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6

A GUIDE

TO THE

WILD FLOWERS

i

PLATE XX. WILD HONEYSUCKLE. Azalea Hudijhna.

COPVRIGMT. 1895 BY FIIEDERICK «. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

^S-o

mmmmm

A GUIDE

TO THE

WILD FLOWERS

BY

ALICE LOUNSBERRY

WITH SIXTY-FOUR COLOURED AND ONE HUNDRED BLACK-AND-
WHITE PLATES AND FIFTY-FOUR DIAGRAMS

BY

MRS. ELLIS ROWAN
TKHltb an Ifntro&uction

BY

DR. N. L BRITTON

Emeritus Professor of Botauv, Columbia University, Author of - An Illustrated
Florar and Director of the New York Botanical Garden.

^

WILLIAM BRIGGS
TORONTO

Copyright, 1899,
By Frederick A. Stokes Company

Contents.

D.V.

Swamps and

Preface,

List of Illustrations,

Introduction nv Dr. Nathanikl L<.r„ j{R,rT.

A Chaptkr TO Studv.

Five Conspicuous Plant Familii-.s,

1'laNTS (iROWlNG in WaTER

Plants Growing in Mud : Boos,

Marshes,

• • • . .

Plants Growing in Moist Son, : Low Meadows and

liv Running Streams

' • • • .

Plants Growing in Rich or Rocky Soil : Deep Woods

AND Hillsides.
Plants Growing in Light Soil: Open Woods,
Plants Growing in Sandy Soil,
Plants Growing in Dry Soil : Upland Places, Thickets

and Meadows. .

*

Plants Growing in Waste Soil : Roadside Banks and

Lanes, .
Index to Colour, .
Index to English Names,
Index to Latin Names, .
Index of Technical Terms,

PACE.

iv
ix

XV

I

15
21

43

79

139
203
231

256

296
326

333
340
346

Preface.

The love of flowers is one of the earliest of passions, as it is
one of the most enduring. Children with the bees and butter-
Ihes delight in the opening of the spring ; and a bright boy that
IS reared in the country follows the season by its flowers He
It IS that knows when to push aside the snow and dried leaves
to find the hrst sweet blossoms of the trailing arbutus • nor
does he mistake the dell where the white violet peeps shyly out
for the spreading patch of blue violets to which he return^-
every year. He knows the hillside where the mountain laurel
and the lambkill grow, and drives away the foolish cows that
would eat of their fresh, green shoots. The precious haunt of
the pink orchis and the rocky crag over which droops the lovely
columbine is to him an unravelled mystery. A stream of fish-
nig he marks by the stately cardinal flower or the coy jewel-
weed.

His knowledge of them all is intimate and loving-one that he
has acquired by his own skill and observation, and through this
close friendship with them he feels proudly that they are his
very own. The swamps and the woods, the hills and the road-
sides, are his ospecial domain.

The great poets of America have shown a profound apprecia-
tion of their incomparable wild flowers. In fact, the impersonal
love of flowers is one of the characteristics of modern poetrv
Hut this has not always been so. The Persians made use of
their flowers as mouthpieces to express their own sentiments
and from them the idea radiated very generally. They served
the ancient Greeks mostly as tombstones to commemorate their
sorrows : and although the Greek boy knew where to And them
and honoured them as favourites of his gods, he had not the

7

VI

PREFACE.

same sentimental fondness for them as has our little American
friend. A .vi Id rose would never say to him : " 1 despise you ; "
nor does he expect a black-eyed Susan to blush from shyness.

The wild flowers have their own unique personalities. They
exist as individuals and reproduce themselves. Every plant is
a member of a family and has its relatives quite as well as
tliose of the animal world. To know them it is necessary that
we should seek them in their homes : they seldom come to us.

It is for this reason that a classification according to the soil
in which they grow is feasible. It is a tangible point of which
to take hold. And although there are some fickle-minded
plants that appear to flourish in different kinds of soil, they
may be regarded rather as those straying away from family
tradition, than as trustwort .y examples. As a rule they are
partial to particular kinds of soil and do not thrive nearly so
well in other than that allotted to ihem by Dame Nature. The
marsh marigold, with which most of us are familiar, when it
reaches the sunny, warmer south retires to the wet, cool woods
in search of a soil similar to that of its home marshes. The
harebell, that is with us a shy plant, hiding itself in shady
places and rooting in moist soil, in England ventures out into
the meadows and highways. It lias there not our midsummer
heat vi'th which to contend and finds the soil of the fields not
unlike that of our shaded banks.

It would therefore seem that, putting aside an analysis of
th^-'r minuter parts, ihe different species of plants could hv
most readily known by their locality. With one exception the
great family of golden-rods are yellow ; but they do not all
grow in the saiue kind of soil. The knowledge, therefore, that
one inhabits a swamp will be of more value to identify it than
to know its colour. For the convenience of those, however,
that are accustomed to a classification by colour, an index, in
which the plants are arranged under the dominant colour of the
blossoms, has been provided.

With the knowledge of this point and knowing also the soil

PREFACE.

VII

ex, in

e soil

ill which they grow, little difficulty should be encountered in
determining the position of any plant in the book.

It has seemed most natural to make the divisions of soil
according to a gradatioi' from plants that grow in water
through those of mud and those of moist, lich, rocky, light and
sandy soils respectively to those that flourish in dry and waste
gromid. Under this classification the primary idea in group-
ing the genera has been to keep the families together, and so
far as is consistent with this plan they have been arranged
according to their seasons of blooming.

The common English name, or several common names, when
they exist, and the scientific names of the plants are first given.
Accents have been placed upon tlie latter as being an assistance
to their correct pronunciation. Then follow, so that they may
be seen at a glance the family, colour, odour, range and time
of bloom. A simple analysis is also given, from which the
manner of their growth and the form and number of their parts
can be learned. From the routine order of placing first the
root, or stem, a deviation has been indulged in by beginning
with a description of the flowers. It is thought to be more
considerate to allow the novice to satisfy his enthusiasm over
the blossom before claiming his attention for the root, stem,
and leaves.

The technical terms that have been used will not be found
difficult to conquer by a little patience . nd study of the next
chapter. The student will then be armed with a vocabulary
from which two words will serve him for twenty of his own
that he might otherwise employ. Every science has its phe-
nomena that individuals are ready to master ; but for some
strange reason botany has, until recently, been so enwrapped
in the gloom of technical expressions that it has been declared
impossible. Happily this idea has become a phantom of his-
tory. The change undoubtedly is greatly owing to the many
delightful books that have been written on this subject. It is
these books that make naturalists.

• ••

Vlll

PREFACE.

Modesty, we learn from the flowers, is one of the winsome
virtues. It is therefore said with much modesty that what has
been formerly lacking to make these books thoroughly useful
and practicable to the student is supplied in the present volume.
It is COLOUR. To the development of science we owe the
existence of the sixty-four coloured plates that are here repro-
duced. They and the pen-and-ink sketches are from original
studies from nature and show us many of our familiar as well
as rare wild flowers. In the selection of them the range has
not been limited ; simply from America's great wealth of bloom
those have been chosen that have some especial claim on our
attention. This work has been greatly facilitated by the most
kind and generous aid of Dr. Britton.

Mrs. Rowan received invaluable assistance from Mr. Beadle,
the well-known botanist of Baltimore ; and while in Asheville
was enabled, through his courtesy and that of his colleagues, to
get many rare specimens of native plants from the mountains
of North Carolina.

Besides accuracy, Mrs. Rowan has a particularly happy
faculty of transmitting to paper the atmosphere of the plants,
so that in looking at them we almost feel their texture and
sense a whiff of the salt marsh in which they grew, or the cool,
spicy odour of the pine thickets. How differently these
coloured plates impress us from those that gave dreary pleasure
to our ancestors, when a patch of colour and a bit of green
that was taken on faith as the accompanying leaves caused
them to exclaim mechanically, " It is a flower."

That the book introduces many new friends among the wild
flowers and that it adds colour constitutes its claim upon the
reader.

About the flowers grave lessons cling,
Let us softly steal like the tread of spring
And learn of them.

List of Illustrations.

The mark **» winch appears in the list designates the plates that are pro-
duced m colour. The number of the page given for each of these coloure.l
l.lates IS that of the printed page//m/ by the coloured plate in each case.

1'I.ATE.

|'A(;k.

2o

I. WATER-ARUM. Calla palustris, .

II. GOLDEN CLUB. Orontium aguaticum,

III. YELLOW POND-LILY. .\'y»i/,/ura advena,

IV. YELLOW NELUMBO. Neiuiiil'o lutct,

V. COMMON WHITE WATER CROWFOOT. l^'Utachiumtruhophyllun,
YELLOW WATER CROWFOOT, l^ouuinulus dclphinijolius,

VI. WATER HEMLOCK. Cicuta niacu/ata, .
VII. WATER-HYACINTH. J'niro/>i(s crassip.'s,
VIII. COMMON BLADDERWORT. I'triculayia vulgaris,
IX. ARROW-HEAD. Sagittarui tati/olia,

X. WATER-PLANTAIN. Alisvin Plant,, ^-o-aquaticj,

XI. AMPHIBIOUS KNOTWEED. rolygonu,,, awpiuhluw,
XII. FLOATING-HEART. l-i»i'ia>itl,einu,>i lacunosuiii,

XIII AMERICAN CRINUM. Crinum Ameriiavuw,

XIV. SWAMP PINK. Ilrlonia!. bullaia,

XV. PITCHER-PLANT, ■^'trracriiia purpurea,
XVI. MARSH MARIGOLD. Calt/ut /alustris, ....

XVII. GOLDTHREAD. Coptis tri/olia

XVIII. SWAMP ROSE. Kosa Carolina,
XIX. LIZARD'S TAIL. Saururus i,-rnuus, ....

XX. WILD HONEYSUCKLE. Azal.;, nuiliflora,

XXI. WHITE SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE. Azalea viscosa,
XXII. AMERICAN CRANBERRY. Oxycoecus iiiacrocarpus.

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

i

i

XXIII. CALOPOGON. I-iniodoruiii tuberosum, .

XXIV. SNAKE-MOUTH. Pogonia ophioalossoides,
XXV. SMALL PURPLE-FRINGED ORCHIS. Il'<l>cnaria psyiodes,

XXVI. WHITE-FRINGED ORCHIS. Uahi-nat i,i l>l,'phn>i,^loti!s,
YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHIS. Il.ihetuiyin l iliaria

XXVII. MARSH CLEMATIS. Clematis i<h/>a,

XXVIII. HORNED BLADDERWORT. I'lih u/aria orituta,
XXIX. ROSE MALLOW. Hibiscus A/osr/ieu/os, .

XXX. BUCKBEAN. Menyanthes tri/oliala,

XXXI. SEA PINK. Sitbbatia caw^aiiulata, . . .

XXXII. VENUS'S FLY-TRAP. Dio/KP.i iiiusii/-ula,

XXXIII. MILKWEED. Asci,/>ias ianceoi.ita,
ASHY MILKWEED. Asclepias cinerea,

XXXIV. LARGER BLUE FLAG. /'" versicolor^

XXXV. CRESTED DWARF-IRIS, his cristata,

XXXVI. POINTED BLUE-EYED GRASS. Sisyrinchium angusti/oliu
XXXVII. YELLOW-ADDER'S TONGUE. Eryihronium Ameriauni m,

XXXVIII. CAROLINA LILY. Liliuin Caroliniaiium,

XXXIX. STOUT STENANTHIUM. Stenanthiuiii yohiistuiii,

XL. FOUR-WINGED SNOWDROP TREE. Mi''i>o(i,n,lroH Carolinu

XLI. CHOKE CHERRY. I'nniu.t riyginiiina, .

XLll. TALL WILD BELLFLOWER. Caiii/>,t>!i<l.i Aiiie,ica>ia,

XLIII. COLORADO SHOOTING-STAR. Do<iciixthe,ui Meadia frigiJ.

XLIV. TRUMPET FLOWER. Tccoma radicaus, .

XLV. BUTTON BUSH. Cephalanthus occidentalism

XLVI. BLUETS, lloustonia canrulea,

XLVII. TALL MEADOW RUE. Thalictrum polygamuiii,

XLVIII. MONKSHOOD. Aconituvi uncinatuiii,

XLIX. MOCK APPLE. Micraiiipelis lobata,

L. WHITE-FLOWERED SIDALCEA. Sidalcea Candida,

LI. CARDINAL MONKEY-FLOWER. Mivtulus cardinalis,

Ltl. TURTLE-HEAD. Chelone glabra, .

Llll. TURTLE-HEAD. Chelone Lyoni, .

LIV HEDGE-HYSSOP. Gratiola aurea.

III,

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

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LVI

LVII.

LVIII

LIX,

LX.
LXI.

LXII.
LXIII.
LXIV.
LXV.
LXVI.
LXVII.
LXVIII.
LXIX.
LXX.
LXXI.
LXXII.
LXXIII.
LXXIV.
LXXV.
LXXVI.
LXXVII.
LXXVIII.

LXXIX.

LXXX.

LXXXI.

LXXXII.

LXXXIII.

LXXXIV.

LXXXV.

LV. MEADOW BEAUTY. I^hexta Virgtnica^

LARGE-FLOWERED MILKWORT. Polygala grandijiora,
SLENDER DAY FLOWER. Commelina erect.r. .
SPIDERWORT. Tradescantia montana,
JEWEL-WEED. Impatiens biflora^
CARDINAL FLOWER. Lohelta cardinalis,
RATTLESNAKE GRASS. Panicularia Canadensis,
GREAT LOBELIA, {-ol'flia syphilitica, .
. ROUND-LEAVED PSORALEA. PsoraUa orbicularis,
. OSWEGO-TEA. Monarda didyma,

OBEDIENT PLANT. Physostegia llrgini.^n.i, .

FRINGED GENTIAN. Gt'nti<iiia crinita, ,

CLOSED GENTIAN Gentiana Andrewsii,

SNEEZEWEED. Ifeleniuin autumnale, .

BLUE STOKESIA. ^tokesia cyanea,

JOE-PYE-WEED. P-uMtoriutii pmfmreuin,

GOLDEN-ROD. X'didagn juucea,

JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. Arisama triphyllutn,

STROPHILIRION. Si>of>hilirion Cali/omicu,,,^

TWISTED STALK. ■S/,;-/>to/>us roseus.

LARGE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN. Tyiilium gyandijlorum

PAINTED TRILLIUM. '''illium undulatuw,

PANICLED BELLFLOWER. Campanula, divaricata,

DALIBARDA. !''aliharda rcpens, .

EARLY WHITE ROSE. AWa Idanda,

COLUMBINE. Aquilcgia truncata,

LONG-SPURRED COLUMBINE. Aijuilegia carulen,

BLACK COHOSH. Ciinici/uga racemosa,

BUNCH-BERRV. Corniis Canadensis,

FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Cornus florida,

SOURWOOD. Oxydendyum arboreum^ .

MOUNTAIN LAUREL Kalmia lati/olia, .

SHEEP LAUREL. K'll'niu angustifolia, .

GREAT RHODODENDRON. Rhododendron maximum.

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Ml

LIST OF ILLUS TRAiTONS.

LXXXVI. SHIN LEAF. Pyrola elliptica,

LXXXVII. CREEPING WINTERGREEN. Caulthcria procuwln-ns^
LXXXVIII. CREEPING WINTERGREEN. C.aultluria Shatlon^
LXXXIX. INDIAN PIPE MonotroJ>j uniflora^

FALSE BEECH-DROPS. Hypopitys Hypopitys, .
XC. NEVINS'S STONE CROP, -S'fr/ww A'fvit, .
XCI. AMERICAN ORPINE. Sedum telcphioides,
XCII. SMOOTH RUELLIA. Kuellia strepens,
XCIII. YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER. Cyp>iprdin,ti /nysutuiii,
XCIV. MOCCASIN FLOWER. Cypripcliuiii net tile,
XCV. STRIPED CORAL-ROOT. Corallorliiza striut.iy
XCVI. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. Peranium repen.s, .
XCVII. BLOOD-ROOT. Sanf;iiiii(iri<i Canadensis,
XCVIII. GROUND OR MOSS PINK. I'lilox suhulata,
XCIX. HOBBLE-BUSH. I'il'iniiitiii alni/oliuni,

0. TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera semper-.'irens,
CI. TWIN-FLOWER. Linnwa borealis,
Cll. WHITE ABRONIA. Ahonia/ragrans,
Clll. WHITE BEARD'S TONGUE. Pentstemon Digitalis,
CIV. WHITE BEARD'S TONGUE, Pentstemon Newherryi,
CV. WOOD'SORREL. Oxulis Acetosella,
CVI. TRAILING ARBUTUS. Epiga^a repens,
CVII, SPOTTED PIPSISSEWA. Chimaphila tiiaciilatn,

FIRE PINK. ■'>'//(•'/,■ I'irginica,
CVIII. WIND-FLOWER. Anemone quinquefolia,
CIX. THIMBLE-WEED, Anemone Virginiana,
ex. CAROLINA LARKSPUR, Delphinium Carolinianum,
CXI. PARTRIDGE VINE, Mitchclla repens,
CXIl, WILD PINK. Silene Caroliniana, .
CXlll. STARRY CAMPION, ^"^ilene stellata,
CXIV. GROUND-NUT, Panax trifolium,
CXV, WILD GERANIUM. Geranium maculatum,
CXVI. PROSTRATE TICK-TREFOIL, Mcibomia Michauxii,
CXVII, WOOD-BETONY, Pedicularis Canadensis,

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♦

188
189
191
'93
'95
'97

♦

*

*

200

205

*

♦

2o6

*

*

206
2og

2It

*

*

212

215

*

*

218

219

221

*

*

222
225

. •

227

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

xiu

•

16S

•

.67

4

169

* *

* '70

♦ *

* 170

•

»7«

•

«73

•

175

♦ ♦

♦ 178

•

179

•

i8t

•

«83

185

• ♦

" 186

* * ♦ i88

189

191

'93

'95

197

* * *

200

•

205

♦ ♦ ♦

706

* * *

206

•

209

•

211

♦ ♦ ♦

212

•

215

* * *

218

•

219

221

♦ ♦ *

222

225

827

CXVIII. DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE. Dasystoma J!ava,
SMOOTH RUELLIA. Kucllui str,/>eni,
FERN-LEAF FALSE FOXGLOVE, ^'isystonia /.,u/hu/a>
SPANISH BAYONET, y^cca JiUtmentosa^
BIRD'S-FOOT VIOLET, ^^iola pedata,
BIRD'S-FOOT VIOLET, ^iola pedata bicolor, .
ST. ANDREW'S CROSS, -l-^iyiim hypericoides,
SHRUBBY ST. JOHN'S-WORT. Hyptricum prolificum
GOAT'S RUE. <-'>'Uca Virginiatui^
. WILD SENNA. Cassia Marilandica,

PARTRIDGE PEA. Cassia CAamiecrisia, .
BEACH PEA. Lathyrus iiiiiritimus,
BUSH CLOVER, f-espedeza procumbens, .
HYSSOP SKULLCAP. Scutellaria integri/olia.
HAIRY SKULLCAP. Scutellaria pilosa, .
HORSE-MINT. Monarda Punctata,
CAROLINA CALAMIINT. Calainintha Cnroliniana,
PURPLE GERARDIA. Ccrardia purpiivfn,
FLOWERING SPURGE. Euphorbia corollata,
SMOOTH ASTER. Aster Itevis,
WHITE WREATH ASTER. Aster viulti/lorus,
LATE PURPLE ASTER. Aster patens,
SHAD-BUSH. Aiiiflanchier Canadensis,
VIOLETS, i-iola blanda, Viola Canadensis, Viola p

yiola palmata, .
CRANBERRY TREE. I'iburmtm opulus, .
SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL. Potentillafruticosa,
VIPER'S BUGLOSS. /■'■ 't i urn vulgar e,
LARGE-FLOWERED VERBENA. Verbena Canadensis,
SCAPOSE PRIMROSE, Pachylophits ccvspitosus,
PASSION FLOWER. Passi/lora incarnata,
CALIFORNIA POPPY, Eschscholtzia Cali/ornica,
CALIFORNIA POPPY. Eschscholtzia ccespitosa,
BUTTERFLY PEA. Clitoria Mariana, .

CXIX.

CXX.

CXXI.

CXXII.
CXXIII.
CXXIV.
CXXV.

CXXVI,
CXXVII.
CXXVIII.

CXXIX.

CXXX.

CXXXI.

CXXXII.

CXXXIII.

CXXXIV.
CXXXV.

CXXXVI,

CXXXVII.

CXXXVIII.

CXXXIX.

CXL.

CXLI.

CXLII.

CXLIII.

bescens

♦ ♦ ♦

228

♦ ♦ ♦

223

■

229

* * *

230

•

'33

•

833

•

237

* * «

238

•

239

* ♦ ♦

242

* ♦ ♦

242

'43

345

347

247

249

S5I

♦ ♦ ♦

252

aS3

* * if

* ♦ ♦

* * *

254

254

254

♦ * ♦ 256

* * * 258

259

263

♦ * ♦ 266

269

27r

♦ * *

* * ♦

* * ♦

272
274
274

277

XIV

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

CXLIV

CXLV

CXLVI,

CXLVII.

CXLVIII,

CXLIX.

CL.

CLI.
CLII.
CLIII.
CLIV.
CLV.
CLVI.
CLVII.
CLVIII.
CLIX.
CLX.
CLXI.
CLXII.
CLXIII.
CLXIV.

COMMON MILKWEED. Asclepias Syriaca,
BUTTERFLY-WEED. Aulepiai titbetosa,
MOTH-MULLEN, l^'erbascum Biattaria,
STRIPED GENTIAN. Gentiana viliosa,
TICK- SEED. Coreopsis lanceolata^ .
ROBIN'S PLANTAIN. Urigeron pulchellus,
WHITE DAISY. Ckrysanthemum LeucaniheiHiiiii,
BULBOUS BUTTERCUP. Ranunculus bulbosua.,
BLACK- EYED SUSAN. Rudbeckia, .
PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY. Rubus odorntus
SPREADING DOGBANE. Apocynuiii Androstewi/olium
CYPRESS-VINE. QuamocUt coccinea,

BOUNCING BET. Saponaria officinalis, .

DOUBLE BOUNCING BET. Saponaria officinalis,

TRAVELLER'S JOY. Clem -.tis yirginiana,

MUSK MALLOW. Mnlva inosc/tata,

WHITE ALDER. Cle/hra alni/olia,

HOG-PEANUT. I-'>ilcata comosn, ,

SUNFLOWER, /l.liantluis mollis,

IRON-WEED Crrnoitia Noveboracensis,

COMMON YARROW. Achillea millefolium,

CHICORY. ( '■fiorium /nlybus.

'79

♦ ♦ ♦

280

983

385

* * *

288

289

* ♦ ♦

290

* * ♦

290

* « *

292

♦ * ♦

298

301

303

304

* * *

304

307

* ♦ ♦

306

309

3»3

>l> * *

3>8

381

383

* * *

3^4

Introduction.

One of the first questions a botanist asks about a plant is,
Where chd it grow," and the next is, -When and where did
>ou get It." Yet it is surprising how seldom these points are
noted and how many collections are preserved without suffi-
c.ent data to guide us in the identification of the specimens
I this book does nothing more than emphasize the importance
of observing these points it will do good.

It will also aid in the appreciation of that new development
of botanical study, the science of Plant Ecology. It will teach
the novice how altitude, latitude, soil and environment affect
the vegetation of certain areas ; how certain plants are found
growing together because of the nature of the soil and of their
surroundings. If it also leads to the understanding of their
gradual adaptation to changed conditions it will give "a broader
and more comprehensive view of plant morphology and lead
away from the mistaken idea that plants must and^hould con-
form to our artificial definitions, and make clearer the laws of
evolution.

To feel that plants are living things, that individuality and
heredity are constantly struggling in them for ascendancv
bnngmg about modifications which in course of time are suffi-
cient in amount and importance to create specific differences
these are the underlying principles of the study of plants

1 hat the love of Nature is gaining ground among us is shown

m many ways. The number of books and magazines dealing

v.th natural-history subjects in a popular wav, increases yearly

to meet an increasing need. A constant demand exists which

XVI

INTRODUCTION.

calls upon our specialists in Science to tell what they know in
plain readable language, and expects them to illustrate their
meaning in the best and most modern manner. The public
calls for increased facilities for learning. Popular lectures,
beautifully illustrated, have become the order of the day, and
the labour of the brain may be had cheaper than the labour of
the hands. Hiology and Nature Study have taken their places
in the courses of instruction both in private and public schools
and the teachers are struggling to fit themselves to meet the
new requirements ; in fact, the supply does not equal the de-
mand, j'arents are seeking for companions for their children
in their hours of recreation and vacation who can answer (lues-
tions on natural objects and phenomena ; if they cannot find
the right person, they want correct books and magazines.

That the true love of Nature imjioses certain mcjral responsi-
bilities is also beginning to be recognised. First and foremost
a respect and care for living things will do away with that
spirit of wanton destruction which permits the killing of any
animal or the uprooting or trampling of a living plant, just for
the fun of it. It will also promote a spirit of unselfishness
which can enjoy the beauties of Nature and leave them as we
found them for some one else to enjoy after us. It also pro-
motes an appreciation and love of truth which fosters exactness
and precision. From a pedagogic standpoint nature studi-'s
are of the utmost importance, as they bring the mind to the
consideration of the objective rather than the subjective meth-
ods. That they call for greater individuality and latitude of
presentation is one of the reasons why it has been diflftcult to
secure the right methods. Our schools cannot be bound by
hard and fast rules and requirements ; the teacher must meet
the needs and opjiortun-'les of the students and these are very
diverse in different schools and places. She must be ready to
make use of any facilities and accoinplishments that individual
scholars may afford for the benefit of the others, and to bring
drawing, photography and poetry, as well as prose, to her as-

iy know in
trate their
'he public

■ lectures,
e day, and

labour of
leir places
ic schools

meet the
il the de-

■ children
wer ques-
mnot find
lies.

INTRODUCTION.

XVII

s.stance. Summer schools and vacation classes seem to meet
a widespread want, and to take teachers and pupils away from
the densely populated cities is better than to bring livinir plants
and animals to them. Therefore a book that leads searchers
to ..now what they will find in the country is the best kind of a
l)oc)k.

Our thanks are due to Miss Lounsberry and Mrs. Rowan for
having contributed a work which cannot fail to advance Nature
Study in quite the way that it shc.uld be advanced. Mrs Row-
an s figures have been drawn from plants growing in their nat-
ural surroundings and they are accurate and elegant The
new process by which it has been made possible to repi-oduce
e oloured paintings is a most valuable addition to methods
of illustration.

New York Botanical Garden,
February 20, 1899.

N. L. Britton.

A Chapter to Study.

No attempt has been made in the following chapter to ac-
(|uaint the student with every term that it is possible to use in
describing the organs of a phiiil ; but enough have been ex-
plained and used throughout the book to give a comprehensive
vocabulary i)f the subject and to lead one up to the enjoyment
of an altogether scientific work on botany.

The existence of the plant and that of the animal are so
closely linked together that it would be ratiier difficult to i)ro-
phesy the fate of one were the other to withdraw itself from
the earth. It is a pleasure to see that they seldom encroach
upon each other's mission in life ; but are generously helpful
by the most amicable arrangements.

The plants absorb from the atmosphere carbonic-acid gas,
which, unless this were so, would become abuncUmt in the air
and be injurious to animal life. They exhale oxygen, which is
the animal's necessary food. The opposite course is pursued
by animals. 'I'hey inhale oxygen and exhale carbonic-acid gas.
In this way they return the plants' compliment : by taking from
them what they do not want and giving them as food what they
do want.

Again, plants are almost altogether dependent upon animal
life to perform for them the service of cross-fertilization, page
7. The birds, the butterflies and Master Hee and his family
are all ceaselessly busy as their messengers. But there is
nothing mean about the flowers. In return, they are quite
aware of, and cater to, the tastes of all. ^Vhen a bird carries
the seeds of a flower to some distant place and deposits them, it
is only a slight remuneration for the delicious luncheon of red

A CHAPTER TO STUDY.

berries that he has enjvoyed. If Master Bee follows the road that
is plainly marked out for him by a deep, rich veiningand sips
to satiety of a gland of nectar ; it is but fair that the anthers
should load him well with a cargo of pollen to carry off to the
pistil of anoiher flower. In fact, as we become more friendly
with the flowers we will cease to look upon them so much as
luxurious creatures but rather as those that have solved the
deep problems of domestic economy.

The plant's individual mission in life is the reproduction of
itself.

The flower and its products, the fruit and the seeds, are the
org?ns of reproduction.

The root, the stem and the leaves are the organs of vegeta-
tion.

The Inflorescence is the manner in which the flowers are
arranged upon the stem.

When but one flower grows upon the end of the stem or
flower-stalk, it is said to be terminal, solitary.

It is Axillary when the flower, or flowers, grow from, the
axils of the leaves, or in the angle formed by the leaf, or leaf-
stalk, and t'le stem. (Fig. i.)

%^i^

'^

FIG. I. FIG. 2. FIG. 3.

A Pedicel is the individual stalk of a flower borne in a clus-
ter.

A Peduncle is the stalk of a solitary flower, or the general
stalk that bears a cluster.

road that
?and sips
le anthers
off to the
; friendly

much as
olved the

stem or

Tom the
, or leaf-

n a clus-
general

A CHAPTER TO STUDY. 3

Sessile is the term used when the flowers ^row closely to
the stem and are without either pedicel or peduncle.

A Raceme is when the flowers grow on pedicels about
equally long that are arranged along the sides of a common
stalk. (Fig. 2.)

A Panicle is a compound raceme. (Fig. 3 )

^■"^■4- FIG. 5. PIG. 6. . PIG. 7.

A Spike is like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile. (Fig 4 )
^) Spadix .s a fleshy spike that is usually enveloped by a
leaf-like bract called a sfathk. (Figs. 5 and 6.)

A Head or Capitulum is a short, dense spike < hat is lobu-
lar m form. (Fig. 7.) *'

FIG. 8.

FIG. 9.

FIG 10.

A Corymb is a raceme in which the lower pedicels are
elongated so .hat the flower, al, reach about the Jam: height

A CHAPTER TO STUDV.

An Umbel is like a corymb, only the pedicels branch from
the same central point, suggesting the ribs of an umbrella. It
may be sini|)le, or compound. (Fh;. 9.)

A Cyme is a flat-topped inflorescence, differing from an
umbel in tliat its innermost flowers are the first to open. (Fig.
10.)

A Complete flower is one that is provided with the essential
organs of reproduction, the stamkns and pistil ; and the pro-
tecting organs, the calyx and corolla. As an example of a
complete or typical flower we may take the one illustrated in
Fig. II and 12.

Co/foii*

Kin. II.

FIG. 12.

FIG. 13.

The Calyx is the lower, outer set of leaves at the base of
the flower that rests upon the receptacle, or end of the flower-
stalk. It is usually green, but not always. At times we find it
brilliantly coloured and conspicuous. (See Fig. 12.)

The Sepals are the leaves of tlie calyx when it is ilivided to
the base.

The Calyx is gamoslpalijus when the sepals are wholly or
partly grown together.

The Corolla is the next inner and upper set of leaves. It
is the alluring part of the flower, and attracts the bees and but-
terflies to its whereabouts that its pollen maybe carried through
their agency. (Fig. 12.)

The Petals arc the leaves of the corolla when it is divided
to the base.

The Corolla is said to be gamopetalous when the petals
are wlu)lly or partly grown together.

ranch from
iibrella. It

g from an
pen. (Fig.

he essential
nd the pro-
:ample of a
Listrated in

kk;. 13.

he base of
the flower-
i we find it

divided to

wholly or

eaves. It
s and but-
:d through

s divided

the petals

A CHAPTER TO STUDY. -

The Calyx and Corolla are spoken of as parted when
they are divided nearly to the base. When they are divided
about one-half they are said to be cleft, or lobed. They are
TOOTHED when the lobes are very small.

When the parts of the Calyx or Corolla are united, the
terms used to express their dilferent forms are:

Salver-Shaped : when the border is flat and spread out at
right angles from the top of the tube. (Fk;. 13.)

'■""■• '■^- '•'If'- IS- FIG. 16. FIG. 17.

Wheel-Shaped : when the border suggests the diverging
spokes of a wheel and spreads out at once, having a very short
tube. (Fig. 14.)

Bell-Shaped, or Campanulate : when the tube expands
towards the summit and has no border, or onlv a short one
(Fi.;. 15.)

Funnel-Formed: when the tube is narrow below, and
spreads gradually to a wide border. (Fk;. 16.)

Off en I IP

Lonnup.

VIC. 18.

Flf- T9. FIG. 20. FIG. 21.

Tubular : when the tube is prolonged, and does not widen
much towards the summit. (Fig. 17.)

Ligulate: when appearing strap-shaped, as in the dandelion
and chicory. (Fig. 18.)

A CHAPTER TO STUDY.

Labiate : when there is an apparently two-lipped division of
the parts. In this form of corolla usually two petals grow to-
gether and make the upper lip ; the remaining three petals join
together and form the lower lip. These divisions appear mostly
as lobes, and it is not always noticed that the flowers are of five
lobes instead of two. (Fig. ig.)

Bmnch

V/irtes

FIG. 22.

FIG. 23.

ANTiter

.S'TliKA

Stylc

OVAMY

Oruus

FIG. 24. FIG. 25.

When the petals are not grown together but are wholly sepa-
rate, the corolla is said to be polypetalous. Different forms
are :

Rosaceous : when the petals arc distinct and without claws,
as in the rose.

Cruciferous ; when there are four clawed petals in the form
of a cross. (Fk;. 20.)

Papilionaceous, or butterfly-shaped. (Fig. 21.) Such
flowers are usually described in three parts : the banner, or
standard, which is the large upper petal ; the wings, or the
two side petals, and the two anterior petals that, commonly
united in a shape something like the prow of a boat and enclos-
ing the reproducing organs, are called the keel. (Fig. 22.)

A CHAPTER TO STUDY.

ivision of
grow to-
etals join
ar mostly
ire of five

^TISKA

Stylc

..OvAur
• Oyuus

FIG. 26.

oily sepa-
nt forms

)Ut claws,

the form

.) Such
Inner, or
[s, or the
lommonly
d enclos-
h. 22.)

',*

Regular Flowers are those that have the parts of each set,
the sepals and petals, alike in size and form. (Fio. 23.) Irregu-
lar Flowers are the reverse of regular. (Fig. 24.)

It is sometimes found that only t)nc set of floral leaves is
present. It is then regarded as the Calyx. Collectively the
floral envelope, or the protecting organs, is spoken of as the
Perianth ; but the word is mostly used in cases where the
calyx and corolla run into each other so that it is difficult to
distinguish them apart. The lily family have a perianth.

The Stamens, or Fertilizing Organs, of the plant are
composed of two parts : the Filament, or stalk, which is use-
ful to uphold the Anther ; and the Anther, a tiny two-celled
box which contains the Pollen. 'I'lu' Pollen is the yellow
fertilizing powder which is the essential product of the
stamens. (Fig. 25.)

Exserted Stamens are those that protrude from the
corolla.

Included Stamens are those that are within the corolla.

The Pistil, or Seed-Bearing Organ, s divided into three
parts: the Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma. (Fig. 26.)

The Ovary is the lower expanded part of the pistil that
contains the Ovules, or undeveloped seeds. (I'ig. 26.)

The Style is the slender stalk that usually surmounts the
ovary. (Fu;. 26.)

The Stigma is the flat or variously formed body that ter-
minates the style. (Fu;. 26.) Unlike the otlur organs of the
plant, it is not covered by a thin skin or epidermis. Its surface
is therefore moist and rough so that it readily receives and
holds the pollen when it is deposited upon its surface.

Each tiny pollen grain that alights on tlie stigma sends out
a minute tube that pierces down through the style until it
reaches an ovule below, which it quickens into life. This is
known as the process of Fertilization. The ovules then de-
velop into Seeds, and the ovary enlarges into the Fruit, or
Seed Vessel.

Cross-Fertilization is when the pollen of one flower is

8

A CHAPTER TO STUDY.

carried to the stigma of another by some extraneous agency,
such as the wind or animal life.

Self-Fertilization is when the stigma receives the pollen
from the stamens in the same flower-cup as itself. To prevent
this catastrophe the plants are ever upon the alert, experience
teaching them that the result is not got)d. Often either no
seeds at all mature or their progeny is a weakling.

FIG. 30.

FIG. 31.

FIG. 32.

FIG. 29.

A Perfect Flower is one that has both stamens and pistil.
The reverse is called an Imperfect Flower.

A Neutral Flower is one that has neither stamens nor
pistils.

'%

A CHAPTER TO STUDY.

s agency,

:hc pollen
'() prevent
ixperience
either no

29.
and pistil.

imens nor

4

Staminate Flowers are those that have stamens but are

without pistils.

Pistillate Flowers are those that have pistils but no
stamens.

The terms male and fkmalk that are sometimes employed in-
stead of staminatf: and tistillatp: are used wrongly and
should be avoided by even those that have no pretention to
botanical knowledge. It is the product of these organs and
not they themselves that should be so called if the terms are
used at all ; but staminate and pistillate are the correct and
accepted expressions.

('leistogamous flowers are those small, inconspicuous blos-
soms of the late season that usually grow near the ground and
never open. They are, however, fruitful, being self-fertilized
within themselves, Violets bear them abundantly.

Leaves may be looked upon as appendages of the stem.
They are the digestive organs of the plant and assimilate the
sap into material for sustaining its tissues.

The Blade is the usually broad, flat part of the leaf.

Stipules are the two small blade-like parts at the base of
the petiole. They are often inconspicuous, or absent.

Bracts are the modified leaves of an inflorescence or those
that are under a flower. Usually they are green and of different
size and shape than the rest of the foliage ; sometimes, how-
ever, they are highly coloured and petal-like.

The three principal ways in which leaves are arranged upon
the stem are :

Alternate : that is when one leaf appears just above the other
on another side of the stem, (Fig. 27.)

Opposite : when two appear at each joint, having the semi-
circle of the stem between them. (Fio. 28.)

Whorled : when they grow at intervals in a circle around the
stem. (Fio. 29.)

The Veining of the leaves is classed under two divisions :
Netted- Veined and Parallel- Veined.

Netted-Veined leaves are tliose in which the veins branch

10

A CHAP IKK. lU STUDY.

off from the midrib and branch again into veiiilets that run to-
gether and form a network, or mesh. (1*"ig. 30,) Netted-
veined leaves are said to be Feather-Veined w hen the sec-
ondary veins all start from the sides of the midrib, running
from the base to the apex of the leaf. (Fid. 31.) They are
called Palmately-Veined when several veins of equal size
start from the same point at the base of the leaf and spread out
towards the margin.

Parallel-Veined leaves are those in which the main veins run
side by side, without branching or running together. (Fio. 32.)

The veining of the leaves is always in complete harmony
with their shape, so that much can be learned by noticing this
featun' carefully.

FIG. 33. FIG. 34. FtG. 35. FIG. 36.

Leaves vary greatly in general outline, and the following
terms are used to designate some of their common forms :

Linear: the narrowest form of a leaf — several times longer
than broad : grass-like. (Fic. 32.)

Lanceolate : long and narrow, slightly broader at the base
and tapering towards the apex. (Fig. 30.)

Oblanceolate is a reversed lanceolate.

Oblong; when two or three times broader than long.
(Fig. 31.)

Elliptical : oblong but tapering at both ends. (Fig. ^^.)

Oval : broadly elliptical. (Fig. 34.)

Ovate : when the outline is similar to the shape of an egg,
the broader end downward.

that run to-
) Netted -
len the sec-
rib, running
They are
'. equal size
spread out

in veins run

(Fig. 32.)

:e harmony

:)ticing this

FIG. 36.

! following
onns :
mes longer

It the base

than long.
'Jt). 33')
of an egg,

A CHAPTKR TO STUDY. ,,

Obovate : the reverse of ovate.

Spatulate : like a spatula, rounded at the apex and tapering
towards the base. (Fk;. 33.) capering

Orbicular, nearly circular or rounded in outline. (F.g 4: )
Cordate or Heart-Shaped : when the outline is ovate he
sides fornnng a notch at the base. (Fk;. 37.)

FIG. 40.

/

f '«• 37- FIG. 38. FIG. 39.

Obcordate : the reverse of cordate.
Reniform, or Kidney-Shaped : when the indentation is
cleej^er and the leaf more rounded than heart-shaped (F,o ,8

Auriculate: ^^•Hen the sides of the leaf are prolonged at the
base into two ears or lobes. (Fig. 39.)

FIG. 41.

FIG. 42.

FIG. 43.

d noi!!^l^; "\ Arrow-Shaped : when these lobes' a
(I pomted backward. (Fk.;. 40.)

re acute

12

A CHAP'I'KR TO STUDY.

Peltate, or Shield-Shaped : when the leaf is orbicular,
with the petiole attaclied to the niiddle. (I*'i<;. 41.)

Entire Leaves are those in which the margins form an un-
broken line, (I'lc. 35.)

Undulate Leaves have marj^ins that are wavy. (V\c.. 33.)

Serrate Leaves have margins with short, sharp teeth that
point forward. (Fio. 30.)

Crenate, or Scolloped : when the teeth are rounded.
(Fig. 31.)

Incised : when the teeth are coarse and jagged and extend
deeper into the leaf. (Fu;. 34.)

FIG. 44. FIG. 45. Fin. 46.

Lobed : when the incisions extend about half way to the
midrib ; and in which case the leaf is spoken of as three lobed,
five lobed, or according to the number of lobes formed. (Fk;.

42.)

Cleft : when the incisions reach more than half way to the
midrib. (Fic. 43.)

Divided : when the incisions extend to the midrib.

Compound Leaves have the blade split into separate parts,
the little blades forming leaflets. When the leaflets are ar-
ranged similarly to feather-veins they are said to be Pinnate.
When arranged as the veins in a palmately-veined leaf they arc
Palmate.

Abruptly Pinnate Leaves are those in which the main
stalk is terminated by a pair of leaflets. (Fig. 45.)

is orbicular.

> form an iiii-

:h the main

A CiIAl'ri-:R TO STUDY. ,3

Odd-Pinnate : when an odd leaflet terminates the stalk
(IMO. 46.) Sometimes this end leaflet is changed into a tendril"
which aids the i^lant in climbing. '

Leaves may be twice, thrice or more times compound (Fig
47.; Ihe leaflets are subject to all the variations and may be
described after the manner of simple leaves. In fact theexpres
s.ons here given are applicable to any flat part of ih'c plant the
I)etals or sepals as well as the leaves.

Glaucous: when any part of the plant is covered with a
powdery substance called a bloom.

Glabrous: when the parts are without bristles or hairs
Pubescent : when covered with fine hairs or downy.

KIO. 48.

^^'^'•47. FIG. 49. ,,,^^^_

The Stem is that part of the plant that grows upward to

he hght and a.r, supports the foliage and makes it possible for

'.e leaves to expand and present as large a surface as possible

to the sunhght. Its manner of growth is described as be!

ing : ^

Erect: when growing up vertically.

Procumbent: lying flat on the ground (Fi<;49)
Creeping: running along the ground and rooting at the
jomts. (Fk;. 50.) ^ ^

A Simple Stem is one that is not branched

It is interesting to notice the wisdom with which stems ac-

M

A CHAITKR TO STUDY.

commnchite themselves to the necessities of the plant. We find
some steins jj^row in}^ entirely uiulerjjrouncl and storing up nour-
ishment for the plant's j^rowlh durinjr the next season. These
stems are called the Rootstock anil are distinj^uishable from
the root by bearinjj; sc;alL's, which are not found on rcjots proper.

(IM<;. SI.)

The Tuber is tlu: end of a rootstock that is thickened or
enlarged. The enlarged part is possessed of eyes (buds). The
common potato is a familiar illustration of tubers. (Fk;. 52.)
The Corm is a rounded, compact rootstock. (Kio. 53.)
The Bulb is a corm mostly made up of fleshy scales. (Tig.

54.)

FIG. 52. FIG. 53. FIG, 54.

The Scape is a Icallcss peduncle, or the llower-stalk of a
plant that has no stem.

The Root proper grows downward in the ground and bears
nothing but rootlets and root-branches. Its principal function
in life is to absorb the nourishment from the soil.

Aerial Roots are produced in the ojien air and serve the
plant by acting as holdfasts, or heljiing it lo climb.

Parasites intermingle their roots with the roots or stems of
other plants and drain from them their sustenance.

Thorns are modified branches. Their purpose is to guard
the plant from animals that would strip it of its stem and
bark.

4

Five Conspicuous Plant Families.

[•-stalk (»r a

We find, much to our encouragement, that there are a few
plant families with which we at once become familiar ; and their
marked features impress us as those of unusual faces that have
to be seen but once to be clearly remembered. 'The greater
number of families, however, and their branches are not so read-
ily known. The least little variation in a i)Iant's manner of
growth will cause it to be separated from its relatives, even
if it has to be regard, i as a new species.

The first Latin or oek word of a plant's scientific name is
the name of its genus: its family name. The second word is
an adjective that denotes its species and is usually significant
of some characteristic or history with which it is connected.
These names are too valuable to be overlooked, and as much
as possible they should be memorised. The world over, a
plant's scientific name is the same, while the common English
names often change not only with country, but with state and
town. Following are a few traits of families that are among
those most easily recognised :

or stems of

THE ARUM FAMILY.

Although one of the smallest in numbers, the arum family
comprises some of our most quaint and interesting flowers. Its
characteristics are strongly marked and its tastes appear to be
most patrician. We may believe that it does not concern it-
self about the fashions, as it makes no attempt to follow the

i6

FIVE CONSPICUOUS PLANT FAMILIES.

■St.

modes of other noted families ; but continues its own conserva-
tive way of bearing its flowers closely packed on a thick spadix
and usually sheathing them with a handsome spathe.

These tiny flowers are often imperfect and sometimes naked,
— that is, without ^alyx or corolla. Wiien the latter are present
they are seldom highly coloured. Under the microscope they
are excellent studies and sometimes very beautiful.

As a family they show a keen appreciation of harmony in the
exquisite blending of colours in the spathe, or by its appearing
spotlessly white.

The white calla, the stately queen of the greenhouses, Jack in
the pulpit and the skunk cabbage are all conspicuous members.
The golden club is the wayward exception, in having no spathe.
All are widely dissimilar in appearance and hold different posi-
tions in life, and yet they ' -'ar so strongl\ the marks of this
exclusive family as to be at once recognisable. The leaves are
mostly rather netted-veined and the plants contain an acrid,
pungent, watery juice. Many of them are also known as yield-
ing an edible farina, or starch.

THE LILY FAMILY.

The lily family is one that is distmctly marked by its regular,
symmetrical flowers. Its floral envelope is a perianth that is
sometimes white or gaily coloured, but very rarely green. Al-
most invariably it is of six equal [iarts. There are six stamens
with two-celled anthers, and a three-celled ovary that is free
from the receptacle. The style is undivided. The leaves are
entire and ixirallel-veined, or sometimes netted-veined.

The word lily would probably form as many different pic-
tures in the mind as there were individuals to whom it had been
presented. Some would at once recall the greenhouse calla.
which, as has already been said, is no lily ; all and a member
of the arum family. Others would think of the pure resurrec-
tion lily and again others would think of the swarthy, upright

ES.

n conserva-
Iiick spadix

lines naked,

are present

oscope they

mony in the
s appearing-

ises, Jack in
IS members,
fj no spathc.
iTerent posi-
arks of this
e leaves are
iin an acrid,
\vn as yield-

'M

FIVE CONSPICUOUS PLANT FAMILIES.

17

its reguhir,
anth that is
|<j;reen. Al-
Isix stamens

liat is free
leaves are

Iffercnt pic-
it had been

louse calla,

ll a member
\e resurrec-

Ihy, upright

:%

tiger lily of the fields. The fragrant, drooping bells of the lily-
of-the-valley would cling to the minds of many. But whatever
the form of the lily that its name is associated with, it is invari-
ably graceful and beautiful. As a family it is singularly with-
out obnoxious qualities.

THE PULSE FAMILY.

Pixpilionaccic.

The butterfly-shaped or papilionaceous corolla serves readily
to iilentify a member of the pulse family. It is almost as un-
failing as the nose of the Hohenzollerns. But we poor mortals
may not flatter ourselves that it has been thus considerate to
facilitate our study of the genus. The family has a very subtle
way of achieving its ends in this world.

It has been observed that flowers that are dependent upon
insects for cross-fertilization have usually an irregularly shaped
corolla. It is so with the pulse family.

They offer no comfortable seat or resting place for Master
Mee and therefore force the poor fellow to let the weight of his
whole body knock against the blossom as he thumps about in
search of nectar. It is for this little push that the flower has
been planning. The stigma that was enclosed in the keel is
knocked out, and the pollen grains that were already on the
style from early-maturing anthers are dropped upon the bee's
back. Little suspecting the trick that has been played upon
him, he saunters off to another member of the family, as he is
again allured by the irregular corolla and the purplish pink
that is his favourite colour. As before, he knocks about for a seat
aiul pushes out the stigma, which then greedily receives the
pollen with which his back is covered from his last visit. In
this way the pulse family manages the little matter of cross-
fertilization. It has the true method of allowing others to do
its work. And that its system is good is proved by the vigour
and freshness of its growth.

'i"he flowers are always arranged in fives, or multiples of five.

i8

FIVE CONSPICUOUS PLANT FAMILIES.

I'he stamens do not exceed ten and are usually united by their
filaments. The leaves are mostly compound, with entire leaf-
lets. Papilionaceaj is the name that is now used as distinctive
of this family and in preference to that of Leguminosae, under
which they were formerly known.

THE PRIMROSE FAMILY.

Primulacecc.

We may look upon the primrose family as a group that shows
us regular, perfect flowers. And after having tried our pa-
tience over the unexpected developments of other families it is
certainly a pleasure to come upon one of these straightforward
little blossoms, whose motto seems to be, to jog along as com-
fortably as possible and to make no mystery of its ways. There
is no lack of originality, however, among the primroses. The
shooting star is a very different-appearing flower from the spread-
ing poor-man's weather-glass, or the yellow loosestrife. It is not
a very large family and may be known on the whole as gamopet-
alous herbs that are arranged in divisions of five, rarely six or
seven. There are as many stamens as there are lobes of the
corolla, which are inserted on and opposite the latter. The
stigma and style are undivided. In fruit the ovary, which is
one-celled, enlarges into a pod ; and in different species the
number of seeds varies greatly. The leaves may be generally
said to be simple. The generic name. Primula, is from primus,
spring. Bryant says of the primrose :

" Kmhlein of early sweetness, early death,
Nestled the lowly primrose."

THE COMPOSITE FAMILY.

Coinpdsitcc.

The composite family, like the majority of mortals, has its
good and its bad characteristics; but if we drink deep enough
of knowledge of the family and put ourselves in friendship with

FIVE CONSPICUOUS I'LANT FAMILIES.

^9

2d by their
entire leaf-
distinctive
osae, under

that shows
ed our pa-
imilies it is
ghtforvvard
)ng as com-
ays. There
■OSes. The
the spread-
'e. It is not
LS gamopet-
irely six or
)bes of the

tter. The
which is

)ecies the
generally

m primus,

It

;als, has its
ep enough
idship with

it, we will probably find that we are tipped in the scale of its
favour.

We must first resign a natural feeling of resentment at its
aggressiveness and its habit of flaunting itself from every
available space. Its children, we must remember, have been
a little neglected in education and know no better. They
arrive at a season of the year when the * dear preacher
has retired from his pulpit and they have not the advantage of
hearing his good doctrine. The violet is busy rooting its run-
ners for the next season's growth and no longer raises its head
ii» leach them about modesty. So being born with rather bold
tastes, the jioor composites think that they are doing quite a
lliu' thing in puffing themselves up and topping over everything.

If they were much spoken about in the good old-fashioned
times it must have been with the expression that there was not a
la/.y hair in one of their heads. The energetic way in which
they set about dispersing their seeds is truly wonderful, and, as
has been already hinted at, their moral character not being
fully developed, they have no compunction whatever in using
some very extraordinary means. But this might possibly be
cxphiined by their agreeing with Loyola in doctrine. The un-
kind way many of them have of covering sheep, the only animal
without a weapon of defense, with their hooked fruits is alluded
to in this connection.

To those that complain of their downright maliciousness in
retaliation for the hay fever, the composites answer calmly :
" We are a family that does not invite intimacy. View us from
a distance, en masse, and many of our failings will be over-
looked." Evidently this lesson of avoiding familiarity is what
they wish us to learn.

And who does not delight in the fields that are radiant with
their rich autumn colouring ? They visit the earth when the
more delicate blossoms have passed bloom, and they find
ihings dry and dusty, showing the wear and tear of the summer.
Then what can be more natural than that they should say to

20

FIVE CONSPICUOUS PLANT FAMILIES.

themselves : " Brighten up the earth, appear in every waste
corner, wave and bend with the breeze. Things are looking
humdrum here ; make the earth a merry carnival of dancing
colour."

The flowers are rather difficult for a beginner to analyse with
reference to their species, of which there are over ten thou-
sand. It is, however, not so much what one learns in books
about them as it is what one finds out. They may be easily
rccoi^nised by bearing in mind that he flowers are closely
packed together in heads that are surrounded by an involucre.
'I'he individual flowers are tubular or ligulate, as in the thistle
and dandelion, and again both tubular and ligulate flowers are
arranged in the same head. In this case they are called ray
and disk flowers. The common field daisy is a well-known
illustration of the latter.

f

lES.

every waste

are looking

of dancing

analyse with
,'r ten thou-
ns in books
ay be easily
are closely
ji involucre,
n the thistle

flowers are
e called ray

well-known

PLATE I. WATER-ARUM. Gi//a J'a/usiris.

COPVRIOMT, 1B99. BV FBEOERICK «. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AWtRICA.

St

Plants Growing in Water.

Almost hidden under the benevolent shade of an overhafig-
ing bough a little pond is lying, ft has aivaked frotn its
long winter sleep of apathy and is upholding its world of
life to the su)ishine. The pale, apple-g-roi growth that clings
about the edges, the tall spikes of Wd sr-weed, the darting,
slipping beetles and fishes and the graceful lilies floating
about are all in love with the iridescent, opal tints of the
water.

Here we may think of them together ; for it would be a
queer sight to see the bullfrog or the lily gambolling upon the
sunny hillsides.

WATER-ARUM. WILD CALLA. {Plate I.)
Call a pal lis tr is.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Arum.

White,

Scentless.

Penn. no>t/iwar<i.

J line.

litjlorcscence : terminal; solitary. The flowers clustered ujion a thick, fleshy
spadix about which a milk-white spathe, one and one-half inches at ija.se, is
wrapped. //V(zw<v//.r ; slender. Ant/nrs: two-celled. Ztv/tw .• on long petiole- ,
ratlier heart shaped, Rootstoch : creeping.

This little plant wafts across the mind visions of an under-
world garden. And if there is such a place the flowers there
must surely glance upward and think of the wild callas as
fairies that have flown above ; for much mystery lies in their
dainty whiteness. They have luxurious relatives living in green-
houses, and although the calla-lily has snobbishly disowned this

22

PLANTS GRUWTNG IN \VA IKK.

little dweller of the ditches and watery places, the family resem-
l)lance is very striking. The (luarrel came about the anthers
of the Egyptian, which have no filaments and are sessile, and
because of a difference in the cell division of the ovary. So
our little plant has been separated from it.

Linnaeus tells us that the rhizomes, which we find intensely
acrid and caustic, are made by the Laplanders into a kind of
bread that by them is most highly relished.

GOLDEN CLUB. {Plate II.)

Orontium aqudticum .

FAMILY
Arum.

COLOUR
Golden.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
Mass. southward.

TIME OF BLOOM
May.

Floiuers: very small; crowded on a spadix. Leaves: on long petioles;
floating ; oblong. Scape: naked; slender.

Of all the acjuatics the golden club is perhaps the most curi-
ous. It is a simple member of its family. The Arums
have been most careful to envelope their flowers in a generous
spathe, that they might appear before the world in a seemly
garment. The wild calla, Jack-in-the-pulpit, even the skunk
cabbage, have all adhered most closely to this little conven-
tionality. It must be something of a shock to their sense ul
propriety to have the golden club dispense with this clothing
and flaunt itself before the world with no protection whatever
for its poor little flowers. Whether the plant is more advanced
in its theories and at some future time we shall see all the
members of this lovely family without their spathes, we do not
know. But if wishes are powerful we may sincerely hope that
it shall not come to pass.

Writers that are familiar with the diet of the Indians tell us
that the plant is known to them as Taw-kec and that they finil
the dried seeds very good when boiled like peas. They eat
the roots, also, after they have been roasted. The red man,
with his instinct for scenting the properties of herbs, does not
need the botanist to caution him that when raw they are very
poisonous.

I

1

family resem-
t the anthers
e sessile, and
le ovary. So

find intensely
nto u kind of

TIME OF BLOOM
Mn_y.

II long petioles ;

he most curi-
The Arums
n a generous
in a seemly
n the skunk
ttle conven-
heir sense ui
this clothing
on whatever
)re advanced
1 see all the
:s, we do not
:ly hope thai

dians tell us
xt they find
They eat
he red man,
bs, does not
ley are very

^/07ver. Stame,,.

PLATE II. GOLDEN CLUB. Oro.f.um a,ua

(23)

iiqualicitm.

24

PLANTS CROWINd IN WATER.

WATER-SHIELD.

Brashtia purpurea.

FAMILY

W'nti-y-lily.

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANQE
General,

TIME OF BLOOM
All slimmer.

FUnucis : small; axillary. Calvx and Corollii : of three or four >livisioiis.
Slitmciis : twelve to eit;iilcrii. I'istils: four lo ciglilecn. Li\ncs : on lony
petioles, peltate, two oi three inches wide, tloating. KootstOik : creeping.

One of our interesting little cKjuatics that is fond of sluggish
streams and ponds and not over careful about soiling its appear-
ance on muddy shores, 'i'he lower side of its leaves and stein>
is covered with a sticky substance like jelly.

WHITE WATER-LILY. WATER NYMPH.

C(is/ii//a odorata.

FAMILY

Water-lily.

COLOUR
M'hite or ruic.

ODOUR

h'rui^nint.

RANQE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
All stititnur.

Flmvers: large; solitary. Calyx: of four to six sepals. Corolla: of numer-
ous petals in many concentric circles, the innermost passing gradually into
stamens. Stamens: numerous. Pislil: one, having a many-celled ovary, thr
rounded top of which produces radiate stigmas around a central projection.
Leaves : floating ; orbicular, or rounded. Sletns : hollow ; long and round.
Rootstock : thick; fleshy.

The white water-lily is the most beautiful of the aquatics.
Over the calm surface of the ponds it moves by means of its
long, free stems as gracefully as many an animal. In fact, the
habits of this lovely flower are not unlike those of the snails
and beetles with which it dwells in its watery home. One of
the most interesting features of aquatic life is the way that
the plants care for themselves during the cold weather. In
summer, the lily floats upon the surface of the water so as to
attract the attention of the aciuatic insects on which it relies
for fertili/.ation. Being untrammelled by space, it spreads its
leaves out roundly to the sunshine and drinks in abundantly of
life. The water serves well to float the leaves instead of the
stalks that are necessary to aerial foliage.

When the air is chilly with forebodings of frost and ice, thr
lily, having fulfilled its mission of reproducing itself and storing

TIME OF BLOOM
A /I summer,

r four divisions.
Crii7;\( : on long
; cieci)ing.

ul of sluggish
ng its appear-
^es and steins

TIME OF BLOOM

.t // Slll/ll)t<> .

roUa : of niinicT-
^ gradually into
celled ovary, the
itral projection,
ong and round.

the aquatics,
means of its
In fact, the
of the snails
ime. One of
le way that
weather. In
Iter so as to
liich it relies
t spreads its
)un(lantly of
itead of the

PLATE III. YELLOW POND-LILY. Nymp/uea advcna.

(25)

i

a6

PLANTS GROWING IN WATER.

up vigour, for there is never any procrastination al)out the
llowcrs, sinks to the hottom of the pond and nestles in the mud.
'I'he warmer water, which is heavier than ice, also remains at the
bottom. This considerate arrangement of nature's laws makes
it, therefoj-e, possible for the fair lily to spend the winter very
comfortably and no doubt enjoying itself with the water
nymphs to whom it has been dedicated.

The plant also illustrates the gradation of sepals into petals
and petals into stamens, or the metamorphosis of the flower.
The sepals or transformed leaves are green without but white
within, so that it is difficult to know with any amount of cer-
tainty to which set they belong. An inner row of petals is
found to be tipped with a suggestion of an anther. In the next
row the anther becomes more pronounced and the petal
assumes more the shape of a filament. This gradation is con-
tinued until a perfect stamen is developed. At least, this is the
manner in which we are apt to regard the transformation.
Many writers, however, of whom Mr. Grant Allen is one, con-
sider that the gradation is in the reverse order and that petals
are transformed stamens.

At the close of day the lily folds up its petals, gathers its
leaves and stems together, and disappears under the water.
Not a trace of its whereabouts is left : like the Arab it has
silently stolen away, Moore alludes to this fact in comparinjn
the lily to virgins that bathe in the water all night and appear
more fresh and beautiful in the morning.

^S

YELLOW POND-LILY. SPATTER DOCK. (F/a/e III)

Nympfuca ddveiux.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Water-lily. Yellou\ centre tinircii i'ltpteasatit. lieneral.
with crimson.

TIME OF BLOOM
May-August.

/7(>7£'<';-.f.* unattractive; solitary. Calyx: of six to eipht unequal sepals that
vary in colour from yellow to green. Corolla: of coarse, fkshv petals that are
shorter than the stamens. Stamens: numerous. Pistil: one, the stigma
spreading like a many-rayed disk. Lea7-cs : rising out of the water and having
a deep space between the rounded lobes.

The yellow pond-lily is not pretty, and we have no especial

ion about the
les in the mud.
remains at the
:'s laws makes
le winter very
;li the water

lis into petals
)f the flower.
3ut but white
iiount of cer-
tv of petals is
In the next
ul the petal
elation is con-
:ist, this is the
ansforniatioii.
n is one, con-
k\ that petals

Is, gathers its
ir the water.
3 Arab it has
in comparing
I: and appear

[P/a/e III.)

TIME OF BLOOM
iilay-A ugiist.

qual sepals that

petals that are

lie, the stigma

Iter and having

: no especial

^"""'»- Seed Vessel.

PLATE IV. YELLOW NELUMBO. Nelumbo lutea.

(27)

I

28

PLANTS GROWING IN WATER.

reason to believe that nature has compensated it by bestowing
the virtue of goodness. It has caused disappointment to many
a young seeker that, allured from afar by the brightness of its
colouring, has sighed to find it without charm or fragrance on
a ne.rer accpiaintance. The initiated have learned to bow
poHtcly to this flower and to pass on ; leaving it to the insects
Id be entrapped within its crimson centre.

It is almost impossible not to fancy that the pure white
water-lily exhales a sigh at the uncultivated preference of this
member of its family for stagnant water. In l^ngland their
rather suggestive odour has caused them to be called by the
(•(Muitry peofjlc, " brandv bottles,''

II

YELLOW NELUMBO. SACRED BEAN. WATER
CHINQUEPIN. {Plate /r.)

Nt'liiinbo litica.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

W'titi't-lily. lV//('7i'. Scentless. J\liddle sititvs, 7ci:\r and south.

TIME OF BLOOM

Jul\\ A ugiist.

^■'/(nc'i'r.f : one to five iiiolies in tlianieter; growinc; singlv on long, naked
scapes. C<i/i:v and Corolin : appear like those of the white watet-lily.
Slatneii.<! : numeioiis. Pistil.^ : numerous and hidden in a concave receptacle.
Lf(i7'e.<; : twenty inches in diameter; growing well out of the water, or floating;
peltate ; veined. /Cih't.t/or/: : thick ; tuberous.

Of all the family the nelumbo has the most interesting and
careful manner of growing its fruit, l^vidently it has de-
termined upon giving the seeds every advantage. The recep-
tacle is enlarged into a Hat, top-shaped body, in which the
pistils are systematically sunken. Here the ovaries grow into
one-seeded nuts that are about the size of chinquepins. They
and the tubers are quite edible.

The flowers of the native plant are always pale yellow.
The gorgeous, showy pink and white variety is the introduced
plant and the one that should proj^erly be called sacred bean.

It is this flower that the oid Egyptians dedicated to Osiris,
the god of life and light, and It was from the shape of its seed
vessels that they originated cornucopias. 'l"he seeds were sown
by enclosing them first in clay and then throwing them in the

I

by bestowing
ncnt to many
jhtness of its
fragrance on
"ned to bow
:o the insects

e pure white
rence of this
nghmd their
:alled by the

TIME OF BLOOM
Jiil\\ August.

311 long, naked
liite watet-Iily.
:ave receptacle,
ter, or floating;

ale yellow,
; introduced
acred bean,
d to Osiris,
3 of its seed
s were sown
them in the

] ^ 1

Ih;ufofPis;!!s. Fhuit!,,^ Lenvea.

PLATE V. COMMON WHITE WATcR CROWKOOT.

I'dtracJiiuiii trie Iiofi/ivllinn.
YELLOW WATtR CROWFOOT,

(^9)

R iiniUiUih T ih'lphinifolitis.

30 PLANTS GROWING IN WATER.

river. Many believe from this custom that it is the nelumbo
that is alluded to in Ecclesiastes xi. i ; "Cast thy bread upon
the water : for thou shalt find it after many days.''

COMMON WHITE WATER CROWFOOT. {Plate K)
Batrac Ilium trichopliylluni.

FAMILY

Crow f 00* .

COLOUR

Hhite.

ODOUR

RANGE
i'ti'Hi'riil.

TIME OF BLOOM
. / // suniiiH) .

Flowers : small ; terminal. C,i/yx : of five scjjals. Corolla : of five white,
rounded petals that tu'-n yellow at the base. S/iif>i,;ts : numerous. Pistils:
numerous, arranged in a head. Styli.< : short and broad. LeaTcs : submerged ;
finely dissected.

YELLOW WATER CROWFOOT. {Fhiie V.)
Ranunculus delpliinifolius.

The yellow water crowfoot is very similar in appearance to
the white one, only its bright petals are larger. \\\ fact, they
closely resemble those of the field buttercup. The submerged
leaves are cleft into hair-like segments ; those above the water
are reniform and parted into from three to five divisions.

The slow, shallow water of ponds and ditches is the home of
these pretty plants. At the approach of cold weather they
sink to the bottom and lie dormant until the warm sun of May
coaxes them to raise their tender blossoms to the surface.

WATER HEMLOCK. {Plate VI.)

FAMILY
Parsley.

COLOUR

Whit.-.

( '/(ilia maculata.

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

S, t'uf/t-ss. .^^(tstlv itorl/t, nu-st itiui iout/i. All suiiniwr .

F/tf7<v;-j.- minute ; numerous; growing? in loose, compound umbels. Leu~rs :
compound, the leaflets deeplv toothed, or lobed ; veined. Stftii : three to eight
feet high ; hollow ; streaked with purple. Koot.s : highly poisonous.

It is unfortunate that so many common names have been be-
stowed upon this unworthy plant, which is known as spotted
cowbane, beaver poison, musquash root, sneezeweed and child-
ren's bane. They serve rather to prevent its becoming generally

TIME OF BLOOM
. / // suiiDiivr.

of five white,
lous. Pistils :
s : submerged ;

IME OF BLOOM

.-1 II SUIIlllur,

PLATE VI. WATER HEMLOCK C/rufn vuuu/al,,,

(30

32

PLANTS GROVVINC; IN \VATP:R.

recognised as the deadly water hemlock. Its appearance also
is such that it is frequently mistaken for the wild carrot and
sweet cicely. The stem, which is streaked with purple, not spot-
ted, as its name, spotted cowbane, would suggest, should be re-
membered as a means of identification.

Of all the members of the parsley family it is the most poison-
ous. An aromatic, oily fluid is found in the root and in smaller
cjuantities in the leaves, stems and seeds. Its chemical nature
is not exactly known. P2very year a large number of human
victims falls a prey to this plant, for which there is no known
antidote. Growing, as it does, in shallow water, its roots are
washed and exposed to view, when it is gathered in error as
horse-radish, artichokes, parsnips and other edible roots.

WATER-PARSNIP.

Si u III cicutcrfolium.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOW

I'iirslfy. White. Scentless. Mostly nortlt . west and south, Alt summer,

Fhnvers : small ; miineroiis ; <i;ro\ving in umbels. Leaves : .ilternate ; pinnate ;
with many pairs of linear, (jr lanceolate leaflets that are sharply serrate. Roots:
dwindled, acrid and poisonous.

