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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 'IS uospuoujp3 g •pn epeueo )o M o I X r A I, 1. I s () N U X r V E R S F I Y M i: M () H I A 1. 1. I B n A W Y Tin. \v IX I'll nop i'ic:kahi) bi.i.l COI.LKCTIOX OF acadiaxa S M 149762 Skci'ion II., 18fl(i. [131] Tkans. II. S. c. YII. — y/n' P/n'/nli>(/i/ lit' f lie <)iniiiiin'i/ic, .1 pliui fur the /I'l'i'iii/iiifi'in <)(' Pri'irilji of X'nniiifhifiii'i', \\\ Iv T. I). ( 'llAMUKIiS. Aiillior of the " Oniiiiiiuii'lie ami it> C'iiriiKliuii Kiniioimiciit." (('i)iimiiiiiic;itt'(l l>.v Dr. (ieo. .Sti'warl, K-H-Ci..*^., and rend Mav lil, ISil.").) Tlir in! I'diluctioii. in ivciMit years, of lai'i^'c iiiiinlK'rs (if Miin'lisli-si>f;ik- inu' uiiu'lcrs to tin' iVi'sh-wati'i' salmon ot LaUf St. .lolm ami otluT Jja ra- (lor uati'fs tias produced vai'iations most eoiifusiiit;- in its iioiueiKdattire. 'I'lie followiui;' are some ol tlu' many forms of N|p(dliiiL;' tiie name of the i;M'eat i;'ame tisli of noi't lieastefn < 'anada tlial iiave |ier|)le\ed tlie readers of modern anylinn' and other literature : Sananielie. ouananiidie. oiiin- nani(die. oiiiuanicdie. ouananish. winiuniscdi. w innonisii. winanislie. wiinn- isji. wininnisli. winninisli. wiiinonieiie. winnonitdie. wananish. waiiiinishc. wannanisli. w annainslie. wenanisii. awenanisli. oiiininnisli. ouiniiiiidu'. oiianielie. winanis. wannoniidie. owaninaidi. oiienanesli and oiiinenish. • Memory recalls some other remarkahle attempts to reduce to writinii' the French and Indian |ironnnciation of t his tishs name. Imt 1 coiitini' my- si'lf in this paper to the mention of the forms for the list' of whiidi at present writinu' ' •"Hi furnish aiil horities. Oninaniidic was I'liiployeil in Mar(di. iS!l-|. in a i\'\ie\v ot a new honk in the columns of L' J-Jn'ii'tm iit newspaper of (^iidiec and the I'ev. I>iincan Anderson uses it in "A I'ominion Day Idyll.' It also appears in the literatiii'e of the .\. Y.. N. II. and Hudson liiver l{l>.. and is iis^mI incidi'iitiilly. as a syni>nym. hy .Mr. .1. (i. Aylwin ( 'ri'iuhtoii. It is one of the many forms of tiie name indiscriminately employed hy .Mr. .1. M. jjcmoine. I'M\.S.('.. who at pai^H' 2(i;{ of his (^/idssri'f in'r/n' dn Citmiila. uses also the plural form ■• ouinaniclics. ' .\t paii'c 1\1 of the same work Mr. I^'iuoiiie writi's it • ouiniiani(die. " for wliicdi spidliui;'. however. \ have found nootlu'r aul hority. and in tlu' ap|ieiidix he Lfives us •• win- noniche," em])loyini4' still anot her torin in a later work, as will he seen as wi' proei'i'd. M i'. ,1 . Ivlmon 1 IJoy. I'M'.S.t'.. in his I'm/d'/r tin piii/s. ilf TiidDUiisdr. usi's ■■ouananish." ■ Winninisidi is employed hy ('. ^[. i'almei' of Minneapolis at jta^'e 71 i>t Fiir<>rHr Flies hy .Mary Ovvis Marhury : •■ winnonisji ' is the spelling found on a hoard nailed to a tree on the shore of Lake Tschotai^'ama. over fifty miles up the (ii'and Perihouca Hiver. and containiiii; the rt'cord ot ii tishiim' e.xperienci' there in July. 1S!II. liy Messrs. K. ,1. .Myers and A. \V. K(eliler of Xow York; ihoun'h in justice ti> Mr. Myers, it must he said that he invai-iahly uses ■• ouiUianiidie ' in ids iuterestiuii- eont riimtions to the literature (d the tish li 132 KOYAL frUClETY Ol-' CANADA ami of tlu' ^s|l()^t that it atVords. • Winaiii>lii' '" is iln' urtli<)i;Ta|iliy I'ln- ))ii)\H'(l bv one <)1' the earliest students ami closest ohsiM'vers ot' tlu^ tisli — Mr. .1. y tn* I idians •■ winanis.'" .Mr. 0. JI. Farnham. in tlu' course of his adnnrable story of the Canadian voi/(i(/ciirs in Iliir/icr's Mdijiizint' for ^[arch. 1S8S. employs the name •• wainioniche. ' The Manjuis of Lome has invented ■• onaniidie." — if his printer does him no injustice. This spt'llinn' iippears at pai;H' SS ot (.'((iHii/iiin FIrfiiris. )iublished by the Relii^'ious Tract Society. Both Mr. W. II. II. .Murray and Mr. .1. M. riemoim — the fornu-r in his desei'lptim of the Jjake St. John region ((Quebec edition. ISSS) ami the latter in his JL'stnricit/ iinil Sjiiirfiiiij JS^ntct; on ^,>(/(7y(r (edition of !SS!») — employ the form •• wananish." So does .Mr. .