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FRDIT QR©W1NQ

FOR ' "r

FR©FIT.

'iV 1 .,,l<;,l(/tt

COMPRISING A

COMPLETE HISTORY OP APPLE CULTURE,
From the time the Seeds are Planted until the Proceeds are pocketed.

WITH CHAPTERS ON

The Plum, Pear, Cherry, Strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberry, •
_ Currant and Gooseberry. . ^,,, ,,,.,;,.ri .. =

.;/i:^:--»

■ ;S .

^:-n;.!W

BTT

W. O. CREIGHTON,

Graduate of the Provincial Agricultural School.

rw: ;-;;i'*' ^'i-^'l .-J,;;! -■ ■•■;••' ^ ^ -

HALIFAX, N. S. :

NOVA SCOTIA PRINTING COMPANY.
1891.

wumttsssjUi

THE

■ ■ .

A Journal for Fruit Growers, with a beautiful Colored Plate in each
number, published monthly at Toronto and Grimsby by the Ontario Fruit
Growers' Association, uniler (iovernment patronage. Thirty-two pages
choice reading matter of Fruits, Flowers and Forestry, well illustrated ;
containing the most reliable information on the culture of fruits, best
varieties, home and foreign market reports, etc. Edited by a practical
fruit grower. Subscription price $1.00 per annum, which also entitles the
subscriber to membership of the Ontario Fruit Growers' Association, with
all its privileges, viz. , — a copy of its valuable Annual Report to the Ontario
(Government, and a selection from the Annual Plant Distribution, which is
made in April or May of each year. For further information address

L. "WOOLVERTOIT,
Secretary of the Ontario Frnit Orowern' Asa'n.

ORIMiSBY, OTVT.

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

'• We should be glad to see this excellent journal circulate largely in
Manitoba, Northwest Territories and British Columbia. It w<(uld do much
toward stimulating the population to ascertain the capal^llitics of our
northern latitudes in the direction of the arts to wliich it is devoted. The
fact that the journal is devoted to Flowers should make it a welcome
visitor in the homes of many of our readers. The present number contains
39 pages, with a dozen illustrations. We recommend it to our readers'
notice. "— Northwent Review.

"The Canadian Horticulturist for February contains a splendid plate
with description of the Vergennes grape ; the second of its ai tides on
Landscape (gardening, and a large amount of useful information to fruit
growers, making it the best journal of the kind that we know of." — Daily
ThnA'H, Orilla, Ont.

" The new vplunie of the Canadian Horticulturist appears enlarged,
with broader pages and a tastefully designed cover. The journal is well
conducted and worthy of liberal support." — Botanical Gazette.

" The Canadian H ^rticulturist for J£),nuary is just at hand, in a new
and beautifully designed cover. It contains a colored plate of the lovely
Iris that is a treasure of art. It is now recognized as the leading Canadian
journal of Horticulture." — Canada Agriculturist.

" The Canadian Horticulturist enters upon its eleventh volume with
many decided improvements. It is enlarged and printed upon clear, white
paper with new type, and an increased number of illustrations. As its
name indicates, it is devoted to the culture of fruits, flowers and forest
trees. A colored plate adorns each number. " -Ex.

"There has been a very decided improvement in the Canadian Horti-
culturist of Grimsby, Ont., Canada. It begins this year with an elegant
new cover, enlarged in size, printed on clear white paper, and tilled with
attractive illustrations." — Southern Cultivator.

"The longer I take the Horticulturist the better I like it." — Wm.
TuRNBUiiL, Brewster, Ont., January 16th, 1888.

" I consider your magazine very valuable. It is filled with excellent
material. A very welcome visitor." — Chas. A. Geeen, Rochester, N. Y.,
May 14th, 1891.

i

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. s & ,

PREKACE.

J~T"^HOUSANDS of dollars are ammally paid out for fruit trees by
I farmers in the eastern counties of our Province, not one in every
-^ hundred of which is properly planted anl cared for afterwards.
This is mainly due to the want of information ou the subject.

Believing that a great sourco of wealth, in the production of fruit
orchards and gardens, lies within the reach of our farmers, and that
ignorance of the culture of large and small fruits must be the great
obstacle in the way of progress of this industry, I have been led to offer
this little work to the farmers.

Many of the works in circulation on this subject have been written in
the interests of some particular nursery, and contain information that is
totally unreliable, or applicable only to certain districts. I ha^^e written
in the interests of the fruit grower only, and mainly with the hope that
the young men of our province, who have been led to look upon fanning as
a sort of unprofitable drudgery, may be led to engage in an industry, the
intelligent pursuit of which cannot but prove profitable to themselves, auil
a source of wealth to the country at large. In many parts of the province
advantage has already been taken of the unequalled facilities for fruit
culture. Large orchards have been planted, and vast crops annually pro-
duced. Within a few years the foreign markets have taken from this
country, in a single season, a quarter of a million dollars worth of fruit,
and the amount is yearly increasing, without danger of over production.
The lessons which these facts teach, is to plant without hesitation in all
favorable localities, bearing in mind that the planting should not exceed
the limit of the very best care and cultivation that cm be given.

I shall always be glad to give any information in my power, or to mail
scions to any one desiring them, for the inere cost of postage. Young
men desiring to obtain a practical knowledge of fruit culture are invited to
correspond.

i>U:'i^.

.;'i -..-!■ .:■ '-i-fi'i :, ■,''■• ■ ' ■-^,:(^r:'fy''^

■■;i u^i i\i-^iUi3iiJii!},%:ii^}'\i

■;onu%r

^m^nM ^■"MlTau'i

A. n. puuTOH* 0. c. miuiis.

EatabUshed by A. R. FULTON, in 1886.

FliliTON & IWIIiIiS,

TRURO, N. S.

— DliALKRS IN —

^(o\Verp, linfler^, fjeaper^, ^&\4,

. . THRESHERS, HAYPRESSES, SEEDERS,

Manure Spreaders, Plows (Wallving and Sulky), Harrows,

Cultivators, Churns, Hay Cutters, Grinders,

Wringers, Harness, Robes, &c.

•^TOP BUGGIES, PHAETONS,^'

Boad Carts, Team "Waerffons, EnGrines, &c.

ALSO WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN '

flGHlGUliTUHflli SEEDS of all Kinds,

KEED, &c., &c., &c.

Our importation of SEEDS far exceeds any other House
in the Trade.

SOLE PROPRIETORS OP THE

MANHATTAN * FEE®

FOB-

Horses, Cattle and Poultry,

We purchase our Goods direct from the oldest, largest, leading, and
moat reliable manufacturers and dealers.

Write for catalogues, prices, and terms, or apply to our agents.

FULTON & MILLS, - TRURO, N. S.

I

FRUIT QROWINQ FOR PROFIT.

INTRODUCTION.

Nova Scotia is a land of great natural resources. It is
not usually ranked among the great agricultural countries
of the world ; but a close stu.';^ of its soil, climate, etc.,
proves beyond a doubt that its capabilities for raising
nearly all the various grains, vegetables, and fruits giown
in a temperate zone, arc unsurpassed. Why is it then, that
so many young men, brought up upon farms, leave the land
of their birth, and seek their fortune in other counirius ?

One main reason, no doubt is, that they have not a
true idea of the resources of their own country. They are
accustomed to hear other lands spoken of in terms of the
highest praise, and as " distance lends enchantment, to the
view," they are led to believe that they can only attain
success in life by leaving their homes, and going abroad
into the world.

A second reason that may be mentioned is, that the
tendency of the education received in our public .schools is
not such as would inspire our boys with the dignity of the
farming profession. We fear the tendency is in the
opposite direction. They are drawn awa}' from the farm
into some of the over-crowded profe.ssions, or into the rest-
less, over-taxing, perplexing pursuits of business life.

A third reason that may be mentioned, and one not
generally taken into consideration, may be found in the
tendency to migrate, of the race to which we Anglo-Saxons
belong. From time immemorial it has been the disposition
of the Aryans to rove. In the earliest dawn of history we
maK find them in the centre of Asia ; in later years in
central and northern Europe, and in modern times in
America.

So the young men of Nova Scotia, in taking the advice
of Horace Greeley to " Go West," are only following the
instincts deeply implanted irrthe race, and in endeavouring
to persuade them to remain at home we have to contend
against their nature as well as their education. Still we

=J

believe it is possible to convincj them that success in life
can bo as surely and saf<'ly attained by remaining upon the
farm, and helping to develop the great natural resources of
their native land.

Now, while we do not claim that a man can become
speedily wealthy by fanning, still we believe there is a
prospect of comfort and plenty in every branch of agricul-
ture, if undertaken in an intelligent, reasonable, and
energetic manner.

FRUIT GROWING FOR PROFIT.

In no branch of farming is success more certain than in
fruit raising. Farmers in Eastern Nova Scotia are accus-
tomed to hear w.iat has been accomplished in the produc-
tion of fruit in the valleys of the Annapolis and Cornwallis
rivers ; but never seem to think that fruit can be success-
fully grown in other parts of the province. Comparatively
few years ago Nova Scotia was supposed to have a climate
wholly unsuited to the production of fruit, and in other
countries similar views were entertained regarding sections
now notod for the abundance and quality of their fruit.
Some of these erroneous ideas had their origin in the fact
that varieties then introduced were wholly unsuited to the
climate, etc.; but great success was attained when the best
English anil American varieties were grafted on to native
seedling stock. Previously, trees accustomed to entirely
different degrees of moisture, temperature, etc., were tried
and failed. Hence it was concluded that fruit could not be
successfully grown. This is now known to be a great
mistake.

The most important question we have to consider is:
Can fruit be profitably grown on a large scale outside of the
favored fruit belt, extending from Windsor to Digby ? I
begin by asking this question, and shall endeavour as I
proceed, to give a few reasons, and to offer a few sugges-
tions as to how this question may be answered in the
affirmative.

Prof. William Saunders, Director of the Dominion
Government experimental farm at Ottawa, says : — " Apple
production might be increased to any reasonable extent
with profit. I see no reason why the production of this
valuable fruit might not be indefinitely increased in your
province. Plums do well in many parts of the province,
including Cape Breton. With increased push and enter-
prise there is a great future for Nova Scotia in this respect ;

{•V- .

i

1 1. .IN *.i..wiiai»^

and the sucooss you have attained is only a foretaste of
that which awaits you."

R. W, Starr of (Jornwallis, a piactical orchardiat of wide
experience, a keen observer, and probably one of the best
authorities on pomology in the province, speaking before
the Fruit Growers' Association in 1886, said: — "I remember
having seen Ribston Pippins, Greenings, and Bishop Pip-
pins, grown by the late Mr. Hockin of Pictou, that would
compare favourably with the same sorts grown in Kings ;
and Baldwins grown in other parts of the county equally
as good as the best I can grow at home. Farmers in other
parts of the province should go into the business more
extensively. I have seen fine trees all along between
Upper Newport and Shubenacadie, and there are some
noble trees in the valley of the Stewiacke." Again he
says : — " I saw larger fruit in some of the small orchards in
Upper La Have than I have seen in the Annapolis Valley.
I might say the same of New Germany. In Bridgewater,
the various kinds of fruit looked as well as those we have
here under ordinary cultivation, and there is no reason why
the whole of that country might not be equally successful
with the Annapolis Valley in this industry."

Prof. H. N. Smith of the Provincial School of Agricul-
ture, speaking at the same time, says : — "I was surprised to
find grapes and apples growing nicely on the north shore
of Tatamagoucho Bay, on an arm projecting out into the
Bay. When these fruits grow and ripen in the cold and
icy winds of Tatamagouche Bay, I see no reason why they
should not do well anywhere."

Many others whom I oould quote have expressed similar
views, and ujy own experience and observation incline me
strongly to the same opinion. There is no jreason why the
different sections of our country should not become famed
for certain varieties suitable to their soil, as Annapolis is
for the Nonpareil, Cornwallis for the Gravenstein. and
West Hants for the Ribston Pippin. '

As regards the keeping quality of the fruit, there is no
doubt but that in Eastern Nova Scotia we have a great
advantage. In the Annapolis Valley they claim that they
can beat the world in the keeping quality of their apples ;
but in Pictou we can raise Gravensteins and Bishop
Pippins that are in full flavour long after theirs are worth-
less. This is a matter of^^^small importance when we
remember that we have to Compete with them in the same
market.

8

But in view of the number of orchards being planted, it
may be asked : Is there not danger of overstocking the
market with our fruit ? I think not. Should we succeed
in raising too many apples to supply our local markets, we
have only to look across the Atlantic to find an unlimited
market for good fruit. London alone has a population of
five millions, or equal to that of the whole of the Dominion
of Canada. Liverpool and Glasgow have each half a
million more ; and there are othor large cities within easy
reach of us where a ptofitable market can be opened up.

Nova Scotia has many natural advantages for shipping
fruit, not to be found in any other fruitgrowing district on
the continent.

i I. Its r.umerous good harbors along its extensive line

of sea coast.

II. Unrivalled opportunities for shipping during the
winter. , . »

m. Nearness to the great markets of Europe.

IV. Cheapness of transportation, which will no doubt
increase when the supply is great enough to cause the
steamship lines to compete for the carrying.

These points, coupled with the fact that we produce
varieties that will stand shipping after all danger of com-
petition is past, places us in a position that cannot be
attained by any other country.

