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SThis item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 12X 16X T aox 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Nova Scotia Public Archives L'exemplaire fiirn^ fut reproduit grftce d la g^ndrosit^ de: Nova Scotia Public Archives The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. 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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cates. planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent 6tre 'ilm^s 6 des taux de reduction diffdrentc. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film^ 6 partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 DISCOVERY OF TEIPOLI, OR, — POLISHING POWDER, NEAR ST. JOHN, DR. L.G ALLISON'S LECXrUE BEFORE THE NATIRAL HISTOHY SOCIETV OF NEW BRUNSWICK, Dh^SCRIBING THE ORtiANISMS WHICH PRODUCE IT, AND MR. O. F. MATTHEWS' REMARKS ON THE USES TO WHICH THIS SUBSTANCE IS APPLIED IN THE ARTS. A FEW WORDS ABOUT DIATOMS, (RiiroRR THK Natl'raj. History Socikty of N. B., SrJ May, 1881.) Laimks anh GlCNrLRHBN :— I am glad to be able to iiHe thix old familiar furcn of addreti* to-nitiht, and I hope that the day may soon come when we shall have ladies amongst uh not only as guefttH but aUo ax fellow-tnemberB and co-workers. I cnuld have wished to be a little better prepared than I am to do justice to th3 nncasion, but the fact is that the gentle- man who was to have addressed you this even- ing has been unavoidably prevented from doing Ko, and I hav4 been a>stance of a yeliowish-brown color, enclosed in a self-secreted transparent case of silica. This case is symmetrical and of a regular geometrical figure, variously and often moat beautifully nirrked upon its surface. I have a pleasant personal reminiscence connected with these markings, for it was a sense of their beauty as displayed in one of the commonest marine (otom ( Ooscinoditcus), that first turned my attention when a junior student at college. to diatiims and the microscope, and laid the founrlation of an acquaintance with both, which.I hare cultivated with constantly in> creaHing pleasure ever since. The number, the beauty and the variety of the different forms of diatoms are almost infinite. In the scale of classification they form perhaps the nearest approach that exists to a connecting link between the animal and vegetable kingdoms. When first examined they were almost universally held to be animals and there are a few naturalists who are still in clined to so consider them, though it is not easy to soe why, for the power of automatio motion in which lies their sole affinity to the animal kingdom has long been known to exist also in the vegetable. In all other respects (such as (heir more or less regular geometrical sha{)ee, their living entirely upon inorganic nutriment, as well as their manner of assimi' lating it by endosmose and exosmose instead of by prehension, their lack of any differentiated organs, Sic.,) their characters ai-e eminently vegetable and refer them to the Protophyta or lowest division of that kingdom. This fact is opposed to that form of the evolution theory which arranges all organised beings in a pro* gressively ascending series from the simplest to the most complex, for if this were really the case we ought to find the vegeUble kingdom approximating most nearly to the animal, not through one of its simplest and lowest forms, but through its highest and most elaborat*. ERY OP TRIPOLI OR POLISH (NO POWDER, TKKMINOLOar. The Htnictural plan of a Diatom in not very oompUcatec], In each Beparate individual or "frnstule," the oa«e conHiHtx of two Hymmetri- cal halves or "vUveH" joined to^ethtr l>y their ed^reH, (Hotnetinies with an intermediate piece or "huop" interpoHed) which line <>f junction is termed the "miture." The circular forms ma^ he likened to a very shallow pillbox of which the upper and lower halves represent the valves, their opposed ed^'es the suture and the body of the box the hoop. If we suppose the shape of the box to be trianKular instead of circular we shall have a Trinratium, if acutely oval a Navicula, and so on. The valves bein^ always more or less concavo-con- vex, recede from each other so as to enclose a space which is filled by the jelly-like substance called the "endochrome," whose color in the living individual is usually a rich yellowish brown. This color is supposed to be clue to the presence of a minute proportitm of iron which always enters into the composition ci this plant As the valves vary^ieatly in the shape and extent of their convexity we cannot get a clear idea of the shape of any particular Dia- tom until we have obtained at leattt two differ- ent views of it, one by looking at the surface of the valve, and the other by looking at the suture, the former of whiih is called in dexcrip- tion the "side" and the latter the "front" view. These views are never (piite sindlar and they are o^ten bo widely different that it would be quite impossible to inter one of them from the other; hence