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Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole •—^' signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN"". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 A partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 t^ 1 Ho\r rLAN'i's r;E(n\', Ai'SIMPLE INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL BOTANY. WITH A POPULAR FLORA, OA\l/}A- ARRANGEMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMON PLANTS, liOTli WILD AND Ci'Ll'IVATED. By AS'^ UiiAV, M. ])., FI8IIKR l'ROKK880R OF NaTIRAL lIlSTORY IN HARVARD ISIVBRHITV. AVITll AN APPKNDTX CONTAIMNO THE SCHOOL FHRN-P'LORA OF CANADA, DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE NATIVE FERNS OF THE DOMINION, WITH LOCALITIES WHERE THEY GROW. By GEORGE LAWSON, Pii.l)., Li.I), K I. C , F. 11. S. C, McLKOD ['KOKKSHoR CK CIIBMI8TRV, I)ALH01SIB I MVKRHITT. H.\i iiAX, X. S. : A. ,S: \V MACK1XLA4/ I*UHLISHKRS.:.w: v^ ...;,. ... .XTBRARY • '•».. • Y-:..v;NiaiiUfvAL MUSEUM ' ' Entered for Copyright in the office of the Minister of Agrieutture, iS. % t'v A. &l\V. Mackini.av, » « • 0 I j5 OTANY FOP, Young rEOPLE. — 'J ■ ■ K ^>'"'i ■^~» IPart jfinn. S|B <} roNSIDKIl THK MI.IKS CKTHK KIKI.H, IIOV/ TMKY (;Un\V : TMKV TOIL NOT, NKITIIKK DO TIIKY sl'IN : A.NM YKT I S.VV INTO Yor, TIIAr K\ KN SOr.OMON IN AI.I. HIS (ll.OKV WAS NOT AKHAYKIi 1,1 KK ONK <»K IIIK.SK. — Malt. vi. jS, .•>.() ' )( i; Lni;ii's (liifct ohjert in this Icssdii ot tlic Lilies \v;is to coilviTU'O ili«' |.f()j>U' of (iod's enic tor tlicni. Y'2' ^'<»\^'> tl'i^ clothing,' of tlu' ojirtli with \] pl.iiits aiKi fh)\v('rs - jit onco so licmi- tifiil and so nst'fnl, so osscntijil to all ^ || _ animal lift'— is one of the vcrv ways n{| of His tiea- list JlimsMlf ith attention to notice how 0^1 'S^' 'o^-\v^-« nOTANV I'OK YOLNU TEOl'LH. t)ioy prow,- liow variiMl, liow imiiifrons, iiikI liow fle^'niit tliey fti*o, and with wluit oxfjiiisito nkill th«»y aro fa.sliioin'tl mikI adoriH'd, — wo .shall surt'ly fhid it pi ;.'row, and uro noiu'ishiMl hy the ^'ronnd, tlu' rain, and tin- air; nor in Irainin^' what tln'ir jMirts aro, and how they nvr adaptt'il to each olncrand to tho way thf plant lives. And any youn;,' person who w ill take sonic pains ahout it may learn to distin- •;nish all our coninion plants into their kinds, and iind out their naiiies. Interesting' as this study is to all, it must Ite particularly so to \'()iin< correctlv, is the ^M'eater part of education, anil i-> that in which jieuple otherwise well- ('(lucated are ajit to he snrprisin/.dy delicient. Natural ohjeots, overywhorn present Jind endh'ss in variety, afl'onl the liest field for practice; and the study hen voun^j, lirst of Hotanv, and afterwards of the other N.MrUAi, Scikxcks, w •p" li- as tlu'V are called, is the hest traininj^' that can he in these respecti*. Tl sttidy oii;;lit to he<,'in even hefore the study of 1 a ngua <.''••. I'or to distinijuisji ffihi'/x scientillcally (that is, carefully and accurately) is simpler than to distiu- ^'uish /V/eax. And in I*{atuii.\l llisroia* the leiirner is jrradually led from the ohservation of thinirs up to the study of ideas or tlie relations of things. 'I'his hook is inteiuled to teacli ^'olunl^ People how to heu:in to r(>ad, with pleasure and advantage, one large and easy cjiapter in the open IJook of Nature; naundy, that in which tlm wisdom and goodness of the Creatt plaiidy written in the Vi (MrrAHi.E Kingdom* )r are * Natural Hixtorii is the stmly <>f tli«' pKxluctioiis of thf envth in tlu-ir natural state, wlictiicr minerals, jdiiiits, or aiiiinuls. Tlieso productions niaiii- ui> what are calleil tlie Three Kiiii/doins of jym, wliieh consists of the Minerals (earths, metals, crystals, &c.), bodies not emlowt'd with lift'. 2. 7'he Viiietnlilf KiiKjilnm^ wliich comprehends Vejjetahles or Plants. 3. Thi- Animal Kni'jiiiDii, which foinprehends all AniniaN. 'I"h(! natural history of the mineral kinj;ilom is named IMiNKUAl.or.Y. The natural history of the ve;;etu*)le kingdom is I'iotany — the suV>ject of this book. Tile natural history of the animal kingdom is named Zoology. ItnTANV mu V(HN(i I'lnlM.K. Ill tho'FiKHT 1'aht of this Ux)k sw |»rw, ami what tlair J'arts or Urgan« ufo, CiiAl'TKU I. I'a;;*' 5. Tlu riiils ..f a Plant. ....... llitw IMaiitw \\ fniiii tht' S»>«mI, .... Hu\v ri uiti* (Jruw Year aftt r Vt-ar, .... J>iir«'i«.'nt F'iniii4 or Kiridx of Uootx, SteiiiM, and Leavett, Skiiio.v I. I'ajj'u 5. II. „ la .. 111. .. 23. .. IV. „ J4. 11. How riaiit.saiv Pn»|>aj.'iUc(lnr .Multi|tlu'(l in Xumln'rs, ( 'iiaI'TKU II. Pa^^o 56 How PrnpnL'iitt'tl fnmi I'imU, .... . " H'>w l'ri>i»iiK.ittii l»y Scfdn, ..... Flowers : tlit-ii- Ariaiiyiiiiciit, their Sorts, &c. . Fruit and Seed, III. Why IMiiiii> < iio\v ; what t hoy are inatle for, ami \\ h;il \\\f\ do. IV. llow IMant.s ai»' C'hi.'-.silird, Xaiiu'd. ami Stuiliid, ClaHsiHcatioM a..* to the I*1;mi of it, .... NauieH of Plants, ... ... The Natural Sy.^teni (.f ClasHitication in P«otany, How to Study I'Lints by the Fli.ni, in I'.nt II., Skction F Pai{e 56. „ II .. 5«- „ III, „ 58. o IV. „ 77. ( 'ii.MTi i{ 1 1 1 Pa<;o 85. ClIAI'IKK IV. PaLjc 93. SkcTIov T. Pa!,'e 03. II. ., 94. „ III. „ 96. ., IV. „ 99. 'J'ho Si:ru.\i» P.\i;c ni the hook (•oi\.«^ist.s of a Pojiular Flora for I'x'ifitmcrH, viz., a ('la.s.silicatioii ami !h-.xcii|ition (acconlin;,' to the Natural Sy.sttMi) of tho CoiuiiioM Plains of tho ("ouiitry, Ixtth Wild ami Ciiltivatod. Tht'ii follows a I )ictioii;iry of tho poculiar tcriii.s whicli wo hnvo occasion to u.so in (h'srriliini: |lants, or their {tarts, comhiiuMl with a full Iiuh'X t > I'ait 1. Kvi-ry science, and eseiy art or occtipatioii, has terms or techiiie.il woids of its own, and iimst have them. Without them, all would he confusion aiid to lind out their names, their properties, and the family they hel(jn>jf to; i.«\, to ascertain the kinds of jilants. It: i '4 nor ANY lou V(ji %«• rKorut:. Lot tho li'arnorH, or tlu» clnss mnl«M* tlioir ti'iirlnT, tln'it'f(»n\ in tlic (list pliico px'urj'fiilly «>iu«« tliroii^'h tlu' First I'art of tli** iMxik, or at \oi\nt tlnou^'li tin* lirst two ('liapttTH, vt'iifyiii^' tin* «'.\ainpl»*s ami illusti-ntions ^i\«'M, as tat' as |M)ssil»lo, witli tln'ir own «'V('s, aiitl srarcliin^' for «>tli(>r «'Xaiiipl«'s in tlir jilniits aiul Mo\vri*a aroniitl tlnMii. 'I'lu'ii tlicv iiiay ln'^'iii to stmly jilunts Wythe I'Mura. or .S'coihI I'j.rt of tli»' l>o()k, accoiMliii^' t4» tlic (lirrctions <.'i\('ii in tin- last, si'ctioii of niMptcr IN'. Wln'iicver tln'V nn'ct witli a \\onl which llu-y ilo not miH'inhrr or ch'aily ninl('istaii;.'innin;r ; take pains to understanil thing's as yon ;"> on. ami culti- vate the hahits of accui'acy anil nice ilisci-iininjition which this stmly is eminently adapti'd to inspire. Then each step will render the next one easy ; yon will soon make more I'apid pro«;ress ; will he ahle to ascertain with facility the names and the structure oi almost all common jdants ; and will <;raind the memhers of the v»'t;etahlG pi-eation to<;ether in natural families showing; them to he j»arts of one system; \aiied expressions, as it were, of the thou;rhts «>f their i)i\ine Author; planned in reference to ono another; and evidetjtly intoiided to enlar<.'«' and enlijuditen our minds, as well as to "gratify oui' senses, and nourish, clothe, warm, and shelter ouj" liodies. So the study of |)(»tany the most fascinatiiii: hiaiich of Xatural History, especially for the youup hecomes mor«' and more interest in;r the more \\e Itarn of it, and affords a constantjMnl unalloyed intellectual ^'ratilication. \\ hen youn<,' students lia\e thorouirhly mastereil this little hook, they will he well j)r«'pared t* continue tho stud v« in the /,<.s>7.;/.< /// /{nfati;/ ij,t<(lile IViifxiit/niii/, t\iu\ In the MaiiHul <>/ Hi,' liolnnij <\f tin- Xorf/ieni I'uif^'/ Stut'S, hy the siime author. The illustrations are referred to throu«;hout )>v num))ers, with " Fi^.'' prefixed. The uundii'rs otvasionally introduced, within jiarenthcsis-marks. ami without any prefix (as on p. 25, line i, and p. 36, lino 9^ are references to former parafrraph.s, where the suhjeet, or tho woril used, has .-dready been explained. *,* The illuBtrntioiis on tlio tirr>inuM^ that is, its iiistniiMciits. And as tli«>s(> parts an> all that any jilant n(M'(ls for its ^Towth, or vf^^ctatioji, th»'y iin> calltMl the ()n(jANs or Vkcktation. 2. Plants jils<» ))roihi('«> F/mrrrtt, from which coini's tho Fruity and from this, tin* Stc )i\\i* riso to fm'w individuals, w hich increase the ntnnhers of that kind of plant, to tako thn place of tlu^ parent in <\\\i' time, and keep np the st(K'k ; that is, to reproduce and pei-petuate the species. So th«' Klowei* with its parts, tlu' Fruit, and the Seed, are called the plant's ()|{(iANS OF PKI'HoniM HON. 3. The different sorts of Lilies roj)respnted (m the first p:i^o, and the common Moi-nin<;. (Jloiy on this pa<,'e, show nil tlu' parts. 4. The Root (Fiears the leaves and hlos.soms. At certain lixed places the stem boars a haf or a pair of leaves. 6 now PLANTS (iHoW, (>. L6&V6S (Fi^'. 4, I, f) Hi<' p'luTiiIly lint im«l thii), ^'icfn Ixxlit's, turning' ono fnco upwHitlH to thf sky, iiikI tlio otluT tlowiiwnrWs towiirds tho ground. Tliry iiiiik«> th«> Fiili(Hje. 7. The Plant In YCj^etation. W.> soo that a plant has n hody or tnnik (In scioii- tllic hiiignagc, ail Hxii*), nmsisting of two |»aits — an npiM-r and a h)W«'r. The lower is tho ItiMit : this IIxch thi* )dant to the soil. Thr n|)|M>r is th<> Stem : this rises out of the ground, niid hears h>aves, whieh are hung out on the stem in tlio light and air. Th*' root takes in a part of thr phint's fcMMJ from the soil ; this tho hteiii carries to tin* leaves. The lea\es takn in another part of the plants food from the air. And in them ^^hat the roots nhsorli from the ground, and what they themselves jihsorh from tho air, are f'.\p«»scd to tin- sunshine and i/iifistn/ ; that is, iii.<. • Many pl.-mts begin to blossom within n few weeks after springing from the seed. All oui- uunualx, of wiiich the (larden Morning-dlory (Fig. 4) is one, blossom in the course of the summer. Jiienitiah, such as the Carrot, Parsnip, Mullein, and the common Thistle, ri/o it con- *nin.s. The (>erm or Embryo is a little ])lantlet in the seed, ready to grow into- a new plant when the seed is sown. Let us notice these organs one after the other, beginning with AM» \VII\r IIIKIK I'AUrs AHK. 1 1. The Flower. Kl<»w««rs .nr u\(>s\ iiitrr<>stiii^» to till' lintanist, who not only nd* niiros < In-Ill for tlirir ln'inity,tli«'«'X<|iii>it«')iiriiM^'«'iiu'iit M?nlfonn>of th»'ii|iMits,aiitl tlu' woiulcitiil VMiicty tli«'y «'\liil)it, Imt iils«» srcs in tlir IdoxsiuiiH iiiucli of lli«' iia tiiri'oi-cliiiDicttMMtf Du'li plant, an* I tiinis in tlicin the Ix'sf nuirks foi- (listin^Mii^liiriLr the scirts of plants and the family tht'V Ix'lon;,' to. So h«t the ^t^(k•^t Iniiii ul oncii 12. What the Farts of a Flower are. A i\uwrv, with all tin- parts prrscnt. <'onsists of <'lnff'^^ or the leaves of the flower. They coser in the hiid, and protect the stamens and pistils, whidi are the J'jUientidi Oi'i/uiiH of tin* Mower, lecause hoth of these alt' necessary to foriiiin;,' the seed. 13. The Calyx a Latin luime for '• llower ctip "— is the cnp or otiter coxfi ini.' of the Mos>om {Vi}'. 6). It is ;ipt to lie <:reen Jii '. leaf-like. 14. The Corolla is the inner (Mip, or inner set of h avos, of tho Mower. It is very sel. The Pistils fire the iKxlics in wliich tlio soods are foniiod. Tliey ^ )»ol(in<.' ill the (M'litiT of tlu' flower. Tlio Moriiiiif^-fJloi'V li.is only one liistil : tills is shown cnlarfrcd in Fi^j. S. The liosc and the IJuttercnp liavo a gicfit many. A jiistil has three parts. At the hottoni is tlie (>rn)'i/, which heconies tlie seed-vessel. This is proloiiijed uj>wartis into u slender IhhIv, called the S/i/lr, And this bears a moist, <,'enerally some- wliat enlai'i.'cd ^rtion, with a naki-d roiiLdiish surface (not Imvinj? any skill, like tlio n>t), called the S/i'ftiKi. Tpon this stiirma some of the pollen, or ])owder from the anthei-s, falls and sticks fast. Ami this some- how eiiahles the ]>islils to ripen seeds that will (jrow. ! 7. Let ns now look at a stamen and a jiistil from one of the Mowers of a Lily (like tliose shown on a reduced scale in Ki;Lr"r»'s i and 2, on the first Jiaije), where all the ])arts are on a lai-^'er scale, Here is a t^laiin'H (Fifj. 9), with its stalk or FlhDii- nf, i\ aiui its Aiiflic)', r^ discharijin;,' its yellow dtist or Piillfii. Ami hy its side is the Pixlil (V"v^. 10), with its Ornri/, "/•. ; and this taperini; into a Shili\ ft. ', anil on the to}» of this is the Sfif^iini, s/iut luaiiv llowcrs have not all these ])arts. Some have only one flower cu[)or om> set vX l;l(;ssom leaves. Lilies appear to have only one set. Son:e have neither calvx norcoiolla ; some stamens have no filament, and some jiistils have no style; for the style and the filament are not necessary ]>arts, as the anther and the o\aiy and sti<;ma are. These cases will all be noticed when we come to study flowers more particularly. Mean- Mhile, please t(^ commit to memory the names of the parts of the flower, Calyx, Corolla, Stamens, and Pistils, and the parts of these also, and learn to distinguish them in all the common blossoms you meet with, until tliey are as familiar as loot, stem, and leaves are to everybody. i^^ AM) WHAT Tfir.II{ PAIITS AKi:. 9 19. Notice, also, lliat tin- calyx aii'i the corolla. oTif or l>oth, often consist of sciiaralf leaves ; as they ej>afate piece or leaf of a oorolln is calletl a Pildl : ainl e;ich leaf ni- jijrce of a calyx is called a SijxiL 20. The corolla, the stamens, ami ireneiMily the calyx, fall olV or wither .away jifie;- I'l 'ssominir ; while the o\ary of the |ii>t il remains, iri ows laf;;er, an tht rij)enri| ..\ary. It may he a lieiry, a >t.jnc-fi'uit, a nut, a ;,m ain. oi a |ioil. 'rhet'niit of the Lily ami also of the .Mornin;.r' ( loi'V is a })oil. Ijerr is thf jiol {'.y fruit of the !^loniin<,'-( Jlorv ( l''i;jr. 4, j'r. and Vxs. i,,). with the calyx reinainini,' hoiieat h. ami the remains of tlie hot torn of the style re>t in<,' on it> summit. .\ml Fiif. 14 shows the s.ame pod, fully I'ipe .and dry, nn cells, as we im»y s(M' in the o\ary in the llowev ( V\'j. 1 j ». ,ind many seeds in each. 22. [ceds. These .are the hoi lies produced hy the ripi lied pistil. fr"-(rlory, ;i lillle eMlar,i.'ed. AI>o two seeds cut throu/j:h lenijthwi.M' in t wo dilTei'en! directions, and viewed with a mai:idlyinu-,:L.dass. to show wli.it is inside (Fi;,'. j 6, 17;. The pait (»f the sei'd that 15 ^TOWS is 23. The Embryo, or Germ. Tiiis is a Hi tie j.lanilet ready formed in t In seeil. In t lie .Moiniiii,'--( dor\' it is ])retty lar^'c. ;ind may reai'ily lie j^ot out wlmle from a fresh seed, or fiom a dried one after so.akin;,' it Well in hot water. In I'^iir. 16 it is sliown whole and flatwise in the seeil. where it is a i;ood deal crumpled uj) to s.ave rf)om. In Kiir. 17. merely the thickness of the emhryo is seen, ed<,''ewise, in tlie seeil, .-urrntiinled l)y the pulpy matter, which is intended to nourish it when it hejrins to i,tow. In Fiir. i^^. th(> embryo i.-- shown t.aken out whole, .and spread out flat. In Fii,'. 19. its two little le.i\es .are separated, and wo plainly see Avhat it consists of. It is .a pair of tiny lea\t's on the summit of a little stem. The leaves (Fi<,'. 19, c, c) are named ,<"'/-/'«/•' ^' (tr Cotijlhhm.-i ; the littlo .stem or stonld is named the IIkUi'I,', ,: lO now PLANTS (JHOW KKoM lilK SKKD. Analysis of the Section. I.* riantH consist of two kinds of Or;;.ins : tliosi- of Vc^'i'tiitinn ; what tlioy arc. 2. Those of IJt'pitxliictioii ; wliat they aif, what thi'ir ii^c. 4. Thf lior)t ; what it iH; rootlfts. 5. Tht- Stem ; w)iat it is, wliat it bears. ^1. Leaves, 7. Tlie I'iant ill Vri;etatioii ; action of tlie root. stem, anil leaves ; they clianu'e e.irth, air, and water into hiiiiri.Niiincnt, aiitl use tliis nonrislinieiit in growing. 8. Sliruh or tree like an hurl), only nunft extended. I). 'I'iie ])hint reproilures itself, hy seed ; hlos-oniinu. 10. Ohjeet of flowois, fniit, seed : all in- tendeil for producin;,' tlie ;;eini or embryo : wii.-it tliis is. ir. Flowers, why iiurticuhiily interestinj^ tn tin- botanist. 12. What the jmrts of a tlower are ; Floral I'lnvelojies ; Essential ()r;;aiis, wliy so called. 13. C/'.dyx. 14. Corolla. 15. Slaniens ; what they ronsist of ; Filament; Antlu ; ; I'ollen. 16. Pistils; how situated ; jiarts of n pistil; ()\ary, Style. Sti;;ina ; its use. 17. Stamens and ]>istil sliown in another llower. ancl tlic ]iarts exjilained : Ovules, what tliey an>. 18. All these paits not alw.ij-s i»resent ; what ones often wanting'. 10. Leaves of a corolla, called Petals; of a calyx, Se pills. 20. Wh;it lei'omi s of the ])arts of a blossom. 21. Kniit, wliat it is. wiiat it contains. 22. Seeds, wliat they are. what the part is that grows. 23. Kuibiyo or (ierni ; wliat it consists of : (' )tyledons r)r Seed-leaves : iia'iicle or Stemlet. P Skctidn II. How Plants Grow frcm the Seed. 24. Illustrated by the Morning Glory. Wc now know wii.-it .ill tin- i)nrts of a i)lant avo ; that a ]>l!iMt. Mt'tcr ofrowiiii: or Nci^ctat inir awhile, Mossdhis ; that Mowers give rise to frtiil ; that the fruit cotit.iiiis one oi' iiinie sccils ; ami that t he essential ]\*irt of a seed is the enihryo or ireriii of a new |il:nit . To ]tr(iiliice, protect, ami nourish this germ is the ohjeet of the llower. the fruit, ami the seeil. 'I'lie ohjeet of the emltryo is to gi-ow ami hecome a new jiiant. How it gi-ows is what we have now to learn. 25. Life in a Seed. lUit first lot ns notice tliat it (hu s not generally grow at once. Althoiii'li alive, a .seed nuiv for a lonir w hile sliow no siifns of life, and feel neither the simniiei's heat nor the winter's cold. Still it lives on where it falls, in this slitnil>oriiig way, until the next s[)ring in most jdtints. or sometimes tnitil the spring .'ifter that, liefore it hegins to grow. 'There is a great ditference in this respect in dilVerent seeds. Those of Red Maple lipeii in the spring, and start ahotit the mid- dle of the snnimer. Those of Sugar Maple ri[)en in the fall, and lie (piiet until the ne.xt spring. When gathered ;ind laid n|) in .a dry ]ilace, immy seeds will keejt alive for two, three, ov .sever.al years ; .and in this statt> plants may he safely transported The numbers are those of the jiara^jraphs. IlnW PLANTS (i|{t)\V rHoM TllK SKKD. 1 r all iirouml the woiM. Mow Idii;^,' sccd^ will liv»^ is unooftMiii. 'I'lic .stnrit\s ot' .s«>ods growing,' which havo lioi'ii jircscivcfl t'or t Wdor more thoiisaiul yrarswith l*'ii.'y|'tiaii ramiunii-'s are not to he helifvcij. lint it is well known that Sensitive Plants liaNc heeii raised from seeils o\('r sixty yt-ars oM. [-Vw kinds of seeds will i,Mnw after kce))in«; them for live or six years ; many refuse to <,'row after the second year ; and some will not liiow at all unless allowed to fall at once to the i.Moiiiid. 'I'hein is no WAV of tellinLT wlietliei' the i.'-erni of a >eed is ali\e or not, except Ity ti'\in_if wiiether it will irrou-, that is. will !iniii->u is the .>|)routinu' <'f a pimt from the seed. I la\ inir just illustrated tlie parts of, •! jil.int l>y the .MorniuLT • >lory, from the root up to the seed ;ind tlie eiuiir\o in the .-eed, we may t.ike thi> >anie plant as an example to show how a plant ;jrow > from t he seed. If we pl.-int some of t he .seeds in a llower-pot, coverin.ir theui lightly with M)il, water ( heni. and ;i,d\'e them warmth, or if in >])rinif we w;itch those whicji ^owed themsehes naturally in the garden the year hefore, and are now moistened l)y showei-s and w.armed l>y sun- ,shine, we shall soon see how they i;i'ow. And what we leai'U fi'om this one kind of plant will lu' true of all oidin.arv jilants, hut with some dilVerences in the cir- cunrstances, according; to the kind. 27. The seed first ind)iljes some moisture throuirh its coats, swells a little, and, as it feels the warmth, tlu- emhryo irradually wakes from its Ioiijl,' and deep sleep, and stretches itsidf, as it were. I'hat is, the tiny stem of the iMnhryo lengthens, and its end bursts throuoints into the earth. From it the root is formed, which continues downwards, branching as it gi-ows, and ltur\ ing r Li. 12 HOW I'LANTS GROW IKmM TIIK SKKD. CotylniloiiH nr HiMMl'louvoit, .._ liailli'lo or »li ml" I'liiiiitile. itself iiioro niul iiioro in tlio soil. Tlic other end of the stem always turns upwards, and. as the whole leuirthens. the seed h'avesare hron<;ht up out of the p'ound, so that they expand in the li-lit and .iii— which is the proper phice for leaves, as the dark and damp soil is for th.e root. 29. \\ hat makes the root always ^row downwards into th:* ^M'ound, and the stem turn upwards, so as to rise out of it, we no more know, than we know why newly-hatched ducklinfrs take to tiie water at ince, while chickens avoid it, althouirh hatched undei- the same fowl and treated just ly alike. lint the fact is always so. And altliouirli w ' know not /loir^ the irlii/iH evith'Ut i'iiou:_'li ; for tlie root is therehy at once placed in tlu^ soil, from w hich it has (o altsorl) moist uic ami otlicr thin<,''s, and \\\f' leaves appear in the air and the lii^dit, wiiere thev are U) do their \\()ik. j^o. Notice how early the seed- ling' plant is complete, that is, hecomes a real ve<,'etal>le, with nil its parts, small as the whole thinW ri-ANTS fJHOW FROM THF. SFF.O. 13 y. Tho root keeps on «,'ro\vin^' uiitU'r i/rouinl, aii'l x'luliii'; ofi" uiovo .ind 11101 »• small ItiiiMchos or /v/n/AVx, each cne adiliiii,' sonictliinir to the amount of ahsoiliiiii; surfacf in cimtMct with the moist sciil, 'Mw little stem likfw i.-,i' li'iiiftheuK upwards, ami ilif pair of h-aves on its summit ^'row lar<:er. l»ut tlwso soon ^'«>t th»'ir full ^'I'owtli ; ami uc ilo not y<'t see, perhaps, whcit' iunr(^ aro tocome from. Ihit now a litth' huil, calh'il tjic /'/////////'. aj>pt'ars on the top of tlie strm ( |''iir. j:;), ju>t bo- twtM'ii the stalks of the two seed Icavt s ; it ciilari^es and unfolds ii;') a lea.'; this soou is raistd ujioii ;i new piece of stem, wliieji car- lies up the leaf, just as the pair of seed lea\e> were raised l>y the len^thenin;.' of the raditde or liist jiiint of stem in the seed. Then another leaf ;ip[ tears on the summit of this joint (.f stem, and is raiseil upon its own j<'ii:t of stem, and so on. \'\;j. 2^ shows the same J hint as Fiir. 22 ^eaNin,','' out the root and tho h»wer J alt of the stem , at a later slai,'e; '", '•, are the seed lea \('s ; / i> the ue\t leaf, which came from tho plumule of l-'iir. 22, now Well r.'iisi'd on the second / joint (»f stem ; and / is the i.e.xt, still very small and | / just unh.hliiiL:. And so t he j 1 i:.t ^'row s on, the whole ij /J summer loiiir. jrodui in;^' le;;f after leaf, one hy one, and raisiu;,' ea( h on its own joint of stem, arisi:i<,' from the summit of the mwl lielow ; —as we see in Fiif. 4, at the lie;,dunin.Lr "f the cliapter. where many joints of stein have i,'rown in this way (tr.e lirst with a j^air ( f leaves, lh(> rest with one apiece), and still there are some unfoldiiiif ones ;it tlie slender youn;,'' summit. 32. How the Seedling is Nourished at the Beginning. (.-mH/h reciuires. /;»»/, in plants as W(dl ;is in animals. To o fed with velant must be sup plied by ready-nunle ve^etai)le matter, furnished by the mother-plant. On this supply the embryo germinating from the seed feeds and grows — just as thi' new 14 now TLANTs (Ji{(»\v ri{()M Till': si:i;i). U horu ;iiiini!il docs iipott tlic mother's milk, (»r us tyic cliick uiini/ of the seed (that ItcjiiLf t he I-atiii nan.c of t lie white of an efj<;) ; and this is what tlu* enduyo feeds upon, and what enal)les its little stenilet (Fi,i;. 19, /') to ^'row, ami form its root dow pwai'ds, and carry n|> and ex- pand its seed leaNX's ('•, '•) in the air, and so lieconie at once a jilaiitlet (Kit'. -I ', Mith root, stem, and leaves, ahh' to take care of it>el ju.'m as a chicken does wla'n it escapes from tlu' shell. 34. This moist nourishiiii: jelly would not keeji loni: in that state. So, when the seed ri[iens and dries, it hardens into a siili>ian( t 'ike thin into the root formini; at one eiiij of it. and into the hiul (or /i/i/iniif'', Fiif. 22) which soon a})peais at the other end of it suj*] Ivini: (he materials foi- tlieii- iji-owth. 35. Notice the s.nue tliiii;^; in Wheat, ( )ats, ov Indian ( 'orn. The last is the best example, because the .'iT.-in is so lai'iic that all the pai'ts may lie clearly seen with- out nia«rnifyin<,'. The abundant //////• oi' soil and rich pidp of irreeii corn is the same as the jelly in the seed of the .Morni!i,i:-< llory ; namely, it is the "//'/////'Wof the seed. pi'o\ idi d foi' the enduyo (the chit or <.;-erm 1 to t'eed nj)on when ^rrowth be«;ins. See Kiijures 44, 45, iVc. This nourishing' food (as we well know it to be) was produced by the mother plant durinir the siunmer, was accumulated in the stalk at lloweriiiii time, in the ba'ui of stii^ai'. or syrup, was conveyed into the flowers and forming' seeds ; a jtart was used to form the trcrm or embi-yo. ami the rest was stored u}t Mith it in the seed, to ser\e for its /.rrowth into a })lantl(>t tlie next spriui,'. That it may keep througii the winter, or lonycr, the sweet milk is changed into a starchy pulp, which hardens as the irrain rijiens into the lirm and dry mealy part (or alhuiiicn), which here ni;ikes the p.iinci])al bulk of the see(l. Ihit when .sown, this meal softens and is slowly changed liack into sugar agai 1. Aial this, dissolved in the water the steel takes in, makes a sweet .sap, which the FfOW PLANTS (IKoW lHoM THK SKKO. >5 v ill the o, as in oUy-like its fol'ls. wliilf of its littU' 1 ami fX- ^en Uoes So, when ' or ^nim, own, Jiiul iclics, aiitl ()U is eou- n'liccinto 2) wliich !j row til. is tiu'lu'st M'i'U witli- .ni is tlif 11 (frowth w it to 1-t.') li'd in 11h' int(» tli<' (). aii'l tht' aiitU't the eel milk is o linu nii oiitsi le of t lie emld'Vo. In many cases it i> deposited /// tif iinhnjn itself, mo>t commonly in tlie seed leaves. Then tlu' seed consists of nothing,' hut the emhryo witliin its ((>at>. Alaple-seeds are of this sort. I''i^', 2 | represents ji seed of Med Maple in tlie lower part of the w in^'til seed. vessel, which is cut ;iway so as to show it in its place, l-'iij. ^5 is the sei'd a little ma^'nilied, and with thr' coats cut aw.iy, hrin^diijU' to \ iew its emhi-yo coiled np within and lillini,' tl.e seed coiiiplettly. Vv^- 2ft is the j'liil lyo taken out, and :i little unfolded ; liclow is the radi; le er ."-tendct ; aho\(' .are tho two seed lea\('s p,iitly cnimjiled together. Fi,y. 27 is (he eml)ryo when it has straiirlit- eiicd itxlf out, thrown olT tlio seed-coats^ and hei,Min to ^'low. Here the S( ed IraveS are I'.ather thick when they (irst iinf(d same wav. dilVfrrnt kinds dilVcr almost a.s mnch at thr Ix'u'itininL' as tli«'vdo afterwards. 'l'\\r ^wnt variety which we ol>st'ive amoiit in all these dilVei-enct's than any one cls«\ hccausc ho discerns one simple plan rnnidnir throii^di all this tliversity, and everywhere vv- jteated in dilVeicnt forms, lie sees that in every plant thert- is rout ;;rowiri^'tlown- wanls, t'onnet'tinif the ve;retaMe with the soil ; stem ii>in'.; into the li;Lrht and air, ami hearing; leaves at rei^ndar places, nixl then hlossoms, juid that the pai'ts of one kiml of hlossom answer to those of another, oidy ditVeriuLr in shape ; and he de- ii;.'hts ill ohservin^' how the tei.s of thousands of kimls df plants all harmoni.so with each othei'. like the parts of concerteil music plainly showin;.; that they wt'i'c all contrived, a-; pai'ts of one system, l>y one l)i\ine Miinl. .^ ^!' the v.ariat ions, as e.xhiltited in a few \cvy common j. hints. .\ i,Mcaf deal may he learned from tho commonest plants, if we will only ojien our eyes to see them, ;inw," and \\ hy they ditVei- in the w.iy they do. 'lake, for instance, .i9. The BeiU. S. »;ik a hean in warm water if a fresh one is not to he had) and remove the co;its. 'I'lie whole kermd consists of an emiiryo, as seen in i''i;i. ]2. And almost the whole hulk of this cinhryo consists of two thick pieces, c, c, winch are the cotyledons or seeddeaves. We may make out the pi m of the whole thing hetter hy spreading these tliick seed- leaves wide open, as in Fig. 35. Here the two thick seeddeaves are seen from the inside, r, c; they are connected with the up[ter end of a stemlet, which is the radicle, r; and ahove this already shows the hud or plumule, />. 40. So the emhrvo of the Bean is the same in ]»lan as that of the Maple (Fig. 27), only the stemlet is much shorter in proportion, and the seed-leaves very much larger and thicker. What is the reason of this difference ? c 32 c I8 now PLANTS (iHoW riiOM THE SKFJ*. ' j^ 41. Tho sood loaves of tho IJoim nro thickonod by hiivinjj so much nOurishm<»nt Rion'd re ^'rriwth be;;ins, in the form of a little bnd (Fij;. .^3, />), ready to ^vow and unfold as soon as the thick seed loaves themselves appear above trjonnd ( Fi;,'. .^4\ and soon makiii;.; tin' lirst real foliaL'o 1 Fi-;. 35*. Foi- the seed leaves of the Mean are thomselvi's so thick and unn " smaller seal*'. Fij.'. 3y thr alumdaiit iiourishiiiciit in tlm st'i'il h'livoK, it shootn up its sti'iii and unt'oMs thr«'«' or fotir leaves hefort* the MapK' (Fig. 28, 2y) or tiio Morning' (Jlnry ( Ki;;. 20-22) Would ha\r Muuh' any. It is lilt' same ill t-lx* ( 'hi'stnut and ilif llt'fcli. In tlu'M', as in tliH ( 'hcrryand the Hran.tliethick (teed-leaves, which make tho whole kernel, come up, turn ^'t'een, and l>ecom(> thinner as they ^'i\e up their load of nourishment to the ^'lowin^ parts: thev evidently try to hecoine useful ;.'i"een leaves ; hut having' i)een usfd for hold- ing noui'ishment, they remain too thick and clumsy for f(di- a;.'e, and they soon die or f.ill off. hut in 43- The Horse-chestnut, the Arorn, and the Pea, the seed- leaves are so very thick, and so heavily loaded, that they never undertake to serve any other purpose than that of feediM<; the otherparts as they ^M'ow. So they remain in the shell or husk; and, as they are not to rise out of the ^M-ound, there is no need f()r their stemlet, or radide, to lengthen. exceptenough to get ao How PLANTS (}H()W VIU)M TIIK SFA-.D. III! out of iho Hoo«l, an«l lot th»> rmit form from tlio lowor otxl of it, \vliih» tin* pliiinulo develops from its iippn- ruil tliirdly into a sti'on^' l«'nfy .st«'m. Fi;;. 40 is iiii lu-orn cut thron^;)) Inij^tliwisf. 'I'lio wlmlo kt-riu'I consists of m pair of v(«rv thick sc»m|. loavcH, loaded n\ itii starch, »Vc.. aiiinatin<; ; hut in tlut l*eu we have a faiiiiliir ca e of this way of j;rowin«;, which may Im< oliserved ftt any season hy planting; a few j»eas V']^. .\2 is a pea with the seed-coat taken off, after soakiti^'. Here the seed-leaves are sotjiick that t he |)air makes a littlo ball; and the stout radicle or stemlct appears on the side tiii'iu'd to the eye. Fi;ij. 4,^ shows the plantlct jLfrowin^'. The whole seed remains in the soil ; the plumuh>, w« II nourished hy the ;,M'eat stock of food in tin* huried seed- leaves, alono rises out of the /ground as a strong' shoot, hoariuifan impei'fect scale-like leaf upon each of its earlier joints, ane done in green corn, or in an old grain after soaking it for some time in warm watei". The separate euibr\o is placed to nuitch that which is seen, divided, i." t}u»sce, the plumule ; and c, the seed-leaf or cotylecion, which in this plant is single; while in all the foregoing there was a pair of seed-leaves. The greater part of the grain is the meal, or albumen, the stock of nourish- ment outside of c he embryo. In germinating, this meal is slowly changed ^ '■^. now I'l.ANTS «iIt(»\V IKONI TIIK SEED. 21 t into Hiipii', M\\\ (lissolvfMl ill tin' wnt» r which is uIwoiImhI troin th«' ground ; the coty- leilon iinhilM's this, ami k«mi(Ih it iritu the iinlicl*', i\ to make tho r(M)t, and into the phiinulc, /', I'liahlin^' it to ilfNt'lop thi» wt of K-iivph, ♦ wia|i|> within another, of which it con^lHtK, nnd ('Xpand then) om* ufU'i* anotluT in tho air. V\)i. 47 Hhows a HproMtin^' ;;rain, sctidiii^' down its lirht root, and sondin^ up th«' phnnidf still ro|l»« I to^^i'thci-. Fi^'. 4S is th«' sairif, tnon- ad\'iin<'cd, having' made a whole chist^'P of r air, the youn^ corn ;.'ets a ;u">'mI start, is ready to avail itstdf of the sunwnei's heat, to complete its vep-tu- tion, to hlossom, and to mak<^ and lay up the ^jreat. amoiuit of nouiishment whi''h we feather in the croj), 4^'. The mion. The cotyledon in jjidian Corn, and most other plants whi<'h have oidy one, stays nnder gronnd. In tho Onion it conies np and makes tho first leaf, — a slendei-, thicad-shapi'd one, and in- deo csstMiii.il part i.s the Embryo wliich grows. 35. It is alive ; but lies doriiiiuit a while How Icm^ soeils iii.iy 11 vo. 26. Germiuation, tliebegiiiniiig of growth ; what is ueciiful for it. 27. What takes place, illustrated from the Morniiig-Glory. 28. How the steinlet grows by Itiigtliciiinu, ami carries uptlie seed-leaves : how the root is fornu'd and grows downwards. 29. lustimt of each jtart to turn in its proper direc- tion ; and why. 30. Tile little seedling a coinpleto plant in miniature ; its ]>arts. 31. How it goes on to grow : growth of tlie root ; rootlets; of the stem. Tiie Plumule or Bud. Developmeiktof thestem piece by piece, each with its leaf. 33. How the seedling is uourished at the beginning. Growth requires food. 33. How tliis is sup- 'M 1 ^ j§ w HOW I'LAMS (i!{()\V VKAK ATirU YKAR. 23 pli.-d hy a deposit in tlie setnl ; Albunuii. 3 \. It is Uoj.t in u soli.l form until the embryo starts, mid in tlipii (lissolvfd, turm-d into suK'ur, &c., ntid f.'eiU tlie plantlet. 33. This ilhislnitfd in Whi-ut hihI liiiliiiii Coin. y\ Or else tlie Hiime iiniirisliiiient is d.'i>usitf.l in tli'" ••iiibryo itself, in its seed-lisiv.-N ; ilhistrattd by the Majde. 37, 38. Vuii:ili(.ns of llie hiiine plan of growth in ditfeient plants. Tiie Maple compared with the Mui niiig-Ulory. 30 43. A ^reat abuuilaiiceuf food stored up in the embryo causes a rapiti ami str()nj,'Ki''>wth ; illustrated by the I'.eaii ; 42. l)y the Clifny. Almond, kc. ; 43.44- bv the Horse-chestnut, Acorn, INa, itc. ; in these the seed leaves do not come up in ««* 'niinatiii- ; why. 45. In Indian ( 'orii ; the stock «f food partly in the strong embryo, partly outside of it. 4O. 1 he Union ; its seed-leaf l<-m;thens and comes up, but the strm iievci leii^'thens at all. 47. Number of cotyledons or seed-leaves in ditferent kinds of plants; iMoiiocotvledonous. 4S. Dicotyledonous; rolycotyledonous. 50. These differences always accompany other ditforences in the plant ; ]\lonocotyleilonous, Dicotyledonous, and I'olycotyletionoiis Plants. SixTioN HI. — How Plants Grow Year after Year. 51. They Grow on as they Began. 'I'lic .scodiinir h.-i.s all tho or«;:ins th.tt any i>laiit has — even the lar<;est iiiid oMcst e.\ce|)tiii<^ what hcloiio^s to Itlo.s.soiiis : it has all it needs for its life and ^'fowth, that is, for ve«,'»'tation. Jt has only to p) on and produce more of wliat it alreaily has — more roots lieneath to draw np mor(5 moisture from the soil, and more stem ahoxc, hearin*; more leaves, exposing,' a larjLTer surface to the li;.,'ht and air, in whicli to (li<,'est what is takt>n in from the soil and the air, and turn it into real nomishment, that is, into the stiitV which vegetables are made of. So, as fast as a yotin^' |)lant makes new ve<,'etal)le material, it uses it for its to i^row -as we see in a young seedlititr, beoinning fctddy and growinjij slowly for a while, but pushini; on more and more \ ii^nuoii.sly in pro})ortion to the numlier of leaxes and roots it has produced. in this way. Iiy developing joint after joint, each from the summit of its j)redeces.sor, a Siinjili' Stc7)i is made. Many plants make only simple stems, at least until they blossom, or for the fii'st year. The Lilies, figured on the first page, anil corn-stalks, are of this kind. Fig. 51 is a sort of diagram of the sim])le stem of Indian Corn, divided intr) its component pieces, to show how it consists of a set of similar growths, each from '%\ 24 nO\! PLANTS GROW YEAR AFTER YEAR. the summit of the preceding one. There are old trees even, which consist of a simple, unbranched stem. Palm-trees, such as our Southern Palmetto (Fig. 79) are of this kind. But more commonly, as stems grow they multijjly themselves by forming 53. B.ancheS, or sidc-shooff,-. These are formed both by roots and l)y stems. Roots generally branch much sooner than stems do. See Fig. 4, 20, 30, iV'c. 54. Roots send off their l)ranchcs from any part of the main root, or start from any part of a stem lying on or in the soil ; and thoy have no particular arrangement. 55. liut the branches of stems spring only from particular [)laces, and ai-e arranged on a regular plan. Tliey arise from the A.n'! of a leaf and nowhere else, except in some few peculiar cases. The axil (from a Latin word meaning the armpit) of a leaf is the hollow or angle, on the upper side, where the leaf is attached to the stem. As bran(;hes come only from the axils of leaves, and as leaves have a perfectly regular and luiiform arrangement in each particular plant, the places where branches will appear are fixed beforehand by the places of the leaves, and thoy must follow their arrangement. In the axils, commonly one in each, branches first appear in the form of 56. Buds. A Bud is an undeveloped stem or bi-anch. If large enough to have its parts distinguishal)le, these are seen to be undevelopetj or forming leaves; and large buds which are to stand over winter are generally co\ered with protect- ing scales — a kind of drv, diminished leaves. 57- Terminal Bud. So t];e plmmile or first shoot of the 61 embryo (see Fig. 22, S:c.) i.s a bud. But this first bud makes the main stem, and its growth, week after week, or year after year, carries on the main stem. Palms (as Fig 79) grow in this way by this bud only. Being always on the end of the stem, that is, terminating the stem, it is called the TcDiiinal Bwh 58. Axillary Buds. But the buds which ai'e to form branches appear on the sides of the stem ; and since they are situated in the axils of the leaves, as just i THE AUKA.NCIKMKNT OK HKANCUKS. 25 nsist of a (^"ig- 79) ?row they hoth by o'h sooner ft of tlie on or in •articular •■i.s(* from onie few "inf^ the ;>er side, les come )erfectly i" plant, ■orehand w their )ranehes ich. If ue seen s which protect- of the makes ir after hy this 3 stem, on the , as just explaiiiwl (55), they are nnnied Axi/lnri/ liwh, (S«>e Ficj. 52, 53 ) These hiuis glow into branches, just as the first or tenuinal bud of tlie seedling arrows to .make the main stem 5»;. The Arrangement of Branches, therefore, follows that of the axillary butls, and this Uiat of tiie leaves. Ndw leaves are plnced on the stem in two principiil ways; they are either aU'-niatc or rippoxHt'. 1'liey are al- h rrtafc when they fol- low one after another, there hcinf; only one to each joint of the stem, as in Morninjr- Glory (Fig. .4, all after the seeddea\es), and in the Linden or ]3ass- wood (Fig. 52), as well as the greater part of trees or ])lants. They are opposite when there are two leaves upon each joint of stem, as in TTorse-chest- nut, T.ilac, and Ma[)le (Fig. 3r, 53) ; one leaf in such ca.ses being always exactly on theojiposite side of the stem from its fellow. Now in the axil of almost every leaf of these trees a bud is soon formed, and in general plainly shows itself befoio summer is over. In Fig. 52, a, a, a, a, are the (txilltu'tf hiuJn on a twig of FJass- W(»od tliev are alft'n/((f«/, like the leaves — and / is the lerminal hmf. Fig. 53, a twig of lied Maple, has its axillary buds oj>prn»rl>"t( : the latter grow into o]>pos/tr hrnwhr.^. These branches in their Pturn form l'. \ of similar urjinches, and so on, year after year. So the reason is plain wh^ iG branching or spray of one tree or bush differs from that of another, each having its own plan, depending upon tl'e way the leaves are arranged on the stem. 60. The spray ''or irwiitfcatiou) of trees and shrubs is more noticeable in winter, / 26 now PLANTS (iKOW YEAR AFTER YEAIL when most leaves huve fallen. Even then we can tell how the leaves were placed, as well as in svcmmor. We have only to notice the huf-acavs : for each fallen leaf has left a scar to mark where its stalk separated from the stem. And in most cases th© bud above each scar is now apparent or conspicuous, ready to ^row into branches in the spring, and showin*; plairdy the arrMn; of lied Maple which are going to blossom. There are several in a row, one al)ove another, on /some shoots of Tartarean Honevsuckle. •/ 62. The appear.ance of plants, thfe amount of their branching, and the way in w hich they continue to grow, depend very much upon their character and duration. 63. The Duration of Plants of different kinds varies greatly. Some live only for a few months or a few weeks ; others may endure for more than a thousand years. Tiie most familiar division of plants according to their duration and character is into Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees. 64. Herbs are plants of soft texture, having little wood in their stems, and in our climate dying down to the ground, or else dying root and all, in or before winter. 65. Shrubs are plants with woody stems, which endure and grow year after year, but do not rise to any great height, say to not more than four or five times the h b MODE OF LIFE IN ANNUALS AND lUENNIALS. 2r •e placed, illen Iciif in most low into se mo to shoot of 1 l)ud on •ars, / .s- ,. I eve the are also, l>uds on loot of a ry buds no after se buds than it 3om for st stand B killed, he same n those )lossom. her, on wa}' in iration. >nly for ousand on and I in our winter. T year, les the height of a man. And if they roach this size, it is not as a sin«,'lo main trunk, but by a chisterof stems all startin*,' from the ^'round. 66. Trees are woody plants rising by a trunk to a greater height than shrubs. 67. Herbs are divided, according to their character and duration, into Aiitiudliif ^itnnil((l-<, and I'^Tinnials. 68. Annuals grow from the seed, blossom, and die all in the same season. In this climate they generally spi'ing from the seed in spring, and «lie in the autmnn, (pr sooner if they have done blossoming and have ripened their seed. Oats, liarley, Mustard, and the common Morning-Ulory (Fig. 4) are familiar annuals, l^lants of this kind hnvenf'fiinft roots, /'.<'., composed of long and slender threads or liljres. Either the whole i-oot is a cluster of such libres, as in Indian Corn (Fig. 48), Jiarley (Fig. 56), and all such plants ; or when there is a main or tap root, as in Mustard, the Morning-Glory, See, this branches off into slen- der fibres. It is these fibres, and the slender root-hairs which are Ifound on them, that mainly absorb moisture and other things from I the soil ; and the more nunu^rous they are, the more the plant can I absorb by its roots. As fast as nourishment is received and pre- i| pared by the roots and leaves, it is expended in new growth, par- Ifticularly in new stems or branches and new leaves, and finally in f flowers, fruit, and seed. The latter require a great deal of nourish- : ment to bring them to perfection, and give nothing back to the 4 plant in return. 80 blossoming and fruiting weaken the plant very much. Annual plants usually continue to bear flowers, often in great numbers, J upon every branch, until they exhaust themselves and die, but not until they have ■|ri{)ened seeds, and stored up in them (as in the mealy part of the grain of Corn, •^&v., Fig. 44, 45) food enough for a new generation to begin growth with. •^' 69. Biennials follow a somewhat different })lan. These are herbs which do not blossom at all the first season, but live over the winter, flower the second year, and then die when they have ripened their seeds. The Turnip, Carrot, and parsnip, the Beet, the Eadish (Fig. 57), and the Celandine, are familiar examples of biennial plants. 70. The mode of life in biennials is to prepare and store up nourishment through the first season, and to expend it the next season in flowering and fruiting. Accord- ingly, biennials for the first year are nearly all root and leaves; these being the «^ans by which the plant works, and prepares the materials it lives on. Stem Oil Fibrous roots. ?.s now PLANTS (}I{0\V YKAI{ AFTKR \EAR. U li they must Imve, in order to bear leaves ; for leaves do not ^row on roots. But what stum they make is so very short-jointed that it rises hardly any ; so that the leaves seem to spring' from the top of the root, and all spread out in a cluster close to the ground. As the })lant grows, it merely sends out more and more branches of the root into the soil beneath, and adds more leaves to the cluster just above, close to the surface of the v, arm ground, and weP exposed to the light and heat of the sun. Thus consisting of its two working oi-gans only — root and leaves — the young biennial sets vigorously to work. The mf)isture and air which the leaves take in from the atmosj)here, and all that the roots take from the soil, are digested or changed into Aegetable matter by the foliage while exposed to sunshine ; and all that is not wanted by the leaves themselves is generally carried down into the body of the root and stored up there for next year's use. So the biennial root becomes large and heavy, being a .storehouse of nourishing matter, which man find animals are glad to use for food. In it, in the form of starch, sugar, mucilage, and in other nourisliing nnd savoury products, the plant (expending nothing in flowers or in show) has laid up the avails of its whole summer's work. For what })urposo ? "Jliis plainly aj^pears when the next season's growth begins. Then, fed by this great stock of nouri.shmeut, a stem shoots forth rapidly and strongly, divides into branches, bears flowers abun- dantly, and ripens seeds, almost wholly at the expense of the nourishment accumulated in the root, which is now light, empty, and dead ; and so is the whole plant by the time the seeds are ripe. yr. By stopping the flowering, biennials can sometimes be made to live another year, or for many years, or annuals may be made into biennials. So a sort of biennial is made of wheat by sowing it in autumn, or even in the spring, and keeping it fed down in summer. But here the nourishment is stored up in the leaves rather than in the roots. 72. The Cabbage is a familiar and more striking example of a biennial in which the store of nourishment, instead of being deposited in the root, is kept in the 15 MODK OI- LIFE I\ rKUKNMALS. 29. >ots. But y ; so that t" the root, le ground, more and neath, and dose to the [)sed to the r of its two the youn;w isture and 'mosj)here, 'e digested iage while wanted by down into for next large and bter, which In it, in ' products, ails of its n the next it, a stem ers abun- uishment so is the B to \i\Q Is. So a le spring, [•ed up in in which )t in the leaves and in the short stem or stalk. Those accordingly become thick and nutritions in the (.'abhago, jiist as the root does in the Turnip, or the base^ of the short stem alone in Kohlrabi, or even the flower-stalks in the C'aulitlower ; all of which Ixdong to the same fannly, and exhiiut mer(dy ditl'erent wavs of accomplishing the same result. 73. Perennials are plants which live on year after year. Shrubs and trees are of course perennial. So are nmny herbs; but in the.se only a portion goncr- allv survives. Most of our perennial herbs die down to the ground l)efoi-e winter; in many species all but ceitain se})arate jiortions under ground die at the close of the year ; but some parts of the stem con- taining buds are always kept alive to renew the growth for the next season. And a stock of nour- ishment to begin the new growth with is also pro- vided. Sometimes this sto(;k is laid up in the roots, as for instance in the Peony, the Dahlia (Fig. 58), and the Sweet Potato. Here some thick roots, filled 58 Dahllu roots. with food made by last j'ear's vegetation, nourish irv spiing the buds on the Ijiise of the stem just above {f the stem itself, formed under groiuid, and which contain the buds ; as in the Ground Artichoke and the Grouna-Artidioke. Potato. Here these parts, with their buds, or eyes, are all that live over winter. These thickened ends of stems are called Tubers. In Fig. 59, a is a tuber of last year, now exhausted and 30 HOW PLANTS (JKOW YKAIt AITKU YKAR. ii witlierin^ away, wliich ^rcvv in s|)rin<,' \ty one of its huds to inako tlio stoni (/>) hoar- ing the foliage of the sejison This sends out some branches under ground, wiiieh in the course of the sea- son thicken at the en«l as they receive a stock of nourislnnent prepared hy this year's foliage, and lieconie new tul>ers (r, a forming one; (/, if, Mell-grown tubers of the season), to live over win- ter, and iiiiiko the next year's growth. 75. Hecause they live under ground, these tu- bers are commonly sup- posed to be roots ; but they are not, as any one mav see. Their eves are buds; and the little scales behind the eyes answer to leaves ; while roots bear lu'ither buds nor leaves. The fibrous roots which grAw from these sul)terranciin branches are very different in appearance from underground stems, as is plain to see in the P(itato-plant. Fig 60 shows a few of the real roots, as well as several branches of the stem, with potatoes form- ing in all stages at their tips. Fig. 6 1 is one of these form- ing potatoes magnified, show- ing a' little scale behind each eye \vhich answers to a leaf. Fig. 62 is a part of a slice through an eye, more magnified, to show that the eye is really a bud, covered with little scales. 63 Solomon's Seal. 1 I eyes little MuffK ol' Liri; IN IT.HKNMALS. 3 I -(). In some jtorenninl herbs, prostrate stems or Idanches inidor ^Moiuitl are thickened with this store of nourishment for their wiiolf l«'n'owth above ground next spring; A is tlie bottom of the stalk of this season ; c. the scar or place from which the stalk of last year fell ; 'f, tliat of the year bef(n'C ; and >', that of two years ago, \Y^ 77. Finally, the nourishment for the ne,\t vear's <'ro\\th may 1)0 deposited in the leaves -^^ tliemselves. Sometimes it occujties all tlu>-^ leaf, as in ihe liouscleek (Fig. 65) and other llctliij plaufti. Hei'e tln' close ranks of the thickened leaves are wholly a})ovo ground. Sometimes the deposit is all in the lower end of the leaf, and on the groinul, or \\n derneath, as in common JSnIhs. 'Jake a White Lily of the gardens, for examjde, in the fall, or in spring })efore it sends up the stalk of the sea.son (Fig. 66). From the bottom of tlie bidb, roots descend into the soil to absorb moistm^e and other matters from it, while, above, it sends up leaves to digest and convert these matter..s into real nourishment. As fast as it is made, thisnourishmentiscarried down to the hot- 33 HOW PLANTH (JHOW YKAH AFTKR YEAR. torn of ench Iriif, wliicli is oiilnrj^'od or tliifkoncd for contninin^ it. TI1080 loiif-hiiHes, orHCHles,(M()\v(l«'(l t();,'«'tlu'r, iimk«' up t lie bull) ; all hut its very. short concoaled within, wliich ln'ai'H these s(•al(^s above, and sends down the roots underneath. F'v^. O7 shows one f)f the leaves of tlie season, taken ofT, with its base cut across, that the thickness may be seen. After liavin^ done its wo'^c, the blade dies off, leaNin;,' tlit^ thick base as H bulb scale. Kver\ year one or more buds in the centre of the bulb ^row, feeding' on the food laid up in tho scales, and making the stalk of the season, which beai's the (lowers, ns in Fi^'. i, 2. 78. An Onion is lik(! a Lily bulb, only each scale or leaf ba.se is so wide that it enwraps all within, making coat after coat. thick stem, from Hiilb aiiurpose. 71. How V>ienidals may sometimes he made perennial, and annuals hit tiiiial. 72. Tiie store of food may la; kept in the leaves, or in the stems ahove grouiul ; Cahlt.-ige, ki:. 73. ]*erennials; what they are ; mode of life of perennial herhs from year to year ; accumulation of food in roots. 74. Accumulation of food in underground br.inches ; Tiihers, as of (Jronnd Arti- choke. 75. Potato illustrated. 76. Accumulation in whole stems or hranches under ground ; I'oot- stucks. 77. Accumulation of food in leaves, ahove ground, as in Houseleek ; or ir* the hottoms of leaves, usually under ground ; lJull)s ; as of Lily, and, 78. of Onion. 79. Food, how stored up in shruljs and trees, and for what purpose ; used in leaflng and blossoming in spring. 80. A lesson taught hy vegetation. 34 now PLANTS ;j«'tiin tin; kinds of parts that ono woijld hardly fxpt'ct plants to rxiiihit tin' almost endless and «'\('r pl''ii.^ins,' divor- • hit y they do This diveisityis o\vin;i,'to thewonderful \ arietyof fo' ins nnder w hich, without losinif theii' pi()|)er jiatnre, «'!i(h of these three (>r;,'ans inay appear. 8j The study of the dilVei-ent shapes and apjteai'anees which thn same or^'nn •takes in dilVerent plants, (»r in dilVerent parts of tlie snnie plant, (•(nnparin^ them -with otu! aut)ther, is called Miir/i/iii/nifi/, and is one of tjie niosi interestin<( parts of Hotaiiy. Ihit in this hook fur yonn;,' l)e<,Mnn«'rs, we lia\e (inly room to notice i\u) commonest forms, and those nciv l»rietl\ nlthoni^di snUicienllv to enahlu Btndents to st ndy all common plants and nndeistanil hotanical desci-iptions. Those who would le.irn nioie of the structure and morpholo<.'y of plants should study the Lessons in hotany. 83. The Root is the simplest and least diversified of the three or?in, theve is the priniarj/ or ori^dnal root, formeil from tli(> emhryo as it jijrows from the seed, anol't. Nj. Air-PldiltS. Hoots whi( h iM'M'r reach I he ;,'ioMiid aic idso pi(»dnced hy j'ei'tuin l»lanis wlio.M- seeds. loil«:cd upon the l)ou<,dis or trunks of trees, high up in tho air. j^'row there, and make an /,'/(//'/////', as it is called (from two (Ireek words meaning' a plant on a jdant ), or an Air- /'hmf. The latter name ro- tVis to the plant's ;,'ettinj.' its li\in;,' alto^'ellier tVoiii the :iir ; as it must, for it lias no connection with the jltiouikI at any lime. And it' these plants can li\e on air, in this wav, it is easv to understand that common \e;,'et ahles Lfet pai1 of what they li\-e on di rcctly from the air. In warm countries there are many \-er\- hanilsomo and curious aii- plants of tho Orchis family. A iritat numher ar" culti- vated in hotdionses, mertdy fixed u[)()u pieces of wood and liun;^' tip. They take no nourishment from tho houfjlis of llie tiee they hajijten to <:vn\v upon. ^8. Parasitic Plants are those wliich strike their roots, or what answer to root.s, into the hark or wood of the species they ^mow on, and feed npon its sap. Tho Mistletoe is a woody parasitic plant, whicli en<,'rafts itself when itAl/'/iViC^ frou) the seed iipoii the branches of Uaks, Hickories, or oihvf^A'i'^r^]i '^At^ifA;^ m Aii-iilaiits lif tlp> Ori'lils faintly. \\ ,J, » > a i,"j \l)A $6 IIUW TLA.NTS UHOW. If I I ii 70. Tunilp. ' a common parasitic herb, consisting of orange-colour or whitish stems, looking like threads of yarn. These coil round the stalks of other plants, fasten them- selves by little suckers in i)la(e of roots, and feed upon their juices Living as such a plant does by robbing other plants of their prepared food, it has no leaves of its own, except little scales in theii place, and has no need of any. 89. Shapes and Uses of Roots. CGinmon roots, however, grow in the soil. And their use is to absorb moisture and other matters from the soil, and sometimes to hold prepared foo/ef/nn>t. 1 1 2. For examples of the first class we may take a Bean-stalk, a stem of Flax, Sunflower, or the like, among herbs, and for woody stems any common stick of wood. For examples of the second class take an Asparagus-shoot or a Corn- stalk, and in trees a Pidm-stem. These names express the difTerent wavs in which the two kinds grow in thickncs.s when they live more than one year. But the difference between the two is almost as apparent the first year, and in roniI, at the circumference, just beneath the bark. 117. The heart-wood is dead, or soon becomes so. 'j'he sap-wood is the only active part; and this, with the inner bark, which is renewed fi-om its inner face every year, is all of the trunk that is concerned in the life and growth of the tree. 118. Plants with exogenous or outside-growing stems, especially those tliat . live year after year-, almost always branch freely. All conunon shrubs and trees of the exogenous class make a new set of branches every year, and so present an appearance very dilTerent from that of most of those of the endogenous or inside- growing class. § 3. Of Leaves. 119. Leaves exhibit an almost endless vari(>ty of forms in different plants; and their forms afford easy marks for distinguishing one species from another. So the different shapes of leaves are classified and named very pai'ticnlarly, — • which is a great convenience in describing plants, as it enables a botanist to give a correct idea of almost any leaf in one or two words. We proceed to notice some of the pi-incipal kinds. 120. Their Parts, A leaf with all its parts complete has a Blade, a Fnofsfall', and a pair of Stipules at the base of the footstalk. Fig. 82 shows all three parts 44 HOW PLANTS GROW. IM i!i iii! in jiQtiinpp-loaf : h, the blado ; j), tho footstalk ; ' thp stipules, looking like a pair of little blades, one on each side of the stu But many leaves have no stipules ; many have no footstalk, and then the blade sits directly on the stem (or is nessHc), as in Fi^. 