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•fCAN
PRINTEI
7(
§•
..f p o e K E T r-
l5>EXleo^l
4^
OF
.^Canadian ••• Freemasonry, -f
By W. J. MORRIS,
/'. D. D. G. M., ^t. Laurence Distrid.
'••-
V^ERTII I PRINTED AT THE COURIER OFFICE, BY WALKER BROTHERS.
1889.
t' '
Am
r>
Entered according to Act of Parlimnent in the year 188!», by W. .1. Mouuis. in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.
<g'( )R n Ih s.nal-
^-^ Woul
brethren
that in t
ted, and
Wi^h thi
Freeniast
Mackey i
have a gi
hiuher d(
of Masoi
interest :
degrees
securing
made so
In the sire to f< dian Ma
Perth
>J
Zo tbe noasone of Cana^a,
<^(m n.any years past there has heeu felt the want of a If sn.all and reliable iV/./.so.,/c iW'ef (hmpo'uon, which ^3 ,v<.uia enable any intelligent Mas<.n to address his brethren on Masonic history, etc., with the contidence that in the hiformation obtained no innovation is admit- ted, and purely - York W<,rk " is strictly -^^-^-^^ Wi^h this view 1 have compiled the present A L C ot Freemasonry, in the same style as the Lexicons of ( )liver Mackey and Macoy, but as these are both expensive, and have a great part of the book . ^ken up with the so-called hi.her degrees, which are of little interest to the majority of Masons, I now appeal to my brethren to show their interest ii a purely Canadian work, conlined to the hree decrees of Antient Masonry, by members of each lodge securing a reasonable nun.ber of copies, as the price is made so low as to place it within the reach of all.
In the contidence that the brethren will show their de- sire to forward the attempt I have made to beneht Cana- dian Masonry, I subscribe myself.
Yours faithfully and fraternally,
W. J. MORRIS, P. D. v. G. 3i., i^t. Lawreitce District.
Perth, Amjnst, ISSIK
POCKET LEXICON
—OK—
CANADIAN FREEMASONRY.
ABIF.
A Hebrew word signifying " liis father." The word ab, or father, was fro([iiently used by the ancient Jews as a title of honour, It is thus used in 2nd Chronicles, cli. iv., verse 10, where we are t<»ld "the pots also and the shovels, and the flesh hooks and all their instru- ments, did Hurani his father make to King Solomon,"
ABSENCE.
In the antient charges, the regular attendance of each brother is insisted uj)on, in the following rule Avhich is still continued in the Constitution : "That no Master or Fellow coukl be absent frr)m the lodge, es])ecially when warned to ap])ear at it, without incurring a severe cen- sure, until it ai)peared to the Master and Wardens that pure necessity hindered him."
ACACIA.
The name of an evergreen plant or shrub which grows in abundance in tha vicinity of Jerusalem. Its ap»j)lica- tion to Freemasonry is well known to all Master Masons.
ACCEPTED.
The Craft use this word as the ecjuivalent of "initia- ted." It alludes to the time when the great majority of Freemasons were Operatives, and who occasionally ac- cepted non-operatives into the Society. For instance, in the regulations made on St. John's day, 1G63, the
Canadian Freemasonry . 7
Earl <»f St. All)jins l)eing Oraiid Master, it was decided "n(» person hereafter, \vln» shall be accepted a Free- mason, shall l)e Jidniitted into any lod.jj;e or asseinl)ly, until he has brought a certiticate of the time and j)lace of his accei)tation from the lodge that accejtted him, unto the Master t)f that limit or divisicm where such lodge is kei)t."
ADMISSION.
To be admitted into the Masonic Cr.ift, the applicant must be free born, of at least twenty-one years of age, in possession of his full senses, free from any physical defect, of irre})roa,chable manners, or, as commonly stated, "under the tongue of go<xl report,"' No atheist, eunuch, or woman can be admitted. The reiiuirements as to sex, age and soundness of body, refer to the time when the society was i)urely operative, for able work- men require to be able l^odied men, wliile the mental and religious qualifications refer to the duties and o})li- gations of a Freemason. A weak minded ])erson could not understand them, nor would an atheist respect them.
ADONIRAM.
The chief overseer of the 30, (XM) hewers who were sent to cut timber in the forest of Lebanon. He is in- troduced in the degree of Past Master.
AFFILIATED.
A mason who is a member of a lodge, is so called to distinguish him from a "demitted," or "unaffiliated" mason, who is not a member of any lodge.
ALARM.
The announcement of a person demanding admission to .a lodge is thus called in mason language.
ALL SEEING EYE.
An emblem found in every well-furnished lodge, and which it is unnecessary further to explain.
8 Pocket Lexicon of
ALTAR
Tho i»1juh' wluTu tlio .s.-ierud otForiiigH were iJruHtnitod to («n(l. Tilt' [>ro[>er form of the <'ilt;ir should l»u ;i cuhu ubout three feet in heijjfht, and hiivinj,' ))luced upon it, the ojten liible, S(iu;ire and Coiiii>jisses, while around it in trian<,'ular form are i)laced the three lesser li<j;hts.
AMPLE FORM.
When (rr;uid Lodge is opened by the (Jrand Master, it is said to be opened in "Ample Form" ; when ])y the Deputy Grand Master, "in due Form," iind if })y any other olticer it is sim])ly "in form."
ANTIENT CRAFT MASONRY.
The degrees of Entered Ai)prentice, FeUovv Craft and Master Mason are .so called, as these were the only de- degrees antiently conferred by the Craft.
ANNIVERSARY.
The festivals of St. John th) Bajjtist and St. John the Evangelist being June 24th, and December 27th, are the two days s})ecially observed ])y the Masonic Craft.
ANTIQUITY OF FREEMASONRY.
This is a subject (m which much has been written, and many disputes have arisen. There is, however, little doubt that the Masonic Craft is by far the oldest of any society in existence. It is true that it has been remod- eled in its organization at various periods, but in all its essentials and peculiarities it is traceable under various names in many countries to a remote antiquity. This will be further referred to under the heads of "Grand Lodges" and " Travelling Freemasons."
APPEAL.
The Master is supreme in his lodge, so far as the lodge is concerned. He is responsible for his government of the lodge, not to the members, but only to Grand
Cafi(ufi(Vt Freemasonry
I'UHOllttMl
.'i c'ii])e fipoii it, .•ii-(»uik1 IliL'Iit.s.
M.-ister,
\\ 1)y tlic
l)y Hiiy
r.ift and >nly de-
t. John sr 27th, ic Crnft.
>vritten, ir, little j of any reniod- ti all its various , This Grand
3 lodge lent of Grand
Lodge. Tliore is no appeal in tlie lodge fmni the de- cision of tlie Master, wiio is absolute.
APPTIKNTICE.
The entered apitrcntiet' is tlie first <legr«'e in Masonry, wherein tlie newly-initiated l)rutlier is inijtressed by certain symbolic ceremonies of tlu- duty he owes to his brethren, in a maimer which can never l)e forgotten.
APRON.
The lambskin, or white leather ajtron, is the badge of a Mason, and is the Hrst gift of the Master to the Ap- })rentice. The a])ron is worn by o])erators to ]>reserve tlieir garments from spot or stain ; ))ut we assjteculative Masons use it for a more noble ))urpose. P»y the white- ness of the colour and the innocence of the animal fronj which it is obtained we are admcmished to preserve that blameless purity of life and conduct, which will enable us to present ourselves before the Great Architect of the Universe, unstained with sin and unsullied by vice.
ASHLAR.
Speculative Masons use the ashlar in two forms : one rough, just as it came from the (|uarry, representing Man in his ignorant, uncultivated state ; and the other, finely finished and ready ff)r its place in the building, represents Man, educated and refined.
ASSEMBLY.
Previous to the organization of Grand Lodges in their present form, the annual meetings of the Craftsmen were so called.
ATHEIST.
One who does not believe in a God, Masons, looking at the dangerous tendency of such a tenet, have always refused to admit in the craft any atheist ; and every initiate is required publicly and solemnly to declare his trust in God.
10
J'ockef Lexicon of
BALLOT.
Ill tlie oluctioii of ciiiiilidjiti'.s, lod^'o.s use white and Id.iuk hulls, and no pur.son "can hu udniittud a niond)er ((fa jn'ivate lod<j;e, (.r made a niason therein if two black Italls apjtear aifaiiusf him." In many lodges, one l>laek hall, undei- theii' hy-lavvs, is sullicient to exclude, hut in any case shouM two be found the a[)|ilicant nnist be rrfujieil. This rule is sometimes thought by young Masons to be severe, but it is one of our Jintient rules, handed down for a long period, for, as the antient con- stitutions say, " the nieud)ers of a particular lodge are the best judges of it, and if a turbulent member were imposed on them, it might spoil the harmony or hinder the freedom of their conununications, and even break and disjierse the lodge, which ought to y)e avoided by all the true and faithful." '" Ik'fore declaring the result of the ballot, the ballot-box shall bo placed on the altar f(;r examination by any member of the lodge, and the result having once been <leclared by the Master, no further ballot on the subject shall be allowed." A can- didate against whom two or more black balls have been cast cainiot be balloted for in the same or any other lod^e within twelve months from the time of such re- jection.
