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(UND

HONOI

>*««i>«^I^W*M

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*-f"'

EARTH SEWAGE

WATER SEWAGE

NATIONAL HEALTH

^WEALTH

INSTEAD OF

DISEASE AND WASTE

BY

TheRevd. henry MOULE, (ENor.ANu)

EDITED

(UNDER THE DIRECTION AND SANCTION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA)

BV

E. A. MEREDITH, L.L.D.

UM)KK SKCRKTAKY OF STATK I'OK TIIIO I'ROVINCKS J

CUAIBU'AN OF THK LATK BOARD OF INSPKCTORS OF ASYLUMS, PRISONS, &C.

HONORARY MEMBER OP THE AMKRIOAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SOCIAL SCtENCK :

CORRESPONDINQ MEMBER OP THR \E\r YORK PRISON ASSOCIATION, &C.

OTTAWA :

PRINTED BY G. E. DESBARATS.

1868.

IJiiiiBwi mt^wi^fmmmm

EARTH SEWAGE

71

I

VBRSUS

WATER SEWAGE

OR

NATIONAL HEALTH

AA^EALTH

INSTEAD OF

DISEASE AND WASTE

The Ruvd. HKNRY MOULE. (England)

EDITED

(UNDKR THE DIRF.C'ION AND SANCTION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA)

BY

E. A. MEREDITH, L.L.D.

UNDKB SECRETAUY OF STATE FOB THE I'BOVINCEa ;

CIIAIKIIAN OF THE LATE BOARD OF INSI'ECTORS OP ASVLUMS, rillSONS, *C. nOKORAKY MKMBKtt OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR TUK ADTANCEMENT OF SOCIAL 8CIRSCB I \ COBUESl'ONDINO UEMBEK OP THE NEW YORK PRISON ASSOCIATION, &C.

OTTAWA :

PRINTED BY G. E. DESBARATS.

1868.

y^

" Cess-pools and Privy Vaults are unnatural abominations, treasuro bouses of bad " smoUs and noxious gasos — Sources of disease and death."

MOULE.

Pulroris oxigui jactu compressa quiescunt.

ViBQiL. (Georgics.)

n

i'

1 Ala Congress on the utilization of sewage, lield at Leamington, « (England), in October, 180G, Dr. Hawkesley, of London, read a « paper on the " Dry Earth System."

« The deductions lie drew, at the conclusion of his paper, were '< that the refuse organic matter from any human community is of « immense amount, and of great value if well applied, but the source « of great, varied, and increasing evils to the public health if ill 'I applied, as well as a great drain on the resourccLof the wealth and the food of the people; that the present mode of dealing with the « sewage of towns fails to utilize it, but, on the other hand, so mixes « it up with the great essentials of life— the air we breathe and the « water wc drink— as to lower the standard of vitality, produce much « disease, and convey epidemic poisons in the most fatal and wide '•spread manner; that the present system is an error from the <' beginning to the end, and incapable of any satisfactory improve- « ment ; and that the method of employing agents for absorbing, '< deodorizing, and utilizing the matter, according as he had described « and detailed it, affords a complete, practicable, and highly practical « mode of accomplishing all the objects of the sewage system.))

PREFACE.

In Dcconil)or last yoar tho Govornor (ioneral received from the Colonial SeiTclary a Despatch invitini,' the attunlion of the Grvcrnmont of Canada to an improved system of Sewaj^e recently introdnced into England and known as The Dry Eavlh S\jslr,m.

The Colonial Secretary stated in his Despatcii that "In; under- (I stood that the system had heen generally adopted in the Hospitals * and Prisons of India,)* and that it appeared to him « well deserving of consideration)) not only in relation to Hospitals Jails and Asylnms, bnt also to «all other establishments in which consi- « derable nnnibcrs of persons are bronght together.))

The DesjKitch was accompanied by many interesting Letters and Reports from the Government of India — from several Sanitary Commissioners and other Pnblic Oflicers of that Conntry in reference to the practical working of the new system of Sewage. All these official documents agreed in representing the system to be one of the most important sanitary and economic discovcn-ies of tho ago. Dr. Monat, the able Inspector General of Jails in tin; Pre- sidency of Bengal, emphatically declaring « its introduction to be « the great(!st public benefit conferred by a private individual that « he is acquainted with.)»

The best evidence probably of the estimate of the value of Mr. Moule's labours formed by tho Government of India will be found in the following extract from a letter addressed to the Rev. il. Moule, from the India Office in London, dated September 25, 1807.

« I am directed by Sir Stafford Northcolo to forward for your « information copies of Reports which have now been rciceivcd « from the Government of India, on the successful and general « adoption of your dry earth sewage system in India. In consi- (( deration of the very satisfactory character of these Reports, and u on the reconimondation of the Government of India, the Secretarv « of State for India in Council has much pleasure in authorizing « the payment to you of the sum of hve hundred pounds.))

The Governor General kindly communicated to me, as Chairman of the Board of Inspectors of Prisons and Asylums, a copy of the

vi

I) 'si»;itrli ;iii(l Kiiclijsun's abovo rcfcrnMl lo. Wliilc lliaiikiiij,' His I']x(;i'll('iH'y for tlifjsn valuable (lociiinoiils I took occasion, on bohalf of the lioard, to inform liim that so far back as the year I802, my attLMition had bc'cii called to a iiamplib't* l)y the Rev. Mr. Moule, aiinouncin;,' his discovery of th(.' Dry Kai-th System. ;.nd further that, rccoLMiizin;^ the ^'I'eat vahie of fliO discovery, I in the course of that year bronyht the snbjiM-t formally under the notict; of my collea;j:nes on the Board.