The whole question is one of dollars and cents. Let us
make a calculation of profits from an orchard of fruit
trees. The farmer who raises grain is well satisfied it he
has a profit of $20 per acre, after paying all expenses.
Let 50 trees be planted on each acre of ground. Ten
years will pass before much can be got from the trees ; but
the ground is not lost, for hoed crops and small fruits can
be raised every year among the trees. After the tenth
year you may count upon an average yield of oho barrel
per tree, with a prospect of an increase each succeeding
year. Thus, in ten years you get fift}' barrels, worth, after
paying cost, $2 per barrel, or $100 per acre. In ten years
more we might expect to see this return doubled. This is
not mere theory, but what has been accomplished over and
over again, not only in the older fruit growing districts of
the province, but on a small scale outside of it. I would
like to know what other crop can be raised with as little
labor that is going to produce such a result. Here are a

Miiiii

9

few figures by Mr. J, Bigelow, President of Nova Scotia
F. G. A., on apple culture in Kings County :

Cost of an Orchard of looo Apple Trees, and Revenue therefrom, in

Kings County, N. S.

25 acres of Land, at $30 per acre $ 75° °°

ICXX5 apple trees at 20 cents 200 00

Setting out 1000 trees at 10 cents each 100 00

Fertilizing 1000 trees 100 00

Fencing and sundries 100 oO

% years interest on $1,250 at 5% 500 00

Cultivation 8 years, $100 per year 800 00

Manuring, mulching, replacing dead trees, and all other ex-
penses 450 00

Total cost till 8 years old $3000 00

INCOME.

Yield the ninth year and previous, say 500 bbls., at $1 per

bbl., clear of all expenses $ 500 00

Yield the loth to 1 5th year, average, 1000 bbls. at $1 per bbl.

clear 5000 00

Yield the 15th to 45th year, 2000 bbls. at $1 clear 60,000 00

Total income in 45 years $65,50000

An orchard of 1000 trees gives from the tenth to ihe
fifteenth year an income of $1000 a year, and for thirty
years thereafter gives S2000 a year income, being the
yearly income of an investment of $40,000 at 5 per cent.
This is based on the low average yield of two barrels a
tree, and $1 per barrel net value. At half this yield the
orchard is worth after 15 years $20,000 as a permanent
investment, and is produced at a cost of $3,000, as shown
above. To further show the enormous profits of the busi-
ness we will double the cost of the orchard, say $6000, and
decrease the yield one-half, say 1000 bbls. a "jear, giving
$1000 per year income for thirty years, and then you have
an investment worth $20,000,. at' a cost of $6000. This
statement is made from the actual experience of many
farmers in this county for the thirty years past, and my
own experience for 15 years past. I arrived in this coun-
try 15 years ago, and all I knew about an apple was to eat
it, but I was induced to purchase a few huncVed trees, and
my experience has far over-reached the figures contained
in the statement just read to you." '

Those who are willing to embark in this enterprise,
giving it the same share of study and attention necessary
to produce a large crop of anything else, will reap a certain
reward in hard cash, as well as leave a heritage for future
^generations. ..,....„, ™ , ,. i _. .: •

J^

10

APPLE CULTURE.

As the apple is unquestionably the most important
fruit raised in Nova Scotia, the best methods of its culture
is a question of the utmost importance. The object to be
aimed at is to obtain the greatest quantity of large, sound,,
handsomely formed, well iflavored, and highly colored fruit.
To attain this most desirable object requires constant,
care and attention from the time the seed is planted until
the crop is harvested and marketed. We will therefore
consider apple culture under the following heads : —

L Selection and Preparation of Ground (Drainage).

IL Buying or Raising Trees.

IIL Selection of Varieties.

IV. Transplanting.

V. Cultivation.

VL Manuring, Mulching.

VII. Grafting, Budding.

VIIL Pruning.

IX. Thinning Fruit.

X. Destruction of Insect Enemies.

XI. Prevention of Diseases.

XII. Picking, packing, marketing.

SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF GROUND.

A great deal depends upon the site selected for an
orchard. Many people plant their trees on land that is
little good for anything else ; others again plant them
around the fences out of the way of cultivation, or along
the banks^of brooks. It is needless to say that such
seldom attain success. As you may expect your orchard
to produce the most profitable crop grown on the farm, it
should be given the best ground. Whatever will produce
a vigorous growth of corn or potatoes, will in general be
best for trees. Sterile soil is unfavorable for both, but
doubly so for the latter, for while it only lessens in quantity
the growth of farm crops, it lessens the quantity and
greatly injures the quality of fruit.

Trees will grow well on sandy loam, or clayey soils.
The soil should be dry, firm, mellow, and fertile. It should
be deep, or made so by ploughing, to allow extension of the
rootlets ; dry, or made so, by draining to prevent injury by
stagnant water below the surface. Peaty or spongy soils.
are not suitable for the growth of fruit trees.

11

EXPOSURE

is an important consideration in growing fruit trees for
profit. Orchards are frequently planted in the low .ihekered
nooks, or in rich meadow lands. Few thin^j.s ht.ve been
more detrimental to the fruit interests. The hilKide and
exposed plateau are less subject to frosts than the sheltered
bottom and lower lands. By al] means let the orchard be
planted on the hillside. Some claim that a southern
exposure is best ; but a week of warm weather early in
the season will cause the buds to start, only to ^e killed
by the succeeding frosts. My own'experience goes to show
that a north-west exposure is better than a southern. On
a north-west exposure the flowering does not develop so
early, and is more likely to take place in genial weather.
Should a frost occur at time of flowering:, those having a
slope towards the west will not receive the sun's rays for
some time after sunrise, thus giving them time to thaw out
gradually and escape the injurious effects of the frost.
Next in importance to exposjre comes

SHELTER.

All oi-chards should be sheltered. If naturally sheltered
so much the better ; if not, windbreaks should IJe planted
as early as possible. They save the fruit from being
shaken, and frequently prevent immense loss in the shape
of bruised and fallen fruit. No better tree can be found
for the purpose than our common spruce. Deciduous trees, y
such as beach, maple, etc , outside the spruce, makel^ the •/
shelter more complete and effectual, as well as more
ornamental.

Having selected the situation, the next thing to be
considered is the preparation of the soil. In a climate
moist like that of Nova Scotia,

DRAINAGE

is of course all important, for manure is nearly all lost in
land soaked with water. In portions of our province the
rainfall is very great ; in sucti circumstances the greater
the need of drainage. Whenever the top roots reach the
cold sub-soil, the size and quality of the fruit begin to
deteriorate, and the tree itself loses its vigor. Grumblers,
in reference to their poor crops of fruits, are little aware
that they have themselves to blame for these results.

A judicious course of draining always improves the
character of the fruit. Even old trees have been bene-
fited by laying tiles two and a half or three feet below the

Earrr

12

surface, midway between the rows. Some of the beneficial
effects of drainage may be mentioned : . . ,..-, ,,, ,,

1. Soil is made warmer.

2. Solution of plant food is less diluted, more concen-
trated,

3. Free access of air, increased oxidation, fermentation
and absorption of ammonia.

4. Roots can penetrate deeper.

5. Removal of injurious matters, as iron oxide, etc.

6. Plant food more evenly distributed.

7. Sub-soil is improved in texture.

8. ■ Increases the number of capillary space".

9. Gives an opportunity for earlier cultivation.

10. Guards against the evils of excessive drought, and
also against the evils o? excessive rains. '

11. Prevents loss by surface washing.

No province need.s draining more than our own. Many
means are available to prevent the bad effects of drought;
draining alone can save us from the evils of an over-abun-
dant rainfall.

- - ' ■ : i PLOUGHING.

The gi ^und .should be well-ploughed the fall before, and
as deeply as possible ; and the manure well harrowed in
until the .soil is made fine and thoroughly mixed with the
manure. If then it is ploughed again in the spring, and
again thoroughly harrowed, the whole will be in a fine
condition for the reception of trees. This is the best and
cheapest way of preparing the land; for the ,s "-, long,
and healthy shoots that will grow up even the tii'st 3'ear,
and the size, beauty and richness of the fruit soon afforded
by such an orchard kept well cultivated during its early
years, will astonish tho.se who have never seen anything
but slipshod culture.

If the whole field cannot be deepened, a strip of land
ten feet wide may be treated in this way, in the centre of
which the trees may be planted, and the remainder of the
field may be deepened in the same way by the time the
roots have passed the boundaries of the first.

Jijv^rt vf;:; ' laying out the orchard. - , r. t. rrf;

Everyone will admit that an orchard regularly laid out
is better in every respect than where the trees are in
crooked lines. An owner can feel no pride in giving proper
cultivation to an irregularly planted orchard, and trees

A*

13

standing out of line will be a constant annoyance to every
ploughman who is in the habit of laying perfectly even
furrows.

After having the ground thoroughly prepared, measure
off the distance with a pole, and set stakes where the tree
is to be planted. After two rows are accurately measured
off on one side and one end, the measuring may be dis-
pensed with and labor saved by sighting in ditl'erent
directions while setting each successive stake. When
pvoperly done they should be in line looking from any
direction. Drive these stakes down so they will not be
disturbed when digging the holes.

The distance between trees is a question that has caused
a great deal of discussion among fruit growers. No rule
has been laid down for the guidance of beginners, and
persons are ofi^n at a loss to know the most suitable dis-
tance to place the trees. They generally make the mistake
of planting too closely. They look far apart when young ;
but before many years their branches are running into one
another, causing them to grow tall and spindling. The
guiding rule should be to allow space enough that when
they reach full size, the sun's rays may enter freely on each
side. The roots, as well as the tops, should have free
space. For apple trees, forty feet each way will be the
greatest distance required. The usual distance is two rods
or thirty-three feet, giving forty trees to the acre. This is
a very convenient distance, and gives ample room for
cultivation. In no ca.M5 should they be planted nearer than
thirty feet, except in the case of dwarfs.

The holes should be dug large enough to receive the
roots in their natural position, and deep enough to set the
tree the same depth that it stood in the nursery. It is
well to dig the hole a little deeper than is required for this
purpose, filling in the bottom with a few shovelfulls of fine
dry loam fiom the surface. The ground is now ready for
the work of transplanting.

BUYING OR RAISING TREES.

In selecting trees for a young orchard, too much care
cannot be exercised. Purchase only the very best from
nurseries near at home, and grown on soil as nearly like
that on which the}"^ are to be planted as possible. Trees
grown on a rich soil are always furnished with more fibres,
and stand the shock of transplanting much better than
those grown on a poor soil. Most farmers are in the habit

1*

1 •

of purchasing their trees in lots of half a dozen or more,
from glib tongued tree. agents, whose only object is to sell,
and who often furnish only the lef use stock of nurseries,
untrue to name, with badly mutilated roots, at double or
^ triple the rate for which any reliable nurseryman will
fujnish good stock. Order your trees direct from some
reliable nurseryman as near home as possible, or better
still, go and select your trees yourself, or get some reliable,
capable person to do it for you. In selecting trees, the
largest are not, always the best. Medium sized trees are
lifted with better roots than larger ones. It is always
better to have a small tree with plenty of good roots, than
a lai'ge one derici^nt in root. The former is more sure to
grow, while the lactor will never make a satisfactory tree.
In a few years the difference will be apparent.

But there is no reason why every farmer who proposes
to raise fruit should not have his little nursery, and raise
his own trees. In this way he would be sure of having
good stock of the varieties required, and would run no risk
of being swindled by the tree agents. The cost, too, in time
and money would be less than half that charged by an
agent. What is to hinder boys and young men living on
the farm with their parents from engaging in this work
on a small scale, and widening out as their experience
grows ?

In early spring, as soon as the land is fit to work, pre-
pare a strip of ground as yon .' ould for a crop of vegetables.
Scatter seed or refuse apples along the drills, and cover
about three inches. In a few weeks the young plants will
appear. Cultivate the joung twigs the remainder of the
season as you would a crop of potatoes. The more thorough
the cultivation the better root you may expect the young
tree to possess. If the work has been well done and the
land in good condition you may expect the trees to be from
six inches to one foot high by the fall. They should be
lifted before the ground freezes and only the best selected
(the rest thrown away) and carefully packed in sand or
moss and put in the cellar until the time comes for gi'afting,
which is generially during the winter or early in spring.

The process of grafting is extremely simple. Cut the
stock oli the root just at the neck, or where it came above
the surface of the ground before it was lifted. Fit the
scion on the root as you would splice two rods together,
having first cut a little tongue in each of them, then wrap
a strip of cotton rag saturated with grafting wax around
each of them and the thing is done.

16

The operation can be performed so rapidly that a
thousand a day is only considered fair work for a person
with a little experience. They may then be put back into
the cellar until they are to be planted out in the nursery.

Nursery rows are about three feet apart, and the
roots, grafts, or pips, as they are sometimes called, are
planted about one foot apart in the row. They should be
planted so that only one bud of the scion is above the
surface of the ground, and kept in cultivation for two or
three seasons when they are ready to be transplanted into
ch\i orchard. During the whole time the trees are in the
nursery they require to be carefully watched, superfluous
sprouts removed, crooked trees straightened, etc. •

SEI^CTION OF VARIETIES.

There is perhaps no part of the subject of fruit growing
that requires more care and study than the selection of
varieties. There are so many excellent varieties, and so
many things to be taken into consideration, that it is
extremely difficult to make a selection.

The soil must be carefully studied, and only varieties
suited to it should be planted. A Bishop Pippin, for
example, will not thrive on a wet soil, neither will a Blen-
heim succeed if the soil is too dry. Some again, as King of
Tompkins, do best on a light soil, while Ribston Pippins do
best if planted on heavy clay loam.

