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A., \\> i Piofesaoi; of (Jhemiatry and l^atuc^al Science in the. l^niversity, FREDERICTON H. CHUBB & CO., STEAM JOB PRIXTEJiS, I'HINCE WM. STREET, ST. JOHN, N. ». 1872. r D ^" '^ VI Sb re, 7 2 "B 2 J ADDRESS. J[ay it please Your Excellkxcy, Mr. President and Gentlemin of the Senate. JJd^dies and Gentlemen : "iYou are, I presume, already famiKar with the general purpose of our meeting to day, as well as \dth the origin and nature of the Enccenial l^tival, whose annual recurrence thus summons to her side not only Wh authorities and graduates of our University, but all who are inte- rested in her welfare and progress, and in that of the great cause of education which she represents. You are too, no doubt, also aware of the nature of the task which tj^e custom if not the ordinances of the University prescribe for him Whose duty it is to address you on this occasion. With to-day another academic year will have passed away; to-day the University hands bacli to those by \Ahom tliey Mere entrusted to her care another band of v.'orl-crs — a band provided at least with the instruments for good and, let us trust, not indisposed to employ them aright : to-day it is my part to express, however inadequately, the tribute of respect and gratitude which \Ae must all feel for those through whose wise fore- thought and generous liberality the means of equipping such laborers in the great fields of Truth and Progi-ess have been placed within our reach. I cannot, liowever, even enter upon the performance of my task with- out being reminded thereby of the painful circumstances through which this otherwise pleasant office lias again fallen to my lot, circuiii stances which, as 1 need scarcely remind you, ha^e depri\ed this institution as well as the community in general of two of itn best known and most valued members. The two most familiar of all the Himiliar faces which we have been wont to see upon these occasions are no longer with us. Death has been amongst us witli a heavy hand, and in the hearts of some of us at least has left a blank not to be again supplied on this gide of the grave. He whose place, had he been spared to us, it would have been to occupy this ])latform to-day, had already been removed at the time of 1 1 9i">l)8 (;ur last Eucn'iiial gathering, and when, upon that occasion, I was callcjjgj^j^g ^^^ uj)(»n to read his eulogy in the words of another, the deep shadow iui)j(^f.t to that ot!i('i''s own approaching end was already upon us ; we all felt tli^^^ ^^^y • gloom of his absence, and though hoping against hope, refused to ^Titerj^^^ of th tain the idra of tlie loss which slowly, but all too surely, was soon t j^ -g ^j follow. Though feeling as I do this loss with the added sense of [^^ j^^g^ ^ pcrst)nal bereavement, I am yet certain that in this conimunit;|jjg platfc w here Prof. d"Avray was known so well, no words of mine are nece.SjQ|h^ jj^^.^ sary to add to the respect and esteem in which his memory is held If ^^ \^{p every class. As a Professor most thorough, yet at the same ^i'^'ig in con [)atient and forbearing : as a man remarkable for his native geiitleiiet[jyj^^^j,y ^ and rare amiability of character ; as a friend e\er ready to afford assist^g j'qj. ^ ant-e by kindly counsel, or if necessary, even by more material aid, ther^^j^^g ^jp^ are but few who came into contact with him, in whatever relation (^qJ. qccsl] life, but were ])ettered by that contact, few but received some lastiiijuQj^gj. v- benefit, to which they may always look back with grateful recognitioL,^ absolu ]'\)r mcire tlian twenty years his entire energies were devoted t^piy g^g the cause of education in this Province, the greater portion of the timiyan^agg in the direct service of this institution, and although, through all tha^yg jjq^ ^ lengthened j)eriod, separated from the friends and associations of hi^^Qp^ ^jj^ youth, a re-communion with whom he often ardently desired, he ycrf^jj q^j^ ue\(^r failed e^'en until within a very short time of his decease, in th^j much conscientious and cheerful discliarge of all his duties. By his sad rfatructio moval this University has lost an efficient and faithful officer, his cc! ^wait leagues a warm and attached friend, this community one whose memor turn it will long be cherished in the hearts of all who knew him. Thi^ res " Now doubtless unto him is given )n of sci A life that bears immortal fruit tion or In such great offices as suit useums The full m-own energies of Heaven." ^ *^ ese two IJut painful as are some of the associations of the day, it must mditionaJ be made one of sadness only. It is or should be a day for thankfulnciil think and for hope also — a day for mutual counsel and encouragement, a da any v( in fine on which to consider carefully the nature of the work in whuiich I } we are engaged, our several obligations in relation to that work, anneans the best means by which the sphere of our usefulness may be enlargeiDpe for It is to this latter gubjeet that I desire more particularly to call youinch o attention to-day, and though, in so doing, my remarks may seem tth advi some to savor too much of an alms-seeking character, I would neveraerally i 6 was Ciilltji^gyg ^^Yge tluMii uj)on your attt*iition, feelinj^ deeply as 1 do tliat the shadow (y|jjpj.|^Q which I am about to refer is oue of very great importance ill telt th^p^ Q^jy jj^g concerTis the best interests of this University, but indireetly i to eutei^^ ^f ^\^^, entire community. as soon t j^ jg probable that a portion of my hearers will remember that, on sense ot \^q i^^^ occasion on which I had the honor of addressing thejn from ommuiut;.|jjg platform, I took the opportunity then atForded me to suggest to are nec'esj0|j,(^ interested in the welfare of the institution, and through it in that IS held If ^e higher education in this Pri/vince, the advisability of establish- same tuiijg jj^ connection with the former a Museum of Cleology and Natinvil gentleneb[jjj^()j.y^ or rather of extejiding and placing in a suitable building, as a ford assistjgjg fQj, future enlargements, the valuable collections in these depart- il aid, ther^gutg already in the possession of the University. I at the same time relation (^^ occasion to state, although necessarily in a somewhat cursory )me lastni^njjj^gj.