BEAUTY.
One of the three principal supports of Masonry. The other;-* being Wisdom and Strength. The columii of the J.".W. •. which is the Corinthian and is placed in S. ". re[)resents Beauty.
BENAC.
A corruption of a Hebrew word which signifies "The Builder." It is used principally in French lodges.
BIBLE.
Amongt Christian Masons the Holy Bible is undoubt- edly the chief of the greater lights, for, placed in the centre of the lodge it sheds its rays East, West and
Couddian Frecmosntyv.
II
Sniitli. Ainnii^st Hiiul<M)5<, ]*('rsians and Maliunittans, thuir saciL'd boukH take a similar }it>sitiun.
BLUE.
Tliis i.s till? iir(i|ior nilour of tlio antieiit <U'irit't's of Froi'inaHoiiry. and i.s ;_'(.-ni'ralIy t'Xidair.od as l>t'iiM4 t-ni- bleiiiatic of fri«Mi(lshii> and rliarity, teaching us that in the tiiiiul of a Mason tliesu virtiu's shall be co-cxtensive with the hluc vault of heaven.
liOAZ.
The name of the left-hand ])illar vhich stood at the entrance of the i)orcli of King Solomon's Temple. The meanin*^ of the vord, which is Hebrew, is "in streiiiith.' — See further on undc the headiuL,' "Pillars of the Porch." BoHZ. or Booz, i-; also givon in " Crudens C(»n- cordance " as meaning " in strength," or *' in the goat " — the latter evidently ■' ^ ."erring to the "goat " as the crest of the House of David — B 'a:'., the great graml father of David, Ix'ing mentioned \v Kuth. 'Jndchajt., and further on, which see. This jirobably is the origin of all the foolish stories of the "goat " in connection with Masonic lodges, being a faint tradition <»f tbf? emlilenis of David, aiui therefore an additional evidence of tiie aniiijuity of the craft.
BONE or BONEH.
This is a Hebrew word, which it is said, it is next to impossible for an English-speaking man to sound correctly, owing to the guttural termination. The mean- ing of the word is "Builder." It was S})ecially ap- ])lied to Hiram Abif, who was chief builder at the con- struction of King Solomtm's Temple.
BOOK OF CONSTITUTION
Is the work that contains the rules and regulations of the Order as decided by Grand Lodge. It also contains accounts of the rights of lodges and members, and de- tails of ceremonies, such as funerals, consecrations, in-
ut.
12
Pocket Lexicon of
stallations. tto. Tlic earliest recoiu we luivj (»f such a wurk, is a manuscript written in tlie reign of Edward IV., whic!i states that Prince Edwin asseuil)led the Mas"ns at Yi>rk in 1>l'0. and then formed the English Masiiiiic C(insritutiiini>:, from tlie written (h)cuments in various languages, which were then submitted. These C •iistiruri- »ns c>»ntinued untler tlie name <»f the "(ilothic Constitutions, " to govern the Craft until the revival of Ma-oi.iy ahout ITl-"), when, probably from careless co|)\ iu'j^^. ,iiid perhaj).^ ii^norauce. they were found to ])e very def -ttive, and in 17-1 the Duke of Montague, who was at that time (iiand Master, ordered Bro. James Andei'son to "revi.se and digest them in a better method." This having Iteen done, the same year, in Dectinlicr, fwuitcen learned Vtretlnen were ap})ointed a connnittee to t.'xannne the result of his labours, and the followinii March his work was, with some tritlin<x amendments, adopted by (irand Lodge, and j)ublished in 172.'>, entitled "The Book of C(tnstitutions of the Freemason.s, containing the History, Charges. Regula- tions, etc., of the Most Ancient and Right \Vorshi))ful Fraternity, for the use »»f the Lodges." Another edition was issued in 1738, and again in 1754 and 17<i7, when revised e<litions were issued, since which period the York Constitutions have remained, and are the base of all sucli works issued by Grand Lodges. The origin of this Work was, that during the reign of (.»)ueen Anne, Freemasonry was in a very sickly condition, ])artly ow- ing to the age and weakness of the (Jrand Master, Sir Christopher Wren, the last (Iraiid Master of the purely opifafirr Mii.-nnis. On his death, there were still four Lodges extant in London, and they determined to re- vive (ir.ind Lodge, which had been dormant for some years, and also restore the cpiarterly comnrniicntions, and the annual festival. Tliis they did, ai a meeting held in the "Apple Tree Tavern," in London, and agreed amongst other things, "that no Lodge should there- after l)e ]>ermitted to be held, (the four old Lodges alone excepted), unless by authority of a charter grante.l by
Canadian Frceniasonr\ .
13
the (ircuul Master, with the consent and jqijiroliation of Grand Lodge." In this way the ohi IMasdns in London transferred all their own inlx-rent ])rivileges as individ- ual Masons to the four Lodges, in trust, that tlicy would never sutler the antient land-marks to l»e infringed. ( )n the (jther hand these L(»dges agreed to recognize every Lodge which should henceforth he regularly constituted, and to adniit the Masters and Wardens to all iiri\ilfges of Grand Lodge. ])recedencf oi,]y excepted. Fnuling, however, that the Craft was ra; idly spreading : new Lodges grttwing uj) in all direcHoii.s, it whs a cause of alarm lest the four old Lodues should losu their snucial ])rivileges which th \y had been given, and on this ac- count, a Code was prepared, with the consent of all the brethren, for the future government of the Order. To this was ainiexed the regulation, binding the (Jrand Master and his successors, antl the Master of ever}' Lodge to preserve these regulations inviola le, and or- dering theui to be read in ()j)en Lodge at least once in each year. These are end)odied in the " Look <if Con- stitution " as " bunnnary of the Antient Charges and Regulations,' to be be read by the Grand Secretary, or acting Secretary, to the Master elect, prior to his installation in the chair i>f the Lodge."
BROKEN COLUISIN.
Is emblematic of the chief sujjporter of the Craft, who fell before his work was (juite com[)lete.
BROTHER.
The term used by Freemasons to each other as no^ only professing faith in the same Deity, but being cov enanted to each other in the most solemn manner.
CABLE TOW.
Is well known to all Masons. It is sometimes refer- red to : Hosea xi., 4 : "I drew them with cords <»f a man, with bands of love." The ordinary meaning, how- ever, is well understood by all brethren.
14
Pocket Lexicofi of
CANDIDATE.
This w^nl i-s derived from the Latin, when in antient times a man wjught office, he dressed in a white robe (f(,i\<i cau'lida). We use the word to give the idea that the purity of the man entitles him to admission.
CARPET.
A painting or tracing, shcnving the border and tesselat- ed pavement. It is also used to designate a chart to exemplify the symbols of the degrees.
CAUTInN.
An Entered Apprentice is always, on his initiation, instructed in ]»eculiar ways to observe " cantio)i."
CENTRE.
In the Ma.ster's <iegree, the Lodge is always declared open <>n the Centre, because all being of equal rank, none are nearer or farther from the Centre than the others, while in Fellow Craft or Apprentice Lodge.s, thi.s is necesjiarily not the case.
CHARGES.
Many old records had been preserved amongst the English Didges. containing the regulations of the Craft, when the Gmnd Master of England, the Duke of Montague, under instructicms of Grand Lt>dge, ordered that they should be collected, and, after being thor- oughly examined, be annexed to the Book of Constitu- tioTia, at that time being pre})ared by Bro. James An- derson. This was done, and the resulting document — " The old charges of the Free and Accepted Masons " — is found in all works of Constitution, and is universal- ly received as [»art of the law of the Craft.
CHARITY.
It is one of the boasts of the Masonic body, that in its truest sense, it inculcates charity, and by this is not meant merely aiding the poor with gifts or money.
I
H
Canadian Freemason?'v
15
n antient hite robe idea that
tesselat- chart to
litiation,
I."
declared
il rank,
:han the
Lodges,
igst the e Craft, )uke oJF ordered g thor- onstitu- les An- ciiment as(jns " iversal-
that in this is noney.
It is more that a true Mason will endeavor to hide a brother's failings and faults ; — will he slow t(» anger and (juick to forgive, not merely tliose who are mem- bers of this particular Lodge, but all who are found in our ranks, no matter in what country they may be found. For it is the pride « if cmr ( >rder that a worthy Mason, poor and destitute, or sick and helpless, will find a friend in every brother and a In »me in every land.
CHISEL.
Is one of the working tools i>f an entered Apprentice, who is emblematically instructed in its use for the im- provement of mind and character.
CIRCUMNAMBULATION.
A procession around the Altar, always formed a prominent ] art, in all the antient religi* >ns. At such times, the course followed was that of the Sun, and was usually rei)eated three times.
CLANDESTINE.