138. Some leaves even have no blade ; but this is uncommon ; for in folia<,'e the blade is the essential part. There- fore, in descrihin^ the shaj>e of leaves, it is always the blado that is meant, unless something is said to the contrary. 121. Leaves are either siwpir ovcompmuul. They are ninijiff when the blade is all of one piece ; com- pdinid, when of more than one piece or blade. Fig. 128 to 132, and 133, are examples of compound fj leaves, tho latter very compound, having as many as eighty-one litth^ blades. 122. Their Structure and Veining. Leaves are com- posed of the same two kinds of material as stems( 1 10), namely, of wood or iibre, and of cellular tissue. The woody or filn'ous part makes a framework of ribs and veins, which gives the leaf more strength and toughness than it would otherwise have, The cellu- lar tissue forms the (/ree?i jmlp of the leaf. Tliis is spread, as it were, over the framework, both above and below, and supported by it ; and the whole is protected by a transparent skin, which is tv'-med the Kjiidcrinis. 123. Ribs. The stouter jiieces or tiinbcM's of tho framework are called Rihs. In the leaf of the Quince (Fig. 82), Pear, Oak (Fig. 1 20), Sec, there is only a single main rib, running directly through tlie middle of the blade from Ijase to point ; this is called the M/i/n'h. But in the Mallow, the Linden (Fig. 83), the Maple (Fig. 84), and many others, there are three, or five, or seven ribs of nearly the same size. The bi\inches of the ribs and the branchlets from them are called 1 24. Veins and Veinlets. The former is the general name for them ; but the iinest branches are particulai-ly called VnnletH. Straight and parallel veins or fine ribs, like those of Indian Corn, or of any Grass-leaf, or of the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 3, 85), are called Nerves. This is not a sensible name, for even if in some degree like the nerves of animals in shape, they are not in the least like them in use. KINDH AM) FORMS UF LKAVKS. 45 Nor are what we call veiuM to bo lik(MH'HaII nini)in<,' fiojn tlio haso of tlio leaf to tho point (Fi<>-. 85); and 2. Tlioso . where they mostly run fioni tht- midrib to {\\v niar;;in, as in Fi^'. 86. iXet ted -veined leaves likewise are of two sorts, tlio Feaflier-i'rim'il ami the liadlnfi'-n-iiwif, 130. Fiidlitf - ri'iued (al- so called piinxdebj niin-d) leaves are those in whieh the main veins all s[»rin^ from the two sides of one ril», vi/., tlie midril), like tho jdiime ot" a tt'iither from each side of the shaft. Fig- ures 8:1, 88 97, I JO, 122, \('., represent feather- veined leaves. 1 ;; I . Uadiide- 1 'i-int'd (al- so called j)(iliii((lrl ij reined) lea'cs aic those which have three or moie main ril)s ris- \\\'^ at once from tht^ jdaee where the feotstalk joins the Made, and commonly diverg- ing, like rays from a centre; tlie veins ])i'anching olf from these. Of this sort are the leaves of the Ma])le (Fig. 84), Mallow, Cnrrant, (irape-Vine, and less distinctly of the Linden (Fig. 83). Such leaves are generally roundish in shape. It is evident that this kind of veining is adapted to round lea\es, and the other .kind for those longer than wide. 132. Shapes of Leaves. As to general shape, the following are the nan)es of the princijial sorts. (Jt will be a good exercise for students to look up examples which iit the delinitions.) Li?i''ar : narrow, several times longer than wide, and of about the same width througbo it, as in Fig. 87. Lanee-ti/ta^Kd or Lanceolate ; narrow, much longer than wide, and tapering .upwards, or both upwards and downwards, as in Fig. 88. OUoiKj ; two or three times longer than broad, as in Fig. 89. - ' ' I'arallrl-voiiioil I.oavcu. 8(! KINDS AM) FOKMS OK I.KAVF.y. 47 Oi'hI ; IjiOador than ohlon^', and with a (lowing' outlnio, as in Fi;(. 90. Ovati' ; oval, hut liroadci- towards the lowt'V end; of tho shape of a hon's r^'^ cut tliroii^rh Ifiiju'thwiso, as in Fi;; (;i. Orbicular oi* Jiaumt ; ciiruhir or nearly circular in outline, as in Fig. 93. •7 n 80 TV /I r -::a /i\ V X ii V. ^ U vy tl V Uiii'iir. I,iiii!c- Hlia|ii.'d. Oliliiiib'. OvmI. (tvatu. lll'.ill".ll,l|n-ovafo. f'liiioatp or WciigcaljJlii.lL 133. Sonic leaves taper downwards more than upwards. Of these tho com- monest forms are tho Oh/anrefj/iifc, or lurrri^'lij him-t'-xliapitl : that is, shaped like a lance with thft point downwards, as in Fi<,'. (j.\. ^]i(lliil names of the tw«) shaj es the leaf in question most resembles. For examjile : — • LaHce-IiNi'ar, or Ihicar lanrfolati', moans between linear and lance-shaped. Lanee-ohlomi, or oh1(m(j-1ani'('oJnt>\ means between oblong and lanceolate in sluipe. 0 cat ('-lanceolate between ovate and lance-shaped ; and so on. 135. Or else a qualifying word may be used, as fonifirliat ovate, dujktbj lieart- shaped, and the like. Thus, Fig. 92 is ovate in general form, but with the base a little notched, i.e., some what heart-shaped. It is one of the kinds which depend upon I. 0' pi 4S now I'l.AMS a HOW. I ^6. Tfif hIifm'«1 in nil llit» iMllowin^' Mortw : — /fi'iirf n/it>l, ov Ci'iihit'' , wIh'ii III' the sliii|n' in wliich m IhmiI i^ piiintfd, tlio l»Ms«' linvinfj a rrn'MM <»r notrli, iis in Ki^'. <;.S. /\ii/iif if'fi/ntf>rif, or /t'l iii/iinii ; like lu'iiil sIhi|m'rnjrfiiiin or htln on ruch .siilc at tin' liii.s«', likt' a pair of cars, as in h'ij^'. loi. Ill "' A ii'iiir - sfiii/'iif, or Arrmr lirinliil ; /> \ when HUi'h lubts at lli«' 1im.s«' art' H«'int-Hl n|>c)'(liii>'. l>l l'< lllillllll Arm V sliii|inl. .Aiirlrl.Ml, 111- 1 lllr.l. aitllii rcl '•)in)H>il, I'l li.iHtati', Jiointod aiitl turnt'il Iiacku ards, likf (Jif liasc of an airow iicad, as in l''i^'. lOO. I lnlhri'il-slmjiid, or lldstalr : ulicn sncli loins joint out waids, ;,Mvin^' tlio \vliol»» Idado tlu' sha|i(' of llio liallicrd of the olden tinn-, as in I i^, loj. ^/lic/t/s/tti/iii/, or J'i//(i/' : wlu-n tlio fo« tstalk is attacked to sonw juiit of the lower fact* of the hl.ide, which may ho liken(>d to a shield home 1>y the hand with the arm exteiuled. Kiaf of a W'ater- ]*ennywort. Kiir. 103 is the leaf of anotlier species, which is not shield sha|)e(l. A compai i -Joii of the two slunvs how the shield-shaped leaf is mad(\ 1^7. .Is l<) llii' A/ii'.r (If J'd/iif, we have the following' terms, the first six of which apply to tho base as well as to the npox of a loaf : — J'oifi/i'tl, Tape)' - poinli'd, or Antniindtr ; narrowed into a tapering tip, as in Fi;^. 105. »ouuU.ki.i„ey..hap.a. s.m.ia.sh,.,H.d. ^1, .,//<' ; endin/,' in an acute an^'le, Fig. 106. Obtiu^e ; ending in an obtuse angle, or with a blunt or rounded apex, as in Fig. 107. Ti'uiicote ; as if cut off square at the apex, as in Fig. 108. i KIM>S AM> InMMS ul- LK.WK.S. 49 fit IhhiHi' ; )mviii^ 11 liliiiil or r(>iiri«l<'<| iipcx slij^htly iii«l«'rit'if : llitit is, with iIm' Mtroii^' riotrli iit tli»» ii|iox insfi'iul of tl»> liiisc, IIS ill Ki;f. i i i hikI Um' Initli't-. of Wliih' rlnvcr. ('ii.'|)«(l with a lon^^ hri.stl«'Hhap«Ml appfii- iliigr, hk«' the ItriirtI (i(irii) of O.il.s, Ac. S\if\ of l.i'uvtm: iii.'i I hi ii»; HM ii/j rtrlinil M»ii'..r(|.i»<' CiKlildali' MiM Miliilln 13S. Ah to llir niiiriiiii, uh«'thor wliolc, tootlu-d, or cut, Iravcs arc y:\h\ to ho J'jifirr ; when thi- iiiar^'iii is an <'V«'n liiu', as in I*'!;.'. <><> to loj. '/'iin//in/ : whfii hcx't with tcftli oi- siiiall imh'iit at ions ; of this then- nrt- two <)/' thu'o \ai-ifl ics, as, Si'rrd/r or >V//r /im/ltiif ,• wh<'ii Ihf teeth tmn forwards, liko those of a. saw, ;i.s in Vrj, 1 14. Drnfnfc; when they point outward, as in V'\<^. i 1 5. Crenatr ; when yen/fn/irt/ into hroad and rounded teeth, as in Vi'^. I 1 6. \\'(trt/ (Iicpfiui/ ov Uninnnto, when there is no odd leaflet at the end, as in Honey-Locust. Fjfj. 130. Odd jnnnate, when there is an odd leaflet at the end, as in the Common-Locust (Fig. 128) and in the Asii. I'innafe iritli a tnidril, when the footstalk is proloniTpd into a temlril, as in Fi;:^. 129, and all of the Pea trilie. 14S. IMnnate leaves iiiav have mauv or few leaflets. The Bean has pinnate leaves of only tliree leaflets. Piilmato loaf, nf 'i leaflets. 149. Palmate leaves fjenerally have few leaflets ; there is not room for many on the very end of the footstalk. ( "ouniion Clover has a palmate leaf of three leaflets (Fig. 136) ; Virginia Creeper, one of Ave leaflets (Fig. 7 2 \ as well as the Puckeye (Fig. 131); ■while the ] forse-chestnut has .seven, and some Lupines from eleven to seventeen. 150. Twice or Thrice Compound Leaves are not unconnuon, both of the pinnate and of the palmate sorts. While some leaves of Honey Locust are oidy once pinnate, as in ' Fig. 130, others are doubly or ticico pinnaie, as in Fig. 132. Those of many Acacias are Ihrice piimaie. Fig. 133 represents one of the root-leaves of Meadow-Pue, wliich is of the palmate kind, and its general footstalk is divided into threes for four times in suc- ces.sion, making in all eighty-one leaflets ! When a leaf is divided three or four times, it is said to be dorompfmnd. This is ter- nately decompourd, because it divides each time into threes. 132. A twice-iiinn:ite kaf of Hcmcy-Looust- t Lir*'iTWVi KINDS ANH FOKMS OF IJvWES. 53 151. Leaves without Distinction of Footstailc and Blade, or with no vory oi)vioiis distinction of parts. Of this kind, among several others, may be mentioned, - Aceti/f - s/uififti heaves, sucli as those of Pine trees and Lanlus (Fiif. 134). These are lon^', slender, and ri^nd, and often with little if any distinc ^ lion of sides. Air/ - ,^lia}ii il or Snhulatt; leaves are those which fiom ^-' a hroadish liase ,^^1" ta|ier into a sharp andriT,)- or Oj>posite, when in pairs, that is, two on each joint of steni, one opposite the other, as in Maples (Fig. 8^). To these may be added a third, but less common arrangement, viz., the Whot'Icil ; where there are three, four, or more leaves on the same joint of stem, forming a circle or w7< or/; as in Madder and Bedstraw (Fig. 13/). variety of the opposite mode. IIG Stipules \iiiiteil. 1.17' WliorlfU leaves. But this is only a h Analysis of the Section. 8r. Vegetation very simple in plan, very diversified in particulars. 82. The study of the forms of the organs in Morpliology. 83-89. Koots, their fmnis and kinds. 84. Primary or original ; fecondary ; how they originate. 85. Aerial roots. 86. Aerial rootlets. 87. Air-Fhuits ; liow they live, 88. I'arasitic Plants, their economy. 89. Shapes of roots : fibrous ; llesliy ; the principal sorts. 90. Forms or kinds of stem ; herbaceous, shrubby, arboreous. 91. Culm or straw-stem. 92. Direc- tions or positions of stems. 93. Peculiar sorts. 94. Thorns or Spines, how shown to be branches; mm ANALYSIS OF TFIK SKCTION. 5 5 Prickles. 95. Tendrils. 96. Peduncles ov I''Iow.'rst:ilks. 97. Umls. 08. llranclies connoctetl witli thegroiind. 99. Stdlf.ns. 100. Runners. 101. Suckers, loj. Oll'seis. 1031 Kootstocks. 104. KItsliy Hootstock.". 105. Tubers. 106. ('i)Mns. 107. Ihilbs ; 108. sciily and coated. 100. liulhlets, no. Interiuil Stiuctuie of Stems ; Celluliii- Ti.ssue; Wood. 1 1 1. The two classesof attins. 112. Exjunpk'-s, both in herli.s and trees. 113. Endo^'enous stem; Imw its wood is arranged. 1 14. External appearance and ^'owth. 115. K.xoi^enoua Kttin ; common wood. 116. How it inc'reases in diameter year after year : Sap-wood and Heart-wood. 117. The latter dead, the former annually renewed. 118. External appearance and mode of yrowiii. 119. Leaves ; their varieties, why useful to learn. 120. Their parts: Blade, Footstalk, Stipules. 121. Simple and roini)ound. 122. Structure and \'.einiii^' of leaves : woody or fibrous part ; cellular tissue or }:reeu pulp ; Epidermis or Skin. 123. Ribs. 124. Veins and Veinlets ; Nerves, so called. 125, Two kinds of veininp^. 126. Netted-veined or Reticulated. 127. (Mass of plants that have this kind of veiiiiuL,'. 128. Parallel-veined or Nerved; class of plants that have this kind of veinini:. 129. Both kinds of two sorts. 130. Feather-veined or Pinnately veined. 131. Radiate- veined or Pal- niately vtined. 132. Sliapesof leaves enumerated ; as to general outline. 133. Tlioso that taper downward. 13.}, 135. Intermediate sliapes, how c.xjtressed. 136. Sliapes dopeiidin;^ njion the base. 137. Forms of apex. 138. As ti> nirtiyin or toothing, (fee. 139. Lobin\j or division. 140. How this isrelateil to the veiidng ; how both tiie kind of lobing and the number of parts maybe expressed, 141, ho that a short phrase will descril)e the leaf completely. 142. All the various terms apply as well to other parts, as to calyx, corolla, petals, &c. 143. Conipouml Leaves; Leaflets. 144. The two kinds. 145. Pinnate leaves. 146. Palmate or Digitate. 147. Varieties of jdnnjite leaves, 148, Number of leaflets. 140. .Also of palmate leaves ; why tlieiv leaflets are generally fewer than those of pinnate leaves. 150. Twice or tin ice C(juipound nnd decompound leaves. 151. Leaves without distinction of blade and footstalk; Neeiile-siiaped ; Tliread-shaped ; Awl- shajied ; Eciuitant. 152. Stipules ; often united with the footstalk, (V with each other, 153. The arrnngementof leaves on the stem : tl:e three modes, viz.. alternate, oppo>ite, whorled. 1111 [lilMI CHAPTER IT. now PLANTS AHR l'ROPA(JATKI) OK MULTIPLIED IN NUMBERS. Skctiox I. — How Propagated from Buds. 154. Plants not only grow so as to increase in size or extent, but also multiply or increase their numbers. This thev do at such a rate that almost any species, if favourably situated, anarate jtlant. The seeds of an appU; or other fi'uit cannot l)c dcpt'iided upon to reproiluce the very same sort of aj)jih' that is, an ap|>lc of the very same flavour or goodiu'ss. The seeds will always lepi'oduce the same .sy/*v/V.v, but not the i/n/irii/nn/ /i''i'N/i<(ri/ii's. These are [)erpetuiitedinproi)agation from buds. This kind of profiagation is there- fore very important to the cultivator. It takes place naturally in many plants, 160 By Stolons, OlTsetS, Runners, or Suckers, in ways which have already been described (99 to 103, and Fig. 74). These are all forms of natural layering, and they must have taught the gardener his art in this respect. For he merely imitates Nature, or rather sets her at woi'k and hastens her operati(»ns Also, 161. By Tubers (74, 75, Fig. 59, 60). 'J'he.se aic underground l)ranches with lively l)uds, w(dl charged with prepared nourishment, rendering tlieui more in- dependent and surer to grow. Potatoes and (jJround-Arti-hokes are familiar illustrations of the kind. They are propagated year after year by their buds, or eyes, being very seldom r-iised from the .seed. Fach annual cro[) of tubera is set free at maturity, l)v the death of all the rest of the plant. 162. By Corms, Bulbs, and Bulblets; as explained in paragi-aphs 77 and 106 to 109. Fig. 76 .shows a corm or soli 1 bulb of Crocus, which itself grew by feeding np(m its parent, whose exhausted remains are seen underneath ; it has already produced a crop of buds, to grow in tlieir turn into another generation of coi-ms, consuming their parent in the proces.s. Bulbs produce a crop of new l>ulbs from buds in the axils of some of their .scales. Tulips, Daffodils, and (Jarlics propagate ver\ freely in this manner, not only keeping up the succession of generations, but multiplying greatly their numbers. II I Analysis of the Section. 154. riiints multii)ly as well :is grow. 155. In two Wiiys ; all plants by seeds, many by buds. 156. Most kinds may be i)ropagatfd by buds artificially. 157. I'y Layers and Slips or Cuttinj;s. 158 By Grafting or ]5udiling. 159. Object gained by tliis mode of propagation. 160. It takes place naturally, by Stolons, Offsets, &c. 161. By Tubers. 162. By Corms, Bulbs, and Bulblets. 4 l'^^ 58 now PLANTS AUK rKUi'A(iATKD. • Skction II. How Propagated by Seeds. i6,v PuoPAfJATioN fioni ImkIs is icjilly only tlio divi.sion, as it ^rows, of one plant into two or nion*, or tlu» scpiirntioii of .shoots from a stock. l'ro[)!i^'!i(ion from seed is tlio only ivuo njtrof/iicfioii. In the sot'd an t*n(ir«'ly new individual is fornuMl. So the iSW'd, amd the Fruit, in which tho .seed is prodiicetl, and the Finn')')', which give ri.se to tho frnit, arc the ()r///• Cff/. In the Lily of the \'alley(Fig. .1, us in |<'ig. !.|o), there istho jitilntK'h' or general tlower-stalk (which is here a continuation of c,J the main stem), and then the llowers all haxc jfi/irr/.-t of their own. 1 75. Kinds of Flower-Clusters. ( )f thos<. which i)ear their ihiwers on the sides of a main stalk, in the axils of leaves or Itract.s, the prin- ('i|>al kinds nvo, tin? JiiU'cun', the Cori/ni/i, the I'm/)'/, the Iltdi/^ and t the Ny ;//,(' with its varieties; also the J'unir/c. In the head and tlu' s|)ik(^ the tlowcis ai'e sessile. In the others they liaNc peiHcels or footstalks of their own. 176. A Raceme is a duster with tlu^ blossoms arranired alon<; the sidt's of a main llower-stulk, or its continuation, and all on peei"ries, or the graceful cluster of the Lily of the Valley (Fi< .■)■> 140) are uo good illustrations. Fig. 142 shows thc^ ])lan of the racem«\ Notice that a raceme always l)lossoms from tlu^ bottom to the top, in ri'gular oriler ; because the lower buds are of course tlio oldest. H. 142 Kaieiiiu. 177. A Corymb is a flat-topped or convex cluster, like that of Hawthorn. Fig. KLOWKKS: TIir.ll{ AHKANOKMKNT ON TIIK SPFM. ^l 1.}^ .sliowN tin' )i|:iii fil" it It is plainly tlio saiii»> as a raK', ami wo c'lian<.'t' it into 178. All Umbel, as in V'\>r 144. Tins is u clustfT ill uliicli tilt' pciliccls all spiiii;,' tVoiii alMiut the saint' l('\»'I, like tlic r corynil) hlossom from the (•irennilt'rence towards the centre, the o.itei' flower Imds litini; the oldest. Us that \V(( may know such chisteis from cynics. iSo. A Head is a tlowcr cliister with a very short hody, or a.\is, and without any ju'dicels to the i)lo.ssoms, or hardly any, so that it ha.s a rounded form. The nutton-hush ( b'iy. 145), the Thistle, and tho lied Clover are ^'ood examples. i8r. It is ]dain that an iimhel would lie chani,'el int ) a head hy shorteniii;^' its pedicels down to nothing' ; or, contrarily, that, a head would become an umbel by uiNinijr stalks to ils liowcrs. 182. A Spike is a len<,'thoned tlower-dnster, witli no pedicel-; to the flowers, or hardly any. Fiif. 141 <,'ives the plan of a spike; and tlu' common .Mullein and llie Plantain are fjood examples. A head would become a spike by lenirthenin^' its axis. A raceme would become a spike by shortcnin/;,' its pedicels so much that thov could hardly bo seen. The Ciif/rin and the Spadix are only soils of spike. 183. A Catkin or Ament is a spike with scaly bracts. The flowers of tlie \\'il- low, Poplai", Alder, and Birch (Fig. 146) are in ca^kin.s. 62 now PLANTS AKK rUOPAiiATKI). ■1 V 1S4 A SpadIX is II sj)ik«» with Kiniill llowors crowded on i\ \\\\vV and flcsliy hody or axis. Swtct i<'lii<; and Indian 'rnrnip arc common c.\am|ilcs. In Indiaii- 'rurnip ( Ki^'. 147) llic spatlix luwiis (lowci's (»nly near tlu> l>ott(>m, hut is naked and chd> shaped ahove. And it is sui't'onnih-d hy a peeidiar h'lif oi' Iti-act in t}u« t'ofin of a hood. 1.S5. Suih a hrat't <>!• haf enwrapping' a spike f)r ehister of hlossoms is named a Sfxitln . iS(). A s«'t of hracts aiound a (lower <'hister. such as those ai'oinid the has«» of the undu'l in Fi^'. i.j.j, is call"il ;iii /ino/iii'i'i: 1.S7. Amn of I hoe chistei's may Im' compound. That i>;, thoe may l)e lacemes <'histeieil in racemes, makin«; a compound raceme, oi' coi'vmhs in corymhs, or luulids iu undiels, making,'' a CO npo.uid umlid, as in ('arawny ( l''i,i; I ■\^\ Parsnip, Pai'sh'y, and all that family. The little umliels of a «'om|)OUnd uml>el are e.dh'd f'iiih>//r/s ,- and their iuvolncre. if they h.i\t' any, is called an Inni'io'i/. iSS. APailloIe isan irie-ru- ^ ,, ,,,,, 11: Spdillx aiiil.S|i.itli( larly branchini: comi>ound flower-clusttM', such as would be formed by a raceme with its lower pcdici'ls laanched. Fig. i.j() shows a .sim))le panicle, the blanches, or what would be tlu' pedicels. only once branched. A bunch of CJrapes and the tlower duster of Horse-chestnut are mori' compound panicles. A crowded conjpound panicle of this sort has been called a 7'A//»v' 189. A Cyme is the general name of flower clusters of the kind in which a llower always terminates the stem or nuiin peduncle, and each of UK ConijiouiiJ I'ml"'!. li M.owr.Hs : TiiiiK I'Ains. 63 its luiiiulit's. 'I'lio |iliii\ of II I'ViiM' i» illiisl ntti'il in ihc follow in^ (i^'iin's. ViU' 150. to lh';.Mu widi, is li sh'in ti'iiniiintfij l»\ u (lowrr, wliirli plainly <'om«'s from n ti'iiiiiniil IhmI or is n t>riuiiiii/ llowt r. [''[•^. 151 is tlio suim», wliich has staifr*! a liiaiM-li from I lie axil of <'a<'li of till' iipiH'riiiost OJlV«>S each o f II H'SH til II OWCI' l.ll.l. b f. Vti VA PliUi of tin- f'ynir. V-i 1 t'lul.- Fi;;. I 5 J is I lie SMiiii', uitli till' siilr lil.'ilii'ili'S ji;,'!iiii lif.'iticlicil ill I lie ^ haiiir way, i-acli liiaiu'li CMiliti;,' ill M llowcr ImkI. This Miakc.s a cliislcr looking; like a coiyml), as hIiowii ill V\)i. I 1.^ ; liiil ohscivc that heir in llic cyini' the iiiidilh' flowor, a, which i'ikIs tilt' niaiii stem, hlossoms Ijr.st ; next, those lloweis markeil h\ then those markr'd c, aiitl so on, the cenlre one of each set liein",' the earliest ; wImIh in the coryml" I he hjossomin;,' heyins with the oMterin(»sl, llowers and |>roce«'»ls re^rnlarly towards the cent re. The hllder, the ( 'ornel, and the llyi only a close or very luiich (trowiled cyme, with very short footstalks to the Mowers, or none at all, as the flower-cliister of Sw«'et William. I Kii. The Parts of a Flower we IV iiliisti'at;'d at the he^rinnin^' of the hook, in Chai»t('r I., Section I. Let iis irlance at them aijaiii, takiii«]^ a different flower for the example, namely, that of the 'j'hreeleaved Stonecrop. Although small, this has all the parts \ ery di.-'.inct and re^^'tilar. Fi^'. 15;^ is n iiifxlerately en- larged \iew of one of the middle or earlii-st lowers of this StorKK-rop. (The others are like it, only with their parts in foui> instead of lives.) And Fi^. 154 shows two parts of each sort, one on each side, more ma^'iiified, and separated from the end of the llowei- stalk (or Ih'cp/itai'h')^ but standing in their natural position, namely, helow or outside a Sepal, or leaf of the Calyx ; then a /'l;ide. ]\Iore connnoidy there is only a blade; but the petids of Jlo.ses have a very sliort, nar- row base or claw; those of ]\Iustard, a lon;j^er oiu> ; those of Pinks and the like, a narroM- claw, which is jjfenerally longer than the blade (Fig. 308). 195. A Sfa))iP!i, as we have already learned (15, 17), generally consists of two parts; its Fildnii'iit and its Aiit//rr. But the filament is only a kind of footstalk, no more necessary to a stamen than a petiole is to a leaf. It is therefore some- times very short or wanting; when the anther is si'K^i/e. 'J'he anther is the essential ])art. Its use, as we know. i,s to [troduce pollen. 196. 'I'he Pn/frit is the mailer, looking like dust, which is shed from the anthers when they open ( l^'ig. 159). }\rve is a grain of pollen, a single i)article of the line ])owder shed by tiie anther of a ]Mallow, as seen highly magnified. In tiiis plant llie grains are beset with bristly points; in many plants they are smooth; and they differ ^'^''^^''-i^'"'"- greatly in appearance, size, and shape in different species, but ai(^ all just alike in the same species; so that the family a plant l)elongs to can often be told by seeing only a grain of its pollen. The use of the pollen is to lodge on the stigma of the pistil, where it grows in a peculiar way, its inner coat projecting a slender .S.lHll. Si'iial. l.V. FL0WKI{8 : TilfMK NATCin:. 6.5 Slicinik style. Ovary. thread wliicli .»inks into tli»' jiistil. somcwliMt as a rool pows down into the ground, and roaches an ovule in the ovary, causin;^ it in souio unknown way to develoj) an enil)ryo, and thereby hecouie a seed. 197. As to the P/'sfi/, we have also leaiMicd that it consists of three parts, the Orart/, the *S/////', and the iSti(/iiia (16); that the style is not always present, hein*,' only a stalk or support t'oi- the sti of the style ; the style f,'radually enlar<;in<( downwards into the ovary. Here the ovary is cut in two, to show some of the o\ules inside. And Fi,<;. 157 shows one of the ovules, or future seeds, still nioi'e niagnilied. 198. Nature of the Flower, in the mind of a l)otani>t, who looks at the philosophy of the thin;.,', A jinircr ansicer-i io a .^'O-f of hranch. True, a (Ifuver does not bear much resemblance to a common l>raiicli ; l)ut we have seen (90-1 on') what remarkable forms and ap- pearances branches, and the leaves they bear, oc^'asionally take. Flowers come from buds just as branches do, and sprinfj from just the same places that branches do (169). In fact, a llower is a branch inteixled foi' a peculiar purpose. W'l.ile a bianch with ordinary leaves is intended for i^rowiuL'. and for coUectinif from the air and preparing or digesting food, — and while such peculiar l)ranches as tubers, bull)s, »Vc., are for holding prepared food for future use, — a blossom is a \ery short and a S|)ecial sort of branch, intended for the production of seed. If the whole flower answers to a branch, then it follows that (excepting the receptacle, which is a continuation of the flower-stalk) — Tlie parts of tlifi jhnrrr anfurri' to harrt^. This is plainly so with the sepals and the petals, which are commonly called the leaves of the blossom. The sepals or calyx-leaves are commoidy green and leaf-like, or partly so. And the petals or corolla-leaves are leaves in shape, only more delicate in texture and in colour. In many blossoms, and very plainly in a W'liite Water-Lily, the calyx- !*4i|" — r • i*-',:l hi'':' r «B 'I 66 HOW TLANTS ARE PROPAGATED. i i loaves run into corolla-leaves, and the inner corolla-leaves change gradually into stamens, — showing that even stamens answer to leaves. 198'. How a stamen answers to a leaf, according to the botanist's idea, Fig. 158 is intended to show. The filament or stalk of the stamen answers to the footstalk of a leaf ; and the anther answers to the blade. The lower part of the ligure represents a short lilament, bearing an anther which has its upper half cut away ; and the sunniiit of a leaf is placed above it. Fig. 159 is the whole stamen of a liily put l)eside it for coui[)arison. If the whole anther corre- sponds with the blaiU; of a li'af, then its two cells, or li.'dves, answer to the halves of the blade, one on each side of the midrib ; tiie continuation of the filament, which con- nects tlie two cells (called the roimccfirr'), answers to the midrib ; and the anther generally opens along what answer to the margins of a leaf. 199. It is easy to see how a simple pistil answers to a leaf. A simple pistil, lik*^ one of tliose of the Stonecrop (Fig. 154, 156) is regarded by the botanist as if it were made by the folding up inwards of the ))lade of a leaf (that is, of what would have been a leaf on any brancii of the common kind), so that the margins come together and join, making a hollow closed bag, which is the ovary ; a tapering summit forms the style, and some part of the margins of the leaf in this, destitute of skin, becomes the stigma. To understand this better, compare Fig. 160, repre- senting a leaf rolled up in this way, witii Fig. 156, and with Fig. 16 r, which are [»istils, cut in two, that the interior of the ovary may be seen. It is here ])lain tliat the ovules or seeds are attached to what answers to the united margins of the leaf. The particular part or line, or whatever it^may be, that the ovul(>s or seeds are attached to, is called the Plwcjita. 200. Varieties or Sorts of Flowers. Now that we have learned how greatly roots, stems, and leaves vary in their forms and appearances, we should expect flowers to exhibit great variety in difl'erent species. In fact, each class and each family of plants has its flowers upon a ])Uin of its own. But if students understand the tjcmcml plan of jfoircrs, as seen in the riiui of a 8taiiicn. Plan of Pistil. I FLOWKRS: TFIfllR KOUMS AND KINDS. ^>7 ¥ ^lorninrj-CJlorv, the Lily (Fi;,'. 1-12), ami tlif Stonocrop (191), tlioy will soon Iciini to iinder.st.'ind it in uny or all of its diverse t'ornis. 'I'he principal varie- ties or special forms that occur aniont; common plants will he desciihed und«!r tlie families, in the /''/(>r(( which makes the Second Part of this hook. There students will learn them in the easiest way, as they hapjien to m«>et with tliem in collectin<; and analysirifj plants. Here we will only notice the leadin that thi.vers imiy he classilied into several sorts, of which the following are the princip.al. 202. A Complete Flower is one which has all the four })arts, namely, calyx, corolla, stamens, and pis- tils. This is the case in all the flowers we have Complete flower of Triiiium. yet taken for examples; also in Trilliiun (Fig 1 3S, reduced in size, and here in Fig. 162, with the blos.som of the size of life, and spread open flat.) 203. A Perfect Flower is one which has holh sta- mens and pistils. A complete flower is of course a perfect one ; 1)ut many flowers are perfect and not com))lete, as in Fig. 163, 164, 204. An Incomplete Flower is one which wants at k^ast one of the four kinds of organs. This may hapi)en in various ways. It may l)e AjiefaloN.^ ; that is, liaving no petals. Thi> is the case in Anemony (Fig 163) and M.arsh-Marigold. For these have only one row of flower-leaves, and that is a calyx. The petals which are here wanting 1 3 Itii niiipliti- llnwr of Ariciiioiry. If-r- 4' 68 now PLANTS AHE ri{OPA(;A'l"F,l). FlowiTof Llzaitt'sT-'l. appear in snmo flowers very much like these, jis in liutteroiips (Fig. 238) aud (JoMthrend. (")r the llower iiimv he still more iiieomplete, and Naked, or Ac/ilam iff eons ; that is, without any flower-leaves at all, neither cmIvx nor corolla. That, is the case in the Lizard's-Tail (Fig. 164), anil in Willows. Or it may he incomplete hy wanting either the stamens or tlie pistils; then it is 205. All Imperfect or Separated Flower, of course, if the stamens are wanting in one kind of blos- som there must l)e others that haAe them. I'lants with imperfect llowers accordingly bear two sorts of blossoms, namely, one sort Sf(iiii///af'' or S/rri/c, those ha\ iug stamens only, and therefore not producing seed ; and the other l*i!istil but no good i stamens, and ripening seeil only when fertilised by jiollcn ,'V from tlu^ sterile flowers. The Oak ami ( *hestnut, Hemp, U, Moonseed, and Indian ( 'orn aie so. Fig. 165 is one of v<..', the staniinate or sterile flowers of IndiaTi Corn ; tliese form the "tassel "' at the toj) of the stem : their pollen falls upon the "silk,"' or styles, of the forming ear below, consisting of rows of pistillate flowers. Fig. 166 is one of these, with its vei'V lonfi; stvle. The two kinds of flowers in this case are Monojcious ; that is, both borne Hy the same indi- vidual ])lant ; as they are also in the Oak, Chestnut, Jlirch, kc. In other cases Ditrcions ; that is, when one tree or herb bears flowers with stamens only, and another flowers with pistils only; as in "Willows and Poplars, Hemp, and Moonseed. Fig. 167 is a staminate flower from one plant of IVIoon- seed, magnified; and Fig. 168, a pistillate flower, borne by a plant from a different root, 'i'here is a third way : some plants produce w'hat are called Pohjganwus flowers, that is, having some blossoms with pistils only or with sta- 7 106 Iiiilian Cdiii. Moonseed Flowrrs. FI'»"~™!ai!ll.,ia. l!L'-"i!!'i"lJllJLt..J., I FLOWKHS: THi:iK FORMS AND KINPS. 69 109 IlyilraM'jca. mens only, and others perfect , liMviri;^' both stamens and pistils, eitlier on tho s.-mie or on different individii;ils. Thf Red Maplu is a very ^ood rase of this kiuui- or tail Ix'jiind, which t hf fdiir othns have not ; and the four small jM'tals aro of two soi'ts. Tin; \'i(th't-i)l()ssoni (l''i,Lr. 17;,)'""! ''"' I'f.i hlossoni ( Kii,'. .^51) aro .synnnetrical (exee})t as to the pistil), hnt iiici^idar. Ki;.'. i 74 shows th«' calyx and thccoi'olla of the Violet ahove it displaytMl ; n. the (l\o sepals; //, th.- li\c jielals. One (if the lat ter dilVei-s from the rest, havin;u' a sac or spur at the liase, uhich makes the hlossoni irreirular. So far, most of the examples in this seetion are fiom 212. Flowers with the parts all distinct, that is, of separate pieces; the calyx of i/is/nirf .-^'jia/s, th(; corolla of (/is/inc/ jiil(tl,< (i.>' , /'i>fi/pt/tacle, in other words, /'/ist'iic/ on the i-eceptacle. 'jhese are the simplest or most natural flowers, th(^ parts answeiinif to so many leaves on a short hranch, lint as in Honeysuckles ( Fi^'. 389) the leaves of the same pair aie often found grown together into one, so in I )lossom -leaves, thei-e are plenty of 212. Flowers with their parts united or grown together. The flower of Morning- (Ilory (Fig. 4) is a good example. Here is the calyx of li\-e separate leaves or .se))als (Fig. 176) ; but in the coiolla (Fig. 175) the five petals are comidetely united into a cup, just as the u])per leaves of Honeysuckles are into a round plate. "^riien, in Stramonium (Fig. 177), the five .sepals also are united or grown together almost to their tips into a cup or tul)e ; and .so are the five petals likewi.so, hut not quite to their tips ; and the five teeth or lobes (both of the calyx and of the corolla) plainly show how many leaves there really are in each set. When this is so in the corolla, it forms what is called a Mijni:n;,'-(';iiiry. SiraiiKiiiimn. 1- ' 1 1 I 7a now TLANTS ARK rKOPACATKP. 17S. Triiiii|M'l- lioiii'ysuikli'. 213. MonopetalOUS corolla, i>., a corolla of oijo \)'wco. It is so called, whether it ruakosactipor tu))0 with the border cut iro, as in Morning-djory (Fig. 175), or with thuboi'(julaf when tlu* sides oi- parts are dilFerent or unequal in si/e or sliapt^, as in Sage, Dead- Nettle (Fig. 181), the common Honeysuckle, iVc. It is Tnhu/di', when long and narrow without a cons])icuous border, as in Fig. 178, or Truiiip''f-x/iniiftl ; tubular, gradually ridarging uj)wards, as in Trumpet-Creeper and Trumpet- Honeysuckle (Fig. 178). Fun u<'l -till ajx'd or Fiuinel-fonn (like a funnel or tuniud); when the tui)e opens gradually into a spreading border, as in Morning-(Tlory (Fig. 175) and Stramonium d ,■ wlien a slender tuhe spreads suddenly into a Hat border, as in I'ldox (Fig. iSo). WliL'el-f! ale or T/rD-lippfil : when the ])order (livide.s into two parts, or Zips, an upper and a lower (sometimes likened to tliose of an animal with gaping moutli), as in Sage, Dead-Nettie (Fig. 181), This is one of the irregular forms of monopetalous corolla, and i« and the like, the commonest. V \ T I FLOWEKS : TIIKIK I\)|{MS AND KINDS. 73 214. Stamens united m-o also connnon. 'lilt V may Im* niiitod l>y tlioir tilaiiH'iifs or by tht'ir uuthcrs, Jn tin' ( anliiial-llowcr ( I''i^'. 1.S4), aixi otlu-r Loin-lias, Ix.th the anthers (a) iind tho filaiin'iits (/) aiv iinitrd into a tube. So also in tho rimij»io in IHI. I...li.'ll;i. Pasf-ioii-tiowcrs and Ln|'iiies ( Fi;,', 187). Didih li,lii,ii.< (in two liiotherhoods^ when the (ilaments are luiited in two sets. l'i<.(. i,S6 shows this in the IVa, and tho like, \\here nine stati ens are ('ond»ine(l in one .^et and one stamen is left for the other. '/'/'/(('/r/ji/iii/i.-i 'in thre»; bi-otherhoods^, when the lilanu'nts are united or colleeted in three sets, as in the Common St. John's-wort or Ilypericu"- (Fiij. 297); .-ind Pohjailc as (in many brotherhoods), when combined in more than three .sets, as in some St. John's-worts. 183. >r;illo\v. 21 Pistils united aic very common. Two, three, foui', isil ih; or more grow togethei- at the time of their foi-mation, and nnike a C(jiH/)iin//if l'i./, while the styles or stigmas are partly separate or distinct. Three degi-ees of union are shown i»i these figures. Fig. 188, two pistils of a Saxifrage, their ovaries united only i)art way up (cut across both 74 II(»\V I'LANTS AHK rUOrAOATKn. »• it t'liiiilioiiinl Pibtlls of t\v 1 ami tlili i' n:;;.-*, iil»()Vo and hclou). Fi-,'. i.S(). pistil of Coimnon St. .lohn's-wort, plainly conipof-ed of tlii't'O Kiujplo ones, vvitli tlicir ovjiiirn (•()niph'l4'ly united, wliilc tlu-ir hlcuder IHtvh's uro soparato, Ki^'. 190, saino of SliiMd)l)V St. .lohn's-wort, like tlio last, hut with tilt' three* styles also ^M'ow n to^jethel' iiil<» one, (lie littlo sti^'iuas only separate ; hut as it^'cts older this stylo <;eneially splits down into three, and when the pod is >ipo it also splits into thi('»', [d linly show- '^^"^^ iii<,' that this couipound pistil con- sists of three united into one. On turniufj now to I*'!",'. 8 and Fi<;. 10 to 12 on the same pai;e. it will ho seen that the j>istil in .Mornin<,'- (llory and in Lily is a conipouiul one, made of three united even to their stiuMuas. This is shown externally hy tho 8ti<.(ma hein;; som<>whiit threedolu'd in hoth. And it Itecomes perfectly evident on cutting tho ovary in two, hrin ovules or .soed.s, or the plarniitaa that bear them, are /laridal, that is, are borne on tlie parictes or wall o^ the ovary. Fig. 191 is the lower part of a compound ovary, with three ^>a- r/V'/rt/ jVar-f/z/rw or seed-bearing lines ; and Fig. 192 is j-meiai. a diagram, to explain how such a pistil is suppo.sed to be made of three leaves united hy their edges, and these edges bearing the ovules or .seeds. Oiie-cellcil coinimiinil ovary, witli placonta* FLOWKHS: TIIKIU I-OWMS AND KINPS. 75 lluir uf a C'LurrybluMoiii. 217. Flowers with one set of Organs united with anotlier. 'Vhv nMtuml way is, for all the pints to Htaiul on th(» rccj'ptacli' m- ond of thu llowiT-stulk tlio slom part of tilt' l)l().ss()m (191). 'I'licM tin" parts aro Huid to lie .//■''', or t(» !»(' inseiiiif on tlw />;- ^aptwlr. So it is in tlio Huttrrcup, l-ily, Trillium ( Fi^'. 162), Flax, Arc. Hut in luanv flowt-rs ono sot ol" or^^ans <,m()\vs fast to aiiotln'r set, or, as wo say, is inst-rtrd on it. For instanc*', wo niav liavo tho I'ttah ami ^fninfiifi iiixrrh'd nit f/if C(ih/.i', as in tlic Cherry, antl all tli»> Ivose family. Ki<,'. \()] is a flower (tf a Cherry, cut tlir(iu<;h tho middle lonf,'thwiso, to show tho ju'tals and stamens <;rowin<» on tho tube or cup of tho calyx. 'Tho moanin;,' of it is that all thoso jiarts liavo •jrown to^'othoj- fi-om thoir earliest formation. Next \\v may iiavi* tho Cd/f/.r rn/nriiKf or i/niiri/ I'lisf In tlii' ilniri/, or at least its cup or lower part ^'rowii to tho o\ary, and forming: a part of the thickness of its walls, as in tho ( 'urrant and (Joosoberry, the Aj»ple and Hawthorn. Fi;^. 194 is aflower of Hawthorn cut throu^'h len^,'th^^■is(^ to show this. in such casoa all other parts of the blossom appear to <.,'row on the ovary. So the ovary is said to be inferior, or, whicli is the sanif^ thin,";, the calyx {i.e., its lobes or border) and the rest of the blossom, superior. Or else v.'i say '■^ cah/.r coherent u-itli, the ovanj,'' which is best, because it explains tlu^ thin^. Staniena inmrlid on tlv Corolla, 'i'lie stamens and the corolla generally go to- gether. And when tho corolla is of one piece {i.e., ntonopetalous, 213), the stamens almost always adhere to it within, more -^r less ; that is, are borue or *' inserted on the n.ilf of a Iluwtliorn-blimsniii. I'jj. Moruiiig-Ulory. 76 now I'LANTS AUK rUOPAfJATED. ! -h corolla." V'\}^. 195 is tliocoiojla of Moitiin^' (Jlorv laiil npou, to show (ho stnmons inst'itt'il oil it, i.r., ^'fown fast, to it, towaids tin- bottom. Wo may «'Von hav»» tho ^Sftiniriin iiiscrtrif on f/ir Hhjlr, that is, united uith it even up to th«* sti<,'inH. It is so ill th(( Orchis family. 21H. Gyiiinosperiiious oc Open and Naked -seeded Pistils. This is the vci-y peculiar pistfl wliicji lu'lon^'s to i'iiu's, SpruccH, (Jcdiirs, md all that family of plants; and it is th(f simplest of all. l''or here the |>istil is an open leaf or scale, hearing' two or threo ovuli's on its upper or inner surfac»\ i'lach scale of a Pine-cono is an open pistil, and the ovuh's, instead of hein^ eiiclo.sed in an ovary which forms a pod, are naked, and exposed to (he j)()llen shed by the stameii-heariiif,' flowers, which falls dii-ecdy upon (horn. Fi<,'. 196 is a \ iew of the ujijier side of an open pistil or scale from a formin;,' Larch-cone, at tlowerinj(-time, show- iwii the (wo ovules home oil the face of it, o e on e.ach side near the liottoin. Kit,'. K); is the .smiu' its Btructiire and use. 197. Pistil; its parts. 198. Nature of the flower; its parts answer to leaves. 198". How a stamen answeis to a le.if. 199. How a pistil answers to a leaf : Placenta. 200. Sorts of Flowers : one gener.1l idan : 201. Varied in several ways. 202. Complete flower. 203. Perfectflower. 204. Incomplete flower : apetalous ; naked. 205. Imperfect or separated flowers t Btamiuate or sterile ; pistillate or fertile ; inoneecious, clicecious, or polygamous. 206. Neutral flowers. rin ir. 17 207. Synitnetiiciil fltiwem. Jn8. ('tiNyrniiietiical flciwrr'*. aoo. Uc^ulitr Huwi'i«. aio. lM«i;ulitr HOWPIM, 311. Flowern with tin- |>iiifH iliMtitict. 212. Willi tlicir piiiti i^'ciwii tnm'tlKT. 2\ \. !Stiiiiii)i< tuliiiia coiiiliii, /kc : I fH viini'ticM in fDiiii, a\.\, StuiiiniiN tiiiitfit ; Hyir^^crifNioiM, iiiiiiiiiilt>l|i|iiMiH, iliuilt-lpliDua, tiiiHlel]i|i(iux, uiiil|)iilyiiilt'l|i|i ; nf on*' i-cll witli pliUM-ntiis )iaiirtal or on tlit> wiillii. 317. I'liiwt'iH with one srt of oi};an.H iiniti-il witli itiiutliiT ; w*, |>ftiiU ami htinuiiH with lh<- culyx ; tho tiihc or flip of thf i'al\ x with tliu oviny ; HtiunonH witli the conillit ; or witli \\w A\ l»;. 3iti. (jyii)iic»<|ic>rnif i'infN, I'^c. 3i>>. DiviMion of |>liiiitx on tliin iircount, <^i)s-> Skction IV. Fruit and Ssed. J5 I. Si'ill I 'r.s'.>V 7s. 220. Aftor til** llowcr rnmcs th«' Fruit. Tlif ovni-v of the llowci' Iiocomh's tlu» Sff'd-t'cftsr/ (or I'l rii'd)'!') in tli<> fi'iiit. 'V\\v ovules ai*' ii(»\\ .srt'tl.s. 22 1. A Simple Fruit is a .srrd-vrsscl foiiiMMl liy tlu' rijiciiiu^' oF one pistil (\\itl» wliatovtT may have ^'rown t'a.st to it in i\\v llowcr, .such a.s tlu' tultc (»t" the caly.N in many cast's!, 217). Simple fruits may l)c most coiiNcnicntly classified into /'//.sAy Fnii/s, i^ti'tir Friti/s, iuitl / h-i/ Fnn'fs. 222. The principal soits of lle.^lly fiiiils are tlu.' Jirrri/, the I'r/^o, and t'le I'lnm'. 223. A Berry is lleshy or pulpy throu;,'hout. drapes, touuitoes, ^'ooscherries, currants, and cr{lld)erries ar«' ;,'ood e.\- ;im)»les. ( Fi,!,'. I (>S shows ci'anl eri'v cut in two.) ()ran<.'(s ;inf 1m rry with a thickei' ami li-atlu-ry rind 224. The Pepo or Gourd Friiil (such as a s(piash, melon, cucun;- l)or, iind l)ottle-i:;ourd, Fi;L,'. 190) is oidy a sort of berry with a harder rind. 225. A Pome or Apple-Fruit is the well-known fnut of the Apple, Pear, Quince, and Hawthorn, it comes from .a compound jiistil with a coherent calyx-tui)e (tlmt is, from such a flower as Fi;^'. 1 94), and this calyx, 1'J8. Utiiy. i;i'.i. Pt'iio. 78 HOW li.ANTS AKK rKUl'Ad ATICO. I i prowin^ vory thick antl (Icsliy, rnakos tho whnlo oatMblo part oi* Hosli of (ho fi-uit in th<; liiiw Mild th<' <|iiiiice. 'I'ho rciil sccd-vcsscls in the (piiiico (Vij^. 201), iipplti ' I'^i;,'. 200), iiiitl thr like, consist of the i\\e tliin |i?irchinf^nt- likc cells of tho core, eontainiiiii,' tho seods. in llie (jiiiiifo, all the llosh is calyx. iJut in (ho jicar ;inS/"//'^ (or I'uhoiK'ii. as tho botanist tei'ins it) doos not b(>lonlits into two ])io('es. Jt is the fruit of the Pea or Pulse fiimily. Fi^'. 211 is a legume of the Pea, o}>en, separated into its two valves. 237. A Capsule is the ])(>(! of iuiy compound pistil. ,^ , When capsules open re<,nd!irly, they either split tJiroii(//i '"""'•'• tilt' ])arli//(iit.<, or wiiere these woidd he, ;is in the })od of St John's- wort (Fig -12); this divides them into so niMiiy tV)]li(]('s, us it were, wiiich o[»en down the inner e(l»«e : or els(; they split open i)(/'. r 'J 17. I'yxls.. I'HriT. Si 218 244. Aggregated Fruits are dose dusters of simple fruits all of the same aowci-. The rasplx'rry and the hlackherry are «ron(l oxauiples. hi these, each grain is a di'Ujii-h'l or stone-fruit, like a cherry or [(cadi on a very siinill scale. 245. Accessory Fruits are those in which tiie Hesli or conspicuous part l)d()n<;s to some accessory {i.e., addctl or altered) ])art, sef)arate from the seed-vess(d. So (hat what we eat as the fruit is not the f i-tiil at all in a strict botanical sense, l»ut a calyx, receptacle, or somethiuiL; else which surrounds or accompanies it. Our connnon checkerherry is a simj)le illustration. Here the so-called })erry is a free or separate calyx, wliicli after tlowcrin^ he- comes thick and fleshy, and encloses tlu' true seed- ves.sel, as a siiuill pod within. Fi;.,'. 218 shows the younij pod, partly covered hy the loose calyx. ¥'\\i. 219 is the ri{)e cheekei-herry, cut throuut it consists of the tube of the cnlyx, lined by a liollow rece[>ta(de, which bears the real fruits, or seed-vessels, in the form of bony akenes. Fig. 221, a rose-hi[> when in flower, cut through length- wise, shows the whole })lan of it : the pistils are svini attached to the sides of the m-n-shaped receptacle, and their styles, tipped with the stigmas, [)roject a little from the cavity, near the stamens, which are borne on the rim of the deep cuj). 247. A Stfdirhi ri'ij is an ac- cessory fruit of a difTerent shape Fig. 3 -'2 is a forming one, at flowering time, divided lengthwise : below is a ])art of the calyx ; above this, a large oval or conical receptacle, its w liole surface covered with little pistils. In ripening this grovv.s vastly larger, and becomes juicy and delicious. So that, in fact, what is called a berry is only the receptacle of the flower, or the end of the flower-stalk, grown vjry large and juicy, and not a seed-ves.se' at all, but bearing plenty of one-seeded dry seed-vessels (akenes, 229), so small that they are mistaken foi- seeds. •2'JO Rose-liip. 22. Vouiit; StrawL.'iry. 1; 82 now PLANTS AKK PKorAGATED. i 248. Multiple Fruits aro masses of simple or accessory fruits helon^inf,' to difTerent flowers, uU compacted to<,'etiier. Mtifhirrirs (Vi'^. 223) are of this sort. Tliey look like l)la('kberries, but each <,M'a'iu helonys to a separate flower; ami the eatable l>ulp is uot even the seed-vessel of that, l)ut is a loose calyx iri'owii l>ul[»y, just like tiiat of ( "hecker- berry, and surrouiidinj,' an akent;, wliich is Lrcncrally taken for a seed. The [)ine-ai)ple is much lil. and of the A/huineti, when there is any. 258. The Albumen is a stock of prepared food, for the embryo to live u[;on at the outset, in those" cases where it has not a similar supply laiil up in its cotyledons (32-35, 45). In Fig. 17, 44, and 49, the seeds have albumen. In Fig. 25, 32, 40, and 42, they have none, but the whole kernel consists of 259. The Embryo, or i-udimentary jdantlet in miniature, the body in the seed which grow.s. To this the seed, the fruit, and the blossom are all subservient. The albumen of the seed, when there is any, is intended to nourish the embryo I ir 84 now I'l-ANTS AKK I'I«(Jl'AGATI';n. wIm'H it prows, until it ran ])rovi(l(« for itsrlf; tlw sood-coiiis to protect it, osj>(>i'i!illy jiftcr it is slu'd ; tlui s«mm1 vossci, to [irotcct it and to iioui-islj it whilo forming ; tlu> stjiiiipiis jiiid pistil, to oi-iifijiatc it. 260. Tlu' (Miihryo consists of its l{sc hero to teach. I>ut a f,'eneral account of the matter may be ^'i\en in a simple \\ay, wliich shall be pei-fectly inteliij^'ilde, and may <,'ive a clear ich^a of the purpose which phints were created to fultil in the world, and how thoy do it. Let us be;,'in by considering 262. The Plant in Action. Take any h'vin^,' plant, — it matters not what one,— <'ind consider what it is doing. For greater .simplicity, take some young j)lant or seedling, wliere vegetation goes on just as in a full-grown herl) or tree, only on a smaller scale. The plant is 263. Absorbing, or drawing in what it lives upon, from the soil and the air. This is moisture, air, and other msitters which the rain, as it soaks into the ground, may have dissolved on its way to the roots. It is by the roots, lodged in the damp soil, that most of the moisture which plants feed u[K)n is taken in, and with this they always jjet some earthv matter. This earthv matter makes the ashes which are left after l)urning a piece of wood, a leaf, or any part of a jdatit. Moisture is * After studying this chapter, the jmpil will he rciidy to learn more of the suhject in tiis L>k-"'H.i in liotanii itml Vt'octdhle Piii/siolot/i/. Lessons 22, 23, 24, and 25 treat of Vegetahle Anatomy, ami Lesson 26 of the Tlaiit doing its work. i 86 WHY PLANTS (JKOW, also absorbed l)y tlio leaves, citlicr from diops of lain or dew, or from the vapour of wiitor in the air. Air is lar tlieir food by their stir- face, — by the skin, as it were; and when very yonn<,' and with the whole sur- face fresh and thin, l»y one pait almost as much as another, Ihit as they ^rovv older and the skin hardens, i hey absorb mostly by their fresh rootlets and the tips of the roots, and by the leaves, — the former spread out in tiie soil, the latter spread out in the air. For whih^ the skin oi- l)ark of the older parts of the roots is harden- ing, new tips and rootlets are always forming' in ^rovvin«^' plants, with a fresh sur- face, which absorbs freelv. And as to the leaves, tliey an; renewed cverv vear (even everjL^reens produce a new crop annually, and the old ones fall after a year or two); and the skin of every leaf, especially that of the under side, is riddled with thousands of holes or little mouths (called liri'dthhtii-jxn'Oi), which open into the chambers or wiudiii<,' ))assa^'cs of the pidp of (he leaf, so that the air may circulate freely throUjLrhout the whole. 265. Plants ahxiirh iln'ir fuml all i)i i]ii> Jlulil fitnii. They are unable to take in anytliitif; in a solid state. They iinhihr or drink in all their food, iti the form of water, with whatever the water has dissolved, and of air or vapour, by one or both of which tlieir leaves and roots are surrounded. The reason they imliibe only fluid is this. The roots, leaves, and all the rest of the plant, inider the miero.scope, are seen to be made up of millions of separate little cavities, each cut off from the surrounding ones by clo.sed })artitions of membrane. All t hat the platits take into their system has to pass through these partitions of membrane, — which fluid (air or moi.sture) alone can do. 266. The connnon juices of [)iants are called Sap. What they take in from the soil and the air, not being digested or made into vegetable matter, is called Crude Sap, All that the roots imbibe has to be carried up to the leaves to be digested there. So while the roots are ab.sorbing, the stem is 267. Conveying the Crude Sap to the Leaves, 'i^hei-e is no separate set of vessels, and no open tubes or pipes for the sap to rise through in an unbroken stream, in the way people generally suppose. The stem is made up, like the root, of cavities, I AM) WHAT TIIKV Ixi. 87 1 or colls (Hvidod f)fT by wholo partitions ; iiml to rise nti inch tln^ sap /^'cncrjilly lias to ))ass tliro(i<;h scvcial luniiljcd siicii jtaititiotis. W'lnii tln-ic is imicli woOil, tho sap rises mostly tlinm^'li that. Now Ihr lihrrs ami the vessels ol' the \\o:y\ are tnhes, most of them several times jini^ifr than wide ; lait their ends do not open into each othei' ; a closed pai'tition divides each cavity tVom the next, Wi:ich tlie sap has to <:et throujLrh somt' way or othei-, Ijou it ;L'cts (hnni^di so readily, we do not alto;,'ethei' know; hut there is no doid»t. al»out the tact. 261S. ('arri«'d into the le.tves, iind distributed thron^di theii- l»road snrhice, tln> crude sap is exposed to the linrht and air. .\ lar<;e part ot' it is water ; ami each di'op of this serves to brin;,' uj) a minut<' portion of eai'thy matter, which it dissolved out of the soil. Most of the water, no lonijer wanted, is evaporated from the leaves by tlu; wai-mth of the sun, and ixli'ihil ,• that is, it esoajies iti vapour into tlu^ air, mostly through the bi-eathing-pores (264 \ What remains, tlu' plant is at the same time 269. Digesting or Assimilating. Assimilating is the projier word. To assimilato is to nndce similar, or to tin-n into its own substance. This is just what ))Iants do in their leaves. They change into vegetable matter that which was mineral matter (air, earth, or water) before. This they do only in (he Icives. or other ^reen j)arts, and in the.se otdy when the}' are exposed to the ligiit of day, that is, to the influence of the sun. W'e see, therefore, why ))lants ai-e so dejiendent u\\ the light. They cannot grow without it, except so far as they are fe storrd up until it is waiitctl. In annual h(M-l).s, as already explainctl (6S)," in'arly all of it is used for ^'rowtli or for Mossoinin^, as fast as it is inatU*. In bii'nnials, liko tlio Brd, ("arrot, and 'I'ui-nip (70), a ^r»'at part of it is stored up sonicu InMc, ^eniMally in tlu^ loot, and used the tu'xt year. In such perennials us (h(^ i'olato, a part is laid up in the tubers (which are all of the plant that survives the winter), to liej^'in a vi<,'orous ^'rowth tht* next season. In shrubs and trees a part is annually deposited in the newest wood and bark, to bo used for (levelopin<,' tlu^ buds the next spring', in all, a portion is deposited, as we know, sonietiuies in tlu^ fiuit, always in the seed, for tho use of the embryo or new plant, at the be;,'innin^ of its ^'lowth. 272. W'luMi ve<,'etal)le matter is laid up for futui'o use, a lar^'e part of it is generally in the form of starch. Nearly tlm whole l>ulk of u |)()tato, or of a grain of corn, is starch. This consists of little ;^'rains which aie like mucilage solidified, and they may bo turned into mucila<^e a<;ain. When the plant takes lip a deposit of starch into its system, as fast as it dissolves it in the sap it gene- rally changes it into sugar. Mucilage, starch, sugai', and plant-fabi-ic, all have the same chemical composition, or very nearly; and the ))lant readily changes one into the other as it needs. Notice the changes of vegetal)le matter in a plant of Indian (.'orn. In the leaves, where it is made, the elaborated sap is in tho form of mucilage; in the t. 89 circulation of tho two kinds of sap; and no <'iii»lo sap exist.** s«>paratoly in any pnrt (jf tli»» plant. Mven in tin' root, wlicrc it rnt»M's, this Miinj;l»'s at oncp with Honif ('lahorat«'(l sap aUvady tlu'rt', and as it risi's throu;;h th«' stiMu thry mix nioi'p and more. lint whatrver is not assiniilatrd nnist h<*, Itctorc th<> plant can us»' it ; that which has Ihmmi assimilated, can h«» used whci«'v«'r it may he. 274. The claltoratcd sap, like tin* cnidc, is contained in the caxities, cells, or slioi't closed tnltes which makeup tne l"al»ric(»t" the |. hint, and circulates or passes from one to another throu^di th«? partitions. How it passes throu;:li. ami what attracts it wher«» it is wanted, we do not very well know. And what we do know could not l)e well explained to the youn<; he;;inncr, for whom this hook is written. The same may lie said ahout 275. GrOWlll. (Jrowth is the increase of a li\iu;; tliin;; in si/e ami suhstancp. In plants it is done hy the incroase in the rnimhei- of the rrllft (or cavities di\ ided oil l>y partitions) which make up the faluic, and hy the increa.se of »'acli in si/e to n cert.'iin (i.xtent. That is, growth is the laiildin;,' up of the plant, or of additions to it, out of vej,'etal)l(f matter. And this ve<,M'tahle matter was made in the leaves (either of the .same plant or of its pareni ), out of mineral matter drawn from the earth and the air, — was mostly made of air and water. Tor the earthy part which is left hehind when we hurn a jdant (and so turn all the ve^'etahle matter back into air and vapour of water a;;ain) forms oidy a Ncry small part of its hulk. 276. if th;* pupil would learn more particidarly how ^'rowth takes place, and how ])lants chan^ "'^ (? / Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 14580 (716) 872-4503 €3 iV ^v \ \ lV >:vc°' PL^ IP- w^ wm I 90 WHY PLANTS UHUW. II I (■ i ti 1'^ plants have been makin^f, day by day, since God said, " Let the earth hring fi>rth grasSj and the lirrh iji^'hlinij seed, and the fruit-tree (/ieldinfj fruit after his klndy u'htme seed in 111 itnelf upon the earth, — and it was so 1 " The answer to these ques- tions will show us plainly 279. What Plants are made for. in the first place, in the very act of making Ve^'etable matter, plants fulfil one <,'reat purpose of their existence, that is, 280. 7'A''// I'ltrifij the air fur animals. That part of the air which r(>nders it fit for breathing is called ine-oil of the present day, or candles made from old peat, or coal-gas, or lard, tallow, or wax, — the latter a vegetable matter which h.as been .somewhat changed by animals. And, finally, 287. The natural icarmth of the bodies of animals comes from the food they taf^ T gS WHY PLANTS GKOW. \\' and so in supplied hij plants. A healthy animal, no longer growing, receives into his system a daily supply of food without any corresponding increase in weight, or often without any increase at all. This is because he decomposes as much as he receives. If a vegetable-feeder, far the greater part of his food (all the starch of grain and bread, the sugar, oil, i^'c), after being .added to the blood, is dec omposed^ and breatlied out from the lungs in the forui of carbonic acid and water. That is just what it would become if set on lire and burnfMl, as when we *^u)n oil or tallow in our lamps or candles, or wood in our lire-places ; and in the process, in animals, no less than in our lamps and lire-places, the heat which was al)sorbed from the sun, when the vegetable matter was jiroduced from carbonic acid ar.d water, is given out when this matter is decomposed into carbonic aciil and water again. And this is what keeps up the nfitu'-il heat of iinimals. We are warmed by plants in the food we consume, as well ijs by the fuel we burn. 288. In learnitig, as we hav«» done, How Pjjmts (Jiow, and Why they firow, have we not learned more of the lesson of the text pl.aced at the beginning of this book, and of the verses that follow \ '* W/ierefoyc, if God so clothe the rfvas-i q/ the field, shall lie not much more clothe iinn ? . . . Tlurefore tahe 110 thou(/ht, eaj/iiHj, What shall ire eat? or. What shall ire drink? or, Whert-iritlial .