseonucha, 258. tephrocotis, 258. tephrocolis litioralis, 258. Leucosticte, Aleutian, 258. Black, 259. Brown-capped, 259. Gray-crowned, 258. Hepburn's, 258. Limicote, 145, 365. Limosa, 153. fedoa, 153. haemastica, 154. lapponica baueri, 154. limosa, 154. Limpkin, 140. Linnet, lirewster's, 354. Longipennes, 84. Longspur, Chestnut-collared, 263. Lapland, 263. McCown's, 264. Smith's, 263. Loon, 75. Black-throated, 76. Pacific. 76. Red-throated, 76. Yellow-billed, 75. Lophodytes, 114. cucullatus, 114. Lophophanes. 332. Lophortyx, 169. Loxia, 257. curvirostra minor, 257. curvirostra stricklandi, 257. leucoptera, 258. Lunda, 76. cirrhata, 'j']. Macrochires, 219. Macrorhamphus, 148. griseus, 148. scolopaceus, 148. Magpie, American, 240. Yellow-billed, 240. INDEX. 381 Mallard, 114 Man-o'-VVar Bird, 113. Mareca, 115. Martin, Purple, 292. Meadowlark, 250. Mexican, 250. Western, 250. Megalestris, 84. skua, 85. Mes^aquiscalus, 254. Megascops, 200. asio, 200- asio bendirei, 201. asio floridanus, 200. asio kennicottii, 201. asio maxwelliae, 201. asio mccallii, 201. asio trichopsis, 202. flammeolus, 202. Melanerpes, 216. aurifrons, 217. carolinus, 217. erythrocephalus, 2r6. formicivorus angustifrons, 216. formicivorus bairdi, 216 torquatus, 216. uropygialis, 217. Melanitta, 123. Meleagrinae, 177. Meleagris, 177. altus, 366. antiquus, 365. celer, 366. gallopavo, 177. gallopavo mexicana, 177. Melopelia, 180. leucoptera, 181 Melospiza, 279. cinerea, 281. fasciata, 279. fasciata fallax, 279. fasciata guttata, 280. fasciata heermanni, 280. fasciata montana, 279. fasciata rufina, 280. fasciata samuelis, 280. georgiana, 281. lincolni, 281. Merganser, 113. americanus, 113. serrator, 114. Merganser, American, 113. Hooded, 114, Red-breasted, 114. Merginae, 113. Merlin, Black, 195. Richardson's, 195. Merula, 344. confinis, 345. migratoria, 344. migratoria propinqua, 344. Methriopterus, 222. Micrathene, 205. whitneyi, 205. Micropalama, 148. liimantopus, 149. Micropodidae, 221. Micropodinae, 222. Micropus, 222. melanoleucus, 223. Milvulus 228. forficatus, 228. tyrannus, 228. Miminas, 321. Mimus, 322. polyglottos, 322. Mniotilta, 300. varia, 300. Mniotiltidae, 300, 355. Mockingbird, 322. Molothrus, 248. asneus, 248. ater, 248. ater obscurus, 248. Motacilla, 319. alba, 319. ocularis, 319, Motacillidse, 319. Murre, 82. Briinnich's, 83. California, 82. Pallas's, 83. Murrelet, Ancient, 80. Craveri's, 81. Kittlitz's, 81. Marbled, 80. Temminck's, 80. Xantus's, 81. Myadestes, 341. townsendii, 341. Myadestinae, 341. Mycteria, 133. americana, 133. Myiarchus, 231. cinerascens, 232. crinitus, 231. lawrenceii, 232. lawrenceii olivascens, 232. mexicanus, 231. mexicanus magister, 231. 3^2 INDEX. Myiozetetes. 230. texensis, 230. Myiodynastes, 230. luteiventris, 231. Neocorys, 320. Netta, 118. rufina, 118. Nettion, 116. Nighthawk, 220. Cuban, 221. Texan, 221. Western, 221. Noddy, 96. Nomonyx, 125. dominicus, 125. Numenius, 158. borealis, 159. hudsonicus, 159. longirostris, 158. pliaeopus, 159. tahitiensis, 159. Nutcracker, Clarke's, 246. Nuthiitch, Brown-headed, 332. Pygmy. 