in order to know any one form correctly we must become ac(|uainted with at least two quite dissiunlar appearances, u fact which often causes great perplexity and con- fusion to the beginner. It can readily be l>e- lieved that when these forms tirKt began to be examined and named, the front and side viewf of the same Diatom were in more than one in- stance described as two different species. SURFACE MAKKINO». The surfaces of the valves are seldom smooth but are almost always diversified with various kinds of elevations, depressionx. Hues, dots, ets., which are often arranged in complex and very b lautiful patterns. These si.rface mark- ings have received a good deal of attention from microscopists. Some of them present no difficulties of interpretation to the observer, while long and often angry controvernies have been held as to the precise nature of others. It would be a difficult matter to compute how much midnight oil, how many hours of pati- ent labor, how many reams of paper and pints of ink have been expended in attempting to settle such questions as whether certain of these surface marks are rcially to be considered as transparent knobs or as holes ?— whether the valve of a certain species is marked by 100,000 fine striations to the inch or only 75,- 000 ?— whether the minute dots into which certain of these lines are resolvable are really elevations or depressions ? etc. All these seem- ingly trivial controverKies have not been with- out great practical usefulness, for to them are largely owing the extensive and important im- provements that have been effected within the last twenty or thirty years in the construction and Uae of high power object glasaes and the application of new and elaborate methods of iluiminatiun to objects viewed under the mic* roscope. •' TK8T " DIATOMS. Until quite recently certain of tneae Diatom- valves were in use as the standard tests of the resolving power of high class objectives, and even the introduction of M. Nobert's ruled bands has not entirely abolished their use for this pur|)ose. Most microscopists still keep stowed away somewhere in their cabinets a |)et valve or two which require the use of high powers combined with elaborate illumination and much manipulative skill to " show tha lines" in all their glory. But all this minute refinement of detail lielongs more to the pro- vince of the optican than to that of the natur- Hlist. I need (miy say here that the surface- marking of the l>iatoui8 are always pretty and often quite elaborate, and that combined with the geometrical outline and symmetry of the valve they render it a most attractive object to the eye. I have here some rouxh diagrams to illustrate a few of the forms that .tre most commonly met with, and under the microscopes tipon the table you will see other forms which will fully bear out the character that I give them. AUTt»MATIC MOTIONS. Like some others of the lower forms of vege- table life, the Di ttouis possess the power of automatic motion, which, until not very long ago, vas thought to be an attribute peculiar to the animal kingiloin. The motion that they exhibit is of variout kinds. In the discoidal ikud equilateral forms it is a mere languid roll from side to side and progress is made but very slowly. In the elongated forms the frustule ad- vances for a cer''iin length of time in the dir- ection of one of its extremities, then pau'iea an ^t^ do back Bgain in the oppniiite direction, reproduc- init, tirHt, the oriKinal rectangular maM with »il itH Hlata piled one ahove the other, and then the lonK chain of rodH exten these inotioni has iinpreHwed Dr. ( 'nr|>enter ho strongly tliat he directH spfcial attention t« them iu a footnote in hin work up- on "The Microscope." (Op. cit. ch. vi , p242, ed. 1H7.').) NAVICULAB. Another very pretty and very eauily rf- cured spectacle ciin be nhtr' d by placing under the inicroHcope a minute drop of muddy water from aliiiont any of our fresh water ponds or ditches and <>hservin»{ tlie little Aaviculit sailiii); in twos and threes and some- times in (luite nunierous fteets tlin>ugh the bays and channels formed l>y the sand grains and other debris that have Iteen put upon the fllido alont; with them. Hometimes they seem to be runnint; races. At other times thev man- ceuvre about and run aboard of eai-h other in a way that almost gives one the notiim of an old- fashioned nnval buttle between wooden men- of-war. Different obttervers hold difTerKrit theories as to the way iri which these rutii>us motions are effected, but the prevailing opinion is that they are caused by the diutom'H im- bibini{ some of the water in which it floats throu.