This wild plant is commonly found in shallow water. To
know it is to avoid it, as it is also a very poisonous member of
the family.

PICKEREL-WEED.

Pontediria cor data.

FAMILY
Pickerel-weed,

COLOUR •

Pur/>lish I'lue.

ODOUR

I' npleasiDit.

RANGE

denetal.

TIME OF BLOOM
.-Ul suvnner.

Flowers : irregular ; growing in a dense spike. Periaitth : labiate ; the three
upper lobes marked with a greenish-yellow spot; the three lower ones being more
spreading. Sratnens : six ; the three lower ones in the throat, the three upper
ones shorter and imperfect. Pistil : ant. Zt-rt/.* one only ; borne at the top of
the stem; lanceolate to arrow-shape. Stem: rising one to two feet above the
water ; stout ; erect.

The pickerel-weed, we may fancy, is the reckless, dashing
Kate of the underground garden. Evidently she has run away

arance also
carrot and
e, not spot-
3uld be re-

lost poison-
l in smaller
lical nature
■ of human
i no known
:s roots are
in error as
oots.

riME OF BLOOM

A// sminner,

nate ; pinnate ;
irrate. Kools :

■IME OF BLOOM
All summer.

ate ; the three
nes being more
he three upper
at the top of
eet above the

ess, dashing
s run away

PLATE VII. WATER. HYACINTH. Piarof>us cnissipes.

COPYRIGHT, 1B99, BY FKEOERiCK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

"('t-if*

PLANTS GROWING IN WATER.

33

from home and her playmate, the pickerel, to take a peep
through a serene lake border or a smooth stream which she has
enticed into upholding her in her naughtiness. She comes
with a troop of her companions, all gay, ragged and pert as she.
Many are allured to the lake border by her brightness, and she
would oft^n be carried away to see more of the world but the
cool, calm water is her protector. Perhaps the upper world is
a disappointment to our young visitor : she lifts up her head for
only one day, then withers and dies.

WATER STAR GRASS.

Heteranthcra diibia.

FAMILY

Piikcrel-wci'd.

COLOUR

ruU yellovj.

ODOUR
Scentless,

RANGE

Mostly north.

TIME OF BLOOM
Summer.

Flowers : perfect; solitary. Perianth : salver-shaped, of six equal divisions
ttint terminate in the tube. Stttinens : three. Pistil: one. Leaves: sub-
merged; grass-like. Stent: two to three feet long ; branching; floating; and
rooted at the lower joints.

When we notice these small, bright flowers as they come to
the surface of some stream, we are reminded of a little waif
that has strayed far from home. The plant is one that is
rather uncommon.

WATER-HYACINTH. {Plate VII.)

Pill ropiis crdssipcs .

FAMILY

J'icicrel-wceil.

COLOUR

Pinkiili blue.

ODOUR

.'^lent/ess.

RANGE

Mostly III /■ lor Ilia.

TIME OF BLOOM
Sttiininr,

Pltnuers : growing in thick clusters on a flower stalk. Perianth: labiate ;
the uppe. lip three-lobed and bcautiuiUy marked with turquoise and sapphire
blue, having also a yellow spot in the centre. The lower lip three-lobed an<l
spreading. Stamens: six; the three lower ones in the throat; the three upper
uMcs shorter and imperfect. Pistil : one. Lea-es: on petioles; rountlish ; ti|)ped
with a little point and floating in a rosette one to two feet high on the surface
of the water. The base of the petiole swollen and filled with air, which
keeps the plant from sinking and aids it in resisting both wind and waves.
AVo/j .• two feet long ; dense, bushy, attaching themselves to the ground where
the water is shallow, otherwise floating.

Lining the shores of the St. Johns River and many of the
lakes and sluggish streams in Florida, the water-hyacinth may be
seen in masses varying from fifty to several hundred feet wide.

34

I'LANIS GKOWING IN WATER.

The plant is a native of Brazil, and it is thought that it was in
about 1890 that it was introduced into Florida. It hud been for-
merly cultivated in northern greenhouses, as it had the potent
charm of beauty. So congenial to its tastes did it fnid the sunny
shores of the St. Johns River and the yellowish water that
abounds in humid acid and organic matter that it soon laid aside
all the customs of a guest, and determined upon dabbling in the
political economy and affairs of the country. In streams where
sulphur or other distasteful acids are prevalent it is not able to
survive.

In 1896 the War Department at Washington was asked to ex-
ert its influence with this unruly plant, which was becoming a
serious menace to navigation. It has also destroyed bridges,
interfered with the timber industry, and affected the health of
the region by upholding objectionable organic matter. Great
floating masses of the water-hyacinth are moored to the shore
by those that have rooted in the shallow water. But at times
the wind tears them loose and then large blocks of it go float-
ing about with the current. At one. time a strong wind urove
it northward until it closed the river for twenty-five miles.

The plant reproduces itself by stolens or leafy shoots and in
such numbers that its increase is most alarming. The problem
of controlling the water-hyacinth is very interesting. Mechani-
cal means entail such great and continuous expense that it is
thought a natural enemy to breed disease amongst it will have
to be introduced.

COMMON BLADDERWORT. {Plate VIII.)

FAMILY
Bladdt'fivort,

Utn'cularia vulgaris.

COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

\\llo;v. Scentless. Genernt.

TIME OF BLOOM
All sunnitir.

Flcnvers : several growing on each scajic. Calyx : labiate or two-lipjied
Corolla: labiate, the spur shorter than tiie lower lip. Stamens: two, with
antliers that meet in the throat. Pistil : one: stigma two-lipped. Leaves: un
der water, many-parted, bearing rather large bladders. Stem : immersed.

This aquatic herb, which we find in still, slow water, is hardly
one to inspire us with affection. It belongs to the strange

that it was in
hud been for-
id the potent
nd the sunny
h water that
uon laid aside
ibbling in the
treams where
s not able to

TIME OF BLOOM
All summer.

or two-lipjied
ens: two, with
;i. Leaves: un-
immersed.

Pistil and Siaineus.

PLATE VIII. COMMON BLADDERWORT. Utricular^ vuigarzs.

(35)

36

PLANTS GROWING IN WA TKR.

group of insectivorous plants, those that are so formed as to
entrap insects, which they digest and assimilate as food. Jn
this way, by taking advantage of defenseless members of the
animal world, they show a very unprincipled disregard of all
plant tradition. Hut aside from the moral consideration this
little plant is most wonderful. The bladders are furnished with
small hairs or bristles which keep up a wavy motion and create
a sort of current that sucks the unsuspicious creature within its
folds. A hinged arrangement, or lid then closes sharply down
upon him, and tiie bristles make it their business to see that he
does not escape.

But from our childhood we are taught that an object cannot
sink that has attached to it a bladder fdled with air. We there-
fore ask, how does the bladderwort reach the bcjttom of the
pond to spend the winter ? Simply because the little plant is
clever. It takes time by the forelock, ejects the air from its
bladders, and calmly allows them to fdl with water. They then
bear it below, where it remains while its seeds are ripening,
and until it feels the spring sunshine thrilling it with a desire
to rise again and to bloom. The .jiadders then, with small cer-
emony, throw out the no longer useful water ; the plant rises,
and they fdl again with air that floats the plant during the
summer.

ARROW-HEAD. {Plate /A.)
Sag at a ria laiifblh i .

FAMILY
// 'ater-J>laniain.

COLOUR

White.

ODOUR

Scentltss.

RANGE
(.'ifneral.

TIME OF BLOOM
A II su miner.

Flowers : prowing in wliorls of tliree on a leafless scape. Calyx : open ; of
three sepals tliatfall early. Corolla : opan ; of three rounded petals. S/a//ie>ts:
very numerous, on llie receptacle, /'/sl/ls : distinct; very numerous. The
flowers are imperfect : tiie iiistillate ones being those of the lower whorls and
the staniinate ones those of the upper whorls. Lea7>es : sagittate; nerved.
Scape: varying greatly in height.

The demure arrow-heads are surely the Quakers of the
flower world ; and that they do not condone frivolity, we may
gather from the way in which they keep their pistillate and

brmed as to

as food. Ill
nbers of the
regard of all
Icration, this
irnishcd with
in and create
ire within its
;harply down
o see that he

bject cannot
. We there-
)ttoni of the
ittle plant is

air from its

They then

ire ripening,

,vith a desire

:h small cer-

plant rises,
; during the

^¥^4:-)

TIME OF BLOOM
All suiinitcr.

•lyx : open ; of
tills. Sliiwcfis:
unierous. The
ver whorls and
ittate ; nerved.

<ers of the
ity, we may
stillate and

PLATE iX, ARROW-HEAD. S<r.r//far/a latffolia.

38

Pf.ANTS (IKOWINd IN WATKR.

staminatc members apart. The pistillate ones also deck them-
selves in very seemly little jjetals that fall early and do not vie
in comeliness with those of the staminatc blossoms. It hardly
seems possible that one of these little iiiuler-llowers would ever
have the coura^^e to call out boldly : Joseph, thou art keeping
the sunshine from falling upon my head.

S. lancifolia is the arrow-head that grows southward from
Virginia. Its lower whorls of flowers are better developed
than those of its northern sisters, and the plant is, therefore,
more showy and beautiful.

WATER-PLANTAIN. {Plate X.)
Alisiiia Plant()i^o-a(fud( ira.

FAMILY

U'aler-p/aulain.

COLOUR

Kosc white.

ODOUR

Scfiitiiss.

RANQF.

(,t iiitaL

TIME OF BLOOM
/.ittf siiiiiiiicr.

Flmuos : small ; numerous; whorled in panicles. Calyx: of three persistent
sepals. Corolla: of three deciduous or falling i)ctals. Stamens: four to six.
Pistils: numerous. Liuivcs : from the base ; on long petioles ; rather lanceo-
late ; ribbed ; closely resembling those of the door-yard plantain. Scape : vary-
ing greatly in height.

One would at once disct)ver the kinship between the water
plaintain and the arrow-head, although the latter is a much more
pleasing flower. F'ut, if plain, our little plant is generous. It
distributes itself very widely, and its corm-like tubers are said
to be greatly enjoyed as an article of food by the Kalmucks.

AMPHIBIOUS KNOTWEED. {Plate XI.)

Polygonum ainphibiion.

FAMILY

Biickivheat.

COLOUR

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE

Mostly north.

TIME OF BLOOM
July, August.

Flowers: rather showy ; massed in a dense spike. Calyx : of five petal-like,
parted sepals. Corolla: none. Stamens : f[\G, exserted. Pistil: one; style,
two-cleft. Leaves: on long petioles; cordate; oblong; floating. Stem: su\y
merged, rooting in the mud. Kootsfoel; : corm-like.

This little aquatic sometimes strays from its home, and is
found flourishing upon the land. But we may imagine that it
is always glad to return and add its delicate grace to brighteu
the slow-running streams.

) deck them-
(1 do not vie
,. It hardly
s would ever
art keeping

thvvard from
r developed
is, therefore,

TIME OF BLOOM
Late iuiniiicr.

Lliree persistent
7.r ; four to six.
; rather lancco-
. Soi/>e : vary-

;n the water
a much more
enerous. It
bers are said
i-almucks.

TIME OF BLOOM

July, August.

lome, and is
Lgine that it
; to brighteu

Seed. Enlarged flower,

PLATE X. WATER PLANTAIN. AUsma Plantago-aquaiica.

(39)

I

N

^\

\

Single floti'i-r. Pisti/.

PLATE XI. AMPHIBIOUS KNOTWEED. Polyi^ronum ainphibium

(40)

/

,1

PLAN rs (1 ROW INC. IN WATER.

4'

FLOATING-HEART. {Plate X/I.)

I

I

JJiiiiidnt/itiiiuiii Inciinosum.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Sit'H//i'ss. Maine to l-loridd. Jxly^ Auf^u.st.

FUnvers: giowiiit;; ii\ an uml)el near the top of the stalk from under tlie
leaves. Calyx: five-parled. CorolLt : wheel-shaped, the Imrder in divisions
ot live, I ringed and incurved at the edges. Stain, iis : five. Pistil: one.
J-'i lilt : a capsule with numerous seeds. J.t-iWis : growing on slender, long,
iwming jjelioles ; ovate-orbicular; puiplish beneath.

The tloating-heart has never inspired the i)uels with any of
the ardour that they have felt for nienil.ers of the gentian
family to which it is related ; and yet it would seem as though
its name alone should awaken some drowsy ninse. It is true
tiiat the llower is far from being such a raving beauty as the
fringed gentian ; but it is very interesting. Its parts alternate
in a systematic way that shows it understands good government.
The petals alternate with the sepals and the stamens with the
petals, while alternating with the stamens are five glands.
These glands, it is supposed, were originally another set of
stamens that have been absorbed at an early stage by the petals.
The root-like tubers that start out near the iTowers at the end
of the petiole, show a similar form of reproduction as the
strawberry does with its leafy shoots at the end of runners.
.\t the approach of cold weather they detach themselves from
the main plant and sink to the bottom of the pond, where they
root in the mud. With the return of the spring they are thus
ready to send above vigourous, renewed stock.

AMERICAN BROOKLIME.

FAMILY

COLOUR

lUiif.

Veronica Ai)trn'cana.

ODOUR RANGE

Scentliss. Mostlv "III t h and ivest.

Tl^lE OF BLOOM
.■\p> ii-.Si/>tiii;/', I .

/■7(>^i'frs : growing looselv in axillary, slender racemes. Corolla: whccl-
sh.i|H(l. of four lobes. Calvx : four-]iarted. Stamnis : two. ristil : one,
/.••ii7;-s : on petioles ; opposite ; oblong or lanceolate ; serrated. Sfitn : smooth ;
slightly curving and branched.

It is mostly in brooks and watery ditches that we (\\u\ this
dear little plant. Children often mistake it for the wiUl forget-
nu'-not and are invariably disajipointed when they leai-n that it
hears no more tender name than American In'ooklime.

i

Tiihrrs.

PLATE XII. FLOATING HEART, IJmnantheiniim lacitiwsuin.

(4a)

^^

Plants Growing In Mud: Bogs,
Swamps and Marshes.

Over in the szuamps life is gay and free ; for 7u/iy should
they be dull ivhen they may be merry, or why should they
throw out sparingly their bloom ivhen their soil tells them to
send it out abundantly / /;/ its time and place each lovely
flower unfolds ; the turtle travels sloivly back from the nearest
pond; the blackbirds pipe and the oriole matches the tint of
his wing with the petals of the marigold Grave zvillows
have a fatherly care of the sweet community, and, althou<rh
King Carnival pass up and down, disorder never reigns.

SKUNK CABBAGE.

FAMILY
Arum.

Spatliyhna fci'tida.

Ma^?^Tr,l., /..°°WV. V... "T' TIME OF BLOOM

yetlou: afd gr/e„ '""■''"'"^'^'- '^'ostly nortk s^ayingly February.

" '^tJest and iouth. -i/iril

-va,. , vd„o., ; a„,Lri„g ,a,e. ,„a'„° t'floweS fro,,, °"Ln tlJL'i^?. '""' '

"Foremost to deck the sun-warnied snd,
1 he Arum shows his speckled coil."

name Nature has truly a warm heart, and when she deprives

une h,„g she usually hestows another. In her scheme of

Im she ,-er.an,ly saw fi, to deprive the skunk cabhaffe of

,;:'",; "' '" '""'' "" "'"" *"••>' " has been doomed to
r,, nuher u„poe,i,.al „au,e. But it is a brave, powerful

i 1 ts ,> ?"k ""■" '""""' "■'"""" ''■•" "f ^^''"ff from
frosts of I.ebruury, or the hi,,,,. March winds. Crim win-

44

PLANTS (; ROWING IN MUD.

ter has but to relax his hold of the season for a single day, or
two, and the first folded buds of the skunk cabbage are among
us ; gladdening those that are weary of seeing the earth dried
and pale, by announcing the nearness of spring. They are
impetuous and sometimes hardly wait long enough to give
their cheery message, as it is not unusual to find that thev
have been caught by Jack Frost. As soon as a thaw then sets
in they quickly turn black and decay.

It is still a mooted question whether or not this plant is self-
fertilized. The arums are thought to be cross-fertilized by the
wind; as their pollen is dry and powdery, and their spathes
are not so highly coloured as to attract the attention of in-
sects. But the spathe of this plant has colour ; and is so
envvapped about the flowers as to protect them from the wind.
The pistil also matures long before the stamens. These facts
would favour the theory of its being visited by insects. On
the other hand, we have to remember that insects have not the
indomitable courage of the skunk cabbage, and do not venture
out at so early a season of the year. Flies abound the first
warm days of spring, so perhaps they, or others of which we
know nothing, are their secret embassadors.

Children — antl at an early age it may be that the nostrils are
not fully developed — are particularly fond of searching for this
plant and kicking it over, when its odour becomes much more
intensified.

AMERICAN CRINUn. {P/nfr Kill)

Cr\num Atnericauutn.

FAMILY

COLOUR

;/ 7/ /■/,•.

ODOUR

Vrry />tii:;ya)if.

RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Floridd (\it(i -.vt-st-vayd. May-S,ptiniii,r.

F/imiers : two to four, growing umbcl-like at tlie top of a thick scape.
Pfriiiuth : of six-pointed, narrow, recurved divisions with linear hractlets at
the base of each. Sfiivwiis : six, with long, iMirpIe filaments; antiiers attaciicd
at the middle; )iinkish. Zmrvr ; very long, narrow, pointed. Sai/'t- : one to
two feet high. Biilh: globular.

When we sit down beside this giant flower and overlook
some river swamp, we think our best thoughts, the earth seems

single day, or
ge are among
ne earth dried
g. They are
(High to give
ind that they
haw then sets

s plant is self-
rtilized by the

their spathes
tention of in-
iir ; and is so
■rom the wind.
. These facts
' insects. On
s have not the
lo not venture
3und the first

of which we

e nostrils are
ching for this
s much more

TIME OF BLOOM
May-Si/>ti-iiii'(r.

a thick scai^c.
near bractlets at
aiitliers attached
Stdf'i- : one to

and overlook
e earth seems

PLATt X:

AMERICAN CRINUM. Crniuin . hn,> u

uiu>n.

COPYRIOMT, 1B99, Br FREDEHICK A. STOKES COMPANY
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

I^i'igratii of flower.

PLATE XIV. SWAMP PINK. IMonias bulhUa.

(45)

46

PLANTS GROWING IN MUD.

wonderfully fair. It is so noble and dignified in its bearing
that we would not venture to pick it ; so we wander away, and
the place where it grew forms a lasting picture in our memory.
It is the only one of its gc^us that has chosen to grow wild
in the Southern part of the United States, instead of tropical
regions.

SWAMP PINK. {Plate XIV.)
Hi'lbnias bullata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Bunch-Jlower. I'ltrf'le. Sct'iittess. New Vork^ soutliward April, i\tay.

to Virginia.

Flowers: growing in a terminal, blunt raceme. Periaiil/i : divided into six
spreading, spatulate segments. Stttini-iis : six. Pistil: one; with a three-
branched stigma. Lea'i'cs : growing in a cluster at the Iiase of the scape;
long, tapering at the base; evergrK ii ; |)arallel-veined. Scape: stout, with
bracts below. Kootstock : tuberous.

A compact, vigourous plant that has a fondness for the state
of New Jersey. In fact, it is there so great a feature of swamp
and bog life that we find ourselves continually wondering if it
is not in some way connected with the political economy of
these places.

INDIAN POKE. FALSE HELLEBORE. PUPPET-ROOT.

V'cratritm I'iridc.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Rnnch-flou'er. Greenish yelloui.lH-ioiuinf; Sccntlvss. Mostly cast, May-July.

more green as thejlowers
groio older.

south and ivest.

Flcnvers: growing in racemes along the branches. Perianth: of six oblong
divisions. Stamens : •iiw. Pistil: one, with a three-branched stvle. Leaves:
clasping ; broadly ovate ; pointed ; parallel-veined. Stem : two to seven feet
high ; stout ; leafy.

Our attention is hardly held by the flowers of the false
hellebore after we have learned to identify them ; as they are
particularly lacking in beauty. It is to the leaves that we feel
grateful for pushing through the earth at so early a season of
the year and enlivening the swamps with foliage. They also
appear along brooks and mountain streams, and are on very
friendly terms with the skunk cabbage. As the plant's generic

n its bearing
.ler away, and
our memory,
to grow wild
ad of tropical

TIME OF BLOOM
April, May.

divided into six
3 ; with a three-
!e of the scape ;
iipe : stout, with

i for tiie state
Liire of swamp
ondering if it
l1 economy of

PPET-ROOT.

TIME OF BLOOM
May-July.

'h : of six oblong

stvle. Leaves:

vo to seven feet

of the false

; as they are

; that we feel

J a season of

They also

are on very
lant's generic

PLATE XV. PITCHER. PLANT. Sarrarnii a purpurea

COPYRIGHT, 1299, BY FREDERICK A. ftTOKES COMPANY.
PRfNTtC IN AMERICA.

PLANTS c;ro\vin(; in mud.

47

name indicates, it is poisonous. Chickens especially have faile^i
victims to eating its seeds, and the fatal mistake lias Ik'vu made
by individuals of using the young leaves for those of the marsh
marigold, in which case death has been the result.

PITCHER-PLANT. HUNTSMAN'S-CUP.

FLOWER. {/'/,,/rAK)
Sarraccnta purpurea.

SIDESADDLE-

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR

ritihi- fiiinl. Criiition^^iiin^ or /ink. Jtagtnut,

RANGE
Mi'.\t/y not th
II nii iiist.

TIME OF BLOOM
J line.

//ot(v/v; nodding; solitary ; growing on a naked scape al)niit one foot higli.
(.',;/)■.»-.• of tivc large, coloured sepals having tliree hractlets underneath. Co-
lolLi: of five incurved jjetals that close over tlie unihrella-like top of tlie style.
Stiimei:'! :^ numerous. Pistil : one \ branching at five angles like a > umhre'lla.
and five i-.ookjd stigmas. Leaves: the shape of pitchers, open, witn an erect
hood, and side wings, tho margins folded together; conspicuously veined with
purple.

It is only because we are ill-informed about plant-life that it
ever surprises us ; and to have passed beyond the brink of won-
der at the actions of the pitcher-plant, argues a good amount
of knowledge. It is one of the most stragetic of the insectivo-
rous plants. The leaves have their margins united together, so
as to form quaint little pitchers, closed at the bottom and open
at the top. They are lined with a sticky, sugary substance
that entices small insects to explore to their depths. Here the
pitchers, with an absolute disregard of all Christian charity,
have arranged innumerable little bristles, pointed downwards;
and once entrapped the poor victim can escape in neither di-
rection. The rain is also held by them, and serves to drown
any mite that is unusually tenacious of life. We generally find
them partly filled with water and drowned insects, which affoni
the plants an extra amount of nourishment. These leaves often
remain a curious feature of swamp life until Jack Frost covers
them with his white overcoat ; but in the exquisite spring bloom
is when the plants are most ravishing in their beauty. From a
distance they appear like the mystic blending of colours in a
Persian rug.

I

48

PLANTS CROWIXC; IN MUD.

Children have a passion for th(,' pitchers and sometimes play
with them, usinj; them as drinkiiij^ cnips. This is a most im-
prudeni thing to do, as it is impossible to know with any
amount of certainty that they are ever free from insects.

MARSH MARIGOLD. (^Plak XV/.)

( '(lit ha fialihtris.

FAMILY
L'row/oot.

COLOUR
Ihi^ht yellow.

ODOUR

S( ftitless.

RANGE

Mostly north.

TIME OF BLOOM

Fimvers : groving in clusters on long petioles. C<t/yr : usually of five, l)ui
sonietimes as many as nine, showy, petal-like sepals. Coiolln : none. St, minis .
numerous. Pistils : live to fourteen, /.cin'fs : reniform ; rounded ; the up|)ei
ones nearly sessile; the lower ones on long jjeiioks. Sti//i : erect; branching
at the top ; holloweil ; furrowed. A'oi'/stott,- : thick.

Unlike the majority of early wild flowers that prefer tiic
shelter of the woods to test the season's temper, the marsh
marigold boldly opens the spring in the marshes. It is well
eciuipped for its mission, being clothed in the brightest of yel-
low, which is shown to advantage by its background of dark
green leaves. The plant does not harrow itself with any in-
tense feelings of patriotism. It is equally fond of the old am!
new worlds, and has a rare adaptability for accommodating it-
self to circumstances. It is Shakespeare's Mary-bud. In thi^
country it is sometimes improperly called cowslip, which nanu'
belongs to a European species of primrose.

The leaves and young shoots are excellent when served as
greens, and lind especial favour among the country people in
England.

WATER-PLANTAIN SPEARWORT.

A\ 7 n tin cuius obtushhculus.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

<.' lo-.v/oot . Colden yclhni'. Sceiitlv.'is. North, sparingly so:il/i umi west. J n n,-.\ iiou.'.t.

/'Yo-cers: growing singly, or clustered in panicles. Caty.r: of five small seoals.
Corolla: of five, seven, or more oblong petals. Stamens: inci.linite in number.
Pistils : numerous, forming a head. ^Lca-.ws: lanceolate ; the upper ones clas|>
ing, the lower ones on petioles. Stem: one to three feet high ; hollow ; glabrous,

A slender plant whose bright, cheery face shows its close kin-
ship to the buttercup. It is one of the gay blossoms of the

•o*

iietimes play
s a most iiii-
nv with any
isccts.

TIME OF BLOOM

. //»<//, .U.ty.

ally of fivi;, hut
loiie. S/iiineiis :
h1c(1 ; the u|)j)cr
reel ; bruncliing

t prefer the
r, the marsh
s. It is well
[htest of yel-
und of dark
with any in-

the old anil
modating it-
)ud. In this

which namt'

en served as
ry people in

TIME OF BLOOM
J nni'-A ii^mr.

iC small scuals.
nite in luimlHM
)|)cr ones clasj)-
llow ; glahroii<.

ts close kin-
^oms of the

StainciH ,ii:,/ Pistils

PLATE XVI. MARSH MARIGOLD. Caltha palusiris.

(49)

5°

PLANTS GROWING IN MUD.

swamps, and keeps the carnival of colour from waning after
the marigold has j)assed away.

GOLDTHREAD. {Plate XVII.)
Coplis tr if alia,

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Crowfoot. White. Scentiess. Norths spari>ii;ly umt and south. May.

FUnuers : terminal ; solitary. Caly.x : of five to seven sepals that fall early.
Cor'Ua: of tl.e to seven ciip-shapcd pointed i)etals, hollow at the apex. Stu-
nt,-iix : numerous. Pistils: three to ten. Ziv/rw .■ from the base; thrice di-
vided into fan-shaped leaflets ; evergre.-n. A'oots : long ; bright yellow ; fibrous.

This fragile, sprightly little flower, with its wide-awake ex-
pression, witiiers away frota us early in the season. Its pretty
leaves nestle cosily among the bog marshes and remain green
all winter. The curicnis, twining roots remind one of a bunch
of copper wire that has been much tangled. New England
country people boast greatly of their efficacy when stewed
down for a spring tonic.

CHOKEBERRY.

Arbiiia arlnitifblia.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Koil'.

//■/;//,•■

Sciutlcss.

Mo^'lv

i!/<yiii: the , (tiixt.

.!/,!_)■, /tine.

Flmiiers : small, clustered. Ciilyx : of five cleft sepals. Coiolla : of five
rosaceous petals. Stamens: r.umerous. Pistil: one, with usually five styles.
Fruit: a small, dark red, or purjilc, astringent berry. Leaves: alternate;
oblong ; serrated ; hairy underneath.

In the late summer, when ihe fruil of this little shrub ripens,
it causes a clinging grudge: to take deep root i.i many a childish
mind. It appears as though it might be so very good, and
when tasted is so very bad.

SWAMP ROSE. {Plate XVIII)

FAMILY COLOUR

Koic. -Viy'/, 1 riiiison pitik.

I\bsa ( 'a) ol'nui.

ODOUR
Slis^h tly Jrui^ya h .

•■<ANGE

TIME OF BLOOM
June-.\ iis^ust.

Fltnvers : large ; rarclv solitary. Calyx : ( f five cleft .>e])ais that terminate in
a lube. Cofi'lla : of five pi lals, sometimes f./uud with more ; in this respect
t'.e species is variable. .Stamens: numerous. I^i.\tils : numerous. Leaves:

■'A

:♦ ^'-X

ning after

m

ME OF BLOOM

lat fall early,
e apex. St<i-
.<; ; thrice di-
low ; fibrous.

awake ex-
Its pretty
lain green
af a bunch
V England
en stewed

ME OF BLOOM
May, /line.

^li'a : of fivf
y five styles.
.• alterria*e;

ul) npens,

a childish

good, and

VIE OF BLOOM
ri nr-.l iij^iist.

terminate in
this respect
Leaves :

PLATE XVII. GOLDTHREAD. Coptis trifolia.
(51)

52

PLANTS GROWING IN MUD.

pinnate ; of three to nine serrate leaflets, unequal in size ; pale underneath,
Stem : erect; smooth, with recurved prickles ; reddish.

" If Jove would give the fragrant bowers
A queen for all their world of flowers,
A rose would be the clioice of Jove
And blush the queen of every grove." — Moore.

Pliny tells us that the many species of wild roses may he
distinguished from each other by their colour, scent, roughness,
smoothness, and the greater or smaller number of their floral
leaves. The swamp rose, however, is one that is most readily
recognised. It has a somewhat ragged appearance owing to
its often unequal number of petals ; and it grows in great
masses in the swamps. With the approach of autumn it
changes the character of, rather than loses, its beauty. The
leaves become a brilliant orange-red and the bushes glow
with the gracM'iil crimson fruit.

To walk by a swamp spread with these roses, makes us reflect
longingly on the days of the ancients ; when the warriors, dur-
ing their repasts, sat crowned with them and when, as Pliny
tells us, their choice meats were covered with the petals, or
sprinkled with their fragrant oil. The descriptions of the roses
at the feast that Cleopatra gave to Antony make us cease tu
wonder that Venus herself has a rival in the rose.

WATER AVENS. PURPLE AVENS.

Ciciim rival I

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

/Cost-.

Pi..J'U-.

kVi ciit/css.

RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Nortli and west. May-Jiih'-

f-'lo'ivers : larjrcr ; nodding; terminal; growing sparirv;ly on the flower stems.
Calyx: top-sliaped, vvilii five spreading lobes. Corolla: of five obcordute
petals. Staiiuns and Pistils: numerous. Styles: long; curveil. Ffiiit : \\
liead of dry alcenes. Leaves : pinnately-parted, the upper ones having usually
three lobes. Ste/>/ : simple.

This is a pretty flower of the swamps and lo\v grounds. Its
purple colour is of a peculiar shade ; as though it had been
mixed on a palette from which the chrome yellow had not been
scraped.

le underneath.

ises may be
t, roughness,
their tloral
most readily
ce owing to
ws in great
f autumn it
eauty. The
jushes glow

ces us reflect
warriors, dur-
len, as Pliny
le petals, or
of the roses
us cease lu

IME OF BLOOM

May-July.

e flower stems.

five olicordate

vtMl. Fnitt : ;i

liaving usually

PLATE XVlli. SWAMP ROSE. A'osa Carohtta.

COPTRIGHT, 1899, Br PREOEfllCK «. STOKES COMPANY.

PBI'ITEO IN »MERir-».

PLANTS GROWliNC; IN MUD. 53

G. stn'ctuin^ or yellow avens, has flowers that grow in panicles.
They are innocent enough looking ; but it is from their pistils
that the prickles come out in the late season to test the temper
of those wandering in their vicinity.

POISON SUHACH. POISON ELDER.

J\/ii(s vcrnix.

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Sulph urous. I'ioyida iivrthiuard. June.

FAMILY COLOUR

CVm/jc;!'. Dittt iirccnink white.

Flinvcrs : axillary; many im|)cifect; growing in loose panicles. Lcavi-s :
piniiatclv divided into seven to thirteen ohlong leaflets that grow on red
leat-stalks. A shrub, often approaching twenty feet high; of soft yellow-
hrowu wood. Juice: resinous. Fniit : smooth ; whitish.

'ilic Rhus vcrnix is a native species and one of the most
poisonous of our country. Fortunately there are many who
are immune to its evil effects; but to those who are susceptible
to such influences, even passing by the shrub is fraught with
danger. Its beauty, when it is in the pride of its autumn fo-
liage, acts as a snare to conceal its true nature. It is often
gathered and carried home, being held close to the face. In-
sanity has been known to be an outcome of such recklessness.
It takes particular hold upon the system when the pores of the
skin are open, as in perspiration. All should study carefully
ils mar.ner of growth, that when we go to the swamps we shall
not mistake it for the harmless sumach that grows by the way-
sides, in drv soil.

TIME OF BLOOM
May-July.

AMERICAN JACOB'S LADDER.

Polembnium Van Bruntice.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

I'/iiox. Blui^ili purple. Sccntlens. I'ermont to Maryland.

Flcnvcrs : loosely clustered in ])anicles. Oi/vx : fivc-lobcd. Co)-olla : witli
five rounded lobes. Staintus: five, exserted. Fisli/ : onv. Z(Vjy/<'/.v.- opposite ;
ovate ; almost sessile. SUju: erect ; leafy to the to[) ; glabrous. Kootstock : thick.

Prof. Pritton, by whom this species was named, tells us that
"it differs from the Old World Polemonium coeruleum in its

PLATE XIX. LIZARD'S TAIL. Saurnrus cermius.

(54)

PLATE XXI. WHITE SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE, .izaica Z'lscusa.

COPVRlGHr, 1S99. 8Y FREDEKICK A. STOKES COMPANr,
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

PLAN IS (IROWINCl IN MUD.

55

stout rootstock, more leafy stem, exserted stamens, and rounded
corolla lobes." It is a pretty feature of the swamps and is also
found along slow streams.

LIZARD'S TAIL. {Plate XIX.)

FAMILY
l\- iper.

Saunirus ceniuus.

COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

White. jy<ix>(inf. i'ohhi; ticitt, .KOiit/iwa);/

aloHj^ the idstiiii LJiiit.

TIME OF BLOOM
June- August.

Fhnvers : crowded in a tail-like, curving spike. Stamens: six to seven.
Pistils: three, or four, united at the base. Leaves : alternate j on petioles; cor-
date. Stem : square ; jointed.

The lizard's tail has a strange, incomplete flower. It is said
to be naked because it has dispensed with, or never possessed,
either calyx or corolla. The delicate organs of the flower,
therefore, are without any proper envelope to afford them pro-
lection. We are mostly attracted to tJie plant by its fragrance,
whicii is its chief charm, though when growing in masses it
beautifies our swamps in midsummer.

WILD HONEYSUCKLE. PINXTER FLOWER. PINK
AZALEA, (f/a/c XX, Frontispiece)
Azalea nuili flora.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

llratli. RoiCy or f>inkisli red. l-'aiutly fragrant . Mainc^ soutliward May.

along the coast.

Flowers: clustered; developed with, nr slightly liefore, the leaves. Calvx :
ot five small teeth. Corolla: funnel-form, with tive recurved lobes. Stamens:
five ; exserted. Pistil : one, i)rotruding with a black stigma. LeaTes: ellipti-
cal; entire ; in terminal groups. .\ shrub three to six feet high; branching,
leafy.

WHITE SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE. CLAMMY AZALEA.

{Plate XXI.)
Asd/ea viscbsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

llfiith. White, tinged with pink. Very fragrant. MainL\ southward June, July.

along the coast.

Flowers: clustered; coming into blossom after the leaves. Calvx: of five
small lobes. Corolla: tubular, clammy and hairy; with five recurved, deeplv

56

PLANTS (IROWIXC. IX MUD.

clef I lobes. Sliiificiis : five; cxscitcd; the aiillicrs liiglily colouicd. Pistil:
uiic ; |)rotru(ling. Leaves: oblung ; in terminal gioiijjs. A shrulj three tu ten
leet liigii.

1-iltlc can l)c imaj^inecl in platit-lifc which is more truly
beautiful than the azaleas in the fullness of their bloom. The
varieties here given resemble each other very closely; and fol-
low in continuous succession, so that the swamps and some-
limes the moist woods are radiant with their variable colours
until well on in the season. It would seem as though the
warmer atmosphere of summer coaxed out a stronger fragrance
than the cool air of spring ; as the .\. viscosa lades the air
for a great distance with its luscious, honey scent. On both
species may be found those modified buds that are so dear to
the heart of childhood and which are calleil May-apples. The
plants are especially desirable for cultivation and we are famil-
iar with seeing them come into bloom early in the year.
'IMie characteristics of each plant can be readily seen from the
illustrations.

CREEPING SNOWBERRY.

Cliioi^t'iics hispid uhi.

FAMILY

ILallt.

COLOUR

ODOUR

1^1 ai^iiint.

RANGE
Moitly north.

TIME OF BLOOM
May.

/'7<m'frs : small: mxldint; ; axillarv. di/yx : of four sepals with two large
bracllets uiulerncatli. Str.iiiiiis : eiuhl. I'lstii : one. Fruit : a small, globular,
white berrv. Letires : ovate and, like the bractlels, bristly underneath ; ever-
green. Stem : delicate and trailing.

1 1 maybe regarded as a matter of good fortune if we fhul this
delicate little creeper spreading its carpet of snow-wnite berries,
in the peat bogs. We then sit down and enjoy to the fidl its
invigourating breath of spicy aroma ; and nibble at the leaves,
which are uninjurious and have the same pleasant taste as
sweet birch and wintergreen. It is abundant in the Adiron-
dacks and at times we find it straying to visit such cool, damp
woods as the Alleghanies.

PLAN'I'S (IROWINC; IN MUD.

57

AMERICAN CRANBERRY. (/V</A AA//.)
O.xycikcHS macrochrpus.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Heath. I'ate rose, Sientli-ss. Korth Catottiui, northnuir,! . June.

Flo-iu-rs : tcrmiiKil ; nocklinu "n long pedicels that arc sometimes axillary.
Ci/yx : of four siiort tcctli. Coroila : of four deeply parted petals. Hhimfus :
eii^iit to tLMi ; |)r()tru(liiig. Pistil: one. Fniit : a bright scarlet, acid, four-
ii-ilcd berry. Lcnws : oblong; entire; evergreen; the margins turiieil back.
Stem : i)rostratc ; trailing.

So dainty and pretty is the little pink blossom of this plant
that it invariably gives pleasiu-e to those that fiiul it in the peat
bojjs and marshy lands. Its mission in life, however, is to be
the forerunner of the bright berry which is too well-known in
connection with Thanksgiving turkey to need any description.
The name cranberry is said by some authorities to have been
c:hosen for the plant because the berries are the favourite food
of the cranes, when they return in the spring to the shores of
Holland. Others think it is owing to the curves of the
branches, which are like the crooked neck of a crane.

MARSH ANDROMEDA. WILD ROSEHARY.

HOLY ROSE.

A ndroincda poli folia .

MARSH

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Heath. \i'/iiti\ or /•iiiA- tini;^icf -.vit/i >■,;/. Ji\it,'iaiit. Mcist/v iii'i /// .

TIME OF BLOOM
May, June.

Flir-uii'is : growing in umbel-like, drooping clusters. Cu'vx : of five sepals.

Corolla : o[ five petals. Stniiieiis : \.cn. Pistil: one. /.(■,nr<; : lanceolate;

.ulaucous ; wiiitish beneath; evergreen. A low shrub, rarelv taller than
eighteen inches.

This beautiful shrub is the namesak'i of the fair daughter of
the Ethiopian King, Cepheus. Perhaps the bond of sympathy
that Linnaeus recognised as existing between ilicm, is that they
both have had to contend with monsters. Like Andromeda of
spotless purity, who was chained to the rork at sea, our little
plant finds itself attached to some hillock in the swamp. I^lie
jinnping, splashing frogs and sleek, twirling rc|)tiles are no
tloubt (piite as fearful to the gentle flower as the fierv dragon

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PLATE XXII. AMERICAN CRANBERRY. Oxycoccus macrocarpus.

(5S)

PLANTS GROWING IN MUD.

59

was to Andromeda. And alas, no Perseus coming to slay them,
it droops its head, grows pale and dies. Its place is taken by
an erect little capsule, which has quite the air of being able to
take care of itself.

CALYPSO.

Calypso bulbbsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR

Orchis. Pink, variegated ScentUns.

with yellow.

RANGE

Northern latitudes.

TIME OF BLOOM
May.

Flmoers : large; terminal; solitary; drooping. The sepals and petals
narrow and pointed ; the lip inflated, sac-shaped; within woolly. Leaves : one
only; slightly roundish, cordate at base; on a petiole sheathing the stem;
thin. Root : a bulb.

It is when we least expect to find this lovely flower that
some silken thread will probably guide us to its hiding place
deep down in some mossy bog. It is very shy, very tremulous,
and having feasted our eyes upon it we would fain creep away
as softly as we came.

ARETHUSA.

Aret/iiisa bulbbsa.

FAMILY

Orchis.

COLOUR

Rose pink.

ODOUR

Fragrant.

RANGE
Maine to Virginia.

TIME OF BLOOM
May, June.

Flmvers : large; terminal ; solitary ; with two small scales underneath. The
lip fringed, spotted with purple, and traversed by three white ridges. The
other sepals and petals arching over the column. Leaves: one only; linear,
appearing from the sheath of the scape after the flower. Scape : from a bulb;
six to ten inches high.

The beautiful nymph Arethusa was first wrapped in a cloud
by Diana and then changed into a fountain that she might
escape the river god, Alpheus, who had fallen in love with her,
as, overheated by the chase, she bathod in a clear, flowing
stream. It seems not improbable that her namesake, our
lovely flower, may have been placed by some protecting power
in the swamps as a safeguard against her admirers ; for surely
no one could see the flower without loving it, and who loving
it would have the hardihood to leave it upon its stem to be
visited only by its butterfly sweethearts ?

Oo

PLANTS GROWING IN MUD.

Si OWY LADY'S SLIPPER.

Cypripcdiutii rcghiiC.

FAMILY

COLOUR

White and pink.

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

I't-iigrant. New Engtnntl aoiitliuuird J uni\J iily.
to North Caro/ina.

Flowers: terminal; solitary. The sepals and petals pure white; the lip
inflated, one and a half inches long, and shaded in front with pink and purple.
Leaves: alternate; large; ovate; jjointetl ; parallel-veined. Stem: erect;
leafy; downy.

This shy and lovely orchid, which I)r, Gray regards as the

most beautiful of the genus, is rather difficult to find ; and

although one of its haunts in some remote swamp is known,

and the days numbered until the time has come to go eagerly

forth and seek it, it is often sadly true that some one has been

in advance and carried the blossom away. But those that are

so fortunate as to be the first upon the scene, whether lovers of

flowers or not, must delight in the possession of so sweet a

nymph. C. hirsutum and C. acaule, page 120, are illustrated in

plates xciii and xciv respectively.

CALOPOQON. GRASS PINK. {Plafe XXIIf.)
TJni odor lint tuberbsinn.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Orchis.

Magenta pink.

p'ragrant.

Nortliea.it to Florida
and westward.

J nne^July.

Flowers: growing loosely in varying numljers on a long scape. The flower
has a peculiar expression, as thoiigli it were ujjside down, owing to the ovary
being untwisted ; and the lip remaining on the npi)er instead of the lower side
of tlie blossom. The lip is most delicately bearded with white and yellow.
Lea7<es : linear; grass-like; nerved and sheatheil near the base of the scajie.
Siiipe : risinj^ erect from a bulb.

We have no wild flower that is more patrician in its bearing
than this handsome orchid. It suggests a high-bred individ-
ual with a taste for the eccentric who calinly persists in wear-
ing his beard upside down. But its colouring is so regal, and
its beard so very beautiful that we cannot wonder at its not
conforming to fashion ; which would certainly rob it of much
of its unique bearing. Neither has this whim been allowed to
interfere in any way with the domestic arrangements of the
flower. In most orchids the lower lip is brought under, so as

PLATE XXlll. CALOPOGON. GRASS-PINK. Limodorum tuberosum.

eOPVniOHT, 1899, Br FKEOERICK *. (TOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

62 PLANTS GROWING IN MUD.

to form a resting place for Master Bee ; as they are designed
for insect fertilization. Not to offend by this omission, our
lovely flower has one of the coloured sepals brought forward ;
which suits the undiscriminating taste of its visitors quite as well!
The flowers from which the accompanying plate was painted,
were very little less than two inches broad. The plant is not
nearly so rare as it is generally thought to be, and well repays
the time spent in its quest.

SNAKE-MOUTH. ROSE POQONIA. {Plate XXIV.)
Pogonia ophioglosso\des.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Orchis. PaUfmk.orgretnUh Fragrant. Northeast to Florida June, July.

IV /lite.

anil ivcstuHini.

Flmvers : terminal; solitary; having the six unequal divisions of the
l)crianth tiiat are peculiar to the orchid family. The h)\ver lip bearded and
liiMtrc-d. Leai'cs : ovate-elliplical ; one wrapped niidwav about each stem;
smaller bract-like leaves at the base of the Howc.s. JumW'r-stalk : erect from
a bulb.

Why call this flower by such a name
That makes it blush as though in shame?
A snake is e'er a frightful thing,
Whose mouth gives forth a deadly sting;
While naught but sweetness ever blows
From where this tranquil flower grows.

To those that think of an orchis simply as an aerial thing
hanging in a greenhouse, it seems almost incredible that this
modest plant should be a member of the same family. But if
studied carefully it will be seen that it could not be successfully
disowned by the proudest of its many relatives.

LARGE PURPLE-FRINGED ORCHIS.

1 [ahcndria grandijiora.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Orchis.

Violet purple.

Fragrant.

New England southward
and westward.

June, July.

Flmvers: clustered in dense raceme-like spikes. The large lip one and a half
inches long; three-parted ; fan-shaped, and extending into a long, slender spur ;
deeply fringed and more highlv-coloured than the other parts. The upper
sepals and petals toothed. LfnTrs : alternate; lanceolate; becoming bracts as
they approach the flower; oval, pointed, and clasping at the base.

This most beautiful and showy of the purple-fringed orchids,

Srrif.

PLATE XXV. SMALL PURPLE-FRINGED ORCHIS. rfal>enar/a Pycoc/es.

(63)

64

PLANTS GRCJWliNc; IN MUD.

while apparently simple, is devised in the same profound man-
ner that the family have chosen to aid them in securing the ser-
vices of insects for cross-fertilization. In most orchids the
perianth is in two sets, of three divisions each ; the outer set
answers to sepals, and the inner set, to petals. The sepals are
highly coloured and harmonize with the petals. IJy a peculiar
twist of the ovary, what would naturally be the upper petal is
brought down and forms the lower one, or lip. It is the start-
ling feature of the flower ; and is rich in blandishments for
Master Bee. In some varieties it appeals to his artistic sense
by a delicate fringe, or a superb colour, and again it supplies
him with a substantial meal of nectar. The internal structure
consists of one stamen, formed like a column, and supported by
the style or broad, glutinous stigma. In the cypripediums
there are two stamens. Just above the stigma at either side
are placed the two anther cells. Here the pollen grains are
concentrated in little quantities, which are readily carried off by
insects to other flowers.

The divergent anther cells of H. grandiOora suggest the two
eyes of a moth, or butterfly, whose appearance the flower has
tried to imitate.

SMALL PURPLE-FRINGED ORCHIS. (P/a/e XXF.)

Habenaria fisvcoiirs.
The small purple-fringed orchis is more faithful to the swamps
than the larger one, which strays sometimes to the moist mea-
dows. It comes into bloom a little later in the season, and is
not so handsome a variety ; but it has a delicate perfume.

FRINGELESS PURPLE ORCHIS.

Habenaria pt'raiiid'iia.

Another more severe type of a purple orchis, which rarely

comes further north than Pennsylvania and New Jersey. It is

found in wet meadows, or seeking moisture by following the

mountains. In size it is between that of the two preceding

PLATE XXVI

^WHITE-FRINGED ORCHIS. Habenaria blephariglottis.
'[yellow. FRINGED ORCHIS. Habenaria ciliaris.

COPYRIGHT, 1S99, BV FREDERICK A. (TOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

PLANTS c;rowin(; in mud.

6s

species. The lip is not frtn^retl ; but it is cut-toothed in a way
that gives it a very stiff, prim expression. In July and August
we may expect to find it in bloom.

WHITE-FRINGED ORCHIS. {Plate XXVI.)
JUibcnaria bUpliarii^ldttis.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

ihihis.

// /lilt.

.S. t/it/tis.

Xorthward to M iiiiicsola, and
in New Jersey.

J"iy-

Flowers: crowded on a short, ol)Iong spike and having slender spurs; the
lower lip heavily fringed. Leaves: altuniate ; lanccohite ; passing gradually
into bracts ; clasping at the base.

It seems, sometimes, I hat we hardly know what to say about
a flower. Not because it is uninteresting, but because it is so
very lovely that our sensations concerning it are silent. It is
so with the white orchis. When found in some cranberry bog
or swamp they are generally growing in great profusion. There
is a milk-white purity about ihe blooms, and their swaying fairy
fringe makes them very beautiful.

//. lilidris, or the yellow-fringed orchis (Plate XXVI), is not
so frequently found as the white one. It is taller, and of a
deep, rich orange in colour. The two resemble each other so
closely that there has been a question whether they were not
simply different colours of the same species. It is now be-
lieved, however, that they are separate species. The yellow
one is a little later in reaching the height of its bloom.

As will be seen from the illustration, the fringe of both of
these orchids is wider than the lip it edges.

nOSS MILKWORT.

Polfgala cruciata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Milkwort. Pin/c or s't't'iiish. Scentless, Maine to Florida August.

and 7i>rst7vard,

Flinvers: small ; growing in close, short spikes at the ends of the branches.
Leaves : opposite ; whorled in fours ; linear. Stents : long ; angled ; spreading.

When a number of these low plants are found growing to-
gether, they have a mossy, soft appearance that is very pretty.

Section of flower. Stamen.

PLATE XXVII. MARSH CLEMATIS. Clematis cri^pa.

(66)

PLANTS GROWING IN MUD.

67

MARSH CLEnATIS. {Plate XXVII.)
Clematis crispa.

Perhaps the most beautiful of our native species is the blue
clematis of the marshes. Its large, solitary, nodding flowers,
which are gracefully shaped, and silky styles, give it a delicate,
quaint appearance that is full of charm. Unfortunately, it is
little known outside of the territory between southeastern Vir-
ginia, Florida and Texas. It blossoms in May and June, and
has a delightful fragrance.

MARSH ST. JOHNS-WORT.

Triadenum Virgintcuin.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

St. John^s-wort,

FL'sh coloured, or
pale purple.

Scentless.

Geiieriil.

July-September,

Flowers .• small ; axillary ; terminal; in close clusters; growing singly or in
pairs. Calyx : of five, flesh-coloured sepals. Corolla : of five petals. Stamens :
nine to twelve, in sets of three ; each set separated by a yellow gland. Pistil :
one, with three styles. Lea-res : ojiposite, in i)airs united about the stem ; ob-
long ; not tapering at either end. Stem : erect ; brightly coloured, /'ot/ : deep
red.

Often in cranberry bogs and in the marshes we will find this
pretty plant upholding the honour of the St. John's-wort.

HORNED BLADDERWORT. {Flate XXVIII.)
Utricularia corniita.

Among the aquatics (page 34, Plate VIII) we have already
acquainted ourselves v;ith a curious connection of this pretty
plant. U. cornuta we find in peat bogs ; it does not bear any
bladders and is therefore less extraordinary in its movements.
On a slender pedicel it bears from two to four large flowers
about one inch long, which have a helmet-shaped lower lip and
long curved spur. They are bright yellow, delicate, and very
fragrant. In fact, Mr. Burroughs regards this to be the most
intensely fragrant wild flower of our country.

rmrr"^.^ —

PLATE XXVIII.

HORNED BLADDERWORT. Utricularia cornuta,
(68)

PLANTS OROWING IN MUD.

69

SHALL HAQNOLIA. SWEET BAY.

Magnolia Vifginiana .

FAMILY

Mits'nolia

COLOUR

II hit f.

RANGE

Alon^ the coast.

TIME OF BLOOM

June^Juiy.

ODOUR

Flowers : solitary; terminal at the end of the branches. Calyx: of three
sepals on the receptacle. Corolla : uf si.x to nine rounded petals. Staincns:
lunnerous. Pistils: nunicruiis; arranged in the shape of a cune. Fruit: cone-
like; red, with one or two scarlet seeds. Leaves : alternate ; obovate ; pointed ;
downy and whitish underneath. A shrub four to twenty feet high, leaty, branch-
ing-

As the summers return to us, the lovc-ly, fragrant blossoms
of the magnolia find their way back to the swamps. The
siirub is one with which the children have hardly made a fair
compact. With their ruthless little fingers, tiicy strip it of its
petals, which they put into bottles and cover with alcohol. A
few shakes areall that is then necessary to transft)rm the decoc-
tion into the " most delightful perfume," and they offer it to
their friends at a price much below that of the market.

ROSE HALLOW. SWAMP MALLOW. {Plate XXIX.)

Hibiscus Mosc/i eiitos.

TIME OF BLOOM
A itgiist.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Mallow. Pink. Scentless. Alonx' the coast.

Flowers: large; seven to eight inches in diameter; solitary. Calyx: of five
green sepals surrounded by an under layer of twelve slender, pointed bracts.
Corolla : of five jnnk petals that become magenta at the base. Stamens : in-
numerable ; growing out from all sides of a formation \vrapi)ed about the style.
J'istlls : ^\'*i united into one. St/i_'-//ias : five; resembling tiny mushrooms.
/.eaves: on petioles; the larger and lower ones three-lobed ; the upper ones
ovate; downy underneath. Ste//i : erect ; high, reaching six and eight feet.

In late August, when the rose mallow rises to its stately
height among the tall grasses of the salt marshes, the passer-by
pauses and gives it the admiration it claims. Undoubtedly it is
the most gorgeous of all the plants indigenous to the United
States. An old gentleman who had loved it from childhood al-
ways said of it : " It is the flower that I take off my hat to."
And he did not regard it as inferior to the Chinese rose hibiscus
which is cultivated in our greenhouses. It is from the petals of
the latter species that the women in China extract the black dye
to colour their teeth with. Although at a great distance the

70

PLANTS GROWTxN'G IN MUD.

large flowers of our plant can be seen, it is often difficult of ap-
proach. Positive terror seizes hold of the timorous, and their
ardour for it is often tossed in the balance with the fear of
snakes. (Jnce plucked, it fades quickly, cl )ses its petals and
droops its head as though in sorrow at the loss of its own en-
vironment.

Growing side by side with the rose mallow will often be
found its white sister, whose centre is a deep crimson and whose
stem is highly coloured. It is a common error to call these plants
"marsh-mallow," which is properly, Altluca officinalis, and which
grows in the borders of salt marshes on the Eastern coast. It
is a much more rare plant than the rose mallow and is possessed
of medicinal properties. From its mucilaginous substance
the famous confection of marsh-mallow is made.

SEA LAVENDER. HARSH ROSEMARY.

Limonitim Carolinianmn.

FAMILY
I.eadwort.

COLOUR

Liiveiuliy.

RANGE

Aloii^ the coast.

TIME OF BLOOM

A tigusty Septetiiber.

ODOUR
l-'riigrant.

Flmvers : tiny; growing in panicles along one side of tlie branches. Calyx :
funnel-form: five-cleft. r<>/W/« : of five petals. Stamens : 'm^. Pistil : owt,
with three, or five stvles. Koot-leaves : lanceolate, tapering into a petiole ;
thick. Stem : naked ; much branched at the summit.

Where winds off the sea blow gaily

And i)layfully kiss the land,
Marsh rosemary sways and trembles

And nods to the pallid sand.

The corolla of this little flower, which en masse suggests the
filmy sea-spray, dries and remains bright throughout the
winter. It is highly prized for bouquets and used by thrifty
housewives to frighten away moths. About Shelter Island and
Sag Harbor it tints the coast with its delicate bloom.

BUCKBEAN. {F/ate XXX.)
Menydnthes trifoh'ata.

FAMILY
Buckbeaii.

COLOUR

Ji'/u'tr. or ri'iidish.

ODOUR

S,i'ntless.

RANGE

Mostly north.

TIME OF BLOOM
May, June.

Flowers : growing along a scape of about ine foot high. Calyx ; small ; five-
parted. Corolla: gamopetalous . five -cleft ; the upper surface covered with a

the

the

•ifty

and

-OOM

five-
,'ith a

PLATE XXIX. ROSE MALLOW. I libiscus Moscheutos.

COPYRIGHT, 1899. Bv FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANl*
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

PLATE XXX. BUCKBEAN. Mcnyanthes trifoliata.

(70

72

PLANTS GRU\VTx\(] IN MUD.

white beard. S/<i/fu->is : iivt:. Pistil : one. ^//Vw-/ ; t\vu-l()l)f(l. Z<</7W ; three
oblong Icallcts borne on a long petiole. Kootslock: creeping.

Hidden away in some secluded corner of a swamp we may
chance upon the hn-ely white buckbean. Its racemes of star-
like faces, covered with the soft fringe, have a sweet expression
that is most attractive.

SEA-PINK.

Sabbatia stcUaris.

FAMILY
Gentian.

COLOUR

/'(■(•/ />in/i.

ODOUR

RANGE
.lAi.i.. .niul'iu'tirit.

TIME OF BLOOM
. I ugust.

Flmurrs : iargc ; solitary; terminal on the ends of the (lower-stalks. Calyx
of five-parted linear lubes. Coiollii : wlieel-shapcil ; with five, deeply-parted
'obes. Stantt-iis : five. Pistil: one; style, tw(j-cleft. I.eaVi-s : <jpposite ;
lanceolate ; becoming line-'r as they ascend the stem. Htcin ; brandling ,
slender.

We may picture to ourselves the sea-pmks by the side of a
^reen marsh with the salt breezes blowiiig about us. There,
spread out in brilliantly-coloured masses of great extent, they
lornt a little world by themselves, — living and weaving out their
own destiny. A bright, cheery lot they are too, with round yellow
' eyes that look at us frankly and without showing the slightest
signs of drowsiness. There is very little sleep allowed in their
households, hardly even forty winks ; and yet they do not want
for beauty. They are always fresh and bright and wide-awake.

S. cL-Jccaudra, or large sabbatia, is a beautiful species, whose
blooms are rosy pink, or white. The corolla is fuller than that
of the preceding (lower and often as nuich as two and a
quarter inches broad. On the borders of brackish ponds, es-
pecially in southern New jersey, it is found in great abundance.

^. campanuhMa {Plate' XXX /.) is readily known by the length
of its sepals, which is unusually great, equal, in fact, to that of
the petals.

Throughout Massachusetts, and especially about Plymouth,
the sabbatia is held in great adnnration, almost reverence. It is
called the rose of Plymouth, and it is generally believed that its
generic name is associated with the pilgrims having first beheld
it on the sabbath day. Facts, however, that are often just a trifle

PLATE XXXI. SEA-PINK. SuNnitia campanithxtci.

(73)

74

PLANTS GRO\VIN(; IN MUI),

disagreeable, tell us this is an unfouiuled notion which has been
circulated within the last thirty years ; and that the genus is
named for an early botanist, Liberatus Sabbatia.

VENUS'S FLY-TRAP. ^J'lale XXX/I.)
Dionaa iintuipula.

FAMILY

.s // iiiii'w.

COLOUR

n/iitr.

ODOUR

RANGE
// '/V/i/ini^/i'i/, .v. ('.

TIME OF BLOOM
.S/> /«^^

/y<w<vj; growing on :i scape in a natt()|)|)ccl umbel. Cu/vx : of five
sepals. Coiolla : ot live, obcoriiaie petals. Siomfiis : fifteen, 'j'istil: one;
stigma, fringed and iobed. Lea-i'cs : long and nairow; terminated by a bristly
bordered Iraj) ; green or crimson inside.

Even the flowers must crane their necks and gaze in wonder
at the uncanny actions of the \'cnus's lly-trap : a creature of
most cunning devices, 'i'he trap-like appendage that termi-
nates each leaf is set, so to si)eak, when the sun shines. Its
brilliant lining pitjues the curiosity of small insects, which, un-
conscious of the wise maxim, to look with one's eyes and not
with one's fingers, attempt to investigate for themselves. No
sooner does one arrive and brush against the bristles that line
the edge of the trap, than the latter closes and crushes the life
out of the intruder. In adroitness it can well vie with the
siDJder. The poor guileless fly is then prepared for digestion by
a secretion from minute glands that line the inner surface of
the leaves. His end is in assimilation and affording nourish-
ment to the plant.

Should the fly by any chance effect an escape, the trap would
then innocently open and again await its opportunity.

•N.

ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW.

Drdscra rot u fid /Jo/ A r .

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Suniiew. ll'hiie. Scentless. Northern aiui eastern.

TIME OF BLOOM
M idsuiiinter.

Flmvers : small ; growing on one side of a raceme like cluster at the end of a
naked scape that uncoils as the flowers ex|)and. Ctilyx : of five sepals.
Corolla : o{ five petals. Stiiint'iis : five to fifteen. /V.v/// ; one, with a deei)ly
three or five parted style. Lr<rrs : rounded; iirovided with leafstalks; the
upper surface rough and sticky. The edge of the leaf frmged with reddish
bristles.

When the sun shines upon the leaves of this little bog herb

K'

by

nt"

lid

lOM
;•.

if ;i
lis.

[I'ly

the
lish

PLATE XXXIl. VENUS'S FLY-TRAP. Diomra uuiscipula.

COPYfllGHT, 1R99, CY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY,
PRINTED IN AMFRICA.

th
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ill]
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PLANTS (i ROW! NO IN MUD.

75

they are, poetically spcakinjj, covered with sparkliii;^ drops of
ilew ; but which in sicni reality we find to be a y;liiLinoiis exu-
dation that serves to entice insects to visit them anil then to
hold them fast. The red bristles complete the capture by clos-
ing tightly over the victim ; and he is prepared for iligestion
very much in the same manner as is practiced by the V'enus's
fly-trap. The range of the sundew is not so restricted, and it is
worth one's while to search it t)ut and try the experiment of
feeding it with (lies, so as to put oneself on a plane beyond sur-
prise at the actions of the insectivorous plants.

SOUTHERN LOBELIA.

I.ohclia amivna.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Loheliti. Blue or white. Stentless. Florida to Soutk Carolina Septeiiiher, ()ctoOer.

and westward.

Flmvers : growing profusely in .1 close, one-sided raceme witli many small
bracts. Cii/yx : of five linear loijcs; the sinuses without appendages. Corolla :
long, irregularly five-lobed. Stutn.ns : live, the filaments united into a tul)e.
Pistil: one ; stigma iwo-lohed, and al)ont it a ring of hairs, Lea'<t\t : scattered ;
oblong ; the lower ones on petioles ; tlie upper ones nearly sessile. Stem : two
to four feet high ; erect.

In the rich soil of the southern swamps we find this lobelia.
If it were colourless we would prcbably pass it by ; but its
bright blue or pure white enchain us and we forgive it its
happy-go-lucky, ragged, unkempt appearance. We feel quite
sure that it has a kind, tender heart.

SALT-HARSH FLEABANE.

Pliichca camp/iordia.

FAMILY COLOUR

Composite, Pale la^'inder pink.

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Strongly scented. Alon,^ the coast. ,Scpteint>er.

Flmver-heads : composed of small, tubular flowers arranged in a flat corymb.
Leaves: sessile; oblong; toothed; rough. Stem: with small, hairy glands,,

It is not until the early autumn that this little plant unfolds
its pale bloom in the marshes. We are strongly reminded of
the everlastings by its manner of growth ; and if we try hard
enough we may imagine its odour to be like that of camphor,
as its generic name implies.

76

PLANTS CiKOWTNG IN MUD.

SWAMP MILKWEED.

ylsc lipids hiiiiiiuita.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Milkweed.

C) tiiuon.

•Si.eiit£eii.

Maiu

■ III 1 .oidsiiina.

J liiy-:^, Jt, //,/■,■;■.

/•7(W(VJ- ; pel feci ; regular ; grow iiig in tLtininal iiiuliels. Caly.x : of five
seix.is, the tube veiy sliori. Lorvliu : luuucl-loiin, willi five lellextd lobes that
nearly hide tlie sepals. J lie next inner row of upright bodies are hoods, or
nectaries that enclose five iiiile mcurved hums; and under these lu.rns are the
stamens and instils. Stai)i,iis : live, with Iringed u\is that are not the anthers ;
united and enclosing the pistils. Aiitluis : atiached to tlie short filaments by
liieir bases. J'olUii : in distinct little masses : two being attached together
by a thread. J'/s/i/s : two; united above into a fiat, sticky disk, /•'na/ : a
pair of pods with numerous seeds and soft, si.ky hairs; seldom more tlian one
becoming fully developed. J^eaves : narrow; dblong; soinewliat hearl-shajied
at base. 6tem : two to three feet high; very kafv'; smooth, with little milky
juice.

Of this very striking and handsome family Professor Britton
says: "There are ahotil zzo genera and 1900 species of very
wide distribution."

The flowers are cUfficiilt, but not impossible, for the non-
botanist to analyse ; and the attemi)t will at all events pique
one's curiosity enough to encourage him lo pry closely into
their hitricacMcs.

The milkweeds are entirely dependent on insects for fertiliza-
tion ; as the pollen masses lie too low in the blossoms to reach
the stigma. It is for this reason that they have provided them-
selves with the little hoods that hold the nectar, as it could not
be retained by the reflexed corolla lobes. Bees, therefore, visit
the plants gladly, and when their feet become entangled in the
tiny thread that holds together the pollen masses they carry
them off without complaining. A. Syriaca, i)age 280, Plate
CXLIV.

A. lanccolata, {Plate XXXIff) is a brilliant variety of the
swamps that occurs southward from New Jersey to Florida and
Texas. The umbels have but few flowers, very large and
showy, and are of an intense orange-red colour. It blooms in
July and August.

TV

lie

ic
nd
m\

in

PLATE XXXIII.

( MILKWtED. AsiU'pias/uiiit'ohifa.
(ASHY MILKWEED, .isc/rpias niirrea.

COPYRIGHT. 1899 BY FREDERICK *, ITOKEi: COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

FA

Mil.

"PP
feet

bar
lool
Eui

hog
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and
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and

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flower

Th
lovel'

PLANTS GROWING IN MUD.

77

ASHY MILKWEED. {Plate XXXIII.)
Asclepias cinirca.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIWE OF BLOOM

Milkweed. J^iir/>/e without, ash Sccntiess. Floritia to South July, August,

coloured ivithin. Carolina.

Flivvers : small ; growing in umbels. (See A. iiidintatit, page 76.) Leaves :
opposite ; lanceolate, or linear narrowing into a petiole. Stem: one to two
feet high ; erect ; slender ; somewhat pubescent.

This lovely species of milkweed is found mostly in wet
barrens. It is one of our shy and well-bred weeds which must
look with disdain upon the bad manners of the numerous
European plants that have made their homes in this country.

GOLDEN ROD.

So/iI(i,i^o uh'gsnbsa is a golden-rod that we find in the peat
hogs. It is one of the earliest of the genus to come into bloom,
often budding out in July. The small flowers are closely
crowded in long, narrow panicles ; and the leaves are lanceolate
and pointed. Those of the root sometimes grow to a great
length.

S. pdiiihi, rough-leaved or spreading golden-rod, is a swamp
species that has flower-heads growing in short racemes. The
long leaves are noticeable from their very rough upper surface
and being smooth on the under side.

S.j'uficca^paga 136, Plate LXIX.

5WAnP ASTERS.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Coiiifiosite. Purf>h\ blue or 7vhitr. Scentless. General. Late summer andearly autuvin.

Flenoer-heads : composed of tubular and ligulate flowers; or ray and disk
flowers. The rays purple, bine or white and the disks yellow.

NEW ENGLAND ASTERS.

Aster Nbvcp-Ariglicr.
The rich soil of the swamps and low grounds can boast as
lovely members of the aster family as any field, or roadside

78

PLANTS GROWING IN MUD.

bank. The common New England aster is tall and stately ;
from four to eight feet high. It is heavily foliaged with clasp-
ing, lanceolate leaves and its flower-heads are arranged in large,
dense corymbs. The many rays are a beautiful violet purple,
or sometimes a soft magenta.

A. piini'cetis is an accompanying flower of the swamps. It also
is tall, but cannot vie with the above, as its utmost height ap-
pears to be about seven feet. Its long, slender rays vary in
colour from pale lilac blue to dark purple. The leaves are
long with a projection like ears at the base. On the upper side
they are quite rough.

Ddellingeria uiiibellata is the white representative of the
swamps, and grows quite as tall as, if not taller than, the purple
varieties. Its flower-heads are clustered rather flatly in com-
pound corymbs : a mark by which it may be identified. The
lower leaves are very long and the stem leafy to the top.

