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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film^ d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche S droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. rrata o pelure, 1 d □ 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^^ Tir r: fr ' -t f/ •m fi-. I J 1883. The Progress of tlte New Dominion. 345 .-^^^ ^-^>^ ^y^^f^P---^ '-'^^:f^ 4iK^ THE PROGRESS OF THE NEW DOMINION. " I liear tin- tread of i)ioneers Of natioiis yet to be, Tlie first low wash of liiiman waves. Where soon shall roll a sea." — 'SVhittiku. It >vas an cinincnt AiHcricMii statesman and orator, Daniel Web- ster, who gave e.\[)ression to the finest imago that was ])r()hat)ly ever conceived of the [xiwer of England as sliown hy the extent of her colonial possessions. Whilst standino; on the heights of the old city of (Quebec at an early honr of a smnmcr day, ho heard the driini- beat which called the soldiers to their diitv, and instantaneously there llashed across his mind an idea which he clothed in elixjuent words on a subsecjuent occasion, when he wished to impress an audience with the greatness of tlie J>ritish empire. The place where he stood on that summer morning Avas associated with many memories peculiarly interesting to an Ameri- can statesman. The old gates and walls of the fortifications recalled the davs of Frontenac and other French viceroys, who were contin- ually threatening the peace of the New England settlements. The ([uaint architecture of the Ikmiscs, and tlic narrow streets running up and down the hills, were so many memorials of the French rer/lme which liad vanished with the vic- tory on the plains of Abraham, whose green meadows might even 1)0 .seen from where the American was standing. The black-robed priests, the sisters and nuns in their peculiar garments of sombre hue, hastening to the antique churches and convents, were all character- istic of a town in iNormandy or ]>rittany, rather than of an Ameri- can city on the banks of one of tlie great highways of the Western J-^ «»<<^ ^ continent. He might for an instant have thought himself in a town of old France; but he was soon aroused from his reverie as he heard the beat of the morning drum, and saw the flag run up the statf on the citadel which erowns those historic; heights. At such a moment, amid such a scene, Ik might well think of the vastiioss of the empire of I'^ngland, even without the possession of the old American colonies. His j)rescient mind could sec in the great north- land, of which (^>uebcc was but the gateway, the rudiments of States as nourishing and })rosperous as the American commonwealth, of which he was one of the most illus- trious citizens. The ships in ihe harbour below, so maiiv representa- tives of the maritime nations, wei'c among the evidences of the grow- ing commerce of half a continent still under the dominion of I'lng- land. Half a million of French Canadians, even at that day, were dwelling by the side of tlie St. Lawrence and its trl!)utary rivers; whilst away beyond the borders of the French province, stretched a vast territory, already occupied by a thrifty, enero-etic class of British settlers. As the revciUc awoke the echoes of tlio heights, even the American statesman, proud of liis own country, and confident of its future, was forced to acknowledge the greatness of a Power " which has dotted over the surface of the whole globe with her* possessions and military posts; whose morning drum-beat, following the sun and keeping company with the hours. *vi. >4C^ /U"-^^-*-^ 34G The, Progress of the New Dominion, Miircli 1883. circles the earth willi one eontiii- uoiis and iiiibi'okoii strain of the martial airs of ]Mii;'laii(i/" Jjiil lliose nieiiioraMe wortls were spoken many years ai^'o. In- t — is in itself a!i acknow]edt;'ment of the proo-ress of ('anada in wealth and ])opulation, and of her ahility to de|>end on herself entirely in times of peace, and in a threat measure in times of war. We now see a city far more husy and prosperous than the Quehcc of tlic days of Daniel Welwter — a (^uehec which the rouii'li hand of im])ro\emei . has not, however, heon able to divest of its ancient Norman character. On tlie .