{h one set of its apertures and discharg- ing it through another set. It munt be noticed ihikt these apertures exist in the siliceous shield only, and are closed at the bottom l)y the external cell-membrane that encloses the endochrome, hence if such an imbibition does take ulace it must be by endosmose and have something to do with the process by which the plant obtains its nutrition. The great major- ity of observers deny the existence of vibrattle cilia or any other special organs of locomotion among the Diatomuctut. Iu geological distri- buticm the Diatoms are found ranging as far backwards as the (^halk Formation, but their iSrst, appearance was probably earlier than this. At the present day their distribution in place U -imply ubi({uitous. Uiventhe tiresence of a little water an* ' some organic matter and you will find live Dintoms almost anywhere. Frenh, salt, and brackish water all have their t>eculiar and characteristic forms, and there are other forms which seem to inhabit evnry kind of water. "There is hardly a roadside ditch, water trough or cistern that will not rewaril a search and furnish specimens of the tribe" (Rev. VV. Smith). COLLECTION OK DIATOMS. A few bints on collections may not l>e out of place here. In the course of a ramble in thi> country your attention may be caught by a thin, lustrous film, floating upon the surface of some pond or ditch, and looking as if a little oil or tar had been spilt there. If you skim this (iff and examine it you will probably find it ctmiposed largely if not altogether of Dia- toms. Similar films may l)e seen sometimes upon the surface of the nmd, where little pools have been recently dried up, and these if care- fully searched and examined will probably yield a similar result. While walking near the sea shore you may notice upon stones, sea weeds or wooden surfaces that nave been sub- merged by the tide, a red-ochrey looking incrustation something like a film of iron rust. On scraping ofT and examining this you will probably find a mixture of Diatoms and ex- tremely line sand. The brown streaks that are sometimes seeii ii> sea frotii are also worth examination and will rarely disap|)oint you. Again, in runn'ng streams near the shore and in places where the full force of the current is checked a little,you may see long feathery clouds anil filaments at- tached te altogether made up after the most familiar and least intere.nting kinds, but in any case it is likely to contain a numl)er of (iretty and interestint; things which are not Diatoms at all. lience it follows that you cannot practically study the Diatoms with- out at the Hitmn time incidentally learidng li Kood deal about a number of other minute forms of orgunic life. Some c(. Hectors CHny along with them a powerful pocket ndcroHcope magnifj'ing up to 1(X) or 2(J() diameters and "sample'' every gathering as they make it, rt- je<;tiHg all that they don't want to keep, bnt ttiis is more trouble th:in most amateurs will care to tiikij and does not perhaps save ni'^ch time after all. APPAHATtJS roR COLLECTING. The apparatus reipured for collection is very simple, and 1 show you one here which I have used a goml deal and can "confidently recom- mend" as being effective while at the same time it is neither costly,complicated norcumber- some. You require then a water-tight tin box of a convenient siee and shape to be carried in your coat p >cket and to contain a bottoudess tin cup about three inches in diameter and one inch in depth and having a small side handle; also a nuiidier of pieces of muslin or very "o|)en-wnve" cotton, each big enough to cover the bottoL'Q of the cup ancl allow a slight mar- gin all around it. The lower edge of the cup had better be "wired" so as to tiive a grip to the elas ic band with which you secure your muslin filter to it. When you want to capture a fixating film you take your cup and make a bottom for it of one of ymir musliu rat <»* to ook for another, liy placing each gathb.'ing immediately above the preceeding one you keep them in their proper order and can tel! when you take theui out attain exactly where each of them cauie from, thus enabling your- self to dispense with attaching i,ny memoran- dum tag or Ial>el. On getting h )me you take each filter by itself, wash otf tlie deposit in a separate wide mouthed phial, i'jt it settle and examine it at your leisure. MICK08C0PES. Very high-priced micmscopes are not a necessity for the study. For 94U or $50 you can now buy one that will show you all that anybody but a specialist wants to know alxiut the Diatoms and many another curious little form bettides. The Industrial Publication Company of New York 'nanufact'iro iind sell an excellent little instrument of this class for 935. FUHHIL DIATOMS. Diatoms are found in the fossil as well as in the recent condition, and any streaks of light- cobired earth exposed in u cutting ot about the banks or b«iat<>(nace(>UM is much in- creased. These foHsil Diatom beds represent what were once the basins of lakes, ponds or seas that have been long dried up. Similar l>eds are now in process of formation at the bottoms of our own lakes and seas, destined perhaps to be uncovereii and studied some centuiirs hence by Home future generation of iibservers. The little flinty shield or skeletons (if these plants are very Hsib!y uiore. The birdnget them from the fish, who pMbably had them from the mollU'e. Some of these fossil Diatom