A. nemoralis, or bog aster, grows from one to two feet tall
and has pretty lilac-rayed flowers. The leaves are sessile, long,
rigid and distinctly marked by their margins that roll back-
wards. The plant is quite rough,

Sandy and dry-soil asters, Plate CXXXIII.

Plants Growing in Moist Soil : Low
Meadows and by Running Streams.

" Nozv when it floivcrcth,

A)id zuhcn the hanks and fields

A re greener every day,
And siveet is each bird's breath

In the tree zuhere he builds

Singing after his zcay,
Spring conies to us zuith hasty steps and brief

Everyzviiere is leaf,
And everyzuhere makes people laugh and play''

Rinaldo U Aquino.

LARGER BLUE FLAG. FLEUR-DE-LIS.

Iris vers\color.

{Plate XXXIV)

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR

Iris, Royal purple, variegated witli Sientless.

white, yellow anil green.

RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Southnui! il to May, June,
the Hit If.

Flmvers : large ; solitary ; growing at tlie ends of the flower-stalks and
branches. Perianth: of six divisions united below into a tid)e ; the three
outer ones spreading, with abundance of yellow; tiie three inner ones, erect
.iiid smaller. Stiii/iciis: three; inserted. Pistil: one, with a three-cleft, petal-
like style that arches over its own stigmas. Leaves : equitant, or folded length-
wise ; swurd-shaped ; mostly at the base of the stem. Stem: stout; leafy;
branched above ; glaucous.

Juno, as we must all agree, was a goddess of rare taste. For
her favourite bird she chose the peacock, and her attendant, or
messenger, was Iris, the goddess of the rainbow. In this regal

8o

PLANTS (; ROWING IN MOIST SOIL

flower it would seem as though we have a touch of the spirit
and pride of Juno. When it unfolds itself, with an almost con-
scious air of its own beauty, we are reminded of the bird that
opens and parades his gorgeous tail, whenever he finds liimself
the centre of admiration. And a bit of Iris's scarf must have
been wafted to it for its gown ; for the colours blend together
while being distinct, as in the rainbow. The ancients tlu/Ught
the iris a sacred flower and associated it with the future state
of the blessed.

The graceful beauty is, however, not all fuss and feathers.
It has the same wisdom as many unpretentious flowers ami
knows how to accomplish its mission in the world. P>y a deep
central veining it informs the bee of the road he must travel to
reach the land of nectar ; and when he has sipped and raises
his head from under the anthers, the careless fellow finds his
back heavy with gold that he must carry off to the stigma of
another flower. Indeed, of all politicians the bees are the most
conscientious.

CRESTED DWARF-IRIS, {r/atr XXXV.)
Iris cyistata.

This is one of the sturdy dwarf irises, which follows the Al-
leghanies and chooses the rocky ])anks of streams for its dwell-
ing place. It blossoms in April and May and is of a soft violet
blue. The flower is s])reading, with a much longer tube than
that of the /. vcrsicolar. Its outer divisions are prettily crested.
The leaves are not conspicuous ; lanceolate and clasj^ing.

POINTED BLUE=EYED GRASS. {Plate XXXVI)

Si'syrhu/i/itm anguslijbliunt.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Iris. Blue ivitk yellow Cfittrt-. Sientlcss. Central.

TIME OF BLOOM

.May-A itgtist.

Flowers: solitary; growing from a pair of green bracts. Perianth: of six
divisions that terminate in a sharp point. Stamens: three. Pistil: one.
Leaves: linear; grass-like; pale; glaucous.

These bright little peep-eyes that attract our attention among

PLATE XXXiV LARGtR dLlit Fi

///.I Ltt.Sll 0(0> .

COPVRIGNT, )89». or FHEDERtCK A. &TOKtS COMPANY,

PRINTED IN AMEHILA

PLATE XXXV. CRESTED DWARK-IRIS. Iris crislata

(8i)

8;

IM.AN'IS (IROWINO IN MOIST SOIL.

the summer grass in ihc moist meadows, impress us with the
idea that they have come out to show us that all the grass
could bloom as beautifully, if it had the mind to do so ; and
that if we were good, as it is said to the children, wc might
some day find our fields covered with their sparkling little
faces. 'I'hey dislike being picked, anil after they have been
severed from their stem, shrivel almost innneiliately.

YELLOW-ADDER'5 TONGUE. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.

{Plate xxxvn.)

Erythronium ^ I )iiericiviiiiii .

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

l.ily.

ivith purple.

Scentless.

I hrouj^luiut the east.

March-May.

Floiuers : terminal; solitary; nodding. Perianth: of six, slender, recurved
divisions, streaked with, and tlie underside ol, purple. .Stamens: six. fi.stil :
one; style, club-shaped. Leaves: two only; (il)long ; |)ointed ; spotted with
dark purjjle and while. Stem : rising from u corm.

The names of this beautiful tlower are rather confusing, and
bring to the mind objects of entirely tlifferent aspect from
that of the one to which they relate. " Dog's-tooth," we are
told, refers to a supposed resemblance of the roots of the plant
to the canine teeth of a dog ; but this would not help the wan-
derer by the woodland brook to any great extent, as the roots
are commonly hidilen. Why the name of violet was ever at-
tached to it, is rather a mystery ; and in any case must have
been from a purely imaginative idea. If one of its names
must be used, it were better to choose yellow-adder's tongue,
which at least gives a clue to its colour ; and the marking of
its leaves is not dissimilar to an adder's skin. But how much
prettier and more appropriate are the names of fawn lily, or
trout lily, which have been suggested by Mr. Burroughs. At
night the fiower gently closes.

E. a'i/>ii/it//i, the white species, is similar in appearance. It
bears a bluish-white flower and the leaves are not nearly so
spotted. It is commonly found farther west than Pennsylvania.

PLATE XXXVI POINTED BLUE-EYED GRASS. Sisyrinchiumangiistifolium.

COPYRIGHT, 1899 DY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

1

pai
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pjANTs (;ro\vin(; in moist sou,.

K\

WILD YELLOW LILY. MEADOW LILY.

Lilium Canadi'nse.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR

Lily. Vtllow, ipotti'd with Scentli-^i.
rick brown.

RANGE

AVw Englaniiy ioiith-
ward and westwatd.

TIME OF BLOOM
JuH,\July.

Flowers: terminal; solitary, or a few; nodding. Perianth: of six, deeply
parted divisions that curve towards tiie base, wlicrc there is a honcy-bearine
spot. Stiinitiis: six. Pistil: one; stigma, tiirec-lolicd. Leaves: whorled
about tlie stem ; narrowly oblong ; parallel-veined. Stem : erect, from a scaly
bulb.

When we walk in the meadows and read the aristocracy of
the flowers we find that the golden lilies are very noble. They
seem to have none of the democratic, boheinian instincts of our
pretty chicory and its playmates. 'I'hfv are so grave and
dignified. No doubt fate has whispered to them that they were
only to ri' d their heads through the ages of poetry, or to en-
courap'- he beautiful in art. And their influence is very far
reachin^ , sometimes whole meadows will be radiant with them
as they extend their way down to the marshes.

Of about fifty species of the north temperate zone, the
meadow lily is one of the five that are native to the eastern
United States.

L. Caro/initinum, or the Carolina lily, {Phitc XXXV//I.) is very
slight in its variations from the meadow lily ; although a still
more gorgeous flower. The leaves are broader and its orange-
red colour is tipped with a highly brilliant crimson. The spots
that colour the longitudinal anthers are of the darker brown.

I

TURKS-CAP LILY.

Lilitim supi'rbum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

I.ily. Orange^ spotted with Scentless. Maine to Minucsota^ July ^August,

purple. and southuiard.

Flowers: nodding; growinj, in a pyramidal cluster nf three to forty blos-
soms arranged in rows. Perianth: of six, recurved divisions. Stamens: six;
anthers, linear, attached at the middle. Pistil: one; stigma, threc-lobed.
Leaves: whorled; sessile; lanceolate. Stem: often eight feet high.

Perhaps we have no other flower so truly majestic in its bearing
as the Turk's-cap lily. It is very generous of its bloom and is

84

PLANTS GROWLNG IN MOIST SOIL.

most gorgeous in the sunshine, when the slanting rays of the sun
upon the petals ajipear Hke a luminous maze of changing colours.
About Cape Cod it is very common, and all along the New
England joast it grows in great profusion.

BLAZING STAR.

DEVIL'S BIT. DROOPING STAR-
WORT.

Chavicelirinni littcum.

FAMILY
I'liiii k-Jlowcr.

COLOUR

White.

ODOUR RANGE

Scentless. Mostly south and 'vest.

TIME OF BLOOM
.M.ty-July.

J^'/iKcu-rs: small; staminate and ]iistillate; nodding; growing in a spike-like
raceme. Leax't's : lanceolate; Ijccoming linear; sessile. Basal liai'i's : spat-
ulate ; tapering into a long petiole.

These wand-like racnics of inoffensive little flowers make
us wonder what mischief they could ever have indulged in to
have been connected with the devil. In fact, it is even incoiv
siderate of that individual not to have chosen for him a bit of
more substance.

5T0UT STENANTHIUM. {P/ate XXXIX.)
Stcndnt Ilium rob lisf tint.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Biimh-Jlowcr. H'/iitc, with green .^lenttess. /\nn. soiithuuitcl J nly. A !it;itst.

centre. and ivestivard.

Flmvcrs : clustered in a long, panicled, light raceme. JVrianth : of six
lance-like, pointed divisions. Slamens: six, short. Pistil: one. Leaves:
linear; grass-like; nerved. Slcnt : erect; high.

A lovely, high, waving plant which bends and sways with
the cool breezes on the lonely prairie, or in the n:oist meadows.
Its stately air and soft colouring recall to mind a fair debutante
in spotless tulle with long streamers of green satin ribbon.
No less than she is the flower a belle of the prairies.

FOUR=WINGED SNOWDROP -^REE. {Plate XL.)

Mohroiihitlion Caro iiiuni.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Storax .

White.

Scentless.

Mostly south anil -.otst.

March, April.

FUnvcfs : growing in loose racemes along the branches. Calyx: short;
four-toothed. Corolla : bell-shaped ; drooping ; four, or five parted. Stamens :

SIX

ives:

PLATt XXXV,I. YLLLUW-AUUhK'S I UNGUh, ErytliroHium Amttuanum.

COPYRlQHT, IS99 fiV FHEOERICt- A STOKES COMPANT,
PRlNTCO IN AMEHICA.

PLATE XXXIX. STOUT STENANTHIUM. Stcnanthiuin robmtum.

{S5)

86

PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

eight to sixteen. Pistil: one. Fruit: oblong; two to four-winged. Leaves:
ovate-oblong; toothed ; slightly pubescent underneath. A shrub or small tree
with soft wood.

This beautiful tree is one of the very few species that are
natives of southeastern North America. It is not so chary of
its snowdrops as those dear little plants that we see about
country dooryards ; and which tell us so plainly that the spring
IS coming. The blossoms api '^ar in abundance with, or before,
the leaves and cover the trc> with gems of pure beauty. We
are sometimes so fortunate as to chance upon it in moist
woods, but more often by the side of some sparkling stream.

CHOKE-CHERRY. {Plate XLI.)
Pr units VirginiiUia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Plum. li^'hitf. Sct'iittfis. Ncm England south to Georgia

andivest to Colorado.

TIME OF BLOOM

A/>ril, May.

FUnvers : clustered in short, close racemes. Calyx: tubular; bell-shaped;
five-lobed. Corolla: of five tiny petals. Stamens: numerous. Pistil: one.
Fruit: a beautiful, bright red berry which turns to dark crimson as the season
advances. The stone and kernel of the fruit have the flavour of, and contain
prussic acid. Leaves: alternate; oval; pointed; sharply serrate. A tali
shrub, or small tree with dark, greyish bark.

The beautiful drooping bunches of fruit that ripen in July or
August are even more attractive by the side of some running
stream than the choke-cherry's closely packed racemes of
dainty bloom. One should not, however, be tempted to test
their beauty by tasting, as the flavour is most astringent.

MEADOW-SWEET. QUEEN-OF-THE-MEADOWS.

Spirdea salicifblia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Rose. Pink or -.vhite. Scent li-ss. A\'-v F.ngland soutlnvard. June, July and August.

Fhnvers : small; clustered in panicles. Calyx: of five cleft sepals. Corolla:
of five rounded petals. Staviois : very numerous. Pistils: five to eight.
Leaves: alternate; lanceolate; toothed; "eined with a much lighter colour and
single small leaflets at their bases. Stem : rather smooth ; highly coloured.

The sweet, fleecy daintiness of the meadow-sweet which
greets us in the low, moist meadows must have been the inspir-
ation that gave it its common name, as it is unfortunately with-

iW

ugust.

i\\\c\\

PLATE XXXVIII. CAROLINA LILY. Lilium Carolinianum.

COPVniOHT, ia99 BV rRCDERICK «. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA,

PL,

PLATE XL. FOUR-WINGED SNOWDROP TREE. Mohrodendron Carolinum,

(87)

8<S

PLAN IS (IROWlNc; IN MUlSl' SOIL.

out fragrance. It is when we find so lovely a flower scentless
that we realise how great a charm that of perfume is, and how
much we are appealed to through fragrance. In fact, in
delight of sweetness of smell we are veritable bees and butter-
flies.

Many flowers use the means of casting out fragrance to
inform the insects of their whereabouts; and it has been
observed, as in the case of the meadow-sweet, that those that
are sufficiently showy to attract the bee's eye seldom appeal
as well to his sense of smell.

STEEPLE-BUSH. HARDHACK.

Sp/ru-a ioincnihsa.

FAMILY COLOUR

Rose. Pcacli-biow />iuk.

ODOUR RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM
Siniiiiiir.

Flowers: small; tliickly clustered in a pyramidal sjiikc. Culyx : of five se-
jjals. Corolla: of live, rosaceous petals. Slannii.s : numerous. Pislils : five to
eight. Li\i7'i's : alternate; small; ovate; toothed and downy underneath.
Stem : erect ; slender ; downy.

We are impressed by the steeple-bush very much as we are
by the dainty beauty of the meadow-sweet. Its fleecy spikes
lighten the low grounds, and we would miss them sorely from
the bunch of late summer flowers that we gather shortly before
the great family of composites invades the fields. According
to the custom of perennial herbs, these plants die down to the
ground every year at the approach of frost. The live stem
with its buds hovers near the root and sends up the young
shoots of the next year.

SMALLER FORGET-ME-NOT.

J/)'os()l/s Id.va.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Boraj^e. I'alc blue. StentUss, From the notth to Virginia May-July.

and I'enuessee.

Fhnocrs : small ; growing in a raceme. Calyx : five-lobcd ; hairy. Corolla :
salver-shaped; tive-cleft. Staineiis : five; included. Pistil: one; slender.
Leaves : alternate ; oblong ; sessile ; hairy. Stem : leafy ; slender.

Perhaps the prettiest legend about the little forget-me-not is
that of the Persians.

"

f .... --bl-Y ^^!^'•.i^.'•V^^•

PLATE XLI. CHOKE-CHERRY. /^;7/;///-v r/r-/«/^?;m.

(S9)

90

PLANTS CROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

One clay an an<;(l that had fallen from ^racc stood weeping
outside the tloor of Paradise. His fanlt had been that he loved
a daughter of earth as she sat by the bank of a stream arrang-
ing forget-nie-no's in her hair; and not until slie whom he
loved had sown the blossoms all over the earth, could his fault
be forgiven.

He returned to her, and together they went jilanting the
flowers ; nor did they cease their labour until the task was ac-
complished. Then they entered I'aradise ; the woman not
tasting of death.

BLUEBELLS. VIRGINIA COWSILP. LUNGWORT.

Merti'nsia Vir^t^i'tuia.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Jimaj^e.

Light blue.

Scentless.

New i'lir/,; xatf/nciin/
and wrslniari/.

April, M.iy.

F/iKiwrs : hanging from slender pedicels in .1 raceme-like cluster. Ciilyx ■
small ; five-cleft. Corolla: tubular; salver-.shai)ed ; the h^hes scarcely divided.
Staineiis : five. Pistil : one. Leaves : large ; obovate. SVt»i : smooth.

The Mertensia Virginica has quite the air of belonging to one
of the first families. Its colour is so pure and its form so perfect
that it is ever a delight to the eye of the artist. P>y its droop
ing poise it cleverly protects its pollen from the rain and dew.

COnnON HAREBELL.

Ca mpdn it la roliniiUjolia .

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Deltjlower. Blue. Scentless. Mostly north aiul wei^t.

TIME OF BLOOM

J iine^J uly.

Fhnvers : growing in a raceme on slender flower-stalks. Calyx: tubular;
with five, narrow, sj^iked lobes. Ctiyc/A? .• campanulate, or bell-shaped; fivc-
lobed. Slaiiifiis : five. Pistil : one with style that protrudes like a miniature
clapper. Leaves : those from root on slender petioles, cordate, or rounded, as
the name implies ; those on the stem, almost linear. Stem: five to twelve
inches high ; spreading; slender; smooth.

The harebell has been the sweetheart of many a bard. They
have loved and celebrated its tall gracefulness, its exquisite
fairness, and its brilliant blue, of a purity that must have
dropped from a summer sky. It has all the fragile, bright

PLATE XLii. TALL WILD BELLFLOWER. Campanula Americana.

COPYHIGMT, lfl)9, BV FHEDERICK A. STOKES COKPANY
PRINTED IN AMERICA,

1

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/;

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fil

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foi
lai

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nil
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kn

PLANTS (; ROW INC. IN MOIS I" SOIL.

9»

beauty of a plant of cold, crisp climates, ami is said to be iden-
tical willi iIk' bluebell of Scotland. It is a native of North
America, luirope aiul Asia, and circles the northern pole.
With us it prefers to hang from a ledge of rocks over some
river, where it may i)reath the cooling vapours of the water.

TALL WILD BELLFLOWER. {Plate XL//.)
Canipdnula yh/irruihid.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

lU-llJioiver, Light blue. ScentUss, Mostly north mid wr^t. Juni.July.

Fhyivers : linrnc thickly on a long sj^ike. ddyx : tulnilar ; of five sepals.
Corolla: almost wiiccl-shapecl ; of five |)ointe(l i)etals. Staiiuns : five. Pistil :
one with a long curved style. Leaves : alternate ; lanceolate ; finely toothed.
Stem : three to six feet high ; erect.

Perhaps one of the loveliest of our native plants is the tall
wild bellflower. 'I'here is a vigour attached to its clinging
beauty that is very attractive. The coloured illustrations will
bring it clearly to the minds of those to whom it is not already
familiar.

COLORADO SHOOTING-STAR. AMERICAN COWSLIP.

(/'/(i/r X/J/I)
Dodccatlicon Mcadia fri'i^iditm.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

J 'li III rose. LilaCyOr f>ink ti-yiiii- S/>icy^ liki' The Rocky mountains. A/»il, May.
nating in yellow. cinnamon.

FUnoers : two to twenty growing in a terminal umbel, and on pedicels that
i.iirve witliin the flower. Calyx : reflected; five-parted. CorolLi : of five rather
linear divisions ; strongly rcflexed. S/atutJis : commonly five, the linear anthers
forming a cone. Pistil: one, protruding. Lea-i-es : from the root; obovate to
lanceolate. Scape : three to fifteen inclies high ; erect.

Those that write concerning the primroses must acknowledge
ihat this one is the most pert, the most saucy looking, and the
most attractive of them all. Its common name of shooting-
star appears well adai)ted to it ; andalthougii it is not a widely-
known plant, it is one that once seen seldom passes out of the
remembrance. There are several species of Dodecatheon,
which vary greatly. The one growing in the Central States is
known as Pride of Ohio.

PLATE XLIII. COLORADO 3H00TING-STAR. 7),./...//-,, J/.,.//. /;■/,.>/...

(92)

PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

93

BULB-BEARING LOOSESTRIFE.

Lysimachta tort 'stris.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

I'ri III rose.

]'i'//tKi\ iiKiiA'ti/ -.oil/i

Si iiit/iSi.

COIIIIIIOH llOltll

brownisk red.

aiiii south.

TIME OF BLOOM
June. July.

Flowers : growing on long i)eclicels in a tcrniinal, leafy raceme. Calyx : of
five, or six sepals. Corolla : vvliecl-shapcd; of live oljlong segments. Sfanirii.s ;
four or five, with united filaments. Pistil : one. J.i\i7;s : abundant; opposite;
long; pointed at each end; darkly spotted. Sdm: uprigiu; leafy; branching

This bright, cheery plant, with otiiers of its family, has the
reputation of having a peace-loving heart. Ancient supersti-
tion that clings about it tells us it is particularly disposed to
exercise its soothing influence upon cattle that are (juarrelling,
when a spray of it laid upon their yokes will cause them to be-
come as gentle as the proverbial lamb. i>ut unless the farmer
has, in case of emergency, i)rovide(l himself with this loosestrife,
we may imagine he would have some difficulty in guiding liis
fractious beasts to search for it by the brooks, or in the wet
meadows that lead to the marshes.

FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE.

.'<ft'2ro, tenia cilidtuin.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

i'thiirose. Yeliow, ivitli dull red Scentless. Mostly south

centre. and ivest.

TIME OF BLOOM

June, July.

/'"A'Twr.r; axillarv ; on long peduncles. Calyx: of five green sepals, sharply
pointed. Corolla: wlieel-sliaped ; of five s(rgni'MUs. Statuciis : '(wq. Pistil:
one. Lea7\'s : opposite; lanceolate; wavy on ti>e edges. Stem: two to four
feet high; upright; rather rough.

During the summer these pretty flowers may be found in the
moist soil of thickets. It is owing to a close resemblance to
the loosestrifes that their j'.nglish name h.as been bestowed on
them.

S. hificeohj'tiim, or lance-leaved loosestrife, is a similar species.
Its leaves are on petioles, or almost sessile, and froin their axils
arise the slender stalks that bear tlie flowers.

94

PLANTS C.ROWIXO IN iMOIST SOIL.

SMALL WILLOW HERB.

l-'.pilohiitiu. colorain))i .

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

F.i'eiihif^ />> imrose. /'a/r iiingin/a . Sif>ith:i.i. (ifiitrnl.

TIME OF BLOOM
Suiiiiiiei .

Floivers : sin:ill ; sligluly luxUling ; growing in terminal corymbs, Cnlyx : of
four parted sepals. CorolUi : of foiu' spreading ]ietals notched at the ape.x.
Sfiinifiis : eight. Pistil : wr,c ; stigma, club-sliapcd. Srct/s : tufted with brown
hairs. Lfiives : op])ositc ; lanceolate ; toothed and veined with purple. Sfi'w :
tall ; rather smooth.

We can luirdly venture into any nicatlow during the summer
that is moist enou.ujh to wet our feet without seeini^ this little
herb. Its relative, the oreat willow herb, is found mostly along
tiie roadsides and on rlearings that have been burned over.

HAIRY WILLOW HERB.

Kpilob'it III Ji ii -s lit II III .

The hairiness of this plant serves to distinguish it from the
preceding one. It also grows to a greater height and its petals
area lovely, rosy pink. The uncultivated, moist soil of waste
places is its favourite dwelling place.

COMMON FRINGE TREE.

( 7i/(>it<iii//ius I '/r;' I'liAd.

FAMILY COLOUR

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

S( s'ntii's.w r,ii>!. s.'iit/i :iuircL Late spri »!^ and rar/y sniiniwr.

F/o'ivrrs : growing in loose panicles. Calyx: very small ; tubular. CoroILt :
of four petals, three ([uarters of an inch long, which barely unite at the base.
Stdinnis : two ; very short. /V.v//7 ; one. Fruit: bluish purjile ; glaucous. Leiii'cs:
large ; ovate ; the lower part downv. A shiub, or low branching tree.

The pure loveliness of this shrub is one of the things that
must be seen and come into close contact with before it can be
fidly appreciated. When along the river banks the cool
zephyrs play through its snow-white, slender petals and we sit
down beside it ; we long for its soft, gentle swaying never to
cease, and think lovingly of our castles in the air and the fairy
tales that enchanU-d us in ( hildlvxxl.

PLATE XLIV. TRUMPET FLOWER, 'ft-ioma taJiians.

COPVfllGMr, 1649 BV FREDERICK A. STOKt 5 COMPANY.
PR'N^eO IN AMFRICA.

PLANTS (; ROWING JN MOIST SOIL.

95

TRUiVlPET-FLOWER. TRUMPET-CREEPER.

{I'late XL/ 1 '.)
7\'coma ruiidins.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOU< RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Bignonia. Oraiigi^ yellow ami Sientlcss. Xi'w Jo-^iv south- J iily\ August.

ji arltt.

^va rj a mi ii'i'st^i'i'-i/.

Flowers: very showy; axillary; giDwiiig iii terminal corymbs. (^Wrx ; five-
toothed. Cofoila: t\V(j and a lialf inches long; trumpet siiajjed with five lobes,
veined on the insiilc. Stami-iis : four, in pairs, two shorter than the others.
Pistil : ox\Q. Liavt's : odd-pinnate; ojiijosite; with four or five ])airs of ovate
l)ointed, toothed leaflets. Slcni ; woody, climbing by r ial rootlets. Pod:
long, a little flattenetl.

To watch the way in which this bold vine climbs by means of
the aerial rootlets that spring from the stem, is a good lesson in
moral philosophy. It ap]:)ears to take vigourous delight in its
upward course, and in showing us its belief in the survival of
the fittest, by crushing out any weaker plant that comes within
its reach. We almost lake a step backward to view it from a
safer distance.

Its abundant growth and the difficulty in extirpating it makes
it a rather troublesome weed in some of the western states. In
the east it is cultivated as one of our most beautiful climbers.

WILD RED-OSIER DOGWOOD.

Coy /I us slolonifera.

FAMILY
Dogwood.

COLOUR

White.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
Ceuernl.

TIME OF BLOOM
June, July.

Floicwrs : small; growing in s]ireading cymes. Calyx: tiny; four toothed.
Corolla: of four oblong petals. Stuiiit-iis : four. Pistil: one. Fruit: nearly
white. Leaves: ovate, with rounded bases, whitish beneath; rough. A
shrub of stocky growth ; conspicuous from its bright red branches.

PANICLED CORNEL, OR DOGWOOD.

L'oniits candidissiina.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Dogwood. White. Scentless. .M,i iiie l,> .\,>rth Juue.Jiiiy.

Carol iuii and westward.

Flmvers : small; growing in loose cvmes. Ctlyx, Corolla, .Statiieiis, and
Pstil: as in the ])rece(ling s])ccics. /■'riiit : white, /.earrs : lanceolate, the un-
drr part white. A shrub about six or eight feet high with smooth branches,
llie colour of ashes.

Both of these dogwoods are conspiciu)Us among the shrubbery

96

PLANTS GROWING IN MOIS'l" SOIL.

that borders streams and damp thickets ; and we sometimes
find the C. stolouifcra also sauntering towards the swamps in its
desire to ([uench its thirst for moisture. The Httle flowers are
very simihir in arrangement to those of C. Florida., page 112,
Plate LXXX. We cannot but lament, however, that they are
without the petal-like involucre that is the beautiful feature of
the dogwood family.

BULBOUS CRESS.

Ciirdainhic bulbbsa.

FAMILY
Mint a id.

COLOUR

White or pinkish.

ODOUR

.Sciiitlcxs.

RANGE

Mostly itoith.

TIME OF BLOOM

.-\p>ii, M<ty.

Flmvets : rather large ; growing in terminal clusters. Calyx : of four spread-
ing sepals that fall early. Corolla ; of four cruciferous jjctals. Stamens : six,
of which two are shorter than the others. J'/.f//l : one. /'od : flat; lanceolate.
Leaves : roundish ; cordate ; becoming ovate, or lanceolate as they ascend the
stem ; toothed. S/rm : erect ; slender. A'oo/s/oc/^ : tuberous.

This is perhaps the prettiest of our cresses. It has an agree-
able bitter taste which appeals to us as being particularly re-
freshing when we fmd it beside the trickling, sparkling stream
that it loves so well.

CUT-LEAVED TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT.

Deniaria laciniata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

MxistariL W'liitc or pinkish Scentiess. New En(;liiiid sotith- April-fiine.

purple. loard and -iUfstward.

Funuers : growing in a terminal raceme. Calyx : of four sepals that fall
early. Corolla: of four cruciferous jictals. Stamens : six, of wliich two are
shorter than the others. Pistil: one. /'^Z; lance-shaped. Liukys : in whorls
of threes ; each leaf being divided into linear, gash-toothed divisions. Stem :
eiect; simple. A'ootstoi/: : tuberous.

The cut-leaved toothwort is a near relative of the toothwort
of the rich woods. Its taste for water, however, has induced it
to stray from the family environment to the banks of streams.
Here, no doubt, it has further offended its family by putting on
style, or, to be explicit, by adding another leaf to its stem. And
those of the woods cannot cry out against it, for its rootstock is
quite as edible as their own.

PLATE XLV. BUTTON-BUSH. Crphalanlhus occidcntalis.

COPYRIGHT, 1B99, BV FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

FA^

five
wit
tex
shr

C)I

an I

FA

tub
witi
peti
ruu

are
sto
ste
inv
Th
per
sep

FAr

Maix

witl

I'LAiN rS GROWING IN iMUlS 1" SOIL.

97

DWARF CAS5ANDRA. LEATHER-LEAF.

FAMILY
Heath.

COLOUR

H httc.

Chuinu'ddphnc calyculata.

ODOUR RANGE

Si.t'/itUss. Tkrougliout llu- )itiihiU' states.

TIME OF BLOOM
Early spring.

Flmuets : small; growing in oiic-sidecl, open leafy racemes. Calyx: of
five sepals, having a pair ut bracts at tiie base. Corolla : cylinder-shaped,
with a five-lobed border. Stanu-us : ten. Pistil: one. Leaves: oblong ; in
texture like leather ; glossy ab(jve and dull beneatii. An evergreen, branching
shrub ; two to four feet high.

The English name of these plants is suggestive of the texture
of the leaves, which is like leather. We find them in swamps
and bogs as well as in the moist soil of low meadows.

BUTTON-BUSH. RIVER-BUSH. GLOBE FLOWER.

HONEY-BALLS. {Plate XLV.)

Ccphdlanthus occiiliiitalis.

FAMILY

MadJfr.

COLOUR

H'hitc.

ODOUR
Very J'rii tyrant .

RANGE

(.'iiiural.

TIME OF BLOOM

J Illy., A Uj;ust.

Flo-iUers : small ; clustered in a spherical head. Calyx : four-lobed. Corolla :
tubular ; four-loljed ; within hairy. Stamens : four. Pistil : one, protruding,
with a button-like stigma. Lea7'es : t)pposite, or whorled in threes; oval; on
petioles ; stipules between the leaves. A shrub five to tea feet high, with
rough, grey bark.

The button-bush is like the children that cannot believe they
are by the water until they have taken off their shoes and
stockings and gone in paddling. It has usually its lowest
stems and roots immersed in some brook or river ; and we are
invariably delighted with the curious, quaint effect of its bloom.
The fiower-heads are like little pin-cushions full of pins. Their
perfect symmetry and the beauty of each flower when examined
separately makes them a pleasing study.

BLUETS. QUAKER LADIES. {Plate XLVI)

FAMILY

Madder.

COLOUR

Blue^ icii/i yclloiu
centre.

llouslbiiia c writ lea .

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Steitttess. I^Oi'a Scotia to Michigan May, June,
and southward.

Flo'iUers : terminal; solitary. Calyx: four-cleft. Corolla: salver-shaped,
with four oval, pointed lobes. Stamens: four. Pistil: one; style compound.

98

PLANTS GROWINO IN MOIST SOIL.

Leaves' opposite; sessile; oblong; entire; glabrous, Stctn : eicct; branch-
ing ; glabrous.

There are no paupers among the Quakers ; and surely this
sameness of prhiciple must have suj^j^eslcd the common name
of these little ladies. For to travel through the moist meadtjws
that are aglow with their quaint faces and bright eyes suggests
the most lavish luxury of bloom. In New iMigland and about
Trenton, New Jersey, they are especially beautiful. In fact,
during the season, they gladden almost every spot that is sun-
shiny and moist. Besides their sprightly, crisp appearance they
have an added charm in not closing up and fadmg quickly after
they have been plucked.

Under a microscope it can be seen that the flowers are
dimorphous, occurring in two forms. In some blossoms the
pistil is long and the stamens short and in others the reverse
is the case. To effect fertilization it is necessary that the tall
pistils should receive the pollen from the tall stamens of an-
other (lower ; and the short pistils, the pollen from the short
stamens. This is o: of the very interesting guards against
self-fertilization.

PURPLE SPIKED LOOSESTRIFE.

FAMILY
Loosestrife.

COLOUR

Purple.

LytJiriim Salic aria.

ODOUR RANGE

Scentless. General in middle states.

TIME OF BLOOM
Late summer.

Floivcrs : whorlcd in a terminal, wand-like spike, tipped a little at the end.
Cah'x : circular, with five to seven toothed points. Corolla: of five, six or
seven long, narrow, jictals ; slightly puckered. Stamens : twelve, in two sets of
different leiigtiis. Pistil: one; varying in length in the different blossoms.
Leaves: opposite; lanceolate; sessile; the lower ones heart-shaped at base.
Stem : tall ; smooth.

Professor Darwin wrote to Doctor Gray about these flowers :
" I am almost stark, staring mad over lythrum. If I can prove
what I really believe it is a grand case of trimorphism, with
three different pollens and three stigmas. I have fertilized
above ninety flowers, trying all the eighteen distinct crosses
which are possible within the limits of this one species. For

•V', .,"i'-%"'l

.////,,

<^

Single Calyx and
J-'lozver. Fruit.

PLATE XLVI. BLUETS. Houston/a ccerulea.
(99)

oo

I'LANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

the love of Heaven, have a look at some of your species and if
you can ^ct nie some seed, do."

Professor Darwin did prove successfully what he believed.
In each lloucr the two sets of stamens and the pistil are of
different k'u^lhs ; and in order lo effect fertilization, the
stijjjma must receive the pollen from stamens that are the same
length as itself. As in dimorphous tlowers, this is one of the
most ingenious devices to guard against self-fertilization.

The plant is not related, as its common name would imply, to
the other loosestrifes, which are members of the primrose fam-
ily. It is a luiropean, very lovely in appearance, which has
taken kindly to our wet soggy soil.

i!

I

CARRION-FLOWER. CAT-BRIER.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

rang::

TIME OF BLOOM

Sill i lax.

Greenish, ivith
yellow.

Foul.

General.

A/oil. .M,,y.

Flo'ivcrs : small; imperfect; prowing in iimhels. Poiantli ; hell-shaped, of
six divisions. Stamens: si.v. Pistil: one, with three diverging stigmas. Fruit:
a blue-black berry ; glaucous, f.eavi's : almost round at tlie base, pointed at
the apex ; nerved. Stem: smooth; erect; climbing.

In the season of its bloom the odour of this plant serves to
identify it with one of its common names. As the flowers fall,
however, it becomes less obno.vious aiul is one of the first to
foretell by its rich, changing colouring the approach of the au-
tuiTin. Its near relative, S. rotundifolia, is not so partial to
moist soil and is well-known along the roadsides and fields.

HEADOW PARSNIP.

Thaspium barbinbdc.

FAMILY
I'lirsley,

COLOUR
J 'ellow.

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Scentless. Northward to .Mitnt. May., June.

South to .1 r/iuiisiis.

F/incers : very small : growing in umbels, or compound umbels. Leaves : al-
ternate ; twice or thrice compound, with long, narrow, coarsely toothed leaflets.
Stem : tall ; holii>w ; with soft, fine hairs along the joints.

The parsleys are a family that we should all learn to know, if
for no other reason than that the root and seeds of many of

PLANTS GROWlNCi IN MOISI' SOIL.

lOI

them arc extremely poisonous. This is true of the waler-hem-
U)ck illustrated in IMate VI, Again, we cannot avoid all of them
on this account, as among them they number the vegetables,
celery, carrots, parsnips and parsley. They are readily recog-
nised as a genus by tlieir umbels and umbellets of minute
flowers, compound leaves, and generally hollow stems. In size
and colour they are very variable.

A powerful microscope and a lifetime of patience is necessary
to study them in the detail of their individual parts, and many
of the species can only then be recognised by the difference in
their fruit ; but they can be broadly known according to locality.
Insects are necessary to them, as self-fertilization is prevented
by the stigma developing some time before the stamens.

nOCK BISHOP-WEED.

PliliinniiDit ciipUltiicitiii.

FAMILY
Parsley.

COLOUR

If /lite.

ODOUR
Sceiititin.

RANGE
MiddU ilatfs.

TIME OF BLOOM
Juitc-Octobt'y.

FUnot'ys : very small ; clusiered in compouiul umbels with finely diviilcd
bracts underneath. Lciives : compound; the divisions fine and threadlike.
Stem : varying greatly in height; branching ; smooth.

To thrive well this plant is one that recpiires the constant
washing of its roots with water. We find it by running streams,
in wet meadows, and sometimes in brackish marshes. The
flowers are fluffy and pretty ; but that the bishops would ever
agree to the supposed likeness between the bracts and their
caps is greatly to be doubted.

SWEET WHITE VIOLET. </'/<//< CXXXK)

Viola bldnda.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

I'iolet. White : tkf lowfr /•etals Dflicately Nort/nrard from May.

veined with purple. fragrant. the Alleghanies.

Fhnvers : small ; terminal ; solitary ; growinp; on a scape. Gt/vx : five-eared
at the base. Corolla : of five unequal beardless petals, one being spurred at
the base. Sltimf//s : five ; short; united about the pistil. Pistil: one; short.
Leaves : from the root on petioles ; reniform. Ste/n : erect ; not leafy.

102

PLANTS GRC^WING IN MOIST SOIL.

Oh, dearest, sweetest little "hing,
What message do you bring
To us from other lands than our^
And other worlds of flowers?
We bend our ears to listen, dear,
Our hearts grow mute with fear
Lest such a dainty, fairy sprite
Should vanish from our sight.

It must be a cold heart that does not love the sweet white
violet. In its turn it loves the mossy, moist places that shield
it so carefully and from where it sends out its faint perfume.

LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET.

Vi'ii/a lanccoliila.

This white violet has larger flowers than the preceding
species ; and the lance-shaped leaves that taper into long peti-
oles are the mark by which it can be distinguished. The two
are often found growing together ; and belong to the class of
so-called stemless violets. These have no true stems ; but bear
their leaves from the root-stock, and the flowers upon scapes.
In the late season, near the root may be found cleistogamous
blossoms, closed buds that never open, but are within them-
selves self-fertilized.

TALL riEADOW RUE. {P/ate XLVII)
Thalictriwi polygamitm.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Crow/oot. ly/iitc. Siiiith'ss. Neiv Kn_i;/aiui souih- June, fuly and August.

ward and westward.

Flowers : growing in large compound panicles. Caly.v : of four to ten
petal-like sepals that blow off early. .SA/w^z/j ; very numerous and giving a
ball-like feathery effect. Pi.<t//.s : kmr to fifteen, mostly borne on different
plants than the sta nens. Leaves : alternately compound ; leaflets numerous,
small, rounded, sometimes lobed at the top. Stem : tall; erect; branching.

A tall, graceful beauty that drinks of the cooling vai)ours be-
side the sparkling streams, or rears itself in the moist meadows
where the yellow field lilies are in bloom. There is a eertain
lu.xury about the fleecy daintiness of the flowers and the growth

V... I -■•,v"lSr\"*''""^y

-- ../J 'w • M

PLATE XLVII. TALL MEADOW RUE. ■nuxlicinim polygamum.

(loj)

I04

PI. ANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

of the fine small leaves. The plant is also an interesting study
from the difference in the pistillate and staminate blossoms.

MONKSHOOD.

WOLF'S BANE.

{Plate XL 1 7 II.)
Acomtuin uncinatum.

FRIAR'S CAP.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

row/oot.

lUiic pill f>U\

St entit's^.

/ ii \i;t .liii, Hoyt/ni'aiti
to .\c7u Joaey.

J une-Stptcmhcr.

Flmuers : growing on upcuived pedicels in loose panicles. Calyx: of five
sepals strangely tasliionetl like a monk's iiood. The helmet, one and a half
ineiies l(jng, broad and high, witli tinned-down vizor. Coroi/ti : iA two small
petals that look like chin-tabs. J'/s///s : tiiree to five. LriiT'cs : on petioles;
l)arted into three to live lobes. S/c-/// : slender, bending at the top. A'oot :
tuberous; containing a virulent poison.

We cannot grieve over the irregularity of feature of this
flower, as it affords us an excellent study of one that is un-
symmetrical, and delights us by the way in which it represents
a monk's hood. Somewhere we imagine it has hidden a mis-
chievous face that is longing to cast an eye out at the merry
forbidden world. For we cannot believe much in its piety, it
has had too varied an experience and has roved about in too
many lands.

In Norse mythology, it is credited with the power of making
one invisible at will, and is called Odin's helm, or 'i'hor's hat.
It was when the Benedictines invaded the domain of Thor that
it becaine monkshood. The Dutch term is friar's cap ; and in
Germany it belongs exclusively to the devil, and is called
devil's herb. It has l)een on most intimate terms with all the
ancients, and witches have even used it for concocting their
wicked spells. Our own Indians call it ativisha, the supreme
l)oison ; and children, who are really the wise-acres of the gen-
eration, pluck from it its jx-ials and fancy that the remaining
bloom and exposed nectaries resemble a car drawn by doves.
It is then called Venus's chariot.

PLATE XLVlll. MONKSHOOD. Aconilum uminatum.

COPTRIGMT, Ibja, BY rutOERlCK A. tTOKCS COMPANY,
PH'N^fO IN AMERICA.

11

PLATE XLIX. MOCK APPLE. Micrampclis lohata.

('OS)

io6

PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

NIGHTSHADE. BITTER SWEET. SCARLET BERRY.

So/dftuf/i ditlcamiinx.

FAMILY
Nightshade.

COLOUR ODOUR

J'u'ple, dottiU luitli green. Sifntlcss.

RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Maine :vi\st:u(irii. June-Septe>nbe7-.

Flmvers : growing in drooping cymes on slender flower-stalks. Calyx : five-
parted. Corolla: wheel-shaped; live-parted. Stamens: five; protruding;
Pistil: one. Fruit: a small, egg-shaped, red berry. Leaves: alternate; on
petioles; the lower one heart-shaped and pointed at the ajiex; the upper
ones divided into three, rarely live, unequal leaflets, the centre/)ne long, slightly
heart-shaped, the other two small and wing-like at base. Stem : three to eight
feet high; climbing; woody; smooth.

Seldom can a more exquisite study in colour and outline be
found than the berries of the nightshade as they droop from
their zig-zag peduncles. They are also among those that can
boast of a perfect background. Their rich, fantastically
shaped leaves hover about them much as the night droops upon
and protects the earth. This, however, is purely imaginary, as
one is apt to become when gazing at the nightshade.

The plant has been classed among the moderately poisonous
ones and owes the ])eculiar taste of its twigs and roots, first
bitter then sweet, to the presence of dulcamarin.

MOCK APPLE.

WILD BALSAM APPLE.

Micrdmpelis lobata.

{Plate XLIX.)

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Gourd.

Greenish ivhite.

Scentless.

Maine southward
and westward.

July-Septenther,

Flo7vers : small; the staniinate ones closely crowded in a raceme; the pistillate
ones growing singly. Fruit : large ; ovate; green; covered with slender spines.
Leaves : three to seven lobed, the middle lobe longest; deeply cordate at base;
serrated; rough on both sides. Stem : grooved; branching ; climbing by tendrils
that are three-forked.

Unlike most of our climbers, we find this one in flower and
fruit at the same time. In its wild state it follows the rivers,
but throughout the east we find it mostly cultivated for orna-
ment.

Calyx and fruit.

Vertical section of coin in n .
OTary, etc.

PLATE L. WHITE-FLOWERED SIDALCEA. Sidalcea Candida.

{'07)

io8

PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

FAMILY

.S7. Johtra-wort.

SMALLER ST. JOHN'S-WORT.

Hypericum elliptic urn .

COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

rule yt-llon>. Stentlas. Mostly nottli aiui nnst . M iihuiiiiiier.

Flmvcrs : not many ; growing in a cyme. Calyx : of five sepals. Corolla :
of five petals. Stuntcns : nunieioiis. Pistil: one. Ar<iz>t\s : elliptical; clrusp-
iiig at the base; thin. Stem ; simple, not very hiyli.

Hypericum mill Hum,

Is another of the smaller St. John's-worts which is found
everywhere in low, moist ground. It is especially to be noticed
because of its stamens, from five to twelve, being so much
fewer than those of other members of the genus. H, adpressum
and H. maculatum are also varieties that thrive best in moist
soil. H. prolificum, Plate CXXIII.

WHITE-FLOWERED SIDALCEA. {Plate Z.)
Siddlcea cdndiila.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Mallow.

White or cream.

Scentless.

Colorado sout/nt

'itril.

Su m iner a ml ca rly
autumn.

Flmvers : growing in a terminal raceme. Calyx: of five ovate sepals;
bristly on the outside. Corolla: of five ohcordale petals. Stamens: numer-
ous, capitate at the to|) of the style. Style and ovary bristly on the outside.
Friitt : flat, depressed. Liuwes : alternate ; the upper leaves three, five, or
seven-parted, with entire, lanceolate segments ; the lower ones seven-parted,
with segments coarsely three and five toothed. Stem : erect.

Following the water-courses in the southern and Rocky
mountains we find this pretty member of the mallow family.
Its numerous stamens uniting into a tube serve readily to place
it, although it is without the involucre that is commonly as-
sociated with this family.

BLUE-EYED HARY. INNOCENCE.

Col I in sill vermi.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

bigii'ort. liluc anil white. .Scentless. Western \c7v )\>rh southward J'.<irly s/'ri n^t;.

and west'.uard.

Flo7vers : growing on long slender jiedimcles that are whorled in the axils
of the u|)per leaves. Calyx; five-cleft. Corolla: tulndar ; deeply two-lipped ;

PLATE LI. SCARLET MONKEY-FLOWER Mimultis cardUialis.

COPYRIGHT, 1B99, BY FHEOERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PHIN TEU IN AMtiHM A.

PI.ANl'S CKOWINd IN MOIS'I' SOU,.

109

the upper lip two-cltit and blue; the lower lip three-cleft aiul white; the
middle lube folded like a pocket and enclosing the stamen:> and style.
S(<i»iius : four. J'is/i/ : one. Lemu's : opposite; ovate; clasping by a
heart-shaped base as they ascend the stem. S/tw : erect ; branching.

The iKUTie of blue-eyed Mary harmonizes well with her sweet
personality ; althoiij^ii in her blue eye there is a (iiiiet gleam
that makes us fancy she is neither so meek nor so innocent as
she would have us believe. She is rather a stay-at-home, and
unless we persuade her it is to be doubted whether she will
ever spread herself over the moist meadows of the eastern
states as she does now over those of the west and south.

MONKEY-FLOWER.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

I'igiuart. Pinkiili, iit-ep violet. Scentlesi. Kaatern and iHidiile status. J aiy^ .{ Ui;ust.

Flmvers : solitary; axillary; hanging from slender peduncles. Calyx: of
five-toothed supals. Corolla : tubular ; the upi)or lip divided into two recurved
lobes; the lower ones into three spreading lobes. Stamens: four. Pistil:
one. Leaves : opposite ; lanceolate ; sessile ; toothed, Stem : four-angled ;
erect; very slender.

Mimuliis is the Latin for a little buffoon and yini:i;ens means
showing the teeth. Hardly a more appropriate name could
have been chosen for this plant, which vexes and charms us
simultaneously by its inanimate drollery. Its pert little face
lias a look of intelligent mockery and its manners are very
bad. In the late summer, when the botanist sallies forth to
seek some new specimen that grows in moist soil, his eye
encounters the saucy face of the M. ringens. To him it is an
old friend ; he nods to it and passes swiftly on to pursue a
gleam of deep purple, too deep, he fancies, for the monkey
flower, that attracts him from behind a thicket. Eagerly he
stoops to pluck some new treasure, and the well known, grinning
little face peers up at him. " They are like the book agents,"
he sighs, "I will show them that I am supplied," and he places
one in his buttonhole. From low grasses a patch of pale lilac
next causes him to turn out of his direction — pictures of long-

no

PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOU,,

sought-for specimens that it may be, gladden his mind ; but on
approaching it he finds the little buffoon. Fooled again, he
laments, and the one in his buttonhole has dropped off from
its stem. For all of these are the pranks of the monkey-flower.

CARDINAL MONKEY-FLOWER. {Plate LI.)

Minmlus cardinalis.

FAMILY
Figivort.

COLOUR
Bright, briik red.

ODOUR RANGE TIME Oh BLOOM

Si:entieis. H'est of Minnesota. Summer.

Floivers : solitary ; axillary. Calyx: prism-shaped; five-tootliccl. Corolla:
funnel-formed; t\vo-lipi)cd. Stamens: four. Pistil: one, Leaits: opposite;
clasping: oblong; serrated. Stem: one to two feet high ; rather clammy.

If possible, the M. cardinalis is even more impertinent than
the M, ringens. It is not quite so prankish, as its vermilion
red could not easily be mistaken for that of any other flower ;
but it has its lower lip thrust out as though it were making
faces at one. In fact, its manners in this respect are so bad
that we have quite a mind to pry into its up bringing. Then
we remember that it is one of the figworts and they are a fam-
ily that look as they please.

TURTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD. {Plate LII.)

Chelone gU\bra,

FAMILY
Fig'.vort.

COLOUR
Pinkish white.

ODOUR

Scentiess.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
Laic suviiiier.

Flmvers : axillary; growing in spike-like racemes on a leafy flower-stalk.
Calyx : of five overlapping, green sepals with similar bract-like leaves under-
neath. Corolla: two-lipped; inflated; slightly open; shaped like a turtle's
head; the upper lip slightly notched at the apex; the lower lip three-cleft with
the centre division appearing like a small tongue; delicately bearded in the
throat. Stavietis : four, perfect with hairy filaments and united by woolly an-
thers that when touched let fly a misty pollen. A shorter, sterile stamen is
alsopresent. Zfcz/w .• opposite ; long; lanceolate; serrated. Stem: smooth;
square; branching.

The only thing that detracts from the turtle-like appearance
of these blossoms is their waxy, pinkish colouring. If they
had better imitated their patron in this respect it would have
been an excellent safeguard, as no one would have ventured his
fingers within reach of their snappish little tongues. They

PLATE Lll. TURTLE.HEAD. CJielone glabra.

("0

I 12

i'i,A.\ rs ckowiNc IN Moisr son,.

have also c[uite a vixenish look whirh would lead one to sup-
pose, in spite of llieir pure whiteness, that they are rather fond
of havin^j their own way, and are not too amiable in seeing tliat
their wishes secure attention.

Chclhnc Lyoni. (Plafc LI 1 1.)

Is the lovely purple species of turtle-head of the south which
blooms until the early autumn. The accompanying illustration
will serve to readily distinguish it from the C. glabra.

HEDGE-HYSSOP. {Plate LIV.)
(jratiola auyca.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOIV;

I'igwort. iiiu'iit'ii. Sci-)it/t:ss. ^. ostly last aiiii south. .l/i sitniiiief.

Flowers : growing at the end of, and al')iig tlie flower-stalks. Calyx : of five
sepals willi a i)air of l)ractlets iinderntatl . Corolla: tulmlar; two-lipjjed, ihe
ujipcr lij) two-cleft; tlie under one tliree-cleft. Staniots: two only that have
anthers; included. Pistil: one. /.c-a-.u's : oppo.->itc; small; linear; entire.
S/(in : leafy.

It IS not until we examine tliis little flower closely that we
realise its two-lipped formation. .\t a glance we are rather in-
clined to think it funne'-form with an unetpially lobed border.
The plant is small and insignificant. It is foiuul mostly in wet,
sometimes sandy, soil.

MEADOW BEAUTY. DEER GRASS. {J'/ale L V)

l\h ( ■'. via Vi'yo' in ii a.

FAMILY' COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Mi/iistaina. Mai^tnta pink. Scenileas. Coiiiiiwn n-irth. Sutnmer aiui early autumn.

I-'hnwrs: larB;e; solitary, or clustered, dilyx : urn->liape(l ; four-cleft and
turning dull red later in the sieason. Slai>it.r\- : eight, with long, graceful, curv-
ing anthers. J'istil : one. Leaves : oppos ce ; lanceolate; sessile ; ribbed; finely
toothed and hairy. Stem : six to twelve, inches high ; si^uare.

In beauty few of our jneadow tlowers can compare with this
one, which is truly a belle among all others. Perhaps its com-
panions smile a little and shrug their shoulders at its having
the same delicacy and grace of a tropical, carefully tended
plant. Ihit it is one that should never be taken away from the

PLATE LIII. TURTLE-HEAD. Chclonc Lyoni.
("3)

114

PLANTS GROWINC; IN MOIST SOIL.

setting that it has chosen for its own loveliness. It withers
and turns black almost immediately after beinj; plucked. As
it uproots easily, it is often the case that those seeing it for the
first time and being overcome with delight, tear it up ruthlessly
and carry great quantities of it away. This thoughtlessness
can hardly be denounced too strongly ; and it is on the high
road to exterminating some of our choicest species.

LARGE FLOWERED MILKWORT. {Plate LF.)

Pol^'gala grandtjlora.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

j\lilk~Mort. l\ose purpU. Scentless. Mostly sontli.

TIME OF BLOOM
Liilr suiiiiiit'r.

Floiuers : clustered in lout; racemes on flower-stalks. Calyx: of five very
nncciual seixils, thice small at the base of the flower and two rising, coloured
and ijctal-like, at each side, ap])earing like little wings. Stavictts : si.\ or eight.
ristil . one. Leaves: alternate; lanceolate. Stem: much branched; hairy.

As these (luaint little blossoms grow older, — and one would
never associate the idea of age with them did they not rebel so
openly themselves, — their rosy hue forsakes them, and they turn
rather greenish. They retain, however, their lively, fly-away
expression, which even old Father Time is unable to subdue.

PURPLE POLYQALA.

Polygala ■"v; idrsccns.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Mil/cn'oyt. Rose ituinihr, 'uhitt' .Sirnt/iws. Xcw Kni^/aini sout/i io Summer,

or i^teenis/i. X. dirolinu tiiid 7uciizi'ay<f.

Flowers : growing in a dense oblong head, or spike. Calyx : of five unequal
sepals, the two inner ones being larger than, and coloured like, the petals.
Corolla: of three united petals, the lower one shaped like a keel. Stamens:
.six, or more. Pistil: one. Learrs: niunerous; alternate; linear. Stem: four
to cig'at inches high; upright; leafy; brancited.

An odd little flower that we all know in the moist meadows
and by the roadsides, but which few of us can call by name.
Purple polygala seems such a pretentious title for so fragile a
blossom. Kye-spy would suit it better as it is always peeping
out from unexpected places.

PLATE LV.

MtADOvV BEAUTY, K/uxia I'n^Liinua.
LARGE-FLOWERED MILKWORT. Polygala j^ramiijlora.

copvRianT, iaa>, e< FueoERiCK «. stokes compant.

PRINTtO IN AMCRICA

I II 111 III — ^ <|

PLATE LIV. HEDGE-HYSSOP. Cratiola aurea.
("5)

MH

ii6

PLANTS GROW! NO IN MOIST SOIL.

SLENDER DAY FLOWER. {Plate LV I)

Comtnerma crccta.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Spiiicrivort.

lUiie.

StcntU-ss.

I'cnn. soiithuui) (/
and westwat-ii.

A uj^ust, Septenibet

Flmvcrs : terminal; solitary; iircgiilar ; growing from an u|)per spathc-like
leaf. Calyx: uneciu.il ; the larger sepals being united. Coiolln-.oi tliree un-
equal petals ; one very inconspicuous. Perfect sttitnciis : three ; one incurved
with large antiier. Sti-ii/i- stain<'iis : three; small. Pistil: one. Leaves: al-
ternate : lanceolate ; clasping. Stem : erect ; leafy.

In the generic niinie of the day tlower.s, Linn<ieus has per-
petrated a scathing invective on all that are so unwise as to be
indifferent to the claims of botany. Of the three Commelyn
brothers, wlio were Dutch botanists, two were very scientific
and published works on the subject. They are designated by
the two large petals of the flowers. The third brother was less
studious and published i.othing. It has been his fate to be ever
afterwards associated with the small, insignificant petal.

COMMON DAY FLOWER.

CommeDuii Virginica,

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

S/<!iti'y'<V(>>(. lUiic. Scentless. A'eitf \ ork to lioriiiti. Sunniier.

Flmvers : terminal; solitarv ; irregular; growing from an upper spathe-like
leaf. Calyx : imequal ; the larger sepals being united. Corolla : of tiirce tui-
equal petals ; one very inconspicuous. Staiiieiis : si.'c ; both sterile and fertile ;
three of which i)roject beyond the petals. Pistil : one. /.earrs : lanceolate ; con-
tracted at the base ; becoming spathe-like as they approach the flower. Stem :
branching; smooth. Juiee : mucilaginous.

The day fh)\ver is exactly what one would suppose to be a
happy, innocent blossom. Its blue is so jiure and it remains
with us for such a short time that it is not affected by the levity
and frivolity of the world. For just one day it opens its bright
countenance to the sunshine, when its work in life is done and
its petals most curiously melt into a sort of jelly, where we can
no longer follow their doings.

PLATE LV I. SLENDER DAY FLOWER. Commelina erecta.

("7)

ii8

PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

SPI DERWORT. {Plate L VII.)
Tradcsninlia nwntana.

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

'luc^ wit/i oyaiigc-

Sceiitleis.

South anU west.

May-.l ugust.

yeliow anthers.

FAMILY
S/>iderwort.

Floivers : growing in a loose umbel at the end of the flower-stalks. Calyx:
of three sepals. Corolla: of three, rounded, irregular petals ; the odd one very
small. Statnen.i : si.x; the filaments i)rettily bearded; anthers conspicuous.
Pistil : one. Leaves : opposite ; lanceolate to linear ; clasping. Ste>/i : erect ;
fleshy ; mucilaginous.

Tlie spiderwort is a fair blue Mower, and its golden anthers
have such a lively expression that we are constantly expect-
ing them to say sometiiing funny to us ; but they never do.
Perhaps they have not the time, as like the day flower they live
but for a single day.

Just before the recurved buds in the umbels make up their
minds to bloom, they erect themselves and remain in that posi-
tion until their petals have faded, when they bend down again
and the seeds mature. Under a microscope the jointed hairs
of the stamens and the miraculously attached anthers reveal a
world of unexpected and interesting beauty.

CRANBERRY TREE. WILD GUELDER-ROSE.

{Flulc CXXXVI, page 259.)
Viburnum Opulus.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Honeysuckle. White. Scentless. Sew England westward.

TIME OF BLOOM
Spring.

Flowers: fertile flowers, with parts arrangcjd in fives and clustered in a cyniC ;
neutral flowers with large flat coroll..s that grow in a border about the others.
Fruit: juicy, acid; often used as a substitute for cranberries. Leaves:
three to five lobed ; pointed ; netted-veined ; toothed; with two glands at the
summit of the petiole. A shrub with greyish, smooth bark.

The primary law of the viburnum household is to keep things
separate. The neutral flowers which are arranged about the
fertile ones of the centre are for the purpose of attracting the
bee's eye. To look pretty and to be seen is their only care in
life. It seems as though the unattractive little fertile flowers
had begged them to play this role for them, as they themselves
are busy with the weight of reproducing their species upon

p

PLATE LVII, SPIDERWOr.T. Tradescantia montana.

(119)

»few*j«;i.

I

BgactaiB'

130

IM.A.N rs (iROWlNC; IN MOIS'l' SOIL.

their shoulders. In cultivation they resij^n this burden into the
hands of the garilener, and the whole cyme becomes composed
of neutral flowers. It is then known as the snowball tree, or
the guelder rose, I'. Alnifolio, Plate XCIX.

ELDER. ELDERBERRY.

SamhUciis Canadensis

FAMII Y

Huni-y suckle.

COLOUR

II /ntr.

ODOUR
Stuei't, tiki; honey.

RANGE

(.iinital.

TIME OF BLOOM
jHiu\July.

Floivers : minute ; ^rowiiip; in large flat cynics. Calyx: tubular, with small
teetli. Corolla: urn-shaped; (ive-loheci. Stainetis : five. Pistil: one, with
three stigmas. Fruit : a purple berry, juicy with the flavour of wine. Leave.'! :
pinnate; of live to eleven, oblong, pointed, serrate leaflets. Stem ; five to ten
ieel high; woody with white pith.

Our graiulmothers loved the elder, and as religiously as they
wove their linsey woolseys and worked their samplers they
made elderberry wine. Probably they found it, as we do, e.x-
tremely good to the taste, and it is besides supposed to possess
a consiiler.ible amount of virtue. Along streams and in moist
soil l)y the roadsides the bloom and berries of the plant are
very noticeable. Every country child knows the elder, and
little boys are on most friendly terms with it. They push out
the white pith from the stems, light the ends, and initiate them-
selves into the mysteries of that more soothing weed which they
hope to know later.

JEWEL-WEED. TOUCH-HE-NOT.

Iinpcil/rns bijiora.

{J' late LVI/I.)

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Ji-Wil-wceit. Oya}ic:i' yellow spotted ~Mith St enlles.-i. (.'omiiion south- Suiinn.r.

I ciiiiish broivn. ward.

Flowers : clustered ; axillary ; nodding from thrcad-iikc tlowcr-stalks. Calyx :
of four petal-like, unecpial sepals ; the largrr one extending l}ackwards into a
sac which tapers into a little spur. Corolla : of two petals that are two-lobed.
Stamens: five ; cohering about the ovary. Pistil: one. Li'iives : alternate ; on
petioles ; ovate ; smooth and serrated. Stems : nmch branched ; smooth ; tender.

The jewel-weed and a bright running stream have come to be
about as closely associated in the mind as the dear old white
horse and the red-haired girl. Now there is no doubt whatever

I

PLATt LVi i. JEAEL-WEED. Juipitiiru.s /njlora.

COPYRIGHT. 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

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PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

12 1

but that they do at times appear singly, only the chances are
all in favour of finding them together. Probably they are
linked by some bond of sympathy far too subtle for the percep-
tions of conmion-place mortals. The flower is more beautiful
than many of our choicest exotics ; and the gracefulness of its
growth cannot be exceeded. Early and late its leaves are hung
with dew drops as though they and the water were having some
friendly chat. The jewel-like marking of velvet brown is un-
doubtedly for the purpose of catching Master Bee's eye, as these
showy flowers are dependent upon insects for fertilization.
Their pollen falls long before the stigma is ready to receive it.
The plant also bears cleistogamous flowers, those inconspicuous
blossoms of the later year that are self-fertilized before the bud
opens.

The pods are particularly sensitive to the touch, and if
handled will burst open and throw the seeds to a considerable
distance. To this fact is due the significance of the name
touch-me-not, or /I'v touchez pas^ as the French say.

Smerinthus Venimatus is the name of the moth hovering
about the flowers in the illustration.

PALE JEWEL-WEED.

Iiiipdticns aurea.

This species is more common throughout the north than the
L biflora. Its jewel-like marking is very slight, and its colour
is a pale, greenish yellow. The flowers are often an inch and a
half long. Both species fade very quickly aflir being plucked.

FAMILY
Lobelia,

CARDINAL FLOWER. {Plate LJX.)
Lobelia cardindlis.

COLOUR

i'ariiinat.

ODOUR

Si t lit less.

RANGE

i'lencral.

TIME OF BLOOM
A ugiiit .

Flowers: growing in long, terminal racemes .incl favouring one side of the
stem. Calyx: five-pointed. Corolla: a long and narrow tube divided into
five irregular lobes ; two that are upright and three that are spreading, or
drooping. Stamens: five with red filaments united into a tube. Anthers:
bluish and slightly fringed with white. Pistil: one, with a long style and red

122

PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

stigma. LeaTc.t : alternate ; on short peti es; lance-ol)long ; serrated ; becom-
ing bract-like among tlie flowers. S/i't/, two to four feet high ; erect ;
grooved; almost sniootii.

As the cardinal flower rises from the border of some stream
it appears not unlike the unknown red-robed dignitary of the
Roman church after whom it was named ; and its bearing is no
less proud, we may imagine, than iiis when about to be conse-
crated. It was of this plant that a Frenchman said : " I saw
the flower, my admiration is forever."

The corolla is cunningly fashioned to allow humming birds
to sip of its nectar, and by the thoughtfulness of Dame Nature
the long, slender l;ill of the humming bird is exactly made to
suit the corolla. The drooping of the lip invites the bird to
search for nectar as cordially as an open door invites a guest
to step within. It is not necessary to offer the bird a seat or
platform to stand upon as Master Bee requires ; for he poises
himself on the wing. Sometimes roguish, unprincipled bees
steal the nectar from a slit at the base of the flower and so
avoid their duty of carrying the pollen for fertilization.

Panicularia Canadensis is the name of the beautiful rattle-
snake grass which accompanies the illustration.

GREAT LOBELIA. BLUE CARDINAL FLOWER.

{P/af^- LX.)
LobHia sypJtilitica.

FAMILY
Lobe tilt.

COLOUR

Pinkis/i purf'le.

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Scentless. General. Sunniiey and early auiuinn.

Flowers: growing closely in a leafy panicle. Calyx: of five very sharply
pointed petals. Corolla : tubular ; two-lijiped ; the ujiper lip divided into
two pointed lobes ; the lower one three-lobed. Stamens : five ; coloured ;
united about tlie pistil and apparently splitting open the tube of the corolla.
Pistil: one; curved; stigma fringed. I.ea7<cs : alternate; lanceolate;
toothed ; the upper surface smooth. Stem : one to three feet high ; erect ;
leafy ; angular.

When by some leafy, shady brook-side v/e find this flower, it
appeals to us as very striking and pretty ; and it seems almost
cruel to place it by the side of its relative, the cardinal flow^er,
as it must naturally pale greatly by comparison. It is a tall,

PLATE LIX.

CARDINAL FLOWER, Lobelia laniina/is.
RATTLESNAKE GRASS. Panicu/aria Canadntsis.

COPYRIOMT. 189», e» FHtOEHICK *. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

■tuadi'.

>S

PLAfE LX. GREAT LOBELIA. Lodd/a syphilUtca,

('23)

124

PLANTS GROWINC; IN MOIST SOIL.

hairy plant, and its blue, although fading to almost white, is
sufficiently noticeable to attract the insects' attention. Both of
these flowers are cleverly designed for cross-fertilization.
The generic name lobelia has become so familiar to us that we
use it freely and are unconscious of its being more difficult to
manage than the common name. In this connection it comes
to the mind to ask if not all botanical names would become
equally simple if we would but put ourselves on closer terms of
intimacy with them.

Z. sj>icaia is also found in moist, open places. Its stem is
high ; but its flowers are considerably smaller than those of the
species described above.

ROUND-LEAVED PSORALEA. {Plate LXI.)

Psorali ■ orbicularis.

FAMILY

COLOUR
Purplish.

ODOUR

Scenticsi.

RANGE
Wes.'cn mil/ sc/tt/ifru staft's.

TIME OF BLOOM
Harly summer.

Flcwers : growing in a dense, pyranida' spike. Calyx: deeply parted ; of
five, nearly equal teeth ; hairy. CoroUa : papilionaceous ; the standard rather
oblong. Stamevs : ten; united by their filaments. Leaves: three-foliate;
orbicular ; entire ; hairy ; on long peduncles. Slem : prostrate ; creeping.

This herbaceous plant, with its creeping stem, is a native of
California. There is a vigour and energy about its growth
which is very pleasing. One also fancies that like John Gilpin's
wife it is blessed with a frugal mind.

WILD MINT.

Mentha Canadensis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Mint. Pinkish lavender. Like />eiiny royal. Mostly north. A iigust^ September.

Flo7vers : tiny ; growing in round clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx :
five-toothed. Corolla : tubular ; four-lobcd ; the upper lobe being larger and
cleft at the top. Slameiis : four; exscrted. Pisttl : one; style, two-lobed.
Leases : opposite ; ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends ; veined ; serrated;
rough underneath. Stem : four-angled ; nearly erect.

The usefulness of a magnifying glass is well illustrated by
the wild mint ; as its two styles and the tiny notch of one of its
corolla-lobes are hardly perceptible to the naked eye. M. Can

PLATE LXI. ROUND-LEAVED PSORALEA. Psoralea orbicidaris.