332. Red-breasted, 331. Slender-billed, 331. White-breasted, 331. Nyctala, 200. acadica, 200. tengmalmi richardsoni, 200. Nyctea, 203. nyctea, 203. Nyctherodius, 138. Nycticorrx, 137. nycticorax nasvius, 138. violaceus, 138. Nyctidromus, 220. albicollis, 220. OcEANiTES, 105. oceanicus, 105. Oceanitinae, 105. Oceanodroma, 104. furcata, 104. homochroa, 105. hornbyi. 350. leucorhoa, 104. melania, 105. Ochthodromus, 163. Odontoglossae, 130. Oidemia, [23. americana. 123. deglandi, 124. Oidemia fusca, 124. perspicillata, 124. OUi-squaw, 120. Olor, 129. buccinator, 130. columbianus, 129. cygnus, 129. Oporornis, 313. Oreortyx, 168. pictus, 168. pictus plun^''*erus, 168. Oriole, Audubon's, 251. Arizona Hooded, 251. Baltimore, 252. Bullock's, 252. Hooded, 251. Orchard, 252. Scott's, 251. Ornithion, 237. imberbe, 237. imberbe ridgvvayi, 237. Oioscoptes, 321. montanus, 321. Ortalis, 178. vetula maccali, 178. Oscines, 238, O.sprey, American, 197. Ossifraga, 98. gigantea, 98. Otocoris, 238. alpestris, 238. alpestris arenicola, 239. alpestris chrysolasma, 239. alpestris giraudi, 239. alpestris leucolaema, 238. alpestris praticola, 239. alpestris rubea, 240. alpestris strigata, 246. Oven-bird, 312. Owl, American Barn, 197. American Hawk, 204. American Long-eared, 198. Arctic Horned, 203. Barred, 198. Burrowing, 204. California Screech, 201. IXisky Horned, 203. Elf, 205. Ferruginous Pygmy, 205. Flammulated Screech, 202. Florida Barred, 199. F'lorida Burrowing, 204. Florida Screech, 200. Great Gray, 199. Great Horned, 202. INDEX. 383 Owl, Hawk, 203. Kennicott's Screech, 201. Lapp, 199. Mexican Screech, 202. Pygmy, 204. Richardson's, 200. Rocky Mountain Screech, 201. Saw-whet, 200. Screech, 200. Short-eared, 198. Snowy, 203. Spotted, 199. Texan Screech, 201. Western Horned, 202. Oxyechas, 161. Oyster-catcher, 165. American, 165. Black, 166. Pal;eoborus umbrosus, 366. Palaeospiza bella, 367. Palaeotringa littoralis, 362. vagans, 362. vetus. 363. Paludicolae. 138. Pandion, 197. haliaetus caroHnensis, 197. Pandioninae, 197. Parabuteo, 187. unicinctus harrisi, 187. Parauque, 220. Paridae, 331. Parinae, 332. Paroquet, Carolina, 206. Parrot, Thick-billed, 354. Partridge, California, 169. Chestnut-bellied Scaled, 169. Gambel's, 170. Massena, 170. Mountain, 170. Plumed, 168. Scaled, 169, Valley, 169. Parus, 332, 334. atricapillus, 334. atricapillus occidentalis. 