^hall we he clothed ? For i/our Jlearenli/ Father Inioweth that >je have need of all these thint/s." And we now perceive that causing plants to grow is the very w.ay in wliich He bountifully supplies these needs, and feeds, clothes, warms, and shelters the myri.ads of beings He lias made, and especially Man, whom He Trade to have dominion over them all. f' CHAPTER IV. HOW PLANTS ARE CLASHIFIKO, NAMi:i>, AM) STl'DITT*. Section 1. -Classification. 289. Classilipation in Hotany is th«' anaii<,'«Miu'iit of plants according to their kinds, and accordin",' to their lesenildanees. 290. In order that the ve<;etahle ei-eation might he adapted to every soil, situation, and (diniate. and to the difYeient wanis of the greatest variety of animals, as well as to the many pefuliai- needs of mankind, tuated and kept distinct. He ordained that each should yield fruit and seed " (tj'hr i/s //////." So each sort of plant multiplies and perpetuates itself from geneiation to gi'ueta- tifni. Kach of these sorts is a 291. Species. Tlie individuals, or se])arate plants, of each sort I'epi-esent that species, just as men and women represent the human species. 'I'he individu.als of the same sjiecies are not always, or not commonly, exactly alike. They may diflfer in si/.e according to their greater or less vigour; they may vary in the colour of their hlossoms, or the shape and flavour of their fruit, and yet j)laiidy he of one s|)ecies. It is very a})t to be so in cultivated plants, 'j'he dillerent .sorts of Apples belong to one species ; all the sorts of Pears are of one species ; and .so of Peaches. Such .sorts, which have arisen in the cour.se of tiiuo and under change of circumstances, are called Vaijikties. 292. Varieties maybe kept up with certainty by jjiopagjiting from buds, that is. l>y cuttings, grafts, offsets, and the like (('haj). II. Sect. 1). hut not by seeds — at least when left to them.selves. And \arieties ha\«^ nothing delinite about them, but shade off into one another; while the spe( ies are always sej)arate. Apple-trees never vary into Pear-trees, nor ]*ear-trees into t^uince-trees. The cultivator pjivs much attention to varieties, and takes paiticular pains to j)re- serve and multiply them. To the botani.st, who is concerned mainly with wild plants, they are of much less account. The botanist studies tqiecies. 293. According to their degrees of re.semblance species form Genera, Orders or Fa I nil i en, and Classes. M 94 HOW rr.ANTS AKR CLASSIFIED, 294. Genus ', pluml Genera. SjM'cics winch me vorv much alike holon^ to the snmo ^'onns. 'i'ho «;elon<,' to the sauje genus. T1h> dilferent species of Hus[)l)eii y and Hlackheiiy belong to one genus — the Brnnihlr' (/cnuff. The dilTerent species of Uoses compo.se the lidsc getins ; of Oaks, the Oalc (jnnix : and .so on. 295. An Order or Family (the two words meaning the same thing in Hotany) is a kind of genu.s on a wider scale, consi.sting of giMiera, just as a geiuis consi.sts of species. For example, while all the Oaks hdong to the Oak getuj.s, there are other trees which are a good deal like Oaks in the whole |)lan of their flowers, fruit, and .seeds, .so much .sf) that we .say they hdong to tlie Oak family. Among them are the Chestiuit, the IJeech, and the I la/el ; i-ach a genus hy itself, con- taining .sevei'al species. So the Peai* genus, the Quince genus, the Jlawthoi-n genus, th(» Hose genus, and the Ihamhle genus, with many niore, helong to one great order. The !N'a genus, tlu* [»ean genus, the Locust genus, the Clover genus, and the like, make up another order. 29O. A Class is a great group of orders oi- families, all on the .same general ])lau. The Hose family, tlic Oak family, and a hundred others, all lielong to <»ne great class. Lili«'s, Amarylli.ses, Iri.ses, Palms, l{ushes. and (Jra.s.ses helong to another great cla.ss. 297. There ai-e other divisions; hut the.se are the principal ones in all classifi- cations, hoth of the veg»»tahle and of the animal kingdom. And the.se four stages always rank in this way : the species under the genus, the genera under the order or fauiilv, and ordeis under the cla.ss, viz. : — C^LASS, OiJDER OR Family, Genus, SrECiE.s. I; ■I Section II. — Names. 298. Tlie name of any plant is the name of its genus and of its .species. The name of the genus answers to the surname or family name of people, as Sviifh or Bwicn. The name of the species answers to the baptismal name, as John or James. We distinguish persons hy these two names, ag Jolui Smith and James .m NAMKD, AM> STIDrKD. 95 SmitJi ; John Brown and JiViwn lirotrn, t^c. In tlio satno way, wo imino a plant by ^ivin^' thp nam*' of tlio pMiiis alf)n<,' witli that of the species; as Whife Ouf>\ Jied Oal\\ If rt//'r Oak. Here tlie first word is the niiine of tlie specios, whirh is nothing' hy itself, hut joined to tlie second word, which is the name of tlie^enuH, it desipmtes the species of Oak; and the two to^^ether completely name the plant we mean. These are 299. I'(>j>ii/(ii' Nnttir^, or the common names in our own lan«,niaj»e. Plants also have truly Scirtifijir Jiofitin'rul Aaniffi, which aie the s;inie in all countries. On this account they are in Lntin. Si»me of them aiv the ancient l.afin or Greek names; others are words made in later times, hut all are in Ijjitin form. Thus, the .scieiitilic name of the Oak ^'enus is (.Iwmtit : of the Ash jjenus, Fm.i'iniiK ; of tile Ko.se ;;enus, 7^^^^ ; of the Pear ^enus, Pi/ru.< ; of the Hrandile or Plackherry genus, liuhu, iVc. The names of some genera are in honour of botanists or discoverers ; as, A?«w«?^rf, named in honour of IJnna'Us; M(v/?io!i", after Magnol ; Kd/niia, after Kalm, a pupil of Linnaiis, who travelled in thi.s country; C/oi/fotiid, after Clayton, a botanist of Virginia. 300. In the Latin or .scientific name, that of the genus comes before the species. So the scientific name of tlie White Oak is Q/cirft.'t nlhn : of Ped Oak, Quercu< vuhra ; of Water Oak, QnriYti,< (ii/ut(fi':a. In fact, these are just the popular names turned into Latin, it is not alway.s so ; for what we call Post ( )ak is botanicallv named UN<'>'rnt< ohtusiloha, wliich means an Oak with blunt lohesto the leaves. And our White A.sh is Frajrinnx Anurirnna, \iw.n\'\\\^ ''American Ash ; " ]?ed Ash is Frnxiuus puhexr(>u.-<^ meaning *' Downy Ash ; " Black Ash is Fraxiims sainhwifolia, meaning " Polder-leaved Ash." ]Jnt our CJreen Ash is Fnucinufi rlriditt, which means the .same thing as the common name. 3or. The name of the genus is a substantive. That of the species is generally an adjective ; as, /vWu'/.v, green ; satnlnwi/oHa, Elder-leaved ; Aiiirrirana, Ameri- can ; wjiiaiira, growing in water ; and .so forth. 302. Accordingly, any plant is named in two words, that is, by giving the name of its genus and of its species. 303. The names of the clas.s, order, <^'c., make no part of the name of the plant itself. And these names differ in different .systems of cl}i.ssification, while tho.se of the genus and species are tlie .same in all .systems. I '■ 96 IldW ri-ANTS AUK rLASSIFIKO, Iff. i : t'" I h. r- SixTioN III. — The Natural System. 304. Tlioro are two kinds of cliissiCicat ion in hotimy, viz., Xafiira/ ami Aiti- Jtcf'd/. Tlu'V «lilV('i' in llif way tlu' ^m'ikmii aro nirnii^^t'd in oi'(l«'i's, classes, \'ir. 305. An Artificial CiaSSilicatiOll is one in wliicii plants arc anan^'«'*l tor convcni- (Micr of r«'f('r«'nc«', or for lindin^ out their names, without any part i<*idar care for l»rin;,'in^ lil\«' tliin<;s to^^cth*-!*. Tournt't'ort niaer, j)ositir)n, »Vc., of the stauM'Us and pistils. Tliig Uas in ^iMieial use for many years. JJut now we use aitilicial classilications oidy in the form of 7'iiI)/>m or .\ii<(/i/s>-s, as a key for lindin^' out the f.iuiily a plant wo aro sludvintr l»elonlances are us(»d for the d.isses, iV»'. ; (he most iinjioitaul after tlu'se for the orders ; more pai't iculiU" ones mark the i,'euera ; and matters of shape, j)rojM)rtion. colour, iVc. maik (he species. So the whole to<,'ethei" forms a si/.-t/rui, in which all known plants are to lie ranki'cl in (heir natural ordei'. each standin*^ next those whicli it isTUOst lik»' in all respects; the whole formin!,', as it were, u <;reat map, in whirh the classes and other ,i;ieat divisions miijht answer to couudies, the ordi'rs to countii's. and the _ii;enera to towns or parisln's, -107. Such Ji svstem is not ;i mere conv«'nience for ascer(ainiii<' tlie name f)f a plant, hut is all illustration, as fa'r as may he. of the j'l Kiiu/iidDi. 308. ^Vhat the main divisions in tlie sy.stem are, may he gatliered from what is stated in several places in Part I. In the ilr.st place, the whole vegetable kingdom divides into two great ISeries or Oradm, — a higher and a lower. The higher series contains all NAMKI>, AM) STI'DiKn. 97 iti- Fi.owi:iUN(J f)r I'liKNofiAMorH Tlants, iwinicly, tlifiM' thnt hi«j |>i(ti»ji^'ut<'y iiu'iins of iT.'il llfAMTs, |ir«>«liu*iiig si.imIs, which coutniu an »uiihrv<» ivjuly foriiicil. Tlio lower scries consists of Fi.oWKUi.Kss or ritu'iooAMoiH l'i,.»NTH, which |iif the seed. They aie ; - Class I. JvxuiiKNs, or DicoTYf.KnoNs (more fully ti.inied, Kj-n/jfnous or Dimtii- IrdiiUoUX /'hl/ifs>. I'lanis of this cliuss, as to thcii' sfii/i.-<. have the wood all hetween a separate pith in the centre and a liarU on the surface, and each year the stem lives, it forms a new layei- of wood r>n the surface of thai of the pie- \ious year ( I I I. l 15-118). As to the /<«/V'X, they are netted \ciiicd o|- reticu- lated, (he \ciiis hi'anching and h)rniing meshes (126, i2'j). As to t he y/o^rcrx, their parts are •.'cner.iUy 'i<.\ H\es or fours (or the douMe or trelde ()N>' (oi' more fully, Ktnln>iinnii.-< or Mnn(u'(itiili'i((>iinn.< Plith an[iani<)U» Plants^ divides into three ('lasses, viz. ; — Class 111. AruociK.Ns, which includes the Fern f.imily, tiic 1 1 orset ail family, and the Cluh ino.ss family. Cla.ss IV. Anoimiytks, which consists of the (tnlers of Mos.ses and Liverworts. (.Ma.ss V. Tii.\i,i,oi'iiYii:s, which includes Lichens, the \\]iM or Seaweeds, and the Kun^'i or Mushroom family. 314. Hut Flowerless Plants, licin^' too djllicult for tlie lH';,'ijiner, need not 1)6 fui'ther mentioned here. 315. The orders or families in the natural system are j)i'etty numerous. Tlipy are named, in general, after some well known genus which may he said to repre- sent tho family. Thus the order to which the Wo^v belongs is cMller, tho Poppy, gives to its family that of Papavem'^ece ; Jierhcris, the Barberry, that of Ih't'hrriilnretv ; and so on. 316. The student's principal difliculty at the beginning will 1)0 to find out the order or family to which a plant belongs. This is because the orders are so nujnorous, and commonly not to be certainly distingui.shed by any one point, liut after some practice, the order will be as easy to make out as the class ; and in many cases it will be known at a glance by the strong family likeness to some plant which has been examined before. •Ki, ill NAMKI), AM> .srillUKI). 99 317. Ii«'t UH now iiitrodiu't' •mi' |ni|iilM (f> tlif I'^ipnlur F/ora, l»y wliidi thry limy s(ur, liowovor nt'ccMsary for .studying' v«%'«'(mI»1«' iiniitniny, is of no use f<»' oiii- rutninoii hotiiiiiciil purpo.sos, wliicli )-<'<|iiit«' nn liit'li inii^'iiifxin^'. A iMU'krt iiiiiu'tiitviii'' <'liis>. Ii*|i| ill till' liimd, is all thai is aWsohitrlv nt'ti'ssaiv. 321. Lessons in Examining Plants. Mow a pnpii, or a ^ll^s. is to procrni in f>\aiiiinin^ aiiv plMiit liy oiw I'lifmhir I h'r,i, lor iIm* |iiir|)oM* of liixliii;; out itn C'liiss, its order tn' fiiniily, jiikI tln'ii its ;,'i'iim.s and sjn-j-ics - that is, its naiiu' — wo will show hy a lew pl.-iin «'.\aiii|tli's. 32 J. 'r«'<'hiiical W(a'ds or ti-nns an' used all alou;j, which you uiay not reiuriuhrr the ineaiiili^' of. as deliued iu the l''irst Pjirt of the hook ; and some of tins, may nf»( have Itet'ii nieiitioiUMi or explaitieil t liei-e. \Vheiie\er yoii come to a woi'd which you d(t not prr/rrflif Hntf-rsfdiii/, turunt onout it. I )o not attempt to proceetl faster than you unth-rstaiul tliin«,'s. liut liy look in;,' out and understanding tho woi'ds as you meet with them, the principal terms used in hotanical dj'scriptions (lu're made as sinijih^ as ]»ossihle) will soon he familiar, and your suhsecpicnt j)ro;.'r<'ss will he all tla> more rapid for the pains taken in the earlier steps. 32^. I"^)r the lirsl example we will take a l»ullers I. Pr.s|M'iiiis, mt th«' nul of lln- \\v\, nt the foot of j)M^i' 115 : thiit of Aii;fioN|M'i'iii.s hi'^'iiis thi* K«'V. 'I he cfiitn' of thf ||o\\«t «•• ai'«' «»xiiiiiiiiiii;,' is (M'cnpicil with n ^Mmt iiiiiiiImt <»f hiiiuII oii«'-m'«mU'«I j»i>tils. racli 1i|»|M'(l with its short stylr ami sti;;iiia ; atii| I Ik* o\aiy is a cIommI la^' ('(»iitailiili|f nil o\ iilr 01 yomi^ s<'«'il. So th«' ]>lalit cli'arly hfloii^'s to Suljclass I. I'lon-rd th«'U with tlif K«y ; which li-ads yoii in-xt to ask, — To whitli «li\isioii dors thr plant lu'loii;,'. tilt' l^nhiiH'falntiH ? (ill lila /ii/niis(\i\i>'u>\i ; for thi'if is holli a calyx ami a corolla, and tlic latter is of H\«' hcjaiatc petals. This division, in the Key, svilMli\ iil«'.s into. " A. Stamens nio»e ili.iii 10," ami ** 1>. Stamens 10 or fewer " (j». ill). ( >iir |il;iiit has many stamens, ami so falls under the head A. This head sulxlivides into three hiiarked i. 2, T,). hy dilTerencos as to where ami how the stamens are home. Pull olV tin* calyx and the corolla, or split a lloWer thron^di the middle len;;th\\ise (as in Fi;;. 23'S'. and yon \\ill jdainly see that the stamens stand on the receptacle, nndei- the pistils, nm »nnecteil lithei* with the calyx or the corolla. So the plant falls under the head I. T'mler this is an analysis of some of the characters (/.»., dislin;.'nishin<: niaik.s) of the fifteen or sixteen families which helontf here. The lines that aie.^v/ iit are Hubdivisions under the |onaine or a correspondin<,' word) make alternatives, anu>n<( which you are to choose that with which youi- plant a^'rees. In this instance the lines of the lirst rank hero be;^'in\\ith the woril "I'lstils" or '' Pistil."' and there are li\e of them. Try tlu' first : " Pistils moie than one, entirely .separate from each other." That is tjie ca.se with our plant. Viider this line, in the next rank, is a triplet, or a choice Wetween thrt-e. f)iir [>lant is an " herb, with perfect llower.s," and so falls under the lir.st line. Vndor this is a couple of equivalent lines, relatin<.,' to the leaves. ( )ui- j»lant a^^Mees not with the .secon. i 14, Continue the analysis under that di\ ision. I'he flowers are se[)arate, and "not in catkins ;" so it falls under A. The sfc>e(ls ai'e numerous in each ovary or pod ; so it falls under No. i. The "calyx is free from the ovary," ju^coi'ding to the second of the first pair of liius. So you have only to choose betw«>en tho three lines of the triplet under this, beginning with " l*<)d. " As the pistils and pods are one-celled and simple, we are brought to the name tCiu)\VFooT Family, p. 116. The njark f denotes that you have in this case an apetalous plant be- longing to a family in which the flowers generally have petals. You turn to this family, p. 116, and j)roceed as befoi-e. You are led along the same track, until vou reach the line " Pistils many or several, becominj; akenes in fruit." Your flowers have a number of pistils, but these contain numerous seeds, ar)d make pods in fruit, sis in Fig. 240. So you pjuss on to the other line of tho couplet, which reads, "Pistils more than one-seede. Another example we will take from the plant tigtu'ed on }). 5 and the fol- l(Swing ))ages (Fig. 4-19), a very common ornamental twiner about lK)Uses, flower- ing all throuLrh the summer. I^egin, as before, on p. 109. ^'ou perceive at once tluit the plant belongs to Class i. ; for it has netted-veined leaves, the }-arts of the flower are in fives, and the embryo (which is easily exti'acted from the fresh .seed. Fig. 16-19) has a pair of seed -leaves. There is a regular pistil, and the seeds in a pod ; .so the plant belongs to Subela.ss I . Thi>re is both calyx and corolla, the latter of one])iece; .so theplant l)el(mgstothe Monopetalous division, p. 1 13. Thecorfdla is borne on the receptacle below the ovary ; so you ])ass to the head B. "J'he stamens are just as many as the lobes, or rather here the plaits, of the corolla ; so you pa.ss No. i and take No. 2. The stamens stand before tl»e jdaits, so that they would be alternate with the (livisif)ns of the corolla, if it were not that the five petals it consists of are united to the very top ; so you take the second of the two lines commencing with the woi-d ** Stamens." These aj-e " in.serted on the corolla," and are entirely .separate and " free from the stigma ; " so you take the fourth line of those iji the next rank, 'i'here is a style (p. 1 14) ; so the plant falls under the se-'ond of the two lines of the next rank. The ovary and pod have 3 cells; so it fnlls under the third of the lines beginning with the word "■ Ovary." The .stamens are 5, and the pod few-seeded (2 seeds in each cell) ; so it falls under the third of the lines beginning with " Stamens " The plant twines, and the seeds ai*e large ; «a you are brought to the name of the family, the Coxvor.vui-rs Family, and are referred to p. 18S. Read over the marks of the family, and then search for the genus in the key or arrangement ; and you will find that the name of the genus is, in scientific language, Ipomoed, in popular English, Mountxg-Glory. 327. One more example, to .show how plants are to be studied by the Flora, will be sufiicient. Take the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 3 on p. i), which in this c&untry adorns almost every flower-garden. now TO rs:: tiik ropci^AU ri.oUA. 105 '328. With plants in band, turn to |». 1C9, nnd conipaio with the distinguish- ing marks of Chiss f. A sHcc across the stem shows no rin«,' of wood around i\ pith. Tlie leaves are not nctted-veined. 'l\w parts of the flowei- are not ir\ fives or fours, ])ut in sixes, that is. twice threes. So (lie j>lant dot's not ai,Meo with Class I. in any respect. Tniii thei-cfor<' to Class II., on p. 207. J'ixamin- in:,' slices of tlie stem with a iiiagnif\ iiig-;,dass, you may linil threads of wood interspersed in the cellular part or pitli. The leaves are parallel-veiru'd ( •""iif 502, 50,). The llowers ha\e their paits in thiees or twice thi'ces; /.^'., the cup of the hlossom has six lolie^, iint inct and colouivd petals.'' Not so ii\ our plant ; so wo pass to the corresponding line : •" ( )f 6 p<'tal-like leaves in two ranks, or 6 lobed annus — as *Fknnkl-FLOWEII and ■^Peony on p. 117, or *IIai)Isii, *Tli DICSCUH'TION OF THE COMMON PLANTS OF THE COUNTRY, BOTH WILD AND CULTIVATED, UNDEU TIIEIU NATURAL OUDEUS. '-d'.ri'i^rJ^ A Flora is a botanical account of the plants of a country or district, with the orders or families systematically arranged under the classes, the genera under the orders, and the species (when there are more than one) under the genus they be- long to, — along with the rlmrarto'x of each class, order, genus, iVc. ; that is, an enumeration of the [)rincipal and surest marks, or some of them, l)y which they are to be distinguished. A full Flora of all the ])lants which grow in this country, including those in common cultivation, would at the least (ill a large volume ; and would be both too expensive and too unwieldy for the young beginner. The Manual o/tlte liotavij of the Nortlifrn Uniipd K^tafrs (including Virginia and Ken- tucky, and extending west to the Mississippi liiver) is a volume of over 600 pages, or 700, including the Mosses. And this work does not include foreign plants cultivated in our iields or gardens, except those that have run wihl in some places. The PoruLAR Flora, which occupies the rest of this book, is for the use of beginners, and is made as brief, simple, and easy as possible. For greater facility in the study, it includes only the common wild plants of the country (especially of the Northern States), and those ordinarily cultivated in our fields or gardens, for use or ornament. The families or genera which are too ditticidt for young begin- ners, such as Grasses, Sedges, the large family of plants with comj)Ound flowera (the Sunflower Family), and the like, are altogether omitted or only briefly !l I I ,1 io8 rOPI'LAH FLOHA. ftlludod to. So also urc tho Crvpto^nmous or Floworloss Plants, as already iiictilioiuMl. To save room, wIh-ii liu'ii' i.; only one spiH-ios, or only one coininon species to a genus, wo do not j)roceed any farther with it than to tho nuine of the <;eniis, both scienti(i(! and pojtular. Ttider the species tho Englisli or popular nanu; is placed foremost, in small cajiitals ; the scientific or liatin i»ame at the end. 1'he scientific names tiirou;L,'li()ut are jtrinted in italic letters. • Full instnu'tions for usin<; the Flora in stuilyin<; plants are given in Chaj)ter W. Section 4; at the close of which, the few althreviatious and signs employed are explaijied. « 'i m Classes and other Great Divisions. Series I. FLOWFIUNCI ok PIL1':X()(IA:\I(^rS PLANTS, Class T. EXO(iKNS ok DR'OTVhKDONS, . SuucLAss 1. ANClO.Sl'EliMS, .Por-YPKTALOUH DlVISIOX, . M<»N()1'|':tai.ous Division. . Ai'ETALous Division, SuHCLAss II. c;YMN()srEm:s, , Class II. ENDOGENS ok MONOCOTVl.EDOXS, Spadickous Division, Petai,()ii)E()i:s Division, Glumaceous Division, Series II. FLOWERLESS or CRYFrOGxVMOUS PLANTS, Class III. ACROGENS Class IV. ANOPITYTES, Class V. THALLOPHYTES, Page 109 109 no II o- 1 64 194-204 . 205 . 207 209, 210 210-219 219, 220 , 220 220 220 . 22a POP TIL A \l FLORA -*C» -t- TJ SEIHKS I. . • . FLOWKRIX(J OK IMI.KNtKiAMOLTS PLANTS. Plants wliich produce real Flowers (or Stainens imd Pistils) and Seeds.- See Part 1. ]»ar. 164, 166. ("LASS L-KXOdKNS ok DICOTVLKDUNS. Sfrni ('oin|)os('d of pith in the centre, a separate bark on the surface, and the wood hetween the two, of as many rin<,'s or layers as the stem is yea is old. Leaves netted-veiued, that is, with some "■^-^ m 231 of th(! veins or veiniets run- nin'. .M<»iiiiiii;-tll'jry ; 230. Cherry. leaves, or in the Pines and the like often polycotyledonous, that is, of more than one 1 air. The class may be told by the stems and leaves without examining the \%% I 10 POPULAK KLOKA. seoils ; but ombryos nre represontod in tlio fij,'uros, to sbow tlie student what ia meant. ¥or the other claj's, sec; \k 207. :- r KEY TO TlIK TAMILIKS oR OKDKKS OK CLASS I. SSUBCLASH I.-ANTJIOSI'KRMS. With a regular pistil, and n seed-vessel in wliich tlie seeds are formed. See Pur, 219, 311. I. Folypetalous Division. Calyx and condla both present ; the petals entirely separate A. Stamkns mouk than id. 1. Stamens on the rcoptacle, uurountrttd (itker irit/i the atliix, coroUa, or omry. Pistils more than i, entirely poparate from each other. llerhs, with perfect tlowers. Vago Leaves not .shicld-shapLtl, generally cut, toothed, or compound, C'hOwkoot Familt. 116 Leaves shield-shaped, fixed hy their middle, Watkk-shielI). 125 Woody vines, with di-Al'l'I,K F. 122 Pistils nuniy, grown together one above or over another on a long receptacle, A1a(;noi,ia F. 121 Pistils several, sunk in the flat top of a broad receptacle, Nem'MBo. 125 I'iatils 3 to 6, the ovaries partly grown together in a cii'cle, making A bladdery pod of several ci Us, Fennel-flower in ("noWFooT F. 116 A several-horned i -celled lux', Mkjnonette F. 129 Pistd only i, at least having only i ovary ; and that fSimj)le and i -celled, only i placenta or seed-bearing part. Petals 6 to 9, large. Leaves 1 or 2, many-lobed, May- Apple in I'ahberry F, 123 Petals 4 and irregular, or else very sinwll, C'ltoWKooT F. 116 Compound, with many seeds on a placenta from the bottom of the cell, Plusi.ane F. 134 Compound, if icelled, then with two or more seed-bearing lines on the walls. Calyx falling when the flower opens ; sej)als fewer than tlie petals, PorPY F. 126 Calyx falling after blossoming. Style i : ovary several-celled. The 5 sepals edge to edge in the bud. Fruit dry, i-seeded, LiNDEN F. 137 The sepals overlapping in the bud. Fruit many-celled, Okange F. 138 Calyx remaining beneath the fruit. Leaves with transparent or dark-coloured dots, all opposite, St. John's-wokt F. 132 Leaves not dotted. Ovary and pod i-celled, Ciarus F. 131 Leaves not dotted. Ovary several-celled. Aquatic or bog plants. Leaves pitcher-shaped. Style umbrella-like, SlUE.s.\Dr)LE-Fi,o\VER F. 125 Leaves rounded and heart-shaped. Style none, Water-Lily F, 124 2. Stamens connected with the bottom of the petals, and these hmme on the receptacle. Filaments united in a pretty long tube or column : anthers kidney-shaped, i-celled, Mallow F. 135 Filaments united only with the base of the petals : anthers oblong, 2-celled, Camellia F. 136 w I ki:y To tfik families of class I. 1 1 1 3. Stametu borne on the cal;/x, or where the culjx [whin coherent) tepuratea /rum the oennj. Petals many, in Hpvornl rown. Uhrutm with (>])|in.sii(! HJriiplc IcavfA anil dingy-purple tiuwcrs, LeatleNM fle.sliy plantN, of HinKular Hliapes, Water-plantM, with the hii-jje HoweiH and leaveH Huatiny; on the surface, Petals 4 or 5, rart'ly 6. Leaves witli stipules, alternate, Leavi'H without stipulf!*. Podn inany-seeded. Style and «ti;,'iiia i. Pod surroumied by the free calyx, Styles or stii;mii.s 3 to 8. Calyx colicrent below with the ovary. Shrubs : leaves opposite. Pod with several cells. IMiiladelphus in SAXIKKA(iR Herbs: leaves Heshy. Pod i-ctdled, opening by a lid, PuilHLANK Carolina- A LLHi'icK F. 156 Cac-ti'h F. 157 WatkrLii.y F. i2\ KosK F. 130 LYTIint'M 1' -:>f> F. i6i t32 '31 124 ^35 B. Stamens 10 or kkwku. 1. Corolla irreijular, (Pistil I.) Leaves oppo.site, palniately compound. Cilyxs-toothed. Shrubs or trees, Horsk-chestnut F. 143 Leaves alternate, with stipules. Filaments often united, but not the anthers. Two lower petals approaching or joine77 Gourd F. 15a 11 \ I I 12 POPULAR FLOHA. i f. ^1 i^ Currant F. 159 Haxikiwi.k F. 161 EVENIN(iPlUMK(>SK F. 157 ScpiU many in a i-ccllrd hf-rry, Slirub«, ScedM tnnny in n a-Cfllfd or i -celled jmd : Htyl«H a, Sei'tls many : jiod 4c».'llfd : ntylo i : Hti^niaH .), Seedx (i to 5) one in each «'«)11. Ilonler of tlio calyx obHCure. Flowers in cynios or lii-udH. Stylu and Htignia i, Flowers in nnihelK. Utnl)elB compound : Htvles 2 : fruit dry, I'ahsi.ky F. TTmhtdH Hiiii]df or iiaiiiiOcil : Htvles 3 to 5, rarely 2 : fruit 11 l)t'rry, AuaMa F. Calyx free from the ovary, at, least, fmni tlie fr\iit. LeavcR ]tunctured witli tranNoarent dots, Hlmrp-taHtod or arumatic. LeaveH simple, all opposite und entire, ST. JoHN's-wokt F. Leaves compound, Ki K F. Leaves witliout transparent dots. Pistils mure tlian one. Leaves with stipule.s, Husk F. Pistils 4 or ^. Ilerhs without stipules, C'OKNEI, F. 164 163 •63 132 141 150 161 M5 St<)NK( Itni' F. SAMIIlAtiK F. PL'I.sK F. ii Pistils 2, nearly disiinct. Stipules none, Pistil I, simple, i-celleod. leaves all opposite, Seeiis on the walls or bottom of the jxid, Many-seeded along the walls of a long-stalked berry. Stamens nioiiaileli)hous. Ovary with 2 to 5 or more cells. Sessile stigmas and stamens 4 to 6, ,• . Styles 3. Leaves opposite, compound, Styles or long stigmas 2. Fruit 2-winged, • • Styles or divisions of the style 5. Stamens 5 : pod partly or comidetely lo-celled. Stamens 10 : pod 5-( elled. Leaves compound, Stamens 10 (or fewer with anthers) : styles united with a long beak, splitting from it with the _■; '^) -; 5 one-seeded little pods wheu ripe, 172 LVTIIHIM F. 136 , ( ur.ss F. 128 Fiiin»:k-tuik. 193 Sl'.\|-K-TUKK 1''. M3 Sumach F. 141 PiNWKKl). '3' riNK F. 133 Saxifh.\«e F. 161 Pas.sionfi.o\vek F. 159 HoM.Y F. 175 JiLADDKKNlT F. 143 IMaple F. 142 Flax F. 138 wood-sobbel f. 139. Geranium F, 139 KFY TO TFfF KAMILIKS OF CLASS I. M3 roMPOHtTK F. i6A I^HIKI.IA K. '7« +<;«•! iu» K. «.SH Tkaski. F. i6a II. Monopetalous I)ivi«i<>n Onolln with t))t> pt-tali* inure or U'mh \init«Ml into ont) {licoe. (Thn.Hf which rniik in nther diviiionK are niarkftl t. ) A. COKOI.LA ON THK OVAUY, i.e , tuljf of calvx CohtTt'nt. StaniotiH uiiitetl hy tlit-ir untlitrH, tiiul Not hy th'ir tilaiiu'iits. Flowvrn in lioatN, witli n calvx-likf iiivohicrc, Also gt'iifiallv liy tlieir tiliiiiu'iits, niuri' or k-ns. KIuwith not in ht-atlH. Coiollii irr*'i;iihir, Hplit down uiiu »u\e. FlowtMM iicrfict, C'oioliii ii'i^nlar, sufcnlt lit viiit'H with tt'iiilrilM. Klowirs niuixufiuus, StftnuMM scparatf fidin »'ach i»tln r, ami liiMTt'-tl on tlie coiolia. I|ioHitt' or wlioiltd. L»*HVt'i» oi»|io.sitH, witiiout KtiiaiU'H, llfiiil «)f Houcrs witli an iiivolucn', Ltavfs MiMHisitc, without ^ti|llll)•.H. licail, if any, witiiout an invuhicii .St.iiiu'iis 2 or J fi'Wi r than tlio 5 h>i)»'H of liic corolla, Statiu-ns as nniny i<8 tlif loin's of tlio corolla, or i fewer, Hen- out' iiii'^iit tx|n'ct to fintl the lieuves whoi It'll, witiiout stijuiien, 1 Leaves «i|tiiosite. with stipult's, 1 Insi'itiil with, hut not on, the le^ular corolla. Staint'iis as many as the lulies of the corolla, Herbsi, Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla. Woody plants, HrcKLKliKliKV B. COUOLLA ON THi: KK('EPTA("r,K BELOW THK OvAKY, i.r.. Calyx free (except in liriKikwoeil). 1. t'^tumrnn nutn- in mnubir thau the lobes of the corolla. Leaves coiniiounil : ymX i-celleil. Flowers coiniiionly irregular. Stamens 10 or rarely moic wlien the tliwer is regular, Stamens 6, in two sets. Petals 4, united, Leaves »inii»le or jialmately dividi d. Stamens many, monadelphous in a tuhe, Leaves simple, undivided. ,^ Stamens united only at the hottoiii, or separate. Stamens vi-iy many, adlierinjj to the hase of the corolla, Stamens on the corolla, twi-e or four times as many as its lohes. Stamens separate fioin the corolla, twice as many at its lobes, Vm.hhav F. 168 loNKVSt CKI 1: F. •f'5 tMiHAiin.is F '95 M AIHiKIl F. 167 Cami'ami.a F. '7« IlCKI.KIlKUIlV F. 173 + l'ir,sK !•'. 145 •fFiMiKiKV F. rj7 t.M ALLOW F. 135 tt'AMKI.LIA F. 138 FlIliNY F. 176 Hkatm F. 17a a. Stamens ju)it as uiav)/ as the lobes of the rcijular corolla, 5, 4, or runbj 6 or 7. Stamens one opposite each <1ivision of the corolla. Lkadwout F. I'kimkosk F. ^77 177 Hkath F. 17a Styles 5 : calyx a chafT-like cup : i)etals 5, almost distinct. Style I. (Petals sometimes almost distinct). Stamens alternate with the ilivisions or lobes of the corolla, 5 or rarely 4, Inserted on the receptacle. Inserted on the corolla, but connected more or less with the stigma. Juice milky. Ovaries and pods 2 to e.ich flower. Anthers li^ditly adhering to the stigma : filaments monadelphoua, Milkwkkd F. 192 Anthers only surrounding the stigma : filaments distinct. DoGBANlt F. 191 Inserted on the corolla, free from the stigma. I : 'ii 1 14 rOPILAK FI.OMA. Stylo nonf : HtiKmnii 4 in fi : corolln very Hhort, tU-i'plf cleft, tiiylis I, iiiiely a, Honictiim^H a cltft <»r 3-clrft. Oviiry ilet>|ily 4-loli(>il, in fruit tnukiiiK 4 iikuiic*. HtiuiifiiH 4. Li'itvi'H i>|(|>i)Hiti', iiMirniit'c, StaiiKMiM K,. LtNtvfM itltin iiatc, not itrutimtic, Ovnry nml jiuil i-c)-llfl)i'd, making' 4 alu-nes. Steins H(juaro; leaveH opposite, aromatic, SAGKor MlNT Ovaiy and fruit 4-celled and 4-seeded. StanienH 4, (^ Ovary rcelleil, nuikin;,' i akene. StameiiH 4, ) Ovary and poil i-oelled. many-seeded (»n the walls. No green leaves, Ovary and pod zcelled, with many large and winged seeds, ) Ovary and fruit irrcgulaily 4- to 5-celled. with many large seeils, ) Ovi'.ry and pod a-celled, with many or few small seeds, Corolla regular. Stamens only 2. Woody phdits. ('arted, Corolla 5-lobed, salver-shaped. Hoi.i.Y F. '75 S.\(iK or .Mint F. iSa Loiui.viiK F. '85 ■NVatkui.kak F. 186 tire, (Jkntia.n F. i(>i Plantain F. 176 FiowiiUT F. 179 Nkjhtmhauk F. 189 CoNvur.vn.iH F. 188 rol.KMONIL'M F. 187 >AGKor Mint F. i8a Vkiivain F. 181 UKooM UAI'K F. 178 liKiNnNlA F. 178 Fkuvout F. •79 OmvkF. 193 J1WHA.MINK F. 19a f I III. Apetalous Division. Corolla none : somotimts the calyx also wantinp. (Those vhich are merely apetalous forms of the piecedint,' divisions an; marked f.) A. Floweiw not in Catkinh, ok Catkin-mkk Hkads. 1. Sciils manij in each cell of the ovary or fruit. Calyx with its tuho coherent to the 6-celled ovary, TJlHTHWORT F. T94 Calyx free from the ovary. l'o TIIK FA.MII.IKS nK Cl Ass I. »>5 I'nKKVVKKIt F. lyS Piitil only t, i>it)i«-r Kiniplf or foriiifil of a or mnio with their ovuriva uiiitpil Stylfii lo. Fruit ii lom-tMleil bt-rry. Htylvi ur MtiKiiiiiM a ur 3. Ilcrltt with hlii-iUliN for Kti|nil«'n. iitnl «'titirt' lenv« », lli-iliM witli i«i-|iiir:ttf Nti|iiilc with itH loheii, StiinH-iiM <>n till' litittom of tli«- calyx, Style I ; NtiKiii" a-iohtil. Frnit u key. I.i'avi-H iiiiinuto, 8i.vlt> or NeNMiJf stiL;niii 1 ami sini|il)'. Calyx tiiliiiliir or cu|> Mliii]ifil, coloiired like it corollii. StaineiiH 8. on the tube. SlinihN : leiivvn Mini|ilf, Mkxi-iuki M StitinciiH .). on tli)> throat. McrhH: Ivikvcx (!i>in|)<>nnlia|)(>il i-oioUn: u cui> outnidu iniitatin;; a calyx. llvrhN wiili oppuHitc leiiveM, MlUAIiIl.ls Calyx of 6 jn-tal-likt' Repnls coloureil like lu'tals : nt^niong 9 or la: nmlicrs opt'iiin,' 1>> nplii'tt'd \iilvi.s. Aromatic tiiv-'* ninl clirnliH. L.M'KKI. Calyx in the Rterilo Howtrs of 3 to 5 grevniHli sepals : Htiiiuetis the Muin** nurnhcr. Flowers iitoniuciuus t>r iliiuciuus, Nktti.k 1 1 KM I- ( itHtMKKlM ir A MA MA MM ■f.MAIIK r.fCKTIIuMN Kl.M Anh ill +OI.IVI.: I". F. F. I8 194 I160 1II6 B. ri.owKUH oNK on iioTH SoKTs IN Catkins ou Ca tk!n- i.ikk Mkamh. Twinini; lierlis, diu'ciouB : fertile Howers only in 11 uliort catkin. Hi p in the Mimp F. 200 'J're«M or shriil)H. Sterile (lowers only in c itkins. Flowers montecious. Lt-aves pinnate. ( )vary and fruii (11 kind of .st<>nc fruit, without nn involucre) Wai.nit F. 201 Leaves Miniple. Nuts i or more in a cuj) or involucre, Uak F. 201 ]lotli kinds of Howers in catkins or close head.s. Leav»-M palmately veined or lohed. Calyx .>-cle['t, ill tin- fertile tlowers hecominijlierry like. Mulberry, Ace. in Nktti.k F. 199 I'l.ANK IKKKF. 200 Calyx none : flosvers in round heads. Leaves jiinmitely veiner of n Crowfoot, magiiifii'il. 2";». A iiptiil, sliowinp Its little scale. 240. 1'ikI of Mar.sli Mar:t;"I''. npi'liiiij;. -41. A pistil nf Aiii'inony, iiingiiifiiMl, llic ovary cut tliroiiiili in .sliow tlio ovule in it. 242. Akcni! ot t'ruwfoiit, i'nlar;,'i'il. '.M;'. Siiinc, cut tliri>ii(;li to .slmw lln; scnl in it. '.'44. KiiLiriicd crms-s.'ctiipn nf tlu' spp.ils of Viruiii'sliowcr No. 1, in tlie bud. 245. Same of Vlrginn-liowor No. 3. 21*;. Akoiie and ft-atli-'ry tail ur .stylo of Viitjin's-lJower No. 1. The genera are numerous. The following table or key leads to the name of each. Climbing plantH, with opposite, generally compound leaves, no real petals, the edges of the .sejials tinned inwards in the bud, {C/tmatis) Virgin'sBowKB. Not climbing : leaves all alternate eioept in Aneraony : sepahs overlapping in the bud. Pistils many or several, i -seeded, becoming akenes in fruit. I'etals none : but the sepals coloured like i)etals. Three leaves under the flower exactly imitating a calyx, (Hepdtica) Hepatica. II POPULAR FLORA. 117 I it. sof wt-r ER. CA. {Atiemdiu) Anemonv. (Th(iHclrum) Mkadow-Rik. (li'indncHlus) Ckowfoot. {Caltha) MAKMH-M.vuKior.D. No 8uch calyx-like leaves (or involucre) dose to the flower. Flowers single, on loii<,', imked stalks, Flowers several in a simple uinliel, hiindsome, j Flowers many in a panicle, small, ( Petals present as v^-ll as sepals, the latter falling off early, Pistils more than i-secdeii, l.ecomiuj,' pods (t-xccpt in IJanehorry). Sepals petiil-likf, not falling when the flower first opens, and Golden-yellow : petals none. Leaves rounded, not cut, Yellow or yellowish : petals stamen-like. Leaves deejdy cut, (TnVlius) iii.oKv.yi.owy.H. Wliite : pistils several, on stalks of their own. Leaflets 3, (Cnptin) {i()].]>r}inr..\]K Blue, purple, red, Ace, rarely wliite. Pistils not stalked. Pistils 5, united below into a hladdery pod, (NvjcUn) * Fennk Fr.owElt. < Pistils 2 to 5, rarely i, separate. Sepils 5, all alike : petals 5, in the form of large spurs, (AquUtijia) (. Ll'.M»l.NE. Sepals 5, dissimilar. Flower irregular. Li^pper sepal long-sjnirred : i)etals 4, (Ihlpliininm) Lauksimu. L^pper sepal hood or helinet-sh;iped ; petals 2, {AcniiUnm) A( o.MTE. Sepals petal-like, white, falling when the flower opens : i>etals minute or none. Flowers in a short raceme. Pistil i, making a berry, (Artan) H.\NE»ei!UY. F'lowers ir. a le coniinon wild specios : they grow in woods and low meadowfl ; the first three blossom in summer; the fourth in early spring. I, VlKOINIAN Anbmony. TrinciiJal stem-leaves 3 in a wiiorl, on long footstalks, 3-parted and cut, lohed, hairy ; middle flower-stalk leafless, the others 2-leaved in the middle, new ones rising from their axils, and so producing the blossoms all summer; sepals greenish white, acute; ))istils very many, in an oval woolly head. A. Vinjiiiutiia. a. L()N(; KUCITEI) A. Stem-leaves many in a whorl; flower-stalks 2 to 6, all leafless, very long ; sepals blunt ; head of fruit (an inch) long : otherwise like the last. N. and W. A. ciilhidrica. 3. Pknn.sylvanian a. Hairy ; stem-leaves sessile; main ones 3 in a whorl, but only a pair of smaller ones on each of the side flowering branclits ; sepals large, white or purplish ; akenes flat, many in a round head. A. I'oiiiKi/lvtiiiira. 4. Grove A. .Smooth, low, i -flowered ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, on long footstalks, divided into 3 or 5 leaflets ; sepals white or purplish ; akenes only 15 to 20, narrow. A. neinorOsa. Meadow-Rue. Thalictrum. Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Ileal petals none. Pistils 4 to 15, becoming ribbed or grooved akenes. Perennials, with compound loaves. No. i is almost an Aneniony, except for its ribbed akenes, and has a few handsome and perfect flowers in an umbel. The other two have small and mostly dioecious flowers in a conij)ound panicle, and decompound leaves; one of the lower leaves is shown in Fig. 133. 1. Anemont M. Low, delicate ; stem-leaves all in a whorl at the top ; sepals 7 to 10, white or pinkish, like those of Grove Anemony, with which it generally grows. Fl. spring. T. anemonoidea, 2. Eaui.y M. Plant i" or 2° high ; leaves all alternate, the rounded leaflets with 5 to 7 roundish lobes; flowers greenish, in early spring. Woods. T. dio'icum. 3. Late M. Much like the last, but 3° to 6° high ; leaflets 3-lobed ; flowers white, in summer. Common in meadows and along streams. T. Cornuti. Crowfoot. Jianiincuhis. Sepals 5, falling early. Petals 5 (sometimes accidentally more), flat. Akenes many in a head, flat. * Petals white, with a round spot at the base : herbage all under water. 1. "White Watek-Crowfoot, Leaves made up of many delicate thread-like divisions. Ji. aqudtUis. * * Petals yellow, and with a little scale on the inside at the bottom. (Fig. 239.) -I- Herbage all or nearly all under water. 2. Yellow 'Water-C. Like the last, but larger in all its parts, and yellow-flowered, the upper leaves often out of water and much less cut. N. and W. Jl, Purskii. H — 1- Not gi'owing under water. ++ Petals not longer, but often shorter, than the calyx ; plants erect, in wet places. 3. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Very smooth, slender; first root-leaves crenate. R.ahoHivus. 4. Cl'R.SED C. Very smooth, stouter ; leaves all cleft or lobed ; head of fruits oblong. R. scelerdtus. 5. Hook-beaked C. Hairy ; leaves all 3-cleft, lobes broad ; akenes with long and hooked beaks, collected into a round head. R. recitrvutns. 6. Bristly C. Stout, bristly-hairy ; leaves divided into 3 or 5 stalked leaflets, which are cleft and cut again into narrow lobes ; akeues straight-beaked, in an oblong head. R. Pcniisi/irdnicus, POri'LAK FLORA. 119 ++ ++ Petals always much longer tlian the calyx. Dry ground, except No. 8. 7. Early C. Low, 4' to 9' high ; root-leaves nearly pinnate ; petals narrow. Fl. spring. R. fnsricuU'tris. 8. Creepinu C. Stems rerlining, making long runners in summur : leaves variously (lividetl ; ))etals obovate. Wet pliices. A', rc/w//*. 9. lU'I.BOL's v., or Kakky IkrrKKClT. A solid hull) at the base of the upiight stem ; leaves divided and cut ; petals round, laige, and bright yellow. Naturalised, E. in meadows. Fl. .s|iring. li. IjitU'dmig. 10. Tall C, or Latkk IJctthkcip. Stem upright, 2" or 3" high, no bulh at the bottom ; leaves divided and cut ; petals obovate, not .s<» large and biight-coloured as the la.st. Fl. .summer. A', acris. Globe flower. TrOlllus. Appears like a largo Crowfoot or Hutlercup, but the yellow leaves of tlie bli).ssnvn are sepals ; witiiiu are tlie i>etals, small, and of i)uculiar shape, appearing like larger stamens. And the y or more pistils make several-seeded pods. 1. El'KOPK.vn G. Sepals 10 to 15, golden-yellow, converging, ami .so nuiking a rather ;,'lobe-.shapeods. Leiives twice or tlirice compound ; leaflets in threes. (Fig. 247.) 1. Wild C. Flowers scailet, yellow insiile, nodding ; sjuirs hooked. Hocks. ^1. Cdnndtnsis^ 2. G.VKDEN C. Flowers blue, jiurple, or white ; spurs straight. In all gardens. A. vulyaris. Larkspur. Delphininm. Sepals 5, petal-like, dissimilar, the upper <>ne prolonged behind into a hollow spur. Petals 4, small ; the upper pair witii haiiiiy any claws, but with long spurs which run back into the spur of the calyx : the lower pair witii short claws, and iio spur ; in some species all the petals grow together into one body. Pistils annj<6lida. 2. IJocKET or Ajax L. Flowers crowded in a long ami close raceme ; pods hairy. JK Ajarig. * * Garden perennials : pistils 2 to 5 : the 4 petals separate. Many varieties are cultivated, mostly (tf the two following species. 3. Gkeat-FlowekeI) L. Leaves cut into linear dist.ir cs ; pods downy. />. iiramlidljrum. 4. Uee L. Leaves cleft into 3 to 7 wedge-shaped and cut lOoihed lobes ; petals bearded. D. clatum. * * * "Wild species at the West and South ; jierennials, with 4 separate petals and 3 to 5 poarted into 3 or 5 narrow wedge-shaped pointed' divisions ; flowers many in a long raceme, blue-purple, in summer. ]>. e.adtntum. 6. Dwarf L. Stem 1° high or less ; the 5 divisions of the leaves cleft iuto linear lobes ; flowers few, loose, and large, purple-blue, in spring ; pods spreading. D. tricorne. I20 rorULAR FLORA. 7. Azt'RE L. LeavcH parted and cut into narrow linear lobes ; flowers many in a close rncenie, sky- blue or white ; pods erect. Z>. aziireum. ,! ! r ; ii I - Aconite. (Monkshood, Wolfsbane.) Acon)tum. Sepals 5, petal like, dissimilar, the upper one largest and forming a hood or helmet. Petals only 2, and those are small and curiously shajied hodies, witli a curved or hnmmi-r-shaped little blade on a long claw, standing under the hood. I'ods as in Larkspur. Flowers in racemes or panicles, showy, blue, or ]iurple, varying to white. Herbage and roots i)oisun<)i(,'<. (Fit;. 254, 255.) 1. Gardkn Aconite. Stem erect .ind rather stout, very leafy ; divisions of the leaves parted into linear lobes ; flowers crowded. A. NaiH'llus. 2. Wild A. Stem weak and bending, as if to climb ; lobes of the leaves lance ovate ; tt^wers scat- tered, in summer. "SV. . ^ . A, uiicindtiim. Ml £34 Four pi'tils (if l/irkspiir No. 1 iiiiitvd into one body; ■847. Flower, *o. of Wild Columbiiip. 248. A petill. '.MO. 'riio .'J pods open- ing. t!oO. A separate liod. 251. Flower of Uikspur No. fi. 052. Ita sepals aiiJ petals displayed. 254. Flower of Aeoidte. 2^'y. Its parts dt»-' jilayed : *, the si'pals ; i), tlie petals ; st, staiiieu^ aud pistils on the tlower-stalk. rOl'ri.AK FLORA. 121 •J57 2. MAGNOLIA FAMILY. Onkr MAUXOLIACE.R Trees or shniljs, wiili iirnmatio or .sUon,L,'-.sct'UUil ;iiitl ItilU'i- Itark, iiiitl iiltcnrntt* simple leaves, wliich arn lU'Ver toollietl ; liir^'e, lliin stiimK-s loriii llie roveiiii;^ of llit- Imds, but fill! (»ir early. Fhnver.s lai);e, siiii^k- at tlie emls ot tin; liiaiicliL-rf ; llii-ir leaves in lliret's, viz., 3 .sejials eoloiired like tlie petals, and 6 petals in isvo ranks or 9 in tlin-e ranks, their margins overlapping in ilie lujd. Stanu*ns very many, on tin- neeptacK-, with h)ng anthers (pccnpying, ii.s it were, the side of the tihinient. Tisiils many, patketl ami jiarlly grown together one ahove the ollnr, so as to make a sort ot" c(»ne in Iniit. We have onlv two genera. I. StiiiulcH Hilt, not adliering to tlic IcjifHtalk. I'l'tals 6, greenish or- ange. Filaiiu-nts slendi-i-. Pistils oveilyinj^ eacii otliei- and giown to- getlier to niMke a spimlle-sliapefl cune, dry when liiie, and si'i)a- rating into a sort of key-fruit. licaves suniewiiat 3doK'd, and as if cut otf at the end. One species only is kn(»\vn, the {L'inudindvvit Tidii>ij('ru ) Ti'i.ii>-tki:k. 3, Stipules making a round and i>ointed hud, adhtuing to the lower part of tlu; leafstalk. PetalsOtog. Fila- ments helow the anther very shoi t. Cone of fruit rose-red ami fleshy when ripe, the pistils opsniiig on the hack, the scarlet tleshv-coatcd seeds hanging hy delicate and \erv .,-• l: hi i .» i- ,.-- . . .« > ^ f' ■' •' -.)■. Small I.aiinlMiiiriKilin. 'i.,,. A stamen iim;,'iilfli'ii elastic threads, MAGNOLI.V. f'""'. tlieHefda li.niKin',' n< tU<-y dr«i "iM 2.")-'<. Hs cono of Magnolia. Mti;/)ii)fii)earing in early sjiriiig ; petals about 4' long, tapering lielow. V K.VU-I.K.WKl) Um»KKI.I-.\-.M. Leaves nearly i' long, amicled at tlie base (Tig. 102). S. Af. Fn'meri, 6. Common U.M«kk1-I..\-AL Leav(!.s i" to 2" long, tapering into u niiort footstalk. M. Umhrdla, 7. Tiiere ia, beaides, the (.JkiatI.KAVKD M., with niucii the largest flowers and leaves of all, the h'tter 2° or 3" long, scattered, heart-siiaped at the base, and wliitedowny beneath ; flower 8' or 10' broad. .S. untl cult, rarely. It does not, belong exactly to eillur the above divisions. M. iiKicniphijt/a. 8. The I'lUlM-K M.\ii.NOLl.\, from Japan, is a shrul) in some ganiens and grounds, flowering befor© the leaves are out. M. puvfiurca^ 3. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. Oni.r AXoXACK.i:. Trees or «liMib.s, resembling the Magnoliii family, but tlie 3 |H't;ils of each .set not overliii'i»iii;^' e.icli other in the hud ; tlu; hark and foliai,'e not aromatic, l)tit uni)leasant-taste2. Flower with all tmt tin- I'istilstakon i.tTthi'n'.cpt^ul.'. '.'i',:!. Kniiis; twool'tlicmcut tliioush. iiA. .\ sooiUut tliioiit;!! to Sluiw tho varii'L'.iU'd ;illi\iiui?ii. POPULAK FLORA. 123 4. MOONSEED FAMILY. Ora.r Ml'-XlsrKinrArK.E. Woody climbers, with nltornale leaves nii«l siimll dicKoiona flowers (as shown in Fij,'. 167, 168) ; the sei>als and petaln each 4 or 6 and both iff t\n' same colour, and a lew 1 -.-needed Itistils, becoinin'4 small drtiiu's in fruit, with a moon-sliaped or kiiliiev-shapetl stone. We liavt' two ,L;eneta of one sjiecies each, the first cnnunon at the North, the second at tlie South. 1. Stiiiiiens 12 to 20: pistils 2 to 4. Flowers white: leaves rounded and angled Hhield-shaped. Fruit blue-black, (^fitiispcrmum) M(k>nskki). 2. Stamens 6, one before each petal. Flowers greenish : leaves heart-shaped. (C6ccutns) COCCL'LUS. 5. BARBERRY FAMILY. Ocdw BKRBERIDACE.E. Ri-adily distiiif^nii.s'iied (wiih a single exception) by having the sepals and petals in fours, fiixes, or eiglits (not in live.~), and with juf^t the s;iiiie number of stamens as petals, one before mch petal (on tiie receptacle), tlie anthers oponin;.,' by an uplifted valve or dcjor on each side. Pistil only i. Harm- less, except the May- Apple (also calh'd Manduakk), which has ratherpoi.sonousroots,although the fruit is innocent and eat- able. Having only cue species of each genus, we may ascert.iiu them by the following key : — 'J6j. Shout: 2C6. cliistor of leavos .111 J rai'i>iiv. 'JOT. oiilarged flower sjiri'ail oiH'ii ; 'JtiS. a petal more iiiaKTiinrit ; and, 'Jtiy. a btaineii, with the anther opuuiui;, uf the comiuou Kurberry. Shrubs with yellow bark and wood, and yellow flowers. Stamens and petals 6, Leaves appearing simple, in a cluster above a blanching thorn, which is 2c,s an altered leaf of the year before. Berries red, {Birheris) B.xhbkrry, Leaves scattered, pinnate, evergreen; no thorns. Berries blue, {Mahonia) * Mahoma, Herbs, with perennial roots, all with compound or deeply lobed leaves. Flowers yellowish-green, small. Stamens and petals 6. Leaves decompound, from the root and also at the top of the stem, {Caulophyllum) COHOSH, mmm^m 124 POrULAU FLOKA. i! Flowers white, ratlicr larye: petalM larger thiiii the fugacious calyx. Stamens and narrow petals 8. The one,fli)were«l scape and the a-jmrted leave* rising' separately from the ground. Fruit a many-seeded 1 od opening hy a lid, {J>fcry<)iiia) TwiNLEAF". Stamens 12 to 18 ; petals rounded, ^ to 9. Flowering stems 2-leaved at tlie top ; leaves shield-shaped and Beveval-oloft, large, with a. nodding tlower in tin? fork, (l'od(i))hj)Hum) Mav-Ap1'LE» 6. WATER-LILY FAMILY. Order NYMrH.EACE.I-:. "Water-plants witli Howers aiul leavcjj on lonj,' footstalks, rising out of the water or rest- ing on its surface ; the leaves either shiel(l-slja])e(i or deeply heart-shapfd. l\'tals ami sta- mens generally very many. To the proper Water-Lily family may here well enough be added the Water-shield and the Nelumbo, each of a single sj)ec;ies. Tins gives us four genera, which are dis- tinguished as follows : — Fruit of Neliiinbo. . 270. Flower, bud, aiii\ li-af of Wliito Walt'r-I.ily. 271. Flower with the parts cut awjiy, all Imt t wo i»'t:illiki' stiiinciis, one (irdlnary stamen, and tlie compouud pistil. 272. Slue acioss llie U-i:i.l.eU p.sUl. 1. Leaves and flowers from very thick and long creeping rootstocks. Sepals and the many petals and stamens gradually blending into each other, and growing to the surface of the many-celled and many-seeded compound pistil. Flower white, sweet- ' scented, {Nymplma) White "Wateb-Lilt. I'ol'I'LAK KLOKA. 125 2. Leaves and flow* r.s from rootMtocks like the luHt. Sepals s<»' '', roviiided, partly petal- like and yellow. Witliiti tlie-n' a iiiasn i>f small, sipiaM' topped liodit-s lonkiiin like Htid not much lar^'t-r than the Htamens, hut rfally im.Hweiin;; to potaU ; and aliove them the real Htamens in great numhers, all under the manycelhd and Mat-topped pistil, (Xu/>fiiir) Yki.i.ow roND-LlI.Y. 3. leaves ami sniidl dull purplf flowers from a slender stem rininj,' in the water ; the oval leaves attached hy tiie middle of the under side (centrally peltate). Sepals ami petals narrow, each 4, and 12 to tS stamens, all under the 4 to 16 iieparatc and few-seeded pistils i/iriiMhiia) WatprshiKI.!). 4. Sepals and petals (alike in many ranks) and stiiniens nnmy. all falling,' off early, idl under the pistils, which are u or more in numliei and sepaiately emlirdded in tlie Hat ujjper face of an enlarged top-shaped receptacle. In fruit they are round and eatahle nuts (Fig. 27,^). Leavts very lar;;e (i"' or 2' hrond). round, attiiched hy the middle underneath, cui)]ied, risinj; out of the water, as do the yreat vjreenish- ycllow tlowers also, on long stalks. Common W. and S. (yLluinljiitm) Nell'MDo. lent liud 7. SIDESADDLE-FLOWER FAMILY. Onl.r s.VHH.xrKXiACl'.-K. ]*o;4-pl;uits witli IhiHow, pitclit-T-sliiiped or tniiiipet-sliapetl leave.'*, all t'roiu the roo% making the curious genus Sidesaddle-Flower. Snrvarinia. Sepals 5, coloureil, persistent ; and btdow the calyx nre 3 small brac'tlets. I'etals 3, Hiidle-shnped, curved inwards. .Stamens very many, on the receptacle. Style with a broad and 5-aiigled umhrella-shaped top, covering the 5-celled ovary and the stamens. Pod many-seeded. Flower siui^le, large, nodding on the sunmiic of a long scape. 1. I'l HI'r.K SiDES.VDDLE-Fl.OWKR, or PlTCHER-PLANT. Petals deep purple, arched over the pistil ; leaves pitcher-shaped, yellowish-green, veined with purple, and with a broad wing dov/n the inner side. Common N. and S. !<. ) itr)iiir((i. 2. Kkd S. I'etals red ; leaves long, trumpet-shaped, with a nar- row side wing. S. ome, W(! have four genera, two of thenj of only one species each. 282. BuU),an(l,2M. IrafaiiilflDWorsof piiriitraNo. 1. •JK4. KiM»cr, natural size. 285, SHti. Same, takoii to plecos. 287. Diaunim cf the llowor ofu Curyilal. "Sx. Oiio uf tlif sets nf staiMcn.s unitril. Flowor liciirt-shaped, or with a simr on eacli side at tlic base. Petals all peinianeiitly united into a slightly lioart-sliaped (pale flesh-coloured) corolla, which dries witliout fallinj^ ami encloses the 4.8eedL'(l po?f /a/is) CoKY DAL. Ovary and fruit, round, fimall, i-seeded, not opening, (Fumuria) FuMlTOKT. 128 rorr'T.AR fi.oha. Dicentra. Itinnlm (wnmyly cuUtMl liitli/tra). The MpeoicH arc peicniiiulri witli HiiiKiiIiir niiiivi'n iiiul iiakvil Howor-xtnlk rising hepnrutcly from thu ({lounil, in nirly N|tiiii^'. Delieutu luw plaiitM, cliietly fiuiiiil N. ami W. I. I)I'Tf hull* of (•(ll^rMO Kraiim ; roiolla wlntf, ti|i|iril witli crfuiii-fohiur, with 2 voiy \ninv MpiUM, /'. ('iinilliinn, a. SyilKKKtiCoKN I>. Ifmlurjjrouml Niiootiai-iii){ litth- ydlow tuh»'i-liku hodit-H, rfHt'iiililiiitj^raini of Imliaii Corn; corolla wiiitc ami fii'Mh-i-olour, fragrant like llyiiointliH. />. ('aiiu'linnit. * * (Janh'ii HiM'<'i('M. U'lifyHttrimit'ii, a" or 3 high, with IVoiiy-Iikf h-avfu. 3. Sriowv IJ. llacfiiU'N ilioojiiiig, uiiu-Hiih'tl ; lloWfiH piiikpiinih', I'long. Ciiliivatt'il. IK »im'tilbili». Corydal. Con'/ih/iH. Our two upc'chtii aro leafy Htt'iiiiiifil hi<>ntiialM, nlmioous, with twire-pinnute leaves, and linear or Nleiidcr podH. They j;n>w in rocky placi's and linwer in Hpiin),' and Hiiniunr. I. < i<»l.l)KN (". Low and spieadin^' ; (lowers ytdlow in Hiniple racuines ; pods hiingin;;. ('. aurcn. 3, I'alk C Uprigiit ; JIowcth puridish and ydlowiHli ; raceiiiuH paniclud ; poiU erect. C, ijluHCit. I '\ I 10. CRUCIFEROUS OR CRESS FAMILY. Order CT.rcn-KU.E. Herbs, •with ulttMiiutc Icuvcs, 11 sharp-tawted watciy juiee (ii<'\fi' poisoiidus, luit often Very acrid or l)itin<,') ; pLM-fi'dly (iistiii<,'iii.siie(l by their ctHfifvron.-i flowers, tdradynumoiu staliK'iis, and by iiaviti;: llie sort . Flownr of MiiRtniil. OW. SUmoiis nml I'l t I, inori> m;ij.'"lfl' '1 '-"yi. Pml (silNiUP) of Tuotluvort, oiionlng "^ Pod Uiliclw or poncli) of SlieiilRTd's-Ctirsc. •.".!;!. Saiiic, willi mic valve falKn off. ■ '•'■' PuriLAH FLORA. 129 I. P'fl {"ihi/iii) firnrra/f}/ trvriuil timrti Iniuirr than \riiU, IVxl not H|)littiiit{ ii wlifii lipf, hut bvcoiiiiriK Imnl, )iciik-|ii>iiitcil. Movilit nxinil. FloWfiH |iiiik (II |im|>I I'imI tliick, fl<>hy wlirn yoiiiii;, {lliifihintim) *Rai>INH. Flowi'iM yi-lluw, tuiitiiig wliitiHli (M {lurpli.sli. I ml Idiu', iii>ckl!ii'i> '•hapcil, (llil>hiiiiii», ^ ItiifiJuniiiitnim) .Fointkd ('MAKMM'K. l*o:. Calyx open or Mpri'iuliiii,' ill Idossoiii, (.S/(i»j/.i«) Mimtauii. I'otl Hot lifiiki'ii, (.1,, not <■llllin^ in 11 htion^-poiiitod tip. SimiIh Hut or olilnii^'. Ciilyx un«M|Uitl, twu of tliu Nepalx piojoutin;; or potioh-ttliapi-il at tliu haul'. Klowfi.s Vfllow or oiaii^f. I'oil ami xi'i'di (I.tt, {('hiii'diitliii.t) * WAl.t.KI.OWKR. FlowiTH ro»t»'. piirplf, or wiiitf. I'oiis not tlat. Hti){riiaH tliick)-ii('(l mi tli*> hack. St-nlH Hat, Mtii^iii iM closepirsstil to;,'<'tlM'r. KcciIm olili^Jip', Calyx otpial, i.r,, thu Kt-piils all alikf or iiiaily ho. I'oiU tlat. Flo\vt'r.s white or purple. Viiln'H of the poil with a iiiiil-nervu or vein, Valved of the pml without 11 in-rve. .Stein-leaven alr.einale or Hcatfeii'il, Stem-lenvt'.s a or 3, whorled orcliLsteiod. Itoot tt»>iiy, {I)i iiturin) 'rnoi iiu<»ni'. Toils ohtiisely 4-sitlt(l. linear. Flowers yellow, ( IIhiIhiiki] Win i i;ii ( 'hi ss. Tods awl-.siiapeii. Flowers pale yellow, {Sini'/iiihrium) Hkim;], Mi siahd. Pods turtjid, short-linear or ohloii},', {yinttiirtiimi) \Vatk;ii-('I*.s. {HiAfiHi') * llnCKKT. (,(nt'/i/«) UchkCkksh. {('itfiiihtnii' ) IJirriK Cm ss. 2. r<'il (ni'iclc or iioiii'li) Klioi't, till' hiii/tli imt iimre tlmn tint nr (In'ir timfn tin lirtdiilh. Pod ojieniiii,' when ripe l»y 2 valves which fall off and leave the partition. {Armiiyiiri 1) IIokskhadism. (I'd III I I'm II) FaI SK Fl.AX. ( Ih-iiKii) Wlim.dW iiUASS. (Lmiiiriii) * HoNKsiY. (K^iiii'lil) * .SWKKTAl.VssrM. Pod j,'lol)o.se or oviil, iiianyseeded, I'od pear->hape(], ratiier tiittish, iiiaiiyseedod. F'lowei 8 yellow, Poll tlat, with a lnniid partition. .Seeds many, Pod tlat, witli a hroad paititinii. Seeds 2 to 4. F'lowers purple, laiye. I'od huge, Ktalked above the calyx. F'lowers wiiite, .small. I'nd sniali, 2-seeded, Pod Hitteiied contrary to the narrow ]>,irtition. Flowers white or jiurple. Seeds many ; pod trian^ular-ubcordute witii a shallow notch, {Cgrlla) SUKIMll itlt'sl'i n.sK. Seeds only 1 in each cell. Petals all alike. Flowers very small, (Lei'i'lium) pKl'l'KluMtAs.s. Petals unlike ; the two on the outer side of the Hower larger, (Ibins) *CANI)VTt.'FT. pod not opening, i-celled, i-seeded, wing-like. Fhiwers yellow, {Ini'iti.i) * Woad. Pod not opening, but jointed across the middle, Heshy. Flowers purplish, {C'uk'itc) .Ska-Ks, with small and irri'gular llowers. which deserves iiolice merely because it contain.