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The following diagrams Illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grAce A la gAnArositA de I'Atablissement prAteur suivant : Bibiiothique, Commlnion Gtelogique du Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour Atre reproduites en un seul clichA sont filmAes A partir de Tangle supArieure gauche, de gaurhe A droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mAthode : 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 N CHECK-LIST or North American Batrachia and Reptilia; WITH A SYSTEMATIC LIST OF THE HIGHER GROUPS, AND AN ESSAY ON GEOGRAPHICAL DLSTRIBUTION. BASED ON THE SPECIMENS CONTAINED IN THE V. S. NATIONAL MUSErM. By EDWARD D. COPE. WASH JNGTON: OOVKIINMENT PRINTING OFPIOB. 1875 1 ••♦••* • » •«• •• J « a « « - " ADVERTISEMENT. This work is the first of a aeries of papers intended to illustrate the collections of Natural History and Ethnology belonging to the United States and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1S4G. It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. JOSEPH HENKY, Secretary Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, November, 1876. Vv X s. /^ • , : • ■• , • • • • • • ♦,» • • * 0 •« :• f « t • • » r e ..^ TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Introductory remarks * 3 Part I. Arrangement of tbe families and higher divisions of Batrachia and Reptilia. [Adopted provisionally by the Smithsonian Institntion.].. 7 Class Batrachia 7 Order Anura 7 Stegocephali ~ 10 Gymnophidia 11 Urodela 11 Proteida 12 Trachystomata 12 Class Reptilia 12 Order Ornithosauria 12 , , Dinosanria 13 Crocodilia 14 Sauropterygia 14 ' Anomodontia 15 Ichthyopterygia 15 Rbynchocephalia 15 Testudinata 16 Lacertilia 17 PythonoiHorpha 20 Ophidia 21 Part II. Check-list of tbe species of Batrachia and Reptilia of the Nearctic or North American realm 24 Class Batrachia 24 Order Tracbj-stomata 24 Proteida 24 Caducibrancbiata 25 Amira 29 Bnfuniformia 29 Firmisternia 30 Arcifera 30 Raniformia 32 Class Reptila 33 Order Opbidia 33 Solenoglypba 33 Proteroglypha 34 Asiuea 34 Scolecopbidia 44 u TABLE OF CONTENTS. I i Pamt II. Check-list of the species of Batrachia and Keptilia, &c.— Contiimed : Class Reptila — Continued: , Order Lacertilia 4A Opheosauri 44 Pleurodonta 44 Typhluphtbalmi 44 Leptoglossa 44 Diploglossa 4C) Iguania 47 Nyctisaura 50 Testndiuata 50 Athecte 50 Cryptodira 51 Crocodilia r>4 Part III. On gcogr.'iphical distribution of the Vertebrata of the Regnum Nearc- ticum, with especial reference to the Batrachia .^ud Keptilia 55 I. — The faunal regions of the earth 55 II.— Number of species 5S III. — Relations to other realms Gl IV.— The regions 67 Austroriparian <>~t Eastern 70 Central 71 Pacific 7:1 Sonoran 7'3 Lower Califomian 74 V. — The Austroriparian region 76 VI.- The Eastern region 82 VII.— The Central region 88 VIII.— The Pacific region 89 IX.— The Sonoran region 90 X. — The Lower Californian region 92 XI. — Relation of distribution to physical causes 93 Pari IV. Bibliography 97 A.— Works on the classification of Batrachia and Reptilia 97 B. — Works treating of the geographical distribution of North American Batrachia and Reptilia 100 Alphabetical ikdex , 101 'I INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. The present contributiou to North Americau Ilerpetology is a prodro- mus of a general work on that subject, undertaken some years ago at the request of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The mate- rial which has been accumulating in the museum of that Institution has offered great advantages for the investigation of the questions of anatomical structure, variations of specillc characters, and geographical distribution. It is believed that these subjects are much elucidated by the study of the Batrachia and Reptilia, siuce these animals are especially susceptible to physical influences; since, also, they are unable, like birds, and generally not disposed, as are mammals, to make extended migra- tions, their habitats express nearly the simplest relations of life to its surroundings. In prosecuting these investigations, it has become necessary to adapt the nomenclature to the results obtained by study of many specimens as to the variation of species. It is a common observation that the bttter a species of animal is represented in our collections, the wider do we discover its range of variation to be, and the greater the number of supposed distinct species does it become necessary to reduce to the rank of varieties. The definition of a species being simply a number of indi- viduals, certain of whose physical peculiarities belong to them alone, and are at the same time exhibited by all of them, it is evident that, since it is impossible, in the present state of our knowledge, to predicate what those "certain peculiarities" shall be, the only test of specific defi- nition is the constancy of those characters. Hence it is that the most diverse forms of one species may differ more from each other than two recognized species. In the investigation of North American cold-blooded Vertebrata, I have observed that many species are represented by well- marked geographical varieties, which, following the example of some ornithologists, I have called subspecies. Many of tJiese have been here- tofore regarded as species. In illustration of these remarks, certain species of the genus Ophibolus may be selected. The most northern and the most southern forms of the genus, the O. triangulum and 0. coccineus, have always been regarded as distinct species^ and so numerous are their differential characters, in col- oration, size, and squamation, that this view would seem to rest on a sat- isfactory foondation. I find, however, that individuals exist which rep- resent every stage of development of each character which distinguishes them, although certain types appear to be more abundant than the interme- diate ones. 0. triangulum is a species of larger size, with two temporal plates, a row of large dorsal spots, and other smaller ones on the sides, on a grayish ground ; with a chevron, and often other marks on the top of the head, and a band posterior to the eye. 0. coccinemis a small snake with a small loreal plate and one temporal shield ; color red, with pairs of black rings extending round the body, and no markings on the head excepting that the anterior ring of the anterior pair crosses the posterior edge of the occipital shields, forming a half collar. The transition is accom- plished thus : The lateral borders of the dorsal spots of 0. triangulum break up, and the lateral spots become attached to their anterior and posterior dark borders. The chevron of vhe top of the head first breaks into spots, and then its posterior portions unite with each other. The borders of the old dorsal spots continue to the abdomen, where the remaining lateral portions finally meet on the middle line, forming a black line. This breaks up and disapijears, leaving the annuli open ; and these are then completed in many specimens. The general colors become more brilliant and the size smaller. The head is more depressed ; in immediate relation to this form, the loreal plate is reduced in size, and the two temporal shields of 0. triangulum are reduced to one. Every form of combination of these characters can be found, which represent six species of the books (in North America), viz : 0. triangulum^ O. doU- atuSf 0. annulatnsj 0. gentilis, 0. amaurus, and 0. coccineus. The oldest name is the 0. doliatus, Linn. Another series of specimens resemble very closely those of the subspecies coccineus ; in fact, are identical with them in color. The loreal shield is, however, extinguished, and the rows of scales are reduced by one on each side. These specimens simply carry one degree further the modifications already described. Yet, on account of the constancy of these characters, I am compelled to regard these individuals not only as a distinct species, but, on account of the absence of the loreal plate, as belonging to another genus. This is the Calama- ria elapsoidea of Hclbrook ; the Osceola elapsoidea of Baird and Girard. It affords an illustration of the principle, which I have elsewhere insisted on, " that adjacent species of allied genera may be more alike than remote I bpecios of identical generic characters," which indicates that generic char- acters ori^^iuate independently of the specific* The cliissification of the present list is illustrated by the above remarks. I now briefly allude to the rules I have followed in adopting a nomen- lolature. These rules are those in general use in the United States, as based on the revision of the rules of the British Association for the Advancement of Science by a committee of the American Association, and elaborated in more detail by W. H. Edwards,t after Thorell and Wallace ; in other words, the law of priority is followed under the fol- lowing definitions : ^ (1) A specific name given by an author must relate to a desfcription or plate of the object intended. (2) A generic name of a species must be accompanied by a separate definition of the genus intended, by reference to some of its distinctive features. Note. — These two rules are properly regarded as the safeguards of nomenclature, since they offer the only means by which the writings of authors in the sciences concerned can be intelligible. The necessity of these rules will become increasingly apparent, since, as the systematic sciences become more popular, sciolists may publish pages of names in any of their departments, with the effect, should such names be author- itative, of indefinitely postponing the cultivation of the subject. A generic diagnosis is not necessarily perfect in the early stages of the classification of a science, and may be found later to embrace more than one generic type ; hence, the following additional rule has been found necessary : (3) In the subdivision of a genus, names of the new genera are to be adopted in the order of priority of the definition of the divisions to which tbey refer; the remaining natural generic group retaining the original name, unless the latter has been already given to one of the divisions, as prescribed. (4) Priority reposes on date of publication, and not on date of read- ing of papers. Of course, consistently with the above rules, as divisions of high rank must be defined in order to be understood, names of these unaccomx)a- nied by definitions are not binding on the nomenclator. Iq regard to orthography, the same code of niles has been followed, viz, iu the Latinization of all words of Greek derivation. This has been * Origin of Genera, Philadelphia, 1868. tThe Canadian Entomologist, 1873, p. 33. 6 applied especially to the compounding of family-names. Thus, if the generic name is spelled according to Latin rule, the family-name derived from it must be so also; hence, I v^rite ScaphhpUlae, not P^aphiopodidae; Rhinoceridae, not Rhinocerotidae. In the check-list, the correct name of each species and subspecies is given with reference to a good description. To each is added its geo- graphical range. t \ ,it P^VRT I. ARRANGEMENT or THE FAMILIES AND HIGHER DIVISIONS OK BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA. [ADOPTED rUOVLSlOXALLY BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.] Class BATRACHIA. \ Order ANURA. (Aiiura, Dumeril ; Salientia, Merrem, Gray.) Ealnifor^iia. (Raniformia, Cope, Xat. Hist. Rev., v, 114, 1865.^) Ranidae =Ranidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 114- 119, 1865.' Colostethidae = Colostethidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1866, 130.=^ ' Raniformia, partim, Dum. et Bib., £rp. Gt5n. • Ranidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 169, 1867 ; Ranidae, Polypedati- (lae, and Cystignathidae, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 4-26. = Colostethidae, Cope, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., vi, 197, 1867 ; " Calostethidae," Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869. 8 '■ Firmisternia/ (Bufonoid Raniformia, Cope, Jour. Acad. Xat. Sc. Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.) Dendrobatidae = Dcndrobatidae, Cope, X. H. Eev., v, 103-104, 1865.' Phiyniscidae = Phryniscidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.*^ Engystomidae = Engystomidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.' Brevicipitidae = Brevicipitidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 190, 1867.' 1 El n Gastrechmia. (Gastrechmia, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 198, 1867.) Hemisidae Hemisidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 198-199, 1867.'^ ■• Firmisternia. Believing the arciferous or raniform sternal structure to have about equal systeuatic value with the presence or absence of teeth, I have separated the toothless families with raniform sternum under the name of Firmisternia. It is not impossible that this group may turn out to bo inseparable from the Gastrechmia. The toothed Aglossa must be distinguished on the same principle from Pipa, and the sub- order is accordingly named Odontaglossa. 6 Hylaplesiidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 124-126. ^ Brachycephalina, pars, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 1858, 42. ^Engystomidae, Cope, N. H. Eev., v, 100-101, 1865; Micbrylidae, Cracbymeridao, Eugystoroatidae, Hylaedactylidao, Gtbr., Cat. iiat. Salien., 185ri. *Brachymeridae, Cope, pars, N. H. Rev., v, 101-102, 1865. ' Hemisidae; Rhiuopbrynidae, Cope, pars, N. H. Rev., v, 100, 1865; Rhiuopbrynidao et Phryniscidae, pars, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 281-888. BUFONIFOEMIA. (Bufoniformia, Dumeril ct Bibron, partim ; Cope, partim.) Rhinophiynidae = Rhinophrynidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal. B. M., 127, 1858."' Bufonidae = Bufonidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 102- 103, 1865.^^ Batrachophrynidse =: Batrachophrynus, Peters, Monatsb. Pr. Akad. Wiss., 1873,411. Pipidae Dactylethridae Aglossa. = Pipidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal. B. M., 2-3, 1858." Odoxtaglossa. = Dactylethridae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Sal. B. M., 1-2, 1858.^' Arcifera. (Arcifera, Cope, K H. Rev., v, 104, 1865.") Cystignathidae = Cystignathidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 105, 1865.^' '" Rhinophrynidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 100, 1865, pars, nee Mivart ; Cope, Jonr. Acatl. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 189, 18G7. " (Bufonidae) Chelydobatrachus, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., i)art., 1858, 51, 53-54. " Pipidae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 98-99, 1865 ; Pipidae, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lou- don, 1869, 287, 295. "Dactylethridae, Cope, N. H. Rev., v, 99, 1865; D.ictylethridae, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 295. '^ Arcifera, Cope, Jour. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 67-68, 1866. '* Cystignathidae, Rauidae partim, Cystignathidae, ITperoliidae, Bouibinatorldae partim, Alytidae partim, Hylodidae, Gthr. ; Rauidae partim, Polypcdatidae partim, Discoglossidae partim, Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudou, 1869. 10 pi Hemiphractidae Hylidae Scapliiopidae Pelodytidae Asterophiydidae Discoglossidae = Hemiphractidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 69, 1866. ' > Hylidae, Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 96, 1858.^' = Scaphiopodidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 69, 1866." = Pelodytidae, Cope, J. A. K S. Phila., vi, 69, 1866.^' = Asterophiydidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 79-80.^'* = Discoglossidae, Cope, N. H. Eev., v, 105-107, 1865.^' Jl':"' ;i1^ m iiii; Order STEGOCEPHALI. (Stegocephali, Cope, P. A. X. S. Phila., 1868, 209.'°) Labyrinthodoxtia. Bapheiidae — Baphetldae, Cope, MSS. Anthracosmridae — Anthracosauridae, Cope, MSS. Colosteidae Ganocephala. : Colosteidae, Cope, MSS. '« Hylidae, Cope, T. A. N. S. Phila., vi, 83-85, 1866. " Scaphiopodidae partiin, N. H. Rev., v, 107-108, 1865. '* Pelodytidae. Scaphiopodidae pars, Cope, olini, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi,69, 1866. ^9 Discoglossidae, Cope, Jour. Acau. Nat. Sci. Phila , vi, 69, 1866 ; Discoglossidae partim, 34, Bombinatoridae partim et Alytidae partim Gthr., Cat. Bat. Salien., 40, 57, 1858; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 294-295 20 Stegocephali, Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, 6-7. *' Colosteus, Cope. PhlcgetJiontildae Molgophidae Ptyoniidae Tuditanidao PcUontidae 11 MiCEOSAURIA. = PhLjethontiidae, Cope, MSS.'^" — Molgoplddaef Cope, MS8."^ = Ptyoniidae f Cope, MSS."^ — Tudifanidae, Cope, MSS. = Pelionfidae, Cope, MSS."^ Order GYMXOPHIDIA. (Gymnopliiona, Mliller.) Caeciliidae rr Caeciliidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B, M., 57, 1850. Order URODELA. SSeiranotidae, ) Gray, P. Z. S. PLurodelidae, S London, xxvi, 137-143,1858. = Salamandridae, Gray, P. Z. S. Lon- don, xxvi, 142-143, 1858. r= Hynobiidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 107, 1866. = Desmognathidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 107, 1866. = Thoriidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1869, 111-112. •'» Phlegethoutia, Cope. • Molgopbis, Cope. *' Lepterpeton, Haxl. ; Oostocepbalus, Cope ; Urocordylus, Huxl. •* Pelion, Wyman. •'Salamandridae, Cope, Jonr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 107-108, 1866. •niynobiidae, Cope; Molgidae, Gray, lti50. Pleurodelidae Salamandridae" Hynobiidae '*° Desmognathidae Thoriidae 12 Plethodontidae^ = Amblystomidae Menopomidae Amphiuinidae Cocytinidae 38 Proteidae Plethodontidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 106-107, 1866. = Amblystomidae, Cope, J. A. N.,S. Phila., n. s., vi, 105-106, 1866. — Protonopsidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. M., 52-54, 1850. = Amphiumidae, Cope, J. A. N. S. Phila., n. s., vi, 104-105, 1866. = Cocytinidae^ Cope, MSS.^ Order PROTEIDA. = Proteidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. M., 64-67, 1850. fit W Sirenidae Order TRACHYSTOMATA. =: Sirenidae, Gray, Cat. Bat. Grad. B. M., 67-69, 1850. i p. jl'f Class RErTILIA. Order ORNITHOSAURIA. (Ornithosauria, Bonaparte, Fitzinger, Seeley.^) Dimorphodontidae = Dimorphodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S. 1870, 234, 1871.^^ s' Plethodoutidue, Copo, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, lOG, IHOG, partini Gray, 18.'0. '* Amblystomidae. Plethodontidae partim. Gray, 1850. «9Cocytiaa8, Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila., 1874. 30 Ornithosauria = Pterosauria, Oweu. 3» Dimorphodontae, Seeley. 