As an evidence that mv coll(?aL'ues had not onlv not failed to appreciate the bearings of this s<'uiitary discovery, but that they had been at some jiains to introduci^ the improved system into tho Pro- vincial Penilentiarv and other Public Institutions of the C.ountrv, eomini^ under their supervision, I quoted in my conununication tho followin.n extracts from the published Report of the iioard for the year IHOO, under the caption <i Dry Earth Glosels.)>

•(The substitution of the ''Dry Earth Closets" for "Water tt Closets" has for tho last three or four vears Ix^en iJ^oiu'' on very '( generally in many of tli(! Jails and other Public Institutions, as " also in many private residences in Eiigland.)>

'I Previous to the general adoption of this system in England, the H aulhorilies in India had recognized its value, and introduced it, « in a V(>ry shnple form, into all the Jails of that country. In their « last OHicial Report tho Indian Authorities pronounce the system « as perfectly successful, and extremely simple.

II Judging from the highly important sanitary and economic rc- (( suits which have invariably followed the introduction of this sys- « tern wluMvver tried, the Inspectors think themselves warranted « in assertint: that the « Drv Earth » svstem isdestuied to rank amonff » the most valuable sanitary and economic discoveries of the day.

<( Under these circumstances tho Inspectors feel that they may be « permitted to refer, with some degre of satisfaction, to the fact. •1 that this Board was it is believed the first public Body on this « Continent who officially called i>ublic attention to the subject, and « took steps to test the efficacy of the new system by actual experi » mcnt, as they did, first in the Provincial Penitentiary, and after- « wards in several of the Common Jails of the country.

« The Inspectors do not hesitate to jiredict that before many years <i are over the « Drv Earth » svstem, which it has fallen to their lot » to inaugurate on this Continent, will be found in use gene-

»

* Tho Pamphlet was kindly placed in my hands by Col. Campbell, C. B. Seignior of St. Hilairo.

iiij^ His

gono-

Soignior

I

•M

vii

« rally, not only in tlit; Jails and other Pnhlic Iiistitiilioiis of Canada, <i bnt also in the Pnblic Inslitntionsand private residoncos tlirougli- M out Uio Continent.i)

In the sprinj,' of the present year. His K.xcellency caused me to he furnished witli various other doeunionts procured at my sug- gestion from the Colonial Offic*,', givinj,' more detailed information as to the practical working of the iinpniv'ed system.

Before any opportunity pnjseiiled itself of submitting tlui last mentioned documents to tiie then Board of Inspectors the Beni- tentiaries Act of the last 8(!ssion of Canada having become law the Board of Inspectors c<'ase(l to exist, and with it terminat(!d my Offi- cial connection with the Penal and Ciiaritable Institutions of the country.

Though unable therefore to interpose officially in the matter, I ventured as ^^ Amicus Curiwn to subnn lo liie consideration of the Secretary of State the despatches and oiiier documents in my pos- session bearing on the new mode of sewfge, and T, at the same time, suggested that the subject was <^. such parnuioun* importance to society in general, both in a sanitary ■• :1 economic aspect, as lo warra'H the Government in taking lUeasures to give publicity to the discovery, with a view to encourage and facilitate the introduc- tion of the new system, not only into t!ie Jails Hospitals and Asy- linns of Canada ; but also into Barracks and other ehlablishments where large numbers of persons are brought together.

I submitted that the most elFectual moans of disseminating the necessary information on the subject would be the publication and distribution, under the sanction and direction of the Government, of a short pamphlet setting forth the general nature and impor- tance of the " Dry Earth " system, and the simplest means of carry- ing out the system in public institutions and elsewhere.

In support of this suggestion I mentioned that '^ The S.'uiitary Commission at Calcutta" had reprinted one of Mr. Mouh^'s papers, and sent it to every station throughout India, and further, that the Punjaub Government had translated the same paper and that in 1804 several of the higher class natives liad adoplfvl the system.

The suggestion met with the cordial approval of the Government, and, as I had given some little attention to the subject, the task of pre- paring the proposed pamphlet was entrusted to mo.

The preceding remarks are intended to explain the origin and scope of the present publication, and to account for my editorial connection with it.

VllI

In discharging the task assigned to me by the Government, two courses were open to me ; either simply to reprint, without aJlera- tion, ooe.of Mr. Moule's pamphlets ah-eady before the world, rr to compile liom the documents in my possession a qiwsi original treatise upon the subject. J have decided to take tlie formif-r plan, not only as b^nng the easier and simpler, but also as being the more fair and honest towards Mr. Moule. It seemed to me rijrhS fhat Mr. Moule should have an opportuuity of submitting hi> di^wrorery to the [leople of Canada in his own words and after his own fashion ; and thai, from the first, his name should be associated wiith the introduction into the country of the great measure of sanitary and economic reform, whicli, influenced solelv bv a desire to benefit his fellow men, he has so ably, so earnestly, so perseveriugly. and so successfully, laboured to bring about, and which has deservedly secured for him a place among the benefactors of his kind.

The [lamphlet selected for publication is one written by Mr. Monle in 1866, for the express purpose, as he himself informs us, of (jiving a fuller and more practical account than had previously tieen given of the advantages and of the principles of the Dry Earth System. « of the application of those principles to individual cases, « and of the feasibility of its general adoption in villages and !ownsj>

The fact that the new system of sewage is one that can ine so readily and advantageously adopted in our villages, tmvns and cities, is one which should command for it a willing and ^.arnest attention in this Canada of ours. We need not go much f*?yond the Metropolis to be made painfully sensible of the fact that the system of sewage at present in use in some of our cities falls some- thing short of absolute i>erfection.

The labour of the Editor, though comparatively easy, has not been merely nominal. Besides writing the explanatory notes appended to the pami»lilet, the Editor has been at sonie [»ains to collect from various sources the matter contained in the Api»t'ndix. In it the Editor trusts there will bo found useful practical iulTorma- tion on many points of special importance necessarily noticed but briefly in Mr. Moule's short paper.