('25)

126

PLAN rs C; ROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

adensis is the only species of the mint family that is a native
of the Eastern United States. It lias in common with its nu-
merous relatives little glands in the leaves in which is hidden a
volatile oil and wherein lies the strong llavcnir ant! fragrance
of the plants. It is one of their most attractive features and a
ready means of identificatitiu.

The name Mentha is of mythological origin. Accoriling to
the story, a too attractive nymph, Mintha, the daughter of
Cocytus, was transformed by -Proserpine, the wife of Pluto, into
these plants that now bear her name.

OSWEQO-TEA. BEE BALM. {PhiU- LXI/.)

Mondrihi diiiyiiia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Mint. Ihiltiiint curtliitdl. Pleasantly fragrant. Throui^htuit t he north . Siimiiwr.

Mii-ioers : clustered in a Kiiiiuled head. Cti/yx : five-tootlied ; reddish;
naked in tlie throat, Corolltx : tuhuhir ; two-lipped. SliUnois : two; ex-
serted. distil: one; style, two-lobcd, protruding. J.t-iirus: opposite;
ovate; on ])etioles ; those nearest the flower rcddisli in colour. S/t'ms :
erect ; square.

Some day when the inclination prompts us to bend our steps
to a leafy, green spot where perhaps hides a trickling stream
we shall be enchanted by the appearance of the bee balm. Its
brilliant colouring is rather a surprise, as we are not nearly so
familiar with red wild flowers as with those of other shades.

A troop of children that hud gone for a picnic to a spot in
their neighbourhood called the glcn, found this flower and
twirled a wreath of it to place upoii the head of a dark-haired
little girl. When they returned to the village and the wreath
was laid aside, the children complained that their playmate was
no longer pretty. They missed the magical effect of the bee
balm about her head.

MAD DOG SKULL CAP.

Scuicllaria laterijiora .

TIME OF BLOOM
Summer.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Mint. Blue., or violet. Scentless. Mostly north.

FUnvers : small ; growing in axillary, one-sided leafy racemes on spike-like
branches. Cii/vx : of five pointless se])als covered by a little cap. Corolla : two-

!

)

PLATE LXII. OSWEGO-TEA. Monarda diJyma.

COPVHIGMT, 1B99. BY FHEOERlCK *. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN »MER1C».

^

PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL. ,27

lipped, with long ascciuling tube ; the upper lip hclmet-shapccl and curving over
tlic lower lip, which is Hariiig and indented at the apex. Stumntis : four- in
pairs of unequal length. J'istil ; one ; stigma two-lobed. J.^inrs : opposite •
lanceolate ; toothed. Stem : smooth and branching. *

The family of scutellariui are domestic in their tendencies,
and give their best thoughts and attention to their children J
for it must be remembered that the seeds are the children of
the flowers. On the upper lobe of the caly.x there is attaclied,
as though by a little hinge, a sort of concave api)endage, or
cap. It appears quite superfluous when the bloom is fresh ; but
as soon as the corolla fades and falls this little cap closes
tightly down over the mouth of the calyx, and so prevents the
escape of the seeds. The S. lateriflora, which is quite a conse-
quential little inhabitant of wet places, was at one time con-
sidered an unfailing cure for hydrophobia.

S. ga/erit-u/ata \s a more handsome (lower that is found farther
north. It has single flowers which grow from the axils of the
leaves. Plate CXXVIII illustrates the Scutellaria of sandy soil.

OBEDIENT PLANT. FALSE DRAGON HEAD. {Plate LX/II.)

Physosici^ia Vtrginiana.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Mini. Pinkish crimson. Scentli-ss. New York soutlnviird and Summer.

".uistii'iirii.

Flowers ; growing closely in a dense spike on axillary flower-stalks. Calyx :
bell-shaped, of five-toothed' sepals. Corolla : funnel-form ; inflated ; two-lipped,
the upper lip arched and broad ; the lower one of three spreading lobes, the
centre lobe pale and dotted with a deep colour. Stamens: four; in pairs.
Pistil : one ; style two-lobed. Leaves : opposite*, lanceolate; serrated. Stem :
square ; one to four feet high ; slightly branched.

When a little fish comes to the surface of the water and
opens his mouth his expression is not unlike that of these
flowers. They have, however, none of the darting, evasive ten-
dencies of the fish. The flower is most docile. Strangely
enough, it appears to be without any elasticity, and will remain
in exactly the position in which it is placed for an indefinite
time. From this characteristic the plant quite carries off the
palm of obedience among the flowers.

ij8

PLANTS GRUWlNCi IN MUlsr SOIL.

FRINGED GENTIAN. {P/afc LX/V.)

Genliana < rinita.

FAMILY
Gentian

COLOUR

Brilliiiiit l>lut\ or
■u'/iitc.

ODOUR

Sccitlicsx.

RANGE

Moitiy iioi tli and
ivcst.

TIME OF BLOOM

S,-/>t,i///;r, (Kto/'i-r,

F/inui-ys: tcrmiiKil ; solitarv. Calyx : oi four uncciiuil, pomtcd sepals. Co-
rolLi : fimiicl-torm ; two inches Ijioatl ; with lour roiiuckil lobes exquisitely
(ringed attlie edges. Stamens : tour; witli .glands at the bases ol the lilaments.
yVy/// .• one, wilii two stigmas. Ar.i:;:( : onpusile ; lanceolate ; clasping ; sharply
pointed .S'Aw .• one to two feet liigii.

Somctliin.u: preliminary is almost necessary before venturing
to speak of the friii,m,il j;ciilian ; ami even then it should be
done with bated breath, for is it not t e llower that has inspiretl
poets and statesmen to si!'.;l! an extent that they have barely
been able to write soberly about it ? And truly it is a lieavenly
dower. r>ut to those that are a bit worldly ami have not the
poetical soul it must always suggest that it has been gowneel
by nature's Worth ; it is so i/ittiissr'i' c) ra-, ir. The beautiful
fringe is but the latest conceit of fashion ; and the soft green of
its calyx, blending with its incomparable blue, is an example of
the most ravishing taste. If we could indidge in sucdi levity,
we would almc.-it look up its sleeves for /lors Jc coiiibixt. That it
enjoys its good clothes we may be sure. It is a gay, delightful
creature and shed:-, about its blandishnu'nts in the most open-
hearted m;i..ur. It is fond of uaiulering, too, and though we
mark the spot where it g; ows we may seek in vain for it in the
same place the next year, 'i'his characteristic, however, it
owes to being a biennial. At night the fair flower closes.

CLOSED GENTIAN. {Plate LXV)

( 'iriitidiia Aitdrc7<'sii.

FAMILY
Ccntian

RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Mi'sttv iwrth. Autumn.

COLOUR ODOUR

yVi/ tu'ue, Sicnticss.

Flinvi'fs: terminal and clustered in t'le axils of the leaves. Calvx : of four or
five-cleft sepals. Ci'iolia : about an iiuh in length ; closed at the top. Stiiiiti'iis :
foul or five. Pistil : one, with two stigmas. /.,;i7;-s : opposite ; lanceolate and
enveloping the terminal flowers. .9,',/// .• oiie to two feet high ; smooth; erect.

The closed <',(utian always apjierrs as though it had the sulks.

l!

'

*l

hVAIE lXI

OBEDIENT PLANT. P/iysostegia nrgifiiana.

COP^RICMT, 1B99. BV FKEDERICK A. STOKES COH:P*NY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

MO

PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

Its colour and setting are lovely, and one cannot but fancy it
might open its petals and be pleasant and chatty if it would.
But it won't ; its mood is selfish and its lobes are not fashioned
in the orthodox way. Of course there is a great deal of theory
in its closed corolla ; it protects its delicate organs from the
cold of the late season, and all other evils to which they might
be exposed. Happily, we can turn to the fringed gentian,
which is more considerate of our feelings. A strong suspicion
is afloat that if the closed gentian did let out its petals they
would not be so beautifully fringed as those of its relative, and
this is the reason, perhaps, that it is so sulky.

5NEEZEWEED. SWAMP SUNFLOWER. (PhifeLXVI.)

Uclcin'um autitiiiiiah\

FAMILY

t'oinf'osite.

COLOUR

ODOUR

Scoitli-ss.

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM
Late suiiiiiiei- mid autumn.

Flcnvcr-heads : growing singly, or clustered loosely in a corymb and com-
posed of hotli ray and disk flowers ; the rays three to five-cleft at the summit.
Leaves: alternate ; lanceolate ; thick. Stem : one to six feet high ; smooth ;
angled ; branched.

The swamp sunflower, while greatly pleasing the eye by
illuminating the low fields and swamps in the autumn, is on the
high road to making itself a most disagreeable member of the
floral world. The Howers of the older plants are very poison-
ous to animals. Usually their instinct prevents them from eat-
ing of them ; but the plant is one of those insidious things for
which a taste can be cultivated. Cows have been known to
cultivate this fatal taste, when their milk and meat were made
bitter. If the plant be eaten in great quantities the animal
dies. In a dried and powtlered form it causes violent sneezing,
for v.'hich purjiose it is well known in medicine. Once that it
has established itself in a field it is most difficult to exterminate
and adds one more to the trials of the poor farmer.

H. nudiflhnim, purple-head sneezeweed, grows in the south
and west. It blossoms from June until October. The name
purple-head alludes to the disk flowers, as the rays are yellow
with a brownish base.

\

(

Pl-ATE i-XiV, FR.NGED GLNTIAN. C'e'/i/ui/ui c rnu/u.

r.OPVRiGMr, 18S9, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY,

PRINTED IN AMERICA

PLATE LXVI. SNEEZEWEED. Ifclenium autiimnale.

(•30

T

^^2

PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

I

BLUE STOKESIA. {Plate LXVJI.)

S/d/it'si'a cydfiea.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Composite,

Blue.

Sweetiy scented.

S. Carolina, Georgia
and Louisiana,

I. ale summer
and autumn.

Flower-heaih : large ; terminal ; individual flowers all tubular, the marginal
ones much larger than those of tlie centre, irregular, ray-like and split deeply
on the inside. Tlie summit also deeply cleft. Scales of the involucre imbri-
cated in several rows, the outer one becoming bristly and leaf-like. Leaves;
alternate ; lanceolate ; entire ; glabrous ; the upper one sessile and fringed at
the base like the bracts. Slem : nearly two feet high ; erect ; downy.

Very lovely is the blue stokesia, and when we come to in-
(^uire into its life history we find that it is no less interesting
than beautiful. Our curiosity is piqued concerning it because
it is the only member of its genus and seems not to be closely
related to any other. Now, as the theory is that every plant is
evolved from some other, we begin to wonder about the miss-
ing links between this flower and its antecedents. How has it
appeared among us without showing any trace of its passage
here ? Has it, like Topsy, "just come ?" It also pursues its
own course indomitably, without showing the slightest inclina-
tion to vary, or produce new species. From this might be
argued that the stokesia has reached its height of development
and is about to die out. As yet we need not grieve too deeply
over its loss, however ; evolution is very considerate and would
hardly effect so great a change in much less than a million
years.

The gradation of the leaves on the stem into bracts also illus-
trates the theory of plant morphology almost more than is
done by any other one of the composites. Whether the
stokesia believes these theories of which it is so good an exam-
ple is, unfortunately, like its antecedents, wrapped in mystery.

WILD LETTUCE.

Lac /ilea Cana densi's.

COLOUR ODOUR

Pale yellow, />ur/>lc or reddish. S<e>tll.'ss,

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
Late summer.

FAMILY

C/t icory.

Flo'uer-heads : growing in leafy jianicles ; composed of strap-shaped flowers
Leaves : very large, sometimes a foot long ; lanceolate ; the lower ones fre

i

-^.''-^ -^■" '^sat^ '^A'^ ^W\i 35*1^: r:^ »»-^^ ■ - '

FloiveTy laid open. Pistil.

PLATE LXVII. BLUE STOKESIA. Stokcsia cyanca.

134

PLANTS GROWING IN MOIST SOIL.

qiiently being lobed ; pale uiulerncath. Stem: tall ; from five to ten feet
iiigli ; Ic-aty.

A common plant in moist soil along the roadsides and thick-
ets. Its great height and large leaves make it conspicuous,
especially in the autumn. From it the humming birds gather
down to make their nests.

JOE-PYE-WEED. TRUMPET- WEED. {P/atc LXVIII)

liitpatbyiKin purphrcuin.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

L'oiiipoattr,

I 1 IIIUOII pit) pic.

.S, tJilicii.

(,i iiernl.

Lull' iuiuiiier.

Flmvcrs : small; growing in densu, coniixiiind rorvmbs at the end of the
stem and branches. Corolla: tubular; wuh lonj; pKUruding styles of a light
lavender colour which give the tiower-head its soft, (hilly a|)i)carancc. Leaves:
whorled in groups ot four to six, lanceolate, rough ; toothed and deeply
veined, sometimes with purple. Stem : occasionally twelve feet high ; rough ;
purple.

"Old Joe-I*ye's in the i)asture again," llic fanner cries ; and
his wife nods sympathetically without, perhaps, turning her
head to look across the lowlands at the soft tint lent to the
landscape by this handsome weed. It received its quaint name
from a New iMigland Indian doctor who is said to have cured
typhus fever by its use.

CUT-LEAVED GOLDEN ROD.

Soli dago argil ta.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Composite.

Crtinish yiilow.

Scentless.

New Haiiipsliire to
Pennsylvania.

Late summer.

Flower-heads : growing on stalks in a dense pyramidal raceme. Rays : six
to seven, large, spreading. Leaves : lanceolate ; thin ; serrated. Stem :
angled ; smooth.

Many books might t)e wriuen about the golden rods and the
story then be only partly told. We know them as a brilliant
family which gradually appear among us, sending up first green
stems from their perennial roots, then opening sparingly a few
buds ; and before we can realise that they have returned to us,
they have thrown out a mass of bloom that illuminates alinost
every field and waste corner. Their message to us is hardly as

I

PLATE LXVIII. JOE-PYE-WEED. Eiipatorium purpureum.

(•35)

136

I'LANTS (JKOWINO IN MOIST SOIL.

cheery as lluil of llu- skunk cabbage ; fur they bid us get
ready for the winter, when everything is pale and cold and the
wind soughs sadly through the trees, liut they deliver it gaily
and remain with us until they themselves are withered down to
the ground by the ivosi.

In manner of growth they are very dissimilar, s(jme forming
heavy, dense racemes, as can be seen from the illustration ol
S. juncea, and others branching anil sub-branching into light,
feathery clusters ; but lo whatever variations they are subject,
therf* is something about a golden roil that coulil never be mis-
taken for any other (lower.

They are weeds, and with the exception of S. bicolor, a silvery,
slender variety which grows on the borders of dry woods, yel-
low in colour. Of the attempts to cultivate them very few
have been successful ; they cling rather to the fields and way-
sides for their homes, where as true rods of gold they are a
beautiful feature of the American autumn.

S. Jistii/osa^ pine barren golden roil, is found, as its common
name implies, in wet pine barrens, especially those of New
Jersey and as far south as Florida. The leaves are sessile,
lanceolate and rough. The small flower-heads grow on the
recurved branches of panicles.

S. Jihicea, Plate l.XIX, is a well-known golden-rod that is
commonly found in dry soil along the roadsides and sometimes
in more moist places. Us myriads of flowers with small rays
grow in drooping, heavy panicles. The upper leaves are ilel-
icately coloured, narrow and entire. The lower ones are
sharply toothed and have a distinctive mark in their fringed
petioles. It is but seldom that the plant is found over two feet
high.

PLATE LXiX. GOLDEN ROD. Solidago juncea.

COPVRIGMT. 1899 er fHtOERiCK A. »TOKES COMPANY
PRiNTtO tN AMEKILA.

Plants Growing in Rich or Rocky
Soil , Deep Woods and Hillsides.

/;/ the deep woods spring is not proclaimed by the blasting
of trumpets and the waving of gaudy banners. The inhab-
itants creep in softly and gnu-cly and take their places ; for
the timid, the elfish, the proud and the solemn are all alike
in their love of the silence and shadozcs of their ho inc. They
shrink from rather than attract the attention of passers by ;
and when seeking them we are impressed with the idea of
intrusion. We are not invited to their revels. It is the
buzzing bee, the singing birds and the bright little animals
that make merry with them. And when they are sorrowful
and the seaso?is are dark, so that gleams of sunshine come but
feebly through the tree tops; the dripping moisture is
Nature's lamentation zuith them.

JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. INDIAN TURNIP. {Plate LXX.)

A risicm i ? /; ■ipJiylluni .

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Arum. Cit'i'ii n'ui f>in/;!sh f>iirf>le. Sn-utlas. l',,>ic>al.

TIME OF BLOOM

Flnvers : tiny; clustered at the base of a fleshv spadix, which is enveloped
bv a si)athe, the jroint cnrvinfj; gracefully over the' spadix. I.,\n'fs : two only ;
of three ovate, pointed leaflets that rise far above the spathe. Sntf-e : erect;
])inkish. Corni : turnip-shaped and abounding in farinaceous matter. Frttit l
a mass of scarlet berries.

" Jack-in-the-pulpit
Preaches to-day,
Under the green trees
Just over the way.

138 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

Squirrel and song-sparrow,

High on their perch,
Hear the sweet lily-bells

Kinging to church."

Spring has hardly thrown her green mantle over her shoulders
when the quaint preacher rises in his pulpit, and in language
soft and solemn speaks to the rustling elves and spirits of the
woodlands. He is a sturdy fellow, and we believe what he says
must be thoroughly orthodox ; although we lament that we
have not the quickened perceptions to understand him better.
But we know he is beloved by his people, or they would not so
familiarly dub him Jack, nor would he return among them so
faithfully. The preacher has a rustic grace about him that is
quite inimitable ; and the magic he exercises on the children is
only equalled by the charms of the wily Piper of Hamelin town.

" Jack-in-the-pulpit has come," they cry, " Jack-in-the-pulpit
has come."

" Come, hear what his reverence

Rises to say
In his low painte 1 pulpit

This calm Sabbath day.
Fair is the canopy

Over him seen,
Pencilled by Nature's hand,

Black, brown and green.
Green is his surplice.

Green are his bands ;
In his queer little pulpit

The little priest stands."

STROPHILIRION. (^Phitc LXXI.)
Strophilirion Calif or nicum.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Lily.

Rou-.

Sn-ntUss.

In the Sierra Nevadas and
California.

May.

Flowers : growing in a many -flowered umbel with a row of bracts underneath.
Periatith ; short funnel-form, contracted at the throat of four or five oblong
lanceolate segments. Stntnt-ns : three, on the throat, alternating with three
sterile filaments that are very short and have a lanceolate wing on each side.

Plate LXA. jACK-iN-IhL-PUL[M. Ansu )na Inphyliuin.

COPVRIGHT, 1899. Br FRCOER'CK ». (T0KE5 COMPANY
PRINTED IN AMERICA

Putil. Corolla.

PLATE LXXI. STROPHILIRION. StropJiilirion Californicum.

('39)

140 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

Pistil: one. Leaves: from the root; more than a foot long; broadly linear.
Scape : two to four, or even twelve feet long; twining; rougii. Corm : an inch
in diameter.

What might become of us if this strange plant should ever
mingle in floral cultivation a good Providence only knows. It
grows rapidly, and has a way of twining itself over bushes, so
that when one stoops to pick the handsome blossoms it is some-
times a matter of amusement to try and trace the stem to its
root. That is, if one is ambitious and intends planning a novel
maze. There is very little hope of following its course, or of
knowing just where the flowers will crop out. It is especially
well known in the valley of the Sacramento.

WOOD LILY. WILD RED LILY.

L I //i(i)i J V/ iladclph icii in .

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

/.i7y. Orange red. .Sceniiess, Mostly north and xvcst.

TIME OF BLOOM

July, A ugust.

Flowers : terminal ; solitary; erect. Perianth : of six divisions, spotted with
pinple and narrowing into claws at the base, where a sac of nectar may be
found. Stamens : six; anthers, conspicuous. Pistil : one ; stigma, three lobed.
Leaves: lanceolate; parallel-veined; scattered, or whorled about the top of
the stem. Stem : two to three feet high.

Like a sudden gleam of colour does this bright flower startle
us, as we wander through the shaded, rich woods. Its distinctive
feature is the way in which the divisions of the perianth narrow
into the base. Z. Catesbcci^ a southern sister of the lily, has
also this peculiarity ; but it is not so with several other species
that are natives of America.

TWISTED STALK. {Plate LXXII.)
Streptopiis rbseiis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Lily-of-thc-valtfy. Rose purple. Scentless. Mostly north. I. ate spring and suiniiier.

Flmvers ; small ; axillary ; hanging on thread-like flower-stalks and hidden
under the leaves. Periaut/i : bell-shaped, with six divisions. Stamens: six.
Pistil: one ; stigma, three-cleft. Prttit : a round, handsome, red berry.
L.eaves : alternate; clasping; jiarallel-veined; pointed; the edges surrounded
with tiny hairs. Stem ; much twisted.

Even more pleasing than the hidden flower-bells are the

PLATE LXXII. TWISTED STALK. Strchtopus rosciis.

(i4>)

142 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

beautiful red berries of this plant, which in August can be
found hanging from thread-like peduncles, and following grace-
tully the curves of the stalk. In the avoiding of angles, the
plant has as truly the artistic instinct as though it had been
bred in a French school of design. It resembles somewhat the
Solomon's seal, of which it is a connection.

SOLOnON'S SEAL.

Polygondtuin bijloniin.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Lily-oJ-tkf-valUy. Din,i;y yf//i'iv. Sutit/i'si. New England south^vard. May, /urn-.

Flowers ; growing singly, or in pairs on slender pedicels that droop from the
axil of each leaf. I'lnnj/f/i : hell-shaped ; six-toothed. S/a/ne/is : six. Pistil :
one. Pniit : a small, globular, blue berry. Leaves : alternate ; broadly ovate ;
almost sessile ; growing on the upper side of the stem ; covered with soft hairs
and whitish underneath. ^V^-w ; curving gracefully; glabrous. I\\>otstock :
jointed ; scarred.

There is no doubt but that the round scars left on the root-
stock of the Solomon's seal by the dead stalks of the preced-
ing year, do resemble the impressions made by seals upon wax :
but wherein these seals resemble those used by Solomon must
ever remain a mystery to those that have not had some private
information on the subject.

FALSE SOLOMON;5 SEAL. WILD SPIKENARD.

Viii^iitrti racriiidsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Lily-o/-tlie-valley. Greenish ivhite. Slii^htly fragrant. Mostly May.

north .

Flinvers : tiny; growing in a compound panicle. Perianth : of six divisions.
Stii/nens ; six. Pistil: one. Fruit: a crimson berry speckled with purple.
Leax'es : alternate; ()l)long; jjointcd at both ends; parallel-veined; fluted on
the edges; slightly hairy. Stem : ascending two to three feet high.

If the common name of the above plant is a mystery to us,
this one is no less so ; as its manner of growth and fruit are so
very different from those of the Solomon's seal. In fact, the
latter is the more striking plant of the two and has an elusive,
sweet perfume. A wann friendship, however, exists between
them and they are often found growing closely together on the
rocky hillsides, or in the cool, deep woods.

PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKV SOIL. 143

FALSE LI LY-OF-THE- VALLEY. TWO-LEAVED

SOLOMON'S SEAL,

Unifdliwn Canadhisc.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

[.i/y-o/-tkf-vaihy. U liitf or SccntUss. Niiu England south- Ma)\/une.

faint yellow.

ward and westward.

Iuo70frs : siimll; clustered in a terminal spike. Pfria/tl/i : four-parted.
Sldiiiiiis : four. FisO/ : one ; stigma two-lobfd. /'/v/// .• a round, red berry.
/.tin'is : similar to those of the true lily-of-tlic-valley ; long, pointed, heart-
shaped at base. Sli-m : short ; five inches high; bearing two leaves.

The name of this little plant is most misleading, as its leaves
;\lone suggest any resemblance to the lily-of-the valley. The
(lowers are more like those of a small Solomon's seal. It is
found abundantly on the edges of mossy, deep woods and is
very gentle and sweet. In the late summer its spikes of red
berries are also extremely pretty.

INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT.

Medbola Virginian a.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Lity-o/-the-vallcy. Creenh/i yellow. Scentless. Rather general. June.

Flmvers '. small; clustered on short reflexed jiedicels at the summit of the
stem. Perianth : of six reflexed segments. Shwujts : six, of deep, rich brown.
/'/j7/7; one with three recurved, long, brown stigmas. Leases: in two sets of
whorls ; the lower set of seven to nine ovate-lanceolate, netted-veined leaves ;
the upper set of three to four smaller leaves. Stem: erect; and covered, as
the leaves, with a cottony fuzz, apj^arently quite loose. Rootstock : thick;
somewhat suggesting in taste and appearance a cucumber.

When Columbus discovered America and the Indians, he
must also have discovered the cucumber-root. They are alike
characteristic of the soil of North America. Like the primitive
people it loves so well, the plant is a model of erectness and
symmetry of form. It has also the Indian's love of seclusion
and the silence of the forest.

Owing to its being possessed of medical properties, the ge-
neric name Medeola is after the sorceress Medea. She it was
who mixed the portion for the sleepless dragon that guarded
the golden fleece ; and enabled Jason to carry it off, as well as

144 PLAN rs GROWING IN RICH CJR ROCKY SOIL. '

Medea herself, in his wonderful ship the Art^o. Little did she
then suppose that a plant of a strange people would serve to
recall the story.

LARGE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN. {Plate LXXIII)

I 'rUliiiiit i:^! itndijloruin.

FAMILY
L ily-o/-the-i<iillcy.

COLOUR ODOUR

W'liiti, itirnhiff Sifntifus.
liiti-r to pink.

RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

I'eriiiont to fenn. Mtiy^Juiiv.

II II it ■Wi'stit'iDit.

Flmvers : terminal; solitary. Ctilyx : of three, long, pointed, f^rcen sepals.
Corolla : of three ])ointecl petals ; sonietiniLS tiiree inches long. Stiimciis ; six.
Pistil: one; stigma iiaviiig three branches. Fruit: a red or purple berry.
Leaves: whorled in ihree.s below the llower ; ovate; triple-veiued. St^/u :
erect; simple. Rootstock : rather tuberous.

The trillium^ are among the choicest wild flowers of North
America ; and with the exception of a few Japanese and Hima-
layan species are peculiar to the country. T. grandiflorum is
possessed of a chaste, dignified beauty, but is without fragrance.
We especially lament this, as the greater number of large, white
flowers are heavily scented.

In support of the theory that all petals were originally leaves,
those of the trilliums have a curious way of occasionally turn-
ing into leaves.

PAINTED TRILLIUM. {Plate LXXIV)
Trillium it)iiliildtu))i,

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Lily-o/-tlifvallfy. \Vhitt\ "'fined with Scentless. Follinvin/i the Alle- Spring,
crimson and purple. ghuny Mountains

to Georgia.

Flo7vers : terminal ; solitary. Perianth : of three green sepals and three
white, pointed petals. Stattiens : six. Pistil : one, with three curving stigmas.
Fruit: a beautiful, ovate, rather angled, red birry, an inch and a quarter in
length. Leaves: large; ovate; triple-veintd ; in whorls of three on the
stem, at times almost hiding the flower. Stem : brownish at the top. Roots :
poisonous.

Perhaps the most delicately beautiful member of the family
is the painted trillium ; although the marking of the white, or
pink petals with wine colour has given rise to the suspicion
that the fair lady paints her face. The name, however, is no

lU

lid she
rve to

///.)

F BLOOM

Y.Junv.

11 sepals.
iv/,f ; six.
lu hciiy.
, Slein :

North

Hima-

)rum is

grance.

e, white

leaves,
y turii-

DF BLOOM
't'ri'tg.

\iul three

stigmas.

uarter in

e on the

Roots :

e family

hite, or

iispicion

;r, is no

PLATE LXXIll. LARGE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN. Trillium graudijhruui.

COPYHICMT, lt!j'> ey FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PR<NTED IN AMERICA.

1

Li J^ '-Y ^ >

< O

PLATE LXXIV. PAINTED TRILLIUM. TnWu.n u„Mat..,n.

(■45)

146 PLAN'i'S GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

doubt an injustice, as her nature is shy, and she hides herself in
the cool, moist woods.

In th'j south there is a sessile trillium which has lemon-col-
oured petals and a delicic'is fragrance.

ILL-SCENTED WAKE-ROBIN.

rrilliiim ercctuin.

BIRTHROOT.

FAM'LY
L ily-oj-llu-valley.

COLOUR

Reddish />iir/>ie.

ODOUR
U npUasant .

RANGE
Mostly north.

TIME OF BLOOM
April-J Hue.

FUmw's : terminal ; solitary ; slightly inclined to be nodding. Perianth ;
of three green, pointed sepals and three large, recurved petals. Stamens: six.
Pistil : one, having throe stigmas. Pniit : a large, angled, red berry. Leaves ;
broad ; ovate ; netted-veined ; whorled in threes on the flower-stalks a lit.le
below the flower. Stem: stout; simple; smooth. Pootstoek : iuhexon^.

In the early spring this beautiful voung creature begins its
career in the woods. We cannot, however, be very sympathetic
with it, in spite of its good looks, as it repels us by its almost
fetid odour. Its common name, also, while pretty, is rather de-
ceptive. The plant does not wake the robins, because they
have been chirping and hopping about on lawns long before the
flower c?me into bloom ; and they are not especially fond of
the dark woods that the trillium loves best. So altogether we
are inclined to believe that the plant has too great an idea of
its own importance, and that it does not possess the innate
qualities of virtue which it would have us believe.

BELLWORT.

Utnila ria scssilifblia .

FAMILY COLOUi": ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Biinck-Jlowi-r. Straw colotif. Scititless. New Enf^land to (icoij^ia. May. June.

Fhnvers : one or two that droop from slender peduncles. Perianth : bell-
shaped, of six separate divisions. Stamens; six. Pistil: one ; styles-three-
cleft. Leaves : lance-oblong and sessile, as the name indicates. Stem :
angled.

The (lowers of this pretty plant are usually c jcribed as
drooping modestly, and no doubt it is only to those of perverted
eyesight that they appear like a naughty little girl who might
be good if she would ; but from lack of the wish is continually

PLATE LXXV. PANICLEDBELLFLOWER. Campanula divaricata.

(147)

148 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

constrained to hide herself under her nurse's apron. It would
be so much pleasanter for everybody if the bellwort would not
hide away under its leaves quite so much.

PERFOLIATE BELLWORT.

Vvularla pcrfoliata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

liuiuk-Jlower, PaU yellow. Scentless. Neiv England south- May., June.

ward to Florida.

The principal difference between the perfoliate bellwort and
the preceding species is that the leaves of the latter are united
at their bases about the stems. This gives a pleasing effect,
as though the stems had pierced through the leaves for
the purpose of throwing the flowers more into prominence.
Both varieties are found rather generally in rich woods.

PANICLED BELLFLOWER. {Plate LXXV.)

Ctxinpdnida divaricata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

lielljlower. Blue. Scentless. Southern AlU\^haHies.

TIME OF BLOOM
June-August,

Flcnvcrs : small; one-third of an inch long; nodding; growing in spreading
panicles. Oi/yx : tivc-lobed. Corolla : bell-shaped ; five-lobcd. Stameits : five.
y/slil : one, protruding, with three stigmas. Leaves: scattered; lanceolate;
coarsely toothed. Slein : erect ; branching.

When on some mountain-top these little bells are freshly
washed by a thunder-shower, and the sun shines out to dry
them off as the breeze sways them gaily to and fro, we fancy
we have found the enchanted land of the little people. They
are too tiny and gentle to belong to the world of grown-up folk.

Oh, sweetly nodding little bells

That ring sweet chimes for the fairies' dell.

CANADA VIOLET. {Plate CXXXV.)

Viola Canadensis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

I'lolet. White, the txvo uf'f'cr Fragrant. North and west.

petals furple underneath.

TIME OF BLOOM
Summer.

This is the largest and boldest of our wild violet^-, often

■ "^ " ,r ">

PLATE LXXVI. DALIBARDA. Dalibarda repens.
(149)

I50 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

reaching a height of two feet. It blooms throughout the sea-
son and has its home in rich woods, or on mountain-tops. In
the early season its fragrance is hardly perceptible, but it be-
comes stronger as the summer advances. The leaves are
heart-shaped, toothed, and they have stipules. The stems are
leafy. It can readily be recognised in the coloured-plate illus-
tration.

F. rotnndifhlia^ or round-leaved violet, als' has its home in
cool, northern woods. It is a pale-yellow variety with a very
short spur and lateral petals that are veined with brown. The
roundish, crenate leaves lie flat on the ground and grow very
large and shiny during the summer. The plant is not leafy
stemmed.

HAWTHORN. SCARLET-FRUITED THORN.

Cratd'giis coccinea.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Apple. Whiti\ f<ink^ or reddish. Unpleasant. Nen<foittidland to Spring.

Manitoba^ S. to Florida
and Texas.

Flowers: large; clustered in a corymb. Calyx: five-cleft. Corolla: of five
rosaceous petals. Stamens: numerous. Pistil: one. Fruit: bright scarlet;
not eatable. Leaves : on petioles ; roundish ovate : often lobed ; serrate. A low
tree or shrub, the branches beset with sharp thorns.

The hawthorn division of the apple family abounds in a num-
ber of small trees that unfold an abundance of bloom in the
early spring. The blossoms blend with all the pale green and
pink tones that first cover the dull grey of the winter.

The dwarf thorn, C. umjldra, which is found in sandy
places, is one of the few that can be properly called shrubs.

DALIBARDA. {P/alc LXXVI.)
Dalibdrda repots.

FAMILY

Rose.

COLOUR

Pure 'vkite.

ODOUR
Faintly sweet.

RANGE

North.

TIME OF BLOOM

June, July.

FUnvers: one or two borne upon slender scapes. Calyx: of five or six un-
equal divisions, the three larger ones closing over the fruit. Corolla: about an
inch broad; of five, delicate, spreading petals. Stamens: numerous. Pistils .
five to ten. Leaves : from the base ; spreading in a tuft ; on long petioles ; cor-
date ; toothed and mottled with a lighter shade of green, Rootstock: creeping.

/7"

Aiii

PLATE LXXVII. EARLY WHITE ROSE. Rosa blanda.

(15O

152 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

A sweet little flower that cannot but cast a spell of enchant-
ment over those that linger near it in its woodland home. Its
characteristics remind us strongly of the violet family ; but a
taste for numerous stamens has caused it to be classed among
the roses. It seems unfortunate that no English or pet name
has ever been bestowed upon the flower, which would endear it
to us by a feeling of closer friendship.

EARLY WHITE ROSE. {Phxtc LXXVIL)

Rosa blanda.

FAMILY

Rose,

COLOUR

niiitf.

ODOUR
Slif^htiy fragrant.

RANGE
Mo!>tly north.

TIME OF BLOOM
Lute s/>ri)i,i;.

This beautiful wild rose of rocky banks and woods has en-
deared itself to all that are friends ot the flowers. Its petals
are large and wavy, and it is very leafy. Unfortunately, R.
blanda is rather rare, and unless we know of some quiet
spot where it blows, we may search for it in vain throughout
a season. It is native to America only.

EARLY MEADOW RUE.

FAMILY
Crowfoot.

COLOUR

Purplish pin':.

ThaDctntm diolciim.

ODOUR RANGE

Scentless. New England south-
ward and westward.

TIME OF BLOOM
Aprils May.

Floiucrs: growing in loose panicles. Calyx: of fonr or five petal-like sepals
that fall early. Corolla: none. ^Vr/w<v/j; indefinite in number. Pistils : {our
to fifteen, on different plants from the stamens. Leaves: alternate; much di-
vided into three to seven-lobed leaflets, tiie ui)per ones smooth and pinnate.

This plant is frequently cultivated on account of its graceful
foliage, fern-like sprays of which mingle very prettily with
other flowers. The bloom is rather unattractive from the point
of beauty, but it is a most interesting study botanicaily.

T. piirpurdsccns, purplish meadow rue, comes into bloom a little
later than the preceding species. Its compound panicles are
composed of feathery staminate or pistillate blossoms. On the
delicate leaflets are often found hairs which are tipped with
minute glands.

T. po/ygamum, Plate XLVII.

TLAiNTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKV SOIL. 153

COLUHBINE.

Aquilcgia CciHiidt'nsts.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

C row/oot.

Red and ymlotv.

hccntlfss.

CifHirtti,

April, jU.iy.

Flmoers : terminal ; solitary ; nodding from thread-like flower-stalks. Ca-
lyx : of five, red, ovate sepals, dnolla : of five, uiiitetl, liil)ular, spurred petals ;
red oil the outside and within yellow. Sfumtiis : luiinuruus ; [jrojecting, J'ls-
iiis : five ; the styles very slender. Liunrs : the lower ones on petioles and di-
vided twice, or thrice into k)bed leallct> ; the upper ones nearly sessile, entire
or lobed. S/cm : twelve to eighteen inches high ; branching ; glaucous.

" Is it not afraid ?" asked a little child who saw the colum-
bine as it was bent and swayed by the wind over a rocky cliff,
and appeared to cling so lightly to the crumbled soil. " No,"
was the answer, " the columbine has a fearless heart and a
spirited courage : it is never afraid.

Recently we have been hearing considerable about its pa-
triotism ; and it has been shown to us as " the peace that
makes for power, and the power that makes for peace." This
significance is found in the resemblance of various parts of the
flower to an eagle and a dove. The generic name aquilegia, or
in Latin aquila, an eagle, is from the curved spurs that in cer-
tain forms of the flower suggest the bird's five talons. Colum-
bine, or columba, was chosen for it because in another position
can be seen a ring of doves, or two turtle d-oves, according to
one's clearness of vision. In our childhood we invariably see
the latter.

" O columbine, open your folded wrai)per.
Where two twin turtle doves dwell ! "

Looking at the front view of the flower we can picture a five-
rayed star. A single nectarie imitates a liberty cap ; and in
the long spurred forms we have the horn of plenty. Some one
of its species can be found throughout the country ; and it
blooms in all of our national colours, red, white and blue. The
plant is indigenous to our soil and one that is in no sense a
weed. To be used for decorative designs it is also peculiarly
well adapted.

154 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

And if authorities do differ with each other a little about the
exact significance of these emblems, we do not mind very
much ; because we have them all in the imagination, where we
hold fast to them as part of this beautiful llower.

A. tnoicata, (I'late LXXVllI.) is another red and yellow
variety which has petals as though cut off at the top, or trun-
cate. It is extremely variable in size and foliage ; but is firm
in its preference for shaded places, often by streams.

A. cceriiica, (Plate LXXVIII.) or the long-spurred columbine,
is an excjuisite flower. It is a native of the Rocky Mountains,
where on shady slopes it blooms abundantly. The illustration
shows it in its blue gown : it is also fond of white and occa-
sionally pinkish ; but never red. The ovate sepals with their
slender spurs are sj^reading and double the length of the round
lighter-coloured j^etals with which they alternate. In size it is
quite three inches broad. The beauty of the species has en-
couraged enthusiastic horticulturists to introduce it into gar-
dens.

" So did the maidens with their flowers entwine
The scented white, the blue and flesh-liite Columbine." — Brown.

I

WHITE BANEBERRY.

Actcea dlba.

RANGE

A'('"i' F.iii;la)id southward.

TIME OF BLOOM

April., May.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR

Crowfoot. H'liitf. Scentless.

Flozvers : small; in a dense, terminal raceme. Calyx: of four to six sepals
that fall early. Corolla : of four to ten petals with claws. Stamens : numer-
ous ; with white filaments. Pistil: one; stigma, two-lobed. Fruit: a round-
ish, oval, white berry with a dark eye at the ape.x ; glabrous ; poisonous.
Leaves: compound with ovate leaflets in threes ; the ujjper ones often sharply
cleft. Stem : smooth ; high ; the flower-stalk a conspicuous, bright red.

A very old friend to those that visit the woods is the white
baneberry. Its curious late summer fruit lingers perhaps better
in the memory than the soft white bloom of early spring.

A. niha, the red baneberry, is very handsome and is readily
distinguished by its cherry-coloured berries. It comes into
bloom a little earlier than the above and is partial to a cooler
soil. The berries are also said to be poisonous.

PLATE LXXVlll.

COLUMBINE. AqHilegia tnincata.

LONG. SPURRED COLUMBINE. Aquik\i,na ccrrulea.

COPVRIOMT, t899, BY FREDERICK A. 8T0KE5 COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

iff\l»5-,.v:>'.-:;-,«i:r'.'

PLATE L ^ XIX. BLACK COHOSH. Cimtdfuga racevwsa.

156 PLANTS GROWLNG IN RICH (JK ROCKY SOIL.

SiLACK COHOSH. BLACK SNAKEROOT. BUQBANE.

{Plate LXXIX.)
Civiicifiiga raccmbia.

FAMILY
Crowjoot,

COLOUR
n lute.

ODOUR

DiuigreeabU,

RANGE
Ot-neral.

TIME OF BLOOM
Summer,

FUnvcrs: growing in racemes one to three feet in Iciigtli, Calyx : of four or
.ive early falling sepals. Corolla: very irregular, two of the petals ai)i)earing
like lransforn1t.1l stamens. Stantiiis : numerous; with proiiiicUng filaments
that give the whole a feathery appearance. J'istils : one, two or three.
Leaves : alternate ; pinnatcly-clivided, the leaflets (lee|)ly toothed. Stem : three
to eight feet high.

It is well that the Indians have given this plant the reputa-
tion of bt'injj^ c'flicaciotis for snake-bite ; and that its generic
name, signifying to drive away bugs, endues it with the power
of expelling iilaiit vermin. Otherwise we might be inclined to
shower anathemas upon it, as a deceitful thing that beckons
us to its presence by its wand-like racemes and then treats us
to such an unpleasant odour that we are prone to hasten away
as swiftly as possible. It inay truly be classed among those
objects to which, from the standpoint of frail humanity, dis-
..ance lends enchantment.

EARLY SAXIFRAGE.

Saxifraga Virginihisis.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Saxifrage,

White,

Scentless.

Northeast to Georgia
westward to Tennessee.

Marcli-J une.

Flcnvers : small ; densely clustered in cymes upon the ends of hairy scapes.
Calyx: of five very short sepals. Corolla: of five petals. S/ii)iiens: ten.
ristil : one, with two styles. Fruil : a many seeded, jnirple caiisnlc. Leaves :
clustered at the root ; obovate ; toothed. Sca/e : three to nine inches high;
clammy.

All the timorous, hesitating beauty of the early spring bloom
clusters about the saxifrage. It slips into the woods quietly, as
though fearful that if it made a noise or attracted too much
attention, Jack Frost might send some one, or come himself,
which would be worse, and punish it by retarding its growth.
We find it on the top, or in the clefts, of rocks, which it has

PLATE LXXX. BUNCH-BERRY. Connis Canadensis.

(157)

158 PLANTS GROWIMG IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

been known lo break asunder. In fact, to watch this little plant
is a moral lesson in the achievements that can be brought about
by quiet will power.

FOAM FLOWER. FALSE fllTRE-WORT.

Jiarclla cordijoliii.

FAMIL/ COLOUR ODOUR

Saxi/rdf^f. W'Uitc. .S\ iiiUiss.

RANGE

N'fw Ell inland
sout/i7t<ii>tl (I mi lutstiUdti/.

TIME OF BLOOM

A/',,/, May.

Flowers: growiii.Ej in a raceme on a high scape. Calyx: of four parted
.epals. Corolla: of five clawed [jctals. Stavicns : ten ; long, will', orange-red
anthers. Pistil' one, with two styles. Leaves: from the base; cordate;
lobed ; very mottled. Scape . aiiout a foot high ; hairy. The plant is from a
rootstock and ir rei)roduced by runners that spread in summer.

A little boy whose sister ran to him with her hands full of
the delicate foam-flower that she had gathered in. the woods,
threw it down in disgust and said : " Sister, it has forgotten its
clothes," He missed the leaves that he had been accustomed
to seeing on flowers and was indignant at the long, naked
stem.

niTRE-WORT. BISHOP'S CAP.

Mitella dipliylla.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Siixi/rage. W'liiic. Scentless. Neiv Enfilaiut .stuitli-.tuxyil . May.

The mitre-wort is very similar in effect to the foam-flower,
although its beauty is of a nuich more fragile tyjie. Its stems
are low and hairy and it protects itself with a few stem
leaves which are opposite and sessile,

BUNCH-BERRY. DWARF CORNEL. {^Tlate LXXX.)

Cor nils Ct 1 11 a (fen s/s.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Dogwooii. ir/ii!,- iin 'green. Seenttess. Neiv \'ork -aiestwant . June.

Flowers: very small, greenish and wrni)|)ed about I)y an involucre that aji-
pears like four pointed sepals. Cilyx ■ liny; four-cleft. Corolla: of four
spreading i)etals. Stamens: four. F; til: one. Fnot : a bunch of closely
clustered, round, led berries. Leaves: ovate ; pointed ; nerved; the u])per
ones whorled and apparently forming a resting place for the flowers. Stem:
erect ; bearing below a number of scale-like leaves.

A proud little thing is the bunch-berry, and although it is

PLATE LXXXII. SOURWOOD. Oxvdemirum arhorcum.

COPVUIOHT, 1899 av FREDERICK > STOKCS COMPANY.
PBINTID ^ *MFRICA.

i6o PLAN rs (;r()\vin(; in rich ok rocky soil.

the smallest member of the family, it has wrapped al)out itself
a white petal-like involucre that is only indulged in by a few
other dogwoods, as is the case with the largest and most import-
ant of them all, the C. florida. It has probably found out that
size is not such an essential matter. " Bigness," IJishop Potter
says, " is not greatness."

After the bloom has passed, the flower-stalk stretches upward
and bears a bunch of attractive red berries. They are quite
edible. In the rich woods of New Jersey the plant grows pro-
iifically.

FLOWERING DOGWOOD, {riak' LXXXI.)
Corn us florida.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

)ot^;viH>d .

White and green.

.V( cut less.

Rather i^iiii)

a!.

Mii)\ J line.

/''lo7uers : tiny ; jieifcct ; green ; growing in a cluster and surrounded by a
sliowy involucre of four o!)cor(late ])clal-like bracts, notched at tiie ajiex.
Aiinus : elliptical; netled-veined ; sini])le ; glabrous. A slirujj (Ji' tree
twelve to twenty feet high ; woody ; branching ; leafy.

Almost too well known to need any description is this shrub
or tree. Like the little bunch-berry it is provided with a beau-
tiful white involucre and it can be seen at a great distance.
Hardly any one of our shrubs contributes more to the beauty
of the spring woods.

The pity is that when at the height of its bloom it is so often
stripped of its flowers, and great branches of it are broken off by
ruthless hands that seem to be quite ignorant of the harm they
are doing.

Its home is in the rocky woods, and according to the tradi-
tion of the people, it blooms just at the proper time for planting
Indian corn.

ROUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD.

Corn us circinala.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

l'>('t;it<tHnL ll'hite. SeeiitUss. Ne-H' /■'.>i,c/itH(/ Jii>'e.

south-Auird tiiiii ■tcesi'varii.

Flimwrs: small, in a Hat open cluster having no involucre. Calyx : of four
minutely toothed sepals. Corolla: of four i)etals. Stanuiis: four, ristil:

PLATE LXXXIII. MOUNTAIN LAUREL. Kahnia latifolia.

COPrHlGMT, 1899, BV FREDEHrCK A. STOKES COMPANY.

PRi'S'^rO IN AMFRIf *

PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCRV SOIL. i6i

one. FnnC a light blue berry. Lnms : opposite; oval, pointed ; downy
iinderneatii, A shrub three to ten feet high, the branches strcai<ed with white
or green ; warty.

Although rather faithful in its love of the woods, where it
settles itself by the paths and roadways so as to nod to the
passers by, this pretty shrub is not as discriminating as it
might be in the matter of soil. To rich or poor, rocky or
sandy, it appears to be alike indifferent. From its bark is ex-
tracted cornine, a powerful extract that is used for a tonic. It
is similar to quinine,

SOURWOOD. 50RREL.TREE, {Plate LXXXIJ)

Oxydendriim arbort-um.

FAMILY
Heath.

COLOUR

a kite.

ODOUR

Sweet, like honey.

RANGE

Floriihi to Mississippi

and westiiHird.

TIME OF BLOOM
April, May.

Flowers: growing ni ternnnal clusters. Calvx: five-parted; pubescent.
Corolla: five-toothed ; i)ubescent. Slamcns : Wn. Pislil . one. Leaves ■ aXitr-
nate; ovate ; pointed; sour. A tree fifteen to forty feet liigh.

It would be a very queer world indeed if we should ever lose
our faith in the compensations of Dame Nature ; and yet when
we see the O. arboreum covered with its sprays of exquisite
bloom, we cannot but wonder about those poor little shrubs
that have cared so tenderly for their buds and are after all so
very plain. Every good gift, it seems, has been showered upon
this lovely tree. It has the sweet fragrance, the delicate
beauty of the lily-of-the-valley ; and combined as it is in
masses, it gives all the strong effect of a bolder bloom.

The jnly difficulty is that one is tempted to sit down beside
it and never go away.

MOUNTAIN LAUREL. CALICO-BUSH. SPOON WOOD.

{Plate LXXXriI)

Kcilmia latifblia.

FAMILY COLOUR

Ifeatl:. White or pink

deepening into red.

ODOUR
Very fragrant.

RANGE

Inland and

middle states.

TIME OF BLOOM
'"^I ay, June,

Flo7vers: terminal; axillary; growing in rich unihel-like clusters. Calyx-
ot five sepals; clammy and covered with hairs. Corolla: wheel-shaped; fivel

i6j j»].an rs (;K()\viN(i in rich or rocky soil.

I(tl)C(l. Sfdinrns ■ ten; the anlheis of each one lield l)y a depression of the
corolla. Pistil: one. Leaves: alternate; elliptical; entire; evergreen and
siiiny. Stem : ten to thirty feet high ; woody.

All flowers arc lovc-ly, but the beauty of the laurel has placed
it where it stands quite alone ; and by many lovers of flowers
it is thouj^ht to be the most beautiful of those native to
America. It is also endeared to us by its many virtues. It is
very domestic, and has a strong love for its own home. Its
mind is blessed with a rare contentment. In fact, it will sel-
dom endure transplanting ; unless care has been taken to pro-
vide for it soil of tiie same (luality as that of its chosen groves.

The construction of the flower is on the plan of a wheel, and
the stamens correspond to the spokes. Each filament is held
and slightly arched by the anther, which is caught in a
pouch of the corolla. The device of this little tra]) is most in-
genious and the mechanism very fine. It is set for Master Bee
and patiently awaits his coming. When he brushes against it,
or jostles it the least little bit, the anthers become dislodged,
spring up and let fly from their ceils right in his face, or over
his back, such a volley of pollen that the poor, old, drowsy
thing is quite disconcerted. Thinking himself inhospitably re-
ceived, he then betakes himself to the next flower, only to find
that his back is made heavier by another cargo of pollen, while
the protruding stigma is busy relieving him of his first load.
The clamminess of the calyx and stems is undoubtedly to pre-
vent such small insects as would be unable to carry the pollen
for cross-fertilization, from climbing up into the flower :;nd in-
terfering with its arrangements.

Children that are in sympathy with the bees know of this
trap, and will invariably knock the blossoms with their little fin-
gers for the pure pleasure of seeing the anthers spring up and
the pollen fly. As yet, the bees have not taught them the after
labour of carrying the pollen.

The leaves of the plant are unfortunately poisonous. A crys-
talline substance that is readily dissolved out of them by cold
water, is said to be more deadly than strychnine. Cattle and

PLATE LXXXIV. SHEEP LAUREL, k'a/mia uui,r,ts(i/o/ia.

COPYNrCHT, 1899, BY THEDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

I'LANTS GROVVINO IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. lUi

TIME OF BLOOM

J II /If.

sheep fall victims annually to catinj^ the shrub. I'nprincipled
people have also made use of the leaves to inercase the in-
toxicating effect of litpiois.

Long ago the red man knew of this poison. It was dear to
him. For when he became unhappy, it lulled him into the long
sleep, and hastened his footsteps to his happy hunting ground.

SHEEP LAUREL. LAHBKILL. WICKY. {Plate LXXXIV>)

K( ii'iii ia ti ii^\^ustiJ'olii i .

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

liiiith, I\u/i, dii/", /•inkis/i Sci'iit/css. Seivjoii iiiUumi to

< yinison. C,co>fiiii.

Flinvers : axillary; clustered in c()ryini)S. Calyx : o{ five sepals. Corolla:
iKit (jnite half an inch broad, with five lobes. Stanwns : ten; the anthers
(l.iiU-ciiionred and nestling in the pouches. Pistil: ywo. /.(•,/f.,i ; narrow ; in
whorls u£ three; pale. A shrui) growing about a toot iiigh.

Such a wealth of witchery clusters about land)kill that we are
very, very lenient to its failings and almost prone to forgive
them altogether. It is, unhappily, the most poisonous of the
laurels, and exercises this power over poor, duinb animals,
which, to say the least i'-' not very si)ortsmanlike of lambkill.
But, on the other side, it is most stupid of the brute world to
attempt to feast upon this lovely shrub when it is so evitlently
intended to please another sense ; for a hillside, or low ground,
that is covered with it, is about as fair a sight as can be seen.

GREAT RHODODENDRON. AHERICAN ROSE-BAY.

GREAT LAUREL. {Plale LXXXr.)

Rhododendron vuixinuiin.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

llcatk, Whiti\sf<ottcii ivitli Sccuttess. New York to Ccorf^iii. Jiih'-

red and yellow.

Phnocrs : clustered together in great bunches; the flower-stalks chunniy.
Calyx : of five very short, cleft sepals. Corolla : tubular ; almost bell-shaped ; Wxc
l>arted and greenish in the throat. Stantciis : ten. Pislil : one with a red
stigma. Fruit : a pod with small seeds. Leaves : broadly elliptical ; entire ; gla-
brous ; evergreen; in texture like leather. Stem: six to twenty feet high;
woody ; fibrous ; leafy.

To come upon one of the haunts of the great laurel in the

moist shady woods of summer, is to get an inspiration that can

be recalled with pleasure during the whole lifetiine. For the

i64 PLAN rs (IKOWINd IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

iinaj^iiKiiion can j)iclurc no more jrlorious burst of nature than
that which will then be spread out before one. It were, how-
ever, well for us not to try to follow our pathway through the
waxy flowers, but to imitate the custom of the sheep and go
around ; as the intermingling, close manner of their growth is
in places so great as to make the way quite impassable.

The shrub is well adapted for cultivation, when the flowers
become very large, and are most effective as decorations in
parks. 'I'he sweetest sight that Liverpool has to show to llu'
unsteady traveller from over the sea is the rhododendrons that
there grow so luxuriously. A feeling of pride inevitably takes
possession of him, and he is sure to inform the first person with
whom he comes in contact that they arc from his own country,
America.

In the south, where the rhododendrons are common, they
sometimes reach a licighl of twenty-five feet.

SMOOTH OR TREE AZALEA.

Azalea arboresccns.

FAMILY
1 1, at It.

COLOUR

Rose.

ODOUR

Sweetly /> .tj^ra nt.

RANGE

Georgia tii»t/tu>arii.

TIME OF BLOOM
June.

Flnvcrs : growing in terminal clusters, and apjiearing after the leaves. Ca-
lyx : five-tooliicd ; conspicuous. Corolla : funntl-forni ; of five somewhat irreg-
ular h)bes that arc viscid. S/dinetis : five. I'i.stil : one. L,\r,\-s : alternate;
ol)()vate ; glaucous ; pale mulerneath. A shrub tiiat varies greatly in height.

Spreading over the mountains of (leorgia and stretching to
I lie northward may be found this excpiisite rosy species that has,
besich.'s its beauty, a rare perfume. It seems when in endow-
ing this shrub as though Nature had been in one of her lavish,
sunshiny moods. It can be taken as a type of those that have
been collected so extensively to adorn greenhouses.

SHIN=LEAF. {Plate LXXXVI)
Pyrola el lip tic a.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Heath. White witli a f^reen tint. I'ragrant. Mostly north.

TIME OF BLOOM
J tine July.

Fhnvcrs : growing on a scape in a long, wand-like raceme ; nodding at the
end. Calyx: of five sepals. Corolla: of five ovate, wax-like i^etals. Stamens:
ten. /Vj/// ; one, ])r(>truding and curved; stigma, five-divided. Leaves: clus-
tered at the base of the plant; rather oval pctiolate ; evergreen; thin;

)1L.

turc than
LTo, how-
ou^h the
p and go
L^rowth is
c.

c flowers
atioiis ill
w to the
rons that
l)ly takes
rson witli
country,

non, tiicy

E OF BLOOM
June.

:aves. Ca-
wliat irrcg-
altcnialc ;
11 liciglit.

;ciiin}^ to
that has,
1 ciuh)\v-
er hivish,
hat have

-. OF BLOOM
u in, July.

:ling at the
St time IIS :
tJ7Ys : clus-
ecn ; thin ;

PLATE LXXXV. GREAT RHODODENDRON. Rhododendron maximutn.

COPYRIGHT, 1B99, BY FREOERrCK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

c^

V(^,^t

•.^rt, —

PLATE LXXXVI. SHIN-LEAF. Pyyola clUptica.

(165)

i66 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROJKY SOIL.

marked with a dull, flesh colour,
bracts.

Scti/'r : upright, with one, or two scaly

To name this sweetly pretty plant, shin-leaf, is very much
like christening a little, dimpled baby, Nehemiah. It would
seem as though both were slightly inappropriate. But accord-
ing to the dear old doctrine of signatures, plants should be
called for their visible uses ; and as the leaves of these plants
were long ago used to assuage the hurt of bruises, they came
to be associated with shin-plasters. Not that these plasters
were held in reserve for the shins alone, but were applied
quickly wherever the hurt might be.

It is therefore owing to the efficacy of the leaves that the
gentle blossoms have had attached to them so plebeian a name.

/*. rotundifhUa^ round-leaved wintergreen is a sister plant of
the shin-leaf, and is almond scented. Ii has numerous bracts
on the scape and its leaves are thick and shiny. It is found in
rather more open woods. There is another variety which is
rose-coloured and grows in bogs.

P. seciinda, serrated wintergreen is noticeable on account of its
small, green flowers, which turn to one side of the stem. It is
less evergreen than the preceding species and has the thin, dull
leaves of the shin-leaf.

CREEPING WINTERGREEN. MOUNTAIN TEA.

CHECKERBERRY. {Plate LXXXVJI)

Gaulthh-ia procunibcns.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

llcatk.

;/•/;//,•.

S.,' lit less.

F.astmt I ' iiitiui States.

J iily-S pti-iiil'er.

FUnvcrs : usually one or more; axillary; nodding. Calvx : of five sepals.
Corolla: bcll-shapcd, with five points. Stanwiis: ten. Pistil: one, to the
ovary of which the calyx adheres and grows fleshy into tiie fruit, which ap-
pears like a berry. It is very pretty, round and red. Leai'cs : alternate ; ov;d ;
evergreen; siiiny. Stem: creeping on or under the ground and sending u))
erect branches.

Down deep in every heart must be a remembrance of the
days when it was a great event to go to the moist meadows for
the first bunch of violets, and later into the woods for a hand-
ful of wintergreen. The delicate bloom and bright berries

•^

'O

UJ

cc

o

OL

VO

LU

i68 PLANTS GROWING IN lUCH OR ROCKY SOIL.

grow together in the lute season. They have, in eonimon wiili
the leaves, a pleasant taste and afford many a merry meal to
animals antl birds. \Vhen fate decrees that they shall blush
unseen and no one comes by to pick them, they simply dry
upon the stem until their innate wisdom tells them that the
ground is ripe for sowing. 'Ihe seeds are then let loose and
drop into the ground. The Lidian knew that from this plant
he could extract something to soothe his aching bones ; and the
white man is now doing the same thing, as the oil of winter-
green is consitlerably used for rheumatism.

G. Shdllon, {Plate LXXXV III) is a small wintergreen shrub that
is not very generally known, as it confines itself to the pine woods
of the far west. It spreads gaily over the ground as though it
had no Jther object in life than to make the air spicy and fresh.
The waxy flowers grow in graceful racemes ; and the glossy,
ovate leaves appear to be the very essence of healthful vigour.

SPICE=BUSH. BENJAniN=BUSH. FEVER=BUSH.

FAMILY COLOUR

Laurel. Greenish yellow.

Benzoin Benzoin.

ODOUR RANGE

spicy. Massachusetts sonth-
7iiarti and tvestward.

TIME OF BLOOM

March., .{/•ril.

F/oioers: both stamiiiate and pistillate, with a four-leaved involucre under-
nealhj clustered along the branches and appearing before the leaves. Calyx :
of six sei)als. Corolin : r\(mc:. Staitieiis : nine, in tlie sterile blossoms. Pistil-
late flowers with a rounded ovarv. Fntit : an oblong, red berry. Le,i7Ys :
alternate; oblong; on short petioles; hairy along the margins and having an
aromatic flavour.' A shrub four to fifteen feet high , with brittle branches.

A valuable bush of the moist woods and thickets and one of
the earliest to come into bloom. Its leaves and berries, as its
name spice-bush implies, have often pcrforined kindly services
for housewives that live at a great distance from ''the store."

INDIAN-PIPE. GHOST FLOWER. CORPSE PLANT.

(P/aU LXXXIX.)
Mondtropa unijlora.

COLOUR

White.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
June, July.

FAMILY
Indian-Pif'e.

Flmvers : terminal ; solitary ; nodding ; in fiuit erect. C<r/yx : of two to four

services

PLATE lXXXVIII. Caultficria Shalhm.
(.6(j)

170 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

scales. Corolla : of four or five usually bract-like petals. S/,iineiis : eight or ten
witli aiillicis attached liorizoiitally to the filaments. J'isiit : one; stigma,fivc-
raycd. /<>-«// ; a capsule, which after flowering, erects itself. Leaves : white and
smooth ; more truly scales tlian leaves. Shw : round ; smooth ; waxy • about
eight inches high. AW/j ; hbrous. '

Few plants are uncanny, and wc therefore shiver slightly
when we take hold of the ghost-flower, which is so clammy and
white. It finther annoys us by turning black and decomposing
almost instantly after having been touched. Children and In-
dians, whose nerves are perhaps more hardy than those of or-
dinary mortals, delight in the plant. The former play with it,
and the latter have some way of using it supposedly to
strengthen the eyesight.

The whiteness of the plant is owing to the absence of all
chlorophyll grains, or green colouring matter ; and it may not
be inappropriate to mention here that it is through the chemi-
cal change of these grains that we have the varied tints of the
autumn foliage.

FALSE BEECH^DROPS. PINE SAP. {P/alc ZXXX/X.)

Hypopiiys Hypdpitys.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Indian-ripe.

Kern or tawny,
occasionally red.

Fragrant,

General.

June, July.

This is a closely allied plant to the Indian-pipe. The differ-
ence between them is that the false beech-drops have more
flowers. They grow in a one-sided raceme and their hue is
variable. Ijotli plants are conspicuous in the deep, cool woods
of summer.

WILD GINGER.

Asariim Canadi'nse.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Hi nil root.

Yellowish, spotted
•with brown-purple.

.Scentless.

Throughout the
northern states.

.•///•//, .)lay.

Fl(ruiers : solitary; growing towards the ground on a slender peduncle in the
fork of tiie tall leaves. Calyx: bell-shaped; three-lobed ; the lobes spread-
ing; acute. Corolla: none. Staincns: twelve. Pistil: one, with six spread-
ing stigmas. Fniit : a fleshy cajisul-j tliat bursts and scatters many seeds.

.lUiRMW

)IL.

eight or ten
stigma, fivc-
; white and
axy ; about

" slightly
mmy and
jmposiiig
a and In-
)se of or-
ly with it,
jsedly to

ice of all

may not

lie chemi-

its of the

CXX/X.)

E OF BLOOM
unCyJuly.

he differ-

lave more

r hue is

ol woods

£ OF BLOOM
(/;■//, May.

uncle in the
les spread-
six spread-

lany seeds.

PLATE LXXXVl

( INDIAN-PIPE. Monotropi i ii n iflora.

\ FALSE BEECH-DROPS. Hypopitys Hypopitys.

COPyniGMT, 1899, Br PKeOERiCK A. ftTOXtS COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

Diagram of flower.

PLATE XC. NEVINS'S STONE CROP. Sedinn Neini.

('7')

17.' PLAN rs GROWING IN RICH OR ROCRV SOIL.

Litwcs : on long petioles; broadly and (icejily rcniform; veined; velvety;
pubescent. Routstock : thick ; creeping, witli an aromatic Havour, like ginger.

Like the idolatrous Jews that buried their images in the
earth, where they had to be dug for to be detected, does this
plant hide its flower from the sight of men. No doubt, it has
some tiieory in so doing that we have not been able to dis-
cover ; but in any case, it has not kept the secret of its hiding
place very well, as every country child knows where it is to be
found. They call it, moreover, "little brown jug," and ^'"•'^ is
perhaps what has offended the dignity of the tall, soh - ...-
ing leaves. When it is taken up from under the Oi eavc .

of the winter, it is seen to be very pretty. Owing to its buried
growth, its colouring is not brilliant, but the tones are tnose
that are always termed genteel. Naturally, we are much in-
terested in the blossoms as a quaint little character of marked
originality.

NEVINS'S STONE CROP. HOUSELEEK. {P/a/e AC.)

Sedtim Nh)ii.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Orpine.

niiitc.

Scentless.

Mts. of Virf^inia to Alabama.

April, May.

Flmvcrs : sessile and scattered along the recurved branches of the cyme.
Calyx : of five linear se])als. Corolla : of five petals. Staine>t.<t : ten, shorter
than the petals, with brownish, ]nirple anthers. Pistils: five. Leaves: those
of the stem, alternate ; linear; scattered; those about the base, obovate, form-
ing a rosette ; glabrous.

The dear houseleek has not come down to us through the
ages with only a thought of its own pleasure. It has ever had
it in mind to assuage the ills of mankind. Nosebleed is ar-
rested when a few of the bruised leaves are laid upon the crown
of the head ; and if applied to the temples severe headaches are
greatly soothed. It is also excellent to relieve the stings of in-
sects. In a prim little manner it may be found sitting upon
the top of rocks in warm, exposed places, where the sun can
pour down upon it as generously as it pleases.

A-m'-m'.

; OF BLOOM

tk#

PLATE XCI. AMERICAN ORPINE. Sedum tch-phiotdes.

(173)

174 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

AMERICAN ORPINE. LIVE-FOR-EVER.

Sviiui/i tclcphio'iiLs.

{Plate XCI)

FAMILY
' >rpine.

COLOUR

J'/is/i loluiir.

ODOUR

.Si iHl/liS.

RANGE
Georgia nortUwiini.

TIME OF BLOOM
J iiitf.

Ftmvers: growing in inany-rtowcreti, compact cynnis. Calyx : of four or five
sepals. Corolla: of four or live lanccuLm;, or linear petals. Stamens: tin.
Pistils : five. Liunu-s : alternate ; obovaio ; entire ; the lower ones tapeiing into
a petiole ; the upper ones se.ssiie. St,/fi : erect ; leafy ; branching.

In c(>ninion with its relalivc of the garden, which was so
cherished by our grandmothers and so disliked by the farmers,
the wild orpine is ahiiost indestnictable. The price of land en-
ters very little into the calculations of the garden variety and
it has imbibed, perhaps from the farmer, the love of owning all
adjoining territory. It is very difficult of extermination, as it
lives more by its leaves and stalks than by its roots. The wild
variety, however, chooses mostly to cover rocks on high hills,
which property we do not begrudge it, as the bloom is ex-
tremely fresh and pretty, and so it saves itself from the reputa-
tion of being a troublesome weed.

DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. WHITE HEARTS.
SOLDIERS' CAPS.

BicitciUla Cuciillaria.

ODOUR

Scentlcsi.

RANGE
Mostly north.

TIME OF BLOOM

April, May.

FAMILY COLOUR

Fumitory, White aiut yellow,

Fhm<eys : growing in a one-sided raceme on a naked scape. Calyx : of two
scale-like sepals. Corolla : somewhat lu-art-shaped, of four closed, coherint;
petals ; the inner ones enclosing the anthers and stigma ; the two outer, larger
ones extending into widely spreading spurs that suggest its name. Sfamfiis :
six. Pistil : one. Lraivs : from the base ; growing on slender ])etiolcs ; tliric^-
compound and irregularly cut. Sai/'e : slender; smooth. Pootstoc/^ : a scaly
bulb ; slightly tuberous.

When the soft, warm days of spring load the air with a subtle
fragrance, those among us that are so fortunately placed as to
make it possible, wander to the woods in search of its early
bloom. And there we find the Dutchman's breeches. Staiil
old soul as the Dutchman is, he inust really have been surprised

:er his trousers. It is

at the naming of this ethc

plant

true thai under mitigating circumstances they have gained ai

PLATEXCII. SMOOTH RUELLIA. Riiellia strcpetn.