^ ,~^y views as to the purposes and uses of such a Museum, and recognitioi^g absolute necessity then existing for increased accommodations, not devoted imply as a means of displaying and using the collections to the best of the ^i'i%antage, but even for their simple preservation. Since that time I ugn all tha^yg j^qJ; failed, on all fitting opportunities, to bring the same matter itions ol hi,fQj.Q the attention of the public, but so far, 1 regret to say, witlumt ired, he y^rtai. The Museum still remains in its former overcrowded condition, iease, in th^j much valuable material, otherwise directly available for purposes of r his sad rfstrwetion or reference, is stowed away in a practically uselt'ss form, icer, his c(n await the day when public aid or private i:;unificence shall enable us lose memor turn it to due account. This result, I think, can only be due either to an imperfect up])recia- m of science-culture itself as a part of a well-devised scheme of edu- tion, or else to a misunderstanding of the part ^^'hich natural history useums play as auxiliaries in the aitbrding of such culture. Upon ese two subjects therefore, I wiU, with your permission, oli'er a few , it must ntditional observations. thankfulnesl think I need scarcely dwell, even did my time })ermit me to do so, ement, a da any very great length upon the consideration of the first topic to ork in whuiich I have adverted. That the study of the Natural Sciences atfords it work, aiineans and an iu^■aluable one for intellectual training, that they give be enlargeope for an amount of mental discipline not surpassed by any other ^r to call yoianch of study, \\hile in particular directions their use is attended tnay seem ith advantages not attainable at aU from any other sourcei, is, I think, would neveiaerally admitted by all wlio in late years have given their attention G I to the su1»joi.-t, ami more parllciiliiiOy l)y llioso who, as jjraolical ediic^C^* ^^"f' tioaalists and as posscssiiii^ a t'liJ] kiioul<>(l;;e of all the difl'ereiit systei'dvaiu-iuj wliicli have been proposed, arc best (iualilied to give an opinion iip^vero tef their merits. herefore These ad\antages, I tlunl<, are cluefly the following : — 'tion to 1. That the methods of scientific eii(|iiiry being for the most p£'l*ced in strictiv inductive, leading np the mind by successive steps from simi ?* 1 ^^ and apparently isolated phenomena to the grandeur of universal trutl*''® ^mvf they possess all the merits of a loyical sysU'vi, calling forth equally wi'^*^ modt the latter the highest power of the intellect, while at the same time iSfJond m objects and plienomena with which they deal are not merely ideal, b'^y "^ '^ liave a real tangilih^ existence, a)ul can always be appealed to as veri:'*®^^^^ P' ing or dJspro\ing the conclusions which may be reached. i^isten 2, — Tliat by such appeal to actual frtcts the powers of observation 1 "The tii come unfolded equally witli llio more purely reflective ones, the studrhe few, w Ijciu'T tlius tauglit to employ and train to their fullest extent all 1*7® ^^^" diilerent facullies of wl.ich lie is possessed. By being tanght to d^ ' tintaush what is essential frinn va liat is comparatively tri^■ial and u'ii:ggy^.j^gg ^. i)ortant, he is at the same time better fitted for those positions in liaswered. whatever they may be, which recpiire a prompt and accurate judgmciuman rac 3. — -That such studies are calculated to produce originality of thou<,^®**'"" f and habits of self reliance, i]w phenomena to be observed, though ba,V|,^^ ._ upon comparaiively i'ew and simple trutlis, being infinitely varied g ^^gi^. ^^ tlieir ujanifestal ions, and then-fore reiiuiring sometlung more than mhf our con ])ook kuowleilge or an eftbrt of the memor}" to master them. 4. — That the object s contemplated being for the most part remarka' "^'"^ for their beauty, as well as for their orderly arrangement and evide^^^ ^^ adaptation to wise and ]ieneficial ends, they tend to culti\ate tlie a^stl^^* ^^^^^ lie and purely imaginatise powers of the mind, gi^ing to the individi*^^ e^'^| a keener sense of tlie beautiful in Art, l^etry and Literature, tli.'^^ ^''''1^^ latter being often successful just in proportion as they are faithful i"^ inosi productions of Nature. The religious element of our being is at t"*** **^'^' same aroused, the creature being made to bow in humble adorati)* ' before the infinite work of an Infinite Creator. ^^^^ ^^ And (5) lastly, such studies are essentially practical, and suited '° 8^ their applications to the wants of our every day existence. 'onsnler "The influence," says Dr. Lardner, "which the study of NatiiP'^®^ Science exercises upon the intellectual faculties merits serious attentii* The course of investigation tlu'oiigh which the mind is conducted '*^"®^^^ ical educ^ch studies habituates it to asrend from ('(It'i'ls to causes, yel nevf>r eut systoi-^^^'^^'^'S ^ step witliout subniilliiig Ihe d«ductions of reason to tliB (inioii iip,eYere tests of experiment and ol)Servation. Wliile such studies h'ad herefore to a liabit of k)fty R])eculatiou, they never permit the imagiri- itSon to wander, inasmuch as tlio material vcrilicatioii is ri'rorouslv most ps'lftced in juxtaposition witli tlie specidative hypothesis." rom simi **I ^^ satisfied," says Dr. Carpenter, the distinguislied Kegistrar of ;rsal trutl^ C^niversity of London, "by no iiicousideralJe expericuci^ of ditft'r- Boually wi'^^^. modes of education, that Xatural Science, if judiciously tauglit, is ,me time iOpo'^d in value to no other subject as an educational mcnns, and that it y ideal l"^ ^^ made to call forth a more varied and vvliolesome exercise of the to as verii'*®'^^'^-^ powers than almost any other taken singly. * * " Xisten again to the words of Prof. Agassiz : — servation I **Tlie time has eonie when scientific truth must cease to be the property of , the studeiw few, when it must be woven into the common life of tho world ; for we 'xtent all t*^® reached the point where tlie results of science touch tlie voiy i)roblom of , , , vlj|tence, and all men listen for tlie solvin^^ of that mystery. When it will *=• ome and how, none can say: l)ut this much at least is certain that all oiu* re- ai auci t'lii'earches are leading up to that question and mankind will never rest until it is iti place. Will any one undertake to say that the results of sucli teachi;''^^^"^ are idtogether unimportant, and that, because we cannot hope to ri\ ^^' ^^ the great institutions which derive their support directly from siii ^^'^ large and wealthy communities as those to which I have referred, thc*^^ ^ ^" is still no work for us to do in this direction ? Must our voung ml^^ ^^^ remain in comparative ignorance of those facts and principles upi^^^ ^""^ wliicli the well-being and progress both of themselves and the enti*, -^ P^^ country so greatly depend — the principles of Chemistry, without whii'^"** ^'^ they can enter IntelUgenthj upon scarcely a single branch of manufactii ing industry, of Mineralogy and Metallurgy, the want of which is a;'^*®^^ ^^ parent in almost every attempt at mining so far undertaken in tl' .