\tlantic seahoard, on the hanks of the St. Lawrence and great lakes, in the interior of a region which was a wilderness a few years ago, in the midst of the prairies of the North-west, cities and towns have sprung u}) with the rapidity so characteristic of Amer- ican colonisation ; and though sev- eral of them already surpass the old French capital in size and jiopula- tion, not one ))osscsscs the sanu> interest for the Euroi)ean or Ameri- can Iravi'ller. I''rom the lakes to the sea a large fleet is constantly employed in carrying the wealth of the thjurishing communities wliich have grown up in the West and hy the side of the St. Lawrence. Rail- ways are stretching across the con- tinent itself, carrying capital and l)opulation along with them into the prairie-lands of a region larger than iM'ance, whose hold explorers were the lii'st to venture centuries ago into the Western wilderness. In the prosperity, wealth, and con- tentment of several millions of ]teoph', we recognise the results of that wise colonial ])olicy which lias given self-government to (Canada, and established in that de[)endency, as in (ttlier jiarts of the colonial eiin»ire of I'^ngland, free [)arlia- nieiits, which follow closely the ]U'actice and usages of that great body which has been heretofore the ])rototype of all delibei'ative assem- blies throughout the w(U'ld. It has long been the belief in the parent State that the jirogress of the Dominion of Canada lias heen very slow compared with that of the United States, ami that the opportunities which it offers for the investment of capital and the ac- (piisition of wealth are very inferior 1o those of the enterprising rich country to the south. The geo- grajdiical exi)ression "America," to manv Englishmen and Scotch- men still conveys the idea of the United States, though ('anada, in reality, occupies the greater part of the continent. 1 now propose to show, that though Canada is over- shadowed in manv res[)ects hy the great Repul)li(!, though her wealth and })opul;i'.ion are very much in- ferior, yet she has fairly held her own in certain branches of indus- trial activity, and can now offer to airriculturists a far larger area of profitable wheat-lands than any actually possessed hy her neigh- hours. 'J'he settlement of Canada was contennwraneous with the colonisa- tion of Ne" England. During the sma: 1883. The, Progress of the New Dominion. 347 ii'CO- RC'vetitoenth and eiglitoentli centu- ries, a few thousand Frenchmen Htruo'cled to malvc homes on the banks of the St. Jjawrcnce, and suc- ceeded in foundino; Quebec and Montreal. "J'liese Frenchinon liad to cncouTiter innumerable difliculties ; all the j)rivations of a life in a new country, the neoiect and iiKliller- ence of their rulers, all the ip.'serics arising from frc(iucnt wars with the Indians and the Xew England colon- ists. Their very system of govern- ment was repressive of all indi- vidual energy as well as concerted public action. It was a ha[)py day for tlie l"'rench Canadians when they became subjects of a JJritish jsovercign, and were allowed to par- ticipate in all the advantages of a liberal system of government. At the time of the conquest of Canada, the total population of the present province of (Quebec did not exceed 70,000 souls. It was not until the war of American Independence that Canada received a large ac- cession of inhabitants, historically known as tlie United Empire Loy- alists, probably some 40,000 per- sons in all, who founded the pro- vinces of New IJrunswick and Upper Canada. During the first decades of this century, the immi- gration into the })rovinces was but small, tliough suilicicnt, with the natural increase, to bring the total population by the year 1840, wjien the union took place, up to prob- ably 1,250,000 persons, of whom some 900,000 were living in the two Cana(his. The years tliat fol- lowed tlic establishment of re- sponsible government in British North America were remarkable for the rapid increase of population and wealth throughout the prov- inces, especially in Upper Canada, with its mild climate, its fertile territory, and its energetic, indus- trious inhabitants. The Irisli fam- ine, combined with a greater inter- est in Europe in the development of Canada, brought into tlic country a large number of immigrants dur- ing the first ten years following tlie utiion : so that by 1851, Upper Caiuula alone had a population of 1,000,000 souls; Lower Canada, 900,000; and all liritish North America, upwards of 2,500,000. For the last thirty years the popu- lation has not increased in the same ratio as in the decade just mentioned. Yet despite the many advantages offered to immigrants by thp United States, the united provinces, now known as the Do- minion of Canada, were able in 1881, when the last census was taken, to show a total population of nearly 4,500,000, of whom about 2,000,000 live in Ontario, and 1,500,000 in Quebec. In lYOO, the total population of the United States was estimated at about 4,000,000, and in 1880 at over 50,000,000, having increased twelve and a half times in ninety years. Now in IVOO all the provinces of British North America had a popu- lation of probably 250,000, who had increased to 4,500,000 in 1881, or eighteen times in less than a century. This population would undoubtedly have been very much greater by this time, had the prov- inces been able years ago to estab- lish a lar^e nuinufacturino; indus- try, or had they possessed the North- west Territory, whose value as a