IMAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET (MT-3) // .// Q. 7s ^W ///// m 1.0 i.i '- IM 12.2 1116 2.0 1.8 1.25 14 1.6 -^ 6" — ► y^. ^i ^ % VI "^ ^# ^> y Photogmphi'^ Sciences Corporation ^ L-b« iV 4^ \ \ ^v \ ^^ ^^.'^6^ 'n. % V* 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 A CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the hest original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may jnificantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. L'Institut a microfilmd le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6X6 possible de se procurer. 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Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 film^es. Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have bien refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film^es d nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. D Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires; This Lkttkr CONTENTS. Paob 204 Arrival in Ceylon Preaching in tlie "Oldest VVesloyan Chapel in Asia "— Buria' Place of Kev. 1 )r. Coke— Forms of Religion in Ceylon- Hu(l(lhi.-ni and Hraliminisni coin pared- Popula- tion of (^ey)on Mohanunedans attending the Wcsleyan College Printing and Publishing Eslablishnicnt- Conver- sions to Christianity— Labors of a Native Treacher. FouKTii Lkttkr. 214 Progress of Christ innity in Ceylon— Importance of Ceylon to Hritain as the "Key to India' -Prosperity under Hritish Rule- Roads aa Kducators. I Fifth I^ktikr 221 Burying a Babe at Sea- Soootra Island Arabian l>ivtrs The Red Sea. Arabiiin Tradera- SfXTH Lkttkr 228 Dangers to Navigation in the Red Sea- Sjie?:- Sinai Peninsula and iis Henrt-moving M«ninrics— Tel-;! Kebir- Pyramids and Sj)l;inx Cairo Mosque of Mohamcd Ali. Skvkntii Lkttkr •xaMss' -tirowth of London— A Stroll-The Nelson Column The London Law Conrts-St. Paul'sC^ithe- dral— The Fore Leg of a Horse A "Beef-eater '-Princess Elizabeth's Prison in t he Bell Tower- Block and Headsman's Mask— Billingsgate Thames Embankment - Houses of I'ar- liament— Parks -Westminster Abbey— Windsor Castle — Handel Musical Festival— London Thieves. '■/« i Australia and the Australians. THE AUSTRALIAN NATIVES. THEIR ORICxIN. R. CURR shows hy quotations from Dr. Living- stone, Rev. Duff' Macdonald and others, the wonderful resenil)lance lietween the Australian natives and the negroes of Africa, in manners and customs, and argues from this that they are of one common origin. Their systems of witchcraft, the admittance of adult males to the rights of manhood through the medium of m;^sterious and very cruel ceremonies; the facts relating to marriage, the customs respecting burials ; the singular practice of mutual avoidance between son-in-law and mother-in-law, the dread of hair fall- ing int) the hands of an enemy, the mode of tossing water into the mouth, and several other similar cus- toms, from which it would appear that both peoples, far apart as Africa and Australia are, have originally learned all these things from the same source. ^ 10 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. m Resides the ahove, many words used by the Aus- tralians ai'e appai'(>ntly, at l<'ast, of the same root as words used l)y tlie Africans to e.'press the same ideas. Such woi-ds as woman, breasts, milk, mother, water, rain, mouth, tongue, eat, drink are all traceable to the same root-words whence words meaninjx the same thing in Africa seem to have come. There are, however, notwithstanding these resem- blances, le quantity, for at twenty their ariUunetie is exhausted. As elsewhere, it is very connnon for white men to give native names to places, or retain names of rivers and mountains, such as the natives had themselves given them, prior to the white man's advent. We find in many of these the custom among the natives of repeating a word or a sound, to give force or emplwisis to the idea. For instance, the river which flows through Melbourne is the Y^arra-Yai^a — Jiowing, flowing ; that is, ever flowing. Other streams may go dry, but this, never. I found, in travelling largely through the country, many places named according to this rule : Bet-Bet, Gerong-Gerung, Buln-Buln, Burrum-Burrum. This last is the name of a parish, and signifies very muddy ; that is, muddy, muddy. At Sydney we saw on the 'bus the name Woofoo- mooloo, the native name of a suburb of that city. I thought that the white people had purposely and unnecessarily given the name that orthography, but I found, on looking into the peculiarities of the language, that it could not be otherwise spelled and convey a correct native sound to the ear, for, while the sound of u enters very largely into their language, it has always with them the same sound as our oo. 20 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. Their love of reduplication is seen more in their names of mountains, rivers or places than in the names of persons or in common conversation. Take the native names of mountains for illustration : Mittagong, Tumanwong, GuUongalong, Warrawolong, Poppong, Wollungong, Cunglebung, Trunbarumba, Nackie- Nackie, Nurrumbidjee, Wagga-Wagga, Goonoo-Goo- noo, Gt)oloogong. CHILDREN. When a native child is bom it is as white as a European child. Some writers say that it will become black in about two weeks, others say they are from two to eight years old before they become thoroughly black. Like the men who disputed respecting the color of the chameleon, both are right, I presume. Little boys of five or six years sometimes have as much hair on the cheeks as a European of seven- teen. The child is usually nursed for a much longer period than is done with white people. Infanticide is uni- versal. Whether it is largely practised or not depends altogether upon the ease or difficulty with which food can be procured for the tribe. Children are not sup- posed to have souls before they are five years old. At a very early age the child must begin to seek CHILDREN. 21 food for itself. The father instructs it in the art of digging for the larvae of insects and gruKs. He teaches it also how to catch fish, throw the hooinorang and the toy spear. Children are ncner chastised. They are simply kept under control, so far as they are controlled at all, by superstitious dread. Such and .such things, they are told, will happen if they do so and so. The first-born child, if not destroyed, is named after the parent, father or mother, as the case may be. After that, children are named after some animal which may happen near at the time — kangaroo, emu, dog, rat, or the like ; or perhaps after .something in the immediate locality of its birth — tree, pond, or lake. A native was named Ber-uke (kangaroo-rat), one of these animals having crossed the tloor of the hut about the time of his birth. Poleeoronf) (cherry-treej was so named because he was born under a cherry-tree. Weing-paru (fire and water), because the hut took fire, which was extin- guished by water. Girls are often named after tiowers. People often exchange names ; not, however, until they have been permitted to do so by the great council. When one dies, his name is not mentioned while the i 22 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. ^ days of mourning last, which, with some tribes, are prolonged several months. To cjill the name during these days is regarded as an insult to the deceased. If the deceased has borne the name of an animal, bird, or flower, such an olyect must be called by some other name during these months. Take, for instance, a cace where the dead person has had the nanu^ Wa\ :% 34 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. i' these. We brought with us, on our return, a couple of these missiles, as also two or tliree boomerangs, some of which had seen service as pagan instruments of destruction. The most useful of all instruments to the native is his tomahawk, or hatchet. Its head is a hard stone, |i SHIKLUS USED BY THK NATIVK.S. which nmst be reduced to proper shape by knocking off flakes, and grinding. A withe or stem of a creeper is flattened, heated in the ashes, then drawn tightly round the stone and fastened witli strinj; or thongrs and gum. With his tomahawk the black cuts his shield, his club, strips bark, constructs his hut, makes his canoe, cuts out the wild honey from the branches MESSAGE STICKa 35 ►le IS of trees, cuts steps up the trees he wants to climb, and many other things too numerous to mention. In short, this instrument he regards as the most valuable by far of which he is possessed. MESSA(",E STICKS. When a native is sent by his tribe to carry a mes- sage to a distant tribe, he always carries a message stick. This is carved and ornauHinted after a very original fashion. It was at iirst thought that these carvings were a kind of writing, but later in\ • Mga- tion reveals that they are only a confirmation the messenger's authority and message, wliich he, as a general rule, delivers first, viva voce, and then presents his stick. They are very often in shape like a miniature boomerang, and colored at both ends with red ochre. All their weapons, with the exception of some kinds of spear, are more or less carved and covered with white and red ochre. The natives have, generally speaking, a considerable taste for carving and draw- ing. Sheets of bark, on which very good drawings are made, are frequently put up as ornaments in their dwellings. (1 .1 a I' « 86 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. THE CORROBBOREE. The corrobboree is a great native dance and theat- rical perforinanco combined, in which several trl^ es take part. It is usually held when peace is established between tribes which had been previously on bad terms. It is common to all Australian tribes, although there is great difference in the performances. It always takes place at night, several fires being kindled to thoroughly light up the scene. The women seat themselves in a body chanting a corrobboree song, while beating mc^st perfect time on their opossum rugs rolled up tight. Suddenly the dancers make their appearance. Com- ing out of the gloom of the forest into the bright light, each having his body striped with pipe-clay, so as to r -semble, as nearly as possible, a skeleton, with large bunches of green leaves tied tightly about his ankles, which make a peculiar rustling noise as he dances. They become more and more excited, and with loud shouting advance toward their leader, who, chanting the song, retreats backward a little in advance of the dancers till the large tire is reached, when all at the same moment cease dancing and begin stamping with their right feet till a cloud of dust Nl THE CORROBBOREE. 37 arises, when with a loud shout they all throw their hands above their heads and the dance ceases, when they retreat to commence again after a little. One of their c()rrol)y)oree chants, as given by Mr. Brough Smith, is as follows: " Puiitin narrinyerar, Puntin narrinyerar, O, O, O, Yun terpulani ar, Tuppim an wangainar, Tyiwewar ngoppua ar, 0, O, (J, Puntin narrinyerar." etc. The above is thus translated: " The narinyeri are coming. Soon they will appear, Carrying kangaroos ; Quickly they are coining. " The following is said to be a great favorite as a corrobboree song: " Berri berri ina jildomba, Berri berri nia jildomba, Berri berri nia jildomba-naga, Athen jindema no goi-eela, Jindeiiia, jindema 0-en-dethen-(j, Warrim bang-e, berri berri ma jildomba-a, Berri berri ma jildomba, Berri berri ma jildomlm." ill 38 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. II 111 On some occasions the performance opens with a war dance, when an intricate set of evolutions takes place, accompanied by a brandishing of clubs, spears, boome- rangs and shields. After a few fierce and terrifying yells, they rush together in close fight. Presently one party gives way, and are driven from the field into the dark wood, with roars and groans, and sounds of blows, as well repre- sent a bloody slaughter. A part of a corrobboree is thus described by one who was present : " A herd of cattle was feeding on the plain, each beast bpsing represented by a native. The imitation was skilful and ludicrously exact. " Some were lying down, chewing the cud ; others stood scratching themselves with hind feet or horns, licking themselves or their calves; several rubbing their heads together. " Presently a party of blacks was seen creeping to- wards the cattle, taking all precautions, such as keep- ing to windward, to prevent the herd from being alarmed. When they got close enough, they speared two head, to the intense delight of the black spectators, wlio vigorously applauded. " The hunters next went through the mimic opera- tion of skinning and cutting up and carrying away. " The next performance was that of a fight between BLACK TRACKERS. 