It should be borne in mind that varieties that succeed
in one place will not prove profitable in another. Some of
the best varieties grown in New England are failures in
Ontario, while those varieties most popular in Ontario are
not the best for Annapolis, and some of the mo.st profitable
varieties in Annapolis, as the Nonpareil, do not succeed in
other parts of the province. It is only by experience and
oV)servation that we can arrive at anything like a correct
conclusion.

Consideration must also be given to the requirements
of the market where the fruit is to be sold. In our local
markets such varieties as Red Astrachan, Emperor Alex-
ander, and Bishop Pippins are popular sorts, while they are
*>lvogether unfitted for foreign markets. It will be found
best in the long run to plant largely only tho.se varieties
that are well fitted for shipping, as they always bring good
prices at home ; and in case of a surplus, there is always a
ready market for good keeping apples in London and other
large cities of Europe.

16

Avoid too many varieties. Faw and not many should
be the motto of the fruit grower. Too many varieties ar»
found in our orchards, and a very large proportion of thewi
is unfit for foreign or any other market, I cannot too
strongly emphasize this point, which nas largely been the
cause of failn'.e in many places. It is not an uncommon
thing to see twenty or thirty varieties growing in one
oicharrt of perhaps not more ihan one hundred trees If
an orchard contains, say twenty varieties, each of which
has to be assorted two or three times, at the clo^^e of each
time several barrels will be left nnfiUed, which will have to
be filled with other sorts and sold at a disadvantage. If I
were planting one hundred acres of orchard I would not
plant more than six varieties at the outside. One of the
most successful orchardists of Annapolis County in one
year raised 500 barrels of Nonpareils, and. only 200 barrels
of other sorts. Instead of having a few trees of each sort
he would plant more Nonj)areils, or whatever variety stood
highest in the London market. Such is the true policy.

Notwithstanding the fact that perhaps no two orchard-
ists could be found to agree exactly upon the question of
varieties, I take the liberty of naming a few which are
among the best, if not the very best, and which I believe
can be most profitably grown in many parts of eastern
Nova Scotia. For early varieties, Red Astrachan is
probably the most profitable, as the tree is extremely
hardj^ a rapid grower, and a heavy and annual bearer. It
is also a very popular apple in our local markets on account
of its color and strong acid flavor, often bringing from
three to four dollars per barrel. If kept, however, it soon
loses its flavor, and on this account may soon lose some of
its popularity. Season, first of August.

The Dutchess of Oldenburg, another apple of Russian
origin, and like the Astrachan, a hardy and rapid grower,
and an early and heavy cropper, but of better quality. It
comes in season in September, when the markets are apt to
be glutted with all sorts of fall apples, and on this account
does not sell so readily as the Astrachan. but it will often
prove a valuable substitute for the Gravenstein in places
where the latter cannot be grown, as its extreme hardiness
will enable it to do well along the cold northern shores
where other varieties utterly fail.

Next, I would name the Gravenstein, which I have
mentioned before as having better keeping qualities when
grown here than in the Annapolis valley. It has been
called the king of Nova Scotia apples, and indeed it has no

17

;of

ften
aces
ness
lores

superior at any season of the year. It was introduced into
the province from Germany, by the Hon. Chas. R. Prescott
of Corn wal lis, about the year 1885, who after havinor
fruited it, generously gave scions to all applicants. It is
now estimated that one-fifth of the total apple production
of K'Tj<(s County is Gravensteins. With us the fruit
ripens about the first of October, and will keep until the
last days of January. The tree is thrifty, stiong, robust
grower of good habit, making a handsome head, comes
early into bearing, and <-o itinues under favorable conditions
to yield good returns every year. It its also a favourite in
the English market.

For winter varieties, I would name only three, the first
being the King of Tonr^jkins, a large, red, showy market
fruit, very popular on account, of its fine appearance
as well as its many valuable qualities. The tree is a very
strong grower, succeeds best on light dry soils, generally an
early, reliable beaier. It keeps well through the winter,,
sells well in the local market, and is \ ery popular when
shipped to the English market.

The Golden Russet of Western New York, has long
been confounded with, or mistaken for Roxbury Russet,
simply because it was first introduced by the agents under
that name. There is no trouble, ho\^'ever, in distinguishing
them, as the form and characteristics of the fruit, as well
as the habit and growth of the trees, are distinct and
totally different. The tree is a lapid, vigorous grower,
when young rather straggling in its habits, forming long
willowy branches. The fruit is medium sized, round,
smooth, and firm. It keeps longer than any othtr apple
raised in Pictou County, and is a valuable substitute for
the Nonpareil of Annapolis. It is not a heavy cr')p,)er, but
bears a moderate crop every year. This variety sold in
New Glasgow in May of the present year for $6.00 a.
barrel, and in London we have seen it quoied at $8.50 per
barrel. In favorable localities we cannot plant to ) many
of this variety.

La.st in this list I would place the Ribston Pippin, which
though largely planted in A.nnapolis, Kings and Hants,
has not been thoroughly tested in other parts ; but from
our little experience with it we bjlieva it will be a profit-
able af)ple. The tree succeeds best in a clay soil, is a slow
grower, and for this reason it is often best to top-graft it
on some more vigorous growing stock. The fruit is first-
class, and brings the highest price in the English market^
if placed there in good condition.

mmmmm

^mmUm

18

These six are the varieties I would select, a few of the
first two, and the remainder of the last four. That I
helieve tliese the most profitable is no reason that others
sliould do HO. Let every one study out the matter for them-
selves, and arrive at their own conclusions.

, , ' TRA.NSPLANTING.

The old sayinnr that " whatever is worth doinjj is worth
doinjj well," applies with peculiar force to the transplanting
of ttees. A j];reat deal of loss and disappointment has
resulted from hasty and careless transplanting. Necessarily
some risk attends the removal and resettinjj of a tree.
Some of the roots must be broken, and the tree may fail
to thrive in its new location. The roots should not be
exposed to the sun or wind, or allowed to become dry.
They should be kept as moist as when removed from the
earth. If the roots become dry they should be dipped
into water, or better still, in a puddle of mud prepared for
the purpose. If the buds are dried up, bury the whole
tree for three or four days, keeping it constantly moist,
when it will regain its vigor.

When everything is ready for planting, the stakes,
which were left in the centre of each hole, shpuld be
removed, and the tree placed where the stakes stood. Each
tree is placed lirml}^ and the roots spread out in all
directions. A little hne surface soil and compost, if used,
are then carefully shaken over the roots and small fibres,
no vacant space being left. When the roots are well
covered the soil is trodden firnjiy and evenly all around
the tree. This is important, as it holds the tree steadily,
and prevents it from being moved by the wind. The soil
is then thrown in and trodden down, but left somewhat
rounding. A tree can thus be planted in about two minutes
by a man, with a boy to help, and 200 can easily beset out
in a day. It is a mistake to buy large trees. They cost
more, the freight is more, and the smaller trees are more
easily transplanted, and need no staking, and in five years
will be ahead of the larger ones.

The day after the planting the trees should be carefully ' y

pruned, cutting back the branches to about one-third of
their length, and removing all but three or four of the
best and most regularly placed of them. Staking is
aeldom necessary. In places where the snowfall is heavy
it may be of advantage. If the stakes are driven before
the tree is planted they may be driven straight down; if

19

after, they must be in a slanting position. In either case
the tree must be fastened to the stake by mean « of a withe
or soft cord, that will not injure the bark. A cn.oked tree
should be held straight by means of a stake until it main-
tains that position of its own accord.

In nearly all soils the use of water in settling the earth
around the roots will be fouml serviceable. Dashing in a
few quarta before the hole is quite filled is the more com-
mon way, but an admirable iiioile is to settle the fine earth
as it is sifted in, by a regulai shower at the same time from
the watering pot ; one man holding the tree, a second tilling
in the earth, and the third applying the water. By this
process the roots are not disturbed in their positions, and
every cavity about them is filled in the most perfect man-
ner. The trees will be found to maintain their position
better than when pulverized earth alone is used ; for
although they at first uiay be easily moved, while
surioundod by the half liquid mass, in a few hours the
eai'th will absorb the superabundant moisture, and they
will become as firm as if they had stood for weeks in their
new positions.

Before a tree is set in the earth all the bruisod and
wounded parts, when broken or cut with the spade, should
be pared oft smoothly to prevent decay, and to enable them
to heal over during the growth of the tree.

Whole rows should be planted with the same variety.
This will save much trouble in picking, and dispense with
the use of labels.

CULTIVATION.

Many seem to think that when the tree is planted the
work is done, and the trees are left to take care of them-
selves, During the whole growing period nothing is more
important than good cultivation. This is a point upon
which all orehardists agree. It is allowed by every
scientific and practical fruit-grower that thorough cultiva-
tion of the soil is necessary for the healthy growth of trees,
and for the production of the best quality of fruit.

Downing says: — '" It is an indispensable requisite in all
young orchards to keep the ground mellow and loose by
cultivation, at least until the trees become established."

Beadle says : — • Doubtless the very best thing for the
trees is to keep the ground thoroughly cultivated, tlie surface
loose and pliable, free from weeds, and in good heart"

20

Patrick Barry once i*tx\(] : — "I will admit that tVuit can
be grown on good soil without either manure or cultivation,
but not of the bent quality. I should as much expect to
see a good crop of corn without cultivation an to see a
heavy crop of first class fruit in a sward-bound orchard."

Tiiese are only a few of the authorities in favor of high
cultivation in order to produce good fruit, and such testi-
mony might be increased many fold. Place the tree in
gras.s land, or give it no cultivation, let the surface become
baked hard, or allow weeds to cover the surface, the tree
will have a feeble growth, and the fiuit as a necessary
consequence will partake of the condition of the tree. A
feeble tree will of course bear small fruit. Cultivation
alone has often changed both size and quality in a surpris-
ing degree. A few experiments only are needed to convince
anyone of this.

" An orchanlist in one of the Western States tried an
experiment which strongly proved the benefit of cultivation
in orchards. He set out an apple orchard, and gave it good
care. The fifth year it bore eight barrels of fruit, twenty
barrels the s xth year, and for eight years afterwards the
annual yield was 85 barrels on an average. Cultivation
was continued up to this time, and he thought it was now
time to seed down to grass and clover. The next year the
product fell to 15 barrels, or less than one quarter. Culti-
vation was again resumed, and the second year it bore 225
barrels. The owner concluded to keep up clean culture in
future."

Some yeirs ago a few trees were observed to bear very
small fruit. They were then standing in grass ground.
Subsequently the whole surface was subjected to good
cultivation. The next crop had fiuit at least double the
size of the other.

A tree in another place bore, when standing in grass,
very inferior fruit, when a herd of swine accidently rooted
up the grass and reduced the whole to a mellow surface.
Tlie fruit that year was greatly increased in size, and so
much improved in flavor that it would not have been
recognized as the same sort.

To purchase and .set out fine fruit trees of rare sorts in
a baked and hardened soil, whose entire moisture and
fertility are consumed by a crop of weeds and gra.ss, might
very aptly and without exaggeration be compared to the
purchase of a tine horse, and then perpetually to exclude
from him food and drink.

21

The firnt work in the spring will probably be the
renmval of the oarth phicec] as a protection aionrd the
trunks of youn<^ trees the fnec(!(lin<( fall, and stirring the
ground up loosely around tlu; roots for some distance from
the trunk as a centre. This should be done as soon as the
ground is tit to work This stirring should be repeated
every week or two all summer.

In ploughing great care n)«st be taken not to injure the
bark of young trees. It is not necessary, however, to leave
a strip along each row unploughed to grow grass and weeds.
It is well to use only one horse foi- the first few rounds in
backing up the ground against the trees. Use long leather
traces with short whiffletrees securely wrapped up, so as to
prevent nny injury to the bark should they come in con-
tact with it. The earth can then be backed up closely
without injury to the trees, or loss of ground. In plrxigh-
ing the earth away for tlie last few rounds, fasten the
plough .securely to one side of a bobsled, to which the
horses are attached. Y( u can then plough very close to
the trees without any danger of injuring them. If the
bai k should happen to *<e injured, wrap up the wound with
a cotton rag saturated with grafting wax, and the bark will
soon be renewed. Leaving it exposed to the sun and the
attacks of insects may cause a permanent canker.

Hoed crops, as potatoes, co»n, or small fruits, .should be
raised in an orchard. Every time the crop is hoed the trees
should get their share. If hoeing will benefit a potato
plant, it is equally' beneficial to an apple tree. Green crops,
as buckwheat and clover, may be g, ^wn to good advantage
in an orchard, if ploughed under for a manure; but in no
case seed down to giass until the tre^s are well grown.
After this it may be sufficient to seed down and pasture
calves, sheep or swine, giving a liberal top dressing of
manure every second year. ' '

';■■■'" "/'^ •.-:--•.•• MANURING. • ," ': ' ■ ■'

Analysis of apple wood ash shows in 100 parts, 16 parts
pota.sh, 18 parts lime, and 17 parts phosphate of lime ; the
a.sh of the bark shows 4 parts potash, and 51 parts lime,
indicating that potash and phosphate of lime are essential
fertilizers of orchards.