field for immigration has only very recently been discovered. Further on, we shall consider the splendid opportunity that the North-west Territory now offers to the Dom- inion to compete with the United States on something like fair terms for the emigration from Europe ; but as it is, the population of Can- ada is greater than that of Norway, and ecpial to that of Sweden — neither of which countries has resources capable of sustaining the large population which Canada must have ere long. 348 The Progress of the New Dominion. March 1883. It may now be said witli truth that tliere is a Canadian people. If we look closely into the census statistics, we find that, of the total population of the Dominion, nearly 4,000,000 are native ('anadians, and consecpiently attached to the country by all those ties that make home dear to the people. As re- spects origin, the population is coin- posed of French, Irish, English, and Scotch, besides a large German clement in some western counties. The French Canadian comes from a Norman and Breton stock, and possesses much of the thrift and steadiness of his ancestry, I'lie habitant may be wanting in energy, hut he is conservative in all his tendencies, a lover of liis Churcli, fond of simple pleasures, little dis- posed to crime or intem[)orance, a ca[)ital worker in mills and fac- tories. The liighcr class has pro- duced men of line intellects, who liave won distinction in politics, in the professions, and even in French literature. The other elements of the Canadian people display all those energetic and persever- ing chiiracleristics essential to the foundation of prosperous communi- ties. They possess that spirit of aggressiveness which is a natural characteristic of the Teutonic race, and eminently (pialitios them to overcome the climatic and other difficulties of Canadian colonisa- tion. The history of Canada, so far, emphatically proves tliat tlie Canadian people possess that sta- bility of character, that earnestness of purpose, and that love of free institutions, wliich give the best guarantee of their success in laying deep and firm the foundations of a great State to the north of the American Republic. ^ When, a century~and a quarter ago, Canada fell into the possession of England, the French Icing, bask- ing in the smiles of mistresses, and enjoying all the pleasures of a vo- luptuous Court, consoled himself with the reflection that he had, after all, only lost a valueless region of ice and snow. That same region now gives homes to nearly a million and a half of the F'rench race, who enjoy an amount of comfort and happiness which they could never have had in old France. \N'e mav now travel foi- days among the whoat-lields and orchanls of the colony, so neglected and despised by the king and his ministers. Hut Canada has ex- tended her boundaries far beyond th(! limits of th(> province found- ed by France. The eastern aiui western shores of the DominioD are washed by the waves of tin- two great oceans which separate America from Europe and Asia. The climatic con<]ilioiis of this vast tei'ritorx do not varv to anv great extent : the cold is intense in winter, and the heat even fierce at times in summer, — Ihitish Columbia, with its more equable temperature rnd mild winters, beitig an exception to the rest of British North America. Though the climate is rigorous at times, at all events it is bracing and healthy ; though the heat is great for weeks, it ripens with remarkable rapidity all those grains and fruits which are at once the life and luxury of man. The natural features of the territory are varied in their char- acter. The Dominion may be divided into certaii divisions, having distinct natural charac- teristics. First, we have the mar- itime provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, on the Atlantic coast — provinces noted for their large bays and harbours, and their maritime industry. In the interior arc fine agricultural lands, producing hardy grains and fine fruit, especially apples. In remote districts there is still some valuable timber ; whilst coal, iron, copper, marble, and even gold, it is t March 1883. Tlie Progress of tlie Xcw Dominion. 3-19 liiiuself ho liad, valueless V. That loiuos to If of the amount ss which 1(1 in old travel for oMs and nei>leotO(i and his has e.