334. atricapillus septentrionalis, 334. atricristatus, 332. bicolor, 332. caroftnensis, 334. cinctus obtectus, 335. gambeli, 335. hudsonicus, 335. inornatus, 333. Parus inornatus cineraccus, 333. inornatus griseus, 333. meridionalis, 335. rufescens, 335. rutescens neglectus, 336. wollweberi, 333. Passcrculus, 265. Passerella, 281. iliaca, 281. iliaca megarhyncha, 282. iliaca schistacea, 282. iliaca unalaschensis, 282. Passeres, 228, 367. Fasserina, 288. amoena, 288. ciris, 288. cyanea, 2S8. versicolor, 288. Pavoncella, 157. pugnax, 157. Pediocaetes, 175. phasianelliis, 176. phasianeilus campestris, 176. phasianellus columbianus, 176. Pelagodroma, 106. marina, 106. Pelecanidae, 112. Pelecanus, 112. californicus, 112. erythrorhynchos, 112. fuscus, 112 Pelican, American White, II2. Brown, 112. California Brown, 112. Pelidna, 151. Pelionetta, 124. Pendulinus, 251. Penelopes, 178. Penelopinae, 178. Perdicinas, 167. Perisoreus, 243. canadensis, 243. canadensis capitalls, 244. canadensis fumifrons. 244. canadensis nigricapillus, 244. obscurus, 244. Perissoglossa, 305, 356. Petrel. Ashy, 105. Black, 105. Black-capped, 102. Bulwers, 103. Fisher's, 103. Fork-tailed, 104. Hornby's, 350. Leach's, 104. 384 INDEX. Petrel, Least, 104. Peale's, 102. Pintado, 103. Stormy, 104. White-bellied, 106. White-faced, 106. Wilson's, 105. Petrocheliclon, 292. lunifrons, 292. Peucica, 277. .xstivalis. 277. aestivalis bachmanii, 277. arizona?, 277. carpalis, 278. cassini, 278. mexicana, 278. ruficeps, 278. ruficeps boucardi, 278. ruficeps eremoeca, 279. Peucedramus, 305. Pewee. Western Wood, 234, Wood, 234. Phaethon, 106. aethereus, 107. flavirostris, 106. Pliaethontidae, io6. Phainopepla, 295. nitens, 295. Phalacrocoracida?, 109, 351. Phalacrocorax, 109. carbo, 109. dilopluis, 109. dilophus albociliatus, no. dilophus cincinatus, no. dilophus floridanus, 109. idahensis, 363. mexicanus, 1 10. micropus, 36^;. pelagicus, in. pelagicus resplendens, in. pelagicus robustus, ni. penicillatus, no. perspicillatus, 351. urile, in. Phal?cnoptilus, 220. nuttalli, 220. Phalarope, Northern, 145. Red, 145. Wilson's, 146. Phalaropodidae, 145. Phalaropus, 145. lobatus, 145. tricolor, 146. Phalerinas, 78. Phaleris, 79. Phasiani, 167. PhasianidcB, 177. Philacte, 128. canagica, 128. Philohela, 147. minor, 147. Phoebe, 232. Black, 233. Say's, 233. Phoebetria, 98. fuliginosa, 98. Phoenicopteridae, 130. Phoenicopterus, 130. ruber, 130. Phyllopseustes, 338. borealis, 338. Pica, 240. nuttalli, 240. pica hudsonica, 240. Pici, 210. Picidae, 210. Picoides, 213. americanus, 214. americanus alascensis, 214. americanus dorsalis, 214. arcticus, 213. Picicorvus, 246. columbianus, 246. Pigeon, Band-tailed, 178. Passenger, 179. Red-billed, 179. White-crowned, 179. Pinicola, 255. enucleator, 255. Pintail, 117. Pipilo, 283. aberti, 285. chlorurus, 284. consobrinus. 2S4. erythrophthalmus, 283. erythrophthalmus alleni, 283. fuscus albigula, 285. fuscus crissalis, 285. fuscus mesoleucus, 285. maculatus arcticus, 283. maculatus megalonyx, 284. maculatus oregonus, 284. Pipit, American, 320. Meadov/, 320. Red-thrOatf;d, 320. Sprague's, 320. Piranga, 290. erythromelas, 291. hepatica, 291. ludoviciana, 290. INDEX. 