Should the following pages be the means of facilitating the introduction into Canada of the new system of sewage, tlie Editor will have the satisfaction of feeling that, through the liberal and enlightened action of the Government of Canada, he has been per- mitted to contribute sonievyliat to the promotion of a work of great

IX

raenS. two oniK aHlera- )rld. ft to i original m^T plan, r the more rijrhs fhal

1 fasLion ;

with I he

litary and

tM-iiiefiE his y, and so le^CTvetlly id.

en by Mr. J forms us, nisly l*een [)ry EarEh Inal cases,

id lOV^TlS.;)

can be so towns and ad earnest h l*?yond t thai the 1 13s s«jtme-

national importance, one to which, so far as he is aware, he was the first ofllcial person on this continent to draw pnblic attention.

In this preface, Mr. Moule's Dry Eartli System has been thronghout spoken of as the new system. The expression is open to objection. Mr. Moule himself, in his Pamphlet on National Health and Wealth, informs ns, « that the official reports from India prove that the new « method of deodorizing f.-ecal matter was early known to the « Hindoos, and fnrther that it has been practised amongst the ((Chinese in the sonth of China, from time immemorial.)) It would seem indeed that the observance of a similar practice was enjoined by Moses upon the Israelites in the wilderness.'-i' V(>rily, there is nothing new under the Sun!

In concluding it may not be out of place to mention that partly in conse(iuence of its being necessary to write to England for infor- mation on certain points, and partly from private reasons the publication of the present Pamphlet has been somewhat delayed.

E. A. MEREDITH,

Ottawa, October, 1808.

* See Deuteronomy, Chap. 23, vv. 12, 13.

irv

has not notes e [lains to \l»I*»'ndix.

I iiilTorma- jliced but

tatiui* the he Editor beraS and been per- il of tjreal

■

INTRODUCTION.

As tho evils of the water system of sewage become daily more manifest, especially in the pollution of rivers, and in tin? increased burden of rates thrown by expensive public works on the industrial classes, the jtrejudice against the mode of removal of excrementilions and other olt'ensive matters by means of Dry Earth seems greatly to abate. At all events, the inqniries on the subject are so fretinent as to compel me to undertake this fuller and more practical state- ment than I have hitherto given, of the advantages of this system and of its principles ; of the application of those principles in individual cases ; and of the feasibility of its general adoption in villages and towns. And I do this now, not merely for the sak(> of England, hut of other countn'cs ; amongst whicli, tliose perhaps will derive from the adoption of the system the greatest advanlage, which are situated either within tho tropics, or in the more northerli/ latitudes. It has already been introduced into all i)arts of British India and the Straits settlements. Many high class natives in the Punjaul) have been induced to adojjt it ; and the able Insjiector- General of Gaols in Bengal, who led to this by brniging to the 1 tice of the Sanitarv Connnittee in Calcutta a paper read by me before the Society of Arts in ISOlK has, together with other medical otlicers. expressed his decided opinion that the benefits already apparent are such as to render it impossible to overestimate the advantages likely to arise to India, both as to comfort, health, and economy, through the adoption of this system.

I. — THK AUVANTAOKS OF THK DRY EARTH SYSTKM.

The only other system with which this has to compete is that for removing "excrementitious and other oifensive matter by means of water. The advantages . 1" th(! Dry Earth system, as compared with, this, ar«^ as follow : —

1. In a sanitary point of view— th(> »nil of foul and noxious smells and gases'is not merely removed from the individual house into the pulilic sewer, or br()i)k, or stream, or cessiiool, there to ferment and Ix^coine far mon; injurious to others, and perliajis to the inhabitants of that very house; it is actually destroyed,* inju- rious exhalations are prevented; fermentation and the escape of

* Water neither absorbs nor effcotuiilly deoJorizos fiiocal matter, dry oarth both absorbs and deodorizes such matter and that almost iostantaiieously. {.tld.}

sulplmrotlod hydrogen arc prcvontod ; and the mixture of earth and excreiiHMit, iniHko the mixture of water and excrement, is removed from the premises Avithont the possiljility of injury eith(M' to the occupiers of those premises or to tlic [tuhlic*

2. Tnt' Dry Kartli system ii^aflmlssible into sick rooins ami into the icanis of hospitals; and through its admission one of the greatest miscu'ies of human life, the fo\il smells of tlie sick room, and one of the nmst fre([uent means of commnnic^ating infection, may he entirely che(^ked. Again, public urinals at railway stations and in our streets, inst.(»ad of being the greatest nuisances, maybe ri.Midered com[»lt;lely inodorous. And other ])nblic conveniences, to the innnense relief of human nature, may, by tliis means, be establisbed, not only without any otlence to the neighbourhood, but with pecuniai'v j)ro{it to the parties (.'stablisliing and maintaining tliem.

Lastly, while tliis system obviatc^s the contamination of well- watei", ([uil(,' as ellectually as the water system can ; it does not, as tlu; water systtMU invariably does, liy expensive works entailing heavy I'ates and incroas(;d l)urden of nnit, promote the ov(nrrowd- ing of houses and rooms, and the increase in this dii-ection of the causes of sickness.

This points to the advantages of the niiv kauth system in an eco- nomical point of view. No exj)ensive public works an; reiiuired for its a(lo[)tion. A population of 7()()0 p(.'ople would re(juire, for the water system, an outlay on such works of at least 7000/., to say nothing of tlie cost of the water-wcu'ks. The pi'ivatecost would be, [ sup[»ose, e(jual to this ; and there is the lasting expense of water supply and repairs. The private works for such a population adopt- ing the di'V (Nirth system, (.'ould scarcely ex(!L'ed lln^ cost of 7000/., — the ])ublic works would be nothing — the snpjjly of earth would be nothing — and the re[)airs ought to be almost nothing. Indeed, I know a case — the case of a school of seventy l)oys — in which the earth is suiijilied and removed by a fai-mer, who has agreed to give lO.s'. a month for tin; produce. This islitth; enough — still even this is a vast advantage ov(!r the water system. By tlu; water system.