\- e found- tern and Doiiiinioi) .'s of the- separate nd Asia. of this V to anv intense von fierce — British equable winters, le rest of Though times, at healthy ; ■ or weeks, \ rapidity ' ts which luxury of 3s of the eir char- may be divisions, charac- the mar- i Scotia, Edward coast — rge bays maritime are fine ig hardy specially 3 there is ; whilst ind even gold, are mined in various places. It is a peculiar feature of these provinces, especially of New Bruns- wick, that rivers run for maiiv miles from the interior, and prsic- tically give all sections connection with the sea. Adjoining these provinces is (,)uebec, which may be also described as a largely mari- time division, since it has a con- siderable coast on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, whilst the river of the same name is navigable for ocean vessels as far as the city of Mon- treal. The Laurenti;:n hills stretch across the northern section of the province, and give a picturesque I'uggodness to the landscape not found in Ontario. The province of (Quebec possesses minerals and timber in abundance, whilst large tracts of valuable farming land are found close to the St. Lawrence and other rivers which water this section in all directions. All the cereals and roots are grown in pro- fusion, as well as apples, pears, and grapes in favoured localities. Next comes the premier province of On- tario, whose prosperity rests mainly on its agricultural wealth, though it, too, in a certain sense, has its maritime interest, since its internal commerce needs the employment of a considerable tleet of steamers and other craft on the great fresh-wa- ter seas, which touch its southern shores. Then we leave the country, watered by the St. Lawrence and the lakes for. a distance of over 2000 miles, and reach that remarkable territory which stretches from Lake Superior to the base of the llocky Mountains, and which is generally known as the north- west of Canada — an illimitable region of lakes and rivers, and vast stretches of prairie and pasture lands, the great wlieat-granary of the future, and the grazing-grounds of niMlions of cattle. Crossing the Rocky Mountains, we come to British Columbia, with its pictur- esque hills and tal)le-Iands — this, too. a maritime [irovince, indented with bays and ports. Away to the northward of these several coun- tries, comprising an area nearly as large as Europe, are the Arctic Seas, imposing an insurmountable bar- rier to enterprise and settlement; while to the south stretches the territory of the I'nitcd States, with its varied climate and unbounded natural resources. Hut great as are the resources of her progressive neighbour, Cnnaailing people. Whilst they continue to have this love for the sea, they must sooner or later obtain the maritime supremacy in the waters of the western hemi- sphere. The same courageous spirit which animated 1^'robisher and Gil- bert, and all the gallant sons of Devon, still exists in its pristine vigour among the people of the new dominion. That S[)ain, to curb whose ambition Raleigh de- voted his life — that S[)aiji, whose richly laden galleons once crowded the Spanish main, has now otdy one-fourth of the tonnage of a country which was a wilderness, without a single lOnglish settle- ment, in the days when Virginia, "the Old Dominion," was founded by the most famous Knglishman of his time. The minerals of Canada are scat- tered over H wide extent of terri- tory. Gold, silver, copper, iron, and almost everv mineral and stt)ne of value to commerce, can be found in some part of the Dominion, though this source of national ■wealth is still in the early stage of development. 'J'ho Dominion Go- vernment, following the example of the American States, employs the services of a largo and edicient s. iff of geological experts, to ex- plore, year by year, the mineral districts of all sections, and there are consequently fresh and valuable discoveries made from time to time. The coal-tields of Nova Scotia ex- tend over a large area, and are not likely to be exhausted for many centuries, however extraordinary may be the drain upon them. It is worthy of notice, that on the Atlantic, as on the Pacific coast, we find provinces possessing valu- able mines of coal to supply the homes of the people with fuel, and to feed the furnaces of the shi[)ping of the empire. VaJicouver anil Cape Jireton, the sentinel islands, as it were, of the l^ominlon, seem destined by nature to play no in- signilicant part in the future com- mercial progress, and perhaps in the defence, of Canada. Coal of an imperfect formation, known as lig- nite, has also been discovered over a larire section of the North-west, and it is quite certain deep borings will bring to light coal of the beat qualit ports about annua com] her event expen more from T Cana the The a la Kng the port ing March 1883. The Profp-ess of the New Dominion. 351 |>lo of tlio Spain, to i;il('i,ii;li (1(!