38s I'iransca rubrn, 291. rubra cooperi, 291. Pitanijus, 230. derbianus, 230. Plataleidae, 131. Plautus, 83. impcnnis, 84. Plectrophenax, 262. hyperboreus, 263. nivalis, 262. Plegadis, 132. autumnalis, 132. guarauna, 132. Plover, American Golden, 161. Belted Piping, 163. Black-bellied, i6o. Golden, 160. Little Ring, 162. Mongolian, 163. Mountain, 164. Pacific Golden, 161. Piping, 162. Ring, 162. Semipalmated, 162. Snowy, 163. Wilson's, 163. Podasocys, 164. Podiceps, 74. Podicipedes, 73. Podicipidze, 73, 349. -: <• Podilymbus, 75. podiceps, 75. Polioptila, 340. caerulea, 340. californica, 340. plumbea. 340. Polioptilinae, 340. Polyborus, 196. cheriway, 196. lutosus, 196. Poocaetes, 264. gramineus, 264. gramineus confinis, 264. Poor-will, 220. Porzana, 141. Carolina, 142. jamaicensis, 142. jamaicensis coturniculus, 143. noveboracensis, 142. porzana, 141. Priocella, 100. Priofinus, 102. Procellaria, 104. pelagica, 104. Procellariidie, 98, 350. Procellariinae, 9?. Progne, 292. subis, 292. Protonotaria, 301. v;itrea, 301. Psaltriparus, 336. melanotis, 337. minimus, 337. minimus californicus, 337. minimus grindae, 337. plumbeus, 337. Pseudogryphus, 182. californianus, 183. Psittaci, 205. Psittacidae, 205. Ptarmigan, Allen's, 173. Nelson's, 174. Reinhardt's, 174. Rock, 173. Turner's, 174. Welch's. 174. White-tailed, 174. Willow, 173. Ptiliogonatinae, 295. Ptychoramphus. 78. aleuticus, 78. Puffin, 'j'j. Horned, 77. Large-billed, TJ. Tufted, 77. Puffinus, 100. auduboni, loi. borealis, 100. cinereus, 102. conradii, 363. creatopus, 10 1. gavia, 10 1. griseus, loi. kuhlii, 350. major, 100. puffinus. 100. Strickland i, 10 1. tenuirostris, ro2. Pygopodes, 73, 363. Pyrocephalus, 237. rubineus mexicanus, 237. Pyrrhula, 255. cassini. 255. Pyrrhuloxia, 286. sinuata, 286. Quail-dove, Blue-headed, 182. Key West, 182. Querquedula, 116. 25 386 INDEX. Quiscalus, 253. macrourus, 254. major, 254. quiscula, 253. quiscula aeneus, 253. quiscula aglxus, 253. Rail, Bekling's, 140. black, 142. California Clapper, 140. Clapper, 141. Farallone, 143. King, 140. Louisiana Clapper, 141. Virginia, 141. Yellow, 142. Ralli, 139. Raliidas, 140. Rallinic, 140. Rallus, 140. beldingi, 140. elegans, 140. longirostris crepitans, 141. longirostris saturatus, 141. obsoletus, 140. virginianus, 141. Raptores, 182, 366. Raven. American. 245. White-necked, 245. Ratitae, 36c. Recurvirostra, 146. americana, 146. Recurvirostridae, 146. Redhead, 118. Redpoll, 260. Greenland, 259. Greater, 260. Hoary, 260. Holbcell's, 260. Redstart, American, 317. Painted, 317. Red-bellied, 317. Red-tail, St. Lucas, 188. Western, 188. Regulinas, 339. Regulus, 339. calendula, 339. cuvieri, 357. obscurus, 339. satrapa, 339. satrapa olivaceus, 339. Rissa,' 86. brevirostris. 