39 e, whites and blacks, the white men being made for the occasion by application of pipe-clay and other paints. The fictitious white men bit the cartridges, put on caps, and went through all the performance of loading and firing. They would wheel to the right, fire, and drive the blacks before them. The latter would rally, and then a desperate fight would follow, when the whites had to give way before the blacks amidst the frantic delight of the spectators. " When, during the progress of the battle, a black would fall, the spectators would groan, but when a white bit the dust, they would cheer lustily. Thus do these children of nature amuse themselves." BLACK TRACKERS. The Governments of the colonies have in their em- ployment blacks whose business it is to track murder- ers or thieves, or other persons whose apprehension is desired. The scent of the keenest bloodhound could not be more lively than the eyes of these "trackers." Many a poor wretch who has thought liimself per- fectly safe if he had succeed(^d in putting a few miles of space between himself and his last night's opera- tions, in a country where snow is not seen, and where, perhaps, much of his walking has been over short, H^ 40 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. green grass, has been terribly surprised to find himself in the hands of an officer, having been tracked every step of the way. Their cleverness in this respect is the admiration of all the people of Australia. A sprig or leaf, lately fallen from a tree, pressed more deeply into the grass than it would have been if left wholly to itself ; straws pointing in a certain direction; dried thistles, or fern, lately cracked oflT, and a hundred other things, all taken into account, indi- cate to these sharp-eyed fellows that their " game " has passed that way. In some cases these trackers will ride at full gallop over the green and through a village, seeing tracks all the way as easily as we would trace them if they had been made in fresh snow, while to the white man no traces can be seen. Their gift in this respect is very extraordinary. When any one is lost in the bush the white people rely with the utmost confidence on the " black tracker." Captain Grey relates how his watch ha of the female is still more grievoua She ha** also to sulnnit to phy- sical mutilaticm ; in some tribes one joint of the fore- finger, in others, two joints of the little finger. In some tribes also she is scarified in various parts of the body, somewhat as the young men are. Some kinds of food are denied her also. As regards her marriage, she has, as a general rule, no choice. She is the propey'ty of her father or his heirs until married, after that the property of her husband. In many cases she has to submit to become the wife of a man whom she hates and dreads. If she offers anything like a stubborn resistance, a few blows over the head from a club in her father's hand usually results in a (piiet submission on her part. They are in most cases married at fourteen, some even younger, and are usually mothers at fifteen or sixteen. If the father thinks the child ought not to live she must strangle it at his command. In some cases, where death may have resulted from H I I 56 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. natural causes, but of course believed to have lieen caused by sorcery from another tribe, the mother is forced to carry about tlie dead body for weeks, hiying her head upon it at nio^ht, if, peradvetiture, sh<' may tliei'e (b'eam wlio has caused the child's death. Instances are on recoril where tlie mother herself has died as the result of this horrible custom. " Wives have to undergo all th(^ drudgery of the camp and the marcli, having the poorest food, and the harjmsmaa^a0mmi^'M i 68 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. I I !ifl The blacks, by getting them when they are only a few days old, can sometimes succeed. As a general rule, even they fail. When others have tried, they have found that the wild nature will prevail in time over the most careful domestication, and the dingo will return to the forest and to the native habits of his kind. Those we saw were in the Zoological Gardens of Melbourne and Adelaide, and were just as handsome and as innocent looking as those you see here in the picture. A fox always lo(jks as if there was something wrong with his conscience ; the wolf, as if he has no con- science, and does not desire any, for it might be terribly in his way. The dingo looks as if he does not need one, he is so innocent, so perfectly pure in all his in- tentions, so atlectionate. Look at him, and see if this is not his character, so far as his countenance is con- cerned, and yet, for a dowin'ight hypocritical scoun- drel, he is by far the first of the three. He is more cuiniing than the fox. His depredations upon the sheep and poultry of the Australian farmer are so great that a bounty of thirty shillings (about $7) per scalp is offered by the Governments of some of the colonies. One or two of them have been known to kill as many as forty sheep in a night. , m '4 . THE DINGO. 69 They seem to worry the sheep for the mere pleasure it gives them, for it is very seldom they eat any of the animal after they have killed it. They are so cunning that it is almost useless to set traps for them. Their sense of smell is so acute that persons who put out poisoned meat for them are ol)liged to handle the meat with a fork in preparing an!()(>fij, the delicate, nifon.s, njvnh'ini), and the '' lioohook" This last is a native name, ijjiven it in imitation of the cry of the bird. There are no son_n-l>ii-ds. These are not numerous as distinct species in any c . \ il LEADBEATEKS COCKATOO. f \ THE COCKATOO. 81 moment something near in front startles it (as extend- ing your hand towards it quickly), the changed appearance of the bird, together with its increased beauty, is most extraordinary. If you will raise your eight fingers, in a perpendi- cular line, immediately in front of you, and suddenly throw them forward, spreading them slightly apart as you do so, you will get some idea of the action of this most beautiful speaking-bird of Australia, when quickly startled or when he is on speaking terms with you. A coinitryman came into the train with me, with a young one in a cage. He said he had taken it from the nest only a few days before, and I could see it was but a chicken, for it was only partly feathered, yet the feathers of the crest were cjuite t"'o and a half inches in lenjifth and most beautifully marked. We brought with us a stuffed specimen, as we could not so conveniently bring a live one. Then there are the black, the gray, the red-breasted, and the " gang-gang " cockatoo, besides the cockatoo- parrot, which the natives call kooranyawiUawilla. 82 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. THE PAH ROT. Among tlie parrots are the rosehill, wliite, I'ed, crimson, king, given-leck, king-lory l>lut' iiiounUiin, ROHKLI.A PARROT. Pennant's parrot, grass parrot, ground parrakcet, and the rosolla. This last-nanii'il is tlie commone.st of all. It is to be seen everywhere — sometimes in tloeks in THE PARROT. 83 ..t .«% the orohnrds and pasture grounds, sonu'tinics in pairs in the yards al)Out the houses. In almo.st every house vou find at least one in a eam>, readv to chatter and whistle to evervbodv who will notice him. As it was not possible (or at any rate convenient) to A TALKER. hrini;- so far any livinrr specimens, we hi'ouo'ht instead a goodly numlter of .stnrt'ed ones. There are other birds than parrots in Australia that can be taught to speak — such as the myna-bird, the lyre-bird, the honeyd)ird fa cut of which is givetiV th<> 84 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. laughing-jackass or giant kingfisher, and the Aus- tralian magpie, which can speak very distinctly. Wife and I were walking through the market, and stepjied up to mag's cage, when she saitl in good, plain English : " Who are you ? " " Oh," I said, " Mag, I'm afraid you don't attend temperance meetings, though I have no doubt you are a sensible, cold-water bird." The Aus- tralian magpie has not that thieving, mischievous propensity which characterizes his English cousin. They are not only a harmless bird, but very useful as grub-destroyers. There is a law against killing them. They are to be seen almost everywhere, sometimes in great numbers. They have no song. They have, how- ever, a very metallic, musical note which is varied with a full, rountl whistle. This metallic note has secured for them from some ornitholotjists the name of " bell- bird," though they are never recognized by that name in Australia. The only representation 1 can give of a magpie chorus in the early morning is that of fifty boys, half of whom are tapping with small hammers upon an- vils, while the others are sounding short notes at the same time on fifes and flutes. ■N ^-, .'^ ' u::^/'\^% I r ' / ■■ WAVED PARROT. — T1 7r< i THE LYRE-BIRD. 87 ■ THE LYRE-BIRD. The lyre-bird is, I presume, the shyest, bird knowTi. I am told that it is impossible to tame it. Its resort is just as far from civilization as possible. Only the natives can claim to have much knowledge of them. The huntei' has to \ise the greatest caution to get within reach of them. Those white men who have camped in the wilder- ness, or the earl}'^ settlers who have heard them in the scrub some distance away, tell us that they have the power to imitate almost any sound which may arrest their attention, such as the barking of a dog, the loud snapping of a whip, the cooee of the bushman or the herder, or the ring of the axe upon the hard trees. The lyre-bird has no beauty whatever except in his tail. For this there is considerable demand. It is sometimes difficult to get them. We were able, how- ever, to procure a pair, which we very highly prize. THE KINGFISHER. There is a large variety of kingfishers throughout the continent. Besides the species especially men- tioned below, there are the following : Leach's king- fisher, fawn-breasted kingfisher, sacred kingfisher, red-backed kingfisher, sordid kingfisher, MacLeay's P > 88 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. II ': U kingfisher, yellow-billed kingfisher, whitotailed king- fisher, azure kingfisher, little kingfisher, I procured three specimens. One of these is ahout the size of a swallow, with two tail-feathers about six inche.s long, very prettily marked. The most widely-known, and at the same time the most poj)ular, bird in Australia, is the laughing jack- ass, or giant kinufisher. He is by no means a timid bird. There is a heavy penalty for any one killing him, and he not only seems to know that there is such a law, l)ut he has apparently perfect confidence in the law which protects him, so why should he not laugh when he wants to ? and he will come right up to your door, or perch upon the plum tree or the Ijarn, and laugh till he makes you laugh a response, unless there is something wrong with 3^our liver. Though he is, properly speaking, a kingfisher, he makes it his special business to fish for snakes. What he does not know about catching snakes we shall not try to teach him. Perhaps it is just after he has had a square meal from an old copper-head or one of his cousins, that he has his best laugh. Turning to our picture for a moment, I should think the two in the rear have just finished a jolly dinner of snake, but have failed to extend an invita- tion to the poor, disconsolate-looking old fellow in LAUGHING JACKASS. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 LI **IIIIM IM '""M |||||Z2 ^ 1^ lliio 1^ 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► % (? // A^ v» *^*» M Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4r w- MP / <5> ^ THE KINGFISHER. 91 front. He does look sad, now, does he not ? All the more so while he is forced to listen to the upn^arioiis fun of his two neighbors immediately behind him. Never mind, " Jack," you will have your turn pre- sently. " He laughs best who laughs last." You evidently feel slighted and hurt, we all know what that means. Laughing men and laughing jack- asses have a common experience in some respects. Do you know, reader, the tirst prerequisite for a good dinner of snake ? Get your snake. That is what our friend who is foremost in the picture is probaljly now looking for. He is not going to wait long. There are many kinds of snakes, and several of them are venomous. That is why these birds are so carefully protected. If his snakeship should happen to be a good sized one and a little refractory, the bird will ascend very rapidly directly over rocks or over the hard road, to the height of three or four hundred feet, and let him fall. If the snake should seem to be a litth; too lively after his fall, lie gets a second one inside of a minute, after which he is perfectly manageable. Like every good laugher he does best when he has plenty of company, and really one of the most amus- ing things you will hear in Australia is a laughing chorus from three or four, or more, of these very queer birds. 1^ ! 