1

I

again, the whole, or verv nearlv tin

O 7 7 u tj

whole, of this valuab

le source

* yiv. JIoiilo writes elscwcro "The Ccss-pool iiml I'rivy Vjiiilt are siinjily iin iinnatu- " rjil abdmiiiiitioii — tiiey form so many treasure liuiises of bail .smells and uoxioii.s gases, " so many ."ciiiri'os of di.«ease and death, and at tlie .<ame time waste the most natural " and eifeotive fertilizers of the soil." " Tlie water closet used in eonncetion with tho "Cess-pool, lias only inereased these evil.s, It affords convenienne, but the evil of " noxious gases is increased, and brought nearer home, and the water causing the ex- " creta more readily to percolate the sub-soil, frequently this poisons the neighboring " wells."

With tho effects of tho sewage' and drainage of Towns and Citie.") in pidluting the waters of their rivers, tho public has of lato years become painfully familiar. On this subject tho lloyal Coniinissionors on Town sewage in England arrived at the fol- lowing startling conclusions.

" 1st. That tho increasing pollution of tho Rivors and .Streams of the country, is an " evil of national importance which urgently demands tho application of remedial mea- " sures.

" 2nd. Thnt this evil has larifi'hj inrrritunl with thf <jriiw!n;f rle'inUnrnn iind inltrnnt im- " provfiiiuiit iif 'J'liH-nn (in reynrdx witter mtp/ili/ anil ilriitnii<ir, that it» encrensc irill continue " to be in direct proportion to such iaiprficmentf." [AV.]

of earth and , is !•(' moved .'illuM- to the

anil into the 111! greatest 1, and one of 111, ni.iy he tioiis and in he riMuhM'ed <'<'s, to the estahlislied, hut with iiiiiiM' Ihein. nil of well- docs not, as is entailing oviM'crowd- ction of the

n in an eco- •e icijuired ii'fjuirt', for 000/., to say >L would ho, se of water iition adopt-

of 701)0/.,—

h would he

Indeed, I

which the :'ced to ,i,ave II even this t'M- system, ahle source

of manure for our farms is thrown away and wasted. By the dry earth system the whoh) inij^hl he saved, and utilised to such an ex- tent that it shall he i)rorilai)le, not only to the farmei's who used it, hut to the towns from whence it is procured.*

n. — THE PULNCU'LES OF THE nUV EAIITH SYSTEM.

These ai-e first, the marvellous capability of (h-y and siflnl nirth, or of cldi/rd subsoil^ for dcodorisation. This is such, that two pounds wcifilit of sn(di earth, f or three h;ilf-j»infs. is anii)ly suHicicnt for one use of a closet. .\nd if with this (lu.'intity the excreta covci-cmI hv it he intimatelv mixed, it mav in a verv short time lie dried without oil'ence hy artificial heat. And the mass, when dried thus, or hy natural heat, may h;3 used again and again fot' the same pupose. I have tried it with success t(Mi times.

The second i)rinciple is in the immediate application of this deoilo- risiny poirrr to the matter to be dvodorised. To meet this evil we must take it in detail, and we must take it at once. Little real good, if not mu(di harm, will ever be done by trap^ ind ventilators and gully- holes, and deodorising processes for vast volumes of smvage water. The I'vil must be cut off at its source. Al this point it can h(! cut oil', and convei'ted info a vast benefit.

The third principle, which has only recently how(;v(>r been ob- served, and which so increases the feasibility of the inlroduction of this system into large towns, is this : if the deposits fall into a vault, 3 feet or 't feet deep, the su[)erincumbeiit weight of ilie repeated addition of two pounds of earth, and an occasional act of levidling with a rake or common scra[ier, are sulficirnil for the inixing. So lliat within six weeks from the deposits falling, the excreta and any vegetabk' matter disajipear ; and the mass looks and smells like fresh earth. And in that vault, without the omission of any otl't-u- sive smell, it may continue three, four, or six months.

»;

|)ly nil iiniiatu- uosioiis gases, 3 most natural ciUion with tho Jilt tlie evil of aiisiiii; tlio cx- le neighboring

1 p.illnting the familiar. On veil at tho fol-

country, is an remedial moa-

tid infmiixl im- »c irill onttnue

HI. — THE APPI.ICATIOX OF THE PHINCIPLES OF THE DIIV EAUTll SYSTEM

TO INDIVIDUAL CASES.

In the case of the ordinary privy, whether attached toacott.ige or larger dwidlingdionse, if there' be (litliculty in removing it from its present site, let the present vault be emptied and cleansed, and filled

* The value of tho manure producod annually in a City or Town is estimated at not less than .£1 sterling per head for every inhabitant. Tho City of London, tiierefore, throws no less than i^U, 500,000 annually into the Thames, and is now expending .jD'J.SOO,- 000 on works to throw it away more completely than before. (See Appendix D.)

f The best earth for tho purpose is that containing tho most organic matter. Kxpo- rionco in Canada has proved that black muck or swamp earth, when tlioroughly dried and sifted, is admirably adai I for earth closets. Where it isdillicul' to obtain suita- ble earth in sufficient (juaij sifted ashes may be mixed with the earth, in tho pro portion of one of ashes to tW' . earth. [£.'(/.]

lip to williiii throe feet of the floor, and lot the bottom bo paved or made wattjr-li'^ht by cement, or by coal ashes and tar. Let there be an opening' at the back for removal, as often as n(!cessary, of the d(!posit of eai'lh and soil. Let eartli be collected in snfhcient quan- tity in (lr]i iccatlicr : and if th(!re be not a covered shed to keep it in, let it 1)0 placed in a portion of the coal-liole, i)oarded off. L(.'t it be siftf.'d for nse throngh a sieve With a mesh of one-fonrlh of an inch. And for a family of ordinary nnmber, if the earth so placed be not siiilicienlly dry, let the retjuisite qnanlity be placuid either in the oven or atni<^ht nnder the kitchen fire.