Illegal. A body of Masons meeting as a Lodge, and carrying on work as such, without the consent of Grand Lodge, is called a "Clandestine Lodge," and all regular Masons, are forbidden to associate with or con^-'^rse on Mas(mic subjects, with " Clandestine Mas<ms."
CLOSING.
The ceremony of closing the Lodge is as important as that of opening. It shoul4 never be omitted through negligence, n(jr carelessly hurried through, lest some brother should fail to "receive his just due. " In Masonic Lodges there is no such thing as an "adjournment," but the Lodge must either be "called off" by order of the Master, or "closed."
CLOTHED.
A Mason is said to be clothed, when he wears white leather gloves, and the apron and jewel pertaining to his rank.
&
jll
i6
Pocket Lexicon of
)' ' f
V I
■S ■ ;
COMPASSES.
As in ()[)C'mtive Masonry, the Compasses are used for the nieasurenient of the Architect's ])lans, so are they used by Freemasons, symbolically to instruct in the duty of 8np[)ressing undue passions and keeping our de- sires within due bounds. The position of the compasses also mark the various degrees in the ceremonies of the Lodge.
CONSECRATION.
A warranted Lodge is required to be "dedicated and consecrated." The elements used in these ceremonies are Corn, Wine and Oil, which are emblematic of health, j)lenty and peace. A Lodge under dispensation is not dedicated or consecrated. This is or should be done as soon after the Charter has been granted, as possible. Also a Lodge which moves into new rooms, should have the same ceremonies performed.
CORINTHIAN ORDER.
The most ornamental of the Orders. The column of Beauty, which supports the Lodge, is of this Order, and its position and symbolic Officer are in the S.
CORNER STONE.
In all great and magnificent buildings, the first stone in the foundation is called the " Corner Stone," and is laid in the North East, with solemn and appropriate ceremonies.
COWAN.
An uninitiated or profane. This, which is purely a Masonic word, is derived from the Greek, "Kunos," a "dog." It is supposed the term originated in the early Christian days, to express those who had not been initi- ated into the Christian mysteries. See Matthew vii. Chap. 6v., "give not that which is holy to dogs."
CRAFT.
Is ordinarly a trade, and also in a collective sense the
H i
Canadian Freemasonry.
17
used for
are they
ct in the
g our cle-
)in passes
ies of the
ated and sremonies )f health, on is not i done as possible. 3uld have
olumn of rder, and
irst stone ," and is propriate
purely a unoa," a the early 3en initi- liew VII.
ense the
i
I
r
I
persons who follow it. It has, lnjwever, become amongst English-speaking men universal t<» call Free- masonry "the craft," as contra distinguished from any other society.
DARKNESS.
Among Freemasons, Darkness is the emblem of ig- norance. In all the Antient mysteries, the candidate was always shrouded in darkness, in preparition for the time when he was admitted to the full light of know- ledge.
DEACON.
In every symbolic Lodge, two of the lowest t)f the in- ternal officers are called the Senior and .Junior Deacon. It is their duty to attend the worshipful Master and as- sist the Wardens in the active duties <jf the Lodge, such as the reception of candidates in the different degrees, and in the immediate practice of the rites and cer- emonies.
DEGREES.
Antient Craft Mascmry consists of but three Degrees: Entered Apprentice, Fellow Craft and Master Mason, to which may be added the honorary degree of Past- master, which is conferred only on the electi(»n of a brother to the Chair. In all the antient mysteries and spurious Freemasonry we find their systems also divided into three degrees.
DEMIT.
A Master is said to have taken his Demit from the Craft when he has applied to his Lodge and withdrawn from all connection therewith, by mutual consent. A demitted Mason is freed from all dues, &c. , and has no claim for pecuniary aid, but is not released from his Masonic obligations, nor from that control which the Craft exercises over the moral conduct of its members, the rule being "once a Mason, always a Mason." A demitted Mason cannot be buried with Masonic honors.
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DISTRICT DKPL'TV (IRAND MASTER.
C.iUt'd in England " Pi'ovinci.'d Grand Master," is an as.sistant and rcprcsentativo of tlic (Irand Master. In the absence of the CJrand Master lie rules and supervises a District, and is expected to visit each Lodge in his District at least once a year, and make a formal rep -rt to (Irand Lod'j;c of the state of his District, ilis duties, if properly performed, are heavy and very iini)ortant to the Craft.
DISCALCEATION.
Or removing the shoe, as a token of respect, is a cus- tom of most remote antiquity in the East. In Exodus
III. 5, the Angel of the Lord tells Moses, "Draw not nigh, hither ; [)ut otl" thy shoes from oil' thy feet, for the i»lace whereon thou standest is holy ground."' An- other custom will bo found in the Book of Ruth, Chap.
IV. 7, ''Now this was the man ler in former times in Israel concerning redeeming and concerning changing, for to contirm all things; a man plucked otF his shoe, and gave it to his neighbour ; and this was a testimony m Israel."
DISPENSATION.
A power to do certain things not usually alhjwed by the constitution ; such ]_)ower l)eing vested in the Grand Master, who uses it for "good reason " Dispen- sation may be granted to ap[)ear in public in Masonic clothing ; to elect olhcers at another date than fixed by the l>y-hiws ; to hold a Lodge of instruction to confer a hii^her <legree on a brother at a shorter interval than usual ; to receive and act upon a i)etition fr(jm a candi- date who resides outside the jurisdiction of the Lodge ; t(j initiate more than five candidates in one day ; to ini- tiate a candidate who is under twenty-(jne years of ago ; to initiate without fee a person who is proptjsed to act as a serving brother. The above are amongst the pre- rogatives of the Grand Master, handed down to us from
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!i remote period, but mrely acted upon, .'(IkI never witli- out sufHcient re.-ison.
DORIC ORDER.
The oldest ;uid luo.st rolju.st of the three Orders. Thi.s rei)re.sents the cohniin of Strength, ;ind its symbolic position ;ind officer Jire in tlio W.
EAR OF CORN.
From the most iiniient times this was regarded as the emblem (tf Plenty. In Hebrew, the word which means an ear of corn also conveys the idea of a llow of water. Hence it is generally sh(»wn <tn Masonic charts, as a sheaf of corn suspended near a rai»id stream.
EAST.
From the most remote times the East has been looked upon as S])ecially sacred, as the sun rises in the East to illumine the day ; it is figuratively the seat < )f light. Like the Temple at Jerusalem, all INIasonic Lodges arc built, or supi)osed to be built due East and West— under this old idea, the North is said to l)e the seat of Darkness.
ELECTION.
One of our antient regulations is that no candidate can be elected a meml)er of our Craft until strict en(iuiry be made into his moral character. For this reason, un- less the Grand Master's dispensation be obtained, not less than one mcmth must elapse, so as to afford time ff)r the committee to investigate, when should the re- port be unfavourable, no l)allot shoidd be taken. The election of ofHcers takes place inunediately preceding St. John the Baptist or St. John the Evangelist's day, as the by-L'uvs of each Lodge may require. Canvassing for any brother is proliibited, but each member is expected to use his own best judgment for the interest of the Lodge.
ENTERED.
A Masonic term applied to a candidate, who has just
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been admitted to the First Degree. Hence the term "Entered Apprentice."
EXAMINATION.
The examination of strangers applying for admission to the Lodge should be entrusted only t(j the most skilled and careful members. All necessary caution should be used, beginning with the Tyler's O.B. and proceeding regularly, as one supposes, the applicant originally obtained the inforniati(jn. Care should be tiiken not to tell the applicant that he has failed in this or that question, which might put an imposter on his guard. Better to say "lam not satisfied," or "I do not recognize you." If a man is so careless in his at- tendance at L(Klge, that he has forgotten our customs, his visit is not likely to be an advantage to the brethren, and it is better to refuse him, than to risk admission to a "Cowan." The Masonic rule is to recognize no man as a Mason, unless he can prove himself to be such.
EXPULSION.
This, the highest penalty known to Masons, is imposed only by Grand Lodge, and only for gross immoral or criminal conduct. The course usually followed is for the private Lodge to try the offending brother, and re- port the case to Grand Lodge, when, if the offence and evidence be sufficient, then Expulsion is decreed. An expelled Mason forfeits all claim to rights and privileges which he formerly enjoyed, both as a member of a par- ticular Lodge and also as one of the Craft as a whole. He can no longer demand aid or sympathy from the brethren, nor visit any Lodge, nor take part in any of the public or private ceremonies of the Order. It would also be a crime, in any brother aware of his ex- pulsion, to hold any communication with him on Masonic matters.
FELLOW CRAFT.
The Second Degree of Antient Masonry, is specially
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devoted to Science. As an Apprentice, the brother whs clothed in the white apron, emblematic of innocence, and now having passed the porch of the Temple, is on his way to the Middle Chamber, and is taught the antient and unerring mode ol distinguishing a friend from a foe. He is taught to encourage industry and re- ward m«3rit, to aid his brethren to the utmost of his power, and <m no account to wrong them or see them wronged, and is finally taught that wlierever he is, and vhatever he does, an all-seeing eye beholds him, and records all his actions.