87. tridactyla, 86. Rissa tridactyla poUicaris, 86. Koad-runner, 207. Robin, American, 344. St. Lucas, 345. Westem, 344. Rostrhamus, \ S5. sociabilis, 185. Rough-leg, Ferruginous, 191. Kuff, 157. Rhodostethia, 91. rosea, 91. Rhyacophilus, 155. Rhynchodon, 194. khynchofalco, 195. Rhynchophanes, 264. mccovvnii, 264. Rhynchopsitta, 353. pachyrhynca, 354. Rynchopidae, 96. Rynchops, 96. nigra, 97. Salpinctes, 325. guadeloiipensis, 326. obsoletus, 325. Sanderling, 153. Sandpiper, Aleutian, 150. Baird's, 151. Bartramian, 157. BufF-breasted, 158. Cooper's, 352. Curlew, 152. Green, 156. Least, 151. Pectoral, 150. Prybilof, 150. Purple, 149. Red-backed, 152. Semipalmated, 153. Sharp-tailed, 150. Solitary, 156. .Spoon-bill, 152. Spotted, 158. Stilt, 149. Western, 153. White-rumped, 151. Sapsucker, Red-breasted, 215. Red-naped, 215. Williamson's, 215. Yellow-bellied, 214. Sarcorl.amphi, 182. Saxicola, 346. oenanthe, 346. Sayornis, 232. INDEX. 38; Sayornis nigricans, 233. phccbe, 232. saya. 233. Scardafella, 181. inca, 181. Scolecophagus, 252. carolinus, 253. cyanocephalus, 253. Scolopacidx, 147, 352. Scolopax, 147. rusticola, 147. Scoter, American, 123. Surf, 124. Velvet, 124. Wliite-winged, 124. Seed-eater, Morellet's, 289. Seiurus, 312. aurocapillus, 312. motacilla, 313. noveboracensis, 312. noveboracensis notabilis, 312. Selaspliorus, 225. Setopliaga, 317. miniata, 317. picta, 317. ruticilla, 317. Shearwater, Audubon's, 10 r. Black-tailed, 102. Black-vented, 10 1. Cinereous, 350. Cory's, 100. Dark-bodied, loi. Greater, 100. Manx, 100. Pink- tooted, loi. Slender-billed, 102. Sooty, loi. Sho\'eller, 117. Shrike, Log^erheid, 296. Northern, 295. White-rumped, 296. Sialia, 346. arctica, 347. mexicana, 346. sialis, 346. sialis azurea, 346. Simorhynchus, 79. cristatellus, 79. pusillus, 79. pygmaeus, 79. Siskin, Pine, 262. Sitta, 331. canadensis. 331. carolinensis. 331. carolinensis aculeata, 331. S'tta pusilla, 332, nygmxa, 332. Sitting, 331. Skimmer, Black, 97. Skua, 85. Skylark, 238, Snipe, European, 147. Wilsons, 148. Snowflake, 262. McKay's, 263. Solitaire, Townsend's, 341. Soniateria, 122. dresseri, 122. niollissima, 122. spectabilis, 123. V- nigra, 123. Sora. 142, Sparrow, Aleutian Song, 281. Arizona, 277. Bachman's, 277. Baird's, 267. Belding's Marsh, 266. Bell's, 276. Black-chinned, 274. Black-throated, 276. Boucard's, 278. Brewer's, 273. Bryant's Marsh, 266. Cassin's, 278, Chipping, 272. Clay-colored, 273. Desert Song, 279. Dusky Seaside, 269. Field, 273. Fox, 281. Gambel's, 271. Golden-crowned. 271. Grasshopper, 267. Harris's, 270. Heermann's, 280. Henslow's, 268. Intermediate, 271. Ipswich, 265, Large-billed, 266. Lark, 270. Leconte's, 268. Lincoln's, 281. Mexican, 278. Mountain Song, 279. Nelson's, 269. Pine-woods, 277. Rock, 279. Kufous-crowned, 278. Rufous-winged, 278. Rusty Song, 280. 358 INDEX. Sparrow, Sage, 277. St. Lucas, 267. Samuels's Song, 280. Sandwich, 265. Savanna, 265. Seaside, 269. Sharp-tailed. 