Horace Greeley once said, " a tree was like a cow tied to
a stake. It could not rove in fresh pastures, but must con-
tinue to grow, feed, and produce fruit in a limited circle."
He stated the case conci-jely. Those who grow farm crops

9-5!

in orchards, an<l do not apply manure, are like him who
would not only refuse to supply food to the cow tied to the
stake, but would remove the grass beneath her feet, and
rob her of the dew and refreshing showers

Nothing for geneial use is equal to stable manure, as it
contains in it all the essential elements of plant food, both
organic and inorganic ; and it must continue to be, in the
future as in the past, the main dependence of the fruit
grower. But as orchards aie increasing lapidly, and farm-
yard manure is i equired for other crops, we must supplement
it by commercial manures or compost. Potash can be
supplied in the form of hard wood ashes, and should be
used wherever attainable. Phosphoric acid i^ supplied in
the form of bone dust and superphosphate, and nitrojion is
often attainable in the form of peat or muck. Every
summer a compost might be foiaied of muck or black mud,
ashes, bone dust, with any waste material about the farm.
Build these into a heap, using plenty of fresh slacked lime
for each alternate layer ; cover the whole over with ground
plaster to arrest the ammonia set free by the lime. In a
few months the whole may be turned over, when it will be
in a condition to apply to the land. This will form an
almost perfect fertilizer for orchards.

The amount of manure to be given to an orchard must
be determined by the annual growth of the shoots. If less
than a foot, more vigor must be imparted to them by
cultivation and fertilizing; if more than a foot and a half,
they are quite thrifty enough.

Whenever an old orchard loses i^s vigor it should be
ploughed up, and receive a liberal top-dressing of lime or
bleached ashes. The change that mav be thus wrought can
hardly be understood by one who has not witnes.sed the
result.

Ml'LCHING,

cr covering the ground about a tree with straw, coarse hay,
litter, or better still, with leaves from the forest, will often
prove beneficial with trees that do not receive thorough
cultivation. It is an excellent protection against mid-
summer droughts, which often prove destructive to newly
transplanted trees, and is a good substitute for mellow
cultivation where the latter cannot be given.

Old orchards, after they are seeded down to grass, should
be kept well mulched, especially if the grass is mowed every
year for hay It should, however, be removed every fall,
as it affords a convenient breeding and hiding place for
mice and injurious insects..'} i

•23

GRAFTING.

The common way of piopagating the apple is by grafting.
The seeds are sown in drills ; and in due time the young
seedlings are taken up and grafted in the manner I have
already described under the head of raising trees. This
method is known as root, tongue, or chip grafting.

Larger limbs of older tiees are commonly grafted by
what is known as cleft grafting and crown grafting. The
scions, V nich must be of last year's growth, are usually cut
in the; fall, and stored in moist sand in the cellar; but
hardy varieties may be cut at any time before the limbs
begin to grow. (grafting out of doors begins in the .spring
with the first warm days, and continues until the leaves
expand ea> ly in June. The scions having been kept dormant,
the best time is when the leaves in the stock are just
pushing out.

In cleft grafting the bianch is first sawn off carefully,
so that the bark is not loosened on the stock, the stock split,
and a wedge insetted to hold it open, while at each side is
placed a scion, which should contain about three buds, and
be nicely whittled off with a sharp knife, a little thinner on
the inside than outside. Pains should be taken to have
the inside bark of scicm arid stock to meet. As the bark of
stock is generally thicker than that of the scion, the latter
vvill have to be placed a little deeper than the surface bark
of the stock. Some give the scion a little slant out, thus
making sure that the barks come in contact at one point at
least. The wedge is now taken out, and the air thoroughly
excluded by covering over witi: grafting wax.

Crown grafting may be performed on still larger limbs,
which are not ea,sily split. The .scion is cut with a slope as
if for splicing, and the bark around the edge carefully
lifted and the .scion slipped in. As many as a dozen scions
may in this way be placed on one large limb. After they
begin to grow the most vigorous may be retained, the rest
removed.

It is not always best to plant the variety you wish to
grow at first in the orchard. Some varieties are very slow
growers, and time is gained by planting some fast growing
variety for a stock, and afterwards top-grafting with the
variety I'equired, It is folly to attempt to graft old trees,
unless they are in a vigorous, thrifty condition. Limbs one
and two inches in diameter are the best foi- grafting. It
should take three years to completely top-graft a tree.

ss^SBS

t!

. UJ.,llJILiW«

\

24

Each year great care should be taken not to mix the
varieties ; whole trets, and indeed whole rows, should be
grafted with the same variety.

While it is found that the stock has an influence upon
the scion, the influence of the scion upon the stock is much
greater. In starting apple trees in the nursery we graft on
roots of seedlings. After such roots have been affected by
the graft for three or four years, we find that those grafted
with Red Astrachan are very fibrous, branching out near
the surface with few top roots ; while the row adjoining, or
parts of the same row grafted with Duchess of Oldenburg
or the Fameuse are destitute of fibres, a id possess orily
three coarse prongs as a rule, one of which is liable to the
toproot seeking an abode far down in the sub-soil. The
whole relation between the stock and scion is very imper-
fectly understood, and presents an interesting field for study.

I have found tiie following mixture very satisfactory for
grafting wax : — 4 parts rosin, 2 parts beeswax, and one part
tallow ; melt together over a slow fire, but in no case allow
to boil. It is very important that the beeswax be pure.

BUDDING

is not widely practised as a means of propagating varieties,
but it seen)s to be growing in favor with nurserymen. It
is usually done in the month of August, or any time when
the bark will lift readily from the stock The bud is cut
from the present year's growth. The leaves are first
removed, leaving a short stub for a handle only. The bud
is removed with an inch of the wood directly under the bud.
This wood used to be peeled away ; but now it is left
attached to the bud, with belter success.

An opening is made in the stock by cutting a perpen-
dicular and a horizontal line in the shape of a T, about an
inch to an inch and a half long ; carefully lift the bark, and
gently press the bud into place by part of the leaf stem
remaining. Wrap up in cotton rag or woollen yarn. There
is seldom any failure in budding when done by experienced
hands. Failure is often caused by not cutting oft enough
bark with the bud, or by some injury done to the bark
when removing it from the stock.

Ring grafting is done by having a ring of bark taken
off, and putting into its place another ring of the same
width having a bud of the desired variety. Both grafting
and budding, although they may look difficult, can be easily
learned by any person of avei'age intelligence in a few
hours, but of course it requires considerable practice to
become expert. .

25

PRUNING.

\\

There is no point in fruit growing upon which farmers
in general need education more than on the question of
pruning. We have seen fine trees all over the country
almost ruined by injudicious pruning. The time to begin
to prune young trees is the day after they have been trans-
planted. All superfluous branches should then be removed,
and the top kept constantly trained to suit the fanc}'' of
the owner. A little time spent when the trees aie young
will save days of labor afterwards, and save cutting off large
limbs when the trees get older. When this is properly
attended to, all the pruning can be done with the thumb
and finger. Do not be afraid of over-doing it ; there is
more danger of not thinning out enough. The limbs look
far apart, but they will be closer when they grow larger.

In pruning larger and older trees, large limbs should
never be cut off if it can be avoided, unless they are dead,
but if they have to be lemoved, cover the wound with
a coating of paint or grafting wax to preserve the wood
until it grows over. About August look over all pruned
trees, and remove all the young suckers starting up where
the limbs were cut off. They are now easily removed with
the hand ; but if left, they rob the tiee of the sap that
should go to help regain what was lost by cutting off the
branches.

It is impossible to tell what season of the year is the
best for pruning. The best authorities differ on this point.
I prefer early spring, just after the severity of the winter
is past. Plenty of leisure time is at least one argument in
favor of pruning at this season. At whatever season of the
year the work is done, it should not be done hurriedly.
We have known farmers toneglect to prune until ploughing
the orchard, and then to remove all branches interfering
with the team by chopping off with the axe ; others again
saw the limb off two or three or even six inches from the
joint, thus slowly but surely killing their trees.

As a general rule the production of fruit and leaves is
adverse to fruitfulness. Cutting back the tops of overgrown
trees checks growth, and favors the production of fruit
buds; but such treatment, out of the ordinary course of
nature, should be cautiously applied, as the first crop gives
another check, and often materially injures the tree and the
character of subsequent crops. In the production of fruit
of the best quality, pruning is next in importance to good
cultivation.

26

THINNING FRUIT.

Next to good cultivation another important point i»
thinning out the .young fruit on thy tree. This contributes
to bring out the excellent qualities of the fi'uit, and to give
it size and a handsome appearance. Over-bearing always
injures the growth of the tree, yet thinning is scarcely ever
practised.

A successful orchardist tells us that he l:as found great
profit in thinning the fruit ; that while he had fewer
specimens, he had as ruany bushels, the fruit could be
picked in far less time, and the crop sold more readily, and
at a much better price. Some have doubted whether this
practice can be made remunerative except in the production
of finer fruits ; but another cultivator, who raises an annual
crop of the best apples, assures us that the secret of his
success is the thinning of the fruit, and he has no doubt of
the economy of the practice.

When the trees are in bloom whipping the trees should
be practised ; then again, after the fruit is formed, thin out
until you think there are few enough ; again, after the fruit
is half grown, all injured and inferior specimens should be
removed. Like pruning young trees, there is not much
danger of thinning too much, 'i'he error will probably be
in the opposite direction. This treatment will accomplish
two things — it prevents over-bearing, and has the effect of
securing an annual 5'ield, no unimportant item in the
growing of fruit for profit. As many bushels can be got
from the trees in the fall as if good and bad mixed together
had all been allowed to grow. The labor of assorting will
be less a*id the}' will bring a better price in the maiket.

DESTRUCTION OF INSECT ENEMIES.

The insects most injui-ious to apple orchards in Nova
Scotia are the borer, bark louse, codling moth, tent cater-
pillar, the canker worm, and the apple tree plant louse. I
iiave found all of these more or less injurious during the
past year. Before taking up each of these in particular, it
may be well io say a few words on insects in general.

The life of an insect is divided into four well maiked
periods, during each of which their habits are entirely
different. These are —

(1) The egg ; (2) the caterpillar or larva state, during
which as a rule they are most injurious ; (3) the pupa or

27

quiescent state, in vvhich the inject, except in a few orders,
lies quiet and has no power of motion ; (4) the perfect insect.

Some are injuiious in all their stages, but the larger
number in only one, so that unless we know them in all
their stages, we lose opportunities for destroj'ing them by
not recognizing them as enemies.

lujurious insects may be divided into two classes: (1)
those which possess jaws, by means of which they consume
their food ; (2) those which have instead a hollow tube by
which they suck up their food in the shape of liquid juice.
Now it is apparent that for insects of the first class, as the
potato bug, all that is necessary to do is to apply to the
foliage some poisonous material that will not injure the
plant, but which will destroy the insects while devouring the
leaves. For the second class, however, these »emedies are
u.seless, for they are able to pierce through the poisonous
material, and extract the juices upon which they live from
the interior of the leaf. With these insects it is necessary
to make use of such poisons as act by mere contact with
their bodies and do not require to be eaten.

Then again, there is another class that may be termed
insect friends, as they prevent other species from doing
harm. In these man finds his greatest protection from the
countless hordes that rob him of so much of his produce.
They are known as Ichneumon flies and Tachina flies.
The forujer belong to the same order as the wasp and
the bee, and may be recognized by being very active, and
having two pairs of wings. The female lavs its eggs
beneath the skin of a caterpillar or soft-bodied insect,
l^hese hatch inside the victim and live upon the juices of its
body. When full grown it eats its way out through the skin.

The Tachina flies have only one pair of wings. They
belong to the same order as the house fly, which they much
resemble. These lay their eggs on the outside of the skin
of the victim, and the young maggot eats its way into
its host.

It is well that the farmer should know the appearance of
these insects, so that he may not destroy his friends as well
as his enemies. This is sometimes a diflficult matter ; but
as a general rule, if an insect is active and has well-devel-
oped running powers, it is harndess ; if slow and heavy in
its movements, it is probably injuiious. . . ;

^ ''^ ' THE ROUND HEADED BORER " ^^ ,,,,,.■

is one of the most destructive insects with which we have
to contend. It is always worse in orchards that hav j not

■■■■■iiip

28

received proper cultivation. Few person^ are a'vare to
what an alaiming extent this insect is infesting the nrclinrds
in vaiious localities. A tree becomes unhealthy, and
eventually dwindles and dies, (tften without the owner
having the least suspicion of the true cause — the gnawing
worm within.

The female deposits her egg- dui'ing the month of June,
mo; tly at the foot of the tree; anrl the young hatch and
commence boring into the baik a fortnight afterwards.
They differ in no respect from the full-grown .specimen,
except in their minute siz'^ ; and they invariably live for
the first 3'ear on the sapwood and inner bark, leaving
shallow flat cavities, which they fill with their sawdust-like
castings. Although the holes are verv small, and are fre-
quently filled up yet the presence of the.se worms can be
generally detected, especially in .>oung trees, froui the bark
under wliich they live being darkened and sufficiently dry
and dead to contract and form cracks. During the winter
it remains inactive, but begins its work again in the spring.
On the approach of the second winter it is about half-grown,
and still living on the sapwood, and it is at this time that
they do most harm, for if there are five or six in a single
tree they ahnost gi?dle it. During the next summer it cuts
into the solid wood, and before it has finished its larval state
it invariably extciK^s its passage to the bark, sora<!times
cutting entirely through a tree to the opposite side from
which it comn^enced. It then stuffs the upper end of its
passage with sawdust-like powder, and the lower part with
curly fibres of wood, after which it rests from its labors. It
remains inactive in the larval state until the following
spring, when it casts off its skin and becomes a pupa. In
three weeks it appears as a beetle ; and in a fortnight more
it cuts its way through the sawdust-likecastings, and issues
from the tree through a perfectly round hole, having been
in the tree a few days less than three years.