(•75)

'

I

!(. i J

17O PLAN rs GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

entrance into art, but never before have they been known to
mingle with the sweet world of flowers. The plants, however,
would scorn any idea of snobbery ; and it is said with much
trepidation that the name of white hearts is infinitely prettier,
and it would seem a trifle more appropriate.

We know that we ought not to pick these quaint blossoms
every botany in the land will tell us so. We should leave then)
to be visited by their own insects and to be cross-fertilized, that
the species may continue among us. But we sometimes resist
doing just what is right ; and sad though it l,e, it is certainly
true that few among us have sufficient hardihood to wander
back from the spring woods without just one little spray of this
flower. It nods to us all the way home ; it stimulates our inter-
est in all that grows ; and it looks so pretty ,n tlvi little vase
that suits it well.

SQUIRREL CORN.

BiiucuUa Canadensis.

These little pink and green blossoms are nearly related to the
Dutchman's breeches. The rootstock bears small tubers that
are not unlike grains of corn. The bloom has a delicate, hya-
cinth-like fragrance. Their home is in the northern woods.

PALE CORYDALIS.

Capnoidcs snupi^rvirens.

FAMILY COLOUR CDOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Fuxiititry. Rose /•ink nnif yd/ow. Sci'nt/css. Xorth mid sniitli. May-August.

Flcnvcrs : growing in loose terminal clusters. Calvx : of two scale-like se-
pals. Corolla : of four closed, roherinr; petals; the upper <>iie extending into a
short spur. Staiiuiis : f,\x. I'istil : one. /Vi/; long and '^lerder. Leaies : ^\-
vided into fine leaflets ; pale green ; glai'cous. .S/<7« ; cui ving ; leafy.

There is a strong family resemblance between these blossoms
and those of the L'tchman's breeches ; and the corydalis is,
perhaps, a little more delicate species. The flowers appear like
a number or strange sprites that have come from somewhere,
ncbody knows where, and intend resting awhile on the slender
stem.

TLAxN rs GROWINr. IN KICII UK RUC'KV SOIL.

/ /

SMOOTH RUELLIA. {Plate XCII)
Ruelliii strl'pcns.

;OLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

iUue.

Sci'iitless.

J'lnn. siiut/i:i;i>d
and westward.

May-July.

FAMILY

I'Hf.

FUnvcrs : solitary, or :i few together growing in tlie axils of the k-aves. Ca-
lyx : fn'e-i>artt(l with narrow segments. Corolla: salver-shaped, five-lobed.
Sttimens : four. /'/>///.• one, with a recurved style. Loaves: opjiosite ; lung;
iiblong ; pelioled. Sloin : erect ; four-sided ; often hranclieil ; glabrous.

This Uiro;e, boltl llovver is one of the very effective ones
found in the thickets. It appears to be (piite conscious of its
beauty, and we feel that it intends to hold fast to its position as
jjuardian of the leaves no matter what should come to pass.
Unfortunately, its ran,t,^e is not farther east than Pennsylvania.

it is represented in colour in Plate CXVIII.

• BLOOM

BLUE COHOSM.

Caulopltylluin llialictiuAdcs.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR HANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Int) berry. Yellowish i^i .on or pt/rph\ .Siontless. .Mostly north and \o,\\t. .{/•ril, .M.iv.

/7()7i-'(V.f .• small ; growing in a panicle at the summit of the stem. CiIva ;
of si.\ sepals, having four short hractlets uiuliinealii. Ccro/la : of six kidney-
shaped jietals that terminate in short claws. Stawoi.y: six. Pistil: one.
Fruit : membranous, with a pair of blue, berry-like scv.Is on thiik stalks, which
are flesliy when ripe and glai: ous. Leaves: one large leaf, thrice compound .
and one or two smaller ones above. Lcajlcts : twice, or thrice lolxd; whitish
underneath. Stem : s:p.ooth ; erect. Rootstoek : thick.

There are numerous plants that we pass by U!iheedin.t;ly in
the springs-time of their bloom, and that, as if in retaliation foi
the slij;ht, thrust themselves upon our attention in the autumn,
'ny the brilliancy of their colouring and the graceful drooping of
their fruit. The blue cohosh is among the number. And when,
towards the end of the summer, the leaves turn yellow, they
call loudly with the blue berries for the admiration that was
denied to the plant earlier in the season. It is fond of rich
living, and seeks its home in dense woods where the leaf mold
covers the ground.

The Indian hcrl^ doctors know well the blue cohosh and call

178 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

it papiK)ose-root, which rather suggests that a special decoction
of it is held in reserve for the black-eyed little copper-skins.

YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER. {Plate XCIJI.)

Cypripcdimn hirsiitiim.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Orchis, Vvllow. Scentless. Mostly north and east.

TIME OF BLOOM
Alay, June.

Fhnoers : terminal; nodding r.nd subtended by a leaf-like bract. Sepals:
long, slender. Li/> : one and a quarter inches broad, veined with brown and
forming an inflated jjouch, the opening to which is a rounded orifice. The
two side petals also streaited with Ijrown ; long and curling. Leaves: alter-
nate; ovate; clasping; parallel-veined; pubescent. Stem: one to two feet
high ; leafy ; downy. Orchis construction page 64.

The colour of this orchis is above all enchanting, while the
coyness of its shape and the twirling side strings breathe out the
essence of coquetry. There is an alertness, a crispness of
expression about the out-turned toe which makes us fancy it is
only awaiting Lhe wa^'ing of some fairy's wand to spring out
with its companions and mingle in a gay woodland dance.

On the wooded hillsides where we may have the good fortune
to find it, there is often growing in close proximity to it the
smaller lady's slipper, C. parviflorum. It is of a deeper, richer
shade of yellow and has the added charm of fragrance.

The name Cypripedium is from two Greek words which mean
Venus's buskin.

MOCCASIN FLOWER. PINK LADY'S SLIPPER.

{Plate XCrV.)

Cypripedium acaiilc.

Family

OrckU.

colour

Hn/i.

ODOUR
Fragrant.

RANGE
Along the cousf and
westward to Minn.

TIME OF BLOOM
May, June.

Flinvers : large ; terminal ; nodding and subtended by a leaf-like bract.
The lip forms a drooping sac an inch and a quarter broad. It appears to
be split down the middle, but is nearly closed ; much veined with a da:l<cr
shade of pink. The sepals and petals vary from green to purple. Leaves:
two at the base ; sheathing the leafless flower-stalk ; ovate ; many-veined.
kootstoek : thick.

The pink lady's slipper shows very plainly its kinship to the
pampered darlings of the conservatory. It is a more languid

PLATE XClll. YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER. Cypnpcdiiim hirsulum.

COPTmOHT, 1899. BY FRCOEniCK •. tTOKCS COMPANr.
PRINTED <N AMERr %.

'^s;;^iir^,'^i.,>y--^

^

PLATE XCIV. MOCCASIN FLOWER. Cypripedium acaule,

(179)

i8o PLANTS GROWING IN. RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

beauty than the yellow species and we may fancy of a more
sensitive and retiring disposition. It is shy of approaching the
haunts of men but rather hides in the seclusion of some deep
wood or forest, where its loveliness is seen by the croning bee
and the soughing wind only.

As the lip resembles a moccasin much more than a slipper, it
would seem that while we clain' the yellow one for our own, we
should resign this orchis to the people that have loved it so
well. Like the Indian, it is becoming rarer every year, and un-
less we respect its love of freedom and cease from carelessly
picking it, we shall soon find that like him it has vanished from
us forever.

SHOWY ORCHIS.

Orchis spcctdbilis.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Orchis.

Pur/i/inh pink.

Fragrant.

A\ i, • York to Georgia
and ■ivcitwatiL

April, May.

F/<rwcrs : growing loosely in a terminal spike. The sepals and petals united
and forming a sort of crimson purple hood. The lip white and projecting
backward into a short spur. Leaves: two; large, from the base of the scape ;
ovate ; shiny.

When the air is soft and sweet in the early spring woods and,
looking first to one side and then to the other, we follow some
shaded pathway ; it may be that we shall find a number of the
showy orchids. They are not, however, showy as the name
would have us believe but very quaint and pretty. The
blossoms have queer little expressive faces, and we feel like
making friends with them at once and not standing on cere-
mony as would be most natural with many of the more preten-
tious members of their family.

GREAT GREEN ORCHIS.

Habcnaria orhicnlata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Orchis. Green and -white. Scentless. Mostly north.

TIME OF BLOOM

July.

Flowers: clustered loosely in a long spike. Corolla: two-lipped; the lip
white, almost linear, drooping and without a fringe ; the spur one and a half

Sinf;lc JJini'i'r.

PLATE XCV. STRIPED CORAL-ROOT. Corallorhiaa striata.

(iSi)

793: ^ %

I

182 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

inches long, curved and gradually becoming tliicker. Lfinrs : two only ; very
large, sonietinics a foot long, at the bottom of the scape and lying flat on the
ground; almost orbicular ; paralklvemed. Scape: one to two feet high.

This peculiar and striking orchis protests strongly against
the July sun and rears itself in the evergreen woods, or on the
shaded hillsides. Its colour is so cool and tranqud that we
wonder it has not chosen to dwell by the side of a brook, where
it could occasionally dip its roots in the water. Darning
needles have a warm friendship for the plant and guard it well,
as one finds sometimes to his sorrow when seeking to gaze at it
more closely.

STRIPED CORAL-ROOT. {Plate XCV.)

Coridlorhiza striata.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOIVI

OiJui.

DaiK- ftirplc.

Scentless.

Norihuuird iirross
the coitthiiiit.

June.

Floiucrs : growing closely in a terminal raceme on a stout scape. Sepals
ami petals almost alike, the lip being broader than either of them. Leai'cs :
none. Stem: one to two feet iiigh with a number of scale-like appendages at
the base. Roctstock : much branched and toothed, similar to that of coral.

Unless we were well acquainted with the family traditions of
the orchids it would hardly be suspected that the coral-root is
a member of the family. Jjut intimacy with it reveals much, as
is usually the case with most plants. It is far from being well
known and chooses for its home the cool, deep woods of the
north.

C. Afultijlora, coral-root, is a common and unattractive mem-
ber of this genus which is found in rather open woods. The
flowers are small, purplish or yellow, and grow in a raceme. As
the above species, it is without green foliage.

Simply that a plant is called an orchis will sometimes cast
abroad the impression that its bloom must be beautiful. But
the orchis family is no different from other families. It has its
\)\a\\\ members as well as those that are beautifui. Each one is
possessed of its ov«rn individuality and weaver, out its own
destiny.

%

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PLATE XCVI. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN, rcraniuin rcpens.

{183)

i84 PLANTS C.KOWINC, IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. {Plate XCVI.)
J'vritniiim ri/iiiis.

FAMILY

0>i /lis.

COLOUR

Hhitf.

ODOUR

Sccntiiis.

RANGE

At Lint I. it all's.

TIME OF BLOOM
Late siittiiiit-f .

Flmvers : very snuill ; arranged loosely on one side of a tall spike. Lip,
inflated, /..cutcs : from the base and lying tl.itly about the ground in a circle;
ovate; conspicuously veined and spotted with a light shade of yellow, almost
vviiite.

This iiiM-iglit, delicate stalk of tiny white flowers suggests
little to us of the terrible, brilliantly-coloured monster with
flaming eyes and upraised fangs for which it has been named.
lUii it springs from the same root as its curious leaves, and they
are supposed to have a peculiar efficacy in curing the bites of
rattlesnakes. The Indians are credited with placing great
faith in them. It may be that they iiave a soothing effect on
the wound ; but once let the two honey-like drops of venom
that the snake has at the bottom of his fang be interjected,
and the little white blossoms would prove as effectual in restor-
ing the victim.

P.pubcsccns is a more beautiful variety, as its flowers grow less
on one side of the spike and the singular mottling of the leaves
IS more pronounced, being with white and dark green.

CRINKLE-ROOT. PEPPER=ROOT. TOOTH WORT.

Dentil) ill dipliylia.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Mustai^if.

//■////.■.

Si enthss.

Maine soitth-.vard.

May

Flmvers: rather large; growing in a terminal corynd). Calyx: of four
sepals that fall early. Corolla: of four cruciferous petals. Stavu-its : six ; of
which two are shorter than the others. Pistil: one. Po,l : Mat; lanceolate.
Leaves: two, on the stem, whorled and divided into three toothed leaflets.
Kootstock : long ; fleshy and similar in taste to water-cross.

There is always a crispness and freshness about the mustards,
meet them where we will. Undoubtedly among themselve-^
they are very witty. This one is fond of rooting in leaf mold
and we would sadly miss it from the May woods if some day it
should learn the trick of wandering and stray from us far away

Stanit-ti. Pistil.

PLATE XCVII. BLOOD-ROOT. Saii-uinan-a Cuiadnnh.

('■•■is)

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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(716) 872-4503

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i86 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

HAIRY ROCK-CRESS.

/irabis hirsiita,

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Musti.,d. White tinttd with green. S,i>itli-ss. Mostlv no>tliu<ard. May, June.

/7<?7t'frj; small ; clustered, dilyx: of four sepals that fall early. Corolla:
of four cruciferous jjetals. Staiiicus: six, two of which aie shorter than the
others, ristil: one. Leaves : numerous ; saggitate. Sh/n : quite tall ;
ei ect ; rough. JWs : linear.

Another little flower that is readily recognised as one of the
mustards. It is not as luxurious in its taste as the preceding
species and is content with the less rich soil of rocky places
and hillsides.

BLOOD=ROOT. INDIAN PLANT. {Plate XC VII)

Saiiiruinaria Canadensis.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Po/>/>y.

White wit it yellow centre.

Scentless.

General.

A/>ril, May.

Fhnoers : terminal; solitary; growing on a naked scape. Calyx: of two
sejials. Corolla: of eight to twelve petals. Slawrns : numerous. Pistil:
one. Fniit : an oblong pod. Leaf: one only, from the base; rounded;
palmately-lobed ; veined. Kootstock : fleshy and, as the stalks, containing a
blood-red juice.

The blossom of the blood-root is one of the most carefully
guarded of Nature's children. Its sweet loveliness is not thrust
ruthlessly ui)on the world to make its way the best it can.
The leaf is carefully wrapped about the flower bud, and not
until the former is assured of the temperature and the fitness
of the surroundings, does it unfold and allow the scape to
stretch upward bearing the beautiful flower. And how fair it is
only those can know that have seen it unfold its pure, spotless
petals. Indeed, it is too fragile for the rocky hillsides. The
winds carry off its petals and those that seek it often sigh to find
it has already perished.

It seems strangely incongruous that the fluid of this plant
with its unusually pure blossom should have been used so ex-
tensively by the Indians to decorate their faces.

OIL.

IE OF BLOOM
May, June.

y. Corolla :

rter than the

quite tall ;

ne of the
preceding
ky places

VII.)

ME OF BLOOM
April, May.

•lyx : of two
us. Pistil :
I ; rounded ;
containing a

t carefully
not thrust
St it can.

and not
he fitness

scape to
w fair it is
e, spotless
des. The
igh to find

this plant
ed so ex-

;

PLATE XCVlll. GROUND, OR MOSS, PINK. Plilo.v suhitlala.

COP'SIOMT. less. B» FHEOtniCK » STOKeS COMP«>tr.
PRINTED IN AMERK •

PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 187

WILD PHLOX.

Phlox divaricata.

FAMILY

I'l'iiinoniu'ii.

COLOUR

ODOUR
Sligh tly Jt agra n t .

RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

A'ew Yrri- west- Aprils May.

•uuxrd and south^vard.

Flmvers : large, over an inch broad; terminal, in loose cymose clusters.
Calyx : of five pointed sepals. Corolla : salver-form ; of five round lobes
tliat extend into a slender tube, and have an eye of a darker colour. Stamens:
five; unequal, in the tube of the corolla, with deep orange anthers. Pistil :
one; stigma, three-lobcd. J. eaves : lanceolate; opposite; entire. Stem : a
foot to eighteen inches high ; erect ; spreading.

There is so great a similarity between the wild phlox and
the cultivated forms of the plant that when we meet it in the
moist woods we are just a little surprised, and feel inclined to
ask if it is enjoying its stroll away from the garden. It has
such a complacent expression, however, that we hesitate and
pursue our own way feeling sure that if it has strayed away
from home it will find its way back again, unaided.

P. maculata^ or wild sweet william, as it is commonly known,
is a purplish-pink variety. Its flowers grow in panicles and the
leaves are rather heart-shaped at the base. The stem is con-
spicuously dotted with purple. It grows in rocky ground and
blooms a little later in the season than the above species.

GROUND OR MOSS PINK. {Plate XC VIII)

Phlox siibiildta.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Poltmoitiuin, Pink^ purple or while. Scentless. New England sciit/t- April-June.

ward and ivesiward.

Flowers : on pedicels; growing in terminal racemes. Calyx : of five narrow
lobes. Corolla: with five ol)ovate lobes, notched at the apex. Stamens : fwe,
unequal, in the throat of the corolla. Pistil: one; stigma, three-lobed.
/,((/r'<'.f .• scattered ; lanceolate ; pubescent. Stem: creeping; rising sliglilly
from the ground.

It may be imagined how lovely is the hillside where this
little plant spreads a carpet of its soft bloom. The mingling of
the many colours and the dark eyes that peep out coquettishly
seem as though they were coaxing one to stop and play with
them awhile.

The plant requires little moisture, and in a time of a

i88 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

drought, when the earth was almost Ciacking for »vant of rain,
they were noticed to be the only flowers on a sterile, rocky
hillside that were not languishing.

HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WAYFARING-TREE.

{Plate XCIX.)
Vibnrnimi alnifbliutn.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Honeysuckle. H'/iiie. Scenticss. New En);la>tii to North

Carolina.

TIME OF BLOOM

Miiy.

The blossoms of this large shrub are similar to those of V.
Opulus, page ii8, and very like those of the garden hydrangea.
The neutral flowers with large flat corollas are arranged about
the fertile ones within the centre. The bright scarlet fruit is
not edible.

The leaves are orbicular, pointed and heart-shaped at the
base, serrated ; pinnately-veined, and covered with a rough,
reddish scurf.

The name wayfaring-tree is appropriate, as it is very wan-
dering in its manner of growth, the outstretched branches
often forming loops and rooting themselves in the ground. In
the cold, moist woods of the north the tree is well known.

FLY=HONEYSUCKLE.

Lonicha ciliata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Ilciwysuclile. Greenish yellow. Scentless. North and 7vestward May.

to Minnesota.

Flcnoers : growing in pairs on slender peduncles from the axils of the leaves.
Calyx: of five short teeth. Corolla: fiinnel-form ; five-lobed ; spurred at the
base. Stamens: five. Pistil: one. Fruit: a red, egg-shai)ed berry. Lea7u-s :
on petioles ; ovate ; sometimes heart-shaped at the base, the margins slightly
fringed with hairs. A shrub ; branching, with bark of a dull grey colour.

Evidently the fly-honeysuckle has not been brought up on
the old adage that blood is thicker than water ; as it has reck-
lessly cast off its family resemblance. The regularity of the
corolla and its wide mouth are quite different from the slender,
tubular, two-lipped forms of the cultivated species to which it
is nearly allied. It has, moreover, a very pert and saucy look
and flourishes best in the rocky woods of the north.

3IL.

t of rain,
le, rocky

REE.

IE OF BLOOM

ose of V.
lydrangea.
ged about
let fruit is

led at tlie
I a rough,

very wan-
branches
ound. In
lown.

IME OF BLOOM

Mity.

of the leaves.

urred at the
rry. Lt'd^'t's :
rgiiis slightly

colour,

ght Up on
t has reck-
irity of the
he slender,
to which it
saucy look

I

PLATE XCiX. HOBBLE-BUSH nbnrniim alui/olium.

COPVRIQMT, 1B99, BY rRCDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMFRICA.

PLATE C. TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE. Lomcera sempervirenx

(189)

190 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE. {Plate C.)
Lonickra setnpJriu'rens.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Honeysuckle.

Ked, without ;
yellow IV it h in.

Scentless.

Mass. southward.

May-October.

Flmvers : axillary; clustered in spiked whorls. Calyx: five-toothed. Corolla:
trumpet-shaped; five-loljcd. Stamens: five. Pistil: one. Fniit : a round,
red berry. Leases : opposite ; oval ; clasping at the base, the upper ones
united about the stem ; glossy ; thick ; nearly evergreen. A shrub; climbing.

This is one of the most unique of the family. The clasping
leaves seem to be a series of difficulties through which the blos-
soms have triumphantly passed.

Z. Japdnica., Japanese honeysuckle, or woodbine, is the variety
that is most frequently chosen for cultivation. Its blossoms
are white, or yellow, and the tubular corolla is long, with pro-
truding stamens and style.

few flowers can vie with it in delightful fragrance, and this
has no doubt had much to do with the fondness that poets have
felt for it. The name woodbine alludes to the way it has of
entwining itself with some near object, ** as though in wed-
lock." It gives freely as well as receives ; for the rock or
tree that gives it support is made by it a bower of beauty. In
climbing it turns from east to west, and for its home chooses
the quietude of the rocky woodlands.

BUSH HONEYSUCKLE.

Diervilla DterviUa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Honeysuckle. YelloWy soiiu'titnes Fragrant. New England south- May, /une.

tinged with red. ward and westward.

Flowers : axillary ; growing in groups of threes at the summit of the stems.
Calyx: small, with five very short teeth. Corolla: funnel-form; of five un-
equal, recurved lobes, the larger one having a rich nectar-bearing gland at the
base and being more highly coloured than the others. Stamens: five; pro-
truding, /"/.v///; one; style, long ; protruding. ZMZ'fj .• opposite ; on petioles ;
elliptical ; serrated ; smooth. A shrub two to four feet high ; with highly col-
oured bark.

We may hardly flatter ourselves that the lower lobe of the co-

PLATE CI. TWIN. FLOWER. Linna'a borealn.

(19')

192 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

rollaof D. Diervilla hasbeen'so highly coloured simply to please
our artistic sense. It is to inform Master Bee that they are a
rich family worthy of his attention, and that they have a gland
full of nectar awaiting him. Of course, in inviting him thus
cordially to their feast, he is supposed to return the civility by
leaving for them a little package of pollen at a friend's house
on his way home. liut Master liee, like the rest of us, has his
moods, and when he is feeling very wicked he just pierces the
gland from the outside with his sharp little bill, and calmly sips
away without so much as a " thank you " in return.

TWIN-FLOWER. {Plate CJ,)
Ltnniea borehlis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Honeysuckle. Roif. Fragrant, like almonds. Mostly north.

TIME OF BLOOM
June.

Flowers: terminal in pairs; nodding; borne on individual thread-like flower-
stalks that terminate in a common peduncle. Calyx: small; five-toothed.
Corolla: bell-shaped, with five rounded lobes; hairy within. Slam f its : four;
two longer than the others. Pistil: one; protruding. Leaves: opposite; on
petioles ; round ; shining, evergreen ; rising from the stem. Stem: trailing;
decumbent.

The serene sweetness of ^' ese little twin blossoms has at-
tracted to them many lovt.s. Linnaeus, with his abundant
knowledge of the flowers, loved them better than any other and
Gronovius bestowed upon them his family name. It would
seem as though they exhaled the helpful love of a brother and
sister which blooms with refreshed vigour every springtime.

The following tale is told of Linnoeus in connection with his
fondness for them.

A friend gathering a small flower on the shore of a Swedish
lake asked the great botanist if it were L. borealis.

" Nay," said the philosopher, "she lives not here, but in the
middle of our largest woods. She clings with her little arms
to the moss, and seems to resist very gently if you force her
from it. She has a complexion like the milk-maid ; and oh !
she is very, very sweet and agreeable."

OF BLOOM

Single Flower.

PLATE CI 1. WHITE ABRONIA. Ahronta fras^ram.

('93)

194 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

SMOOTHER SWEET-CICELY.

W'ashingibnia loigisfylis.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Parsley .

White.

Koot^ scented like
anise.

North, southward
and ivestward.

May, June.

Flowers: small; growing in umbels with bracts underneath. Calyx: five-
toothed. Corolla: of five i)etals. Stotncns: five. Pistil : one, with two long
styles. Leaves: thrice-compound; Laflets ; ovate; deeply toothed; downy.
Stem: one to three feet high; hair»'. Root: aromatic; sweet-scented; edi-
ble.

The sweet-cicely has a rather hard lot in life. It is a grace-
ful, delicate plant, and rhe gifts of its rootstock are those that
please mankind rather than do him harm ; and yet, indirectly
it has been the cause of much suffering. Unfortunately it
bears so strong a likeness to the deadly water-hemlock (Plate
VI) that the latter is being constantly mistaken for it, with fatal
results, A close comparison of the two, however, will show
that in character they are quite different. The sweet-cicely is
found mostly in the rich woods.

Its generic name commemorates George Washington.

WHITE ABRONIA. {Plate CII.)
Abrb:iia fragrans.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUP RANGE TjME OF BLOOM

Four o'clock, ll'hitt. Fragrant, like ranilla. The Rocky Mountains. fune.July.

Flo7vcrs : growing in dense umbel-lii-;e clusters. Involucre: of five heart-
shaped, whitish bracts, thin and dry. Calyx : salver-rorm : the tube long, and
spreading info a petal-like border ; the lobes notched at the apex. Corolla:
none. Stamctts : two to five, included. Pistil: one. Leaves : opposite;
lance-ovate, v.ith a pair of stipules at the base. Stevi : branch'ng.

The scientific name of this flower when translated is "deli-
cate fragrance " ; and we may fitly associate the vvords with it
in connection with its English title. In appearance it suggests
much r.iOre the growth of the greenhouse than that of a hardy
dweller of the Rockies. The flower opens at sunset only, when
it ladens the air with its luscious perfume.

I

Ca/y.r, Sfa»irns and Pistil.

PLATE cm. WHITE BEARDS TCNGUE. Pmf'fcmon /)(i,-//a//s.

(•95)

196 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

CATALPA. INDIAN BEAN. CANDLE-TREE.

Catdlpa Caidlpa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR

Trumpet-creeper . White, dotted with Leavet., slrong/y
yellow: purple inside. scented.

RANGE TIME OF BLOOM
(iiilj stiites, June, July,
iiort/tward.

Fhnuers : growing in terminal panicles. Calyx: irregular, or two-lipped.
Corolla: campanulatc ; two-lipped, with five spreading, crimped lobes.
Stamens : three short, or occasionally four perfect in pairs, two of which are
shorter than liie others ; and one sterile stamen present. Pistil: one. J'ods :
long; linear; iuinging. Lfavcs : on petioles ; ovate ; pointed ; entire or three-
lobed ; glabr(3us. A tree.

It was said by an old darkey : " dat he felt all de light ob dc
heavens shinin' down fru his head wheneher he sat under de
catalpa tree ; and dat all de other times was darkness."

Surely the beautiful tree could have had no tribute paid to it
which would have been more sincere and touching.

WHITE BEARD'S TONGUE. {Plate CIII.)
Pcntsthnon D/i^i/diis,

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Fifiwort. White, tin,e;fd Scentless. New i'i>>/,ti>ri>j^'initt Late ipriiit; and ,\uin)He> .
IV it It purple. and westivard.

Florvcrs : clustered in a loose panicle. Calyx: of five green, pointed sepals.
Corolla : bell-shaped ; tvvo-'.ip])ed ; the upper lii^, two-lobcd, the lower one, three-
lobed and slightly spreading; inflated. Stamens: five. Pistil: one ; stigma,
two-lobed. Leaves: opposite; lanceolate. Stem: sometimes growing very
high ; erect ; smooth.

The open mouth of these pretty flowers gives them a comical
expression as though they were about to speak ; and the effect
is heightened by the bearding of the sterile stamen, which looks
like a saucy little tongue. In the west they are among the at-
tractive blossoms of rocky places.

HAIRY BEARD'S TONGUE.

Pentsthnon hirsiittis.

FAMILY COLOUR

Piewort. Lilac and white.

ODOUR RANGE

Scentless. Nortlnvard prom the south.

TIME OF BLOOM
Summer.

Floivers : nodding; growing in a panicle. Calyx : ol five sepals. Corolla:
two-lipped ; dilated ; similar to tliat of the above. Stamens: four fertile and
one sterile which is heavily bearded with yellow. Pistil : one. Leaves : opposite ;
lanceolate. Stem ; one to two feet high ; rather clammy.

OF BLOOM
u>u\ /lily.

mi ill III Diet.

OF BLOOM

Flower ia id open
showing^ sta wens.

PLATE CIV. Pcntsicmon Neiuberryi,
(197)

198 PLAN rs GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

Although not a common plant, we are sometimes so fortunate
as to find the beard's tongue on rocky hillsides, or in the wood
borders. Its beard is even handsomer than that of the western
variety.

P. Neiuberryi (Plate CIV) is a pretty variety that is found
growing on rocks in the far west. It is clearly presented by
the illustration.

CULVER'S ROOT.

Septdndra Virglntca.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

J-igivort.

iy/t,.e.

Si rn/U'ss.

l-'er/i/iiut 7vest7uard
and southward.

Ji4ne-Septf>iil't> .

Floxvers : growing in terminal, dense, spike-like racemes. Calyx: four or
five-toothed. Corolla : tubular ; the tube long, four or five-lobed. Stantiiis :
two; protruding. Pistil : one. Leai'cs: on short petioles ; lanceolate ; whorled ;
serrate. Sh-tn : three to eight feet high ; erect ; stiff.

The height to which this plant grows is always a source of
wonderment. It is not an inherited trait, as none of the mem-
bers of its immediate family is so tall. Perhaps it simply longs
to peep over the top of the trees that grow near it in the cool
woods or to call attention to itself when it blooms in the mead-
ows. The plant is also called Culver's physic and Black-root.

WILD BERQAMOT.

Mondrda fistulbsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Mint. Rosi- purf'lf, or T.rnvcs^ fragrant. Mass . soutkivard June-August.

white. and ifestuuird.

Fltnvers : growing iii a terminal head. Calyx: tubular ; five-toothed ; hairv
in the throat. .Stavtciis: tw(}, protruiling. Pistil : one ; style, jirotruding, two
lobed at the ajjex. Leaves : opposite ; lanceolate ; slightly heart-shaped at the
base; toothed and veined. As they approach the flower they take the colour of
the corolla.

Unlike the Oswego tea, the whole of which plant is delight-
fully fragrant even down to the roots, and which will emit a
strong scent after the bloom and leaves have dried away,
the foliage alone of the wild bergamot is fragrant. The plant
is a rather coarse one, but very effective. It blooms luxuri-

mm

PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL. 199

antly in its tufted heads, and when picked will remain fresh in
water for a long time. How often it has been the fate of these
leaves to be tossed in a bottle with a little alcohol ; and after-
wards as perfume to have added to the charms of a village
belle. Oswego tea, Plate LXII.

BITTER-BLOOn. ROSE-PINK.

SaMii//,! anguiaris.

FAMILY
i, cut inn.

COLOUR
Rose pink.

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Scentless. New York southward /uiy, August,

and west-iuard

Flmvers : large ; growing in panicled clusters. Cd/yx : of five linear sepals.
CV('//rt.- five-parted. Stnitifus : five, ristil : one ; style, twocleft. Leaves:
opposite; ovate; clasping at the base; rather heart-shaped. Stctn : four-
angled; imich branched at the top.

Growing abundantly in the rich soil of the thickets these
bright, rosy blossoms appeal to us as very beautiful. There is,
however, a straight laced, angular expression about their petals
which may have been the cause of their choosing a dwelling so
far away froin their charming relatives of the swamps. S. stel-
laris, S. dodecandra and S. caf/ipaiiulata, page 72, (Plate XXXI.)

STIFF GENTIAN. FIVE-FLOWERED GENTIAN.

Gen/ 1(1 11(1 (/u/ii(/ii(-fdl/a.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

(', flit inn.

Biue.

Si entlcss.

North and icest, south-
ward to Florida.

.Se/>teiuher.

Fl(nvers : growing in panicles at the summit of the stem and branches. C>i-
lyx : of five, linear lobes. Corolhx : funnel-form ; with five lobes, terminat-
ing in a little jMiint or bristle. .Sl.itHciis : five. PLitil : one; stigmas, two.
/.(•(;7'd'.f.* oi)positc ; ovate; slightly heart-shaped at the base ; cla.sping. S/c//i :
slender ; branching.

We always welcome any one of the gentians with pleasure ;
for they are a family of rare taste and beauty. Htnv bright and
cheery they look to us in the late season, when the slight chill
in the air begins to remind us that the summer has passed.
They then seem to spring up and say, " No, not yet."

G. quinquefolia resembles somewhat the closed gentian in its
manner of growth ; but it has opened its lobes a little way and

200 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

it is a smaller, more delicate variety. It is very partial to the
mountains for its home, although it visits sometimes in the
wood borders.

WOOD-SORREL. {Plate CV.)
dx all's Acetosilla.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Oxalis. WkitCyVeinedivitk deep pink. Scentless. Mostly north.

TIME OF BLOOM
J line, July.

Flmuers : terminal; solitary; growing on slender scapes. Calyx: of five
green sepals. Corolla : of five obcordate petals with a deep magenta eye and
yellow centre. Stamens : ten. Pistil : one, five-divided. Leaves : from the
root ; of three obcordate leaflets ; glabrous. SeaJ):' : slender, tiootstock : scaly ;
toothed ; creeping.

One of the beauties of the deep woods is the fresh, bright
clusters of wood-sorrel which seem to delight in the shady
coolness. Happy, complacent little flowers they are with no
disturbing elements about either their bloom or their leaves.
Probably this is because they do not subject themselves to any
of the evils of dissipation. Early in the evening their leaves
fold backward and they sleep until bright gleams of sunlight
pierce through the treetops and remind them that the day has
come.

The plants bear cleistogamous blossoms which are fruitful.

VIOLET WOOD-SORREL.

Oxalts violdcea.

FAMILY
Oxalis.

COLOUR

Violet.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
South7uard.

TIME OF BLOOM
June,

Flowers : several ; grownig on a scape. Calvx : of five sepals. Corolla : of
five petals. Stamens: ten; of different lengths. Pistil: one; styles, five.
Leaves: from the root; divided into three rounded, obcordate leaflets. Scafe :
leafless; from a bulbous rootstock.

Even after the bloom has passed, the leaves of these plants
are so extremely pretty that they are frequently sought for to
be potted and kept in the house throughout the winter. They
are found in more rocky woods than the O. Acetosella, and are
fond of a balmy, warm climate.

SOIL.

irtial to the
lines in the

IME OF BLOOM
June^July.

■ityx : of five
jeiita eye and
'cs : fruin the
'/s/ocA' : scaly ;

esh, bright
the shady
re with no
eir leaves.
Ives to any
leir leaves
'f sunlight
he day has

■ fruitful.

VIE OF BLOOM
June,

Corolla : of

styles, five.

ets. Scn/>e :

ise plants
rht for to
er. They
1, and are

PLATE CV. WOOD SORREL. Oxalis Acetosella.

COPymOMT, ieS9, BV FRCOERfCK ». iTOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

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M

PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

201

HERB ROBERT.

Gerdn iu m Robcrtia n u m .

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

L.raniuiii. riirpliah pink. Strong J rai^rnncc. Connnun north. J une-Octolur.

Flmvers: growing singly, or in clusters at the ends of the flower-stalks. Calvx:
tubular ; of hve sepals. Corolla : small ; salver-form ; of five spreading lobes.
Stcif/itfts : ten. Fisdl : one; styles, five. Leaves: i)innately divided twice or
Ihnce into f.eeply incised leaflets ; hairy. Stem : highly coloured ; hairy.

This plant came prominently to the notice of royalty during
the time of Robert's plague. It was then supposed to achieve
many cures, and was named after Robert of Normandy.

It is one that by the bursting of its pods scatters its seeds to
a very great distance.

WITCH-HAZEL.

Haviavielis Virgintdna.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE T'ME OF BLOOM

Witch-hazel. Veliow. .Slightly New England to Florida S,-/>tffnifr-Ao7t-nil;-r.

fragrant. and -westward.

Flo7ue7\i : few; growing in an axillary cluster on short peduncles; sessile.
Calyx : four-parted, with bractlets underneath. Corolla : of four almost linear
petals ; often twisted. Stanieus : eight ; four perfect ; the others without anthers.
Pistils: two. Fruit: an edible nut that matures the next season. Leaves:
ahernate ; oval ; wavy on the edges ; slightly downy. A shrub with everal
branching, crooked trunks from the root.

Whether the witch-hazel has simply forgotten to provide it-
self with a calendar, or whether it has the revolutionary spirit
which would turn the world topsy-turvy, is still an open ques-
tion. But to those that are bent on investigation a gentle hint
may be given that the evidence is all in the latter direction.
Otherwise why should it allow the spring and lovely summer to
^^lide by without making them any greeting and wait until the
late autumn, when the leaves are falling, to put out its pale yel-
low bloom. The seeds mature the next summer, which is noth-
ing more than an audacious reversal of the orthodox order of
things. The witch-hazel makes a plaything of the seasons.

It is well charged with ammunition too, and once fired it at
Mr. Hamilton Gibson, who has told most amusingly of his ren-

202 PLANTS GROWING IN RICH OR ROCKY SOIL.

centre with the shrub. When standing lost in admiration of
it, he found himself wounded first on the cheek and then In
the eye. In alarm he looked about for a hidden adversary and
discovered it was the seeds of the witch-hazel which were
bursting out from their coverings and shooting in all directions,
he noticed to a distance of forty feet.

Again there is supposed to be some latent mysterious power
about the twigs, which in remote parts of the country are still
used as divining rods and to locate the presence of water
underground. We feel a little more comfortable about the
shrub when we remember that the extract from it is very do-
mestic. In fact, we are occasionally informed that no household
without it can possibly exist.

Plants Growing in Light Soil : Op

Woods.

en

Perhaps it is the lively spring zvind that zvakes the flowers
tn the open ivoods, and laughs loudly while they take their
piaees. They ereep in as quietly as spirits, and seek the spots
where they will be ivarm in the sunshine that falls throu^r/,
the trees and stains them with a ruddy riehness. The dew
absorbs their fragranee and lingers lovingly about as though
loth to seek the sky. Knowing birds weave their nests beside
them and peep out a sharp, round eye to see if any harm is
mar. l he whole community know the country 'boy a little
better than do those of the deep woods; but they are not
a/ raid, and cajole him ivith their merriment.

PYXIE. FLOWERING HOSS.

Pyxtdantliera barbtildta.

/vIZ/L.. wlToZnk. .°S A.w"''°S TIME OF BLOOM

iifuipifiK. i„entu,s. New Jersey soutli-var<{. March-May

c!:>^Z7\/^l^'sZ.n:^:'T "^r^?- ^'^--^^ °^ five sepais.
Anthers: ope.Jng'Se the fi rT Iinl7-l/"'''/ ^ ""'•'; ^^'gn^-. three-Iobed.

kittle can be imagined that is more truly sweet and dainty
than the flowermg moss which begins to creep through the pine
woods just as the spring is opening. When handled it is found
to possess quite an amount of vigour ; and the anthers under
a microscope are a revelation. Each one is a tiny box and

204

PLANTS GROWING IX IJCIir SOIL.

opens by a lid. From this fact is the significance of its generic
name.

TRAILING ARBUTUS. MAYFLOWER. GROUND

LAUREL. {Plate CVI.)

Iipii^i)\i r I' pi' lis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Heath. W'liiti- 01- />i iiK\ /■> <ij,;rant. A'l'W Kn^/anii tiiu/ .\'<'w /i-tsry. March-May.

Flmuers : growing in turminal clusters. Calyx : of five, green pointed sepals.
Corolla: tuliulai ; witii five spreading lobes; wiliiin hairy. .S'/(////(7;,r ; six to
ten; included; antiiers, yellow. Pistil: one; stigma, tivuiobed. Leavi's :
alternate on hairy stalks; cordate; entire ; evergreen. Sti-in : prostrate;
branching ; woody ; hairy.

Thoreau says : '* I love nature, I love the landscape because
it is so sincere. It never cheats me, it never jests ; it is cheer-
fully, musically earnest." It is so with the arbutus, a faithful
little sweeliieart. I'A'en to those that live in large cities the
browned, faded bunches, tied with wet strings and peddled by
sad-eyed little boys, have the power to kindle a gleam of joy in
the heart ; but to those that live in the quietude of the country
and watch the changing of the seasons by the position of the
sun's reflection upon their sidewalls, the coming of the arbutus
is an event in the year. It never disappoints its seekers. As
soon as the winter's covering of snow has faded away and only
little melting patches are seen sparingly about ; the dried
leaves may be pushed aside and the sweet, pink face snuggling
so cosily among its green leaves has a fragrant welcome to be-
stow. Stern and grave as were the Pilgrim fathers, they loved
it dearly ; for as Whittier tells in his beautiful poem, it was the
first blossom to greet them after their winter of suffering. In
New England, where it grows abundantly, and especially about
Plymouth, it is called Mayflower.

" O sacred flower of faith and hope,
As sweetly now and then
Ye bloom on many a birchen slope,
In many a pine-dark glen."

j^eiieric

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DF BLOOM
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2o6

PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL.

PIPSISSEWA. PRINCE'S PINE.

Cliimdphila umhellaia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Heath. Flesh cotouvy tinged with J'ta^^rnnt. Northeast to Ca.. -Aii-st- June, July,
crimson: green centre. ward to the Facijic.

FlcTiVers : nodding ; usually three in a loose cluster, drlyx : of five green
lobes. C^/WA/ ; of five round, conca\e petals with a crimson .ing of colour
at the base. Stamens: ten, with violet anthers. Pistil: one; stigma, five-
rayed. Leaves: numerous, wliorled, or scattered along the stem ; lanceolate;
toothed ; evergreen. Stem : about six inches high.

In a crowd we might easily pass by the pipsissewa, but once
having turned aside to look at it, we should be sure to linger
for a better acquaintance. It is one oi the prettiest of the
fragile blossoms that grow in the open woods. The name
pipsissewa is also full of charm and conjures up all the romance
ihat has ever clustered about the red man. He knew undoubt-
edly of the plant's medicinal properties.

C. maculiita, Plate CVII, is a species of pipsissewa that
grows abundantly in Eastern North America and is con.-
monly called spotted p'osissewa. It blooms a little earlier in
the season than the preceding variety and if possible is a
sweeter flower. The leaves are lined beautifully witn white.
It is also fragrant.

SPRING BEAUTY.

Claytonia Virginica.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Pulsane.

Whit,- or pink
veint'dwith a
deeper shade.

Scentless,

New England south-
ward to Georgia
and westioard.

March-May.

Flmvers: a few growing in loose, terminal racemes. Calyx: of two ovate
sepals '^rolla: of five petals, slightly united at the base. Stamens: five.
Pistil: -• ; style, three-lobed. Leaves: opposite; linear; narrowing into a
petiole .1 I varying greatly in bieadth. Stem: erect or reclining; rarely
branched. Root : tuberous.

We should never be tired of reminding ourselves that plants
are not all formed after the same plan. They are as human
beings, and we seldom find among them one that has not some
interesting characteristic. Although general laws may be said

r PIPSiSSEWA. Chimaphila maculata.
PLATE evil I

(FIRE PINK. Silcne I 'irginica.

COPTRIUHT, ia9<, BY rREOERICK *. tTOKCS COMPANY.
PRINYID IN AMIIIIC*.

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PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL.

207

to govern them, again as the animal world they defy any law
that interferes with their individuality.

The spring beauty is familiar to many of us and as we recall
It to the mind we connect with it a shrinking type of loveliness.
Were it not for its delicate venation we would almost confuse it
with the anemone. In woods, often by running streams, and in
exposed places it blooms abundantly. It is a child of the sun
and closes in cloudy weather.

LIVER-LEAF. HEPATICA.

Hepatic a Hepatic a.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Croni/oot. Pinkish blui\ or white. Fragrant. Mostly east.

TIME OF BLOOM
Early spring.

Flmvers : solitary; growing on long scapes. Calyx: of six, or more
coloured sepals vvliich are frequently mistaken for petals, as the involucre is
inconspicuous and adheres closely to the flowers in the manner of sepals.
Fitals: none. Stn/nens: numerous. Pistils: numerous. Lea^'es : from the
root; rounded; three-lobed ; mottled with purple; evergreen. Scape: cov-
ered with a fuzz.

" Brave little wilding, herald of the spring !

First of the beauteous tribes that soon will troop
Singly, in pairs, or in a joyous group,
O'er sunny slope or sheltered bank ; or cling.
By their slight fibres, where the bluebird's wing
Alone can visit them with graceful swoop ! "

— Eliza Allen Starr.

Father Winter is hardly well on his homeward journey when
we go to the woods or banks and notice a subtle fragrance
hovering about the air. Led by it we direct our steps and
find almost hidden by dead leaves, or perhaps by snow, our
lovely hepatica. It has pushed up its delicate bloom through
the rusty-looking leaves that have remained over the winter,
as though impatient to be the first to greet the spring. The
new leaves appear later in the season. Perhaps down below
they and the blossoms had a little disagreement about just
when was the proper time to arrive at the flower carnival and
the leaves scoffed at the idea of being first, so they delayed in
getting ready, and the flowers came on alone. Neither were
they imprudent ; the buds and stems are well wrapped up in a

208

PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL.

heavy fuzz that protects them from the cold. They knew
better than the leaves how glad we all should be to see them
here.

Mr. Gibson regarded them as our earliest spring flowers.

WIND-FLOWER. WOOD-ANEnONE. {Plate CVIII)

Anemone quinqiiefblia.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Crowfoot.

White^ or tinted with
blue or pink.

Scentless.

General.

Aprils May.

Flowers : terminal ; solitary. Cafyx : of four to seven petal-like sepals.
Corolla : none. Statnens : numerous. Pisltls : numerous, forming a head.
Leaves : from the base ; three also on the flower stem, whorled below the
flower and divided into three-toothed leaflets. Slern : delicate ; slender.

It is said that the Greeks named their anemone wind-flower
because it appeared at the windy season ; but we would rather
connect our lovely blossom with the pathetic grief of Venus
over the body of the slain Adonis. As she approached Cyprus
in her swan-drawn chariot she heard coming up through mid-
air the groans of her beloved. She therefore turned back to
the earth, alighted, and bent over his lifeless body. Overcome
with grief she reproached the Fates and said :

"Theirs shall not be wholly a triumph; memorials of my
grief shall endure, and the spectacle of your death, my Adonis,
and of my lamentation shall be annually renewed. Your blood
shall be changed into a flower ; that consolation none can envy
me."

She then sprinkled nectar on the blood and the flowers arose.
The wind blows them open and then blows the petals away.
So they are short lived ; their coming and going being attribu-
table to the wind.

" Wind-flowers we since these blossoms call.
So very frail are they,
Tear-drops from Venus's eye let fall,
Our'wood anemone."

The European species, A. pavonina and A, ranunculoides., are
scarlet and purple respectively.

^^m

.ff^

PLATE CVIII.

WIND-FLOWER. Anmione qiiinqucfolia,
(209)

2IO

PLANTS GROWING IX LIGHT SOIL.

RUE ANEMONE.

Syndesmon thalictroldes.

This is a very similar plant to the wind-flower and is often
found growing beside it ; especially when the chosen haunt is
about the roots of an old tree. Its flowers are smaller and
they grow in umbels at the end of the scape. The leaves are
rounder and less divided. Although it is sometimes found of
a rosy hue, its usual colour is white. Like the wind-flower it
is very perishable.

THinBLE-WEED. {Plate CIX.)
Anemone Virginiana.

FAMILY

Crowfoot .

COLOUR

Greenish white.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM

.■\ /I suimutr.

Flowers : terminal ; solitary ; borne on long flower-stalks. Calyx : of five
greenish petal-like sepals. Corolla; none. Stamens: numerous. Pisttls :
numerous. Fruit; thimble-shaped; a head of achenes. Leaves: opposite;
and from the base deeply cleft ; the divisions again cleft and toothed. Stem .
tall ; smooth.

The tall, stiff stalks of A. Virginiana are very noticeable in
the open woods and in many dry meadows. It is best known,
however, by its odd, thimble-shaped fruit.

TALL LARKSPUR.

Delphinium urceolatitni.

FAMILY
Crowfoot.

COLOUR
Blue or purple.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
Penn. soHth7uiir<t
and ■westward.

TIME OF BLOOM
July, A ugust.

Flowers : downy ; loosely clustered in a terminal raceme. Calyx : of five
irregular sepals, one being prolonged into a large spur. Corolla: of four
petals in jjairs ; the upper pair projecting backward long spurs which are en-
wrapped in the spur of the calyx ; the lower pair raised with short claws.
Stamens: numerous. Pistils: three, forming in fruit as many erect pods.
Leaves: iUternate ; palmately divided into three, or five divisions. Stem:
three to five feet high.

The larkspurs form en masse an exquisite bunch of blending,
beautiful colours. They are dignified flowers and until ex-
amined critically appear to be symmetrical. Thqir organs,
however, are all irregular.

PLATE CIX. THIMBLE-WEED. Anemone Virginiana,

(211)

212

PLANTS CIROWINC; IN LIOIIT SOIL.

D. tricorne, called also staggcr-wccd, is the dwarf larkspur
which brightens the open woods with its long, loose clusters of
bright blue or white flower. It effects a close soil and is
found mostly southward and westward from Tennsylvania.
The stem is from six to twelve inches high and smooth. The
leaves are deeply five-parted and the roots are tuberous.

In common with nearly all the larkspurs, of which there are
over twenty-five species native to the United States, the plant
possesses poisonous properties, and is especially harmful to
cattle in April if they indulge too freely in its fresh, green
shoots. It is from this fact that it has derived its name of
stagger-weed.

D. Carolinianiim^ Carolina larkspur, Plate CX, has azure, pink
or white flowers that are somewhat smaller. It is a downy
plant, from one to three feet high.

D. AJacis, with which we are familiar in old gardens, is simi-
lar to a hyacinth, and has flowers crowded in a long, close ra-
ceme. The spur is short and the pods very downy. On the
front of the united petals there are two marks which are sup-
posed to be the letters A. I. There is a pretty legend connected
with it.

When Ajax and Ulysses presented themselves as claimants
for the armour of the treacherously slain Achilles, the Greeks
awarded it to Ulysses ; and by so doing placed wisdom before
valour. Ajax, on hearing the decision, slew himself, and from
the spot where his blood touched the ground a lovely flower
sprang up, bearing on its petals the two first letters of his name,
Ajax, or Aiai, which is the Greek for woe.

DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET. {Plate CXXXV)

V\ola pubcsccns.

FAMILY COLOUR

Violet. Yellow, veined mtth purple.

ODOUR
Faintly fragrant.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM

Mav-

Flcnuers : solitary ; growing on axillary flower-stalks. Leaves ■ usually two on
the stem ; broad ; on petioles; serrate ; smaller, bract-like leaves below. S/em;
ieafy above ; pubescent.

This fair-hued little violet is one of the pleasantest sights

PLATE ex. CAROLINA LARKSPUR Delphinium Carolinianurn.

COPYRIQMT, 1B99, BY FREDERICK A, STOKES COMPANT,
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

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early

PLANTS GROVVINCi IN I.Killl' SOIL. 213

that greet us in the spring woods. It seems always young and
guileless, as Ihougii it would never grow old or wise. It is so
closely associated in the mind with Bryant's lovely poem, "The
Yellow Violet," that we cannot but lament the evidence that
inclines us to the belief that it was V. rotundifolia by which he
was inspired.

FRINGED POLYQALA. FLOWERING WINTERGREEN.

Po/j't,^alu pauiifblia.

FAMILY
Milkwort.

COLOUR

Koic pink.

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

SientUss. ^lastly north. Miiy.

FUnvers: axillary ; growing on slender flower-stalks ; clcistogamoiis flowers
borne near the root. Calyx: of five sepals, two of which are wing-like and
coloured like petals. Corolla: very irregular; the keel ornamented with a
fringe. Stamens: six. I'istil : one. Leaves: mostly at llie suniiuit of the
tlower-stalks ; ovate ; those below scale-like. Stems : underground. Koolslock :
lunning.

Usually the fringed polygalas are found growing together in
numbers as though they had just met for some gay fete. They
have on their party clothes, and look as pretty and bright as
possible. The poor little fertile flowers at the base have no
party clothes, and are evidently left out of all the fun. No fairy
god-mother has found them out, so they just have to stay at
home and do the work of reproducing their species, while the
useless, giddy sisters amuse themselves and are admired by all.

P, polygama has many flowers growing in a raceme at the
summit of a leafy flower-stalk. It also makes the plain little
sisters stay at home to do the work, knowing well that their
vanity never overrules their good sense, and that they do not
open their petals to expose their pollen to the rains, thieving
insects or any other evils that might overtake them.

TWIN-LEAF. RHEUHATISM-ROOT.

Jeffersbnia diphflla.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Rarhcrry.

White.

Scentless.

New York southward
and westward.

April, May.

Flmuers : solitary ; growing on a naked scape. Calyx : of four petals that fall
early. Corolla : one inch broad, of eight petals. Stamens : eight. Flstil : one ;

214

PLANTS OROVVING IN LIGHT SOIL.

stigma, two-lohcd. LeaTts : from the base ; growing on long stalks, and parted
into two rounded leaflets which have won for it the name of twin-leaf. Sca/>g:
simple ; naked.

The generic name of this pretty Uttle perennial herb was be-
stowed on it in honour of Thomas Jefferson. It comes to us
early in the season, but is only found sparingly in woods that
are east of New York.

WILD MANDRAKE. MAY APPLE.

Podophyllum pcltatum.

FAMILY
liiivl'trry.

COLOUR
White.

ODOUR
UnpUamnt.

RANGE
General,

TIME OF BLOOM
May,

Flowers : large ; solitary ; nodding from a short pedicel between the two leaf-
stalks. Calyx : of six sepals that fall early. Corolla : of six to nine petals.
Stamens: usually double the number of petals. Pistil: one. Fruit: a large
berry filled with seeds and sweet to the taste; it appears like a small lemon.
Leaves: usually two ; terminal at the ends of elongated petioles; umbrella-
shaped ; five to nine lobed. Mcside the flowering stems other stems arise which
bear a single leaf seven to nine lobed.

A Strange little flower is our inandrake, and r* strange way it
has of growinji: luider its great unibrella-lik., leaves. It seems
as though its perpetual dread in life is to be wet by a thunder-
shower. The fruit, called wild-lemon, is harmless, and is often
eaten and enjoyed by children ; but the leaves and roots pos-
sess a deadly poison.

The Indians know how to use it medicinally.

STAR-FLOWER.

Tricntdlis Americana.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Primrose.

White.

Scentless.

New F,nf;la n d sou th ma rd

and westward.

May.

Flowers : small ; terminal ; solitary. Calyx : of six, or seven sepals. Co-
rolla : wheel-shaped; of six, or seven pointed petals. Stamens: numerous.
Pistils : four to fifteen. Leaves : sessile ; long ; narrow and vvhorled below
the fiower. Stem : erect ; slender. Kootstock : slender.

Growing near the anemone and often near the wild straw-
berry, we find in the spring woods this prim little blossom. Its

-^^^sm^^^^^^ •

PLATE CXI, PARTRIDGE VINE. MitrhclUi rcpcns.

(215)

2l6

PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL.

appearance is crisp and pert-like, and although 't evades us and
hides itself behind its handsome leaves, we may hardly fancy
that it does so from shyness ; but rather that it is mischie
ously teasing its seeker and peeping out its bright face to laugh
at him as he passes on.

FOUR-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE.

Lysimdckia qiiadrifblia.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR

Primrose. Yeilow, streaked with reil. Scentless.

RANGE TIME OF BLOOM
General. June.

Flmvers : solitary; growing uprightly on axillary thread-like flower-stalks.
Calyx: of five, parted jietals. Corolla: of five, obiong, jjarted petals.
..VAiWiV/j ; four or five. Pistil : ox\&. Leaves: lanceolate; opposite or whorled
at even distances about the stem. Stem : uprighi ; smooth.

The perfectly symmetrical arrangement of the leaves of this
plant and the star-like, bright faces that shoot out from their
axils make it very noticeable. It is closely related to L.
terrestris of the moist meadows ; but is fond of the light soil of
open woods and sometimes even appears a ong the roadsides.
This difference of taste is probably owing to the considerate
forethought of the family, which wish to put themselves as
much en evidence as possible, and to be ready to assist the poor
farmer by using their soothing influence upon his quarrelsome
beasts. L. terrestris, page 93.

PARTRIDGE VINE. {Phxte CXI.)
Mitchella ripens.

FAMILY
Madder.

COLOUR

IVhite.

ODOUR
Fragrant.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
Junejuly.

Flo7vers : terminal; two in each cluster. Calyx: 01 four toothed sepals.
Corolla : of four wax-like lobes wliich extend into a tube ; within hairy.
Stamens: four. Pistil: one. Fruit: a small, round, scarlet berry singularly
crowned with the eight calyx-teeth, and formed by the cohering of the ovaries
of the twin flowers. Leaves : small ; round ; opposite ; shiny ; evergreen.
Steins : trailing closely over the ground.

Much of the essence of the woodlands is embodied in the
cherry-like scent of the gentle sister blossoms and the pretty

PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL.

217

fruit and bright trailing stem of the partridge-vine. It is a
great favourite in the open woods and never deserts them to
visit in other locaHties, Many a merry meal it has offered to
the passer-by, and animals and birds know well the pulpy, red
berry. In some places they also frequently find their way to
the markets.

The blossoms are dimorphous, as are their sedate little rela-
tives the quaker ladies. Page 97, Plate XLVI.

TALL HAIRY AGRIMONY.

Ai^riindnia hirshta.

FAMILY
Rose.

COLOUR

ODOUR

/, ike apricots.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM

Juiy, A ugust.

Flmoers : email ; growing in a close, slender raceme. Calyx: obconic; five-
lobed, covered with hooked bristles. Corolla: of five, rosaceous petals.
Stamens: ten, or more. Pistil: one; sometimes three or tour. Leaves: pin-
nate ; of five to seven lance-oblong, coarsely-toothed leaHels. Stem : erect ;
bristly.

Many tender grandmotherly traditions cluster about agri-
mony. They loved its fragrant flowers and roots, and prized
it especially because an addition of its dried leaves made the
tea go further, and gave to it a peculiar aroma and delicacy of
flavour. The dear old country doctor in his rattling gig knew
the agrimony and had it classed among his harmless remedies.
Paper bags filled with it and hung against the garret walls are
also among the memories that its name recalls.

WHITE AVENS.

Geu/n Canadense.

FAMILY
lu'se.

COLO'JP

nytiie.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
May-A ugust.

Guarding the borders of the thickets and open woods we find
the white tv^ens. It is a less conspicuous plant than either G.
rivale or G. strictum, pages 52 and 53, and has small, short, white
petals. We must infer that its lack of an attractive appearance
is really premeditated, and for the purpose of preventing our

2l8

PLANTS OROWING IN LIGHT SOIL.

noting its whereabouts, to avoid it ; as in the late season it
sheds abroad very Httle of the milk of human kindness in
attaching its burrs to the unfortunate.

WILD PINK. {Plate CXII.)
St'lhte Carol i It iana.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

I'hiJi.

Rosi' />ink.

Scentless.

Eastern, iiiiiUiU' and

to near/y -tvliite.

southern states.

TIME OF BLOOM
April-June.

Flcnvers : clustered at the ends of the flower-stalks. Calyx: long; of five
sei)als that form a tube. Corolla: of five notched petals with claws that are
enclosed in the calyx-tube. Stamens : ten. Pistil : one ; styles, three. Leaves :
those from the base, long, narrow, clustered; terminating in hairy petioles;
those of tlie stem lanceolate, opposite. Stem : four to eight inches high ;
branching ; vigourous.

Let us cast a glance at these lovely deep, rosy pinks as we
pause by some rocky ledge in the open May woods. They sit
so jauntily upon their stems and have such an assured expres-
sion that we feel they are whispering to each other very spicy
things ; and who knows but about us ? Indeed, the flowers
have quite as good a right to criticise our manners and appear-
ance as we have to chatter so much about them.

FIRE PINK. VIRGINIA CATCHFLY. {Plate CVII.)

.^'/lene I 'irginica.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

PhiA-.

Scarlet.

.Scentless.

AV7t» York south'.iHiril
and westward.

All stoniner.

/7<nw;'j.' few ; growing on pedicels in a cynie. Calyx: tubular; five-c'eft ;
sticky ; nodding in fruit. Corolla : of five lanceolate, deeply two-clett petals.
.Stamens: ten. Pistil: one; styles, three. Lea7'ci : small; lanceolate; thin.
Stem : one to two feet high ; erect; slender; pubescent.

The viscid substance that covers the calyx and stems of the
fire pink has led emblematists, whose hearts have been full of
compassion for the hapless insects held to die by its means, to
associate the idea of remorseless fate with the plant. It is not
thought that it assimilates its victims for nourishment as is cus-
tomary with the insectivorous plants ; and its large sticky
calyx is therefore to be regrettetl, as it mars to a great extent

PLATE CXI

WILD PINK. Silene Caroliniana.

COPVHICMT. 1B99. BY fHEOERtCK *. STOKES COMPANY.
PHlN'EO IN AMERICA.

PLATE CXIIl. STARRY CAMPION. Sihiie sfe/hxta.

(219)

220 PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL.

the beauty of the brilliant flower. Dr. Erasmus Darwin, when
speaking of American catchflies, said, " The viscid material
which surrounds the stalks under the flowers is a curious contri-
vance to prevent insects from plundering the honey, or devour-
ing the seed."

STARRY CAMPION. {Plate CXIII.)

Si / hie sli'liata.

FAMILY
rink.

COLOUR

n-hite.

ODOUR
Scent iess.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
June, July.

Flcnvers: clustered loosely in a panicle. Calyx: swollen; reddish, sticky,
with five lobes. Co'olld : of five deeply fringed jietals. SUivieits : ten; ex-
serted. Pisttl: one; styles, three. Leaves: sessile; lanceoi;ile ; whorled in
fours, or opposite in jj.iirs on the upper and lower part of the stem. Stem :
two to three feet high ; reddish coloured.

The deeply fringed petals and yellow-green leaves of the
starry campion form masses of delightfully cool colouring that
seem to breath the freshness of the midsummer woods. It is
in the evening that the flowers unfold, although in much shaded
woods they remain open until noon of the next day. The plant
is a conspicuous catchfly.

GROUND-NUT. DWARF GINSENG. {Plate CXIV.)

Pdnax trifbliwn.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Ginseng.

White.

Scentless.

New En inland westward^
south-auiid to Georgia.

April, Mity.

Flcnvers: tiny; imperfect; clustered closely in a slender-stalked umbel and
forming a ball «jf bloom. C(;/i .r ; short ; with five small teeth. Corolla : ui
five petals. Stamens: five. Pistil : owe. /'/■////' ; deep yellow. Leaves: three,
wliorled below the flower and diviiled into three to five sessile leaflets. Root-
stock : tuberous ; deeply seated in the ^arth.

The round fluffy ball of tiny blossoms just rising above the
leaves gives this plant a very pretty and innocent look. It
rests so peacefully in the spring woods that it seems a shame
to disturb it to dig for its tubers. They are edible and have a
sweet, pungent taste.

.•;j^^"

PLATE CXIV. GROUND-NUT. Panax tri/oUum.

(221)

222

PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL.

FIVE-LEAVED GINSENG.

Piinax quinquefblium .

FAMILY
Uinsen,i;.

COLOUR
Greenish white.

TIME OF BLOOM
Juiy, A uguit.

ODOUR RANGE

Scfiitiess. I'eriitont to Minn,

southward to Georgia

Flowers: imperfect; clustered in a slender-stalked umbel. Calyx: short;
with five small teeth. Corolla: of five petals. Statiiciis: five. Pistil: one.
Fruit : a bright red berry. Leaves : three, whorled below the tiowers and pal-
mately divided into three to five ovate, pointed leaflets on each of the three
petioles. Stem : about one foot high. Roots : forked; aromatic.

This plant is eagerly sought for in the woods not only by
lovers of flowers, who appreciate it as a rarity, but also by
those who consider the conimercial value of its roots. It is
closely allied to the true Mandchurian ginseng of China and is
exported there from this country in large quantities. The
Chinese regard its stimulating properties as more powerful than
those of any other drug to invigourate the system. As is the
case with the Mediterranean mandrake, the forked specimens
are thought to resemble the human form, and the name ginseng
is a corruption of the Chinese Jintsan, meaning like a man.
The plant has not, however, so uncanny a reputation as the
mandrake and does not cry out when uprooted from the earth.

WILD 5ARSAPARILLA.

Ardlia nuduaiilis.

FAMILY

Ginseni;.

Flowers
five small

COLOUR

Greenish wliite.

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Scentless. General. June.

clustered in an umbel on a short naked scape. Calyx: short ; with
teeth. Corolla: of five petals. Stamens: five. Pistil: one.
Fruit : dark purple. Leaves : one only; growing much higher than the flowers
and divided into five oval toothed leaflets on each of the three petioles. Roots :
slender; running hoii^ontally.

It is said that the gods compensate an ugly mother by giving
her a beautiful child, and we often notice that rather plain-
looking flowers produce very attractive fruit. It is so with the
wild sarsaparilla, the close bunches of dark, shining berries
protected by their handsome leaves being a conspicuous feat-
ure of the late summer woods. The roots are gathered and sold
in quantities to flavour summer drinks, or as a substitute for
the genuine sarsaparilla.

PLATE ex V. WILD GERANIUM. Geranium macuhifum.

COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

PLANTS GROWINCi IN IJdHT SOIL.

223

AMERICAN SPIKENARD.

Aralia racemosa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANQE TIME OF BLOOM

i'liini'iif;. Crttniih ivhitc. Roots fragrant. I'ermont to Minnesota^ J'*^)'

soutlitiHitit to iiior^ia.

FUnvers : imperfect ; growing in drooping, compound umbels in a long pani-
cle ; similar to those already described of the genus Aralia. Leaves: very
large ; coiii])ound ; with heart-siiaped pointed leaflets ; downy ; toothed. Stem :
very leafy ; branched. A'oots : branched ; aromatic ; fragrant.

Few could pass by the long red or purple clusters of berry-
like fruit which the spikenard bears without turning aside to
atlinire them. Just before being quite ripe they are particu-
larly brilliant and beautiful in colouring.

WILD GERANIUM. WILD CRANESBILL.

Gerdm'um maciildtinn.

{Plate CXV.)

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANQE

(iiiiiniuiit. Purplish pink or lavender. Scentless. Central.

TIME OF BLOOM

Aprii-July.

Flinver.<i : growing in pairs, or more numerously on long peduncles. Calyx :
of five pointed sepals. Corolla : of five rounded petals. Stamens : ten, five
of which are longer than the others with glands at their bases. Pistil : one ;
styles, five. Fruit : maturing into as many capsules. Leaves : |)almately three,
five, or seven divided ; each division notched into lobes at the end ; the older
leaves blotched, or spotted with white. Stem : branching ; hairy.

^v^hen so strong and vigourous a plant as the wild cranesbill
clothes itself in delicate purple or lavender, we naturally think
it has a taste for the artistic. The detail of its gown has also
been most carefully planned, as is shown by its beautiful vena-
tion. Undoubtedly it is doing its best to keep up with its fa-
voured relatives of the gardens. Its common name, cranesbill,
and Greek name, geranium, are from the resemblance of the
partly-matured seed vessels to the long beak of a crane. When
ripe they burst open elastically and scatter the seeds. The
plant spreads itself bountifully over the fields and roadsides as
well as rests quietly in the open woods.

224

PLANTS GROWING IN LlGIl r SOIL.

NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT.

Ceanoili >is Aitu ricdnus.

FAMILY
Buckthorn,

COLOUR

l^hitt.

ODOUR

Hctntli'ii.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
July.

Flmvers : crowded in a dense umbel-IiUc cluster. Calyx: of five rounded
lobes coloured like petals. Corolla : of five hood-shaped petals. Stamens :
five. Pistil: one; stigma, thiee-lobed. /^v/r'fj ; alternate on short petioles ;
oblong ; tripic-ribhcd ; serrated; downy U' i\\\.\\. A low shrub ; ttne to three

feet high. Koot : bright red.

New Jersey tea is not so named l)ccause that much-abused
State knows no other, or is especially partial to the use of
red-root as a beverage ; but because in Revolutionary times the
little political difficulty that made tea rather scarce was felt less
poignantly by thrifty housewives who had bags of its dried
leaves hung in the garret. The root-bark is also known in
medicine, and it yields a brown dye.

PROSTRATE TICK-TREFOIL. (^Plate CXVI.)