^' - rr()\ince, of Botany, upon which the maintenance and culture of o;^ forest trees and their adaptation to many useful purposes, so large. ^^. depend, and finally of Zoology and Comparative Astronomy, withoi which it is impossible to understand the organization even of our ov frames, — or are thev to be compelled to seek abroad that informati '- iraangec NoTK. — It may not be without interest in this connection, more particularly to those whoa -nniYini wont to crj- out against universitj' eduaition as an expensive luxurj-, and who grudge a donati''*'*'*''^?'* even of ii few hundred dollars only towards promoting its efficiency, to call tlieir attention to "i.c.Y.pp f.f single instance where a very different spirit is manifested with reference to the latter. I ret ""*'*^ "^ to tlie case of Harvard University (one only however among many where in the neighboring t,_l1j,n|.:^ public a similar generosity has been displayed,) where, in the single department of Natur' *^ Science alone, there are no less thauy/re distinct museums, with a staflof not less than tv;entyfoyyjJ^ whi( Professors, and to the perfecting of which there has been devoted, in the aggregate, no less a su than a million and a half of dollars! e; 0 a limi nore coi )f Meta 9 I positions ^'W^'^ ^^ deniod lliem at home? For my pari I boliovc that much of ion with t^* succeRS which many of our graduates have attained, more partieu- do testiind'Wfly '-^^ competitors in tlie medical prol'essiuu, is due to tlie fact that :he study of Natural History, in a ])ractical way, is here made an im- iircely to portant and essential portion of the regidar colli^giate course. Wished he Wilde urging, houe\er, ^'^^^ '^® fostered and encoiiraged, and, as essentiid prerequisites for ISuch i^ attainment of the higliest culture, should forna a necessary, perhaps ural Histoi* predominant part of tlie collegiate curricidum. But as you are awaro t and tau"'^®''*^ ^^^ many to wIk/Ui sucli studies are more i.>v less distastefid. as oosal and t^''^ ''^^ others wlui, eilher from defective early training or from other ance of lar®^'*^*^^'-^^^^''"^' "^^>' ''*^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^*^ pursue these latter to advantage, s for a ri"*"^ ^°^ such, I think, some special provision should lie made, some nd imivers*"^"^*^'^^*^''* ^'^ which they may be able 1o devote themselves more and in evc^^'^'^^^' ^^^^ exclusively to studies which, while ailbrding an etjiial such teachi'*^*^"^^^ of menial discipline, wdl at the same time fit them better for hone to riv'^® active and practical duties of life. from silt "^^ °^^^' perliaj)S be said that provision has already been made for ^ferred thf*^'^^ students in the syst(Mn of partial and special courses which, as • V ^ima ii/®^ ^^6 awars, our University otfers, and which we have of late years ncinles un*^" endeavoring to perfect and extend. This, however, is and can he id the enti'^y partially the case so long as the means and a]ipliances of instruc- •ithout wl '^^^ ^'^ ^^^^'^ partial courses remain deficient or inadequate. Eemember ^ . hat the more important branches of these Litter are, as 1 have said, ■ K" Vi • .essentially practical in their character, and it is cmly in a practical ^^•ay 4. 1 • .what thev can lie tauglit efficuMitlv. Chemistry tor example, one of tlio raKen m ti ' ^ t " 'i i it- n i ij ,. nost important of these branches, must, to be taught eftectually, bo 1 aught experimentally, by actual synthesis and analysis, yet this, except, • ,, 0 a limited extent, we are at present unable to do for the want of a )my, witho; t i • ,, ■/. nore commodious and suitably constructed laboratory; for the study n of our ov' _ _ „ , T.r- • • i i ii i ' i n . f . )f Metallurgy and Mining again, there should be not oiuy a well- irranged general cabinet of ores and minerals, but special collectiona, mdge°rdonat^cc<>mpanied by models and sections, U) show the actual mode of occur- ie'ia^ter°"iref'®^*'^ of these latter and of the means employed for their extraction — nu'nt*of°Nivnir'®''^®^"^'^*^"^ ^''^ the making of which we possess many of the materials, I than '«-'e«'j/-/''5nl which at present lose much of their value from the want of room 10 1 • I ilH fur their pi'Dper display; and lastly, the study of Natural Histojj at L proper, to be product i\(? of real and lasting ])euefit, must be pursii'uljy o with the assistance and constant employment of the actual and tangiaaatter organic beings from which its principles have been deduced. ioDs. And this ler.ds me to the consideration of the second portion of laajidle subject, \i/.: tlie pur[)ose and use of Natural History Mnsenms, nioarisoi particularly in connection with institutions of learning, and the neci It is sity wliich exists for the enlargement of that now in our possession, latura wliat I haAC said of the value of Natural History training is corrtiS .tliei surely it is a matter of importance that the subject should be propesjiiuei approached, and that in its teadiing those methods should be emploplatiou whidi experience has sliown to yield the best results. Now Xatiioave s; History being, as I have before rcmarlied, an observational study, aco. inu essentially practical in its methods aud tendencies, is never so vAgassi learned as by act'ial practice, under proper guidance. The mind3ettor the student uiust from the outset be accustomed to the contemplatimore s of actual sensible objects and not to mere iutangible ideas, whigo hiin e\en if they are thorouglily understood, lea\e a far less lasting impiprOgre sion upon the mind. And it is here, 1. tliiuk, more than anywhere elorougl tliat popular judgment with reference to Natural History Museums The at fault. These are too apt to be regarded entirely apart from tlitTnlNei educational influences ; each is siipposfd to l)e a mere collection of iProviii riosities, a sort of" omnium gatherum " or lifeless menagerie, desigii-ier as as partly implied by the unfortunate name they bear, solely for the puitj sb ])0se of amusement. And this, I fear, is too often the case where siapon collections are kept entirely apart from educational institutions, or:;hiis least where they are not employed as a means of intellectual progr?oui'S(^ or for the prosecution of original research.