From this it is apparent that plugging the hole to keep
it in is on a par with locking the stable door after the steed
is stolen. The round holes are infallible pioof that the
intruder has left, v»'hile the plugging of any other hole
where the castings were seen will not affect him in the
least. - .

Prof. Saunders, in liis " Insects Injurious to Fruits,"
strongly recommends alkaline washes as a preventative.
Keep the base of every tree free from weeds and trash, and
apply a strong solution of soft soap, in which is mixed a

•29

little washing- soda, to the trunk of every tree durinj; the
month t)f May, and you will probably not be troubled
with borers. ■■ '''li .; ■ 't':''' •: ft' •>••; ^r,-- ti i. .nqij-^

There is another species known as the flat headed apple
tree boier, totally different from the round headed borer;
but, as the beetle makes its appearance during the months
of May and June, and lays its eggs on the trunk as with the
preceding species, the same methods of cutting them out
or scalding them can be applied in one case as well as the
other, while the soap preventative will prove equally efficient
with both. It must, however, be applied higher up, as they
attack all parts of the trunk, even the larger branches.

THE TWIG BORER

is occasionally injurious, but we have never known it to
be numerous enough to do much damage. When found,
the limb should be cut oft' and burned.

APPLE TKEE BARK LOUSE. ' ' '

This is one of the most troublesome and destructive
insects with which we have to contend. It has become .so
common that there is scarcely an orchard that is entirely
free from its ravages, and many a tree has been slowly and
surely bled to death by this tiny sucker.

They are ; .^merally, when permitted to multiply, crowded
upon the trunk, branches, and twigs as thickly as they can
be placed, forcing one another out of pla.' p. and frequently
overlying. Individually they are about -^ of an inch long,
and of the shape of an oyster shell The insect is not one
fitted for rapid spreading. Its introduction into an orchard
is generally through planting infested trees. The female is
wingless and only capable of motion for two or three days
at the most, after which time she becomes permanently
fi.xed for the rest of her life. The time of all others when
they may be most easily destroyed is when they are just
hatched from the eggs, and are exposed on the bark as soft,
delicate, naked little creatures. This is generally from the
first to the middle of June, and will often be found at the
opening of the blossom.s.

If an orchard is attacked before the owner is aware,
much may be done by scraping oft' the scales in winter and
burning them ; but on large trees this is impossible, as most
of the scales are to be found on the branches and small
twigs. The only way is to treat with a kerosene emulsion,
or some other liquid that will penetrate the scales and

T,

SO

destroy the egg. The old remedy, soft soap, or a strong
solution of the same, is sure to prove very effectual if
applied at the prop>ir time. It may be applied with a
brush, but the bettor way is to use a cloth and scrub by
hand. They should begone over again in three weeks, and
those destroyed that have escaped the first treatment.

In Saunders' " Insects Injurious to Fruits," the recom-
mendations made against this insect is brushing with a
strong solution of soft soap and washing soda, or a solution
made by dissolving half a pound or more of washing .soda
in a pailful of water. Painting the twigs and branches
with linseed oil is also recommended, and claimed to be
haimless to the tree and effectual for the de.struction of the
eggs shelteieil beneath the scale.'."

In the report of the Horticulturist of the Central
Experimental Farm for 1890, we find the following : — Asa
preventative to scale and other bark insects, the stems and
main branches were washed early in June with soft .soap,
to which was added a sufficient quantity of a strong solution
of washing soda which had first been dissolved, to reduce
it to the consistency of a thick paint. This vv'ash has the
effect of keeping the bark green and healthy. It is a
practice that should be followed generally by fruit growers.

THE TENT CATEllPILLAR

occasionally appears in our orchards in the fall in such
numbers as to almost completeh' defoliate the tree. Ever}'
one is familiar with the white web nests of this caterpillar
when they appear on the trees early in summer.

' The effofs from which these caterpillars are hatched are
deposited during the month ot June in oval rings. Each
cluster consists of from two to three hundred eggs, and is
covered and protected from the weather by a coating
glutinous matter. They are easily seen upon the twigs in
winter, when they may readily be destroyed. The same
temperature that causes the apple buds to swell and burst
quickens the vital energies of tliese larvte, and causes them
to eat their way out of their eggs. They commence to spin
a web the moment thej' ate hatched, and indeed they never
move without extending their thread wherever they go.
All the individuals from one batch of eggs work together
in harmony, antl each does its share in building the common
tent under which they .shelter when not feeding and in
inclement weather. They usually feed twice a day, once
in the forenoon and once in the afternoon. In about six
weeks they attain full size, when they de.sert their tent,

31

seek some little crevice where they spin a cocoon, within
which they assiiiiio the pupa state ; and from it, at the
end of about three weeks, emerges the perfect insect, a
reddish-brown moth ; and as soon as they have paired the
female lays her eggs on some twig and dies. In due time
the eggs hatch, and the same cycle of changes takes place
each year.

This insect is easily kept under control. The egg
clusters nmy be destroyed during winter. The nests should
never be allowed to get largo, but should be cut off' and
burned. As they feed but twice a day, ami are always in
their nests night and morning, the early and late lionrs
are the best to perform the operation. They are easily
destroyed by spraying with arsenites, (a remedy that will
be described further on).

THE CODLING MOTH.

This is one of the most important insects with which
the orchardist has to deal, in view of the great loss which
it annually occasions in its larvae state. The moth makes
its appearance from the last of May to the early part of
June, about the time the trees are in bloom. The female
deposits her eggs in the bloom end of the fruit, flying from
one to another until her store of eggs is e.xhausted. In a
short time the egg hatches, and the young laiva proceeds
to eat its way into the fruit, feeding as it goes, but making
its headquarters in the core. In three or four weeks it is
full grown ; and about this time the infested fruit generally
falls to the ground. The larva then crawls out, and
seeking souie convenient spot, soon becomes a pupa. Then
about the month of August it bursts forth into the moth
state, and the fruit is re-stocked with larva. The second
brood do not issue as moths until the next spring.

Several methods, more or less effective, have been
adopted to check the ravages of this insect. Some tie
strips of woollen cloth around the trunk of the tree, into
which the worms will crawl when about to assume the pupa
state. By examining these cloths once a fortnight and
destroying the worms, this troublesome pest can nea»ly be
got 1 id of in one season.

The moths are attracted by light, and many will be
destroyed by lighting fires in the orchards in various
places during the time the trees are in bloom. The utility
of pasturing swine in the orchard is admitted by all, and
did all the infested fruit fall to the ground, would be a
complete remedy. They can, however, be kept completely
in check by the use of arsenites.

THE APPLE MAGGOT,

which I noticed last Heascri for the first time, differs from
the codling moth in many respects. The paient is not a
motli, but one of the two-winged flies. The larvftj enter the
fruit at any part, eating in every direction, but do not seek
the core.

The destruction of the infested fruit bj'^ picking and
feeding to swine, if they cannot be pastured, is a nieans of
prevention.

CANKER WORM.

This pest, although numerous in the Annapolis Valley
foi- a number of years, has as yet soarcoly made its appear-
ance in the eastern counties'. Last year I found a few
specimens in an orchard in Pictou County for the fiist
time; but there is no doubt but with the increase in fruit
trees its general introduction into the eastern counties is
only a question of time. It is very important then that
every fruit grower should become acquainted with its
habits, and the inethods of G<;struction, in order to cope with
it successful!}' whenever it makes its appearance.

The female is a wingless moth, which can only reach
the branches where she lays her eggs by crawling up the
tree, which she does very earl}' in spring. The eggs are
deposited in clusters of a hundred or more on the bark of
the branches and twigs. About the time the leaves are
bursting foith the eggs hatch into tiny worms about one-
eighth of an inch in length, and scarcely visible unless you
look very closely, but they eat and grow rapidly. They
completely devour the foliage, giving the tree the appearance
of having been swept with fire. In ihree or four weeks
they attain their full size, which is about an inch in length,^
when they let themselves down to the ground by a silken
thread. A few inches below the surface they become
chiysalides, in which state they remain until the next spring,
when they emerge as moths.

Dr. William L. Baron of Illinois, gives the following
remedies, which are substantially the same as those gener-
ally employed by fruit growers ; ' ' •»

1st. Prevent the passa<je of the moth up the trees.
This is done by putting round the tree a cloth about six
inches in width, and besmearing it with tar, molasses, or a
mixture of both, applied every other day. (Printer's ink is>
more commouly used in Nova Scotia.)

38

2ml. If the moths are prevented from ascending the
tree, th(!y will deposit their eggs below the obstruction, and
for the most part near to it. These egg.s can be deatroyed
by a single application of kerosene oil.

3id. If the moths are not prevented from a.scending
the tree, they will deposit their eggs mostly upon the
under-side of the .scales of bark on the upper part of the
trunk and larger branches. Many of these can be destroyed
by scraping off and burning the scales. i /. i

4th. If all these precautions have been neglected, and
the eggs allowed to hatch as soon as the worms are large
enough to be easily seen, jar them from the trees, and sweep
them away with a pole as they hang by their threads, and
burn or otherwise destroy them.

5th. If the worms have matured and gone into the
g-'ound for winter quarters, plough the ground late in the
fi so as to expose the pupee to frost and to the action of
their natural enemies.

APPLE TREE PLANT LOUSE (APLUS.)

Aplirdes or plant lice frequently infest the leaves of the
apple, pear, cherry. When they appear in vast numbers
they retard growth, and injure the trees by sucking the
juices. They may be destroyed by the use of whale oil
soap, or an emulsion 3f kerosene.

Prof. Fletcher, Ottawa, gives the following formula for
soap emulsion :

Kerosene 2 gallons.

Rain water i gallon.

Common, or whale oil soap yi ft.

Heat the solution of soap, and add it boiling hot to the
kerosene. Churn the mixture until it forms a cream which
thickens on cooling, and should adhere without oiliness to
the surface of glass. Dilute, before using, one-part of the
emulsion with nine parts of cold wate:*. The above formula
gives about three gallons of emulsion, and makes, when
diluted, thirty gallons of wash.

SPRAYING WITH ARSENITES. '

. One of the most important discoveries in the use of
. insecticides within ihe last few years is the use of arsenical
poisons as a remedy for the canker worm, codling moth,
caterpillar, and other insects that destroy the foliage. For
this purpose Paris green has been much more extensively
used than any other compound. It is a compound of arsenic
- , 3

34

and copper, and when pure contains about sixty per cent, of
arsenious acid. It i.s sometimes used dry, with various
substances as flour or plaster of Paris as dilutent, in the
proportion of one pound of the poison to fifty of the
dilutent. It is more commonly used in water, one pound to
about 200 gallons, and applied with a force pump with a
spray attached to the nozzle. It has been found that if this
mixture be sprayed over the trees just after the petals have
fallen, sufficient of the poison will lodge inside to destroy
the young caterpillars when they hatch, and before they eat
their way into the apple. Great care must be taken not to
apply the poison until after the flowers have passed their
prime. No time is saved, as the eggs do not hatch until
several days after they are laid, and the poison is apt lo be
washed off by heavy rains before it has done its work ; and
bees and other useful insects are apt to be destroyed.

Paris green is also an effectual remedy for the canker
worm and the plum curculio, and is used by the more intel-
ligent orchardists of our country. Many object to it on
account of the danger in handling it. Care must be taken
not to inhale any of the powder, or to let animals eat the
grass under the trees until the poison has been washed off
by rains.

London purple is used in the same way as Paris green,
and for insects is equally effective, if pure, and has the
advantage of being much cheaper ; but as it is apt to
be adulterated, its strength cannot be relied on.

DISEASES.

There are many diseases to which the apple is subject,
all of which are, as yet, more or less imperfectly understood,
but of the most common, as collar rot, leaf blight, black
heart, black spot, the last mentioned is the only one
that has really become a matter for serious considera-
tion. It is a fungus disease known to scientific men
as Fusicladium Dentriticum, and attacks not only the
fruit, but the leaves and stems. It has become so prevalent
of late years, that such varieties as the Fameuse and
Bishop Pippin have become worthless as market varieties.
I have found it the present season on fruit of the latter
variety not larger than a pea. The scab was also growing
on the stem. The known remedies for the disease are
only partial ; but as experiments are being continually
made, it is to be hoped that before long an effectual remedy
will be discovered.

:>

y

35

The Fruit Grower's Association isHued the following
circular to each of its members in April, 1891, in regard to
the disease.

' CIRCULAR. '

The following, from the report of Committee on Fungi-
cides, is published by order of the Fruit Grower's Association
for the information of its members: , ,/ , '

After having carefully examined the results of numerous
experiments, we find that the best authorities are of the
opinion that the drainage from the apple scab (Fusicladium
Dentriticium) may be almost entirely prevented at a slight
cost, by spraying the trees, beginning in May before the
trees come into leaf, again after the blossoms have fallen
and the apples are forming, and continuing at intervals of
two or three weeks until the end of July, with a solution of
ammoniacal copper carbonate, at strength not to exceed
1^ oz. of the carbonate and one quart of ammonia to one
hundred gallons of water. These materials may be had
prepared (at Geo. V. Rand's, Wolfville,) at a cost of about
60 cents for enough to make one hundred gallons. From
actual experiments with this solution upon Northern Spy
trees at the Agricultural College, Wisconsin, the following
results were obtained from the trees sprayed :

Fruit sprayed :

First quality (free from scab) 7 5 "02 per cent.