FINANCES.
The funds of the Lodge are under the care of the Treasurer, who only pays them out l>y connnond of the Master, with consent of the brethren, who have ex- pressed their consent by open vote in Lodge.
FIVE POINTS OF FELLOWSHIP
Are specially inculcated by the master in a most im- pressive manner, so that a Mason who has once passed through this ceremony can scarcely fail to remember his duty, and is not to halt but to press on to the aid of his brethren. He also will remember when performing his devotions to the Almighty, to consider his l)rother's wel- fare as well as his own. Also never to betray the con- fidence that a brother Mason has reposed in him, and if he knows of a brother being in distress he will offer him the hand of kindness, and endeavor to prevent him falling into despair, and finally knowing of a brother's faults will kindly remonstrate with him and endeavor to reclaim him, and at the same time knowing he is but human, will throw over him the veil of Ma- sonic Charity, and strive to prevent his failing become the gibe of the profane.
FORM OF THE LODGE.
The form of a lodge is said to be an oblong square, with its greatest length from East to West and its breadth from North to South.
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FORTY SlOVKNTIl I'llOBLEM.
Tho 47tli problem <»f tlio Lst book of Kiicb'd h;i,s boon adoptod !is tlu! jowol of ;i Past Master. This [)robk;m, from its great iitiHty in m ikiiig ca eulalion.s, and (bviw- ing.H fo:; lnu](Uii'^H, is in Eiii^l and called the ' c i.rp .mters' pr.>l)lem."
FRRE-IJORN.
Ry the reijuit'emeiit of onr constitutions ev(»ry can- didate for a buission into Masonry must be "free-born." Till' meanin'4 of this is eviilently that as a mutual con- tract has to be entered into, the applicant nuist be master of his own will and actions.
FREEMASON.
Ori'^intlly the term "free" mean*" that the person so styled was free of the com[)any of incor[)orated .Masftns. Such corp )rations still exist in Euro[)e, and as a matter of honor, distiiiL^iiished men are frequently madt; "free" of one corporation or another. It is probable that the origin of the name was in the tenth century when the Pope inc'U'porated the Free Masons.
FREEMASONRY
Is described as "a beautiful system of Morality, veiled ia allegory, and illustrated by symbols."
FUNERALS.
No one but a Master Mason can be buried with the funeral honours of Masonry, and even then, only in compliance with certain unalteralde restrictions. No brother can be interred with the formalities of tho craft except by his own re(iuest, preferred, while living, to some member of his lodge, strangers and the higher officers of the order, alone excepted. The instructions for conducting funerals will be found in the Book of Constitution.
FURNITURE OF THE LODGE.
A well-regulated lodge must contain a Bible, sc^uare
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find citmpHssu.s, which ;u'c callod tliu Fiirnit luc. Oliver iUiistivitx's tlijui as follows: — 'Thu liihlo is said to (k'livc from (iod to iiiaii in L,'ciiuial, he'caiisc the Al- inii^htv has bocn pleased to ivvual luoi'o of His will l»y that holy book, tliaii l)y any other means. The Com- passes, beinjj; tlieehiof instrinnent, used in the construc- tion of architecture and plans, arc; assii^neil to the Grand Master, in }>a!'tieular, as eiidilems of his diL,'nity, he l)ein^' the i;'!ad and ruler or the (^r.ifi. The Square is i^iven to tlie v.liole Masonic V)ody, because we are all oblii^'ated within it, and are conse(iuently boiuid to act thereon."
(lAVEL.
The conunon gavel is one of the working tools of an E. A. It is used by <j])erative Masons iji beating <»tl"the rouifh edges of the stone, so as to lit it better for tiie builder's use. The shape of the gavel is that of a stone mas(m's hanuner, that is with (me end having a cutting edge, so as to break ort' [)rojoctions. Hence the name, from its resemblance t() the gable of a housi'. Tt is also in the hands of the master as an emblem of his otHce.
GENUFLEXION,
Or bending the knee, has from the most remote times been looked upon as an act of reverence and humility. At the consecration of the Teiii}»le. Solomon placed himself in this position while he ))rayed, and Masons, in certain portions (jf their ceremonies, use the .same position, as a token of solemn reverence.
GIBLIM-GIBLUM
Were the inhabitants of the antient city of (iebal. The "Word is Phoenician, and means "stone S(iuarer. "
GLOVES.
White gloves form part of a Freemason's costume, and should be always worn in lodge or any public cer- emony.
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GOTHIC C( )NSTTTUTT()N.
Tho rogul.'itioiiH for the {^overniiient of the craft, which nro .said to liavu been achjpted at the city of York in 1)2(5, when tlie Cirand Assembly was held under Prince Edwin, and to which additions were afterwards made at Annual Assemblies, have been called the *'(ir(»thic Constitutions," because they were written in the old (lOlhic character. Several c(»i)ies of them were said to have existed in 1707, when Dr. Anderson di- gested thom, and made them the base of the Book of Constitutions.
GRAND LODGES.
The i)resent organization of Grand Lodges, is compar- atively modern. At first every lodge was independent, and a sufficient number of brethren meeting together^ were empowered to i)ractico all the rights of Masonry without a warrant of Constitution. The brethren were in the habit of meeting annually, or as many as could conveniently do so, for the purpose of conferring upon the general interests of the craft, and on such occasions chose a Grand Master or chief ruler. These meetings were called Grand Assemblies, and the privilege of attending them was not, as now, restricted to the Grand officers, Master and Wardens of private lodges, but was the duty of every Mason. For instance, amongst the old Charges, preserved by the Lodge of Antiquity in London, is one which says, "every Master and fellow shall come to the Assemblie, if it be within fifty miles of him, and if he have any warning, and if he have trespassed the craft, to abide the award of Masters and Fellows. The oldest charter in England that we are aware of is one quoted by Preston, and said to have been in the possession of Nicholas Stone, a sculptoi under the celebrated Inigo Jones, in which it is stated that "St. Albans loved the Masons well, and cherished them much, and he got them a charter from the king and his counsell, for to holde a general counselle, and give itt to name Assemblie. " As St. Albans was mar-
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lift,
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tviL'd in .*)()«», if this st;it,oment df TVi'stoii'a is c(»rrcH't, this is the ohlest dute at wliicli wo can surrhi tix the apl»e;u'anco of tho fiatcinity in England. The writer tiiiaka there is no (h)ul»t abont the next cliarter granted to the erift, as a l>ody, wliich was in '.)2<), and froiM this last "Asseniblie," the real rise of IMasonry is generally dated, as it was then and at that time the laws were enaeted from which are derived the English Constitu- tions, and in turn, from them have all others been derived, and in eonse<|uenee the tliree Hi'st degre"S, and York being the j)lace of meeting. Antient ^ as<>nry is (irdiiiarily called the "Antient York Kite," all (»ther degrees being comparatively m(»dern, and though fre- (pjently clever, are mere ex'^ensions and exemplitications of tluise degrees. For a long i)erio(l "Yurk Assend)ly" ruled all over Eng"land, but in 15H7, in the Southern section the Masons elected Sir Th(»mas (Jresham, a celebrated merchmt, as their (Jrand Master, an<l in turn he was followed by the no less celebrated architect Inigo Jones. There were now two Grand Masters in England who each asstnued the title, the Orand Master (»f the north, calling himself Grand Master of All England, and the other Grand Master of England. But about the commencement of the 18th century Masonry in the Southern part of England was almost dead. The revolution which placed William III. on the throne, and the stormy ix^litical feelings whioh prevailed, did much to injure our very peaceful society, which is known to abhor intestine troubles. Not only this, but Sir Chris. Wren, wdio was Grand Master in the reign (»f Queen Anne, was old, infirm and unable to attend to the duties of his positicm, hence the general assemblies of the Craft had ceased to meet There were in 1715 still four lodges in the city of London, (the only ones left in the South of England,) and these four lodges decided to unite themselves under a Grand Master, and Sir Christopher Wren having died, and no one having been chosen in his place, they "met at the Apple Tree Tavern, and having placed the oldest Master
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Mason in the chair, (he being the Master of a lodge,) they constituted themselves a (i rand Assembly pm teirn.^ in Jue form, and at once revived the (juarterly com- munication of the officers of lodges, \vhich they called 'the Grand Lodge,' and decided to hold the annual Assembly and feast, and then to choose a Grand Master from among themselves, till they should have the honour of a noble brother at their head." Therefore, on St. Jolin Baptists day, 1717, the usual Assembly and feast was held, and Mr. Anthony Sayer elected Grand Master. And from this date is the origin of Grand Lodges as now constituted, as Grand Lodge adopted following resolutions : ''That the privilege of assembling as Masons, which hitherto has been unlim- ited, sh<juld be vested in certain Lodges or Assemblies of M.nsons, convened in certain places, and that every lodge to be hereafter convened, except the four old lodges at this time existing, should be legally author- ized to act by a warrant from the Grand Master, for the time being, granted to certain jiersons by petition, with the consent and ap{>robation of the Grand Lodge in communication, and that without said warrant no lodge shall be hereafter deemed regular or constitu- tional." The four old lodges had, however, as a com- pliment to them, granted the privileges they always possessed under the old regime, and it was decided that "no law, rule or regulation, to be hereafter passed in Grand Lodge, should ever deprive them of such priv- ileges, (such as meeting without a warrant, and also raising Masons t(j the third degree, a power which for a long time was only exercised by the Grand Master,) nor to encroach on any landmark, which was at that time established as the standard of Masonic Govern- ment. The two Grand Lodges of York and London, were on friendly terms, till 1725, when the latter body granted a warrant to some Masons who had seceded from York. This certainly unn^asonic act was sternly condennied by York, and was the first break in the harmony whic^ had so long lasted, and some years later