Simple pieces of mechanism have been invented and patented, which are set in motion eithiu- by lifting a handle as in the ordinary water closet, or by a self-acting seat. This meclianism is alike adapted to llxed closets or to commodes.* 'J'he earth is conlained in a reservoir at the back of the seat. This reservoir is furnished with a hopper, one kind of which on being lifted fills itself, and then railing by its own weight shoots the sifted earth so as to cover the deposit. In the case of the commode, there is placed bcmeath the seat a galvanised iron jiail, which receives the deposit and the earth, and which is removed when necessary without the slightest offence. For the removal of the contents of these pails from upstair wards of hos])itals or sick rooms, an arrangement may easily be mad(.' of this kind : in some convenient part of the building, outside (or even inside) the walls, a shaft 12 inches i' diameter may be fixed almost close to the wall, at the bottom of which should be a vault or a truck, into which through ti e shaft the contents might be thrown, and, if a truck were used, immediately removed. Thi8 shaft, made either of earthenware or of cast iron, glazed inside, may be used also in immediate connection with the seat of the upstair closet, and if furnished at the lower end with a moveable bottom, will greatly facilitate the removal of the deposit, and at the same time supersede in such cases the use of the vault. It may be in(l(MMl a vault in itself. And from the space being more confined than that of the vault, the mixing and the decomposition will be more rajiid. Its iip[)er end will be almost close under the pan of the closet, and its lower end be at such a height from the ground as to admit beneath, according to circumstances, a wheelbarrow or a cart. When either of these is placed beneath, and the bottom moved or loostMied, the contents of a week or a month, or two months, would fall by their own weight, and the emptying be the work of two or three minutes. This shaft may be placed within the outer walls of a house, descending into a chamber to be approached through a kind of cellar-door in the basement.

In the use ()f the vault as a receptacle for the contents of the closet descending through this shaft, there would, it is true, be one advantage over the shaft as itself constituting the vault. It is this, that in such cases the earth box and the hopper may hi; fixed at the bottom of the shaft, and the latter be worked by a wire from the

* For n description and plan of an oartli closot. (Soo Appendix A.)

5

bo paved or ■ I-ict there ssary, of the ifiont quail-

0 keep it in, y> Let it be

1 of an inch, aced he not ither in the

It] patented, "le oi'dinary ^ni is ahke H contained s furnished

itself, and ' as to cover •ed beneath :)sit and the he sH^i,ditest vtnn upstair ly easily be ing, out'side ter may bo siionld be a touts might »V("d. Tlii8 ized inside, ?eat of the

moveable an(i at the

It may be e confined on will be the pan of he ground Ibairow or liie bottom h, or two ing 1)0 ilie L'ed within ibor to be It.

nts of the no, be one

It is this, i.xed at the ! from the

uppermost story of ilie house ; and the necessity obviated of carry- ing the earth upstairs. In that case two men <au take out and remove tlie contents of a vault of a family of five persons, accumu- lated during six mouths, in less than an hour.

1 must not omit to mention here tin; a[»plication of the nnv karth principle to L'niNALs, especially /■«?• sc/joo/.s and railicay stations^ and other public places.^ The contrivance is simf)ly a pit or vault four or five feet wide, of any length refjuired, and of that depth which will admit of easiest removal, not less than three feet. Over 12 or 18 inches of the width of this pit or vault, there is an iron grating. on which those using it stand, this grating being as wide as may b<! without allowing the foot to get into it. From the inner end of this grating rises an iron railing. Of course the blocking oil into compai'tments would Ij(! the same as when; water is used. It niusl be sheltered from rain. If the urine l)e thus kept from falling on stone, or shile, or wood, and fall entirely on the earth, and if this earth be well supplied, and not alloAved to become very wcl, all ofiensivo smell is prevented, and a valuable manure manufactni-ed. There are public urinals frequented by 3000 persons a day. Is it too much to say that the manure saved from them by the us*; of earth would be worth from 2/. to 3/. a day? A week or two ago 1 was requested to look at the privies and urinal of a national school of 400 children. The otfensiveness was so great I could not bear to stand within ten yards of them. Now these places may, by the use of dry earth, be made perfectly inolleusive ; and 1 am myself disposed to estimate the value of the manure that is now wasted, but which then would be saved, at certainly not less than 5s. a dav.

IV. THE INTRODUCTION OF THE DRY EARTH SYSTEM INTO TOWNS.f

For some time after my discovery of the principles stated in a former chapter, and of their general applicability, I was quite disposed to yield to the dilficulties which seemed to stand in the way of their application to towns, and to confine my attention exclusively to detached houses, and some large institutions and villages. But every year has helped to remove those difiicultics. The first of these was the vast amount of earth that seemed to Ix- requisite. But gradually we have reached this point, that for the removal of excrementitious matter alone, an average of 4 lb. a day for one person will be sufiicient. This would be ^ a cwt. a fortnight, or for a family of five persons -2^ cwt. a fortnight, or 1 ton for sixteen w?eks, or 3^ tons a year. What family thinks of the trouble of taking in so much coal every year? The removal need not be more frequent, nor would it requin; much more labour. But then this labour would not devolve on the familv itself.

* For a design for Urinals and as aboro described see Anpondix 13.

t For important information as to the u3o of this sy.stem in gaols, see Appendix C.