* But surely this canntjl i-^his i said of such a museum as our own, the contents of which are emplowho, almost daily in the actual workof instruction, where studetits especigreatt interested in any particular branch of Natural History may find sivince. materials as are necessary for tlic prosecution of their work, nay wlitaugh auy one, desirous of information relative to the animals, plants or iiiprove I • erals of this J'rovince, may find them fully exemplified, and so arraiuiome as to show at a glance their relationship to similar forms from otbooks. ;{ parts of the world. These relationships can nt^ver be fully understotext- *A good illiistraUou of tliis fact, and one groafiy to bo regretted, is fiirnisIicHl by tlie Mu-'*"™ of t!i(' Meclmiiics' Institute in St. John. Tlie latter contains u considerable amount of *'*''^"3 J] nof i> uiibic iTiateriiil, l>ut so entirely without arranjjeinent, ho buried in dust, and .so encuiubereii :' , iiaieh i liat is absolut<'ly worthless, as to be almost entirely uselois for the fiirtlierance of l'*'\;|rhic'] I * ' pui'piise, which is that of instruction. .( — w 11 atural Histolf at least the practical benefits derivable fnini tbcir study can iiev(>r be ist be pursii'uUy obtained, simply througli th(> aL,aMicy ol' pictorial illiistrations, no lal and tangibaajtter liow ably thes(> latter may be sup[)lciiif>nted by verbal evplana- ced. ions. The student must be tel and port ion of inandle for himself, to pull to pieces, if necessary, in order that, by cum- Inseums, moarison, he may bo able to reconslriici in his mind the original fabric. and the nec; It is this princijde of coniparison which nnilly lies al the root of all possession, latural studies, and which gives to Ihcm their highest iuten'st: as well ling is correis their great educational value. il is by tliis means that the mind is dd be propesraiued not ouly to obstM-vo but to gcuerali/e. to rise from the com em- Id be emploplati on of mere detail to the grandeur of great principles. But. as 1 Xow Xatiinave said, it is only by familiarity with nature herself that we can hop(5 onal study, acoiuulerstand her laws. "1 have sfitisHcd mysflf long ago" says never so ^Agassiz, "that the great and elementary priiiciples of otr science are The mindDettor undersiood when illustrated from Xature than when ex])lained in a contemplatidiore abstract manner. In this way each student is. as it were, led t:) e ideas, whigo himself over the roau through which science has passed i:i its onward lasting impi'prbgress : a id f;ir from protracting his course^, he soon finds that hf \-\ I any where elorought witliout pream! le into the very sanctuary of scienc"." ry Museums There is yet another liirli! in which this subject nitiy b;- viewed. The part from tlitTniversity is or shoull lie tlie h<>ad of the educati.injl system of th(? •ollection of iProviuce, and as tlu^ students of the diffenmt scho(ds Itok forward to igerie, desigii'ier as affording the final goal of their educii.tional career, so the Fiiivtn'- lely for the piity should in turn endea\()r to reflect back something of her influence case where siiipon those schools themselves, gradually e]e\aii;ig their stan(hird. and stitutions, ori^hus rendering their sch. lars better fitted to profit by iheir university llectual progr?oui'se, \yhen they shall have become the direct students of thf latter. iy this cannot i-^his is alr<-ady being done and to an important extent, by our graduates, ch are emplowho, as you are aware, are now tilling as teachers positions of the idents especi:^reatest importance and responsibility in ditfereni jiortions of the Pro- y may find snince. Hut this may also be done in another way. Among th(^ subjects ^vork, nay wlifaught in these schools, and introduciHl, T ]ielie\e, among the recent im- 3, plants or iiiprovements in our general school system, is tlie t(>aching of botany and and 80 arraiu^ome other branches of natural history. Iiy means of el(>mentary texl>- •rms from otbooks. This is very well so far as it goes, but. as I ha\o said, mero 'idlv understi text-books in such subjects are not sufllcient. The interest which sel- isiioii by the Mu-^o^ fails to be excited in the minds of the young by descriptions or d"soTncimURwf^^ "^' ^'''" ^^'-'i^l^rs which everywhere surround thein, is ono Fmtiieraiici' of it-^v^rhicli can o/ilv b(^ Cullv Satisfied bv sotne actual knowdedh a course would add materially to my own labors, already HiiflicieSlOn til'. oiu'roiH. but as this labor is all that I liave to offer in return for that more material sin a jii wliieli 1 sliU conttdenlly liopu for, I shall not on thai account shrink from its performauec. ^^" "^' 13 ? Of couin how many directions may profitable exertions be made, and upon schools, eviow many subjects do such exertions and such colled ions tend to a Museum hrow a light — subjects in which every one of us should have an interest, }on why tlind which are of the very highest importance in their bearing on the ry year at tature advancement of this Province ! The nature and distribution of iccess, and we soils, and their relations to the geological struct i re of the country, ,nging natiihe age and productive capacity of our rock-formations, the limits of ance of ttisiHbution of our native plants, as dependant upon the varying coiuH- y greatly Mons of warmth or humidity to which they are subjected, and of the lem. I thi^tfcer to the physical features of the country : the changes of climate, y for our o' any, which are affecting this district as a consequence of the removal urprising tlf our forests, and the best means to be employed for the preservation vails here, af the latter ; the extent to which our wild plants may be rendered use- serA'aioriesjl or those of other countries acclimatized ; the nature of our insect I observablefe, including the recognition of the hurtfid species and of those by structure a^hich the latter may be kept in check ; the pecidiarities of our marine :he laws whiuna, and the best methods to be adopted for the preservation of the ,re very gemtter or for the restocking of our rivers \^here the latter have become nng republiepleted — these are but a few of the questions which might be men- ssible thationed upon which the intelligent preparation of such collections as I 3 on chemisave alluded to would have a dirpct and practical bearing, ling school Nor must we forget the suggestive aspects of such collections, basing ur estimate of their