Second quality 23*35 "

Third quality 163 "

With treo^ of the same variety unsprayed, had of,

First quality 23.14 per cent.

Second quality 54'i4 "

Third quality 2271 "

We would call the attention of fruit growers to the
importance of using proper pumps and nozzles, particularly
the latter. It seems evident that much of the disappoini-
ment and damage done in some instances by the use of
arsenites may " directly traced to the use of nozzles that
allowed the so to fall in large drops instead of a fine

spray or mist, the»eby seriously injuring the foliage, besides
■ using a much larger quantity of the solution than is
necessary.

If the nozzle is elevated to a level with the upper
branches, either by a tube or length of hose attached to a
light pole, the spraying is done more effectually.

■

36

In usin^ the solution recommended for the apple scab, it
may be well to remind those not familiar with the ingre-
dients that owing to its corrosive nature it will be necessary
to wash the pumps with clear water immediately after using.

A series of experiments were also conducted at the
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, and the results given
in the report for 1890. Below are a few of the results:

The trees were of the Fameuse variety, planted fourteen
years' ago on loose, gravelly soil. During the past four years
these trfc",s had not yielded more than 25 per cent, of first-
class apples. ,

Treated with :

Copper Carbonate i}4 oz.

Ammonia i qt.

Water 22 gal.

Result : —

No. I apples 33 per cent.

No. 2 25 "

No. 3 42 "

Row 2. Treated with :

Copper Carbonate 3 oz.

Water 22 gal.

Result : —

No. I 50 per cent.

No. 2 25 "

No. 3 25 "

As t.he cost of the application is much increased by the
addition of ammonia, while the results cited above do not
seem to warrant its use, it would appear that the copper
carbonate and water mixture in the strength as applied
above could be used to advantage, and at a cost of about
one cent per tree each application, or five cents for the
season. This is an outside estimate even for large trees.
It may be mentioned that the older leaves appear to
be more sensitive to injury from most fungicides and
insecticides than the young and growing leaves.

A COMBINED FUNGICIDE AND INSECTICIDE.

At the Central Farm, Ottawa, a series of experiments
were conducted, after which the following were recom-
mended for crial :

(a) Carbonate of copper i >^ oz.

Ammonia i}4 pts.

Water.. 25 gals.

Paris green i >^ oz.

The carbonate of copper should be dissolved in the
ammonia, then mixed with the water, and the Paris green

37

then added, care being taken to stir in well, and keep it
from settling to the bottom.

(d) Carbonate of copper i)4 oz.

, . Paris green i %■ oz.

Water 25 gals.

These mixtures are not warranted, but proved effective
last year.

HOME MANUFACTURE OF COPPER CARBONATE.

As the precipitated form of carbonate of copper is not
always obtainable from druggists, directions are given for
the preparation of this material at a cost much less than
the usual wholesale price.

[n a vessel capable of holding two or three gallons,
dissolve 1^ pounds of copper sulphate (blue vitriol) in 2
quarts of hot water. This will be entirely dissolved in
fifteen or twenty minutes, using the crystalline form. In
another vessel dissolve IJ pounds of sal soda (washing
soda) also in 2 quarts of hot water. When completely
dissolved pour the second solution into the first, stirring
briskly. When effervescence has ceased fill the vessel with
water and stir thoroughly ; then allow it to stand five or
six hours, when the sediment will have settled to the
bottom. Pour off" the clear liquid without disturbing the
precipitate, fill with water again, and stir as before ; then
allow it to stand until the sediment has settled again, which
will take place in a few hours. Pour the clear liquid off"
carefully as before, and the residue is carbonate of copper.
Using the above quantities of copper sulphate and sal soda,
there will be formed 12 ounces of copper carbonate.

Instead of drying this, which is a tedious operation, add
four quarts of strong ammonia, stirring in well, then add
sufficient water to bring the whole quantity up to six
quarts. This can be kept in an ordinary two gallon stone
jar which should be closely corked.

It is very important that orchdrds should be kept in a
thrifty condition. Good cultivation will go far to rid an
orchard of diseases and insect pests. Neglected orchards
are the nests and propagators of the vermin or pests that
spread year after j'ear over our land, and cause so much
labor and expense to exterminate. A few starved, ill-cared
for, and half-dead orchards in a neighbourhood will breed
enough worms, moths, caterpillars, and borers to seed and
half destroy all the rest. It becomes a very important
matter, then, that only strong, vigorous, healthy orchards
are cultivated.

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38

PICKING.

There are three things essential to safe and rapid apple
picking; an ordinary light step ladder, a couple of light
handled baskets measuring half a bushel, with a hook
attached, and a smart man or boy who is not afraid to
climb. The ladder is the least essential article of the three.
If trees are properly trimmed, they will allow a man with
a basket to move freely about. An ordinary iron will serve
to hang a basket on a tree while it is being fillec^. Apple
limbs are strong, and they will hold a boy or man much
better than is generally supposed. It is quickness and
agility rather than lightness that makes a good picker.
I know from experience that a young man may be of more
service in an apple tree than any fruit-picking machine.
When one basket is filled it is handed down and another
returned. A bag strapped to one's back in the manner used
for sowing grass seed is a nuisance on a tree.

A cheap and simple picker may be made by bending a
wire into the form of a circle six inches in diameter, with
one side prolonged three inches into a V shaped projection.
On this wire sew a cloth bag a foot or so deep, and fasten
it to a pole by the side opposite the V. This V shaped
projection will serve as a corner in which to catch the
apple and pull it off, allowing it to fall into the bag. A
strong, light step ladder will usually be necessary in picking
round the outside of the tree. A pole with a hook on the
end is also convenient for pulling down limbs, or to hook
off stray apples, if one does not use the picker.

Take a two horse waggon with box on. P^ace two cross
pieces, one at each end ; let them extend nearly to the
wheels, put & plank on the board about a foot wide on each
side length-wise of the box ; fasten them together with
spikes or nails, and chain to the box. Hitch on a steady
team and drive under yotir tree. You have a good chance
to pick, standing on the planks which lie fiat. Then let
one or more men ascend the tree, and hand down their
baskets to the man standing on the planks. Begin to fill
the back of the waggon first. You have thus a rig whereby
you can pick a good share of the apples from a tree and
have a good place to stand while doing it. When the box
is filled start for the barn or f ruithouse. Pick up the apples,
leaving leaves and limbs. Put blankets in the bottom of
the box. Then you have your apples under shelter, and
can sort and pack any time you wish — rain or shine. ^

39

PACKING.

Handle apples a.s carefully as you would eggs. Do not
shake them from the tree. In packing out of doors, as
many do, when a basket is handed down, another is returned,
while the apples in the first are sorted. The sorting is easily
done by having an empty basket at hand, into which the
choicest apples are placed, while the culls are placed in a
pile on the ground. An experienced man can sort rapidly
and accurately. The choice apples are commonly placed
directlj' in the barrel. Two or three times during the
filling the barrel should be shaken gently to settle the
apples firmly. It is not desirable to head up the barrel at
once Cover with boards for four or five days. But the
best results in packing are always secured under cover. A
cheap shed, which will not leak, is sufiicient.

Great pains must be taken in sorting. Few people are
aware what constitutes a first class apple. Such an apple
must not be immature, overripe, wormy, or otherwise injured
in any part, scabby or bruised. The quality should be
uniform from top to bottom. It is the poorest of poor-
policy to put the best apples on the top of the barrel, and
poorer ones below. Only the reliable, honest packer can.
always be sure of a ready market and good prices for
his fruit.

Varieties that will not keep long should be sold in the
nearest market, as they cannot be shipped without great
risk ; but hard apples may be shipped long distances with-
out injury. Apples can now be sent from almost any part
of Nova Scotia to England at an average rate of one dollar
per barrel. Only the very best should be sent ; all small,
imperfect, or bruised specimens should be rejected.

PLUM CULTURE.

Plums can be grown successfully in all parts of the
province, except, perhaps, on the mountain tops, where they
are subject to undue exposure, and their bloom destroyed by
spring frosts. In no part, however, can they be grown
more successfully than in the eastern counties of the pro-
vince, including the Island of Cape Breton. Last season
1 saw fine crops of plums growing along the shores of
Northumberland Strait. The trees were thrifty and pp''-
fectly free from Black Knot. One farmer alone raises
about 50 bushels of this delicious fruit annually. There
are great possibilities before us in the cultivation of the
plum. It is gratifying to notice that the local press of

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40

J~^

Pictou is booming fruit culture, and proving that the
capabilities of the county only need skilful development to
place it in the front rank. It cannot be too strongly put
before farmers that the whole of the fruit growing part
of Nova Scotia is not confined to the Annapolis Valley ;
and the sooner we believe that fruit growing is possible
everywhere in the province, where soil can be found suitable
for trees, the more rapid will be our advance in fruit
culture.

The following figures of profit on plums is taken from
paper on plum culture, read before the F. G. A. of Nova
Scotia in 1885 :

"Sharp and Shea of New Brunswick, a year ago, from
their small orchard, sold 1,000 bushels of plums at their
own door for $4,000, and last year, 1,500 bushels for $6,000.
A Canadian farmer raised from ninety trees of the Lombard
variety, thethird year from transplanting, forty -five bushels ;
and the fifth year, ninety bushels. John A. Shaw and John
Publicover, of Kentville, sold Marsters plums for six dollars
a bushel. Fred. F. Mitchell, of Grand Pre, the fourth year
from planting, raised from one Weaver plum tree two and
a quarter bushels, and sold them for $10.69. R. D. G. Harris,
of Canning, raised the fourth year of the same variety, one
and onequarterbii hels,and sold themat five dollars a bushel.
Robert Spurr, of Round Hill, from four trees of the same
variety, and planted the same time, raised three bushels.
John Daniels, of Windsor, J. P. Chipman and Geo. Vaughan,
of Kentville, raised three quarters of a bushel from each
tree the fourth year. The price of plums has been extra-
ordinary when all other fruits have been so cheap. The
best of apples thirty-five cents per bushel, cranberries three
dollars per barrel, pears two to four dollars per barrel;
while plums, in all the markets of America, have brought
from $10 to $15 per barrel."

There is not one plum orchard in Nova Scotia.

We read in the Western Chronicle, of Jan. 13th, a letter
from Wanderer, of Citra, Fla., where a company will make
from 100 acres of orange grove a profit of $30,000 from
16,000 boxes. I will show you that a plum orchard of lOO
acres here will double discount that orange grove :

Cost of ICO acres $ 2,000

Cost of 2o,oc)o plum trees 10,000 ' v

Interest, 4 years at 6% 2,880 ^^

Ashes, Salt and Mulch 5,ooo

Labor (10 men and teams) 13,870 ,-

Gathering and selling (45,000 bushels) 11,250 , ,

Total Cost $45,000

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41

Take Fred. F. Mitchell's crop at the basis of SI 0.69

from one four year tree :

20,000 trees $213,800 " '.'

Take cost out 45,000

.", Net profit, 4 years $168,800 '•; hI

At the same rate, Harris' plums would pay him S80,000
in the fourth year, and Spurr's $80,000. From the above
estimate we have a net profit of from $30,000 to $225,000
on an investment of $45,000, and still have the land and
orchard left free of cost. Suppose you say I have figured
too high. I will divide them by 10, and we have a profit
of from $3,000 to $22,500. We have now at our doors an
enterprise that will discount an orange grove, or any other
enterprise, whereby a capitalist can double his money in so
short a time, and help to make the country prosperous.

Plum trees are sometimes planted in apple orchards*
Plum and apple trees are planted alternately, and, as plum
trees require much less room, bear fruit much younger, and
are much shorter lived than apple trees, by the time the
latter reach full size the plums may be cut out, leaving all
the ground to the apple trees. This plan has its advantages,
but is not to be recommended when it is desirable to attain
the greatest success. As a general rule plums require
higher culture and more heavy manuring than apples.
"While inferior crops of apples may be grown on land seeded
down to grass or grain, plums are generally a total failure
under such treatment. With such usage they often shed
their leaves in midsummer, when all growth of tree and
fruit ceases. Thorough cultivation until the crop is nearly
matured is the best known remedy for this evil.

In most respects the culture of the plum is similar to
that of the apple. They may be planted much closer, a rod
being a very convenient distance, giving 160 trees to the
acre. Thinning the fruit in the manner spoken of under
apple culture is very important, as the plum often have
immense crops, to the serious injury of the tree. For the
same reason annual manuring is absolutely necessary. A
failure in this respect generally means a failure of crop,

There are three serious obstacles in the way of plum
growing, viz., the disease known as Black Knot, Curculio,
and Rot. ^ . ; , . .

The Black Knot is the worst disease to which the plum
is subject. Indeed it has become so great a scourge that
many farmers have become discouraged and given up the
culture of this fruit. This ought not to be when it can be

L I

42

so easily overcome. It only requires time and patience to
effe6tually banish it. It was formerly believed to be a.
disease of the sap, or caused by some unknown insect laying
its eggs on the twig, but it is now proved beyond a doubt
that it is a parasitic plant, the spores of which float about
in the air and fasten themselves upon the young twig. The^
next season they rapidly grow into the knot like moss.
When the disease commences, be sure to remove the diseased
part, or cut out the limb at once and burn it.