6

In ordor to carry out tho system in a town, a company must be formed, which will be in fact a manure company, and wliich will find it to its advantage to prepare and supply the earth, and remove it at least without any expense to the householders. For this com- pany drying sheds and warehouses will be re(iuisite, and of course a stall" oi inen with horses and carts. Such a company has been projected for Sheffield. But at Lancaster, VV. Garnett, Esq., of Quernrnore Park, has undertaken an experimental work at his own risk and cost, and after three months reports most favourably of his progress.

By such a company as I have mentioned, the closets, where required, might be supplied at a moderate rent, to be paid by the liousoholders— an arrangement which might ensure, in many cases, their better preservation. And if to the value of the manure* arising from this source should be added that fiom the general cleansing of the town and of public places,— the street sweeping, the soot, the refuse ef slaughter-houses, &c.,— I feel sure that from G.S. 8r/. to 105. a head would be rather too low than too high an estimate of the whole value.

But even supposing for a moment that this should be too high an estimate, and that a town council or a board of health undertaking the work should do no more than pay its expenses, tlie town is cleansed for nothing, and thovowjhhj cleansed, instead of being heavily burdened with rates for only a very imperfect cleansing.

FORDINGTON ViCARAGE,

DoncHESFER, Dorset, 18G6.

HENRY MOULE, A. M.

* As to the " Taluo of tho manure " see Appendix D.

nny must bo I wliicli will aiul remove 'or this com- nd of course ny has been ett, Esq., of k at his own ivoiirablv of

)SGts, where paid by the many cases, le manure * the general at sweeping, re that from too liigli an

too high an

Lnulerlaking

the town is

being hcaviiy

, A. M.

AppKNnix A.

PlXTIlACT niOM A PAMPHLET ^rULISHI-D HyMoULE's PaTENT EaRTH

Closet Company, Loxdox.

MOULE'S PATENT EARTH CLOSETS-*

This iuv(Mition elToctnally remedies evils arising from common cesspool privies and water-closets; and equally prevents the offen- sive smell consequent on the use of the ordinary commode in Bedrooms, Hospital Wards, Prison Cells, ^c.

It is founded upon the welllcnown powcn- of earth as a deodo- rising agent : a (jivoi quantity of dry earth destroying all smell, and entirely preventing noxious vapours and other discomforts. The practical application of this power has becm successfully carried out by the present invention, which treats all the operations in detail.

Apart from its superiority over the water system in destroying all smell, the earth system is more economical, both in the first cost and its after-working ; there being no expensive cistern or pipes; no danger from frost ; and the product being a manure of value to farmers and gardeners. The supply of the earth, and its removal, are attended with no more inconvenience than the supply of coal and the removal of ashes, whilst the value of the manure amply pays the cost. Added to which, the sifted ashes, instead of lying in the dustbin until they become a nuisance, may be mixed with the earth, and thus lessen the quantity required. Under certain conditions ashes alone may be used ; — on board steamships, for instance, where they are throw^n overboard daily, and where the use of the Earth Closet would not only be a great saving of cost, but the removal of an intolerable nuisance.

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE EARTH CLOSET

consists in an apparatus for measuring and delivering the requisite quantity of dry earth, and in a reservoir for containing it. This apparatus can "be applied to most existing closets.

'I*' Those cloacts aro maaufacturod at No. 29, Bedford street, Straad,LondoD> £aeland. • 2

I'll

> .1

if

AN ORDINARY FIXKD CLOSKT

requires the apparatus to bo placed at [he back of and in connection with the usual seat, the reservoir for containing' the earth beinj,' placed above it. Under it there should be a chamber or vault, about four feet by three wide, and of »ny convenient depth, with a paved or asphalted bottom, and the sideslincd with cenHJut. Shouhl there be an existing cesspool it may ])o altered to the above dimen- sions. Into this the deposit and earth fall, and may remain there three, six or twelve months, and continue perfectly inodorous and innoxious, merely requiring to be occasionally levelled by a rake or hoe. If, however, it should bo found impossible or inconvenient to have a vault underneath, a movable iron trough on wheels may

be substituted. In this case it will be advisable to raise the seat somewhat above the floor, to allow the trough to be of sufficient size.

By one form of construction, (the " Pull Ui),")*the pulling up a handle releases a sufTicient quantity of the dry earth, which is thrown into the pit or vault, covering the deposit, and completely preventing all smell. By another, (the " Self-Acting,") the same effect is produced by the action of the seat. The apparatus may be placed in and adapted to almost any existing closet or privy, and so arranged that the supply and removal of earth may be carried on inside or outside as desired.

i(ii

# The Company who manufacture the closets, state that the apparatus is adaptable to privies, eitlier single, or in sets of one, two or six. Working plans for them or for others extended to sixteen or twenty closets aro supplied by the Company.

The same Company also manufactures Earth Commodes, for use in bed-rooms and hospitals 'f the Commode contains in itself the apparatus and earth reservoir, and a movable pail takes the place of the chamber or vault of the ordinary earth closet. [Ed.']

connection jarth being • or vault, pth, with a lit. Should )ve dimen- nain there lorous and by a rake 'Convenient heels may

9

It is in most cases quite easy to arrange for the closet to be placed upstairs; and for the contents of the pail to be emptied down a shaft, either inside or outside the building.

The apparatus is sold soparatcdy, and may easily be adapted or fixed by any carpenter. A drawing with instructions is sent with

each: or, on receipt of a sketch, with dimensions of the place in whicn it is intended to fix the apparatus, full directions will be given for fitting it. The iron earth-reservoir is made to vibrate, so as to prevent the earth from clogging. This may be carried up, in fixing, to almost any height, so as to enable it to hold a larger quantity of earth.

se the seat sufficient

lUing up a which is completely ') the same ;us may be ivy, and so carried on

is adaptable ir them or for

ed-rooniB and servoir, and a i oloaet. [Ed."]

^ I

Ai'1'i;m)I\ |{.

URINALS.