value simply upon the greater or less completeness 'ould urgetith which they may seem to embody or to illustrate the extent of our of great prresent knowledge. It is impossible for any one to foresee when or be, somewli'here an object, previously supposed to be thoroughly known and per- s, plants, maps deemed of little moment, may not suggest to the observer some lich shall beew principle, impossible to say what result of Nature's liandi^ork may d one to wlot bo thi^ means i)f perfecting if not of altogether originating some new cL referenctnd iisefiJ practical process. It lias been well said that Art takes Xa- Vluseum we ire as her model, and there can be no doubt that with a more general rtions of and intimate acquaintance with her laws and methods of working mui-h .ppreciated, iformation of the very highest value and utility would be obtained, by that of adeed there is scarcely a branch of theoretical or applied knowledge efforts to ce'hich does not find in Nature its most perfect consummation. E\en before the wie loftiest and the purest forms of Art, Poetry, Sculpture and Painting ike completeriTe from her their higliest inspiration, and the precepts of our re- , already suftuifgion their most forcible illustrations, i'^pei-fon/iaueu'' ^^ illustration of this fact which has recently met my notice is so 14 ! ! ill slrikiiig that I may be pardoned for reproducing it liere entire. Ij diffus contained in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Xatural llistdiepeop and is as follows : — Again '■ Dr. Knoeland exhibited several specii.iens of glass, marble and hre or si stones, engraved, carved and grooAed by the aciioii of sand driven laferenct blast of air or steam. The surface being co\ered by perforated paa^ Avei or a stejicil plate, the parts exposed by the perfcjrations are cut rapiig-t)ein< and accurately, \\'hile the covered parts are untouclied, protected, itjlice art supposed by the elasticity of the paper or thin metal. ley we] Me drew attention to this industrial process as illustrating the lefteures vantage of difl'iising, as a common branch of knowledge, informatioirork of i the forces of nature, and, in tliis instance, on dynamical geology. fsMe a ] process, Aviiich pron)ises to revolutionize one of the most extensivopdlatio the industrial arts, is siniply carrying out what natural forces luce ? A betm doing to the surface rocks of our continent for ages. limals, : Sands carried by strong and steady winds, passing over rocks, ole most w ear them smooth or cover them with grooves and scratches, as notisrfiilly s and figured by ^Ir, Hlake i.u the granite rcx-ka at San Bernardino Pxternal Cal. ; sfe Pacific K. 11. lleporls, vol. ;"», pp. 92 and 231. Quartz r;her of; were there found polished, the softer feldspar being cut away ; ^^•'lnJJBelne] the latter bad been protected by garnets, projections were left, tipiejrnot l)y the hard garnets, poinling like lingers in the direction of the w'ourmc On the surface of the great Colorado desert the pebbles are fire they polished by the drifting sand or variously grooved according ti/isdoin, hardness of their substance. Prof. .1. VVyman also mentions that ^ity tha windows on Ca])e Cod have sometimes holes worn in them bvllycxp drifting sands blown by the winds. me, ai [t is the tendency of modern education to pay less attention to?ht unj dead languages aiul to ancient history, as a means of cidture, and i;)t fear to the practical and living issues of the day, and especially to com' either a knowledge of natural phenomena with the elementary instructi >ints of < he school-room. In this particular instance, it is altogether pre! St ass ii that, if the grooving of rocks by the wind-driven sands, long knowid botl geologists and physicists, aiul by them turned to no practical acciCts tho liad been equally weU known to our intelligent and skilful media: And i the process here illustrated would have been invented years ago,io\«ded l)y this time have attained a high degree of perfection. The sanu>reelf, son will apply to other departmt^nts of natural and physical scie attc, and goes to show the wisdom of (hose educators who are endeav^id act fit jtigif 15 iitiro. 1;3 diffuse a knowledge of scientific principles and phenomena amoii^' iral IListihe people." Again, I wonld ask you to consider the nature of the objects wliich hie and lire'Or should he exhibited in such a Museum as that to whicii 1 haxo I driven bafefence. Keniember whose Imndiwork they are and ft)r wliat piu'poso )rated paie|r were made. Can you suppose that all the vast nudlitudes of liv- re cut rapiigf%eings which have preceded us on this earth and \\ hosr^ countless )tected, it)ltQB are being daily disentombed have no lesson for us to learn ? That ley were created for no other purpose tlian their own sliort-lix^ul ating the lieiiBures, or simply as a means of helping to build up the solid frani« - iformatioirork of the earth itself, of which tlieir bin*ied remains form so consid- i-eology. J»ble a portion? Are there no connecting threads between those past 3t extensivopiilations of our globe and those which are now spread over its sur- al forces luce? And is there nothing in the present distribution of plants and limals, in the varied forms which they present, in their adaptibility to er rocks, oie most diverse circumstances and conditions of life, and in the won- hes, as noti^rfiilly simple and harmonious plan wliich, notwithstanding all their rnardino Piternal differences, shows them all to be constructed on one or the Quartz r her of a few simple patterns of growth, —is there, I say, nothing but t away ; wnuseinent to be found in the contem])lations of such objects? Arr ere left, ti;iey not rather, as tin material expression of Creative thought, worthy n of the w* our most eareful and serious — I had almost said reverential — study? ibles are ti re they not, equally with His written Word, a manifestation of the •cording ti/isdom, PoM'er and Ooodness of God, and as we consider it a sacred itions that ;.ity that a knowledge of the former should be as widely distributed, as n them bvUy cxidained and be made as easily accessible as possilde, so, it seems me, and for like reasons, we ought to demote our best energies to the attention tii^ht understanding and general knowledge of the latter. We need dture, and i>t fear tliat the two will clash. AVe may differ in our interpretations ially to colli either of them, we may, in our imperfeet acciuaintanee with boih, sec •y instruct! >int8 of apparent disagreement between them, but of one thing mo may 0(Tether prd'st assured, viz.. tluit if both are the works of Cod, both must be true long knowid both must be in hannony, and that it is our ignorance and not the iractical acccts themselves which nro to be credited with that disagreement, kilful media And in what better way, let me ask, can we obtain this perfect d years ago.iowledge of the ways of God in Nature than by the study of Nature The sanu>rself, by the collection and preservation of natural objects, and by physical sci© attempt to arrange these latter in such a way as to convey, readily are endeav.'