■ >: 1 . i THE PLUM CURCULIO,

or as it is commonly called the Curculio, is the great insect
enemy of the plum. The female beetle makes her appear-
ance early in spring, and as soon as the fruit is formed she^
alights on it, and with her minute jaws makes a small cut
just through the skin of the fruit. Into this hole she drops
an egg, and goes to perform a similar operation on another
plum. In about a week there hatches from the egg a tiny
soft, footless grub, which begins at once to feed upon the
green flesh of the fruit. The fruit containing the grub does
not mature, but falls to the ground generally before the
grub is full grown. It often remains in the fallen fruit
some days before it descends into the ground to complete
its transformation, from which it emerges a perfect beetle.
From this it is evident that if hogs or fowls are allowed to
run among the trees to destroy the grub before it enters the
ground, they will completely check the ravages of the
insect. For years the hens and chickens have run among
the plum trees, and I have never been bothered with
insects ; but when these remedies are not practised, spraying
the trees with Paris green just after the blossoms have
fallen, and the jarring method are both effectual.

To jar small trees a nail may be driven into the tree as
it does no harm, or a limb may be sawn off" an inch or so
from the trunk, and struck with a hammer. When the
trees become larger a forked stick five or six feet long, the
forked portion being wound with a cloth to prevent
bruising, is the most convenient to jar the trees. Approach,
the tree gently and let the jar be sudden. Shaking the
tree will not answer. Sometimes in the middle of the day^
if it be warm, the beetles will fly off" the sheet before they
are caught. Sprinkling the sheet will prevent that. If
each tree be shaken every hour of the day while they are
at work, all or nearly all of them may be destroyed^
although they may come from neighbouring trees and

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43

destroy the crops. As they are dull and inactive morning
and evening, this is the best time to effect their capture.
For Rot there is no certain remedy. The idea that they
only ret when they lie on the tree so as to touch, is incorrect.
Picking the fruit as soon as the rot appears does not do any
good. It is stated that if the fruit were picked carefully as
soon as it commenced to rot, and then placed in a pail of
water to prevent the spores of the decayed fruit from
rising and lighting on the fruit remaining on the tree, then
carried away and buried deeply in the ground, afterwards
sprinkling the tree and fruit liberally with lime, it would
prove a certain remedy. It is also stated that if the decayed
fruit be left undev the tree the spores will cause the
fruit to rot the next season. It often happens that when
fruit rots once on a tree, it continues to rot year after year,
although I have never known it to appear until after several
crops were raised. ^ ,^ ,, ■

VARIETIES.

It is not so difficult to make a good selection of plums
as of apples. I shall only mention a few of the best
varieties cultivated in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.

Marsters — A strong growing, healthy tree, free from
Black Knot, originated in Kentville, N. S., fifty years ago ;
one of the best plums grown.

Moore s Arctic. — A vigorous, rapid grower ; an immense
and early annual bearer, often injuring itself by over-bearing,
but extremely'hardy. Fruit medium size, i oundjdark purple,
of a pleasant but not a rich flavor.

Bi^adshaw. — Large, color dark purple, stalk three-fourths
of an inch long, flesh a little coarse, becoming light brownish
purple. Tree hard}', vigorous, an annual and prolific bearer.

Lombard. — One of the best and most prolific varieties
cultivated. Fruit large, color violet red, oval shaped, flesh
deep yellow and of fine quality. Tree hardy, very prolific,
well adapted to light soils.

Red Magnum Bonwni (Purple Egg). — Very large,
coar.se quality, surface deep red in the sun, firm and valuable
for cooking. Tree, good grower.

Goe's Golden Drop. — Light yellow, often dotted red in
the sun, medium size. Flesh yellow, firm, very rich.
Season late. Tree not very vigorous. An excellent sort
when the season is late. i -jf ji,^^»t>'t* »i»,

>• Yellow Egg. — Very large, oval, skin yellow, quality
coarse but firm, becoming better and richer when kept.
Tree very thrifty.

44

PEAR CULTURE.

This is a favorite fruit, excelling the apple in richness
of flavor, juiciness and beauty. While not so universally
used for cooking, it is excellent when evaporated, baked or
canned. That it can be successfully grown in all the
counties of Nova Scotia is no longer a matter of conjecture.
The late Rev. Dr. Burnet of Pictou, N. S., for niany years
president of the F. G. A. of Ontario, and one of the best
authorities on pear culture, having cultivated over three
hundred varieties of this fruit, speaking of pear culture in
eastern Nova Scotia in 1884, says : — " I am persuaded that
fire blight, so disastrous and discouraging in the pear
culture of the Upper Provinces, is very much modified in
the county of Pictou A pear tree in front of my residence
does not show the least symptom of the blight, and this is
equally true of all others with which I am acquainted.
Pear blight is a terrible scourge in Ontario. Should this
not be the case here, pear culture will prove not only
pleasant but profitable." Again, he says : — " In Pictou we
cultivate the Beurre Bosc, which even in Western Ontario
is found to be on the tender side. We have not yet found
it to be too tender for the eastern section of this province.
The tender tips of none of the twenty varieties cultivated
in our patch have even been scathed by the winter frost.
The lengthened fall season is a wonderful help to the fruit
grower. A favorable comparison can be truly made
between Ontario and Nova Scotia in this respect. Our
autumn weather is perfect, and highly favorable to the
production of ripened wood and fruit buds. There are few
facts connected with fruit culture more encouraging to the
horticulturist than this.

Pear culture is receiving more attention recently than
ever before, and it has pioved profitable both as standards
and dwarfs. Indeed, the labor and difficulty of growing
pears does not greatly exceed that of growing apples. The
Leaf blight is the most serious evil to contend with in pear
culture. It is more formidable some seasons than others.
Commencing about mid-summer, earlier or later, it is first
indicated by the leaves in certain parts turning brown, then
black, until they all fall off". As a necessary consequence
all growth ceases. If they are attacked early, and have
made little previous growth, they are nearly ruined, and
may fail to survive the following winter.
■. ■ ;. . ■ - . . ..7/'n:' J v: t »7 'yi^\

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45

The cause of the disease is proved to the satisfaction of
many by Prof. Burrill, to be bacteria; creatures so small
as to enable thousands upon thousands to sport in a single
drop of fluid with as much freedom as fish play in the
ocean. No remedy is suggested beyond cutting off the
limb one foot below the diseased point, and using great care
in not spreading the disease by knives when pruning. High
cultivation and an application of unleached hardwood
ashes will also prove beneficial. Some recommend iron
rust or scales from the forge. But as yet this scourge has
caused little loss here, and some varieties are quite free
from it.

Pears grafted upon pear roots are known as Standards.
Dwarf pears are grafted or budded on quince roots. For
orchard culture, and in most parts of the country where the
pear flourishes with great vigor, pear stocks will always be
found preferable to all others. Dwarfs are not so long-lived
as Standards, and they require more thorough and fertile
cultivation and care in pruning. Bat they have some
important advantages, such as coming early into bearing,
occupying a fifth part of the ground, thriving in many soils
where pear stocks will not, and in some varieties
improving the quality of the fruit.

Of the list of varieties of pears the Bar tlett always takes
the lead. It has almost every good quality to recommend
it. The tree is a hardy, vigorous, erect grower, delighting
in being fed with plenty of well-rotted barn yard manure.
It is an early and heavy bearer, sometimes having the habit
of bearing over-much. The fruit is of the finest quality,
and always a favorite in the market. No other variety
bears so young, so regularly, or so abundantly as the
Bartlett.

Clapp's Favourite which ripens a week or ten days earlier
than the Bartlett, is another valuable variety rapidly coming
into favor. Tree of vigorous, upright growth, and remark-
ably productive of very large, handsome fruit, having a
beautiful light yellow skin, and a dull blush on the sunny
side. The fruit has a melting vinous flavour, and should be
picked before entirely ripened.

These two varieties I would strongly recommend for
early varieties. For autumn varieties the Buerre Lapertin
and Beurre Bosc. For winter Lawrence and Easter Beurre
succeed well in this climate.

I

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46

CHERRY CULTURE.

Although cultivafced here and there all over the country,
the cherry seldom receives the attention that it deserves.
While other fruit trees have been receivinc; much attention
of late years, the cherry has been neglected ; and yet few
are more attractive in appearance, or more marketable and
profitable when tastefully packed, fresh or evaporated.

The fact that they grow vigorously and often bear
immense crops when planted along the roadside or by the
fences, where the soil is never cultivated, shows what might
be accomplished by proper cultivation. The cherry is a
tree that bears transplanting well, comes early into bearing,
and though it enjoys good culture and manuring, it can get
along without. It may be planted in the same orchard with
plum trees, and receive the same treatment. It is subject to
the same diseases and insect enemies. The birds often
prove troublesome, but generally do more good than harm
by destroying insects. I believe it would prove profitable
to plant a few cherry trees in every orchard to attract the
birds to destroy the insects that attack all kinds of
fruit trees.

Of the different varieties of cherries the following are
recommended by the best authorities : — Black Eagle, Black
Heart, Black Tartarian, Windsor, Coe's Transparent, Morello,
Early Richmond.

SMALL FRUIT.

STRAWBERRY.

Of the small fruits cultivated in Nova Scotia, first in
order, first in excellence, first in profit, and first in cultiva-
tion, undoubtedly comes the strawberry. It is certainly a
most delicious fruit, having lost none of its original flavor by
cultivation, and will always be in demand when taken to
market in good condition.

It is exceedingly prolific.and will, under good cultivation,
give as many bushels per acre as a crop of potatoes. Num-
erous instances are given where 8000 quarts have been
produced from a single acre, which at the usual market
price of 15 cents per quart, would amount to S1200. Of
course it requires extra labor and expense to produce such
a result ; but I have known small areas devoted to straw-

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47

berries give a profit at the rate of $300 per acre, with only
a fair share of attention.

Strawberries can be made to do well on almost any
kind of soil, provided it is well drained and properly
enriched. A ^ood rich loam will, however, generally give
the best results. The ground should be thoroughly prepared
the season before planting. If possible, a field should be
selected that has been growing hoed crops for a year or two
previously, thus leaving the ground mellow, free from weeds
and the larvae of the June bug, so injurious to the roots of
strawberry plants. The ground should then be ploughed
deeply, and harrowed until the soil is broken up fine. It
should be heavily manured with well-rotted stable manure,
then cro s-ploughed and harrowed until the manure is
thoroughly mixed with the soil. If the planting is to be
done in the spring, part of the work may be left until then,
but it is always best to have the ground thoroughly pre-
pared in fall, as the planting must be done as early as
pos.sible in spring to insure success. The ground should be
rolled with a heavy roller to leave the surface smooth and
firm. Then mark out straight furrows three feet apart,
and about three inches deep. The ground is now in con-
dition to receive the plants.

A boy goes ahead of the planter, and from a basket drops
the plants at a distance of about one foot. One boy
will be able to drop for two or three planters. The planter
takes the plant in his left hand, puts it in its place, and
with a sweep of his right draws in the loose earth round
the roots. After he has planted a row, he may take a hoe
and level off the earth, and tread it down firmly around
the plants.

This is the quickest and most profitable way of preparing
the ground and planting on a large scale, but when only a
small plot is to be planted more care and time can be taken.
The field should be cultivated throughout the summer, all
blossoms and runners removed the first year. Cultivation
until the fall is necessaiy to secure the vigorous growth of
plants and the production of fruit buds.

As soon as the ground freezes up the whole surface
should be covered with a mulching of straw, salt hay,
leaves, or some material easily obtainable. Spruce brush
makes an excellent covering. The litter must be removed
in the spring from the crowns of the plants, but should be
left between the rows if no cultivation is to be given until
after the crop is picked. It thus serves to keep the fruit

».-™%^ ■jm.«»aabf!'J|

^

clean. After the fruit i-s picked the mulch should be raked
off", and the ground get a top dressing of bone dust, ashes, op
some commercial fortilizer, and again thoroughly cultivated
if it is to be kept for another year. Three or four profitable
crops may be got in this way ; but sometimes it is best ta
plough up after the first heavy crop. If the ground should
become weedy it is easier to plant a new plot than to clean
out an old one.

Some strawberry growers allow the runners to grow
and cover the ground, except a small patch in the centre.
This is certainly less labor, but fruit of the largest and best
quality cannot be got in this way, nor can the field be kept
free from weeds.

The strawberry is comparatively free from diseases and
the attacks of insects. Indeed, no crop that the farmer
raises suffers less from enemies. Leaf blight and mildew
sometimes occur on heavy soil, but seldom do serious injury.
The larva of the June bug is, perhaps, the worst enemy of
the strawberry, especially when planted on old sod land ;
but thoiough cultivation with the aid of birds almost frees
us of this pest.

The strawberry worm and the strawberry leaf-roller
occasionally appear, but I have never known them to appear
in sufficient numbers to do any damage. Dusting the leaves
with lime when wet with dew or just after a shower for the
former, and picking off and burning for the latter, are
effectual remedies.

The greatest drawbacks to strawberry culture are frosts
and droughts. For the former it is recommended to plant
on hillsides, where the frost is less liable to strike. For the
latter artificial watering may be employed, but it is doubtful
if it could be made profitable on a large plantation.

In the list of varieties, for hardiness, vigor and produc-
tiveness, Wilson's Albany still holds the first place. The
Crescent Seedling is noted for great productiveness. The
Sharpless and Manchester produce laige fruit, of better
quality than the former varieties, but are not so productive.

The Crescent and Manchester are pistilate, and require
to be planted alongside of some perfect flowering variety to
produce fruit

These four varieties will probably give better results
than ar y others. Farmers should leave the testing of new
varieties to those who have more time and money to devote
to the work.

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40

THE HASFIiEKUY AND HLACKBERKY.