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ge,) cm., om- lled :iu?il ,ster the ore, ibly !ted of (Ige
was followed by another action which can hardly be justified, for in 1725 Earl Crawford, who was then Grand Master of England, granted charters to two lodges in the York jurisdiction without its consent, and also granted deputatictns to Lancashire, Northumber- land and Durham, l^reston says, "This the Clrand Lodge at York resented, and ever after viewed the ])roceedings of the brethren in the south with an un- friendly eye. All intercourse ceased, and the York Masons from that moment considered their interests distinct fnnn the Masons under the Grand Lodge in London." Again in 1738 a number of brethren who were dissatisfied with the Grand Lodge of England, seceded, and held unauthorized meetings for the })urpose of conferring degrees, and taking advantage of the breach between York and London they called them- selves "York Masons,'' and later on when Grand Lodge threatened them, they adopted the term of "Antient York Masons," and announced that they alone had i>re- served the "antient and honoured customs," and that all others are mere moderns. In 1739 they established a new Grand Lodge called the "Grand Lodge of Antient York Masons," and apj)ointed the usual annual c(jm- municationa and feasts. Shortly after this they were recognised by the Masons of Scotland and Ireland, and many members of the nobility entered their ranks. These separate bodies continued to exist, and to carry their schemes into foreign countries, even North Am- erica, until the year 1813, when under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Sussex, grand-uncle of the present Grand Master of England, the Prince of Wales, they were happily united, we trust to end forever these vain attempts to split up a society which is older than any other known to man. In Scotland we cannot trace the order back quite as far as in England, but whoever were the architects who built the Abbey of Kilwinning, they are generally credited with having introduced the craft. There is no doubt but that several assemblies were held at Kilwinning with reference to the govern-
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ment <jf the order, and in the reign of James IT., the office <jf Grand Ma.ster was granted to 8t. Clair, Earl of Orkney and Baron of Rosliu, his heirs and successors, by the King's charter. However, in 17'io the then St. Clair, "taking 'xwVt consideration that hir, holding or claiming any such right, jurisdiction, or i)rivilege, might be prejudicial to the craft and vacation of Masonry," renounced his cbiiius, and authorized the Masons to elect their own Gnind Master. The result of course was the organixition <»f the Grand Lodge of Scotland, over whom it Ls hardly necessary to add, St. Clair was at once elected Grand Master. In Ireland, not till 1729 <lo we tind any atteni])t to form a Grand Lodge, when the Earl •»£ Kingston was elected Grand Master. The s;inie in France : Masonry had been allowed to ahnust die out, till about the beginning of the 18th century, when an attempt was made by the followers of the House of Stuart to use Masonry for their own purpo.ses. and this caused a partial revival, but was not fairly organized until 1743, when Grand Lodge (^f England granted a Provincial Grand Lodge which was con.stituted under the name of the "Grand Loge Anglaise de France." This lasted till 1756, when the French Masous declared themselves indej)endent, and assumed the title of "Grand Loge de France." At a later ]»eri(xl dissensions broke out, and continued for many years, and were finally settled in 1842, when the "Grand Orient of France" was organised. It is needless to add that in every civilized country Masonic Grand Lodges are now to be found, all more or less directly deriving their origin from the Grand Lodge of England.
GRAND L0D(;E POWERS.
The supreme i>ower which is vested in the Grand Lodge, by which it is invested with the authority of being the sole judge and exponent of the antient usages and landmarks of the craft, is based upon the funda- mental laws of Masonry, as well as upon good sense and
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ex]ie(liency. For without such a governiug ])ower, so widely extended a body as the Masonic craft, »vould soon split up and be reduced to complete ruin. Accord- ing to the Antient Charges, the >: aster of every Lodge is called upon before his installati<»n, to assent to the following j)ropositions : "You agree to hold in vener- ation, the original rulers and puU'ons of Freemasonry, and their regular successors, supreme and subordinate, according to their stations ; and to submit to the awards and resolutions of your brethren in (Jrand Lodge con- vened, in every case consistent with the constitutions of the order. You ])romise to \y.\\ homage to the (hand Master for the time being, and to his othcers when duly installed, and strictly to conform to every edict of Grand Lodge,"
GRAND MASTER.
The highest ofhcer of the Masonic b idy, to whom is entrusted the execution of important duties, and being invested with extensive powers, should always be selected as one noted for his social standing, virtue and learning. The (irand Master has the right to visit, and ]>reside"in every lodge, and ins})ect the books and mode of work, as often as he chooses, and should he not be able personally to be present, may depute any of his grand officers to act for him. Full details of the ])owers of the Grand Master will be found in the work of Con- stitution.
IIAH.
A Hebrew word meaning "the."
HALE, HAIL or HELE.
This purely Masonic word, pronounced "Hale" is de- rived from the Anglo Saxon, and conveys the idea of "to conceal, as if by drawing a curtain, so as to sepa- rate from the outside world."
HEAL.
A Mason who has received the degrees in a clandes-
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tine Lodge, or in an irregular manner, cannot visit a Lodge, or be recognized as a Mason, until he has been "Healed" by dispensation granted to some regular Lodge, by the Grand Master for that purpose.
HIRAM KING OF TYRE.
A contemporary of King Solomen, who supplied him with timber, stone and artizans, at the time of the building of the Temple.
HIRAM THE BUILDER.
A celebrated architect, who was sent by the King of Tyre to Solomon, to supeiintend the building of the Temple. Reference to the Bible will give fuller inform- ation about him. Hiram, the king, calls him "Hiram abi," that is "Hiram my father," which is evidence that he was in high favour at the Tyrian Court, for the title of "Abi" or "Father" was conferred by the old Hebrews as a mark of the highest dignity.
HONOURS, GRAND.
These are peculiar acts and gestures used by Masons, to express homage, joy or grief on memorable occasions. They are of two kinds. Private and Public — the Private Grand Honours cannot be described here, as they can only be used in a Master Mason's Lodge, and are well known to Master Masons. The Public Grand Honours are given on all public occasions, such as laying found- ation stones, funerals, &c. They are given in the fol- lowing manner : Both arms are crossed on the breast, the left uj^permost, and the open palms of the hands, sharply striking the shoulders, they are then raised above the head, the palms striking each other, and then made smartly to fall upon the thighs, thus making nine concussions in all, which is commonly said to be "by three times three."
INFORMATION LAWFUL.
One mode of recognizing a strange brother is by "Law-
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ful Information" of a third party. ISo brother should give such information, unless he has actually proved the brother, by the strictest trial, or has sat in Lodge with him, and then should state in what degree the Lodge was working, when he met him.
INITIATION.
The term applied to the reception (jf candidates m the first degree of Freemasonry. It is derived from the Latin word "initia," which signifies the first principles of science.
INNOVATIONS.
Nothing offends the true Mason more than any at- tempt to alter the antient usages of the tratt. Owing to this conservative principle it is th.-.t Masonry, in spite of many attempts at various times by our zealous breth.^a, to alter, or as they thought improve it, stM it remains now u^tchanged, as it has always been.
INSTALLATION.
The officers of a Lodge, before they can discharge the duties of their office, must be properly installed, the instructions for which ceremonies will be found m the work of Constitution.
IONIC ORDER. , T^ •
The third of the Orders, more graceful than the Doric and more majestic than the Corinthian, is considered the type of the Column of Wisdom, and therefore it is supposed to stand in the E.
JACHIN. ■ ^ .
The name of the right hand pillar that stood at tiie entrance to the porch of King Solomon's Temple. This word is derived from two Hebrew words Jah bod, and "Jachin" "will establish." It therefore means "God will establish."
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JEWELS.
Every Lodge has six Jewels, three movable and three imniovablo. The nu vable Jewels are so called becai.se they may be [)laced in various parts of the Lodge, and are the rough ashlar, and the trestle board. The im- movable Jewels are the Square, Level and Phnnb. They are so called, as the Scjuare is appropriate to the East, the Level to the West, and the Plumb to the South, where they must always be found. The term Jewel is also api)lied to the Badges worn by the Lodge ofticers as distinctive emblems of their various position^,.
LAND MARKS.
This term is derived from the antient custom of mark- ing the boundaries of lands with stone pillars, and Free- mas(ms call these i)eculiar marks of distinction, whereby they are distinguished from non- Masons, landmarks such as the "universal language," and the "universal laws of Masonry ;" but not so the local rules and usages, which may and do vary in different countries and under various Grand Lodges.