Mcihbniia Alichduxii.

FAMILY
I'uisi.

COLOUR

J'ur/'te.

ODOUR

Scvntlfss.

Florida t

ANQE
s. unci nortlnvard.

TIME or BLOOM

./ llf^USt.

Flowers: growing in terminal racemi.. axillary branches. Calyx : five-

cleft. Corolla: papilionaceous. J'oils : wiin scalloped margins. Leaves: of
three rounded, ovate leaflets. Stem : i)rostrale ; pubescent.

When the Meibomias or Desmodiums, as they were formerly
called, held their family council as to the best way for them to
disperse their seeds, they decided upon a plan no doubt grat-
ifying to themselves but just a little trying to humanity at
large. It seems as though they had considered the question
from their point of view alone. They then provided them-
selves with jointed pods that are covered with bristly hooks,
and cleverly designed to fasten in the fleece of sheep, or hair of
animals. In fact, they do not despise clothing of any de-
sciiption. In this way they secure a very wide distribution,
and often fall upon grou'nd at a great distance from the original
plants. They are not well-bred like the rattlesnake, who al-
ways gives a friendly warning of his intentions ; and the first

PLATE CXVI. PROSTRATE TICK-TREFOIL. Mcibomia MichauxiL

(23S)

226

PLANTS GROWIX(i IN LIGHT SOIL.

intimation one has of their whereabouts is to find himself cov-
ered with their pods. Time must then be taken to pick them
off, even though, as Thoreau says : " You were running for your
life." The family is also a numerous one, and it is almost im-
possible not to come in contact with some of Jiem when taking
a stroll in the autumn.

M. Canadcnds is the tallest and most showy of the genus ; of-
ten reaching six feet \\\'^\\. It is not at all discriminating in its
choice of a home, and can be found almost anywhere, from the
heart of the woods to the middle of a bog.

M. nudiflhni is a smaller and very common species of the
open wo'jds. Its purple flowers grow in a raceme on a usually
leafless scape.

M. grandijldra bears a long raceme of flowers with leaves
divided into large leaflets crowded below it on the same stem.

All of these plants are readily known by their purplish pa-
pilionaceous corollas and three-foliolate leaves. The bloom is
often quite pretty.

WOOD-BETONY. LO'JSEWORT. {Plate CXVIL)

TIME OF BLOOM
May-July.

Pedicularis C 'anadcftsi's.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Figu'oit. Yellou^redyOr purple. Scentless. General.

Flowers : growing in a short, thick spike. Odyx : united and split down
the front. Corolla : tubular ; two-lij^ped, the ujiper lip helmet-shaped, the
lower one erect and three-lobed. Sluniens : four enclosed in the upper lip.
Pistil: one. Seed pods : daggr -shaped. Ltuu\-s: those fioin the root deeply
incised and cut; those near the flower, smaller and less cut; hairy. Stem:
erect ; hairy.

The wood-betony is another of the flowers that interest us by
their irregularity and vigour of expression. The upper Upraises
itself in the most self-asserting manner until it takes the whim
to arch over. Two short teeth then hang down and form a
striking likeness to the head of a walrus. The under lip,
which is shorter, completes the resemblance by drooping.
Occasionally the whole flower is of a deep rich purple ; but
usually the parts are differently coloured, the upper lip being

l-'ruit and calyx.

PLATE CXVII. WOOD-BETONY. Pfdicularis Camuicnsis.

(227)

228

PLANTS GROWING IN LIGHT SOIL.

purple and the lower one pale yellow. Again pale and dark-
clumps of the flowers will be found growing side by siilc.
After the bloom has passed the plants are not pretty, as the
fern-like leaves and pods are rather rough.

Unfortunately, the plant is not credited with possessing any
especial virtue, and we have no reason to believe it is identical
with the ancient betony of history.

NARROW-LEAVED COW-WHEAT.

Mclavtpyrtim Unedrc.

FAMILY
Figivort.

COLOUR

Pale yellow.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
All summer.

Flcnvers : small; solitary; axillary. Calyx: bell-shaped; four-cleft.
Corolla: tubular ; tvvo-lipi)ed, the upper lip arched, the lower one three-lobed.
Stanuns : ioux. J'/sl/l : one. Leaves: opposite; lanceolate or narrower; the
upper sparingly tipped with bristles. Slan : six to twelve inches high ; erect ;
branching.

Cow-wheat is so named because the Dutch at one time
cultivated it as food for their cattle ; and the Greek generic
name, Melam.pyrum, meaning black wheat, refers to the colour
of the seeds when mixed with other grain. The plant is very
common in our open woods, and is not particularly attractive.

SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE.

Dasj/s/oma Virgim'ca.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Ji^-A'ort. \'ello7v. Scentless. New Eng^land to Minnesota August, September.

southward to Florida.

Flcnvers: large; growin in a leafy raceme. Calyx: short; campanulate,
with five lobes. Corolla : large ; with five spreading lobes extending into a long
tube, the inside of which is woolly. Stamens : four, in pairs, one jiair shorter
than the other ; woolly. Pistil : one. Leaves: opposite ; the lower ones finely
divided, the upper ones lanceolate ; entire. Stem : from three to six feet
high ; branching; smooth. Root: parasitic.

The figworts are one of the few families that remain with us
after the composites have arrived. It would seem as though
they were loath to leave us without some reminder of the
more delicate bloom of the spring and summer. In full bud
the plants are especially beautiful. In fact, the large showy

PLATE CXVIil.

( DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE. Dasy stoma Jlava.
'(SMOOTH RUELLIA. R it cilia strepcns.

COPVniOHT, 1B«<, Sr FHEDeRICK A. tTOKES COHPANT.
P1INTC0 IN AWGRIC*.

PLATE CXIX. FERN-LEAF FALSE FOXGLOVE. Dasystoma Pedicttlat ia

(-29)

23©

PLANTS GROWINd IN LIGHT SOIL.

flowers have hardly the charm of the deeply-tinted enrolled
buds which pique the interest with the expectancy of the
blossom. Often we find the foxglove blooming in the woods
when there is not another flower to be seen, and we therefore
greet it with an added amount of pleasure.

D. Jlavd, or downy false foxglove, Plate CXVIII, is per-
haps a little earlier in coming into bloom. It is a smaller
plant, very showy, and with beautiful bell-shaped flowers.

FERN-LEAF, OR L0U5EW0RT FALSE FOXGLOVE.

{Phiie CXJX.)
Dasptoma Pediculdria.

FAMILY

Figvwrt.

COLOUR

Pale yellow.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
Maine southward.

TIME OF BLOOM

A ugttst. Se/'ti-ni/'i-r.

Flmvers : large, in a terminal leafy panicle. Calyx: irregularly cut; fivc-
lobed ; puliescent. Corolla : funnel-form ; inflated ; with five slightly irregular
lobes; within woolly; pubescent. Stamens: four in pairs, one pair shorter
than the other; woolly. Ant/icrs : lavender. Pistil: one. Leaves: pinnati-
fid; the divisions much incised. Stem: branched; leafy. Root: parasitic.

The blossoms from which the accompanying illustration was
made were picked in North Carolina ; and there, as along the
Atlantic coast, the fern-leaf foxglove is very lovely. There is
a sensitiveness about the plant that makes us fancy it to be
Qno. of the timid spirits of nature. It resents being picked,
and the leaves and stems then turn quickly black and die.

PlATL i^XX. bPAN.oH BAYONET. Yncia JiUuh, nio-a.

COP>RlGHr, Uai. Br F^\LOtH(CK *. STUKtS LUMPANT.
PRINTED (N AME.RILA.

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We

tha)

zi'iti

SPA

FAMIL

lily.

Fh

ends,
gruw

nam
mili,
free

Plants Growing in Sandy Soil.

There are flowers that delight in sandy soil, and they are as
well adapted to it as the white luater-lily is to its home in
the pond. When they desire moisture they are fashioned so
as to retain it within themselves, and have sneculent, non-
porous foliage. If it is unpleasant to them their leaves are
small or thin, and sometimes close at the approach of a
storm, or zvhen the air is laden with moisture. This sense
or instinct that flowers possess seems to be somewhat akin to
that of the carrier pigeon ; or of a dog that ivill folloiv a
trail over rocks cveti after they have been washed by the rain.
We all knoio that the Indian s senses are much better developed
than those of civilised man and they are ever in sympathy
luith the floivers.

SPANISH BAYONET. ADAM'S NEEDLE. {Plate CXX.)

Yiicca filamcntbsa.

FAMILY COLOUK ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

l.ily. W'liite, Scentless. East Virginia southward. Summer.

Flotvers: large ; growing in coin|ioniul panicles on a scai)c-like flower-stalk.
Peritiiith : of six, oblong, pointed divisions, sometimes tijiped witli purple at thii
ends. Stiitneiis : six. Pistil: one. Z('(;7'<'j." one to two feet long; lanceolate;
growing from, a short trunk.

This striking plant, \vh()se generic name is taicen from the
name used by the aborigines of America, is perhaps more fa-
miliar to us of the north in cultivation, than in the state of wild
freedom it enjoys in the south. It guards our garden paths

232

PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL.

with an erect, sentinel-like bearing that is very imposing, and
no one is afraid, even though it is called Spanish bayonet.

BEACH PLUM.

FAMILY
riuitt.

Prumis marltima.

COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

White or rose tinted. Sweet scciilcil. Maine to I'irginia. April, May.

Flmoers : growing in round, dense clusters. Calyx: urn-shaped, with five
green loljes. Corolla : of five rosaceous petals. Stamens : numerous. Pistil:
one. Fruit: a drupe, or having a stone enclosed in the centre; glaucous.
Leaves: alternate, with stipules; oval; tinei; toothed; downy underneath. A
low shrub with dark, purple bark.

In the sandy soil of the sea-beaches this spreading shrub may
be found growing abundantly. The bumblebees know well its
home and seem to have deserted every other flower to hover
about it drowsily. It is a native of America and delicious pre-
serves have been made from its fruit.

BIRD'S-FOOT VIOLET. {Plate CXXI.)
Vlolapediit'i.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

/ 'ioUt.

Pale olue and
deep purple.

Scentless.

New Eni^land to Minn,
and southward.

May.

Floioers : large, one inch across; solitary; nodding; growing on a scape.
Calyx : of five pointed sepals with ears at the bases. Corolla : of five unecpial,
beardless petals, one of which extends into a spur. Stavteus : united about the
pistil. Pistil : one ; style, club-shaped. Leaves: from the base ; pedately tivc
to nine-parted; the lobes narrow ; spatulate.

From time immemorial violets have had their historians,
their eulogists, and their worshippers; and yet, they are not
strikingly handsome plants that claim instant admiration ; they
are simply gentle, modest and sweet.

It is not, perhaps, generally known that until recently the
violet was highly prized in medicine ; and physicians of the
middle ages regarded it as one of their four cordial flowers. In
the time of Charles II. a conserve called violet paste, or violet
sugar, was in great favour with royalty and all the more
eagerly consumed because it was thought to be a preventative

.^- 1 ' J^ J,

PLATE CXXI. BIRD'S-FOOT VIOLET. Viola pcdaia.
Viola pcdata bicolor.

-jj/

234

PLANTS (IROWINC, IN SANDY SOIL.

of and cure for all pulmonary complaint,'. It may be that this
was the forerunner of the violet j^lace which is now eaten,
although undoubtedly more from pure delight than any idea of
benefit.

V. pedata hichlor^ IMate CXXI, which is a variety of V. pedala,
is very handsome, with deep purple, velvet-like upper petals.
The foliage of these violets is conspicuous as having departed
from the entire leaf type with heart-shaped base that is ccjui-
monly associated with the plants. They belong to the stemlcss
division, so-called, of violets and although they often bloom :i
second time late in the season they do not bear cleistogamou>
blossoms.

V. Atldntica^ coast violet, is a pretty plant with flowers that
grow on long slender scapes. Its petals are nearly ecjual in
length. It is by the leaves, however, that it is readily distin-
guished. They are ovate to reniform in outline and deeply
parted into linear or oblanceolate lobes ; the middle one being
somewhat wider than the others. We find them either toothed
or entire.

POVERTY-GRASS. FALSE HEATHER.

Hudsbnia toincntlma.

FAMILY

COIOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Rock-rose.

Yellow.

Scentless.

New England southward
and ii'i-stward.

May,Junt\

Flmvers : growing in loose, leafy clusters. Calyx : of five sepals, two
larger than the others and appearing like bracts. Corolla: of five petals.
Stamens : xwviw^xow?,. Pistil: one. Leaves, very small ; numerous; hugging
the stem closely. Stem : low ; bushy ; heath-like.

It seems rather the irony of fate that the word poverty
should ever have been associated with this heather-like little
plant. Its bright, yellow flowers and green leaves are ex-
tremely pretty against the light background of some sandy
hillside. There is, however, a hopelessness, a lack of endurance
about the little blossoms that is to be regretted. They open in
the sunshine, unresistingly give up the struggle, and live but a
single day.

PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL.

2J5

ROCK-ROSE. FROST-WEED.

Ilelidnlhcmum Canudt'nst'.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Koilc-rosf.

)>//<)j<..

like biiUain.

Maine iou/inva>it
ami weitwarii.

July, Au^mt.

Flowers: occurring in two forms ; tlie early blossoms large ; solitary, with
five petals ; tlic later ones small and axillary. Cii/yx : of tlie early Mowers ;
of live sepals, two larger than the others and appearing like bracts. Corolla :
of five, or more eaily-fallinu; petals. Sltinitiis: numerous; in the later
blossoms, three to ten. J'istil: one ; stigma, three-Iobed. /.iii7;s : opposite,
becoming alternate as they ascend the stem; lanceolate; pubescent under-
neath. Slct/i : erect; branched; pubescent.

As is the case with many families the frost-weetl raises two
sets of children. The first, which unfold in July, are large,
solitary and open in the sunshine only. The ne.xt day they
tlroop their petals and die. They resemble closely an evening
l)rimrose. Perhaps the plant finds them too luxurious and deli-
cate as offsprings ; for later in the season, in August and Sep-
tember, it blooms again, and numerous smaller blossoms appear
in the axils of the leaves. They are quite different in asi)ect
from their brothers and sisters that have gone on before, and
are with or without petals. The i)lant, however, is hardly mis-
takable, especially in November, when ice crystals fantastic and
whimsical in shape burst open the bark and rear themselves on
high. These are supposed to be the sap of the plant, which ac-
cumulates moisture and then freezes.

STAGGER-BUSH.

P]t'ris Mariana,

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLO(

1 lentil.

White, or tinted with
pink and red.

Scentless.

Rhode Island to
Florida.

May, J tine.

Fhnvers : rather small ; nodding ; clustered on leafless shoots. Calyx : of five
lanceolate sepals. Corolla: roundish; of five petals. Stamens: ten. Pistil :
one. Leaves : oblong ; glossy veined. A shrub two to four feet high.

Like lambkill the stagger-bush has a rather unkind way of
dealing with young lambs and sheep that browse upon its green
shoots. It turns their poor, foolish heads dizzy, or if they have
persistently eaten too freely, it sends them to their everlasting

236

PLANTS GROWlNCi IN SANDY SOIL.

rest. The shrub i.i very handsome and is generally found in the
sandy, dry soil of low grounds about New York and Rhode
Island. It is a connection of the Andromeda of the marshes.

VERNAL WHITLOW-GRASS.

FAMILY
Mustarii.

COLOUR

White.

Draba vcrna.

ODOUR

ScentliSi.

RANGE

General.

TIME OF BLOOM

Aprils May.

Flowers : small ; growing in a raceme on a naked scape. Calyx : of four
sepals that fail early. Corolla: of four two-cleft petals, Staiitfiis: six, of
which two are shorter than the others. Pistil: one. I'otl : Hat; somewhat
lanceolate. Leaves : from the root ; oblong to lanceolate. Sea/'e : one to three
inches high.

This little member of the spicy mustard family makes its
home in sandy, waste places. It has been naturalised from
Europe.

PinPERNEL. POOR-MAN'S, OR SHEPHERD'S
WEATHER-GLASS.

Anagdllis arvL'nsis.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

J'riiiirose.

Fi.Mishy white, or hlue.

ocentless.

General.

Ju tie- A ugust.

Flowers: small; ::olitary ; axillary; growing on slender flower-stalks.
Calyji : five-parted. Corolla : wheel-shaped, with five delicately fi iiiged seg-
ments. .i/.,.v'£'//j-; five; the filaments bearded with purple. J'/slil : owe.
f.eaves : short, opposite; ovate; almost sessile ; darkly spotted. Stem: low;
spreading on the ground.

The wish to be of some assistance to the poor man and tlu;
shepherd is characteristic of this dear little flower. It spreatls
itself out abundantly over the sandy, waste fields where they
often pass by, and warns them of the approaching storms by
closing its petals. At night also and when the day is cloudy it
folds them together. The fact that it does so with the choice
of a sandy soil for its habitat show., how consistent the phu't
is in its aversion to moisture.

A, S/cfus, St. Peter's-wort, is general in the sandy soil and es-
pecially the pine barrens of New Jersey and Long Island. It^
petals are longer than the sepals and obovate in outline.

PLATE CXXII. ST. ANIDRZW'S CROSS. Ascyrum Itypcrkotdcx.

238

PLANTS GROWING IN SANDY SOIL.

ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. {Plate CXXII)

Asiyruin hypcricoldcs.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

St.Jokn's-ivort. Yflloio. Stent less. Mass. to I'torida Juiy, August.

and ■zt'estward.

/7(>7</(?rj; clustered at the ends of spreading flower-stalks. Calyx: of four
unequal sepals. Corolla: of four oblong petals, Stameiis : numerous. Pistil:
one; styles, two. Lea'<cs : opposite; narrow; entire; sessile; smooth and
spotted with a darker colour. Stem: much branched.

This low, leafy member of tlie St. John's-wort family is very
pretty and may be found in light, sandy soil, or pine barrens,
especially those of New Jersey. The petals, which are not longer
than the sepals, spread out in the shape of St. Andrew's cross.

SHRUBBY ST. JOHN'S-WORT. {Plate CXXII I)
Hypericum prolifieum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

St.Johns-ivort. Yeilow. Scentless. Netv Jersey to Georgia.

TIME OF BLOOM

//</>', A iigitst.

Flowers : clustered at the ends of the branches. Calyx : of five sepals.
Corolla: of five spreading pointed ])ctals, tinged with scarlet in the centre.
.SA/w^wj ." indefinite in numlier ; protruding. Pistil: one; styles, three. /V,/.-
red ; three-celled. Leaves : numerous ; opposite ; oblong. Slef/i : branched ;
reddish.

The shrubby St. John's-wort is rather the coxcomb of the
family and has decidedly the air of being very much pleased
with itself. Its prolific supply of protruding stamens gives it a
light fluffy look which enlivens any bunch of flowers and adds a
touch of beaiity to the sandy, barren soil where it grows.
Thoreau n eiitions that at the time of the longest days in the
year the St. John's-wort begins to bloom.

FAMILY
Cactus.

PRICKLY-PEAR. INDIAN FIG.

Opi'intia hiimifitsa.

COLOUR
Yellow.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
Northeastern states.

TIME OF BLOOM
Summer.

Floiuers : large ; solitary ; sessile ; axillary from the side of the stem joints.
Calyx: of numerous sepals. Corolla: of eight to twelve petals arranged in
ranks. Stame)is : nwmerou?,. Pistil: one; stigmas, numerous. Fruit: pear-
shaped; edible. Slem : successively jointed ; fleshy, spiny, and provided with
tufts of stiff, reddish-brown bristles.

PLATE CXXIll. SHRUBBY ST. JOHNS-WORT. I lypcru urn ptolijuHin.

COPYRIOMr, 1(99. ev FREDERICK A. (TOKES COMPANY,
PRINTED IN AMCHIC*.

'I u
II

1! ' ' I

Jinn

PLATE CXXIV. GOAT'S RUE. Cracai Vir^^miana.

(239)

240

PLANTS G ROWING IN SANUY SOIL.

As the camel is adapted to the desert so is the cactus to
sandy soil, and in its firm, patient growth it is not unlike that
unwearying beast. Its succulent, fleshy parts retain within
themselves all the moisture it needs for existence, and the
leathery, non-porous skin prevents evaporation. It loves the
burning rays of the sun and will often choose to grow on rocks
where the heat is longest retained. Among the hills of New
Jersey and about Connecticut it is not unusual to find it cover-
ing large boulders.

Our flower is one of the two species with which we are most
familiar. O. Opihitia^ the othor species, has a western range,
from Minnesota to Texas, smaller flowers, few spines or none,
and greenish-yellow bristles. In other respects it is almost
identical with the above.

GOAT'S RUE. WILD SWEET PEA. CAT-GUT.

{Plate CXXIV.)
Crdccii Virginiana.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Pulse. Yello%uish and purple. Scentlas. Southern Neiv England June, July.

southuHird and westward.

/'7ot/;^';j' ; growing closely in a terminal cluster. Calyx: five-cleft. Corolla:
papilionaceous; the standard broadly ovate and notched at tiie apex; the
wiiit^s a purplisli red. Stamens : ten; nine of thcni united. Pidil : one. Pod :
flat; linear. Leaves: odd-pinnate, with smooth, oval leaflets. Stem: slightly
shrubl)y.

It is always a pleasure to come upon the goat's rue whose
manner of growth is graceful and its colouring effective. It
would seem as though Dame Nature had mixed her palette to
paint it in accordance with her taste for variety. Again, v,r
lament the absence of fragrance, which we unconsciously expect
to find, as the bloom strongly suggests the garden sweet pea.

WILD LUPINE.

Ltip)mis pcrdnnis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Pulse. Blut. Scentless. Maine to Florida. June, July.

Flmvers: growing in a long, terminal raceme. Calyx: deeply toothtd.
Corolla: showy ; paj^ilionaceous. Leaves: palniately divided into seven to
eleven lanceolate, hairy leaflets. Stem : erect ; sometimes branching ; hait v.

PLANTS (IROWINd IN SANDY SOIL.

241

The generic name of this lovely plant, which means a wolf,
was bestowed upon it because it has been supposed to devour
and exhaust the soil. Well, if it does it has the good taste to
do so in a way highly considerate of its neighbour's feelings,
and one that it would be well if all wolves would imitate. By
spreading itself over sandy, waste places it transforms them
into an under sky that Venice might envy, and that cheers and
delights the eye. It has been called sun-dial, as its leaves
arc said to turn to face the sun from morning until evening.
Old maid's bonnets is another and rather amusing common
name of the plant.

In eastern North America we have but two species, of which
our plant is the northern representative. The southern sister
is called Z, villosus. It has oblong simple leaves, in contrast to
the above, and its pods are beautifully covered with soft, silvery
hairs.

The west boasts many varieties of this plant, which all
closely resemble each other. They are among the peculiarly
striking and attractive of our wild flowers.

WILD, OR FALSE INDIGO.

Baptisia tinctbria.

FAMILY

COLOUR

y,-iioiv.

ODOUR

Hccntlrss.

RANGE
Central,

TIME OF BLOOM

J"'-y-

Flmvcrs : clustered in a loose raceme. Calyx : four, or five toothed.
Corolla : papilionaceous, the banner erect. Lea-'cs : ^niall, divided into three
oljovate leaflets, glaucous and whitish underneath. Stem : much branched
slender.

We could hardly pass on without mentioning the wild indigo
as we are constantly coming across it in the sandy soil. It
yields, as its name indicates, a rather poor sort of indigo.

RATTLEBOX.

Crot altar ill uii^it talis.

FAMILY
i'lihe.

COLOUR

VeUoiv.

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Scentless. Mnine ivesHvard. J"ly-

Flowers: small; seldom more than two, or three clustered on a ])cduncle ;

Pods: one inch in length; inflated, and having

Corolla : papilionaceous.

242

PLAxN rs GROWING IN SANDY SOIL.

numerous seeds. Leaves: short; lanceolate,; almost sessile with arrow-shaped
stipules at the base. Stem: erect; much branched and beset with dull
bristles.

After the seeds have ripened and become detached, the pods
of this plant make very cunning little rattles, as every country
child knows ; and this fact is referred to in its common and
Greek names. Unfortunately, the seeds and leaves contain a
poisonous substance which causes animals that eat of them to
slowly decline in vigour.

C. rotiindifoHa is a prostrate species that is well known in
parts of t'le south from Virginia to Mississippi. It favours a
dryer soil than the above plant. Its seed pods are very simi-
lar.

WILD SENNA. {Plate CX XV)
Cdsst'a Marildndica.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Senna.

Yelloiv.

Scentless.

New Engliinii south^uarii J>'h-
and westiuard.

Fhnvers: growing in racemes on slender axillary peduncles. Calyx: of five
almost separate sepals. Corolla : of five nearly equal petals, two of which arc
dotted with reddish purple at the base. Stamens : ten ; anthers, irregular,
blackish and often imperfect. Pods: long; hairy. Leaves: |)innale; divided
into six to nine narrowly oblong leaflets tipped with a little point at the top and
having a clul)-shaped gland at the base of the petiole. Sle/n : four to ten feet
high ; smooth.

if there are rebels among the flowers the wild senna surely is
one ; for it has, apparently without rhyme or reason, deserted the
papilionaceous corolla of the pulse family. It is a common
species in the north : and for its beauty has been cultivated in
gardens. The dried leaves and pods are well known in medi-
cine, being used for similar purposes as those for which the
oriental senna is employed. Wild senna is found much more
frequently in wet meadows or marshes than it is in sandy
soil.

PLATE CXXV.

WILD SENNA. Cassia iMatiiiunin u.
PARTRIDGE PEA. Cassia C/iaii/u-rris/a.

COPYRIGHT, t899. BV FREOER<CK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED (N AM^HILA.

^

PLATE CXXVI. BEACH PEA. Lathynis maritimus,

(243)

244

PLANTS (iROWINd IN SANDY SOIL.

PARTRIDGE PEA. LAROE SENSITIVE PLANT.

{Plate CXXV)
Cdssia ChamiPcrl.Ua.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

.S<'/i//ii.

Yellow.

Scvntless.

Mii/iiU states iouthwa>ii
atii If est to the luh kii \.

I. lite suniDiit .

Fhnucrs: larpe; growing on slender axillary (lower-stalks. Calyx: of five
almost separate petals. Carol la : uwn awA a half inches broad; of five pet-
als; fcnir of which are nearly ecjual and two dotted with purple at the base; the
fifth one being larger. .VA/w/<v/,v ; ten ; anthers, irregular, <if which some are
laden with a yellow, others with a purple, ])ollcn, I'isttl : one. Pod: flat.
Leaves: |)innate; divided into ten to twenty pair.s of small, linear, sensitive
leaflets which close when roughly handled, the lowest pair possessing a club-
shaped gland at the base.

When looking at the illustration it would appear as though
the wild senna and the partridge pea had, to amuse themselves,
played at exchanging their leaves, for the eye naturally associ-
ates the larger leaves with the larger flowers. Just the reverse,
however, is true, and the strength thai has been reserved in the
small leaves of the partridge pea, hursts forth in the large
bright flowers which enliven many a sandy bank in late sumnu-r.
It is especially in the south that its bloom is most perfect. 'Flu;
sensitiveness of these plants to the touch is a curious feature.

BEACH PEA. {Plate CXXVI)
Ldthyrus maritimiis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

VuUc. Violet purple. Scentless. Along the coast. Summer and early aiitHiiin.

Floxvers : clustered on slender axillary peduncles. Calyx : of five unequal
sepals. Corolla: showy; papilionaceous. Stamens: ten; united. Pistil:
one. /'('(/; long; narrow. Lcai'es : divided into three to five pairs of oval,
smooth leaflets ; the common petiole ending in a tendril. Slciii : stout; leafy.

Wending our way through the sand dunes that guard the
approach to the seashore we pass the beach pea growing in
low clumps. There is a healthy look about its soft green
spotless leaves, and the varying tones of its purple flowers har-
monise well with the white sand. We cannot help but fancy
that it feels a subtle joy in its powers as it stretches out its
firm tendrils to raise itself upward.

PLATE CXXVII. BUSH CLOVER. Lcspcdcza procumbcns.

(245)

I

246 PLANTS J ROWING IN SANDY SOIL.

BU5HXL9VER. {Plate CXXVII.)

Lcspcdcaa prociimhcns.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

PuUc.

Pio/ilii/i /link.

Scentless.

Gene ml.

Late summer and autumn

Flcnver^ • terminally clustered on peduncles. Corolla : papilionaceous, the
banner petal pointed at the top. /'i:ls : flat; jointed; having one seed. Ltaves :
divided into ihrec oblong, clovur-iike leaflets. Slon : procumbent.

This dainty lintlc ground weed that hugs the earth so closely,
bears, besides the large terminal flowers, smaller ones that are
intermingled with the others and grow along the branches.
Frequently they are without petals and are the more fertile of
tlie two. In sandy places in the late season members of this
genus abound and are conspiciujus by their cloverbke leaflets.
Their smooth, single or double-jointed pods with but one seed
also serve to distinguish them from their relatives, the Meibo-
mias, page 224, Plate CXVI.

L. capiiata, round-headed bush-clover, bears cream-coloured
flowers spotted with purple in a rounded head, or capitulum,
on very short peduncles.

Z. /;7//rjr^-'/5, wand-like bush-clover, is an erect species with
flowers growing closely ; thick stems and many leaves.

L. Virgi'nica, slender bush-clover, has flowers in oblong heads
and linear leaflets.

It will be noticed that the specific names of these plants, as
is customary, indicate their peculiarities. As a genus they are
readily recognised.

HYSSOP SKLLLCAP. {Plate CX XVIII)
Scute ''/< irt( i in tegrifblia .

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Mint. Diut or violet. Scentless. Connecticut, south-

ward and westward.

TIMt OF BLOOM
/une-A ug-ust.

Flcnve.s: one inch long; growing in terminal racemes. Calyx . two-lipped;
the upper lip covered by a hcimct-like little caj), Corjila : two-Iippecf with
long ascending tube, the upper lip helmet-shai)ed and cirving over the lower
lij). which is flaring and indented at the apex, Stamrns : four, in pairs of un-
equal length. Pistil : one ; stigma, tw( ■loL'^d. Leaves : opposite; lanceolate 10

ILOOM

iiU iiutuuni.

iceous, tlic
:l. Leaves :

0 closely,
that are
tranches,
fertile of
rs of this
; leaflets,
one seed
e Meibo-

-coloiired
apituluni,

cies with

ng heads

slants, as
they are

It OF BLOOM
une-A ifguit.

two-lipped:

lipped with

r the lowLi

pairs of im-

anceilate to

V U VI

PLATE CXXVIII. HYSSOP SKULLCAP. Srit/Mrna intcgrifolia.
HAIRY SKULLCAP. Scutellaria pilosa,

(247)

•^ *»"

•48

PLANTS GROWINd IN SANDY SOIL.

linear. Stem : one to two feet high. The whole plant is covered with a soft
down.

Nothing can be more bewitching than a stalk of these bhu.'
flowers intermingled with their light green leaves. The hehncl-
like petal of a deep purplish blue hangs over the others and
gives the blossoms an odd expression, as though they were
simply helmets and open mouths ; the latter just ready to snap
out any morsel of gossip that might be interesting to the
passers by,

S. pilhsa, hairy skullcap, Plate CXXVIIL has opposite
roundish, or ovate leaves, and flowers growing in a short ra-
ceme with s[)atulate bracts. It is a taller species than the pre-
ceding and is more pubescent. The blossoms are smaller.

S. lateriflora and S. galcriciilata, pages 126 antl 127.

BLUE=CURLS. BASTARD PENNYRj/AL.

Trichosttma dichotomum.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR

Mint. Bliii\ iurnirtf; l<y I'tiif^nint.

purple.

RANGE

Mass. to Florida
and ivcst'uard.

T!ME OF BLOOM

I. ate sumtner and

autumn.

Flcnvers: single; axillary, or in raceme-like clusters at the ends of tlic
branches, dilyx : tid)ular; five-cleft. Corollii : two-lipped; tive-divided; tlie
upper lobe deeply cleft. Slanicits: four; curved; ex>crtL'(l with hairy 1,1. i-
uients. Pistil; one; style, two-lobed. Lciwes : opposite, on short petioles;
lanceolate; entire; rather clammy. Stem: branching; clammy.

Blue curls does its best to be agreeable and throws out an
abundance of bloom in the late summer. It is not, however,
very pretty, and it is to be doubted whether its fragrance is
wholly agreeable. The common name refers to its hair-likc
curling filaments.

HORSE-MINT. (^Piaic CXX/X.)
Mo.'drda punctacta.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOJR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Mint. Yellow and iriiiison. Stronf;ly scented. New York to Illinois Jiily-Septeniber.

and southward.

/7r77£v;j ; whorl ed above the floral bra'^ts. C'/Zja- .' short ; five-toothed. Co-
rolla: t\/o-lipiied ; narrow in the throat: pale yellow, spotted with deep crimson.
Flora! leaves: whorled; lanceolate; pinkish crimson, veined with a deeper
colour.

OF BLOOM
uiniiier and
titiiin.

OF BLOOM

-Si/'ti-mi-f ■

PLATE CXXIX. HORSE. MINT.

(249)

Afonarda punctata.

250 PLANTS (IROWINCi IN SANDY SOIL.

This interesting plant is found in great abundance in the
sandy soil of New Jersey. The arrangement of tlie flowers
makes them appear as though they had assembled in court to
pronounce judgment on some unhappy creature and that they
had just opened their mouths to snap out a most unfavourable
verdict. One instinctively hopes that Master Bee has not been
shirking his duty, for they have a very angry, spiteful expres-
sion. The floral bracts of rich colouring form an exquisite
setting for their assemblage.

CAROLINA CALAHINT {Plaif CXXX,)

( alamintha Caroliniana.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Mint. Purple, or luhitc sf>otti'd Fragrant. Florida to

li'itk a darker shade. N. Carolina.

TIME OF BLOOM
A ugnsty September.

Flinvers ; growing in cymes of six flowers in the axils of the leaves. Calyx :
tubular; two-lipped. Ccro/lii : long ; two-lipped; the upper lip notched at the
apex; the lower one three-lobed. Slume/is : four; curving inward. Pistil:
one. Leaves I opjjosite ; oblong, narrowing into a slender petiole ; pubescent;
smaller leaves also cjustered in the axils. Stem : erect; branching ; leafy.

Ciila/nint/ia, meaning in Greek beautiful mint, well expresses
this member of the genus. It range is unfortunately limited,
but it can be known by the illustration.

PAINTED CUP.

Casiilli'ja coccinca.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

'■^igU'Ort.

Yellow ivith vermilion
Jloral leaves.

Scentless.

Eastern and
middle states.

June.

Fhnvers : terminal; growing in a short spike. Calyx: four-cleft; yellow.
Corolla : tubular; two-lipped ; the u]i])er lip long, erect ; the under one shorter
and three-lobed. Slam 01.^: four, unequal. Pistil: one. A(V/7'<j : those of the
stem unequally divided into three, pointed lobes; those near the flower cut
into three bract-like lobes that are vermilion in colour ana appear !iko the
blossoms. Stem : one foot high ; hairy.

" Now if thou art a poet, *ell me not
That these bright chalicfs were tinted thus
To hold the dew for fairies, when thev meet
On moonlight evenings in the hazel b«>,vers,
And dance till they are thirsty."

— Brv.^nt.

I^a,

PLATE CXXX. CAROLINA CALAM INT. CalamnitJia Caro/iniantj,

(^50

^52

i'LAN rs GROWING IN SAMA SOIL.

It would seem as though the painted cup had been conscioib.
of the insignificance of its pale yeUow bloom and so had calkd
upon the loyalty of its leaves for assistance. They then rc-
sjjonded nobly by forniinj^ about them a scarlet cloak which
enables the flower to a[)j)ear one of the most brilliant of all. ll
blooms in such profusion that a sandy meadow where it grows
suggests that it is traversed by some vagrant, wandering flame.

PURPLE GERARDIA. {riatc CXXX/.)
(i(idr(//a purpurea.

FAMILY
Fii;wu>/.

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE
Xioth and iotitli.

TIME OF BLOOM
A itguity Si/>tei>il>i> .

Fhnvers : axillary; growing along the diverging flower-stalks. Calyx: of
fivetoothed sepals. Corolla : one inch across ; tubular ; bell-shaped with five
irregular lobes liaiiitily clotted with a deeper colour. Stainetis: four, in pairs of
unecjual length; downy. y'/,>/// ; one. /////V: an ovate, pointed j)(jd. Leaves:
opposite : linear. SUui : branclied.

A lovely little flower of ciuaint expression which peeps at one
in the low meadows. It is very frail and soon drops from the
stem when picked ; but the pretty buds come out well after
having been placed in water. To climate it is very suscei)tiblt',
and when it wanders to other than its native soil the bloom
soon shows the difference.

G. mixritiiihi is the species that is found on salt meadows, ii
is seldom over a foot high, while the preceding plant is fre-
quently four feet high. The flowers are also smaller and
fainter in colour.

They have both forsaken the two-lipped corolla of the fii,^-
wort family, as have the foxgloves. No doubt they are both
of them a trifle perverse ; and that they are indolent is maiK;
certain by their having the reputation of being parasites.

FLOWERING SPURGE. {Plate CXXXII)

Kuphorbia corollata.

FAMILY
spurge.

COLOUR

'A' kite.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
Mass. to I'lvida.

TIME OF BLOOM
July-Octohey.

Flo-oers: staininale and pistillate; growing on forked branches in unibcN.
and surrounded by a five-lobcd corolla-like involucre. The staniinate flowti^

scions
called
en rc-
which
:ill. Il
grows
tlume.

■ BLOOM

\dy.\: of

with fivL-

n pairs ol

Leaves :

S at onr
rem the
ill after
:eptil)lc,

bloom

;)

\vs. U
is fre-
er ami

the fiK-
ire both
IS made

OF BLOOM

y.Octol>e' •

in umbels
ate flowt 1^

PLATE CXXXI PURPLE GERARDIA. (.crardia purpurea.

COPYRIQMT. IBfS. BV fREOERICK *. »TOKES COMPANY.
PHINTEO IN AMERICA.

PLATE CXXXII. FLOWERING SPURGE. Euphorbia corollata.

(253)

'54

PLANTS GROUTNG IN SANDV SOIL

wlilcli line tlio h.isc liaveone stamen ; the pistillate t)ncs which grow singly in the
centre iiave a lliice-lolifd Dvaiv and tluce sivies. L,\n't\s : ()\.iii', or lantxDlate ;
smooth. S/iffi : two to three feet liigh; clivitiedinto live-forked unil)el>, wiiieii
again divide and hear tlie Hower-hcads; highly coh)ure(l with purple. ,

I'allcriiinj^ itself by many that arc lar;;cr aiul purliaps wiser,
the little spurge has arranged about itself a set of bracts, or an
involucre that is counnoiily mistaken for i)etals ; and in its
centre is the comnuniity of slaminatc and pistillate blossoms.
Although the medical properties of spurges are said to iuive
been discovered longagoby King Juba of Mauritania, in .\frica,
and to be etpially well known to our own Indians ; they have
not altogether the sanction of many for medical list'. It is
certainly true that aside from its powers of purging the pylant
possesses little virtue. It belongs to a poisonous family and
must be proud to boast of the faithfid, old castor-oil plant,
Ricinus communis, as a member of the same natural family.

SAND KNOTWEED. COAST JOINTWEED.

Polyi^o>iiila articulata.

FAMILY
Buckwheat.

COLOUR

ODOUR
Scentless,

RANGE
Maine to !■ lori,ia.

TIIV1E OF BLOOM
Stpteiitbfy.

Fhnvers : minute; growing nodding in a s])ike-likc raceme; each flower ap-
pearing from within a bract. Calyx: une(|ually five-parted. Corolla: none.
Slaweiis: eight. Pistil: oiu;; styles, tiiree. /.iui7U's- : alternate; sheathing
the stem; linear; jointed at the base. Strin : upright; branching; thread-like.

^\'hat sweet things must the autumn winds whisper to tlu'
tiny knotweed as they sweep along the coast, to make it tint
the sandy plain with its delicate blush! And what a keen
appreciation the little j^lant must have of the beauty dear
to Dame Nature's heart to give out its bloom so abiuidantly I
It seems loath to leave us, and often lingers well on into the
autumn.

SANDY SOIL ASTERS.

FAIV1ILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Composite.

Purple^ i'iiie or
white.

Scent/ess.

Genf! III.

Late suiinii, y ./ ' ;
earlv autumn

Flo'd'ei'/iends : cnmiiosed of tubular and ligidafe flowers, or ray and di-k
flowers. The rays purple, blue or white and the disks yellow.

JF BLOOM

tflltbi'r ■

OF BLOOM

Hiintify ■" >'
atitumn

PLATE CXXXI

( SMOOTH ASTER. .1 . > ,, -s.

' WHITE WREATH ASTER, ulster mn I tijlorm;.

(.LATE PURPLE ASTER. Aster f>ah>is.

COPVRIGm' 1B39. Br FHEDEHICK *. STOKES COMPANY
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

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1.25

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II 2.0

1.6

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Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

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23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14S80

(716) 872-4503

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A.

aster
swam]
that a
soil al
and so
breath
and pc

A. ;a
white
Its flo\
ineroui
enlivei
upper

A. SI
two vi
southvv

FAMILY
Composite

The

the lea
They a
New Je
com mo 1
S, to
hnear s
Their p
in sand
Florida,

PLANTS c;RO\\1N(, IN SANDY SOIL.

255

A, spcctdbilis^ low showy aster, is one of the prettiest of the
aster family. It is not so tall as its proud relatives of the
swamps ; but its ray-flowers are longer and of a violet purple
that any monarch might envy. It is the beauty of the sandy
soil all along the coast from New Hampshire to New Jersey
and southward where it lifts its regal head until the frost-biting
breath of winter causes it to languish. The leaves are long
and pointed.

A. iniiliijlonis, white wreath aster, Plate CXXXIII, is the little
white one that skips along the sandy soil with A. spectabilis.
Its rtower-heads ar€ about one-half an inch in breadth, very nu-
merous and very pretty. Tliey have a crisp, pert expression that
enlivens many a bunch of their more pretentious sisters. The
upper leaves are linear with a broader clasping base.

A. smii/osiis, creeping aster, and A. ^rdaV/'s, slender aster, are
two violet species that are generally found from New Jersey
southward. The pappus of each of them is nearly white.

SWEET GOLDEN-ROD.

Soh'i/ii^o odbra.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Composite.

DuU yellow.

Lt'a;'es scented
like anise.

Maine southward.

l,titr sum III, r and
early autumn.

The flowers of this golden-rod are not very attractive, but
the leaves are well formed and shiny with smooth edges,
'J'hey are known to yield a volatile oil. In the pine barrens of
New Jersey and the sandy edges of thickets, the species is very
common. S. juncea, page 136, Plate LXIX.

S, tortifhiia, twisted-leaf golden-rod, has a slender stem, with
linear sessile leaves that are veined and have a distinct midrib.
Their peculiarity is that they are so often twisted. It is found
in sandy soil near the coast and mostly from Virginia to
Florida.

Plants Growing in Dry Soil: Upland
Places, Thickets and Meadows.

*• The rain-drops glistened on the trees aroimd,
Whose shadoivs on the tall grass were not stirred.
Save when a shower of diamonds, to the ground.
Was shaken by the flight of startled bird ;
For birds were zvarblifig round, and bees were heard
About the flowers.''

— Bryant.

SHAD-BUSH.

JUNE-BERRY. SERVICE-BERRY.

{Plate CXXXIV.)

Ameldnchier Canadensis.

FAMILY

Apple.

COLOUR

ODOUR

Faint.

RANGE
Netv E)i gland.

TIME OF BLOOM

March-May.

FUnvers : growing in loose racemes. Calyx : five-cleft. Corolla : of five al-
most linear petals notched at the ai)ex. Stamt-ii.<; : numerous. Pistils: nu-
merous ; stvles, five. Fruit : a small purplish jjome, sweet and igreeable to the
taste. Leaves : on petioles ; ovate ; rounded at the base ; serrated. A shrub or
tree, sometimes reaching the height of si.xty feet.

" Gay circles of anemones
Danced on their stalks ; the shad-bush white with flowers
Brightened the glens." — Bryant.

When the shad begin to frolic in the spring waters this beau-
tiful shrub unfolds its fleecy petals by the pasture thickets. As
we wander forth, it waves and beckons to us the joyful tidings
that the spring has indeed come. The translucent, pale green
of its leaves and the soft creamy whiteness of the bloom speak

PLATE CXXXIV. SHAD-BUSH A»u lam hkr Canadensis.

COPYRIGHT, 18.9. BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PfKNTEO IN AMERICA.

of the u
June wl
A. ai
looked I
fruit mt
several
sometim

FAMILY

Amaryllis.

Jt'ltnuers .
Perianth ;
liiiiry. Sta
fout long;

Long i

It nestle
thickets
with a fir
reaching
the yello^
quite an (
one of th

BULBC

FAMILY
Ctou'/oot.

Flmvers : 1
ro/Zii .-of fiv
I.eiwes : nni
round bulb a

PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL.

257

of the unsullied newness of its life. It is also a pretty sight in
June when in fruit.

A. alnijolia is a smaller shrub of the west which has been
looked upon as a mere variety. The petals are shorter and the
fruit more rounded than that of the preceding. In fact, the
several wild species have no very marked differences, and are
sometimes regarded as one by botanists.

YELLOW STAR-GRASS.

tiypoxis hirsitta.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Amaryllis.

Yellow.

Scentless.

Maine southward and
westward.

Early suvniur.

M<nvers : growing singly, or a few in a cluster at the end of a naked scape.

Perianth : of six narrow divisions, within yellow, the outside green and slightly
h.iiry. Staiueiis : six. Pistil : one. Leaves : from the base ; sonictimes over a
foot long; linear; grass-like.

Long ago this plant was called the yellow star of Bethlehem.
It nestles so cosily among the grasses of the meadows and
thickets that from afar we connect its bright gleam of colour
with a fire-fly that has alighted and is fluttering his wings. On
reaching it we are no less pleased to find the winsome face of
the yellow star-grass. It is, however, in no sense a grass, but
([uite an orthodox little member of the amaryllis family ; and
one of the oldest known of Atnerican flowers.

BULBOUS BUTTERCUP. GOLDEN CUPS. {Plate CL)

Raniinciilus bulhbsus.

FAMILY
Crow/oot.

COLOUR

Yellow.

ODOUR
Scentless.

RANGE
Eastern states.

TIME OF BLOOM
May-J uly.

Flmvers: large ; terminal ; cup-shaped. Calyx : rcflexed ; of five se))als. Co-
rolla : of five, six, or seven petals. Statneiis : numerous, /'istils : several.
/.faves : niucli divided ; decjily toothed. Slem : herbaceous ; erect from a
round bulb and having an acrid, watery juice.

" Heigh-ho ! daisies and buttercups,

Fair vellow dnfffulils. stately and tall,
When the wind wakes how thev rock in the grasses.

And dance with the cuckoo-huds, slender and small;
Here's two bonnie bovs and here's mother's own lasses,

Eager to gather them all."— Jean Inoelow.

258

PLANTS GROWING IN DRV SOIL.

Along with the spring come the buttercups, and crop up
everywhere to tell us that a sunny, gay time is in store for us
all. The earth is awake and bright again, and the blossoms
api)ear to tlance and skip through the fields, stopping now and
then to sip the dew and make merry with the bees and butter-
flies. None is more warmly welcomed or loved more dearly
than the buttercups.

Ji. acris, tall or meadow buttercup, is common in the fields
and meadows, especially in the northern states. It is erect,
with a hairy or sometimes glabrous stem, and grows from two
to three feet tall. As the preceding species, it is naturalised
from Europe.

The excjuisite grasses on the plate with the buttercups and
daisies are called Poa pratensis, and we usually find them all
growing closely together.

COMMON BLUE VIOLET. {Plate C XXXV)

V)ola ciiculldta.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Violet

Ptiyple.

S( cutless.

A rctic rvf^ioiis to Florida
iltid wcst^iHird,

.•//>■//, May

Flffivers' solitary; terminal ; growing on sca])es. Calyx: of five green sejinls
extending into ears at the base. Corolla: of five nneqiial petals; tlie lower uni'
with a sac, or spnr. Stamens: five, short, united about the pistil. Pistil : one,
short, with a one-sided stigma. Leaves: from the base; roundish; cordat''.
J)'!!//"^.' slender ; leafless.

The violet needs little description, as somewhere in every
heart it has its own resting place. Over the ragged urchin
and the mighty Emperor it casts its subtle enchantment ; for
have they both not been children ? It is in childhood that the
violet makes its claim to the heart ; and to be the first to dis-
cover that it has peeped through the crust of winter and to
shout in triumph of superior knowledge that the violets have
come, is one of the keenest delights.

In France the popular legend concerning the violet is that
one day, shortly before going into exile, Napoleon was walkiiii,^
in the garden at Fontainebleu. His companions were General

ni A-rc ,-vvv\/ \/\r\\ cTc • /'/<'/(? b/audd, I'lo/u Caiiadm.',:.^ , I to/a
PLATE CXXXV. VIOLETS,.^ /,ud,-s<r,is, Viola palmata.

COPYRIGHT, layy, by Frederick a. *tokes cOMPANr.

PRINTED IN AMERICA.

PLAT

PLATE CXXXVI. CRANBERRY TRtt. Vuitnium Ofnilns.

U39)

26o

PLAN'IS GROWING IN DKV SOIL.

Bcrtrand and the Due de Hassano, with whom he was discussiii;;
his future. WhethLT to strike a blow lor liberty or to go
quietly to the islaiic of Klba was the problem. His attention
was diverted by a child picking violets. The little creature of-
fered them to Napoleon and they were accepted in silence.
The vein of superstition that was always present in his nature
controlled his thoughts and turning to his companions he said :

"Gentlemen, I am thinking of that child. Il seems that i)y
giving me these flowers, I have been warned to imitate for the
future the modesty of the violet. Henceforth it shall be the
emblem of my desires."

"Sire," said Bertrand boldly, " for your Majesty's glory 1
trust the desire will be no more lasting than the flower." lUit
it was not so ; and Napoleon shortly went to Elba.

By the next season to wear in Paris a bunch of violets was
thought to be a sign of imperialistic sympathy. In fact, they
are there still regarded as having political significance. A
legitimist would no sooner wear one than he would the tri col-
oured flag of the republic ; and throughout France they are not
worn in the same general way that they are in England and
America.

MAPLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM. DOCKMAXIE. ARROW-

WOOD.

Vihiirmim accrifbUiDH.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Honeysuckle. White. Scentless. Maine southivayd and

ivestward.

TIME OF BLOOM
Mayyjiinv.

Flcnvers : small; perfect; growing in flat-topped cymes on long peduncUs.
Calyx: five-toothed. C^'r^/Af .• five-lohed. Stami-ns : fwc. J'istil : one. Fniit-
a drupe, bright crimson turning to almost black. Leaves : ovate to orbicular;
lobed ; ribbed; similiar to those of the maple tree. A shrub, sometimes
reaching six feet high.

What is true in a general way of a Viburnum will be found
to be true of them all, only with variations in the details. The
leaves and fruit serve better to identify the species than any
difference in the blossoms. This is especially true of V, accri-

T

PLANTS CiRUWlNO IN DRY SOIL.

261

folium. The leaves might readily he mistaken for those of a
young maple tree, while the blossoms, or beautiful fruit, pro-
test loudly against such an error.

V. pniiiijhliuni^ black -haw, or stag-bush, has almost Identical
blossoms with the above which grow in compound sessile
cymes; and dark blue glaucous fruit, (juite sweet and edible.
The leaves are bluntly oval, glossy and serrated. It is a tall
shrub from eight to twelve feet high., of hrrd reddish-brown
wood and is found blossoming early in the season from Connecti-
cut to Floritla and westward to Texas.

V. alnifoliiim, page 188, Plate XCTX. V. Opulus, page 118.

POISON IVY. POISON OAK.

Rliiis raduans.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

S II mac.

ll'/ii/i; tiiifieii ivitli
/^'riu'H, or ytllinv.

ScentU-is.

Maine sout/nvitiii /o
Florida and westward.

J/i/j', / 11 III-.

Flmvcrs : sni.ill ; .nxilKiry ; perfect; growing in loose p.iniclcs. //////'.•clus-
tered; .1 si)i;ill wlutisli berry. I.eiu-ca : divided into tiiree ov.ite Icatlets ;
serrated ; sometimes downy underneatli. Stem : climijing hy me.ins of rootlets.

It is no mark of genius to avoid poison ivy after one has had
a bad case of poisoning ; but it is a wise precaution to actjuaint
oneself with the plant and then to be content to admire it from
a distance. Like many poisonous plants it is not ecpuiUy in-
jurious to all persons or forms of life. Tiic goat, the mule
and the horse have an especial fondness for eating it; and its
seeds are distributed through the agency of crows and wood-
peckers that relish them keenly. It is thought to be the least
harmful when the full blaze of the sun is shining on the leaves.

\\\ almost any kind of soil it will thrive, and it has some
appreciation of decorative effects. It covers old stone walls,
clumps of trees, traverses the open meadows, and finds its way
to the roadside banks. Jack Frost is its greatest enemy, and
the first cool days of autumn change its green leaves to many
tints of yellow and crimson.

A'. Toxicodhidron is peculiar to the Southern states, Its lobed
leaflets are very pubescent,

262

PLANTS GROWING IN DRV SOIL.

SnOOTH UPLAND OR 5CARLET SUHAC.

K/iiis i^liibni.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Suiitac.

;/'///■/(•.

.V. cntUss.

Maine ioulhwai d to
Fit) > ilia and ivfstuuirii.

June- A uguft.

F/mvcrs : v^row'mg incompact terminal panicles. Fruit: velvety, crimson
hairy berries,' clustered in l)unclies nine to ten inches long; acid and pleasant
to the taste. Leaves: one foot long; odd-|)innale ; divided iiuo eleven u^
thirty-one lanceolate, serrate, glabrous leaflets. A shrub usually four to twelve
leet tall, although at times reaching twenty feet high.

" Slili sits the schoolhouse by the road,

A ragged t>eggar suiming ;
Around it still the sumachs grow

And blackbervy vines are running." — WmrriER.

What an irresistible charm tlic sumacs must have lent to
the little schoolhouse that Whittier tells us about, and how
often the girls and boys must have thrust their firm, little fin-
gers in among the closely packed bunches of berries.

R. glabra is our most common species of the fields and
waysides and is very decorative in the autumn. The shape ot
the clusters and their crimson colour at once gain our confi-
dence, as it should be remembered that the berries of the poi-
sonous species of the swamps, R, Vcniix, page 53, are u^hitish
and grow in axillary panicles.

FIVE-FINGER. COMMON CINQUEFOIL.

PotcttiMla Canadensis.

FAMILY
Rose.

COLOUR
1 'cUoiu.

ODOUR
Fai ntly /rug ra nt.

RANGE

Maine si'iiiinvat li
and uH'st'iuard.

TIME OF BLOOM
April-Auguit.

Flowers : small ; solitary ; a.xillary. Cn/vx : of five narrow sepals, alternat-
ing with an under row of dtlicatelv pointed bracts. Cc»o//a: of five rosaceous
petals. .9Am<7/.; numerous. Fis/i7s : numerous, formmg a head. Leaves:
divided into three obovate leaflets, the two lateral ones again divided and mak-
ing the five stubbv fingers which have suggested its name. Siem : growing
close to the ground ; silky. The plant s preads by runners.

One of our dearest little field blossoms whose cherry yellow
head peeps out among the grass in early spring. We find it

PLATE CXXXVII. SHRUBBY CINQUE FOIL. PoUntilla J'ruficosa.

(263)

164

PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL.

when wc follow somu stone wall to a place where we know a
spreading patch oi /raises des /ms, as the French call the wiUl
strawberries, is in bloom. The little plant is, in fact, often
called wild strawberry. Perhaps we attempt to carry it away,
but it is indignant at such treatment and its petals droop
quickly after leaving their shady home.

SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL. (F/a/e CXXXVII.)

PotcntUla fruticdsa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Rose. Yellow. Scentless. Eastern states and westward.

TIME. OF BLOOM
All summer.

The flowers of this plant, although larger, are very similar in
arrangement to those of the common cinquefoil. It seems to
be the patriarch of the family and has from five to seven long,
narrow leaflet,s, which are more flattering in shape to the fingers
after which it was christened than those of the rest of the
genus. It also grows as high as four feet, and is very
shrubby.

The plant is a good example of the theory that is now ac-
cepted, and the one through which Goethe appeared on the plat-
form of science. It is that of the morphology of the suddenly
arrested branch into the flower. The circular growth of the
leaves is very similar to that of the sepals and petals, and which
are in reality nothing but transformed leaves. The calyx has a
double row of five sepals, the outer one spreading and the inner
one bent to give some protection to the naked seeds. There
are also five petals. The stamens are then naturally in some
multiple of five. When the growth is very rapid it is some-
times the case that some of these parts are obliterated.

Shrubby cincjuefoil is most capricious of soil and locality,
and is said to circle the globe. In the eastern states it favours
low, moist meadows or even swamps, but chooses drier soil as
it travels westward, until in Michigan it flourishes in sandy soil.
To a classification according to soil its vagaries are not only
trying, but inexcusable,

PLANTS GROWING IN DRV SOIL.

265

SILVERY OR HOARY CINQUEFOIL.

Potentllla arghitca.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Roie. Vfilow. Scentless. Eastern and in iddle states.

TIME OF BLOOM

A II iu in liter.

Very similar to the preceding species are the large handsome
flowers of the silvery cinquefoil. The palmately divided
leaves, however, are distinguished by the silver-like lloss which
covers their under surface. They appear to be without vanity
and have lost all concern about having their fingers slender
and tapering. We find them ragged and unkempt.

P. MoNSpclicnsis, rough cinquefoil, grows in dry soil and has
quite an extended range. In cultivated ground it occurs as a
weed.

The generic name of these plants refers to the medical pro-
perties for which they were formerly noted. Thoreau men-
tions that in one of his walks he met an old wood-tortoise eat-
ing the leaves of the early potentillas, and soon afterwards an-
other deliberately eating sorrel. They impressed him as know-
ing the virtues of the herbs, and being able to select the ones
best suited to the condition of their bodies.

HOUND'S TONGUE.

Cynoglossum officinale.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Borage. Purplish red, or white. Unpleasant. Mostly east.

TIME OF BLOOM

Juni\July.

Flmvers : growing in a curved raceme that straightens as the flowers mature.
Cd/vx : five-parted. Corolla: funnel-form; fivc-lnhed. Stamens: five.
Pistil: one. Fruit: a nutlet covered with prickles. Leax'es : alternate;
ovate-lanceolate ; the lower ones on petioles; slightly heart-sliapcd at base ;
the upper ones sessile ; hairy. Stem : two to three feet high ; branching ;
hairy.

As we have found no good for which this plant is responsible,
we must, according to Mr. Emerson, call it a weed. It bears
tlie title with dignity, for it is a handsome creature with a
beautiful velvety leaf ; but how it ever ventures to raise its head
in face of the anathemas showered upon it by the farmers

266

PLANTS GROWlNCi IN DRV SOIL.

and wool-growers is quite a mystery. Its bur-like fruit has the
most wicked propensity for attaching itself to the fleece of
sheep. Detractors have also likened its odour to that of a nest
of mice ; but as this is quite a common expression with country
people and means about as much as telling the sick they look
as pale as a black dog, there may be a little exaggeration in the
statement. The resemblance of its leaves to the shape of a
hound's tongue is responsible for its name.

VIPER'S-BUQLOSS. BLUEWEED. {Plate CXXXVIIL)

(ichhim vuli^ixrc.

Family

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Borage.

Brilliant l'lui\ witli
pink buds.

Mti-iii/fss.

Easttrn states.

June, July.

Flcnvers : small ; thickly clustered on one side of a spiUe that uiif()lds as the
flowers expand. Cii/yx : five-parted. CorolLt ; funnel-torni ; of five lobes ;
three of which are shorter than the others. Slii»tf/is : five, unequal ; e.xserted ;
red. Pistil: one; styles, two. Ltunrs : alternate; lanceolate; very hairy ;
wavy on the edges. Stem : aboui two feet high ; rough ; hairy.

When seen from a distance the blue flowers of the viper's
bugloss are hardly credited with having the brilliancy of colour
that they are found to possess on a closer examination. The
pink buds and red protruding stamens are an invaluable feature
of the plant and play their part in lightening the otherwise
heavy effect of the green. When growing along the roadsides,
its extreme hairiness attracts an immense amount of dust and
not until it has been shaken, or washed off, is the prettiness of
the blossoms seen. The pink buds and uncoiling growth of the
bunches call to mind the little forget-me-nots of which it is a
relative.

GROUND IVY. QILL-OVER-THE-QROUND.

Cih'CODia hederacca,

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Mint. Blue. Lea-'es fragrant. New Englanii southward. .March-May.

Flcnvers ; axillary ; growing singly or in clusters along the flower-stalk.
Ca/jix : smaU; five-toothed. Corolla; tubular; two-lipped, the upper lip two-
cleft; the lower one three-cleft with the middle lobe much larger than the

PL;

PLATE CXXXVni. VIPERS BUGLOSS. Echium vuli^are.

COPVRIOMT, t899, BY FRtOERICK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED 'N AMtRICA.

others. ^
/// ; one;
shaped ; i

This :
which 1
We hav(
the caln
cspeciali
our catn
as a mec

We ai
satisfact
in this o
soil. W
them trii
it is bea
side of tl
them in 1

FAMILY
Mint. Pu

Flowers :
lipped; the
two. Pistil
pungent to

A placi
known lit
upland n
hard-pack
can be sc(
lieve in it
on a wan
I'ulegium,

PLANTS GROWINC; IN DRV SOIL.

267

others. Stumfits : four; the anther-cells approach and form a little cross, /'/s-
///; one; style, tw()-lui)ccl. Leases: t)|)positc; on petioles; roundish iticlney-
shaped; smooth. .SV</// ; creeping ; trailing.

This is the Httle plant that the English love so dearly and
which blooms abundantly in the pasturage every springtime.
We have hardly the same fondness for it here and rather resent
the calm manner in which it has taken possession of the soil,
especially where it is most distasteful to cattle. It is allied to
our catnep, also a European plant, and was* formerly much used
as a medicine.

We are frequently amused to watch the growth and self
satisfaction of many European plants that establish themselves
in this country and sometimes exterminate those native to the
soil. What advantage have they, we naturally ask, that makes
them triumphant in the survival of the fittest? Very probably
it is because they leave their destroying insects on the other
side of the water. If this is so we cannot but sympathise with
them in their attempt to flee from persecution.

AMERICAN PENNYROYAL.

Hcdebma piilegio\dcs.

FAMILY
Mint.

COLOUR
Purplish blue.

ODOUR
Strongly scented.

RANGE
Neiu England south-
ivard and westward.

TIME OF BLOOM
M idsummer.

Flowers: small; axillary; whorled. Calyx: two-lipped. Corolla: two-
lipped; the upper lip erect and notched, the lower lij) three-lobt-d. Stamens ;
two. Pistil; one; style, two-lohed. Lca-rs : opposite; on jietioles ; ovate;
pungent to the taste. Stem ; low; erect: branching ; square ; hairy.

A place that is remembered in connection with this well-
known little plant is a teeing ground of a golf course in a high
upland meadow in Dutchess county. 'I'here, bordering the
hard-packed square of dirt, it grows in great profusion and
(^an be scented from a considerable distance, ^\'e can well be-
lieve in its medicinal properties ; for even to nibble at the leaves
on a warm day is refreshing. It is closely allied to Mentha
Piilegium, the true pennyroyal of Europe.

268

PLANTS GROWING IN DRV SOIL.

LARGE-FLOWERED VERBENA. {Plate CXXXIX.)

Verbena Cana densis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Vervain. I'urple. Scentless. f.oriJu to S, Caroiinti

and iveUvjiird.

TIME OF BLOOM
iMay-A ugiin.

Fhnvers : growing closely in terminal spikes. Ca/fx : tubular ; with five un-
equal teeth, long, slender. Corolla : salver-shape ; long ; with five lobes ;
bearded in the throat. Sld/uc/is ; four, included. I'lstil : one ; stigma, two.
lobed. Lciives: opposite; tapering into a long i)etiole; thrice dividctl and
the lobes deeply toothed; hairy. Stem : creeping at the base; forUing ; hairy,

Asa hardy plant this verbena is rivalled by few in brightness
of expression. It is not so beautiful as the Brazilian varieties
which receive so much consideration from the gardeners, but it
has many of their characteristics, and is intermingled with
them in cultivation. In the language of flowers these plants
have been chosen as emblems of sensibility.

COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE.

Unagra biennis.

FAMILY
Even ing primrose.

COLOUR
Pale yelloiv.

ODOUR
Fragrant.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
June-September.

Floavers : large; clustered on a leafy spike. Calyx: tubular, of four long,
pointed sepals. Corolla: often two inches broad, of four obcordate petals del-
icately veined with green. Stamens : eight. Pistil : one ; stigma, four-
branched. Leaves: alternate; lanceolate; slender. Stem: erect.

Those that see the evening-primrose only in the daytime have
no conception of its fairness when it opens its petals to commune
with the night revellers. Among them are the rarest of Na-
ture's children which under the stars come out from their hid-
ing places. Many of the loveliest flowers reserve their beauty
and exquisite fragrance to bestow upon the night. They are
visited by moths and insects that far surpass in beauty those
of the day and which are never seen until the earth is wrapped
in her dark mantle. The sweetest singing birds and the most
beautiful animals are then flying and roving about. There is
music in the flap of the pink night moth's wing and all the buzz-
ing noises of the night.

Km

PLATE CXXXIX. LARGE-FLOWERED VERBENA. lW/>.',ia Canadensis.

(269)

II

270

PLANTS C; ROWING IN DRY SOIL.

The evening primrose is then in its glory ; the next day lis
fragile petals are wofuUy faded,

SCAPOSE PRIMROSE. {P/afe CXL.)
Pai/iylop/tus lU'spitdsus.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR

Evening primrose. W kite or pink. Scentlets.

RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Nehrmkii south- J uneyj uly,

ward and ivestjvani.

Flowers: large; one and a half to five inches broad; terminal; solitary.
Calyx : with four linear sepals. Corolla : with four olicordate, spreading petals.
Stamens: eight, with linear anthers. Pistil : one; stigma, four-cleft. Fruit:
growing in a cluster at the base. Leaves ; from tlie base; lanceolate; tapering
into a slender petiole ; pubescent. Floaver-stalks : ciliate, or beset with while
hairs.

It is owing to the growth of the fruit of this superb flower
that it has been separated from the CKnothera division of the
primrose family, and no longer bears the name of (Enotheia
marginata, as it did at one time. The plant from which llic
illustration was drawn was a particularly well developed and
perfect specimen. The blossoms were fully five inches in dia-
meter. Near the Blue Mountains and about the Salmon P'alls
of the Snake River, they unfold generously their silken petals.

ALLEN'S SUNDR0P5.

Kni'iJ/ia Allen i.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Evening primrose. Pale yellow. Sct-ntless. Eastern Long Island. Summer.

Flmvers : on long pedicels in loose corymb-like clusters. Calyx: with a long
tube and four lobes. Corolla: of four rounded petals. Stametis: eiglit
with lopg versatile anthers. Pistil: one ; stigma, four-branched. Leaves:
alternate ; lanceolate. Stem : branched ; leafy ; sonicwhat rough. Pods : cu-
cumber-shaped ; four angled at the top.

An open dry place that is brightened by ci' -ters of these
flowers appears as though the sun were dancnig among tiiL-
green leaves of the plant. The blossoms are slightly deeper in
colour than those of the evening primrose and remain open in
the sunshine. Probably they do not depend upon the pink
night moth for fertilization as they are without the fragrance
that attracts him to the evening primrose. They are very
perishable and droop shortly after being picked.

PLATE CXL. SCAPOSE PRIMROSE. Pachylophus ccBspitosus.

(271)

272

PLANTS GROWING IN DKV SOIL.

FIRE-WEED. GREAT OR SPIKED WILLOW HERB.

Cluimu'iinion aiic^ustifoliuni.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Evening primrost, Ata^tntu. Scrittias. Nfxv Kngiunii s,ui//i- J UHi-Stptem/ui .

ivani and wcalnuitii.

Fl(nvers; large ; growing \\\ a long terminal raceme which is slightly nod-
ding. Calyx: deeply four-Iohcd. Corolla : of four ])ft;il.s with short claws.
StaiitiHs : eight. Pistil: one; stigma, four-ioi)ei!, /'('(/.i .• long ; narrow, the
seeds having white, silky tufts, /.riirrs: altiMiiate ; l.mceolatu ; almost linear;
willowy. S/c-/n : :it most eight feet high ; erect; leaty ; smooth.