18 Pterodactylidae = Pterodactylidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 234, 1871 .» Order DINOSAURIA. (Dinosauria, Owen, Cope, Seeley; Pachypodes, Meyer; Ornithoscelida, Huxley.) Symphypoda. (Symphypoda, Cope ; Compsognatha, Huxley.) Compsognathidae •=. Compsognatliidaey Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 234, 1871^ (name only). Onilthotarsidae = Ornithotarsidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., 234, 1871'^ (name only). GONIOPODA. (Goniopoda, Cope; Harpagmosauria, Haeckel.) Megalosauridae =■ Ilegalosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).'' Teratosauridae = Teratosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).'' Orthopoda. (Orthopoda, Cope ; Therosauria, Haeckel.) Scelidosauridae = Scelidosauridae, Cope, T. A. P. S., n. s., xiv, 91, 1869.'' ^" Rhamphorbyncbae et Pterodactylae, Seeley, loc. cit. '^ Compsognatbidae = Corapsognathns, Wag. ^* Omitbotarsidae = Ornitbotarsua, Cope. ^'> Megalosauridae, Huxley. ^ Teratosaurns, Plateosaurus, Meyer, ete. ^' Scelidosauridae, Ilnxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1870. 14 I;,; iil' i Iguanodontidae = Tgiianodontidae, Cope, T. A. P. S., n. s., xiv, 91, 1869.'' Hadrosauridae = Iladrosauridae, Cope, T. A. P. S., n. s., xiv, 91-98, 1869.'' Order CROCODILIA. (Crocodiiia et Thecodontia, partim, Owen, 1841.) Parasuchia. Belodontidae = Belodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only).*'' Amphicoelia. Teleosauridae = Teleosauridaey Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 234, 1871 (name only). Goniopholididae = Goniopholisj Owen, etc. . Peocoelia. Thoracosauridae =: Thoracosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).'^ Crocodilidae = Crocodilidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).'' Order SAUROPTERYGIA. (Sauropterygia, Owen.) % Placodontidae — Placodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only)."' 38 Iguanodontidae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. See. Loudon, 1870. 39 Hadrosauridae, Huxley, Journ. Geol. Soc. London, 1S70. «Thecodontia, Owen, pt.; Cope, Tr. A. P. S., 1809, 32. ' •*! Thoracosaurus, Leidy, Cope. *» Crocodilidae + AUigatoridae, Gray, + Gavialidae, Gray, + Holops and Thecach- ampsa. Cope, etc., Pr. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871. ** Placodus, Agass. Plesiosauridae Elasmomuridae 16 = Plesiosauridae J Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only)/* = Elasmosauridaey Cope, Tr. A. P. S., n. s., xiv, 1869, p. 47.' 17 45 Order ANOMODONTIA. (Anomodontia, Owen.) Dicynodontidae = Dicf/nodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).'" Oudenodontidae — Oudenodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).*' Order ICHTHYOPTERYGIA. Ichthyosauridae = Ichthyosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871. Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA. Protorosauridae = Protorosauridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only).*' Sphenodontidae = Splienodontidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871.*' Bhynchosauridae — Rhynchosauridaej Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1870 (name only).' " Notho3auru8, Pistoaaurus, Plesiosaurus, Pliosaurus, etc. ^ Elasmosaurus, Cimoliasaurus, etc. <* Dicynodontidae, Owen, Paleoutology. ■"Cyptodontia, Owen, Paleonto'ogy. ■" Protorosaurus, Meyer (elongate sacrum). <9Hatteriida«, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., 18G4, 225-7. , ' *" Rbynchosanrus, Owen. 50 16 Order TESTUDINATA. ¥i hi m-i m * (Athecae, Cope, Sphargididae Protostegidae Cheloniidae Propleuridae Trionychidae Emydidae Chelydridae Cinosteniidae Testudinidae Athecae. P. A. A. A. S., xjx, p. 235, 1870.) = Sphargididae, Gray, Ann. Philos., 1825.'^* = Protostega, Cope, Proc. A. P. S., 1872, 413. Cryptodira. = Cheloniidae, Gray, Annals Philoso- phy, 1825.^' = Propleuridae^ Cope, Am. Jour. Sc. and Arts, I 137, 1870. = Trionychidae, Gray, Annals of Phi- losophy, 1825.=' = Emydidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p 351.=* = Chelydridae, Agassiz, Contrib. N. H. U. S., i, 341.=*'' = Cinosternidae, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. XT. S., i, 347. = Testudinidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phil., 1868, p. 282.== *' Sphargididae, Bell, Fitzinger, Agassiz. 6- Cheloniidae, Gray, Ann. Phil., 1825 ; Agass., Cope, P. A. A. A. S., six, 235, 1871. ^ Trionychidae, Bell, Wiegmann, Dum. et Bibr., Agass. ^ Emydidae— Chelydridae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 235, 1871 (name only). "^"Chelydra, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1872. 6s Testudinidae, Gray. Agass. , 11 \ f I I rieurosternidae Adocidae 17 : Pleurosternidaej Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1868, 282 (name only). Adocidae f Cope, P. A. P. S., 1870, 547. Pleurodira. (Pleurodira, Dum. et Eibron ; Chelypidae, Agass.) Podocnemididae Chelydidae Hydraspididae Pclomedusidae Sternothaeridae = Podocnemididae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1868, 282. = Chelydidae, Gray, P. Z. S. London, 1869, pp. 208-209. = Hydraspididae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1868, 282. = Pelomedusidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1865, 185; 1868, p. 119. = Sternothaeridae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1868, 119. Order LACERTILIA. (Laccrtilia, Owen ; Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 236, 1870.) EhiI^toglossa. (Acrodonta Ehiptoglossa, Wiegmann, Fitzinger, Cope ; Chamaeleonida, Miiller.) Chamaeleontidae = Chamaeleontidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 1845, 264 (name only)." '•Wieprmann, Gray; etc. . 2h M\ hi 1 llr|i|i , 'I! 'If 18 Pachyglossa. (Pachyglossa, Cope ; Acrodonta Pachyglossa, Waglcr, Fitzinger, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 18G4, 22()-227.) Agamidao =:Agamidao, Gray, Cat. B. M., 1845, 230. Nyctisaura. (Nyctisaura, Gray, Cat. Lizards 13. M. ; Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1804, 225.) Gecconidao =Gccconidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 1845, 142." Pleurodonta. (Plcurodonta, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 18G4, 226.) „ a. Iguania. = Anolidac, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, 227, 228. = Iguanidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, 227, 228.'' b. Diploglossa. — Anguidac, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, 228. = Gcrrhonotidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, 228.'^ " Cope, Pr. A. A. A. S., xix, 236, 1871. '^ Iguanidae pars auctorum. A" ZoQuridae, pt., Gray. Anolidao Iguanidae Anffuidao Gerrhonotidae i; J. 19 *liila., :. s. Xcnosauriclao ncloderniidao 1 Tcidac ' Laccrtidao Zoimridao hila., Chalcidao »liila., Scincidae = Xciiosauridao, Copo, P. A. N. S. riiila., 1800, 322. =:irol()dcrniidao, Gray, Cat. Lizards 15. M., 1845.'^ c. y7ircaf//ossa. (Thccaglossa, Wagler, Fitzingcr, Copo.) ' Varanidao = Varanidac, Cope, P. A. A A. S., xix, 2:J7, 1870. d. Leptofjlossa. (Leptoglossa, AViogniaiin, Eit/ingcr, Cope.) — Tcidac, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 2?>1, 1871."^ = Laccrtinid;ic, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 20-44, 184r);'= = Zonuridac, (.^opc, P. A. A. A. 8., xix, 237-241, 1871.''' — Chalcidac, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 57-58, 1845.'" = Scincidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 70-120, 1845."' = Scpsidae, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 121-120, 1845."'^ Scpsidao «" IIol.xlcMinidiio, Copo, Troc. Acjul. Nut. .S(!. IMiil-i., lH(il, 2iH ; ISGf., \V>^i. •"Tehhio and Ecpluopodiduo, Prtors, Cop<' ( 1 'roc. Acad. Nat. Kci. Phila., 1W4, 229); Teidao, Anadiidae, CercoHauridao, KiainidaH, Gray. " Lactortidao, Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. bci. I'liila., 18G4, 228; Lacurtiduc et Cricosauri- dan, Potors ; XantuHiidae, Baird. ^'Zonuridao, pt., Gray ; Laccrtidao pt., Copo. "< Clialcididao, Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila.. 18G4, 228. «*S''incidae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18(54, 228. "Sopsidao, Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Piiila., 1864, 228. 20 t r i-ri hi c. TyphlophthalmL • (Typhlophthalmi, Cope, P. A. N. S. Thila., 1804, 228.'") Foyliniidao Acontiidae Aricllidao = Anclytropidao, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 18G4, 230."' = Acontiadac, Gray, Cat. Lizards B. M., 126-127, 1845.'"* = Aniellidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 18G4, 230. OPnEOSAURI. (Opheosauri, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 18G4, 226.'") Amphishaenidae = Amphisbacnidae, Gray, Cat. Tort. Croc., etc. B. M., 69, 1844.^' Trogonophidae = Trigonophidae, Gray, Catal. Tort. Croc., etc. B. M., 68, 1844.'^^ Order PYTIIONOMOBPHA. (Pythonomorpha, Cope, T. A. P. S., n. s., xiv, 175-182, 1870.") Mosasauridae "> Mosasauridae, Cope, T. A. P. S., n. s., xiv, 182-211, 1870. "^ TyphlopLtbaliui, pars., Dum. et Bib., Erp. Geu. «* Typhlinidae, Gray. «» Acontiidae, Cope, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 18G4, 230. '" Ophisauri, Merrera ; Animliiti, Wiegruaun; Ptychopleures cllyptodermes, Dum. et Bib. ; Ampbisbaenoidea, Miiller. " Arapbisbaenidae, Wiegmann. "Trogouopbes, Wiegraaun, Fitzinger. " Pytbonomorpba, Cope, Proc. Boat. Nat. Hist. Soc, 1869, 251; Lacertilia Natantia, Owen, Paleontograpbical Soc. Cretaceous Reptiles. :! 21 • Order OPHIDIA. ■1 1 ' ScOLECOPniDIA. 8. 1 (Scolecophidia, Dum. et Bib.'*) H^B Typhlopidao = Typhlopidao, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., s B. % xix, 237, 1871 (name only)." Stenostomidae = Stenostomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., liila., 1 xix, 237, 1871 (name only).'" TOETRICINA. (Tortricina, Miiller.") .'") 1 Tortricidae = Tortricidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., Tort. 1 1864, 230. 1 H Uropcltidae — Uropeltidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., Tort. 18G4, 230.'' 2 • AsmEA. * (Asinea, Miiller, Cope.) a. Perooda. -182, (Peropoda, Muller.) P. Sm 1 Xenopeltidae = Xenopeltidae, Cope, P. A. K S. 1 Phila., 1864, 230.'^ I Pythonidae = Pythonidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1 1864, 230.^' Dum. et ^atantta, " Scolecophidia et Catodonta, Cope, Proc. Aciid. o. 8oi. Phila., 1864, 230. '^Epuuodontiens, Dum. et Bib. •"Ciitodoutiens, Dum. et Bib.; Catodonta, Cope, olim. "Tortricina, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 230. " Uropeltacea, Peters ; Rhinophidae, Gray. '* Xenopeltidae, Gthr., Reptiles British India. . , • * Holodontiens, Dum, et Bib. I'M' iiii ( :ii''' Hi. m f: 1 H 11 M m. I: 111: Boidae Lichanuridae Achrochordidae Homalopsidae Colubridae Ehabdosomidae Elapidae N'ajidae 22 = Boidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, 230.'' = Liclianundae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1868, 2. b. Colubroidea. = Achrochordidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, 231.^ = Homalopsinae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, 167.^' = Colubridae, Cope, P. A. A. A, S., xix, 238, 1870.'* = Ehabdosomidae, Cope, P. A. A. A. S., xix, 238, 1870.'= Peoteroglypha. a. Gonocerca, = Elapidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, 231.'' = Najidae, Cope, P. A. N. S. Phila., 1864, 231." *' Aproterodontiens, Diini. et Bib. ** Achrocbordiens, Dura, et Bib. *3 Natricidae, pars, Gtbr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 50-84, Potaniopbilidae, Jan. s^Aainea, Group jS^bb, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18G-1, 231; Calamaridae, Olgodoutidae, Coronellidae, Colubridae, Dryadidae, Deudropbididae, Dryiophididai', Psamraopbididae, Lycodontidao, Scytalidao, Dipsadidae, etc., Gtbr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, et op. alt. 86 Calamaridae partim, Gtbr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 2-22. » Elapidae (pars), Gtbr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 209-237. " Elayidae {rnvs altera), Gtbr., Cat. Col. Snakes B. M., 1858, 209-237. 4 Hydropbidae 28 b. Platycerca, = Hydridae, Gray, Cat. Snakes B. M., 2, 35, 40, 1849.'^ SOLENOGLYPHA.®' (Solenoglypba, Dum. et Bib.) iitractaspididao = Atractaspididae, Gtbr., Cat. Snakes B. M., 239, 1858.'° = Causidac, Cope, P. A. K S., Pbila., 1859, 334. = Viperidac, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus., p. 18.^' = Crotabdae, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus.' Causidae Viperidae Crotabdae 92 «« Ilydridiie, Gray; Hydropbidae, Schmidt, Fischer; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859 333. «» Viperidao, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 333. yo Atractaspidinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 334. 9' Vipe-ioae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859; Giintber. ^ Crotalinae, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859 ; GUnther, Cat. Col. Snakes B. M. et auctorum. '11 ji 'h 'm ■Mi i ;!ii I>A^IIT II. CHECK-LIST OF THE SPECIES OF BATMCHIA AND REPTILIA Oi' THE NEARCTIC OR NORTH AMERICAN REALM. ll Iflll, ii!'; .ij'.. M BATRACHIA. TEACHYSTOMATA. SIRENIDAE. SiEEN, Liun. Siren lacertina, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp^itology, vol. v, p. 101. The Austroriparian region ; extreme i)oints North Carolina, Florida, Matamoras, Mexico, and Alton, Illinois. PSEUDOBRANCHUS, Gray. Fseudohra.iehus striatns, LeConte; Holbrook, American Herpetology, vol. V, p. 109. Georgia. PEOTEIDA. PROTEIDAE. Necturus, Eaf. tectums lateralis, Say; Holbrook, Am. Herp., vol. v, i)p. Ill, 115. Eastern region except New England and eastern Middle States: from a few points in the Austroriparian. Necturns punctatusj Gibbes. Eastern South Carolina. 25 CADUCIBRANCHIATA. AMPHIUMIDAE. Amphiuma, Liim. Amphiuma means, Linn.; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 89. Austrori- pariiiu region, from North Carolina to Mississippi. MuRAENOPSis, Fitzinger. Muraenopsis tridactylusj Cuvier; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 93. Mis- sissippi and Louisiana. MENOPOMIDAE. Menopoma, Harl. Menopoma alleglieniense, Harl. ; Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 95. All tributaries of the Mississippi, and streams of the Louisiauian dis- trict to North Carolina. Menopoma fusciim, Holbrook, Am. Herp., v, p. 99. Headwaters of the Tennessee liiver. AMBLYSTOMIDAE. Amblystoma, Tschudi. Amblystoma talpoideurnj Holbrook ; Cope, Proceedings Academy Phila- delphia, 1867, p. 172. Austroriparian region ; mountains of South Carolina. \Ambhjstoma opacum, Gravenhorst ; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 18G7, p. 173. From Pennsylvania to Florida, to Wisconsin, and to Texas. XAmbly^toma punctatum, Linn. ; Cope, loc. cit., 18G7, p. 175. United States, east of the plains ; Nova Scotia. Amblystoma conspersum,, Cope, loc. cit., 1807, 177. Pennsylvania to Georgia. imblystoma bicolor, Hallowell ; Cope, loc. cit., 178. New Jers' ^. imblysioma tigrinum, Green; Cope, loc. cit., 179. United i ; t ., east of the plains. imbhjstoma mavortiiim, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., 184. United States, in the Central, Sonoran, and Pacific regions. imblystoma mavortium,, Baird; subspecies californiense, Gray; Cope, loc. cit., p. 187. Pacific region. I f 1' I ii; ■, CI !.; I I lit' iti: ■: ^ Ml , ■r.ti In' 26 Amhlystoma ohscuriim, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 192. Iowa. Amblystoma xlphias, Cope, loc. cit., p. 192. Ohio. Amhlystoma irisniptum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 194. New Mexico. Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Green, subspecies jcffcrsonianum, Green; | Cope, loc. cit., p. 195. Pennsylvania and Ohio, and northward. Amblystoma jeffcrsonianum. Green, subspecies lateralc, Ilallowell ; Oopv.; loc. cit., p. 197. Canada and Wisconsin, and northward. Amblystoma jeffcrsonianum, Green, subspecies fuscum, Hallowell ; Cope, loc. cit., 197. Indiana and Virginia. Amblystoma jeffersonianum, Green, snh&}}ee\es platincum ; Cope, loc. cit., 1 p. 198. Ohio. Amblystoma macrodactylum, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 108. Pacific region. Ambly stoma paroticum, Baird ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 200. Vancouver's Island and Washington Territory. Amblystoma aterrimum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 201. Northern Rocky Mount- | ains. Amblystoma tenebrosum, Baird and Girard ; Oope, loc. cit., p. 202. Pacific region of Oregon iind California. Amblystoma texanum, Matthes ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 204. Texas. Amblystoma cingulatum. Cope, loc. cit., p. 205. South Carolina. Amblystoma microstomum, Cope, loc. cit., p. 20G. Austroriparian and "| Eastern regions, west of the Alleghany Mountains. DiOAMPTODON, Strauch. Dicamptodon ensatus, Eschscholz, Zoological Atlas, part v, p. 6, pi. xxii. Pacific region. PLETHODONTIDAE. Batrachoseps, Bonap. Batrachoseps attenvatus, Eschscholz, Hallowell, Jour. Acad. Phihi., 1858, p. 348. Pacific region. Batrachoseps nigrivcntris. Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 18G9, p. %.\ Fort Tejon, California. Batrachoseps pacificus, Cope, Proceed. Acad. 18C5, p. 195. Santa Bar- bara, Cal. Hemidactylium, Tschudi. Memidactylium scutatum, Schlegel ; Dum^ril et Bibron, Erp. G^n^rale, ix, p. 118-9. Khode Island to Illinois, and to the Gulf of Mexico. 27 ; Plethodon, Tschudi. ridhodon cinereus, Green, subspecies cinereus, Green j Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 99. Eastern region. ricthodon civfeus, Green, subspecies erythronotiis, Green j Holbrook, N. Am. nerp., v, p. 43. Eastern region. rietluxlon chicrcus, Green, subspecies dorsalis^ Baird, MSS. Louisville, Ky. ; Salem, Mass. Plcthodon intermcdius, Baird, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1857, p. 209. Vancouver's Island. \Flethodon gluthiosus, Green; Copv'), loc. cit., 18G9, p. 99. Eastern and Austroriparian regions. IPIethodon orcgonensis, Girard ; Cope, loc. cit, p. 99. Pacific region. iFlcthodon JlavipunctatuSj Straucb., Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 1871, xvi,71. ?Nev7 Albion, Cal. I Plethodon croceater, Cope, loc. cit., 1857, p. 210. Lower California. Stereochilus, Cope. Stereockihis marginatum, Hallowoll ; Cope, loc. cit., 1869, 101. Georgia. Manculus, Cope. Manculus rcmifer. Cope, Report of Peabody Academy, Salem, Mass., 1809, p. 84. Florida. Manculus quadridigitatus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. G5. North Carolina to Florida. Spelerpes, Raf. Spclerpes multlplicatus, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila., 1869, p. 106. Arkansas. \Spclerpcs hilineatus, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 105. Eastern and Austrori- parian regions, excepting Texas. \Spc1crpcs longicaudus, Green ; Cope, loc. cit, p. 105. Eastern and Austroriparian regions, except Texas. ^Spelerpes guttolineatus, Holbrook; Co{)e, loc. cit., p. 105. North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. ^Spclerpes ruber, Daudin, subspecies ruber, Daudiu; Cope, loc. cit., 18G9, 105. Eastern and Austroriparian regions. RtJi ■'!•■' Ui m w 1 W 1 ' T .; '^" illi .!■■ Ilili' 1;l ■I ill ill P IP m 28 Spelerpes ruber, subspecies siiciiceps, Baird, MSS. South Carolin.i. Spelerpes ruber, Daudin, subspecies montamis, Baiid ; Jour. Acad. Phila., vol. i, p. 293. Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to South Carolina^. Gyrinophtlus, Cope. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, Green ; Cope, Proceed. Acad. Pliila., 18G9, p. 108. Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Alabama. Ana IDES, Baird. Anaides lugtibris, Hallowell ; Cope, loc. cit., 1809, p. 109. Entire Pacific region. Anaides ferrcus, Cope, loc. cit., 18C9, p. 109. Oregon. DESMOGNATHIDAE. Desmognathus, Baird. Desmognathus ochrophaca, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phi a,, 1869, p. 113. Alleghany Mountains, from New York to Georgia. Desmognathus fusca, Eaflnesqne; Cope, loc. cit,, 115 ; subspecies /wsm, Eaf.; Cope, loc. cit., 110. Essex County, Massachusetts, to Biloxi, Mississippi. Desmognathus fusca, Raf., subspecies auriculata, Holbrook ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 110. South Carolina to Louisiana. Desmognathus nigra, Green ; Cope, loc. cit., p. 117. Alleghany Mount- ains, from Pennsylvania southward. PLEURODELIDAE. DiEMYCTYLUS, Rafinesque. Diemyctylus torosus, Eschscholz ; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped., 1858, p. 5. Pacific region. Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf., subspe«i'"s miniatus, Raf.; Ilallowell, loc. cit.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 57. Eastern and Austrori- parian regions. Diemyctylus miniatus, Raf., subspecies viridescens, Raf.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 77. Eastern and Austroripariau regions. 29 ANURA. BUFONIFORMIA. BUFONIDAE. BuFo, Lauren ti. Bvfo pimctatm, Baird; Giranl U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25. Sonorau and Lower Californiau regions. Bvfo dehilh. Girard ; Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 20 (J5. insiiUor). Sonoran region. Biifo halophilus, Baird ; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 2G. Pacific region. Biifo columhiensis, Baird ; Girard, Herpetology U. S. Expl. Exped., 77. Pacific region and Montana. Bnfo nlvarhts, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 26. Sonoran region. Bufo microscaphns, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1800, p. 301. Sonoran region. Bufo fipeciosus, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 2G. Lower Rio Grande (Sonoran). Bufo lentiginosuSj Shaw, subspecies frontosus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 18G6, p. 301. Sonoran region. Bufo lentiginosusj subspecies cognatus, Say ; Holbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., v, p. 21. Texan district. Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies americamis, LeConte; Holbrook, Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25. Eastern and Austroriparian regions to the plains. Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies lentiginosus, Latr.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., V, p. 7. Austroriparian region. Bufo lentiginosus, subspecies foiclcrii, Putnam, MSS. Massachusetts to Lake Winnipeg. Bufo quercicus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., v, p. 13 ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1862, p. 341. Eloridau and Eastern Lousianian districts to North Carolina. Bufo valliceps, Wiegmann ; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 25, pi. xl, figs. 1-4 {B. nehuliferj Girard). Texan district (also Mexico). / i <■: K' Hi';'.. 1 ii 'i:.if' ll ,-;;'|i fW\; 'I i huh m 30 FIRMISTERNIA. ENGYSTOMIDAE. Enoystoma, Fitziiiger. Engyntoma earoUnensc, Uolbrook, N. Arn. Ilcrp., v, p. 23. Austroripa- rian region. ARCIFERA. HYLIDAE. ACRis, Diim., Bibr. Acris gryllus, LeCoiite, subspecies grylliis, Uolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv, !>. 131. Austroriparian region. Acris gryllus, LeConte, subspecies crepitans, Baird, U. S. Mcx. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 28. Eastern and Central regions. CiioiiopiiiLUS, Baird. ChoropMlus triserkitus, Wied, subspecies clarkii, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 28. Texan district. ChoropMlus triseriaUis, subspecies triscriatus, Wied. Central and East- ern regions. ChoropMlus triseriatus, subspecies corporalis, Cope, MSS. New Jersey. ChoropMlus nigritus, LeConte ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 107. South Carolina and Georgia. ChoropMlus angulatusj Cope {GysHgnathns ocularis), Ilolbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 137. South Carolina. ChoropMlus ocularis, Daudin ' Cystignathus ornatus), Giintlier, Cat. Bat. Salien. Brit. Mus., p. 29. South Carolina and Georgia. ChoropMlus ornatus, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., iv, p. 25. South Carolina; Georgia. Hyla, Laurenti. Hyla curta, Cope, Froc. Acad. Pliila., 18GG, p. 313. Lower Californiau j region. Hyla regilla, Baird ; Girard, TJ. S. Expl. Exped., p. 60. Pacific region. Hyla eximia, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 29. Sonoran region. Hyla andersonii, Baird ; Cope, Proc. Phila. Acad., 18G2, 154. New Jer- sey to South Carolina. 31 Ilyla aqiilrcllay D.aiuliii; Holbrook, N. Am. TIerp., iv, pi. 30. Austrori- p.irinn region. Jlyla caroUncmis, PeniiJint; Uolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv, p. 20. Austro- ri pariun region. Ilyla caroUncmis, Penn., subspecies semifaHciata, llallowell, Proc. Aca' li'lijii i< vn "I !•■ ,1 .111 ill Ihm ScaphiopuH rnrhiHy Copo, Hubspccics rcctifrcniHj Cope, loc. cit., p. 53. Soiioran icjj;ion. ScaphiopuH mnchii^ Bairil; Copo, loc. cit., p. 52. Sonoran rcj^ion. Scaph'mpm liolhrookU, Harlan; C<)[)0, loc. cit., p. 54. Eastern and Aus- troripariiin regions. EANIFORMIA. RANIDAE. Rana, Linn. Jiana arenUtta^ IJainl and (lirard, Hubspedcs capito, LcCoute, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1S55, p. 425. Floridan district. Bana arcolata., liaird and Glrard, snbapecicH arcolata, Bd. Gir., U. S. Mox. Bound. Surv., 28, pi. xxxvi, figs. 11-12. Texan district. Rana monlezumac, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 27. Mexican plateau. Rana haleclna^ Kalm ; Ilolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv, ]). 01 ; subspecies halecina, Ilallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 185G, pp. 141, 250. Eastern coast-countries of Eastern and Austrori[)aria!i regions. Rana halecina, Kalm, salvspecies hcrlandlcri, Buird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv\, p. 27. Entire Interior of North America; Mexico. Rana palustris, LeConte; Ilolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv, p. 05. Eastern region. Rana septcntrionalis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. Gl {R. sinuata^ Bd.). Canada to Montana. Rana damitans, Merrem.; Ilolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp,, iv, pp. 85-87. East- ern region, Louisianiau district. Rana catesblana, Shaw; Ilolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., iv, j). 77. Eastern and Austroriparian regions. Rana tcmporaria, Linn., subspecies aurora, Bd.; Gird., U. S. Expl. Expwl. Herp., p. .18. Rana tcmporaria, Linn., subspecies silvatica, LeConte; Ilolbrook, N. Am. " Herp., iv, p. 24. Eastern region. Rana temporaria, Linn., subspecies cantabrigcnsis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, ]}. 61. Canadian district of Eastern region to Kocky Mountains. Rana pretiosa, Baird ; Girard, U. S. Expl. Exped. Herp., p. 20. Pacific subregion. 33 OPJIIDIA. ,, '^^'^J,!). -00. T\'-estern r... , ^«OTALUH, Limi. i^'otalmppr/tus, Cope Proc Pi -i U. Arizona. ' """"'- U- S. Mex Il„u„„. Su,^., ^„, .. „ zona. ''"'"^•«-»^-«o-U.S„„,,,,,.^.j^ C/o/«/MAren»/o,Coi)e,J»roc Acul i>. •, Austroripanan regions. ' ^^- ^'■'- neiP, ni, ,, ». Eastern a„d '^o»er California. ' ■'"" ^"^^^^ '» «<».ora a„„ SoutS ," ,,' «onora.f^^I^;^^•/^.'•■•"•''»■"•Girard,Ioc.oit „s r . Cm,,., ' ""^"''Og Texan district nf m 'J ^™'''''' nuJ C'»W,« «,„,„,« Bainl and Girard r 7 ^"W'-oriparian. '"8 "'« Texan district. "'"' ""''■' "' '»• So-omn region, enter. ^««o»«.„r„ Cone p''^™'""'^' ''"""''"'• '• Mexico. ' ^'''''' ''■■"'■ A"---'!- P'"la., 18«,7, ,, ,„, „ , , , 3„ 'ii.'i. Table land of in" I'!! n. n !fl ILi" ll ;'i ■'•I' !'i I m 84 Caudixona mUtmia, Liiiii.; IJainl nnd Giriiid, Cat., p. 1 1. Aiistioiipiirian regiuii uiid Sonura. Canilmma alironhii, IJalid ami Ginud, Cat., p. l."i. Sonoran roK'on- CaiuUHona terf/cmhui, Say; IJaird and (lirard, CJat., )». It. Ijastrni it';;ion AV(!st oftlio Allc^^Iiciiy jMouiitains; (Icorgia. ANriSTitODON, ncaiivdis. Ancistrodon pisciroruH, Lacrpi'di*, sultspccics itisdronis^ Lacrpidc; Haird and (iirard, Cat., 19. Au.strorii)ariaii n'j,'ioii, except Texa.s. Anc'iHirodon pisvivonis, Lacrprde, siil».si)('cit's^>»^)jrtj', Daird and (iirard. Cat., p. L'O. Texan . 338. Chihuahua j Florida. A8INEA. COLUBRIDAE. CARPiiorniops, Gervais. Carphojyhiops hcknae, Kennicott, Proc. ^Vcad. Pliila., 1859, p. 100. South- ern Illinois ; Mississippi. Curphophiops amoenus, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 129. Massachu- setts to Louisiana and Illinois. Co}'pho2)hio2}s vermis, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Mis- souri ; Kansas. i ;'■.;. 35 ViuoiN»A, Hftird mid Girartl. Vlnjhiia haijxrti, Duni., lUbr., Kri)»'t<»l()gio GoiuTalo, vol. vi. p. 135. Texas; ?(;corgia. yhujUua rahfiac, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 127. Maryland to Illinois and North Carolina. Viffliiiia clepnns, Kcnnicott, Proc Acad. Pliila., 1859, p. {){). Soutlioru Illinoi.s; Arkan.saH. IIaldea, Baird and Girard. Ilahka strhitiila, liinn. ; IJaird and Girard, Cat., p. 122. Virginia to Texas. Tantilla, Baird and Girard. TantlUa pUtniirps, Illainville ; JJaiid and Girard, Cat, p. 154. Lower California. TaUiiUa (jrHcilis, Baird and Giranl, Cat., p. l.'{2. Texas. TaniiUa lialloicellil, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., ISCl, p. 7. Texas. Tiinfllla nigriccpHy Kcnnicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18C0, ii28. Texasj New Mexico; Arizon.i. Tantilla coronata, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 131. Georgia; Mis.si.ssippi. Abastor, Gray. Abastor erythroffmmmus, Dandin ; Baird and Girard, Cat., 125. North Carolina to Alabama. Fauan(:ia, Gray. Farancia «&rtCJ»Yf, llolbrook ; Baird and Crirard, Cat., p. 12.']. Aiistro- riparian region. ClIILOMENISCUS, Cope. Chilomcniscus straminctis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G0, p. 339. Lower Calilbrnia. Chilomcniscvfi cpli'tppicus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1807, p. 85. Owen Valley, Calilbrnia (Sonoran subregion). Chilomcniscus ciiictus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G1, p. 303. Sonora. CniONACTis, Cope. Chionadis occipitalis, Ilallowell, U. S. Pacific R. R. Survey, vol. x, Will- iamson's Report, p. 15. Fort Mojave, Arizona. 11 ;: I i I m PI I p m t m l§ mm ■ii'^'i mm W '>i' J" ■ III' 'tif M ill 33 Chionactis occipitalis, Hallowell, subspecies annulata, Kenuicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 22. Colorado Desert, Arizona. CoNTiA, Caird and Girard. Contia mitis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 110. Pacific region. Contia isozona, Cope, Proc. Acad. Piiila., 18G6, p. 301. Utah ; Arizona. Contia e^nscopa, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, p. 22. Texas. Contia pygaca. Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1871, p. 222. Florida. SoNORA, Baird and Girard. Sonora semiannulata, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 117. Sonora. LoDiA, Baird and Girard. Lodia tenuis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 116. Washington Territory. Gyalopium, Cope. Oyalopium canum, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1800, 243. Arizona. Cemopiiora, Cope. Cemopliora coccinea, Blumenbach, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 118. Aus- troriparian region. ^ Ehinochilus, Baird and Girard. RliinocMlus lecontei, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 120. Sonoran and South- ern Pacific regions. Osceola, Baird and Girard. Osceola elapsoidea, Ilolbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 133. Virginia to Florida. Ophibolus, Baird and Girard. Ojihibolus doliatits, JAiin., subspecies coccinews, Schlegel ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 89. Florida to New Mexico ; Kansas. Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies amaunis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18C0, p. 258. Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies gcntiUs, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 90. Arkansas. Ophibolus doliatus, Linn., subspecies annulatus, Kenuicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 329. Kansas; Arkansas and Texas. 37 Ophibolus doliutus, Liuu., subspecies doliatus, Liuu. ; Cope, Proc. Acad., 18G0, p.lioG. Maiyhmd and Virgiuia to Kansas ; Arkansas, Louisi- ana, and Texas. Opliibolus (loliatits, Linn., var. tr'uDujulus, Bole; Baird and Giraid, Cat., p. 61. From Virginia nortliward to Canada, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Opliiholm midtistratiis, Keunicott, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 18C0, p. 328. Xc- braslva. Ophibolus jjyrrhomelas, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1800, p. 305. Arizona and California. Ophibolus (jetnlu,s, Linn., subspecies boylu^ Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 82. Pacitic and Sonoran regions. Ophiboius fictuhis, Linn., subspecies CDnJitncfHn, Cope, Proc. Acad. l*bila., 1801, 30L Lower California. Ophtbolus (jetulm^ Linn., subspecies .spkndUlns^ Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 83. Sonoran region. Oiihlbolm (letiilufi, var. myi, nolbrt)ok ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 84. United States, between the Allegheny and llocky Mountains, from the Gulf of JMexico to Illinois. Ophibolxs (jciulus, Linn. ; subspecies {letnliiSj Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cut., p. S~). From rilaryland to Florida and Louisiana, east of the Alk'ghenies. Ophibolns mlij'orniac, llhnwy.', PKiird and Girard, Cat., p. 153. Lower California. Ophibolxs rhomhom((cul((tus, llolbi'ook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 8G.- Xorth Carolina to Georgia. Ophibolns calligasttr, Say; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G0, p. 255. Illi- nois to Kansas and Arkansas. DiADoriiis, Baird and Girard. Duahiphis punctatxtt, Linn., subspecies piinctatus, Linn.; Baird and Giranl, Cat., p. 112. United States and Canada, east of the plains and Texas. l>(a'h)i)hls jmnctatm, Linn., subspecies stictvucnys, Cope, Proc. xVcad. Phila., ISGO, p. 250. Texas. I>i(i(hphis punctatus, Linn., subspecies amahills, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 113. Pacitic and Sonoran regions ; occasional in Texan district and Central and Eastern regions as far as Ohio. [ .-■■' § 'JV . Mil 11; t^lij't • mi' m i I!' i. i{ \ 111 m 11 * 38 DiadopJiis dysopcs, Cope, Pioc. Acad., 18G0, p. 251. Habitat uuknown.- Biadoplds arnyi, Kenuicott, Proe. Acad., 1859, p. 90. Illiuois and Kan- sas. Diadophin rcgalis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 115. Arizona j Sonora. CoNiopnANES, Hallowell. Coniophanes imperialism Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 23. Chihuahua. HYPSiaLENA, Cope. Sypsiglena ochrorliyncha. Cope, Proc. Acad., 1860, 246. Lower Califor- nia north to San Diego. Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha, Cope, subspecies cliloropliaea^ Cope, loc. cit., 1860, p. 247. Arizona. SiBON, Fitziuger. ■Sihon annulatum, Linn., subspecies scptentrionale^ Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., vol. ii, p. 16. Southwestern Texas. Teimorphodon, Cope. Trimorphodon lyrophanes, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 343. Lower California and Arizona. Phdiothyra, Cope. Phimotliyra grahamiae, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 104. Lower California and Sonoran regions to Utah and Texas. Phimothyra grahamiae, Baird and Girard, subspecies liexalepis^ Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1866, p. 304. Phimothyra decurtata, Cope, Proc. Acad., 1868, p. 310. Lower Californiii. Deomicus, Bibron. Dromicus fiavilatus^ Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1871, p. 223. Coast of Xorth Carolina. Cyclopiiis, Gunther. Cyclophis vernalis, DeKay; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 108. Eastern and Austroripariau regions ; rare in the latter. Cyclophis aestivus, Linn. : Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 106. Austroripariau region, and the Eastern as far as New Jersey, Maryland, and Soutb eru Illinois. 39 Coluber, Linn. Coluber cmoryi, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 157. Texas and iLe Missis- sippi Valley to Kansas and Illinois {C. caJUgastcr, Kenn. ; C rhino- viqias, Cope). Coluber linilheimerii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 74. Texas and Arkansas. Coluber vulpimis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 7o. IMassacliusetts to Mich- igan, Kansas and northward {C. s2)iloides, D. & B.). Coluber quadrivittatus, Holbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. SO. North Carolina to Florida. Coluber obsoletiis, Say, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 330; sub- species obsoletuSj Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 73. Entire Eastern United States, from Middle Texas to IMassachusetts. Coluber obsoletus, Say, subspecies confinis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 76 (C. rubriceps, D. & B.). Austroriparian region; Western Missouri. Coluber guttatiis, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 78. Austroriparian region to Central Virginia. Spilotes, Wagler. Spilotes coiiperii, Holbrook ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 92. Georgia. Spilotes erebennus, Cope; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 158. Texas to Ala- bama {Georgia ohsoleta, B. & G.). PiTYOPHis, Holbrook. Pitliophis melanolcumis, Daudin; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 65. New Jersey to South Carolina and Ohio. Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, subspecies sayi, Schlegel ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 151. Illinois to Kansas and northward. Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, var. mexicamis, Dum^ril et Bibron, Erp. Gen., vol. vii, p. 236. Sonorau and Central regions, entering the Texan district. Pityophis sayi, Schlegel, var. bellona, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 66. Sonoran and Pacitic regions, with Nevada and Utah. Pityophis catenifer, Blainville ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 69. Pacific region. Pityophis vertebralis, Blainville ; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860, p. 342 (P. haeinatois, Cope). Lower California. Pityophis elegans, Kennicott, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 18. Sonorau region. I ^ ill, I':.' ' ' ,,iiii.i iiii"":' III.. 'lit' fmn. I,' H 1 ""'!,'■ t.i 'I 'li|'! i. "'i i' ll ' :i 4j Bascajnium, Buird ami Giraitl. Bascanium constrictor, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 93. Central, Austroriparlan, and Eastern regions. fkiscanium constrictor, Linn., subspecies vctmtiim, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 07. Pacilic region. Jkiscanium anthicum, Cope, Proe. Acad. Phila., 1S02, p. !i.38. Loui- siana (?)