- '■lin, whose ;o crowded now only i;i<>'(' of a wildornoss, ish sottle- I Virginia, IS fonnded isliiiian of ii arc scat- t of t(Mri- pcr, iron, and stone 1 Ijo found Dominion, national J stage of in ion Go- oxainple employs <1 eflicient , to ex- L' mineral and there 1 valnal)le e lo time. ")Cotici ex- id are not 'or many aordinary :liem. It t on the lie coast, ing valu- pply the fuel, and shi[)ping ver and islands, on, seem y no in- ure com- 'haps in 3al of an 1 as lig- 'ed over •th-west, borinjxs the best quality. At present Canada ex- ports coal and other minerals to aliout the value of a million pounds annually — hut an insi^tiilicant sum compared with the amount that her undeveloped treasures must eventually realise with a t^reator expenditure of capital, and the more rapid protrress of the country from Ca[)0 IJreton to V'ancouviM-. The agricultural capahilities of Canada are very valuable, and form the piinci[)al siuirce of her wealth. The forests still cojitinue to supply a Iarg(^ atnounl of timber to the Knglish and Ameiican maikels — the total annual value of the ex- port being soM)e live million pounds sterling; but the rapid destruction of the pine throughout Canada must in the course of a few years materially diminish the importance of thi.4 branch of industry. xVccord- ing as tlie value of the forest de- creases, capital and industry must be devoted to a larger extent than at present to manufacturing pur- suits, and consequently give a still greater stimulus to the production of the agricidtural disti'icts. In all the provinces agriculture is a profitable pursuit, though in cer- tain parts of the maritime pro- vinces and of Quebec, where the soil is rocky and the climate very vari- able, tlic farmer has always led a stern life, though not more stern than tliat of the people on tiie bleak hills of Massachusetts and New Jlampshire. In the interior of Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wiclv, bv the side of rivers and streams, especially in the valley made famous by the pen of Long- fellow, rich farming lands are found to gladden the heart of tlie indus- trious agriculturist. The wliole of Prince Edward Island has soil fit for 'A garden, capable of producing all the cereals and roots in abun- dance— potatoes forming one of the chief exports to the United States and even to England in times of scarcity. Tarts of the old province of Quebec are very mountainou.", but even there we find a large area of valuable gra/ing-lami, and liter- ally "cattle on a thousand hills." The l)est lands exist in the oldest seltlcil districts, by tlic^ .St. Law- rence, liichelieu, St. Maurice, and other rivers, where the traveller may see for miles and miles the innumeral>le fences of the remark- ably narrow lots, stretching to the waterfront. This feature natu- rally attracts the attention of a stranger, and is explained by the fact that the sidxlivision of the farms among tlie members of a family, in accordance with the I'^rench law of property, has cut up the coun- try so as to present series upon series of parallelograms. Very tine farms exist in the English section, generally known as the Eastern Townships, where some of the iin- est cattle in the world are raised on large stock-farms, and find sale at enormous prices in the United States. Eut the [)rovince of On- tario surpasses all other parts of the Dominion in its agricultural wealth. With a territory for the most part level, with an extremely rich soil, with a climate less rigor- ous and more ecpiable than any other section, Ontario has neces- sarily become the richest province of Canada. Her wheat crop ex- ceeds that of most States of the American Union, and supplies food not only for her own people but for thousands in JCiigland. The far- mer of Ontario, who is thrifty and industrious, is one of the happiest men in the empire, producing as he can all the necessaries and many of the luxuries of life, and living as lie does in a community which affords him the protection of well- administered laws and well-ordered government. However large his surplus crop he need never want a market, either in the many cities and towns which have grown up 35^ Tlie Proyrcss of the New Dominio)i, Mill' cli 1883. with rcinarkaMe rapidity all over the pros iiici", or in foroign ("oiiti- trics, which arc always ready to piirtdiaso just such artich's as he H'l'ows. Tiiosc who wisli to know the origin of the jjrospority of this Ihiiirisiiiiiti- provinco, now the lionie of two millions of peo})le, will liave to 150 back many years ago, and follow step by step the progress of the pioneer from the day he raised his little lr>geahiii amid the forest, and ele: ed the acre or two on which 1, gr(!w his first crop. It was a hard tight for years, hut courage and industry triumphed at last ; and now the forest has receded to the rocks of Muskoka, or to the remote lumber districts of the Ottawa and its tributary streams. The best evidence of the success that has crowned the elforts of the j)ioneers, is the fact that Ontario produces more than lialf of the total export of the produce of the farms of Canada, which may be valued at over twelve million pounds sterling. As a manufacturing C(uintry, Canada lias made very consi the United al resources losc of that the produc :lier cereals, hat wcstcri e importan' union of tlu ^or ccnturie: [falo roamcc , this " loni