Dame Nature, with her wonderfully impartial heart, has pro-
vided this handsome plant to grow abundantly in soil that Ikis
been burned over and therefore made blaek and unsightly to
the eye. It also strays into liry meadows and peeps out on the
roadsides. It is a conspicuous plant with deep hued, delicate
blossoms which show their kinship to the evening primrose.

PASSION FLOWER. (/V</A' CA'Z/.)
Passijlbra incarnata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Passion Jlower. I'urplf. Faintiy /ragrant. Virginia und Ki-ntu^ky Suiniiitr.

soulhwarti.

Fhnvers : solitary ; axillary ; frequently having three bracts underneatli.
Calyx : tubular ; of five, or more divisions, highly coloured inside. Corolla:
of five, or more jjetals which rest upon the throat of the calyx and appear in
form a background for the heavy circular fringe made by numerous outreach-
ing rays. Staiiit'iis : five, with long versatile anthers, their filaments united to a
rod-like stalk that upholds the ovary. SfyLs : three ; spreading ; club-
shaped. Leaves: alternate ; deepiv three-cleft; serrated. Stem: wootly ;
branching ; climbing by means of axillary tendrils.

It is in the dense forests of Brazil that the passion flowers are
seen in all the majesty of their native loveliness. Their hue is
brighter there than elsewhere, the flowers are larger and tluy
have a rare fragrance that is lost to a great extent in the North
American species. There, the delicate, curious blossom fust
attracted the attention of the early Roman Catholic mission-
aries, who, with fire and sword, were spreading the religion of
love and gentleness. To them, it seemed that the flower held
before their vision all the dreadful details of the crucifixion.

PLATE CXLI. PASSION FLOWER. Passijlora incarnata.

COPVHiaHT, 1B99 BY FREDERICK A, »TOKES COMPANY.
PR NTEO IN AMERICA

" The cr

styles wi

stamens,

wounds (

vaders i

tlivine wi

The (k

ill vener^

other coi

It rem

P. littec

from Pel

much rou

FAMILY

St.John's-wt

Flowers :
five petals c
three brand
cid. Siem .

The on
'Inhere is
papers of
a course
answerabi

The flc
that on Si
plant was
sight. It
a balm, w
the-warric
also gath
windows,
as a safeg
faith in it

PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL.

?73

"The crown of thorns in the fringes of the flowers, nails in the
styles with their capitate stigmas, hammers to drive them in the
stamens, cords in the tendrils." The sponge and the five
wounds of Christ were also pointed out to strengthen the in-
vaders in the belief that their doings were sanctioned by the
tlivine will.

The flower is still the one among all other flo .vers that is held
in veneration ; for it is associate \ with the passion above all
other conceptions of our Saviour.

It remains open but for a single day.

y. ///^m, yellow passion flower, grows southward and westward
from Pennsylvania. Its leaves are very broad and the lobes
much rounded.

COMnON ST. JOHN'S-WORT.

Hypirictifn perforatum.

FAMILY

St. JoktC s-wort.

COLOUR
Deep yellow.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE

Mostly northeast.

TIME OF BLOOM
Suini/ur.

Flmuers: growing in clusters. Calyx: of five pointed sepals. Coyolla : oi
live petals dotted with black. Stamens : very numerous. Pistil : one, with
three branching styles. Leaves: opposite; sessile ; oblong ; dotted ; pellu-
cid. Stem : branched ; leafy, yuiee : acrid.

The only one of the family in our flora that is not a native,
'['here is no doubt, however, but that it has taken out its
papers of naturalisation as it is quite at home here and pursues
a course of rapid soil-exhausting growth, which no doubt is
answerable for many grey hairs in the poor farmer's head.

The flower received its name from an ancient superstition
that on St. John's day, June 24, the dew that had fallen on the
plant was possessed of a peculiar efficacy to preserve the eye-
sight. It was therefore collected, dipped in oil, and made into
a balm, which served equally well for every wound — " balm-of-
the-warrior's wound " being one of its early names. It was
also gathered on St. John's eve to be hung at the doors and
windows, and in Scotland was even ca ried about in the pockets
as a safeguard against evil spirits and witchcraft. Maidens had
faith in it as foretelling by its vigourous or puny growth whether

274

PLANTS GROWING IN DRV SOIL.

the coming year would make them brides. It has been lauded
in ancient poetry, and probably more associated with good and
evil than any other plant.

Sarothra <re/itiano)des, orange-grass, or pine-weed, has tiny
flowers of a deep yellow scattered along the branches. The
leaves are small, erect and wiry. It is commonly found in dry,
sterile or sandy soil from Maine southward and westward.
The generic name of the plant was formerly Hypericum nudi-
caule.

INDIAN TOBACCO.

Lobelia injlata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Lobelia, Violet^ blue, or white Scentless. General. June-August.

Flowers : axillary ; growing in terminal, leafy racemes. Calyx : tubular ;
inflated; veined; five-cleft. Corolla: tubular; split down the upper side;
the five lobes very regular. Stamt'iis: five ; united ; the anthers bearded.
Pistil: one. Poil : inflated. Lea7-es: sessile; ovate; hairy. Stem: one to
two feet high ; erect ; branched ; hairy.

Unfortunately this lobelia does not shed abroad a very en-
nobling influence among its companions. Its narcotic proi^er-
ties are well known and have been rather indiscriminately used
by the Indians. They chew and smoke the dried leaves, whicli
have a bitter flavour like tobacco. The plant is a poisonous
one and has been largely employed as in emetic. It is, in fact,
a rather plebeian relative of the cardinal flower.

CORN-COCKLE. CORN ROSE.

Agrosteinma Githago.

FAMILY

Pink-.

COLOUR

Crimson purple^

ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Scentless. General. July-Septvinhfi .

Flowers: terminal; solitary. Calyx: large, with five linear lobes alternating
with and exceeding the corolla. Corolla: of five rounded petals. Stann'iis:
ten. Pistil : one ; styles, five. Leaves : opposite ; linear-lanceolate ; pale green ;
hairy. Stem: stout, erect; much branched; four-angled.

The generic name lychnis, which was formerly applied to this
plant and which means a lamp or light, expressed well the effect
of the corn-cockle in our grain fields. It illuminates them with
a blaze of crimson light and causes the traveller to exclaim, the
fields here are as beautiful as they are in England.

PLATE CXLII.

^ CALIFORNIA POPPY. /:',s.//.
( Eschschollzia cc^rspi/osa.

ilifor>iica.

COPVHIOMT, 1899 BY FREOEHICK «. 1T0KE5 COMPANY
PRINTED (N AMCRIC*.

But t
variance
gards th
a footinj
J'he coc
with the
year. 1
who prid

The p
nin whic
violent s
that con
culiar ch

FAMILY
/'"//J'. O)

Flowers :
which drop
mens ; num
Leaves: di
the end dih
the stamens

The fl(
picked ir
aglow wit
variety of
chanting.

At one
opium wh
an immer
chants an^
England,
and Japan

PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL.

275

But the fanner and the artistic eye seem to be always at
variance. He understands the seriousness of things and re-
gards the plant as an impudent foreigner that has secured first
a footing, then a home, and finally a kingdom in his corn fields.
The cockle is also alarmingly clever. It mixes its black seeds
with those of the grain and so increases its dominion every
year. They draw tears of lamentation from the sturdy miller
who prides himself on his flour's purity and whiteness.

The plant also contains a poisonous ingredient called sapo-
nin which is freely soluble in water and when inhaled produces
violent sneezing. It is known that a small quantity of bread
that contains these seeds if eaten regularly will produce a pe-
culiar chronic disease.

CALIFORNIA POPPY. {Plate CXLII)

Esch sch oltzii i Oi I if or n tea .

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Pofpy.

Orange red or yellow.

Juict\like muri-
atic acid.

California.

J 14 ne-Septe>uber.

Flowers: large; solitary. Calyx: of two sepals that form a pointed cap
which drops off as the petals exi)aiul. Corolla: of four concave petals. Sta-
mens : numerous. Capsule : one-celled and covered by the compound stigma.
Leaves: dissected, pale, glaucous. Stevi : twelve to eighteen inches high;
the end dilated into a top-shaped recei)tacle with a broad rim upon which are
the stamens. Juice : watery ; narcotic.

" How gently, O sleep,

fall thy poppies on me I" — Ed. Johnson.

The flowers from which the illustration was taken, were
picked in Santa Rosa, California. There, to see the fields
aglow with the silky, flame-coloured beauties, which have every
variety of tint from pale yellow to deep orange, is most en-
chanting.

At one time, when China wished to prevent the large use of
opium which is extracted from the opium poppy, she destroyed
an immense quantity of plants that belonged to British mer-
chants and as a result became involved in her first war with
England. To this poppy, therefore, is due the opening of China
and Japan to the commerce of the world.

276

PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL.

The ancients gave poppies to the dead, and as typifying
sleep they were regarded as the world's great comforter.

E. ciespitosa is the name of the smaller and brilliant poppy
that is represented in the illustration.

CELANDINE POPPY.

Stylophoruin diphylhcm.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Poppy. Deep yellow. Scentless. Pennsylvania westward.

TIME OF BLOOM
April, May.

The celandine poppy resembles very closely the smaller
flowers of the celandine. It is not so tall, and its generic name,
meaning style-bearded, expresses another difference between it
and the celandine.

CELANDINE.

Chclidbnium mdjus.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Poppy. Yellow. Scentless. General. Suwiucr.

Flcnvers .-small ; growing in loose umbellate clusters. Calyx : of two sepals
that fall early, CWo/la : of four spreading petals. Stamens : numerous. Pii-
til : one ; stigma, two-iobed. Leams : pinnately divided into lobed and tootlif d
segments; hairy, ^-/.'w ; erect; branching ; hairy. /«/a' ; acrid; poisonous.

In dry soil, especially about gardens, we find the bright

Tiowers of this plant. It has come to us from Europe, and its

juice has quite a reputation for curing diseases of the eyes, also

warts and jaundice.

BUTTERFLY PEA. (P/ale CXLJIl)

'^litbria Mariana.

FAMILY
Pulse.

COLOUR

Lavender,

9DOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Scentless. New Jersey south- July,

luard and 7vestivard.

Flowers : showy ; one to three borne on a short peduncle. Calyx : tubular ;
five-clcft. Corolla: papilionaceous; the banner petal much larger tlian tlie
others; erect and notched at the apex. Stamens: ten, not distinct; style,
bearded. Fods : long; appearing late in the season. Leaves: of three lanceo-
late leaflets on separate stalks with stipules at their bases; the under surface
of. a much lighter shade of green. Stent ; smooth ; twining.

It may be that there has been a slight disagreement in the
household of the butterfly pea. The large banner petal seems
to believe in gaiety and showing itself to the world, while the

PLATE CXLIII. BUTTERFLY PEA. Clitoria Mariana.

(277)

278

PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL.

other parts of the corolla have a leaning towards piety and
staying at home. So each faction goes its separate way. The
blossom, in consequence, is very much out of proportion. We
readily forgive it this fault, however, on account of its lovely
colour and the courage each one of its parts has shown in re-
maining true to its convictions.

JAIWESTOWN-WEED. THORN APPLE.

Datiira Shaindntum.

FAMILY

yightshaiie.

COLOUR

ll'/itte streaked
ivith purple.

ODOUR

UnpteauiHt.

RANGE

General east

0/ Iowa.

TIME OF BLOOM

May-Stpteiiibe> .

Floivers : large ; growing on short flower-stalks in the forks of the branched
stems. Calyx: five-toothed. Corolla: three inches long; tubular; funnel-
form, the divisions sharply pointed. Stamnis : five. J'i.itil : one. Liunrs :
large; flaccid; ovate; and deeply toothed. SUm : two to five feet high;
stout; branching; smooth; greenish purple.

The odour of this plant has earned for it among the country
people a name not at all euphonious and which is not repeated
here out of respect to our fin dc siecle civilisation.

D. Tatiila is the purplish-flowered species which is otherwise
nearly identical with the above. Its range is rather more
extended in the west and south. Both of the jimson weeds, as
they are called, have been introduced into this country from
South America and Europe and are among the number that we
would prefer to have had remain where they rightfully belong.
Outside of spreading themselves over unsightly piles of way-
side garbage, their usefulness as a stimulant in medicine is not
so great but that it could be readily dispensed with.

They are besides possessed of a narcotic poison, especially
the purple variety, which is found in the seeds. Children
have been badly poisoned by sucking the flowers.

COMMON DODDER. LOVE VINE.

Cuscuta Gronbvii.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Dodder.

White.

Scentless,

New England south-
ward.

Late summer and
aututnn.

Flowers: small; growing in clusters. Calyx: five-cleft. Corolla: tubular;
five-lobed. Stamens: five. Pistil: onej styles, two. Leaves; none, their

PLATE CXLIV. COMMON MILKWEED. Asdepias Syrtaca.

(279)

2 So

PLANTS CROWING IN I)R\' SOIL.

place taken by yellowish brads. Stttn : copi)er yellow ; twisting antl twining
like a bunch of tangled wire ; parasitic.

We may well iiuiiiire into the ways of this little parasite,
which, although its victims are of a different class, is cjiiite as
uncanny as the insectivorous plants. Its coiled seed drops
into the ground, germinates, and sends up a yellow stem, which,
when it has hardly reached two inches high, begins to stretch
out for some shrub or plant about which to entwine itself.
It then puts out suckers which penetrate the bark and drain
the already assimilated sap of the plant. The original ground
stem withers and falls away. The dodder is therefore left
wholly dependent for nourishment upon its victim. Its persist-
ent close growth about the bark of a shrub inflicts great dam-
age.

The tangled gold threads are interesting when we come
upon them ; but once the habits of the plant are known ii
cannot but inspire us with a feeling of repulsion,

COnnON MILKWEED. SILK WEED. {P/ate CXLIV.)

Asclcptas Syriaca.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Milkivccti. riirplish pink. Scentless. Mostly nortliivard, June- August.

Ilowc) -clusters : often four and a half inches in diameter. Construction, sec
A. incarnata, page 76. Pods ■ two only, which hurst oi)en and let fly seeds
witii beautiful, silky tufts, /.etnu's ' very large; six to eight inches long;
opposite, or scattered; oblong; pubescent underneath , glabrous on the upper
surface. Stem : tall ; coarse ; with a milky juice ; pubescent.

One of the greatest charms of the wild flov/ers is that they
never have to be bought. The beggar can enjoy the world
flushed with myriad, evanescent hues that blend into each other
like the delicate splendour of a bird's plumage quite as well as
can a monarch on his throne. The only requisite is to have
the discriminating eyes that see : see as do the artists.

Barefooted urchins think, undoubtedly^ that the common
milkweed blows for them, and the pompons they make from its
seed pods for their torn straw hats become them extremely
well. They slumber sweetly upon the pillows and mattresses

?^

*r

PLATE CXLV. BUTTERFLY-WEED. Asclephu fuberosa.

COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY THEOERlCK A. STOKES COMPANY.
PR'NTFO IN AMFRirA.

that ar
for call
and all
the fan

BUTT

FAMILY

.UiUw,,',/.

Flmver
iiig the cl
J'ods : t«

/^I'llZ't'S .' i

l)raiiched

Perhi
ing thoi
summei
tuneful
is the (
mixed i
of butt(
this fac

The
extracti
have be(
called \\

FAMILY
Parsley.

Flmvers
which bee
often purp
fine ; much

We m;
hospital!
to have i

PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL.

281

that are stuffed with the pappus and hiugh ai the "city people"
for calling the plant ** rubber tree." It blooms in the dry fields
and all along the waysides and is the most generally known of
the family,

BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEURISY-ROOT. {Plate CXLK)

4sclhpias tuberbsn.

FAMILY

Miikwit'ii.

COLOUR
Orun£t red.

ODOUR

RANGE
Mostly notlhwar<i.

TIME OF BLOOM

J Uni--,\i/>ti lllri ) .

Flowers', regular; gamopetaluus ; growing in umbel-like clusters, and sliow-
ing the distinctive features of tiie n>ili<weed family, see A. incarnata, page 76.
Poiis : two, which hurst open and let fiy seeds with hcaulifnl silky tufts.
/.cures: alternate; lanceolate; pubescent. ^Vi/w .• one to two feet high; erect ;
branched near the summit; hairy and containing very little milky juice.

Perhaps this is one of the most brilliant plants, not exclud-
ing those of the tropics, of our country. The it air of mid-
summer plays upon it as it lightens the dry Ids, and the
tuneful harmony is one of blending tints of orange and red. It
is the only northern one of the genus with so much yellow
nii.xed in Us colouring. One rarely sees it without a gay band
of butterflies hovering about, and it is very possible that from
this fact it has received one of its English names.

The Indians made use of it in many ways ; principally by
extracting a sugar-like substance from the flowers. The roots
have been believed to be a cure for pleurisy. The plant is also
called wind-root and orange-root.

WILD CARROT QUEEN ANNE'S LACE.
J)aitcus Carrbta.

FAMILY
Parsley.

COLOUR

IVhite.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
A lit; list, Septeiitber.

Flmvers ' minute, delicate; growing in a compound, flat-topped umbel,
which liecomes concave after lowering. The central flower of the umbel is
often purple. Involucre: light green ; of very fine pinnatiful leaves. Lciwes :
fine ; much divided, ^/t;// .• erect ; rough ; branched.

We may have no qualms of conscience on the grounds of in-
hospitality if we say boldly that we should not grieve very much
to have this weed return to the old country from where it came.

282

PLANTS GROWING IN DRV SOIL.

Its ruthless habit of taking possessi(»n of whole fields, especially
in New Jersey, and destroying the pasture is a constant care
and annoyance to the farmer. It is most diificult o extirpate
as it is tough and hard to uproot.

It frequently falls within the experience of our friend the
country boy to pull up the plants before they have gone to
seed ; and one instance is known of his having been engaged
to perform this service at the exorbitant wage of twenty-five
cents a hundred. His mind, however, is poetical. He loves to
dream of the beautiful side of the wild carrot's character, and
to weave romances about it in connection with Queen Anne's
lace. To bend his back over and tear his palms uprooting tneni
is not to his taste. So on the mentioned occasion he sat on tne
fence and watched other boys that he had hired at five cents a
hundred do the work for him.

GREAT nULLEN. VELVET OR MULLEN DOCK.

Verbdscum Thdpsiis.

FAMILY

COLOUR

Pate yellow.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
Cenerat.

TIME OF BLOOM
July-September.

Flowers: large; growing in a long, terminal spike. Calyx: of five sepals.
Corolla: wheel-shaped with five unequal, rounded iobes. Statnt'its: ten; three
taller than the others witii woolly filaments. Pistil : one, /.lun'f.i : alternate,
the basal leaves lying flatly in a circle on the ground ; oblong ; pale green ; vel-
vety to the touch. Stefu : erect ; flat.

Although in Europe the mullen is called " American velvet
plant," we can hardly claim it as indigenous to our country.
In fact, as its specific name implies, it is a native of the island
of Thapsus. It has visited many lands, and had quite a bro.ul
experience in usefulness. The Greeks made lamp wicks of the
leaves, and the Romans, after preparingthe dried stalks in suet,
burned them as funeral torches, when they were called " can-
dalaria." The efficacy of mullen tea for pulmonary diseases is
still lauded by the country people, especially when used for
beasts. It has also its place among the vanities of vanities, and
the village belle knows well that the velvety leaf rubbed against
her cheeks will leave a tint like that of a ripened peach.

PLATE CXLVI. MOTH-MULLEN.

(2S3)

/ 'trbascum Blattaria.

•84

PLANTS GROWING IN DRV SOIL.

The plant first blooms in the second year of its growth, anil
then the blossoms last but a single day. It is credited witli
having forty common English names.

MOTH-MULLEN, {r/atc CXLVI.)

Vo'bdscuin ]i Lit t aria.

FAMILY
Figwort.

COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Vellow '^vhiti\ or pinkish. ScentUa. (.lenoal. July-September.

Floivers : slightly nodding; growing on pedicels along the stem. Calyx : of
five sepals. Corolla : with five rounded, delicately veined lobes. Stamois : five ;
the filaments dark coloured and covered with a purplish wool. Pistil ; one.
Leaves : those above, alternate ; ovate ; sessile ; toothed ; those below on peti-
oles and deeply cut ; smooth. Slem : erect ; slender.

'i'here is little about this plant either in texture or appearance
to suggest its kinship with the common mullen. It is quite a
little pretendant to the claims of beauty, and when the different
coloured varieties are found growing together in some dry, up-
land meadow they are very pretty and fairy-like. Unfortu-
nately they perish quickly after being picked. As the specific
name suggests, the cockroach and this plant can never agree.
In fact that despised tribe are said to hold it in especial abhor-
rence.

SLENDER LADY'S TRESSES.

Gynhiac/iys gracilis.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

(he his.

li /lite.

J'lai^yant.

AVw F.ngliiiiti to Florida
iind -jvestiviird.

July-Oetober.

/yiWiVj .• very small ; growing on one side of a slender, twistf-d spike. Co-
rolla: hardly acpiarterof an inch broad ; theliii sjircading and crimped. Leaves :
ovate ; withering early in the season. Stevi : erect ; leafy l)elow and having
bracts above.

Surely the ladies have been sleeping that long ago they did
not resent the changing of this plant's English name from lady's
traces, which the braided appearance of the stem somewhat
suggests, to lady's tresses. There is nothing about the prim
little blossoms to recall the flowing locks that are woman's
crowning glory.

It may be found in dry ground, on the side of hills, in sandy
places and open fields.

PLATE CXLVII. STRIPED GENTIAN. Ccntiana 7'illosa.

286

PLANTS GROWTNd IX DRY SOIL.

G. ce'rmia is perhaps the commonest little orchis that we
have. The stem is more twisted and flowered than that of G.
gracilis and the low stem leaves are almost linear. The spiral
growth of the flowers about the stem is very pretty, and the
blossoms are fragrant. It seldom grows over eight inches tall
and blossoms in September and October. In low grounds
throughout the east and south it is most common.

BLUE WAX-WEED. CLAMMY CUPHEA.

Parson si'a petiolata.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Loosestrife.

Purplish pink.

Scentless.

Conn, to Illinois
and southrvard.

July-October.

Flowers: small ; growing in loose racemes along the branches. Calyx : tu-
bular; six-toothed, extending into a spur on the upper side; purplish; stickv.
Corolla: of six unequal ovate ])etals, having short claws. Stamens: about
twelve; irregular; in two sets, j'istil : one; stigma, two-lobed. Lea7>t's : o\)-
posite; lanceolate; disagreeable to the touch. Steju : branching; reddish;
clammy.

In the autumn, when we wander through the pastures or by
the roadsides, it is the turn of this flower to claim our atten-
tion. The petals have a wrinkled look, and the pods, from the
position (jf the seed-bearing part of the ovary, appear to have a
little handle. These points, and remembering that it is a loose-
strife, serve readily to identify the plant.

STRIPED GENTIAN. {Plate CXLVJI.)

Cn'Htidiia villosa.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

(,entian. Greenish ivhite. striped Scentless. Southern A'/rc Septeinl>er-Noveini\r.
inside ivith purple. Jersey to J-'loritl.i.

Flowers : solitary, or clustered; sessile; axillary along the stem and terminal.
Calyx: of unequal linear lobes. Corolla: ^\\o\i ; funnel-form. ZdV/'fj .' oppn-
site ; obovate ; long ; narrowed at the base. Stet/i : six to eighteen inches higli.

These tender blossoms, with their silky stripes, are as deli-
cate and misty in colouring as many graceful cups of Venetian
glass.* They grow in dry, shady places, and although they en-
tertain royally their insect friends, they are shy of welcoming
more mundane mortals. Those that are fortunate enough to
find them appreciate them as a rare floral treasure.

PLANTS GROWINC; IN DRY SOIL.

.^87

l)AP4DELI0N.

Tardxacum Tardxacum.

FAMILY
Chit ory.

COLOUR

) 'ellow.

ODOUR

SceHtlt'in.

RANGE
Criiffd/ to the Rockies.

TIME OF BLOOM

April-Oitoo, I .

Flower-liea:is : roundish, of innuiiier;il)ie str.ip-shaped flowers. Ittvolncrt- :
clo^^iiig after blooming until tiic tliitly l)all is ready to mature and be blown
away by the wind, when it opens, tnins downward, and l)cars u|) the pappus.
Leaves: at the base ; much cut. Sum: hollow. Jtiiie: milky.

There seems to be something [)athetic about the ckuulehou
as it grows old. (iradually it iS deprived of its golden rays
and upon its stalk is left a little cloud of gossamer. It is then
whorled aloft and away, torn and scattered upon thorny bushes
and dashed into angry streams by pitiless winds. Or the chil-
dren blow it to tell what o'clock it is. There are usually four
good blows in a ball of down and this fact has won for it the
name of " four o'clock," each blow signifying an hour. The
plants are eaten as a pot herb, and their medicinal properties
are generally known and appreciated.

FALL DANDELION.

LeiUitodon atitumiialc.

Or little dandelion, as it is sometimes called, extends its
bloom throughout the sumnur and autumn. On a nearer
accjuaintance we And it has rather different habits from our
early dandelion but is very much like the hawkweeds. Its
Oreek name refers to the medicinal properties of the root.

PLANTAIN-LEAF EVERLASTING. HOUSE-EAR

EVERLASTING.

Anti'uiiai itx phxntai^inifolia.

FAMILY
Composite.

COLOUR

nil it e.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
Mostly north.

TIME OF BLOOM
Mareh-.M.iy.

Flower-ln-ads : of tiny tubular flow rs clustered closely together in a corymb;
sterile and fertile flowers growing on different i)lants. Lidiu's : those of the
stem, lanceolate; noinled ; soft; silky luulerneath ; those of the base, oval ; <">
petioles; nerved. Si'eni : sometimes approaching one foot high; covered with
a soft down. The plant spreads by runners.

In rocky fields and on dry slopes we find this everlasting.

288

PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL.

The difference between the staminate and pistillate blossoms,
which grow on separate plants and usually near together, is
that the staminate ones are more highly coloured and appear
somewhat doited. The pistillate ones are smooth and downy.
A. neoiVioica, smaller cat's-foot, is often found growing side by
side with the above species. It is a woolly plant and bears
many leaves.

GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.

Senh'io aureus.

FAMILY

Composite.

COLOUR

Yellow.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM

May, June.

Flmver-heads : small; growing in umbel-like, leafless clusters and composed
of both ray and disk tiuwers. Leaves : alternate; the lower ones mostly heart-
shaped, with long i)etioles, upper leaves lanceolate ; deeply cut; sessile as they
ascend the stem. Sttiii : erect; simple; smooth; cottony when young. The
pappus of silky white d(jwn.

The ragwort, which is one of our native weeds, illuminate;-:
our meadows with the same tints of golden yellow that we
sometimes trace in the amber light from a sunset. It is also
sadly true that it is responsible for an immense amount of hay
fever.

The generic name senecio is from senex, an old man, and
refers to the silky, white hairs of the pappus. Although the
plant is in general appearance soinewhat like an aster, the
leaves are quite individual and very variable in the different
species.

TICK-SEED. {Plate CXLVIII.)
Coredpsis lanci'oldla.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Composite. Velloiv. Scentless. Mostly south and west.

TIME OF BLOOM
May-A ugust.

Flinver-heads : few, or solitary on long slender peduncles ; ray-flowers, six
to ten, toothed at the apex; disk-flowers, ])erfect. Juvolucie : two inches
broad, depressed, with lanceolate bracts. Leaves: lanceolate; entire; almost
sessile. Stem : \\\g)\ \ slender; glabrous.

So brilliant and effective is this flower that it has been e.x-
Itivated in srardens. Tl

ily

invoi

for its appearing somewhat deceptive to the non-botanist. Ii

I

PLATE CXLVIll. TICK-SEED. Coreopsis lunceolata.

COPTRIOHT, 1699, BY FREDERICK «. (TOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

PLATE CXLIX. ROBIN'S PLANTAIN. Erigcron pukhellus.

(289)

290

PLANTS CiROWING IN DRY SOIL.

is rather a fickle-minded plant and grows equally well in dry
or moist soil, sometimes even venturing upon the roadsides.
\Vliercver we find it, however, it is always welcome.

C. rhiea is the rose-coloured tick-seed that is sometimes
found in sandy swamps. It grows from six inches to two feet
high, and it is very pretty.

ROBIN'S OR POOR ROBIN'S PLANTAIN. {Plate CXUX.)

Erigeron pulc/u'/ius.

FAMILY

Composite.

COLOUR

I-ig:lit violet.

ODOUR
Scentless.

RANQE
(ieiieral.

TIME OF BLOOM
May^Juue.

Fhrioer-heads : romul, growing in small clusters and composed of both ray
and disk flowers ; the toriner l)eing very numerous. Lcn-'cs : few on the stem ;
lanceolate ; the basal leaves broader and clinging closely to the ground. Sli'/ft :
about one foot high ; thick, juicy ; hairy.

What Strange idea filled the pretty head of robin's plantain
when it decked itself out to look so much like an aster we do not
know ; but its deception is very transparent and we readily
discover that it is not one of the aster family. There is a hairy
look about the stem and flower which is quite unlike an aster,
and another distinctive feature is the way in which its lower
leaves lie flat about the ground. '

Perhaps by its advent so early in the season it simply wishes
to proclaim the coming of the true asters and the members of
the great family of composites.

LARGER DAISY FLEABANE. SWEET SCABIOUS.

Krigcron dnmttis.

FAMILY
Composite.

COLOUR

White or purplish.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
June.

Fhnver-heads : small, about three quarters of an inch broad; clustered and
composed of both ray and disk flowers. Leaves: lanceolate; the lower ones
serrated. Stem : three to five feet high ; branched ; hairy.

We all know the fleabanes, or little daisies, that spring up in
the meadows and along the roadsides in summer and which
look so pretty in the bunch of purple asters and golden rods
that we carry home as an effective decoration for some s^-
^;luded comer,

PLATE CL.

« WHITE DAISY C/nysniitlieniuin Leinaitlhemutn.
{bulbous buttercup. Ranunculus bulbosus.

COrvRlOMT, 1B99. BY FREDERICK A. STOKES COMP«Nr.
PRINTER IN AMERICA.

Co

to in
liang
agair
E.
than
effect

Wl

FAMIL'
Compost

Flmv
Rayflo
the upj:

The
althou
counti
It has
farmei
weed,

The
smalle
that in
his ow

FAMILY

Chicory.

Fimver
and com;

PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL.

291

Country people tell us that when burned they are obnoxious
to insect life, and we frequently see dried bunches of them
lianging over their cottage doors to caution such intruders
against entering the portal.

E. nimbsus, or smaller daisy fleabane, has longer ray flowers
than those of the above species.and entire leaves. The general
effect of the plant, however, is smaller and more delicate.

WHITE DAISY. WHITE WEED. OX-EYED DAISY.

{J'/ate CL.)
Chrysdnthemum Leucanthemnm.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR

Composite. IVhile, with yellow centre. Scentless.

RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Mostly north. June.

FliTiver-heads : terminal ; solitary and composed of both ray and disk flowers.
Ray flowers white, those of the disk yellow. Leaves : the lower ones spatulate,
the upper ones partly clasping ; netted-veined ; cut, or toothed.

The "eye of day,'' as Chaucer says men rightly call the daisy,
although one of our commonest flowers, is not a native of this
country ; but was probably brought here by the early colonists.
It has a place in the hearts of poets and lovers of nature. The
farmer alone will have none of it. He scornfully calls it white
weed, not even deigning to give it its more poetical name.

The English daisy that Burns sang about, Bellis perennis, is
smaller than this species, and pink. It seems rather a pity
that in celebrating it Burns should have closed the poem with
his own lament.

" Ev'n thou who mourn'st the daisy's fate,
That fate is thine — no distant date ;
Stern Ruin's ploughshare drives, elate
Full on thy bloom.
Till crush'd beneath the furrow's weight,
Shall be thv doom!"

FAMILY
Chicory.

RATTLESNAKE-WEED. HAWKWEED.

Hieraciiun vends urn.

COLOUR

Yellow.

ODOUR

Scentles.,

RANGE

Mostly north.

TIME OF BLOOM
July, A ugust.

Flmver-heads : growing singly on the ends of branched flower-stalks or scapes,
and composed of strap-shaped flowers. Leaves: from the base; obovate and

292

PLANTS GROWING IN DRY SOU..

spreading around on the ground like a rosette ; veined conspicuously with
purple. Flinvcr-stalk : one to two inches high ; naked, or bearing one leaf ;
slender or forked above.

The prevailing idea that the uaves of the hawk weed re-
semble the rattlesnake, serve better to identify it from its
numerous relatives, thnn which it is by far more interesting,
than to recall to mind the dreadful creature for which it is
named, or to remove the venom of his bite.

The plant grows in C^y soil, sometimes by the waysides, in
the meadows, or in the open woods.

J/. Griinii, Green's hawkweed, has spatulatc, tufted, basal
leaves which narrow into a petiole. It is found in the dry soil
of the mountains of Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia.

FIELD SOW THISTLE.

Sonchiis arvcnsis.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Chicory. Brit^ht yellow. .Sci'ntUis. Ociasiotuil in tlte eastern Stiiiiiiur.

and middle states,

Floiver-heads : large, shawy ; clustered closely together and bursting out
later into a soft, downy pappus. Involucre : of luiURrous strap-like scales.
Leaves : long, pointed, blade-like ; clasping by a heart-sli.iped base ; saw-toothed.
Stem : one to three feet high ; branched ; hollow ; bristly.

In dry fields and along roadsides ; in salt meadows and by
streams we find this showy, coarse weed. It has come lo us
from Europe and is also a native of Asia. Every year it ex-
tends its range and becomes more common. The flower opjiis
at five o'clock in the morning, begins to close at about eleven
o'clock and by noon it has entiVely shut out the world.

BLACK-EYED SUSAN. CON^E-FLOWER.

Rtidbcckia Iiirla.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Composite. Deep yello^v., f>urple centre. Scentless. General.

TIM'.- OF BLOOM
M idsuiinue) .

FUnuet-lwads : large; terminal ; solitary and composed of both ray and disk
flowers ; the fornur often one and three quarter inches long, the latter arranged
in the ffinn of a cone antl chocolate brown in colour. /.lUives : laiiceolaie ;
narrow; rough ami disagreeable io the touch; the lower ones ou petioles,
the upper ones sessile. SUiii : owti to iwo feet high; rough ; usually branching.

in

disk

aic ;

liolcs.

.hiiig.

PLATE CLi. BLACK. EYED SUSAN Rudbeckia.

COPVHIOHT, lo^S, BY FREDERICK «. STOKES tOMP»Nr.
PR NTED IN «MER>C«.

BI

beau

gowi

danc

chari

ingl]

love

her ](

Shi

to us

by th

Th

flowe

leave;

R..

from

about

stem i

In the

in the

The

notice

time a

FAMILY
ComposiU

Perh

al)ounc
comj-)()i
few ta
grows (
.S". Ca

PLANTS GROWING IN DRV SOIL.

293

Black-eyed Susan, or Susie, as her playmates call her, is a
beautiful wild country girl with a striking brunette face, and a
gown of yellow and black, which fairly makes the meadows
dance with life and gaiety. Perhaps she lacks that wealth of
charm which cultivation gives, and is rather careless in choos-
ing her companions. No doubt she is governed entirely by her
love of fun. Her manner of growth is certainly ungraceful and
her leaves and stem are rough and uncouth.

She is i^erfectly at home in the east, although she first came
to us hidden in clover seeds from the west ; where she is called
by the unpoetical name of "nigger-head."

The southern rudbeckia (Plate CLI) is a more gorgeous
flower, the cone of disk-flowers being much higher and the
leaves broader than those of the above species.

/\^. t^/vVAw/V, Britton's cone-flower, has flower-heads that are
from two to three inches broad. Its rays are two-lobed and
about twelve in number. They are tipped with purple. The
stem leaves are nearly oval and often occur with a lateral lobe.
In the mountains of Pennsylvania, Virginia and Tennessee and
in the woods it blooms abundantly from May until July.

The jilant is stout and vigourous and it bears, as will be
noticed, the name of Dr. liritton, who has expended so much
time and affection upon the floral world.

GOLDEN-ROD. DYER'S WEED.

St}/i(/i)i^o ncDioralis,

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Composite.

J \'/.'i)li:.

Scentless.

Neiu F.H(:laiui s.'iithivard
and wcstnuirii.

- ( tlt^Uit.

Perhaps this is the most common of all the golden-rods that
al)ound in dry fields. The flowers grow in a denst- plume, or
compound panicle, along the upper side of ilie stem ; and the
few tapering leaves are of a iliill greyish green. It seldom
grows over two feet high. The simi)le stem has a cottony look.

•S'. Canadensis, Canada golden-rod, is a tall species with spread-

294

PLANTS GROWING IN IJRY SOIL.

ing racemes of flowers. The leaves are lanceolate and very
rough on the upper side.

S. mollis, or velvety golden-rod, is distinguishable by the
soft fleecy fuzz with which it is covered. It grows in dry
plains from Minnesota southward and westward.

S.Juncca, Plate LXIX.

BLAZING STAR.

Lacindria scaribsa.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Composite.

Rose purple.

Scentless.

Maine to I'loriiia and
westward.

Early antuii.ii.

Flower-heads : round ; growing in a long, wand-like raceme ; and composed
of tubular flowers with long slender lobes. Scales of the involucre, long and
bristly, purple tipped. /,eaV(:s : a.\terna.tti ; lanceolate; pointed. 6Vt'W,- erect ;
leafy; rather downy.

Why these beautiful flowers, which are clustered thickly or
loosely together, as the case may be, were ever named blazing
star it would trouble the wisest of us to explain. Their particu-
lar charm lies in their warm rich colouring.

Z. sy/iianbsa, or scaly blazing star, is a beautiful variety with
larger, fewer flower-heads of rose purple. It blooms in the late
summer and autumn and mostly southward and westward from
Pennsylvania. Another name for it is rattlesnake-master ; the
bites of which snakes it has been supposed to be efficacious in
curing.

BURR THISTLE. SPEAR THISTLE.

Cardntis lanceoldtiis.

FAMILY

Composite.

COLOUR

Purplish criiiisoii.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
North and east.

TIME OF BLOOM
Jnly-Noveml't y.

F/oiver-htuuh : large; solitary; composed entirely of tubular flowers and sur-
rounded by a prickly involucre. Leaves : alternate; sessile, much cut and beset
with red prickles. Stem : leafy ; rough. .

" Nemo me impune lacessit."

Truly the farmer's life is no merry jest ; for when he attenijUs
to lean back in his easy chair, and flatter himself that he has

PLAxNTS GROWING IN DRY SOIL. 295

grappled successfully with the troublesome weeds of the sea-
son, along conies the thistle and rears itself in his pastures Its
sharp red prickles are rather inconvenient to those of artistic
temperament who wish to show it any demonstration of affec
tion ; but the bumble-bees love it dearly and enjoy sweet con-
verse with it unharmed.

C. arvc'nsis, or Canada thistle, is the common species along
the roadsides and in fields. It is readily known by its numerous
small flower-heads and although pretty it is a most pernicious
weed.

Plants Growing in Waste Soil : Roadside-
Banks and Lanes.

What charm has the road when beside it ivc wander

And gaze at its banks gaily clot lied,
Where dwell the proud asters, the legion of sparroivs

A nd myriads of rods waving gold.
There the little birds sing and the merry bees hum,

A naughty snake glides slozvly by.
In waves clear or misty Jiang sunshine and shadozv.

While above is the deep, blue sky.

WINTER CRESS. YELLOW ROCKET.

Bar bar ca Harharca.

FAMILY
Mustard.

COLOUR
Yellow.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
April-Septeml'i) .

Floivcrs : small; growinu; in racemes, dilyx : of four sepals that fall early.
Corolla : of four cruciferous jjetals. .Sfiiineiis : six, two of which are shorter
tliau the otiiers. l''i.slil : one. Pods: liuear, branch-like. Leaves: those at
the base, lyre-shaped; those of the stem, ovate ; pinnately-divided ; incised.
Stem : erect ; smooth.

The leaves of the herb of St. Barbara, as this little plant is
also called, are used as a salad by many country people. One
must have, however, the taste engendered by being brought
up on the soil to truly appreciate them as a delicacy.

PLANTS GROWING IN WASTK SOIL.

297

SHEPHERDS-PURSE.

Btirsa Biirsa-pastbris.

FAMILY
Mustard.

COLOUR

Hhitf.

ODOUR

ScentifSi.

RANGE
Ceneral,

TIME CF BLOOM
A/'ril-Si-pieiut'i >.

Flo-iwrs : small; clustered in a lung raceme. Ciilyx : of four sepals liiat
fall early. Corolla : ot four cniciteroiis petals. Stiunois ; six, two ot wiiich
are shorter than the others. Pistil : one. Pods : triangular ; notched at the
apex; two-valved. Leaves : those of the base, clustered, incised; those of
the stem, arrow-shaped, partly clasping. Sliiu : branching.

These insignificant little flowers crop out with much per-
sistency along Lhe wayside. Their generic nanie is derived
from the pouch-like sliape of their seed-pods. The plants are
widely distributed all over the globe.

BLACK MUSTARD.

Jhdssicii nl^ra.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Mustard.

Vellow.

I' undent

i'lenernt.

All summer.

Floiuers : small; clustered in racemes. Pods: half an inch long, the seeds
dark, spicy to the taste. Stem : three to six feet high ; branched.

It is from the seeds of the black and white mustards that the
well-known condiment is made. For this purpose the plants are
extensively cultivated in Europe, and are sown as forage for
cattle, when they are cut down and fed to them before the seeds
are ripe. With us they flourish along the roadsides and are
rather troublesome weeds in some parts of the country.

Sinapis dlha, or white mustard, has single seeds ; the long
hairy pods are beaked.

VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS.

Sprniliiria pt')foh\iLi.

FAMILY

Caiii/<ii>iiili .

COLOUR

rurplish blue.

ODOUR

S,,-lltltSS.

RANGE
lienernl.

TIME OF BLOOM
May-Se/>ie>iil>er.

Plowers : growing with the leaves along the stem. Calyx: three to five-
lobed. Corolla: wheel-shaped, with five almost linear lobes. Stamens: five.
Pistil : one; stigmas, three. Pods: triangular. Leaves: oblong with heart-
shaped bases; clasping. S.'em : hairy.

This fancifully named little plant is one that bears cleistoga-

298

PLANTS GROWIXCi IN WAS TP: SOIL.

mous flowers. It does not, however, hide them at its base as
though asiiaiiicd for them to be seen. The leaves chis[) the
stem tightly and k)oi< Mke Httle shells in which lie three closed
buds. They never open and are very fruitful. It seems as
though the plant held them in the hollow of its hand. It is
only the fortunate ones that reach the top of the stem that
unfold the dainty blossom.

S. bijlora is the small Venus's looking-glass. It grows from
Virginia southward and westward, and blooms from April
until July.

GREEN-BRIER. CATBRIER. HORSE-BRIER.

Sm } /ax rotundifolii t .

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

S/iii'/it.v. Crmiis/t white. Scent/ess. Neiu Eniiland to Florida.

TIME OF BLOOM
A pril-Juui-.

FUnvers : small; imperfect; gnnving in umbels. /'(';/(////// ; of six divisions.
Staminate blossoms with six stamens ; ])istil]ate ones with three diverging
stigmas and a three-celled ovary. Leaves: alternate; on petioles, roundish ;
pointed. SUni: four-angled ; prickly.

The catbrier is a very near relative of S. herbacea, page 100,
with infinitely better manners, as it does not taint the lovely
spring days with a disagreeable odour. Its sharp prickles,
however, are very vicious and by far too much in sympathy
with barbed-wire fences to allow of the plant ever being a great
favourite. Its dark berries and many-tinted leaves are most
beautifid in the autumn.

BITTER SWEET. WAX-WORK.

Ceids/nis scdndens.

FAMILY

St,ilf-trc,-

COLOUR
Cremn ivhite.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
[une.

Fhmh'is: small; imperfect; growing in raceme-like clusters. Pe/dLt, se/'d/s,
and stain e II. ' : five. Pistil: one. Fruit: orange-red; of three rounded
divisions that burst open and display the seeds within, /.eaves: alternate;
oblong; thin; toothed; smooth. A shrub, twining ; woody.

In common with cat-tails ; the silky pompons made from
milkweed pods and nuinerous sedges ; the exquisite berries of
the bitter sweet have appealed loudly to the decorative in-

PLATE CLII. PURPLE FLOWERING RASPBERRY. Ruhus odomlus.

COPVBIGMT, tB99. B» FHEOEHltK «. STOKES COMPAtlT
PRINTCO IN AMERICA.

MMk

stincts
S(|uare;
strikiiij
their s
cherish
llieni c
tiiicket
general

PUI

FAMILY

Flmver.
long, sleii
rosaceous
to a raspl
micklle lo
liraiichinj:

Hard

raspberi
colourec
or coary
very hig
togethei
weary ti
As we a

The 1
liiirroiig
ment thj
people, i
them ani
Kting a
them."

R. sin
raspberri
been pro

PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL.

299

stincts of housewives. How clearly they recall to iniiul the
scjuareness and regularity of s(jnie country parlour ; and how
strikingly giddy they aj)i)c:ir in contrast to the sonibreness of
iheir surroundings, as they droop over the crayon of some
cherished relative that hangs on tiie wall. We prefer to see
iheni clambering over the stone walls and mingling in the
thickets along the roadsides, where they are perhaps more
generally admired than any other of our late season berries.

PURPLE-FLOWERINQ RASPBERRY. {Plate CLII)

Riibus odoralits.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

l\o.\e. rurplisli pink. Friigrunt. Xi'iu F.nf^iami southn>ard June, July.

to Ca. ivesttvard to Mich.

Fhm<ers : large; two inches broad; terminal; clustered. Calyx: of five
long, siendt-r lul)cs tipped with a tine pnint; iiairy ; sticky. Corolla: of five
rosaceous petals. .SA/W;';/.!- ; numerous. Pistils: numerous. Fntit : similar
to a raspberry, e(iil)Ie. Lvaves : alternate; |)almately three to five lobed, the
middle lobe longer than the others ; netted-veined ; serrated. Slem : shrubliy
branching ; clammy.

Hardly any description is needed of the purple-flowering
raspberry as it is portrayed so clearly and beautifullv by the
coloured plate. We can all see that there is nothing plebeian
or coarse about the plant. Its moral tone is evidently of the
very highest. The leaves grow to a great size, and when folded
together make excellent drinking cups, which often enable the
weary traveller to quench his thirst by some near-by stream.
As we all know, the berries are delightful.

The little group of bees on the plate remind us that Mr.
Burroughs says the fact at the bottom of the common state-
ment that bees have their own likes and dislikes for certaiii
people, is simply that they will "sting a person who is afraid of
them and goes skulking and doilging about, and they will not
sting a person who faces them boldly and has no dread of
them."

/?. stn'ghsits and R. occidentalis art the red and black wild
raspberries from which many of the cultivated varieties have
been produced.

too

PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL.

SPREADING DOGBANE. {Plate CLl/I.)

Apikynum androscemifolimii.

FAMILY
Dogbane.

COLOUR
Host colour.

ODOUR
Fragrant,

RANGE
Mostly north ward.

TIME OF BLOOM
June, July.

FUmwrs '. in tcrniiir.il cynics ; growing on threadlike tlower-stalks. Calyx:

live-cleft. CorolUi ; l)cll-sh;i|)e(I ; (ivelobed, and veined wilii a deeper pink.

Stiiiieii.1 •■ five. Or'itn'i's: united l)y an ovate stigma. J'oi/s : largo ; long ; slender.

/.iiii'ts : opposite ; ovate. An herb two to eight feet high ; forked ; branching.

Juice: milk white ; sticky.

Truly it is the jioets and botanists who are mostly alive to
the loveliness of the wildings of nature ; and we ever find them
singing their praises to the exclusion of their more pretentious
sisters that are under the gardener's care.

The tiny blossoms of the spreading dogbane remind us of
the bells of the lily-of-the-valley ; but they have a delicate-
rose tint, and are extpiisitely veined with a deeper colour.
This is j)robably to let the bee know of their five glands of
sweet nectar.

The plant was formerly thought to be poisonous to dogs.

VIRGINIA CREEPER. AMERICAN IVY.

Parthcndcissiis qut>i(/ue/()//n.

FAMILY

r:ne.

COLOUR

n'/iif,:

ODOUR

Si I'Htlt'SS.

RANGE
(,\iifral.

TIME OF BLOOM

F/mt'i-rs : small; clustered in ;i cyme. Fntit : snuiJl black, or blue berries.
Lt'iivcs : divided into five lance-oblong leallets. A vine climbing by means of
tendrils and rootlets.

It is (juite distressing to think how often this most beautiful
of our cliinbers is shunned and looked ujjon with distrust by
the non-botanists simply because the difference between it aiul
poison ivy is not known. That it has five leaflets and bluish
berries should be remembered as a means to distinguish it from
the three leaflets and whitish fruit of the harmful vine.

It accommodates itself readily to almost every kind of soil,
and has been extensively cultivated in Europe and in this coun-
try for garden decoration. In the autumn the leaves turn a
brilliant crimson.

PLATE CLIII. SPREADING DOGBANE. Apocymim androsami/oliuin,

(30O

i02

PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL.

HEDGE BIND-WEED.

Cotrt'dh'uius sepiiiiii.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR

Convolvulus. Pinky or u<lii*e. Sw/i/lfss.

RANGE

North Atlantic states.

TIME OF BLOOM
All sum III, I .

FUnvers : terminal ; solitary. Cniyx : of five sepals surrounded by two leafy
bracts. Corolla : bell-shaped ; convolute or twisted in t!ie bud. Slamens : fivi-.
Pistil : onti. Lea7>t's : alternate ; rather halbert-shaped ; neited-veined. Sic' in :
trailing. Juice: niilUy.

Mr. Burroughs says about this flower : " Morning-glory is the
best now. It always refreshes me to see it," " In the morning
and cloudy weather," says Gray, ** 1 associate it with the holi-
est morning hours. It may preside over my morning walks and
thoughts. There is a flower for every mood of the mind."

C. arvensis^ or field bindweed, the European species, has made
itself quite at home in our fields. Its calyx is without bracts.
Near the coast it becomes a weed.

The peculiarities of qudmoclit coccinea, cypress-vine, are
clearly represented in Plate CLIV.

BOUNCING BET. FULLER'S HERB. 50APW0RT.

{J'latc CL r.)
Saponariix officinalis.

FAMILY

J'inA-.

COLOUR

ll'/titr, or rose.

ODOUR

1- > ai^rant.

RANGE

iieneral.

TIME OF BLOOM

Suiuiiiti .

Flmuci s : often one and a half inches broad ; growing in corymbed clusters.

Calyx: tul)Ml:ir ; five-toothed. Corolla: of five narrow j^etals, notched at the

apex. Stavuns : ten. Pistil: one, with two curved styles. Leaves: opposite;

nearly sessile ; lanceolate ; triple-ribbed. AA'w .• smooth, with swollen joints.

Juice: mucilaginous.

It was always a mystery to Dickens that a door nail should
have been considered so much more dead than any other inani-
mate object, and it seems also strange that thi^ plant should
have suggested the idea of bouncing more than other plants.
Dear Bettie does not bounce, nor could she it she would. She
sits most firmly on her stem, and her characteristics seem to be
home-loving and simple. We are sure to find her peeping
ihrough the garden fences, or on the roadside, where the chil-

-^

PLATE CLIV. CYPRESS-ViNE. (J^iiamoclit duiiiua.

(303)

i I

PLATE CLV. BOUNCING BET. Saponaria officinalis.

(304)

PLATE CLVI. DOUBLE BOUNCING BET. Saponariu olficiualis.

COPYRIOm: IHSl B» FHEOERICK ». STOKtS COMPJNT
PRINTED IN AUERIC*.

dren n
loved (
The
tivatec
one tir
than t
plants
with \v

FAMILY

Ceraniuih

Flower
five petal
tluee obc

An o(
the roa(
the mat
bears ar
cautioui
trimorp
(lifferen
from the
the polh

At ni^
acetosel

FAMIL
Evening /tri

Flmuers ,
pedicels rel
two. Pistl
erect; brai

A nam

PLANTS GROWING IN WAS TE SOIL.

305

dren nod to her as they pass by. She is one of the best be-
loved of our waste-ground flora.

The double variety, 1 late CLVI, suggests the bloom of a cul-
tivated flower ; and this is not to be wondered at, as it was at
one time much planted in gardens. It is rather more common
than the single variety. Throughout the eastern states the
plants are spreading very rapidly. Their juice, when mixed
with water, forms a lather. This fact is well known.

YELLOW WOOD SORREL. LADY'S SORREL.

Oxalis siricta.

FAMILY
(.icraniuiit.

COLOUR

Golden yellow.

ODOUR

Sct-nlUss.

RANGE

Gtneral.

TIME OF BLOOM
All iuminer.

Flowers: termiiial ; solitary. CV/Zj'jr .• of five lanceolate sepals. Corolla: of
five jjetals. Stamens: ten. Pistil: one; styles, five. Lcn7-es : divided into
three obcordatc, smootli leaflets. Stem : slender ; erect.

An odd thing about this 'Tetty sorrel that greets us along
the roadsides, is the difficulty it seems to have about tleciding
the matter of fertilization. The cleistogamous blossoms that it
bears are naturally self-fertilized : while the showy flowers most
(-autiously prevent such a thing by being either dimorphous or
trimorphous,— that is, they have stamens and pistils of two
different lengths. The short pistils must receive the pollen
from the short stamens in another blossom ; and the long pistils,
the pollen from the long stamens.

At night the plant folds together its leaves and sleeps. O.
acetosella, Plate CV.

ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE.

Circcha LiitcUaiia.

FAMILY
Etie n i Hg /> r tin rose.

COLOUR

Wkitc.

ODOUR

Sccntleiis.

RANGE

(rfner<il.

TIME OF BLOOM
Siiiniitfy.

Flo7vers: small; growing in long, loose, terminal and lateral racemes;
pedicels reflexed in frnit. G^/r^r ; two-lohed. <?<;rr'//,f .- of two petals. Stamens :
two. Pistil : out. /^v/ew ; opposite ; ovate ; smooth; thin ; serrated. Stem:
erect; branching.

A name is a great deal to the enchanter's nightshade. One

3o6

PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL.

fairly bristles with interest to seek it out and pause under its
powers of enchantment. And in proportion to the keenness
with which it is sought, will the disapijointnient be great in
recognising it ; f(jr few [lowers possess so little charm. It is
persistent, too, and thrusts itself upon the attention of the
passer-by whenever it finds the space to do so along the shad\
roadside.

TRAVELLER'S JOY. VIRGIN'S BOWER. {Plate CLVIi:)

Clem litis Vi)ginidn a .

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Cyo'.vjoot.

White.

Siigh tly y"' I'i' ya nt.

Netv ]'.)i inland south-
ivard and ivestwu) ,i.

J lily ^ A iigust.

Ftoivcrs : imperfect ; clustered loosely in panicles. Gi'/ju- ; of four oblong,
petal-like sejjals. Corolla: none. .S'A/WfV/j and //.i7/7.r .• indefinite in number.
Fruit: a cluster of feathery tailed aciicnc!;. /<.</ivj .■ oi)posite ; thrice divided ;
toothed. Stem : climbing.

" The favoured flower
That bears the name of Virgin's bower."

— Sir Walter Scott.

In Gerarde, we read that " Traviler's joie is this same plant
terined as decking and adorning waiesand hedges where people
travell ; Virgin's bower, by reason of the goodly shadowe which
they make with their thick bushing and climbing, as also for the
beautie of the floweres, and the pleasant scent and savour of
the saine ; and by country folks, old man's beard, from the
hoary appearance of the seeds, which remain long on the
hedges."

Little country boys also call the plant, Tom-bacca and smok
ing tree, which names are sufificiently suggestive for us to im-
agine the reason of their delight in the lovely climber.

MUSK HALLOW. {Plate CL VII I.)

Malva moschata.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Malloiv. White, or Duij^enta. Herbage^ tnusk scntcd. Central J uly-Sopteiitlu r.

Flo^vers : clustered on :.hort peduncles. Calyx: of five ovate sei)als. Co-
rolla : one and a half inches broad ; of five malvaceous i)etals. Staiitiiis : very
numerous, growing out from all sides of a column wrapped about the style.

kLOOM

It'lii/'ri .

C'-

vcrv

stvlc.

PLATE CLVIll. MUSK MALLOV/. Ma/va inosc/iala.

COPYRIQHT, 189) BV FREDERICK A. (TOKES COMPANT.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

PLATE CLVII. TRAVELLER'S JOY. Clematis Vinriniana.

(307J -- .

mmii\%imsmm.w.::sil^^^^

3o8

PLANTS GROWIN(i IN WASTE SOIL.

Pistils : several. Leaves : fivc-lobcd ; the divisions again divided or deft.
Sum : one and a half feel higli ; haiiy.

This lovely flower that has come to us from Kiirope and es-
caped from the gardens to the roadsides is a relative of the
hollyhock. It is mostly in the evening that it emits a faint
musk-like perfume.

WHITE ALDER. SWEET PEPPERBUSH. (P/a/e CLIX)

Clcthra ahu/oiia.

FAMILY
White alder.

COLOUR

White.

OOOUR RANQE

Fragrant, New Eii^^land southvarH.

TIME OF BLOOM
July., A uguit.

Flmvers : growing in upright clustered racenies. Culyx : of five j^cpals.
Corolla: of five long, narrow petals. Stivneiis : ten ; protruding. Pistil: one.
Leiwes : alternate; ovate ; veined; toothed. A handsome shrub three to ten
feet high ; upright ; leafy.

One of the joys of the late season is the bursting into bloom
of theclethra. Its delicate blossoms and the intense fragrance
that it sheds about recall again the early spring days of timid
flowers and soft green leaves which have later become sadly
overheated or dusty beyond recognition. It seeks its home in
shady lanes along the coast, where the air is moist, and which is
undoubtedly the reason of its freshness so late in the season, and
of the vigour of its dark green leaves. It remains in bloom a
long time. When bruised the foliage emits a peculiar odour.

C. acuminata, mountain sweet pepperbush, is found in the
mountains of Virginia and Georgia. It is readily known as a
near relation of the above species.

COMHON SPEEDWELL.

Veronica officinalis.

FAMILY
Figwort.

COLOUR
Light blue.

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANQE
General,

TIME OF BLOOM
July.

Flo7vers : small; growing in axillary, spike-like racemes. Cnlyf : four-
parted. Corolla : wheel-shaped ; with four lobes. Stamens : two. Pistil : one.
Lea-'es : opposite; on short petioles; obovate ; toothed; hairy or smooth.
Stem : prostrate.

This dear little speedwell is a variable plant, sometimes

a

PLATE CLIX. WHITE ALDER. Clrthra alnifolia.

(309)

310

TLANTS GKUVVING IN WASTE bUlL.

downy and sometimes smooth ; but with enough clearly defined
traits to make il always recognisable.

In olden times its leaves were made into a popular beverage,
soinething like tea, and for which it is said to have been a vcrv
gt)od and wlujlesome substitute,

K serpyllijolia, thyme-leaved speedwell, is another variety
that is fond of the roadsides. The corolla is very pale, striped
with a darker blue, and the leaves are more rounded in outline
than those of \'. officinalis.

BUTTER-AND-EQQS. YELLOW TOAD-FLAX.

Liniiria IJndria.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Jit^woit. Oran^ii^ aiui yellow. /V.iu.jy//. l,ciuial.

TIME OK BLOOM
Suiniitif .

Fhnvfrs ; showy; growing closi ly in a ttii.iinal raccnic. Calyx: five-
parlecl. Corolla: two-lippfd, closeil in tlie tlnuat ; cxlciuling I acUwaid into
a long, pointed spur ; witliin Iiairy. 'I'lie hairs and tip of the corolhi of a
(it t|)er orange shade of yellow. Stavuiis : four, in jiairs of unccjual iini'.ih
J^/stil : fy\\v. Lea'i'cs: alternate; linear ; grass-like. Stitn : erect ; jjiancliing ;
sinoolli.

Our very familiarity with these conspicuous and beautiful
flowers inclines us to pay little heed to them ; although they
find their way into children's hands almost more than any other
of our wayside flora. If we had to seek them through some
quaking bog with only a vague hope of finding tliem we should
probably prize them in some such way as we do the yellow
orchis. IJut they give us no trouble. They galivant along the
roadsides and we may admire them, or pass them by, just as we
choose. No doubt the political economist would remind us in
this connection that things are only valuable that are limited
in supply.

BLUE, OR WILD TOAD-FLAX.

Linarta Canaddnszs

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Figivort, Pale bluey or (luyple. Scentless, General.

TIME OF BLOOM
July-October.

Floivera : growing in a terminal raceme. Cr^/vjr ." five-parted Corolla: two
lipped, closed in tlie throat, extending backward into a long pointed spur.

PLANTS (IROWINCi IN WASTE SOU,.

3"

Stiimein : four, in pairs of une(|ual lengtli. Pistil : one. Li'iitcs: those of the
base, tufted; those of the stem, alternate; linear; sessile; parallcl-veincd.
S/em : erect ; leafy ; smooth.

Along the suiuiy roadsides the blue linaria seems to be per-
fectly at home and happy. It comes early in the summer and re-
mains until late in the autumn ; enjoying the sunshine, the
singing of the birds and the fun-loving urchins that know it so
well. It can hardly be said to resemble very closely its near
relative, the sprightly butter-and-eggs.

Z. ripens, pale-blue toad-fla.x, is a small species that is found
about the Atlantic seaports. It has come to us from Europe.

POKEWEED. PIQEON-BERRY.

Phytolacca dccdiidra.

FAMILY
I'okcivceii.

COLOUR

// Ititc and pink.

ODOUR

.Si intless.

RANGE
Cii-iU'yal.

TIME OF BLOOM
I uty-Sff>ttiiil<t r.

Flmvers : on pedicels; growing in a long raceme. Calyx : of five rounded, i)et-
ai-like sepals, pinkish on tiie outside and whitisli witiiin. Sl<tnifiis : ten. Pistil:
one; styles, ten. The ovary like a green eye. Print: a huncli of many
purple, juicy berries. Leai'es : large; alternate; on long petioles; lanceolate;
conspicuously veined ; smooth and thin. Stem: five to ten feet high; stocky;
smooth. Pools : poisonous.

In the distribution of talents it is not given to every one to
be an admirer of pokeweed. Even the long, cylindrical racemes
of purple berries that, clustered among the soft green leaves,
line many a roadside in the late autumn, fail to call forth the
least enthusiasm from these slighted people. To them poke-
weed is pokeweed and that is an end of the matter. Mr. Bur-
roughs is fond of pokeweed and says : " What a lusty, royal
plant it is ! It never invades cultivated fields but hovers about
the borders and looks over the fences like a painted Indian
sachem." '

Although the bloom is usually ascribed to July and the fruit
to September, there are many spots on Long Island and in New
Jersey where the plant lingers in blossom until early September.
Country people boil the young shoots as greens, and from their
accounts of them they quite rival asparagus in delicacy of
flavour. The berries also are greatly enjoyed by birds.

312

PLANTS (iROWINC; IN WASTE SOIL

WHITE SWEET CLOVER. WHITE MELILOT.

Mel Hot us dlbii.

FAMILY
Pulse.

COLOUR

Wliitc.

CDOUR

LciizifSy fragrant.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
J uly-Sif'ttiiiiHr.

Flowers: small, clustered in spike-like racemes. Corolhi : pai^ilionaceous.
Leaves: divided into three obovate, toutlied leaflets, notched at the apex. Slem:
'wo to four feet high ; upright; branching ; leafy.

Mr. (libson observed that at night two of the three pretty
leaflets of the white sweet clover ch^se and the third one, he
says, " is leit out in the cold."

When dried the foliage has a fragrance like new-mown hay
and is antagonistic to moths. It is also used as a substitute for
snuff and tobacco,

YELLOW SWEET CLOVER. YELLOW HELILOT.

Mel Hot us officinalis.

Were it not for a slight shortness in height and the blunt-
ness of the leaves, we might fancy the yellow sweet clover to
be the same species as the white one ; and that it had simply
amused itself by wearing a different coloured gown, and follow-
ing the popular whim for variety. We must, however, conclude
that they are sisters of equal sweetness and grace.

It was bv a shady roadside

My own sweci clover grew,
Where the low stone wall is broken

And the pasture comes in view.

I bent o'er to pick the wilding,

When hark, was that a sigh ?
I'll leave it where God has placed it,

Thought I, as I sauntered by.

BLUE VETCH.

]^{cia Crdcca.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Pulse.

PI lie

Scentless.

.Mrstly

iio> til and west.

Junc-.-\ Uf;iist.

Flirivrrs : growing closely together on one side of a 'ong sjiike. Ctilvx :
,hort, with unequal teeth. Corc/lii : i>anili.)naccouK. LeciTes : pinnate, divided
into ten to twelve pairs of sn-.ooih, oblong leaflets. The common petiole
terminating in a tendril.

Hi

PLATE CLX. HOG-PEANUT. J-\iLa/it coiiiosa.

314

PLAN rs GROWING IN WAS TE SOIL.

This *' splendid tufted vetch," is found along the borders of
roadsides and in the thickets. It stretches out its tendrils as
though it loved to climb and gleefully throws out its bright
flowers to mingle with the grasses and brambles.

K Americana has larger purple flowers, and but five to seven
pairs of ovate leaflets.

HOG-PEANUT. {Plate CLX.)
Falcdta coiiiosa.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

J'u/sf.

/'ale lilac.

Scentless.

New Eiifiland to I'lorida
and westward.

A ugusty .Septeint'ci

Flcmn-rs : growing in axillary racemes. Calyx : tubular ; four or five-tootlied.
Corolla: i^apilioiiaccous, the staiulaid ])artly wrappetl about the other petals.
Stamens: ten; united. Pistil : one. Pods': one incii long ; linear. Leaves:
divided into three, ovate, pointed leaflets; netted-veined ; thin; smooth.
Stem: wiry; three-sided, covered with brown hairs.

This little plant is another that has \.s household divided
against itself. The upper pretty tlower:, enjoy life, lend them-
selves to the breeze and are altogether useless ; while the
workers are down below and have no time to deck themselves
in gay, pretty corollas. It is a graceful climber and has a
fineness and delicacy of chai"acter often strongly in contrast to
its associates, as it usually twines about coarse, rough plants.

Whoever maimed the unoffending little thing with the name
of hog-peanut must still be smarting under the weight of his
iniquities ; although the circumstance that led to his doing so
is traced in the underground, pale, one-sided, swollen and hairy
pods, the product oi the hidden blossoms. They are not
unlike peanuts in appearance, and hogs uproot tnem to feast
upon. Cattle eat also ti.e herbage of the plant.

' F^.:..^

FAMILY
/ ej-vain.

SIMPLER'S JOY. BLUE VERVAIN.

COLOUR

rin/>lisk I'liif

/ 'erhena /tasld/a.

ODOUR
.Scentless.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
July, A ugiist.

FUnvers : growing in numerous, corvnibed, terminal spikes. Calyx : tul)ular ;
iive-toothed. Corolla : tubular ; salversha|)ed ; witii five lobes. Stamens ;

PLANTS GROWING IN WASTK SOIL.

J'j

four; growing in pairs. Pistil : one. Leaves: opposite; on petioles ; lanceo.
late pointed at both ends; serrated; rough; conspicuously veined. Stem:
sonietinifs six feet liigli ; leafy; angled; rough.

Rearing amid the suiniiier foliage its tall steeple-like spikes
of intense colour, the blue vervain strikes joy to many a heart
beside that of the ancient simpler, who, of shaggy api)earance,
armed with an old tin kettle and a great bag, bent his l)ack
and thrust his two-edged knife into the soil that he might bear
the plant away and haggle with his friend, the chemist, for its
exchange in filthy lucre. For the herb doctors had no more
faithful ally than the blue vervain.

Our plant is not identical with the "sacred herb" of the
Greeks and Romans ; a sprig of which was sent as an ambas-
sador on treaties of peace, and used to decorate altars at
sacrifices and incantations. \w those days the name verbena
was rather generally applied tt) almost any branch that had a
part in religious rites. The plant has, however, been credited
with averting disaster and signifies enchantment in the lan-
guage of flowers.

V. urtiiifolia, white vervain, is al o common along the
roadsides. It resend^les the simpler's joy, although its tlowers
are fewer and less attractive.

Both of these vervains are country cousins of the large-
flowered, many-coloured verbenas of the gardens.

CREEPING THYME.

Tltpttits ScypyUum.

FAMILY
Mint.

COLOUR
lUiiish purple.

ODOUR

/■'riis^rant.