• Bascanium Jlayelliforme, Catesb., subspecies Jhujelliformc^ Baird and Giranl, Cat., p. 98. South Carolina to Florida. Bascanium Jlagclli/orme, Catesb., subspecies inccum. Cope, MS. Camp Grant, Arizona. Bascanium Jlagclliformc, Catesb., subspecies tev^wce^u/?. Say; Baird and Girard, Cat., pp. 99 and 150. Lower Calilbrnian and Souorau re- gions, with Nevada, Utah, and Texas. Bascanium tacniatiun, llallowell, subspecies latcralc, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18513. Sonoran and Pacilic regions. Bascanium tacniatum, llallowell, subspecies ^rtfHmf?n?i, ILillowell; Baird and Girard, Cat, pp. 10;j and 1(50. Pacilic and Sonoran regions; Utah and Nevada. Bascanium tacniatum^ llallowell, subs[)('cies ornatum, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 102. Western Texas. Bascanium auritjuluni, Coi)e, l*roc. ,Vcud. IMiihi., 18f>l, j). .'501. Lower Calilornia. CiliLOPOMA, Cope. Chilopoma t'ufnpiinctatum,(Jo[)c, Report on lleptilesof Wheeler's Survey west of one hundredth meridian, 1875 (MS.). Sonoran district. EuTAKNiA, Baird and Girard. Eutaenia murita, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 21. Austioripariaii ami I^astern regions. Eutaenia sacJvenii, Kennicott, Proc. A<'ad. Phila., 1859, p. 99. Floridan district. Euiacnia faircyi, Baird and Giravd, Cat., p. 25. Mississippi Valley, l;oni Louisiana to Wisconsin. Eutaenia proxlma, Say; Baird and Girard, Cat,, p. 25. Valley of the ^Ussissippi, from AVisconsin to Louisiana ; Texas ; Northeastern Mexico. Eutaenia radii; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 31. Central region to Lake ^Michigan ; Oregon. — — "^■^"'"■'*'"' 41 Kittucnia niacoxtanina, Keuiiicott, subspecies mcgalopSy Keuiiicott, Pioc. Acatl. Phihi., ISGO, i). 3(30. Sonoran region. h'lilarnia hmnmondii^ Keimicott, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 18G0, p. 331i. Pacific El taenia niarciana, Baird and Girurd, Cat., p. 3(>. Arkansas, T«'xas, and entire Kio Grande Valley. Kiitnenia vaf/ram, IJaird and Girard, subspecies vagntiis, IJaiid and Girard, Cat., p. 35. Central, Pacific, and nortliern parts of Sonoran regions. r.uUwnia ruyrans^ IJaird and Girard, subspecies luifjufitirofitrin, Jvenni(,'<>tt, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1800, p. 332. Southern Sonoran region. J! II taenia vleffans, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 34. Calilbrnia. Eiitacnia cijrtopHifi, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. IMiila., ISGO, p. 333. Ijower Calilbrnian and Sonoran regions. J'lilaenia ornata, Baird, U. S. jMex. Bound. Surv., p. IG. Valley of the Itio Grande del Norte. h'litaenia sirfali-s, Linn., subspecies dormliH, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 31. I'^ntiro North America. Juitaenia sirtaJis, Linn., subspecies ordinala, Linn.; Baird and (iirard. Cat., ]). 32. Nortliern part of Eastern region ; Nova Scotia; North Alabama. Kiitaenia siftall.'^', Linn., subspe<:i('s sirfalix, Linn.; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 30. North America, exci'pting the S6noran, Lower Cali- I'ornian, and southern half of Pacific regions. Entacnia sirtalin, Linn., subs[iecies jK(r/6'^t?/,s', Say, Long's Ex[)ed. Bocky 3lts., i, p. 18G. Central and Pacific regions; Blinois. Eiitacnia ■sit't((lifi, Linn., subspecies ohscnm, Cope, MS. Eastern subre- gion north of Washington ; northern part of Pacific region. Kiitacnia sirtalis, Liini., subsjjecies dorsalis, Baird aiul Girard, Cat., j). 31. North America, except the Sonoran and Lower Calilbrnian regions. Kittaenia .sirtalis, JJaird and Girard, subsi)ecies pickcrimjii, Baird and (Iirard, Cat., p. 29. Pacific region ; ^Minnesota; Texas. \.Eutncnia aifialiN, Linn., subspecies tcfnitacnia, Cope, 3IS. Pitt River, California. \EAitn(:nia atraia, Kennicott, C-f)oper and Suckley's Zool. Wash. Terr., p. 20(5. California. '.utaenia eooperii, Kennicott, in Cooper and Suckley's Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr., p. 20G. Washington and Oregon. is . mm 42 Storeria, Baird and Giraid. Storeria occi2)itomaculata, Storer; Baird and Giraid, Cat., i). 137. East- ern region ; South Carolina ; Georgia. Storeria dekayi, Ilolbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 135. Central, Aus- troripariau, and Eastern regions. Tropidoclonium, Cope. Trojndoclonium storerioules, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 180.5, p. 190. Plateau of Mexico. Tropidoclonium lineatitm, Ilallowell, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 1850. Kansas to Texas. Troindoclonmm Icirtlandii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 185G, p. 05. Illinois; Ohio. Tropidonotus, Kuhl. Troindonotm clarJcii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 48. Texas. Tropidonotus (jrahamii, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 47. The Mississippi Valley, from Louisiana to Wisconsin ; Michigan. Tropidonotus lehcris, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 45. Austroripariau and Eastern regions, including Texas. Tropidonotus rigidus, Say ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 40. Pennsylvania to Georgia, east of the Allegheny Mountains. Tropidonotus validus, Kennicott, subspecies validus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1800, p. 334. Lower Californian and Sonoran regions ; Utah. Tropidonotus validus, Kennicott, subspecies celaeno, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., p. 341. Lower California. Tropidonotus compsolaemus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1800, p. 308. Florida. Tropidonotus compressicaudus, Kennicott, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1800, p. 335. Florida. Tropidonotus nsttis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila, 1800, p. 340. Florida. Tropidonotus fasciatus, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 39. Austro- ripariau region. Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies sipedon, Linn. ; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 38. Eastern and Austroripariau regions, exceptiug Texas. Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies ivoodhousei, Baird and Girard Cat., p. 42. Texas to Missouri. Tropidonotus sipedon, Linn., subspecies couchii, Kennicott, Proc. Acad., 1860, p. 335. Sonoran region. 43 Sit- us- 190. usas ). 05. pariau j-lvauia Proc legions ; . Acad. p. 3GS. [1800, !»■ kda- Austro- GirarO, Texas. Giraril. .. Acad., Tropidonotus .si2)edon, Liun., subspecies erythroyaster, Shaw; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 40. Austroiipariau region, except Texas j Michigan and Kansas. Tropidonotus taxispilotus, Holbrook; Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 43. North Carolina to Georgia. Troindonotus rhombl/er, Hallowell ; Baird aud Girard, Cat., p. 43. Loui- siana to llhnois and Michigan. Tropidonotus cydopium^ Dum. et Bibrou ; Cope, Proc. Acad., ISGl, p. 299. Florida. Uelicops, Waglcr. Uelicops alleni}, Garmau, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, p. 92. Floridan district. Hetsrodon, Beauv. Heterodon2)latyrhinus,Liitrei\\e', Baird and Girard, Cat, i). 51. Entire Austroriparian and Eastern regions. Heterodon platyrliimis^ Latr., subspecies atmodes, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 57. North Carolina to Georgia. Heterodon simits, Linn., subspecies simiis, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 50. Austroriparian region, excepting Texas. Heterodon slmtis, Linn., subspecies nasicns, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. CI. Souoran and Central regions and Texas. BOIDAE. Charina, Gray. Charina bottae, Blainv., Nouvelles Annales Mus. Hist. Nat., iii, 1834, 57. Lower Califoruian region. Charina plumhea^ Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 139. Pacific region ; "? Nevada. LICHANURIDAE. LicHANURA, Cope. Lichamira trivirgata, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1861, p. 304. Lower California. Lichanura myriolepis^ Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G8, j). 2. Lower Cali- fornia. Lichamira roscifusca, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1868, p. 2. Lower Cali- fornia. m f ' Wm f- ■. ■( '■> :■•". I';, f|; '11 , w m :iiiii,.. -U"- Li ii ':;■ if 44 SCOLECOPHIDIA . STEXOSTOMIJ^AE. Stk>'ostoma, Wagl. Stowstoma ditlcc, Bairil iiud Girard, Cat., p. 1-42. Sonorau region; Texas. ^Stcnosiom(l humile, Baird and Girard, Cat., p. 143. Pacific region. LACERTILIA. OPIIEOSxVURI. AMPIIISBxVENIDAE. rdiiNEtJiiA, Cope. Rhinciira Jloi'idana, Baird; Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., ISGl, p. 75. Floridan district. PLEURODOiNTA. TYPIILOPHTIIALMI. ANIELLIDAE. A^'IELLA, Gray. Aniella pulchray Gray. Pacific region, from ^an Francisco southward. LEPTOGLOSSA. SCIXCIDAE. Oligosoma, Girard. OVujosoma lateyalc, Say; Holbrook, N.Am. Ilerp., ii, p. 133. Aiistro- riparian region ; Northwest South Carolina. EuMECES, Wiegmann. Eumeces septcntrionalis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 2oC. Minuo- sota and Nebraska. 45 Eumcces cgrcgius, B. 293. Pennsylvania to Texas, in mountains. Eumcces inornatiis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1850, p. 250. Nebraska. Eumcces vmUivirgatus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1857, p. 215. Central region. Eumeces leptogrammus^ Baird, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1858, p. 250. Central region. Eumeces ohsoleius, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 185?, p. 129. Sonoran region, and borders of Central and Austroriparian. Eumcces guttulatus, Hallowell ; Sitgreaves's Report on Zuni, p. 113. Sono- ran region and Western Texas. Eumeces sMltonianus, Baird and Girard; Baird in Stansbury's Report Salt Lake, p. 349. Pacific region. Eumcces fasciatus, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 117, and pp. 121, 127. Central, Austroriparian, and Eastern regions. Eumcces longirostris, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1801, p. 313. Bermuda Islands. LACERTIDAE. Xantusia, Baird. Xantusia vigilis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1850, p. 255. Pacific sub- region. TEIDAE. CNEMiDoniORUS, "NYiegmauu. Cncmidophoriis maximiiSj Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1803, p. 104. Lower California. Cnemidophoriis grahamilj Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1852, p. 128. Eastern Sonoran region. Cncmidophoriis scxllneatus, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 109. Sonoran and Austroriparian regions, to Soutbeast Virginia. [ Cnemidophonis inornatiis, Baird, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1858, p. 255. Soutb- ern Sonoran region. \Cnemidophorits octolineatus, Baird, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1858, p. 255. Soutbern Sonoran region. ■5^ i Iff A \h I K' "fill mi ;* iiil I* J. 41:1 i: I top! 46 Cnemidoiihorus i)er2)lexu8, Baird and Giravd, Proc. Acad. Pbihi., 1852, p. 128. Rio Grande Valley. CnemUlopJiorus tcssellatiis, Say, snbspecies tessellatus, Say; Baird, U. S. r. K. R. Surv., X, BeckwitU's Rciiort, p. 18. Soutliern Colorado. Cnemidophonis tessellatus, Say, subspecies ti(jris, Baird and Girard; Stansbury's Report Salt Lake, p. 338. Paciiic and Sonorau regions to Utah. Cnemidojahorus tessellatus, Say, subspecies melanostethus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G3, p. 104. Southeast Arizona. Cnemidophonis tessellatus, Say, subspecies graciVs, Baird and Girard, Pi:oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., 18j2, 128. Southeast Arizona. Yerticaria, Cope. Yerticaria liyperythra, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G3, p. 103. Lower California to San Diego. DIPLOCtLOSSA. anguidae. Opiieosaurus, Daudin. Oplicosaurus ventralis, Daudin ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 139. Austroripariau region j Tennessee ; Kansas. GERRHONOTIDAE. Barissia, Gray. Barissia oUvacca, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 255. Southern California. Gerrhonotus, Wiegmauu. Gerrhonotus nohilis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 129. Souora. Gerrhonotus princqns, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 175. Northern Pacific region. Gerrhonotus multicarinatiis, Blainville {G. formosus), Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 175. Pacific and Lower Californian regions. Gerrhonotus grandis, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 176. | Pacific region. 47 r. s. a. ;ions Proc. irard, Lower p. 139. ioutbern \, p. 120. 5, p. 175. Giratd, liforuian p. ITC. ' GctrhonotHS scincicatidus, Skilton, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 11U9, p. 202, Piicific and Lower Califoruiau regions. Oarhotwtufi infcrnalis, Baird and Girard; Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1.SGG, 322. Western Texas. HELODEEMIDAE. IlELODERMA, Wicgiuann. lldoderma fiufijjcctum, Cope; Baird, U. S. Bound. Surv., plate xxvi. Sonorau region. IGUANIA. IGUANIDAE. HoLBKOoiciA, Girard. llolhroolda maculata, Girard, subspecies macidata, Girard; Stausbury'a Eeport, 1852, j). 342. Central and Sonorau subregions. Holhrool'ia maculata, Girard, subspecies proinnqua, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Pbila. 1852, p. 12G. Texas. IMhroolda texana, Troscbel ; Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 1852, p. 125. Sonoran region ; Western Texas. Callisaurus, Blainville. Cidlimunis dracontoidcf;, Blainv., subspecies ventmlis, Ilallowell; Sit- grcave's Keport Zufii, p. 117. Sononui region. Cidlisaurus dracontoidcs, Diainv., subspecies |/X WcstC: a Texas. DirsosAURUs, Ilallowell. iJipsosatiruft dorsalin, I3aird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 120. Lower Californian, Southern Paciflc, and Sonoran regions. Uta, Baird and Girard. Uia thalassiuttj Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 18G3, p. 10-t. Lower California. Uta graciosa, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1854, p. 92. Pacific region. TJta nigricaxuJa^ Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1804, p. 17G. Lower Cali- fornia. TJta schottii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 253. Southern California. Uta ornata, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 12G. Sonoran region. Uta stanshuriana, Baird and Girard, Stansbury's Report Salt Lake, p. 345. Pacific, Lower Californian, and Sonoran regions; Nevada, Utab. ScELOPORUS, Wieguiann. Sceloporiis ornatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 5. Southeastern Sonoran region. iSceZoporwsjarrorit, Cope, MS., Zocil. Wheeler's Expl. west of the lOOtb merid., 1875. Sonoran region (Southern Arizona). Sceloporiis poinsettii, Baird and Girard, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, p. 12G, Sonoran region. Sceloporus torqiiatus, Peale and Green, Proc. Acad. Phila., ii, p. 131. Southern Sonoran region. Sceloporus coiichii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1858, p. 254. Southern Sonoran region. Scewporns marmomtus, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1852, ]}. 178. Sonoran region ; Utab. Sceloponis hlseriatus, Hallowell, U. S. P. R. R. Surv., x, "Williamson's Report, p. 0. ? Habitat. Sceloporus undulatits, Harlan, subspecies undulatus, Harlan ; Holbrook, Am. Herp., ii, p. 73. North America, except Sonoran and Lower Californian regions. 49 Lake, iStC:U p. 120. iforuiii. region. }r Call- liforuia. Sonoran Lake, p. Nevada, beastern le lOOtli , p. 126. I, p. 131. outbeiu p. 178. iamsou's lolbrook, Id Louver Sccloporus uniliilatus, Ilarlaii, subspccios thaijiyli, HairdaiulGirard,Proc'. Acad. Vhila., 1«.">1I, p. I'JT. California, Utah, New Mexico, abd Rio (iraiulo Valley. Sc(Ii>i>(»'U)i vonsobriniis, Daird and Giiaiul; INFarcy'.s lioport lied IJiver, IS.").*?, p. 'J.'JT. Sonoran and Central rejjjions; Orejjon and Texas. iSiiloi)on(s tiv ^' • - California. Cyclura, Harlan. Cyclura hcmilopha, Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1863, p. 105. Lower C-M fornia. ANOLIDAE. Anolis, Merrem. Anolis principalis J Linn. ; Holbrook, iN". Am. Herp., ii, 07. Austroriiju- rian region. Anolis cooperii, Baird, Proc. Acad. Phila., 18G8, p. 254. ? California. NYCTISAURA. GECCONIDAE. COLEONYX, Gray. Coleonyx variegatus, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 12. Sonoran region. Sphaerodactylus, Cuv. SphaerodactyUis notatits, Baird, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., p. 12. Key West, Fla. (Cuba). Phyllodactylus, Gray. Phyllodactylus Uiberciilosus, Wiegmann, Nova Acta. K. L. C. Acad., xvii, p. 241. Sonoran region. Phyllodactylus xanti, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pliila., p. 102. Lower California. DiPLODACTYLUS, Gray. Diplodactyliis iinctiis, Cope, Proc. Acad. Pbila., 18G3, p. 102. Lower Cal- ifornia. TESTUDIMTA. ATHECAE. SPHARGIDIDAE. Sphargis, Merrem. Sphargis coriacea, Roudelet ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 45. - Atlan- tic coast to Massachusetts. 51 CRYPTODIEA. CHELONIIDAE. Thalassochelys, Fitz. Thalassochelys caoiiana, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 33. En- tire Atlantic coast. Eretmochelys, Fitz. ErdmocJielys imhricata, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., ii, p. 39. South- ern Atlantic coast. Eretmochelys squamattty Linn.; Agassiz, Cont. Xat, Hist. U. S., i, p. 382. Pacific coast. Chelonia, r.rong. Chelonia mydas, Schw. ; Holbrook, In. Am. Herp., ii, p. 25. Atlantic coast south of Long Island. Chelonia virgata, Scliw. ; Agassiz, Cont., i, p. 379. Pacific coast. TEIONYCHIDAE. Amyda, Agassiz. Amyda imitica, Lesueur, Mtm. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., xv, p. 2G3. jMiddle and northern tributaries of the Mississippi, and the Saint Lawrence. ASPIDONECTES, Wagl. Aftpidonectes ferox, Schweigger; Holbrook, N. Am. Heri)., ii, p. 11 Georgia to Western Louisiana. Aspidonectes spinifer, Lesueur, Mem. de 3Ins. d'Bist. Nat., xv, p. 258. Middle and northern tributaries of the Mississippi, and Saint Law- rence. As})idonectes aspcr, Agassiz, Cont. Xat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 405. Lower Mississippi tributaries. Aspidoncctes niwhalis, Agassiz, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 40G. Cumber- land and Upper Tennessee Elvers, Tennessee. Aspidoncctcfi cmoryi, Agassiz, Cont. Xat. Hist. IT. S., i, p. 407. Texas. CHELYDRIDAE. Chelydra, Schw. Ck'Jydra serpentina, Linn. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 139. From Canada to Ecuador. Wanting in the Pacific subregion. i (ij:; 'y^ m ^;: 52 Macrochelys, Gray. Macrochelys laccrtina, Schweigger ; Holbrook, iiT. Am. Herp., i, p. 147. Tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico, from Florida to Western Texas, extending to Missouri in the Mississippi. CIXOSTERNIDAE. Ako:.iociielys, Gray. AromovhdyH odoratus, Latreille ; Holbrook, X. Am. Herp., i, p. 133. Aus- troripariau and Eastern subregious. Aromochelys carinatus, Gray ; Agassiz, Cont., i, p. 423. Louisianiau dis- trict. Cl^'OSTEKNUM, Wagl. Cinostcrnum pennsylvankum, Bosc, subspecies xiennsylvaniciim^ Bosc; Holbrook, X. Am. Herp., i, p. 127. Austroripariau (? Texas) and Eastern subregions. Cinostermim pennsylvankum^ Bosc, subspecies clonhledayi, Gray, Cat. Tort., Crocod., and Ampliisb. B. M., p. 33. Southwestern United States. Cinostcrnum sonoriense, LeConte, Proe. Acad. Pbila., 1854, p. 183. Ari- zona. Cinostermim Jlavescens, Agassiz, Contrib. Nat. Hist. U. S., i, p. 430. Arizona. Cinostermim henrici, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Pliila., 1854, p. 182. Sonoran subregion. EMYDIDAE. PSEUDE3IYS, Gray. Pseudemys rnyosa, Shaw ; Holbrook, N. Am. Heri)., i, p. 5o. New Jersey to Virginia. Pseudemys concinna, LeConte ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., 1, pp. 119, Co. Austroriparian region (? Texas). Pseudemys mohiliensisj Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 71. Florida to the Eio Grande of Texas. Pseiu^emys MeroglypMca, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 111. Middle, Western, and Gulf States. Pseudemys scabra, Linn.