prescntativc; ill very re " the grea '8, who ob ; rom one o^ ys ready Ui heir favour ■■ ! pen. Iler s idrcd milc; ;rior to tW Roclsper ringing Of the bells of Ht. Jionifacc. The bells of tho Roman mission That call from their turrets twain To the boatmen on the river. To tho hunter on the plain." > This North - west Territory, at last reclaimed from the hunter and trappc, is largo enough to give Canada half-a-dozen or more pro- vinces as productive '«= any of the AVestern States. On its prairie- lands can bo raised better wlieat and roots than in Illinois and Iowa ; this, too, year after year, probably for twenty years, without the use of manures, as the expe- rience of the old settlers of the Red River vallev has conclusively proved. The wheat produces sounder Hour than that of Illinois or Indiana, and the soil is easily tilled all over the prairie region. As the tourist travels day after dav over these rich lands, ids eye becomes perfectly wearied with the monotony of the " endless sea of verdure," only broken at intervals by the muddy shallow streams and lakes that, for the most part, water the region. Rut monotonous as seems the landscape, it represents to the practical eye a vast lieritagc of comfort and wealth. Here the settler can, with a very little la- bour, raise his crops, and avoid all the toil of clearing the forest, which is one of the troublesome features of pioneer life in the old provinces. The most valuable disti'icts of the territory are watered \>y the Red, Assiniboine, Saskatchewan, and T'eace rivers; and many years must elapse before the rich lands can be exhausted, even if the tide of immi- gration flows into the country witli the same rapidity as it has poured for several decades of years into the Western States. Where the prairie-lands end, stretches a roll- ing country towards and up tho slopes of the Rocky Mountains, where herds of cattle can be raised far more profitably than in tho States to the south ; and there have been already established in that section several large " ranches," the beginning of a productive industry, in view of the yearly increasing demand for animal food for expor- tation. One fine province has already been carved out of tlie ter- ritory, and others will soon follow as the necessity arLscs for provin- cial organisation. Manitoba has now a population of between eighty and ninety thou- Whiltier— Home Ballads. j^ 350 TJic Progress of the iV'ew Dominion. March 1883. sand souls, whose minibtM's are in- creasing every suinmer. 'I'lie capi- tal, \Viniiipeg, on tlie Red River, has already a settled population of over twenty thousand persons, and seems destined, by its natural posi- tion, and relation to the country awav bevond, to become the Chicao-o of the Canadian North-west. It must be the emporium of the yearly increasing trade of a country whose natural resources will iind their full development with the comple- tion of the L'acilic Railway, and its auxiliary lines, tapping the most fertile sections of tlie territorv. Like all new towns in the West, Win- nipeg has been hurriedly run up, — though, as its position is now as- sured, a better class of buildings is yearly erected, and the streets liegin to present that substantial appearance which is the best evi- dence of its prosperity, and of the confidence which its citizens liave in its future career. Speculation in land is the favourite employ- ment of all classes of tlie citizens. Hvcn the liotel barber forgets to extol the merits of his "tonics'' and " invigorators," and suavely directs your attention to the ticket which shows that he, too, has " lots for sale." A great deal of land has changed hands during the past two years, and sharp specula- tors have realised handsome sums. Numerous companies have received charters for colonisation on a very extensive scale — the Duke of Man- chester, Lord l*]Iphinstone, Mr. Ten- nant, an rich in itural re- 1th and founda- ?st on a lucation, govern- i shown. 1883. The Proijress of the New Dominioti. 357 are best adapted to give unity and streiigth to a people. Xo dejien- dency of the em[)iro, not even England herself, has a system of education better calculated than that of Ontario to elevate the masses to a higher degree of culture. The legislatures of all the ])rov- inces have, for many years past, largely sup])lemented the eft'orts of the people in the various municipal districts to improve the condition of the public schools; and the re- sult is, that the poorest children in the country can receive an educa- tion, accordini; to their vocation ill life, in common schools, gram- mar schools, collegiate institutes, agricultural colleges, and univer- sities, some of the latter of a high standard. The progress that lias been made within less than half a century may be proved by the fact that in ]S40 there were in all the schools of Jiritish North America only