^ accurately, to the mind of an obser\er something of that unity 16 of thought M hich really underlies them all and which binds them f^ the together into a consistent whole. To quote again from one who i(Hpfcion is done so much to place the study of Natural History on a true basishe Jii"h a " If I mistake not," says Prof. Agassiz, " the great object of ,^ obscuri museums should be to exhibit the whole animal Idngdom as a manhjg notice talion of the Supreme Intellect. Scientific investigation in ourc 3JutIr shoiJd be inspired by a purpose as animating to the general sympa gj^. I ] as was the religious zeal which built the cathedral of Cologne or :; i^^iains Basilica of St. Peters. The time is passed when men expressed tlx^e the deepest convictions by these wonderful and beaut if id religious edifictM|i«inost but it is my hope to see, with the progress of intellectual cultiil||j> to do a structure arise among us which may be a temple of the reAelatiijudple g w ritten in the material universe. If this be so, our biuldings for si;!oniells ( an object can never be too comprehensive, for they are to embrace .n^; that i infinite work of Infinite Wisdom. They can never be too costly, so hall be r as secures permanence and solidity, for they are to contain the uiiure, prid instructive documents of Omnipotence."' It is this recognition of Creative Thought as underlying the mate- universe, and to wliich we endeaAor to give expression in the arraii, ment of our cabinets, which, as it seems to me, affords the most fitt; ansx^er to those who see in the work of the naturalist only a tendei to materialism, a deification as it is often termed, of Nature its I Naturalists do indeed deify Nature, but only in the sense that in ft may they recognize the constant presence and controlling power of a i:'eni8ed. Deity above and beyond Nature, and not power only but an intiihemselvi wisdom and beneficence, the attributes of God as expressed in orgiJoiTersi and inorganic forms. Witliout such a recognition, without the ideai^ith incr something apart from and above all material things, our coUeoti^ objei become not useless oiJy l)ut meaningless — their systematic arraiifom my ment to which I have referred, and which is but a reflection of "The perfect order which pervades the Universe, would be impossible ; Joiversi contrivances, so simple, so varied, and yet so perfect, by which ry portion it is Irue basi}lig^,|iigh aim of the naturalist to study and unfold, no phenomenon being ect ot (obscure and no object so insignificant as to be deemed unworthy of a maniljig; notice, if haply thereby he may be led to read that VV(^rd aright.* ui our c ;^t I must not delay you longer with the consideration of this subject il sympaiejdi. I have, I think, said enough to convince you of its importance, logne or ; jijuiains for you to see that it is not again forgotten. ^lay I not in- )ressed tt^^e the hope — a hope, the fidfilment of which would, 1 assure you, be )us edificfcjf^ost acceptable reward for anything I have myself done or may be ual cultiiljll to do in this direction, — that the day is not far distant when the le revelatiijaiDnple so nobly set by the Thayers, the Peabodys, the A'^assars and the ings for siJogfteUs of the neighboring llepublic may find worthy imitators here, embrace vafifthat a Museum may, with their assistance, arise amoTig us, which costly, sohaQ be not only a monument of their liberality, but a source of plea- ain the nixan, pride and usefulness to every inhabitant of this City and l*rovince? the mate: ^ the arraii. ^ e most fitt; ?j ly a tender , », Xature its- <^% ise that ill ft i»ay be of interest to those by whom the foregoing address may be >wer of a t^WOSed, and to whom the objects therein advocated may commend lut an inlii]li!Wnselves, to know something of the actual condition and wants of the led in oro'a^WVersity Museum as it now stands, and of the direction in which, )ut the ideai'i^^i increased accommodations, it may be profitably enlarged. With ur collecti'**8 object in view I may be permitted to append the following extracts latic arraiijf**^ ^^Y Enccenial address of 18(59 : — flection of "The varied and very valuable collection now contained within the ipossible ; 'University Museum, was the original work, and is the most enduring by which §|Clay, S and display, and much that might be profitably retained and employ B^ilflinf in illustraiion and instruction was necessarily removed or stored av. ^"*'''^^' * Ofiiiis ( in a practicaDy unavailable form for future use. These difficulties hs' (51^9 of t constantly and rapidly increased to the present hour, when it becoii^ .fiineral absolutely necessary to reject large quantities of material which, w. Mineral proper and ample facilities for their arrangement and display, would !>• Hearth' only add greatly to the completeness of the collection, but also enhar We ha^ to a very considerable degree its practical usefulness. Under these circumstances it would seem as though the time li This d*^I now come for the construction of a building especially devoted to t'*^^^^^^' arrangement and preserAation of this most valuable collection, whi. . ' , . already far more complete than any other in the Lower Provinces, rgince tl capable of becoming, with comparatively little eflEbrt, the representatiagarded IVIuseum of Acadia. To coiivey a more just appreciation of the rWtructioi value of our Museum and to give some conception of the extent, vari'* tegaia and importance of the objects which it already illustrates, it may 1 ^, , ' be uninteresting to present here a brief synopsis of its present coll.jy -^f g^. tions and of their general mode of arrangement. 