LANGUAGE, UNIVERSAL.
It is the boast of Freemasons that they possess a lan- guage which men of all races can understand.
LAWS.
Masonry has two laws, one universal, the other local. The first are those that have been handed down from time immemorial and the other the local laws })assed by Grand and private Lodges, for the government of their own members.
LEGEND
Is a traditional tale, which though probably based on truth, has been handed downfor longperiods, and inconse- quence, is more or less invested with doubtful additions. AH countries and all religions have had, and still have their Legends, and in the antient mysteries there al-
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ways was a Legend which was made the basis of their symbolical instructions. In the same way the Masonic Craft has its legends and allegorical references, many ot which are founded on fact, and others are derived througli Jewish sources, and are only endowed witli a certain amount of probability, such, form stance as ''the Le^'end" of the Master's degree, which it is utter- ly im])os1ible, at this period of time, to prove to V,e true, but, Jit the same time, has a very probable basis. In this work it would be proper to say no more, as every Mason can understand.
LEVEL,
The emblem of the senior Warden, is the emblem ot equality, which presides on the iioor of the Lodge as m siiht of God, who is above all, men are all equal. At the same time it should be remembered that while m Lod?e, all are equal, prince and peasant, still, as soon as Lodge is closed all are expected to resume their or- dinary station in society, and each to show that respect that is due from an inferior to one m a more exalted position. This is the meaning of "we meet on the level, and part on the square."
LIGHT.
Masons should ever remember that they were brought out of darkness into light, and should so act that their good works be seen of all men, and the great Fountain of Light be truly glorified.
LODGE.
The room or place where a reguUrly constituted number of Masons assemble, is so called. This term is also applied to the body of Masons assembled for purposes connected with the institution. A Lodge is defined in York work as an "assembly of Masons, just, perfect and regular, who are met together to expatiate on the mysteries of the Order," just, because it contains the volume of the sacred law, unfolded ; perfect, from
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its numbers, all the three degrees being represented ; and regular, from its warrant of constitution, which implies the sanction of the Grand Master for the country where the Lodge is held. Under the head, Grand Lodges, I have already explained, that formerly each Lodge was independent as until the organization of the Grand Lodge in London in 1717 whenever and wherever a sufficient number of .VTasons found it convenient to meet, they did so, conferred degrees, &c., but since the date mentioned it has been held, the world v)ver, that ''with- out a warrant of constitution," any meeting is irregular and clandestine. Under the old system, the rule was, and still is, modified as I have stated, "three rule the Lodge, five hold the Lodge, and seven or more make it perfect" — that is the Master and his Wardens rule. Two Craftsmen added to the former enable the Lodge to be held, while if you add two or more apprentices, the Masonic circle is complete, all degrees being repre- sented, and the Lodge is therefore perfect.
MAC.
A corruption of a Hebrew word which means "is smit- ten," from the word "Nacha" "to smite." It is also said to be derived from the word "Mak" or "rotten," and would therefore, as used, cimvey the idea "is rot- ten."
"MAH."
A Hebrew pronoun which means " what."
MAKE.
A very old English term used by Freemasons in the the same sense to " initiate. "
MASTER MASON.
The third degree in Antient York Masonry, and re-
' cognized the wide world over. Only from this degree
are the officers of a Lodge chosen, and under the old
regulations, " only the Master Mason could vote in
\
%
land flies lere
ki
as
nd
r ft
et,
fite
th-
lar
as, Ihe
Jit
le.
ige
es.
Ca7tadia?i Freemasonry.
35
1
Lodge, while the F. C. was allowed to speak, but not vote, and the E. A. P. was allowed to be present, but neither speak nor vote, but listen and learn from the experience ot his elders. "
MASTER OF THE LODGE
Is the chief officer of a Lodge, and is styled " The Worshipful Master." Tiie Master' s power in his Lodye is absolute. He is the sole decider of all (piestions of order, so far as the meeting is concerned, nor can any appeal be made from his decision, to the Lodge. He is only accountable to Grand Lodge, and any complaint against the Master must be made to that body. The Master is like the Wardens, elected annually, and holds office till his successor has been elected and installed. The Master must, before his election, have served as a Warden in some regular Lodge, except in case of a new Lodge, "in which case it is the prerogative of Grand Lodge in its discretion to appoint any Master Mason, as the Master of the new Lodge." At same time before the Master is formally installed, it is necessary that he should take the degree of Past Master, except in cases of Lodges under Dispensation, when the ceremony is deferred until the Warrant of Constitution issues.
MEETINGS.
The Lodge meetings are either regular or emergent Regular meetings are held under the bye-laws and on fixed dates, but emergent meetings are called by order of the Worshipful Master. It is required in all emer- gent meetings, except those of funerals, that seven days' notice be given, so that every brother has a fair chance of attendance.
MIDDLE CHAMBER. ^
This chamber is described in 1st Kings vi. : 5,6,8, and is well known to fellow Craftsmen.
MINUTES.
Every Lodge should have carefully kept minutes of
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Pocket Lexicon of
their proceedings, in so far aa such can be written, and before tlie Lodge is closed the Master sh<ndd direct the Secretary to read over tlie same, so that the brethren can see if any error or omission has occurred.
MOSAIC PAVP]MENT.
This work consists of an immense number of small stones, beautifully tilled, and arranged so as to imitate a painting. The floor of the t .bernacle and the pave- ment of King Solomon's temple, are said to have been thus made.
MOST WORSHIPFUL.
The style given to the Grand Master.
MYSTIC TIE.
Is applied to tint sacred V .tnd, which unites all Free- masons, no matter what their religions or political creeds, and gives one language to men of all nations.
NE VARIETUR.
" Lest it should be changed." These Latin words are generally printed on Masonic certificates where the brother has to affix his ordinary signature, the intention being to aid in recognizing the true and original cause of the certificate, in case of its loss by accident or theft.
NORTH.
In Masonry the North is the seat of darkness. In a work of this kind it is unnecessary to attempt an ex- planation. The intelligent Mason can fully understcind.
OBEDIENCE.
A Mason must submit to the authorities, both in the State and Craft, as the old regulations state he nmst be *'a peaceable subject to the civil powers, wherever he resides," and in regard to the Craft, he ''must pay due reverence to his Master, Wardens, and Fellows, and to put them to worship." The same rule runs all through the Masonic system. The Mason is obedient to the
Canadian Freemasonry
37
<
Master, the Master and the Ltulge are obedient to Grand Lodge, and in its turn (1 rand Lodge has to Nv-ork up to the antient usages and hind marks of the Cratt.
OPENING OF THE LODGE.
This ceremony is botli solemn and impressive, and reminds the brethren of their duties and obhgations. The manner of opening varies in the ditierent degrees, and strict precautions are observed to preserve tlie in- trusion (jf outsiders.
PASSED.
The Masonic term used to express that a candidate has received the second degree. The reference is to the fact that he has passed through the porch ot the temple to the middle chamber.
PAST MASTER.
An honorary degree conferred on the worshipful Master on his installation. V/heii a brother who has never before been Master is to be installed a Board of Past Masters is assembled consisting of not less than three, when all below the rank of Past .Vhister having retired, exoepthig the Master elect the Begird is formally organized and the degree conferred after which the Board, being dissolved, the Master Masons enter and salute the new Master in the usual way. The iewel of a Past Master is a square, with the forty- seventh problem of Euclid, suspended withm it.
PEDESTAL.
The base of a column on which the shaft is placed. There are supposed to be three such in every lodge namely, the column of Wisdom m the East ; Strength Tn the West ; and Beau^ in the South. Hence arises the expression "advancing to the pedestal referring to a summons from the Wor. Master, which brings the brother up to his pedestal.
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Pocket Lexicon of
pb:nalty.
Thu coremony of entering into a covenant among the Autient Hebrews. It is alluded to in Jeremiah xxxiv., 18. It was usual for the parties to a covenant to cut an animal in two and pass ])etween the parts.
PILLARS
Have been erected by all nations, in all ages, and many references to them may be found in the Bible. But the most remarkable were the two erected by Sol- omon at the entrance of the porch of the temple, and which Joseph us thus describes : "Moreover this Hiram made ten hollow pillar^, whose outside were of brass, and the thickness of the brass was four lingers breadth, and the height of the pillars was eighteen cubits, and the circumference twelve cubits ; but there was cast with each of their chapiters, lily work, that stood upon the pillars, and it was elevated five cubits ; round about which there was net interwoven with small palms made of brass, and covered with lily work. To this also were hung two hundred pomegranates in two rows. The one of these pillars he sat at the entrance of the porch on the right hand, and called it Jachin, and the other on the left hand, and called it Boaz."
PLENTY.
The ear of corn is the Masonic symbol of plenty, and in Hebrew * 'shibboleth" means an ear of corn,
PLUMB.