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 49. North Carolina to Georgia. ''■"it J 53 147. ixas, Aus- lU dis- Bosc ; is) and y, Cat. United 5. Ari- |p. 430. Sonoran Jersey 119, Co. la to the Middle, l^TortU Fscndemys iroostiij ETolbrook, N. Am. Ilerp., i, p. 123. Valley of the Mississippi to Illinois. Pscudemys elegmis, Wied. ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 115. Central region and Texan district. MALAC0CLEM3IYS, Gray. }Mucoclemmys gcogr(H)1iiciis, Lesueur; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 99. Mississippi Valley to Pennsylvania and New York. Malacoclemmys ineudogeograpliiciis, Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 103. Mississippi Valley to Wisconsin and ifortbern Ohio. MaJacoclemmys imlustrls^ Gmelin; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 87.. Coast from 'Sew York to Texas. CnRYSEMYS, Gray. Chryscmys picta, Herm. ; Holbrook, !N. Am. Herp., i, p. 75. Eastern region j Louisiana, Mississippi. Chrysemys oregonensis, Harlan; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 107. Central region. Chrysemys reticulata^ Bosc; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 50. Gulf States. Chelopus, Rafinesque. Chclopiis giittatus, Schneider ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 81. East- ern region east of Ohio. Chclopiis mithlenbergii, Schweigger ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., vol. i, p. 45. New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania. Chelopus insciilptns, LeConte; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 93. East- ern region east of Ohio. Chelopus 7narmoratus, Baird and Girard ; Hallowell, U. S. P. R. R. Surv., X, Williamson's Report, p. 3. Pacific region. Emys, Brong. Emys mclcagris, Shaw; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., i, p. 39. Allegbeniau district of Eastern region to Wisconsin. CiSTUDO, Flem. Ciiitudo clausa, Gm., subspecies clausa, Gm.; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp.,, i, p. 31. Eastern region and Louisianian and Floridan districts. Cistudo clausa, subspecies triunguis, Agass., Contrib., i, p. 445. Austro- riparian region to Georgia; Eastern Pennsylvania. Cistudo ornata, Agass., Contrib., i, p. 445. Central region. Si ! i ';.:>•• P''- :•»: .. ; m M'i 54 TESTUDINIDAE. Testudo, Liuu. Testudo Carolina^ Linn. ; Holbrook, If. Am. Herp., i, \}. 25. Austroripariau region, not north of Sowtli Carolina. Testudo agassisii, Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.* Southern Pacific and Western Sonorau regions. CROCODILIA. CEOCODILIDAE. Alligator, Cuv. Alligator mississij)piensis, Daudin ; Holbrook, N. Am. Herp., vol. ii, p. 53. Austroripariau region. Crocodilus, Cuv. Crocodilus americamis, Seba. ; Dum. et Bib., Erp. Gen., iii, p. 119. Flori- dan district. Enumeration of genera and species. Genera. Species. BATEAC^.HIA. Trachy stomata 2 2 Proteida 1 2 Urodela 15 49 Anura 11 48 29 101 EEPTILIA. Ophidia. Solenoglypha. . 4 18 Proteroglypha 1 3 Asinea 3G 109 Scolecopbidia 1 2 42 132 Lacertilta. Opheosauri 1 1 Pleurodonta 22 70 Nyctisaura , . 3 5 26 82 Testudinata. Athecao 1 1 Cryptodira 10 40 17 41 Crocodilia 2 2 Total species 358 * Referred to, vol. for 1870, p. C7. ill''- I>A.RT III. ON GEOGEAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION ' OF THE VERTEBRATA OF THE REGNUM NEARCTIGUM, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA; I.— THE FAUNAL REGIONS OF THE EARTH. As is well known, the life of the different regions of the earth presents marked peculiarities. The differences are, in some measure, connected with the geographical and topographical relations of the continents. To each of them, peculiar divisions of animals are found to be confined ; and the sum of these, or the " fauna," is found in each case to present marked characters. The districts thus marked out are the Australian (which includes Australia, Van Biemen's Land, New Guinea, etc.); the Xeotropical, including South America, the West Indies, and Mexico; the Searctic, or Xorth America ; the Ethiopian, or Africa south of the Desert of Sahara ; the Palaeotropical, which embraces India and the adjacent islands; and, lastly, the Palaearctic, or Asia north of the Himalaya, Europe, and Africa north of the Great Desert. These six districts are variously related by common forms, as well as distinguished by different ones. The name of "realms" has been given to them. The Australian realm is peculiar in the absence of ueaily all types of juammalia, except the Ornithodelxihia ixnd the Marsupials; in the pres eiice o^ various Struthious birds ; in great development of the Elapid serpents, and absence of the higher division of both snakes and frogs (('. e., Solenoglypha and lianiformia) ', in the existence of Dipnoi {Cera- iodm) and certain Characinid fishes. On the other hand, many of the lizards and birds are of the higher types that prevail in India and Africa, viz, the Acrodonta and the Oscines. The polar hemispheres each possess certain common forms which are uot found in the other. Thus, in the southern, which is here understood as embracing the tliree realms called xVustralinn, Neotroincal, and 55 ■4 'ii y. a tKi' \y.v 56 Ethiopian,* the Sirenian luaiumalia ; Struthious birds ; Elapid aud Pero- j90rfo?(s snakes ; Dlimoau, ChroJiiid, and Characiii fishes ', ami Plcurod ire tortoises, arc universal, and not, or very sparsely, found in the northern. Of other groups peculiar to the Southern or Equatorial regions, the FAcntate inammalia belong to the ifeotropical and Ethiopian ; the Osteo- ylossUl lishes to the Neotropical, Palaeotropical, and Australian ; while monkeys occur in the southern faunae, except the Australian, and in the Palaeotropical. The Ethiopian shares many peculiarities with the Xorthern. Thus, Insectivorous mammals, Viperine snakes, and llani- form frogs, are only found here in the southern hemisphere. The Neotropical realm only possesses exclusively the Platyrhine mon- keys and the great majority of the humming-birds. It shares with other Southern regions the Edentate and Tapiroid mammals; Struthi- ous, Puilastrine, and Clamatorial birds; Elapid snakes; Arciferous frogs; and Characin, Chromid, Osteoglossid, and Dipnoan fishes. It has but few types of the Northern regions ; these are numerous pleuro- dont Lacertilia, the Acrodonts being entirely absent; and a few bears, deer, and Oscine birds. The Ethiopian realm is that one which combines the prevalent features of the Palaearctic region with the southern-hemisphere types already mentioned, together with some found elsewhere onlj- in the Palaeotrop- ical, and a very few j)eculiar. The two latter classes not being men- tioned elsewhere, they may be here enumerated. This region shares, with the Indian alone, the Catarrhine monkeys, the Elephantidae Ehi- noceroHdae, and Chamaeleons. Its peculiar types are the Lemuridae, Jlippopotamidae, and Cameleopardalidae, among njammals, aud PoJypter- idae and Mormyridae among fishes. • The Northern realms of the earth agree iu possessing all the earless seals ; but most of its common characters are shared by India and Africa. With these regions they possess most all of the Ruminant and Insectivorous mammals, and all the Raniform frogs. The Palaearctic and Palaeotropical are very much alike, aud ought probably to be united. The latter differs in possessing monkeys, elephant, rhinoceros, and tapir, Elapid serpents (cobras), and Osteoglossid fishes. In other respects, as in mammalia generally, Oscine birds and fresh- water fishes, and reptiles generally, it agrees with Northern Asia and Europe. . The Nearctic or North American realm is that with which we have here to do. It extends from the Arctic regions to a line drawn across Northern Mexico, and includes the peninsula of Lower California. It *"Eogaea" of Gill, characterized iu his article "Ou the geographical distributiou of Fisbes", in the "Annals and Magazine of Natural History" (4), xv, 255. 57 agrees in many points with the northern fauna of the Old World, and has been united with it by some authors ; but its peculiar types, and those which it shares with South America, are too numerous for such au arrangement. Its relations are exhibited in the following table : Differs from Palaearctic in — A"ree9 with Palnoarctic m— Peculiar forms. Neotropical forms. M>ininnn,lift in "''pnpr.'vl ... Rassarididae. .*i(iiii iiitiiif^ 111 ^».ii».. itii..-. Procyonidae. • ' Antilocapra Megadermatidae. Mepbitia Dicotyles. Didelpbys. T{iri1>< pxcei)t . .. Cathartidao. XJl t vlO V •»\J*-' 1 ' %;•*«*>■ ■••*** Tanagridae. Icteridae. Clamato-.es in general. Trochi :dae. Meleacridae Odonl jpborinae. ^*^^^ A Xif 1% kH * « ^,*»^nrf • 9 m m ^ ^ m ^ 9 m 9 Alligators. Amivid and Gerrhonotid lizards. Iguanid lizards. Emyil tortoises Cbt'lydra Cinosternidae. Solenoglypb aud Elapid venomous snakes. Kaiiiforin frogs Scapbiopodidao Pletbodontidae. Arrifpra XXX ^ I L^* CVf Amblystomidae. Diemyctylus. Megalobatrachns Tracbystomata. Nectunis. Ampbiumidae. Percid fisbes Apbredoderidae iSiliirifliTp Cottidae. ( JilUl. lUUCa Haploini Hypsaeidae. Accipenseridae. Spatulariidae. Cypriuidae Plagopteriuae. (JasteroHteidae. Catostomidae. Amiidae. Lepidosteidae. i'otromyzou. The special peculiarities of the Xearctic region are then chiefly seen lin the Fishes and Batrachia. In Birds and Mammals, its prominent [divergences from the northern regions of the Old World are seen in the nuinerons representatives of forms which are characteristically South %, 'I'- ll,; 58 American. Of these, the birds offer many genera peculiar to North America, while the few Mammalia are of Neotropical genera. The gre«atest resemblance between the North American and Palaearctic region is seen in the Mammalia. Around the Arctic regions as well as further south, several species, both of Mammalia and Birds, arc identical. Among Mollusks there is also much resemblance. Anodonta, Vnio, and Siiccinea are common to both the northern faunae, but have no common species ; all three greatly predominate in numbers in North America. The snails of the west coast are very European in character, but there are but few Pupae in the Kegio Nearctica, and no Clausiliae^ and BulbmiH is represented by few species. II.— NUMBER OF SPECIES. Tlio numbers of the Vertebrata found in the Nearctic realm are nearly as follows: jMammalia: Monotremata 0 Marsupialla , 1 Edentata 1 Rodentia 139 Inscctivora 28 Chiroptera , 23 Cetaeea 42 Sirenia 1 Hyracoidea 0 Prohoscidea 0 Perissodactyla 0 \ Omnivora 1 Artiodactyla ■{ ^ Riiminantia 14 ( Pinnipedia 13 Carnivora < ^ Fissipcdia 40 Primates 1 310 AVES: ( Oscines 30G Passercs < ^, ^ „„ i Clamatores 33 Zygodactyli 36 Syndactyli 20 59 A VKS — Continued. Vsittaci Accipitres Pullastrae Gallinae Brevipennea . . Grallae Lamellirostres . Steyanopodes . . Longipenncs . . . Pygopodes .. .. Reptilia : CrocodiUa . Testudinata Lacertilia . . Ophidia . . . 1 61 12 22 0 81 49 13 71 51 2 41 82 132 48 49 0 o Batrachia : Anura Urodela Gymnophidia , Proteida Trachystomata Pisces : » Pharyngop^mthi Labyrinth. I Distegi 178 Bhegnopteri 2 Ptrcomorph i { Epilasmia 18 12 0 Scyphobranchii Haplodoci Anacanthini . .. [Heterosomata . Plectognathi. .. Pedicitlati Hemibranchii . Lopliohrancliii Synentognathi Percesoces I 7 3 30 22 30 8 20 7 10 13 756 2o7 101 i I '?. '.<' Il'llil'ip ■rWi,;;, 60 Pisces — Continued. . - Ilaplomi 34 IsospomhjU 70 PlectospomhjU 150 kSq/pliophori 0 Nemningnathi 27 yotavanihi 0 Glanencheli 0 Ichthyoccphali ■, 0 Holostomi ... ■ 0 Eiichehjccphali 2 Coloccphali 3 Hulecomorpld 2 Ginglymodi 15 y Glaniostomi 30 Selachostomi 1 IlolocephaU 2 Plagiosiomi 46 Dipnoi , 0 81G Dermopieri 8 Leptocardii 1 Total species of Vertebrata 2, 240 This number is considerably below tbe truth, as many of the fishes, both of the ocean and of the fresh waters, remain undescribed. It is more difiScult to state the number of species of the inferior divis- ions of the animal kingdom. It is asserted that 8,000 species of Cole- opterous insects have been discovered in the IllTearctic region, and that this is i)robably about two-thirds of the whole. This would give 12,000 species of this the most numerous order, and the Lepidoptera, ITymenop- tera, and Diptera will follow at no great distance. Probably 50,000 is below the mark as an estimate of the number of species of insects of this region. One thousand species are to be added for the remaining Arthro- poda — say, 200 Myriopoda^ 400 Araclinida, and 400 Crustacea. Of worms j of land and water there are numerous species, the greater proportion of which are not yet known to science. The number of the Mollusca and Molluscoida from the coasts and inte- rior of the North American region is about 1,824, of which only 400 are] marine. Of the remainder, 1,034 live in the numerous rivers and lakes, 61 6 0 _ 81C 8 1 or divis- of Cole- and tliat e 12,000 Jymenoih 50,000 is its of this Arthro- f worms oporliou land iute- ly 400 are I IndlaUesJ and 400 are terrestrial and air-breathers. They are distributed aniou}; the classes as follows: Ckpiialopoda L'5 rULMONATA 400 ( Fresh-water 43S ruOSOBRANCUIATA < ,, . ^ Marine 297 IIlOTEROPODA 28 Opistiiobranciiiata PlEROPODA SCAPIIOPODA Fresh-water Marine MOLLl'SCOIDA. Braciiiopoda 10 ASCIDIA... 30 BllYOZOA 39 The remaiuiug divisions of the animal kingdom may be estimated to miuiber nearly as follows : LAMELLIBRA^X•IIIATA 53 25 4 590 377 ECHINODERMATA (123). HOLOTHURLDA. ECHINOIDEA . . . Crinoidea ASTEROIDEA.. East iDte coast. «riur. 32 50 *> 17 WCHt coast. 4 18 ? Medusae : Discophora . . . Siphono2)hora , Ctenophora Polypi Hydroidea COELEXTERATA (144). 80 • • • • 3 • a « • <> 12 ' • . > « 2 13 4 The divisions of Protozoa are well represented in our waters, but the uumbers of our Spongiida, Infusoria and Rhizopoda, have not yet ; been ascertained. III.— relations to other realms. It has been already remarked that several species of Vcrtebrata are I common to our northern regions and Europe, Asia, etc. Thus, the 62 i";T. .. 1 V ,V,jT ."It mi"' " l>i't'^> wolf extends throughout tho northern hemisphere ; the same may he said of the fox, tho ermine, and, perhaps, of the beaver. It is not improbable that our buffalo [Boa amcricanns) is a variety only of the B. bison of the Old World, and that the grizzly bear ( Uraua horrihilis) bears the same relation to tho European brown bear {U. arcton). There are also certain corresponding or representative species ; thus, our red fox {Vuli)e8f ulcus) is nearly related to the European fox (V. vulgaris), and the red squirrel {sciurus hudsonicns) to the 8. vulgaris of Europe. The elk and moose {Cervus canadensis and Alces americamis) respectively answer to the C. claphus and Alces eiiropaeus. The majority of American deer belong to a peculiar group {Cariaciis) mainly characteristic of the Nearctic realm ; while the species of the orders Bodentia aud Insectivora are mostly of characteristically uistinct species or higher groups. Among birds, similar relations prevail. The singing-birds are tbe most characteristic of any continent, and here we And in North Americii the greatest number of species, genera, and families of birds which differ from those of the Old World. Of the latter, true thrushes, swal- lows, shrikes, and crows occur, but iu limited numbers ; while the genera of finches are mostly distinct, and the vireos, tanagers, wood- warblers, Icteridae, and mock-thrushes, which form the bulk of our avifauna, do not exist in the Old World. On the other hand, starlings, flycatchers, and warblers are absent from North America. As wo direct our observation to birds of extended flight, as the Accijntrcs and water-birds, cases of identity of species of opposite con- tinents become more frequent. This is mostly confined here, also, to the northern regions. The marsh-hawk {Circus cyancus), peregrine falcon, fish-bawk, and golden eagle are exami)les among Falconidae. Among owls, the cases are still more numerous} such are liyctca nivca, Surnia uhila, Otus hracliyotus, Strix Jlammea. Some of these present geographical varieties. Corresponding species are common here, e. the American — Ualiadtiis leucocepkalus to //. albicilla of Europe ; Bitteo sicainsonii to B. vulgaris ; Falco sparverius to F. tinmmcuhis ; Falco columharius to F. aesalon; Bubo virginianus to B. maximus ; Otus vilsonianus to 0. vulgaris ; ^ etc., etc. 63 Tilt) Nearctic renlm poaaosses a peculiar family, the Cathartidae (turkey-buzzards), which the Old World lacks, but has uo vultures properly socuUed, There are several wadiug-blrds common to the two continents ; and cases of identity among the ducks, gulls, and divers are relatively still more numerous. The (lallinae are, on the other hand, entirely distinct, thou{?li not without a few corresponding species. Among lower Vortebrata, specific identity is unknown, except in one frog {liana temporaria) and a few marine fishes, with one of fresh-water, the northern pike {Esox lucim). The numerous tortoises of North America remind one especially of Eastern Asia and India, but the western regions of our continent are as deficient in this form of animal life as the corresponding part of the Palaearctic region. Chelydra is peculiarly North American, and the CinostcrnUJae are Mexican in character. The principal Crocodilian is our alligator, which presents only minor (liU'erences from the South American caimans. The lizards are all of Neotropical families, except the seines {Eiimcces), which are found elsewhere chiefly in Africa and Australia. The genera are nearly all peculiar, or extend a short distance into the northern parts of the Neo- tropical, ilexico, and the West Indies. Some families have, however, a correspondence with those of the Old World, as follows : The Nearctic — Teiidae to Lacertidae ; Gerrhouotidae to Zontiiidae; Iguanidae to Agamidae. The Batradila present relations to the Europeo- Asiatic fauna iu the •species of one genus {Rana) oi frogs, and one genus {yotophthalimis) lof salamanders. In other respects, the Nearctic batrachiau fauna is [highly peculiar. The cosmopolitan genus Uyla (tree-frogs) exists in Immierous species, several of which are terrestrial. The burrowing-frogs hScaphiojnclae) are nearly all peculiar to this faima. The toads are lof a peculiar division of the all but cosmopolitan genus Biifo. The jsalamanders present the greatest peculiarities. The large family of ^ktJiodontidae is represented by various forms, mostly terrestrial ; while the genera Besmognatlius and Amhhjstoma, each alone in its family, present curious structural modifications. To the latter belong the Sire- Ions, or larval Amblystomae, which reproduce without regard to their letamorphosis, sometimes completing it and sometimes remaining unchanged. 