208. Slate-colored, 282. Song, 279. Sooty Song, 280. Swamp, 281. Texas, 283. Thick-billed, 282. Townsend's, 282. Tree, 272. Vesper, 264. Western Clupping, 273. Western Grasshopper, 2C8. Western Lark, 270. Western Savanna, 266. Western Tree, 272. W "istern Vesper, 264. Wl/te-crowned, 270. White-throated, 271. Worthen's, 273. Spatula, 117. clypeata, 117. Speotyto, 204. cuniculara floridana, 204. cunicularia hypogaea, 204. Sphyrapicus, 214. ruber, 215. thyroideus, 215. varius, 214. varius nuchalis, 215. Spinus, 260. lawrencei, 262. notatus, 262. pinus, 262. psaltria, 261. psaltria arizonae, 261. psaltria mexicanus, 261. tristis, 261. Spiza, 289. americana, 289. townsendi, 354. Spizella, 272. atrigularis, 274. breweri, 273. monticola, 272. monticola ochracea, 272. pallida, 273. pusilla, 273. socialis, 272. socialis arizonae, 273. Spizella wortheni, 273. Spoonbill, Roseate, 1 3 1. Sporophila, 289. morelleti, 289. Squatarola, 160. Starling, 247 Starncenas, 182. cyanocepliala. 182. Steganopodes, 106, 363. Steganopus, 145. Stelgidopteryx, 294. serripennis, 294. Stellula, 226. Stercoiariidae, 84. Stercorarius, 85. longicaudus, 85. parasiticus, 85. pomarinus, 85. Sterna. 92, 93. aleutica, 94. anaethetus, 95. antillarum, 95. dougalli, 94. elegans, 93. forsteri, 94. fuliginosa, 95. hirundo. 94. maxim?, 93. paradiscea, 94. sandvicensis acuflavida, 93. trudeaui, 93. tschegrava, 92. Slerninae, 92. Sternula, 95. Stilt, Black-necked, 146. Streptoceryle, 209. Striges, 197. Strigidae, 197. Strix, 197. pratincola, 197. Sturnella, : 'o. magna, 250. magna mexicana, 250. magna neglecta, 250. Sturnidae, 247. Sturnus, 247. vulgaris, 247. Sula, 107. bassana, 108. cyanops, 107. loxostyla, 363. piscator, 108. sula, 107. Sulidae, 107. Surnia, 203. INDEX. 389 Surnia ulula. 203. ulula caparoch, 204. Swallow, Bank, 293. IJarn, 292. Cliff, 292. Kou{;h-winged, 294. Tree, 293. Violet-green, 293. Swan, Trumpeter, 130. Whistling, 129. Whooping, 129. .Swift, Hlack, 222. Chimney, 222. Vaux's, 222. White-throated, 223. Sylvania, 315. canadensis. 316 microcephala, 356. mitrata, 316. pusilla, 316. pusilla pileolata, 316. Sylviidae, 338, 357. Sylviinae, 338. Symphemia, 156. semipalniata, 156. Synthliboramphus, 80. antiquus, 80. wumizusume, 80. Syrnium, 198. nebulosum, 198 nehulosum alleni, 199. occidentale, 199. Tachycineta, 293. bicolor, 293. thalassina, 293. Tanager, Cooper's, 291. Hepatic, 291. Louisiana, 291. Scarlet, 291. Summer, 291. Tanagridae, 290. Tantalinae, 133. Tantdus, 133. loculator, 133. Tatler, Wandering, 156. Teal, Blue-winged, 1 16. Cinnamon, 117. European, 116. Green-winged, 116. Telmatodytes, 330. Telmatornis aflfinis, 362. priscus, 362. Tern, Aleutian, 94. Tern. Arctic, 94. Black, 96. Bridled, 95. Cabot's, 93. Caspian, 92. Common, 94. Klegant. 93 Forster's, 94. Gull-billed, 92. Least, 95. Roseate, 94. Royal, 93. Sootv, 93. Truaeau s, 93. White -winged Black, 96. TetraonidiP, 167. Tetraoninas, 170. Thalasseus, 92. Thalassogeron, 97. culminatus, 98. Thrasaetus, 192. harpyia, 192. Thrasher. Bendire's, 323. Brown, 322. Californian, 324. Crissal. 324. Curve-billed, 323. Leconte's, 324. Long-billed, 323. Palmer's, 323. Sage. 321. St. Lucas. 