The jewel of the Junior Warden, and is an instru- . ment used by operav've Masons to obtain perpendicular lines ; so with us ii instructs to walk uprightly and avoid all evil.
POINT WITHIN A CIRCLE.
This is one of the best known Masonic emblems, and can be traced to a very remote antiquity ; but its pre- sent beautiful illustration amongst Masons has super-
Canadian Freemasonrx
39
Ithe
Iv.,
an
bid le. ol-
IKl
'1111
88,
seded the more autient and grosser idea. It is needless to exi>laiii what every brotlier luuleratands by this ouiblem.
PRINCIPAL OFFICERS.
The Master and his two Wardens, are the princi])al officers of a lodge.
PROCKSSIONS.
The Grand Lodge entirely controls all Masonic pro- cessions, and no private lodge, nor individual Mason, can appear in public wearing Masonic clothing without special permission of the Grand Master or his authorized representative. The only exception to this rule is in the case of funerals, when often sufficient time could not be had to communicate with the Grand Master. This very proper regulati(jn was adopted so that the reputation of the order should not sufler by the vain ill-timed appearance of the brethren, when a few of them might choose t<j show themselves and the orna- ments of the order to the public. As such disjilays are apt to bring discredit on the order ; the outside world could not distinguish between a few unwise brethitn, and the craft in general, therefore Grand Lodge has properly reserved to itself the times and places, as well as the manner in which such public processions may take place.
PROFICIENCY.
One of the requisites for advancement to a higher degree is that the candidate should be examined in (»pen lodge as to his proficiency in the degrees he has already taken. Such should also be the case for officers, but unfortunately too seldom do the brethren see that those whom they elect to official positions are fully qualified, for no brother should accept office unless he feels himself qualified to perform its duties. On the other hand, it should be the honest ambition of every young Mason to prepare himself to fill the highest office in the lod^e.
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Pocket Lexicon of
PROXY.
Every lodge is entitled to be represented in (J rand Lodge by its Master .••.nd Wardens, but often it is not convenient for any of them to attend, and in such case the rule is to depute a Past Master of some other lodge, giving him the requisite authority under the Seal of the Lodge, and attested by the signatures of the Master and Secretary.
RAISED.
This teim is applied to admission into the third degree of Masonry. It alludes to the fact of the brother having been elevated, or raised, to this degree, and also applies to an important part of the ritual.
REFRESHMENT.
As no such thing as an adjournment is known to the Masonic Craft, something similar is effected " by calling from labour to refreshment," when the Junior Warden takes charge of the lodge. This is entirely different from closing the lodge, as when labour is resumed, the lodge being still open, there are no opening ceremonies, but simply the command of the Junior Warden.
REINSTATEMENT
When a brother has been suspended for non-payment of dues, he must be at once restored to his former position without ballot, on payment of all arrears owing at the time <^f his suspension, and any further sum the lodge may require, not to exceed the amount of the lodge dues during the time he was so suspended.
REJECTION.
It is a universal rule in Freemasonry that two black balls absolutely reject a candidate^
For admission. This is a wise rule, and tends to preserve the harmony of the lodge. A candidate who
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rejection.
RELTOTON.
The snecial belief of ineuilKa-s is not interferecl with
iiiespeci.u Lc mura reli^noii, or modo ot
bv Freemasonry, l^et .1 nun b icii„i« i«, . .1
^ , • 1 1 V u niiv he is not excluded troni tne
:;Te1''^l;n::i he bell^;c >n 'tU Glovious A.c.u.ect ,,f
oraer, pi pract ce the sacred duties ot
heaven and eaith. and ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^
;;:r^ En Jd^u:!:^:a^he .eans of ceujent.,^fr.en^ ship between those who otherwise must have lemained perpetual strangers. "
Xo L.dcr'e can remove from its usual place ()f meeting .id >i <n^=dn!n^consent of Grand Lodge. N<. is^iy lodge permitted ?o share, or jomtiy occupy a room, vMth any other society
RIGHT- ANGLE ^ r .,.
Ts the meeting of two lines in an angle o ninety decree or the fSurth part of a circle. Li l-lges the xi 'it mgle is represented by the -l-^-'.:^,^,;^^^{f^^^^ ; zcmtal by the level, and the perpendiculai by the
plumb."
"RTPHT H VND
From the most remote ages the righthand has been
my hand unto the Lord, the most high God. ^^^\ modification of Masonry in which, while the three
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Pocket Lexicon of
Europe 111 my m^xlifications have taken place, but chiefly l)y adfliiiLj iiumerouii su-calleil deL^rees to the three aii- tient and oiii^'inal ones, \vhicli are to be found in every rite, n<» matter by what name it is called.
RITUAL.
This includes the forms of openini^ and closing lodge, conftu'ring degrees, and j>erf<jrming the peculiar cere- monies an<l customs of the craft. The ritual varies somewhat in dilierent countries ; as for instance the Canadian and Englisli rituals are the same, while in tl e same degrees in the United States, they vary consider- ably, th(»ugh not to such an extent as to prevent an ex- change of visits.
ROLL.
At the funeral *>l a brother, the roll of the lodge con- taining his name is j>rei»ared, and at a certain period of the ceremonies, is deposited in the grave.
ROYAL ART.
Masoniy is commonly called "the Royal Art," not only because it was reduced to its [)resent system by King Solomon and Hiram <jf Tyre, but since that time has enrolled among.st its members s<nne of the proudest and most powerful [xoteiitates of the world, the Prince of Wales being at the moment Grand Master of England, and the late Germ-m Emperor (jlrand Abaster of that country ; but als'» because of the majesty of the ])rinci- ples the order inculcates, which elevates it above all other orders.
RULE.
An im}»]ement by which straight lines are drawn. It varies in its form. For instance the twenty-four inch guage is one of the tools of the E. A.P., and is symboli- cally used to guide him in the proi)er use of his time, but it is also used for the instruction of the Master " to teach him how to l/ty out his designs for the craft to work by."
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ST. JOHN'S MASONRY.
\ term used to denote the three antient des^^ ..-.. This is still used in Scctland, and it is to be, I thmk, re<a-etted that the term is not continued ni Canada.
SANCTUM SANCTORUM.
The Holy of Holies, was the inner chamber of the temple into which no one was allowed to enter but the High Priest. An account of it will be found in the de- scription of the Temple in the Bible.
SCYTHE.
This emblem will V)e f.nnidin all old English charts, reminding us of the flight of time, and that sooner or later death "will alike visit the peasant s hut and the prince's palace.
SECRECY.
It is too often objected that Mas.mry is secret, but this obipction is now worn out, when so many benevolent or beneficiary societies exist, all more or less copied from Masonry, and most of them more secret. Our tra- ditions and esoteric work, cmiing down from a very re- mote acre, are too sacred and too valuable to become the topic of every vain babbler, and have been preserved as relics of the past, as they will be, and handed down for acres to come, " to the worthy and the worthy alone.
SECRETARY.
The officer who records the proceedings and l(»oks after the correspondence of the Lodge.
SENSES,
The most important of which are "Seeing,'
mg,
' Hear- ing, and "Feefi^r^? are for well known reason.^ to Masons held in great estimation, as a man devoid ot any one of them could hardly be capable of understanding what is required of him, still less convey to others his wishes.
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Pocket Lexicon of
SHIBBOLETH.
A Hebrew word which has ':\\u meanings— in ear of corn, and a stream of water, or rather a rapid. This word was tlie one that Jephtha insisted upon the Ephra- imites pronouncing when they wished to cross the fords of the Jor(hin, ])ut they were unable to do so as the lirst syllable is a harsh ".s-/i," which they could not make, but substituted the softer sound of "s," as their organs of voice, as we are told in the Bible, prevented them sounding it correctly, or as it is recorded, they "could not frame to pronounce it right." They were'detected and killed on the spot. The same thing occurs now-a- days, when a Frenchman cannot sound "th,"noran Englishman the French " u." This word has therefore been chosen by Masons for ages as an important word, the which Craft understand. "
SHOE.
Under the heading " Discalceation " this has already been referred to, as in old days, " to unloose erne's shoe and give it to another, was one way of confirming a contract, "
SIGNATURE.
When a Mason obtains a certificate from Grand Lodge, he is expected to afiix his ordinary signature, on the margin, as a means of indentifying him in the future.
SOUTH.
When the sun is at its highest point his rays are di- rected from the South, and it is time for the labourers to rest and refresh. When it first rises in the East it is time to be called to labour, and when he sets in the West the hour has arrived when toil is over for the day ; but at noon, when he is at his highest point, then is the hour of refreshment and temporary rest.
SPECULATIVE MASONRY.
"Freemasonry" is now so called to distinguish it
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from actual "operative Masonry," the ditierence being this, that "speculative Masonry" is a science which borrows from the other its tools and implements and uses them for the best of purposes, io instruct the brethren in the veneration of Go.l and i»urify their minds and souls.
SQUARE.