11 if! f m t *■ ijii 'P f I If: I' I 92 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. One begins with long drawn a-h, then the others strike in. It is qr.ite easy to distinguish the different voices, " hah-hah," " hah-hah," mingled with " haw- haw-haw," " hoh-hoh-hoh," in rapid succession, then a lull followed by another outburst, till the forest rings again with their merry peals. "Is it a laugh ? " Well, now, please don't ask too many questions. I don't know. You remember the story of the colored brother who was expatiating on the creation of man, and said, " When de Lawd made Adam outen de clay. He stood him up agin de fence to dry." " Hold on dah, brudder," said a sable hearer, " how'd dat fence come dah so nice and handy i " " Will you please to shut up ? " responded the preacher ; " a few questions like dat'd spile de best theology in de wuld." I do not know whether the noise of the laughing jackass is the outcome of merriment or not. It may be that under any form of excitement he would make the same sound. I have had very good opportunity for observing them in the cage, in the forest, and in the yards about residences, and, as far as my observa- tion goes, the bird only makes this noise when he is in a pleasant mood, so I suppose we may regard his laugh as not only strongly resembling that of our own race, but as also meaning about the same thing. J ■ ;^1 THE BOWER-BIRD. 93 THE BOVVER-BIRD. Among the sliange habited birds of Australia is the bower-bird. This bird gets its name from the fact that it builds a bower for, as it A'ould seem, a kind of play-house. BOWKR-BIBDS. I have seen this bower, and bird. It is a little larger than the American robin — a light brown, slightly speckled with spots of darker brown. ChooFing, say, a little spot of grass, a patch in the plain, it beats down a pathway, or perhaps, if neces- •#A P m ^- iJi 94 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. sary, removes the grass for a pathway, about four inches wide, and i'rom two to three feet in length. Over this it weaves together the top of the grass from both sides, and then, from far and near, it brings small bones which it finds bleached white on the plains, bits of colored glass, pieces of red flannel, if it can find them anywhere. With the boneS; colored glass, bright pebbles, and other things of that kind it will pave the pathway thnmgh the bower, while the red flannel, bits of tin, or bright foatliers which have "alien from some of the prettier birds, it will weave into the grass above the bower. Naturalists were puzzled for some time respecting the bird's object, but all are now satisfied, I think, that the only object is to aflbrd pleasure for himself and his companions. Tliey have been seen cha.sing each other through and through the bower, appar- ently tlioroughly enjoying their fun. THE BRUSH-TURKEY. The habits of the brush-turkey are (|uite as inter- esting as those of any I have descril)ed. Several of these birds will join together in building up a mound of grass or vegetable matter of any kind, in which they will — perhaps a half dozen of them — deposit THE REGENT-BIRD. 95 their eggs, and allow them to be hatched out l)y the heat engendered by decomposition. Each successive year they merely add to the heap enough fresh matter to answer the purpose of hatching a new setting. This is a more extraordinary instinct than that of the ostrich which deposits her eggs in the hot sand. THE REGENT-BIRD. To return for a little to the bright plumaged birds, we see the wonderful provision which the great Crea- tor has made to prevent their extinction. Take for illustration that wonderfully beautiful specimen the regent-bird. Tiiat man may not be tempted to destroy the female she is a very plain gray l)ird. There is very little attraction for the eye in looking at her. The male bird of one year old is just as plain as the female. The only way by which he can be known from the female, is that about one-half his beak has turned a light yellow. Of course this cannot be seen by the sportsman or bright plumage seeker, and he sees no reason why he should shoot him. At two years old the male bird has changed somewhat, but not much. There are some yellow spots on his wings. At three years he has changed a good deal more, but it is not until his fourth year that he reaches his great beauty, W «1 I* if I! p< !| IS 1*1 rl'i I 'J' i 96 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. 11 I ;. For two full years he has been pairing and reproduc- ing his species, through all this time quite safe, because he has no attractive beauty. An enthusiastic taxidermist in Melbourne had in a case, stuffed, the five specimens, the female and one male of each year up to the fourth, and through him we learned many most interesting facts respecting the regent, and other birds and animals of Australia. To me, however, that new world presented such a variety of interesting subjects, that I found great pleasure in observing for myself, and then asking many questions of those who seemed to have quite as much pleasure in answering them, besides reading every book I could find bearing on these subjects, though I had no intention at the time of making a book. THE EMU. The emu, or Neiv Holland cassowary ought, I sup- pose, to be classed with the ostrich, which it resembles. It stands five or six feet liigh. Its feathers are more like coarse hair than like feathers. Its fiesh is like coarse beef. It lays a large, greenish-colored ^gg, about two-thirds the size of that of the ostrich. It is very fleet of foot, and cannot easily be over- taken by either dogs or horses ; as for man, it laugheth at hiTYi. I 1 1 i 1 i M i li I 5 si ■ I i \ \ TlIK VICTORIAN EMIT. Note.— Neither this nor the preceding picture is a perfect representa- tion of those we saw. The first more nearly resembles the body, the second the legs, neck and head, of the Victorian emu. THK HAT. 101 ! 11 If a man undortakcs to follow i£ on foot, he soon finds himself amu-lathig at a rapid rate. It is a mild, inoffensive bird, yet, when att eked, it kicks with such force as to kill a dog, or seriously injure a man ; that is very like a mule. The bird is rapidly disappearing. To ol)tain their eggs, which are in considerable al)ly the finest and thickest of any animal known. A coat or cloak made of platypus fur would be valued at not less than eighty or one liundred pounds, that is, four or five hundred dollars. Through the kindness of a friend, we were able to bring with us two skins as curios. THE DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS. 108 It eats frofTs, molliisks, and water insects. It has the hill of the «hiek, and lays eggs, from which its young are hatche.l, and suckles its young after hatching, cHl they are ab'e to do for theniselve.^ You have, therefore, in the platypus a strange com- mingling of the l»ird and the beast. f'li M I ■ ill THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA. •^S with the fauna so witli the flora of Australia, C^V quite unlike ahnost all other parts of the world, some thousands of species of flowering plants and trees have been discovered. The wattle, of which there are several varieties, is very beautiful when in full bloom. We were for- tunate in having an opportunity to see these trees at the flowerinij season in our drives throuiih the coun- try- You find here, also, the magniflcent acacias, yellow- flowered mimosa, sweet-scented myall, and flowering banksias. Much of the scrub which covers the sandy plains presents, in the spring, a great variety of blossom. Many (*f thes(i are armed with thick, short, sharp thorns and spikes, permitting 3M)n to admire their pro- teges (the flowers) with your eyes, but not to touch then) with your hands. In almost all instances where Wb attempted to pluck wild native flowers we were met with these terrible thorns. Jn the forests are the gigantic ferns ; some of these grow to a height of forty and fifty feet. I presume ?. ''\ DO 3 > 'A CO K '!» ,,., i^ij THE EUCALYPTUS TREE. 107 :3' Australasia, in which New Zealand is included, can present a greater and more beautiful variety of ferns than any other part of the world. The varicity in- eludes nianv hundreds.. We visited the Horticultuial Gai'dens of Auckland, Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide, Geelong, and Ballarat, ))esides having an opportunity, to some extent, to see them in their native condition. Although for general building purposes the forests of Australia are not e(jual to those of Canada, for bridijfes and foundation work, where strentj^th and en- durance are demanded, the woods of the former coun- try are ecjual, if not superior, to those of the latter. „ THE EUCALYPTUS TKEE. The prevailing wood of Austiulia is thr eucalyptus, of which there are many varieties, .some say over one hundred. The " white gum," " i-ed gum," and " shelly bark " are the largi-r kinds. Somr of the.sc grow to an immense size and height. One mighty giant mea- sured, when pi-ostrate, four hundi'ed and eighty feet Trees three hundred feet high are very common in the Gippsland country (eastern ])art of Victoria). These trees all exu,S{)4 South Australia 8,428,959 1 1 ,184,658 West Australia 5()2,r)46 1,097,083 Tasmania 2,000,723 3,071, 179 New Zealand 12,075,058 14,299,860 1 1 £84,235,825 £114,821,977 The above figures represent a growtli of trade that is most encouraging. It is true that the balance of trade is as yet on the wrong side, the imports in all the colonies considerably exceeding the exports. There has been also a large increase of public debt in each colony. As an offset to both there are very exten- sive internal improvements, not so much of an unre- munerative sort as arsenals, fortifications and the like, but railways, water-works, telegraphic and telephonic systems, which are principally in the hands of the Government, and are becoming, in some of the colonies at least, very remunerative. Victoria could at any time, if she wished, dispose of her railways in the English market and wipe out at I; m I h 114 ATTSTRAT.IA AKD THE AHSTRAMAKS onrc her coloninl (lo})t. Shf wonkl not, however, con- sider that a proHtalde transaction. UKOWTM OF RAILWAYS. 1878. 1885. Victoiiu 458 1U76 New 8outli Wales 397 1777 yueenslaiul 218 W.U South Austniliu "202 10G3 West Aiiatialia 30 184 Tasmania 4"> 257 New Zealand 145 1()54 1,495 8,045 New lines are being built. There are, at the time of this writing, i'H)t less than 10,000 miles in operation. The telegraph system has grown in proportion to the growth of the railway system. ' CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL. If we turn to ti:«' cultivation of the land, and cereals antl animal production, we find quite as rapid an increase. The total number of acres under cultivation in all the colonies in 1873 was 3,306,923, while in 1885 we find the number of cultivated acres is 8,028,551, an increase of nearly five millions in twelve years. rtTLTIVATlON OI- THE HOU.. 115 ' Tho >ivf'ra<(o yiokl per aero i? not equal to that of Canada. This is parti}' to In* accounted for by the lack of rain tlirouf^li much of the year. Takint^ tlic whole country, I do not tliink the avei'aire acre is e(|ual in productive strt'iigth to that of Canaihi. There are portions of Victoria, however, especially in the south-west, whicli probably cannot be surpassed in the whole world for strength of soil. The continuous yield of that part of the colony is something enormous, and I dare say tlie sanie may be said of portions of other colonies. I am inclined to think, however, that the Canadian soil is much supe- rior, taking into account the whole territory. On the other liand, the mildness of the climate gives the Australian farmer the advantage in the longer ploughing season, enabling him to cultivate a much larger acreage, as there is no frost to interfere with his tillage The mode of farming in Australia differs very much from that of the Old World. A farmer with the aid of only one hired man, except for a few days in harvest time, can put in and harvest 200 or, in some instances, 300 acres in a season. As there is no necessity for housing stock, the straw is not gathered. The grain is taken by means of strippers, and the ploughing is largely done by gang ploughs. This will explain why 116 ATJSTRATJA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. it is that an average yield of six or seven bushels per acre pays expenses and yields a profit besides. The extensive fields of wheat as seen in Australia in October and Noveinlxir, reaching over the wide plains or undulating uplands, constitute one of the interesting sights of the country. The grain ripens the latter part of November and early part of December, and the rapidity with which it ripens in that dry climate taxes tne fullest capacity of the farmer and his family while the harvest opera- tions last. In 187'J Australasia produced 18| millions of bushels of wheat, and in 1885 the yield had risen to 32j millions. The yield of potatoes in the latter year amounted to 410,000 tons, and of hay, 1,064,000 tons. Hay an.i« THE (iOLD IMiODUCT OF AUSTRALASIA. Few counti'ies anywhere on the globe can present a better record of material prosj)erity. I nuist, how- ever, give the reaiU^r some account of that attractive element which brought, (»riginally, to these shores such vast nund)ers from the Old World. The production of gold in all the Australasian colo- nies, smce that metal was first discovered in 1851, down to 1888, is in round numbers 80.()()0,()00 ounces. THE GOL[) PROnrrT OF AUvSTHALASIA. 119 worth, say, £500,000,000 sterling, which, reckoned at $5 to the pound, would give us $1,500,000,000. Of this the mines in th(^ colony of Victoria have ])i-odiiced considerably more tluin one-half. Innnense nuggets have been found in past year'.. THK GOLD NUOliET, " WKLCOMK .STRANOER, Found near Dunolly, 18(59. Woiglil. 2,'HH ounces : value, abotit $.'tO,00(). some of them up(^n tlie sin-face. Above is a cut of a large one, which, like many others, has an interesting history. In many cases poor men, who have been reduced nn :! 120 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. almost to bo^jruiy aii)»e tv[» down front the outside into their drift. A cii'cus had come into the town, and most of the ujen had gone to the show. One preferred to remain and dig. There had been a heavy rain, which had washed everything within its reach pretty clean, and just as the man was i-eturning from the (ixcavation with his load of dirt, he notic(^\^ II 124 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. ■' ' (i BOTANICAL AND HORTICILTIRAL GARDENS. The Australians have shown conini('n(hi})lo spirit and (mtor])ris(' in the formation of botanical and hortic'ultni'al gardens. Thia-e is scarcely a town of any size which has not at least a botanical garden, and everywhei'c we went we found {)ul)lic parks set apai't and adorned with native and foreign trees and shi'uhbery. I think in tliis i-espcct the Australians outdo all peoph's whom I know. The-.e lines are written not so nnudi to praise as to, if ])()ssi])l(', stimulate others, hut especially Cana f ;M ' f ; :h 1 «iJ Ifco I :■ 1 iij ■■ ; MONUMENT TO UUIllUi /lHU WLUUi. :;l 1 ^ BUEKE AND WILLS, THE EXPLOBEliS. ^'^ HERE is a class of men who are generally more ^'H EKE IS a clai ^' deservinf police in Mellx)urne. Wills was the more ■mmitNi HMca 148 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. 