^ the l^ Nil I 11 130 I'Ol'ULAIi I'LOKA, Mignonette. /u.srt talliiii; oil', opoii in tlio l»uil. I'titalH 4 tn 7, uiioiiuul, on broad cliiws, tlio Hiuall blade cU-ft as if cut into st-vi'ial narrow slips, StamtMiH 10 or moio, boiiit! on an t'ldai^jeincnt of tlio roccptncK', turiiod to one sido of tin* blossom. Tod sliort and broad, i-cellod, dividiii;,' at tlin top into 3 tod horns, opciuiij; between the lioi'ns lonj; before tlie seeils are I'ipe. 'i'lie seeds aro kidiiey- sliiped, n\unerous, ami parietal, tliat is, borne aloii;- the walls of tlie pod. lierbs with alternate loaves and huu\\\ dull looking flowers crowded in a lacenie <>r spike. I. Common IMiiJNONKITK. Low and spreading ; leaves some entire, otln-rs 3-cleft ; sepals and petals 0 or 7. Cultivated for i*,s very frai;rant small llowers. Ji. oilnnilc. a. Dvku's-Wkkd. Stem simple, upright, j' iiigli ; leaves all entire, broadly lanoe-shaped ; sepals and petabs .}. A weed along roadsides in some places ; used for dying yellow. It. LutioUi. > 12. VIOLET FAMILY. Onl.r VIOL.VCK.E. Ilerba with 5 se{>;il>*, 5 ju'tal.^*, and 5 .>y their eil,i,'es arounil the pistil. Pistil I. with I style. Pod i-eellod, with three rows of .•-eeds on its walls, Leaves with stipules. Hoots and juice rather acrid. The coinuioii plants of the laniily belong to tlie genu.s, 1. Violet. Viola. Flower nodding on the summit of the llower-stalk. Stylo club-shapoil ; stigma bent over to one side. Flowering in spring, and some sjiocies continuing to blos.soni all summer. • Stemless species, i.e., leaves and naked tlower-stalks all from rootstocks on or under ground. +- Oarden species from Kurope spreading by runners or rootstocks above ground. 1. SwKKT or EN(!I.'sn Vioi.kt. Leaves pmnded heartshapetl ; flowers blue-purple, also a white variety, very fragrant. Cultivated, generally doiible-tiowered. V. odnrata. +- +- Wild species, with tufted and tloahy uneven rootstocks. Flowers short-spurred. + <■ Flowers purple i:i(le in the luid and looking' like bracts. Pe'.ils 5 or 3. all alike, oveilapjiiiiL,' each other in tin; hml, each with one ed^e coverinjj the one Ijefore it, hut coveT'ed liy that iMdiiml it. Sta- mens from 3 to 20 ov iiiorej ;ill separate, hdrne on the rece()t;icle. I'i.-til i, making a i-celled 1, with the seeii.s home on three lines down the p()( walls, or on ])ioi(;clions from ihem, that is, wi;h 3 ])arietal placentas. 'j;i|. FI'iwfT, fi'-.. "f FrostWfPfl. 2Vt.". lu cilyx and li.stil. •_".'; lis .jv.iiy cut iM.Toss ami iiiaKOilieU. Petals 5, yellow, falling after the flower has opened for one day only. Style none. Petals crumpled in tiie bud, {Hd id at hem urn) FhostwEED. Style slender. Little shrubs with minute leaves on sandy shores, [Hudhitin) HunsoNIA. Petals 3, purplish, persistent. Flowers very small. [Ltchen) I'inwkK!). 132 POPULAR FLORA. t 'f i 14. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY, o.dor IIYPEIJTCACE.E. Herbs or low shrubs, with the k-avt's all ojniosite aii'l (lolti-ii, as if punctured, with transparent or dark- coloured dots, one or both ; the juice generally acrid. Flowers with 4 or 5 persistent sepals, as many petals, and more numerous, conuiionly a great number of stamens, and in 3 or 5 clusters, bortie on the receptacle. Styles 2 to 5, commonly st-parate, or sometimes all united into one. Ovnry only i, in fruit a pod, either i-celled with 2 to 5 (commonly 3) parietal ])la- centas, or with as numy cells ami the placentas in the inner angb; \ of each cell (Fig. 189, 190), ^l^ wiicn lipe splitting through the partition.s (Fig. 212). 297. Fliiwprs, (So., of St. .Jolin's-wnrt No. 4. 2!)«. Pistil of .t unitrd. 29!). Poil cut ai;ross. Jolm's-worl, ill ii cross-sett oil of the bud. 301. One of the clusters of Uiiee stanieus. 3i)o. Plan of the flower of Marsli St Sepals 5, all nearly alike in size and shape. Petals 5, flesh-coloured, oblong, equal-sided, stamens about 9, in three sets, and a thick gland between each set, {Efoden) I\L\USH St. John's-WORT. Petals 5, yellow, unequal-sided. Stamen-s generally many, (H/zperinun) St. ,Tohn's-wort. Sepals 4, in two pairs, one pair large, the other'small; petals 4, (Asviirum) St. Pkteb's-WORT. St. John's-wort. Ilypei'icum. * Stamens very many, in 5 sets. Styles 5, rarely 6 or 7. 1. Great St. John's-wort. Perennial herb, with stems branched, 3° to 5" high ; leaves closely sessile, ohlong ; petals 1' long, narrow. N. .and W. H. piiramidatum. * * Stamens very many. Styles 3 or splitting into 3. Perennials or shruhs. 2. Shriirby S. Shrub 1° to 4° high, very bushy ; branchlets 2-edged ; leaves lance-oblong ; styles at first all uinted into one (Fig. 190), when old splitting into three. ^V. and S. H. proUJiciini. 3. Naked-Flowkukii S. Shrubby at the base, i" to 4° high ; branches sharply 4-.angled ; leaves oblong; cyme stalked and naked. S. and W. H. nudijforum. 4. Common S. Herb 1° or 2° high, bushy-branched ; stem somewhat 2edged ; leaves narrow-oblong, with transparent dots ; sei)als lance-shaped ; pet.als bright yellow. A weed in postures, &c. H. perforatum. ^f ,» POPULAR FLORA. 133 5. CouYMBEr) S. Herb i" to 2" liijli, with a terete stem, little branched ; leaves oblong, (lotted witli blnck HH well as with triiiispiuent dots, and ho generally are the pale yellow petals ; Hcpuls oblong. Low grounds. //. cori/mhiisnm. * * * Stamens few, 5 to 15. Styles 3, short. Poil i -colled. Slender annuals, growing in wet or Kiindy places, .\' to I^' liigh : Howers very small. 6. S.\I.\Lr- S. Sem weak, witii spreading branche.s, leafy to tiie top ; leave.s ovate or oblong, partly clasping, 5-ribbed. //. vnltifinii. 7. Canada S. liranches erect, leaves lance-sliaped or linear ; cymes lenfless. //. ('(umiii nxr. 8. PlNK-WKKi) S. lUishy-branched, the branches wiry anil very slender ; the leaves very minute, awl-shaped, close-pressed to tlie branches; flowers minute, sessile along tlie branches. //. Sordthra. 15. PINK FAMILY. Order CAKYOPIIYLLACE/E. Herbs witli opposite ami entire leaves, wliicli are not dotted, tlie stems swollen at tiie joints. Flowers regular, tiieir ])iirts in live.-*, sometimes in lours. Stamens never more tlian twice as many as the petals or sepals, and olten fewer, on the receptacle or the calyx. Styles or stigmas generally separate, 2 to 5. Fruit a pod, which is generally i-celled, with the seeds from the bottom or ou a central column. These are kidney-shaped, and have the embryo on the outside of the albumen, generally coiled around it. Bland sno ?03 304 :!0« 307 3li(m i-.i^; tl;i' I'liibiyo colled around th« outside (if tloalbuiiicn. Sii'i. Pistil of SaiidSpurroy cut ihrnu.;!! Ii'iijjtliuisi' anil iiiaKiiiri''d. 3otj. Lower part of tin- i>vary of the •ame, cut acrusa. 307. Flower of u CatcliHy cut through leiijjthwi.se. yOM. A ueparate petal. 134 POrrLAR ILOHA. licrbs : Rome are insij^mificaiit weeds ; others have handsome flowers, nnd are cultivated loiMiriiaiiicnt. Tliey form twomaiu sub-families, one containing the Pinks, tlie otlier the Chickweed.s. For hick of room, only the principal genera can be given here, witlioiit tlie .species, winch are numerous. I. riNK SUBFAMir.V. .Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals with long claws, whidi are en- closetl in tlie tube of tlie calyx. The petals anil the lo stamens are generally raised more or less on a nt;ilk within the calyx. Pod many-seeded, opening at the top. Flowers mostly rather large and showy. Calyx fuiiiishfd witli 2 or more scaly hractlets at the base. Styles 2. Calyx naked, i.f., without any bractlets at the ba.se. Styles 2. t'alyx cylindrical and even, .Styles 2. C.ilyx ohlong and strongly 5-angled, Styles 3. Calyx 5-toothed, Styles 5. Calyx with .short teeth, which are not leaf-like. Calyx with leafy lobes, which are longer than the petals, (DidiithiiKj * Pink. {S.it('iii Did) Cockle. II. CMICKWEED SrHl'AMIl.V. .Sepals separate or nearly so. Petals without claws, spreading, Rnmetimes wanting, Smidl or low herbs ; numy are weeds. Flowers small, mostly white, except in Siind-Spurrey. 1*0 1 3-celled, many-seeded. Petals none. Prostrate annual weed, {MnJIiliio) Cakpktwekd. Pod I -celled, with several or many seeds. Styles 3 to 5. Stipules or little scales between the leaves nime. Petals 2-cleft or i);irteil, or notchetl at the end. Styles and petals 5. I'od opening by 10 teeth, {Ccrastium) MorsK-KAR Chickweei). Styles 3 or 4. Pod splitting into valve-s, (S'cllt'iriu) Chickweeo. Petals entire, not notched nor cleft. Styles 3, fewer than the potal.s, {Arem'trid) Sandwort. Styles 5 or 4, as many as the petals, (Soi/lna) I'kariavout. Stipules in the form of scales between the bases of the leaves. Styles 3. Leaves not whorled. Petals jmrple, (SjKVijuIarifi) Sand-Spcrrev. Styles 5. Leaves in whorls, narrow. Petals white, (.'Sjn'ryn/u) Spurrey. , ' ill. 16. PURSLANE FAMILY. Order rORTULACACE.E. More or less llcsliy herbs, witli entire leaves, and llowers which open oidy in .sun.shine. Sei)als fewer than the petals (i.e., sepals 2, petals 5), with a stamen before eai'h one, or else witli many .stamens. Pod i-celled, with the seeds, like those of the Pink family, on stalks ri.sing from the base of the cell. Harmless and tasteless herbs ; the Spring-Beauty lias handsome llowers in the spring in woods. The common Pur.slane is a well-known gar- den weed and pot-herb, and the Great-flowered Purslane, with its cylindrical tiesby leaves and large red or .«cailet llowers, is a common ornamental annual in cultivation. Calyx 2-cleft, the tube united with the lower part of the ovary. Petals opening only once. Stamens 7 to 20. Pod many-seeded, opening round the middle, the top falling olf as a lid. Annuals. {Pttrtulaca) Purslane. roiu'LAK ri-oi{A. 135 Ciilyx 2-lciivcd, free from the ovary, whiili inuk.'s a f<'w-«ee. I'ml dI iIic sit , hih'imii;,' liy 11 lid. 311. ri.iytiiiii;! (if .Siiiiii:,'-l;oaiiiy. ;il'J. lis '.'-rlcft calyx and pud. "i:i. liipt! iKid I'lit ar.c ss, and .sj.litt;iii; intn tlmi- Viilvi'i 314. Seed, iiiviie iMii^ii.liiMl. ;!1."). .■'aiiif, eiit tliiinij;li, in sliovv lln- (•■lilcd eiidiryo. .Slti. Iinbiyo taken uut. 17. MALLOW FAMILY. Order MA LVACE.-R Distinguished by the imnu'io'.is moudih'lphinis staiiien>(i'.t'.,imitctl hy tlieir tihiiiient.s into a ttibe or t'o(((7/u(), witii kidiU'y-siiupL'd i-celled fintiiers, and tlic 5 sejials or lobes of the calyx aj)iilied edL;o to edge wiiliout overlapping {i.e., rulcute) in tlie bud, ami peisi-teiit. Leaves almost always ])aluiately-veiiied, alternate, wiih stipules. IVtals united at the bot- toni with the tube ot" stamens. There is ol'ten a sort of (Miter calyx, below the true one, called an inroluccL All innocent plants, full of mucilagf (it is extracted Iroin the root of M;u>h-Mallow), and with a very tough fibrous inner bark. Floweis ol'ieii han valves. Mallow. Mdlva. Involucel or outer calyx 3-leaved. Petals notched at the upper and broader end. Styles many. Little pods or cells many in a ring around a narrow axis or column (the whole shaped like a cheese), when ripe falling away separately, each i-seed,ed. Herbs; flowering all summer. 1. Low Mallow. Hoot very long; stems spreading on tlie ground ; leaves round-kidney-shaped, long-stalked, scarcely lobed, crenate ; flowers several in the axils, small, whitish. Very common weed in waste and cultivated ground. M. rotundijoHa. 2. High M. Stem 3° high ; leaves lobed ; flowers large, rose-purple. G.irden.s. M. si/fvestrk. 3. MisK M. Stem 2° high ; leaves 5-parted and the divisions cut into linear lobes (the smell faintly musky) ; flowers large, rose-colour. Gardens. M. mosckala. 4. Cl'ULKl) iM. Stem 4° to 6° high ; leaves round, toothed, much curled around the edge ; flowers small, white, sessile in the axils. Gardens. M, crispa. Hibiscus. Hihiscus. Flowers large, with an involucel of many narrow bractlets, and a 5-clcft calyx, which does not <»pen down one side. Stamens in a long and slender column. Stigmas 5. Pod short, s-celled, splitting wiien ripe into 5 valves, many seeded ; the seeds smooth or hairy, not long-woolly. Showy lierbs or shrubs : flowering in autumn. FOri'LAK KLOUA. 137 t. SHni'nnv or Ar.TH.K.v Hinrsfis. SliniH 5" to to" liigli, Hinootli ; leaves wedge-ovate, tootlied, 3-loheinteii, the lower 3 lobed ; base of tiie flower-stalks and leafstalks often grown together; corolla 3' broad, white or rose-colour with a ciimson eye. .Salt mar.siies, i^c. If. Mogrln utus. 5. Bl,Al)l)!;K-KKr.MlA H. (or Fli)iri'r-nr). Herb i ' to 2" higii from an annual root, 8(>mewh;it hairy ; lower leaves toothed, iipiier 3-parted, with narrow divisions ; corolla greenish-yellow witli a daikbrown eye, opening only in midday sunshine : calyx bladdery after tiowtrin.', enclosing the pod. (Jardens, &c. H. Tridiiiiin. 18. LINDEN FAMILY. Order TILTACE.K Has tlie toiigli and fibrous inm-r I)ark iiiid tlie bland iiiucihige of tlie Mallow family. Its ili.stinclions arc shown in the only genu.s we have, viz. : — 324 323 826 ?!1X AniPili'nn Miidi'ii, Inflowpr. IV.M. M;i(jnlflc. riolocea, 3. Ykli.ow W. Stems ascending, leafy ; flowers 2 to 6 on one peduncle, small, yellow, O. alricla. 23. GERANIUM FAMILY. OnKr (iKRANTACK.K. Herbs or siuail sliiub.s, with scented leaves, liaving stipuU-.s, the lower ones opposite, Rootsastriiij^ent. Sepals 5, ovcrlat)piii},'. Petal.s 5. Stamens 10, but part of them in .some ca.ses without antlier.* : tila- nients commonly united at the bottom. Pisiils 5 i^rown into one, that is, all united to a lon^' \ beak of the leceptaole (except the 5 stigmas) ; and when the fruit is ripe tlie styles spli t away from the beak and curl lip or twist, carrying \\ itli them the five , ^. 331. Lc.if, and, W-'. Flow.Ts of Willi Oemnliini. ;«;!. Stamens .iml ]il.slil. ,^U Fniit bur»tlii(f, llltle I-Seedod pods, as SXi. Soeil, 3;iti. S.mic. cut arrosa. yhown in Fig. 334. There are three genera, viz., Geranium or r'ramsbill ; Erodium, V liich diilers in having only 5 stamens with anthers, and the fruit-bearing styles bearded inside ; and Pelargonium, which has the corolla more or less irregular, generally 7 stamens with anthers, &c. The latter are the House Geraniuin.s, from the Cape of Good Hope, of several species and many varieties. "We describe only the wild species of true 140 l-OPULAH I LUKA. :i^l: i \ Geranium or Granesbill. Ocr()nlnm. I'etaU nil alike. All lo HtntnuuH wilh aiitliurs, every other one Hhorter. HeibR, t. hJl'orrKi) G. Htetn erect, from a perennial root; leaves s-parted, also cut and toothed, often whitish-blotched ; petaln pale purple, liurdern of woodH ; l\. in Hpring and Huninier. (i. iiKinifiitum. 9. C.VIWH.INA Cf. .Stems Hpreading from a biennial or annual root ; leaves 5-i>nrted, and cut intoinir- ntwlolieM; floweiMNniall : jietals MeHh-coluur, notched at the end. Waste jilaces. (,'. ('nrnHninnum. 3. Hkiiii-Hiiukkt (i. Stiins Hprciulini,' ; leaves ^-divided, and tlie divisionH twice pinnattdy cleft ; (lowers small, purple. Moist woods and ravines ; tl. summer. (*'. JtoUrtianinii, 24. INDIAN-CRESS FAMILY. Or.br THOT.koLACK.K. Twiiiiiiu', clinibiii^', or tniiliii^' luilts, with 11 WiUory juice of u sharp Uistc like Mustard, nlteriialo k';ive.s, and showy irrc'i^uliir flowers, as iu Indian-Cress (commcmly called Nasti'htium). Trupnnhnn. Calyx projecting,' into a Ion;; hollow spnr bciiinieces, tlie largest one extended backward into a larg» and doe]) sac ending in a little sjiur; and the two innermost uneipndly 2-lobed. Stamens on the rece[>tacle, 5, very short, united over the pistil. This forms a thick-walled pod, whicli when ripe smldenly hursts with con- siderabk' force, or falls into 5 coiling i)iecea at the touch, .scattering the r.ither large seeds. Jjcaves simple, alternate. Flower* showy, j)roduced all summer. FlowoiofXo. 2, 338. Calyx loid corolla displayed. 2. 3- Gardkn Km-sam. Flowers very showy, white, red, or pink, often double, clustered in the axila of the crowded lance-shajjed leaves. Garden annual. /. lialsdmina. Pale Jewel-weed. Flowers pale-yellow, sparingly spotted, the hanging sac broader than long ; leaves ovate or oblong. Common in rich and shady or wet soil. /. pdlUda. Spotted Jewel-weed. Flowers orange, spotted with reddish-brown ; sac longer than broad. /. fulra* f rori i,AH M.oKA. 141 I 26. RUE FAMILY. Onkr Kl'TACKi:. Stroiif,'-sccnt(!(l, Hlinrp-tastt'tl, and bitU-r-iiciid jiljint"', tin; leiivcs tl(»ttetn?-soi'iit» m jtiirplv, lur}{0 : pi-tiilH hleiidft' : HtaniPtiH long. pods 5, tiattfiii'tl, sli;;litly united, (fJirtmnniis) *Kn.\XINKI.t,A. .Shrubs or trees. Siaiiieiis 4 ui 5, only as many as the jiotuls. Flowers tlitL'cioiis. I'istils 2 to 5, making; flesliy pods witli one or two Idack st'cds. lieaves pinnate. .Stems priokly. (X iiitlii'uriil inti) *1'kickI,V-Ash. Flowers ])oly;,'amoiis. I'i.stil i, m. iking a 2-celled, 2-seeded key, win;,'ed all roiiml. Li'atlt'ts 3. Stems not piickly, (/'/(/««) Hoi' TUKE. 27. SUMACH FAMILY. Ord.r ANACAKDIACK.K. Trees or shriil)s with ti milky or a re.sinoiis-.'icrid juice (in .'•ome cti-ses poisonous), .mil alternate leaves, of which we iiave onlytlie ^eiiiis Sumach. HHhs. Flowers small. Kr<'<''ii.sli-\vhito or yeliowisli. Sepals, petals, and stamens ;; tjic latter linrnc on an enlargement of the receptacle wliich tills tlie hottom of the calyx. .Styles or sti;,'mas 3, on it i-cellcd ovary, wliich makes a i-seeded little stone-fruit with a thin (lesh. Fl. summer. Nos. 4 and 5 are ])oi!>unous to most people when touched. 1. St.voiiokN SiM.M'H. Small, tree; hranches and stalks velvety-hairy; leaves pinnate, jiale lie. neath ; tlnwers and crimson-hairy smofruit very many, ina great crowded panicle. 7.'. tiiilnim, 2. S.MO()TH S. Shruh ; Uranclies and stalks very smooth, pale : otherwise like the last. It. ;/f'ilini. 3. Dw.vUK S. Shrub i" to 4° high ; In.inches and stalks downy ; leaves pinnate, with the stalk wing- nnirgined between the shining leaflets ; fruits red and hairy. /'. in/.dl/'uio. 4. Poiso.N.S. or liodWooD. .Sliiub smooth ; leaves jiinnate ; leaflets 7 to 13, entire ; panicles slend'r in the axils ; fruit smooth. J'i)iKi)iioiis to must jieople. Swamps. J{. rt m niitn. 5. Poison Ivv. Snnwth ; stems climbing by rootlets ; leaflets 3, large, oviite, either entire, notched, or lobed, variable on the same stem, i'oisonous like the last. Jt. 7'o.rii-o l> iiilriui. 6. Vkni TIANS. orS.MoKK-TKlCK. .shrub, vvitli simple oval or ol)ovate leaves ; branches of the panicle lengthening after flowering, and featiiered with long hairs, making large light bunches. Cult. J!, ('iil'niiin. 28. GRAPE FAMILY, ord, r VITACK/E. Shrulihy plants with a watery and .sour juice, cliiiihin;j hy teiidiils ; known hy having,' a miiiiite calyx with .'scarcely any lobe.s, tlie jietal-s \alvate (edj^e to ed^'e) in the l»tid and Jail- ing off very early, and the !5tamen.s (5 or 4) one before each petal. Only two genera. Grape. Vitis. Petals 5, cohering slightly ftt the top while they .separate at the base, and generally thrown off without expanding. Herry with 4 bony seeds. Leaves lobed. Flowers polygamous iu the wild species, and havmg the fragrance of Mignonette. ' t\ 11 ' I ' 142 rOI'l'LAIl FLORA. I. Krnoi'KAN (tiiArK. PMowcm ull i)orfi>ct; Iciivfn ilcejdy and Hliiirply lol)Cil. Cult, in dovernl vnriolii'n, viz. Hwoi'twuttT (Jriiiii', lUiick lliinii)ur;{, \o. V, viiiifera. a. NoinilKiiN Fox-Okatk. fifuvoH very woolly when yonna;, n'nmining niHtywoolly benonth ; lu'irii's liiri,'i<, purplo or iiiiilit'i -coloui'ttl. Iinprovt'd viirit-tios of tliiM, witiioiit tlio foxy tiiKto ami tlie tou(,'li imlp, art) the IhiiIk'Uu imtl tin- Cittawlm (iiupcH. I'. Lithyuurn, 3. SUMMKU (Jhai'K. TiOiivi'H with loodo cohwt'hhy down undi^neiith, Hnioothinh when old ; imnifh'H of foitilo IhtwerH vury long iind Hlcndt>r ; bonioM uniiill, lipo with fiiMt fioHt. V. trnfinMin. 4. FU()ST(i»ArK. lii'iiviM thin, lH'art-sha|>c(l, nt'vcr WdoUy, nottdiininfir, "Imrply and coarsely toothed, little or not at all lohcd ; panicloH Ioonu ; burrioH bluu or )>lack with a bloom, sour, ripenin'^' late, (/oininon alon^,' river-baiikM, itc. T. ri>rili/iifiii. 5 Mu.scADI.NK or SofTUKHN Kox-OnAPR. I?«rk of tho Btem close, not thrown off in loose Htripn, n% in tho others ; leaves round-heart shajjed, shiniii;;, not ilowny, very coarsely toothed ; paniclcn Hniall, with crowded (lowers ; berry lar^e, musky, with a very thick and tou^jh skin. A variety ia tho Hcuppenionn (Jrape. Conunun fS. V, vulplna, Virginia Creeper. Petals 5, tliick, opening before they fall. Leaves palmate with 5 leiitlets (Fij;. 7.|). 15erries .snmll, blackish. A very comnion tall- cliinbinj,' vine, wild and cnlti- vated. A. (jitiiKjitrfulia. S'ld. KliiwiT opculiis. •Mil, Siiiiii', with tlie ITO. Twig of Ompovlne. 29. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Order KIIAMXACK.E. Woody plants, with simple altenuilel.avt-. known l»y huvingtlie stamens us manyas the small petals (4 or 5) and one Lcfore each of them, both in;*c'rteil on the calyx or on a llcsliy cup which lines the tnhe of the calyx ; the h)l)es of the latter valvate, i.e., edfje to edj^e in the htid. Fruit of 2 to 5 celli<, and one lari,'e .seed in each. .T4'> I'lowcrs of a ISiuktlu.rii, M3. Same, cut tlironnh louijlhwlse. Xl Calyx free from the ovary, greenisli. Pet.-ds shorter than the calyx, or none. {Rhi.I.r fi:r. ASTIfAPK.K. Woody plaiitH, wiiii hiiii|iIi< alit-niiito m- n|iiio.siic Ii-um-h ; \\ik- ilivi.iions of tin* oily.x jmkI tltp |H'ial.H both ovcrlaiipiii;,' in tlu- lnnl ; tin- 8taiin'iiM as many as tin- ])i'tals (4 or 5) atid altmiatt' wiili tliciii, iiisirttil on a thick expansion of the rcccjitafl*' (ili-k) wliiili till- tin- lfotl(»m of llic caly.x. I'od colouifil, of 2 \i> 5 inosily i-scnKd ix-lls sliowy wlu-n ripe iit aiiluinn, e.>*{i(Mially w)it 11 tlicy o]kmi and display tlif h(hmIh fnvi'loped in a pulpy "curli't aril. FluwiTH |M(lyg:inioiiH (ir ni'urly ilio>ci<)iiN, white, in nicctni'M : tllHk cup'Nlntpfil : Ktylo long. INiil ^'loliuliii', omni^f-yi'llow. LfitvcM ulti'inatu. Our only Hpt'ciiM in n twining t(lirii1». NtiMii'tiiiifs calleil iJin'KllsWKKT, {filihlrim} Waxwohk. Flowei-H pciftct, flat, liiill mi'fii i.r ilmk piiiiili', in axillury rac<'nn'n : (lii*k flit, covninj^ tlio ovary, ainl liraiiiix 4 or 5 very xhort Htunii'iiN, tlic hiiort Mtyli* jixt rlNiiig tiiroimli ir. TimIs rt'il, loliL'd. Shrulm : Iuuvch oppoHilf, (A'/('»/y//(/i«.«) l'.rnMN : I. I'l.ADDKKNMT Si u. K.VMii.v. FloworH reyuliir tw A lurftci. Stiiiiii'iis 5, as iniii y a.s the |i<-r;ilH, ami iilPTimro with tlirin. }»tM;(lH Uoiiy. Lfiivt's o|i|Hi>iti', jiiimatf t>e with 3 IiMtlcts, haviiij^siipuli s. and also little Htipult'H {stifnl.i) to tht' liiiHtts. Shruh: (lowers white in raci'ints. Ki uitof 3 h'addfiy podft united. [Stitithiih'-ti) r.i,.\ni»l liMT. II. IlOlt.sK ClIKSTNTTSi hk.vmm.y. Fioweisp..- lyjjanious, some of tliem liavinj; no jiood pistil, mostly irrej;ular and uiis\ nimetrieal. Calyx hell shaped «.r tuhular, ^-toothed, I'l-tals 4 or 5, with claws, on thu iereptacle. Stamens generally 7, long. Sty It? i. f)vary 3-centd. with a j>air of ovules in eaeli cell, only one or two ripening in the fruit ; which hecdni h .14!) R.VI 344. Rivl r.iicki'vc, iiMliii'i'il III kIzi". .".(.■. KIciWiT. .'!lii. , " . , » '1 1 t. 1 i 111 8ame,>vitiMMivxiiii.itwc.piiai>t;ikciiiiw:iv. ;M7. M.itfiiiii'ii « leathery 3-V!Uved pod. needs very large, likeclu si.< j;:;::Ct.l;!'ilM::";i"inX...i;'''ii.'ili;^^^^^^ nutn. Fi„e oma.nental trees, with opposite palmate only OIK- H.'.M (fiowint'. av). l\.\\»- p. Stamens 4 to 12. styles 2, united below. Fruit a pair of keys united at the bottom (Fig. 208). Leaves opposite. Flowers (litecious, small and greenish : petals none : stamens 4 or 5. Leaves pinnate, with 3 to 5 veiny leaflets : twii^s green, (Neijurido) Negundo. Flowers polygamous or perfect. Leaves simple;, palmately lobed, (Ace)') Maple. Buckeye. jEsculua, § Puvia, All wild species at the West and South : also cultivated for ornament : flowering in late spring or summer. 1. Fetid or Ohio Buckeve. Petals small, erect, pale yellow, shorter than the curved stamens ; young fruit prickly like Horse-chtstiiut ; a tree. River-banks, W. ../?. (jlahrti. 2. BWEET Buckeye. Petals yellow or reddish, erect, enclosing the stamens ; fruit smooth, ^fi.favfu. 3. Red Buckeye. Petals red, also the tubular calyx : otherwise like the last. Shrub. ^-E. Pdria. 4. Small-FLOWEUKI) B. Leaflets stalked ; petals white, rather spreading ; stamens very long, fruit smooth ; seed eatable, not bitter, as are the others ; flowers in a long raceme-like panicle. Shrub. S. and cult. A, parciflurn. Maple. Acer. * Flowers in terminal racemes, with petals, greenish, in late spring : stamens 6 to 8. 1. Striped i\L\PLE. Bark green, with darker stripes ; leaves large, with tliree short and taper-pointed lo\)es ; racemes hanging. Small tree in cool woods ; common, N. A. I'ciDisiilvanifuni. 2. ]MountainM. Bark grey; leaves 3-lolied ; racemes erect; flowers small. Shrub, N. A. spin'itum. 3. Sycamohe M. An imported sliade-tree, with large strongly 5-lobed leaves, and large hanging racemes, flowering soon after the leaves ap[.ear. A. Pscudo-Phitanus. * * Flower's in loose clusters, yellowish-green, appearing with the leaves, in spring. 4. NoiuVAY M. An imported shade-tree, witli leaves resembling Sugar Maj)le, but brighter green od both sides, rounder, and with some long pointed teeth; flowers in an erect terminal corymb, with petals; wings of the fruit very large, diverging. A. platniiolUes, 5. Suoah or Rock M. Leaves with 3 or mostly 5 long-pointed lobes, their edges entire except a few coarse wavy teetli ; flowers hanging on very slender hairy stulks, without petals ; fruit with rather small wings, rijje in autumn. Tall ; tree in rich woods, and commonly planted for shade. A. mcchdrinum^ * * * Flowers in early sjiring, considerably earlier than the leaves, on short pedicels, in small umbel-like clusters from lateral leafless buds : stamens generally 5: fruit ripe and falling in early summer. 6. White or Silver M. Leaves very deeply 5-lobed, cut and toothed, white beneath ; flowers greenish-yellow, short-stalked, without i)etals ; fruit wo(dly when young, with very large and smooth diverging wings. Tree common on river-banks, and planted for shade. A. dasycdrpum, 7. Red or Soft M. Leaves whitish beneath, with 3 or 5 short lobes, toothed ; flowers on v6ry short stalks which lengthen in fruit, with linear oblong petals, red or sometimes yellowisli ; wings of the fruit small, reddish. Wet places : a common tree. A. rubl'um. rorULAH FLOKA. 45 32. PULSE B'AMILY. Order LE(JUMIXOS.E. A liir..'e fjiniily, distiiigui.slit'd by the peculiar irregular corolla railed pr.pilionaccons (i.e., ljuttertly-sua]>eii), and for having the kitnl of ])od called a lefjnmc for its fruit. Leaves alternate, often conipound, with stipules. Stamens generally lo, inserted on i)>e Cidyx. Pi.-til I, simple. The papilicjiiaceous corolla, whiiHi is familiar in the Pea-l»lo.-soni and the like, C(jnsists of 5 irregular petals ; viz., an upper one, generally largest and outside in the hud, called the ntcDidard ; two side ^letals, called irimjs, and two lower ones put together and commonly a little joined, forming a kind of pouch whkh encloses the stamens and style, and whicli, being shaped .'Joinewhat like the prow ot* nn ancient vessel, is named the keel. A few flowers in the family are almost regular, or not jiapilionaceous. In one case (to be mentioned in its place) all hut one petal is wanting. Another set have perfectly regular blossoms ; but are known by tlie poet.'ils dlsplayoil : s, Rtaiiilai J to, u', wings ; f:, the keel laiil ojivn. 'ioS. I,ogiiiiie of Pea, open. 356. Flower of F^ilse Indign No. 2. jicij.ls reiaiiVfil. Flower of Aiiiiiriilia. ciilarg":d. I>iHtil of tllU Hllllll.-. XVy. Same, with ttia ;i'>7. StanieiiH and I. TRUE PULSE Family. Corolla really papilionaceous, anil the standard outside, wrippcil around the other i)etals in the bud (in Amorpha, Fig. 356, only the standard is present). Leaves either simple or only once compound. fMl 146 rorCLAK FLORA. (CfltlKKn) *LABUl{.Nf.M. ( Wistdrid) ■\Vl.STAniA. * Stamens 10, united by tliuir filaments, cither nil into a closed tube (moDriile/phoiis, Fig. 187), org in a tube split down on one side, and the tenth separ-ito or nearly so (iliadelphous, Fig. 186). Shrubs or trees, not twining nor climbing. Flowers white or rose-coloured, in hanging r.icemes. Leaves odd-pinnate, (Rohinia) LorirsT-TREE. Flowers yellow, in small racemes. I'od bladdery. Leaves odd-pinnate, (Coliitcii) *Kr,Ar)r)En-SHNNA. Flowers yellow, in hanging racemes. Pod narrow. Leaflets 3, Shrubs, with long twining steins. Flowers blue purjile in racemes. Herbs. Stems not twining, climbing, nor with any trace of tendrils. Leaves sinijde : stijjules winging the stem below tlu; b'af. Flowers yellow. Pod inflated, many-seeded, (CriAdfiiviii) Katti.eBOX. Leaves of 5 to 15 palmate leaflets. Flowers in a long raceme, {Lnpitius) Ll'PINE. Leaves abruptly pinnate, of 4 leaflets. Pod formed underground, {Ararhis) *Peani;t. Leaves oibl-pinnate, of several or many leaflets. Leaflets serrate. Flowers single, white. I'od inflated, 2-9eeded, (Cicer) *Chick-Pea. Leaflets entire. Flowers in a raceme or spike. Corolla broad. Pod flat, narrow, several-seeded, (Tf /i/,7'd<'(() IToauy-Pea. Corolla narrow. Poer- sistent after flowei iiiir ; the petals gmwii tugel her more or less into a tube lielnw, and the u the peduncle, purple. Shore of t)ie .sea, N. and of the Great Lakes. L. inaritimiis. Vetch or Tare. T7t/Vf. Like the last, but with small and usually more numerous leaflets ; and the thread-shaped style hairy round the end or down the outer side. * Pereniuals, all wild species : flowers small, in a raceme on a long peduncle. I. Tufted V. Downy; leaflets many, lance-oblong, strongly mucronate; flowers crowded, bent down iu the spike, blue, turning purple, summer. Thickets, N. V, Crucca. POPULAR FLORA. 149 a. Cahouna V. Smooth ; leaflets 8 to 12, oldono; ; flowers many, wliitish, tipped with blue, rathier scattered 011 the peduncle, in spring. Hunks, kc, common. V. Caroliniitiia. 3. American V. Smooth ; leaflets 10 to 14, oval or oblong, very veiny ; flowers 4 to 8 on the peduncle, purplish or hluisii, in summer. N. V. American'i. * * Annual : flowers large, one or two together, sessile in the axils of the leaves. 4. Common Tare. Leaflets 10 to 14, narrow ; flowers violet-purple. Cultivated flelds. V. snttin. Bean. Phnsmlns. Keel of the corolla (with the included stamens and style) twisted or coiled, so as to furm a ring, or one or more turns of a spiral coil. Stamens diadelphous. I'od flat or tiattish, sevt-ral-st't'ded. Seeds flattisli. I'lants twining more or less, in one cultivated variety short and erect. Leaves of 3 leaflets, the end leaflet some way abov(3 the other two (('.('., pinnate of 3 leaflets) ; and tliey have sHju/h or little stipules to the leaflets. Fl. summer. * Wild species : mostly found South and West. 1. Pehenm.m, I'.E.W. Climbing liigh ; leaflets round-ovate, pointed ; flowers in long panicled racemes, purple ; juxls curved. Wooded banks, i^c. I', ptnutiin. •2. Traimnc; 15EAN. Annual, spreading on the ground; leaflets 3lobed or angled; flowers few, crowded at llie end of a long erect peduncle, i)urpli.>ih ; pods narrow, straight. Siindy places. P. ilii-erstf'jliuit. * * Cultivated I'cans. 3. Common or Kidney IiEAN. Known by its straight pods, jiointed by the hardened lower part of the style, and tlie tliick rather kidney-shaped seetls. Tlie I)\^ARF or IJfsii P.EAN is a low ancl small variety wliicli does not twine. The St'AUI.ET Rl'NNER is a fiee climbing variety, gene- rally red-flowered. ]'. vii/i/drin. 4. Lima IJean. Known by its broad and flat, curved or scymitar-shapcd pods, with few and large flat seeds. Tiie Civet 1>ea\ is a small variety of it. i^ huuttus. False-Indigo. Baptism. Flowers generally in racemes. Standard erect, with tlie sides ndled back : keel-petals nearly separate and straight, like the wings. Stamens 10, separate. Pods stalked in tlie calyx, bladdery, hut rather thick-walled, ]>ointed, containing many small seeds. I'erentiial herbs, erect and Tbranched, with i)ahnate leaves of 3 leaflets. The commonest are the following : — 1. Yellow False Indigo. Glaucous, bushy-branched; leaves almost sessile; leaflets small, wedge-obovate ; flowers few at the ends of the pauicled branchlets, yellow, produced all summer. Dry grounds, common. B, tinctdria. 2. Blue F. Tall and stout ; stipules lance-shaped, as long as the petiole ; leaflets wedge-oblong ; flowers many, huge, blue, in a long raceme, in si)ring or early summer. (Fig. 354, 355.) Rich soil ; common W. and S. and also cultivated in gardens. B. austral is. Senna. Cassia. Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, spreading, not papilionaceous, hue a little irregular. Stamens 10, but those on one side of the blossom commonly shorter, or without anthers ; tlie anthers open at the top by two chinks or holes. Pods many-seeded. 'Leav-s simply and abruptly pinnate. Tha common specie." are lierbs, with yellow flowers, in summer. I <1 1 ■51 . II I li i;o rorULAU TLOUA. 1. MAUYty liivving alti-rnate leaves Mitli stipules, and regular Ihnvers : tiu-ii" generally 5 pctaU (soiuctiiiu'.s wanting) and .sta- mens (generally nnnieious, at least ^.t/\ above 10) inserti'd on the jiersistcnt calyx. The seeds are iew and tlieir \\ liole kernel is emhryo, as is seen in an Almond (Fig. 36), Apple seed, or Cherry-.seed (Fig. 3cS), &c. The family Inrnishes S( me of our most esteemed fruits : all the ])lants are innocent, except tiie .strong-scented foliage and hark, in thi; Almond sub- laniilv. For fi'Mins illustrating this fanulv, see those of C'heirv-blossoni (Fig, 103), Hawthorn-blossom (Fig. 194), the IVuit of Apple and Quince, (I'^ig. 200 and 201), IVach (Fig. 202), l\ose and Strawberry (Fig. 22C-222), and the annexed figures. 360 ,V.o. Section of a Rose-bud. ."^ill Aim rli'aii Ciab-Atiiilf. I. ALMOND SrnKA:\riLY. Pistil only i. free* from the c:»lyx, Lecoiniin,' a stone-fi nit. 'I'leesor sliMilis witii simple leaves; the bruised bark and foliiige with a peculiar iironiatie scent, juid fhivour. Tlie plants of this division are all ranked under two great '^vuvva {Aiiiiuidttlus mid I'nut us), hut under several subgenera, here adopted for the convenience of the common names. Cidyx with a rsither deep cup. Petals rose or red-pnrple. 8tone of tiie finit roUi;h, Flesh of the fruit becoming a dry husk, ^^'e Imve tiie dw;nf Flowcriii!,'-Almoiid in gardens, with double flowers. It does not form fruit liere, (Am(/;:iinlnK) *Ai,MOXD. Flesh pulpy : surface downy (or in Nkitahink smooth), (Pirsiai) *Pkach. Calyx with a short and broad cup. Petals white. Stone of the fruit smooth and Flattened, with grooved edges : skin of the fruit downy, (Ar»u'n}(tra) *APRIC0T. Flat or flattish, generally edged : fruit f inontli, with a bloom, (PruDiis) PlA'M, Roundish or globular : fruit smaller, smooth, without a liloom, (Cerasits) CnPiRitY. TI. RCSE St'HFAMTl.Y. Pistils few or many (rarely only one), sejiariite from each other and free from the persistent calyx, but sometimes (as in the Rose, Fig. 3O0) enclosed and concealed ia its tube. (Stipules generally united with the bottom of the leafstalk 011 each side. rOlTLAIt KI.OHA. 151 Pistils generally 5, making few-seedod ivida. Petals broiid : calyx open, 5-cleft. Sliiiibs or herbs. {Spirrrn) MkaDow-swkkt. Petals laiicc-sliaiicil : calyx narrow, 5-t<)otIiO(l. llerlis, (d'H/i nia) ]s\)l.\s riiv>i('. Pistils only i or 2, niain\ . Pet:ils none : but the 4 spreading' lobes of tlie smootli calyx petal-like. Mowers perfect, in a spike : stamens 4, long (wldte), (Srliii) I'-iUNKr. I'Mower> nioiKecious, in a load : stamens many, {Polirinin) *S.M..\l)-l!ru\KT. Pistils. 3 to 10. making akenes : stamens many. (Stendess herbs.) I'etals 5, Vf'.low. Leavfs of :( leatb'ts, (WnhlsUiniii) P.aUHKV-Sth.WVUFKHV. I'etals 5, white. Leaves siniiiie, rouiided-lieart-shajied, {l)iil ilntrdu) J).\i,in.\uii.\. Pistils many, making akencs, or in l;iiiiril)le berrv-likc in fruit. Calyx open, with 5 additinmil outer lobes (making 10) or 5 accessory teeth. Akenes tipped witli a long feathery or liooked or twisted tail (style), ((•riiiu) Avkns. Akenes seed-like ; the short style falling off. Receptacle of tlie fruit dry and small, (Pn'riitilhi) ('iNtirKKdl.. Receptacle of the fruit l>ecoming very large and l^dpy, (Fr(tiidri(i\ Straw liKliin. Calyx open, flat, 5 lob.-d. Ovaries in ;i he. id, becoming berry-like, {lta'>iis\ l;n.\Miii.i;. Calyx with an urn-sli.ipeil or ;.:loliular closed tube and 5 lobes, {Hiimi) ijosi;. Til. T^EAR Subfamily. Pistils 2 to 5. their styles more or less sejtarate, their ovaiies united •witli e:udi other and wi'li the thiek tube of tiie calyx which encloses them and makes a tlcshy fmit {fii>iii(). Stipules free from the leafstidk. Trees or shrubs. Cells of the fruit containing oidy i or 2 seeds. [or Siiahiusk. Petals Ion; and narrow. Fruit berry-like, its cells becoming 10. {Aiiuhinchiir) .1 ink HKUitv Petals bro ir6u.s) MointainAsh. Leaves simple. Flowers sm;.ll in coiupound cymes • fruit small, berry-like, black or dark red, mawkish. (/'iivii.t, >;.l'/c/tr)r<((7(M) ClIOKKlJKKKV. Flowei's large in simple clusters or uuibels : fruit fleshy. Petals tinned with red or rose : fruit suid< in at lioth ends, (I'l/ntn, S),U(iIuk) AlMT.i;. Petals white : fruit taperin;,' into the stalk, (True Pi/nis) *I'i:ai<. Cells of the fruit | ardiment-like and many-seeded, (('iidbniit) *(^ri.N( K. Cherry. Prunm, %t'tra>tux, i^c. * Flowers, like those of Plums, two or more together on .seimrate footstalks from .'•e]iai ate lateral buds, appearing at the same tiinc; with tl.e kavc-. 1. Cl'LTIVATED Cherry : several varieties are comnionly cultiv.itcd of liic Kuropcun. P. Ctrnxux. 2. AVii.n KkI) Chkhrv. A .sm:ill tree, with bright-green nairow leaves, mid small light-red sour fruit. Common in rocky woods, kc. P. Poni.i/i/nhurft. * * Flowers in hanging racemes, ajjpearing after the leaves, late in spring. Wild species. 3. Choke Cherry. Shrub orsnudl tree, with grey branches, brcid and sharply serrate leaves, and astringent dark crimson fruit, ripe in summer. /'. 1'ir>/iiii('nia. 152 rOl'ULAK FLORA. 4, WlM) T?I,ACK Chkhry. Mlinib or largo tree, witli rediliHli-brown hark on tlio branclicR, obloiij? or l.iiice-oblong k'uvcs witli short and blunt teeth, and purpliMh-black vinous fruit, rijie in autumn. P, ser6iina. Plum. Prnnus. All are cultivated, except the Ueach Pluin ; but No. 2 is also wild ; so is No. 3 in tlio South-west. 1. Common I'MM (P. (iiiDKatlcfi), witli all its varieties, jirobably canio from the 13l'LLACK VhVM (/'. intiifUiti), and that perliapM from the tliorny .Si.()K(/*. si>iii(^i«t). 2. Wll,!) (HkI) and Ykm.ow) I'l.iM : well known for its very juicy jiulp in a (red or partly yellow) touj^h skin ; loaves coarstdy serrate. P. Americdmi. 3. Chickasaw Pm;.M : witli lance-shaped finely serrate leaves, and small red, tliiri skinned, cherry- like fiuit. S. J'. ChU-am. 4. IJkacii I'mm. a low bush on the sea-coast, with the leaves downy beneath, and a small i)urple or crimson fruit. P- muntima. Meadow-Sweet. Spivcva. Calyx 5-cl(^ft. Petals 5, broad orroun middle. * Upper and mostly hairy joint of the stylo falling' (»4F, leaving the lower and smooth portion, which riMnains hooki'd at the end : (lowers rather small : root-leaves mostly interruptedly pinnate ; stem-leaves oi- lohes 3 to 5. Dry woods and fields. 1. WliiTK AVKNS. Smootldsh or dow ny ; petals wliite, as l<>n^ as the eal\ x, akeiies In isily. '/. alhiiiti. a. VllUilNlAN A. IJristly-hairy, stouter than the last ; petals greenish-white, shoiler than tho caly.x ; akenes smooth. . rivnle. Cinquefoil. Polmtilla. Calyx open or flat, 5eduncle8 long, a.xillary, i-flowered. Fields iind banks. 1\ ('(iiKudnni.i 3. SlLVKUY C. Low, with spreading branches, white-woolly, as are the 5 leaflets beneath. P. art/nUea. * * Leaves pinnate. Herbs (except No. 5) : receptacle of the fruit hairy. 4. Silver-weed. Creeping, sending up leaves of 9 to 19 cut toothed leaflets, besides little ones inter- posed, silvery-white beneath, ami single long-stalked yellow flowers. Wet banks, N. P. A nser'nui. 5. Shribbv ('. Shrub very bushy, 2° to 4" high ; leaflets 5 or 7, crowded near the fnd of the short footstalk, lance-oblong, entire, silky beneath ; flowers yellow. lioga. P. fnitiroxn. 6. Mar.sh C. Stems asceinling from a scaly creeping base ; leaflets 5 or 7, crowded, serrate, lance- oblong ; flowers dull purple. Cold bogs, N. /'. jt'iluKlri.". Bramble. Ruhus. Calyx open, dtejdy 5-cleft. Petals 5. Pistils many ; their ovaries ripening into little berry like grains (or rather linijicUtK), Tuaking a kind of compound berry. leather shrubby or herbaceous }ierennials. § I. KASPIjERRY. Fruit falling from the dry receptacle, usually with the grains lightly cohering. * Leaves simple, lobed : flowers large and showy : petals spreading. I. Purple FloWERINO-Rahhberkv. P.ristly and clammy with odorous brownish glands ; le.-xves rounded, with 3 or 5 pointed lobes ; flowers in a corymb, rose-purple ; fruit flat. Rocky banks, N. Fl. summer. R. odoriUna. a. White Flowering-R. Like No. i, but the flowers white and smaller. N. W. and cult. R. Authtntis. Ir 154 rol'lILAH I'LOHA. iji :| ■I ♦ • Leaflets 3 or 5, white-downy l»enentl» : flower« HiiiiiU : petiils white, erect. 3. fi.vUDKN Rasi'UKUKY. Stems witli Home hIctkI'T ii lukcil inii-ltlcH as woll as hristloB ; petals slK.rt.T Mian tlie calyx ; fruit n-il, ^c, tlie grains minuttly .lowny. Cult. It. IiUviis. 4. Wild Kkd Ii. Stems very bristly; i)utals us luiis as tiie calyx ; fruit pale rctl, very tfiider. Very common N. i^ .■, in racemt'S ; friiit bir;;e, sweet. 7^ riilusiin. 7. J.ow 11. (or Dkwukukv). Stems Ion,', Ir.iilin;,' ; leaves smaller and nearly sMmotii ; IbiWcrs fewer, and the large sweet fruit ripe earlier tiniu in the last. Sterile or rocky tjround. It CHi I'. Stems low. but erect, with stout liooked prickles; leaflets wedgeobovate, wiiitisli- wooUy beneath ; fruit sweet. Sandy soil. New .leisoy and S. Ji, cKiui/oliii'i. 9. IU'NNIN(} SWAMl'lJ. Stems slender, creei)in}j, iiooked-prickly ; leaves nearly evergreen, shinini,', obovate ; flowers HuntU ; fruit of few grains, reddish until ripe, sour. Wet woods, N. Jt. Ii'n)ii(/its. Hose. Rosa. f'.ilyx with an tirn-shaped ludlow tube (Kij;. 3'')oK ])earing 5 h'afy lobes at the top, ^ petuls imd many stamens, and within enclosing many i)istils attaclied to its walls. The ovaries ripen into bony imd hairy akeiies, and the calyx nn^kes a tleshy or pulpy, red and berry like fruit (hip). Shrubs, with pinnate leaves of 3 to 9 leaflets, (Stiynnis just risinjj to the mouth of the calyx, (jxcejjt in No. i.) * Wild Roses. 1'iit No. i is cultivated, especially in double flowered varieties, and the Sweet-Ilrier, which came from Kurope, is also ke])t in gardens, fur its sweet-scented leaves. Flowers in :dl bright rose-colour. 1. ruAiltiK RosK. Stems climbing high, prickly ; lVatlets3 or 5, large ; petals deep rose-colour turning jiale ; styles cohering together, and jirojectiiiL; out of the tube of the calyx ; Mowers in corynilts, scentless, in summer. Edges of prairies and thickets; W. and cult. Ji. KcliiitT:i, 2. SwKKT-lJlUEU R. (or Eci.aNTINE). Stems climbing, and with stout hookrd jiricklcs ; leaflets 5 or 7, loundisii, downy and bearing russet fragrant glands beneath ; hip jiear-shaped. Itoadsides, gardens, &c. Jt. ritbiijiiio^ 1. 3. Swamp R. Stems erect, 4" to 7° high, with hooked prickles; leaflets dull, S to 9 ; flowers itt corymbs ; liips ratiier bristly, broader than long. R (.'itni/})i(i. 4. Low Wild R. Stems i" to 3'^ high, with mostly straight prickles ; leaves smooth and commoidy shining ; flowers single or 2 to 3 together ; hips as in the last. Common. Jt. Iih'iiia. 5. Bl-AM) R. Low, pale or glaucous, with few or no prickles ; calyx and globular liij)s very smooth. Rocks: flowering early in summer. X. R. llanda. * * Cultivated species are very numerous and much mixed. The commonest are: — Ci.NX.VMoN RosK, Jt. cinncimomcd. Damask R., Ji. J)^"l!>r "^r p^nr-sliapcd tuWo colierent with tho a to 5-cellt'»l oviiry, nitikiiiK n ptinirt uitli iiM iimMV i-M(t'ili'(l KtoniK. TriulH 5, miiinlisli. Styk-H j to;, 'riioiiiy .small tifos or Mliruhs. FlowtTH in Hpiing, iimstly in coiymhs. v Sitf. or with ii nil variety of tin- cultivatr.l. 1. Knci.ism H.wvthoun (I'l NVliiTK 'i'l. iKN). lifivfs oliovatf. with ii w.^.l^'o-Hliappil bano, lohcil anil cul ; stylos a or 3 ; fruit Hinall. coral rod. Cult, for Ih'iIkoh and orniitiH-nt. <'. Oxintciiiithn. 2. AV.A.HiiiNcnoN M. T..11V.S Kroadly nvatr. triinoatt- or a little lieart-slmped lit the hiiHe, often cdeft or cut ; Htyi''.'< 3 ; friiitn ciirid-red. not lai>;er tlifin pea.s. S. ('. rii'iiniit. 3. Sr.MiI.KT-Klirn'Ki) I(. Simmtli ; liavos rouiid-ovute, thin, toollarc/neii, 4. 1*K.\|{ M. (or r.l..\('Kril<»iiN). Downy, at least when young; leavPH thirkish, oval, ovate, or wed;;e-ol)ovate, narrowed into a short or margined foot.stalk ; llowers large ; fruit lar(;e, crimson, or oranire-red, eatuhie. ('. toiiiciiti'iici. 5. CocK.si'iu II. Sniootli ; leaves wodgeohovato or invprsely lance-slniped, merely tootheil ahovn the middle, thick, shining ; fruit dark red ; thornu very long. C. Cniai/dlli. 6. Si MMKli If. Rather downy ; leaves nhovate or wedge-shaped, often cut ; flowers few (2 to f>) ; fruit rather peiu-.shapcd, yellowish 01 reddish, W. V.jltirn. Apple. Pi/rus, ^i)falui<. 1. Common AI'PI.K. Leaves ovate, serrate, downy beneath ; flowers white, tinged with pii k Everywhere cultivated. J'. Mnhi-i, 2. SlBKUlAV Ck.mi A. Leaves ovate, serrate, smootli ; calyx smooth. Cult, occasionally. 1'. hnpniit, 3. A.MKIUCAN CUAH-A. Leaves hmadly ovate av heartsliaped, cut toothed or somewhat lohed, suiouthish ; flowers rose-colour, sweet-scented : fruit greenish, fragrant (I'ig. 361). Common. W, J'. i'i>v<>iti'i)'ia, Mountain-Ash or Rowan Tree. Pi/ruK, ^Sorhua. lioth the wild and the foreign species are planted for the beauty of their bright scarlet fruits, ia broad comiK)und cymes, ripe in autumn. Fl. white, summer. 1. Amkuic'an ^L Leaflets 13 to 15, lance-shaped, taper-pointed, smooth. Wild, \. /*. Americiiua, 2. EuuoPEAN M. Leaflets shorter, broader, paler, and not pointed ; fruit larger. /'. auciipdi-ia. duince. Ci/donla. I. Common Quince, Flowers single at the tips of the bianche.^, white; lobes of the calyx leaf-lika and downy, as well as the ovate entire leaves ; fruit pear-shapey llie Carolina- Allspice. Othji'iinthHs. FlowfiH HoTDi'wliat (»n the plan of tlie roHo, liaving a \m%9 iminlMriif siinplo jMHtils contiiiiiCfl in n iiort of cIohciI ciilyxcnp, or li()lU)W ncf'ptacle, itiid iittiicli«(l to its inner HUifacf. Hut tiie outride iH covtTfd with ttopnhi or ciilyx lobo», wliich aru (-(iloiniMl liko the j)etalH (iMown-imrph') ; tlu-NC are many and narrow, in Hfveral iowm. .Stann-nH inany, on tiif top of tlie c«i» ; tilamentK liardly any; antluMn Ion;,', tipped witli a jtoint. Ovaries making lar;4» nkencM, enclosed in tlio lar^e and dry hip. S( fd-leaveM of tlie embryo rolled up. .Sluulm, with rather aromatic hnrk, &u., and opposite entire lea\eH, williout any stipnles. l''lowers luigo, when bruised giving t>ut a frai;riince loendiliiijr that of HtrnwberrioM. "NViM in tlie Southern States, especially in and near tho niountains ; and also cultivated, especially the first species. 'M'i. Klii«crlii)» briiiu'li (if Carolina AlUiilcp. .Til.T Hulf of It ('iilyx-<'ii|i of till' Hiiiiip, rill llii'diiKli l)'ii;;tli»iHi'. iCiniipiire It with a liuKu, Kii,'. ;)0U.) ;Vt\. A ilpi; riiiit III' hip. 1. Common C. Leaves oval or rouinlish, downy beneath. Conimonly ctilt. in gardens. C, jturidw. 2. Smooth ('. Leaves oblong, sniootii, green both sides ; tiowers smaller. V. In'riijiUvs. 3. CiL.viX'OLH ('. Leaves oblong or lance-ova);e, jiointed, glaucous or whitened beneath. C (jlaucua, 35. LYTHRUM FAMILY. Order LYTllRACK.K. ITerlis whh cntiro and mostly opixwite leave.-*, and n()stii)uk's ; the calyx tubular orcu])- sliaped, bearing Iruni 4 to 7 jietals and 4 to 14 .^taniens on its throat, and eiiclosin:.,' tho> ninny-seuded ovary aiul thin pod. ]>etwecMi the 4 to 7 teeth of the calyx are as many a, iln- tu'i o of tlie calyx coliert'iit with tlu* 4-ci'lle(l ovaiy, and oIUmi luohnj^'i'd lnyoiid, its Kiiinmit iM-aiiii},' 4 pel.il.s and 4 ov 8 Htann'iiy. Style i, hlendiT : sti-^nnis ^'oncially 4. In vrt'«'n- * IntUrtf cultivation \v»! inivt- scvt-ial M|u'eies of Fuch.sia, well known lor ilu-ir luetty lian^'in'^ flowers, tli(( snialltT kinds calU'd Luiliis' K'udroj). Tlif sliowy |»art is a coloiu'i'd j^fncral'iv led) calyx, its 4 johcs Iohljit tlian ilic ]>ur|.lf ju-tal.-. KncliMas arc slirubs ; tlic n>t 3" hi^h ; Uowers lari,'!', ojjcninj,' in sniiHliino ; pods ratlicr cluh-Hhapeil, ami .j-winged, stalkeil. W. anil S. iJi. fnitirDm. 3. .Smai.I, K. Stems h" to i' lii;;li ; flowers small, }/ wide, (iptii in .sunbliitie ; pods clnl) sliaptd, Bcarci'ly stalkfd, stiongly 4-anylt'd. Fiulds, Hic. '/.'. ) umild. Willow-herb. J.'itiliiln'um. Cnlyx with its tube not continued l)eyond the ovaiy. Petals 4, jnnplc or whitish. .Stamens 8. I'od long and slender, many-seeded ; the seeds bearing a long tuft of downy hairs. 1. GUKAT NV. Stem simple, 4" to 7' high; leaves lance shaped ; flowers .showy, pink-purple, in a long loose spike ; jietals on claws, widely spieading; stamens antl style turneil down. Kieh ground, especially where it bus been l>urned over or newly cleared. A'. (tii;iiiKtifi>Hinii, 2. .Smai.I- W. l?ranching, i'' to 2' high ; leaves lance ohlong, coinnionly purple-veinetl ; floweii very small ; petals iiurplish. Wet places, eveiywhere. K. cvloratuin. 37. CACTUS FAMILY, om.r CArT.vri:.i:. Fleshy and ^'I'liorally prickly plants, witlmut any leaves, except little .<^i'alcs or jtoints, of very various and .stranp; siuijtcs, generally the petal.s and alway.s the .stanien.s very numerous, and on the i -celled ovaiy, which in fruit makes a h-iry. Beinj;; house- planis (with one exception) they mu.st here he passed hy, merely mentioning' the Pkickly-Pkak Cactus, which grows in dry sandy or rocky places, southward, and consists of flat and rather leaf-like rounded joints of stem, growing one f)ut of another, juickly at the buds, and bearing yellow flowers of rather few petals ; the ovary making a large berry full of sweet and eatable pulp. Upuiitia vvhjaris. ! I U ropi'LAR n.onA. 38. GOURD FAMILY. Ordi-r CUCURBITACE.E. SucculcMit or tender lierhs, with aUernato and nuliate- veined leaves, and with tendrils. Flowers coinnionlv nio- ncccions, in the axils. Fertile tlowtirs wiih iIh; tuhe of tlu; calyx coherent with the ovary. I't-lals often united with each other into a nionopetahjiis conjlla, and united with or bcnne on th(! cuj) of tlie calyx. Stamens <;enei'ally 3. and more or le.ss connected hy their antliers or iheir filaments, or 1)y both ; the anthers curiously contoited. Fruit a ])ej)0 (224), 1 eny. or ]K)d. Seeds l,ir_'c, and Hat ; the whole kernel is an em- bryo. The most imporlant plants of the family are those culiivatcMl. .W,. Stiiniiiiiili' Miiuci- iif ;i Scpmsli, witli Hw ciirnlhi .'iml iiji' it part nf fli'' rulyx nit away, fn sli..w tlio iinitMl staiiwiH. ■"^i". Till' lailir, iiilaiu'ril, and llic llla^s nf aiitliiTM rut across. "ilh. Srpaiati' slaiinn of a .Mi'Ii.m', riilaiyi'il, .sliowilij,' the lung ami CDi.toiiitl aiilljrr. ;;rp'.i. Kmliiyci ul' tcinaslj. ;i7l'. Sci'iidii nl' saiiii-, a liltir i'iiliii;,'cil, si I'li i'arable. I'etals white, with greeidsh veins, reduncles very long. Fruit with a hard or woody rind variously shaped, (Ldi/oulrin) *l'OTTLE-GoURD. Petals yellow. Calyx with ii bell-shaped cup. Seeds pointed and sliarp-edged. Fruit narrow, rough-pimpled when young, (Cucuniin .^dfirufi) *Cnci;MHKii. Fruit thick, smotjth, sweet. Fertile flowers perfect, (Citcumis Mclo) *Mi;skmeL()N'. Petals huff or cream-colour. Calyx with hardly any cup. Leaves much cut. Fruit large and smooth, sweet. Seeds thick edged, smooth. {CitriiJI us) *\VATKUMKr.o\. T'ruit a rougl), reddish berry. Seeds wrinkled, {Momordint) *Bai.sam-A1'1 l.K. Ovary and fruit i-sceded or .^-seeded. Small-flowered clind)ers, wild in this country. Corolla of the sterile flowers 6-parted. white. The long racemes rather pretty in cultivation. Fruit an oval, weak-pnckly, Jdadder-like pod, bui'sting at the toi), iind containing 2 fibrous-netted cells, with 2 large seeds in each. Leaves sharply 5-lol'ed, {Krliinori/stis) I'.i.addehCucumbek. Corolla of the wheel-shaped steiile flowers 5-lobed, greenish-wiiite. Fruit a ■' snudl, ovate, i-seeded, prickly-barbed bur. Leaves 5-angled, (Sk'i/os) BUH-CUCUMBKU. 39. PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. Order PASSIFLORACE^. This small family of tendril-bearing vines, with aUcrnate palmately-lobed leaves, is mainly repre-sented by the l'Ul'LLAF{ KLUUA. 159 Passion Flower, raaxljliim. Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals 5, accoinpanied by a crown or ring formed of a trii>li' frini,'c, insiTted on tlio liaso of tlie cilyx. StiinH'n.s 5, niuiiadflphous ; the filaments niakinj^ a lonj; sheatii to tiie sliiidiT stalk of tlie ovary : this is i-celhd and ijeconies an eatal)le berry, with many seeds in 3 or 4 rows on its walls. The species are mostly Sonth Americim ; and some large- tloweri'd and handsome ones are cultivateil in liot-houses. Till' early missionaries fancied that ihey fonnd in these llowers end)lems of the imjih-nK'nts of oui- Saviour's jiassion ; the fringe rcpresentini,' the erown of thorn;- ; the larj^e anthers fi.\ed by their middle, hamnieis; aiui the 5 styles (tajjering below and with lari,'e-lieatled stigmas), the nails. We have two wild species, common S. and \V. 1. Small V. Leaves bluntly 3dobe(l, otherwise entiri' ; (lowers f;reenish-yellow, i' wide. 2. M.wroi' V. Leaves 3-cleft, tlie lobes serrate; th)werH 2' l>i(taii, white, with a t coloured and puiple erown ; fruit like a hen's ei:g in sliape and size double or ,''71. r.iisinii-l'lnwpr No. 1, (inlinci-'l. P. P. h)tut. •iple H.'sh- iiicurniit'i. vl :mbeu. JMBIU. 40. CURRANT FAMILY. Order (U:()s,-^ 5 little petali and stamens. oTo. Tlie Jiistil. S~6. Vomi;,' biM ly ei. ;ii.l'iss. :;77. Vuiwi;,' beiiy iliviUetl leligUiwise. ;es, IS Gooseberry. Jiilnti, ^ (Irosxularla, Stems generally armed with thorns umier the clusters of leaves, and sometimes with scattereurplish or greenish, very short-stiilked ; stamens and 2-cleft style a little i)rojecting ; berry small, smooth. Low grounds, N. R. liirtcUum. 4 SMOOTJr WiM) (J. Tliorn.«8tout or none; flowers greenish, on slender stalks; stamens and thetwo styles very long and projecting (V long); berry smooth. Wood.s, common W. R. rot luvii folium. Currant. Rilxs. Stems neither thorny nor i)rickly. Flowei-s in racemes, appearing in early spring. T'erries small. 1. llEI) CuiiUANT. Leaves rounded heart-shaped and somewhat lobeii ; racemes fmm lateral separate buds, hanging ; flowers flat, greenisli or purplish ; berry smooth, red, and a white variety. Gardens, &e. "Wild on Mountains, N. /•'. ru'ivum. 2. Fktio C Steins )eclined ; leaves de(>ply heart-sha])ed, 5-li)l)ed ; racemes erect ; flowers grecrush, tlattish ; pale red berry ami its stalk l)ristly, sti-ong-snielling. ("old wooils, N. R. /jmstratum. 3. "Wild IJlack C. Leaves on long foot-stalks, slightly henrt-shapel;int of ilic family, vi/., the Ditchw 01 1) ; the Hower.s I'cniai'kahle. i'or lieiiiL; perfectly re|^'alar and symmetrical throuLihout, i.e., liaving the sepal.", petals, and pi^^tils all of the same number and all separate, or nearly so (except in Ditcliwort) ; the i-taniens al.^^o of the same number, or ju.st twice as many. Pods contaiiiini^f few or many seeds. Mostlv small ithuits : .-everal are found in ''avuens. ;i7S. Flower ofStonccrop. • '■ ^ Flowers with petals, nnd their pistils entirely separate from each other. Sepals, narrow jietals. and i)i.stils 4 or 5. Stnnu-ns 8 or 10, [Scihtm) StoxkorOP. Sepals, petals, and jiistils 6 to 20. Stamens t2 to 40, (Sc 'iprrnrnin) HoLSEi.EEK. Flowers with 5 sepals, no petals, ami 5 pistiis grown together below. lieaves thin, lauce-shaped, , {Peut'^urain) DncHViOnr. Stoaecrop or Orpine. Scdum. 1. Mort.sv Stoneckop. Small and creeping, moss-like ; the stems thickly covered with little ovate thick and closely sessile leaves ; flowers yellow. Cultivated for garden edging, &c. S. acre. ! i 1 POPULAR FLOKA. l6l 2. TniiEE-i,EAVKl) S. .Stons si)rpa(liii'^, 3' to 8' liii;1i ; leaves weilKC-obovato or oliloiis;, tlip lower ones in whorls of 3: the eiirliest Hower witli the juirts in fives, the rest generally in fours; petals white. Kocky woods, S. ami W. and in gardens. S. trniotum, 3. Handsome S. Ktems 4' to 12' hi','li ; leaves thread-shaped ; flowers crowded ; petals, rose-jtnriilp. I'oeky places, iS.W. and cultivated. ,S'. piilctiiUiim. 4. Gkeat S. or T,1VK-K0K-EVKK. Stems 2° high ; leaves oval ; flowers in a close conii>ouiid cyme, purple. Gardens. X. Tilt phi inn. 42. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Or.hr saxtfraoace.e. Htirl)^', or in the case of H\"(lraii<:;ea, &o., siinil)s, (liU'criiif,' from the hist in havinj.,' I'k^ jiistils fewer than the ))etiils, and j^'i-nerally more or les.s nnited with eacli other and with the mhe of the caly.x. Petals 5 (rarely 4), on tlie calyx. Stamens 5 or 10, or in Mock- Oran<^'e many. Herh.s. Leaves generally alternate. Petals 5. Styles only 2. Stamens 10, short. Petals entire. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Pod 2-bcaked or pods 2, many-seeded, {Sdj-i/ntini) Saxikfiaok. Stamens 5. Petals small, entire (greenish or purplish), between the short lobes of the bell-shaped calyx. Pod i-cellcd. 