'li 1,1' II l^:,'f. '»:.!H:''>^i It '^''' SiTj t' '' ■' I; ]H I »*: lifM'i"": 04 As permanent gill-bearing Bidrackia, Kccti.nis represents the Palae- arctic Proteus, and Siren is quite peculiar to Xortu America. The AmpJiiuma, or snakelike IJatracbia, calls to mind the similar extinct forms of the Coal-Measures ; while Protonopsis is represented by living species in Eastern Asia, and by a fossil genus in the ]\lioeene of Ger- many. The marine fishes embrace some species which range both coasts of the North Atlantic. Such are the salmon, the haddock, the mackerel, etc., which furnish food and occupation for a numerous population on the northeastern coast. Farther south, the mullet {MikjU alhula) is a valued food-fish, and is caught and packed in great numbers. The fishes of the Pacific coast are mostly distinct from those of the Atlantic, except a few circumpolar forms, as Gasterosteiis aculeatus ; but several (as Gadus vachna, Pall.) are found also on the Asiatic coast. On the warmer coasts, a few species are common to both oceans, while others exist which have a great range over several seas, noticeable among which are certain species of PlectognatJii, particularly of Diodon, Ba- tistes, etc. The fresh-W'Oter fishes embrace many families characteristic of the northern hemisphere, as the cods {Gadidae), Percidae or perch, the scul- pins (Cottidae), pike {Esocidae), chubs {Cyprinidae), the salmon, and herring, eel, sturgeon, and lamprey families. In the catfishes, the region reminds us of the tropical and southern regions ; though it is ;i singular fact that one of our genera {Ammnts) is represented by single species in China. The suckers {Catostomidae) are very abundant and characteristic in all fresh waters; but here, agai. . a single species [Carpiodes sinemis) has Ijcen detected in China. This is paralleled by the genus Polyodon (pad die-fish), of which one species is found in the ^Mississippi Valley, and one in the Yang tse-kiang. The most striking peculiarity of the Nearc- tic waters is the presence of the family of Lepidosteidae, or bony gars, which is represented by two genera and numerous species. No form at all resembling these exists in any other country, excepting a^ain one species in China, and one other which is found in the adjoining Neotrop ical region. Not less peculiar are the species of dog-fish {Amia), type of j the order Ilalecomorphl, which have some remote affinities with South j American forms. The relations to the Neotropical realm are in part indicated in tbej table on page 57. But few species are common to the Nearctic auil Soiitliern Neotropical realms. But one mammal (the cougar, Fclis con- color), aud no reptiles, batrachians, nor fresh-water fishes, extend into Brazil ; but a number of birds are permanent residents throughout both realms. These are mostly waders, as follows: Rallus crepitans. Limosa fedoa. Tryngites rufescens. Actiturus hartrmnius. Heteroscelus hreripes, Symphemia scmipalmata, Ereunetcs petrijicatus. Aegialitis Tilsonius. Xycth crodius r io la ce us. To these must be added the turkey-vulture, Cathartes aura. Then certain marine birds aud a few fishes extend along the coasts of both regions, but their number is comparatively small. The number of species of the Is^earctic realm which occur in the Mex- ican region is rather greater. The red lynx and raccoon are examples of mammals, and several species of wood- warblers, vireos, and hawks represent the birds as far south as the Isthmus of Darien. The only reptiles are the snapping-tortoise and tbe ringed snake Ophibolus dolia- ills ; the only batrachian is the Rana halecina bcrlandieri. A few other species, as Eutaenia sirtalis, extend for a shorter distance into the same region. In the higher groups of the genus and family, we have greater com- inunity with the Neotropical realm. But few genera of Batraclda and lieptUia extend to its Brazilian region, but there are a few common genera of JitammaUa {Mej)hitis, Procyon, Ursus, Scinrm, Ilespcromys, aud Dklelphys), and a number of birds, especially among the lower orders, and tbe scansores, syndactyli, aud clamatores, particularly the Tyrannidae. Tbe number of genera which enter INIexico and Central America is much greater, and I select the following from the mammals, reptiles, aud batrachians as these are incapable of the migrations performed by birds. Cosmopolitan genera and those common to both the American realms are omitted. 5 II 'i4 ' 'ill: y¥ ■li.lfii "!'■ i| 66 Mam?-ialia. Lynx. TJrocyon. Putorius. Bassaris. Geomys. Thomomys. Ochetodon. Arvicola. Neotoma. Sigmodon. Curiae us. Antilocairra. IlEPTILIA. Crotalus. Candisona. Ancistrodon. Tropidoclonium. Tropidonotm. Eutaenia. Trimorphodon. Eypsiglena. Ophibolus. Phimothyra. Pltyophis. Coluber. Tantilla. Chilomcnisciis. Cinostermim. Chelydra. Pscudemys. Chelojnis. Sceloporiis. Phrynosoma. Heloderma. Barissia. Gerrhonotus. OUgosoma. Eumeces. Cnemidophorvs. 67 Bateachia. Amblystoma. Spelerpes. Spea. Rana. Of fishes, the common genera of the fresh waters are few. They are Oimrdinns, Oamhusia, Haplochilus, and Fundulus of Cyprinodontidae, and Atraciosteiis of the bony gars. The southward distribution of the above genera terminates at various points ; but those which belong to the Austroriparian region, as distinguished from the Sonoran, are mainly confined to the Mexican plateau. The presence of these, together with a number of peculiar forms, indicates another region of the Nearctic, which is in many respects allied to the Austroriparian. This subject will be considered in a subsequent paper. lu comparing the Nearctic realm with the West Indian region of the Neotropical, much less resemblance can be detected, especially in the Eeptiles and Batrachia. The only identical species is the AnoUs prin- i c'(j)«/is, which is common to the Austroriparian region and Cuba, and 1 there are three others of West Indian origin found in the southern part of [Florida. The Anolis is the only reptilian genus of wide distribution in the Xearctic realm which occurs in the West Indian region. The West Indian genus Dromicua is represented by one species, a rare snake from |the coast of North Carolina. In Batrachia, there is no couimunity of species and none of genera, excepting in the case of tlie cosmopolitan jenera Bvfo and Hyla. IV. — THE REGIONf^. We may now consider the variations exhibited by the component parts of the Nearctic fauna. The distribution of types indicates six pncipal subdivisions, which have been called the Austroriparian, Eastern, Central, Pacific, Sonoran, and Lower Californian. The Austro* pparian region extends northward from the Gulf of Mexico to the Sothermal of 77° F. It commences near Norfolk, Va., and occupies a |elt along the coast, extending inland in North Carolina. It passes )uth of the Georgia Mountains, and to the northwestward up the jMIs- [ssippi Valley to the southern part of Illinois. West of the Missis- Ippi, the boundary extends south along the southern boundary of the gh lauds of Texas, reaching the Gulf at the mouth of the Ilio Grande. as ..iliil'i f'm m ^i^' m^!^ • Tho Eastern is the most extended, reaching from the isothermal line of 77° F. north and from the Atlantic Ocean to the elevated plains west of the Mississippi Kiver. Many of its forms extend up tho bottoms of the rivers which flow to the eastward through "The Plains." The Cen- tral region extends from the limit of the Eastern as far west as the Sierni Jsevada, and south on the mountaius of 25'evada, and along the mountains of New Mexico. The Sonorau includes parts of Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and Sonora in Mexico. It does not cross the Sierra Nevada, nor the Mojave desert, nor extend into the peninsula of Lower California. It sends a belt northward on the east side of the Sierra Nevada as far as, including Owen's Valley in Eastern California, latitude 370, and enters other valleys in Nevada in the same way. It occupies the lower valley of the Rio Grande, and extends into Texas as far as the desert east of the Rio Pecos. It extends southward in ^Yesteru Mexico as far as Mazatlan. The Lower Californian region occupies the peninsula of that name as far north as near San Diego. The peculiarities of these regions are well marked. The two regions included in Eastern North America difter from all tho others in the abundance of their turtles and the small number of their lizards. Prolific of life, this area is not subdivided by any marked natural bar- riers. Hence, though its species present great varieties in extent of range, it is not divided into districts which are very sharply defined. The warmer regions are much richer in birds, reptiles, and insects than the cooler; and as we advance northward many species disanpear, while a few others are added. The natural division of the eastern part of the continent is then in a measure dependent on the isothermal lines which traverse it. In accordance with this view, the following districts have been proposed, viz : The Carolinian ; the Allcghanian ; the Canadian ; and the Iludsonian. The Austroriparian region includes the Floridan, Louisianiau, and Texan districts. It possesses many peculiar genera of reptiles not found elsewhere, while the region north of it possesses none, its genera being distributed over some or all of the remaiuiu' regions. Tho num- ber of peculiar species in all departments of animal life is large. It presents the greatest development of the eastern reptile life. Six- teen genera of Reptiles and eight of Batrachia do not range to the northward, while ninety-nine species are restricted in the same manner. The peculiar genera which occur over most of its area arc — Lizards. AnoUs. Oligosoma. Snakes. Haldea. CemopJiora. lantiUa. Spilotcs. Ahastor. Farancia. Tortoises. Macrochdys. Crocodiles. Alligator. Batraciiia. Engystoma. Maucuhis. Stereochilus. MHrocnojisis. Siren. I have omitted from this list teu genera which are restricted to oue or the other of its subdivisions. The Siren, the Cemophora, the Atiolis (chameleon), and the Alligator, are the most striking of the above char- acteristic genera. No genus of lizards is peculiar excepting Anolis and Oligosoma, which have their greatest development in other than the Nearctic continent. Among serpents, a few genera of Neotropical char- acter extend eastward along the region of the Mexican Gulf, as far as the Atlantic coast, which are not found in any of the Northern re- gions ; such are Spilotes, Tantilla (occurs in Lower California), and Elaps (also in the Sonoran). On the other hand, Celitta, Virginia, Ilaldea, and Storcria, embrace small serpents which it shares with the Eastern legion. This region is the headquarters of the Batrachia, especially of the tailed forms. The majority of species of the tailless genera are found lioi'c, especially of Hyla (tree-toads), liana, and Chorophihts. 70 r 'f ' B) ''Jlii»'V' m^^i There are no less tbau nine genera cf birds whieli do not, or only accidentnlly, ranj;e northward of this district. They are — FlotiiH. Tantalus. Platalea. Elantts. Ictinia. ' Conurus. Chamaepelia. Campcphihis. Echnithcru8. All these genera, excepting the last, range into South America or farther. Among mammals, but lew species and one genus {SUjmodon) are confined to it. Lepiis aquaticus and L. palustris, the cotton-rat, the Florida Ncotoma, etc., and a few others, are restricted by it. The fish- fauna is very similar to that of the Eastern region, under which it will be considered. The Eastern region differs from the Austroripariau almost entirely in what it lacks, and agrees with it in all those peculiarities hy which it is so widely separated from the Central region. 'So genus of mam- mals is found in it which does not range into the Central or other region, excepting Condyhira (star-nosed mole) ; but numerous species are confined to it, not extending into the Austroriparian. These number from twenty to twenty-five. Among birds, the following genera are shared with the more southern region only: Quiscaliis, Seiurus, Oporornis, HelmitlwruSj Protonotaria, Parula, Mniotilta, Ortyx. No genus of Eep- tiles, and but one of Batrachians {Gyrinophilus), is confined to this region ; but it shares all it possesses with the Austroriparian. It has but three genera of lizards, viz, Cnemidophorus, Eumeces, and Seek- porus, which are universallj' Nearctic. The Batrachian genera not found in the Central are — iScaphiopus. Gyrino2)h'duN. i^pelerpes. Plethodon. Ucmidactylium. Dcsmatognathns. < Menopoma. INccturus. 71 The cbaracteristics of the fish-fauna of Eastern Nearctica are much more marked; two entire orders, represented by the gar {Oinglymodi) aud dog-fish {HaleconwrpM), are confined to it, and a series of genera of Percidae, embraciDg many species, known as Etheostominae, have the same range. The Siluridae all belong here, as well as a great majority ot the genera of Cyprinidae and Catostomidae. In all of these divisions, the region is very rich in species, owing to the abundance of everflow- iug rivers and streams which drain it. The Polyodontidae (spoon-bill or paddle-fish) are not found in any of the other regions.* The Central region is characterized by the general absence of forests, as compared with the Eastern. It presents two distinct divisions, each peculiar in its vegetation : the division of the plains, which extends from the eastern border to the Rocky Mountains; and the Eocky Mountain region itself, which extends to the Sierra Nevada. The former is covered with grass, and is almost totally treeless ; the latter is covered with ^^sagc- hvnsih'^ {Artemisia), a short stout bush, which forms extensive areasof tree- less brush. The grass-covered plains are the range of the bison, though it formerly sought also the tracts of grass occasionally found among the Artemisia. The region, as a whole, is distinguished from the Eastern by the possession of several genera of ruminating Artiodactyles, i. e.. An- tHocapra,Ha2)locerns, and Om, as well as certain species of the same group, i, €., Cariacus macrotis (black-tailed deer) and C. leucurus. Other genera of mammals which distinguish it from the Eastern are Taxidea, Cynomys, Spcrmopliilus, Dipodomys, PerognatJms, and Lagomys. A few species oi Spermophilus extend into the northwestern iiortion of the Eastern; while the extensive genus Geomys (the subterranean gophers) range over the Central subregion, aud into the Western aud Gulf States the Austroriparian as far as the Savannah River. A great many species of birds are peculiiir to the Central region, and the following genera : Oroscoptes. Ilydrohata. Myiadestes. Keocorys. Salpinctes. Picicorvus. Chondestcs. (Jalamospiza, Ember nagra. Ccntrocercus. Pedioecetes. * Excepting the coni'se of the Mississippi, and porliaps tho Rio Giaiulti. 72 'Si W ' I ■■; ■ I IP' !(•>'' The game-birds of the Central region are larger than those of the Eastern. Such are the sage-cock, Centrocercus uropliasiamis ; the Pedi- oecetes phasianelhis, OT cock of the plains; the Tetrao obscurus ; several ptarmigan {Lagojnifi)', and Boiasa; the last three Palaearotic genera also. The reptiles are not numerous, and tortoises are especially rare. Besides the genera of lizards characteristic of the Eastern district, it adds Phnjnosoma, Crota2)hytus, and Holhroolia. Among snakes, no genus is peculiar, and the moccasins and Elajys are wanting. There is but one, possibly two, species of rattlesnake. Batrachians are few; most of the genera of Anura are found, except Hyla. Among sala- manders, the only genus is Amhlystoma ; but this is abundant, its large larvae developing in the temporary pools of many arid regions. The burrowing-frog, Spea homhifrons, ranges the same region, and breeds in much the 3ame way. Ifo genus of Batrachians or Reptiles is peculiar to the ( :ral region. Fishes are few in families and species, largely in consequence of the poverty of the region in rivers and streams. In the Western Colorado and the Humboldt, perch, pike, Siluridae, herring, cod, eels, gar, dog- fish, and sturgeon are entirely wanting. Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Sal- monidae, and Cottidae are the only families abundant in individuals and species. The same remarks apply in great part to the Columbia River, where, however, the Sahnonidae have a great development. These sal- mon are principally marine species, which ascend the river to deposit their spawn. They belong to many species, all peculiar to the region, and embrace incredible numbers of individuals. The Pacific region is nearly related to the Central, and, as it con- sists of only the narrow district west of the Sierra Xevada, might be regarded as a subdivision of it. It, however, lacks the mammalian genera Bos and Antilocapra, and possesses certain peculiar genera of birds, as Geococcyx (ground-cuckoo or chaparral-cock), Chainaea, and Oreortyx (mountain-partridge). Of marine mammalia, there are several peculiar types, as the eared seals {Otariidae) and sea-otter {Enliydra). There are some genera of reptiles, e. g., Charina, related to the Boas, Lodittj Amelia, Gerrhonotiis, and Xantusia, which do not occur in the Central subregion. There are three characteristic genera of Batrachia, all salamanders, viz, Anaides, Batrachoseps, and JDicamptodon; while the Eastern genera Plethodon and Biemyctylus re-appear after skipping the entire Central district. The other types of Eastern Amira are found here, there being two species of Hyla. 73 A single species of tortoise {Chclopus marmoratus) exists iu the Pacific region. The fresh-water fish-fauna is much like that of the Central district iu being poor iu types. It adds the viviparous Tharyngognathi of the ftim- ily of EmhiotocUlae, which is represented by a number of species. The marine fauna differs from that of the east coast in the great iiuiiiber of species of Sahno and Sehastes and the variety of types of Cottidac. In its northern regions, the genus Chirus and allies have their peculiar hab- itat. The singular genus Blepsias (related to Coitus) exists on the same coast, and several valuable species of cods [Gadua aiiratuSf G. periscopusj. and Bracliygadus minutus), with the peculiar form Bathymaster, belong especially to the northern coasts. The Sonoran region is strongly marked among the faunae already de- scribed. It is deficient in the species of ruminating Mammalia found in the Central, and possesses a smaller number of species of mammals than any of the others. Of birds, a few genera and several species are different from those of the Central ; such are Calllpepla (partridge), Cich- lopsis, Mitrephorus {Tyrannidae), Campylorhynchiis, and Geococcyx. Most of these genera occur iu Mexico, and the last-named in California also. It is in Reptiles that the great peculiarity of this region appears. The following genera are not found in any of the other regions described : 1 LiZAEDS. Helodernia. Sauromalus. Uma. Coleonyx. Serpents. Gyalopium. Chionactis. Sonora. EhinocJiihis. Chilopoma. Eight other genera of Reptilia are peculiar to this fauna and that of the Lower Californian region, under which they are enumerated. Heloder- ma, Coleonyx, and allies of Gyalopium of the above list are more largely developed in species and individuals in the Mexican region of the Neo- tropical realm. Every one of the five genera of serpents of the Sonoran € :}• : ^l' mm il; "■ u region is characterized by a peculiar structure of tbc rostral plate, which is produced either anteriorly or laterally to an unusual degree ; two of the genera {Pliimothyra and ChUomcnlscm), common to the Lower Cali- fornian region, present the same peculiarity. This region is the headquarters of the rattlesnakes, there being no less than nine species found in it, of which six are peculiar. It also possesses a majority of the species of horned toads {Phnjnosoma); only four of the North American species being unknown there. The Testu- dinate fauna is very poor, jmssessing a few species of Nearctic charac- ter, and three Cinosterna, two of them of Mexican type. The Batrachian fauna exhibits but one genus of Urodda, but several of the Amim. Appropriately to its arid character, there is but one Rana, but six species of toad (Biifo), this being the headquarters of that genus in the Kegnum Nearcticum. .The eastern genus ScapMopus appears here, instead of the Spea of the other western regions. There is one species of tree-frog. Two species of turtles of the Ciuosternidae have been found. The fresh-water fish-fauna is very poor, and but little known. In the Colo- rado River proper, the Salmonidac and Cottidae appear to be wanting, leaving only Cyprlnidae and Catostomidac. A strongly-marked division of the former, the Plagojjterinae, which embraces three genera, is mainly restricted to the Colorado River drainage, and is the most striking feature of the fish-fauna of the Sonoran region. The Lower CaUfornian region much more nearly resembles the youoraii than the Pacific region. It possesses, however, many peculiar species of birds and reptiles.