1) '( ; t highly educated and literary man of the two, though both were spirited and full of the true ambition. As it had been suspected that there were parched sands and desert wastes through which they must pass to reach the northern coast, camels, twenty-seven in all, had been brought from India to carry through the desert the necessary stores. The expedition set out from Melbounu^ August 20th, 1860. They went north a few hundred miles to Cooper's Creek, where they halted for a little, and after consultation erected a station, and stored the greater part of their provisions. Leaving a sufficient number in charge of the stores, the leaders started with one or two others on their perilous and trying journey. The distance to be traversed was much greater, and required much more time, than had been calculated upon by either division of the party. The leaders pushed forward, however, till they succeeded in reaching the Gulf of Carpentaria. Long before they readied Coo]>er's Creek, on their return journey, their water and food supplies were done, and they themselves quite ready to die, not merely from hunger and thirst, but from fatigue, which was enough of itself to have overcome them, even if their supplies had been sufficient. They had beeii so long absent that the party in charge of the ' BURKE AND WILLS, THE EXPLORERS. 149 stores had quite given them up for lost, and hreakinf^ up their camp, they started south for Melbourne on the morniniij of the very day that the fciotson' and worn-out explorers returned to it. Seeing the word " DIG " cut into a tn^e, they duix down only to find a bottle with a paper enclosed, tell- incr them that the camp had be^n abandoned that very morning. Wills was too much exhausted to proceed further. Burke, accompanied by King, one of their exploring companions, attempted to reach the settlement further south. The third day Burke died. King returned to the old camp, where he found poor Wills had also succumbed. King succeeded in reaching friendly natives, who cared for his wants for many weeks, till he was able to make his way back to civilization, and make known the fate of his unfortunate leaders. To ((uote the words (jf Sir Henry Barkley, Governor of Victoria, " So fell two as gallant spirits as ever sacrificed their lives for the extension of science. Both men wer<> in jheir prime, and both resigned comfort and competency to embark in this worthy enterprise." A v/ell-executed statue of these brave men, of which the cut at the head of this chapter is a picture, erected / 150 AURTRAIJA AND THE AUSTRAMANS. by the citizens of Melbourne, stands in one of the most beautiful parts of that great and growing city. As the papers of the explorers were recovered, their work was a success, though it cost them so dearly. hi '■ lli ■ PERILS OF PIONEERING. SHAVE often in niv lioyhood listened to tales of adventure and hardship endured by the early pioneers of Canada, wher*^ frost and snow played a prominent part amon*^ the difficulties which our worthy fathers had to face. I doubt, however, whether anything in the history of trav^el or adventure could surpass the following narrative, which I received from the lips of our much- loved friends, whose names are given below. I never listened to anything more thrilling. If Canada, with her severe winters, has her way of trying the early settler, Australia also has hers. In North Queensland, where great sutiering must sometimes be endured from drought and heat, there are now and then in the winter season rains that remind one of the days of Noah and his Ark. Perhaps in no other country on this globe are there anywhere such rains as Queensland sometimes knows. The reader M'ill be interested in hearing what Messrs. Barber have to say about them in their de- scriptions of a journey of one hundred and seventy P I ' fl ( i ■ ' ■• 1 ' i fi; i; : . t t i I 152 ATTSTRAIJA AND THK AI^STHAMANS. miles, betwoon Rockhaiiipton and Onkoy Creek sta- tion, in North Qiioonsland, made hy Mr. and Mrs- G. P. Bai'lx'r Mnd Samuel Hailx'i'. on tlic occasion of their taking possession of a sheep station in that refTion :- MR. G. P. BARBER'S DESCRIPTION. We arrived at Rockhampton by steamer from Mel- bourne, Marcli 1 1th, 18G9. We had on board a new American express wag^^on, built for this journey. After much l)ar(ifaininak Downs, over unmade roads, bridge- less rivers, and a country infestetl 1)V bush rano-ers. We were warned against camping near the Deep Creek, where a notorious gang was lurking. Although in Queensland March is a part of the rainy season, at the time of our starting the weather was dry and the roads good, and there was no appearance of floods; but we had scarcely left Rockhampton when signs of a change were visible, and before reaching the Deep Creek, fifteen miles from town, the rain poured PERILS OF PIONEERING. 153 > down, as it only can in the tropics, making the soft black soil exceo(lin<:jly heavy to drag over, and great difficulty was cxpfMMenced in crossing the Deep Creek, as the opposite bank was very steep, soft and slipper}/ THIS IS MOW IT RAINS IN Qt'KENSI.ANU. from the wet. However, the top was reached, but the horses were by this time so fagged that we determined to unyoke for the night, hoping for better weather ou the morrow. 11 .! • ? 154 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. i' On one side of the track was a flat of some hundreds of acres, covered with native flax, growing in wild luxuriance eight feet high, and forming an ahnost impenetrable forest. On the other side of the track was a grassy slope, where we hoped our horses would be content. Having hobbled and belled them, we prepared our evening repast, which was eaten under difficulties, as the tropical rain still descended, W(!tting our clothes, and giving us discomfort on every side. However, we had light hearts, and made the best of everything, and soon endeavored to forget our troubles in sleep. My wife and I settled down inside the waggon, which was covered with a canvas tilt, while my l»rother Sam, finding it impracticable to pitch his tent in mud and water, crawled under the conveyance and, without imdressing, rolled himself up in his blanket, and thus sought rest from the cares of this lower world. His slumbers were but short, as the bells from the horses told us they were wandering, and had entered the forest of native flax ; so, hastening after them, and after floundering about in the darkness, and being drenched to the skin, he succeeded in bringing them back. The next morning showed no improvement in the weather, but we tried to proceed. Our horses were, however, unable to move the load, the wheels ¥ PERILS OF PIONEERING. 155 Itf'ing clogged with black clay, up to the axles. The rlay was spent in trying to l»uy anoth(;i' horse, which we succeeded in doing: hut the time was so far gone that we staytMl another night. On the morrow we dragged heavily along; the i-ain .still l.ing the rein of a bridle, we clung to the weak ))ough of an oak tree which was unsteadily swaging in the curnsnt. This refuge was very unsafe, and a better tree was descried some six or seven yards away. To reach tliis 1 swam, bearing up my wife, having her neckerchief in my teeth. My wife got under water several times, but the tree was reached, which, however, was found to be but little better than the first, and another tree was chosen as a safer refuge still further on. This swim was accomplished by the bridle rein being fas- tened one end around my wife's waist, and the other end round over my shoulder, my " l)etter half" float- ing behind. This was much more successful, and a strong oak was reached with a stout bough a little above water level. It was now six o'clock in the (.'vening, and the prospect w^is not cheering, there being only room for one on this bough. I climbed some twelve feet higher, and on another bough I spent the night. It might be thouglit that, in such a sorry plight, oui* feelings would be gloomy, but our youthful spirits and Briti.sh pluck were equal to the occasion, and although hungry and weary, with our lives in innui- nent peril, myself with only a sJiirt on, and wife with hat lost and clothrs bedraggled, we passed the night fll PERILS OF IMONEEKINQ. 159 )U1* 1-its ind ui- (th ht clinging to this oak, singing all the hymns ana songs we could remember to prevent us from falling asleep and dropping into the surging flood beneath us. During the night several thunderstorms passed over us, with drenching rain, but, strange to say, neither flood nor lightning flash caused us fear, and in early dawn we helc a council as to what was to be done. I oflered my wife an alternative, of being again strapped behind me while we swam for the shore, or being left on the tree while I swam ashore to get help to rescue her. Extreme danger lay in either plan. I might be lost, and never return with help, in which case my wife must remain on the tree to starve, or become exhausted and drop into the roaring torrent below us ; while, if we tried to swim together, it was very doubt- ful if my strength was equal to the task, as after starving and exposure, I felt in a very weak state. I was so cold that my teeth chattered as I talked, but one or the other plan must be faced, there was no escape from that. My wife elected to be strapped to her liege lord, and, seeing that tliis was in our honeymoon, it was most befitting, if we had so soon to die, that we should be tied together in the last struggle. But it pleased a kind Providence to order diflertntly. The strap was adjusted, and the moment for the final plunge arrived, m 160 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. a short prayer rose to Heaven, and we were again in the rushing tide. My first sensation was warmth and strength — the water being warmer than the night air so nourished my system that I felt like a giant in strength, and almost supernatural power was expe- rienced in dragging my young wife through the surg- ing river. A difficulty was seen ahead, for a sharp bend in the river had caused a whirlpool, which had excavated the bank, leaving a perpendicular wall some forty feet high. A glance into this whirlpool convinced me that to enter it would lib certain death, and the only escape lay in slightly stemming the tide, and landing higher up. This caused much extra exertion, and before reaching land my wife was pulled several times under water, which almost took away her hope of being saved. Providentially, she retained perfect presence of mind all through this trying ordeal, or in all proba- bility both would have met with a watery grave. Our landing-place was quite unknown to us, as the current had borne us, when in the canoe, beyond the junction of the Isaacs and the Mackenzie rivers. A dense scrub presented itself to us. My first thought was to find my brother, but, having passed the junc- tion this was impossible. We next struck into the scrub, hoping to find a track to the Columbra cattle PERILS OF PIONEERING. 161 '1^' lie lie A lit le station, but the sun became obscured, and with noth- ings to guide us, we were soon travelling over our own tracks, when I knew it was hopeless to proceed. I now regretted having left the river, and we sat down on a fallen log, for the lirst time feeling dispirited. After some time a glimpse of the sun was seen, and I at once took my bearings, and determined to return to the river, tliinking more succour was to be found there than in the dreaded Briglow scrub. We were soon rewarded by hearing the roar of the river through the trees. Numerous tortoises jumped into the river at our approach. We now travelled down the course of the river, hoping to find some signs of civilization along tlie banks, where cattle stations were generally to be found. Our course was slow and tedious : dense scrub had to be forced through, and several creeks too deep to ford were met with ; these had to be run up, and when shallow enough to cross, we passed over, and returned Inick to the river on the other side. A large lagoon was forded waist deep and then, to our delight, we saw a l)ush track, leading from the river to the scrul). Knowing that this must lead somewhere we followed it for two miles, when my wife was quite exhausted from fatigue and star- vation. A hill before us invited us onwards, and the bridle :|i to 4W 162 AUSTRALIA AND THK AUSTRALIANS. 1 t rein, which I still retained, was once more brought into re(|uisition — one end fastened round the wife's waist and the other over my shoulder, and in this style the hill was mounted, only to disappoint us, as from horizon to horizon was seen only one dense sea of scrub. The sight rry us across. They set to work with a will, and two days were occupied in felling a large tree, and hollow- ing a canoe from its trunk. This tedious work provM^l a failure, as the tree heing green, was not suffi- ciently buoyant; empty kegs were resorted to to make the craft more seaworthy, and after weaiy watching we saw my brother and the manager steer for our side, but, alas for all things human ! the middle of the stream was not reached when a sunken snag was struck, and over went the boat and occupants, both of whom were seen floundering in the water. A few minutes of suspense and they were seen nearing the bank they left, and were soon safely landed. Our friends, the bullock drivers, now ferried us across in a bark canoe. We were rather shy of so frail a craft after our recent experience, but the river was now compara- tively small, and no alternative offered. We now PKHILS OF PIONEERiNCJ. 