2-beaked, many-seeded, plowers in a long panicle, {/{< I'd'lirra) Ai.im-K('H")T. Stamens 10. short. Petals i>iniiatifid, whitish, sU'iider. Styles and pml short, i-celled, the latter few-seeded at tlie bottom, opening across tlie toj). Stem 2 leaved below the slender raceme, {.]fift'//(it MlTKKWOHT. Stamens 10, and the 2 styles mucli longer than the slender-clawed petals. Pod slender, few-seeded at the bottom. Ploweis white in a short riiceme on a naked scape, I Tiardho PalsE-MitHKWOUT. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Tube of the calyx coheient with tiie o\ary. Seeds many. Flowers small, in compound cymes ; some of tlii' marginal ones geneially large and neutral (Fig. 1O91. or in cultivation nearly all the tK)Wers l)eeoming so. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 2, diverging, and betwt-en tiiein the little poll ojjcns, i fli/'iniiv/cn) Ilvi)KANOE.\. Flowers largi.', somewliat ])ani>led. Petals 4 or 5, wliite. showy. Stamens 20 or more. Styles 3 to 5, tmited below : pod witli as many ctdls, very many- seeded, (Phi/ctdi/jjhll,^) MOCK-OUANGE. Saxifrage. Sa.rifra;/(t. 1. EAItl.Y SaxIKRACE. Leaves all flustered at the root, obovate, toothed ; scape 4' to (/ high, many-flowered; flowers white, in eai ly spring. Damp rocks. ,S'. ]'iri/iiiii'n.iit!. 2. .SwA.Ml' S, Leaves .all at liie root, lance-oblniig, 3' to 8' long ; scape 1" or 2' liigh, clammy, liearing nniny small clusteieil greenish tlowers. ]>ogs and wet ground, N. iS. Pcniisy/vdnica. Hydrangea. J/i/dnhujca, 1. G.\R1)EN Hydrangea. Leaves very smooth ; flowers mostly large neutral ones, idue, purple, or \nuk. A well-known garden and house plant. H. Horti'tisia. 2. "Wild H. Leaves thin, nearly smuoth, sonn'times lieart-shaped ; flowers mostly perfect, white. H. uvborcsccns. l62 POPTTLAIl FLORA. Mock-Ornng-e for Syx'inga;. Phlhnft^Iphus, 1. Common M. or Sviunoa. Flowers cienin-coloured, fragrant,' in lnri,'e panicles ; styles separate. Cultivated. p, cnrotx'iriuH. 2. S(;enti,kss M. Flowers larj^er and later than in tlic first, few on the spre.ading lirancliletH, pnro white. Cultivated ; also wild S. Leaves tasting like cueiiniliers. 2', inuduriis. i I 43. PARSLEY FAMILY. Onhr rMP.HLLIFEK.E. ITerln witli >jii;iil ilowers in (•(iiiii)nun(l uinl'el-. tin- 5 jict.ils and 5 staiiion.s on tlio tut) of tliH (jvaiy, with \\lii<'li llif calyx is .so iiicori)oi'at(;il ihal it i.>; iidt ai>[)arent, e.vct'pr, soiiK'tinu'S by 5 iiiiinitc tictli. Stylos 2. Fruit dry, 2-.«ipedo(l, .'jjdittiir^ wlien rijn! inio two uiveiU'S. Stem.s Imllow. Leaves j^'ciicrally CDiiipound, decniiii)OUii(i, or imicli em. Some .'species are aromatic, liaviiiL^ ;i volatile oil in the seeds ; ino-t, luit not all, of tlie>e are liarrnless. Otliers contain a deadly iMiisnn in the roots and leaves. The deadlv ]>oisonoussort.sare markeil + : the mo.stdeaiUy is tlie IVotar- Hemlock, also called Mmqnaah- mot, and /h'torr-Painoii. Tiie kimls in this ]i\vj,(- family are known hv their fruit, anil are too dillicult for tlie hcLjinner. The principal common kinds are merely enumerated in the followin!,' kev. (F\'J. 148 s]iow.s the compound uml'el in Carawav. a o-ood and fanuliar example oftiie family.) *»82 381 ,1-^ m0^ 37y. Pnrt of stom, loaf, umbel. *c. of Poison-Hi>in1<>ck-. ,isn. A .sopariile iiinbcllet. .VSl. A lluwci- inngnilN'il. -.'.s:'. A fruit. 383. Lower half of it cut off. 384. Fruit of Swirt Cicely ; ilic two lout; akriu's soparatiiig. roril.AH FLORA. 163 {Arr/ii'iiiiint) ('()\vitANK.+ {Aii;i>/ini) *AN(iKM{!A. {L( rixtlrillll) *Lc»VA(iK. (Ciinnii) *('aua\VAY. {.l/'iinil) *('KI.HUV. ( . f'Uli t't sv/ 1 Im k h. s I'a uhi.k y. {P'tr^'X-rnnnii) *Pau.si,KY. ( ( 'in) ■11) W A I KH 1 1 KM I,' '('K.+ (.sVm/() WatkkI'ausnii' j (Flowers « iiiro, ) Seeds flat on tho inner face, wlion; tho two iikeiies ov innts of the fiuit join. Fruit coveieil all over witli liookeil pnckiew, (SaitU'iiht) Sanici.k. Fruit jirickiy on tlie v\\)a only. I'nihel becoming concave, i Ditin-un) *('ai!IU)T. Fruit not prickly, but win^eil on tlie margin. Flowers yellow, all alike, (PitstiiKird) *I'Ait.sNii'. Flowers wliite, the oiter corollas larger, (Hrrarlhim) ('<)\v-I*AK.SN'n'. Flowers white or whitisli, all alike. Akenes 3-rihheil on the hack. T.oavcs simply pinnate, Akcnes 3-rihbed on the back. Leaves ilecomjtonnd. Fruit not prickly. win;,'e(l on all sides. Fruit neither prickly noi' winuMd. Floweis yellow, I'lant .sweet-aromatic ; leaflets long uinl slender, (Fu nirnhini) *FkN'NKI Flowers white. Umbels witii neither involucre nor involuccls. Divisions of the leaves very slender, Divisions or leaflets we(l:;e-sha))ed, Umbels with 3 leaved involiicels, but no involucre, Umbids with both involucres and involucels. Leaves decomimund, finely divided. Leaves 2 or 3 times coinpcnuiii ; le.iflets coarse, Leaves simply pinnate. Seed grooved or hollowed down the wiude length of tlie innei' f.ic Herbage rather nnpluasant-scented : leaves decompunnd. finely cut, (CuillUijI) I'OISO.N-IlK.Ml.OCK.f Herljage, fruit, kc, sweet-scented. F'ruit nai row-oldon;,', riljbed, {C/iit'r(>p''i'i//iiin) (MiKltviti. F'rnit long, taperitig downwards, ((Ktiiinrrli'r.n) Sw KKT-Cu;ki.V. Seed and fruit curved i;i at, tiie top ;ind bottom, or kidney-shapeil, sti-..nj;-Nceiited. Flowers white, {(.' iridinirniii.} *C(>KIANI)KIl. 44. ARALIA FAMILY, o.d.r AKALIACH.E. uracil liko the lii-t, liut often shnths or trees; tlie stvU-s u'limol ahv;i\s more than two. iuid the fruit becoiuili;.,^ herrv-like. Also the iiiubrls are not r^ u'u'.nily coiniiound, liut eitlter simple or pmicled, Fiowers often |)ol\;L:ani(»iis. Here lielcU'^s the tiiie or Eii,L,'li^h Ivy, uilh everLri'eeu .siiii])K! h'uve*, \\hieh tlirivt;.s ju .some jilace.s in iiortlieni exii<),sure.s ; also the following wiM jihints. Aralia. AriiHit. Petals, stametis, and styles 5. Flowers wliite or greenish in summer. ]Jonies black, llerbago, roois, i'v:c; , aromatic. Leaves componiid or decoiiiponnd. large. 1. i'UK'Ki.Y A. or AN(;Kl.lcA-'rnK :. Siinil> or low tree with .a stout simple stem, very prickly; leaves very large ; leaflets ovate ; umitjls many in a large panicle, S. ami cult. A. a/iindgit. 2. UkisTI.Y a. Stem 1'^ higii, bristly below, woody at the base; leaves twice pinnate; ionb(d.s few, corymbed. Itocky woods. X. A. /lispiihc. 3. Spikk.vahI) a. a stout spreading' herb; with thick .swcet-sjiicy roots : leaves very large and decompound ; leaflets somewhat heart -shaped ; umbels many, panicled. llich woods. A. racemma. ^iSimmi i(>4 I'oi'i i,.\i; ii,<»i{.\. 11 ii III >..^-.;>f4:;r. -- / / 4. SahsaI'AHII.F.A A. Koofs very long anil Hlendn, li(.' 1 /lowLM -.stalk Iteariiigfuw umUfU, rising .•0. arattly froin tlie grouinl. Moist woods. A. tnnlifdulin. Ginseng". Amlin, § (iinsn)'/. Styles 2 or 3. Flowors wliito. lifirics red or n-ddish wiu'ii nj)o. Low laihs with simple stems beiiiiiijfat tlu' to]i a uIkhI of li'uves and 1 long-staikfil um'i.el. 1. 'i'lM'K, f'll.N.sKNd. l.'uot l(tnj,' and l.ir;.'f, wai iii-.udinatic ; IcaHets 5. IJidi woods, X. ..I. (juiiiriiiifdHa, 2. DwAliK (i. (or (JiioiMiMT). Hoot round, sliaip-tasted ; leaflets 3 or 5; stem 4' to 0' liigli. Damp woods, N. 11. spnn-. A. trijdiia. 45. CORNEL FAMILY. Order CORXACE.K. Slinilis or trees (except onv I)\varf Cornel), the ralyx colii'roiit wiili tlie ovary, \vliicli iiiakcs a lierry-Iike .std-ic-tViiit ; io[(ie.seiite(l (except l>y the TuPKi.o or rKPPKiiiiHiK-TUKK, iV(/.s'*yr, here niiiitted) fiTily ]F{.\. 165 II. .Moiio|M'taloiis division. 46. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Onln,- CArPjrOLIACE.E. Sliriibs ()!• Wdoiiy twiners (or (Mh; or twn .uc iu't'lis', (listiii<,'njsiuMl hy hrtviiiL,' a iiiniKt- petalou.s corollii ln'iuiiii,' tiiu 4 or 5 stfinioiis, and Ixnue uii cUl- ovary, tuul the h-uvt's opposite witliout stipules. .■iS.H 388. Flower ufTiumiiot-Hoiii-ysiifkli'. r.x'.). Siii.ilin>\viri'il Hmi ysuikli'. Xx). A spf'^rntn Itowpr. 391. An ovary iliviJcil Ifii^'lliwi.-ii', mill iiiii^iiifii'tl. ;!',IJ. FlovM'is, vt. ., iir Kly-lloiK ysm kl>'. Ni). 11. Ilerh creeping,': tlio iiakeil flower-stalk forking; and hearing two sweet-scented, droop- iiij.', pretty flowers, with r. 5-lobed and puritle-tinged corolla l»airy inside, but the sf.MiiH'iis only 4, {Linmva) TwiNFLOWER. Shrii!>s (ir woody vinos. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, .\ or 5. Style r, slendfr: stigma i. C'.irolla el(>iii,'ated, mostly irregular. lierry several-seeded, {Lnnirdra) HoVEYsucKr.E. Ci»:olla elongated, nearly reguhir. Pod niany-.seeded, [iJicrvUht) liL'SH-HoNKVsrcKl.K. Corolla sliort bell-shaped, regular. Perry 2-seeded, [Siimphoi-irdrpns) S.vcjWBEUUY. Style hardly any : stigmas generally 3 : corolla very short and open, 5-cleft, regular. Flowers small, white, very many, iu compound cymes. Leaves pinnate. Perry 3-seeded, {Samhiicnn) Er.DER. Leaves simple. Fruit berry-like with one flat stone, (Viburnum) VlBUKNLSI. 1.! 1 66 POrL'LAU FLOHA. ' 1^ ')! Honeysuckle. Lonickra. 'I'oetli of the cnlyx vory Hlioit. Corolla tulxilm below, ino}{ular anl 2-lippeil, four lobes belongs ill},' to oik; lij) uihI oho to the other, except in No. i. H 1. Twining woody plants : flowers long, crowded in little heads at the end of the branches, or ia HCHHile whorls in the axils of the uppertnoHt leaves. * Corolla loni; and narrow, a]pj)eann^ regular, the 5 Rh"rt lohes nearly o(iual. 1. TlU'MI'KT H. Tr|)perniost i)air of leaves iniited into one roun led body ; corolla red. yellowish innido (also a yellow variety), scentleHs. Wild S. and cnltiv itcd. L. nt in}ii'rvn'fns. * * Corolla 2-lipped : ui)j»erniost leaves on the flowering branchos united round the stem into one flat or cupuhajied body, except in No 2. 2. Common U. or Woodhink. Leaves nil nrpftratc ; floweis i)Uri)lored outside, laru;e, sweet- scented; Iterriea red. Cultivated; as alsd the next. L, I'tvirlijnicnuin, 3. Italian H. Leaves glaucous ; flowers l)luHh-coloured, sweet-scented ; berries yellow. L. (Jdprifiilium. 4. Wii.lt SWKl-yr-H. Flowers smaller ; otherwise nearly as in No, 3, S. and cultivated, L, (/rata. 5. WiMi Yki,I.o\v-IL Leaves thick, very glaucous both siiles; several pairs united, flowers palo yellow ; the tube rather long. W. and S. L. Jtitva. 6. Smali.-FL. H. Leaves ghuicous ; flowers small, yellowish and purplish or crimson. L. fixrvijldva. 7. IIaikv If. Leaves, &c., hairy, dull green, not glaucous ; (lowers clammy, orange. N. L. hinnita. § 2. Twining : leaves all separate, a pair of flowers in the axil of some of them, on a short 2-leaved f()otst:ilk. Cult, from .lapan and China. 8. Japan H. Hlomler, hairy ; corolhi deeply 2-lipped, reddish outside, white inside, sweet. L. Jnp'mica, § 3. TTpright bushes: leaves all sejjarate ; (lowers two on an axillary ]>eduncle ; their two ovaries often united at the base or into a dotilde berry (Fig. 392): coiolla short, irregular. 9. TahTAUIAN H. Very smooth ; leaves somewhat heart-shaped ; (lowers rose-colour, handsome, in si)ring. Cultivated for ornament. L, l\trt(irica. 10. Fl.Y H. Leaves pctioled, ovate oi' heait-shaiied, thin, a little hairy below and on the margins; corolla almost eipially 5-lobed, greenisli-yiHow ; o\aries separate. A\'oods. N. L. ciliuta, 11. Swamp Fr.Y-H. Leaves sessile, oblong ; peduncles long ; corolla deeply 2-Iippcd, whitish. In swamps, N. L. oblunyifoUa. Elder. Sainlitcus. 1. Common Elder. Leaflets 7 to 11, smooth ; cymes flat ; berries dark purple. .Si. Canadensis. 2. Kkd-bkukikI) I']. Stems more woody ; leaflets 5 or 7. downy beneath ; cymes convex or pyramid- like ; berries bright red. Cold woods, N.; fl. spiing. ii. jniOciis. Viburnum. Vilnlmum. Shrubs or small trees, wliich have a variety of nanie.s. Leaves simple. Cymes flat. Fruit berry-liko, with one flat stone. To the genus belongs the Lauuk.stim's, cultivated in houses. All the following are wild in this country ; but a varieiy of No. 6 is well known as a cultivated ornamental shrub. Flowering in spring or early summer. * Flowers all alike, small ami i)erfect : fruit blue or black. 1. Naked V. or Wytiik-UOD. Loaves thickish, entire, or wavy-toothed. Swamps, N. V. nudum. roPII.AH I'LOKA. 167 2. SWKKT V. or SllKKl'-liKIiUV. liOavcH ovate, iioinU'd, very sli;iiply HtMTftto, on loiij,' iiiiil mioijiiuMl fdoiMtalks ; cynirs ttt'ssilc ; fruit ratlior larj}!', eatable. A hiiihII tit'i*. I'. Li nfn'iit. 3. I5i.a('kIIa\v v. L'-avt's , in wit placfs. I', ilnilnln n. 5. M.M'I.K I.KAVKl) y. 01 I). V, nn riiiilnnn. ** Flowers at tlie margin of tlie cynit' neulnil, coiisistiiii} iiu'iely of a lar^'c and Hat cornlln, wliim (ju-it as in Hydrangea. |>. 'm, and I'l^'. 1^))). f). Snowm.m.i, V. oi' ('K.wltr.UHV ritKK. I.t'avi's with 3 )>ointcd l.iln-s. sni'-otli; frnit if.l, soni. Swainjis, N. - Tin- S\(iwnAl.l--TKKK or ( JlKLOKK IiO.hk is a cultivated stati- of tliis. witli all tlio HoWfis ia'coine nciitiid. I' '^^ iihis, 7. HoiUiI.KIMsii V. I'liaiiclifs l(jni: .uid sjU'r idin',', often takini? root ; leaves lari,'''. round ov.ite or ln' II t,slin|icii, niaiiy-Vfint'd, scmfy la'Ufaili; cyme He.-[ u IIowit l'iif,'tlivvi.s'', in:i_'iiilUMl, iin 1 tin- loroUii I li.l ii|h>ii. "'M). Cnroll;! of nnother 11 'W.r I;iid o|it'U, mid the style. iii ^1 ^!i: 1 68 rOl'ULAU I'LOHA. h Lt'fivoH in wliorln. Ovary 2-celI(>iinitiii« in the ripo fruit into two olosctl ftiul i-aeeded |)i«;ct'H : tt'tttli or limb of tiio ciilyx Hnmil or iiiuiliy to be ili-ceriicil. BtiinichH 5 iinil tin- corollii s-imrted. Fruit brrry-liko when riitc, (lUViia) *M.\l)l)EU. StiimciiH imtl iliviHions of tlio whuul-Hlmpcd comUu 4, rnrely 3. Fruit a pair of i/>o rrff.x) Tkasici,. Flowers lari:er tlian tiii' eliill' : calyx with long-flwned or bri-stle-Hhajicd lobes: lohcs of the corolla 4 or 5, uneipial, (Sruhidsn) *SCABIor.s. 50. COMPOSITE OK SUNFLOV/ER FAMILY, order COMI'OSIT.E. Known by havin<4 what were called cnmpon>i(} fforojr.t, which are really a number of llowi'is closely ciowded into a hea II ill 111' '>t iM^c.H tlii'Ho llowcrrt liavo ii /(/nr/j-s/c^^iK/ t'Drullii. Tliiswi 1 In- uiiilii>t(> split iloNvn on one sidf aiiil .x[ii'i';ti-i {Vi<^. 404), AsttT, aiitl many ••tlicr.", mily lli(> llowcrs I'uiiiiil till! liiai';^iit an' Htia|)->liai It'll ; tlic^u ari- cillc 1 Ml//.-! HI' iMy-!luWiM'.-<, ainl at liist vii'W iiiufli n si'iiihlt! till' pi'taN of a iii.iiiy-[u'tallt'il I'lossoiii.— all tilt' mull' so, 1h;- (•aii>i' in ( 'oii'on.>'iH iinl Siiii- llowi-r tlu'sii ray-lloWt'iH aio ii'iilfiil, liavili;^' iifillur ^taiiit'iH nor ])i>tils. I'.iit, ill Astfi-t jiinl |).iisii!.-», tlii'V aiii jiixtillitli'^ liaviii;; 11 pistil oiily. 'I'ln! l»lr)-isniiis, wilii'Il in tlicst! I'llM-s till tlif hoily lit' ilii' liiMil, aitl an; so small tliat- tlio >n[ifr- lii;ial obscrvtn' is apt to t.iUtj tlii-m li>r staiiiciis 01 pi-tils, art; rc^iilar ai <1 piiltrt, witii a tiilmlar ami j-lnhcd corolla (Ki;^. 405 u). 'I'lit-y are calle'l tlisk-iliiwi IS. In 'I'liisik'S, Thoiuiighuort, \Vt)rm\vootI, uiul some kiiuls ui' Gioumlsel, all the llowiTs are of tliis sort, /.«■., tlicri! .lie 110 rays, but all the HoMers tiihular. Ill all, the ovary is i-ot'Uetl ami i- seedetl, ami m.iki's nil aki.'iie in linit. The corolla lit-in;^' 011 the ovary, the latter is (;f course covered 40.1. HMdof n.hf.iy-niuvcM, .llvlil.cMonKfliwisfanil.Miliir-.'l. by the tuhe of the calyx adherent to it. Sometimes there is no limb or lionlcr to the Calyx ; tlu-u the akene is naked, as in that of Mayweed (Fi.Lr. 406}. When tin; limb rif the calyx is present in any form on the ovary or akene, it is named the fiii^i/iu.i (which means si ed-ilownj. In Cichury the pajipiis or calyx is a rin;4 or cup crow nin;.,' the akem; Fi,:,'. 407'' ; ill SuntldWer it consists of two chady scales, whii li fall off early (FIl,'. 408) ; in Ilelenium there are five clially and pointeil scales (Fig. 409). I'tit more commonly the 411'.'. Flinvns cil I'll li.iiy .\'\ Willi • iUMitli'-«, iitruid most lutiiiliar t'xain- ]i|f.s (if htidi a liairy or downy jtapixis ; t)i<>«ti y of TiiiMlt't, dtc, ill iiiitiiiiiii -ailing' alMnit in I'vcry ltr»M'/('. l-'i.'. 411 -liows tin- very poi't downy ]taiiiiiH ot So^-TinstU'. Ki;^'. ^410, tint of tlin l)and(dion ; thin is raised Mpoii a loii„' \>vi\\i to tliL' akfiic, wliioii K-n;j;tlii'nH ^'rt'utiy after lloweiinL,'. Tills family lontaiiiM jiliont an ri.-litli i>r tenth iiait of all I''io\veiin^ Plants, lint it is loo (liliiciilt lor tlie liej^iniicr. So uc licru Itarcly mention a few of liie coniniou jilaiitH which btdoiiy to it. 4>ii. II iif ir ('f ni\i)llic'r, nnd urn: iicrfcrt cllsk ll.iwcr co with It* bract or oliaff (fcf. 1. Anion!,,' tlioHu wliicli have' no I'ay-, or stiM]t :-liaued corollas, un- Tliintlcs, lUirdo Ic, Kmhinliiifi and Ciiihrcril^ ll'iiyiiiiron /, Tlioroiuilticoit or ^^\\\Ji J:lni>nt()fiiitii^ Iliitti))! SiitihiTiKif, and Iroiiwicil. '•";''v'ic*^ 2. With rays or stiiiji-siiaped cnrdHas at the margin '^'^ (eitlu-r neutral or iiislillate), ami tubular Hovers in the | eeiitie : I'olt.'i/oot, Ai^fir, Flinlntnc, Ihtiioj, (I'ultUn-roil, Suiijlnircr, Corfdjisis, Maiiimd^ Cli((iiiiwiilr^ ^r. 3. With all the liower.s strap-shapeil ami ])eiieot (and ■||.! 4i!7 l''^* 400 111 111 in tlii.s division the plants have a milky juice) : Cirhoni or Succory (yi'^. i\02), Salufy llairkweLd, Soii'-l^ltist/r; I liniddioii^ and /.>lliiir. roiM i.Ai{ ri.nuA. i;i 61. LOBELIA FAMILY. «>.Li I.oUKMACK.K. llt'rhs with jiiilky (iicri'l-poiHuiioiiM) jui**', nltiTiiut*! 1i'iiv<'k, mul MCiitti'ii'tl (l.iwir.M, tin; utaiiifHH fiTt' Iroiii tilt' iKOtiliatly irn*^iular imioIIu, wliiih U Hplit tlown uti uiic s;i|f (l''ii^'. 184), ami lioiiiL" with it on tin- iiiaiiy-M'tMliMl ovan . W'v have only n\u\ i^emi", viz. : — Lobelia, /.nfiilin. f'.ilyx with ilM uliMrf tiili>' inllii'iciit to tho a-oolli'il oviiry, iiml with ^ mIi'IuIit ti-cth ni UAwn, Corolla iiii<'i|itiiliy 5 hilitil, mid Kplit ilowii to thi> hottttiii uii thu tipptT h'mW, .StiiiiiriiM 5, iiiiitril Into II tiihi' liotli liv their tiliiiihiitH ;iiii| tlicir anrht'iH, Stvh- 1. I'od opiiii?)',' nt the top. Tin' folhiwiii^' lire tlic coiiiiiiMii<'>.r Nvild spcciis (all l>iit Nn'*. < and ■( in low ^roiindHi ; ||. Huinni*) and f.ill, I. I'.MdiiN.M. I'l.owKK I.. Tall, siiioiitli. w ith a I a<-i inv of larg«', hriUiaiit I'nl llowurH. //. r'ir'liiiit/i.i. a. (Jhkat Hm 1; I.. II it luT hairy, 1 or _• hijh ; Iimvcm lam-eoldon^' ; llo\vrr.«t i' Ion;.', ciowdfd in a Irafy laci'ine, li>:hf \>\\\v. A. n/i/i/nlitii'ii, 3. Hi'iKKl) I., ."^fi ni niniph', Htraiylit. and ^Ii'ihUt. i' t(» 3' hi'.;li, indndiinf ilw lon„' and nalu-d spiki' lilni.dl pah'-Muf Howrrs ; lowi-st loavi'M otiovati- or oldon^;. f,. Hfiii'iiln, 4. iMUAN'roliACfo L. jSranidiin;:. )' to iH' hiu'ii ; h-avin ovate tthlong ; llowcrH very mnall, in irreytilar U'afy racemcH, pidf lilue i iioiIm intlati il. Open places. L. injfulu. 'ify 62. CAMPANULA FAMILY. Onl-r ('AMPANUL.\CK.K. Like tilt' l.i>t j'lililily ill all i^eiieral re-peets, e\ec]it tli.it tlir showy foroila is reu'iilar, 5-1(i1)m1 ; the 5 stiiiiiciis .«i'|iaratf ; till! .sti;,Miia-< ami tlu> cell.H of iho pod ', iliaped. A' ui more ion;,'. (', rot 1111(11/0! ill. 2. M.VliSli C. A slender plant ^luwin^' Jiinoni; urass. in wet pi. ices, Willi roUgh-an^led stem and iaiicesliapcd leaves; a few small l)ale tlowers on divcr^dnt; peduncles. C. aiAtrhiDiilis, 3. T.M.I. ('. .-^tem tall, leafy, endiiij.' in a leafy loose sjtike (1 ' or 2' hiieu) (if liliie (lowers; corolla win el-shaped ; .style Ion;; and curved, liii-li luw ;;'-ound. (.'. Ainenciniii. * * Garden sijecie."* : sti^jmas and cells of the jiod 5. 4. C.VNTKKm'RV Bki.i.s. Haiiy, with stout stems, very hujj'u blue (or white) tlowers, and broad appendages of tho caly.\ covering the pod. C'. Mklium, w: lliobiil. ® ® F=*" 172 Ill 'I POPULAR FLORA. 53. HEATH FAMILY. Order ERICACE.F.. Dislinfiiiislied ^'ciu'rally l)y llic antlicrs ojx'iiin;^' by a jxirc or piiiiill liole at tlio top of each ctOI, ami fioiii all tin- other orders with a moiiopeialous corolla, except tlie two forei^'oin;^', by haviiij,' the staiiieiis Tree from the corolla, a^ many or twice as many as its lobes. I'lit the petals are sdiiietimes entirely separate, especially in the third and fourth .';nb-ramilie.«. Fruit several-celled. Style ]. 'i'his laij^e order c(jnipri.se.s four very di.'iiinct SLib-fiunilies, viz. : — 4i;i. Half (if n ('laalifnylilossoyn, niagnificd. 414. A C'lieokerbony jiViiit. (11- Amiiiiitii; Wiiiti'i^rniti. 41.'). Slici- across tin' " liciiy, ' ;iiul tlia iMiil imiili'. 4Ui. Uiiiti-i:.ioi!ii, Nil. ;!. 417. .\ llowci-, natural size. ns. A staiiion. 41'J. I'mI cut acmss. 4'.iO. A pistil. 421. A seed. 413 I. HUCKI,EBE11RY Subfamily. Teeth of the calyx, corolla, and stamens on the ovary, Iho tuV)e of the calyx coherent with its surface. Style and stigma i. Anthers of two nearly separate cells, tapering upwards into a tuhe or tip, which opens at the end Shrubs, &c. Ov:\ry lo-celled with i ovule in each cell ; berry with 10 largish seeds, or rather stones, in a circle, (Gai/lussdcia) Huckleberry. roril.AK FLORA. ^71> iirnta Ovary with many oViilos in cucli cell, making small seeds. Stamens lo. rarely 8, inclu.' :.i in the cylindrical or ohlong-bell-shapcd 5-toothed corolla. JJt-rry blue or liiack, sweet, m.iny-sfoded, {yni-c'inium) BLl'EBEnHY. Stanjens 10, longer than the open bell-shaped 5-cleft corclln. Berry ripening few scccls, niuwkisii, {Vai'ciiiinm .ildiiiinnnii) Dkkkijekuy. Stamens 8, much inojeoting beyond the deeply 4piirted lellrxed corolla. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, red, sour, (Vatriniuin, ^Ojrix'orrus) CnANnKHliY. II. HKATH Sl'BKAMII.Y. C'lilyx, curolla (generally monopotilous), and stamens free from tli« ovary, inserted on the receptacle. Sliiuliliy plants (except Clieckerberry), sometimes small trees. 1. Corolla remaining dry after blossouiiug. Stems covered witli very sniidl and narrow le:ives. Only hi>use-plants in this country, {Kiiva) *}Il';ATir. 2. OoioUa falling off after blossoming. Frnit a berry or bcrrylikc. Tniiling small leived evergreen. Corolla roundish, (Aycfn.tfdpliiifus) BkahhK!;i'.y. Fruit a dry jiod enclosed in a berry -like calyx, {(I'aitlt/trrin) ClIi.CKKKifKluiY.* Fruit a Ti.^ked dry pod. Corolla salver-shaped, with a slender tube. A trailing, scnrcely woody ever- green, with round heart-.shaped leaves, (h'/)i::/i(t) Lndian-Ph'K. Flowers several in a scaly rnceme : the terminal blossom with 5 petals and 10 stamen-, all the others with only 4 petals and 8 stamens, (f/iipo/iif/is) Pinksat. * Called "\VinteK(!I!I".1':n' in the country in most places; aNo I'.oxbkukv or Paktuii)(;f-HKI!UY ; but tlie latter name rightly l)elo;igs to Mitrltelht, and that of Wintergreeu to Piirulu, wliicb is so named in I'higliind. + Also called TKAILlN(J-.\RBt;Ti'i^ and Guot nd-Lauuel. Nearly the earliest-ilowering plant in the Northern States : prized for the rich spicy fragrance of its pietty rose-coloure-l blos.soms. 174 rOITI-AR FLOMA. itil -I Huckleberry. Gaiilassacia. Difft-ring from Ijluebenics in the rather spicy and sweet berry having ro large seeds, oi riitlior siii^ill .stoiu's. The foliagi; luid young siioots in the coninion species are sprinltled witli wiixy or isticky dots, Fhjwers purplisli in racemes. 1. J}i,A('K or Common II. Branches, leaves, kc, clammy when yonng ; racemes and pedicels short ; fruit black, witliout any bloom. Very common, furnishing the principal liuckleberries of the market, ripe late in sunimor. (/. resinb k. 2. r.VLK If. or IJl.i'K-'J'ANtiLK. Leaves and fruit glaucous ; pedicels long and drooi)ing. G. frondu^n, 3. DWAHK H, IJranches rather hairy; leaves tiiicki.sh and shining; racemes long, wiili leaf-like bracts. K. near the coast. G, dnmoKu. Blueberry. Vnccinium. Flowers white or tingcil with pink, in slunt clusters, latlier earlier than the leaves. Berries blue or black, and generally with a bloum. many-sccdt! 1. Leaves deciduous. 1. Common Br.UKliKltuv. Stem 5' to 10" high ; leaves ovate, oval, or oblong. 8wamps. V. cnrymhosunt, 2. Low B. Stems i^ high, ami obovate or oval glaucous leaves smooth. T'. rnc'iUaiig, 3. Dw.vUF n. Stems .V to 1' high, smooth, leave* lance-oblong, fiinged with fine biistle-jiointed teeth, smooth, shiidng both sides. Dry woods, kc. This is the earliest hliKlxvri/ or Lhte hiicklihcrrii in the marki.-t. T'. l^nnixiihuinicvm. 4. Canada ]>. Stems 1' or 2" high; branchlets and lance-oblong leaves downy : otiierwise nnicli like tiie last. X, V, CanadcuM. Cranberiy. Vncrininm, %0x)jr6ccns. Slender, almost herbaceous, creeping or trailin;.', glowing in bogs, with their small leaves rather crowded, entire, thickish, and evergreen, whitened beneatii. Flowers single, nodiiing on tlio sumndt of a slender stalk, p.de I'ose-coloured, the corolla almost divided into 4 long ami narrow petals turned back. Ik-iries lipe in autuuin. 1. liAKGl-; Ci'.ANHKKUV. Stems 1" to 3' long; leaves oi)long, lilunt, nearly flat, almost \' ^""'•,' ; berries .V to i' long, deep red (the piinciiial cranUrrii of the nnuket). T"^. niKcrardrj) m. 2. Small ('UANUKKUV. Stems hardly i' long; leaves ovate, acute, not half as lai^e as those of No. I, tiie maryins more rolled back ; berries much smaller, often speckled. N. and in mountain bogs. ^ T'. Oxiicoccus, Kalmia or American Laurel. Kdhnia. Floweis (in early summer) showy, in corymbs or umbels : an anther is at first h dged in each of tlio 10 punches of the corolla. Leaves evergreen, veiy smooth, 1. Mor.Ni'AlX L. or K. Leaves lance-ovate, bright green both sides ; flowers large, i>ale or deep ro>e- colour, in tfiminal corymbs; pedicels, >'<;c.. clammy. Stems 4" to kj bigli, K. /itlijdiia. 2. Shi:ki' L. or Lambkii.l. Leaves lance-oblong, blunt, pale lieiieatb, ]H'tioled, mostly opposite, tlowers small, ]miple ; the coryml)s becoming lateral ; siivul) 1 ' or 2" hi-ii. A'. li((. 3. Pai.K L. Leaves ohloiig, sessile, opposite, wldli'-glaucous brmalli; flowers few, large, libic- l)urple. Swani)is, N. A', (jhiura. Rhododendron or Rose-bay. I!h(lnidron. Calyx very small or obscure, ('M(dia large, 5 lolied, Stiunens 10, more or less bent to one side, •lender. Shrubs or low trees, with evenireen Ieav( s and a coiyinb or umlx 1 of large ami handsome flowers from a terminal scaly bud, in eaily summer. We have oidy one common species, viz. : — roITLAIJ ri,()HA. 175 Ghkat R. or LArKKL. Leaves liincc-oViloii;,', 4' to 10' loii;,', green both sides ; flowen 1' wide, jmlw liposite, [tifi'ili'i- lilac- !;//(( (('•". ■lie side, lidsome Iz. : — rose or white, greeiush, and spotted in the throat. Damp, deep woods. Azalea. A:t'iha. i'. maxim Kill. Shnihs, like llhododendron. but willi tiiin imd deciduous leixves ; the long .stamens only 5. Our two common wild sjjecies (wrongly called Honii/sui'kle) grow in swamps, 1. PiurKK A. or I'lNXTKH-KLOWKlt. Tlowirs rntlier earlier than the leaves; corolla fnnnel-shapnrple or rose-colour. A. tiiniijli'nii. 2, Clammv or WillTK A. Flosvers wiiife, cliimmy, sweet-scented, later than the leave.^ whicii are whitisji oi' jiale l>eiieath, Ctminion K. A. viacdun Wintergreen (or Shin-leaf). Pi'/mhi. Leaves evergreen, rounded, all next the giound, around the base of a .^capo bearing a raceme of greenish-white (or rarely rose-colouied ) nodding tlowtis. Petals 5, nil separate, not spreading. Stamens 10 : fdanients awl-shaped, naked. Style Ion:;. Pod 5-lobed. * Style turned down and curveil. 1. RouND-I.EAVKn W. Leaves orliicular, thick, shining; neemu m iny-flowered ; calyx-lobes lance-shajied. Moist woods. J\ rotuiiUi/dlin. 2. Ov.\[,-I.KAVKT) W. Leaves liroadly oval, thin ; tlowers many ; calyx-lobes ovate, sliorL i'. elli/ili'H. 3. Smai.lNV. Leaves roundisi), thick, small ;llowersfew; cells of the antlierpointeil. I'.chlunintli(t. * * Style straight. 4. One-sided W. Leaves thin, ovate; flowers snndl, all on one side of the raceme. /'. sccuix/k. Pipsissewa. Chimdphila. Leaves evergreen, oblong or lance-shaped, toothed, crowded or scattered on short a.scending stems, which bear at the summit from i to 7 fragrant tlesiiC(doured flowers in a corymb or umbel. Petals orbicular, wiihdy Hineading. Stamens 10; their tihiinents enlarged anarted (;.^'i'eeiii.sli or uliiie) ci>rolhi fret; tVoin tlie ovary. Stamen.s 4 to 6, attaelied to tlie very lja.se of the corolla, alteinate with its tlivisions. Anther-s o[)eMiii<; leii^thwi.-e. Stiiima.s nearly se.ssilo. Fruit a berry-iik« drupe, containing' 4 to 6 .snuiU .seedlike stone.<. Consists mainly of the genus. Holly. Ilex. ' Containing sever.1l species, some with deciduous, others with evergreen leaves. 1. Amehican Holly. Leaves thick and evergreen, sjiiny-toothed, oval ; parts of the blo.ssom in fours; fruit red. Tree with ash-c(dour<(l bark and white wood, /. opaca. 12 mmmmmm 176 rOPULAK FI>OKA. 11 2. "WiNTKUnEUHY If. or I5i,ACK Aldkr. Leaves thin aixl deciduous, serrrte, veiny, ohovnte or oblniii,' ; pcduiiclirs very short ; parts of tlio hlussom often in sixes ; fruit red. Slniib : low groiuiilH. This belongs to the seotion J'riiKiK. I. vcvticillula, 55. EBONY FAMILY. <)r.l< r KliHX.VCE.E. Of lliis small lauiily we liiuu only uiif sin'cics, a tice, which deseivt's iKiticr, viz. : — 4'.'3 Persimmon. ■fJ'J 42'. Ki 42i!. I'lTilli' lldwor. 4:':!. ('iiii>ll;i ,-mil stiiiiiriiH (if tln's.uni', i;\iil opiMi. 4'J4. Fruit. 4'.'."). Sci.'tiou nf tin; saiiii'. hio.-ijifjrox. Tree \vir,h alternuto thicki.>h leaves ; in their axils some trees Ix'nr clustered .staniiiiato Hiwer.s. with a 4-cleft corolla and ahout 16 sraint'us ; otiiers single and larger perfect Howers, with a 4-lohed corolla and 8 stamens. (.!alyx 4-cIfft, ratlier large, thickish. Corolla jiale yel- low. J'istil I, witli 4 styles: the ovary ripening into a pluni-lil; inainly nf tlic liviius oI' low siciiilc.-s IhmIis culjcil Plantain (or Rib-Grass). PiantiKjo. Flowers grcenisli, on a sca}ie, in a close spike. Calyx of 4 persistent sepals. Corolla salver-shaped, tliin, withering on the pod, 4-lobed. .Stamens 4, generally with very long and weak filaments, borne on the corolla. Style and stigma i, slemiei-. r,.d 2-celled. opening crosswi.se, the top falling off as a lid, the louse partition falling out with the seeds. Leaves generally with strong rib.s. I, 2. Common Plant.m.v. L(;avos ovate or slightly heart-shajieil, several-ril)bed ; seeds 7 to 16, F. ^luijur, ViP'ilMA P. Small (2' to 7' high), hairy ; leaves oblong, 3-5-ril)bed ; seeds 2. F. Vinjiiiici. 3. English T. or Ripplk-Gkas.s. Hairy, wi til long lance-shaped or linear leaves, and a short and thick spike or head, on a scape i" or 2' high ; seeds 2. Com- mon E. F. lanccoh'ita. 4. Seasioe V. Smooth ; leaves linear, ^..^ ^.,^ ^.,^ ^.,g thick and fleshy; seeds 2. Saltmarshes 4m Youn- spiko of coi.mionPh'nuin. 4'>7. A iLuveimaKnitioa. 428. on the coast P mnritima '''•^'i' I'f ilio .smne. 4'."J. Kniit, uiiiiuni^' by a lid ; tliu witlit'ioil corolla. • "'"'"'"""• oil the l;il. 1 ror.lLAK FLOKA. 177 57. LBADWORT FAMILY. OnUr PTJ^MRAdlXACK.K. Fiuiiiliiir tniisin two i.liints only, viz., Mahsfi-Ho.-kmaky i»ii tlie ounst. ami 'I'limi-T iii f;,anlens ; known liy liaving a dry iintanu'n })el"oi'e oacli, and 5 stylos 011 a sjn^^lo i-sui'ilu-l ovaiy. Flowers (rose-coloui ) in .1 niuinl lieml on a long and naked sciii)j ; leaves very n.u row, all in a close tuft at tiie root, (Arnnriti) TiiKIFr. Flowers (liivender-coloui) spiked or sessile along the hiiuicliey of a furif ihr -.nuw, with its ,'. -lylcs : iilsi) till! Idwor p.irt of an ovary iiioi c ma'.'iiHI 'il, out aiT.'SS. 58. PRIMROSE FAMILY. OnU. PliTMrL.vr'K.K. Herbs, with rei^ular pcMt'i't't llowcrs ; comjiletely (li5«tin.i,nii.slit'il hy liaviiiL; the st.uiicin of tiie .same numiier r.s the lobes to the coioUa .and one before each, inserted on tlie tube; the pi.stil witli a i-celled ovary or pod, with i hu\'e jtlacenla risin;^ I'rom its base, and beariiiLj many cr tVw seeils. Leaves under water jiinnately divided itito thread-like divisions ; flowering stems hollow, and inflated hetweeu the joints, (J/ntidni-tj FKATflEHKOIL. Leaves simple and entiie or liartdj- tootlieil. Calyx with its tul>e coherent with the huse of tlie ovary. Flowers very sniiill. white, in liieenies. I,eaves idternate, {S((ino/iit!) JJUiiokweki>, Calyx and corolhi frcr, inserted on tlie receptacle. Leaves all at the root ; flowers in an uniht 1. Calyx tul)ular : corolla salver-siiaped : stamens included, {Pi'mndit) Pkimkosk. Calyx and corolla 5-parted, turned liauk : anthers long, and filaments very >hort, connected, {/tui/vaUlii-nii) Doi-kcathkoN. Leaves sever.il in a wliorl at the summit of the slemler stem. Calyx and eorolhi 7-p;\rted, wheel-sliaped, with narrow divisions, {Trientiili.i) iSTAU-FLOWElt Leaves (mo>l<' ; Icuvt-s liiiico-oviite, in wliorls of 4 (sometimes of 3 or 6) ; flowers l<)ii|,'-st!ilkeii fmiii tlio axil of tln' It-avi's. Handy f,'roiindH. L, f/uadrifulia. 3. ClI.lATK li. Luavos opposite, lance-ovate, with a roumled or lioart-sliaped l»aKC, on long ciliato footstal'vs ; fliiwers Imii; stalked frotn tlie ii])per Jixils; divisions of tlie corollii ovate, jjointed, and with wavy or sli^iitly toothed margins, l.ow grounds. L. riUatd, >\. Lanci: i.K.WKD lj. Leave.s lancc-Hha])ed, ohlong or linear, narrowed into a tshort margined foot- stalk ; (lowers, kc, nearly as in No. 3. S. and W. in low grounds. L, Uturnildui. 59. BIGNONIA FAMILY. Order BIGNONIACE.E. Plants witli mostly opposite leave.", and lurLreand showy flowers : the corolla 2-lip] ed or rather iirri^uhir, liearin^ 011 its tube 4 stamens (2 lon^^ anne or thiee. Frnit a lar<,'e 2-celled ])0(1. with intmy lar:_'e seeds : the whole kernel is ii flat enibi yo. Caly.Y I'ree and eoroUa on the receptacle, as ii is in all the following families \\\\\\ niono- p( laloiis corolla. Woody plants, with winged seeds, in long pods. Vino clind)iiig hy rootlets; leaves pinnate. Calyx 5-tootlied. Corolla funnel-shaiied. 5-lohed : sta- mens 4, (Tn'itiint) Tut.MJ'KT-CliEEPKK. Tree, witii simple heart-sliaped leaves, and \vl:ite llowers (purp]e-titii;ed or dotted) in lar;,'e panitd?s. ('alyx 2-lipped. Coicdla hell-shaped and 2-lipped ; siameiis generally 2, with vestiges of one or tliree others. ((Uttdlpa) CataLI'A. Hank clammy herb (cult, and wild S.W.) with wingless seeds in a large and long-poinied fruit, the outer part of which is tieshy and falls off from the inner lihious-wooiy part : this is crested and long-beakeil, the beak at length sidiaing into 2 hooked burns. Corolla dull-coloured ; stamens 2 or 4, ]ierfect, (MartjukO UniC(jKN-PLA.\t. 4.T.> 4.T.>. Ccinill:! i.fCiitMliia liiiil ()|i<'ii, Willi tin- st:inifn:i. 4.'W. Wliij,'cil scfU (ir'!'iuiniic^t-('icc|ici-. 60. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. Order OKOBANCHACE.E. Herbs parasitic on the loois of trees, &c., readily known by ilieir irregular nionopetaloii.s coioUa, 4 stamens, in two ])airs ; the ovary i-celleil wiiii innumerable small seeds iii ilii! walls. Also, liki! otiier j)aiasiiic plants, they are entirely destitute of gi'een herbage, yellouiah or brownish througliout, and with scales in i)lace of leaves. Stems slender and branched, with few and small scales and many flo\ver.s scattered along the branches, {Ei.ijilivijus) Ueech-DKOPS. Stems shore and thick, covered with broad scales, so that the plant re.sembles a tir-cone. Flowers under the upper scales : stamens projecting, (Conu/>hi>!is) Squavv-UOOT. Stems or naked and i- flowered scapes slender, from a scaly base ; stamens included in the curved and salver-shaped corolla, {Afittjliim) Naki-.I) ]5hoom-kape. I 'A. )rs. )0T. • I'l:. > i I'oriLAK riAiHA. 61. FIG WORT FAMILY, onitr SCKorHULARIACK.E. 179 Herbs with a 2-lip]'CMl or iiiorc or ic.-s im ■;,'iiliir nloIl()I•('tJllou^^ corolla, ainl 4 staiiiciis ill pairs (2 Ioiil; ami 2 .^iiort), or ciily 2 lu'rlfcl ."^taimii-; ; ^ y — V rari'lv all ; i>rt'.-t'iit : stvle i : tlu; oviirv 2-ih'11i'.1 ami \ / :^'^J_ iiiakiii;^ a iiiaiiy-.-ei'tii'il \hA (te\v-see»liMl in soiim Spiu'd- \J /^ ''^..,.^ j Avclls ami Co\v-wlieat\ Klowers often show y. Two loltis N /\ / "^"^ always btiloii'' U) the upper lip, tlirro to the lower. 4r4 i?A. rurnllii of a Pi'nt^tonicin laid iiiii'ii, sliiiwhii,' till' 4 pirfrrt staiii'Mis and ttn' lilth us a stcrllo liaknl lilaiiic'i.t. 4.""i. Stanu'liM (witli a jiiicc nf the ciriilla) (if aiHitln^r I'mtstc- inoii, uitli iIk! Hinili: I'l anient l)('anlf>(l, i'M. riccc of I'ni)i|.' fiirarilia. 4;!7. ('m"lliv 1 111 •>i iMi, i-linwins till' 4 staiiii'ii-* ill jiair-. 4;W. Styli- aiid ralv x nf tlio same. 4;«l. I'alt "fa I (Ml. 440. I'IdW.ic f Tnadflnx. 441. riant <.f II.'il^'(.-M.vsi:(,p. 44'.'. K!ii«ir lai'l ii|'t'n ; oLejiair of giPodsiaim'n.s; one iwlr of sterile filaments. * Corolla wheel-.sliaiied or with a very short tiihe, the lohcs move or Ic^s \ineiinal. Calyx and corolla 5-C'k'ft : stiiiuens 5, some of them rather imperfect, {Vvrliarted : the lower lip sac-shaped in the middle; the short tube witli a [irotuber- ance at the base on the upper side : stamens 4, {Culluisiu) CoLr.lNSlA. I So ruITLAU FLORA. C'ldolla ovoid, fiiiiall, dull K't't'"'"!' r'nplt', villi 4 sliort tnicquul erect lohew, and i hiii.iU ifcuivt'd oiio (tlie lower). Stiiiiieiirt 4 iind a rudiment, {Scvojiliularia) FKavoiiT. Corolla Kliajicd like a tuitlf'H lioad, tli<( niuutli cloHt d <.r lit arly su, witli(,ut a palMte. Stamens 4 with woolly nntluT.s ; and a sleril<; tilament behides, (('kdbin) Ti uri,Klli:.\i». Corolla open at the irregular or 2 lipjied mouth, StanieuH 4, and a sterile tilanient hesides (Fig. 434, 435), . H'liitn'im >il} I'K.VTSTKMON. Corolhi 2 lipped ; the ujtpor liji with the sides turned liatk, tin- lower lip turned down. Stamens 4, no vestige of the lifth. Caljx tdongated, 5-angied, 5-toothed. Stigmas with 2 liroad lips, (.l/o;/((///.x) Mo.NKKV-KI.owku. Coridla somewhat 2 lipped, open. Stamens only 2 perfect. Csilyx 5-iiartctl. Sterile rthiments ineluded, or none. Corolla yellow or whiiisli, (i>ike ; two of the filaments smootii. Fields, \-c. T'. 'J'/uijisnn. 2. ]\IoTH M. (Jreen, smoothish ; stem 2" or 3° high ; leaves t( othed ; flowers yellow or white in a loose laceme ; fdaments all bearded with \ellow vool. Feadsit'cs. V. lilattut'iu. Speedwell. V^ronira. Flowers snniU ; one or two of the lobes of the 4-]^arted border of the coiolla always .smaller than the otlier.s. Stamens 2, jirotruding. Pod flattened, nnmy-seeded in the toninion species. ii I. Corolla salver-sh.ij.ed, the tube longer than the border. Fod not notched at the end. 1. Cl'I.VKU's-HOOT S. A t;dl ))ereniiiiil, with lancc-shn]ied pointed haves in whorls, and whitish flowers crowded in clustered spikes. A\'oods, AV. and S., and cultiviited in ;:ar(lens. 1'. Viriiuiioi. t2. Corolla wheel-shaped, tube very short, paleblueor white. Pod notchedat.thecnd. Leavesopposite. * Flowers in single racemes from the axils of the leaves. 2. "WATEn S. Smooth; stems rooting at the creeping lower part, then erect ; leaves pessile by a heart-shnjied base. ovjite-lance(date ; corolla jjale blue with darker stii]ies. lliotd^s. T'. AniKjdlliis. 3. BUOOK S. or BuooKMME. Leaves ovate or oblong, or. petioles ; otiierwise like the last, V. Americana. 4. Maksh S. Smooth, slender ; leaves sessile, linear, acute; raceme zigzag, loose. V. srntcUata. 5. COMMON'S. Downy; stems creeping ; leaves wedge-oblong, serrate ; raceme dense. Dry ground, in open woods. V. ojlfjciiudis. roiMLAK ILOKA. 18I • * Flowprs ill II tcriJiinul loone rncotiio. 6. Thymk-i.kavkI) S. Smooth nml hiiimII, -2.' to 4' lii;,'li from li crocpiii;» linso ; Icftvcs nvato or oblong, the lowest petioled iuhI roumli'd. FiehU, everywhere. T', »ivp>iflift)in. * * * Flowers in the iixil« of tlie upper leaves. Hoot nnmml. 7. PniHr.ANE S. or Nkckwkki). Smodtli, l)raiicliinj,'. erect; lower Ifiives oval .»r oblons*. tootlml, atiii jiotioled ; npptrriKiHt ol)loii;,'lii)car, s<'S.sih', ami ciitiie. ('ult. grouiiiis, kc. V. jtnri/rht 1. 8. Corn S. Hairy; lower leaven oviitc, creiiiite, [letioled ; the upper seHsile, lauce-Mliapeil, ii:ii| entire. Cultivated grounds. V, arv6HHi». Toadflax. I/innrin. 1. Common T (I'lTTKitAND-Eccs, Hamntkd). Stems hraiichiuK, crowded with the pale liiu' r leaves ; flciwt'r.s cinwded in a close raienu'. largo and hhowy, pale ydldw with tlie p.d.ito ora!it,'e-colo(ired. A weed in fields and roadsides. /,. rii'tidvi.i. 2. Wtl.D ']'. Sti'in very slender, simple, witli scattered linear leaves ; prostrate shnots at the liottoiii with broader loavea ; flowers very small, blue, in u slender rucenic. Saiuly soil. L. i'innatifid or entire. Rich woods. G. qnercifi^tlii. 5. Cl'T-i.KAVi:i> (!. Hailier downy, bushy-branched, 2" or 3" high, very leafy ; leaves iiinnatifid, the crowded divisions cut and toothed. ('. }ii({i'uhiril)e(l or iiiuMju.ilIy 5-(iir raicly 4-) Idlifil cofdUii, ami 4 stamens in jiair.s (/.c, 2 lon>,' and 2 short one.-); tlu; jii.-til witli a siip^le ovarv and only i seed in each cell ; the iriiit either heny-likt; ^\ilh 4 sti»ne>, (.r dry and spliitinL,' into 2 or 4 akeiios, or in Lr)])-('ed consist in^' of a i^iiiijlf akein.'. This fani: y is intermediate hetween tlie l'orej,H)in;,,' unler an I the next. Tlie two fullowin^' are tile commonest genera. Calyx cylindrical. 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lii)])ed. Ovary i-celled, simple. Herb, in woods, . with small whitish flowers in slender and loose spikes; the calyx containing the akeiie, turned down in fruit, (I'in'jima) LopsKHD. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-sliaped, with 5 slightly unequal lobes. Flowers in spikes or heads, summer and autumn, ( Verbena) VKUwyx. 182 I'ol'l I,.\l( I'l-OKA. I '' Vervain. \'irUh\ii. .Sm(»\vy Vkrbknah : low uml sliowytlow.'rfd HpcicH, in Kanleii.H in iinnmor, the Krcrxter part from Soiitli Anioricii, viz., I'. Mihu'lrcx (ri.li and otiiem, now nuiuh inixetl. Ami tln-io Ih ono .species of tliisHoit wilil in Wi'stern piiiiricx, vi/. :- 1. AL'IiI-Kt'.s Vkiuikna. Hutlicr liuiiy ; leaves pianatitld or cut; Hpikos fliittoppod in blomtom, like 11 coryiiih ; coiollu li^dit purple, Ate. I'. .tuUitni. Common Vkkvains: \veedn or weed-like plants, in fitlds imd roiidHJ.leH, witli Humll flowoiH lit lonj^HpikuM, which nre Kennrally panicled. a. Common V. Krect, Hh-nderly l.raiicli.-d, i Mo 3' liixh ; leaveHROHHilo, cleft or pinnatilid and cnt- toothed ; HpikeH very slender; Howers very small, purpli>li. V. f:_(Hriiiit/i.i. 3. \\ IllTK V, Leiive« potioled, ovate or oval, Herrate ; Hpiken of white flowers very slender. V. iirlirifiVlit. 4. lir.fK V. Leaves jtetioled, huieo-shiiped or lance-ohlonj,', the lower often cut or aduhed at tlio haso ; Hpike.s of idue Hower.s tliiek and cio.sc ; Htein .\ to h lii-h. V. hnntiitn. 5. liOW V. SteniH A' to I ' hi^h ; leave.s lancedinear, scH.sile, Hciircely toothed ; Hj)ike.s one or few, thicki.sii ; ll.,\v,.i.s purph-. S. and NV. V, anijustifdiiu. 63. SAGE i|Utilly 4 ir s|i, Cul'olla I'viilt'iitlv j-li|i|it'4l ; xtaiiu-nH 2, vi oiily j witli aiitlKiM. rppor lip nearly flat or Hpri'inlinKi a-lolx-il or iiotulu'il nt tlio end. Calyx ••iiually 5-toiitln'il, liruriltd in tlie throat, Cvnit'H tiTMiinal, {t'liiiVn) Pli rwv. Calyx 2 lipptMl : upptr lip 3-to(itli»il, tlic lowir 2-i'lft't. Tiiroiitof thoi'alyx iH'anluil : coroilikRiiiall ; 2Mtt'rilc> filunii>ntn, (//rv/i imn) I'KNNVmn \i.. Tlifoat of tlu! calyx iiakfil ; tliat of tin- lar;;!- corolla liciinictl ; tlo- iiiiiMl" IoIh- of its lowor lip l.tr^o ami huii;;!!!^'. frin;,'i'-tootht(l, {i'lilliimoiini) Mniisi: I'.Al.M. Uppor lip of tiit> iMirollii aiclifil, oiitin- 01 hli;;litly notclifil, liohliny tli»' Ht.miiMiH. Calyx equally .vtoothfil, tiiliiilur : lipf* of tliu hu^u corolla lon|j and naiiow. I'MovvciH cro\vd('(l in i-losc and IiMfy-hracti'd ln'ad«, i.]fiiiiiiiii>l, .small. Ifeibstall, (Liij)/iii:it/iiiH)i'\'. JJoth pairs of stamens ascendinij under tliti upper lip. Flowers in terminal sjiikea or cliiHters, {Xtpi'ta) Cat.viI'. Flowers few in the axils of kidney shaped leaves, {filirliitiim) Ivy. Ul>per pair of stamens shorter tiiaii the lower or oiiti-r pair. U,iper lip of the corolla tl it and open, or liarely concave. Stamens distant or diveinin,', not approacliiii',' under tho u])ppr lip. Calyx tiihular, etpially 5-tootlied, i5iiervel. Slamens Ion;;, (/fi/nnoimx) *Hv.s.-(i|'. Calyx 10 to 13-ncrved, ovate, ht-ll-Hliaped, or short tuhiilar. Calyx n.dc'd jn the throat. Flowers in tlense heads or clusters, (P;t<',iiiiithnniiu)] !M(MNTAInMint. J^lowern clustered in tiio axils or spik'd, (Sitntu) r) *.SrM.\iKiiSAVoi{V. Calyx hairy in tlie throat. Flowers spik(Nl, and with largo coloured liracts, (On-Kirvnn) "S\\M)\K\\\. Flowers loosidy clustered : hraots minute. [Thiimnn) *THVMK. Ntamens with their anthers approaching in pdrs under tlie upper lip. Calyx tiil)u!ar. Flowers in a head like (duster, surroiunl.'d witli awl- shapeil brai!t.s, {C/iiiojK'fliiini) I'.Asii,. Calyx tuhular-bell-shiiped and 2 lipjied : cirolla curved upwards. Flowers few in loose elusters, {Md'tssK) "ISai.M. ri)per lip of the corolla concave, the whole throat intlated and fiiniitl shaped. Flowers large in tn\ked spikes, {Phiisontiiiia) Fai.sk Dkauo.MIKAU. Upper lip of tilt; corolla arched or hood-like. Calyx 2 lipi)ed, closed over the fruit, and Very veiny, the lips toothed; Howers in abractedshort spike, (Ii)'Hne1l(i)^v.\.v\\v.\\.. Not veiny, becoming helmet-shaped ; lips entire, (ScutdUlria) Sclli.cai'. V] <^ /a /y ^ ^7a ^V o / /A IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I \i^ 12 8 mil 2 2 IM 1.8 1.25 1-4 III 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 mmn •' i Iff '|| ■•a , I 184 rOPULAR FLORA. ' Calyx not c-lipped, lo-tiiothcd. riustpri! nuxilimy, liciidlikc. (.1/rtj'>M'//«»i) noKKiioUND. Calyx not a-liiiped and only 5-toc(l and inmli larger than the corolla, (MoluccdUu) *M0LL'CCA-Bakm. Hell-Hhaped or top-H)iapcd, much shorter than the corolla. ,, Anthers openini; crosswise : calyx-teetli Bpiny-poiuted, {f'alcf>iysis) HKMI'-NFnTI.K. Anthers oponiii<,' len;{thwise. Corolla not enhirged in the throat : stamens turned down after shedding tlieir pollen, {Stnrlii/,'<) Hkhuk-Nktti.E. Corolla eidarged in the throat : ciliint hairy, or in one variety smoothisli. Wet i)laoes. M. CaiKKitiisis. 2. I'Kl'l'KKMlNT. Smooth ; clusters of liowers crowded in short spikes ; leaves petioled, oblong or ovate. Jif. piptfitii. 3. Si'KAKMiNT. Nearly smooth ; spikes panicled ; leaves lance-ovate, almost sessile. M. viiidis. Horse Mint. Momirda. ' Herbs with mostly simple .stems,, and rather large flowers in close hend-like clusters at the summit of the stem, and around it in the axils of tlie upper leaves, surrounded by large bracts. * ]{oot perennial : ujtper liji of the narrow condla entire, the 2 htamens prtijeeting from it ; leaves lance-ovate or sli,'litly heart-sliapcd. 1. ]J.\I.M H. or ()s\VK(;() Tka. (ireon, rather hairy ; corolla long, bright red ; uppermost leaves and bmets tinged witii red. Moist banks, N., and in gardens. M. dhliima. 2. Co.MMO.nH. Pale, smoothisli or soft downy ; flowers iiur|dish or whitish, smaller. M. tintulosa. * * ]{oot animal : upper lip of the corolla notched : stamens not projecting. 3. DoTTKl) H. Leaves lance-.shaped ; bracts yellowish and purple ; corolla yellowish, purple- spotietl. Sandy soil, S. M, jiuncUita. Ssullcap. ScntcUitrla. "Well maikeil by the tubular ascending <-oi(dla (mostly blue or bluish-purple) with a strongly arched upper lip ; the calyx with two short entire lijis, closed after the corolla falls, and having an enlargement on the back, the whole becoming of the slmpe of a helmet. I-'l. summer. * Fldwer^ small, in axillary i-sided racemes. I. M.vn-noo S. Smootl , bmnched, slei del ; leaves lance-ovate or oblong, pointed, serrate, on slender stalks. Wet i)lace3. H, lateiijldra. * * Flowers in terminal racemes. • ^ ■ " a. L.\R«KU S. Hairy and rather clammy, r to 2" biol» '< leaves lienrt-shaped or ovate, wrinkled- veiny ; ni)per lip of the corolla blue, tiie lower |>ale and jiurple-spotted. S. and W. «S'. versicolor. 3. H.MUY S. Hairy, 1° to 3° high, slender ; leaves ovate, crenate, obtuse, veiny. S. pildsa. i ! rori'LAK FLORA. 1S5 4. Narrow-leaved S. Minutely hoary or il.oil ov.iry ; f.ilvx, &!■.. cut ;i«iiy. 448. T«« lit' till- r ]»■ iik>'lie< ill Ilii> c;ilyx ; tlif 1"'(i si'|i:il-< tiiHaiils lilt! eya an 1 two of tlic aldiii'M n-iiiovrd. 44:t. Akfiie tut tiir'^u-li Icinit'uvN.', TiinL'iiiliiil : 111"' wliii'c k ■lin'l iT.lnyir. 4'iii. Kliiwcis (if I'oiiiln'V, 4.'1. (••follni'iilari.'fil, lai>liPl>c'ii.slh>\viiii; the .-iliaiii siiilc, iutid'--, ami llf staiiiiMii. 449 "^41 41t> 147 * Oviny 4-pnrtef1, making 4 nkenes around the base of the style. Akenes or lobes erect, fixed by the lower end. separate from llie Ktyle, not priekly. Corolla somewhat irregular (the lobes rather uiieijual), funnel-shaped (blue or i)urple). Its throat naked and open : stamens protruding, rather unequal, ( Erhi'.nn) ViPKu's-IJrr.r.O.ss. Its throat closed by 5 ))hmt scales ; tube curved : stamens included, (L'/rojiKiK) Ilici/i.s.s. Corolla, kc, perfectly regular,. Its throat closed by 5 converging scales, one before each lobe. Corolla wheel-shajied ; its lolies aeute. I'bint rongb-brislly, (ni>n-i'itioliii) ScourioN-CtUAisH or FoHOF.T-ME-NOT. Two lobcji covering the others in the hud, ( Corolla Hhort, white or whitisli. funnelRlif>i>ed, {Lit.'i"i*/wnnmii) GlioMWKLt,. Corolla lonj?, orange-yellow, Halver-shaped, {LithoufwriinDii, Ji /idt.irliia) PltC(K).N, A kenea or lobes of the ovary prickly, fixed by their sidi; or upper end t() the base of the style. Corolla salver-shai)ed, with 5 8c;iks in the tliroat, Krect, prickly on the margins only. Flowers small, {F!chinoii}Hrmnm) Stickskki\ Ohlicpio or flattened from above, sliort-i>ricklyor rouj;li all over. {f'lntmildxSHm) Hounij'h-toN(;i;e. * * Ovary r.ot lobed, but splitting when ripe into 4 ukenos : corolla short, {Ifeliotrupium) *Hkljotrope. I J ■IS - ii: 6d. WATERLEAP FAMILY. Onl.r HYDUOPIIYLLACE.I^. Horb.^swith l(>l)e(], ooiuixunul, (tr l«»ot]KMl aiiell-shaiieove. The Water- leaf furnishes our ])rin(ipal ]»lants of the family that are (on nion wild. But .some Neniophilas and lMiai 45'1 Flower of VlrKliiii* Watnrlo.af. \'X enroHii l:il(1 hihmi, and fctametm. • 4.'V4. C^lyx mill youii^ pml, with the Ht,\li'. II miTLAH ri.oKA. icS; i 66. POLEMONIUM FAMILY. Or.l.r I'oiJ-MoMACK.K Ili-rlts. iKit twhiiii;^ (l)iit Colwa tlinilH In* t»'n|tiii;4Mi tliat oihmmIj^i' nfi-arli is (nitsidf of tliat licliiml it, I'lit iii-iih- of flu' next oiH'. FldWfis f^fiii'iaily haiulsomc. All tin- kimls ln-n' ^'ivcii aiecnltivatiMl ; l)iit the IMilnxcsaic wiM ill this rdiiiitrv (csjit'cially W. ami S. ), an*l 80 is one Pol«Miioniuiii. 'iilias aie jti'i'tty ;,'aifli'U annuals finm Califoinia, &c. ('i)l>a'a, which isjilaci'd hcM-.tlnni!.'!! vt'i y (lilftTt'nt fmm tin* rest, is a ,mvat- lloweied vine from Me.vico. 4rA 15"). KluwiTs (if I'IiIdx. 4Vi Klxwor-i i>r Prilcnioiiiiirii I'otollliillllllll, rut ai'lMKS. V,1 v.: i'...i..f C'liinbing l)y tendrils on the piiinnto leaves : flowers axillary, BJngle: calyx leafy : corolla bell-shaped, large but urple corolla round ami entire. Fl. early summer. P, reptuns. 188 I'Ol'ILAH TLOKA. 5. Si'UKAlUNc 1*. Stf'iiH iiNociHlinfr, 9' ti) 18' lii>;li, iiuIkt climimy ; leaves ovateohloiii; or lnoju! liinii! n1iii1)1'<1 ; cyme loosely (iowiieil ; lobt.'S of tlie pule lilac or hluUh corulla ^enorally oluronlate ami lather diNlmit from each other. Fl. spring, N. and W. P. ditarichtn, 6. (JiU)fM) 1*. or MctSM-l'iNK. riant i iceiiinj; ami tufte.l in flat nmtH ; leavog awl-Hhajud or laiico- liiirar, Minall, crowded ; corolla pink or rose-colour, with a darker eye, HonietimcM wiiitc^. Fl, Hpriny, in sandy or rocky soil. S. and K. p, ttibuhitd, • * (tardt>n unniial from Toxnfi. 7. DliiMMoNU's P. Hiither clammy, ))rancln'd ; leaves lance-oblong, the upper heartshnped at the bttso ; corolla crimson, purjile, or rose ciplour. lolu-s entire. P. I>ntmni6ii(lii. Polemonium. P'Jnndnium. 1. I'.i.i'K r. (Called in (gardens Jacob's Luihhr i.r drnk Valerian.) Stem erect, 1° or 2° hiijh, leafy; leafletH many ; seeds several. IN1)WKEI).* Calyx naked at the base: corolla bell-shnped, {Co)ir6lruhi>i) *CoNVOLVL'LL'.s or Calyx covered by 2 large bractlets : coi Ua funnel-form, (CalilSli'f/ia) P>11ACTKI >BlND\vi;ED. Plants with leafless whitish, reddish, or yellowish thread-like stems, twining over other plants, and attaching themselves to their baik, on which they feed : flowers in clusters: corolla bell-shapoil, with 5 scales iraide the stamens : pod 2-celled, cells 2-seeded : embryo spiral, without any cotyledons, (Ciiscuta) DODDER. duamoclit. Qiuhnodit. 1. Cyprkss-VINE Q. Leaves narrow, pinnately dissected into thread-shaped divisions; limb of the corolla rather deeply 5- lobed. tiarden annual. Q. r ulnar is, 2. Scarlet Q. Leaves heart-shaped, entire or neaily so ; corolla scarcely lobed, Q. coccinea. The low Threk-coi.oured Convolvulus (C. tricolor) is a garden annual. rol'i l,AK I'l.oUA. 189 . . . Morninj^ Glory, //unnfpu. ■...■■..' 1. Common M, Amitiiil ; Ktcm liairy. tlie liaim bent r Man 01 TiiK Kaiii II . Snioali : rus) ; altt'ittato lia\i> ; aiiil H-^iiIai- llowcis, with 5 r in !aiil-i soiiH'tiiiicM 6 or 7; iiiuslly ctiiial .-taiiifiis aii'I l |ii-tii. Ovaiv witli two ui' iimic cfU-i, ill fruit liccniiiin^' a iiiaiiy--ffilcil Ikmiv or pn 1. ( "i»i<»ll;v [ilaitfil in tln' hiiil, or valcat'\ i.e., the lubc-j jtlat-cil o'l^i; f* dlge. 4,-,3 «! 4.2 486 4.W. I'piicr part .if tin' i,.rolIa of Siratii'iniuiti iKL'. 1T7) la »«'i.l. 4."i:t. ('r.m-»pol|rtn "t \\\o «aiii<^, f) kIiow how It N i.laitH .t!.» fiild(Ml. 4i;il. I'lnwrr of Tiiliai' >i. 4ril. Its p ■! ail'i ■ alvx. 4l'.\! Sairii'. w ii li tli<' lippiT part rut iiHiiy. lliiJ. J-'lcitttr* ami l.tTI :•■* of UlttiTswiet .\it;lit>li:i>lr. 4r.l KIciw.i (,f lliiitiaiu-. ' 4tM. l'i«l "I U.'' *iiii", c.p.-iilni; l>y a liil. Corolla whcel-sliapeil : stamens closely converging or uniteil around the style (Fig. 182, 183). Fruit a herrj*. Anthers longer tlian the very short filaments, ami Connected with each otlier, opening length wise. Berry several-celled, {L//rrt/)K'mcH»i) *Tom.\to. Not grown together, openinj; at the top hy two pores, {Snh'inum) NightmHADR. Antlierssliorter than the filaments, heart-shaped, sepi.rate, opening lengtliwise. Berry pod-like, inflated, the pulp very pungent (Cayenne or Ked Pepper), (Capsicum) * Capmcvm. 1 ' - 1 " - 1^ Id '! 190 POriLAU FLUUA. Coiollii between wliool-Hljiipod and bell-Hlmpcd, or very open and short funnol-sliaped, witli nil almost entire bonier: iviitliers separate, shorter thin the filannMitH : calyx enlarged and cncloiiin^ tlie berry. f;.ilyx 5-lMbed,bi'coniih«a bladdery ba;,' around the (oatabU-) berry, {PhilAnliH) ( JKocND-rilKrmY. Cilyx sparti'd, tliodiviHidiiHbecoJiiing lieart-nhapeii : l)t'rry dry, {.\i d ii(ni) 'Al'l'LE-oK Tkul'. Corolla funnel -Mhapt'd, bell Hlmped, <»r tubular: HtanieuH Hcparati; : filanioiits hlender. Calyx 5 parted, K-afy. 8|treudinj; : stamens curved or uiierpial. Corolla bell shapeil : stamens curved: fruit a blaek berry dlcadly jxilsonoUH), {Atvopu) •J)K.\i)i.v NicnrsnAKK. Corolla funnel-shaited : stamens unequal: fruit a jhxI, (Pihhiia) •rKTl'NiA. Calyx 5-toothed or sdoln-d. 8iirul)hy, with vinedike branches and narrow leaves: cundla fuiniel-Hliuied, Miiall : fruit a berry, {Li/rinw) *.M.\Ti{ni(»NV-\ ink. Herbs (annuals), uii]>lea.sant-scented, mostly larfje-flowcrcd. Fruit a pod. Cor».lla (dull and veiny) and stamens rutlur irrt';,'nlar : pod in tiie uni-sliaped calyx, opeiiiM;;at the top liy a lid ( Kii;. 465), (Hiii>.iii/«iiii-it) He.nuank. Condla perfectly regular, (,'enerally lonfj funnel-shajjed. Calyx 5-anglfd, loni,', fallim,' away after flowerinj^ : p 45'''. {Dufih-a) HTU.VMo.Mi.M. Calyx not anijled, remaining around the smooth pod, which opens by several slits at the top, (NU'otiana) *ToUA(vo. The only genus which needs to have the sj'ecies enumerated is the If 'I I Nightshade. Solamtm. * Anthers blunt: jilants not prickly. 1. Common Nir.HTfiHADK. A very common low, much-branched, homely weed, in damp or shady grounds; root annual ; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed: flowers very small, white) berries l)iaik, small, said to be iioisonous, .S'. tiiijntm, 2. IJii'TKit.sWKKT N. Stem rather shrubby, climbing ; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, some of then» halb»'i(l-shai)ed or with an ear-like lobe at the base on one or both sides ; flowers blue-purplf, in small cymes ; berries bright red. Around dwellings, itc. (The flowers are represented in Fig. 182, as well as Fig. 463.) S. JJitlcinnitra. 3. Jkui'sai.KM ClIKUliY N. A low tree-shai)ed shrub, with lance-oblong and smooth entire leaves. scatiered ami small white Uuweis, succeeded by large bright red berries like cherries. Cnlti- vated in houses, itc. S. Paemhi-Cnitr.ivitvi, 4. Potato ok Tihkuois N. Shoots under ground bearing tubers (Fig. Co); leaves interruptedly jiiniiate; tiie leaflets very uneiiual, some of them minute; corolla only 5-angled (Fi-;. 183), white or blue. Cultivated. S. tulnrdsum. * * Anthers long atid taper-pointed : stems and leaves prickly. 5. Eog-Plant N. he ives ovate, w.ivy or somewhat lobed, downy ; berrj' oblong, purple or whit'sh, from the size of an egg to that of a melon, eatabl j when cooked. Cult. It'avos, witli two (»xcopti«)ns opposito, fossilc, ajnl ciitiif ; the K'j^iil.u lloWtTs liaviiij^ as many >laiiii'iis a-; tln'if art' IoIm-s |u tlm corolla, ainl altt-iiiatr with thi'iii ; .»ti},'iiia.s of liiamhi's ol'tht- >tyh' 2 ; po, u~nally in two lim-s. Tonic, ^i-nt-rally very hitter plants : none of them poisonous. I'lowi-js commonly laip' and hantl>omc. Leaves 8iin|il(', opixisite and sossili-. ('ciioljji with i\iv]i>\fnri>iiriihil>; i.r , f.uU with oiio I'll^t! ill jiiiii one out. ill tiie tutil. (\)rollii wlieel-slmiH'il, 3 tn 12-iiiirtcil, white i>r pink, in cvnies. .Stylo 2-pHrtcti^iiias iiml oftt-n tlio Ktvli'.salMiI tiibn iitiil 11 wb«');1-!t]ia|i(l Ixtnlor: Mty1*> t. LiMVcH ni'iH'iiillv ill wlmiN. Sliidti. willi liin;f n«, {Alioci/iium) DouiiANR. I, SrHKAIHNO J). 4C9 4418 Dogbane. Apoet/nnm. IbaiiciiOH of the low erect stem widely diverging ; Iiuvch ovato or oval ; cvtiion ffwtliiwcMMl ; lulieHiifi'iiriillii fh/ reciii vitl ; tube Hborter than the calyx. Thii kots, A:c. A. (iiiiirn.fniiifo.'iinn, 2. IIk.mp D. or Imuan IIkmp. Stem ami luaiiches erect or nNctinlin.: ; cymes fi'w flow- ered ; lobes of the corolla not recurved, tlie tube not longer tliuu the c:dy.