RANGE
(it-nerat.

TIME OF BLOOM
.'11 miner.

Flmvers : growing closely in whorls at the ends of tiie branches and pos-
sessed of a pair of floral leaves. Calyx and eorolla : two-lipped. Stamens:
two. Pistil: on.' ; style, two-lobed. Leaves: small; ovate; veined ; smooth,
with a fringe of hairs at the i)asc. Stem : creeping ; branclied.

The round moss-like hillocks of this fragrant wilding form
pleasan" playing grounds for the rabbit to gambol amongst.
It comes to us from Europe, where it is surrounded with

m

any tender and classic association;

i6

PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL.

COMHON MOTHERWORT.

/uvnious Carc/idcu .

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Mint. rate purple. Scentless. Neiv Kn^lund to North Lute suimiiei .

Carolina and ivestuHii <l.

Flmvers : growing closely in whorls along the branches. Calyx: with
five awl-shaped teeth. Corolla. tw(j-li|)|)ctl ; thf; upper lip entire and
bearded; the lower lip three-lobetl, the niicUlle one beii.g larger and obcordale
Slamens : Unir, in pairs. I'istil : one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: opposite,
the lower ones paUnately liivided, the iijjper ones, three-cleft ; rough. Utevi :
ta!' ; erect ; leafy ; purplish.

We can hardly pass on without considering the motherwort,
which belongs to the group of plants that were so tenderly
cherished by our grandmothers. In their homes it played its
part as a never-failing cure for colds. What a pleasant hobnob
motherwort, agrimony, boneset, tansy and many other plants
of their set would have if they should ever meet together and
chat over the good old times when they were held in such high
esteem.

AMERICAN DITTANY. STONE MINT.

Cunila origanoich's.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RAt^GE TIME OF BLOOM

Mint. Lavender.^ or LeaveSyfra^.ant. Neui York to Georgia A ugiisty September.

vhite.

and ■!cest7vnril.

Flozvers : small ; growing in cymose clusters. Calyx: f.ve-toothed ; hairy
in the throat. Corolla: two-lipped; the lobes nearly equnl. Slaineiis : two;
protruding. Pistil: one; style, two-lobed. Leaves: small; oi)posite ; cate,
heart-shaped at base ; sessile; toothed Stew: branching ; highly colourpd.

'I'he dittany would be recognised as a member of the mint
fainily from its strong aromatic fragrance. It is a prim little
l^lant and its wants in this world are few. It seems to be con-
tent with the dry, packed soil f)f the roadside and to have its
comeliness overshadowed by the masses of composites that are
greatly en evidence at the late season of the year when it
blooms.

SELF-HEAL. HEAL-ALL.

Pninella vulgaris.

FAMILY
Mint.

COLOUR
Pinkish purple.

ODOUR

Scentiiss.

RANGE
General.

TIME OF BLOOM
Jinie-Septenu -.

Flo'iVers : small ; growing in clusters of tlivees in a conijiact, terminal sjiike
among leafy bracts. Calyx : two-lipped; the upper lip with three small teeth ,

PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL.

i^7

the lower one iwo-cleft. Corolla : two-lipped ; the standard large and over-
shadowing liie oilier petals; tiic lower lip, three-clclt. Stamfiis : four. Pistil :
one ; style, two-lobetl. Leaves : opposite ; on petioles ; oblong ; smooth ;
veined. S(em : six inches high ; four-angled.

How grateful the little self-heal must feel to the soft rain
that falls upon it when thirsty and dusty it tries to maintain its
reputation for cheeriness along the roadsides. And what a
wonderful transformation we see in the plant after it has been
so refreshed. But few flowers bloom at the same time in the
leafy spike and when examined separately they are found to be
very pretty.

The common name of the plant refers to the kindly interest
it has always taken in the ills of mankind. It is a lover of the
people. Labourers api:)ly it freely to their wounds and it has
been used as a never-failing cure for quinsy.

hairy
two ;
o^'ate,
n^^d.

mint

little

con-

ive its

It are

en it

jERusALEn articho^:e. wild sunflower.

Hclidnthus tiibcrbsus.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Composite. Bright yellow. Scentlejs. Mostly south aiut •west. .Ill ^untiiwr.

Flo^ver-luads : large ; flat ; terminal and composed of both ray and disk
flowers. The disk-tlowers tubular, yellow or yellowish ; the rays bright
yellow. L''aves : on petioles, ovate ; trii)le-ribbcd, hairy. Stem: five to seven
icet high ; branched above ; hairy. Rootstock : tuberous.

This tall and beautiful species of sunflower has a fancy for
rearing itself by old fences, and peeping into the gardens. It
seems as though it could hardly resign itself to be severed en-
tirely from civilisation and domesticity. Its tubers are quite
large and edible.

WILD SUNFLOWER.

Ht'lhinthus giganthts.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Composite.

J -ello-.v.

Scentless,

Mostly north.

Late summer ami
early autuvtn.

1 spike
1 teeth ,

Floiver-heads : terminal ; solitary, and composed of both ray and disk flowers.
y«7W«(Vv : of two series of braci-like ptjinted leaves. Leaves: alternate; al-
most sessile ; lanceolate ; rough. Stem : upright ; branched above ; leafy ;
rough.

m

3i«

PLANTS GROWINC; IN WAS'lK SOIL.

This sunflower is our common species of the north and we
are familiar with seeing it along the roadsides, where it often
forms a most gorgeous hedge.

H. mollis, plate CLXI, is found from Ohio southward and
westward. It is one of the most beautiful of the family.
The leaves are heart-ovate, opposite and clasping, and the
whole plant is covered with a white wool, which gives it a misty
look. It is quite remarkable how well the coloured plate rep-
resents this effect. The plant is from two to four feet high.

H. divarii-atiis has large showy tlower-heads and opposite
ovate-lanceolate leaves that are rounded at the base. It is
also partial to the roadsides and banks.

//. dnnus is the garden species with which we are all familiar.
In l-'urope it is cultivated for its seeds, which are fed to
sheep, pigs and poultry. They are also the principal food of
parrots.

According to the mythological tradition of the Greeks the
sunflower is none other than the fair water-nymph Clytie, who
was transformed into the flower. When she found that her
mad love for Apollo was not returned she grieved greatly, and
sat nine days upon the ground neither eating nor drinking but
watching intently the sun. Her head she turned gradually to
follow him as he travelled from east to west. At last her limbs
became rooted to the ground and her face became a sunflower.

Even to-day the illusion is prevalent that the sunflower, the
emblem of constancy, turns its face to follow the course of the
sun. Moore alludes to it in —

" The liciiit tliat lias tnilv Inved never forgets
But as tnilv loves on to tlie close
As the sunflower turns on her god when he sets
The same look that she turned when he rose."

In ancient sculpture the sunflower has ever been a favourite
decoration, and especially has it been looked upon as sacred in
those countries that have worshipped the sun.

PLATE CLXI. SUNFLOWER, llcliaiithus mollis.

COPYRIOMT, 1899, BY FREDERICK *. STOKES COMPANY
PRtN'EO IN /MERIC*.

i

FAMILY

Compositi-.

PLANTS GROUTXG JX WASTE SOU..

TANSY.

Tanacetuiii vulture,

ODOUR

3'9

COLOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM
.Ml siiiiinit'r.

branched at the top. ^-aiici.s. .v,w; twu to lour feet high,

"Soone at I-Jaster cometl, alleluya

NNith butter, cheese and a taiKsay."
In certain parts of Ireland wUt-rt^ ,-n..f

has be,.„ a.soc,aeecl, ever since the eleventh century It then

"Tn"/*r'^1''',''^"'"'-''>' ^^^ the pudding seen
1 o which the tansy lends her sobfr ereen "

green.

FAMILY

Coiii/>osife.

COLOUR
Yellow.

ELECAMPANE.

Inii/a Hclciiiimi.

ODOUR RANGE

Herbaceous. Cncral.

TIME OF BLOOM
■Siiiiimei .

Fhm<er-hra<h : large ; terminal and composed of l)„th nv n.id rlid- fl
tlie (ornier icw, \mv^ and nirmu- / ,-, i , ^ ' '"-^'^ flowers ;

There are n.nvers that speak to „s „f the sunshine, and there
>" e those that cast about a shachnv. Happily we associate the
e ccampane uith tl,e sun because its face is so bright and

d n"\ ' "'■" """' "'••"'• ^""•' "«''^ '" ™- ""'1 l^--t

is. , serf V/""""-?™""'-""""- '" -'-'"-y P-c.ice
.t IS used largely n, ep.demics, and when made into a tea it is e v-

320

PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL.

cellent for coughs, or to strcnglhcn ihe human system. In
fact, it is one of the oldest known of the medicinal plants.

CHAflOniLE. MAYWEED.

Ant he mis Cdtula.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Coiiif>ositi\ Wliitc.ientrc ycltoiv. Shmigly Siiiit,;/. M,'st/y east. Late sunniui .

Fl(nvcr-lu(uis : small; composed of ray ami disk flowers similar to those of
the white ilai>y. The disk-flowers arraiigeil in a more decided cone and liie
twice piniiateiy-tlivided leaves mark the difference by which it may be known.

" Bring down the bag of chaiiioinilc leaves and put some lo
steep on the stove, Lambie, and trust me to know what will
bring the roses back to your cheeks when the spring air makes
you limpid and weak."

In some such phrase the virtues of chamomile have been
sung throughout many generations. It has also been describeil
by an old writer as the plant physician ; for a sick j^lant, when
placed near it, will frequently recover. Insects, however, can-
not abide it, in either a dried or powdered form ; and nightmare
",vill not enter the portal when a piece of it is laid on the pillow
beside a troubled sleeper.

It is a bold little plant and often ventures even into the ruts
made by heavy wagons in country roads.

IRON-WEED. {Plate CLX/I.)

V^er/idn/a Xovcboraccnsis.

FAMILY

Coinposilf.

COLOUR

Rciiciis/i pitrpU

ODOUR

Scentless.

RANGE

Maine to I'irt^itiia

and ivest7varii.

TIME OF BLOOM

iuj^ust, Septi )iibi-r.

Flcnver-hcads : loosely clustered in corymbs on axillary flower-stalks and
composed of tubular flowers. Iirrolitcrc : of jiointed jnirplish scales similar to
those of the thistle. L^'aves : lanceolate; netted-veined ; rough. Stiin : tall;
leafy ; angled ; crisp.

There is just a little rivalry between the iron-weed and some

of the members of the aster family, and we often find them

disputing the possession of the roadside banks. Usually the

asters come out victorious, and the iron-weed is then driven to

seek refuge in the low meadows, where it begins the same feud

over again with Joe-Pye-weed. It is a handsome, brilliant

OF BLOOM

PLATE CLXIl. IRON-WEED. Wriionia N(Wcf>oraccnsts.

(321)

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)

1.0

I.I

141 ly

- m

MM

\\22_

12.0

1.8

1.25

1.4

1.6

"^

6" -

►

V2

i9

/}.

A

'c^l

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7

//a

P! Dtographic

Sciences
Corporation

33 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14S80

(716) 872-4503

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6^

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322

PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL.

plant and at a distance might easily be mistaken for an aster.
Its tubular flowers and involucre, however, at once remind us
that it is the iron-weed.

FAMILY

CoiiiposHt'.

BONESET. Th'OROUGHWORT.

Eupatbrium perfolidtum.

COLOUR

(irccnish whitr.

ODOUR

Herbaceous.

RANGE
Coieral.

TIME OF BLOOM

August^ Stptciiiiu) .

Floxver-heads : very small ; tubular, growing in large, dense corymbs. Lt\i7rs :
opposite; united at the base about the stem; lanceolate; rough ; netted-veiiied
and serrated. Shin : four to five feet high; branching ; leafy ; very hairy.

When in full blow the protruding stamens from these innumer-
able little flowers give a fluffy look to boneset that greatly
adds to its rather slight claim to beauty. Perhaps the know-
ing insects have the same faith in its efiicacy for healing as was
believed in by the good old herb doctors, as they manage
almost every season to devour the leaves so that they are
left simply fibrous net-works.

Boneset is, as it has always been, a staunch friend to frail
humanity, and a well-prepared decoction of the dried herb
causes new vigour to flow through the veins of many a droop-
ing mortal.

Boneset taffy is very good, much better to taste, in fact, than
boneset tea,

COMMON YARROW. HILFOIL. (rAife CLXIII)
Achillha Milkfbliiim.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE TIME OF BLOOM

Coiiif>osilc. White, or fyinkish. Leaves, strongly scented. Ceiierat. J uly-Octol'er.

Flinver-hcads ; growing in compound corymbs and composed of both ray
and disk flowers. The rays four or five, square and three-cleft at the a]iex ;
the disk dini;y white. Leaves: alternate ; twice divided into fine segments.
SUni : very leafy ; angled ; much branched at the top.

It is fortunate that the milfoil is attributed with so many
virtues and has the sanction of the great Acliilles, whose name
it bears, and who is said to have discovered its healing pro-
perties, and to have employed them for the benefit of his
soldiers ; for certainly it is not pretty. That is, we think it is
not pretty when we see it along the roadside. Placed under a

324

PLANTS GROWING IN WASTE SOIL.

microscope, however, it is astonishing the amount of beauty it
reveals. In some parts of Eng nd it is still used for weaving
bridal wreaths and has been thu celebrated in flower-lore.

" Thou pretty nest of Venus' tree,
Thy true name it is yarrow,
Now who thy bosom friend must be,
Pray tell thou me to-morrow."

CHICORY. SUCCORY. {I'latc CLXIV.)
Cichbrium Intybus.

FAMILY COLOUR ODOUR RANGE

Chicory. Blue, whitCy or pink. Scentless. Mostly cast.

TIME OF BLOOM
Sutiniicr and autumn.

Flmier-heads : showy ; arranged along tlie stem, and composed entirely of
strap-shaped flowers. Leaves : entire ; lanceolate ; iiointed and clasping, the
floral ones bract-like and small. Stem : upright, branching.

" And spreading succory chokes the rising field."

— Virgil.

The name cichorium is of Arabic origin, which would rather
suggest that this little plant has travelled far and seen a wealth
of places. We know that Horace had it frequently upon his
menu, and that in Egypt it is used as an article of food. From
the leaves the French make a most delicious salad. No doubt
it has a taste for serving all nations, and so has unceremoni-
ously crossed the ocean and is bent on keeping its blue eye
upon the new world. Happily it has had the good manners to
bring with it a bright, attractive appearance, or those detractors
of weeds might feel a little miffed at the cool way in which it
has taken possession of our highways. As yet it has not
travelled very far southward.

Its deep dandelion-likt roots have been used to adulterate
coffee. Their disagreeable flavour, however, is at once per-
ceptible.

ROADSIDE ASTERS.

FAMILY

COLOUR

ODOUR

RANGE

TIME OF BLOOM

Coniftosite.

Bluish /itirple, or
white.

Scentless.

General.

Summer and early
autumn.

"And everywhere the purple asters nod
And bend and wave and tlit."

PLATE CLXIV. CHICORY. Cichorium Intvbus.

COPVHICHT, 1899, BY FREDERICK «. tTOKES COMPANY.
PRINTED IN AMERICA.

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PLANTS CIROWTNC; IN WASTE SOIL. 325

Aster patens, late purple aster, Plate CXXXIII, appears
along the roadsides in early August, and is one of the first
shadowy prophecies of the approaching autumn. It is a large
beautiful species with solitary flower-heads, a half inch to two
inches in diameter, and borne at the end of rough, spreading
branches. It is readily known by its lanceolate, clasping upper
leaves and the heart-shaped ones of the lower stem

A.l^ds, smooth aster, Plate CXXXIII, is a similar species
only Its flower-heads are clustered together in a panicle Its
colour ,s not such a deep purple as that of A. patens, and it
seldom reaches over two feet high. It lives by the roadsides
or in the open wood borders, and is one of the most lovely of
the family.

A. cordifolius is the tiny pale blue aster with the saucy little
dark disk-flowers that peep through the fences along the road-
sides. Its flower-heads are numerous in a loose panicle ; and
its leaves, as its name indicates, are heart-shaped. The plant
is smooth in texture.

A. ericdides, white heath aster, is the familiar tiny white aster
that is so conspicuous along the roadsides. It grows about a
foot high, and bears innumerable flower-heads on its wiry
spreading branches. '

A. divarichtiis, white wood aster, is also noticeable along the
roadside and by thin borders of open woods. It has but few,
six to nine, white rays in loosely clustered flower-heads. The
leaves are long, narrow, and grow upon zigzag stems.

As the golden-rods, the asters are a peculiar feature of the
unrivalled tints of the American autumn.

" There is a lesson in each flower,
A story in each stream and bovver;
In every herb on which you tread,
Are written words, which rightly read
Wil! lead you from earth's fragrant soil,
To hope and holiness and God."

—Allen Cunningham.

Index to Colour.

WHITE.

Abronia, White, 194.
Alder, White, 308.
Andronieda, Marsh, 57.
Apple, Mock, 106.
Arrow-head, 36.
Arbutus, Trailing, 204.
Asters, Swamp, 77.

" Sandy soil, 254.

" Roadside, 324.
Avens, White, 217.

Haneberry, White, 154.
Bayonet, Spanish, 231.
Heach Plum, 232.
Beard's Tongue, White, 196.
Bergamot, WiUl, 198.
Bind-weed, Field, 302.
" " Hedge, 302.
Bishop-weed, Mock, loi.
Bitter Sweet, 298.
Black-haw, 261.
Blood-root, 186.
Boneset, 322.
liouncing Bet, 302.

" Double, 305.

Buckbean, 70.
lUmch-berry, 158.
Bush-clover, Round-headed, 246.
Button-bush, 97.

Calamint, Carolina, 250.
Campion, Starry, 220.
Carrot, Wild, 281.
Cassandra, Dwarf, 97.
Catalpa, 196.

Chamomile, 320.
Chicory, 324.
Chokeberry, 50.
Choke-cherry, 86.
Clover, White Sweet, 3r2.
Cohosh, Black, 156.
Cornel, Panicled, 95.
Cranberry Tree, 118.
Creeper, Virginia, 300.
Cress, Bulbous, 96.
Crinkle-root, 184.
Crinum, American, 44.
Crowfoot, Common White, 30.
Culver's-root, 198.

Daisy, White, 291.
Dalibarda, 150.
Dittany, American, 316.
Dodder, Common, 278.
Dog's-tooth Violet, White, 82.
Dogwood, Flowering, 160.

" Round-leaved, 160.

Wild Red-Osier, 95.
Dutchman's Breeches, 174.

Elder, 120.

Everlasting, Plantain-leaf, 287.

Fleabane, Larger Daisy, 290.
" Smaller Daisy, 291.

Foam Flower, 158.
Fringe Tree, Common, 94.

Gentian, Fringed, 128.
Striped, 286.
Ginseng, Five-leaved, 222.

INDEX TO COLOUR.

3-7

Gold Thread, 50.
Green-brier, 298.
Ground-nut, 220.

Hawthorn, 150.
Hemlock, Water, 30.
Hepatica, 207.
Hobble-bush, iSS.
Honeysuckle, White Swamp, 55.
Hound's Tongue, 265.

Indian Pipe, 168.

" Tobacco, 274.
Ivy, Poison, 261.

Jamestown-weed, 278.

Lady's Slipper, Showy, 60.
Lady's Tresses, Slender, 2S4.
Larkspur, Carolina, 212.

Dwarf, 212.
Laurel, Mountain, i6r.
Lily-of-the-Valley, False, 143.
Lizard's Tail, 55.
Lobelia, Southern, 75.

Magnolia, Small, 69.
Mandrake, Wild, 214.
Mallow, Musk, 306.
Meadow-sweet, 86.
Mitre-wort, 158.
Moth-mullen, 284.
Mustard, White, 297,

Nkvins's Stone Crop, 172.
Nightshade, Enchanter's, 305.

Orchis, White-fringed, 65.

Partridge Vine, 216.
Pe|)perbush, Mountain Sweet, 308.
Pimiiernel, 236.
Pink, Ground, 187.
Pipsissewa, 206.
Plantain, Rattlesnake, 184.
Pokeweed, 311.
Polygala, Purple, 114.

Primrose, Scapose, 270.
Pyxie, 203.

Rhododendron, Great, 163.

Rock-cress, 186.

Rose, Larly White, 152.

Rue Anemone, 210.

Kue, Tall Meadow, 102.

Sarsaparilla, Wild, 222.
Saxifrage, Early, 156.
Shad-bush, 256.
Shepherd's Purse, 297.
Shin-leaf, 164.

Sidalcea, White-flowered, 108.
Silver-rod, 136.
Snowberry, Creeping, 56.
Snowdrop 'I'ree, Four-winged, 84.
Solomon's Seal, F'alse, 142.
Sourwood, i6r.
Spikenard, American, 223.
Spring Beauty, 206.
Spurge, Flowering, 252.
Stagger-bush, 235.
Stagger-weed, 212.
Star, Blazing, 84.
Star-flower, 214.
Steeple-bush, 86.
Stenanthiuni, Stout, 84..
Sumach, Poison, 53.

" Smooth U|ilaiul, 262.
Sundew, Round-leaved, 74.
Sweet-cicely, Smoother, 194.

Tea, New Jersey, 224.
Thimble-weed, 210.
Toothwort, Cut-leaved, 96.
Traveller's Joy, 306.
Trillium, Painted, 144.
Turtle-head, 1 10.
Twin-leaf, 213.

Venus's P'ly-trap, 74.
Vervain, White, 315.
Viburnum, Maple-leaved, 260.
Violet, Canada, 148.

328

INDEX TO COLOUR.

Violet, Lnnce-leaved, 102.
" Sweet White, loi.

Wakk-Rohin, Large-flowered, 144.
Water-armn, 21.
Water-lily, White, 24.
Water-parsnip, 32,
Water-plantain, 38.

Whitlow-grass, Vernal, 236.
Wind-flower, 20iS.
Wintergreen, Creeping, 166.

" " Round-leaved, 166.
Wood-sorrel, 200.

Yarrow, Common, 322.

YELLOW AND ORANGE.

Agrimony, Tall Hairy, 217.
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 317.
Avens, Yellow, 53.

Bekch-drops, False, 170.
Hellwort, 146.
Hellwort, Perfoliate, 148.
HIack-eycd Susan, 292.
Hladderwort, Common, 34.

** Horned, 67.

Hritton's Cone-flower, 293.
Hutter-and-Eggs, 310.
Buttercup, Bulbous, 257.
" Meadow, 258.

Celandink, 276.
Cinquefoil, Shrubby, 264.

" Silvery, 265.

" Rough, 265.

Clover, Yellow Sweet, 312.
Cow-wheat. Narrow-leaved, 228.
Crowfoot, Yellow Water, 30.
Cress, Winter, 296.

Dandelion, 287.

" Fall, 287.

Elecampane, 319.
Evening-primrose, Common, 268.

Five-finger, 262.
Floating-heart, 41.
Fly-honeysuckle, 188.
Foxglove, Downy False, 230.

Foxglove, Fern-leaf False, 230.
" Smooth False, 228.

Ginger, Wild, 170.
Goat's Rue, 240.
Golden Club, 22.
Golden-Rods, Swamp, 77.

Moist Soil, 13^.

Sandy Soil, 255.

Dry Soil, 293.
Grass, Watc Star, 33.

Hedge-hyssoi', 112.
Honeysuckle, Hush, 190.

" Japanese, 190.

Horse-mint, 248.

Indian Cucumber-root, 143.
Indian Poke, 46.
Indigo, Wild, 241.

Jewel-weed, 120.

" Pale, 121.

Lady's Slipper, Yellow, 178.
" " Smaller, 178.

Lettuce, Wild, 132.
Lily, Carolina, 83.
"' Turk's-cap, 83.
" Wild Yellow, 83.
Loosestrife, Bulb-bearing, 93.
*' F"our-leaved, 216.

" Fringed, 93.

" Lance-leaved, 93.

Marsh Marigold, 48.

INDEX TO COLOUR.

3*9

Mullen, Great, 282.
" Motli, 2S4.
Mustard, Black, 297.

Nei.umho, Yellow, 28.

Oranc.h-crass, 274.
(Orchis, Yfilow fringed, 65.
Orpine, American, 174.

Painted Clm*, 250.
Parsnip, Meadow, 100.
Partridge Pea, 244.
Passion Flower, Yellow, 273.
I'oppy, California, 275.
" Celandine, 276.
Pond-lily, Yellow, 26.
Poverty-grass, 234.
Prickly Pear, 238.

Ragwort, Golden, 288.
Rattiebox, 241.
Rattlesnake-weed, 291.
Rock-rose, 235.

Sknna, Wild, 242.
Sneezeweed, 130.
" " Purple-head, 130.

«<

Solomon's seal, 142.

Sorrel, Yellow Wood, 305.

Spearwort, Water-plantain, 48.

Spice-bush, 168.

St. Andrew's Cross, 23.S.

St. John's-vvort, Common. 273.

Shrubbv, 238.

Smaller, iO(S.
St. Peter's-wort, 236.
Star-grass, Yellow, 257.
Sundrops, Allen's, 270.
Sunflower, Wild, 317,
Sunflowers, 318.

Tansy, 319.
Thistle, Field Sow, 292.
Tick-seed. 288.
Tnmnpet-flower, 95.

Violet, I )og's-tooth, 82.
" Downy yellow, 212.

" Round-leaved, 150.

Witch-hazel, 201.
Wood-betony, 226.

Yellow-adder's To.tgue, 82.

RED AND ORANGE RED.

Aquilegia Truncata, 154.
Asclepias lanceolata, 76.

Baneberry, Red, 154.
Beech-drops, False, 170.
Buckbean, 70.
Butterfly-weed, 281.

Cardinal Flower, 121.

" Monkey-flower, no.
Columbine, 153.

Fire-pink, 218.

Ground Ivy, 266.

Hound's Tongue, 265.
Honeysuckle, Trumpet, 19 j,

Lily, Wood, 140.

Oswego Tea, 126.

Painted Cup, 250.
Pennyroyal, American, 267.
Pimpernel, 236.

Trumpet-flower, 95.

Wake-Robin, Ill-scented, 146.
Wood-betony, 226.

330

INDEX TO COLOUR.

PINK, ROSE, CRIMSON AND MAQENTA.

Andromeda, Marsh, 57.
Arbutus, Trailing, 204.
Arethusa, 59.
Azalea, Smooth, 164.

Hkacw Plum, 232.
Hiiidweed, Field, 302.

"• Hedge, 302.

Bitter-bloom, 199.
Bouncing Bet, 302.

" Double, 304.
Bush-clover, 246.

Calopogon, 60.
Calypso, 59.
Chicory, 324.
Clover, Bush, 246.
Corydalis, Pale, 176.
Cranberry, American, 57.
Cress, Bulbous, 96.

Dogbane, Spreading, 300

Fleabane, Salt Marsh, 75.
Fire-weed, 272.

Geranium, Wild 223.

Hawthorn, 150.
Herb Robert, 201,
Honeysuckle, Wild, 55.

Knotweed, Amphibious, 38.
" Sand, 254.

Larkspur, Carolina, 212.
Laurel, Mountain, 161.
" Sheep, 163.

Mai.low, Musk, 306.
" Rose, 69.

Meadow Beauty, 112.

Meadow-sweet, 86.
Milkweed, Common, 280.

" Swamp, 76.

Milkwort, Moss, 65.
Moccasin Mower, 178.
Moth-MullcM, 2S4.

Obedieni" Plant, 127.
Orchis, Showy, 180.

Pink, Ground, 187.

Wild, 218.
Pipsissewa, 206.

" Spotted, 206.

Pitcher-plant, 47.
Polygala, Fringed, 213.
I'rimrose, Scapose, 270.
Pyxie, 203.

Raspberry, Purple Flowering, 299.

Rose, Swamp, 50.

Rue, Early Meadow, 152.

Sea-pink, 72.

Shooting-star, Colorado, 91.
Snake-mouth, 62.
Spring Beauty, 206.
Steeple-bush, 88.
Strophilirion, 138.
Squirrel Corn, 176.
Sweet William, Wild, 187.

Thistle-Bur, 294.

" Canada, 295.

Tick-seed, Rose-coloured, 290.
Twin-flower, 192.

Wax-weed, Blue, 286.
Willow Herb, Small, 94.
" " Hairy, 94.

INDEX TO COLOUR.

331

Asters, Swamp, 77.

Sanely Soil, 254.
" Roadside, 324.

Avens, Water, 52.

liEACH Pea, 244.
Heard's Tongue, Hairy, 196.
l5ergamot, Wild, 198.
lUitterfly Pea, 276.

Calamint, Carolina, 250.
Cohosh, Blue, 77.
Coral-root, Striped, 182.
Corn-cockle, 274.

Dittany, American, 316.
Dwarf-iris, Crested, 80.

Flag, Larger Blue, 79.
Fleabane, Larger Daisy, 290.
" Smaller " 291.

Geranium, Wild, 223.
Gerardia, Purple, 252.

Hoc- Pea NUT, 314.

Iron-weed, 320.

Jacod's Laddkr, American, 53.
Jamestown-wecd, Purple, 278.
Joe-Pye-weed, 134.

Larkspur, Tall, 210.
Lettuce, Wild, 132.
Lobelia, Great, 122.

" Spicata, 124.
Loosestrife, Purple-spiked, 98.

Milkweed, Ashy, 77.
Milkwort, Large-flowered, 114.
Mint, Wild, 124.
Monkey-flower, 109.

PURPLE AND LAVENDER.

Monkshood, 104.
Motherwort, Common, 316.

Nl(;HTSItADE, 106.

Orchis, Fringcless Purple, 64.

*' I-argc, I'urple-lriugfd, 62.

" Small, •« '. 64.

Passion Flower, 272.
Pink, Ground, 187.

" .Swamj), 46.
Phlox, Wild, 187.
Plantain, Robin's, 290.
Polygala, Purple, 114.
I'soralea, Round-leaved, 124.

Rue, Purplish Meadow, 152,

Sea Lavender, 70.
Self-heal, 316.

Shooting Star, Colorado, 91.
Skullcap, Hyssop, 246.
St. John's-wort, Marsh, 67.
Star, Blazing, 294.

" Scaly l'>la/ing, 294.
Stokesia, Blue, 132.

Thyme, Creeping, 315.
Tick-trefoil, Prostrate, 224.
Toothwort, Cut-leaved, 96.
Turtle-head, Purple,
Twisted Stalk, 140.

Verhena. Large-flowered, 26S.
Vetch, American, 312,
Violet, Common Blue, 258.
" Pedata bicolor, 234.

Water-shjeld, 24.
Wood-betony, 226.
Wood-sorrel, Violet, 200.

W— P«^

332

INDEX TO COLOURS.

Aster, Pale Blue, 325.

Bellf^ower, Panicled, 148.
Tall Wild, gr.
Bluebells, 90.
Blue-curls, 24S.
Blue-eyed Mary, 108.
Bluets, 97.
Brooklime, American, 41.

Clematis, Marsh, 67.

Chicory, 324.

Columbine, Long-spurred, 154.

Day Flower, Common, 116.
" " Slender, 116.

Forget-me-not, Smaller, 88.

Gentian, Closed, 128.
" Fringed, 128.

Stiff, 199.
Grass, Pointed Biue-eyed, 80.

Harebell, Common, 90.
Hepatica, 207.

Indian Toijacco, 274.
Ivy, Ground, 266.

Carrion-flower, 100.
Cohosh, Blue, 177.

Jack-in-the-Pui.imt, 137.

Milkwort, Moss, 65.

BLUE.

Larkspur, Carolina, 212.

" Dwarf, 212.

" Tall, 210.

Lobelia, Southern, 75.
Lupine, Wild, 240.

Pennyroval, American, 267.
Phlox, Wild, 187.
Pickerel-weed, 32.
Pimpernel, 236.

RUELLIA, Smooth, 177.

Simpleu's Joy, 314.
Speedwell, Common, 30S.

" Thyme-leaved, 310.

Spiderwort, 118.
Skullcap, Mad Dog, 126.

" Hyssop, 246.
Stagger-weed, 212.
Stokesia, Blue, 132.

Toad-flax, Blue or Wild, 310.
" Pale 15lue, 311.

Vetch, Blue, 312.
Violet, Bird's Foot, 232.
Viper's-bugloss, 266.
Venus's Looking-glass, 297.

Water-hyacinth, 33.

GREEN.

Orchis, Great Green, 180.

Pitcher-plant, 47,
Polygala, Purple, 114.

Skunk Cahbage, 43.

Wintergreen, Serrated, 166.

Index to English Names.

Abronia, White, 194.
Adam's Needle, 231.
Adder's Tongue, White, 82.
Agrimony, Tall Hairy, 217.
Alder, White, 308.
Andromeda, Marsh, 57,
Anemone, Rue, 210.
Apple, May, 214.

" Mock, fo6.

" Wild Balsam, 106.
Arbutus, Trailing, 204.
Arethusa, 59.
Arrow-head, 36.
Arrow-wood, 260.
Artichoke, Jerusalem, 317.
Asters, Swamp, 77.

" Sandy Soil, 254.
" Roadside, 324.
Avens, Purple, 52.

*' Water, 52.

" White, 217.

" Yellow, 53.
Azalea, Clammy, 55.

" Pink, 55.

" Smooth or Tree, 164.

Baneberry, Red, 154.
White, 154.
Bayonet, Spanish, 231.
Bay, Sweet, 69.
Beach Pea, 244.

" Plum, 232,
Bean, Sacred, 28.
Beard's Tongue, Hairy, 196.

" " White, 196.

Bee Balm, 126.

Beech-drops, False, 170.

Bellflower, Tall Wild, 91.
" Panic led, 148.

Bellwort, 146.

" Perfoliate, 148.

Benjamin-bush, 168.

Bergamct, Wild, 198.

Bind-weed, Field, 303.
" Hedge, 302.

Birthroot, 146.

bishop's Cap, 158.

Bishop-weed, Mock, loi.

Bitter-bloom, 199.

Bitter Sweet, 106.
" " 298.

Black-eyed Susan, 292.

Black-haw, 261.

Bladderwort, Common, 34.
" Hor.ud, 67.

Blood-root, 186.

Bluebells, 90.
Blue-curls, 248.
Blue-eyed Mary, 108.
Bluets, 97.
Bhieweed, 266.
Boneset, 322.
Bouncing Bet, 302.

" Double, 305.
Brooklime, American, 41.
Buckbean, 70.
Bugbane, 156.
Bugloss, Viper's, 266.
lUmch-berry, 158.
Bush-clover, 246.

334

INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.

Butter-and-Eggs, 310. .
Buttercup, Bulbous, 257.

" Tall or Meadow, 258.

Butterfly Pea, 276.
Butterfly-weed, 281.
Button-bush, 97.

Calamint, Carolina, 250.
Calico-bush, 161.
Callfl, Wild, 21.
Calopogon, 60.
Calypso, 59.
Campion, Starry, 220.
Candle-tree, 196.
Cardinal Flower, 121.

" *' Blue, 122.

Carrion-flower, 100.
Carrot, Wild, 281.
Catalpa, 196.
Cat-brier, 100.
298.
Cassandra, Dwarf, 97.
Catchfly, Virginia, 218.
Cat-gut, 240.
Cat's-foot, Smaller, 288.
Celandine, 276.
Chamomile, 320.
Checkerberry, 166.
Chicory, 324.
Chinquepin, Water, 28.
Chokeberry, 50.
Choke-cherry, 86.
Cicely, Smoother Sweet, 194.
Cinquefoil, Common, 262.

" Rough, 265.

" Shrubby, 264.

" Silvery or Hoary, 265.

Clematis, Marsh, 67.
Clover, Yellow Sweet, 312.
" White Sweet, 312.
Club, Golden, 22.
Cohosh, Black, 156.

" Blue, 177.
Columbine, 153.

** Long-spurred, 154.

Cone-flower, 292.

Cone-flower, Britton's, 293.
Coral-root, 182.

" Striped, 182.

Corn-cockle, 274.
Corn-rose, 274.
Cornel, Dwarf, 158.
Cornel, Panicled, 95.
Corpse Plant, 168.
Corydalis, Pale, 176.
Cowbane, Spotted, 30.
Cowslip, American, 91.

" Virginia, 90.
Cow-wheat, Narrow-leaved, 228.
Cranberry, American, 57.

Tree, 118.
Cranesbill, Wild, 223.
Creeper, Virginia, 300.
Cress, Bulbous, 96.
" Winter, 296.
Crinkle-root, 1S4,
Crinum, American, 44.
Crowfoot, Yellow Water, 30.

" Common White Water, 30.
Culver's Root, 198.
Cuphea, Clammy, 2S6.
Cypress-vine, 302.

Daisy, English, 291.
Ox-eyed, 291.
White, 291.
Dalibarda, I5.\
Dandelion, 287.

Fall, 287.
Day Flower, Common, 116,

" " Slender, 116.
Deer Grass, 112.
Devil's Bit, 84,
Dittany, American, 316.
Dodder, Common, 278.
Dockmaxie, 260.
Dock, Spatter, 26.

" Velvet or Mullen, 282.
Dogbane, Spreading, 300.
Dogwood, Flowering, 160.
Panicled, 95.
Round-leaved, 160.

INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.

335

Dogwood, Wild Red-osier, 95.
Dragon Head, False, 127.
Dutchman's Breeches, 174.
Dwarf-iris, Crested, 80.
Dyer's-weed, 293.

Elder, 120.

" Poison, 53.
Elderberry, 120.
Elecampane, 3r9.
Evening-primrose, Common, 268.
Everlasting, Mouse-ear, 287.

" Plaintain-leaf, 287.

Fever-hush, 168.
Fire-weed, 272.
Five-finger, 262.
Flag, Larger IJlue, 79.
Fleabane, Larger Daisy, 290.

" Smaller Daisy, 291.

" Salt-marsh, 75.
Fleur-de-lis, 79.
Floating-heart, 41.
Fly-honeysuckle, 188.
Foam Flower, 158.
Forget-me-not, Smaller, 88.
Foxglove, Downy False, 230.

" Fern-leaf or Lousewort
False, 230.

" Smooth False, 228.
Friar's Cap, 104.
Fringe Tree, Common, 94.
Frost-weed, 235.
Fuller's Herb, 302.

Gentian, Closed, 128,

" Five-flowered, 199.

" Fringed, 128.

" Stiff, 199.

" Striped, 2S6.
Geranium, Wild, 223.
Gerardia, Purple, 252.
Ghost Flower, 168.
Gill-over-the-ground, 266.
Ginger, Wild, 170.
Ginseng, Dwarf, 220.
" Five-leaved, 222.

n
it
<(

Globe Flower, 97.
Goat's Rue, 240.
Golden Cups, 257.
Golden-rods, Swamp, 77.

Moist Soil, 134.

Sandy Soil, 255.

Dry Soil, 293.
Gold Thread, 50,
Grass, Pointed lilue-eyed, 80.

" Water Star, 23-
Green-brier, 298.
Ground-nut, 220.
Guelder-rose, Wild, 118.

Hardhack, 88.
Harebell, Common, 90.
Hawkvveed, 291.

" Green's, 292.

Hawthorn, 150.
Heal-all, 316.
Heather, False, 234.
Hedge-hyssop, 1 1 2.
Hellebore, False. 46.
Hemlock, Water, 30.
Hepatica, 207.
Herb Robert, 201.
Hobble-bush, 1S8.
Hog-peanut, 314,
Honey-balls, 97.
Honeysuckle, Push, 190.

Japanese, 190.

Trumi)et, 190.

White Swamp, 55.

Wild, 55.
Hound's Tongue, 265.
Horse-brier, 29S.
Horse-mint, 248.
Houseleek, 172.
Huntsman's-cuj), 47.

Indian Pkan, 196.

" Cucumber-root, 143.

"_ Fig, 238.
Indian-pipe, 168.

" Plant, 186.

" Poke, 46.

33^

INDEX 10 ENGLISH NAMHS.

Indian Tobacco, 274.

" Turnip, 137.
Indigo, Wild or False, 241.
Innocence, 108.
Iron-weed, 320.
Ivy, American, 300.

" Ground, 266.

" Poison, 261.

Jack-in-the-pulpit, 137.
Jacob's Ladder, American, 53.
Jamestown-weed, 278.
Jewel-weed, 129.

" Pale, 121.
Joe-Pye-weed, 134.
Jointweed, Coast, 254.
June-berry, 256.

Knotweed, Amphibious, 38.
" Sand, 254,

Lady's Tresses. Slender, 284.
Slipper, Pink, 178.
" Showy, 60.
" Smaller, 178.
" Yellow, 178.
Lambkin, 163.
Larkspur, Carolina, 212.

Tall, 210.
Laurel, Great, 163.
" Ground, 204.
Mountain, 161.
Sheep, 163.
Leather-leaf, 97.
Lettuce, Wild, 132.
Lily, Carolina, 83.
'* Meadow, 83,
" Turk's-cap, 83.
" Wild Red, 140.
" Wild Yellow, 83.
" Wood, 140.
Lily-of-the-Valley, False, 143.
Live-for-ever, 174.
Liver-leaf, 207.
Lizard's Tail, 55.

u

Lobelia, Blue, 124
" Great, 122.
** Southern, 7^.
Loosestrife, Bulb-bearing, 93.

" Four-leaved, 216.

" Fringed, 93.

" Lance-leaved, 93.

" Purple Spiked, 98 .

Lousewort, 226,
Love Vine, 278.
Lungwort, 90.
Lupine, Wild, 240.

Maonolia, Small, 69.
Mallow, Marsh, 70.
" Musk, 306.
" Rose, 69.
" Swamp, 69.
Mandrake, Wild, 214.
Marsh-mallow, 70.
Marsh Marigold, 48.
Mayflower, 204.
Mayweed, 320,
Meadow Beauty, 112.
Meadow-sweet, 86.
Meiilot, White, 312.
" Yellow, 312.
Milfoil, 322.
Milkweed, Ashy, 77.

Common, 280.
" Swamp, 76.

Milkwort, Large-Flowered, 114.

Moss, 65.
Mint, Stone, 316.
" Wild, 124.
Mitre-wort, 158.

False, 158.
Moccasin Flower, 178.
Afonkey-flower, 109.

" Cardinal, no.
Monkshood, 104.
Moss, Flowering, 203.
Motherwort, Common, 316.
Moth-mullen, 284.
Mullen, Great, 282.

INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.

337

Mustard, Uiack, 297.
" White, 297.

Nelumbo, Yellow, 28.
Nevins's Stone Crop, 172.
Nightshade, 106.

" Enchanter's, 305.

Nymph, Water, 24.

Ohedient Plant, 127.
Oak, Poison, 261.
Orange-grass, 274.
Orchis, Fringeless Purple, 64.

" Great Green, 180.

Large Purple-fringed, 62.

" Small. '« .. 64.

" Showy, iSo.

" White-fringed, 65.

" Yellow-fringed, 65.
Orpine, American, 174.
Oswego-tea, 126.

Painted Cup, 250.
Parsnip, Meadow, 100.
Partridge Pea, 244.

Vine, 216.
Passion Flower, 272.

" Yellow, 273.
Pennyroyal, American, 267.

" Bastard. 248.

Pepperbush, Mountain Sweet, 308.

" Sweet, 308.

Pepper-root, 96.

184.
Phlox, Wild, 187.
Pickerel-weed, 3.2.
Pigeon-berry, 311.
Pimpernel, 236.
Pine Sap, 170.
Pine-weed, 274.
Pink, Fire, 218.
" Grass, 60.
" Ground or Moss, 187.
" Swamp, 46
" Wild, 218.
Pinxter Flower, 55.
Pipsissewa, 206.

Pipsissewa, Spotted, 206.
Pitclier-;)lant, 47.
I'laintain, Rattlesnake, 184.

" Robin's or Poor Robin's,

290,

Pleurisy-root, 281.

Pokeweed, 311.

Poiygaia, Fringed, 213.
" Purple, 114.

Pond lily, Yellow, 26.

Poppy, California, 275.
'' Celandine, 276.

Poverty-grass, 234.

Prickly-pear, 238.
Primrose, Scapose, 270.
Prince's Pine, 206.
Psoralea, Round-leaved, 124.
Puppet-root, 46.
Pyxie, 203.

Quaker Ladies, 97.
Queen Anne's Lace, 28 1.
Queen-of-the-Meadows, 86.

Ragwort, Golden, 28S.
Raspberry, Purple-flowering, 299.
Rattlebox, 241.
Rattlesnake Grass, 122.
*' Weed, 291.
Red-root, 224.
Rheumatism-root, 213.
Rhododendron, Great, 163.
River-bush, 97.
Rock-Cress, Hairy, 186.
Rocket, Yellow, 296.
Rock-rose, 235.
Rose-hay, American, 163,
Rose, Early White, 152.

" Marsh Holy, 57.

" Pink, 199.

" Pogonia, 62.

" Swamp, 50.
Rosemary, Marsh, 70.

Wild, 57.
Rue, Early Meadow, r52.

•' Tall'Mcadow, 102.
Ruellia, Smooth, 177.

338

INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.

Sarsaparii.i.a, Wild, 222.
Saxifrage, Early, 156
Scabious, Sweet, 290.
Scarlet Berry, 106.
Sea Lavender, 70.
Sea-pink, 72.
Self-heal, 316.
Senna, Wild, 242.
Sensitive Plant, Large, 244.
Service-berry, 256.
Shad-bush, 256.
Shepherd's-purse, 297.
Shin-leaf, 164.

Shooting-star, Colorado, gr.
Sidalcea, White-flowered, 108.
Sidesaddle-flower, 47.
Silkweed, 280.
Silver-rod, 136.
Simpler's Joy, 314.
Skullcap, Hairy, 248.
" Hyssop, 246.
Mad Dog, 126.
Skunk Cabbage, 43.
Snake-head, no.
Snake-mouth, 62.
Snakeroot, Black, 156.
Sneezeweed, 130.

" Purple-head, 130.
Snowberry, Creeping, 56.
Snowdrop Tree, Four-winged, 84.
Soupwort, 302.
Soldiers' Caps, 174.
Solomon's Seal, 142.

" False, 142.
" Two-leaved, 143.
Sorrel, Yellow Wood. 305.

" Lady's, 305.
Sorrel-tree, 161.
Sourwood, 161.

Spearwort, Water-plaintain, 48.
Speedwell, Common, 308.

" Thyme-leaved, 310,

Spice-bush, 168.
Spiderwort, 118,
Spikenard, American, 223.

Spikenard, Wild, 142.

Spoon wood, 161.

Spring lieauty, 206.

Spurge, Flowering, 252.

Squaw-weed, zSS.

Squirrel Corn, 176.

St. Andrew's Cross, 238.

St. John's-wort, Common, 273.
*' " Marsh, 67.

" " Shrubby, 238.

■" " Smaller, 108.

St. Peter's-wort, 236.
Stag-bush, 261.
Stagger-bush, 235.
Stagger-weed, 212.
Star, Blazing, 84.

^ " " 294.

Star, Scaly Blazing, 294.
Star- Flower, 214.
Star-grass, Vcilow, 257.
Starwort, Drooping, 84.
Steeple-bush, 88.
Stenanthium, Stout, 84.
Stokesia, Blue, 132.
Strophilirion, 138.
Succory, 324.
Sumach. Poison, 53.
Sumac, Smooth Upland or Scarlet,

262.
Sundew, Round-leaved, 74.
Sundrops, Allen's, 270.
Sunflower, Wild, 317.

" Swamp, 130.

Sweet-cicely, Smoother, 194.
Sweet Pea, Wild, 240.
Sweet William, Wild, 187.

Tansy, 319.

Tea, Mountain, 166.

" New Jersey, 224.
Thimble-weed, 210.
Thistle, Burr, 294.

" Canada, 295.

" Field Sow, 292.

INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.

339

Thistle, Spear, 294.
Thorn Apple, 278.
" Dwarf, 150.
" Scarlet-fruited, 150.
Thoroughwort, 322.
Thyme, Creeping, 315.
Tick-seed, 2S8.
Tickseed, Rose-coloured, 290.
Tick-trefoil, Prostrate, 224.
Toadflax, ]5hie or Wild, 310.
Tale iJlue, 311.
*' Yellow, 310.
Toothwort, 184.

Cut-leaved, 96.
Touch-Me-Not, 120.
'I'raveller's Joy, 306.
Trillium, Painicd, 144.
Trumpet-creeper, 95.
Trumpet-flower, 95,
Trumpet-weed, 134.
Turtle-head, no.
Twin-flower, 192.
Twin-leaf, 213.
Twisted Stalk, F40.

Venus's Fly-Trap, 74.

" Looking-glass, 297.

" Small, 29S.
Verbena, Large-flowered, 268.
Vervain, Blue, 314.

" White, 315.
Vetch, American, 314.

" Blue, 312.
Viburnum, Maple-leaved, 260.
Violet, Bird's-foot, 232.

" Canada, 14S.

" Coast, 234.

" Common Blue, 258,

" Dog's-tooth, 82.

" Downy Yellow, 212.

Violet, Lance-leaved, 102.

" Kound-leavcd, 150.

" Sweet White, lor.
Viper's Bugloss, 266.
Virgin's Bower, 306.

Wake-Robin, Large-flowered, 144.

Ill-scented, 146.
Water-arum, 21.

" Hemlock, 30.
Water-hyacmth, 23.
Water-lily, white, 24.
Water-i)arsnip, 52.
Water-plaintain, 38.
Waler-shield, 24.
Wax-weed, Blue, 286.
Wax-work, 298.

Wayfaring-tree, American, 188.
Weather-glass, Poor Man's or Shep-
herd's, 236.
NNhite Hearts, 174.
" Weed, 291.
Whitlow-grass, Vernal, 236.
Wicky, 163.

Willow-herb, Great or Spiked, 272.
" " Hairy, 94.

" " Small, 94.

Wind-flower, 208.
Wintergrcen, Creeping, 166.
" Flowering, 213.

" Round-leaved, 166.

" Serrated, 166.

Witch-hazel, 20 r.
Wolf's Bane, 104.
Wood-sorrcl, 200.

" Violet, 200.
Wood-anemone, 208.
Wootl-betony, 226.

\^\KK()vv, Common, 322.
Yellow-adder's Tongue, 82.

Index to Latin Names.

AUKONIA FRAGRANS, i(;4.
Achillea Millefolium, 322.
Aconitum uncinatuni, 104.
Actasa alba, 154.

" rubra, 154.
Agrimonia hirsuta, 217.
Agrostemma Oithago, 274.
Alisma Plantago-aqiiatica, 2^-
AltlKxa officinalis, 70.
Auielanchier Canadensis, 256.

alnifolia, 257.
Anagallis arvensis, 236.

Staus, 236.
Andromeda polifolia, 57.
Anemone pavonina, 208.

qiiinquefolia, 208.
ranunculoides, 208.
Virginiana, 210.
Antennaria neodioica, 283.

plantaginifolia, 287.
Anthemis Cotula, 320.

Apocynum androsncmifolium, 300.
Aquilegia caerulea, 154.

Canadensis, 153.
" truncata, 154.
Arabis hirsuta, 186.
Aralia nudicaulis, 222.
" racemosa, 223.
Arethusa bulbosa, 59.
Arisa:ma triphylluni, 137.
Aronia arbutifolia, 50.
Asarum Canadense, 170.
Asclepias cinerea, 77.
incarnata, 76.

i(

Asclepias lanceolata, 76.
Syriaca, 280.
tubcrosa, 281.
Ascyruni hypericoides, 238.
Aster cordifolius, 325.

" divaricatus, 325.

'' cricoides, 325.

" gracilis, 255.

" lacvis, 325.

" multiflorus, 255.

" nemoralis, 78.

" Novae-Angliac, 77.

" patens, 325.

" puniceus, 78.

" spectabilis, 255.

" surculosus, 255.
Azalea arborescens, 164.

" nudiflora, 55.

" viscosa, 55.

BAI'TIStA TINCTORIA, 24I.
Barbarca Karbarea, 296.
liatrachium trichophyllum, 30.
l?ellise-perennis, 291.
Henzoin IJenzoin, 168.
Bicucuila Canadensis, 176.
" Cucullaria, 174.
Brasenia purpurea, 24.
Brassica nigra, 297.
Bursa Bursa-pastoris, 297.

Calamintha Caroliniana, 250.
Calla pahistris, 2r.
Caltha pahistris, 48.
Calypso bulbosa, 59.

INDKX TO LATIN NAMES.

J41

Campanula Americana, 91.
** divaricata, 14S.

" rotundifolia, yo.

Capnoides scmpervircns, 176.
Cardamine bulbosa, 96.
Carduus arvensis, 295.

*' lanccolatus, 294.
Cassia Chaniu;crista, 244.

" Mariiaiuiica, 242.
('aslalia odorata, 24.
Castilluja coccinea, 250.
Catalpa Catalpa, 196.
Caulophyllum thalittroides, 177.
Ceanothus Aniciicaiius, 224.
Celastrus scaiuiens, 29S.
Ccphalanthiis occidentalis, 97.
Chamaedaphnc calyciilata, 97.
Cliam;cliriinn lutcuin, 84.
ChanixMicrion aiigiistifoiium, 272.
Clielidoniiini niajiis, 276.
Cheloiio glabra, no.

" l.yoni, IF2.
Chiniaphila niaculata, 206.
" unibellata, 206.

Ciiiogenes hispidula, 56.
Chionanthus Virginica, 94.
Cliiysanthenium I-eucanthemum, 291.
Cichorium Intybus, 324.
Cicuta niaculata, 30.
Cimicifuga racemosa, 156.
Circaea Lutetiana, 305.
Claytonia Virginica, 206.
Clematis crispa, 67.

** Virginiana, 306.
Clethra acuninata, 308.

" alnifolia, 308.
Clitoria Mariana, 276.
Collinsia verna, 108.
Commelina erecta, 116.

" Virginica, 1 16.

Convolvulus arvensis, 302.

*' sepium, 302.

Coptis trifolia, 50.
Corallorhiza Multiflora, 182.
" striata, 182.

Coreopsis lanceolata, 288.

" rosea, 290.

Cornus Canadensis, 158.
" candidissima, 95.
" circinata, i6o.
" Horida, 160.
" stolonifura, 95.
Cracca Virginiana, 240.
Crataegus coccinea, 150,
" uniflora, 150.
Crinimi Amcricanuni, 44.
Crotaliaria r(jtun(!if()lia, 2.|2.

" sagiltalis, 241.

Ctmila origanoidcs, 3r6.
("uscuta (ironovii, 278,
Cynoglossuni (jtlicinale, 265.
Cypripedium acaule, 178.

liirsiituni, 178.
iJarvidonini, 178.
rcginx', 60.

(<

Daijhakda rki'kns, 150.
Dasystonia (lava, 230.

*• I'cdicularia, 230.

" Virginica, 228.

Datura stramonium, 278.

" Tatula, 278.
Daucus ("arrota, 281.
Delphinium Ajacis, 212.

" Carolinianum, 212.

" tricorne, 212.

" urceolatum, 210.

Dentaria diphylla, 184.
" laciniata, 96.
Diervilla Diervilla, 190.
Dionasa muscipula, 74,
Dodecatheon Mcadia frigidurn, (j\.
Doellingeria umbellata, 78.
Draba verna, 236.
Drosera rotundifolia, 74.

ECHIUM VUI.GARE, 266.

Epigaea repens, 204.
Epiiobium coloratum, 94.
**, hirsutum, 94.

342

INDEX TO LATIN NAMES.

Erigeron annuiis, 290.

" pulcliellus, 290.

" ramosus, 291.
Erythronium Americaiuim, 82.

albidum, 82.
Eschscholtzia Californica, 275.

" caespitosa, 276.

Enpatoriiim pcrfoliatuni, 322.

" purpureum, 134.

Kiiphorbia corollata, 252.

Falcata comosa, 314.

Gaultheria procumhens, 166.
Gaultlieria Shalloii, 168.
Geiitiana Andrewsii, 128.
crinita, 128.
qiiinquefolia, 199.
villosa, 286.
Geranium maculatum, 223.

" Rohertiamim, 201.

Gerardia muiitima, 252.
" purpurea, 252.
Geum Canadeiise, 217.
" rivale, 52.
*' strictum, 53.
Glccoma hederacea, 266.
Gratiola aurea, 112.
Gyrostachys cernua, 286.
gracilis, 284.

«

(<

Habenaria ki.ephariglottis, 65,

" ciliaris, 65.

" grandiflora, 62.

" orbiculata, 180.

«

(I

peramoena, 64
psycodes, 64.
Hamamelis Virginiana, 201.
Hedeoma pulegioides, 267.
Helenium autumnale, 130.
" nudiflorum, 130.
Helianthus Canadense, 235.
annus, 318.
divaricatus, 318.
giganteus, 318.
mollis, 318,

«
«

Helianthus tuberosus, 317.
Ilelonias bullata, 46,
Hepatica Ilepatica, 207.
Iletcranthera dubia, ;i^.
Hibiscus Moscheutos, 69,
Hieracium Greenii, 292.

" venosum, 291.

Houstonia caerulea, 97.
Iludsonia tomentosa, 234,
Hypericum adprcssum, loS.

cllipticum, 108.

maculatum, 108.

mutilum, 108.

perforatum, 273.

prolificum, 238.
Hypopitys Hypojiitys, 170.
Hypoxis nirsuta, 257.

ImpATIENS AUREA, 121.
" biflora, 120.

Inula Helenium, 319.
Iris cristata, 80.
" versicolor, 79.

Jekfersonia diphylla, 213.

Kalmia angustikolia, 163.

" latifolia, !6i.
Kneiffia Alleni, 270.

Lactuca Canadensis, 132.
Lacinaria scariosa, 294.

" squarrosa, 294.
Lathyrus maritimus, 244.
Leontodon autumnale, 287.
Leonurus Cardiaca, 316.
Lespedeza capitata, 246.
" frutescens, 246.
" procumbens, 246.
" Virginica, 246.

Lilium Canadense, 83.
" Carolinianum, 83.
" Catesbaei, 140.
" Philadelphicum, 140.
" superbum, 83.

INDKX TO l.ATIN NAMKS.

343

Limnanthcmum laciiiiosmn, 41,
I.imoclorum tuberosum, 60.
Liinoiiiuni Caroliiiiaiuim, 70.
1-iiiaria Canadensis, j 10.

" Linaria, 310.

" rcpcns, 311.
I.innxa borcalis, 192.
J-ol)clia anioena, 75.

" rardinalis, 121.

" inflata, 274.

" spicata, 124.

" syphilitica, 122.
Loniccra ciliata, 188.

" Japonica, 190.

*' sempervirens, igo.

Lupiniis perennis, 240.

" villosus, 241.
Lysimaciiia quadrifoiia, 2t6.

'• terrestris, 93.

Lytlirum Saiicaria, 98.

Magnolia Vir(;iniana, 69.
Malv.i moscliata, 306.
Medeola Virginiana, 143.
Mclanipyium lineare, 228.
Meiilotus alba, 312.

*' officinalis, 312.
Meibomia Canadensis, 226.

" grandiflora, 226.

" Michauxii, 224.

" nudiflora, 226.
ATuntha Canadensis, 124.
Mcnyanthes trifoliata, 70.
Mertensia Virginica, 90.
Micrampelis lobata, 106.
Miniulus cardinalis, no.

" ringens, 109.
Mitchella repens, 216.
Mitella diphylla, 15S.
Molirodendron Carolinum, 84.
Monarda didyma, 126.
" fistulosa, 198.
" punctata, 248.
Monotropa uniflora, 168.
Myosotis laxa, 88.

Nki.umho i.triKA, 2S.
Nyniplia;a advena, 26.

Ona(;ra iuennis, 26S.
Opuntia huniifusa, 238.

'* Opuntia, 240.
Orchis spectabiiis, 180.
Orontiuni acpiaticuMi, 22.
Oxalis Acetoseila, 200.
stricta, 305.
violacea, 200.
Oxycoccus niacrocarpus, 57.
Oxydendruni arborcum, 161.

PacHYLOI'HUS C/KSPITOSirs, 270.
Panax quinquefoiium, 222.

" trifoiiuni, 220.
Panicuiaria Canadensis, 122.
Parsonsia petiolata, 2S6.
Parthenocissus qninquefolia, 300.
Passiflora incarnata, 272.

" lutea, 273.

Pcdicularis Canadensis, 226.
Pcntstemon Digitalis, 196.
hirsutus, 196.
Newberryi, 198.
Peranium pubescens, 184.

" repens, 1S4.
Phlox divaricata, 1S7.
'* maculata, 187.
" Subulata 187.
Physostegia Virginiana, 127.
Phytolacca decandra, 311.
Piaropus crassipes, 23-
I'icris Mariana, 235.
Pluchea caniphorata, 75.
I'oa pratensis, 258.
Podophyllum peltatum, 214.
I'ogonia ophioglossoides, 62.
Polemonium Van P.runtiae, 53.
Polygala cruciata, 65.
" grandiflora, 114.
" paucifolia, 213.
" polygama, 213.
'* viridescens, 114.
Polygonclla articulata, 254.

344

INDEX TC) LA TIN NAMES.

Polygonatum l)if]i>riiMi, 143.
Polygoiuini :im|)l)il)itiii), 38.
I'oiUeilcria cordalii, 3J.
I'otcntilla aigcntca, 2(>^.
" Caiiadciisib, 262.
" fniticosa, 264.

" Monspelicnsis, 265.
I'riinella vulgaris, 316.
I'niiuis niaritiina, 232.

" Virginiaiia, 86.
I'soralea orbicularis, 124.
I'tilimtvum capillaceum, loi.
I'yrola eliiptica, 164.

" rotuiidifoiia, 166.

" secunda, 166.
Pyxidanthera barbulata, 203.

qu amoclit cocci nea, 302.

Ranunculus acris, 258.

" bulbosus, 257.

" delphiiiifolius, 30.

" obtusiuscuius, 48.

Khexia Virginica, 1 12.
Riiododendron niaximum, 163.
Rhus glabra, 262.
" radicans, 261.
" Toxicodendron, 261,
" vernix, 53.
Ricinus communis, 254.
Rosa blanda, 152.
" Carolina, 50.
Rubus occidental is, 299.
*' odoratus, 299.
" strigosus, 299.
Rudbeckia Brittonii, 293.

" hirta, 292.

Ruellia strepens, 177.

Sabbatia angularis, 199.

" campanulata, 72.

** dodecaudra, 72.

" stellaris, 72.

Sagittaria lancifolia, 38.

latifolia, 36.
Sambucus Canadensis, 120.
Sanguinaria Canadensis, 186.

Saponaria officinalis, 302.
Sarotlira gcntianoides, 274.
Sarracenia ])urpurca, 47.
Saururus curnuus, 55.
Saxilraga Virginiensis, 156.
Scutellaria galcriculata, 127.
integrifolia, 246.
lateriflora, 126.
pilosa, 248.
Sedum Ncvii, 172.

" tclepliioides, 174.
Senecio aureus, 288.
Seplaiulia Virginica, 198.
Sidalcca Candida, 108.
Silene Caroliniana, 218.
stellata, 220.
Virginica, 218.
Sinapis alba, 297.
Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 80.
Sium cicutaefolium, 32.
Sniilax herbacea, 100.

" rotundifolia, 298.
Solanuin dulcamara, 106.
bicolor, 136.
Canadensis, 293.
fistulosa, 136.

juncea, 136.

mollis, 294.

nemoralis, 293.

odora, 255.

patula, 77.

uliginosa, 77.

tortifolia, 255.
Spathyema foetida, 43.
Specularia biflora, 298.

" perfoliata, 297.

Spiraea salicifolia, 86.
" tomentosa, 88.
Sonchus arvensis, 292.
Stenanthium robustum, 84.
Steironema ciliatum, 93.

" lanceolatum, 93.

Stokesia cyanea, 132.
Streptopus roseus, 140.
Strophilirion Californicum, 138.
Stylophorum diphyllum, 276.
Syndesmon thalictroides, 210.

INDEX TO LATIN NAMKS.

345

Tanacktum vi;i.r,ARE. jrg.
'I'araxacmn Taraxacum, 287.
Tecoiiia radicans, 95.
Thaliclruin diuicuni, 152.

polygaimiin, 102.

piirpura.scens, 152.
Thaspium barhiiiodc, 100.
'J'liyimis Serpyllum, 315.
Tiarella cordifolia, 158.
'J'radescantia inuntaiia, 1 iS.
Triademim Virginicum, 67.
Trichostima diclioloimim, 248.
Trientalis Americana, 214.
'I'rillium erectiiin, 146.

grandiflorum, 144.
undulatum, 144.

Unffolium Canadknse 143.
Utricularia cornuta, 67.
" vulgaris, 34.

Uvularia perfoliata, 148.
" sessilifolia, 146.

Vagnera racemosa, 142.
Veratrum viride, 46.
Verbascum Ulattaria, 284.
" Traps us, 282.

Verbena Canadensis, 268.
" hastata, 314.
" urticifolia, 315.
Vernonia Noveljoraccnsis, 320.
Vcrunia Americana, 41.
Veronica officinalis, 308,

" serpyiiifolia, 310.
Viburnum acerifoiium, 260.
" alnifolium, iSS.
" Opulus, 118.
" prunifoliiim, 2C1.
Vicia Americana, 314.

" Cracca, 312.
Viola Atlantica, 234.
blanda, loi.
Canadensis, 148.
cucullata, 258.
lanceolata, 102.
pedata, 232.
pedata bicolor, 234.
pubescens, 212
rotundifoiia, 150.

tt
«
««
<(
ii
<<

Washingtonia I.ONGISTVMS, 194.
Yucca filamentc^a, 231.

Index of Technical Terms.

Abruptly Pinnate Leaves,

PAGE
12

Feather-veined,

PAGE.
in

Aerial Roots,

M

Fertilization,

7
7
7
7
5

Alternate,
Anther,

9
7

Fertilizing Organs,
Filament,

Arro'v-^haped,

It

Fruit,

Auriculate,

II

Funnel-Form,

Axillary,

2

Gamopetalous,

4

4

13

I '3

Banner,

6

7

Gamosepalous,

Bell-shaped,

S

Glabrous,

Blade,

9

Glaucous,

Bracts,

9

*

*J

Bulb,

14

Head,

0

--, ».

Heart-shaped,

II

Camfanulate,

5

Calyx,

4, 5. 7

Imperfect Flower,

8

Capitulum,

3

Incised,

12

Cleft,

5. 12

Included Stamens,

7

Complete Flower,

4

Inflorescence,

/

a

Compound Leaves,

12

Irregular Flowers,

r

Cordate,

II

Corolla,

4,7
14

Keel,

6

7

Corm,

Kidney-shaped,

II

Corymb,

3

Labiate,

6

Creeping,

13

Lanceolate,
*

10
9, 10

5

Tn

Crenate,

12

Leaves,

Cross-fertilization,

7

Ligulate,

Cruciferous,

6

Linear,

Cyme,

4

Lobed,

Decumbent,

»3

Netted-Veined,

9
8

Divided,

12

Neutral Flower,

Elliptical,

10

Obcordate,

11

10

10

Entire Leaves,

12

7

Oblanceolate,

Erect,

'3

Oblong,

Exserted Stamens,

7

Obovate,

II

INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS.

347

PAGE.

PACK.

Odd- Pinnate,

"3

Sagittate,

I 1

Opposite,

9

Salver-shaped,

s

'4

Orbicular,

II

Scape,

Organs of reproduction,

4

Scolloped,

12

" " protection,

4

Seed-bearing Organ,

7

Oval,

10

Seeds,

7

7

Oviry,

7

Seed Vessel,

Ovate,

10

Self-fertilization,

8

OvuLs,

7

Sepals,

4

Serrate,

12

Palmate,

12

Sessile,

3

Palniately-veined,

lO

Shield-shaped,

13

Panicle,

3
6

Simple Stem,

14

Papilionaceous,

Solitary,

->

Parallel-veined,

9

M

5

2

Spadix,

3

Parasites,

Spatulate,

tl

Parted,

Spike,

3

Pedicel,

Stamens,

7

Peduncle, '

2

Staminate Flowers,

9

Peltate,

12

Standard,

•^

6

Perfect Flower,

8

Stem,

»3

Perianth,

7
4

12

Stigma,

7

Petals,
Pinnate,

Stipules,
Style,

•

9
7

Pistil,
Pistillate,

7

Terminal,

:' ■ a ^'

Pollen,

9

1 horns,

14

7

Toothed,

^ 5.

Polypetalous,

6

Tuber,

Procumbent,
Pubescent,

13

13

Tubular,

«4

S

Umhel,

4
1$

Raceme,

3

7

II

Undulate,

Regular Flowers,

Reniforni,

V'EINtNG,

9

Root,
Rootstock,

14
14

Wheel-shaped,
Whorled,

0

$
6

Rosaceous,

6

Wings,

: ---- ■' ■ , - --, -■

-- . ■