Raspb(!rries and Blackberries aro familiar oxninplcs of
cano fruits. Tliey can easily be propagated l)y several
(HHIerent nietbods. (1.) By seed. This is principally for
the production of new varieties.

(2.) By roots and root cuttings. A large proportion of
the varieties in cultivation produce suckers from the roots,
or what may properly be called underground stems.

(3.) By layering or bending the top over and sticking
it into the ground. To succeed with this mode the layers
must be put down early in the season, as soon as the young
canes are of sufficient size to handle.

(4.) By cuttings. There are but few varieties that
cannot be successfully grown from ripe wood cuttings. All
the varieties of Raspberries and Blackberries will grow
rapidly from green wood cuttings by the sauje process used
by propagators in multiplying the grape and other plants,
but there are so many other methods of multiplying them
that it will seldom be nece.sssary to resort to this one.

Tlie canes of all varieties are only biennial, that is, the
canes that are produced qne year bear fruit the next
and then die. The roots, liowevcr, may be several years old,
as they are perennial. As soon as growth ceases and the
leaves drop off, the old canes should be cut away.

Thorough preparation of the soil before planting is just
as important for the raspberry and blackberry as for other
fruits. Plough and prepare the ground as for potatoes or
other crops. Mark off the rows six feet apart, and set the
plants four feet distant in the rows. Some varieties may
require more room, some less. Blackberj'ies require more
room than raspberries. The tops should be cut down to
within a few inches of the ground, that the roots may
become well established before they supply nourishment
for long tops of green foliage. The ground should be
stirred and thoroughly cultivated with the horse and
cultivator, to keep the land free from weeds. Care should
be taken not to disturb the roots by too deep cultivation
near the plants. They can be cultivated both ways, thus
affording perfect cultivation.

In the fall, if the canes need protection, they can be
bent over and held down by a .shovelful of soil placed on
their tops. In the spring they ^re lifted up and tied to
stakes.

50

There are several ways of holding up the canes when
loaded with fruit. Stakes are commonly used. Sometimes
a hoop is passed lound the canes and nailed to stakes. A
very simple method is to tie half the canes of one hill to
lialf the canes of the next, and so on all along the row. If
this is done in the direction of the hills four feet apart,
plenty of room is given for the pickers to pass between the
rows planted six feet apart.

But so various are the changes that can be made in
every department of fruit culture, that to give them all in
detail would require one or more large volumes for each
.species in cultivation.

VARIKTIES.

Raspberries: Gregg, Ohio, Cuthbert.
Blackberries : Taylor, Gamor, Snyder. '

CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES.

Currants and Gooseberries are familiar examples of
what is known as bush fruit. It may be doubted if there
are at the present time any small fruits more easily culti-
vated and more profitable for the family or market, if the
right soil and climate are selected for planting. They are
.so much alike in their culture that they may be treated
together.

They are propagated in four different ways :

(1.) By .seeds for the production of new varieties.

(2.) By cuttings. This is the usual method of propa-
gation. Select good, strong wood of the present season's
growth. To secure the best results it should be taken off
as soon as the wood is fully ripe, making the cuttings about
six inches long, cutting them off smooth just at the ba.se of
a bud. When a variety is very scarce and valuable, the
cuttings may be made very .short, two or three inches in
length, but they require extra care until they become well
rooted. If planted early in the fall they usually become
well rooted before winter sets in, and will make a much
more vigorous growth the next sea-son than if the planting
is deferred until spring. If not convenient to plant in the
fall, the cuttings may be tied in bundles and buried in the
open ground or cellar until .spring, when they should be
planted "^^ early as possible, as both the currant and
gooseberry start into leaf very early. >.,''-*>

-\ !

51

{S.) By suckers. With nearly all varieti'^s of currants
and gooseberries suckers spring from the roots in great
abundance. These may be clipped off at the base and
planted out as is usual with other plants. But plants got
from suckers are not usually so good as those produced
from cuttings.

(4.) By layers. Branches, when bent over and covered
with a thin covering of earth or mulch, will readily take
root. The spring is the best time to perform this operation,
as by the fall the layer docomes well rooted when it may be
separated from the parent plant. Layering is less practiced
with the currant than with the gooseberry.

The soil should be prepared and fertilized as for other
jrops, and the plants placed in rows about four or five feet
apart, and four feet in the row. Clean cultivation can then
be kept up, if the plants have been regmarly set, by
running the cultivator both ways. Like all other fruits,
they should be kept well pruned and thinned out.

INSECTS AND DISEASES.

Currant and goosebeiry bushes are very subject to the
attacks of several varieties of insects which very much
resemble one another ; and unless closely watched they are
often defoliated in a week after leafing out. The prompt
use of powdered white Hellebore scattered over the plant
when wet with dew, or mixed in water and applied by aid
of a sprinkler, will soon rid the hushes of these pests.
Tobacco water and Lime are also used with <50od results as
a preventative, but the hellebore is considered the most
effective.

But an enemy less easily combated is the gooseberry
milldew, which attacks principally the European varieties,
and is the great drawback to their successful cultivation
in this country. The external appearance of the fungus is
well known, showing on the young wood, leaves, and fruit
as a whitish downy coating, usually appearing soon after
the leaves are fully expanded. Successful results in the
treatment of this disease are reported l)y Prof. Goft' of the
Agricultural Experiment Station of Wisconsin, by the use
of Potassium Sulphide, at the rate of one ounce dissolved
in four gallons of water. Spraying was commenced when
the leaves were partly expanded, and repeated several
times during the summer.

52

Varieties of currants : — Red Dutch, Victoria, White
Grape, and Black Naples.

Varieties of gooseberries : — Downing, Smith's Improved.
The old Houghton is too small to sell well in the market.
The others are just as prolific, hardy, and free from mildew.

Currants and gooseberries have many good qualities to
recommend them for general cultivation ; among which are
their hardiness, early culture, great productiveness, and
the certainty of a full crop every year.

m^^^

1 ; ■ r „ ; i

■,v X.

■'f'T<>f!>?i;r 'K\i 'ipiy^ii

itiiif

THE

/^^■- ,; ' w

provincial ^chool of l^ricultare,

TRURO, NOVA SCOTIA.

.J-Ol^^Oo^o

'^PHI8 institution was estal)lisli(',(l six y<^ars ago, and lias had a
steady growtli, ])otli in students and cHicioncy of instruction.
Tlie sciiool has in a measure koi)t growtli in its (Hiuijnncnts, so
that to-day, as will lie seen olscwhorc, it possesses excellent con-
veniences for the study of the natural sciences in thciir relations to
agi'icidture. It is the aim to i»res(uit sui;h a course of study, and
such instruction, that any young man can obtain a suitable educa-
tion here if he but poss(».sses a fair common school education. It
is not desirable to have students entcu- who need instruction in tlu^
common branches ; these thoy should obtain in the local schools ;
but to those who have done this, or to those who have but a
limited time to attend school, and who wish to get, in that time,
as nmch instruction and insight intointelligent farming as they can,
our doors are always open. Theri^ is one rule that is invariably
followed — that is, to make the School available to the uccmIs of the
yoiuig men who will soon till oin- farms. Have you doulits
whether you can enter 1 then writ(* and ask. The stuchnit is
taken at that point whej-e he is able or prepared to commence, and
is conducted as far in his studies as he desires. Young men have
attended from all i)arts of the pntvincc^, nearly. Let every county
be represented ! Farmers, this School is for your benefit. No
such opi>ortunities are offered to farmers in any other country in
the world, .so freely, and at .so little cost. It is no longer a ques-
tion if you can afford to have an agricultural (education ; you
cannot afford to be without it. It is a rational understaiiding of
your life-work, and the rea.^on for all its operations.

i !*^

.-J 4 ■

THE FARM.

In September, 1888, a Farm was j>urchased for the School.
It consists of fifty acres of arable land, thirty acres wood, and
twenty acres intervale. It is situated near tlie town of Truro,
and only fifteen minutes' walk from the R. R. Station, on a hill
called " Bible Kill." It overlooks the vast marshes of Cobequid
Bay and its waters on the west, the fertile fields of Onslow on the
north, and the valley of the Salmon River on the south and east.

■ . [over.]

f

SCHOOL TERMS.

The School has four terms. The FALL TERM extends
through the months of AvGVf:, Septbmbeh and Ootober;
WINTER TERM — NovEwyEU, December and January ;
SPRING TERM — Februauy, March, April ; SUMMER
TERM— May and June.

' ' ADMISSION.

Students are admitted at the commencement of each term,
which will always be tlie first Monday after the first Wednesday
of the first month of the term. Students can always study at
the School, and work in the shops or on the farm (luring vaca-
tions,— these will consist of two weeks at Christmas, two weeks
before the Winter term, and from July 1st to the Fall term. ,

REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTRANCE.

Any young man can enter the School who has a good moral
character and a fair common school education.

No charge nor fee of any kind is exacted from the student.

EARNINGS OF STUDENTS, AND

■ " ■ ■ INDUCEMENTS. • . -

A student having a good practical knowledge of f.arm work
can earn about three dollars per week. It is not desirable to
devote thirty hours per week to farm work, and as a rule no , ^

student will be permitted to exceed thirty -five hours. On the
other hand only so much will be required of students as will give
tbem the proper skill in manual operations. Each student will be
paid in proportion to the amount of api)lication, skill and intelli-
gence he bestows on his labor. All the work which students
require is provided at all seasons of the year.

SPECIAL INDUCEMENTS FOR TEACHERS.

Teachers who possess, on graduation, an A or B license, receive
a teacher's diploma, and the best five taking the course receive
$50 each as prizes. As agricultural teachers, they receive $100
additional to their salary per year, if they teach " agricultural
schools." j

lE^ For further information api)ly to

PROF. H. ^/V. SMITH,

Truro, N. 3-

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•fc

,• M.

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.-Jj: AliBEl^T HUP{SEt^IES4E<-

'rESXi3XOXI^\.L^.

•t

W">it River, X. .?., Oct. 20th. ISOl.

I have boiiiht at differeni times over four hnndred apple trees, besidea
otlier stock, from the firm of Tingley, McLaue and Killmore, and have
found their stock all they recommend it to be. W. 0. Crkiguton.

North Rw^tUo, P. E. I. , Oct. 25th, 1SS9.

lo W. A. FiJ.LMORK :

Dear Sir, — The trees that were got from you havo done exceedingly
well, better th:in any I ever had. I raised some very fine English Red
Streak this f :i,ll, and I got first prize for Winter Boughs at the CharlDttetown
Exhibition. Y )urs, &c., Colin C. McNeill.

Grten lilll, N. S., Auy. 20th, ISOl.
W. A. Fillmore :

Dear Sir, — I want more trcea next spring. The hundred and fifty I
have from you are the only trees that have given me satisfaction. The
fiuit is exci'llcnt. The Yellow Transparunca this sumner aie a jierfect
picture. Yours truly, James M. McLean.

West New Annan, Sept. 2M. ISOl.
Mr. W. a Fillmore :

Dear Sir, — I'he apple trees I got from you have done better tlian those
I got from any other nursery. Tney are hardier, grow better, and what
is sometliing uncommon, as they come into bearing they all prove true to
name ; and 1 may add that out of the wh'.de eleven hundred I got from you,
a smaller per ceutage of them have failed than any otiiers I have tried.

Yours truly, Robert Anderson.

}yal'ac<\ Sept. 24th, 1891,
To W. A. Fillmore, Esq , Amherst, N. S. :

Dear Sir, — Your tnquiiy received, and in reply I have to inform you
that the fifty ornamental tiees, comprising Hoise Che: tnuts. Mountain
Ash, Weeping Willows. Silver Leafed Mapks, Scotch Ash, Cut Leaf
Birch, &c., &c., purchased from j'our ager.t here, are making a good
growth. We are all well pleoscd with them, as they are a good size and
well shaped. Yours, &c., J. W. MoRRir^,

See. d: Treas. Wallace Cemttery Co.

Cavendish, P. E.I., Oct. 2M., 1SS9.
To W. A. Fillmore :

Dear Sir, — I have much pleasure in recommending your nursery stock
to any intending purchasers, having had a trial of it for over twenty yeais.
I pronounce it the best in the maiket. The specimens of Winter Bough,
R. I, Greening and Autumn Strawberrj', are very fine, and I received first
prize for Gravjnsteins at the Charlottelown Exhibition this fall, all of
which were grown on trees purchased from your firm.

\'"ours truly, William J. Simpson.

Alma, PictouCo., Sept, IS, 1891.
To W. Fillmore :

Dear Sir, — Please send me another hundred roots Rhubarb. Three
yeais ago I got one hundred roots from you and the veiy first year I got
seven hundred pounds from it, and two years ago I got another hundred,
and this su'Ti'r.er, from the two bundled roots, I sold over one hundied
dollar? . Yours truly, Edwin Archibald.

'See JS-cL-s-. n.ersb Fsigpe. •

fliiBERT msms.

TINGLEY, MgLANE & FILLMORE, Phoi'hietoes.

\VK KEi;r CONSTANTLY ON HAND A LAIKJE STOCK OK

/lpple,piu/T\,pear

— AND —

CME,RRV . TREES.

ORNAMENTAL TREES IN GREAT VARIETY.

Grape Vines, Roses, and Ornamental Shrubs.

S3rALL WARRANTED TO GROW, AND TRUE TO LABEL.

WE ALSO SELL TO THE TRADE.

For further information address

W. A. FILLMORE,

Amherst, N. S.

m