\. A. '■iiiiiiu'iiiiinn, ■liX. Sinnmlt i<{ n |>l.iiit nf Ituxli.ni''. No. 1, will t\i<» 1)1 .iihI ||I'||n. lilT. I'Mowcis. I'lilieiti'il. 4i; . I'liiWiT «|ili ihi' CmiiiIIii cut ;iw:iy, lo HIkiW tllc> tiMlll'llS. i'V.i. '\'\ir st.iiii' lit takiMi ini;iy. ti stiowtim )i|sllU, iH.i i.V;ll|.-. Willi llic'il \ni, huxo Nli.-IIIIIH lllllK'll llltll OIH' iiia^i ITii. A xr.il, with Its I lift (if Umn Imlri "r iliiwii lU ciiu- I'liil. 71. MILKWEED FAMILY. Order ASCLEPIADACE.E. Plants with milky juici', tnnoh l»aik, and in tithci' rcsjKMts like tin- Doj^dianc family, liul with till' 5 ^hoit staiiit'iis all united l»y tlu'ir tilamt'iUs into a iin|,^ oi' tulie, the nntlu'is ^rown last to tin* laij^'c sti<,niia, and the j^iains of |iollcn in i-adi cidl cohcrin;^' into a waxy or toU|^li mass. FIowims in simplf uiiibfls. Pods a ])aii' of niany-sctMlod follich's : .seeds furnislietly climltiii^' iiluiits, with u|)jiic*it«' ninl lun^tly »'nin|>(nmil (itiimatr) Icivcb, iiinl inTlcrl llnwiT"* with a Halv»'r-!-liui>r<| cctrollii of 5 ix inoji' iolu's |tiii;,' in the l)iiv 3 oviiics in-ci t'lniii tlic hat*'- of t-ai!'- «'ll. No wihl siK'cit'M ; hilt ill jjanhii^aii'l imiiHfs \vf hav.- llif coniinuii .l>i..h,\mink. iwiiy, to liail-n or 'amily, If, {hi}. ii'iinj^ M't'ileil The ic two KWEKD. KWEED. 73. OLIVE FAMILY. n,.i.r oM:alic,l, anil th« lf)hts lutlnitf 'filj^'f to ('»l«^f ill tln' hiiil, hut tlif >t;iiiirii' only 2 ainl f-hort : soiiiitiiucH then- an- 4 (lisiinct ]»t'tals ; aiili. Cuiulla Halver-sliiijM'il or fuiiii, •■utile. Comlla saivtT sli.iped with a hai;,' t\ilie ; fruit a llat .i-s.-nlcd |i(iil, ( SVcf>i»/<» 1 '1,11 AC Ctirolhi Hhiiit, f-niiiel-sh:iiieil • fiuit a i or 2 sffileil horiy. I,n'i'fiiiiii\ "I'kivkt. Corolla of 4 very ion.; ami narrow petals, liarely iinited nt tli-' hottmn. iMiipe i Hoeiloil. Low tice or sluiih, wi h siinplf leiivex, aiid sh'iiiler iliimpiiiu jiaideles of delicate .siir>w-white hlossoiiis, {« 'hii>iiiiiitlni.i\ l''l(INiiK-TltKK. Corolla none : even tlie calyx small or Hninetiiint iione : Kt!iiiieii;i 2, larely s or .\. >>u the receptacle : fruit a key. winged at the top or all round, i-sct'ded. Tiees, with opposite pinnate leaves, (Fnixiniiii) A.SH. Lilac. Si/riti III. 1. Common Liiac. Leaves more ki h-s.s heart shaped ; ttowerrt lilac or whit*', in Kpriii^t. ("ulti- vated : one of the <'8 ; common N. /'. Kainliuri/olia. 5. Blue Ash. Lranchletssiiuare; leaflets 7 to 9, short-stalked, lance-ovute. W. F. quadmnyKldta. I 1 1 ■ I > r 1 ' 'h > il I i 1 194 rolTLAIl V\.0\{\. III. A|M*tiiloiiN IM^iNlon. 74 BIRTHWORT FAMILY, or.l.r AHlsToT.ocniArK.E. Ilfilw or twining vintn, witii in'rlVct aiiM«'r.s, the IuIm- of tin- j-IoIkmI colyx (•(ihiTfiit Willi thr6-t:elliMl ati'l niiuiy-scLMlt'il ovary. lii'.ivcs iiitwily lu-nrt- siijiiM'il (ir ki*li!i))>M|, iilid tilt ire, on \uU'^ Und- sliilks, altfrnate, or i-Imj lioin the root.stitok at the NiiiTace of tli(! ^roiwiil. liolie- (»!' tlie lalyx nlj^e to (mIi^c ill iht! lai'l, u.«iiallv liiill-c'olourc'tl. 471. riiiMf of OiiTiiiiIn A!*:iriiiii or \MM i;iiii."i. ill riim.r *:•: M^nfni- li< ■) tliiwi't ilh iili'il l<'i,^tU>M>. uii'l lli>> nilyx »pH'ii| Mill Hal 17:1. KluWiT. Willi till- li.lirHiif till- ml) X rut invay, mill tl viiiy ' lit iniiis. ITI Am'I'ii- rati' staliii'ii, moll' iiiau'iillli'il ; uiittiili! »lrw. 1::., M.iaiiilUtl (iciMl ilivlilfil IPIiKtliwUo. HtemlosH ln'ilta, with ii pair of leavcB ami a fl iwor liftwccii tluiii fioiii tlie Mpicy-tasted ami <'i»'i'j>iii>; lootstock : calyx sliurt. ^clcft or ^litlicd ; stuiiieiis u. witii fiimiit'iitH, wliioii an- tiiiitod nnlv with the haso of the thick o-lolii'd styU', ainl ;irf iKiinicil uliovt* the aiitliers, {Axurnm) \Vll-I)-GlN'GF.tt. Twining sliniliH i>f ilsr liiw hcilis: calyx a cvodkiil tiihr. with a iiaiinw tinoat ainl a 8]i;;htly 3-lohcil s|iit'ailiiiL,' Ixuihi ; staiiit'iis 0, t>t'>silo 011 the iiiitsiili' i.f tin- 3 inlii's of the Ht'ssilf sti^'iiia, i.e., 2 aiitlu'i-8 or 4 c»'11m to oach lobe, nttachfil to thtj sUgiiia liy tlitir whole Iciigtli : fruit li 6valvotl pod, tilled witli imiiu'ious flat .seeds, ( .1 ri.Htih'iiffi id ) ] !l liT IIWORT. Birth wort. AriMoUtchin. 1. Snaki HOOT n. ur VtI!(;inia Snakkkoot. Hell) 8' to 15' hijrh ; scvpiiil stems fioin n tufted root, downy ; llowi-rs home next the groiiiid, in jjeiieral shape much like the letter S ; leaves oldougdieart-shaped or halbeid-shaped. llich woods; hecoiiwiii.^ scaice. A. ttirpoiii'n'ia. 2. I'li'i: VINK 15. A tall woody climber, with rounded kidney sliaped leave.s, 8' or 12' broad when full f-rowii ; flower iV long, curved like n Dutch pipe; {jreenish outside, and with the short 3-Iobed Itorder brownpuride within. Alleghany Mouutaius, or near them ; and cultivated for arbours. a. Sipho. roriLAR FI-OHA. 195 76. MIRABILIS FAMILY. 0,1.1 NvrTA(;F\A(^K.K. FTiiP HMiiif wiM n'|irc>t'iiialiv«'.t lar wt-^i ami mmuIi. viz.: Oxymai'mis, v'^c., with Hrveral flu\v»'iM ill u ciilyx-lik.' iiivnlucn', tin- riiim»l-.-«liatif.l nilyx rn.Hi'-piirjiK', ami t-xurtly liki* a cornllu. Ami in ^^anlt'ii-t Miuaiuiik or Korii-o'Ci.dCK (-<> talltMl Irum tin- lldw.m opfiiiiiL,' late ill till' atU'riniiin) is ruiiiiiion. lieu* tlu-re is nnly one llnwi-r in tin- lu-ll- Hlinp«'tl iiivoliuMX', wliicli exaoily iiiiitatf.'* a calyx, wliilf tin* iar;.,'*' f'iiiiiu'l-f*|ia|M'.l calyx is JM^t likf the corolla of a Mornini,'-! Jltiiy. Stamens 5 : style i. Lcavos oppositi', ln'art-»liii|»'(l, loii^'-stalkiil. Tin- Common Foikm'Ci.ock m- MiiiAHiiis, fnim Nfcxico, well kimwii in ^inrlcii"!, is M, Jnfi/xi. nvoRT. (1 root, IfilVOH 11(1 1 via, when hliort ted fur Sipho, '1 . POKEWEED FAMILY. Is ri'pi't'M'tltetl witll us l.\ ollf, and tli.it a \i'iycoiiMiioii,-iM( ii'.-(if Pokeweed. /'hi/to/, icca. .Si'|tals ;, rounded, loncave. ]ift!il- like. wliite. .Stiiineiis lo. umli r tlio ovary. Ovary groeii, ciiiu| osed of lo y^^' l-Ht'fded ovarit's unittd into one : ^-^— - Ntjji'-. 10, nlniit and scparati'. l-'ruit 11 (laik criinmm lo-seeded lierry. A ciiar.se run k lieil>. witli a fliick. acrid, and ])(>i>«iiii>us lout, a lar^'c ]iitliy Hteiii. and alternate oMony; leaves ; tliu tliiwers ill racemes opposite the leaves. T,<)w and rich j;riinnd, every- wlit-re coininoii ; tloweiinic all sum- mer, ripening its ahundaiit berries in ord.r I'MVToLACC.VCK.K. ^ .!# ' autumn. J'. il(Ciiii({r(f, 47i;. Siimiiilt of -A (lowfrlni; liniiic li <<( I'.ikc- Wi'nI. s. Tlic small (Inwcrs and fruits make tliem too (KHiiMilt for the he'^inner. Tlie lollowin:^ key will le;i(l tiie student to tin; name of tiie ))rinci])al common kinds. LpuHoss titshy lierhs. in salt marslic-i, witli )•< rfcct fjowcrs in Ht-sliy spikcis. {SulHumin) HamJ'HIRE. Leafy licilis, witii liioiid (»r luoatlisli. generally ti-n'ifr leaves, not prickly ; ciiiyx wing- less. Fiowl ' jieifect. In clustfiH or sjiikeii ads; calyx hfcoining lioriy-like, iiltojjetlier nii.kini; a stiawticny-liivf red jmlpy fruit, {IVitnm) iJilTK. In small sessile dusters collected in spikes or panicles ; calyx dry and lierl):ice(ins. Akene thick and hard, helow adherent to the calyx. Leaves smooth, {Beta) *I5kkt. Akene very tliin and hreaking away from the seeii. Leaves often mealy. Pigweeds, (Chcnupwliiini) GoosKKOOT. Flowers nioniecinus : tin- fertile ones single in the axils of the leaves. Sea coast, and one rarely euliivatetl as a pot-herli. (A'tri/ilcx) OUAi'HE. Flowers dioe. 'ions, in spiked clusters: calyx over the fruit, witli 2 to 4 horns or pri>ji'CUons : leavts arrow-shaped, (Sfiinaria) *SPINAC'H. Leafy and much -branched plants on the sca-siiore ; the leaves ;iwl-shaj)od and pi ickly- tipped : tluwers perfect : calyx winged in fruit, (Sn.'no'n) Bai.TWOUT. 78. AMARANTH FAMILY. Order A^rARAXTACE E. Ileilis, mucii like the i:\st family in almost every eliaractor, excei't that the llowei's aie furnished wiiii 3 or more dry and scale-like thin hracts: tliese aie soimtimes hriiihtly coloured, so as to make showy clusters or hunclies, and, hein<,' dry, they do not wither after hlossomin.L,'. The little 1 -seeded jtod in luany cases is a pyxis (242), that is, it opens rotnnl the mi(hlle, tiie n]>iH*r 1 art falling: olF, as a lid. The common tK\ r.iil of Aiiin- 11 • 1 ' riiiiiii oiMjiiiiiK' i>y species l)eloii'4 niamlv to two ijcnera : — a till. ' " ' 1 Flowers in si)iked or ])atncled clusteis, terminal or axilhoy : stamens 5 or 3, separate : little pod opening l)y a lid. To tliis helongs one kind of I'iowkkd, and tiie riUNCE.s Fe.VTHEU, Love-LIESBI,KKI>1XG, Coxcomb, j)i'/rniii) *15li'K\viikaT. Cnlyx of 6 sejmls, ami All alike and iretal-like (white) : stamens 9 : styles 3, ilihatm) •HurB.vUB. 'J'hree outer ones herhaceousand siireadin;; : three inner larger, especially after llower- ing, when they close over the trians^ular iikeiie ; llowers diu'-ious : leaves sour, eared or halberd-shaped, i /.'«///(. r. J:,)(v/..j*.//<») SoKRKr„ Flowers i)erfect or polygamous : leaves hitter : coarse h.i lis. [Iliiiiif.r] Dock. Knot weed, f'olffjouum. * Flowers single or several together in the axils of the leaves, greenish or whitish : sheaths (stij)ules) cut-fringed or torn into narrow shreds. 1. Common Knotwkkd, Kn<)T(;uas.s, or (!(M)sk<;I(As,s. Spreadinv; on tiie ground, small ; leavef^ sessile, lance-shaped or oblong, pale ; a variety has nearly upright stems and oblong or ov.al leaves. The commonest weed in yards and waste places. P. aiirulikie, 2. Slender K. Upright, somewhat blanched ; leaves linear, acute, sheaths fringed. Dry soil. /'. tf'nue, * * Flowers in terminal heads, sjiikos, or racemes. +■ Not twining nor climbing, and leaves not heart-shaped nor arrow-shaped ; calyx petal-like and 5-parted, except ill No. 10. 3. OaiENTAi, K. or Pkixce's Fkatheh. Tall annual, 4' to 7' high ; leaves ovate ; si)ikes of rose. coloured flowers long and nodding; stamens 7 : akene flattish. Gardens. P. arinitnfe, 4. Watku K. Stems filiating in water, or rooting in mud, or upright ; leaves l.iiice-sliaped o\ oblong ; spike thick and short ; flowers rose-red ; stamens 5 ; styles 2. /'. (tmfiiiUiiinn, 5. Pennsylvania K. Stem upright, T to 3' high ; leaves lance-shaiied ; spike oVdong, thick, erect, its peduncle beset with club-shaped bristles or glands ; flowers rose-colouretl ; stamens 8 ; akene flat. Moist ground. P. J'ltniKi/lrdnicum. 6. Lady's-Thcmm K. Stems, &c., like tlie last and next, but no bristles on the peduncle; loaves with a daiker spot on tiie upper side ; spike sliort and thick, erect; flowers greenish-purple ; stamens 6. Very common in waste i)laces. /'. Persivuria. 7. Smaktweei) or "WATKli-rK.i'i'K.u K. Upright, annual, i'' or 2' high, very acrid and biting to the taste ; leaves and also the greenish sepals marked with fine transparent dots ; spikes short but loose, drooping ; akene flattisli or bluntly triangular. JMoist ground, common in waste places, yards, and near dwellings. P. H ;idro}i\pe,\ 8. Wild Smautweeo K. Upright, 1'' to 3° high from a perennial root, biting like the last, and th« leaves dotted ; spikes very slender, erect, whitisli or flesh-colour ; stamens 8 ; styles 3 ; akeut sharply triangular. Wet places. P. aci'e, 9. Mild Wateii-I'EPI'KH K. Upright. 1^ to 3° high ; often creei>iiig at the base and rooting in water ; leaves roughish, not biting, narrowly lance-shaped ; spikes slender, erect, rose-colour ; stamens 8 ; style 3-cleft at the top ; akene sharply triangular. Shallow water. P. Iii/dropijiei'f'ulcs. 10. Virginia K. Stem 2° to 4" high, angled; leaves large, ovate or lancoovate, taper-pointed; ii ill -j -.-; i ! I • ! "? vJ. ') i_ 198 I'Ol'l LAl; 1I.()I{A, flowers scattered in n long ninl luikiMl sleiidor si)iko ; cnlyx greenish, 4 iiartcd ; stinnenK 5 ; Htyle.s 5!, bent down in fruit. Tliitkuls. J'. Viviiuiiiiiiitm. -t- ■+- Sunifwlmt clind)iii^,', or Kupportcd liy recurved simrp ]>iickly briKtles on the strong angluH uf the stems, &c. ; flowers wliite or flt'sli-ccdour in sniall racemes or lieads ; root annual. The prickly angles cut like a saw, whence the jiliints are called 'J'enrTlntvih. II. Ahi{<)\v-i.k.\vi:u K. Leaves arrow sliapcil (Ki;,'. 100), .short-sialked; akeiie3 angled. P. sni/ittatuin, 18, JIa1-HKKI» I.KAVKl) K. Leaves halberd shaped (Fig. 102), long stalked ; akene flattish. Low grounds. J', (trifdlittm. •*- -t- -i- Twining annuals, with smooth stems and greenish oi- whitish flowers in lumicled racemes ; leaves heart-shaped and jiartly hallierd-sliaped. 13. Cl.lMUlNG K. Smooth, cdind)ing hi;;h over shrubs, itc. ; racemes leafy; 3 of the calyx lobes more or less winged in fruit. 'J'liiekets in low grouml. J', duiintbrum. 14. LlN'DWKKI) K. Low, stems roughish ; racemes eorymbed ; 3 if tiie calyx-loltes ridged in the middle. Cult, an I waste grounds. J>, Coino/fidus. 80. LAUREL FAMILY. Onhr LAUHACK.E. Trees or slirubs, with spii-y hark and h-aves ; tlu," liiikT luiukud witli Innisparcnt dotn under a inaguiryin,i;-^'hiss, alternate and .'simple ; the calyx of 6 petal-like .-^cprvls. Stamens *^ ■ "*'•' 9 or 12 on llie very hoi- toni of the calyx ; the anthers opcnin;^ hy up- lifted vidve.'^. Pistil sini- ]de, with a i -celled ovary, in fruit forming a herry or drupe, i- seeded. Flowers t^ene- rally ]tolyL:amou.sortli{e- cious in .'^prin;^. — A very Avell -marked family, mo.stly in hot countrie.'*, but we iMissess two or •-■•■•»-■'■;• ....*.... , , ,-, .,-, - Pl-til, Willi till' (iviiiy (liviilril til sliuwth'Miviik' liaiiyiiit; fi'um the loji. ISS. l.i.iil iml cliiMUr ♦l,^..,i vui\ir>t ;»t" the family ; />'ti'liiin Mt- rxiruiii is a hardy low sliMih in ;;aiiteaiiiigoailief than tli3 leaves. •I'.llt. I"lu\V.-ririi.'lil:lll(lllrt uri.fllll.-T. u I. 4I)|. r.iuiii'li with lull iL-i' ;iimI fruit, -lilj .A llnwr'. iii.ij;iiirn'il I'.i:'. S mil', iiiuir iiiii^iiiriiil, tlit' t;ily.\ lai'l i>l»'ii. Calyx salver-sliajx'd oi- fiiiniel-sliiipcil. tjciierally rosc-celour, the Ixuder -i-lolted : st;iitiens 8, in two .sets, iiHrhid.Ml ; tilaiiionts liiudly any, {/)'i/i/nn') *l)AriINK. Calyx tubular, jiale yt'll(»\v, with no .s))reacling bonier, ub.«curely 4-t<)othe(l : stnnieiisS, with long j)iotiuile(l fihiincnts, (l)ircaj Lkathkuwood. -! or |H. 82. NETTLE FAMILY, oni.r t^KTIC.ack.K. Monrecious, diceeious, or haifly polygamous hei'hs, ,-hruiis, or trees, with stipules, and a re;^ular calyx, free from the ovary, which foiiiis a i-sei-ded fruit, hivides into foui- distinct sulifaniilies wliich iiii^ht he reckoned as families, viz. :— I. ?]LM HcBK.VMir.v. Trees, with alternate simple leaves, and itolygainous or often neiirly jiei feet flowers ; styles or long stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celle(l, a hanging ovnle in each cell : stamens 4 to q. Flowers earlier than the leaves. Fruit a thin key, winged all round, i-seeded (Fig. 207), {Uliiius) ]-I,M. Ovary 1 -cflUd, with i hai.giiig uvule ; stamens 5 or 6. Fruit a small drupe. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, (Ce/ti)i) Hackbkkkv. II. HREADFKUIT SlBF.\Mir,v. Trc.'s. with a milky or coloured juice, and alternate leaves ; the tl )wers in heads or catKindike spikes, the feitiie ones tlifshy in fruit, or lioth kiuds in a tle.-liy receptacle. Styles i or 2 : ovaiy beconnng an akene in fruit. Inner bark often tough and tibioiis. Flowers, of both kinds mixed, enclosed in a pear-shaped tle.ihy receptacle like a rose- hip which is pulpy when ripe. (Ficus) *Fi(i. 200 I'OIM'I.AU ri.OKA. II i < \ u riowern niomwoioun, liotlj kiixN in Ni>|mritto onikin liko N|tikoii; llir cnlvx, Ao., in tho fi'itilo sort l>oo<»miiiij; )lo»liy ntiil ont»l>I«', making a IxTiii'tl inulti|ilo fiuil ( J.|l\ V\^. ii\). Stimiciit |. Slyli'N J. (. I/. .;•((,•() Mri.llKIUIV. l-'lowpin «Uu<«"ii»uK , 1l»t' f(>i tile niH't t-nllciiicil ill It fltmi' iitiil n»mnl ln'nil, wliji'h in (losliy in fruil. StaiiK'iiH 4. Styl<' 1. Stt'iilo llowiMH ill Mi'ikfM. I.ciucs loinnl (i\m1(< m licmi Hlia)>i>i1, r(iu)jli aliovo, Noft. iii tin) * I'AI'KuMri.liKllnv. StPiilo rti)Wor« ill iiiooiiU'f«. LoavoN uhluiig, Miutntli ivlmvo, ciiliii' ; Inaiichli'tN >*l>iiiy, (.l/rr(7»}m) 'Omaok OllANdK. III. NKT'ri.K SiiiKAMH.Y Hovlis (in this coniitiy). wilh «i|)|<(i»ito or iiltoniafc Iimivi-h, 11 tdimh I'.hi'ixis hat k. aiiil a ruldnilrsM jni«tv I'Mowcih iiioiiii>taiiii'iiM ol' (ii(> Kunu> nninlioi an i\u; NopalN, Ovary 1 oclloil, ami Hlyl<> 111 Mti|^iiia only 1 ; fruit an akono. (irrncii) NnTi.i:, o com »>n riants Ix'sot with slin^inu hristlon. l.oavoH (»p|iosit«» . Nopals .J in liolli kitiils of lliiwors : stiKimv " little tnfl. \(ii'i l.iMVos altoniato : sepals 5 in tho sterile, .\ uneiivial 01 j in the feitile. lloweiH : Nti)tiua awl shapoii. {lAipftvInt) Wood Nittii;. riants (lestitnto of ytin);ini; hairs, and \'ery sini>otli • leavis oppoMie : sepals n'l' ). "''P'li'i'*'' : sti;;nia a t nft, (/'i/(. Smooth or hairy ; leaves ofliMi aluMiiate : calyx in tho f»>itil«> tlowera a cup with a narrow month enolosinjj the tivary. Sti^'tna loiii; and tliiead Nha] iil : tlower-elusteis naked, in spikes. ( liohmiriii) I''a!,nic-Nkiti,i:. Stijima a little tuft : lloweis in axillary oyiiies or clusters, aeeoiniianiud hy hMfy hr.iots. (/'iiiiifi'iriii) rKii.lToitY. IV. HK^ir SiiUAMn.>. Heihs. with ss jniee, tihrons ton<^h hark, and ipposite. 01 sometimes ahiMiiate, ]>alniately lohed 01 eonipomid lou^iiisli leaves. Sleiile flowers in ompound racemes or panicles, with 5 sepals and 5 stamens. Fertile flowers crowded, and with only I sei>al. whii h cmhraces the ovary and akcne : stigunis j, huig. Ucrh erect, animal : leaves of ; to 7 lance slipped toothed leaflets. Stamens droopinji. Kertilo flowers in spiked clusters, each with a nainvw hract, [('innied amUohed. Fertile flowers in short ;in ' scaly catkins, with hroad and thin liracts, in fruit makin<; a sort of mem- hianaceous cone, \JJumulits) Uov, 83. PLANE-TREE FAMILY. Order TLATANACEE. Tills coiisisU^ only ot tho goint.>< Plane Tree. PhitaDus. Flowers moravMous. in scpaiate round catkin like heads. No calyx nor corolla to cither kind. Steiile flowers consisting of short stamens ami cluh-shaped scales intermixed: fertile flowers, of little scales and ovaries, which hecome cluh-shaped akeiies. covered holow with long hairs. Style nwl -shaped, simple. Tree, with colourless, juice, alternate palmately-lohed loaves and sheathing stipules. Only one species in this country, viz :— American P., Stcamouk. or Bitto.vwooik A well-known tree by river-banks. P. occidentulis. I'Ol'l LAU FLUKA. 20 I M'. .1. 04. WALNUT KAMIIiY. n,.|. r .f I (Jl.ANDAfK.K 'riiiilii'i ami tint tn<'-'. witli ;ill ,ti|tiilf« ; tin- Hlciilc IIuwmth ill liaii'^'iii^ lalkiii^ fiml witli an 11 umiiIhi' ,)ilv\ ; llif fi'itilf miic^ ••iiii^lf or fi-w fojfi-tlMT at I 111- rii.| III' a sill Mil ; llirir I al\ \ < cilidi'Ml u itli llif ..\ai \ , aipl |-lu. .tlinl at il < • iiiMiiif. Fniit a kiml I'l tiiiii' I'liiit ; llif >iiit< 1 |i,iil lin i.iiiiii'^ ^ a j^n-al fiiiln \ i». wil h I Ik rulylfilitiM -i' pa rat* 'I, lnlicij, ati' fniit. lliin, ami not <«)>|iiiiiitiiiK into viIvcm or ■-•■^niliir pircrs. Itrnk iiihI Iimiimi'iI Iimvch Htriiii;;-KC('iiti-i| miii HfaiiiiiiK liroMrti. I,<'iif- ImkIh iH'in ly iiiikiMJ, {J iiiihiii») W'ai.NITi I'.nkiiiH ) or inon' oil one )Hiliiiii;l<' : stann'iK ^ to fi ; iititlirrN ithiioHt, HOHNih!. No iM-tiiln in tli« fi'itiif llowcrs Mli-iiia laij'', | 1' I. IIihU i.f tin- fruit. K|ilii,i Inu' into foiii |.icr(.H or ViilvcH, wlii(;li Hi'iniiat)- fimn tin? hiiiuotii hIuho or Hlitll. Wood vt-iy liaMJ ainl (oiigli. Loaf laiilH Hciily (Kijj. 55), {''dri/n) llitKOitr. Walnut, Jin/lainf. I. r.l.Ai K N\'.\l,Nil'. Li-avcs and Htalk-i Miiootiii.Hli ; liali'-tH tnaiiv, iaiicf-ovrit"', tajuT jiointiwl ; fruit ioiiikI, tlic thin iin»k iliyin;( <(!! the vny roii^ii Htonc. ('oninion W. ./. »»///>•'/, a lilTtKHNi'i, or ( .ni'.v It AKKKli W. LoiivcM, Htiilks, iiinl oi)lotiK' fruit claininy-il«)wny wli.-n yonuff, tlif HtoiM) wiili nioiT! iii:;;;»'(i riii;,'''H, ami tr<'<; Hniallcr than No. i. ./. riiima. 3. Tllll': or Knuusii W. Smonrii ; icntli'ts only aixnit 9, oliiont; ; fruit Kinml; liimk K<'|iaratin({ from thu tliin ami nearly kiikhjiIi .stom-, ( 'ultivatiMJ, from tliu Soittli of Kuio|io. J, rrijin. Hickory, t'dri/a. * I'luit ami stoiKj round or roiindiHli. 1. SllA(;iiAliK If. (also called StlKi.l,lt.\l!K or Swkkt H.) I'.iik oti tiu; trunk Hlia«i,'.v 'iiid Mfaling off; Ifallcts |;(ni('ially 5, tliifi' of tlM-ni laiicr oltovati!. tlic Iowct pair Htnaller urwl oldon'.^ ianocol.itt;, finely 8erriit<> ; husk thick ; stoiio muiidish, thick <»r thin ; H'.ed vory HW(»;t : furnixho.H tiie liickory-nutH of tin* maik'tt. ('. tilhn. 2. MdCKKliNin' H. IJatk crackrMl on the larger trunks; lofifietH 7 to 9, rou^hiidi-downy honeath, HliL;htly serrate, olilon;; lancfoliitc ; catkins hiiiry ; huHk and stone veiy tiiick; si-ed sweeiisli liut Mii.di. ('■iinnioii S. and W. ('. tiimtiitona. 3. riCNin' II. l»irk clost) imd .smooth ; leaflets 5 to 7, smooth, lance-ovute, lerrate ; fruit j>ear- sliaped or oliovatc, the husk and stone lather tiiin ; seed sweetish or hitterish, small. C, fflahrn. 4. lilTl'KKNi T or SWAMI' H. Dark of trunk smooth ; buds little scaly : leaflets 7 to n, lance-oblong, smooth ; husk and stone of the fruit thin and tender ; seei(Miht llowcrs in slender ciitkiii-; (or in licatl-likc clusicrH in tlic Httecii) ; \hv li'ililt; ilower.-f .-uiroinnlL'd wiih an involucre which forms acup, bur, or ba;^ around the luit. Fci tilo lldwers sciitterctl, or 2 or 3 t(),i;('tlier, tlu'ir Involucri" i-fl()\vt'itil, of niaiiy little scnlcs, forniiiiij a cup arouml tlio base of tlie hard imd roundish imt or nooni (Ki;:. :o5\ {Qiirrcua) Oak. Involucre containing 2 or 3 floweis, btHoniini,' a voi y ]prickly iind closed bur enclos- ing tlie nuts, and splitting into 4 thick ]iieci's. Nuts I to 3, roundish or Hattish, thin-shelled. Sterile catkins long, (C(iHti'inea) Chestnut. Nuts 2, sharply 3-arigled. Sterile catkins like a litml like (duster, {Fhoiik) IiKI-X'H. Involucre a leafy cup, lol)ed or torn at the end, lunger than the bony nut, (LYiriiliiH) Hazki,. Fertile tloweis also collected in a kind of calkin. Nut small like an akene. Inv(ducre an open 3-lohed leaf, 2-Hiiwered, {('(tr/ilniin) HohnhkAM. Involucre a closed bladdery bag, i-tlowercd, the wliide calkin making a fruit like u hop in general appearance, (OstriKt) lIur-IIouNHEAM. Oak. Qito-ciix. * Acorn ripening the first year; therefore borne on shuots of the season : cups stalked, except in No. 2 : kernel generally sweet-tasted. I. OvEUCl'P or I>t'l{ Oak. Leaves obovatc. siiiuate-])iiinatifid. whitish-downy l)encath ; acorn i' or i.y long, in a deep cu]) with a mossy-fringed buidei . Q. iniicii>rdr}iinnatitid, with 3 to 7 blunt lobes; cup saucer-shajjed, much shorter than tlie acorn. Small tree. Q. nhtiinUoha. 3. AVniTIC Oak. Leaves smooth when full grown, pale beneath. piiinatiti. alhii. 4. SWAMI' ('tIKSTNi'T-()AK. Leaves obovate, whitish-downy beneath, coarsely and I)lunt1y toothed or sinuate ; cuji thick, hemispherical, with stout or pointed scales ; acorn oval. 1' long. Q. i'l-iinm^ 5. Yki.i.oW CnicsTNl'T Oak. Leaves lance-oblong, or oblong, acute, whitish, but scarcely downy beneath, rather sharply and eveidy toothed ; cup thin, and acorn smaller than in No. .}. Hich woods. Q, ('(ititihiat, 6. ('MiNiit'AriN Oak. Much like No. 4, but a mere shrub, 2"' to 6^ high, with a thin cnj) and a smaller acorn. Sandy, barren soil. Q. jiriiKudci, * * Acorn ripening in the autumn of the second year ; ripe fruit therefore on wood two years old, sessile : kernel bitter. +- Leaves entire or neaily so. narrow. 7. LiVK Oak. Leaves thick, evergreen, hoary beneath, oblong, small. Sea-coast, S. Q. vircns, 8. Willow Oak. Leaves light green, smooth, lance-linear, tapering, 3' or 4' lung. S. and W. Q. PhcUvS. 9. Shinglk or L.VUREL O.VK. LtMives shining above, rather downy beneath, lance-oblong, thickish ; cup saucer-shaped ; acorn globular. Common S. and "NV. Q. inibricdria. POPrLAU rL(1KA. 203 -t- -*- Leaves or somu of them a little Ictbed, broador upwanlH. 10. "NVatkh O.vk. Leaves smooth ami shining, spatulate or weil'jje-obovate, with a tapering base ; cup very short; ucorn jjlobulur. Swamps, S. V, ittjtidtira, 11. I'lack-.Tack Oak. Leave-i tliick ami l,ir_'<', bmaiUy \ve(^^'e-shapo(l, ami with 3 or 5 obsctiro lolios at tilt' stiiiiiiiit, shilling above, rusty-tlowny beneath, the loben or teetii bristle jiointcd. Small tree, in barrens. Q. nn/ru. -t- -<- -H Leaves pinnatifiil r V)bcil, long-stalked, the htbes or teeth bristle-pointed. 12. PiKAU or Sciun Oak. Leaves wedge-obovate, slightly iibimt 5 lobed, whitish-downy beneath. A crookt'd siiriib, 3 to 8 high ; in barrens and rocky wuuds. (^. iliciio'in. ^3- SrANisii Oak. l.t-avi's greyisli-dnwny beneath, Uiiiii'W above, and with 3 to 5 irregular and narrow often curveil lobes ; aconi very siioit. Dry soil, S. and K. A tine tree. (,'. htlititu, 14. Ql'EUciTUoN Oak. Leaves rusty-dowiiy when youm,', becoming nearly smooth when obi, oblong- obovate, sinnate-iiimmtilid ; cup tl>p-^ll:lJled, coarse-scaly; acorn globular or tiepressed. Larga tree; the inner l)aik thick mid yellow, used for dyeing. Q, Ihidoi'iit, 15. Si'AHi.KT Oak. Very like the last. Imt the ov;d or obloiv.,' leaves smooth and shining, deeply j>iniiatifid (turning deep scarlet in aiitumiij, the lobes cut-toothed ; acorn rather loii;,»'r than wide. L.trge tree, common in rich woods. Q. CDiriiica, 16. liKO Oak. Le;ives smooth, pide beneath, oblong or rather obovate, with 4 to 6 sboit lobes on each side ; mcoiii olilongoval. i' long, with a short saucer-shaped cup of tine sc.des. ("oinmon tree in rocky woods. I'^c. (,>. rc'./vt. 17. Pin or Swamp Siwnish Oak. Leaves smooth and bright green on both sides, deeply pin. iiatitid, oblong; the loijes diverging, out and toothed, acute; acorn globular, only .V long. Low grounds, X. (J. iniliistris. 86. BIRCH FAMILY. Ord. r F.KTULACE.K. ^rdiKi'cidUs tiffs. witli >iiu]ili' sfi'ratc le.ivi's, ami Lutli kinds <>[' llnwcrs in scily catkiufj (Fij^f. 141'), twii 111' tlucc lilM--i.ni- uinler r.icli x'.iji'. SU'iilf tl'iwiTs cicji witli 4 .-taiiu'li.s and ii siipijl calyx : icrtilc tlowt-is with a 2-r(dlt'(l {(\;uv bcaiiiiu 2 Ioiil; sti:4iiias, and ill fruit iK'cnniin,^' a scale-like akmc m .-mail key. (^nly tun Ljcnera : — Sterile flowers with a calyx of tme scale : feitile tlowt'is 3 uiidei- each 3-lobed bract; each consisting of a naked ovary, in fruit becoming a liroad-winged little key. IJark and twigs iiromatic, (lit'tiihi) BlKCH. Sterile flowers generally with a 4-p;irted calyx ; fertile catkins short and thick, with liard scales, not falling olT ; fruit generally wingless, {Ainni<) Al.DKK. Birch. Bt'tula. 1. White Birch. A small and slender tree, with white outer bark ; leaves triangular, very taper- l)ointe(l, on long and slender stalks. Common E. Ji. u/Ixt, 2. Paper Ii. A large tree, with white outer bark, peeling off in papery layers, and ovate or heart- shaped leaves. Common N. Ji. papijriit'ea. 3. RiVKR B. Tree, with ovate and angled acutisli leaves, on short stalks, a brownish close bark, and short woolly fertile catkins. Common S. and W. B. nii/va. il 1 204 POri'LAU FLOHA. 4. CllKltnv or SwKKT H. Titi-, witli lit-ait-ovutr uiid piiiiitid ItHVf'M. downy 011 tlie veins Itonoath, ami II oloMO Imik, Itronzo-coluiutMl uii tlu; twij^s, wliich uio Hpicy-tusteil, liku tliu folinjje of l-'lieckerlicriy. C'oiiiinon N. Ji. knta. 87. SWEET-GALE FAMILY. Onl.r MVinc.ACK.K. Shrubs (^fciit'iiilly low), with IVa^^riint altcniHtc heaves ; ami w itli catkins luucli as in thf liiich faiiiily, hut short and with only oir- iiaiicil Mio-oin under cath scaU- ; the o\arv t'lirniini^r ;i Jijil,. mit oi' dry (li'iijif. Flowers inoiia'cions : fcitilr ciitkiiiH roiiiiil and Imr-Iikc: t'niit a smooth little n»it. Leaves lance linear, iiiiiniititid. Fei ii-like, wiiiiicc tin; coniinon name, H'lniiiiliinia) Svtket-Fkhn'. Flowers diceoious : scales of the fertile catkins fallirj,' off, and Itavinj; only the small round fruits, which are incrusted with wax. and so ajipear like druiM-s. Leaves entile or serrate, (Miinrn). One species in wet grounds. N., with wedge-liinceolftte jmle leaves, (.1/. fluh ) S\VKKTi(dlai, dlie Milt of 2 ol' nioic >tanieiis uuiler a M-aly hract ; the other of a i-cellcil |ii.-til witli 2 styles or >tiL;nias, niakini: a many-seeded jtod ; tiie >etMls liearin;^ a hni;^' tui't of down. Leaves alternate and siniple : woo(l soft and li;4ht : hark hitt.-r. The AVillows are of very many s]iecies, an, Slioot iiiiil fcrtiii' oatkiii of tin' saiiit». 4'.C. A pi-it illalf llo\V(.T Willi its sOiile iiiid i,'li""l liiagul- lifil Scales of the catkins entire : stamen.s 2 to 6 : stigmns short : leaves narrow, (Safix) WiLLOW. Scales of the catkins cut-lobed ; stamens 8 to 40 ; stigmas long: leaves broad. Scaly leaf -buds covered with a resinous varnish, (P6pnlus) PoPLAR. roriJLAH FLORA. 205 ..f the f'om- lillr iU saiiio. ll,OW. 'LAR. 89, PINE FAMILY, n,.!, , (ONlKKli.K. Tlio only familiar family of ( Jymiiosjtciinous Plants '218, 250 , (•oii>i>tiii;,' of tifo or -111 tilts, with H'siiiliai>t'il(»iiit'tMll«'-slia|»»'il lt'avi's,nnil moiid'ciuiisMrdinTJoiH llowfis (if a Vfiy siiii|ilt' soil, and cnlit rt<ortant lindier-tiees, and the prinripal everi^reeii forest-tree- of Nortiiein climates, ll consists of ihrtr well-marki'd siilifamilio ;-— m 4!K) i'.ix. Krriilf IliiHiTu, or yuiin^j wers few, in a roMiidfd catkin, fnrnied of scales which are generally thickened at the top, and witiioiit any bracts, hearing one or more ovides at the Ijuttma. liCaves scale-like or awl-shaiicil. Leaf-lmds without any scales. \ Flowers moniecious. Cone diy, oiiening at maturity. Leaves deciiluous and ilelicate, linear, 2-ranked. Cone round and wooiiy, each shield- ■shaped scale 2-seeded, [Tuxijiliuiu) JJai.d-Cvpuk.s.s. Leaves evergreen, small, scale-like and awl-shajiod (of two shapes). Cone woody and round; the scales sliield-shaped. {<'iiprf'ntiii.<<) CvPHKS.s * Cone of a few obhmg and nearly tlat loost- scales n'"ig. 4Hveii 3 or 3 ill A Nhciitli, rixiil : Imik of tico idii^Ii HcitlcNof tlii> i-hiicm wooily, tliickt'iinl on tll0 Itiii'k lit tlio ciiil, ami ((iiniiMiiily ti|i|)i'i| wiili a |ii-irklv |>iiiiit. I. .Ikiihky or Srmii I'ink. I,»Mvrsiii tw.m, only iilMnit j' lonn, ,\ Hliax'^liii^' Iiim', S. ninl V.. P. »«»»/».♦. .'. I{i:i> I'INK (wiiMiKly (lallctl Annnii/ I'iui) ; K'avi'H in twon, t;' or '>' Ion;; ; hcuIch of tin' coimh not poiiiti'il. \ lai^ji' liri', N, /'. if.tiiiuaii, 3. YkI.I-u\v Pink. Li>avi>N sIcihIit in twos or threes, \' to 5' long ; conus small, tli.ir Hcal.'s li|>|i)'il xvilli a weak pin'klv point. /*. unltx, .\. I'lTcli I'INK. licavrs ri;;iil, dark j,'riM'ii, in tliii-i'M, \' to 5' loiin ; roiws with nntoiit jirickly jioint (l''in. jj.j). Conimoii N. /'. rnjulii, 5, Loiit.oi.i.v I'INK. l I'lNi:. 1,1'avc's in tlirccH, 8' to 1 1' loii^j, tlaik ;;i('('ii ; eoiioH i>' to H' Ion;;. Commnn S. ami K. /'. iiiinlfiihii. * * Li-avfH 5 tt).:;i'tlior, hIcikIit : liaik of yoniiv! trci' snmotli mi alis of loiif nakiil ami not tliii'kt«lir«l. 7, AVlUTK I'INK. Lt'uvt'H paU' iiiii'ii ; loms miiiow, |' m s Ion.;, Iiaii^inj;. A lar;,'i! tiii', in inoi.Ht woods Noitli, with soft li^lif woud. /'. Striihiin, Larch, /.mii: 1, Amkuk AN I.Anrri or r\M\ii\iK. Lcavrs very MU-ndor, nliort ; ronrs not ovi-r i' Ion;;, of few loMiidt d >i'ali'N. JSwamps, N. L. Aiiiirii-aiiii. 2. KlHoi'KAN l,AH( II. .\ fultivuti'd trci'. witli longer li' coiioh than our wild spocios. tlif sfali's ihrco linns as many. A. /•'iirnpihi. Fir or Spruce. .lA/'.<. * Cones npiinht on slioi t .■(i/,-«niiiii. * * ('oiirs lianginp; from the ends of liranchcs, not falling; to jjIccch. 2. ITl-MI.ocK SlMilcK. Li'uvfs lintai, llal , .V lolit;^ :2'-raidvcd ; ooiit's oval, f,' Ioii.l;. Hills. .1 . ( 'tl IHIl/( II.IIX. 3. I'll AcK SriucK. I.;-av(S nct'dlf shaped, .(sidi'd, not J-raidu'd. uniformly t^roon ; coiies ovale, i to I.V loiii;, with tluM edj;ed scales. Swamp-; and cold woods. .1. ini/ni. 4. WillTK or SiNiil.K Si'KlCK. ('ones oithmi; i v Imdrie.d, i' or :;' loni;, tlie scales witli tlncili,>ils of throe, linear-awl-shaped, j rlckly- ./. (•(huniums. 1st; jiointcd, green heneatli. white ahove ; henies d :rk purp'.e. Dry iiills, X. 2. S.WIN J. or Red C'kdah. S'.:rul) or tiee ; leaves small and miicli ciowded, awl-shn])ed and lu( on vi>roious shoots ; on others snn llel. scale-hke. ami i h ly overlyini; eacli otiier m .[ r inks berries purplish with a white liloom. D y liiil-. W..o.i nddisii. very durable. J. ]'in/initnta. I'dlTLAH ll.oKA. 207 tilt! Ivalf, I mill. |,((;t7s«. Inckly- |l U)().-t: ■aiiks ; (LASS II. KNIKMIKNS oK M( )N( H 'O'l'V M-llM >NS. S/riii liiivin;,' till' woimI in thn-iKls or Imiifllrs, iiit«'rs|M'is»'i| lunoii;; tln' pith or iii^' Ity iiimiiul liiycis. I.Kirrs pnrnllt'l vciiH'd. imt IdJiMcliiii;; iiidI f'onniii;; iiirslirs of net work. '!'«» this sniiH' Arums, 'riilliuni, (Jn-piihi i»T. \i\, mr rxcrpt ions, hiiviiij< iiioru or h-NS iic'tt»'«l Ncins. /y.'-^ ^'1 /fttii V,i/ 1 •: : '^i ;'; '); 'p: i 1 ■'! ; ;''i'i^'. 1!' 1;' i , !'l ■ v' 'i '■'■ ''■ '■' 1 ' :,' !■ ; ■'■ ■ ■• It ■ ■ 'I ''1 •1' ('■ »■ i' ''1,1 1.',' 1 •;■' "in I 'i !■,' TiiKl Kim1iii;i|iiiiih kIciii of ilir yi-.>T nhi, mIioWIi In ;i I 'm| nst.ilk. "iiil. rtiiii nf Hi-viTal v it'i i.M, iif I'aIiiioI In. 1'.il:illil viiliiil li'iiV.H nf th.. IH,', Kliiils: :, V lli:il, nl' l.ily cf l|]i. \' ilji'y ; .".II : f f,i|::». .•*il. M;i^'tiHi '.I Ki'itiMii III' llii! hfi'il «r lii.-^, lihiiwliii,' till' »iiiall iii'iiin('i>tyl< iloiiuiii riiiliiyo. Cu'i. I'laiitK't of IiU i(riiwiii;{ fruiii tlio si'iid. FfoK'prx with their p.-irts iiiosily tlircn oi- si.v, iiovci' five. Kmhrijo inouocotylcildnDiis, /.'■., ot" only orif true sctMlh'iif : so in goriuination th«* Iravi'S lire iill ultornato or ono uboNc jinothor. K.\('«'pi tho Piilnictto Mni1 or with 11 Mtmill |>«'iiaiitli. .Spitlix NUiriiumI*-)! liy li liir;{i' Mpatlio : Hum ' i/iMieiullv iiaki-ii : f. ait u Leirv, | «...■< ,. , , • 1 , ^ . ' • ' Am M I". 2CX) S|iai' calliMl) rtisoil above a Miiall Hpatlic, covfiuil v^illi hliio ami Mibiilar, 6-loltuil tloworn. llt-lon^'H to the nuxt division, IMcKI'Idi-WKKD F. si a II. Fetaloideoiis 1)iv ision. Vlow«>rH not on a H)iaiiix and not i-nclosed by ^duni) h or clmll y or Mcalt'iiki! bractn (a-t in (irasHcs and Sf pt-tal hkc icavis in two latilvM, throu ontNide and tliree inHidc, or eibo o (rartdy 4) lohcd, all coloured alike. Stann-ns tinly 3, or 0 ami the three i>n the one aide of tin; flower inurli Hliorter than tiie rest, J'ICKI Itl l.-WKKH F. 212 Stamens 6, or as many as the tlivisioiiN of the perianth, all alike. Anthers turned outwaids, i.e., on the outer side of the hiann-nt. Leaves in whnris : (lowers perfect : hm;,' .sli;;inas 3, Indian CrciMliKlMtooT. 211 Leaves alternate, and with sale lendiil", nelted-veined Ijetween the ribs: llowers d tecimis : styles or ueshile sti),MniiH 3, (Jkkknuhiku F. 212 Leaves alteri::ite. without tendiils: flowers perfect or polytjanious : styles 3 or 3 cleft, Coi cillCi M F. 213 Anthera turned inwards, t'.r., on the inner sido uf the filament: style i : sti^'inas 1 or 3, - L1I.Y F. 213 Perianth adherent to the ovaiy below, and ilierefoie :ip|iarently liorjio on it. Stamens 6 : anthers turned inward>. Fluwers rejjidar or m-arly so, AMAliVi.l.Is F. £17 Stamens 3: anthers turnt^d outwards. Flowers often irregular, litis F. 218 Stamens only oim or two and united witii or borne on tile style. Flowers irre<;ti- lar, of siny;ular shapes, OhchIh F. 219 III. Glumaceous Division. Floweis not on a spadix, and without any corolla-like perianth, but with ijliilur-, i.e., thin scales, such oh the chuff or husk of (Jruin and Grasses. Stems rush-like or strawdike. Glume 6 in a whorl to each flower, like a calyx, Risii F. 219 Glume one to each dower, the flower in its axil. Flowers collected into heads or spikes, Sedgk F. 220 Glumes 2 or 4 to each flower, in two sets, GuAsa F. a2a PDIM I,.\l{ FI.OKA. 209 I. SiuhIUm'oiim IliviMioii. 9D. PALM FAMILY. iiii|>l»', unlTiinflifil, cyliiitliic.,! trunk, j^rowiiii,' Ity the tt'iiiiinal hiul only, aiiy a crown of hiru'ts ftiittMl or acrid juice, ami more or less llt>liy in th.ir texture ; tlie leaves either simple or compound, and comnionly so much netted-veined tiial tlie plants niii^ht nadily l)e mistaken tor KxoL'ens. The snndl flowers are closely spiked or packed on a fleshy axis, forming a spadix. The fruit is a berry, (c soinelimes dry aixi leathery, hut containing some l»nlp or jelly. The following are the priacijial genera we meet with. Spatlie I'lcsciit, forming,' a Imnil, wrajipor, or n jtetid-likc leaf. Flowers iiakeil, i.(., witlioiit any perianth, ni»tii«i'iiiius, d-tuciouH, or polyfiamnUH, Cuvering only the liaso of thu loii^ 8])ailix, wliieh is «-iiclosc ff i:i I, i i I ■ ■ I I I .1 i ■'1 ■il 2 lO POIMI.AK M.OUA. 02. OAT-TAtI, FAMTT.Y. o,.i., TVrMACK.i:. Mar.-*!! IumIis, mIiIi linr.n. ^\v->i«l '((l Icuvcs (cvirl. oxicpt tluv llnnt \\\ water), aud nioiMVtMous n;ik»»l II^xmmm in iiciih' sinlvcs of luml'^, mu' Mint coiisiMtin^ nl Hoim> hIuiiu'iih (Mily, tlu> other (t| piNlils onl\ , l-'mii si i -sn dnl ak< ni'. No si'ntlic, cxccjit hoiiic o|i. n hraols or l»'a\ cs. FlowoiK in .1110 \o\\jx npiivc i»<'l\o«l t<)^;(h<>;n]?». Monn< l>o!»iin)f MtanwiiN only, oMh'Ih pisJiU only, oiu-h nnr- rouuiled liy .vrvcial s. airs, bnl no down, (Sfiai'inhiiuvi) IU'H-UkKM. II. rolaloidi'oiis IIUi«n!., ,\I,ISM ArilK. Marsh or amiatii^ h<'ihs, w iili i\ liistiiuM cily \ (d' ] orci'ii or i^icruish sepals iiml a corolla o( \ wliito ]U'tais. (> lo many stainms on the icicplarh'. anil ni.iny i ovulctl pislils (nl- lootoil mio a rin,!-: or \u\u\, Wcouun.; aknics in linii. 1. oaves mostly ohlonia-lu-art-shapcil, laiioo-sha]>(>ii;4-[H'tioU'«l. Mowers on .•"OajMs. 'I'w o conera ;\re c«)ninuut. Flowers porfoot with al>o\it (^ stamens, small, in an open paniilc : pistils it; to -?o in a rinjj : l(>a\es juit arrow shaped. (Aliyiihi) \\ \ i Kli I'lANT.MN. Flowers mona\'io\is or dioviens, in ;\ hioso laeeme or spike ; the stcMileones with many stamens ; the fertile with many pistils in a he.id. making thin wniijt'd akenes Leaves or some of them generally arr.^w sha)>ed, (S,,iiitl,))i\vers : eontainin^' in this eoimtiy onlv the conns Trillium and the liuiian Cuoumi>er-root, whioii aro liore dc'^cribLnl. Trillium.* TriVium. Stem hearini; at the summit :\ whorl of _^ hroad leaves and one r.'ither lari;e llower. Palyx of ^-" grei!n s]>readini; sejials. Toroda oi _:; spreadin_s:; petals. Stamens 0, with short filaments and loni; »'ri?ct antiiors tnniod inwards, insortod on the receptacle, l^istil i. ^ceiled, eominoidy witii 3 to ') lobes or ridjios. and makinji a pnrple nianyseoded horry in frnit : styles or long scissilo .stigmas _^, spreading. They all glow in rich woods, and Idossom in sjiring or eaily sunnner. 1. 8Kssn,K-KlowKKKn T. Flower attd the ovate leaves both sessile ; petals rather erect, dark dull intvple or greenish. W. and S. T. siissilc. 2. KkcirVKI") T. Leaves narrowed at the hase into a footstalk ; sejials turned down; petals nar- rowed at both ends ; otherwise like No. i, W. T. rccun\\tiun. I I'nl'II.AK FI-()I{A. 2 I I % NcMMMMi T. I,iMiv(>« iK'iiily """otilf. I liiiinliir- (iviifn ; fldwr «mnl1. r\. |ii>ilim(|n nirvcil ilowii nmlfi tin- IciWf'M , |iclnl-i iililmiu nr|ili> 111 UMiin'timi'M nM'f'iimli wliilr. ( '(itiiiiinii N. '/'. inr/iini. 5. ( )l(KAT-KI,o\VKHI';i» r. I-ciivcs mill |i'iliiiiil" iit'iiily im in N«). |; |ii'liil« iiliiiviili', I'li'ii nil t'lc liimi', lln'ti uniiliiiilly H|ii I'Miliiiv; iiiui'li liiiiK''!' I'li'l liii'iiili-r tliiiii till- Hi'|iiilH, wliili', tniniii^ I'liMc ('iiluiir wlnn olil. N. nml W. 7'. f/riiiiihlliirinn. (\ I'AINTKiI T. I.I'HVCH |iilinl.(|. |iii|i< mcMI, dVlltl'. tll|i<'I- IKiiiiti'il ; flnwir III! nil iiiiiit^lit )H'iliinrli> ; |ictfilK liiin*'- • ivati', )niiiiti'il, «ii|rlv wiiHiiiliiii;, Imiiirr tlnm lli<' Bt'imlH, wavy, wliilc. iiiluiiiril wjili ili'liriitr pihk |im |ilf Ktri|H'H nt the Imsr. ('iilil iliiiiiii wiiihIh, fiv. N. '/', rn/Hniirii riniin. ' ' vh; i Iowi'i iif I lilll iiii, iiuliirHl hIm. I 4TAIN. Indian Cucumber root. Mnhuin. Htctu r to ^" liiuli. fi'iiii II wiiit" tiihi'iiiim Imi izontiil Kiotstock, liaviiiK tlif f(iBt«'of 11 f,ii,.i.r (OMMKLYNACK/K. 'rnnlor lioilis, witli alloiiialc |iai(illfl voiiM'ij lea vcs slicatliiii^' at tli<' lia>'', and ]iriTri't llnwcis. lia\ iii^' 3 j^iciMi nr o|,.,.||isli -ciial-- and t, )ii'taN on tli<' ifiojita' Ic. I'islil I, willi I lnno stylo and i stii^ina. I'od -mall, ;; rillid or i^oiiiotinM'S 2 "'filed, I'ou -socdcd. I''l(i\v('iM (i]i('nin!_' in the niotnino Inr ordy on*- dav, tin- dcliciilo (oriicially Mno ch' jtiii)»lc) |)ctal.s then nidtinj.,' away. 'I'Imiic uio t,\vo gi'neia wild ; and llio S|iid('rw(iit is cidtivatod in cvciy tlnwcr-j^aidfn. l''i()\v(;iH r<'xnlar : \.\\>: 5 ))<'t.als and 6 starmTiH all alike : filaiiicntH l)oard<;d with jointed coloured liairH : loaveH lance linear, hrh- nilc. all alikn, {Trdihxrantin) SpinKliWDRT. l''l()W<'iH itrc-ular : two of tlic jictalH kidncy- sliapcd on loni< claws, and one sirialler : HtaiiifiiH inicfpial, ordy tlir<-e of tlieni with good anthers : hl!iinent4 naked : lower leaves with slieatiiing footstalks the uppermost scssil'? and soniewimt heart-shaped, (t'ommeli/na) DAY-KLOWEft £07. Kliiwor iif S|i|',]('r\v(irt. 5UH. I'iNtil iiiiitj;iiiliiMl ; till! etioIe(l leavi'M iuid long pedunc-les or few-lt;aved stems (their leaves witii sheathing footstalks, the ui>permost. one nn rely a sheathing spjitlie or bract), bearing a spike of flowers. 1. Common ricKKiiKi. wkkh. Stems 2° or 3' high ; leaves thickish, lance-ovate or ovate-oblong, iin< riantli of 6 divisions or l(d)es (or iu .q case with only 4), all coloured alike, inserted on the receptacle free from the ovary. Stamens as many as tlie parts of the periantli, with their anthers turned inwards. Pistil I, with a 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) ovary and a single style ; but with as many stigmas, or lobes to th.e stigma, as there are cells iu the ovary. Fruit a pud or a berry. 214 I'OIMLAR FLORA. Fruit a few-seeded berry : flowers srnall. Herbs from rootstocks : no biUbs. Stems niucii branched ; leaves fine and tliread-sliapud, in clusters, (Aspdra'jus) *A.SPAKAijiU.S. Stems simide above ground and leafv. Leaves (tblong or lance-oblong. Flowers axillary, noddin;,', greenish ; )>erianlh tubular, 0-lobed : stamens above the middle, on very short filaments. Rootstoik thick, nmrked with broad round scars on the ui)i)er .side (Fig. 63), (Pohifiiniiituiii) SoLOMON'h-Skal. Flowers in a terminal raceme, white: perianth 6-parted, in one case 4-i)arted, the divisions narrow and widely spreading, the stamens on its base : filaments slender, (Sniilarhut) Smilacina. .Stems or scape simple and leafless above ground ; the broad leaves all from its base or from the slender loot stock. Flowers small, in a slender raceUK!, white; periantli bell-shaped, 6-lobed (Fig. 3) : leaves very smooth, (Coiirnliarid) *Ln,V-«)F-THK-VAM.i:Y. Flowers rather large, in an umbel, greenish-yellow or whitish : periantli 6- leaved : leaves of the jdant ciliate, (Cliiitdnia) CliNTONIA. Fruit a 3-celled pod, splitting into 3 valves when ripe. I'eriauth wheel-shaped, or sometimes erect or bell-shnped, 6-leaved : flowers on a scape or nearly naked stem, rising from a coaled bulb : seeds round and black, few. F'lowers in a corymb, A\bite : style 3-sided, (OrnUhOyalwn) *Stak-of-Bkthletikm. F'lowers in a raceme, blue or purjile : style thread-like, (Sril/a) Squill. Flowers in an umbel from a scaly bract or involucre, {Allium) Onion. Perianth funnel-shaped, bell-shaj)ed, or globe-shaped, more or less united into a tube or cup, bearing the 6 stamens, except in some Day-Lilies. Scape and leaves from a coated bulb: flowers in a raceme. Leaves narrow. I'erianth globular, blue, small, (Mnsrdri) *c;uArE-HYAClNTH. Perianth .short, funnel-shaped or bell-shapod, 6-cleft, (Hi/dcinthus) *HYACiNrH. Scape or stem leafy towards the bottom, from fibrous roots (no bull)), bearing a few large flowers in a cluster at the top: stamens curved to one side. Flower opening for only one day, {HemerocdUig) *Dat-Lily. Perianth bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, iS:c. , but of 6 separate petal-like divisions: seeds many, mostly flat, i)ale. Simple-stemmed herbs from a scaly or coated bulb : stamens on the receptacle or attached to the very base of the deciduous perianth. Anthers fixed by their middle and swinging free : stems leafy to the top. Ko honey-bearing spots, or merely a groove at the bottom of each division of the perianth. Bulb scaly, (LUiam) "Lu.x^ A round and large honey-bearing spot near tho bottom of each division of the perianth, {Pttiluiiii) *ClU)WN-lMPERlAL. Anthers erect on tiie filament, appearing to be fixed by their base : stem or scape leafy OTily at or towards the bottom. Style none or hardly any : stigmas 3 on the long 3-sided ovary, (Tiiliixt) *Tl'i,if. Stylo long : ovary roundish : leaves 2, spotted, ( Eriithroniuni ) Dogtooth-Violet. Stems woody, palm-like, or not rising above the ground, from roots or root- stocks (no bulbs) : leaves evergreen, sword-shaped. Flowers white, tulip- • ■ shaped, in a large, terminal, compound panicle, ^ ( Yucca) Yucca. rOl'LLAK FLOHA. 215 I. 2. 3- 4. 3- 4- Smilacina (or Fal.me Solomon's-Skal). Smilaclna. RaCEMED S. IVrinutely downy, 2° or 3^higli, miiiiy-leavcd ; leiiveslaiice-olilong, tapering altruptly at botli ends, ciliute ; flowers many, in ronii>i>inul mcenifs. Moist giounds. .S'. nirftiiuKd, .Stah-KI.owkukI) S. Nearly Hinootli, i^ or 2' liigli ; l»'avt>s many, lance-oidong, sliglitly cl;is|iiiig, l)ale beneatli ; raceme simple and few-Howered, Moist thickets, i^c, N. .S". xfilliita. TllKKE-MCAVEI) 8. .Smooth, 3' to o' high ; leaves commonly 3, oblong, tapering into a sheathinif base ; flowers several, ii> a slender simple raceme. l>i>gs, N. .S'. trii'oUn. TwoLkavkd S. Nearly smooth, 3' to 5' high, with conim()nly 2 heart-shaped leaves, tiie lower one generally petioled ; flowers iti a simple short raceme ; perianth 4-parled, refle.xed ; stamens 4. Moist woods, in spring. S. bijdtid. Onion ((Iaklic and Lkkk). A/Hmn. I. Oniox proper, with hollow, stem-shaped leaves, and an open, widely-spreading, star-shaped blossom. Gauden O.nion. Scape naked, mucli longer than the leaves, hollow, swollen in the middle ; flowers whitish ; uml)el often bearing small bulbs (top-onions) ; the large bulb turnip-8baj)ed. Commonly cultivated. .1. Cepa, Chives O. Scape naked, about as long as the slender leaves ; all growing in tufts, from small bulbs; flowers purplish, crowdei. Cultivated. A. -'-■'elm nofinintun, § 2. Gahlics and Lekks. Leaves flat or keeled and not hollow, except in No, 3. Fl&i.D Oaumc. Leaves thread-shaped, slender, round, but channelled on the upper side, hollow ; bulbs small ; umi)el bearing flowers with a green-purple erectish perianth, or else only buUdets. Natuialised in low pastures and gardens. A, riiKole. Tm;E or Engli.sH G.vumc. Bulbs clustered and compound ; leaves lance-linear, nearly flat : umbel bearing pale purple flowers with an erectish perianth, or else liidblets. Cultivated in gardens ; not common. A. xdOritm, Gauden Leek. Bulb single; leaves linear-oblong, acute, somewhat fohied or keeled; flowers crowded in the umbel ; perianth erectish, violet-purple, llarely cultivated. A. Porrum. Wild Leek. liulbs clustered, nairow, oblong, and pointed ; leaves lance-oblong, blunt, flat, dying off by midsummer, wheu the naked scape appears with its loose umbel of white flowers ; pod 3-lobed. llich woods, N. and AV. A. trkocciini. Day-Lily. IfcmcrocdlUs. Flowering stems tall, leafy towards the bottom, somewhat branched above : leaves long and linear, keeled, 2-ranked ; stamens on the top of the narrow tube of the perianth : .^eeds black and wingless. Common Day-Lii.y. Flower dull orange-yellow; inner divisions wavy, blunt. Gardens. H.fnlva. Yellow D. Flower light yellow ; inner divisions of the perianth acute. Gardens. H.jfavd. * P"lowering stems naked, simple : leaves broad and flat, ovate or oblong, and often heart-shaped, with veins springing from the midrib, long-stalked ; stamens on the receptacle : seeds flat and winged {Funkiu). "White D. Flower white, funnel-shaped ; leaves naore or less heart-shaped. Gardens. H. Japan ira. Bh;e D. Flower blue or bluish, the upper part more bell-shaped than in No. 3 ; leaves scarcely heart-shaped. Gardens. //. co'rulcu. 2l6 POPULAR FLOKA. Lily. lAliiim. * Forcif,'!! species, everywhere cultivated. 1. WiiiTi: T.ll.Y. Leaves lance-slinpfil, scattered along the stem; flowers erect; perianth hell- sIiiijumI, wliite, sincoth iiisidf. L. album. 2. r.l l,»-ltKAUIN(; L. Leaves lance-sliaped, scattered along the tall stentl, producing bulhlets in their axils ; tluwurs several, erect ; perianth opeu-bell-shaped, orange-yellow, rough ijiside. L. iulbifcrum. * * Wild species: flowers orange-coloured, reddisii, or yellow. 3. Wild Ouange L. Stem 1" to 3" high, hearing scattered (or soinotiinus whorled) lance-linear leaves and I to 3 erect reddisli-orange open-hellshiiped th>wers, the 6 lance-shaped divisions nairowed at tlu! base into idaws, purplish-spotted inside. (!oint«on in light orsandy soil. L. J'hll(niilj)lncuin. 4. Wll.l) Yki.i.ow L. Stem 2" to 4" high, bearing distant whorls of lunce-shaped leaves and a few nodding finwers on slender peduncles ; perianth yellow or orange, with brown spots inside, bell- shaped with the divisions spreading or recurved to the middle. Moist meadows and along stieains. (Kig. 1.) L. CaiKuk'nac. 5. .Sl'PEUB or Tuhk'.s-cap L. Stem 4" to 7" liigh, only the lower leaves in wliorls : flowers many, bright orange or reddish, willi stiong brown-purple spots inside, more recurved and larger than the last, but very much like it. Kicli low grounds. L, suptrhiiin. Dogtooth Violet. ErntJirlmlam. I. Yellow D. or Addeu's-TONcjuk. Leaves oblong-lance-shaped, i)ale-dotted, much blotched; flower pale yellow ; style club- shaped, stout ; stigmas united. Moist grounds : fl. in early spring. E. Amcricaniim. 2. WniTK P. Flower white or bluish ; the style less thick than in No. i. Rather com- mon W. E. dlbidum. 3. El'Uopean' D. Leaves ovato or oblong, scarcely sjiotted ; flowers i»urple or rose-colour ; style thread-shajted and not thickened upwards ; stigmas separate. Cultivated; not com- mon. E, Dens-cunis. 509. YfUow Dogtooth-Violet. ■510. Tli<> bull). ■111. IV'Hantli liiid oiieii, and slivraons. .^>1'!. Tlio i.istil, (-'ulaigod. 613 LowiT half of a pod, cut acro33 and luoguitied. 510 Mtf 511 1'()1ML.\I{ ri,(>l{A. 217 100. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. Oni- r AMAIlVLLrDACEK. Liko tilt' Lily Family, l»ut with the (it';^Milar nv slij^litly ii ri'_milaii 6-i'lcft lu'riaiith coherent Itelow with tin- siiitaic of tin- nvaiy, aii«l tlicref'nrc in apiicaiiUK c inscitfil <»n it-i siininiit. Stamens 6. Kiiiit a ^-cdli'il ]»>]. Ilcilis Licnt'i-illy with nakc"! stfiiis «ir f^cajH's, and lit:i|^r lincai' h-avrs iVnai u cdatfil Imlli, ((tmmr.nly witli >li(>\vy tlowi-is, lleibayv anil Imllis aciid and jxii-Mimiis. Flower willi !i cup or crown at tlio tliroat of tlio siilvcr-Hhiipcd or ftituu'l-sliapcd pori;»iith. 8tiiiii';ii.s loll;,', from tlie 0(ly;o of tiio ciip-sliapcil crown : nntlicrs linear, swin;iinjj free : divisions of the jieiiuntli lon^ and linrrow, recurved. Flowers white, showy ; the cluster leafy-bracted, {/'(ninu'itiuin) *r.\N('UATH'J(. Stamens included in the cup, unequal : filaments very sliort. Flowers fronj a scale-like siiatlie, {\arcl.iauK) *NAKCI.ssr.S. Flower without any cup or crown on the jierianth. .\ntlier.s fixed hy the jniddle and swingin;; free, linear or oblonp; : filaments generally curved. Flowers large and siiowy, generally red or pink, {Aiiuiriilli.i) *A.mauvllih. Anthers erect on the filament. Flowers in a spike, funntl-shaped, white, very fragrant, {Puiiihillics) *TrnKlU)SK. Flowers in an nmbel, or single ; jjcrianth 6-parted down to the ovary. Flower single, from a i -leaved spathe, white, nodding: three inner divisions of the i)erianth shorter than the three outer, and nctcheil at the end : anthers long-pointed. ((,' of tht^ ovary, iind so a])- ]M'aiiii;4 to ^ifiw from its, MUiiiiiit ; staiiKMis only .^, one Itt'foic each of tlie outff divisions of the ju'iiuntli ; their antliers tiinu'd out wards, i.c.y h)(ikin|j; towards tlic jHjri- antli anil ojK-ninj,' 011 that side. Ovaiy 3-colled, niakinj^f a niany-si-cdcil ]io(l : style 1 : stit^rmas 3, iiftt'ii Mat or ])t'tallik(>. Hfiha^i', rootstocks, &i;.y ;4( ncrally acrid or .sliarj)- t ast ('( 1 . Flowers generally showy, and fiom a s])atlie of one or ntoie leaf-like bracts, or from tlie axihs of the uppermost leaves, on. rinni III « tphioii invnn imh. .'h.i. lopni itip sivii' niid ni(> ;i iM-rai-iiKP siiu'ihms, iiiKii , ^| 2iif iiw -I iiiii'iiH. .'.111. M.'n.'iiirnii iiistii :iiiii iiiwi'i- pill r (if iiir till r tiir iMTiiiiiii, iiiv iici cacii oue "generally open- Jeii;{t.li\visi' : till' loliaKi' lilt away. .'ilT. l.nwiT liu! iif ii jiinl, ilivijuil crosswise. 518. Sfoil. • i , 519. .Majjiiiliiil Bullion uf the same, sliuwiii^jllu'i'iiibryo. lU'^ fiUt OllCe. 615 617 oil. Pl.int iif CroHtpil Pwnrf IifK. .iU 810 M.l. Topnftlio styli' niid tlic ^ jvtal-likp stiirmas, also Filament.s nionatlt'li)hous in a tube whicli encloses the .style as in a sheath : sti;:inaH thieail-sliaped : ])eiiant}i 6-i)arted nearly to flie ovary, widely siireadiii|^, opening in sunshine and for only one day. Flowers small, blue or puriile, witli 6 equal obovate divisions : stigmas siinide : stems or scapes Hat or 2-wiii^eil, from tibrous roots ; leaves narrow and j;rass- like, {Si.iiirhic/iiuin) ]>i.i;k-kved-Grass» Flowers very large, orange and spotted with crimson and puride ; tlie 3 inner divi- sions much smaller and narrowed in the middle: stigmas each 2-cleft : scM]ie terete, from a coated bulb ; leaves i)laited, {'Tiuriida) *TiGEU-FLOWKR. Filaments separate : stigmas flattened, or pelid-like. Perianth 6-parted down to the ovary, regular .and wheel-shaped, the divisicns obovate-oblong, all .-dike, yellow, with darker spots : seeds remaining sifter the valves of the pod fall, berry-like and black, the whole looking like a blackberry (whence the common name). Stems leafy below, from a rootstoek : leaves sword-shaped. (Farddntki(s) *iii.ACKiiK^iiY-LlL\\ rorri-AU fi.oija. 2 19 Ptrianth irregularly 6.ctoft ; 3 of tho lobes ftrched niul makini^ an upper lip, tlio 3 lower iiiort) H])! ending', yellow, orange, or retldish, Stem rising from n conn, ami bearing many tlowt-r.H in a i-Hidoil spike, (fi7(«. //..///.<) •Coun-Flao. Periantii 6 cleft ; the divisions of two kinds, tlio 3 outer recurved or .sprea rnimdisli, I'lpial, cret^t, or barely fijiniidiiig divisions: sti-^'inas 3, thick and wedge-shai»ed, somewhat fringe- toothed. Fl. in early sprin; ((JriK'ux) *Choci*s. Fl( -de-Li Iris A lower- * Common cultivaked species in gardfus : outer divisjon-i of the perianth with a boarded crest. 1. t'oMMo.v Ims. Flower.i several on a stem, i' to 3' 'ni;,di, and niucli 1 anger than the sword« shaped leaves, lii,'lit blue or purpli>. /. sniiihiinitd, 2. DwAKK (Jaiujkn Ikis. Flowers close to the ground, hardly exceeding the sword-ahaped leaves, viulet-puri»le, the divisions obovate, the 3 outer ncurvL-d. I'l. in early spring. /. pumiln, * * Wild species. 3. CnKSTRD DWAltF IlUS. TiOW and almost stendess, from rcotstocks siireadini* on tbc ground ; leaves short ; tlower pale liliie. tiie tulie thread-sliaped (j' lon;:i and lonj^er llian the sputnlato divisions, the three outer divisions with a l)eardles8 crest. FI. spring. S. and NV., and in sonie gai'deiis. 7. cristiitu. 4. LAluiKK I. or I'l.L'K-Fl.An. .Stem stout, 1° to 3"' higli, bearing sever.al crestless and beardless l)urplo-blue and variegated tlowers, tiieir inner divisions much snudler tiian tho outer ; leaves sword-sliaped, ;|' wide. Wet places ; flowering in late sprini,'. I. rcrairofni; 5. .Sl.KNDKlt I. or lil.UK-Fl.AC;. Stem slender; leaves narrowly linear (j' wide), and tlower smaller thtiu iu No. 4: otlierwise much like it. AVet plaocij, E. /. Vinjinica, 102. ORCHIS FAMILY. Order ORCHTDACE.E. lMants\vitli iiit\L,nil;u';ui(l ul'tcii .-^iiimil;ii-sli;i|uMl tlowcis, tlic ]ieriaiitli staii«liiv_r as it woro on the uvaiy, as in llic two pri'cer liavin^Lj the stamens, only one or two, united witli the style or stiL,'ina. This may lie-t he seen in the Lady's Slippkh, of wliiih we liave three or I'oiu' (•omnu)n >iieiii's : the slipper is one id" tlni jietals, in the I'orm of a sac. The flowers of various .sorts of Orchis are striking un<, is of 6 regular parts, like a calyx, enclosing 6 (or sometimes 3) stamens, and a triangular ovary. This bears a style ti]i[)e(l with 3 stigmas, and in fruit becomes a 3-seeded or many-seeded t>od. There are two f J 220 rOI'llw\H FLORA. roniimm tfciu'm, ciirli witli several Hpccif?* : the i»(ii'ts are t(»<) wnmll and (lilljcult lur t'tio vouiil; Nlinli'iit. I'diI I iclli (I mill 3 Hi'i'di'd. Loaves H.it niid liiiiry, {[jt'citfu') WodD-UtrHir. I'uil J L'fllt'il, iiiiiiiy ht'i'tli'il. Luiivt'H ^fiit rally tluciul-Hliitpcd, or lumo at all, (Juii<:uit) Klmii. 104. SBDaiH FAMILY. Onl.r CYl'Kll.VCK.K A lai'^'e family uf i;ii>li-like or ( Jrass-like |»laiiH, iMcliKliii;^ tlie Skixiks, (''i,t'nui'.sHi;s, Bii.ui'suKH, and the like, wliicli have nn ]teiiantli, lait the lloweis, edllected in heads dc sjiikes, are eaeh in the axil oj'asin^^le j^'hinie in the lurni ol'a ehall' «>i' scale. 'I'liesc pkmt.s aic much too dilliciilt lor the voting' hcLjiniu'i'. 105. GRASS FAMILY. Onl.,- ciJAMlXK.R 'Die true (h'Asscs make a hiiije and most imiioitaiit laiiiily of jthmts, Mitli straw stenin (calh'd ciihii'j, <)!); leaves with open shcailis; and llowd's with 2-ranked illumes or chaHy scales, a pair to eaidi flower, and anolliei' pair to cich spikelet. It includes not only the veiy numerous kinils of true (Irasscs, hut also of Com. /.