some 90,000 young people, or about one in fif- teen, whilst at the present time the proportion is one in four — about the same proportion as in Mas- sachusetts. With a liberal and thorough educational system, with the rapid development of wealth, the Canaut in order to understand the sentiments of the great mass of the Canadians on a subject concern- ing which some misapprehension exists in the parent State, we need only consider the character of the ruling classes in Canada. There are now, within her borders, nearly four millions of native-born Cana- dians, of whom over a million speak the French language. The French Canadians have always, for the most part, licld decidedly monar- chical and Conservative opinions. A large proportion of tlic early settlers came from that section where devotion to the king was a powerful sentiment when all the rest of France was mad with re- publicanism. Removed from the revolutionary influences of the dark days of France, living under the benign rule of England for over a century, the Frencli Canadians have never ceased to cherish a deep at- tachiuent to monarchy, and even now their sympathies are with the Legitimists of the parent State. They are remarkable for their de- votion to their Church, and are largely directed in all their affairs, temporal and spiritual, by the priesthood. During the war of I Afarcli 1883. Tlie J'roi/ress of the New Dominion. mi The liealtliy ces of pros- t and hope rented that is tlie most nst the pro- ti sentiment, eiitiiry hitcr, on of the octiiall)' any existed iti ion with the ar by year, •y extended cd the pro- and now a liiohcr o ion in the m coininon- lorstand the at mass of ect concern- pjireliension ito, we need acter of the fda. Tliere rders, nearly :-l)orn Cana- iiillion speak The Frencli s, for the 3dly monar e opinions, the early hat section | Idng was a on all the id with re- 1 from tlie of the dark under the for over a adians have a deep at- and even B with tlie ent State. I" their de- , and arc icir affairs, , by the e war of American liidcpemlence, when stir- ring appeals were made to the French (.Canadians by Udclianiboaii and Lafayette, the Frcnioh priest was entirely on the side of iMig- land. The" rebellion of 1837 had no substantial support among llu' intelligent n^ajoiitv of the people of Lower Canada : on the contrarv, they looked with siisjjicion on the rofvjblican sentiments <>{ some of the revolutionary leaders. It was a French ('anadian statesman who •leclared that "the last shot lircd for British rule on the continent of America would be fired by a French Canadian." V>y the present constitution the special interests of the French Canadians are protected, and their rights expressly guar- anteed ; and under these circum- stances, tliev are the class least likely to sec any advantages in annexation. (.)ii the contrary, it conveys to their minds tlie idea of [lositivc peril to those institutions to which they attach tlie greatest importance. They believe it really means in the end the destruction of their laws and language, just as the old institutions of the French have been gradually forced to give way in the State of Louisiana. Among the English Canadians there exists an inHuence against annexation just as powerful in its way as the attachment of the French Canadian to British con- nection. This is tlie influence of the descendants of the old Loy- alists who made their homes in Canada in such large numbers dur- ing the closing years of last century. The descendants of the forty thou- sand and more persons who became Canadians at that time of imperial discomfiture now form a consider- able portion of the dominant class in the Dominion, and still retain that affection for the parent State which is their natural heritage. They have much more liberal, pro- gressive ideas than had their stern, uncompromising forefathers. They do not form a distinctive political party, but arc found in the liberal as well as in the (,'onservative ranks. One, indeed, would forget that thee are descendants of the Loyalists in (.'anada, were it not for crises affect- ing the honour and interests of the em|)ire, when immediately their at- tMclimcnt to England rises above all minor considerations, and makes its influonce felt throughout the T^oiiiinion. Iinlecd, to the silent infliienccs of this class may be at- tributed in a great measure the fact that there arc such striking contrasts in the social life of the Canadians and their American neighbours. AVe do not notice in (Janada the restlessness and want of tone characteristic of the average American citizen. Society in the older cities and towns even yet refuses to be Americanised in thought or speech. The language is that of English society of the better class; the orthography is still English, and "honour" has not become " honor," nor are Cana- ilians in the habit of going to