'iahes an( They may be briefly summed as follows, beginning with Next THE MINERAL KINGDOM. ^' ;^ ^° 3g the gi 1. A collection of simple minerals, including more than 250 from New Bm 2 A co wick, over 100 from other portions of Acadia, and over .500 from various forej^^ ^este localities in Europe and America, repreaenting more especially the great m 3 a cc ing districts of the old world. pq,^ ^^^ 2. A collection of rocks, representative of the lithology and geology of > 4. Nun Brunswick, and arranged in duplicate series, the one illustrative of the e8pe( f Ibis character of the different counties, the other of their more general relatinibfjacir and geological age. ive coUt n. A similar series of foreign rocks, over 400 in number, representing nd •A"'^* principal rock-formations of Europe. We li 19 te, accur ^. g-jjjjjgj. j^pypjjm^.j^j, f^om the most inteivsting localities in Suva Scotia, and Natinrfiice Edward Island, Canada and tlie United States. comparis l^f A collection of the economic minerals of Acadia, including,' er countri.-ji^ch as may be used for the amelioration of the soil (liimostone, Gypsum, ho collect: ,*^'^^'^' ^^**' '^^'^ •j.„ ... l|urning materials (Coal, Alhertite, Shale, Petroleum, Peat.) . iKinerals for cleansing and polishing (Graphite. Infusorial Kartli, &c.) muance &*||aterials for Grinding, Sec, (Pure Silica, Band, Grindstones, Scv.) e TJnivers Jj|a,terials for the manufacture of Porcelain, Stoneware, Pottery, (Kaolin, preservat: , >|i!Clay, Sand, Sec.) Fire Clays. nd emplov- Jpiilf^i'^S Stones— (Granites, Freestones, Limestones, Slates, Sec.) storpd ai" W'^*''^^®^^*^ Stones, (Marble, Granite, Porphyry, Serjieutine, etc.) , .' Gfems, (Amethyst, Agate, Carnelian, Rock Crystal, Tuuriialine, S;c.) cmties hi qj^^ ^^^ ^j^^ Metals, (Iron, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Antimony, Manganese and Gold.) ti it becon.^ilineral Salts, (Common Salt, Alum, Barytes, &c.) [ which, w. U^eral Paints, (Ochre, Barytes, &c.) ay, would I*' dearth-stones. Furnace Stones, Hones, Flags, Sec. also enhar "We have next the ANIMAL KINGDOM. the time li Thi^ department include?, Icsides a valuable anatomical and osteological 1. J i (Ollection, numerous specimens, preserved dry or in alcohol, of the Mammals , .tirds, Reptiles, Fishes and Invertebrates of the Province, besides many valu- I ble and interesting objei-ts of Natural Ilistorj' from otlun* localities. • rrovinces, [gince the date of the above notice this portion of the cabinet, which ia representatiagarded as of special importance, and is in daily use for tlie purposes of 3n of the rWtafuction, has received many and very important additions, more particularly extent varit"'*^^^^^ our native birds (through the kindness of Mr. G. A. Boardnian, of .. lilitown,) and the department of marine invertebrates (from the Smithsonian ' "'^ aatitute; Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass. ; and the Chicago Acade- jresent coll^y ^^ Sciences.) It is still very deficient, hoAvever, in the departments of ighes and Insects.] I Next foUows the VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 1. A collectiim of New Brunswick Plants, over 700 in number, and represent- 3g the greater part of the species at present known to exist in the Province. om JNew tin ^^ ^ collection of North American Plants, including many forms peculiar to various fore^j^ 'wrestern as well as the more eastern States. the great m g^ j^ collection of European Plants, embracing authentic and type specimens rom the celebrated Herbaria of Profs. Hooker and Balfour. neology of X 4. Numerous Vegetable Curiosities, Monstrosities, Sec. 3of theespei ("This department is supplemented by 1 he private collection of the Curator, 3neral relatimbnicing in addition to duplicate series of North American Plants, an exten- iv© collection from the Island of Cuba, besides others from California, Floridii jpresentiug nd Australia ; also a large collection of Algae, both American and foreign.] "We have next the 20 PALAEONTOLOGICAL CABINET. ^»g^^t in 1. The fossils of New Brunswick — from which, in ninny cases, the age of'^^^^^" ® rock-formations have been determined. [Some of these fossils, such as *• ^hey Primordial Trilobites and Devonian Insects, are of peculiar interest, as bfiiiierals ( Hie earliest known representatives of their tyjie on the continent, and in ng^jimens latter case, in the Avorld.] reftter cei 2. Fossils of Nova Scotia, including many fine specimens from the celebKj.^„„ „^ coal-sections of the Jogf^ins, Pictou and Caiie Breton. ^ mi .?. Canadian and North American Fossils characteristic of the differ ... periods or American geological history. ' 4. Th6\ 4, A collection of foreign Fossils, TiOO in number, arranged according to * . eminent French Palaeontologist, Bronn. ' acquire To the above may be added a largo number of Miscellaneous -^^^'^-^Z \u such as VT J J nnted de Models of Crystals; Sopwiths Geological Models; Models of Iron and S » „,, Furnaces, See. ; Pottery Works and Tools ; Glass Furnaces, Iron Rollers, &c^ *_ ^^ Furnace Products, Slags, ^c. Maps — Geological and Physical ; Charts. Plates— Chemical- Anatomical, Botanical, Geological, &c. And finally, a MICROSCOPICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL CABINET. Embracing (in all over 200 slides,) a. Animal Tissues (Bones, Teeth, Muscle, Glands, Lungs, &c.) b. Vegetable Tissues, (Wood, Seeds, Sec.) r. Sections of Fossils, &o. d. Objects for illustrating the phenomena of polarized light. luitrated leteness 6. The) im to ap] lay be en 7. And allecting lose in ruths, ail It foU(j Such is the condition of our Cabinet at the present time, a condiUost prol certainly upon which to congratulate ourselves, but as certainly jct connj capable of great improvement, but in the better display of what wepliterarl ready possess and in the addition to many departments of articles)r the uj w Inch we are now deficient. ons in The advantages attending the possession and use of such a coUectaid to tl are almost too obvious to need enumeration, yet I would briefly calJmnto tention to a few of them, as bearing upon their educational value, aws anc the consequent importance of their direct connection with a seatnder learning like our own. nowlec 1 . In the first place then, they present in a condensed and system;; Te fu form an epitome of all organic and inorganic nature. They exhibit, rhen m by side, natural objects from all quarters of the globe, illustrating tbr«itec relationships and contrasting their dift'erences, and thus aiford a cleaossibk the differ 21 aiight into the great laws of the universe of which tliey are but the lie age of'l*V»r^ ^^P^^^^^'^"' such as m They enable those interested in the study of the animals, plants, rest, as btriniBrals or other natural products of the Province, to compare the it, and inp^mens from the latter with those of other countries, and thus with renter certainty and precision to determine their character and to pro- Ihe celebrajjjii^gg upon their value. dd They furnish a standard of reference for settling all doubtful 'olits arising ai to the mineralogy, geology ©r botany of the Province. 