(■., the Cereal u'lains, of which WiiMAT, 15aiii.i;v, Kyi;, Oats, Hick, and MA[/i:or 1 ndian-Ccjun are the principal ; also SutJAii-CANt:, 13uooM-Coux or (jIlixk.v-L'oun, and Milllit. S E U J K S I r. FLOWERLKSS OR CRYPTOCIAMOUS PLANTS. Plants (Icstitnte of flower.^, and propnj,'ated by spores instead of seeds. See /•art 1., Par. 165, 308, 312-314. CLASS Iir.—ACKOGEXS. This class includes the Feuns, the noRsicTAii.s, and the Ci.un Mosses. CLASS IV.— AXOPIIYTES. This class includes the Mosses and the Liverworts. CLASS v.— TIIALLOPHYTES. lucludes the Lichens, the Alg^ or Seaweeds, and the Fungi or Mushroous. M'PI'NDIX, Tin: SCHOOL fj^^hn-floma OF CANADA. Comprising Dkscriptions of ai-l Ff.rn.s known io Tnmahit thf. Dominion « To(;kthkr with an AccouNr of riiKik Ofocrapiikal Kanok ok Frkvalknck in tiik Sf.vkrai. Trovincks, and Si'F(i\i. Localities for the Rarkr Spkciks. BY PROF. r.EORGE LAWSON. FERNS : THEIR GENERAL CHARACTER ; THEIR PARTS - OR URGANS ; CLASSIFICATION OF THE CANADIAN. FERNS. Tho I^Ytiis form a very iiatural ami distinct gr()Up'''of plants. Tlmy are familiar to all observers of natural ohjocts from tin; huauty of their ampl(^ foliage, wlii(!li is most commonly plume-like in form, of a fre.^h and vivid f^reen hue, and much divided or cut into small leaflets or lohes ; these, on close observa- tion, are seen to be marked on the surface, or liglitly sculptured or embo.'^sfd, with delicate veining. The Ferns are called Cri/pfo'/anioua (flowerless or hidd(Mi-Hovvered) plant.^, becau.se flowers proper, consisting of petals and other showy parts, are here absent. They are also called Acwf/ens (summit growers), on account of a peculiarity in the mode of growth of their stems, which do not increase, as in hardwood trees, by annual layers of wood, or, as in the palm-stem, by descend- ing, interlacing, fibrous bundles, but only by successive additions at the top end or apex. ,18. '■ 1.1 222 I'KUN ri.oMA Ol' I'ANADA. Tho Parts or Orgn-nH of tho Fern. Tin' l''riii |il;mt JM fuiinctl of pirtH nr ( >r^niis tliut an* vrry (lillVntnt, Imtli in iiiiliirf iitid ii|)|ii>aniii)'(^ fioiii the piirls tliiit wi* h('<> in (ndiniiry I'lovvciin^' I'laiils. Ill onlt!' to iiM(l('iMtiiii(l till! (liU'crciit spccicH, wit luti'il to know tlic Icriiis Unit art) used to lii'iiotf lln* scvi'iiil iMuts of tin- plant. 'I'lifif arc no pw\n'V jliHn'is on till' Krrn I'lanl, so that \\i\ do n(»t apply tliat tcini, or any of tile tcrm.H used to di'scrilM' tin- paits of IIhwith, to any pait of a ft-rn ; l>iit tin' fi'i'ii lu'iirn a ^rannlar sultstancc, wliicli takr.s tin' place of Howcih and seed, and wordw (or Ht'icntilic tciiiis) arc used to expii'ss its nature and parts, JiiMt us names are ^iven to tin- parts of tlie llower. I<'eriis, to the ordinary olmtrVer, neeni to liuvi) leaves, and these are nsiially j^'reen ai.d Hat and nn»re or less divided, like many true leaves, Imt they are not merely leaves ; they are alsi» the fruit or seed- heaiers, and the Itotaiiist calls them Fronds, The Fern Stem or Rhizome. A-< to the part that constitutes the true Stem in ferns, sonn; explanation may lie rct|uired, especially hy tho.se who havi; hei-n accustomed to .siic 7'/<'" Fvi-nn of warm and etiuitahle I'liniales free from winter frosts, (such tree ferns may \n\ f^eeii in the conservatories of jmhlic ^'ardens). In the Tree Kern, the stem rises^ erect and tiee-like, into the air, clothed helow with the remnants ur stults of old decayed fronds, these stuhs hein<; tlniinstdves invivsted more m' les.s completely with the llexuous, liard and hlack root lihres, which, orij^'inatiiij^ from the stem itself, arc insinuati'd amoiij^' the old stuhs. From tin; summit of this Htem or trunk of the troo fern, there is a r.idiatiii};, widely-spreatlin^' expanse of (leli(;ately A. aa3 pliiDt, IIS Ni'cii ill I'liitiniii' (i.iidi'iH, liiiviii^' ii|)|iarciitly a riioif rl uiKMlnl uuil i*1«*viiIimI coi'iii lliiiii ours), yt-l tlii^ CMnii )lill'i'i-H fiDiu llic trun airial stfiii of tnio IvriiM, not only in its parlially siil)t«'i'riuit', sli^'lit clon^ itioti, iinnilini4 foitli iMilialiii;^ lix can Im' {iropcrly iipiiliiMJ, and in il*. scribing our i'\!rns llii.'t puit is <'all<'il lilt' Hlii::niiii\ Ditterent kinds of Rhizomes. In our Caiiailian ffins tin' Ht«un is usually |»io.str.it«s often unilcri^roiunl, or iit tlni Murfacc! and covisrod l>y iiiohs or Iicrltaj^n-, or hid in tin' cri'vicos of roi-ks, tlio antiM'ior or ^rowiii;,' .il Organs oi our fern plants arc: (1) tlu; (mostly) hoii/nutal I{hi::^tif)i' or stalk (coii'es| onding to the petiole of ilowcring plants), and the f.niinnn or leafy poition, which, in a few cases is simple ur undivided, but in most ferns is much divided, and in various ways in the dillerent groups. The Lamina. — The Lainiitd may he moie or less deeply cut or cleft fnjm the innrgin.s towards the liarhis or midrib, when it is said to be Piniiafi/i'f. When the clefts are ct)mpiete so as to reach the rachi.s, and divide the lamiuii into separ- ate leaflets, arranged featherdike in pairs or alternately, on either side of the rachis, the hunina is said to he P-iniafr, and the leaflets are termed Pinna'. These pinnre nmy be again divided in a sinnlar m;inner, into distinct division.s or leaflets along either side of a ^mnnfar// RachiK, and such divisions or leaflets are called I'iniiulrs, the lamina thus beconnng Pijjiiinafc. The pinnules may them- selves be partially (;ut intf) lohes so as to be pinnatilid, or even completely divided into perfect leaflets, and then the frond becomes Tripunntfe. These ilitlerences are important in distinguishing the several,spi cies ; but it is to be observed that the extent of division of |)arts is less j;(rfect in y. into u dividtnl or compound frond-lauiina is Oidlod tlu; Rar/iis, and its side hranches Seromfari/ ll'trldtleKy so, \vli(;n ll»e laniinii is simple or undivided, the midvein (in that case also a continuation of the stipe) is called the Co^fa or midrib. Tht; ditlerent modes in which the veins, forminon of the frond are disposed ati'ord useful ciiarae- ters in the discrimination of species ; the hranehes from the costa are teitntid VcJm : the brancln's from tlie.-e veins are called Vfimih'x, and tlu! braricdies (»f the veinules, Velnleti^. In like manner, whatever may 1)h tlu; extent of division of a frond into pinnae or lobes, tiie V inn are the first series of liranches from the midrib or costa (whether of the frond when simple, or of its separate ultimate divisions, or leaflets, when compound). V'i'Iha are the t)rimary branches from tlu! costa, Veinnleti the secondary, and Vi'inlcts the t".rtiaiy aeri(!s. \Vh(>re there is no prominent costa, the ribs arising directly from the base of the leaflet are called veins. The part of the vein on which tlu; fruit dot ov Sof/is is seated, is called the Reccpfade. The jiarts described may all be seen, more or less distinctly, by the naked eye, but, in examining tlu; veining of the frono(finni viihjare, in which J\)/f/l)i)dinin is the generic, and vuhjare the specilic name. This comparison of the names ot si)ecies and genera of [)lants to the individual and family names of l)eople is correct merely so far as it is an exam[)Ie of the mode ado[»ted in naming things and aninuds and p(;opIe ; it must not be supposed that the analogy or com- l»arison can be carried further, for a person is not a sjiecies, but only one of a great many iutlividuals, who, taken together, form the human race, the Species. It is e(j[ually true that a family, a numlter of related individuals, can only be likened in a distant v/ay to a (jenus. More correct com[)arisons may be made with the lower animals. The dug and jackal anil wolf are all dilleient, and easily known from each other, they are all sei)arate species, and those who study ani- mals— zoologists — give to each a t^pecAjic name, just as botanists do with their plants. But the dog and jackal and wolf are in nu\ny ways alike, — in the forms of their bodies, their teeth, their food, their habit of running in packs, and so on, — and a zoologist nuiy class them all togyther into one genus, and give to that genus the generic name Canis. So with our Ferns. All the delicate liladder Ferns are known by the geneiic name Ci/sfojderis ; the family of Spleenwoits is known as Aspleniiim ; the Shield Ferns, with hard glistening s[)iny-edged fronds, and orbicular strong shield-like indusia or coverings to their fruit dots, are styled Polystichum ; and the species of IJuckler Ferns, with duller foliage and thinner kidney-shaped indusia, are called Lastrea. The separate species in a genus have each a Specific name or term added to the generic one, just as human individuals, members of the same family, have dilierent chiistian names, and, as we have seen, the two names or terms so united form the complete name of the particular FERN-FLORA OF CANADA. 227 species of jilaiit. Tluis : Ciisfopffi.riA fiwiiUs is tlje name apj)lie(l to nil the iiidi- vidual.s (themselves un(listiii<,'uisliahle from each other) of this particular species of plant, — Ci/t^foph'viti bein^' the generic, /r«',7///.s' the s^jecifie, term. Varietik.s. — AH th(! individuals of a species are not exactly alike, however, either in plants or animals We know that in the human sjiecics the j)eople of dilierent parts of the earth are in some respects dillerent from M>ach other. Although all dogs are of one s|)ecies, yet there nrc many kinds of dogs that are easily recngnized fnjm each otlier, such as terriers, hniiiids, and spaniels, and these ar(! classiti'd and named as varieties. It is exactly the same in the case of ferns and other j)lants. The last specit^s mentioned, (Ji/i^frtpfcn's/ra'/ili)^, fringes the sea- shores and islands and the rocky banks of our lakes and streams, and varies in size, and in tlie form and division of its fronds, in diiFercnt situations ; but this si)ecies also extends over a large portion of tin; globe, l)eing eiori are separate from the veins or connected with them at llieir points, or sides ; (.3) in the absence or presence of a spocid involucre or general covering for the sori or masses of spore cases, formed by the incurving of the frond-maigin ; and (4) in the wm 228 FKllN-KLOllA OF CANADA. rliiirnctor, wlion pn'sont, of tlio (Iclicato iiuMiibriino or scalcj-Iikc l)oun how far they agree, or are different. The great object should be to avoid all i)uzzling, and lead to pleasant and intelligent enquiry hito points of correspondence and difference. A^A^IA|\I ^EF^fvJS |LLU$TF\ATin[vl^ DF [] E [vJ E F^A I. 5TRUTHDPTERI5 5 . CYSTDPTERIB 3.LABTREA I3.5CHIZa1:a 2.QNDCLEA B.PTERI3 ID . CAMPTDSDRUS 14. PHEGDPTE PI5 3. WDDDBIA 7. SCDLDPENDRIUM II.PDLYSTICLIUM I5.A5PLENIUM 4. DENNSTAEDTIA S.ATHYRIUM 12 . PD LYPDDIUM IB . BDTR YCH lUM IZ.DPHIDDLDSSUM ; 1 ; .1, ! til \^ FKHX-FLOIU OF CANADA. 229 GEMS. V. CyStOptoriS I'ioikIs all U-afy ; ituliisiiini a sni.ill, thin, poinUHl, sriHip-sli.ipi'tl scale iir nu'inliraiif, att.-nhotl at its base to a vcimilc, ami at fust liitlin^: tho spore-cases, (fij;'. 5, (1, n.'it. si/o, /;, culaixed). (Small terns, somewhat I lifted). \ !■ AdiOiXlttlXQ. l-'roiuls all leafy, unusually thin ami papery ; sori home ou spi'cial involucres formed by upper portions o\' the mari.fins t>f the leatlt-ts oi the frond folded back, the spore cases on their under sides. (A tather small tern with ag'j^reg'ated but not tufted fronds). VII. OhsilStnthOS . Fronds all somewhat leafy, woolly or i"li ilTy ; involucres formed or retlexed portions o( the frond-marnin, spore cases on the fromi itself. (Small Ferns.) • VIII. Ptsris. Fronds all leafy, hard, much-divided ; involucre parallel with and under reflexed margin o'i pinnule, sjiiiie c.ises forniind margins of the pinn;e formini;' imiusia ; spore cases ca>wded m a continuous line. (Small ferns, not tutted.) X. CryptO^raniniO. infertile fronds leafy, britfht g-reen ; the fertile ones narrower, contracted, and duller in colour ; involucre broad, appearing- m.arginal ; spore cases crowded, continuous when the involucre opens. (A small tufted fern.) XI. Looaairia. infertile fronds leafy, (lying- flat on the g-round in our species), fertile ores contracted (erect) ; indusium parallel to midrib and between it and marg-in oj pinna ; spore cases in continuous lines. XII. T^OOdvrardia. Fronds all leaty, the pinna? of fertile ones narrowed ; indusia with spore cases in clusters forming" a chain on each side of costa or midrib oi pinna. (Medium sized fern, with strong- creeping- rhizome, fronds not tufted). XIII. AsplenlUlXlf F^ronds all leafy, sorus and indusium linear or oblong-, straig-ht, attached long-itudinally to vein or veinule, and opening towards midrib, (fig^. 15). (Mostly small ferns with fronds simply pinnate.) XI\ . Atliyritmi. Fronds all leafy ; sorus and indusium as in preceding genus, but more or less curved or horse-shoe form (in some cases evanescent, or not developed), attached to veinules, but not parallel with them, opening towards the costa, (fig'. 8.) (Larg-e ferns, with delicately divided fronds.) XV. ScolopOlldriViai. Fronds all leafy (strap-shaped) ; sori long, straight, in pairs, parallel to veinules, and covered at first by long' straight indusia opening- along- the centre (fig. 7); (veins free). (Medium sized fern with undivided frond, except in abnormal varieties). 1 ! w 230 FKU\-FU)UA OK CANADA in shapml, with loii^ sIt»ndor fj; or liiu'.ir, sr;ilttMt>il over the CKNl'S. XVI. CamptOSOrtlB. Fiomls all K'afy (invf-ularly points that take toi>t and form lunv plants) ; sori i>. undor surface of t ho frond hotwoon niidrii) and marj^in ; indusiuni slight, (fig-. 10). (A small forn with undividod fronds, oftoii rooting at tips). XV II. PolyStlchUia. Fronds all loafy, of firm texture, bright green, and upper surface more or less glossy, the lobes with minute marginal bristle-like spines ; indusiuni hrm, shield-like, attached by its centre, the spore cases showing from beneath its margin all round, (fig. 11, n, nat. size, h, enlarged). (Rather large evergreen glossy ferns). XVIII. LaStroa. Fronds all leafy, somewhat leathery, vivid or dark green, rather dull than glossy ; indusium kidney-shaped, attached at a point between its two lobes, the spore cases showing from beneath its margin except at point of attachment, (fig. 9). (Mostly large, much-divided ferns, imperfectly evergreen). XIX. Polypodiuxa. Fronds nil leafy, somewhat le;ithery ; no involucre or indusium ; sori round, arranged on each side of midrib (fig. 12); stipes articvilated with the creeping rhizome. (Small creeping ferns, with stalked pinnatifid fronds). XX. PhOgOptsriS. I-Vonds all leafy, (.softly herbaceous or papery); no involucre nor indusium; sori round ; stipes continuous with rhizome, (not articulated), (fig. 14). (Rather sm.ill ferns, with creeping rhizomes and long stipes). XXI. QyXXiaOgfraiXiniO. Fronds all leafy, (the lower surface in our species covered with a yellow or white powder) ; no involucre or indusium ; sori elongated. (Small ferns with rather long-stiped hard fronds). XXII. OsxnUllda. infertile fronds leafy ; fertile fronds, or fertile portions, contracted ; . no involucre nor indusium ; spore cases reticulated two valved with a horizontal r\n^. Very large ferns with very stout, branched rhizomes, covered with stipe-stubs). XXIII. Schizaa. infertile fronds slender and curled, less than an inch long (like minute tufts of grass) ; fertile ones longvr and straight, expended at top into a few close-set narrow pinn.x* (brush-like) bearing' spore-cases, with ring on top, (fig. 13). (Minute, grass-like). 2. MOONWORTS AND ADDER'S TONGUE - /-V^;/^/.? mt circulate but folded in hud; spore-cnses splitting into two 7>ah'es, ivithout a ring or elastic rachis. XXIV. EotrycMum. Frond erect leafy, with terminal branched spikes, bearing non- reticulated spore-cases in double rows on the face of the branches, (fig. 16). (Small ferns, with fronds in two parts, — a lower, leafy, divided, infertile portion or lamina, and a terminal branched fertile spike). XXV. 0plli0|[l0SSUni. Frond erect, with a single sheathing leaf, and a simple stalk, bearing two rows of non-reticulated splitting spore-cases on the edges of its upper part, (fig. 17). (A small fern with a simple lamina subtending a simple fertile spike). \ .(I ^iL I ! FKUN-FLOHA < >F CANADA. 231 DESCRIPTIONS OF SPEOIES OF CANADIAN FERNS. GKNl'S I. -Struthloptorls, Wii.LnKNOvv. OstHch /'', ni. 0. S. Gkrmaniia var. I'KNNSYl.VANlfA, Lawson. Aniencnn Ostrich /'V-^n. - Rhizomo erect, with lator.'il oflshools or ruiiiu'rs, forming' new rhizomes at tlieir points, whereby ih ' \^\■v\\ is iiu're ised. Stipe very short. FnViuls tall (several feet li>n)^) in liifts t-oinposeil ot" an outer eirele of leafy ^reen infertile fronils, with a lew shorter, conlraetetl, hard, brown, fertile ones in the eenire ; interfile IVontis ])innafe, pinna> pinnafifiti, the lobes entire, rouncleci-obfuse, veiniiles parallel, distinct, runnin>>^ from the mid-vein to mar^^in of lobe ; fertile fronds eontraefed, the pinnules turned back over the sori ; indusium slight and evanescent. (In the Kuropean form, flu- lobes oi the infertile pinna: are acute or acutish). In deep rich soils. XoT(t Sfotia und .\'t":i' /inniswicl', not very common. (Jurhrr and Ontario, abuntiant in many places. Does not extend northward, nor westward to the Rocky Mountains. GEM'S II. OnOCloa, Linn.kis. Sensitive, or h'uftlr Snakf, Fern. O. SENSIBIMS, IJnn.'eus. Common Sensitive Fern. Rattle Snake /•>/•//. — Rhizome elonj^'ate creepinj^ ; fronds arising- from it separately, not in circular tufls ; lamina broad, leafv, somewhat trianj^-ular, deeply pinnatifid into oblon.yf lobes ; veins oi' the lobes connected together, net-like ; fertile fronds erect, like a branched spike, doubly pinnate, with small contracted rolled-up pinnules, not at all leafy ; indusium a thin membrane. Common in wet ground throusfliout the Maritime Provinces, Quebec, and Ontario, not extending- west to the Prairies, nor found anywhere on the Pacific side of the Rocky Mountains, althoug-h in North China, Amur and Manchuria. GENUS III.— "Woodsia, R. Brown. Wood's Fern. I VV. Ilvknsis, R. Br. Common Oh/onif, or Rusty, Woodsia. — Rhizome stout, invested in a bulky mass of ruddy-brown stipe-stubs ; stijies articulated above the base ; lamina lanceolate, bipinnate or nearly so ; pinna* close together, piimules oblong, obtuse ; rachis and whole lower surface of the frond clothed with chaffy scales, which are colour- less at first but become rustv at maturity ; sori distinct, but close together, around and near the margins of the pinnules. A^ova Scotia : — On rocks overhanging Lake Thomas, abundant ; North Mountain ; South Mountain of W'hycocomagh ; Gokl River, near Chester ; Truro. Xe7v /}rnns7i'ick : — Woodstock ; Restigouche ; Upsalquitch ; Keswick ; Nashwaaksis ; St. Stephen ; Green Head; St. John. Quebec: — Not rare. Ontario: — Common on outcrops of Laurentian 232 l'Ki I.aki' Siipi'iior ; lliulsi >ii M iv Aivtii' t'oasf Roi ky Moimtaiiis. Thf j^i'iiiis was iianu'il lo ioiiimiMm»taU' Jos»'pli W'ddiIs, an I'.ii^^'lish hot imst. J. W. ll\ TKUnOKKA, l\. HuinVN. Xorlhern, or Alf^iiw Wiuuis'in. -\l\\ynMW\y small, sliMil, ri)in|)acl ; IidiuI i lo 2 \.i\- j ii\i-lirs Kmij4" ; stip»' slu>il, aitiiiilali'il al)i>vi' llu' haso ; laniitia broailly liiu'af or r»i)l()iij4, pi'iiiali', moro i>r U'ss dairy, vvilhoiil ilisliiu't sialos ; pinna' ovato, soniowliat Itianniilar, i>l)tiisi', pinnatiliilly iliviiioil intf) loiiiulisli lol)os, Xc-.v /{funsii'irk : .\roosloik I'alls. (J h chvc :- ^iK\tc Kosior, Claspe ; Moniit Alhort Fails; Kivicro tlu I-oup ; 'I\Mnisi-oiiata. Ontario: — Lake Nipij^on. Also Lako Win- nipoj;' ; iluilson Strail ; Aiili*- C'oast. 3. \V. (il.AMKlj.A, 1\. Hi\VN. Smooth If'otn/sin. — Kronil 2 lo 4 ini'lu's or nion- in lenj^lli ; stipi> nioro i>r loss olong'atiHl, imporfoolly artiiMilah'tl abovi* Ihv- hasi', and willi a few soalos on tlio lowor pari only ; lamina lliin, hrij^lit ^roiMi aiul j^labrons on both surfacos, simply pinnalo ; piini.c sIum'I, ri>uniloi.l or rlii>ml)ir, I'nt into rouiulotl or wrilj^fil lobi's. ifV//*'//*'*-.'- Jupitor River and ICllis Hay, Anticosti ; (lasp^CoasI ; Sli\ Annodes Monts Rivi'r ; Riviere dn Lonp. AVtc /inniswirk : — Resli^ouche Tunnel; Graiul Kails. Ontario: — Kakabeka I'alls ; R»«d Rook; Nipiifon liiver. A'. IV. Tetritory : — Cireat Hear Iw'iko ; How River Pass. Arelie Coast, from Mackenzie River to Hanin Hay. 4. VV. sii>i'UL!NA, D. C. Katon. Rocky Mountain Woodsia. — Frond ,^i>r4, lo6or8, inches in len_i;'th, |iubescent and glandular, not scaly ; stipe not articulated ; lamina oblon^-ovate, crenulate ; indusium split to the base into slender sej^ments. British Columbia and Rocky Mountains ; — Kicking- Horse I'ass, Rocky Mountains ; Eraser and Thompson Rivers, also Lyton and Kootanie X'alley, B. C. ; Mt. Finlayson, Vancouver Island. 5. \V. Orkcana, D. C. Eaton. Orcq-on Woodsia. — Frond rarely six inches in Icng-th, smooth, I not pubescent, nor gl.indular) ; stipe not .articulated; iamina oi>lon.i>f- ovate, pinnate, the pinn.'c pinnatitld ; indusium very imperfect, of slender hair-like seg-ments. , . * * /iritish Columbia : — Kamloops ; Eraser and Thompson Rivers ; RIack Water River ; Fort St. James. Rocky Mountains : — Peace River Pass. Ontario: — Lake Nipig-on. N. W. Territory : — Athabasca. 6. W. itBTl SA, Torrey. Torrcy s Woodsia, — Frond nearly a foot long", gianilulose, not scaly ; stipe not articulated, with few scattered, pale, chalfy scales ; lamina linear- lanceolate, almost bipinnate, but the pinnules slig;htly decurrent, oblong-, obtuse, crenate, or somewhat pinna! ilid ; indusiimi large, envelopinif the sorus, torn into a few lobes. (In gfeneral aspect this species resembles Cystopteris fragilis more than any other Woodsia). Port Simpson, British Columbia. V :I ri:u\-Kr,()UA of Canada. 233 C'.KNTS I\'. ronnstadtia, Mi-RNHARni. /)rnns/n//'s Frrn, or Iluy F,r,i. n. I'l'Nl'Tll.iMU I.A, Mimrt*, (iossnturr or Hay h\rn, l-'inml two li't-t tM- iniuc" in It>i)j4^tli, with sjoiit, frt'rt, wii-y slipr and rarliis, ami soil, thin, paU»->ffi'tMi, liiu'ly-ilivitloil downy lamina, i-xlialiii);- llu' oilour of swri-t hay wIumi tity. Rhizoint* slt'nd»'r ami bramin'il, fXtiMisivt'ly iifcpiii)^ in soil or anioni; slom's ; lamina i-lon^ato-ohloniir, bii>ail at hasf, );Tailnally alUMiiialtil ill iIh' upprr hall, l)ipimiatf, ilowny ami j^lamliilar ; tlu' si'j4nuMits roimdi'd ; imlusiiim an opt-n, pali'-i-olouivd lU'st-iike cup, tonlaininjf the spore I'ast's. Xova Scoiid, Quebec, and \eii< liruns^vuk : — Stony pastures ami waysides, eoinnion. Ontario : — Not eominon, ami ileiTeasin^- westward ; I'ittshnrj^, near Kinj;:stoti ; I'reseott ; Ramsay, ^i-. The tfi-mis was named iti iHo;^ to eommetnorati" August Willu'lm Dennstedt, a (.'uMinan botanist, author of the l-'iora of Weimar. GKM'.S v.- CyatoptoriS, Hkknuardi. niadiU-r Fern. 1. C. iKACll.is, Rernhardi. Brittle Bladder Fern, IVonds from a vimv few inelu>s to a loot in lenj^th, usually brij^ht ^-reen ; rhizome com|viet ; stipe d.irk jiurple at the base, seldom muili eloiij^ated, brittle, and easily broken if specimens are not handleil caret'ully ; lamina broadly lanceolate in outline (the fertile (MU's nairowi-r), glabrous, bipinnate; pinii.e and pinnules ovate-lanceolate ov t)blonj^ ; the latter obtuse, incisi'ly toothed, thin ami veiny ; sori larj^e. \'ar. !^i:ntata. Hooker, is a dwarfed form, scarcely bipinnate. Var. Mackavii, Lawson, has narrowly lanceolate, dark or tlull j^-reen |iinn.a*, far apart, the |iiniuiles wed^-e-shaped at base, and rounded at apex. Widely distributed all over Canada, but only on shady, rockv banks or hillsides, ami chiedy wlu>re the air is kept moist by neig^hborinj; lakes, rivers, or the sea. \'ar. Mackayii is a common form in Nova Scotia. The name of the jfenus is derived from the texture and form of the indusium, which is like a minute intlated ba^ or bladder. 2. C. BlLBIKKRA, Bernhardi. Bulh-hearimr Bladder Fern. Berry-bear ini^ Fern, of the old botanists,— Fronds verv variable in size, from 5 or 6 inches to \z or iS inches in lent^th, thin, bright j^reen ; rhizome compact, stipe redilish, much shorter than the lamina, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, bipinnate, often bu lb-hearing- towards the ajiex on the under surface ; pinucU oblons^-lanct'oiale, narrowed at th<* tips ; pinnules oblonj^, obtuse, incisely toothed ; sori small, usually not very numerous ; indusium short. This species produces fronds of two forms, — the one bein^ broad at base and ccmpara- tively short, with horizontal pinna', while the other kind is narrow and drawn out to a great leng'th (six or seven times longer than broad) ar.d with less horizontal pinna?. X07 a Scotia, Xciv BtunsTiick, Quel ee, Oiilario:- — In moist woods and shady, rocky 234 FKHN-KI.OUA OF CANADA. plaiH's ; ahuininnt in Ontario, «'xtiMidin>; to Manitoba; I'oinmon also in ^iiobt*i\ Local in N«nv Mriniswifk and Nova Scotia. (>ranil Falls; Resti^-ouclu* i St. John Kivor; Uartlov's F'alls ; Newport. .V C. MONTANA, hiMiiliardi. Aftninfahi liladdcr /•'••r;;. l'"roiuis nearly a foot in ItMi^flh, I'rt'rt, arlsinyf at inlt'rvals from tin* slondi'r horizontal cri'i'pin^ rhi/onie ; stipi* miu'h long-cr than lht> l.imina, with Hcattorod si'alus ; lamina trian^^'ular, or pi>nta')^onal, in oiitlitu', Irijiinnati', thin ami di«licate ; pinnules ohlonj^'-ohtuse, sli^fhtly toothfd. Qin'hiu\ Rocky iMountnins, l.nhrador. -Ow the mountains, usually at hif^'h I'lrva- tlons, hut r.iri" on this I'onrnuMt, and still m ir«.? so in northern Kuropo, tho only other ri'^^^ion wlu'tt' it ^rows. Rocky Mounl.iins, hy streams ; in a ccd.ir swamp nc.ir silver rnmc noi Labrador. th of Current River, Lake .Superior ; on northern face of Mount Albert, Gas pe GKNUS VL- AliantUXn. LINN.KUS. Maidenhair Fern. ,111; A. pr:i>ATt'M, Litin. Stalked Fan Fern or Anwriran Maidenhair. Rhi/ome wiry, much brancheil, creepinjf ne.ir the surface ; stipe d.irk chestnut colouretl or bl.ick, sliininj^, erect, forked at top, the forks curved downwards and branched on their upper siiles, the branches bearinj>; oblique trianj^ular-oblonj^ pinnules, the whole frond fan-like. Fronds wither in autumn. This is one of the most highly prized of our ntitive ferns, whether iov cultivation or in herbarium specimens. Var. RANdlFisRiNiM, Rurj^ess. -Pinnules longer-stalked, deeply cleft on the upper side into narri>w sharply-toothod lobes, the divisions resemblinj^- the branching of the horns of the reindeer. Ontario: — Not rare in Ontiirio, usually g'rowinjf in the woods, in spots where there is an accumulation of vegetable mould, — as about Kinj^ston ; Newboro ; Farmersville ; Toronto; Relleville ; Wolfe Island; Ramsay; Hamilton; London. Quebec: — Quebec City and westward; .St. Joachim and Isle St. P.aul ; River Routje ; at Mt. Albert, Gaspe; West Ilawkesbury; Granville. Xe7v Brunswick: — L'pper Restij^-ouche; Upper .St. John ; near Woodstock; Keswick Ritl^e ; Andover ; Moose Mountain. Xorui Scotia: — New- port, near plaster pits ; Archibald's mill, I'pper Musquodoboit. liritish Columbia: — (^ueen Charlotte Islands and Gold Stream, Mt. Finlayson, where the variety, rangiferi- Hiiniy was found. GENUS v^iL— Oheilanthes, Swartz, up Fem. I. Ch. lanl'OINOSA, Nuttall. Woolly Lip Fcrn.-^\\\7.o\wc short, knotted: stipe three or four inches long-, slender, wiry, with woolly hairs that are lost as the frond matures ; lamina about as long as the stipe, oblong-lanceolate, tripinnate or tripinnatifid, the ultim.ite segments minute, upper surface hairy, lower matted with wool. North West Territ'jry, &c. : — Rocky Mountains; Bow River. British Columbia. — New Caledonia ; North Thompson River ; Black Canyon. tS' \ FKUN-FU)UA (»F CANADA. 235 IS lid d, a. Cll. ORACH. I, IMA, D. C. Knton. S/rmffr Up Fvrn, or Lace Fern, Rhiz»>nu» iTi'i'piii)^, iMitan^lfci, si-aly ; stipe 2 () iiu'lu's, tiark, witli sparing- iliH-idiiotis siali-s ; lainitia liiicai'-lanci'olati', biptniiad*, tlu> piiiiia- piniiatil'ul, piiitiiili's oval-i>htoit^, wooly i)i'nrath. liritish Colunihiii, rare. Near the Peiul il'Oreille Kiver. X'aneoiiver Islaiul. GENTS Vm. -PtOrlS, Linn.kis. lintki'.or lirmkiH. Pr. Ayni.lNA, Ijiui.'eus. Cmnmon /inikr, /''.mrli' Fi'ni. Klii/ume eliii)j>fate ereepitij.f ; stipe stout, ereet, 1 to 4 feet lii^li, tiividi'il iiiti> tiiree braiulieil l.imin.e ; l)raiulieH bipitiiiate, the pinna* pinnatiliil, with obiori^-laneei>lale lateral pinnules and usually elon>fated terminal ones, lobes <^i the frond tirni, (.lull j^reen, j^jlabrous. Varies with the pinnules pinnatitid or entire. V'ar. l.ANiUilNOSA ; divisions of the frond bipinnate, thin and membranous, not haril, pinnules pinnatitully toothed, the teeth rounded, under surface, with lonj;', scattered wool- like hairs. in woods .'ind on hill-sides, common everywhere, except in the prairie countries ai\«.l in the colder northern rt'^^ions. \'ar. laiiiiirjnosd, (which is a prevalent form in tiopical countries) g-rows in Claspe, (Jurhcc, (Dr. John Hell, 1862), also in liritish Columbia, (Prof. Macoun). GENTS IX.- Pollsea, Link. Cliff lirake. 1. P. Stiu.lkri, Beddome. Stcllcrs Cliff lirake. — Rhizome slender, creeping', sending up separate, not tufted, fronds, 3 to g inches high, whole pl.int gljibrous ; lamina pale green, thin aiul papery, a very few inches long, bipinn.ite or tiipinnate, some of the smaller barren fronds scarcely more than pinnate ; pinii.'e 5 or (> pairs, U>bes of the barren frond rounded, oval, veiny ; of the fertile fronil much n.irrower, linear-lanceolate, hrmer ; sori at the tips of the forked veins, along the margins. The surface of thr soil or rocks around the plants is often covered with a green growth oi pro-thallia (Sporelings), flat thallus growths arising from spores and from which the first young fronds o^ the new plants may be seen to sprout. On shelving clifTs and crevices of rocks, rather rare. Neiv li m nswirk.- —"Morris Falls Restigouche ; Grand Falls, Woodstock. Quebec. — Lake of Three Mountains ; Cacouna ; Riviire du Loup ; Gaspe. Ontario, — Ottawa ; Belleville ; Lakefield ; Niagara River. Also Peace Rivr Pass, N. W. T., and Labrador. 2. P. ATROPL'RPLREA, Link. Clayton's Cliff Brake : — Rhizome short knot-like; stipe and rachis almost black, shining, 6 to 12 inches high : lamina coriaceous, pinnate, divisions opposite, linear-oblong or somewhat oval. Ontario: — Hamilton; Elora ; Niagara Whirlpool; Owen Sound. British Colum- bia : — Black Canyon and Cache Creek. Rocky Mountains, rare. F'irst found by John Clayton, about 1735, on the shore of the river Rappahannock. 1 > J ' ' 1 > 0 » «• o * 0 > . 0 0 , .1 , » o 0 » '.1*0 0 0 » o J J ■> > J ■» J 3 J a » » « t a • »«• *■ 236 I KllN Fl.oitA OK CANADA. 3. P. DKNSA, llodki'i-. '/'/ii/>rtrkc>in'thr,',orOn\iri>ii, Cliff ii rake. — Rliizoiiu< ili-nsely tultril ; stipi's about (> iiulu-s Ioiilt, sli'iuli-r, wiiy ; laiuiiia triaiii^^iilar or i>i'Hta_vjoiial in oiilliiu", Iripiunali', tlu' iiltiinati- sfi^nu-nts linear, |)oinli.Hl, (.-losi'l)' si-t ; (inl'i-rtili' f'rotuU V(.'r\' lan*, tlu'ir si\u;ini'nts wiili'r, ami si'rraU'il). l\.\Ki;. (Jiii'luu/'nn'iiir,': On \.'\\>osc\.\ roi'ks, Mount .\ll)crl, Claspc. /h-ifis/i CdIhiii- bht : \'ancou\rr, anil CascaiU* Mountains. ClI'.Xl'S X. OryptOjrammO, i;. Muown. h'„rk /imkr, or Pnrsln- Frm. C. IKISI'A var. .\iKOsriCIIOII>i:s, L-iwson. /'//(• \i>r//i-]\'('st Purslry Frrr, nr AnicrHitii /\i'wn, vorv sliort in tlu> inlorlilo fronds, lamina inm-Ji ilissortiHl into small tootlu>il or incisi'il lohi's ; liM'tiK- I'romls with lom^i-r stipi's, ami towi'r, narrow, thii'kiMU'd so^im-nts. In iMi'vik-os ol'baro rooks ami amont; stom-s, usually at hi^li i-lovations, not iMmmt^n. Norlh-W'ost 'l'oriili>rit.'s, Korky .Mountains, Lasc'.ulos, and on tlu- Antic Coast ; also Lake Suporior. t'.i-.xrs XI. Lomaria, ni-sv.Mx. Hard Fem. L. SlMCANT, Hosv. \'ortlu'ni Hani AV/v/. -Rliizomo ratlior sU>ul, soaly, with thiok branclunl root-tihros ; stipos of" intortili> t'ronds sliort, lamina prostrate, linoar-lancoolato pinnatifid (comb-like), the lobes linear-obloni;-, flat, slij;htly curved toward the points, mart^in entire ; fertile fiomls erect, lousier than the others, forminj4' a central tuft, pimi.'ititid, below pinnate, the pinn;c or lobes contracted, linear acute, with reflexed marnins, the lower om-s very small. British Columbia. — Victoria, \' I., and on the mainland, but limited to the Pacific Coast. Common in Xortlu'rn luirope. GKXL'S XII.— ^OOdwardia, Smith. Woochvard's Fern. W. \'lKt".lMCA, Smith. l'iri^r/,i/(i/i, or .Vor/ln'riiy Woodwardin. — Rhizome stout, much ekingated, creepinj.;', chalTy ; fronds ag-t^regated, but not tvifted ; stipe stout and lonjj; ; lamina lanceolate, pinnate ; the pinna; lanceolate, pinnatifid, formin^i^' an acute ang-le with the rachis, sori linear-oblong-, arranged in line on either side of tlie midribs of pinnaj and pinnules. Ontario. — Millt^rove Marsh, Hamilton ; Heck's Mills near Prescott; Aug-usta; Pelham; Belleville ; Lake Island, Muskoka ; Gull Lake, Addin,i;ton ; I\Ier Bleu, near Ottawa. Quebec: — Near Gaspe Basin. Xova Scotia: — Between Caledonia and Liverpool ; H. Law- son's, North-West Arm, Halifax ; between Liverpool and Jordan River, Shelburne. r ilk- a. FKKN-ri.OltA Ol" CANAPa. tvKXi's XIII. Asplenium, Linn. s/>i,'c>r,i'i>H. 237 1. A. 'ruKllOMANKS, Limi. ('i)iiiiii(in Mtiidcuhdir Sfyh'Of.y'iirl. I'romls tiil'lcil, tii>m a (.'ompai't fliizimu' ; stipt* ami rai'liis lilai'kisli l)ii>\\i), inais^iiu'd ; lamina naiimv, liiu'ar, pinnati' ; piiiiia- rmiiulisli-ohloiii;' or oval, ol)li».|iu', alinosl st'ssilo, iTi'iiatc ; soii ilistant tioin the mitliili. A small IriM (3 to S iiulu-s), with tIarU still' stipos ami small loiiiulish pinna.'. ()>it(t)it>: - Xt>t rail' in I'fntral ]>ai'ts. I\in_nslon ; Hrockvilk'; iicili'vilU' ; Cianamu|iie Rivor; RiiU'aii Canal; 'J'hoiisantl Islamis ; llamiiton; Ottawa. Oiu-hrc : Cap lour- niiMitt'. Xovd Srofi(t : — Caiiso ; North Mountain. 2. A. VIlvlDi;, I liaison, (iirrn-std/lci'i/ Sp/i'cu-.iUtrt, Rhi/.onu- sliiL;htl\- luttri.1, i-r»-op- injL,'', with fi'W dark hrown scali's ; fVoiuls a t'l-w inrlu's only in K'li^th, lim-ar, pinnato ; stipi-s less th;in a tliiixl tiu* k'nj4"th ot lamina, roinuK'il on hark. Hat or i'iianm'iri.1 in iVonl, tlark bi\)wn nuM\'l\' at haso, j^iiH'n iipwartls, ami ivu'his i^ri'i'n liki' tlu' jiimia', pinna- ronmlish, oblong' or oval, moii; or less mim'ato at base, slij^htly stalkeil, iienato or slij^-hlly lohetl, delicate, hriv^'hl pale i,''reen ; sori home on the anterior (lorwaril) sidi' ol" the side vt'in, ami near to the mitliih o[' the pinna. In ontlim* o{' tVoml and i;"eiu'ral aspect resembles the i^recedini;", but easily known by the brij^ht j^reen colour o[' stipe ami rachis. Xi'-iii /inoisu'ick, Oiwhcc, and .\'utl/i-\\'rs/: li.ispe ; I "ailousac ; Rivii-'ii- du l,ou]i ; St. John, (CI. L'. llay) ; Xorth-W'esl America, and Rock\- .Mountains. 3. A. IM.ATVNI'.IKON, Oakes. KhanySfi/i'cirii.'or/.- l*'ronvl erect, 6 to i J iiulu's, rachis blackish-brown, shininj;' ; lamina lanci'-lim-ar, pinnate ; pinna- numerous, lanceolate (tiie lower oblonv;) sessi!.', auricled at base, and fmely serrate. Onlnrio : — Hrockviile ; Belleville. 4. A. AN(asTlKi.">LirM, Michaux. Xarmiv-lcavcd SpU'oiry'orl.-VvomX larj^e (i 103 feel high) annual, lamina l.-mceolate, pinnate, pinn.'e long, linear lanci'olate, acute, fertile fronds more contractetl than the barren ones. Oniixrio : — Maiden ; Oil Wells, Enniskillen. 5. A. MARINI'M, Linn. Scn-s/iorc Sp/ccuwor/.- Tu\\ci\, from a compact rhizome ; stipe chestnut-brown, polished ; rachis brown below, green ami winged above, broad and leafy, bright green and shining, oblong lanceolate, tapering to a point, pinnate below, pinn;e ovate oblong or linear, oblique, shortly stalked, rarely pinnatifid, the upper pinna' confluent, so that the upper part of the friMid is simply pinnatifid, and towards the tip merely incised ; sori, large, linear, oblique. Very rare, and special locality not known. This, in other countries, is a coast plant, growing in the crevices of bare rocks, ami especially in rocky caves, by the sea-shore. There are Nova Scotian specimens in the Kew Herbarium, referred to in Hooker & Baker's Synopsis Filicum, second edition, 1883, but this fern has not recenti}" been fouml in Canada. It grows around the shores of Western Europe, and extends from Orkney, the British Isles, Canaries and Azores, to St. Vincent and South Brazil. V 238 I'ERN-FLORA OF CANADA. i 1 , :; - , GENUS XIV.— Atliyrlum, Roth. Lady Fcni. 1. Am. Kii.lx-Fd'.MlNA, Roth. Common Lady Fern. — Rhizome 1,'irjfe and stout ; fronds aniple (i to 3 feet lonj;-) in lai ^je tufts, and of a delirate hrij^ht i^reen hue; stipe lonyf, (very erect in stron^i" plants) ; lainina broadly oblong-, lanceolate, bipinnate, pinna: also lanceolate ; pinnules ovate-lanteolale oblonj;-, incisely toothed ; indusium, a very delicate hmbriated membrane. Variable in size and in form of frond ; stunted forms with flattened concave stipes, and laminre more or less drooping- or prostrate, form the variety mollk. Fronds wither in .autumn. Common in shady situations wherever ferns grow. 2. Ath. alpp:strk, N'ylander. Alpine L^ady Fern. — Rhizome short and stout, scaly toward the apex ; stipes comparatively short, slightly scaly ; lamina broadly oblong- lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, erect, dark green, (rather firmer in texture than in preceding species), bipinnate ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, tapering to a point ; pinnules ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate (yomewhal falcate), deeply pinnatifid or almost pinnate. Sori roundish, usually without indusia. Fronds wither in autumn. British Columbia : — Cascade and Selkirk Mountains. 3. Ata. THKLYPTEROlDKS, Desvaux. Anirle-f railed L^uly Fern. — Rhizome stout ; fronds i — 3 feet long, erect ; stipe long, slightly scaly ; lamina oblong-ovate or broadly lanceolate, acuminate, pinnate ; pinnc'u lanceolate, acuminate, from a broad sessile base, and deeply pinnatifid, the lobes oblong, minutely toothed, sori elongate-oblong, quite straight, with entire indusia. Quebec: — At St. Joachim; Beloeil Mountain. Ontario: — Ramsay; Relleville ; London ; I'rescott. Xova Scotia, not rare, in Halifax and Cumberland Counties. AVxy Bru)is7vick : — Fredericton ; Bass River ; Salmon River. GENUS XV.— SCOlOpendrium, Smith. LLart's Tongue Fern. S. VI LGARK, Smith. Common LLart's Tongue Fern, — Rhizome short, tufted, scaly; stipe one-third the length of frond, scaly, and^the midrib or costa slightly scaly beneath ; lainina strap-shaped with a cordate base, usually undivided, margin entire, from 6 inches to 2 feet in length ; sori linear oblique, in pairs, the two contiguous ones becoming confluent, (that is uniting together so as to seem to form one). Ontario: — Owen Sound, Georgian Bay, Lake Huron. Neiv ^/-WM^Tt'/c^.-— Woodstock. GENUS XVL— OamptOaorUS, Link. Walking Leaf Fern. C. Rhizophvllls, Link. Travelling Fern. Walking L^eaf. — Fronds evergreen, a few inches long, variable in size and shape, the fertile ones more elongated ; lamina lanceolate, broad and hastate (somewhat arrow-shaped), wide and cordate at base, attenuated towards the tip, which strikes root and gives rise to a new plant. Ontario: — Higfh F'alls, Portland Township, 1862; Oxford; Hamilton; Ancaster ; Lake Medad ; Wolfe Lsland ; Owen Sound ; near Ottawa. Quebec: — Montreal Mountain. l'l';UN-Kr,()|{A OF CANADA. 239 c; K M • S X \' 11 . — PolysticllUia , Sc 1 k>tt. S/i /,•/i. — Rhizoiiu> stout; lVi>iuls pale ffreen, souu'what piilislunl, cHniai-i'Oiis ; stipo jirofusely (.•liafiy, with pali* siak-s ; lamina Ions' 'I"'-' narrow, lin(.'ar-lanci'olate, siin|)ly pinnate ; pinna' lont;- ami narrow, lint-ar- lancfolatt*, shortlv stalki-il, with a projtHMinic aurirk- at tlu' base on tlu' upper (anterior) side, more or less distinetly serrate, with hair-tippeil teetli ; fertile (upper) pinna' sli^Iuly eontraeted, eovereil beneath by the larm' i'i\nvtletl or eonlluent sori. I'' ronds evergreen. On /(trio, .Wtv' Jiiiiiisii.'ii /c, Oucbcc, .Wnui Smtia. Connnon in tin* woods in Xov.a Scotia, southern New Brunswick, (^}uebec, and Ontario. 2. V. Ml NiTi .M, Presl. lirilisli Cdlunib'ui S/iic/tl Fern. Rhizome stout, with ok! sli|ie stulis, (endini;- in a crown ), frond biitls scaly; stipi's, covi-ri'il with iiri>wn scales, one-third teniiCth o'i lamina ; lamina lanceolate, i to 2 or 3 feet loni;- by 3 to 5 inches wide. Fionds evert^'reen. British Colunihitt : — \'ancouver Island, not rare tla-n-, but contined entiri'ly to the Pacific L\>ast, beini^- unknown in tiie other I'rovinces. 3. P. LONCIIITIS, Roth. Alpine Sliicld Fcr)i. IhiUy /•"(■/'//.Rhizome vi>ry stt)ut, covered with wiry root-Hbres ; stipe very short with lart^e pale scales which extend, but <^i sniaik'r sizi\ (o the rachis ; frontls ()~ icS inches or mi>re, ri^id, brij^ht mri'en piilishetl, coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, simply pinnati-, pinn.'e mimcnnis, distant below in yinmjii'er fronils, with hair-like scales beneath, above crowdetl, often imbricated, lance- olate, falcate, an inch lonj^, acute, prominently auricled at the base on the upper (.-mterivir) side, tiie mart,^ins with spin}' serratures and intervenint;' teeth. Sori on the upper portion o'( the fronil, indusium rounded, peltate, denticulate. I-"ronds everi^'reen. Xova Scotia: — Aspey Hav, Cape Breton. Ontario: — Below the whirlpool, Bruce Peninsula, Owen Sound. Also Rocky Mountains ami Cascatles. 4. P. Br.M'NII, I.awson. Dr. Braiin's Sliirld Fern. — Rhizome stout ; fronds in circular tufts with a larg'e central crown c»f frond buds ; frond al)out two feet hi^'h ; stipe exceediiii^ly short, scaly, rachis scaly io the apex, with intermixed Iart;e and small pale ferruginous scales ; lamina soft-herbaceous, lanceolate, shortly acuminate, much narrowed below, bipinnate ; pinnules stalked, serrate, the small teeth tij-)pt>d bv soft bristles. This species is related to the English P. arirulare, but is very different from the northern European species, /'. aciilcattini, to which, however, forms from the Pacific coast have recently beer referred. Xova Scotia: — Mabou ; Bras d'Or Lake; Canso ; Blomidon. AVtc lyrtiiiswick : — Fredericton ; Andover. Quebec: — Gaspe and Silver Mountain; near Ouebec City; Temiscouata ; River Roug-e. British Columbia: — Vancouver. ill 240 FKKiN-KI.OHA OF CANADA. I 11 • I- GEM'S XVm.- Lastroa, PKi;sr.. liuiklcr lurn. 1. rn>l.nii;.\NA, I'li'sl, Mr. doldif's liutklc)- /'Vr;/. Rliizumi' stoiil ; fioiuls vi'iv l.'irg'o (3 or 4 ti'i't or moro in liMij^th). dark )4reor), will) ampli" pinna- ; stipi' a toot iti lon.ntli, with palt' slia^ny scaUvs ali(.>vo, ami lar^v clark-iiMitn-il oiu's l)t'io\v ; pinna* () or 8 inclu's Kinj4, lini'ar-lani'i'olato ; pinnulrs (11 to 20 pairs) liiu'ar-ohloni;, a|'pio\iniate, unilornilv i nrvi'il forwarils, si'ytho-sliapril, sonK'tinu's witli an I'xtra lol)(.' at liasi* ; sori near llic niiilrili. (Jui'ht'c /V(n'///r<'.' -Montreal ; Ontario: — FarmtTsvilK'; Hi'lK-vilK'; l>ni;liton; Owen Sound ; Mroi'UvilU> ; I.onilon. I'lnnul also in tin* I'liilinl Slati's, south \o Konluiky, but rare. 2. I.. si'lNriA>SA, IMvsl. i'dinnio)! Wood Fern, ixhizoint- stout, with dark-hi'own crowtli'il, sraly, stalk-basi's, tlio sivilrs p.ili.' lusty-hiown. I'romls two tot't or niori' in lenj^th, iMvot. Stijii's tut'trii, noarly a loot lon_!4% i.lark-hri>w 11 at base, i'lsi>wluMo trrfon, scalv, tho p.'ili' rusty brown scakvs lar_i;i'r, il.irki'r .iUiX inoit' iuuiumous brlow , tlir lacliis scarivly M'-ily ; lamina 15 to 18 ini'lios or niori' lonj^, by (> to S ov inori* broad, brijclit g^reiMi, luMbaioous, varyini^ in form from obloni^-l.uKi'olat*", to t>vati'-trian_i;;ular, wide boli>w, narrowiHl towanls tlio tip, bipimiato (or tiipimiato in iarni" luxmiant oxamjiler, — the main pinna" stalkeil, linear-lanceoUite, oxeopt the lowest, whieli are mueh broader at the basi', ami triangular ov di'ltoid in outlim' ; piinuiles obioniL; or o\ati'-laneeol;ite, aeute, the lari^est an ineh lon^' by halt" an iiuli bro.ul, pinnatilklly eut, or iiu,ised, into small, aristatelv tiHtthetl lobes, (that is eaeh lobe emls in a line bristle point); posterior basal pinnules of the lower pinn.-e nuieh lari^er than the anterior ones. Sori small, arisinj^ from the side veinlets,and thus appe.irini;- between the mibrib and mari^'in of the pinnules; indusium smootli or oecasionally g"landular (this is best seen wiien the froml is newly developed). In autumn the en-et stipes be^in io weakt-n and ileeay at a point within an inch or two oi the base, allowiuii- the fromls to fall upon the ground. Still umietaehed completely from the rhizome, they lie under the snow over winter and are linally withered up by the tlrouj^ht o[' the lollowiui;- summer, formiiiif a matting" around the j^rowini^ plant ; thus the speeies is usually described .-fs imperfectly evergreen. There are many variations o\ this species, in evei"v countr\- in which it occurs, that can be with difliculty distinguished from each other. The American form, which mostly prevails in Canada (our common wood lern). is known as v.ir. IN rt:i?.MKi)iA. \'ar. nii-ArATA has a stouter rhizome, shorter stipes, broad lamina, which is ovate, sub-triangular or oblong-lanceolate ; the basal scales are larger, more abundant, and extend further up the stipe, and some of the larger scales have a very dark stripe or blotch in the centre ; indusium usually (but not alwavs) fringed with stalked gfland.s. Common in woods and shady places. Ontario : — Abundant in the woods about King'ston, as Collin's Bay, &c. ; Smith's Falls ; Odessa ; Falls oi Xiag'ara ; Hinchin- brook ; Gananoque Lakes; Farmersville ; Hardwood Creek; Delta; Upper Rideau \ r.\ FKHN-FLnUA OK (;AN'AIJ\. 241 I «1 n t Lake; Nrwlniro-Dii-tlu'-Ridt'au ; Lon^poiiil ; Kamsav ; I'l fsioti ; Hi-lU'ville ; (ItMUT.'il throughout Oiit.'irio ; it is the roininon wooil fi'in. (Jiichci , .Wtc /hitfisicicl', XoTd Sctttia: Common in I hi- woods, I'spt'cially in sea-short- districts. Aniuiul the wooded shores ol" Nova Seotia, as at l^loniiiloii, Canso, \\ hyeoi-oinaj^li, I'arishoro, &e., this fi-rn attains a ^reat si/e, the Ironils risin>j to a hei^^ht of Ihrei" or lour feet. .W-.vfoitndldnd : - I'rohably etiniinon, allhou^li only noticed in a lew localities; I-anj^-lade; Miijuelon. The variety ililntiilK is I'ountl at the Jo^j^'ins, near the month oi the Bay ol' I*'undy ; also in Newfoundland. 3. L. CRIS'lAlA, I'ri'sl, (^'n'.vAv/ /y«r>('/('^ /'V^/(. -Rhizome sliorl, stontish, branclieil, with sealy adherent stipe stubs. I'Vonds erect, rij^iil, in tufts, from 1 to 3 feet hi,i;h (the infertile ones shorter and less en-ct ). Stipes stout, half as lonif as the lamina, with few scales upwards. Lamina linear-oblong-, or lanceolate in outiiiu', rather lij^^hf ^reen, pimiate or bipinnate ; pinnju numerous, the lower ones apart, short, triang-ular ; pimuiles or sej^ments of pinn.x- mostly adnate (connected at the base), posterior bas.il pinnules scarcely lonj^er than the anterior ones, oblong, bhmt, more or less pimiatifid or incised and serrate, ihe serratures tipped by spinulose points ; veins o\' lobes llexuous, depressed or etched on the upper surface. Soii large, with [)ersislent indusia, numerous princi- pally on the upper half of the frond, forming' a row on e.ich side of the midrib of the lobe, antl nearer to midrib than margin. Swamps, swales and bogfg^y g;round, in shelter oi trees i>r buslu-s, not rare. When swamps are cleared of trees, this fern soon disappi-ars. Ontario ;~S\\;un\>y places in woods around King-ston ; Helleville ; Ramsay ; Prescott : Tinonto ; London ; &c. Qurbi'i:—0\.U\.\\;i and tiatineau Rivers; 'Iliree li^ivers ; Lake t)f Three Mountains; Gaspe ; St. Ferreol, &.c. Xetv Bruns"dr K'ss ilistiiut, tlu' iipjiiM- iMiitliuMit (imili'il ov iiiniiini;' into raili otluM), niarL,'^iiiai sorrattiivs not spiniilosf. Soii lunniMoiis, nfairr niiilvi'in than inaixin, usualh ronliiu-il to the lowrr or basal liall of tlu* piiuuilt's ; iiuliisinni liiin, loiMuiish, i-onvrx at lirst, with a notili at its do|irossed fininoli'il ]>oint o\' altailunt'iit to llu- vi-inU-t. Raiv, and loral in its distributii^n. This species was not iletinitely known to he a native ol" C'anaila, until ilisenveretl on Owi'ii St>uiul bv tin- late Mrs. Roy, of Koyston I'ark, in iSdh, soon aitei' whieh it was I'ouiul in otluT ilistiiets by si'veral botanists. On/iirlo: — .Anionic loosi> lV;i,L;nu'iils ot roik nnck'r the limestone ilitVs at ii-.n* ol" Royston I'ark, OwiMi Si>niul ; also, vnuleillu' same ranj^'i' ol" elills at a clistaiu'i- of ti'n niiK's larllu'r \\\i the Cieoij4'ian Hay, Lake lliiion. .Voiui Stolin : \\'hyeoeoma,i;h, Cape Breton Islaml, on the Salt Mountain, ( Hr. Lindsay); L'api> Mabou; l.aki> .\inslie ; anil .\spey I^ay, all in Cape Rieton, (A. 11. Maekay). Nevfouiulliutd : Speeimen reeeivetl by the Clerman botanist, l")r. Kunze. Otifhrr : .\btnulant anil wmv luxuriant alonn' the Claspe eoast at I'"ox River, (.Mai'oun). />ri/is/i Cohiiiih'ui : I'ounil b\' Dr. I,\;ill. This is a I'omnu^n lerii in i^ritain anil W'esti'rn I'.urope, olten >;rowiiij4' on b.inks by tiu' i"oailsiili>s. 6. L. MAIiiilNAI.ls, Presl. Miiri;in:i/-J-'rui/cii />tirklcr I-'fni, Rhizome shoil, vei-y stout, with numerous sealy stipe-l'tases, the i'ri>wn of Iroml-buils i-ovi'reil eopiousl\- witii brii^ht brown ehalTy seales. Fi-onds ereel, in lireular lulls, one to two I'eel or more in length; stipes from six to twelve inehes hij^h prolusely eovereil b.'low with pale thin scales ; lamina from nine lo I'i^hli'en imhes, elon_i.;'ate ovale-oblonj;', ol a rather ilull j.;"ri'iMi colour, somewhat coriaceous (le.ithery), i>iimate oralmo^t bijiinnale ; pinna" lineai-ianceo- late, broad at base ; piiuuiles obloniL;", very obtuse, olisoletely inei->eil. Sori terminal on the veinlets, ami marginal, ap|iearin_i;' jiromini'ntly in a row rouiiil tiu' eilg'cs ol" tiie l^innules. The froml lemains j^ieen i>ver winti'r. Rocky banks, both in shady and exposed places, tiie lar^e rhizome enablinti;' this species to resist the heat ami ilrou^'ht of summer. It is exclusivi-ly conlineil to the. North American continent, anil is cliielly lounil in the countries lyinyf between the Atlantic and the Western Prairies. jVo7>a Scotia : — Redl'ord Rasin, on Part mouth side; round Lily and Rocky Lakes, Halifax County ; New Ros.s ; North Mountain ; Gaspereau Valley ; Caledonia ; Cape Breton. JVf7i< Bruns-iVick : — Rather common. Quebec : — Cap Tourmente ; Gatineau Mills. Ontatio :— Abundant in dry woods arv^und Kin^fston ; near Odessa ; Newboro ; Marble Rock and elsewhere on Gananoque River and Lakes ; Farmersville ; Hardwood Creek ; Brockville, common ; \'alley of the Trent, o\\ and around the i^reat boulder ; Lakefield, North Douro ; Sulphur Spring", LLimilton ; Cedar Island ; Smith's Falls ; Ramsay; Prescott; Belleville; Harrington; London, &c. A very largfe form, the fronds. bipinnate and the pinnules pinnatiBd, var. Traill.e was found at North Douro by Mrs^ Traill. ••I 1 T^. KKILN-KF.OKA OK CANADA. M3 f 1 :^ A 1^ I 7. L. MONTANA, MiHirv. Moiintitiii /tUik/if I'crn. Klii/miU' slioit, stout, with >tii>ni;- root lihii's, tin* up|n'r part siii iDuiuli'tl by rlost'-sct stipi- basi-s. l''ii>iuls in rlosf (lilts, l>ii),'^lit yt'llowisli K^\• ^okli'ii ^ri'i'ii, 1 to ,^ li'i'l lii.ic'', uilli \i'iv short lliiik, sialy sti|>i's, suridiiiulfil l)v ilosi'-sot stipi* hasi-s. l-'roiul lamina iaiu'ooiati' in oiitlim-, niiuli iiairoui'd In-low, pinnati", tin- pinna- lu-ini;' laf^i-st in the iniiUilc pait of tin- iVoiul, ami jfraihially lU'i'i'i-asinic to vi-i\' small si/t- at tlu- hasi- ; pinna- lini-ai-laiu-i-olal* , iK-rply pinnatilui ; li>hfs ohliintr. Hat, t>hlusi-, i-ntin-, tlu- lo\v»-st oiu-s on tin- pinna paialk-l witli thr rai'liis ; soii suh-niartcinal i>n tlu- vi-inli-ts, ami mosth- o\\ tlu- uppi-r half ol tlu- I'nintl ; imliisium incoiispii-uous, impiMii-it, or ahst-nt. Iroiuls, annual, j;lantluiar on tlu- lower Hiirfaoi'. lin'/isli Cn/ii»il)iii : Mount Dawson ; Selkirk Ivanj^^i- ; sunnnit o( tlu- C". P. I\y. I'ass, (Macouii). Also island <,•>[' I'nalaska. Xol rare in \\\--.ti-rn lvn-o|)e. S. !,. i{n;ii)\, I'ri'sl. S/i'lf /iiirk/rf Ffrn. Khizonu- short, stout, with i-li>se si-aly sti]>i- stubs ; stii)i- rij^iil, ort-i-t, half as loni;' as the lamina and wry sraly at basi- ; lamina laiUTolati-, ovati'-huu'i-olati-, or sonu-what trian_sj[ulai" in outliiu-, loriai-eous, bipinna'.i- ; pinna- oblon}4"-lant.-i'olatt-, the lout-st sonu-what liianj^ular ; pimniK-s iiblom^, vi-iny, doubly serrate, with spinulosi- tei-th ; sori lar_L;i-, nean-r miiI-\(-in liian margin o\' lobes ; iiidusium with a \c-iy naiMMW sinus anti minute j^lanils on llu- margin. British Coluinbin : \'ieloria anil Mount I*"inl<'ivson, \'aneou\i-i- Island. In Anu-iiea eonfmed to Atlantic Coast rei^ions, the prevailing form in California and C^rej^on beinj^ larj^er in all its parts th;in the Kuropean, ami distini;uislu-d bv tlu- Cniti-d Stati-s botanists as var iifi^ulix. 9. L. I'KAiiKANS, Presl. — 'Ihc /•'niifnint Ihicklcr Fcni. Rhizonu- short ,ind stout. the erown and stipe-bases elotheil with tflistening- ^tfoldi-n ba>wn seales. I'roiul usually only a very few iiu-lu-s in length, (but in exceptionally favourabli- sjiots reaehini;' a toot or even nmri-), so that this is the smallest of" all the Lastreas. Stipes luftt-il, very scaly, the shinint;- scales exteiulinj;- aU>n^' the raihis. Lamina lanceolate coriaceous on the upjier surface, bipinnate, pinn;t; triangular, t>f few (4 or 5 pairs) of ck>se set pinnules, covered beneath by the lar^fe rusty membraiu>us iiuhisia, which conceal the sori. Nova Seal ill : — Hartley waterfall. Pirate Harbour, Strait i)f Canso, o\\ |H-rpi-ndicular clifVs, very scarce ami alnuist inaccessible, (Rev. V.. II. Hall). A'av linots'n'ick : ~ Dalhousie; Railway lumu-l at Resti^'ouche. Quebec: — Sa^'uenay l\i\ i-r ; I lemminiclord ; Falls of St. Anne des Monis River, and ah^n^" the Telej^raph Road, Ciaspe. Maniloba : — Dawson Road. Also at Lake Sujierior ; \i]iij4-i)n Lake antl River ; aiul i>n tlu- northern and .Arctic coasts, as Cape Clnullei^h, Cape Prince of Wales, anil Repulsi- Hay. This rare northern species was well described by Sir William 1 looker ( whose- kiu)wletl_n'e of ferns was nut re i-xtensive than that of in aliove the initlilii" nt'tlu* tVorul ilownwarJs iiiilil tlu'v hi'i'onu' iniTi* aurii'lrs at tlu' haso ilosr \o tlu' }.;;rouiicl ; piiin.x* si>ssili" liiioar or Iini\'ir-IaTu*folat»\ ai'iimiiiali', mori' or K'ss approxitnatr, ilt-rply piiinatiHil ; piiimiK's oblmi^, usually llat, vi'iiis sini[il<.' (not torki'd nor ollicrwisc braiRJicd) ; sori small, c'dniosl in.'irj^inal, ni'vor ronlluont. Ill moist shaily woiuls, hut not in wot plricos, and novor founil in marslios or swamps or on till' marj^-ins ot laki's ( whirh aro tho usual hahitatos of A. /'//<7i'/>/<'/'/.s ofton inistaktMi lor this spt'cies). Xova Sill/ ill : —Wot-tds at I^i'iU'ord ; Lufyfi'.'kl, Saokvilli> ; Meavor Hank, and other plai'es in Halifax County, not rare. \rw Jintns-i'irk : — l.'oinin,>n. /'/ov. Oiii'hvr : - jNIount Johnson, .Montreal, Helcvil, Ottawa; Ouehee. Oiitufio: V\\*s\:o\.{\ Kini^'ston ; Rf'imsay ; Lakelield; North Hounv, Si-ymour ; Hamilton; I.oiulon ; Toronto; Windsor; Port Colhurne; Muskoka; OwenSi>uiul; also Manitoba Islanils, tVc. Xcii lamina, which, in the sterile froiul, is laneei>late, but wide at base, pinnate ; pinn.e linear lanceo- late, deeply pinnatilid, se^'iiients or lobes oblong, obtuse ov aeute, usu.ally entire, the basal ones often lont^er. The li-rtile fronds appear later in summer, have lont;er antl stouter stipes, anil the mari,'"ins or edg^es of their se^ment^ or lolnvs an '<>d back (revolute) so that they luive a contracted appearance, the pinna' beint; ^ . nently narrower and more acute, or acuminate. Sori small, round, tormintj' a line, (an^ often confluent) on each side o'i the midvein, midway between it and the margin, but appearing' maiginal from the involution oK the etlges pf the frond-lobes. Indusium delicate, lacerate, jiflandular. The fronds wither in autumn. Marshes, marshy ground, and wet margins of lakes and ponds, not common. Ontario : — Swamps in the woods at Kingston, and in the township of Hinchinbrook ; Portland; Krneslown ; Milgrove Marsh, Hamilton; Prescott ; Helleville ; Kamsav, Thorold ; Maiden ; .Muskoka; Parry Sound, I'^ic. Kastern and Central Ontario, general. Manitoba : — Red River Settlement, (McTavish). Oiichcr Prov. : — Montreal; St. Joachin; L'Orig-lnal ; Gntine.iu Mills, o\\ the Ottawa; Temisquata and other places, common. Nova Scotia : — Xorth Mountain ; Lily Lake, county of ILaiifax. A^e~v Bru>is7vick :— Rather common in wet or marsh v places. The most westerly localities known for this fern g^re Lake Winnipeg and Red River Settlement. \ ^4 T^% y Ml ^ ] T KKKN-l'I.OltA UK CANADA. CKMS XIX. PolyPOlium. I.i.nn. r»h'/>,>(/i: 245 1. P. \ I l.(;.\llypiu{y. I\lii/oiiu* t1»'«.liv .iiul t'mul-liki', nnritHl with a fur t't l)n>un siaK-s, rri'i-pinic mi snil t>r mi siirt"ai-i' dT roi'ks or iiinsscd l)aik, jfiviiijyf off at intervals leafy fii>ncls hui lu- on snimitli straw-i-olon-il stijx's (stalks) less than half tlu'ir i>\vn leni^tli. I'lonti nii>ii' of less tiesliy, i-oii.neons (leatlieiv ), iti torni liiu-ar- ohloiif;, i>r sonu-ulial l.ineeolati', aiMnnin.iIi' (with a pinloiiifed narrow point), ili'eply I'lit piniiately into lohi-s, alim>st to the niiilrib, or (piile so, wIumi the iVoiul heeomes pinnate; Uihes (or pinna.') linear-oliloiiLif or oblon,i,^-laneeo!ate, ohlnsi', or i>l"ten ai'iite, rareU' ainnii- iiate, the niaixin nsiially entire or only slightly tootheii, ran-lv si-rr.ite ; veins o'( fri>iul- U>l>es l'oi-ki'il. Sori (frnit-iiots) larj^i- anil roiiiul, ,irr;ini;eil in a row K^^\ i-.ieli siile k^S the midrih ot" tlu'lohe or pinn.i, tniilway hi'twi'en the inii!rii> ;iiui iiiai'i^in. 