^ Seines appear to be wanting, but other lizards abound. The following genera of reptiles have been found here, which do not occur in any other region of Nearctica : Lizards. Verticaria. DiplodacUjlus. Cyclura, Snakes. Lichaniira. These, except the last, have been found in Mexico or South America. It shares with the Sonoran only, the following : LlZAKDS. / Dq)sosaurn.s. CalUsanruf;, Uta. FhylloilactyUus, Snakes. Trhnorphodoii. UijpsUjlena. Phimotlij/ra. Chilomi'ni,scH.s. These genera constitute the most characteristic feature of the two faunae, not occurring in any other part of North America. Trimorpho- (hn.'IIypsUjlena^ and PhyUodactylus arc well represented in Mexico. Of Batrachians we have, like the Sonoran, Ilyla, ScajyhiopuSj and Bufo, but, on the other hand, PMhodon, as in the PaciQc and Eastern. Of the fresh-water fish-fauna, nothing is known ; the streams are few and small. This region extends northward to the southern boundary of California. Among the Invertebrata, the MolJiinca present facts of distribution similar in significance to those derived from the study of the Vertebrata. Thus the Eastern, the Middle, and the Pacific districts are plainly marked out in the fresh-water and land Mollusca. To the former are entirely confined the 8treptoj)omatidae and the great majority of the Unionidac, which together constitute more than two-thirds the species of the Nearctic realm. Of land-shells, the great series of toothed snails [Mcfiodontitiae), which embraces many genera and species, is almost con- fined to the Eastern subregion. The same is true of the snails of the gioup of Gastrodontinae and of the genera Hyalina and Hygromia. The Central subregion is characterized by its poverty in all that respects Mollusca, while several genera of land-snails are peculiar to the Pacific region, and are largely represented by species there. One hundred of the four hundred land-shells described from the Regnum Nearcticum be- long to the western coast. Amon^^' snails, the genera Aglaja, Arionta, and Po?^»ti7a. are represented 'by handsome species. MacrocycUs and Bin. neya belong especially to this region. As is to be supposed, the Insects indicate a greater number of subdi- visions than the other animals. The fresh- water Crustacea have been but sparingly studied. They seem, however, to have a wide distribution ; thus Coinbdrus (craw-fish) and Artcmia are found everywhere where physical conditions are suitable. i IG v.— THE AUSTRORIPARIAN REGION. \i •%■.:> If,, i;.r !('!;; ?' i|» I, I "^E: V". Ilcptilcs whoso distribution corresponds with the arcd of the Austroriparian region — 21 : Siren laeertina. Trachjjutomatu, Anum. Engystoma carolineuse. Acris gryUus gryllus. llyla squirella. Ilyla carolinensis. Ophidia. Caudisona miliaria. Ancistrodon piscivorus. Elaps fulvius. Ualdea striatula. Farancia abacura. Cemophora coccinea. Ophibolus doliatus cocciueus. Coluber obsoletus confinls. Coluber guttatus. Tropidonotus fasciatus. Lacertilia. Oligosoma laterale. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sexlineatus. Opheosaurus ventralis. Anolis principalis. Tcstiidinata. Macrochelys laeertina (except Atlantic slope). Pseudemys mobiliensis (except Atlantic slope). Pseudemys concinna. Testudo Carolina. Crocodilia. Alligator mississippiensis. As aleady remarked, this fauna is composed of the Floridan, Louis- iauian, and Texan districts. 77 Tho Floridan district contains either i)eeuliiir species of animals, or those of West Indian or South American character. The characteristic birds arc chiefly of the latter 'Jiaractcr, but amouij reptiles the follow- iug are confined to it : V^ Species confined to the Floridan district of tho above — 18 : Uroilela, Manculus remifer. Anura. Hyla gratiosa. Lithodytes ricordii (Cuba ; Bahamas). Eaua areolata capito. Ophidia. Elaps distans (Sonoran also). Coutia pygaea. Eutaeuia sackenii. Tropidonotus compsolaemus. Tropidonotus compressicaudus. Tropidonotus ustus. Tropidonotus cyclopium. Helicops allenii. LacertlUa. Khiueura floridana. Eumeces egregius. Eumeces ouocrepis. Sceloporus floridauus. Spbaerodactylus uotatus (Cuba). CrocodlUa. Crocodilus americanus (Cuba). Of the above, the species of Crocodilus, ^pliacrodactylus^ and Lltho ihjtes only, have been found in the Antilles. The genera of the abovo list which are peculiar to tho Floridan district of the Xearctic fauna are — Lithodytes. Helicops. Ehlneiim. Spliacrodaciylm. d 5? 78 : &*l 1 '^ ";!;'!■■ ''^'l SI 'tij jjiil:. I'. "}; ii '^■"•^ ■■'till ^Ri Raptores. Waders. >Terus. A venomous snake, tlie Ela^s clistans, is common to tliis district and the Sonoran fauna. Some small mammals a e confined to tbis region also. The genera of birds that do not range north of it are— Certhiola. Zenaeda Oreopelia } Pigeons. Starnaenas Rostrhamus Polyhorus Aramtis Aitdubonia Phoenicopterus. Saliplana Anoiis The Louisianian district possesses the peculiarities of the austroripa- rian fauna already pointed out, minus those of Florida and Texas. Of Mammalia, the genera J. Zees, j\IustelajJaciilus,Arctomys,Fiber,Sin{i Condy- lura are wanting, as well as the red-squirrel, Canada lynx, gray-rabbit, etc. Its most remarkable birds are the nonpareil finch, ivory -billed wood- pecker, parrckeet, etc., while its Flaps falvius, or corr.l-snake, is one of the most beautiful of the order. A large and dangerous rattlesnake is also confined to it, viz, Caudisona adamantea, and the well-known moccasin Ancistrodon piscivorus does not range outside of its boundaries. A species of the West Indian Dromicus (serpents) has been found on the Atlantic coast. y^. Species confined to the Louisianian district — 30 : (E confined to the Eastern portion ; AV to the Western, as far as known). Trachystomata. Pseudobrauchus striatus. E. Proteida. Xccturus punctatus. E. Urodela. xVmphiuma means. Muraenopsis trit^actyla. W. Amblystoma talpoideum. E. Amblystoma cing'ulatum. E. 79 Stereocliilus marginatum. E. Manculus quadridigitatus. E. Spelerpes guttolineatus. E. Amira. Bufo lentiginosus lentiginosus. , Bufo quercicus. Chorophilus nigritus. Choropbilus augulatus. Chorophilus oculatus. Chorophihis ornatus. OphUJla, Crotalus atlaraanteus aflamauteus. Virginia harperti. Virginia elegans. W. Tantllla coronata. Abastor erythrogrammus. Osceola elapsoidea. E. Ophibolus rhombomaculatus. Coluber quadrivittatus. E. Spilotes couperii. E. Bascanium flagelliformc flagelliforme. E. Bascauium anthicum. W. Tropidonotus taxispilotus. Ilett^rodon simns simus. Tcstudhiata. Aspidonectes asper. W. Aspidouectes ferox. Aromochelys carinatus. Psoudemys hieroglyphica. (?) ' Pseudemys scabra. Chryserays reticulata. Cistudo clausa triuuguis. (Penua.) A number of the genera of the above catalogue are noi ye aown to extend their range iuto the Floridau or Texan districts, as follows : Pscndohranchis. Muracnopsis. Virginia. Abastor. Osceola. '!'• It* ■'..'■ I. .•^■;.;, ill-',;' a"> ■ ■ •■ I- 80 The geuus Virginia occurs within the State of Texas, but whether Avithin the Texau district is uot certain, as the Hue separating the latter from the Louisiauian district is not well known. The ISpclcri)es mitlti- pUcatus, a rare salamander from Western Arkansas, is in the same way, of uncertain reference. The species of the following list have a peculiar range, some of them (marked E) extending I ejond the borders of the Austroriparian region V'^ Species which range along the Mississippi Valley and not east- ward of it— 13 : Urodela. Amblystoma microstomum (E.). Ophidia. Carphophiops helenae. Virginia elegans. Ophibolus calligaster (E.). Coluber emoryi (E.). Eutaenia faireyi (E.). Eutaeuia proxima. Tropidonotus grahamii (E.). Tropidonotus rhombifer. Testudiiiata. ]Macrochelys lacertina, Pseudemys troostii. Malacoclemmys geographica (E.). Malacoclemmys pseudogeographica (E.). The Texan district of the Aufitroriparian regiou is not the range of any genus not found elsewhere, but possesses the peculiar genera of the Louisiauian district, many of which are represented hy correspond- ing and peculiar species. Seventeen such species of reptiles may be enumerated, besides a siilamnnder and a toad. Several species of mam- mals are also peculiar to it, i. c, five rodents and two skunks. Of birds, three appear to be, so far as known, peculiar, Ortyx tc.mnu.s, Virci atricapillus, and Mih'ulus forjicatus. Many iMexican birds are found ou the Kio Grande, while a few enter Texas to a greater distance, as Ictcrm parisonon. The high northwestern regions of the State should be assigned to the Sonoran fauna, as the range of the two partridges {CaUipcpla squamata and Cyrtonijx massena) and the linch {Peucaeit cassinii). ( 81 Several genera of mammals, birds, aud reptiles exist iu the Texan region, wliicU constitute its chief claim for distinction from the Louis- iauian ; these are — ^Mammals. Jjicoti/les (Xt.). Bassaris (P. St.). Birds. Geococcyx (P. S.). Reptiles. EolhrooUa (C. S.). Phrynosoma (C. S. P.). Stenostoma (Nt. P.). None of these are peculiar: those marked (P.) being also found in the Pacific; (C.) the Central; (S.) the Sonoran; and (Et) the Neotropical region. Two striking species of mammals range through the Texan district, viz, the jaguar and the peccary. V. Species confined to the Texan district — 21 : Caducihrcowhiata. Amblystoma texanum. Anura. Bufo valliceps (also Mexico). Chorophilus triseriatus clarkii. Hvla carolincnsis semifasciata. Eana areolata areolata. Ophldia, CrotKlus adamanteus atrox. Aucistrodou piscivorns pugnax, Elaps' fulvius tener. Tantilla gracilis. Tantilla hallowellii. Tantilla nigriceps. Contia episcopa. Opliibolus doliatus auuulatus. Diadophis jiunctatus stictogenys. Coluber lindheimerii. G II mii; illii! lis:: ■■'i{,-lr^ F'w' i-' 82 Eutaenia uiarciaiui (extends W.). Tropidoiiotus clarkii. Tropidouotns sipedou woodhousei. LacertiUa. Holbrookia texaua. Pliryuosoraa cornutum. Tcstudinata. Aspidonectes emoryi. VI. — THE EASTERN EEGION. This fauna presents four districts, viz, the Carolinian ; the Alieglie uian ; the Canadian ; and the Hudsonian. These are distinguished by the ranges of mammals aud reptiles, and the breeding-places of birds. The Carolinian fauna extends in a belt north of the Louisianian, and south of the isothermal of 71°. Its northern boundary is said to extend from Long Island, south of the hill-region of is^ew Jersey, to the south- eastern corner of Pennsylvania, and thence inland. It embraces a wide belt in Maryland and Virginia, and all of central Jfor .h Carolina, aud then narrows very much in passing round south of the Alleghenies of Georgia. It extends north again, occupying East Tennessee, West Vir- ginia, Kentucky, Indiana, the greater parts of Illinois and Ohio, and the southern border of Michigan. It includes also Southern Wisconsin and Minnesota, all of Iowa, and the greater part of Missouri. The Alleghanian embraces the States north of the line just described, excepting the regions pertaining to the Canadian fauna, which I now describe. This includes Northern Maine, Isew Hampshire, and Vermout, with the Green Mountains ; the Adirondacks and summits of the Allc^ hany Mountains as far as Georgia. It includes Canada East and north of the lakes. The Hudsonian fauna is entirely north of the isothermal of 50°. It has great extent west of Hudson's Bay, and is narrowed southeastward to Newfoundland. VI". Species peculiar to the Eastern region — 34 : Proteida. Necturus lateralis. Ca(Jucibranch>ata. Meuopoma fuscum. Amblvstoma bicolor. hetl In an, aiul ( exteud e soutli- s a wide iua, aud lenies of est Vir- ihio, aiHl iscousiu iri. Tlie [escribed, ell I innv T^ermout, 83 Amblystoma xiphias. Amblystoma jeffersonianum. Spelerpes ruber montanus. Gyriuopliilus porpbyriticus. Desmognathus ochrophaea. Desinognathiis fusca fiisea. Desmognathus uigra. Amira. Bufo americanus fowlerii. Chorophilus triserititus corporalis. Hyla pickeringii. Eana pahistris. liana temporaria silvatica. Raua temporaria cantabrigensis Eana septentrionalis (nearly). 02)hidia. Caudisoua tergemina. Virginia valeriae. Opliibolus doliatus triangulum. Cyclophis verualis (rare soutli). Coluber vulpinus. Pityopbi.s sayi sayi. Storeria occipitomaculata. Eutaenia sirtalis ordinata. Tropidoclonium kirtlandii. Lacertilia. Eumeces antbraciuus. TcstuiVinata. Aspidonectes spinifer. Amyda mutica. Pseudemys rugosa. Chelopus guttatus. Cbelopus mublenbergii. Chelopus insculptus. Emys meleagris. ,1;; mM wmi I ' ;, * f , • . "I n* 84 The Carolinian fauna is not so marked among reptiles as among birds. One genus of tlie former, Cncmiflophorns (swift lizard), does not range north of it, with the genera Virginia, CycIopJiis, Haldca, and Pityophin among serpents. Species coniincd in tlieir northern range by the same limit are — Opliibolus iloJiatus doliatus. Opliiholns (jctulus. Tropitlonoius sipcdon erythrogaster, Fseudemys rugom. Malacodcmmys paJustris. Hyla andcrsonii. Genera of birds restricted in the same way are — Guiraca. Helmitheriis. Minius. roUoptila. GalUnula. Herodias. Florida. Rimantopus. Becurvirostra. The Alleghanian district includes nearly all of the remaining species of Keptiles and several Batrachians. The genera of these which do not extend north of it are the following : Lizards. Sccloporus. Eumeces. Snakes. Car2)ho2)hiops. Cohther. Cycloph is. Tropidonotus, Ophiholus. Hctcrodon. Caudisona. Crotalus. Ancislrodon. 85 Bathaciha. ' Choroplulus, Uijla. llcmiilat'ti/Uum. Disnuujiiatlius. Jlcnopomu. Xectunm. The species thus restricted uumber twenty-six. The geucra of birds which do not range north of this fauna are numerous. They are — Si alt a. Vireo. Pijrcuif/a. Hariwrlnjuehus. Troglodytes. Cyanosjnza. Pipilo. Ammodwmus. Sturnella. Icterus. Zcnaedura. Ciipidonia. Ortijx. Meleuyrls. Ardetta. Eallus. The catamount, red-squirrel, jumpiug-mouse, gray-rabbit, star-nosed mole, and elk, do not range south of this fauna. The Canadian fauna is distinguislied for its few reptiles (th jeing ouly seven species) and Batracliia, as follows : * Tortoises. Chelydra serpentina. Chelopus insci(l2)tns. Chrysemys picta. Snakes. Bascanium constrictor. Eutaenia sirtalis. Diadophis piuictatus. Storcria occipitoniaculata. ■;vi ' ■; » * ■ } ■*■' :^ il,' V. ■ ? j.;„,!; .•■«; V" ■{vV w:(f>> "' 86 Frogs. Eaua tcmporaria c(t)itubri(;cnsis. Rana scptenirionalis. Salamanders. Dcsmognafh ns ochrophueu. DcsmoynathiiH nifini, Spdcrpes ruber, iipclcrpcs hiUncaius. tii)dcr]}CH longieauda. This fauna cxteutls south along the crests of the Alleghenies, where we find the catamount, snow-bird, red-squiirel, and brook-trout {Sahno fontinaUs), and Desmofjnathiis ochropltoca, as far as Georgia. Several mammals are restricted in northward range hy the boundary of this fauna; such are the bullalo, raccoon, skunk, wild-cat, panther, star-nosed mole, etc. ; and the moose, caribou, wolverine, and fisher do not range, according to J. A. Allen, south of it. VP. Species confined to the Canadian district, or nearly so : Urodela. Aniblystoma jeffersonianuni laterale. Anura. Bufo lentiginosus fowlerii. Kana septentrionalis. Eana temi)oraria cantabrigeusis. In the Hudsonian district there are no reptiles, and the fresh water; begin to present various new species of Salmo and Coregonus (trout aud white-fish). The catamount, fisher, ermine, black-bear, red-squirrel. ground-hog, etc., do not range north of it. The following singing-birds breed there: Anthiis tiidovicianus. Saxicola ocnanthe. Ampclis garrnla. Acgiothus linaria. ricctrophanes lappon ica. riectropha nes n 'walis. Plectrophanes picia, Lcticostictc tcphrocotis. The first and last two are the only species not also found in Europe. Numerous waders find swimming-birds breed in this region, the wLok'i 87 iiniiiber being thirty-six ; while ninety-six species of birds do not wander north of it. To this category many of the common species of the Mid- dle States belong. Xorth of this the species of vertebrates are eircumpolar or arctic. The iclithyological fauna of the two Eastern subregions remains to be considered. For the present, they will be united, though the distri- bution of fresh-water fishes is governed by laws similar to those con- trolling terrestrial vertebrates and other animals, in spite of the seemingly confined nature of their habitat. With this general principle in vii'w, we may revert briefiy to this distribution over this district of the Xearctic region. This large area is characterized by the distribution of several species in all its waters, or nearly so, so far as yet exam- iiiotl — those of Scmoiilus, Cerat i chili jj.s, Ilmhsilrpi.s, Catostomus, etc., or by the universal recurrence of the same in suitable situations; and by the representation of these and other genera by nearly allied species in its diflerent portions. The fauna of the tributaries of the Mississippi constitutes, it might be said, that of our district; while the slight vari- ations presented by the Atlantic-coast streams might be regarded as exceptional. The fauna of the great lakes combines the peculiarities of both, possessing as a special peculiarity, (I), which belongs to the Lake region, which, in the district, commences at latitude 42° and extends to the Arctic regions, the range of the genus Coregonus. The peculiarity of the Atlantic subdistrict (II) may be said to be the abundance of Esox, SaJmo, and Anguilla, and the absence of Ihiploidonotus. The first two are abundant in the Lake region, while AnfjulUa and IlaploUJonotm have but a partial distribution there. In (III), the Mississippi basin, Eftox is represented by but few species, and remarkably few individuals. Sahno occurs abundantly in the upper parts of the Missouri tributaries, exists ill the western mountain-streams of the Alleghanies, becoming rare in those of the Kanawha, and only occurring near the highest summits in those of the Tennessee, south to the line of South Carolina. It is especially characterized by the paddle-fish [Spatularla or Polijodon)^ the shovel-sturgeon {Scaphirhynchops), and the alligator-gar {Atmctosteus) ] also by the buffalo {Buhalichthys), the Cyclcptus, etc., among suckers, and the fork-tailed catfisib. {IcUthaelurus). Among Percomorphs, the Ha})- loidonoUis is the characteristic genus; and among those allied to the herring, the genus Hyodon. Numerous species are confined to its afllu- euts. The gradation from the Mississipi)i grouping of species to the Atlantic is very gradual, and takes place in successional order from i}^.,. n m^ ['■■W' ■H*i\".' tc those emptying i' tlie Gulf of Mexico toward the east and northeast, until we reach vers of IMassachusetta and Maine, where the great- est modilication oi the fauna exists. The latter fact has been pointed out by Agassiz, who calls this region a "zoological island," and enn merates the characteristic Nearctic genera which are wanting there. 