1G7 repaired to the grog shanty and had what wo con- sidered a sumptuous repast, consisting of salt Junk and pumpkin, and a monster phun pudding. After this we mounted our steeds and I'ode tlurtv miles SKTTLKK S IKJMK. " Far in the wildorness obscure Tho lonely mansion lay, A rc)utj;o to tlio neighboring' poor, And stran>?ors led astray. " No stores benciath its humble thatch Required anxious care; The wicket openiiiK witli a latch Received tho loving pair." I : home. Considering my wife had been half-starved for a fortnight, and exposed to all the vicissitudes * •NH 168 AUSTRALIA AND THE AUSTRALIANS. jlil I before related, a ride of thirty miles without a rest, shows what a Victorian native can do. vSuch is the experience we passed through, and we now record our thanks to Almighty God for having almost miracu- lously rescued us from a watery grave, in the first instance, and secondly, by saving us from a worse fate of being lost in the Queensland bush. Many months afterwa. '^~ v i the river was dried to a chain of watei v^d, Wv. visited the scene of our peril, and found the tre upon which we clung all night ; tlie bough upon which we stood showed there had been thirty feet of water under us when we swam for our lives. We took a [)lank from the tree, which has been made into a casket bearing a silver plate giving its history, which we leave to our children as a memento of our perilous adventure on April 1st, 1869. MR. SAMUEL BARBER'S DESCRIPTION. It was on the 1st day of April, 1869, a tine morning, although at times cloudy. Our breakfast was none of the best, as our rations were running short, but being full of hope and youthful vigor, we were quite ready when the canoe was finished to make the attempt to cross the river. My brother had a small life-belt which we both thought he had better put on — he PEIUr.S OK PlUNEEIMNT.. 160 V)einate boats dare sai' Upon her patient breast, making their way With those of nobler bulk ! But let the rufPan Boreas ouee enrige The K«iitle Thetis, and anon behold The Htrong-ribb'd bark througii liquid niountaifiS cut. Bounding between the two moist elements Like Perseus' horse. Where's then the saucy boat Whose weak untimber'd sides but even now Co-rival 'd grcntni'^s? Either to harbor fled Or made a toast for Neptune." —Shakexjiean:. 1 MOHAMMEDAN SAILORS. 199 M* his mouth, and then proceeds to mix up another, all eating from the same dish. Only the right hand is used in conveying food to the mouth. They have with them a priest, or at least one who does the work of a priest, and Mohammedan prayers are read in the forecastle each evening at sundown. "'!' READING THE KORAN. I understand that one reason why the company employ these men is because they are all, by their religion, pledged teetotallers, and never give the officers of the ship any tremble by those undis- ciplinary pranks which usually grow (jut of grog- drinking. They have among them " headmen," or })Osses, who 200 AUSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. I' i t if ill . have chains about thoir necks to which whistles are attached ; and when one of these 1 aref ooted officials has occasion to pipe up his men to lower oi put up a sail, h(^ makes you feel the exalted dignit}' of his position Ijy the sublime way in which he blows his whistle. If vou are readinir or writintr or conversinii", you are often made to experience, with Dr. Franklin, that " you have to pay dear for the whistle." Our watches at sea, as we [)ass from one degree of longitude to another, are something like the clock of that man who said of it, that when the liour hand was at nine, and the minute hand at eleven, and it struck four, then he knew it was exactly half-past three. It is useless to try to set them right, when we are steering east or west. One must leam to trust entirely to the ship's bells, which toll out in half-hour strokes the progress of the watches into which the day and night are divided. Through the night it is pleasant to hear the men on the watch cry out and respond to each other. I suppose; the rule is so made that the officer in command, thiough that w^atch, may know that his men are awake and on the look-out. When the bell strikes, the watchman on the main bridge cries out in a kind of chant, " Ky-ah dek-tah hai ?" — (What do you see /) The man on the forward bridge FLYING-FISH. 201 are ials up his 1 his sing, klin, ee ot* ck of hand find it If-past en we ) trust If-hour •h the |\e men lier. 1 leer in at his 'M bell ;ies out .(What bridge responds, in a long drawn-out note, " Kootchnai." — (I see nothing). Then the quartermaster, also on the forward bridge, in Engli.sh, with a fuller, rounder and louder kuy, announces that " All's well !" — and so on, at every half-hour of th(^ night, if you should happen to be awake, you may know that faithful men are at their posts, guiding your ship through the darkness on her way to your desired haven. What small events relieve the monotony of a lands- man's life at sea. To meet a ship is a wonderful sight after looking for a week or a fortnight at the wide waste of waters ; a whale, a school of porpoises, a whole flock of flying-fish, startled into the air by the rude intrusion of our huge leviathan, ploughing sans cei'enionie right in among them. Sometimes these little creatures, when once out of the water, will fly straight for the lights of the ship. One came on board a few evenings ago. It fell on the deck, and one of the stewards brought it into the dining-saloon for us to look at. I have seen them in thousands in various parts of the Pacific Ocean, but never thought them so large. This one was quite a foot in length, nnd would weigh not less than a pound. Its wings were about half the size of a lady's fan. Well, well, what next ? Here's something more exciting. All's well that ends well, and so, I suppude, I \ ) AUSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. we can afford to he jocular over what mi^ht have heen serious. If fislics jump into the shij), men, to be even with them, som«'times jumj) into the sea. " Man overboard!" All hands lush to the deck. The ship is stopped, eiiuiiu's reversed, buoys thrown out, boats lowered. " Pull away, boys, to the eastward, half a mile astern : follow th<' track of the shi])." B'ortunately it is a lovely morning. There is just enough swell to give a graceful motion to the boat gone out in search. All opera-glasses are in requisi- tion ; all ey(3s scan the surface of the water. " There ho is! See, the boat is pulling .straiglit for him." Five minutes later up goes an oar, like a mast to the boat, a signal that they have him. When he is safe on board again, we can ask, Who is he ? and how came he off the ship i " kSo ho, my lad, so ho!" One of the African black fellows, who h;is given the officers a good deal of trouble before, now, rather than work, plays " sick." When the doctor reports that he can find nothing the matter with him, he is ordered by the bo.ss with the whistle to go to work ; and, in a tit of passion, he pops over. However, a man in new circumstances and cold water sometimes changes his mind, and my jolly tar no sooner reaches the surface, after his plunge, than "MAN OVERBOARD!' 203 en en an tiip )ats if a just boat [uisi- ihere him." ^o the safe how he wishes himself hack on the ship. When the boat gets near him he is shouting like a good fellow, anri swimming for dear life. H(^ now weareth a chain. When we reach Colombo (Ceylon) he will be relieved from the difficulties and dangers of thr, ocean and allowed to do a little work for the benefit of the State and for his board — simply to teach him that insub- ordination at sea is a game whicli cannot \)v played with impunity. We have just crossed the equator foi- tin; secon V M O > < ai d. O M a o H ?; o EDUCATION IN CEYLON. 209 I niedans, 20(),()()() ; Protestants, sonunvluMv inuler 100,000. There are in all al.out 2.S.O0O Wesleyan adherents; of these alioiit .'),()00 are conununicants. There are in loun;! nunihers hS.OOO scholars in the Wesleyan schools ANOTlIEIi MUDK UK TKAVKLLINCi IN CKYLON. There is a Wesleyan College, over which the Rev. T. Mosci'op presides, in which there are 300 pupils, (iO pel' cent, of whom are Christian. The Mohammedans who take advantat^e of the Wesleyan College attend tlie daily prayers with the others. Mr. Moscrop tells me, that although it is impossible to get the Mohanninedans into any other place of worship (so 210 AUSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. I'i called), yet the-}' will listen witli attention to what may be said u])on the street. In a climate like that of Ceylon, out-door preaching' might be the rule quite easily. Ht if is a glui'ious field for evangelistic work. The iie\ . John Seott is tile CJhaii'man uf the Colombo District. He superinttner of conversions from Buddhism dur- ing the past year was lift}', and nine from Hindooism. The total nund)er of pages of Scripture, religious and school books and tracts, printed in 1880, is 8,050,307. The report says that in the official list of publications issued by (jovernment, the W^esleyan press coutinu(?s f SUCCESSFUL WORK. 211 s s to take thf lead in vernacular literature. I had the good lortuno to form the acquaintance of the Rev. S. Langdon, the Chairman of the Kandy District. Mr. LiiTiiidon is doinii' a ii'rand work in the interior. He is conductini; his woi'k more on tin.' (.'vani>«'listic principle. All these dear hi-ethern seem to lu' men whose hearts are thoroughly in their work — a uork which God is 1)lessing. 0 that they may yet see still more abundant fruit of their labors. Very n.'arly :i,000,0()() of peopk- in Ceylon: of the.se 27o,000 are nominally ( hristian. Unfortunately a large number of those called Christians are hardly removed a hand-breadth above the Buddhist. If 1 were going to t'ore in all these lands. They havt; opened the way. May we not enter into tlieir labors with more of tlieir zeal, that we may I'eap wheiv they have sown, that hy-aiid-hye, in th(; l)lc!ssed harvest-home, the sowers and the reapers may rejoice together. The first newspaper I got hold of had an article and a letter complaining oF the increase of crime. I asked Mr. Scott if the increased use of intoxicants among the natives had anything to do with it, and his reply was that which we hear these times everywhere, viz., " Alcohol is the direct cause of more than half the crime known amonyf us." This evil must he fouixht with greater earnestness. Of all the means the devil has ever invented for destroying the bodies and the souls of men, this is the most effective. These enemies and slaui^hterers of mankind — the makers and ven- dors of intoxicating beverages — nmst have no (juai'ter. This is a holy war, and must be fought in the name of God. There are many things more I wished to write about Ceylon, but nmst defer theui. The sea to-day is as smooth as a Hoor. We have now come very PLEASANT SATTJNG. 213 nearly six thousand miles, and all the way we have had most delightful weather. I have written, all told nearly two hiuulred pages of ordinary sized scribhlinJ book. " InuiAxV Ockan, Jauiinry /Sfh, /,sVs',S'. u ii I I ( iili FOURTH LETTER. It t; J ill I M X?; Tf'^HOUGH our ship is plouu^hintr throiip^h the waves of the Arabian Sea, my thoughts go l»ack to that ishmd of spices which good Bisliop Heher has set so many people singing about. I feel that there is very much more to be said about it than I liave time to write now, or you have space to print. I said in my last letter that Ceylon may be regarded as the central point from which Buddhism has spread so largely over Asia. I believe it may be made the cen- tral point for the wider spread of Christianity. Mr. Moscrop tells me that they are able to secure Christian teachers for all the children in their schools, which cannot be done in India. This is a most im- portant feature, the percentage of conversion to Chris- tianity of the better class of the people being much larger in Ceylon than on the continent of Asia. The percentage of Christians to the whole popula- tion of the island is quite ten times, that of India. Ceylon being the classic land of Buildhism, its down- fall here would influence a vast proportion of the O. FOR MORE TJOHT ! 215 human race in Biirnnah, Siani and China. Arnold, in his " Lipjht of Asin," crlvos us these lines : — " We Jire the voices of the wiin(lerin<; winrl. Which mo;vn for rest, and rest can never finrl. Lo I as the wind is, so is mortal life, A moan, a sit^li, a sob. a storm, a strife. " O Maya's son! because we roam the earth. Moan we upon these strings, we make no mirth ; So many woes we see in many lands, So many streaming ej^es and wringing hands. " But Thou that art to save, Thine hour is nigh I The sad world waileth in its misery. The blind world stmnbleth on its round of pain. Rise, Maya's child I wake I slumber not again." These lands must ho tilled with li<:]jht. So far there are hut faint rays. The .sun is not yet fully risen, much less reached the meridian. We who know the truth may do much more than we are doing to roll this our poor earth with increasing speed towards the Sun of the soul. Much might be done to spread the light by the formation of Christian bands for evanixelistic tours round the world, for the purpose of strengthening the hands of pioneer brethren who sometimes grow weary in their heavy and responsible labor.s. How glad I '■i Mn 216 AUSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. shall be to join a company of earnest souls for such a work as this. O ! let us hasten to " preach the Gospel to every creature." The time is short. We look for a little at those factors which are at work in the direction of bi-ingiui;' Ceylon to Christ. The opening of the Suez Canal has ten li The sun burst forth again, and one of the most beautiful rainbows I have ever seen was thrown by that same Hand that wrote the law, right across those hills where in olden days He came down to talk to man. O blessed bow of promise ! O covenant of MOSES RECEIVING THE LAW. grace ! O Thou most merciful, teach us Thy law and write it on our hearts. We dropped anchor in Suez harbor at 11 p.m. (27th), and went ashore at six o'clock next morning. Of all the dilapidated places on earth, this poor old town is lili. I ' and ■ n i PLOrOHIXr. IN EGYPT. ^mper rndnn. ^^ SUEZ, TEI.