'I'lieie are two L'anacliaii varieties: 1. I '(//-. iticiDKNTAl.i;, witli larger tronils, more aiiiminale towarils the tips, the lobes all strongly si-rrated. 2. Wir. C'a.mmUU IM, with hroaiU-r, paler, or sonu'wh.it ni.'nieeseeiit troiuls, tlu' l.irj^er lobes eonspienonsh' wiiU'r in the niiiKlle, and a^aiii ilividi'd into lobes or sej^im-nts, the lari;er \.^'( whieh are si-rriilate. Kverj^reen. On roeks aiul boiiklei-s in the wooils, when' tin' air is kept moist bv lU'ii^libiiurin^ lakes or stii'.nns. a nil on I lie moss-i-o\i'reil I riniks anil br.inihes of tiees lU'.ir the si -a shore anil by water-falls. Oii/arii) : Not rare around the j4'i\'.'il l.ikes ;inil aloni;' the eourse of the St. Lawrenee River. /'rDi'iiicc Oiii'/wf '. -\.'o\\\mo\\ aronnd the Ciulf shores, and extending eastward to L'ape llaldiniand, (laspe. jVc^ui Scn/ia : Common in Atlantic coast districts, as Halifax and Ciuysborou.nli. A^f7i< /tr/oisii'/'ci- : (.'onimon, except in the northern I'ounties. Af/in/'/tihii ; Plentiful in rocky paits. lirilish (\tlitinhia : N'ot rare, but chielly the \nv\i.'[y urcidcnldfi'. A^-iv/hiDul/tuid : Miquelon ( Delamare). This species is also founil on the Rocky Mountains, and exteiuls northwaril to Xelsv^n and Slave River. It is common in northern Asia and Kurope, and there extends within the Arctic Circle. \'ai". ocridcii/ii/r \\;\.s iii'st foii!iil on the Island of Sitcha. \'.'ir. C(tiiihr'nuin. -On rocks at I'ort Simpson, o\\ I'orllaiul Inlet, Hritish (.'olumbia, opiiosile the southern extremity of Alaska. 2. P. St on. l.Kl, Hook tV (irev. Scott/cf's /'oh'/ioe/v, — Rhizome thick, short, fleshy, scaly, creepinn'. usu.alK- on b.ark ; stipes two or four inches loni^, li-afy part of fronil six or I'ij^ht inches loui^ b\- about three inches wiile. I'lonil tleshy, bi'cnmini;' coiiaiH'ous, smooth, obloiiqf-ovate, diviileil to the rachis into few pinna', whicli are more or less oblonic, blunt, or much routided at the apex, entire. \'eins of the lobes anastomosinj^ (netted). Sori very hirj4"e in si/.e and tew in number, ranged near the midrib. ICver- green. Brilish C(iluiii/)i(i. -.\\hoyn\, W I., anil on the mainlanil, i\ire. 3. 1'. Famai I'M, Kellos4X. A/c//^(>r/V<' /'V /'//.- Rhizome creepiiii;", succulent ami sweet to the taste, the voun^-er parts scaly ; stipes straw-coloured, half a foot in length, the leafy part of the f ro ul a. foM or more lonif and half as much wide. Frond rather thin 246 KKHN-KI.OKA OF CANADA. flt'sliy, slij^hlly coriari'oiis, sihodIIi, l»r»^ailly laiu"i'i>lati', aiuiniiiatt', tU'rply piiinalirul or piniialo, the lohi's ov pimi.i- liioaii I t'luw, laporinj^ upwariK into aiiimiiiati' points, nioir or less lali'atc (sii-kle-sliaju'il) anil sharply st'rrat*.*. \'fins forki'il ov hramlu-il. Sori ncariM* tin* miilrib than niarj^'in ol llir lohi* or pinna. KvtMj^ii'iMi. In cri'viics oi rorks anil in lri>o-hollo\vs. liridsh i'oluxihid :: Xanronvi-r Isiaiul, bctvvoiMi V'ictoria ami lCsi|iiiniaiilt Harbor. Also I-'rasor Kivor. (lie NTS XX. PhOfiroptOriS, Ffci-. Ihrch niui (hilc Frnis. I. I'll. Pinoi'TKRIS, Feo. Cuinnion Oak- Frni. Rlii/.o?no hntin-licd, -.iiMuli-r, crt'opini;-, il.irk rolmni'il, with at (irst hii)wn si'.iU's ; stipi- sIimhIim- ami wi-ak, loni;i"r llian tilt' lamina, j^iahrons, t'xiopt .it tin* vi'ry hase. I'loml six to twclvi' im'lu-s liis^ii, yiahroiis; l.'imin.i thin ;imi di'lii-ato, nu-mhr.inous or luMhari'ous, pali* ^nn-n, ihill, in tluvi", st.ilki'il, div.'irii'ati', tri.intjul.ir p.irts or divisions, o.ai'h o'i which is pinnatr, with its ]>inn;L> mori" or ii'ss di'i'ply piiinatit'ul, tiu- iiMitr.il ilivisii>n l.'irg'i'st ;ind s\ nunt'triial, liu- otIuMs (siiK-or lateral ones) haviiij^" tlu-ir pinna- .ihlirevi.iti'il or less di'vt-iopi'd on tlu" iippi-r siilr. \';ir. KRKi TA is .a tall, stout form th.it ^■rows in wi't shaily plai'i's in rich soil, and resi'inhlcs (he i'oilowim;: v.'irii'ly in ;ii)pcar;im'e, hnt ililTers iVom it hi the tVonds not hoint,'' covered on the surLice with mimile glands. V.ir. i\OHKRTlAN.\, n.iveriport, ( l.imesti>ne feiii of l^nucland ); rhi/ome less creepim;- ; fronil stout, rij;-id ; stipe and lamina closely beset with minute stalked .inlands (visible by aid of lens). On wooded rocky banks, and in ilrv woods, very t;-eneral throuiihout the whole Dominion, especially in hilly districts, tirit'tsh Columhux : ( I'ound by Hr. Cl. Dawson). North-\\\'st Tcrritiny \ — Kchimamish River to Oxtoril House. Mnnitohii'. — Common arounil I.akes M.initoba and W'innipeyosis ; .mil in the RiilinjLT, Duck, and Porcupine Mountains. Ontitrio: — Abunilant in the wooils .irounil Kini^ston ; R.ims.iy ; I'resctMt ; Belleville ; Toronto; north shores of l.;ike Superior and Huron. Oucbcc : — River Rouye; Round Lake ; Montreal Mountain ; Xicolet Rivty ; Somerset; St. Joachim ; L'Orii;inal, &c., — common throughout the Province. AV71' /innis~drmiii>,'- .-i i-onspic-imiis ,inj,Hi'il wiii^' aloii);- fitlu-r siiU' o( llu* maitj rai-liis of tlu- frorul. Soii iimslly, but not all, lu-ar- ilif luaij^-iii. Karv. (Jiichrr rriivincf : Wali'rliu) ami Soivl ; (Jiiriuv ; Nuns Islaml, Moiitival. Oii/ano: C'hippfwa ; Carry Soiiiul ; INvsi-oll; lu-ar famphi'llionl. ami at I'orl StaiiU-y ; St. Tluimas ami Wimlsor ; London. Ncn'/oiiiK/lini,/ : .\lii|m-lon, plain to sontli ol Ki\fr Hibitf. .^. Ph. coNNKrril.i'.. Wall. /',i/,.\/ouiif,ii» /',>/y/^,„h'. Khizomr iTfi-jjini;-, rlolhcil with paU> dffithions siaK's. I'lond a (o»)t liiyli, stipf ratlu'r U)n.i;t'r than tlu< lamina, whifh is arnli-ly triangular ov ili-ltiiiil, (loiiyfr than l)n>ail). ai-inninatt', pinnatr, soft, dull KivtMi. tlu- vi«ins pih>sr hcm-ath and tin- rai'h is scaly ; pinna- lim-ar-lamvolati-. pinnalitid, lowrsi pair di'llrxoii ; rarliis hairy and niimiti-ly scaly to the apex v>C tlu- fromi. as u.-llas tlu- niiilrihs o\' tin- pinna-, i-spoiially o\\ tlu- lowi-r surfaci-. Tlu- ronnd sori m-ar tlu- mart;-in. Fronds witlu-r in ;uitnimi. On/ario : K:ims:\\ ; I'rrscott ; Ostcinul ; XiioU-t ; Toronto, ami westward to I.akt! vSupi-rior, opposite Cirami Island. Oiichcf : tlK>uivstfr, m-ar Ottawa ; tlu-lsea ; L'Orij^inal ; Harrinj.rton, iVc. Nova Scotia and Xnv /intnsn'irk : Connnon in wi-t spots, on shaded hillsides, and in ravim-s. Ncvfoundlaiul : fape Mii|nek>n. Also in Manihibtty in the Rixky MmniUiins, and in Aliiska. c'.i'.M's XXI. Gymnogramme. r")i;s V.\l X. GvMNlx;I^\MMl•: tki.\\c;i i.auis, Kanlfnss. (uddci /u-m. Khizonu- small, short, creeiiintc, with ehaIVy stipe stubs; stipes tul'teii, wiry, dark, jiolished ; latnina di-ltoiil or penta^-onal, a few inches in ilianu-ti-r, the lower iiinn.u very lari^e, f rianj,'-ular, aiul twiie parted, with the secondary pimi.-e much elongated on the lowi-r side ; upper piim.x- lanceolate, atul more or less pinnately lobed, coven-d bi-iu-alh with yellow powder. British Columbia : -Crevices oi rocks, \ancini\er Island, rare. GKXL'S XXII.— Oanmuda, LiXN. Royal I-cn,. I. O. RKi;.\i.is var. sim-htamii.is, Lawson. Anu-rictni Rnyal Fcni. I-'roiuls erect, pale or irlaucous i^reen, ^-labro.is, bipinnate ; pinnules oblon.i,'--lanceolate, oblit|ne, shortly stalked, very slifefbtly dilated at the base, nearly t-nlire ; fertile pinmiles fo rminii" a racemose panicle at the summit o{' the frond. This Canadian fern is not siifliciently different from the Ro\al Fern o\' Furope, O. n-i^nr/is, to take rank as a separate sf>erii's, but is distinct as a variety. The ICuropean O. rcy[iilis is Iar44er, more robust (not so tall and thin in proportion), o'i darker colour, iK>t s^-Iaucous, with more widely s|)readin.^ or diverg-ent piiinje, and more leafy auricled, sessile ]>innules. which are nuire or less pinnatifid at the base, (whereas in the Canadian variety llu-y are quite entire), and 248 Ki:i!\-KI.()H A (IK CANADA., llw ilivisiinis 111 llir li-itili' |)i)rlii)ii ol llu- pinna" aif n)i>r»' wiilrlv tli\i'ri;i'iil. Tlu* >,liMulfi st IV slr;iii«lil .^inwlli atui lax braiuliinir of our varirty ilistinmiisli it in );aiil«*ns. In swamps anil l>y tlu* niai^ins ol ii\«'is, not Miu-oniinon in tin- Maritiim* I'foviiU'i's, In ^in'hi'i* ami (.")nlario, extiMulinj^f Wfstwaril to tin- Saskati'howan. Oiilnn'it: l-'ainu-fsvilli' ; I laiilwooil CiTi'k ; Ifiniliinhrook, ami otluT plart's in ri'ar ol' Kini^-sto 1, usually ii\ tliiikt'ly swamps, hy t'oiiluniy loails, iSic, Millnrovf Marsh Hamilton ; Kaiiisay ; Hi-lifvilU'; I'li-siotl, i'ommon ; Wi-llaml ; N'ii'oli-t ; WoHr Island, ami Navy IslamI ; l\>rtlaml ; in Mi'illonl ti>wiisliip, vory ahumlaiit ; London. Oiiehcc : ~ Near Montn'al ; I.aki' St. CIliiIos ; l,'l")rijifiiial ; aroimil .Mflis l.akr ; »)pposilf (iios Cap ; .Sou-son:\va->.ra-uii t'li'fk ami Si-li\vihali River. Xi-w/inniii/atul : Honm' Hay, on roi'ks, looo frot ,'ibovi» sfa lovi'l, (a sm ill torm), Also fii'tni la/ti. 2. O. Cl.AVTi>NIAN.\, I. inn. Clitytiiti's h'oyii/ /'\rn. Klii/onu' not i-ion^Mti'd ; iVoml narfi>\vlv lam'i'olaff, pinnalo ; pinna' lam-colati' ; liMtiK- tVomIs like llu- unlorliK', fxi'i'pt that about lhn>t' pi its o\' pinna* lU'ir or hi-iow llu- middli' ol tiu' Iroiul arc iontr.u'ti>il ;ind Ci>viMi'd with spoil" i" isi's ; spor.innia hioun, with .i;i»"i"n spi>ros. WliiMi levsh tin." I'lomls havo an oiloiir ivsiMiililinir that ol" rlmharl) stalks. l'"romls wiiht"rin .Autumn. I?ush\- plai'i's ami m'yK*i"ti*d I'loarinL^s i's|ii"i'ially .ihoiit swamp\' ,i;"roumls, iu>f um'oni- mon, trim .Ncwloiindlaml and tlu* Atl inlir Islamls ;iiul co ist Wi"stwari.l to .Manitoba. Onfario; Mi'twoiMi Kingston ami Kini^ston Mills, in wi"t swampy i>lai"i's by tlu* roadsiili* ; Littli" Cataraipn.* Cri'i*k ; WalrrKm ; banks of t lu" llumhi-r, lu'.ir Toronlii ; Priiu'i's IslamI, tI;imilto;i ; Kainsay ; HolU'villi* ; Prosiott ; Bri>rkvillt> ; ni*iiron.l ; ni*.ir Koinoka. W'osi- Wiud io .\fa II itohit. Oii'bcr: Laki" .Si'tlli>mi'nt , and on tho rivi*r slinn* m"at (iatinr.iu Mills; I")artmoiith River, Gaspo ; St. I'orrol ; Aui^tni'iitalion of Gri'iivilK*. Xciv /triiiis- 7C'/VX' and Xoi'ti Sci.'id : .\ot uiu'ommoii. 3. O. ciNNA>tOMi;.\, L. Cliuiiiiii()ii-s/ii/l:ci{ Rtiyti/ Fcni. — Rhizonii* stout, horizontal, dicbotomouslv branclu'il ; storiK' and fi'riile fri>mls wholly ilistimi ami tlilVi*ri'i\t , tin* fornior amiiK*, bnvidly l.imoolati", pinn.iti*, tlio pinna* ratlu*i- deeply pinnalilid, lobes, rei;ular, entire ; on the lower surfaee o\' eaeh pijina' at its base, there is a small tuft of hairs, whieh reailily ilistim^uishes the barren fri>ml o\' this speeies ; fertile fronds con- trai."tt*il, ereit, in tin* (.•i*ntre *.^[' the tuft o\ steiiK* frv>iuls, ami not at all foliaeeous, cU*e.'i\in_i^ early in the summer, sporang-ia ferrugimnis or einnamon-ci^loured. Kronds wither in .'iiitumn. In bushy places and neglected clearinj^fs, eommon. I'^rom N'ewfoundland, Xova Seotia, \ew Hrunswiek, Ouebee and Ontario, — as far west warti as Georgian Hay and Lake Superior. Hermuda. ICxteiids south to Mexieo ami Guatemala. I'ouml also on the .Amur River, Russia. Ontario : — -Kingston, not uneommon ; Millgrove AL'irsh, Hamilton ; Sandwieh ; Helle- ville, swamps and low grounds, eommon ; Ramsay ; Prescott, common ; near London ; westw.'ird to Lake .Superior (two Heart River). £>//<'A(V .• - -Montre.il ; opposite Gros Cap; St. Joy Woods, Oil the river shore, near (.i.itineau .Mills; Xieolet ; L'Origin d. .Vt'TC foiimilaniL ' KKUV-n,nU\ OV CANADA. 249 . (W'lNl'S XXm. SchlzaOa, Smi i n. Sf^nt-frniUul Fern. S. IMsri.l.A, I'ursli. 7'hf .l//tin/i\ Frrn. In small )<:rass-lik»' liilts, iiili'i lili' tnuiiis an iiu'h or nmtr in Umij^iIi, liiu'ar, iiiuiiv iilfil, Iwisti-il ; fiMliU* ItDiuls lalU'il.i or 4 inilirs), straij^-lil, I'H'il, iliviilt-il at top into a It'w arl pairs ol" pinna* (appoarin^ as if inu>xp.'iiulril), wliiili hi-ar lli»> spDranyia. XoTti Sio/i(i.- I'liiiiul oil ilu- shore of Granil F.akr, twt'nty-llirt'c inil»*s frotn Halifax I'ily, N. S., ill .\iii,>-iisl, 1S71), by Miss l-'lizaht'tli (i. Kiii^lil, of \t'\v N'ork. 'I'lu' plants won* loss than two iiulu's hinh, tin* fruit iiniiiatiiiH' ; tlii-y wfiv urowini,^ aiimni; the rhizonu's of tin* royal Ifrn. This lillii' Umii has not lirrn foiiiul simo at that plaii', nor I'lsowhoiv in Canaila. .\%'7i>/'oun(//ii/i(/: St. I'ii«rrp, Nt'wfoiiiullaiul, in pt'.il hoj^-at fot>t of ranj^v o\' hills to luiilh of Hourj^', ^■rowin^' with th»' swamp onhiils, Ati-ffiiisn, Ctilofxninn, if^c, Itfrnaril ilt> la l'vl;iii», ( iHid ov iHiS-jn). 'i'luMf an- spi-i-imons fn>ni this station in Pylaii's HiMh.iriiiin in tin* I'.iris Miisciiin ; hut tiu' pl.iiit has not lu'tMi siiur foiiiul in Nfw- foumllaiul, anil only onrt' in Nova Si'otia. 'I'ho only otlu-r station known in tin- whoU" worki li>r this spt'i-irs is in Nfw Jrrsi'v, wIumv it is also v«'rv si-arri*. Plants that ;iro wry raiv now, ami tiiviimscrihi'il in ai\M, art' hi-lifvcil to h.ivi" hi-cii more pii'v.iUMil .it somr fornu'r pi'rioil. This iinohtrusivi" fern, so small in size, so ini'onspirnons in form anil I'olour, hi'lonv^s to a si'rios whirh is ivmark.ihU' ilistinrt in striirtiir.il I'harartiMs, .iiiil wlu>si' comp.ir.iliN i"ly few spi'i'iivs aiv now widely sc'atttMvil on the isl.inils ;iiul arouiul tlu* shon-s o\ Iropieal re^-ions of the earth. It may be re^fariled as one of the remnants of a piohahle lon^- lost, Atlantis flora, and is henee ealled the Atlitutis Fi'm. GI':\L'S XXIW BotrychiUXn, SWAIM/. ('.n,f>c Ferns. Moi>n~vnrt. I. V>. \'iK(;iNl.\N'i M, Sw.irt/. /'//(' I'iririniiui (I'rafx'-Fcrn or Mdomi'ort. Rootfihres few, thiik, tleshy ; stipe fleshy, swollen at base, with a lons^itiiilin.'il sheathing" fissure showinj^ the eiulosed hairy froiul-biid. (In all the other speeies the biiil is entirely eoiuealed by the h.ise of the stipe). Lamina, infertile, branehiiiy Iroiii the main ;ixis about its midille, sessik', hut its three primary divisions stalked, hroadU iiiaiij^iil.ir in outline, niueh ilivideil, e.ich of the primary ilivisions beiny oiiei-, twiee i>r three times pinnatilid ; the lobes of the pinnules obloiiif-ovate, deeply iiuised ; texture of the l.imin.i thin, delieate, membranous, veiny. The ^ ipe, risiiiLC as ,1 main axis above the l.imina, ends in a compound fertile spike of yellow sporangia, beini;' bipinnate or t ripinnate. Plant very variable in size, usuallv a toot or more in hei,n;ht, and one ot the most beautiful ami distinct of our Canadian ferns ; dwarfed specimens, only a few inches in len.i;'th are not rare. In rich wootis, or in rocky pl.ices where tlu'ie is accumiilalion of vi-LCetalili" soil, jji'eneral, but nowhere abundant. Ontario: — Not uncommon in the woods about Kini^ston, and the surrounding; country, as near Odessa ; Wolfe Island ; also Ilinchinbrook, &c. ; 250 FKRN-FI.OUA OF CANADA. ii: I Delta; 'I"iiriMiti> ; at tlic Siilpluir Spn ^, Hamilton; Prescott ; Chippewa; Belleville; Ramsay; London ; iu>itli shore oi Lake Superior; at Red Roek ; Nipij^on ; Thunder Bay; and up the Kaininistitjuia. Oncbcr: — Rivere Roug'e; Montreal; Gaspe; Stanfold ; Grenville; Islaiul ot Antieosli in the Ciulf of St. Lawrence. Xorfh-W'vst Tcrrilorwi'^iw- Hill I'ortaj^e, above Oxford House; Saskatehew.in ; l^oeky Mountains; lower slope of South Kootanie Pass, lat, 49 . Ih-itisli Columbia : — Fort MeLeod, lat. 55 ; and lower valley oi Fraser River. Nova Scotia : — Blomidon ; Scott's Bay ; Five Islands ; Pietou ; Port Multjrave, Strait oi Canso ; Truemanville, Cumberland County. Ne-ii< Bn/nswic/i:: — Rather common in (his Province. A^eivfouiidhtnd. 2. B. TKRN'ATIM, Swartz. Leatlicry Mi»)n",vort. — Root of elonj^ated, thick, tieshv, tuber-like fibres. Stipe 3 or 4 to 10 or 12 inches in heit^'ht. Lamina thick and leathery in textiu'e, lontf-stalked, arisintf from near the base of the stipe or main axis, triang'ular or broadly deltoid in outline, ternately divided, the divisions stalked and twice or thrice pinnate, the ultimate lobes beini;- more or less triangular, lanceolate or ovate, nearly entire or incised. The sporangia-bearinjtf spike is lon^:-stalked,and twice or thrice pinnate. In old pastures, dry _t;iassy places by river sides, &c., not decidedly rare, but not common. lYova Sc')/ia : — Cape PiMcupine ; Boylston, Guysborough County ; Rawdon and Windsor, Hants County ; Sackville ; Bedford ; New Germany and Oaklands Lake, Mahone Bay. Oucbcri—Thrcc Rivers; S. Joachim; L'Orij^^inal ; Ouebec ; Richmond and Drummond Counties, AVtc Bninsii'ick: — Rapidede PY'inine, below Grand Falls; not rare in this Prt>vince. C^///(rw> : — Gananoque Lake ; Castleton and Belleville ; Prescott Junction westwanl ; ICns^lish's Woods, London ; Hamilton ; Learning-ton ; Blenheim ; near Ottaw.i ; north siioie o\ Lake Superior ; Rice Lake Plains. Bri/is/i Coltinihia : — New Westminster. Mituitob:i : — ^F"requent on the western prairies, extending- to Rocky Mountains. 3. LiNARiA, Swartz. Coimiion Mui>ini';>rt, of Europe. — Frond from 4 to 8 inches in height, thicli and leathery ; infertile lamina sessile, arising from the middle part of the stipe or main axis, oblongf or somewhat ovate, only once pinnate (the pinna; not pinnatifid); |iinnfe cuneate at base, rounded lunate, the outer or convex margin slightly notched or incised not lobed. Rather rare. Ouebec : North side oi Orleans Island ; River du Loup ; near Cape Rosier, Gaspe. Ontario : — North shore of Lake Superior, and the Pic and Nipigon Bay ; Nipig^on River and Lake Nipigon. Manitoba : — On prairie close to sand hills at Flat Creek. A'ort/i-West Territory : — Carlelon House on the Saskatchewan, and Bow River Pass, Rocky Mountains ; Kchmamish River to Knee Lake, and Churchill River, near Hiidso:i Bay. British Columbia : — Ne ir Fort McLeod, lat. 55°. 4. B. MATRICAIil.TiFOLIUM, Braun. CJiamomile-h'aved Griipc-Fcrn. — P'rond rather fleshy, from a few inches to, rarely, a foot in heig-ht. Infertile Ijimina stalked, arisingf far I." j^iv FERN-FLOUA OF CANADA. 251 above the midclle of tlu- main axis, oblonsr-ovate, pinnate ; pinna^ more or loss pinnatiful, their lodes oblon^-ovate, obtuse ; the shortly stalked fertile spike bipinnate. AVw Bnois7i'irk -.—Vethcodhic and Titusville. (7w<7;,v:- Cape Rosier, Gaspe ; KinK-s Mountain, Chelsea. r;///./^/c. :-Lake Superior; Belleville; five miles north of Campbellford, Xorthumberland County ; Nipij^on River and Islands on Lake XipiRon. JVovn Scotia :~Pictou ; Truemanville ; Hlomidon. 5. R. LANCEOLATUM, AnsTstmm. Lance-leaved Grapc-Fcnu—VvoniX from 2 to 6 or 8 inches hi.i-h, rather thin ; infertile lamina not stalked, arisinK^ from the main axis far above its middle, pinnate, pinn.-e piimatifid (in well-developed individuals), lobes obloni- lanceolate, acute, (the form of the ultimate lobes . distinj-uishes this species from B matticaria'follum) ; fertile spike short stalked, twice or thrice pinnate. Nova .SVv>//./ :— Truemanville. Ne7v Z?m«ra'/V/t ;— Fredericton and Bass River. Quebec : — Maj,^og-. 6. B. Simplex, Hitchcock. Simple-Fronded Gmpc-Fcrn.^^X few inches (i-G^ hi.M:h, fleshy and gflabrous ; infertile lamina stalked, usually arising from near the rhizome or below the middle oi the main axis, small, more or less ovate, lobed or incised, the lobes obovate-cuneate ; fertile spike once or twice pinnate. Nova Scotia .•—Windsor ; Truemanville, Co. Cumberland. Ni-,v Bni>,s-,i'ick .-—Petit codiac; Fredericton; Dalhousie. 6>//f<&rt :— Temiscouata ; Ouebec; Montreal; Grenville, Argenteuil Co, 0,> la no -.-Georsuin Bay; meadows akTnj4- the Kaminisliqua River! above Fort Willam, Lake Superior. North-West /-.vr/^ri' :_Between Cumberland House and Hudson Bay. GENUS XX\'.-OphiOglOSSUm, Linn. Adders Tongue. O. \ I LCiATlM, Linn. Adders Tongiu: Rhizome fleshy, with a descending- axis, spreading: fleshy roots, and a sheathed terminal bud or growing- point. Frond a few inches in heigfht ; stipe erect, succulent, hollow, bearing- a sessile leaf-like frond, sub- tending: the erect fertile peduncle which bears the flesy spore cases imbedded in a series or row on each marg-in of the spike ; they ultimately split horizontally and give it a toothed appearance. Sometimes the fruit-spike is forked, and it is so fi.gured in very old books. This probably orig^inated the name Ophiog-lossum, or Adder's Tong-ue. Grassy places, rare, and inconspicuous. iVova Scotia :— Truro, Dr. G. C. Campbell; Truemanville, A. J. Trueman. Ne7v Brunswick :— Hopewell and Cape Enrage. Quebec — Melbourne ; Hemming^ford ; and Hemlock Lake, Ottawa. Ontario :— Port Stanley ; Belleville; Tudor; McCann's Lsland ; St. Thomas ; Toronto; Lake of the Woods. INDEX TO PART I. AND DICTrOXARY OF THE lUTrAXICAL TEIiAIS USED IX Tins BOOK. *♦* Tlio imnibeis refer to tlie page wliero the tei-: m is explained or illustrated. Abortivk : iinperfectl;>- formed. Abortivt; Flowers, 69. Abruptly pinnate, 52. without calyx or co- Absorbiny. S3. Access. iry Fruits, 81. Achhunydeous Flower rolla, 6^;. Acorn, 79. Acroyens, 98. Aculeate. : bearin;,' prickles. Acuminate : taper-pointed, 48. Acute : endiny in a point, 48. Adherent : naturally united to. Adnate : naturally grown fast to Aerial Koots and Ho.,tlets 24. ^; Aggregated Fruits. 81. ^' Air-Plants, j;5. Akene : a seed like fruit, 78. Albumen, of tiie seed, 14, 83. Albuminous : hjiving albunun. Alternate (leaves or branches).' 25, 54. » in the parts of the flower. 70 Ament: a catkin, 61. ' ' Angiospermous, 76, 97. Animal Kingdom, 2. Annual : living only one year or season. Annuals, 27. Anther, 7, 64. Antheriferous : bearing an anther Apetalous : without petals 67 Apple-Fruit, 77. Appressed : close pressed together, or pressed against another body. > f <:^ Aquatic : growing in water. I Arboreous or Arborescent: tree-like or relatinff I to a tree, 37. * j Aril : an additional covering of a seed, 8? I -Aristate : .«ame as awned. 49. Arrow-shap.'d, or Arrow-headed, 48. Artificial Hysteni of C:a....iHcati,.n, 96. i Ascend, ng : rising gradually upwards, 37. j Assunilatioii, 87. Auricled or Aurieul,.t.. : bearing ears (auricles), or small app.ndages, 48. Awl-shaped: very narmw and pointed, o. Awned, Awn pointed, .^9. ^"^ A.xil : the angle between a leaf ,rui the stem on the upper side, 24. A.xillary : situated in an axil. Axillary Duds. 24. .) Flowers, 59. Axis : the trunk or stem, or a line through the centre of any organ, 6. o c Baccatk : berry-like (from nacca, a berry) Bark, 42. -^ " Base : tiiat end of aiiv body by which it ia .attacheil to its siij)|)(irt Beak : a long and narrow tip to a fruit &c Bearded : beset or fringed with strong haii^ or i)eard. Bell-shapeij)irin!iliti(l : twice i)iiniiitin(l. Jiitcnudt' : twice divided into threeH. Bladdiiry : tliiii mid inHated. liliide of a li.'iif, 4 ^ ; of a petal, 64. liorder of a corolla, &c'., "JZ, Bracts and IhactKts, 59. Brand k:s, 2 ;. Breatluny-pore.s of leaves, 26S, 269. Bristles : stiff ami stronj,' hairs. Bristly : beset with bristles, Biiddinu'', 56. Bnds, 24, 3^. Bulblets, 4r, 57. Bulbous : like a bulb in shape. Bulbs, 31, 40, 57. Caducous : dropping,' off very early, as the caly.x of Poppies and Bloodroot. Calyx, 7, f)3. Canipainiiate : bell-shaped, 72. Capillary ; slender and as tine as hair. Capitate : lieaiied ; bearing a round, hcaddike t, 88, Class, 94. Classification, 93, Claw, of a petal, &c., 64. Cleft : cut .about half-way down, 49, 50. Climbing, :;7. Club-sluiiu'd : thickened graliari» rigid point, 49. Cut : said of leaves, &c., wliicii apjiear as if cut or slit from the margin inwards, 40, 30. Cuttings. 56. Cyme, 62. Cymose : in cymes, or like a cyme. Deciduous : falling off. as petals generally do after blo>soiiiing, or leaves in autunin. Declined : turned to one side, or to the lower side, 37. Deconi])ound : several times compound. 52. Decumbent : ri'clined on the ground, 37. Deeurreiit: said of leaves continued downwards on the stem, like a wing, as in Thistles. Definite : uniform and rather few in number. 1 )eliiscence : the regular opening of pods. ■ Dehiscent Fruits, 79. .n'i OF HOTA.MCAI- TKHMS. ;h© xre ike ho )7. \9' lilt |l'> Duntate : toothed ; the tot.'th pointiii'^' outwards but llot fol-UMI'ds, 49. I)eiiticiilaty : toolhcil with iniimtt.' tcfth. ] )fi>rrssiMl : flatti'in'd froiii al>o\i'. Diadflphous Stamens : united ijy their lihiaients in two sets, 73. Dicotyh'donous, Dicotylednnnus Plants, 22, 97. Diffuse: loosely and widely .--preadinj^'. Digestion in plants, 87. ])i^itate, 51. l)iieeious Flowers, 6S. ]);sst;cted : cut into fine divisions. ])istinct ; of separate pieces, unconnected with each other, 71, 7 v Divided : cut through or nearly so, 50. Divisions, 49. Double Flowers (so called), 61). Downy : clotlied with soft and short hairs. Drupe: a stone-fruit. 7S. Dnqiaceous : like a drupe. J)ry Fruits, 77, 78. KaiikI) : hearin<^ ear-like projections, or auricles, at th»! base, on one or botii sides, 48. Klaliorated Sap, 87. Elliptical : regularly oval or oblong. Kinarginate : notched at the end, 49. End)ryo : the germ of a seed, 6, 9, 8 ^. Endogenous Sti-m. Endogruous Plants, 41, 07. Ensiform : sword-shaped, as tiie leaves of Iris (Fig. 64). Entire : tiie margin even, not toothed or cut, 49. Ei)iderniis : t!ie skin of a plant, 44. Epi{)hytes : air-plants. 35. Equitant (riding astride), 53. Erect, 37, Essential Org.ans of the Flower, y. l']vfrgreen: holding the leaves green over winter. Exogenous Stem, Exogenous Plants, 41-43, 97. Exserted : protruded, or projecting, a.s the sta- mens in Fig. 45. Family, 94. Farinaceous : mealy or like meal. I'ascicle : a bundle or clo.se cluster, 63, Fascicled Roots, 36. J'l ather-veined, 46. I'ertile Flower, 68, l''il)rous Roots, 27, 36. Fiddle-shaped : obovate but contracted on each side near the middle. Filament (of a stamen), 7, 64, Filiform : thread-shaped. Fleshy Fruits, 77. — Plants, 31. — Roots, 35, Kloral : relating to the tlower, Moral ICnvcldpfs, 7. l''lower, 5, 7, 58, Flower-buti : an unopened flower. l'''lower-clusters, 59 Flowering Plants, 58, 97. Fh)werles8 I 'hints, 58, 97. Flower-stalks, 3S, 60, l'"ollicle : a simple pod opening down ono side (Fig. 2101. 80. Fs of (Jrastses, Sedges, Sic. f Jo>U(l-Fiuit, 77. (J rafting. 56. (! rain, 78,79. ( I nniuhu' : composed of small particlesor grains. ( irowth, S(). (;\ iiuiospfrnious (naked-seeded), fivnniosper- ni(»iis Plants, 76, 97. tiynanilrotis : stamens home on the jiistil or st^le, as in tiie Oiehis Family. Haiky : be.iring or covi red with hairs, especi- ally rather long ones. Halhertlshaped, 4S. Hastate : same us halberd-shaped, 48. irea.l, 61. Heart shaped, 4S. Ifeart-wood, 43. llehnet: a name given to tiie upjxT sepal of Aeonitr (Kig. -54), t*>.e. Herbaceous. 37. Herbarium : the botanist's eolkction of dried plants. Herbs, 2;'). Hilum : the scar of the seeil, or point by whieh it is attached. 8;. ! }Iirsute : hairy with stiff or l>i';n(l-Iik(' hairs. I Hispid : bearing still stilferaud stouter hairs or , bristles. Hoary : greyish white, or covered with a fine and close wiiitish Legume : a pea-pod. So. Limb of a corolla, &c., 72. Lips, 72. Linear, 46. Linear-lanceolate, 47. Lobed : having lobes, 49, 50. Lobes : any strong divisions of a leaf, &c., 49. Lower side of a flower : that which looks away from t!ie stem, and towards the bract. Lyre-shaped : a pinnatifid leaf with the end lobe largest and rounded, as in Kadish (Fig. 57), 28. OF BOTANICAL TKKMS. Memukanackois : ,,i tho t.xturcr.f uienibnui.- or thin skin. Miilrih : tlic ini'idU' rib of a k-nf, 44. Mini'ial KiiiLfduiii, 2. Moniult'lpliciis, 7 ^. Mi)nnc(.tvl(''ci.iiious, Monocotvledonons l^iunt-*. 21, 22, 97. Mona'cioijs Flosvt-rs, 68. Mnliolit'tilliilis : til(; Cdldll.'l of nuc pifCO, JZ. MoiKi.viiiilous : tlif caiyx of one pitc"!, 72. MoriilloIoLry, ^. !Miicroii!itij, 49. ]Vriiili('rry. H2. MuItiplJ FniitV, 82. Xakkd Fi.owkhs, 68. Naltle-down, and the like ; the of the calyx in the Sunflower Faniilv I'arallel-veined, 45. I'arasiti(! I'lant.s, 35. i'arietal I'laeenta, 74. I'arti'd : cdeft almost through, 50. Fedate : like a bird's f.jot ; palmately dividetf, uith the side divi.sious two jiarteil. Pedicel : the footstalk of each .separate flower of a cluster, t o. I'edicelled : raised t,u n piiiicel. i'eduncle : a Howerstalk. Peduncled : having a p'lluncle. Peltate : shielil-shaped. 48. Pepo : a gourd-fruit, 77. Perenni;il : living year after year. I'erennials, 29, Perfect Flower, 67. I'eifoliate : where' the stem apparently pas.«09 through the leaf, .as in J'.ellwort, No, i and 2, ]>. 215. Perianth : the blossom-lejues, 04. I'ericarp : seed-ves.sel, 77. Persistent : not fallinu' off ; remaining after flowering. Petal : a leaf of the corolla, 9, 64. Petiole : the footstalk of a kaf, 4?. Petioled : having a p'tiole or footstalk. PhiKiiogamous (also called Phanerogamous) J'lants, 58, 97. Pine-cone, 82. I'innatc, 51. I'itmately cleft, lobed, parted, &c., 50, 51. ,, vein-'d, 46. Pinnatifid : same as pinnately cleft. Pistil. S, ()5. Pistilliite Flowers, 68. Pitcher-shaped leaves, 125. Pith of a stem, 42. Placenta, 66, 74. Plumose : plume-like ; feathered. Plumule, 13, 84. Pod, 79. Pointed, 48. Pollen, 7, 64. Polyadelphous, 73. Polycotyledonou.s, 22. INDKX AND DICTIOXARY '' !: I'olyganions Flowers, 68. I'lilypt^tiiloUH : of Mt'iianitc pctal-j, 71. I'oly.st'jtiilous : of .scpiinito .Hrpals. Pome ; Miich a fruit :is an ajijilc or prar, 77. I'ouoli : Hi'o Silicic, .So. I'ricUlcs, 3S, I'lncuiiiln'iit, 37. l'ropa;L(atioii from biuls, f6. ,, from Hcfils, 58. ProNtrati', 37. I'lilicscciit : downy ; the anrface bearing Hno and soft liairs, ov piihrsccnci', I'uncl.iti' ; (lotted, i>H if jticrced with ndnntc piuu^tiirt'.s ; as tiie ](,-av<'s of the (Jraiine and iitnion, St. ilolm's-wort, kc. Pntanicn : tiic .stone of a drupe or .stone-fruit, 7S. Tyxi.s, So. K.M'K : a variety of a specie.s which may b<' propagated from seed. Raceme, (k). Kacemed or Kacemo.so : bearing racemes, iiadiatu-veined, 46. liadicid : belonging to the root. Radicle of tlie embryo, 9, S4. Ramification : brandling, 25. Ray, 61, I by. Receptacle of a fl(twer, 63. Reclined, 37. Recurved : cin'ved outwards or downwards. ReHexed : b(;nt backwards or downward.s. Regular Flower.s, Hcc, 70, 72. Reniform : ki(ineyshap''d, 4IS. Repand : wavy-margined, 49. ]{('productioii, 6, 58. Retn.se : bliuited, or slightly indented, 49. Reticidated ; in the form of network, as the veins of one class of leaves, 45. Revolute : rolled backwards. Rhombic, Rhomboidal ; like a rliond) in outline ; /.(',, four-.sided with the .side-angles obtuse. Ribs, ^4. Root, 5, 34. Rootlets, 5. 36. Rootst()cks, 31, 40. Rose-hip, 81. Rotate : wheel-shaped, 72. Runner, 39, 57. Running, 37. S.AGiTTATE : arrow-shaped. Salver-shaped, 72. Silmara, 79. Sap, 86. Sap-wood, 43. Saw-tootlied, 49. Scabrous : witli a rough surface. Scale shaped, 53. Scallo])ed, 49, Scaly Mulbs, 40. Scape : a naked flower-stalk arising from near or under groiuid. Seal' of a Heed, 83. Scion, 56. Seed-coats, S3. Seed-leaVeH, 9, 84. Secd-cai', 83. Seed-stalk, 83. Seed-vesstfls, 77. Sepal : a leaf of the calyx, 9, 63. Separated i<'lowers, 68. Serrate: .■^aw-tootiied, 49. Serruhite : fin.'ly .serrate, Se.ssile : sitting ; stalkiess, 4.', 60, 64. Setaceous : in shape like a lni>tle. Siieath : the st;dk or base of a leaf, or .any body enwrapping the .-teiii. Slieathiiig ; wrapped iiround the stem, like a siieath. Shield-siiaped, 48. Shrul)s, 20. Siirubby, 37. Siiicle : a short siliipie. or jiouch. So. Siiiipie : the jxid of tiie Cress Family, So, 128. Silky : clothed with a coat of tine and glossy, close])ressed liaiis. Simj)le : of one piece, &c. Simple Fruit, 77. „ Leaves, 44. Sinuate : with a strong wavy outline, 49. Solitary : single, 59, «!tc. Spadiceous : bearing a sj)atiix. Spadix, 62. Spathaceous : having or like a spathe. Spathe, 62. Spatulate, 47. Species, 93. Specific name : the name of the species. Spicate or Spikeil : arranged in a spike. Spike, 61. Spikelet : a small spike, or one of the divisions of a compound spike. Spines, 37. OF ISOTAMCAI- TKIiMS. ir Spindlt'-Hhapcd, 36. Bjiiiiy or Spiiiost' : bearing Kpines. SpLrfN, 5.S. Spui' : a ^lt•n^l^•I• linllow ]nojictinii, as that of tlic ujiptir Hcpul of Luik^iiiir i Fi^'. 251)1 the lower jii'tal of a violet (Fig. 73), &c. Ftniiifiis, 7, ud, 24. Terminal i'lowers, 52. I'ernate : in threes, or divided into three. Ternately Compound, &c., 52. Thorns, 37. Tliread-sliaped, 33. Throat of a corolla or calyx : the summit of th»' tulie inside. Thyrse : a close compouml panicle, like that of the Hoisechestmit, 62. Three-valv( d, iVc, 80. Thric J compound, thrice piunjite. &c., 52. Tonientose : woolly, with a coat of soft en- tan;;led hairs or down. Tootlied : the margin cut into short and sharp projections or titetli. Top-shaped : conical inverted, or witii the point downwards. Trailing, ]j. Trees, 27. Triadelj)li()us, 73. Tritid : same as three-( left. Triple ribh.-d : uluii a stout rib rises from each side of a midiib above the base. Trinnpetshaped, 72. Truncate : as if cut off at the end, 48. Trunk, 37. Tubers, 29, 40, ^7. 'P ' Tuberous or TnW^r like Koots, &c., 36. Tuli ! of a coi(»!la, itc. 72. Tubular : tube-shaped, or with a tube, 72. 'i'luiiid : swollen or tiiiekened. Turgid : nearly same as Tumid. Tiu-uii) shaped, 36. Twice comjiound, 52. ,, piniuite. itc, 52. 'I'win : in pairs. Twining : climl)ing by coiling, 37. Two-liinied, 72. Tsvo-valved, itc. , 80. I'.MHKI,. 61. Umbellet, 62. I'narmed : not spiny or prickly. I'ndershrub: a very low, shrubby plant. Undulate : wavy. Unsymmetrical F^lowers, 70. Upper : in a flower, the upper side is that next the main stem and away from the bract. I.NDM.V AM) I)I(TI(»\.\|{V OF IIOTANlfWL TKHMS. XJtrivh : liku an akuiiu, but with a thin uinl looHe iH'ricarji. Valvks : th.' pi.c.-s int.. which a ]hhI splits, or hy wliich an anther, vtc, opens, 80. Varietit.'H, 9^. Vei,'ctal)h' Kiii^'doni, 2. Vegt.'tation, 6, Sij. Viinitij,' of hMives, 44. Veinlcts, 4.). Veins, 44. Veiny : full of veins. Velvety : clothed with a coat of s<.ft and fine hairs, like the pile of velvet. Vertical : nprii,dit, or in the direction of the leuL-th of a thinj,'. Verticillate : same as whorled. VilI..UH. or ViUoso; hairy with Ion- an.l soft shaj,'i,'y hairt*. \'i«cid, or N'iscous : ylntinous. W.wv, 42. Wed^'.-shaped, 47. Wheel-shaped, 72. Whorl, 54. Whorled, 54. Winded : furnisiied with a broad and thin ap. pendane ..r win.^.like border ..f auv kind, as the s.-eds of 'J'niinpet ( 'recprr ( Fi'.r 2 'S ' (T the fruit <.f Maple, Ash, and Kim (Flu' 206 2oSj. ''■ Wood, 4r. Woolly: cl..th..d with a coat of Ion-.' and en- tangled .soft hairs, like wool. ;l B A ^oft INDEX TO TIIK ip- NAMES OF PLANTS IX TIIK I'OTTI.AR FLORA. AnELMoscura, Abies, Abiitilon, Acac'iii, Aceiiitt'H, Aconite, Aooiiitiim, Acorns, Acr()j,'eiis, Actajii, Atl(ler's-toii>,Mie, Adenoracliis, Adlumia, jflsculus, -(Ethusa, Agriiiioiiia, Agrimony, Agrosteinina, Alcea, Algx-, Alisma, Alismaceie, Allium, Almond, Almond Family, Altliwa, Alum-root, Ainarantaceaj, Amaranth, Aniaranth Family, AmarantuH, Amaryllidacea^, Amaryllis, Amaryllis Family, Amelanchier, American Laurel, Amorpha, AniX)hicarpn.'a, Am[)el()[)si.s, Amsonia, 205 98, 214, 135, ^73, PAOK 136 206 136 IQ2 117 117 200 220 216 127 163 134 135 220 2:0 210 13'J 161 196 196 196 ig6 217 217 217 151 174 146 146 142 192 AmygdaluH, Anacardiaceuj, Anagallis, Anemone, Aiiemony, Andromeda, Angelica, AngioMpt-rms or Ang mous I'lantH, Anonaceio, Anopliyti-H, Antirriiinum, Apetaloiis Division, Apliyllon, Apios, Apium, Apocyiiacere, Apocynum, Apple, Apple-of-roru, Apricot, A()uifoliac(aj, A.iwilegia, u Anibis, Arachis, Araceiu, Aralia, Aralia Family, Araliaceae, Arl>or-Vit;e, Arctostaphylos, A re n aria, Armeniaca, Aristolocliia, Aristolocliiacete, Arisiunia, Arcliemora, Argenione, Armeria, Armoracia, PAOK I 150 Arrow Artun, 141 Ariowlieail, 177 1 Arrow-woiid, 117 \ Arum, 117 I Arum Family, 173 Asarum, 103 ' Asclfpias, iospei- I Ascyium, yH, 1 10 ! Asimina, 122 ' Asli, 98, 220 A8])aiagus, 179 Aster, 194 i Astragal, 178 Astragalus, 146 ' Atriplex, 163 i Atropa, 191 i Aurantiacefe, 192 I Avens, ^51. 15s ; Azalea, 190 j 15,0 Bami-Cvpress, 175 Halm, 7, 119, 120 l'.alsam-Ap{)lo, 129 I>alsam Family, 146 lialsaminaceib, 209 I IJanebcrry, 163 liaptisia, 163 J'.arbarea, 163 Harberry, 205 I'.arberry Family, 173 Harren-Straw berry, 134 Basil, 150 Hasswood, 194 liatatas, 194 Batjichia, 209 Bayberry, : 163 liean, 126 Bearberry, 177 Fieaver-Poison, 129 Be4straw, 147. 146, PAni 309 3 10 167 209 20Q 194 iga '3-» 122 •93 214 170 146 146 196 190 •38 •53 ^73 205 •83 •S8 140 140 117 > 149 129 123 123 •51 •83 137 188 186 204 149 173 162 168 I I T llooch, IJcii'li-droim, IJr.l. iSi'llllowcr, lU'llwort, ]Scii/.IIIlituiii, liliiudi'oot, lUiifbiriy, Blue-cuilH, iJIue-f'yi'd-Cirass, IMiit'-hoarts, UlnetH. HcL'hinoria, Bon age, I'.onago Kainily, Honaginacen.', Horrago, liottle-CJourd, li(>winan'8-root, IJoxlu'irv, Bracti'tl- Hind weed, liianiblo, IJiasenia, IJiiKssica, Breadfruit Family, Brooklinio, Brook weed, Bioom-Rape Family, Broussonetia, INDEX TO TIIK PAOR rAOK 1 PAOI 3oa Mrunella, 183 1 f'nryn, •01 17H ItiieliiierH, 180 ! Caryi-phyllncrno, »33 I9() Hiiiklieaii, 191 ('aNNia, X47. «4<) »7i Itiiekt've, Hucktliorn, 143. '44 CaHtaiica, 10 i ail 14J CaMtillein, 180 i()H liuektliitrii Family, 14a Cataip;), 178 "3, Itiickwlicut, I"7 Catlirier, SIJ 133 iSiiokwliiat Family, IC,') Cateiitly, 134 11/) lUi^liaiif, 117 Catnip, '83 au\ HllgloSM, 183 Cat-tall. 21U ao3 Itiilnisli, aao Cut -tail Family, aio 17a Bmiolilii'rry, irj4 Cauliip)i\lluni, '23 178 Itin -( 'ucuiidxT, i;8 Ce.inoilius, 142 188' liindoi'k, 170 Celandine, I2'» so^ Miiriict, m Celaiidihf I'oi'py, I.>6 303 I*.miiiiig-)iui*li, >43 ( 'elaHtract If, M3 aio BlU-Hie.l, aio CeluNtiUH, »43 194 T.iisli-Clover, 14') Celery, If. 3 104 I'.ii.-liHoiiiysnckle, i"5 CeplialalitliUH, 168 120 I'.iiittr and-Kggs, iRi Ceitis, 190 201 r>iittcrcu|). 1 10 Ccranti'im, »34 i<>o I!iiittrfly-I'ea, 14'> Cerasuw, 150 176 lintterniit, 201 CerciN, M7 J?4 Bnttohlmsli. V8 Cliu'ropliyllum, 163 218 I'.iittdn-Hnakoroot, 170 Cliama-idps, aoo 167 Button wood, aco Clianidiiiile, 170 »55 Clieekerberry, »73 I.vH ('AHHAfJK, 12(1 ( 'lieiraiitliUH, 129 '(,< ( ai'tiiCfiu, 157 Clielidt'iiiuni, 126 '13 ("actus Fandly, 157 Clieb.ne, 180 14') ('alia, 20Q ClieiHipodiaci a.'. 195 i«3 Calti.a, "7 Clieiiiipodiuni, 1 96 iqh Ciilveantliaceie, J 5') Clieriy, 150, 15 1 !(((') Calveanthus, 1 56 Cliervil, 163 126 Cak'ile, 129 Cliesinut, 202 '73. 174 Caniclina, 129 Ciiick-rca. 146 182 Camellia, i3'-i Chick weed. '34 218 Canu'lliacoa', 1^8 Cliiekwecd Family, '34 180 Canu'llia Family, 138 Cliin.aiiliila, 173 168 Ciiiniianula, '7' Cliinnantlius, '03 200 ('am|iaimlacca', 171 CliivcH, 215 185 ('ampamila Familv, 171 Cliokeberry, '31 185 Candytuft-. 129 Cicer, 146 185 Canterbury Bells, 171 Cichory, 170 185 Capstdla, 129 Cicnta, 163 158 (^ilirifoliaceiB, Jf'5 Cindcifupa, 117 152 (J.ipsicuni, 189 CiiHlucfoil, 151. '53 173 Caraway, 163 Cistacce. 131 188 Cardaniine, 129 Cist us Family, 131 151. '53 Cardinal-Flower, 171 Citrus, 138 '25 Candina-Allsjiiee, 156 Citrulius, '58 •129 Carolina-Allspice Family, 156 Clarkia, '57 199 Carpetweed, 134 Claytoiiia, 135 180 Carpinus. 202 (icarweed, 200 177 Carrion-flower, 212 Clematis, 116 178 Carrot, 163 Clethra, 173 200 Carum, 163 Clinopodium, 183 ) \ IMMM I,AU KI.OKA. ' :> ii ') ro [3 7 I3 li li r* t3 Clintouiit, Clitoi'iu, (Mover. C'lul)Mi)MSf8, I'ltihiusli, Ci>l>iei«, C'im;cuIum, Cockle, CofrtM'-tieo, I'lilchiruni, Culcliifuin Fiiiuily, (\illiiiMiit, Ciilliii'»iniiii, Coltsfout, ('(iliiiii)iiiie, < '(iliit«'ii, Ciiiiifrcy, ('ttmiiK iyiia, ( 'iiimnclyniict'a}, ('nIll]U)silil', CoiMiMixitH Fuinily, (^oiiiptonia, Coiiiffne, ('i)iiiuin, C<)iii>]ili(ilis, (^tiiivallin i;i, < 'iiiivulviiliicerB, ('oiivolvilllis, Cttiivohulus Fatiiily, ('<)l)tis, Ci'i'i'()|isis, Ci>riaii(it'r, Ciiriandrum, Coiiiacca', roriH'l. C'liiu'l Family, ("oriuiH. Corn- Flag, ('.irv.l;il. ('(II yilalis, CmyluH, Cotion, Co\vV)aiie, Cowlieib. C'dw-Parsiiip, Crali-Aiii'lc, Craiilicriy. Cniiilierrv-tree, Craiifshill. Crassiilaccaj, Orata^Mis, Cress Family, Crocus, Crotiilaiia, ('rowfont. Crowfoot Family, Fern Flora of Canada, lAr.u ' tAor. PAIIB J 14 rrowiiIiiiiuM'ial, ai4 Doiltlrr, i»8 14'. ( '1 iK'it'iTuuH Family, laS Dotlt'L'Utlll'OII, »77 146, i-»7 ('r.v|(to;;amou» i' aiitii. W7 Do;.'lmll('. Kyi. i aao Ciicumlii'r, 158 1 >oKl>aiio Faiiiilv, Ult 330 ('iic K(liiiuiey>tiM, ls8 J»3 ('ii|irf.ssim, 30.S Fciiiiiospti Ilium, 186 170 ( 'u|>iiHifiiu, at 12 1 eliiiim. '»5 117, 11) ( 'ill rant, |()0 F^;^'•!'lallt, |()0 i.\h Ciimiit Family, i^'» i''Klaiiniie, 154 185 ( u.ii'Uta, 1H8 KUmiit, 186 211 Ciistiiiil-Apiilo I umily, 131 Klin. ii><> :jii (!viloiiiii, 151. '3=; Kim Family, leg ihH CviioxloHsiim, I80 HloiKa, 13a 108 ('ypii'Ns, 20; l'illilo;.t'IIH, 207 204 t'v|iifHH Family, 205 Kmloyeiis or Eiul oij'eiioUH aoj CytiHUs, 146 I'laiits, 97. 207 163 Fjiitiia, J 73 t78 Dakkodil, ai7 I'.piloliiiim, »57 2I» Daisy, 170 Kpipliti;iiH, 178 188 Dalihanla, 151 Knca, 173 :i88 D.iiiilt^liiiii, 170 Fi i( act a^ 172 i:,-18 Duilitic, I <(9 Kitiilinm, 139, 140 117 Datura, iqo Fi.\ tliroiiiuiu, 3M. 216 170 I) IlKMlS. l'\3 Km li>cliolizia, 12f> 163 Div-I.ilv. 2M. '-i'S Kiioiix mils. 143 163 D.'adly-NiKhtsh: de. I((() Kil|>atoiilllil, 170 164 D. a«l N.itfle, 184 l'",\ tiiiii;;-l'rimrof.e, 157 164 Di'filicriy, '75 Kvciiiiiii-l'iimioHe Family, '57 164 Di'lpliiiiiiim, 117, 118 Kvei lastiin:, 170 164 Dt'iitatia. I2(( KverliistiiiK-1'ea, '4^ 148 2tQ I)''siiiaiitlius, '47 E.Mi-ni-i or Fxoge nous 127. 128 D('-ni(Miiiim, 14" I'laiitu, 97, 109 127, 128 Diwlicny, '."4 202 1 )iiiiitliiis, '34 Fa HA, I4'> 136 Diccntra. 127, 128 Fa^opyrum, 197 163 Dicotyl.'ildiiH or Dicotyletlo- Fai,'UH. 202 13 + iiDiis I'laiits, 97, "^0 False- Draj;onlieud, 183 163 Diftaiiinus, i-li False-Flax. 120 rs5 Diclvtra, 128 Falsedromwell, '85 173 Dirrviliii, i^>^ False-Iiiiliu'o, 147, 149 167 DiL'i'aiiw, 180 False-Mitiewort, 161 138 I3q Dios]tyr()3, 17'-! False- Net tie. 200 l»r) l)i|isii('i';e, 168 False-l'eiinyrnyal, 182 15» 1=;^ Dipsacus, 168 Fajse-l'imjieniel. 180 128 T)rM, ICH) False Solomon's-Se al, 215 2tQ Di tell wort, If^O Featlierfoil, 177 146 Dittany, '83 Fe.Iia, 1^8 117 Dock, 1P7 FeiHiel, 163 116 Dockmackie, 167 F'ennel-Flower, 117 221 w* ?! V ' H ' ' i.\ni:x TO Tur. J'Vrn^, l'.\(!l'. rAdU 220 (Joldtliroad, «i7 J''icu.i, I9Q (ioosoliiTry, J>" Fig. 199 GooHi.'foot, 19') Fiji wort, l8o (toosL'fooi Family, 195 Fi>,'wort Fiiinily, 170 (ionloiiia, 138 Fir, 205, 20b GosHvpium, 136 Flux, 138 Gounl, 158 Flax Family, 138 (iounl Family, 158 Flfahaiie, 170 Giaiiiiiii'a,', 220 Float i 11 j;-irt'iirt, lui (irape, 1 11 Fli>wtT-(k'-!aic(', 219 (irapt! Family, 141 Flowcrini,' I'luiis. 97, 109 (Jrapi- Hyacinth, 21^ Flowoilcss I'laiits. 97, 220 (JrasH Family, 220 Fldwcr-of-an-lioiir, 137 (Jiatiola, 180 FiuMiicnliiiii, 1(13 (Jifok Valerian, i8-i Foul's Parsley. 103 (irecnhricr. 212 ]'"()rjit't-iiU!-iiot, 18b (Jrceiihiii'i' I'amily, 2 12 Fom-o'Clock, 195 (ireon-i'Milkwofd, 192 Foxglove, 1 80 Gromwoll, 1 86 Fra^aiia, 151 Grossulacfio, 159 Fraxinclla, 141 GiDssularia, 159 Fraxiims, 193 (! round-Cherry, 190 Fiiiige-treo, 193 (irouiid Ivy, 183 Frostweeil, 131 Ground-Laurel, U3 Fuchsia, 157 (JrouiHliiut, I 46, 164 Fiunaria, 127 (Jutdder-Pose, 167 Fiiiuariaceiv, 127 (Jyiiuiocladu.s, 147 F'liiiiitory, 127 Gymiiosperms or Gy niio- Fumitory Family, 127 sperinous Plants, 98, "5 Fuii^'i, 220 Funkia, 215 IlACKHKHHV, 200 Hardliack, 152 Gai.actia, 146 Harehell, 171 Galaiitiiua, 217 Hawkweed. 170 Oaleopsis, 184 Hawthorn, 151, 155 (Jaliuin, 1(18 Hazel. 202 IJurlic, 215 Hearts-ease, 131 IJaultlierin, 173 Heath, 173 Ga.vlussacia, 172, 174 Heath Family, 172 (ieraiiiiim, 139 Hedeoma, 183 Cierauium Family, 139 Hedge- Hyssop, 180 (Jeiardin, 180, 181 Hedf,'e-]Mustard, 129 Ciermaiuler, 182 Hedge-Nettle, 184 Goum. 151. 133 Helianthemuin, 131 (iiant-Hyssop, 183 Heliotrope, 186 IJilia, 187 Htdiotropium, 186 Gilk-iiia, 131, 152 Hemeroeallis, 214, 215 Ginsen.i?. i:>j , Hemlock, 163 Glade-iMallow, 136 1 Henilock-Sptuce, 206 Glatliolus, 219 Hemp-Nettle, 184 (ilivuciviu), 126 Henbane, TQO Glochoma, 183 Hepatica, 116 Gleditschia, 147 Heracleuni, 163 (ilohe-tlower. 117, 119 Hesperis, 129 Glumaceous Division, 219 ileuchera, 161 €oiaon-Glub, 209 : Hibiscus, 136 GoUleii-rod, 170 1 Hickory, 201 Iloary-Pea, Hobblebush, Hog- Peanut, H(dly, Holly Family, Hollyhock, Honesty, Hoiiey-Iiocust, Honeysuckle. Honeysuckle Family, Hop-tree, Horehound, Horse- Halm, Horse-Uean, Hoisi;-chestiiut, Horse-chestnut Family Horse-Mint, Horseradish, Horse-Nettle, Horsetails, Hoitonia, Hound's-tongue, Houseleek, Houstonia, Huckleberry, Huckleberry Family, Hudsonia, Hyacinth, Hyacinthus, Hydrangea, Hydrophyllaceae, Hydrophylluni, Hyoscyamus, Hypericum, Hypopitys, Hypoxys, Hyssop, Hyssopus, Tbkkis, Ilex, Ilysanthes, Impatiens, Indian-Corn, Indian-Cress, Indian-Cress Family, Indian C^ic umber-root, Indian-Mallow, Indian-l'hysic, Indiaii-I'ipe, Indian-Pipe Family, Indian IVbacC", Indian Turnii', Ipomrea, Iridaceie, Iris, Iris Family, PAOK 146 lb; 146 175 175 135 129 147 165, 166 141 184 183 146 143 •43 183, 184 129 190 220 177 186 160 168 174 172 13' 214 214 161 186 186 190 132 173 217 183 183 172, 129 175 180 140 220 140 140 21 1 i3phanthu>, ^73 Lopseed, '4'> Lousewort, ^57 Lovage, 219 Lucerne, '5*^ Lunaria, 1*^4 Lupine, '^8 Lui)inus, 174 Luzulii, 200 Lycimis, 205, 206 Lyeium, "7, "9 Lyeojiersicum, '98 Ijycoj)sis, '75 Lycopus, '98 Lungwort, 121 Lysiniachia, '82 Lytiiracete, '35 Lytluum, '82 Lytluum Family, 177 199 INLvcmha, 131 .ALi.bler, 173 i Madder Family, 215 1 IVragnnliii. 145.' Magnolia Family, 138 Malioniu, 184 Maize, 129 Mallow, 146 ' Mallow Family, I'A i K 70 Malus, 63 .Miilva, 220 Malvace.-e, 193 Mandrake, 193 Maple, 214, 2i() Maple Family, 214, 215 Maiiubium, 213 iMarsb-Mallow, 214 Marsli .M„rigoIi], 137 '"\Ia I. sli- Rosemary, ua M.utynia, 138 Matrinmny-Vine, 179, iHi Marthiola, K^7 M'ly Apple, 137 '"^I'ly (lower, iMaypdp, Mayweed, Maywreatli, Meadow- |{uf. Me idow-swect. I'AOK ^=i'. '55 105 '38 121 "7 220 Medeola. '7' 171 171 .38 '47 I to INIeiiica^o, Jledick" Melantiiacfa-, Melantiiiuin, 14'^ 147 Meiilof, i')3. itO Melilotus, '5^ 177 Melissa, 183 M(don, 181 Meni.spermac(a', 180 Menispermum, 163 Mentha. 148 Menyanthes, 129 Mertensia, 146 Mezereum, 146 Mezereum Family, 220 Jlignoiiette, 134 ' Mignonette Family, 190 Milk-Pea, 189 Milkweed, 185 Mdkweed J'amilv, 183 Millet, 185 Mimosa, 177 Mimosa Family, 156 ^Lmulus, 15^^' Mint, iS(^ Mint Family, ^limbilis, 2CK) Mirabilis Family, 168 Miicliella, 167 Mitell.l, 121 .^htrewort, 121 Mdckernut, 123 ?'oc'k-Orangt!, 220 :\ro]uccit-Halm, ^35' '36 i .Arolueelia, 135 ! Mollugo, "7, '4''. '4''. 14''. '4 ^35, i3<> »35 123 144 '44 184 . 13s 117 177 178 190 lag 124 173 159 170 '52 118 '52 21 1 148 148 213 213 148 148 '83 158 123 123 183, ,84 191 rSs 199 199 130 129 146 192 192 220 '47 '47 1 80 183, 184 182 '95 195 168 i6r i6r 20 r 161, 162 18.', 184 13-t IM>I-:X TO THE i; l: J PAOE PAGE 1 PArta Momordica, 158 Oleacere, 193 Pedicularis, 180 MoiiiU'ilii. 183, 184 OI<>a)uier, 192 Pelargonium, 139 ]\I()iikoy-Hower 180 Olive Family, 193 l'(dlitory. soo IMoiiksliood, 120 Okia, 156 I'eltandra, 209 ]\I()iioc()tyludon8 or Mono- Oiiagracea', 157' rennyroynl, 183 cotjledoiioua riaiits, 97, 207 Onion, 214, 215 ' I'enthorum. 160 MoiioputiilouH Division 165 t)n()smndium, 185 J'entstemoii, 180 IMutiotiopa, 173 Opunti:), 137 IVony, 117 ]\Io<)iis('b(l Fiiniily, 123 Oi ache. 196 Pejieridge-tree, 164 IMoriiiiiy-Cjlloiy, 188, l8q Orange, "38 Peppergrass, 129 MoruH, 200 Orange Family, 138 I'eriwinkie, 193 Mosses, 220 Oi'cliidacea, 219 Persea, 198 Motlierwort, 184 Orchis, 219 ! Persica, 150 Mountiiiii-Ash, 15', •55 Orcliis Family, 219 ' Persimmon, 176 ]\I()Usoe:»r Chick weed, 134 Origanum, 183 pftaloideous Division, 2ia Miill)crry, 2CO Ornitluigalum, 214 I'etilium. 2:4 Mullein, 179. I 0 Orontium, 209 Petroselinum, 163 Muscari. 214 Orpine, 160 Petunia, 190 ]Muslir()()ii)8, 220 Osage-Orange, 200 Pliacelia, 186 Muskiiielon, i.;8 Osmorrhiza, 163 pliienogamous Plants, 97, ^09 Mus(niash-ioot, 162 0>trya, 2C2 I'hasiMdus, 146, 149 IMu.stiird, 12Q Oswego Tea, 184 I'iiihidelphus, i6i Myusotis, 186 Oxalis, 139 I'lilox, It 7 Myrica, 204 OxalidaceiB, 139 I'liryma, 181 Myricacese, 204 Oxyhajiiius, 195 I'iiysalis, IMiysostcgia, 190 183 Naked Ukoom-Rape, 178 P.KONIA, 117 Pliytolacca, 195 'Ka\ x:\, 136 l*ainted-Cup, 180 JMiytolaccace,-?, 195 Narcissus, 217 ralmie. 209 Pickerel-weed. 212 Nasturtiiini, 129, 140 Palmetto, 2C9 Pickerel- weed P'amih', 212 Neck weed. 181 Palm Family, 209 Pignut, 2CI Neluiiil)iuin, 125 Pancratium, 217 Pi!ea, 2CO Nelunilu), 12; Pansy, 131 I'inijiernel, 177 Neiiioidiila, 186 Papaver, 126 Pine, 205, 206 Ni'pi'ta, 183 Pai>averacea, 126 Pine Family, 205 Neriuni, 192 Pnpaw, 122 I'inesap, 173 Nesa^n, 156 Paiier-Mulberry, 200 Pink, 134 Nettle, 200 I'ardantlius, 218 ]'ink Family, 133 Nettle Family, IQQ Parietaria, 2CO J'inweed. 131 New-Jeisey Tea, 142 Parsley, 163 I'inxter- dower. 175 Nicaiidra, 190 I'arsley Family, 162 ]'ipe-vine, 194 Nicotiuna, 190 ]'arsni]i, 163 l^jisissewa, 173 Nijjella, 117 Partridge-herry, 168, J 73 Pisum, 146 Ni;,'litsliade, 189 I go I'art ridge-Pea. 150 I'itcher-Plant, 125 Nightshade Family, 189 Passitlora, 159 Plane-tree, 2CO Nu])liar, 123 PassiHoracca', 158 Plantaginacea', 176 Nyctajjiiiaccre, 195 Passion-tlowei-, 1^0 IMantago, 176 Nyiiipli.'Ea, 124 Passion-flower Family, 1^8 IMantain, 176 Nympha'accro, 124 Pastinaca, it'3 ]*!antain I'amily, 176 Nyssa, 164 Pa via. 143 Plalanaceai, 2QO ! Peach, 150 Platanus, 200 Oak, 202 ! Tea, •146 I'lum, 150, 152 Oak Family, 20J ' Peanut, 146 Plumbaginacear, 177 Oats, 220 Pear. 151 ]*(i(l(>phyllum. 124 Ociinum, 182 Pear Family, 151 I'oison-Hemlock, 163 Oenothera, 157 ! Pearl wort. 134 Poison-Ivy, 141 Oldeulandia, 168 i Pecan-Nut, 201 Poke, 213 J POPULAR FLORA. 1 80 139 soo 909 160 180 117 164 129 192 ic,8 150 176 210 2:4 163 190 186 •, 109 >, 149 161 ^ 7 181 190 183 195 2 1 2 212 2CI 2CO '77 206 205 173 134 i/:> t^ Poke weed, Pukowued Faniilv, Poleinoniiiceit', Pi)lo!ii<)iiiuin, Poleiuoniuin Famil J'oliaiithoH, PolviUltllUS, I'olygonacere, Puly-oiuiiii. Polyi)et;ilous Divisi I'ond Lily, Poiitederia, PunteileriacejB, 3'<.>I)lar, I*"l'Py, Ptipjiy Family, Popuhis, I'lrrtularii, I'ortulacaceai, Potato, Poteiitilli), I'oteriuiii, Prick ly-Asli, Piirklv-Pear, Prickly.l>opi,y, J i-iiiiioso. Primrose Family, I'rimula, Primulacea}, Prince's-Featlier, Prince's-Piue, Prinos, Pruiius, Psoralea, Ptelea, ]*ucc()on, Pulse Family, Pumpkin, Purslane, Purslane Familv, Pycnantliemum", Pyrola, Pyrohi Family, Pyrus, QlAMOCLIT, Quercus, Quince, Radi.sh, llamsted, Panuiiculaceae, Ranunculus, Raphanus, Rasjiberry, Rattlebox, on. i^r. 175 ^5f, 155 Red-P,ay, Red-bud, Red-Cedar, Reseda, Resi'dacea!. Rhamiiacew, IJhainnus, > I Rlieuni, ' Rliododeudroii. I Rliodora, ' I liliubarb, Rhus, I Ribes. I i'vil)-(irasa, i Jlice, I Rubinia, I Rock-Cress, 1 Rocket, i Rosa, Rose- Acacia, Rosacea?, I Rose, I IJose-Ray, j Rose Family, j Rowan-tree, Riibia, , Rubiaceiw, I Rue, j Rue Family, Rulius, I Rumex, i Rusb. I Rush Family. Ruta, Rutaceaj, Sabbati.a, i Hiige, j .Sai,'e Familv, I Sa-ina, i .Sai^ittaria, 1 .Salad-Rurnet. [ 8alicace;u. Salix, Salicornia, Saltwort, .Salsif}', Salsola, .Salvia, Hambucus, Samolus, Samphire, Sand-Spurrey. Sandwort, Sanguinaria, Sanguisorba, PACK I 198 I Sanicle, 147 j Sjiiiicula, 206 [ Saponaria, 130 , Sarsaparilla, lag I Sarracenia, 142 j Sassafras, 142 I Satureia, 197 j Savin, 173 Savory, 173 ' Saxifra-a, 197 ; S,ixitVa;,'ace;B, 141 i Sa.vitrane. 1(30 : Saxifrage Family, 176 ; Scabiosa, 220 S •abious, 146 8 •arlet- Runner, 129 ' Scbiankia, 129 Scilla, '5I) ^54 Svorpion-Cirass, 147 ; Scrophularia, 150 I Scro])huIariace;e, 15 r, 154 I Sen Ilea]), 174 ! Scutellaria, 150 SeaW(!edH, 15,5 I Sedge Family, 168 j Seduni, 1(^7 Self-heal, 141 Senna, 141 ; Sempervivum, ^5i» 153 ! Sensitive-lJrier. 197 Sensitive-Plant, 220 ; Shadbush, 219 I Sliagbark, 141 I Sheep-berry, 141 { Shellbark, 220 Sbeplierd's-Purse, Shin-leaf, 191 Sicj'os, 183 Sida, 182 I Sidesaddle-Flower. 134 Sidesaddle-Flower F 210 Silene, 151 Silver-weed, 204 j Sinapis, 204 Sisymbrium, 196 j SLsyrinchiuin, 196 j Slum, 170 j Skunk-Cabbage, 196 I Sniartweed, 183 Smilacea;, 165, 166; Smilacina, 177 I Smilax, 196 I Smoke-tree, 134 ! Smoke-vine, 134 I Snakeroot, 126 j Snapdragon, 151 1 Snowball, PAna ^^3 163 ^34 it)4 12.:; I ((8 183 206 1S3 161 161 i6i i6t 168 168 149 147 214 186 180 179 183, 184 183, 184 220 2ao 160 183 M7, '49 160 147 147 15 1 20I 167 201 129 ^7^ 158 136 amily. 125 125 '34 153 129 129 218 163 209 197 212 214, 215 212 141 127 194 179 167 INDKX rO TIIK 1 PAOK I'AdF, P/M.K SiK)\vl)orrv, 165 Suiilluwcr I''aniily, l()8 Trillium Family, ?IO SiKiwdrtii), 217 Swcct-Alyssum, 129 Trollius, "7, I K) SiHiwtlako, 217 Swct't-i'iaail, 182 Trumpet-Creeper, 178 Sdiqilpfriv Family, i-t.^ .Swfot-hricr, 154 Trumpets, '25 Snniiwoit, 'J4 Swcot-('i.'fly, J "3 'i'uliei'o.sc, 217 SollllllU'Oil,', it^Q Swoct-Clovrr, 148 Tulip. 214 Snliiiniin, I So, 100 Swci't-Fcri), 204 Tulipa, 214 Sill mion's Seal, 214 S-.vcct-Flag, 209 'I'ulip-tree, 121 Smhtis, '5' Swcct-CJalf, 204 'I'upelo, 164 Siiricl, :q7 S\\ic't-(;al(! Family, 204 Turnip, 120 Sow ThiHtlo. 170 Swfi-t IVa. 14H Turtlehead, 180 Spiitlici'oiis Division, 2CX1 ■Swci't-rotato, 188 Twintlower, 165 S]iiil%;ilinuill, 210 Sycamore, 200 Twinli'af. 124 Siiocdwfll, 170, 180 Synipiiyluni, 185 Twist-stalk, 213 Spcri^'ulii, '34 Syniplocarpus, 20Q Typha. 210 S|it>rmil:uia, 134 Symplioricirpus, 163 Typhaceiu, 210 Sjiicf-husli, iq8 Syringa, 162, 193 Spidtrwdi t, 211 Umhkli.ikk.h.i-;. 162 Siiiiloiwort Family, 21 1 Tahk, 148 l'mbiiila-tre<', 122 Si>ikfiiaiil, i<'3 Taxiis. 2ot; Unicorn i'lant, ,78 Spinach, 196 Tca-1'lant. 138 Urtica, 200 Siiinai'ia, 196 'IVar-'I'humb, 108 Urticacc.'v, If. 9 Siiindle-trco, '43 Teasel, 108 Uvuhiria, 213 Sjiira'a, 151, 152 Teasel Family. 168 S|)iin,L;-r>eiuity, '35 Teconia. 178 Vaccahi.v, 134 Spnu-o, 206 Tcjihrosia, 146 Vaccinium; J 73. '74 Spunvy, '34 Tcucriuin, J 82 Valerian, 168 Sciuasli. i5« Thalictrum, 117. 118 Valeriana, 168 Sipiaw-root, 178 'i'iiallopliytes. 9;!, 220 Val'.rianacen'. 168 Squill. 214 Tiiinililclien V. 154 Valeiian Kamily, 168 Sipiirrt'l-Corn, 128 Thistle, 170 N'er.atruMi, 213 Stachvs, 184 'J'iiorn, '55 N'erba.icuni, '70, I Ho Staff-tree. M3 Tliorouj;h\vort, 170 Verbena. 181, 182 Staff-troo Family, M3 Tliree-leaved Ni-htsh adc, 210 ^'erbenace!\}, iSr Stai»liyloa, M3 Thrift, 177 X'eronica, 179, 180 Stai-tfowor, '77 Thuja,- 20;, Vervain. iSi, 182 Stai' (irass. 217 Tiiyme. 183 N'ervain Family, iSr Star-of-Uethlehcin, 21 ( Thymus. i«3 Vetch. 146 Statice, 177 Tlivmeleace;e, 199 Vetchling, 148 Stellaiin. 134 Tia"rella. l6i Viburnum, 165, 166 Sticksocd, 186 Tick-Tnfoil, 146 Vicia, 146 Stock. 129 'I'i'.'er-tlower, 218 Vinca, 192 Stonocrop, iho Tij,'ridia, 218 Viola, 130 StoiioiTop Family, ido 'I'ilia, 137 Vi(dace!e, 130 St. .Tohn's-wovt, '3- Tiliacc.i', 137 Violet, 130 St. Jolin'sworc Family . '3^ Toadflax, 179, 181 Violet Family, 130 St. Petei 's-wort. ' 3~ Tohacco, 190 Viiier'.s-lJugloss. 185 Stramonium, 1 90 Tomato, I So Viiv,Mnia Snakeroot, 194 Strawlierry, 15' 1\ Kit M wort. I2q \''rgiM"s-l)0\M'r. no Stiawhcrry-busli, 143 Trade scantia. 211 ^'iruinia Creeper, 142 Strejitopus, 213 Trailing- Arbutus, ^73 Vitis. 141 StyJopliorum, 126 Trefoil, 147 Vitacese, 141 Succory, 170 Tiichostema, 182 Sumach, 141 Tiientalis, ^77 WAI.nSTEINrA, 15^ Sumach Family, 141 Trifolium, 146, 147 M'ake-Kobin, 210 Summer-Savory, 183 Trilliaceie, 210 Wallflower, 129 Suutlower, 170 Trillium, 210 Walnut, 201 II /» 2lO IIQ 178 '25 217 214 214 121 164 I2C> 180 165 124 213 210 210 162 122 178 200 213 ■3. 174 168 168 168 168 213 9, iPo r, 182 i8r ^1, rSo t, 182 i8r 146 148 ;, 166 146 192 130 130 130 130 185 T94 7 10 142 141 141 lit 1 I'AdK Walnut Family, 2V.\ WiXcT-Ocss, i'2;) Wntor nciiilock, if.-j Wali-r Ilorchourui, ](■;{ Wiitcrk-af, ih6 ■VVatorlcaf Faiiiil)', ]hv> Water Lily, 124, l^f) WhiVt Lily Family, 124 Watermelon, j.^h Wi\tcr-]'arsnip, ifi-j Wutor-I'cppiT, ]<)7 Wator-l'huitain, 21O Watir-l'lantaiu Family, 210 Watersliield, ' i^f) FCITLAl; I'L(H:a. Wlii'at, Whito-nav, Wlii((..(V(lar, Wliito-Tliorn, VVIiitc-IIclobore, VVlii(Iow-(iraHs, Wild-GingtT Willow, Willow Family, Willow-liiTl), Wiiitorliorry, \Viiit('r-( rcHS, Winterf;rcon, l7;i, Wintcrgrccn Family, lAOK 2'JO 121 ir.r) 2I.'i 12'J l'J4 204 204 167 176 ]2<) 175 17.'} Wistnrirt, Wolfsliano, Wood, Woodbine, Wood-Neltio, Woo(l-So.T(d,' Wood-Sorrel Family, Wormwood, Wythe-rod, Yt'CCA, Yew, Zantiioxym M, INDEX -J'O FERN FLORA. Adiantnin pcdatum, 2;j4 Asplenium angustifoliiim, 2.'37 nuinnum, 237 platyneiiron, 237 Trichomanes, 237 viride, 237 Athyrium alpestre, 238 Filix-faniina, 238 thelyptcroides, 238 I3otrycli?um lanceolatum, 251 Lunaria, 26O matricaricefolium, 250 simplex 251 tcruatiim, 250 Virginianum, 249 Camptosorus rhizophyllus, 238 Clieilanihes gracillim'a, 235 lanuginosa, 234 (Xvpto^ramme crispa, 236 Cystopteris bulbifera, 233 fragilis, 233 montana, 234 Dennsta^dtiapunctilobula, 233 Gymnogranime triangularis, Lnstrea Boottii, ciistata, Filix mas, fragrauH, Cioldieana, marginalis, montana, Noveboracensis, rigida. spinulosa, 'J'belypteris, Lomaria Sjiicant, Onoclea sensibilis, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Osmunda cinnamoinca, Clrtytoniana, regal ip, rellaea atropurpurea, densa, Stelleri, I'AOK 247 241 I 241 i 241 i 243 I 240 i 242 243 244 243 240 244 236 23'. 251 248 248 247 235 236 235 I'AUR 146 120 129 166 200 l.')9 1 39 170 1 66 214 205 141 Pliegoptoris connectilis, i L)royi)r(.riM, ! hexagonoptora, [ I'oly podium fakatum, Sc'oult'ri, vulgare, Polysticbnm acrosticlioidcs, Braunii, Loncbitis, mnnitum, Pteris aquilina, .Schiz;v;a pusilla Scolopendrium vulgare, Struthiopteris Germanica, Woodsia glaljolla, hyperborca, Ilvensis, obtusa, Oregana, pcopuliua, Woodwardia Virgiuica, 247 246 246 245 243 245 239 23& 239 239 2S5. 249 238 231 232 232 231 232 232 23P 236.