1 give now a list showing the points at which ^Mississippi genera cease, as we follow the rivers of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, so far as our present knowledge extends. Gulf rivers: Ilaploidouotits has not yet been indicated from eastward of these, except in the Lake area. Tioanoke : CAimpoHtoma ceases here. James : 2[icroptcruf< and AmhlopUtvH cease. Potomac : Fomo.njs, according to Professor P>aird (verb, comnin.), ceases here. Susquehanna: Ccratichthys, I^joylossum, Chyofiomus, Crtrj>/of7t'.s', cease. Delaware : CUnostomus, Hi/pnilcpis analontanus, UnncacaniJius, and Lcpi- dostciifi cease. Hudson : Y<7<,s', according toF.W. Putnam (verb, commn.), ceases. The types remaining in the Atlantic waters of the New England dis- trict (IV) are first, then, SaJmo, Esox, xingHllla, Perca ; and, secondly, tlio general types Boleosoma. Semotilus, Ilijpiiilcjns, Stilbe, ITyhopsis [bi/rc- natufi), Fitnfhtlm, and A7niurufi ; and the Lake types Lota and Coref/onns'. VII. — THE CJLN'TKAL REGION. VIP. Species peculiar to the Central region — 12 : Amira. Spea bombifrous. Ophiilia. Ophibolus multiatratus. Eutaenia radix. Eutaenia vagraus vagrans. Eutaenia sirtalis parietalis. LacertUia, Eumeces septentrionalis. Eumeces inornatus. Eumeces multivirgatus. Holbrookia maculata maculata. Phrynosoma douglassii douglassii. 89 Testuilinata. Pseiuleinys elogaiis. Clirysemys oregoueusis. Cistiido oruata. VIII.— THE rACIl-lC REGION. VIII*. Species confined to the Paeitic region— U: Ut'Oihla. Aniblystotna macrodaetyhun. Aniblystonia paroticum. Aniblystoma tenebrosuni. Amblystoma ateiTimuni. Dicamptodou ensatns. Ijatiaeboseps attenuatus. Uatraehoseps nigriventris. IJatraehoseps paeitieu.s. Pkthodon intermedins. IMethodon oregonensis. x\.n aides hignbris. Anaides ferrens. Dieiuyctvhis torosns. Anura. Bnfo balophiUis. Hyla regilhi. Ilyla cadaverina. Spea liammoudii. Kana temporaria anrora. Eana pretiosa. OphUlia. Crotahis lucifer. Contia mitis. Lodia tenuis. Pityophis catenifer. Bascanium constrictor vetustum. Eutaenia Lamuondii. Eutaenia elegans. Eutaenia sirtalis pickeringii. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^ >. ^d? ^^£ 1.0 1.1 ^1^ 1^ s itt lii 12.2 L25 IIJ4ii4 ^* 7] y o^ 90 Eutaeuia sirtalis concinna. Entaenia sirtalis tetrataonia. Eutaenia cooperii. Eutaenia atrata. Charina plumbea. Stenostoma bumile. Lacertilia. Aniella pulchra. Eumeces skiltouiauus. Xantusia vigilis. Barissia olivacea. Gerrlionotus principis. Gerrhonotus grandis. Gerrhonotus scincicaudus. Uta graciosa. Uta schottii. Phrynosoraa blaiuvillei. Tcstiidinata. Cbelopus marinoratus. Gerrhonotus muJticarinattis is common to tbe racific and Lower Cab* fornia regionSr IX.— THE SONORAN REGION. IX". Species confined to tbe Sonoran region — C8 : Amira. Bufo alvarius. Bufo debilis. Bufo microscapbus. Bufo specioaus. Bufo lentigiuosus froutosus. Hyla eximia. (Mexico also.) Hyla arenicolor. Scapbiopus varius rectifrenis. * Scapbiopus coucbii. Ophidia. Crotalus pyrrbus. " ' Crotalus cerastes. Crotalus tigris. 91 Crotalu.s adtimanteus scutulatus. Crotalus molossus. Caudisoua edwardsii. Elaps euryxauthus. Chilomeniscus epliippicus. Chilomeniscus ductus. Cbioiiactis occipitalis. Coutia isozoiia. Souora seiniaunulata. Gj'alopium canum. Ehiiiochilus lecontei. Opbibolus pyrrhomelus. Opbibolus getulus splendidns. Diadopbis regalis. Hypsiglena ochrorbyncba cbloropbaea. Pbiinotbyra grabaraiae. Bascanium flagelliforme piceuiu. Cbilopoma rutipunctatum. Eutaeuia macrostemma. Eutaeiiia vagraus angustirostris. Tropidonotus validus validus. Tropidouotus sipedon coucbii. Stenostoma diilce. LacertiUa. Eumeccs obsoletus. . Eumeces guttulatus. Cuemidopborus grabamii. Cnemidopborus iuornatus. Cuemidopborus octolineatus. Cnemidopborus tessellatus gracilis. Cuemidopborus tessellatus raelanostetbus. Gerrbouotus nobilis. Gerrbouotus iufernalis. Heloderma suspectum. Callisaurus dracontoides veutralis. Uma notata. Sauromalus ater. Crotapbytus reticulatus. Uta onv'ta. ■■ v.- 92 Sceloporus oruatus. Sceloponis jarrovii. Sceloporus poinsettii. Sceloporus torquatus. Sceloporus coucliii. Sceloporus marmoratus. Sceloporus clarkii. Pbrynosoiiia modestum. Phrynosoma maccallii. Phrynosoma regale. Phrynosoma i)laniceps. Phryuosoma bernaudezii. Coleonyx variegatus. Phyllodactylus tuberculatus. Testudijiata. Ciuosteruum souoriense. Cinosteruum benrici. Ciuosternum flavescens. Testudo agassizii. Phrynosoma platyrhinium has as yet been observed in Nevada only. X. — THE LOWER CALIFOEIJIAN REGION. X*. Species peculiar to the Lower Californiau region — 27 : Urodela. Plethodon croceater. Amira. Hyla curta. Oj)ludia, Crotalus enyo. Crotalus mitchellii. Tautilla planiceps. Chilomeuiscus stramiueus. Ophibolus californiae. Ophibolus getulus conjunctus. Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha ochrorhyncha. Phimothyra decurtata. Pityophis vertebralis. Bascanium aurigulum. \ 93 Tropidonotus validus celaeno. Charina bottae. Lichanura trivirgata. Licbamira myriolepis. Licbsniira roseofusca. LaccrtiUa, Pbyllodactylus uuctus. Pbyllodactylus xauti. Cnomidopborus maxiinus. Verticaria byperytbra. Callisaurus dracontoides. (Jta tbalassiiia. Uta iiigricauda. Sceloporus claikii zosteromus. Pbrynosouui coronatum. Cyclura beiiiilopba. XI.— RELATION OF DISTRIBUTION TO PHYSICAL CAUSES. The first observation witb regard to tbe Batracbian and Eepiilian fauna of Nortb America is tbe usual one, viz, that tbe number of spe- cific and generic types exhibits a rapid increase as we approach tho tropics. Of the area inhabited by these forms of animals, less than one- fonrtli is included in the three Southern regions — the Austroriparian, the Sonoran, and the Lower Californian ; yet these contain more than half of the entire number of species, and all but eight of the genera are fouud in them. Of this number, forty-two genera, or one-third of the total, is confined to within their boundaries. It is a truism directly resulting from tbe very small production of animal heat by these ani- mals, that temperature, and therefore latitude, has tbe greatest influ- ence on their life and distribution. This is exhibited in other ways than iu multiplication of forms. It is well known, that although plainly-col- ored reptiles arc not wanting in tbe tropics, brilliantly-colored species are much more abundant there than in temperate regions. Although the Kegnum Xearcticum does not extend into the tropics, its south- ern districts are the habitat of most of the species characterized by bright colors. This is most instructively seen in species having a wide range. Such is the case with the southern subspecies of Desmatog- nathus among salamanders, and Ilyla among frogs. So with snakes of the genera CrotaUis, Caudisona^ Ophiholus, Bascanium, and Euiaenia. It is 94 ;?■;■ also true of the lizards of the genera Phrynosoma, HolbrooJcia, and Sec- loporus. Eutaenia and Sceloporus become metallic in the Mexican sub- region, as is also the case with the Anoles. The North American species of AnoUs does not display metallic luster, while a large part of those of Mexico and a smaller proportion of those of the West Indies exhibit it. Another important influence in the modification of the life in ques- tion is the amount of terrestrial and atmospheric moisture. In the case of the Batrachia, this agent is as important as that of heat, since a greater or less part of (heir life is, in most species, necessarily spent in the water. The reptiles are less dependent on it, but, as their food consists largely of insects, and as these in turn depend on vegetation for sustenance, the modifying influence of moisture on their habits must be very great. The Central region combines the disadvantages of low tempera- ture, due to its elevation above the level of the sea, and of arid atmos- phere ; hence its poverty in Batrachia and lieptiUa. There are but nine species of both classes peculiar to it, while a lew others enter from sur- rounding areas. The distribution in the other regions is evidently dependent on the same conditions. Thus the well- watered, forest-covered Eastern and Austroriparian regions are the home of the salamanders, the frogs, the tree -toads, and the turtles. The dry and often barren Sonoran and Central regions abound in the lizards and the toads. The Pacific re- gion, which is intermediate in climatic character, exhibits a combination of the two types of life; it unites an abundant lizard-fauna with numerous frogs and salamanders, while there is but one tortoise. Another character of the reptilian life of arid regions is to be seen in a peculiarity of coloration. This, which has been already observed by the ornithologists, consists of a pallor, or arenaceous hue of the body, nearly corresponding with the tints of dry or sandy earth. This prevails throughout the Batrachia and Eeptilia of the Sonoran re- gion, although it is often relieved by markings of brilliant color, of which red is much the most usual. This peculiaiity doubtless results immediately from the power of metachrosis, or color-change, possessed by all cold-blooded Vertebrata, by means of which they readily assume the color of the body on which they rest. That a prevalent color of such bodies should lead to a habit of preference for that color is neces- sary, and as such habits become automatic, the permanence of the color is nmturally established. 95 Another peculiarity of the Sonoran regiou, and which it shares with a part of Mexico, is the predominance of snakes which possess an extraordinary development of the rostral shield cither forward or out. ward. This has also been observed by Professor Jan, who referred such genera to a group he termed the Prohletorhinidae^ but which has not sufficient definition to be retained in the system. Of ten genera of suakes in the Nearctic region which possess the character, nine are found in the Sonoran subregion, five are peculiar to it, and it shares two with the Lower Californian subregion only. One of the latter [Plumothym) is closely imitated by a genus {Lyiorhynchfis) which occurs on the borders of the African Sahara. The Ueterodon of the Eastern States, though not confined to the sandy coast-regions, greatly abounds there ; and the South American species skip the forest-covered Amazon Valley and reappear on the plains of the Paraguay and Parana. As the Sonoran region embraces a number of desert areas, it is alto- gether probable that the peculiar forms in question have a direct rela- tion to the removing of dry earth and sand, in the search for concealment and food. A modification of foot-structure, supposed to have relr tion to the same end, is seen in the movable spines on the outer side of the foot in the genus Uma, a character exhibited in higher iierfection in the South African genus Ptenopus. * The abundance of Bufones is doubtless due in part to their adapta- tion to life in dry regions. They are mostly furnished with tarsal bones especially developed for excavating purposes. * Proc. Acad. Phila., 1^68, p. 321. I ' iM'; I '!>'.' 'A»i(l ¥ *^\ ■'l^^ \n PA.RT IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The i)reseiit list only includes the titles of works antl memoirs which embrace discussions of systematic or distributional relations of the reptiles of the Hegio Nearctica. Those embracing descriptions of spe- cies only will be added at a future time. The subject of general geographical distribution has been especially investigated by Sclater, Huxley, and the writer; while Baird, Agassiz, LcConte, Verrill, Allen, and the writer have devoted themselves espe- cially to the distribution of the animals of the fauna Nearctica. In 1856, Dr. Halloweli remarked the rarity of salamanders and turtles in the Souorau region,* and Professor Baird has especially demonstrated the complementary relation exhibited in the distribution of lizards and turtles in North America. Professor Verrill and J. A. Allen have defined the tiiunal subdivisions of Eastern North America with great success, basing their conclusions on the distribution of birds and Mammalia. The writer subsequently defined the Sonoran and Lower Californian regions, and elevated the Austroriparian area to the same value, adopting, also, the districts of Verrill and Allen. In the present essay 1 am greatly indebted to the learned work of J. A. Allen for information on the distribution of birds, as well as to the previous essay of Professor Baird on the birds and mammals. A.— WorliS on the classijication of Batrachia and Beptilia. 1817. Cuvier. Regne Animal. First edition. Paris. 1-S20. Merrem. Systema Amphibiorum. 1821. Wagler, in Spix Serpeutes Brazilium. 1825. Latieille. Families Naturelles du R^gne Animal. Paris. 1825. Gray. Genera of Reptiles in Annals of Philosophy. London. 182G (June). Fitzinger. Neue Classification der Reptilien. tl 7 H Proc. Acad. Philiv., 1856, p. 309. »7 98 1826 (October). Boio, H. Erpetologio von Java in Ferrusnc's Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et G<5ologique8. 1827. Boie, F., in Isis von Ukon, p. 508. 1830. Wagler. NatUrlicbes System der Auiphibien. , 1831. Milller. Beitriige zur Anatomic der Anipbibien, Tiedemann n Treviranus' Zeitsclirift tllr Physiologic, iv, p. 199. 1832. Wiegraann und Rutbe. Liandbucli der Zoologie. Berlin. 1832. Bonaparte. Saggio di una Distribnzione Metodica degli Animali Vertebrati. lionjc. 1834. Dum^ril et Bibron. Erp^tologie G6n6rale, vol. i. General Clas- sification and Anatomy. Tlie Testudinata. Paris. 1834. Wiegmann. Herpetologij' Mexicana. Berlin. 1835. Dumdril et Bibron. Erp^tologie G<:'n<^rale, vol. ii. Testudinata; LacertUiaj m general. 183C. Dum<§ril et Bibron. Erpdtologie G6n6rale, vol. iii. Crocodllia, Chanaeleontidae, Oecconidae, Varanidae. 1837. Dumdril et Bibron. Erp6tologie Gendrale, vol. iv. Sauriens {Tguanidae ana Agamidae). Paris. 3837. Scnlegel. Essai sur le Pliysionomie des Serpens. Hague. 1839. Dum6ril et Bibron. Erp6tologie Gen^rale, vol. v. Lacertidae, Chalcididae, and Scineidae. 1841. Dum^ril et Bibron. Erp6tologio Geu^rale, vol. viii. Batrachia Oymnophiona, and Anura. 1843. Fitzinger. Systema Keptiliuni. Vienna. 1844. Dum^ril et Bibron. Erp6tologie Geu6rale. vol. vi. Ophidia in general; Scolecophidia and Asinea, parts. 1844. Gray. Catalogue of Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Ampliisbaeuians in the British Museum. London. 1845. Gray. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum. London. 1849. Gray. Catalogue of Specimens of Snakes in the British Museum. London. 1849. Baird. Revision of the North American Tailed Batrachia, etc. Journal of Academy, Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 281. 1850. Gray. Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphibia in the Britisb Museum. London. 1953. (January). Baird and Girard. Catalogue of the Serpents of North America. Washington. 1853. Dum^ril. Prodrome de la Classification des Reptiles Ophidieus Institut de France. 99 iiUetin iiaiin u 1851. 1854. 1855. Liiiiuali ^M 1857. \\ Clas ■ 1858. ^M 1858. dinata; ^M 1858. ocodUia, ^M 1859. ^aurleus M 1860. certidae, H 1863. atrachia H 1864. 1864. )hidia in H 1865. 1860. baeuians H LouiloD. ■ 1867. Museum. 1 1867. chia, etc. D 1 1860. 3 Bdtisb ■ 1 I 1860. lofNortb ■ I I 1870. phidiens ■ H Dumdril et Bibrou. Eriwtologie GC-ntirale. Tome vii, part 1, Ophidia Asineaf part 2, Venomous SerpentH. Tome ix, Batra- cilia Urodela. Tome x, plates. LiConte, J. Cataloguoof the North Ameiican Tcstndiuata. Por- ceedings of PhihulelpUia Academy, vol. vii. Clray. Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. London. Agassiz. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, part ii. North American TcHtudinata, i>. 233. Gray. On the Classitication of the Old World Salamanders. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, p. 235. Giintlier. Catalogue of the Colubriue Serpents in the British Museum. London. GUnther. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salieutia in the British Museum. London. Cope. Catalogue of the Venomous Serpents. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, 1859, p. 330. Owen. I'aleontology. London. (Arrangement of Extinct Rep- tiles.) Jan. Elenco Sisleioatico degli Otidi Descritii e Disegnati per I'Iconografla Generale. Milan. Cope. Characters of the Iligher Groups of Reptilia Squamuta. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 224. Giiuther. Reptiles of British India. Ray Society. Cope. Sketch of the Primary Groui)s of Batrachia Salientia Natural History Review. London. ' Cope. On the Arciferous Anura and the Urodela. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Pliiladeli)hia. Cope. On the Families of the Rauiform Amira. Journal of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 189. GUnther. Contribution to the Anatomy of //a^^cm. Philosophi- cal Transactions. Cope. Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. xiv. Cope. A Review of the Species of Plethodontidae and Desmogna- tkidae. Proceedings of the Academy, Philadelphia, p. 93. Cope. On the Homologies of some of the Cranial Bones of the Reptilia, and on the Systematic Arrangement of the Class. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, p. 194. Cambridge. ■M I ■'J 100 1870. Gray. Supplentont to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Britiflli Miiseuin. London. 1872. Uuxley. Anatomy of the Vertebrata. London. B — Works treating of the (jeographical