-EL-KKRIll AND <*AIR<). 235 chiut". Tliorc ai't; e\'itlt'ii^c.s of t'unurr lit'i- fi:iil jiL'ti\ity, but the docks and stoj-cliouses arc nearly all in ruins. Prior to tlic openinir of the canal, tliis was the threat eni})oriujn foi- all i^oods from the East foi- shipment up the Mediterranean. From hen- in the olden tin)es camel-trains, miles in leniitli, did the work now done much more (juickly l)y the railway and the canal. We spent some hours looking- jihout this poor old town. Tf I must nea proper. Wliatever .some ex])lorers may think, I am thoroughly convinced that the crossing was at Suez. In going to Cairo hy train, we ran all along the south shoi-e of the Bitter Lakes. Nowhere along these shore:- uld it l)e said that the Hehrews were thoroUi^ / henuned in, until they wei-e dri\'en - far east as Suez. Theiv tlu'y nnist stop, for the >fty range of hills, extending hack from the hold proni> n- tory, called hy the sailoi's Mount Attaka, standing right out in the sea, would (juite prevent their mov- ino' any farther in that direction. If we look at the aiul iiuw pinioned flat Has hob-nobbed with Pharaoh glass to kIhss. Or dropped a penny in Oh! Homers hat, Or doffed thine own to hit Queen Dido pa«B." Ill I mi L; wh Mm b f AGES LONG PAST. 23D We saw alonj^ the railway scores of water-wheels, tiinied by covvo or oxen, for ii-rigatiiin; purposes, pre- cisely as they are represented to have been in the ages long past; and there, too, are the wooden ploughs with no improvement whatever in 3,000 year^. ^^'^^^^^^c^ '^ 'C^/Wv:^ -^a»i wpy^ -■z-- z-''--*Si jr'.wi;>BK-7^ „- / ,/f r TUE I'YItAMIDS AND UIVEH NILE. We went, of course, to see the Pyramids and the Sphinx. T(» mi' the must remarkalilr tilings about those ruins are the innnensc stouts in the temple of the Sphinx These stones have Ix'en quarried out 240 AUSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. I • ■ f W n I ■ many miles away, and on the other side of the Nile. How they were brouglit and put in tlieir present posi- tion is a mystery to all who see tliem. How insisj^nificjint is man's mightiest effort 1 This temple, once tlie ohjeet of royal and j)riiieely admira- ticm, for hundreds of 3'ears has lain buried beneath nearly f :)rty feet of sand. Cairo, from which the jireat Pvrarr.id is nine miles away, is a city of about .'ioO.OOO inhabitants. There are s gns of new life and activity. Of late there have been a yreat many new buildinn's erected, some of which are very tine. The American Presbyterians have in Cairo a tiouvish- ing mission. I addresscnl a Temperance meeting on Saturday night nndei* the auspices of a major of the British regiment stationea than ij;]it thou- vs winter, ind Adri- • hts witb- ,)nsoners; 'St. i(Utierence is of these ries. it know not Bonieway, ll most for rUouc^h we shall not cnw in that day those who shall ho more gloriously crowiu'd than we, yet we shall reii^ret then that we had not sufiered nunc tor Him Iutc, that we miffht with lliiii and with thonj In; moi-c ahundantlv gl TiiK .\rriAN WAV. 'I and fruitful hranches. Though thousands of those we saw iiHist liave hi'en of great age, we saw none dead. 1 noticed particularly that thi^ tree tlourished in thin and rocky soi^ where almost all other fruit- producing trees vrould certainly fail. What the vvheat J AN OTJ) SMOKER. 253 "V very - inlaiul. oTOves. \arkable. tret' had ,he livmy; w ids <>V thost' [,> saw none ,> tlouvished other fruit- Lt the wheat crop is to Canadians the olive crop is to the inhabi- tants of Sonthci-n Italy. It was near 1 I |>.iii. wlu ii we reached the Hotel (hi Vesue : " Napoli " (re), boi- two oi- three miles back we kept a shai'p look-out f'oi" old Vesuvius, hut the iiijTjht was unfavorable to oui' doini;' more than seeing the dim (outlines of that \enerable smoker. When w<' lookecl out of our hotel wimlow the next morning, how(;ver, we saw the mountain in all its* i»:lorv, with o-reat volumes of smoke and steam, like a majestic cloud, slowly I'olling from the crater over the sides and ott' into s])ace. The mountain is so lofty and its lines so shar|) that you imagine it, at the farthest, less than two miles (Vom you, while it is in reality nine. Vesuvius never lays down his ))ipe for one moment he is such an inveterate smoker. It is only once in a long while, hou'ex'er, thiit he cleans out his pipe. Friends in Naples told us that some twenty-tive years ago, or thereabouts, the fall of soot and ashes in Naples was so great tlu' ])eo])le had to use und)rellas to protect themselves. Remendiering the fate of Pompeii, all those dwelling near feel a degree nervous when these indications show that the mountain is rather more disturbed than usual. We visited the ruins of Pompeii, of which so much 254 AUSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. has been written that one hardly feels like dwelling at length upon it in a lettei' like this. However, as excavations are still l?oing on, there is some newness to the theme at any date. Only quite recently the work- men found a house in which a lady of weahh had evi- dently dwelt. She had husied herself with gathering together her sihei- plate for the purpose of hearing it with her in her HiLiht with others from the storm of •hre, but she was too late. Her treasures held her till flight was impossible, and slie was buried with hun- dreds of her neighbors beneath the ruinous eruptions of the volcano. These ruins reveal wealth, relini-ment, art, taste, in- telligence, which impress the traveller with astonish- ment. We were much surprised at the durability of the colors used in painting. There ai-e pictures on the walls of Pompeian ruins which are just as l)right apparently as when Hrst put on. Tliey certainly had a better art of making durable pictures than is known in modern tinies. But, alas for them! The very duia- l)ility of their pictures reveals to us their voluptuous and adulterous wickedness, by reason of wliich they were destroyed like the w^retclied dwellers in Sodom and Gomorrah. There are to this day pictures so obscene, and yet so legible, that the rooms containing tJiem aro constaiUly locked, only to be opened by the PUTEOLI AND SAL FATARA. 255 veiling }ver, as rness to e work- im«l t'vi- athoring taring it storm of 1 lu'V till 'ith hun- eruptions 1. taste, in- asi-onish- ability of ictures on as l)rigVit tainly luid I is known very tlnia- voluptuous hich they ; in Soelom pictures so containing lod by the guide to men who would look upon them merely with sorrow, and draw from tliein solemn lessons. The terrible overthrow of this wicked city and the pictures and inscriptions upcm the walls alike testify, " Be sure your sins will find you out." We vizited Puzzoli, al»aut seven miles in the oppo- site direction from Naples. This is the spot where Paul landed on Italian soil, and found brethren who desired him to tarry with them for a week. (See Acts xxviii. 13, 14.) While at Puzzoli (Puteoli) wc walked up the hill over a portion of the Appian way to tied fatara (sul- phur springs), where was, in ancient times, an exten- sive crater, apparently part of the Vesuvian sys- tem. From an opening into the earth at the side of the old crater smoke and steam roll forth inces- santly. One hundred yards away from the opening the guide picked up a handful of sand and passed it to us. It was too hot to hold loniicr than for a moment. A stone of ten pounds in weight, lifted above the head and thrown (piiekly upon the ground, tells you that you are standing upon the top of a iiery oven, which may possibly cave in with disaster to some travellers. However, we nuist travel, evctn though there may be danger, always trusting in the r.or{' an el(j(|uent orator is almost )1( the eh almost as pleasant as tne cnnnniij^ or oeiis. une can listen with deliijfht to an orator like Rai'i'liiante, even when not understanding his words. In the great reform which is slowly heing worked out in Italy this good brother has borne a noble part. At the beginning of the reform movement, ten thou- sand priests jointly protestecl against the continuance of the temporal (Papal) ])()vvei-. The time was apparently not yet ripe for their action. Their move- ment as an organization gradually failed, \'or the Pope and his conservative adherents were as yet too stronsr for the })rotestants. From the ruins of this organization aro.se another somewhat similar, thou*"!! reallv more advanced in sentiment. This not only protested again.st the t<'m- poral powei', but also protested against obligatory confession ; a minst the u.se of the Latin lanuuatre in the church service, etc. Some of the mend)ei'S also strongly favored the putting of the Bible into the hands of the people. Vi I : ' 'I; 258 AUSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. The Government sided with the reformers. When they were silenced ])y the Pope, and suspended from their functions as priests, the Government appointed some of them to civil oflices, and in various other ways assisted them, hut there came an hour when the Government somewhat relaxed its policy and decided as far as possible to conciliate the Papacy. Then these reformers found themselves between two stools, and of course came to the ground. Some of them recanted, repented, and retunied forgiven to their loving father the Pope, but Ragghiante would not yield. Not only too spirited and manly was he to turn to the Pope for forgiveness, but he had been con- scientious in all that he had done. For a time the way was dark for him. To cast off all churchism and become a simple preacher of Christ; without any of that loud-sounding and showy ritual to which he had been trained, was too much for him. God by His Spirit wrought on this noble mind, however, until he was led to see the full simplicity of the Gospel, and he applied to Mr. Jones (with whom he had often conversed, but witli whom he could not agree at the first respecting this simplicity of preaching Christ) and he was accepted as a Wesleyan preaclier, and lie is, as I have intimated, a teacher that ncedeth SALVATORE RAGOHIANTE 259 not to be a»ha,nod, rightly dividing the Word of truth In my next I shall notice at greater leu.th the growmg d.vergence between the Italian peopleand the London, England, March loth, 1SS8. #■ |i- !^ |i- a ' ■ Si I I ir it '. ' • s 1 ■: f I- ■ ^ J EIGHTH LETTEE. E visit('(l our (li\'isioii of the Catacombs ot* Rome *^^''' wlu'i-c, it is said, one million of persons were l»ni'i('(l, neai'ly a liunfli'dl tliousand of wliom died vio- lent deaths, beinij,' slain l>y the ciuel iiand of persecu- tion,— "overcame hy the l)]ood of the Lamh, antl l»y the woi'd of tludr testimony, loviniT not their lives unto the death/' Many thousands of these were killed in the Cataconihs, whither they had fled from the soldiers. In the Sistine chapel we saw the famous picture of the " Last Judij^ment," in which Michael Angelo repre- sents a cardinal, who had offended him, in hell with a pair of horns on his head. When the cardinal saw the ])icture he went to tho l^)|)e and told him that the threat painter had |)ut him with the lost in hell, and asked the Pope t(i use his influence with Angelo to take him from that part of the picture and put him somewhere else. I think, very likely, tiie cardinal was no greater favorite with the Pope than he was with Angelo, so he was told that if he was in hell his HolinevSS could CATACUMIiS. 201 do notliinj^ t'oi" him, as his "jurisdiction rxtrndod only to purgatory." So tlicrc is the poor cardinal to this day, with his horns and his horrois forever. - 7^ tV^^ .^''1 V !• ENTRANCE To CATAIJOMBS. Iter so bid It is well for him if lie is tlio"!' only in a ))icture. I am afraid some of his brethren have not come o'l so well. The Sistine chapel is a \von-^ -■ i-: *s>;; fc mm .__^ **-»v A CIIAMUER IN TIIK ROMAN CATACOMBS. painter, civil engineer and architect, all in one. How one man could design all that is attribute*! to his inventive genius is more than any ordinary mortal can conceive, to say nothing of the time expended in MICHAEL ANGELO. 263 4 o\v Ihis |-tal in executing his designs. He must have had many per- sons working under his supervision and direction. I presume the amount of thouglit hrouglit to hear upon tlie vihintia.' of a picture such as any one of those upon tlic ceiling or walls of this celebrated chapel, must be (juite eijual to, if not surpassing, that of a well-wrought-up poem upon tlie same subject — chaos, order, light and darkness, the work of the six days; Adam and Eve, the temptation, the fall, the expulsion, the flood, and so on to the great finale, the last Judgment—all wrought out with such attention, not only to the chief persons or figures in tlu^ plot, but to all minoi* parts, revealing an intimate kiiowh ' enrolh^d with the lonjj I •a AH upon \uced i most rse ^v>^^ rUt star tiuisUetl oood oUl (a«l vipon I,. n\aster saw Viis Is want oi he swept uldea the |t, and no niodesty. the Ion?; THE PANTHEON. 