A square is an angle of ninety degrees, and f(»rms the fourth part of a circle. It is the special emblem of the Master. Masons arc said "to part upon the S(iuare," because "havingmet on the level," theii conduct should be such that no unkind feelings or ii;i:rie:i lly action should interfere or be allowed to come between brothers who have met and parted in such terms.
STAR, FIVE-POINTED,
Alludes to the "Five Points of Fellowship," to which it is not needed to say more. It also is supposed to refer to that "Star" which guided the "wise men of the East " to the birthplace of the Savi(jur. Still this last, being young, in comparison with the age of our Order, though frequently admitted, is doubtful.
SUBSTITUTE WORD
Can be found in the present work by any properly informed Mason. It has been mangled and distorted by ignorant men, who have taken the sound f<jr the real matter. Any well-informed Mason will, without trouble, find the syllables and put them together and get a fair meaning of the whole. Still the writer does not think that it yet expresses the idea as given in Hebrew, strongly enough, but it cannot be done more clearly without trespassing on our str-ngent rules.
SUN AND MOON,
Along with the Master are repres3nted in the Lodge by the " three lesser lights," whose presence is to teach the Master that he should exercise the same superin-
f
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Pocket Lexicon of
teiuleiice and regularity in supervision that the Sun and Moon d»j in the governnient of day and night.
SUPPORTS.
Masonry is said to be supported by three great col- umns, named " Wisdom," *' Strength," and " Beauty." For the tirst temple was designed by the Wisdom of Solomon, assisted by the Strength of Hiram of Tyre, and ad'^rned with Beauty by the skill of Hiram, the son of the widow of Tyre.
SUSPENSION.
In this w^ay a Mason is temporarily deprived of his i'i'dits and })rivileges. Suspension may be definite or xnite. Susjiension for a definite ])eriod is usually I I' ,d as a punishment for unmasonic conduct. In- definite suspension may be considered as the punish- n.ent fo^^ non-payment of the dues of the Lodge, as till the , Ait,! r comes forward of his ow^n accord and pays up the arrears, the suspension is in force, but these being settled, the suspension ceases.
SYMBOL.
Almost all the instruction given in Masonry is by means of symbols, which are sensible images used to ex- press a hidden meaning. Instruction by symbols ap- pears to have been the custom of all the antient religions, and specially amongst the Egyptians does it seem to have been reduced to a science.
SYMBOLIC DEGREES.
In the York Rite, the three degrees of antient Masonry are called Symbolic Degrees, because their whole system is carried on by use of symbols.
THREE.
The most important and universal of the mystic numbers which prevade the whole ritual. Thus antient Masonry has three degrees, three principal officers, three
1
t
f
Canadian Freemasonrx
47
t
•'
I
i
1
suj»l)(>rts, tlin'c ornaments, three greater and^ three lesser li,<,dits, three nicvahle and three immovable jewels, and the list might be indefinitely extended.
TYLER.
An (jificer of the Lodge, whose duty it is to keep olf all cowans and intruders from Masonry, and to see the candidate for admission comes properly prepared.
TRADITIONS.
The Traditions of Masonry form no small part of its ritual, and while some of them have been in the la])se of ages corrupted by a long series of oval ti; nsmissions, there is no doubt they all contain a large amount of truthful narration. Every intelligent ^ bison can, how- ever, with a little thought, specially if he has ever read the accounts of the antient mysteries, easily separate the truth from the fictitious or symbolical additions, which have been in course of years superadded.
TRANSIENT BRETHREN,
Or visitors to a lodge, when properly clothed are to be heartily welcomed, after having in usual way "proved themselves true and trusty."
TRAVELLING FREEMASONS.
In the history of the Craft there is no portion more deserving of careful examination than the accounts of the "Travelling Freemasons" wdio, during the middle ages, traversed the whole of Europe, erecting public buildings and religious edifices, many of which still exist, and the ruins of others show even yet with what skill and cunning these old ancestors of ours performed their work. Clavel, in his Masonic History, traces these associati(ms to the "Collegia artificum," or colleges of artifices, which were instituted at Rome by Numa in 714 B.C., and whose members were orighially Greeks im- ported for the purpose of embellishing the city. These " colleges " had certain privileges granted them by the
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Pocket Lexicon of
Roman Emperors, such as government hy their own statutes, power of making contracts, and exemj)tion fi'om taxation. Tlieir meetings were private, and tliey were divided into three classes or degrees. They also a(b)iit- ted into their ranks, as honorary niend)ers, persons of hixury or rank, who were not o[)erative Masons, and linally, they had a symboHc hmguage, drawn from tlie implements of Mascmry, and also had secret modes of recognition. In course of time these societies became the repositories of the various rites brought from other countries to Rome, and there is reason to think that amongst <jthers the Jewish or Temple Masonry was thus introduced. Upon the invasion of the barbarians these societies declined very much in both numbers and power, but on the conversion of the Empire to the Christian faith they again began to flourish, and the priests and dignitaries of the church became their patrons, so that in the tenth century they were established as a free guild in Lombardy. Thence crossing the Alps, they passed into all the European countries, where Christian- ity having been recently established, churches were re- quired. They w^ere encouraged in their objects by the Popes, and more than one "bull" was issued in their favor. They were granted the monopoly of erecting churches and edifices of a religious character, declared independent of the laws of the country where they were temporarily living, allowed to regulate their own wages, and no mason, not a member of this order, was allowed to compete with them for employment. It is even said that one of these "bulls" terminates with the words "after the example of the king of Tyre, when he sent artisans to king Solomon, for the purpose of building the Temple of Jerusalem." We have already noticed that the first charter granted them in England was in A.D. 926, since which period the society can be easily traced to the present time.
TREASURER.
The officer whose duty it is to receive all money from
I
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eii" own ion from Luy wui'e o adiiiit- srsons of ons, and i'om the nodes of \ became »m other link that was thus ms these d power, Christian ests and so that is a free ps, they Jhristian- were re- ts by the in their erecting declared hey were ai wages, } allowed 3ven said \\Q words II he sent Iding the iced that sin A.D. ily traced
ney from
the hands of the Secretary, and pay it out by command of the Master, and with consent of the lodge.
TUBAL CAIN
Was the son of Lamech. We are told in the Bible that he was the tirst v^ho worked in iron and brass. As he is looked upon as the first to give value to projjcrty, Tubal Cahi, among Masons, is considered the symbol of " worldly possessions,"
TWENTY-FOUR INCH GUAGE.
An instrument made use of by operatives for the purpose of measuring and laying out the work ; but Free Masons symbolize it for the purpose of utilizing their time, and directs them " to so apportion it to its proper objects, namely, prayer, labour, refreshment, and sleep."
VISIT, RIGHT OF.
Every Mason who is an actual member of some regu- lar lodge, has a right to visit any other lodge as often as he thinks proper, during the time it is open for general business ; but this right is not absolute, for it is in the discretion of the Master, and should he find grounds for refusal to admit, there is no ground for masonic com- plaint.
VOUCHING,
Or bearing witness that a brother is "true and trusty," must never be done, unless the party who offers this testimony has personally satisfied himself of the stran- ger's qualifications.
WAGES.
There are many masonic traditions as to the wages paid the workmen engaged in building the temple, but the most reliable appears to 1 e those referring to the Fellow Crafts, who received theirs in the Middle Cham- ber, and were paid in corn, wine and oil, according to the agreement made between Hiram of Tyre and King Solomon, as stated in 2 Chron. ii. chap., 10 verse.
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Pocket Lexicon of
WARDENS.
Tho two officers next in rank to the Worshij)fiil Mas- ter. The Senior Warden's duty is, under the Master, to superintend the Craft during the h(Rirs of labour. The Junior Warden presides over the Craft during tlie time of refreshment. These two officers, along with the Wor- shipful Master, are also the representatives of the lodge in Grand Lodge.
WARRANT OF CONSTITUTION.
Since the first organization of Grand Lodges, as now constituted, no assembly of Mascms is permitted to meet for work as a lodge, except under authority of a "war- rant of constitution," granted by some Grand Lodge.
WEST.
In early times, the wisdom of men was concentrated in the Eastern portions of the earth, and those peoples who had settled in the Mediterranean, west of the plains of Shinar, returned to the East to learn the knowledge of their fathers. The West was thus in a comparative state of darkness, and he who wished for light had to leave it and travel to the East.
WHITE.
Emblematic of innocence. Represented in Masonry by the white apron and white gloves.
WIDOW'S SON,
One of the most illustrious persons in Masonic history. So called, as he was the son of a widow of the tribe of Naphtali.
WINDING STAIRS.
We are told in I. Kings, vi., 8 : " They went up with winding stairs into the middle chamber."
WISDOM.
One of the three principal supports of Masonry. It is represented by the Ionic column, and is placed in the East.
r8hii)ful Mfis- tlic Mjistor, to labour. The iring the time with the VV or- is of the lotlge
odges, as now nitted U ) meet ;y of a ' ' war- ind Lodge.
I
concentrated
those peoples
it of the plains
he knowledge
a comparative
light had to
d in Masonry
asonic history, f the tribe of
' went up with
I
i
Masonry. It ; placed in the