the "theater," — though it must be ad- mitted that the press and careless writers arc working energetically in that direction. The current literature is that of p]ngland ; and it is a fact that even Ilowells, James, and other distinguished writ- ers, have fewer readers in Canada than in London. Indeed one may think with reason that there is too decided a disposition among Cana- dians to ignore American literature, and in fact to look suspiciously at everything that is not lilnglish — a decidedly insular trait which Cana- dians have inherited in a large mcasnre from the Loyalists. In- deed it is to the influence of this spirit that we may attribute the slow growth of a native literature in Canada. These national influences com- bine with a strong belief in the ' I 862 The Progress of the New Dominion. March I future career of Canada, to prevent tions of provincial interest wliich the progress of an annexation sen- can be eahily arranged. It is the tiinent in tlic country. Indeed hope of ilie Canadian [)eoplo, who Canadians liave .so nmcii practical arc making all possible sacrifices, work on hand for years to come, and exert-ng their best energies especially in the North-west Ter- to develop the resources of their ritory, that they have literally no country, that they will meet with time to devote to theoretical specu- that cordial sympathy from the lations about their future destiny, parent Slate vvliich will be at once When tlic Dominion has a popula- a guarantee of success and a reward tlon above 10,000,000 — probably for their fidelity to the empire, by the end of a decade — Canadians And when the time comes for solv- may aspire to a higher position ing the f, ^^1^) / \ March 1883. Tlic Progress of the Xeiu Dominion, ^t which It is the opio, who sacrifices, energies of their cet with roin the at once a reward empire, for solv- estiny of 1 for her ft to the ssing the of view eld. Im- h certain I wont to )ry sense ; iiy bo al- ley which icnce and f Europe, notes the attachinsr "Possession lat policy ^ approval iglishinen oncluding rily but a ding fea- i .political Ml has re- liii,y;uii!!licd said: "He no doubt t)li(late the !• the cou- Slh. Tlie 3sts which 1 of those oils which hey could iiiirds the ith by all npire was or furtlicr e vitality developtnetit of the most important dependency of the empire. It is a couiitr)' uf whoso progress every Englisliman .diould be proud. \Vc have seen that it is a country vvliich is rapidly g. lining national strength ; but it is also ;i country rich in luitural beauty. Where will wo see a river which can rival the St. Lawrence at once for extent and grandeur — a river ever and anon expanding into great lakes, and broken into j)ictures(|ue forms by impetuous rajiids and cataracts?- Where will we find such forests of tall ])ine as still darken the hills of the Laurentian range — these ancient liills which have existed amid all the earth's changes since times primeval? ' Where in Europe will wo sec lakes that may compare with the great inland waters which bathe the shores of the province of Ontario, with its tlourisliing towns and prosperous farms ? The coun- tries watered by these Western seas may have none of the rich historic memoiics that cling to the shores of the Mediterranean; but still Ontario, tame and uneventful as her history may be, will be al- ways associated with the record of human endeavour and human liap- pitiess. Or whore will we find a country offering to all the world so vast a territory of rich prairie- lands, pur[)le with wild flowers anil grasses, soon to give way to golden grain, to feed millions of people now struggling in the overcrowded Old World? Or where will we see such deep blue skies as canopy the vast region which Canadians call tlicir own ? So invigorating and bracing is the Canadian winter, that those who have once breathed its air can never find liealth or comfort amid the enervating influ- ences of southern climates. The people who live in Canada are deeply attached to their own land. Indeed it is a trait of tlie people l)orn uiuler northern skies that they can never find cDutent else- where, but that their hearts, like the leaves of the little compass- flower found on the slopes of the (.>/ark Hills, ever turn towards tlie north. Canada is a north-land, not of perpetual glaciers ; not of gloomy, solitary fjords; not of bleak, bar- ren hills, where men slave and toil with little I'ewards : but it is a north-land whose bays teem with fish, \\lios(,' hills are covered with the rinest timber, whose soil is [)ro- ductive for a territory extending over ;U)()U miles. What the people of this country have already achieved, their present wealth abundantly shows when <'ompared with that of countries which have played no insignificant i)art in the world's history. A century ago the greater part of Canada was but a remote and unex[)lore