Tlio Dry Earth principle is equally api)lirahlo to Urinals, qs\)C- ciaWy for schools and railway stations, and other public places. Self- acting machintM'v for tli('S(j urinals is sui)[)li('(l Ity liu' Company," and all oll'onsivo snujll may be i)revent(}(l, anil a valuable manure manufactured. There are public urinals frequented by "2,000 jtersons a day, and no one reijuin.'s to be told of their ollensiveiu'ss. Yet these places may, by the use of dry earlii, be made perfectly inolfensive ; and tin; value of the maiuire that is now wasted, l)ut which then would be saved, would be hijzhly rennuierative.

* Moulo's Patent Earth Closet Company, ."{'J Bedford street, Strand — London.

\\: \i\

II

Al'l'ENUIX C

mals, ositc- hirrs. Self- (^4f)iiil)any,* j1(! iiiainirc 1 by 2,000 'ensiv(Miess. '.} iMM-fc'Ctly vasli.'d, but live.

r^ *

idon.

DETAILS OF TIIK DRY KAHTII SY8TKM OF SFWilUAdF

(from thu Rules for tlic Suporinlcndoucc aud Matia^MMUtMit of (iaols in Ui(3 Lower F'rovincesof tbo Reu^'al Presidency, lH(»i.)

Conscrcancy. — Latrines untl Vrinuh.

As a nuisance in a ^"^o.-il may easily be avoided, its existence is an indication of inetlicient adminislralion. J*'or successful con- sorvancy administration it is not sullicient to jjive an f)rder ; tliere must be a perfectly or^ranized jdan, witb rides for tln^ f,Miidance of ♦•ach individual, and not only must every on«' liave bis own sepai'ate duty assigned bim, but in case of neglect IIk; resjtonsibility must lie llxed upon some one against whom the neglect or want of supervi- sion rests. It is not only necessary to give an order, but also babi- tually to see tbat it is properly carried out ; and as long as tbere is anything to oU'end tbii senses, the officer in charge of tlu3 gaol may rest satislied that the system is only im[terh'ctly carried out, and no excuse should be accejiled in justilication.

Drains of any description, for sru'a;ic purposes irithin a fjaol or its precincts are absolutely prohibited.

The dry earth conservancy system shall Ite adopted in all gaols in substitution of any other reiiuiring the removal of li(iuid sewage.

The ap[tlicalion of not less than two pounds of dry sifted earth to the recently voided f.-ecal or urinary excreta of one person prevents decomposition, entirely suppresses fermentation and the escape of noxious and offensive gases, and admits of the excreta being preserved in a ])ortable and innocuons condition.

The essential conditions for the success of dry earth conservancy are : —

.1. Immediate apidication of earth to exci-eta. — Unless this be attended to, fermentation and the evolution of oll'ensiv(! products rapidly result. The subseipient ai)[)lication of a large (juantily of earth only abates a nuisance whose prevention is enjoined. IJiiue should be voided into large vessels loosely filled with dry earth.

B. The use of dry sifted earth. — If damp (>arlh be used success cannot be expected, and if unsifted earth be employed, an nnnect's- sarily large quantity will be re(]nired, involving extra labour in supplying fresh and in removing the soiled earth. A (jnantity of earth from the gaol garden should be kept constantly spread out in the sun to be thoroughly dried, and during the rainy season special arrangements will have to be made for effecting this under shelter. Before the commencement of the rains, a stock of thoroughly dried and well-sifted earth should be stored in a buildiuL'- for use on

\-2

f ''

o<•f•.'l^ions whoii it would bo olherwiso luiproruraljlt'. Tlie last work every afternoon of a gang of prisoners should be to ?ift and carry a supply of earth, and depo:-'t it in the earth reservoirs attached to ea«-!i latrine, which should be i)rotccted from rain.

C. The applieation of a suflicient quantity of earth \o the excreta. — Not less thau two pounds of sun-dried and sifted earth of the most snitabh kind will sufTico for each use either in a latrine or urinal. Hie latrine receptacles having been prepared by the sweepers placing in them a layers of earth of a few inches* in depth, each prisoner should be required, on each occasion of using the latrine, to throw a scoopful of earth over his evacuation.

D. The scrupulous avoidance of admixture of water with the sewage of the latrine. — Water used for personal aldution must be prevented from mixing with the sewage l)y providing large suitably shajied earthenware vessels loosely filled with earth conveniently placed to receive it. Rain waiter must be prevented from mixing with the sewage by having the latrines loofed over and the surface drainage in their vicinity directed aw'ay from them. All cesspools or res*?rvoirs, and all drains or pipes, wdiether closed or open, leading in or out of the latrine, should be abolished as opposed to the dry system. The use of water for flushing the ground, or llooring, or vessels should be prevented, and scrubbing »iilidry earth enjoined for cleansing purposes. The use of lime and char- coal for these purposes is strictly prohibited, the former being worse than useless, the latter a needless expense.

The latrine building should be of the simplest description, sulficiently screened for decency's sake, but otherwise freely open to admit of perflation.

The sweepers or scavengers are to remove, morning and evening, the soiled earth from the latrines and urinals, in large baskets' capable of containing 40 to 50 pounds, and dex>osit it in pre- viously prepared shallow trenches, about a foot m depth, in the gaol garden. Those trenches must always be kept ready for the deposit of sewage, cook room and garden refuse, and gaol sweepings.

Immediately the sewage has been disposed of as directed, which should at all seasons be completed before 7 o'clock a. m., and 0 o'clock p. m., the trenches should be filled up with earth, a layer of from six to nine inches being sufRcient, provided that the sewage was previously in a suitable condition to be carried in twig baskets, and to ensure this the supply of all vessels suitable for liquid sewages should bo Avithheld.