205 list of Italian artists, amonn^ whom ho ntio iininy places, rliat I attaeli little wei'jlit to sneh statements. 1 am glad to see evidences of ])rosi>i'i-ity, and lio])c it may ])rove ])ei-nianent, now that Rouif and Italy are hursting away from a yoke of homla^e wliich in past ages lias l)een grievous to be hoi'ne. I u VoKK, Kn<;lani), April. IS8S, I to those There ilcl thai , Ijefore Lnd thrtt e lieard ch little vidences •inanent, ^- from a urievous if ARCH OF TITUS. NINTH LETTEE. E are still at the ancient capital of the world. Here is abundant evidence that the Romans were once rich, powerful, and happy, as worldly things go. These ruins bear testimony on every hand. The Arch of Constantine talks to us still of mighty victories. The Arch of Titus, in its bas-reliefs, tells us of Roman power and of Hebrew huniiliation. The very stone talks to us of God's justice and impartiality, sparing not even His own when they provoked His wrath by their repeated sins. Just as we were entering the Museum on the Palatine Hill we were surprised very agreeably by our nmsical son from Paris coming on us suddenly, and askinu: if we were in want of a guide. After being .so long and so widely separate* 1, the meeting for a little rol»be.. fi. . ^^' Killed toj the mere ainuseiiient ot those who lookeetween tlio N'atican and Oiristianitv. For this he is called to account l»y the I^)p(' and thr Council. He sincerely I'cpcnts, promisinij hereafter to 1h' a ^ood and dutiful child; hut the hook is outand shrewd men have well noted and mai'ked its contents, even if its title he written down in the Judex Expur;L(atoriu.s. His repentance is so jS^enuine tliat the kind, merciful priest (the true pattern foi- all Christians) who sits upon the papal chair, fori^ives his ])enitent child, and so Ciirci is frtM', and so fret' that he soon comes out with another hoolc (piite as had as its predecessors. Attain he is taken to task and again he repents, with such genuine earnestness {ale snnpcr Jesuitry) that he is once more forgiven ; Init the l)ook is out, and shrewd men have noted and marked its contents. At this moment, people in Italy are looking for still another book from Curci's facile pen. To many in Italy, Curci is a puzzle. They know not what to make of him. Some even think him a Pi-otestant who has chosen this way to get his views into the minds of Italians. I do not think that any one ought to be long puzzled respecting this lively-minded priest. It is simply a hard-fo\ight battle between truth and error in a singfle mind. Poor Galileo w^as himself an example. I have no doubt that great man, for the moment, thought perhaps he was wrong. No .sooner, I 276 AUSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. I however, does he bef^in to entertain the wrong^than out Hashes again, like the lightning at midnight, the revelations of truth, and he cannot long resist them, be the conse(juences what they niay. Curci, like Gari- baldi, is a sign of the times in Italy. While we were at Naples, Bovio, one of the mem- bers of the House of Deputies at Rome, denounced in strong language tlu' iiiHueuce of the priests in the schools. He was loudly applauded. Bovio and the applause are a sign of the times. The Mayor of Rome, who, it seems, has liis appoint- ment from the (government, and is, I believe, also a member of the (ioverinnent, in a very clever and eloquent address congratulated the Pope on the occasion of his jubilee as a priest. In doing so, how- ever, he went a little too far, and said things in refer- ence to the present relationship between the Vatican and the Italians which he should not have said. Premier Crispi sent for him, and after showing him that he had very imprudently compromised the Government by his address, urged him to resign. The Mayor refused. Crispi called his colleagues together, conferred with them and then went with them to the King, to whom he explained all that had taken place. The upshot was that his Worship was dismissed from office, because he seemed to think more of his " papa " POOH "PAPA" POPK. 277 than of his sovoivi..]! Tu:^ .,i,^ • times. 'h,s«l,so,s n s.^n of the . y^;/^'""'' "'^'^ --''•' --'ly like to I., .,,^ Cathohe, wrote to the Fo,)o to a.k if I , , • , ., '" to asK It he Won ( aoeenf 'M"'>''<'<' p^-«>«ent froM, hop h-i,„l 'H ' .1 , '■ ''"' '"iswrr she o-ot zr:;, ■'"""' - "iiii.. .. ..cvr y-.nav. 8,.,.i„, ,„.„.,„„,, , iv„ ,„„„,;,: \,^ of ItHlv ri . , ■ tl"-..nKlio„t til,, whole '';•';" 'V'"' 'i"f"-,.w,..t ,,,;,.t,,„,. ';:'"' I"; ^l-ll not." wm, tl„.,„ t,„. ,,K„,„, „. luly t,.,„„ tl„. \ atie,u, i., c.,„„p,„te ,.„, fo.,.v«.. Hl..V(KI!|TKN, Aj„i/, /.S',V,V. k.'wi^"'' '•'"'•wwsssaw?' IMAGE kVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 i.l m IM ^ US, m *5G M Z2 2.0 li.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► I * <^ /}. A '<5, c; e),. 'm 0% ^N W . '^.i^ V'' ''•'^'S^ A f ■'// V A O 7 Phot graphic Sciences Corporation ^V %' •i)"- 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 \T\f>) S72-4503 ■ ? TENTH LETTEK. INCE leaving Montreal I have; preached the Gos- pel in America, Australia, Asia, Africa, and Europe. Surely I also can say, " The world is my parish." If yoa look at the names of all the great continents of the world, you will see that four out of the five begin with A and end with A. Curious, isn't it ? And all the more so, when we consider that there could have been no agreement between parties that it should be so. Again, this Europe of ours is the only one of the five which bristles all over with bayonets. I have re- christened her " Arm-mad- ia," or for short, ".\rmadia," and so have perfected the alliteration, initial and final. Whether in her wisdom she will b^ pleased to accept the new name, I have my doubts. When she is going to set aside its signification, I know not. 1 only know it is high time that she did. I preached in the Presbyt(;rian Church, Florence, for Rev. Mr. McDougall. This mission premises was once the most respectable and popular hotel in liow lice, lises in GREAT FLORENTINES. 279 Florence, or even Italy. The paintings upon the ceilings were done by the great Angelo. Here Napoleon I. and Sir Walter Scott have been guests. Mr. McDougall had a hard struggle to gain a foothold, and had in tlie origin of his mission to venture by faith, single-handed ; his efforts have been successful, and his mission is now one of the permanent institu- tions of this retined and beautiful city, this birthplace of so many distinguished men, • We visited Santa Croce, the Westminster Abbey of Florence, where we saw the tombs of Machiavelli, Michael Angelo, Galileo, and Dante, though, strictly speaking, this last of the four is not a tomb, for Ravenna, where he died, retains the sacred dust of this great Florentine. There the inscriptitm is " Hie claudor Dantes, patriis extorris ah oris." — " Here am I, Dante, laid, shut out from tuy native shores." Poor Dante ! May we not rather say, after all, poor Floren- tines of that day, who could not appreciate this noble soul. Banished ! Driven out by a political party who had outnumbered and outwitted him, his property confiscated ; an awful decree pursuing him day by day, " Wheresoever caught to be burnt alive." When afterward the magistrates tried to induce him to return, on condition of his apologising and paying a 280 AUSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. t i < i : I u » fine, his lofty spirit, suffering much with its keen con- sciousness of most unjust and cruel treatment, replies, " If I cannot return without calling myself guilty, I will never return." Is it not very remarkable that all the greatest bless- ings have come to humanity l)y way of the cross ? " Crucify him ! " or words implying the same, has been a conniion cry in all ages resptctiiifi' tho>e who liave carried in their being great thou-hts and principles which the world sadh^ needed — blessings which can come to us apparently' only by means of the Roman soldiers spear, SmitliHeld tires, the clanking chains of the Lollard's tower, the bolts and bars of the Bedford jail, or banishments and burnings. Poor Dante ! " We will complain of nothing," says Thomas Car- lyle. "A nobler destiny was appointed for him. Tht- great soul of Dante, homeless on e;irth, made its home more and more in that awful other world. His thoughts brooded (jn that as the one fact important .for him. Florence he might never see ; but hell, heaven, eternity, he would surely see. What is Flor- ence, and the world, and life, altogether, compared with these ? Had all gone right with him (in a worldly sense) he might have been Prior, Podesta, or whatsoever they call it ; or Florence might have had 1 A PORTAL OF PARADISE. 281 another prosperous Lord Mayor, and the world would never ave had that most remarkable of all mode™ books, the Divhia Comedia ! " Not less illustrous are the names of those whom I have mentioned as antombed in this old church. Not fa oft ,s the tower of Galileo, whence the great astronomer „,ade his observations which led the pious sons of. Mother Church" to cry out also concerning h.n>, Cructy him." Here, too, was bom and buried that dlustrous man who gave his nan.e to -Anierica » CVhT"; "" r""'""'' "*■ "^" '"^^'y "''y '« the • aduured by M.chael Angelo, was taken by hin, as his nodel for that of St. Peters at Kome. Very near is the Baptistery, with its beautiful bronze doors with earvngs and figures to represent great sciptural events. The principal one is so perfect and so beauti- ful as a work of art that Angelo declared it worthy to be a portal of Paradise. K.om the Palazzo Vecchio and Ufizzi Gallery we cro.ssed the River Amo by a covered walk, above the bndge, to the Pitti Palace. There are literally thou- sands of paintings, some done by m, n whose names are well known, and many by those of lesser talent. 282 AUSTRALIA AND HOMKWAllD. Some havi' Ihmmi prodnced liy imbii of remarkable genius, whose piety was as intense as their love of art. Fra Angelica, whose paintings here anson tells me that in their little chapel, at St. Cloud, thev liave conversions nearlv evei'V niirht, as the result ot* vi.sitini;" the homes of tlw people dur- inv: the dav. How Christiaii souls must covet cities so beautiful as Paris, and countries so beautiful as Fivince, foi" the Saviour. Much must vet be done to biini]^ this about. Just now there is a considerable stir over the Boulanu'er afiair. There can be no doubt the General is popular with his army. He is supposed to aim at being President and by-and-by Dictator. He is said to have the blootl of the Napoleons in his veins, as he evi ti.-e days they will p,,,pose to balloon it, and then when everything has be... suggested they will fall back on the ti.ne-honored custon. of boating it, even if It does st,r up the bile of the restless traveller. BtLFAST, IkkLaNI,, .V.,y ^4//,, /.IS/j, i! f •> ^m TWELFTH LETTEE— LONDON. ,NCE more in the City — the great city of London, or, as the rough countryman calls it, " Lun'un." This great centre of British connnerce, civilization and ])ower is not to be measured as we measure other places. To them we by-and-l»y get accustomed — we know all their streets ; we tind out every " nook and cranny." With all objects of interest — " the sights " — we are very familiar, but who can so speak of Lutiuii ? I remember when wife and I first landed in the great city, our objective point was Shoot-up-Hill, Brondes- bury. We landed at King's Cross. We asked direc- tion of the employees at the station. " Brotide.sbury, Brondesbury. I seiy. Bill, wares Brondesbury i* " As for Shoot-up-Hill, I might as well have asked him for some cross-roads in Timbuctoo. However, after a little we descended to those lower regions where, amidst clanking of chains and sulphurous fumes and darkness, and terrible din, we come by the under- ground railway to Brondesbury, in the north, and go NEARNESS BEGETS INDIFFERENCE. 293 :^ONDON, Lun'un." ilization Lre other lied— we look and — we are n'U7i ? I the great Brondes- :e H()MK\V.Vl!h. whom the i2^r»';it philatitliropist's soul midI inoiU'V went. This s])()t is anioii'j; those ln'st Unowii in Lniidon as a j^reat centre to which luiiidreds of 'huses nm tlailv. From tin's point \'ou are at no loss i'ny a ('oM\-e\'anc<' ri ST. PAUI, S '.'ATIIKDRAL, to ahnost any part of the city, and it is very wonder- ful how cheaply yon can travel in London as soon as yon become familiar with the 'bus lines. I think we will go down to the other side of the square, and look for a moment at the Mansion House, HOLHORX VIADUCT. 