324. Thrush, Audubon's Hermit, 343. Bicknell's, 342. Dwarf Hermit, 343. Gray-cheeked, 342. Hermit, 343. Olive-backed, 343. Red-winged, 344. Russet-backed, 343. Varied, 345. Willow, 342. Wilson's, 342. Wood, 341. Thryomanes, 327. Thryothorus, 326. bewickii, 327. bewickii bairdi, 328. bewickii spilurus, 327. brevicaudus, 328. ludovicianus, 327. ludovicianus miamensis, 327. Tinnunculus, 196. Titmouse, Ashy, 333. Black-crested, 33^. 390 INDEX. Titmouse, Hridled, 333. ^ray, 333. Plain, 333. Tufled, 333. Totanus. 154. flavipes. 155. mtlanoleucus, 155. nebularius, 155. ochropus, 156. solitarius, 156. Towhee, 283. Aberfs, 283. Arctic, 283. Californian, 285. Cafion, 285. Green-tailed, 284. Guadalupe. 284. Oregon, 284. Saint Lucas, 285. Spurred, 284. White-eyed. 2R3. Tree-duck. Black-bellied. 129. Fulvous, 129. Tringa, 149. acuminata, 150. alpina, 151. alpina pacifica, 152. bairdii, 151, canutus, 149. cooperi, 352. couesi, 151. ferruginea, 153. fuscicollis, 151. maculata, 150. muritima, 149. minutilla, 151. ptilocnemis, 150. Trochili, 223. Trochilidae, 223. Trochilus, 224. alexandri, 224. alleni, 225. anna, 225. calliope, 226, colubris, 224. costae, 224. heloisa, 226. lucifer, 226. platycercus, 225. rufus, 225. Troglodytes, 328. aedon, 328. aedon paikmanii, 328. alascensis, 329. hiemalis, 329. Troglodytes hiemalis pacificus, Troglodytida;, 321. Troglodytinae, 325. Trogon, 208. ambiguus, 208. Trogon, Coppery-tailed, 208. Trogones, 208. Trogonida:, 208. Troupial, 251. Tryngites. 157. subruficollis, 158. Tubin.ires, 97, 3G3. Turdidae, 341. Turdinie, 341. Turdus, 341. 344. aliciic, 342. alicia' bicknelli, 342. aonalasclikte, 343. aonalaschkas auduboni. 343, aonalaschkce pallasi, 343. fuscescens, 342. fuscescens salicicolus, 342. iliacus, 344. mustellniis. 341. ustulatus. 343. ustulatus swainsoni, 343. Turkey, Mexican, 177. VVild, 177. Turnstone, 165. Black, 165 Tympanuchus. 175. americanus, 175. cupido, 175. pailidicinctus, 175. Tyrannida;, 228. Tyrannus, 228. dominicensis. 229. melancholicus couchii, 229. tyrannus, 229. verticalis, 229. vociferans, 230. UixTORNis lucaris, 366. Ulula, 199. cinerea, 199. cinerea lapponica, 199. Uria, 82. affinis, 363. antiqua, 363. lomvia, 83. lomvia arra, 83. troile, 82. troile californica, 82. Urile, III. 329. INDEX. 391 Urinator, 75. adamsii, 75. arcticus, 76. imber, 75. lumme, 76. paciticus, 76. Urinatorid^e, 75. Urubitintja, 190. anthracina, 190. Vaneli.its, iTxj. vanellus, 160. Verdi n, 33S. Vireo, 276. 298. altiloquus barbatulus, 296. atriLvi])illus, 298. bellii. 