\rtiiur Uuies in his work on the SanMienay. The Mn^-lish in-oinuuMation 'raphy resoiiible.s somewhat closely that id' the Imlian nanu' of the tish but not so lu-arly us does the spelliui;' already u;iven i'rom Mw Crein'hton's article in Jmrri- C((ii (t'liine Fishes. A still closer approaidi to the pro|ier sound is found in the Kn<^lish [ironnnciation of • w annanishe ' \vhi(di ap[iears upon the ])ermits to tish in his private watei's in hi (jriimle i/('c/i(ir(/c liy ^Fi'. W. A. Grirtiths. one of the earliest Kn^'lish-speakin;.;- fre(|uenti'rs of these watei's. Kit Clarke ha.s adopted the name • wininnisb.'" which is to be found both in T/w, I^rdi'ticdl A>n//cr and in 'W/icrc f/ic Trout Hidi'. as wt'll as in the many cliarminv l)i'. Ifanisay Wi"iii;lit. F.R.S.C. prot'ussor in the I'ni- vcrsity of Toronto, pnldislu'il in 1S!»2. with tiic report of tlic Ontario Fish and (ramo Conmiission. ()t nioro importance still to oi-thon'rajjl'- ers is the tact that " winninish " is the spellini!; ado)>ted in [Vcl»l! edition of Wfhster : hut I have no hesitation in deidar- ingthat neither the orthoiiraphy "winninish" nor his detinition of the name is the best ohtainahlc. Xor yet is either of the other forms for whose ust' I have thus tai' cited autiiorities. The tish to wliich tliese various names have heen a]»plied is not a "laud-locked salnnm '" at all. A hriet considei'ation of the onanani(die itself and of its hahits is necessary to a correct a|)i>reciation of the detinition of its name in Welistfr's, and this, it is hoi)ed. will not he considered foreign to the subject matter of the ]ireseut papei". First tiien. a few words as to the identity o\' tlu' tish whose philoloii'v i^ under consideration. Professor Samuel (iarman of the Museum of Comparative Zoiilogy. Cambridge. Ma.ss.. to whom 1 sent speeinu'us for examination in Sei)tember. LSDH. wrote in reply : " 1 see nothing by which to distinguish the tish of Lake St. John tVom Suhii'i siihtr as represented by specimens from New Brunswick and Maim', or other New Kngland States. It may prevent misunderstanrili(' Mjirym'riti' ill tlic lower Sau'iiciiiiy and also lu'iir 'radoiissac 'I'liniisaiids too. may annually ho sron in the vicinity ol'Cliicdutimi Ix'low all tlui rapids and Tails of 1 lie river, but from tlu'lact that many are IouikI all wintoi- in Jjako St. John and that the usual colour of the flesh is Hot so red as that of the salmon that is Unown to visit the sea, due to the ditterenee in the tood su))|ilies, it may safely he assumed that few if any of them ren'ularly mis^rute to salt wati-r. This is no move evidence how- over, that they are land-locUed, than w«'re similar hahits on the part of the salmon formei-ly so ])leiitiful in LaUe Ontario, or that the tilewives introduced into the same lake in 1ST3, accoi'diny- to l)r. Heaii. are equally land-locked Itecause of the jtrevailini^ im|»ressi(m amongst the tishermen that they are now jiermanent inhabitants of the lake. If they are so. it is from choice i-ather than necessity, there bcinu; no more obstriicticlare(l. l»y the same authorities, to be identical with -the great lake trout." Now the great lake trout (litters widely from the ouananiehe, and is not a .salmon of any kind, either landlocked or otherwise. It is /<(drelinns rKtnuijicnnh or (tiih tlujsfiis. — the Mackinaw trout of the gi'eat lakes. — the '/iirue fniirrltef of French Canada, — the togue and salmon trout of certain parts of the Xorthern States. — the l.o/coniesh oi' tha Montagnais Indians and the toiilaili of the country of the Micmacs and Al>enaqui.s. Thi're are many reasons for ])referring • ouananiehe" to all the other forms of the tish's name. It is true that its orthography is F'^rench, but French was the original spelling of the written word. The name of the tish is Indian, but the various sounds of the spoken language of the Montagnais and Xascapee tribes were unrepresented in writing until the arrival of the French missionaries in ('anada. These latter employed written characters for the use of their Indian converts and also reduced the spoken language of the Indians to writing, using for the purpose their own Frenidi alphabet and system of orthography. They trans- ferred to paper their i>tymology of the sound of this tish's name, and their pictorial re[>resentation of the spoken Indian word remains to this day a pertect ]»hilological reflex of the musical vibrations produced by its ))ro- nunciation. Kngiish observers would probably have depicted the sound on paper by writing • whananishe " or ■ wannahnishe." The French- having no •• w ' emi>lov • ou " to represent the sound, as in mii. For the sake of brevity anriority. being found printed in the olck'st existing book of thi; Montagnais mission, which, according to- 136 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Eev. Father Laca.sse. (J. M. I., is IVoin tl)i' ikm\ of tlio Rov. Kalhcr Massd. the eminent Jesuit missionary, who accompanit'd (.'haniphiin on hisniturn to ('ana(hi in lOli:!. and died in 1(1 Kl. ai'tei- labt>uring earnestly amonijst the aborigines and transhitinjj; tlic A])0stles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer. iS:c., into the Montagnais dialeet. •• Ouananii he " is the ortiiograidiy em)»loved by the pri'sent French tmd Indian gni(U's of lialve St. .lolin. It is found in tlie best lit(!rature produced in the jtrovince of (Quebec where tlie nanu' originated, whether English or Freneh. as well as in the otticial reports of the Crown Jiands Dejtartment of the Provincial (Jovernment. in the officially ]»romulgated game laws of the province, and in the voluminous mass of literature per- taining to the sporting resorts of this northern country, issued l>y llic (Quebec and Lake St. .lohn l{ailway Company. Vandal linguists who have attemi)ted to anglicize the appropriate and original orthography ot the Indian sound, have only succeiMled in cn-ating confusion, as we have already si'cn. by evectinga Bai)ci conipo.sed of a score or moi-e of different sjH'llings of the same word. Uniformity in the matter may nevei- be h)oki'(l tor upon the basis of any one of tiie many anglicized forms of the name. In French-Canadian literature, as well as in the Proviiu-ial Government reports, "ouananitdie" it is and • ouanani( he'' it will ivmain. The same is true of much of the best literary work done in recent years by thoise P^nglish-speaking sportsmen who have devoted any consideral)le attention to llu rish and to the sport which it affords the angler ; as for instance of the article in the .May. IS'.i:}. BiirkwoixL by Lt.-Col. .Andrew C. P. Ilagii'ard. I). S. ().. brother of the well-known novelist, of that in Outirti/ for October. 1S!»3. by Fugenc .McCarthy of Syracuse, and of the isame author's LcapiiKj Ouanau(r/i<\ of papers in Hliontimj and Fishiin/. in the Aiiirririiri Fichl anil in /•'nrcst dud Strriiin, by K. . I. Myers of New York, and of fre(|uent contributions by Dr. (u'orge Stewart. F.R.S.C.. .F.R.CS.. and others to recent jieriodical literature. The form of si)elling adopted in IIV/as^t'* Di'tionarij iu\d the ('cntury, 'has nothing whatever to recommend it Itevond the fact that in recent years it has been occasionally used In' writers upon ichthyological subjects, just as a number of others have been. Xeither the English nor the French jtronunciation of ■ winninish " conveys anything like tiie sound of the Indian name, as all will readily testify who have heard tlie melodious • wha-na'-nish " glide like a note of natures music from the lips of a Montagnais hunter. Of all the anglicized forms of the word " vpannanishe " comes nearest in pronunciation to the Indian sound, and yet I have never met witli it but once. And even were it possible to secure for its use uniformity, there is certainly no warrant for substituting it for the original "ominaniche " and nothing to be gained by the change. The popular translation of the ^fontagnais '• ouananiche " is " little salmon." It is true that ichi' or ishe is a Montagnais diminutive, but the [chamherh] TIfK I'HILOF.OGY OF THK OUANANICHE 137 Montagiiai.s imim' for salnioii — the siilmon of 1 lit- sou — is not oiittnan at all biit inii'li(iili(iiiiiiiir or uii-slia-fihti nuil:^ aiilliiii;, by suhstitiitiii;.; for a poi'tically const riietcd wont, a iuoiii>i'el orthography, sueh as is found inclosed lietween |iarentlicses in the pronouneitii^ dictionaries? And the alisiirdily of the seeUiny is found in the variety of the i;rotes(|ue results already indicated. As woll, it weins o ine, iniyhl we ()lijcct to the French form of our Hn^lish word • chainpai^ne." and insist upon writiui; it •shampain" or '-^ihanipane.'' as to persist in the anu'lici/ation of oiiananlclir. Tho laki' trout, — f(»rl