299 • WtMlt. (Ion as daily. evanc*' ..I wonder- Isoon as I of the House, ■; ■5 which is at the disposal of the Lord Mayor for the year he holds the office, whoever he may he. We will, I think, walk along Cheapside, which, of course, is the (/en rest place in all "Lun'un": and (nit of Chea])sidr into St. Paul's Churchyard, as we want to see the greatest Protestant catlu'dral in the world. We can- not stop long, as we are on an ex]>loring expedition rather than si^dit-seeinu". \Vc turn Itack into Newo-nte 8t'*ee\ and, if you like, turn into Paternoster Row, and, afterwards, also the Square, and take a look at New- gate Prison. We had better take a 'bus now, as we have a long road before us; though, if we had walkc^l, we might have called in for a little while and h(^ard Dr. Joseph Parker, as we are gt)iug ovei' Holl)orn Viaduct. Here you will see one of the tin(\st pieces of mason nmdway in the world, worthy of being opened for public tratHc by the Queen of England, as it was. Here you will see a busy stn.'et rieht above atiotluM* just as busy below. Like two great rivers crossing- each other, here are two living streams of men, cross- ing, recro.ssing, above, below, thousands, hundre(ls of thousands, each on his own errand bent — for food, for pleasure, for learning, for errands of sin, for en-ands of mercy, for hell, for heaven. Oh! what a hurrying on and on — on to eternity all. m il i """^I* noo ATTSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. I, I 'I. Out of the Viaduct into Holborn Circus, into Hol- born, into High Hoi born, into Nrw Oxford Streot, into Old Oxford, having come considoral>ly over a mile in the 'bus. We had better run over for five minutes, and just take a look at the great British Museum, and then walk a few blocks to Bedford Square, to call on dear old Mrs. Margaret Bright Lucas, the acknowledged head of the temperance women of the world. She is a sister to the Hon. John Bright, and is just as strong-minded as he. When she thought her brother John did not favor the temperance move- ment as much as he ought, she criticised him, and denounced his action just as strongly as any one. She is a humble, pious Quakeress, loving God and her race with all her heart. We will turn back into Oxford Street, and walk to Oxford Circus and on to Hyde Park. I think we had better have a luncheon; so, as we have not much time and must be as economical as possible, we will turn in here where we see steaminq- sausag^es in the window. We will get two links, each four or five inches long, hot, right off the griddle, with a very big spoonful of lovely white, mashed potatoes, also hot, for threepence. Then we can t^^et a good roll of white bread and a splendid cup of coffee, each a penny. All for fivepence — ten cents. A dinner good enough for a king, and o Hol- et, into nilo in OS, and id then n dear dedged is just lit her move- m, and 16. od and valk to we had ch time turn in nndow. !S long, )nful of epence. and a 'epence ig, and Cupyright, 1887. ^_^ I THE NELSON COLUMN, TRAFALGAR SQUARE. I'ICCADII.LV AM) |'A|,i. MALI.. 303 better far, I wanaiit you. than that prince l„„| who hurnt the eukes. j^rtti.i- a ,o<„„l ,,„„„i srcMiiiu- f,.,- his SHU,..- into th.- l.ir^rHin. To savr tin.r w,- will take a penny l.us .|„wn I'nrk Kna.l t,. I'ieca.jilly Circus. As w.. shall I.,, charuvi a,, .-xtra pmnv if wr no beyon.l tl... Cireus, an.j as it is ....ly a lit'th- way we will WMJk .h.un I'ieea.lilly an a o 3 r, o 13 '. "1 l' I m wwm- I GREAT BOOK MAKERS. ;307 We may run in, if we have time, and take a very hurried look at the <^reat publishing houses of George Routledge & Sons, of Ludgate Hill, and Cassels & ST. haul's CATHKDKAL— INTEKIOK. Co., of Belle Sau'^age Yard. \Vv ought to have called at the Times office, and Doctors' Commons, u little to the south: but we can do that some other day. w--^ I ill 308 AUSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. Ludgate Hill (Street) brings us back to St. Paul's Churchyard. We were here in the morning, so we will not remain now. We pass the great church on the right and go into Cannon Street, then down Eastcheap into Great Tower Street, which brings us to the Tower of London, of which we have read many a time. We cannot enter the Tower now, it is too late, and we are very tired, for we have done the hardest day's work w^e ever did in our lives. We have seen in our round a half million of people and more than ten thousand vehicles. What a conglomeration of carts, carriages, coaches, omnibuses, donkeys, dogs, goats, mules ; hshmongers, pedlars, street hawkers, errand boys, sight-seers like ourselves ; silks, rags, ladies, beggars, honest toilers for bread, and thieves. Before we go to our lodgings we will run our eye over our path for the day. Are you good at sketching ? Very well, then. Draw on this piece of paper the fore leg of a horse in the act of making a step forward. We began in the morning at the toe, up Leadenhall and Cornhill we went the length of his foot. Up Cheapside, Newgate, Holborn Viaduct, we ascended to reach his knee at Holborn Circus. Up Holborn, High Holborn, New Oxford Street, Old Oxford, reaching his body at Hyde Park, having come nearly Paul's Si-«WftS Copyri .?fl'. 1887. •a " -i' ': ' ■fcf?. ■ \x- ,\'. ;:*: 'W-. * ', k ■ v%. - ^ '' ' . ; ; Hk' '.aa. ■'-" <. -...•■ r-'~. ■-•. JRl. . . w. \ , _ ■ . ■ . ,-. 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' jl^npi^^H^Sj^^^H ''v ■' "- =" ■= t F ""' ' ■ '^S^T^^kH " ' :' ' p. - '"? "^^^^^IP^^^^^Hj^^^^^^^^^^l -■' -^ ^^^^^^^^B^^^K^^ttBKt^w^^^^^^ '^~' '?^^^BHSSP^*^^]v -.■' '■'f"" .,,,:iip^_;i,-„«e-Bg^*-'" ■■' . '.rjT* urAO'^filCiN ;.'.vrp '";(-;,'''■ ', A "beef-eater, or guide, tower of LONDON. A HORSKS LEri. .sn three miles. TnrniniX '^^ short to the left-hand, down Park Road to Piccadilly and Pall Mall, by way of St. James' Scjuare, we crossed ovei* from the front to the rear of the leg, at the very top of it. We begin our return down by Trafalgai" Scpiare, the Strand, Fleet Street, Ludgate Circus, Ludgate Hill, Cannon Street, Eastcheap, which is the fetlock ; and going down Grent Tower Street, we are descending the hind part of the horse's foot, the two corks in the rear resting upon the Tower of London. We have gone in all about six miles, V)ut we have I'cally done nothing at sight-seeing. We have only exploreci, opening the way for work. We must anothei" day take several hours to V' isit St. Paul's : a whole day for the British Museum, and another day for the Tower. We shall want to call at Exeter Hall for an hour or two. We have, in fact, in our roun i l!K^ 'Vn m fL! BRIDOKS OVER THE THAMES. 819 baiikineiit ; and it would never do for us to pass it without special notice. Its marine wall of great chiselled granite hlocks supports, on the nortli side of the river, a broad thoi'oughfare, which forms one of the most pleasant promenades in London. The t,0()0,000 sterling, or $15,000,000. We next pass Waterloo Bridge, which is second in cost of erection to the present London Bridge, the formei costing £1,000,000 .sterling, the latter nearly- one and a half millions. Let us look for o, moment or two at the enormous traffic over these bridges. Over Lonis caught with his fagot and fire ready to destroy tlie king and his pa Lament. The pl.ce is spoiled by too lavish an expenditure of motley beautifying it. Direct y back of the Houses of Parliament is West- minster Abbey, with its royal tombs and historic memories. If we had the time we might go up Great George Street and Bird-Ca;^e Walk, f)ast St. James Park, and see Duckingham Palice, but our little steamer will not w.. it. I'irec'ly opposite the Houses of Pari ament, ac os^ the river, and also fronting on it, is St. Tliomas' Hospital, consisting of fourteen largo building-i all alike, all separate, though standing side by side. A little farther on is the AJedical School, Qg on Horse lining ament a full where '-•*'?>' ■^■■'l *S«*g^^^S5!|«^ rwise i-atory earuh. see the i fagot ament. ture of West- listoric Great Tames' little I louses Ing on large side School, UUL';<£)i OF rAKLIAMK.NX. "THE VOICE OF MANY WATERS." 323 right in front of the Palace Gardens, and then Lambeth Palace. After which we pass Lambeth Bridge, Vauxhall Bridge, Military Stores, the Nine Elms, Victoria and Chelsea Kridires ^ This will surely do for our voyage on the Thames for the present. We have made a beginning. This ground must be gone over, and over, if we would know London, for we have just hooked at the outside of buildings which will worlds greatest cataract. No, my dear boy, though it thus strikes the ear, it is not a Niagara of waters, but a Niagara of human activities. This incessant roar comes from the rolling (jf wheels and the clattering of hoi'ses' and human feet upon the ! I ! I mmm i' { it '1 i>^ » ( S24 AUSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. hard pavements, the street cries of vegetable and fruit vendors, the shouting of the news-boys — " 'Av' a Toimes, zur ; ounly a pennee-ee " — the cry of the boot- black, the singing of the street-beggars, the scream of the steam-whistle, the ringing of bells, and the heavy roll of railway trains over the bridges, or, perhaps, in the dark passages under your feet. 'Tis the voice, the clatter, the restless, unceasing energy ot' a great mul- titude; even thousands of thousands, like 'the voice of many waters," as John has told us he heard. St. James' Park contains 80 acres. It was a deer park, bowling-green and tennis court in the times of Henry VIII., but considerably changed, and made into a more general pleasure ground by Charles II. Hyde Park has 390 acres. It has nine principal gateways, of which Marble Arch is the best known. This noble structure was erected in memory of Lord Nelson at a cost of £80,000, or S400,000, but stood originally near Buckingham Palace. Hyde Park, with its lovely green grass, its bright flowers, its shrubbery, its noble old trees, its beautiful, ornamental lake (the Serpentine), its Rotten Row {Route en Roi, the road for the king), its costly equipages, its well-dressed pedestrians, is unsurpassed for brilliancy by any oth^r spot in the three kingdoms. Regent's Park, in the north-west, contains 470 acres. Lcipal Lown. Lord stood with )beiy, (the road [essed »tht!r lerew. M ■Ii H •X, H PI > 'iljUll LONDON PARKS. 327 It wa^ at one time a hunting ground in the days of Queen Elizaljeth. In Kensington Gardens there are 860 acres Battersea Park, 180: Victoria Park, 800; Finshury I'ark, 115. Then there are West Han, Park, Hau.p- stead Heath, Blackheath Conunon, Greenwich Park Claphan, Connnon, Wormwood JScruhs. Tootincr Com- mon, and many others, which we have no time to see We must, however, go out to Bushy Park and Kew Gardens, a little outside the city. In the gardens we shall see trees from ahnost every hmd and ch^me, o-row- mg either in the avenues or green-houses. In the^rk we shall see hundreds of deer. We shall visit here Hampton Court, which calls up the mournful history oi the once great Cardinal Wolsey. At the court we shall find the old grape vine, nearly two feet in thick- ness at the ground, and hearing nearly a ton and a half of grapes in a season. Here, too, is the " Maze," into which, if you venture you will he sure. I hope, to find your way out; and if you give the man in charge twopencr he will tell you that he never knew any one to find his way o„t more successfully Of course, you are out, and no one could be any more than "out." You can spend hours inside the rooms of Hampton 828 AUSTRALIA AND HOMEWARD. Court. It is worth it. When you go for that purpose, take time. Then we must go out to Windsor Castle for a clay — a whole day. If we could only have the p^ood fortune to go through the Queen's rooms, as wife and I did five years aci;o. That privilege comes to very few. We were most fortunate in this. We saw in the Castle the Queen's gold plate, £2,000,000 worth in one loom. We held in our hands breakfast plates worth 81,000 each. We were in the silver room, and saw silver worth £400,000, or S2,000,000. There are eight rooms through which the public may be shown at almost any time, and these roon^s will occupy all our time during the day. We must visit the Royal stables and see " AU the Queen fihovfies, and all the Qiueiis men'' that attend them. Having i-eturnod to the great city after this little outing, we must go to work like those who mean husi- 7?^.s'N\ British Museum, one or two days — a week would be far better. I'he Tower, at least a day. Westmin- ster Abbey, a day, and more if possible. South Ken- sington Museum, a week — three weeks if you can spare the time. General I itts River's collection of aborig- inal curiosities ought to engage us for several hours ; rpos©, (lay- to go id five V. We J Castle le lOom. I SI ,000 cr wortb t rooms ,t almost lour time ,bles and Ill's wen ' this Uttlo lean husi- >ck would iWestmin- )uth Ken- can spare lof al)orig- Iral hours; WINDSOR (;astlk. i« * I :<80 AITSTIUMA AND HOMKWARI). !i' li i\ I 1 1 it is directly across the street from the entrance to the South Kensington MuseuML We must also j^ive >\ few hours to the Natural History Society's huildin^^ tienr hy. We shall find here a maj;nificent collection of stuffed hirds and nimals, and of skeleton^; of animals and Hsh, besides an almost endless variety of ndnerals. Here we shall see also the " Alltert Memorial," one of the most costly and heautiful works of art in all London. It was erected liy tin- (^)ueen in tneinory of her ^ood liushanrl. Vei-y near it. across the street, is the or<'at Royal Ailiert Hall, which seats cnnifortfiMy .-. Bowman Stephenson, Dr. Barnardo. and young Charnngton. ^ There is still a lower grade than tho.se who are brought under the influence of philanthropic effort- I mean the thieves. There are in London, it is esti- .nated, not less than twenty-five thousand professional t neves. So„,e of these, while ,uite beyond th.. reach ot Chnsfan influenee, n,ay yet appear respectable enough upon the street. I have often been astoni.shd at the cleverness exercised l,y these people in the prosecution of their wicke^ y body rather 'azed. jr go out of a d-bye dad ! ' I yre for a longer >r little shaver, long do you braiorht lenfjfth le coast clear, or any corner, r ! ! I've often in's when the [ old Calcraf t's ope right. It in', you'll say. p manages to ;ued from this s those whose them go on to lation, evading luch ingenuity To the end of world in itself, all phases of <