299. belli! pusillus, 299. flavifrons, 297. flavoviriJis, 297. gilvus, 297. huttoni, 299. huttoni Stephens!, 299. noveboracensis, 29CJ. olivaceus, 296. philadelphicus, 29;'. solitarius, 298. solitarius cassinii, 298. solitarius plumbeus, 298. vicinior, 300. Vireo, Bells, 299. Black-capped, 298. Black-vvhif.kered, 296. Blue-headed, 298. Cassin's, 298. Gray. 300. Hutton's, 299. Least, 299. Philadelpiiia, 297. Plumbeous, 298. Red-eyed, 296. £tephens's, 299. Warbling, 297. White-eyed, 299. Yellow-green, 297. Yellow-ihroated, 297. Vireonidas, 296, 355. Vireosylva, 296. V^ulture, Black, 183. Burroughs's Turkey, 353. California, 183. King, 352. Turkey, 183. WAf;TAiL. Siberian Yellow, 319. bwinhoe's, 319. White, 319. Warbler. Audubon's, 307. IJachman's, io?. Bay- breasted, 30S. I'itll's, 318. Black and White, 300. Blackburnian, 308. Black-poll, 308. Black-throated Blue, 306. Black-throated Gray, 309. Bl.ick-throated Green, 310. lilue Mountain, 356. Blue-winged, 302. I. rasher's, 31S. Brewster's, 355. Calaveras, 303. Canadian, 316. Cape May, 305. Carbonated, 356. Cerulean, 307. Chestnut-sided, 308. Cincinnati, 356. Connecticut, 313. Golden-cheeked, 310. (iolden-winged, 302. Grace's, 309. Hermit, 310. Hooded, 316. Kennicott's Willow, 338. Kentucky, 313. Kirtland's, 311. Lawrence's, 355. Lucy's, 303. Lutescent, 304. Macgillivray's, 314. Magnolia, 307. Mangrove, 306. Mourning, 314. Myrtle. 307. Nashville, 303. Olive, 306. Orange-crowned, 304. Palm, 311. Parula, 305. Pileolated, 316. Pine, 311. Prairie, 312. Prothonotary, 301. Red, 318. Red-faced, 318. Bennett's, 305. Small-headed, 356. Swainson's, 301. 392 INDEX. Warbier, Sycamore, 309. Tennessee, 304. Townsend's, 310. Virginia's, 303. Wilson's, 316. Worm-eating, 301. Yellow, 306. Yellow Falm, 311. Yellow- throated, 309. Water-Thrush, 312. Grinnell's, 312. Louisiana, 313. Waxwing, Bohemian, 294. Cedar, 1:94. Wheatear, 346. Whimbrel, 159. Whip-poor-will, 219. Stephens's, 219. Widgeon, 115. Willet, 156. Woodcock, American, 147. European, 147. Woodpecker, AlaskanThree-toed, 2 14. Alpine Three-toed, 214. American Three-toed. 214. Arctic Three-toed, 213. Californian, 216. Downy, 211. Gairdner's, 211. Gila. 217. Golden- fronted, 217. Hairy, 210. Harris's, 21 r. Ivory-billed, 210. Lewis's, 216. Narrow-fronted, 216. Northern Hairy, 210. Nuttall's, 212. Pileated, 215. Red-bellied, 217. Red-cockaded, 212. Red-headed, 216. Saint Lucas. 212. Southern Hairy, 211. Strickland's, 213. Texan, 212. White-headed, 213. Williamson's. 215. Wren, Alaskan, 329. Baird's, 328. Wren, Bewick's, 327. Cactus, 325. Canon, 326. Carolina, 327. Florida, 327. Guadalupe, 328. Guadalupe Rock, 326. House, 328. Long-billed Marsh, 340. Parkman's, 328. Rock, 325. St. Lucas Cactus, 325. Short-billed Marsh, 330. Vigors's, 327. White-throated, 326. Winter, 329. Western Winter, 329. Wren-Tit, 336. Pallid, 336. Xanthocephalus, 248. xanthocephalus. 249. Xanthoura, 243. luxuosa, 243. Xema, 91. furcata, 350. sabinii, 91. Xenopicus, 213. albolarvatus, 213. Yellow-ligs. 155. Greater, 155, Yellow-throat, Belding's, 315. Maryland, 314. Western, 314. Yphantes, 252. Zenaida, 180. zenaida, 180. Zenaidura, 179. macroura, 180. Zonotrichia albicolliSj 271. coronata, 271. gambeli, 271. intermedia, 27T, leucophrys, 270. querula, 270. University Press : John Wilson & Son, Cambridge.