berls are very extensive. Hooker speaks of a submarine one not less than 400 miles lmaceou8 earth contains some mil- lions of individual forms, we can get some fitint idea of the enormous imwers of multipli- catiim (MtHsessed by these hun'Sle little plants. Their remains extend over such areas and reach to such depths as to constitute no incun* siderable part of the crust of the globe. Mr. e. F. Natthewa* AddroM. Dr. Allison has described to you the Dia- toms as they ap|>ear to the naturalist, and I pro|>oBe to say a few words about them from an economical ped. To the former class belong the marl beds of Lawlors' or Torryhurn Lake, which have been exposed to view and rendered accessible for examina- tion by the draining of that lake -an operati. 3 effected many years ago in connexion with the building of the Intercolonial Railway. To the latter class apiiertains a deposit recently dia« covered at FITZUERALI) L'VKB, a pond seven or eight miles from St. John in the direction of Lake Lomond. We may hope that the owner of this lake, Mr. Wm. Mur- dock,may make it available for scientific study by draining off the water that now conceals the xilicious earth at the bottom. The study of these lake deposits is of some importance, as they are likely to throw li»(ht on the former physical conditir)n of this region and to give in- formation concerning the vicixsituiles through which it has passed since its land surface em- erged from l>eneath the waters of the Post- pleiocine Sea. Hy taking the history of the numerous lake basins which are scattered over the surface of the land in this neighborhood (as shown by a sb«. rMM. u the Dia- alist, and I thom from a witneaaea 'he depoaila nade up of inisms; one inala.chief- ttomaceoua il. To the >f Lawlora' en exposed ' examina- 1 (iperati. 3 D with the y. To the cently dia- . John in may hope Vm. Mor- bific atudy conceals ^he atudy >rtance,na le former OKivein- throu)(h face eni- the Poat- ry of the ered over rhood (as contain), evation, at lower >rd8 may in their oait in the lorrvburn Lake, aa the former lake atanda on the plateau in the LOCH LOMOND VALLEY on which are the Loch Lomond Lakea them- selvea and a nuiiil)er of amaller lakea nearer St. John. Thia plateau ia at an elevation of 300 feet or more abcive the preaent aea level, where- aa the Torryburn bavin i-< only about 70 feet a)M>ve thirt line. At a future time I ho|)e to briuK l)«fiite tlii^ Society the reault of tht* atutlyof depiiait in the 'lorryburn Lakea, but now proceed to aay a few worda about the econonomical value of diatomaceoua depoaita xenerally. One of the earliest uaea to which diatomace- oua earth waa applied, waa that of polinhinK metala and other hard aubatancea. It haa lon^' been known in commerce under the name of TRIPOLI, OB ROTTEN STONE, and Dr. Alliaon haa referred you t4) a number of localitiea where it haa been found in lar^e quantitiea. In later yeara varioua other uaea have lM>eu found for thia article, beaidea the original one of grindinK or polisthing. Silicic acid or Silica, occura lar^^ely in nature, in two cimditiona— nioatly aa inaoluble ailica or ordin- ary quartz, but alao aa a hydrate. In the lat- ter condition it ia eaaily attacked by atronK acida and cauatic alkalis and Keiatiniuia com- pounda and liqti da are produced from it which are uaeful in the arta. By the uae of a atrong alkali (aoda) ailicate of Hoda ia produced from thia Boluble form of ailica. Thia article ia im- ported into Canada from Great Britain and the United Statea in conaiderable quantitiea. It ia largely uaed in the preparation of ailicated aoap, aa an ingredient in certain painta, aa an iuipervioua covering for wood, bricka, etc, and aa a cement in MAKINr. AHTIKICIAL STONE. Silica, aa it occura in the exuvia, or akeletona of the diatoma, ia in thia hydroua, or aoluble condition, and therefore can be readily availed of in the production of ailicate of aoda. Va- rioua aubatancea are brought into Canada for the purpose of adulterating aoap and improv- ing ita appearance, among them a white pow- der, which, in connexion with the aubject be- fore ua thia evening, I have submitted to mi- croscopic examination. It ia not of the nature of a diatomaceoua earth, aa it ia compoaed of angular, glaaay parliclea, not by any meana aa fine aa the diatomaceoua material from Fitz- gerald Lake and other localitiea in New Bruna- wick. It ia either ground quarta or glaaa, and therefore aimply an adulterant; and while it would probably have detergent ({ualitiea on ac- count of the aharp, angular condition of the particles which go to nake up ita aubatance, ita harahneaa would be apt to have aninjurioua effect upon textile fabrica. It is claimed how- ever that the aubatance improves the color and appearance of the soap. Silicate of s<>da, which ia alao uaed for increasing the bulk and weight of aoap, haa not theae harsh qualities which are BO objectionable in the ground ailix or white powder referred to. The diatomaceoua earths of UIIR rREHHWATEH LAKES could be made uae of for the |)r