4. They are invaluable as a means of instruction, enabling students 1 Stquiro an actual and practical acquaintance with the subjects of their , budy, such acquaintance serving to imprint the characters of the latter pijSai the memory far more indelibly than can any merely verbal or rinited descriptions. Rollers &c ^* ^^®y awaken a desire for further acquaintance with the objects luftrated, and arouse fresh exertions to increase the number and com- leteness of those illustrations. 6. They greatly facilitate the labors of the instructor, by enabling im to appeal directly to the objects described in proof of the truths he riCT. lay be endeavoring to explain. 7. And lastly they may aid in the general progress of knowledge by c.) Dllecting and preserving facts and objects, the relati(ms of w-hich to lose in other parts of the world, may assist in the discovery of new ruths, and the deduction of great and universal principles. It follows as a natural consequence of many of these facts that the le, a condiUost profitable and advantageous locality for such a collection is in di- certainly set connection with a seat of learning. Public Museums, independent »f what wef literary institutions, although far from being without their value, fail of articles)r the most part to confer those practical benefits which similar collec- ons in colleges and universities are sure to afford. The casual visits ch a coUectaid to the former are, without the aid of a guide, apt to confuse rather briefly callian to instruct, while the latter, used in the daily illustration of natural lal value, aws and organic forms, become storehouses to the student, wherein, A^ith a seamder proper guidance, he may for himself trace out and acquire a nowledge of those laws which it is his object to uiifold. md system:; To fully accomplish this result it is desirable that such collections, sy exhibit, rhen madfe, shoidd be so arranged and displayed as to en;ible tliose in- istrating tbrsited in the study to acquire the desired information with the least ifford a cleaossible difficulty. The objects exhibited should be so arranged in suit- J. jible easos as to display conspicuously their most important and charWtlter, I teriitic features. They should not be so crowded as to confuse rovincial sight, nor so separated as to make their dbmparison difficult. Tli. llf'The should, moreover, be room not only for the most unique specimens, ith morf also for all such as illustrate possible variations from the typical fdjiotf by v NAnd lastly, there should be sufficient space for the future requirenv 6», The of the Museum, for the storing of duplicate specimens to be used*® colleci exchange with other institutions, and for the purposes of class instr'**'*^*^^* tion. «-The These objects, I need scarcely say, cannot be attained within JWdinens walls of the present University building, where the space which is r'Mf ^"^^^ occupied by the IMuseum and Library is already wanted for the acci*"» clima modaticn of resident students. They can only be fully and satisfactor *^. ^'"^^ accomplished by the erection of a new building, especially designed" '^f® ^'^ tliis purpose. Such an edifice, if properly constructed, and stored v*® •dditic our rapidly increasing collections of natural objects, would become •^cossary only a means of imparting a higher and more perfect instruction to^J^*" students of the University, but woiJd at the same time become an ject of interest to the community in general. Such a building miglit readily answer other purposes at the s;i time with those of the Museum. With suitable construction it may made to combine the Library as mcU, and (as is very desirable) a Che ical Laboratory. Another advantage attendant upon the possession siidi a building is, that it would, in its Library, furnish an ample Jl now much desired, for the annual L'niversity public examinations, well as perhaps, for the Encoenial celebrations, the meetings of the sociated Alumni, and other kindred purposes. I may observe in addition to the above remarks that the objects! which, in the event of increased facilities, I propose to devote more [ ticular attention in the future, are chiefly the following : — 1. The preparation of a special cabinet illustrating the structi and physical characters of minerals, including their Crystallograp relations to Heat, Light, Electricity, Cohesion, Gravity, &c. 2. A metalliu-gical collection, designed to illustrate the various pects presented by the more important ores, the mineral accompanime of the latter, and the processes employed for their extraction. 3. A local " Cabinet of Phenomenal Geology," showing the mod^ operation and results of some of the more important geological age IJbnatio e Cabine 23 and c\m^(l$Gr, ITeat, Pressure, Concretionary action, &c.,) as illustrated from confuse wMncial examples. cult. Til. irfThe completion of the Entomological Cabinet (now scarcely begun ) ecimens/Tlth more special reference to the Insects injurious to vegetation, arui typical fdiiOflf by which the multiplication of the latter may be kept in check, requiremp jl|ii)j^The extension of the Cabinet of A rchaeology, more particularly by 0 be used* Collection and preservation of the relics of the aborigines of this class instr««ince. 6» The enlargement of the Botanical collection by the addition of d within J^Hamens from different portions of the Province, with a view to illus- which is n'^ their distribution over its surface, and the influence, if any, of or the acci*^ climate, moisture, &c., upon their growth. satisfacto! ^?! ^ '^'ich may be added, in general, the completion as far as possible, r designed ^"^ entire collection as a representative local musetim, together with d stored \t*® addition (by exchange) of foreign specimens, so far as these may be d become -^ceBsary for illustrating groups not represented here or which may ruction to * ¥1®^"^ ^or purposes of instruction. a]i -"^^^tio^s either towards a MuseuM fund, or towards the increase of i at the sa tion it may •able) a Cht i possessi(i!: in ample ]! iminations, ings of the the objects! v^ote more f the structi •ystallograp &c. he various icompanime tion. ig the mod^ ological age ,e Cabinet will be thankfully received and duly acknowledged.