At gaols where the deodorised ordure is more than is needed for or can be disposed of iu the garden, it is to be covered over with earth in trenches made for the purpose, at a distance from the gaol, but far apart from wells and tanks used for drinking or culinary piuposes.

r

TTie last work ft and carry a rs attached to

0 the excreta. Ihof the most ine or urinal. the sweepers

1 depth, each ig the latrine,

Iter with the tion must be large suitably conveniently from mixing id the surface All cesspools sed or open, as opi>osed to e ground, or ing wiiu dry me and char- r being worse

description, e f.'eely open

doming and als, in large ►osit it in pre- lepth, in the ready for the ol sweepings. as directed, /clock a. m., vith earth, a

(led that the Irried in twig

suitable for

an is needed rovered over istaoce from 'drinking or

n

Night Privies.

Every sleeping ward shall bo provided witli at least three vessels, viz., a urinal, an earth closet, and an earth i-escrvoir with wooden scoop.

The urinal, loosely filled with dry earth, is only to he used for the reception of urine. Not less than one niauiid or eighty pounds of dry earth is to be allowed for forty uses. If urine npix'ar on the surface in the morning it is an indication of iusulliciein y of earth in the vessel. It is an essential condition for success that tlu' earth should absorb all the urine.

The earth closet is any suitable vessel containing a layer of dry earth into which the inmates of a sleeping ward or hospital can dehccate, a scoopful of earth from the earth reservoir being inune- diately thrown over the recently voided excreta. Kvery prisoniu- is to be made to throw at least one seer or two ]iounds over his trxcreta immediately after using the earth closet. Tlu; earth closet is to be solely for the purpose it is intended for ; if used as an urinal failure will result, for it is an essential condition of succ(>ss tliattlie earth applied to the ficces shall be capable of absorlting their mois- ture, which damp earth can do imperfectly and wet earth not at all. Ablution should be performed over the urinal.

To prevent nuisances around the urinal and earth closet a night light is to be kept burning in their immediate neighbourhood.

At 3 o'clock p. m. the night vessels shall be jiut in their i)ro- per places in every sleeping ward, and care shall be taken that they are placed on, and surrounded by, a thick layer of dry sifted eai!li, to protect the floor from being accidentally soiled by excreta. If any eflluvium remain after the removal of the night vessels and the earth it is a sure sign that there has not been a snlliciency of the latter.

Immediately after the prisoners vacate the sleeping wards in the morning, the vessels used as night urinals and earth closets shall be removed to the garden, their content disposed of in the manner prescribed for sewage generally, and the vessels themselves thoroughly cleaned and scrubbed with dry earth and exposed to the sun until replaced at three o'clock p. m. for night use, when the urinals should be filled with dry sifted earth, and the eartli clo- sets furnished with a thick layer of it.

(Note.) The Inspector General of Prisons in Bengal states that the dry earth system works successfully. He adds two cautions derived from experience in the Bengal prisons, viz., (i) that the earth used must not be clay, and should contain much organic matter ; (ii) that if less than the prescribed quantity of earth is used, or if earth once used is used again without having been sufficiently dried, or if too much of the saturated earth is used in grounds adjoining the prison, there is much danger of disease.

I ' i'

'l»

'l!i

li

Tho Edilor thinks il well to state that Ihi; i)rec(!(ling details are copied I'lom the Digest andSuimiiary of iiiforniation respecting Prisons in the Colonies, presented to the British Parliarmnt in 1 807.

In the snnimary tliere given of the principal conclusions arrived at in the construction, of Prisons the document from which these details ari; taken states under the head " Construction " :

<( Details of the k Dry Earth system » in the placp of liquid sewerage (( an; given in the Ai)pendix. Thissystem is in use in all the Prisons « of India, some of them containing as many as 2,000 prisoners, and <( in the Hulsdorp [trison at Colomho in Ceylon. The Inpector Ge- « neral of Prisons in Bengal states that, when proper care is taken, « this system is perfectly successful and is inexpensive."

Up to the i)resent time the sewage question has been not only the opprobrium and bug-bear of Sanitary Reformers generally, but the especial hrtc noire of Prison Architects and Prison Inspec- tors. To all who have any thing to do with Gaols whether as Inmates or Ins[)ectors, the present discovery cannot fail to prove an inestimable blessing, a wonderful saving of health, money and tenijier.

Th(! subjoin(Hl letter from one of our most experienced Jail Architects in Canada, is to the purpose :

« Ottavm, ^Srrf October, 1868. (I K. A. Meredith, Es(]uire,

« Under Secretary. « Sir.

!( I have perused with interest the pamphlets on Earth Closets « you were kind enough to send me ; the system in my opinion (( has only to become known to be adopted in our Prisons, Asylums (( and other Institutions. Having as Architect erected several Jails (( in Ontario, I can state that water closets in them are found to be « a source of great annoyance and expense, so much so indeed that (I of late they have been omitted in these buildings altogether. <( I am glad to see that in the dry earth system you propose to « introduce the dfliculties connected with Water Closets do not « exist and (to say nothing of the value of the soil as a manure) (( much expense will be saved by the simplicity of its working. <( I expect to see it generally adopted.

i( I have the honor to be, « Sir, « Your obedient servant,

(( H. H. HORSEY,

« Architect. »

y details ajo n respecting arliaimnt in

ions arrived which those

uid sewerage 1 the Prisons risoners, and Inpector Ge- ;are is taken,

I not only the nerally, but ison Inspec- whether as I to prove an money and

erionced Jail

tobcr, 18G8.

!]arth Closets my opinion 3ns, Asylums several Jails found to be 10 indeed that s altogether, u propose to ioscts do not as a manure) its working.

,nt, :\SEY,

« Architect. »

15

Appendix D.

Extract from a Pamphlkt published by Moui.e's

Closet Company.

Patent Kartm

VALUE OF THE MANURES.

If the closet is over a water-tight cesspool or pit, it will rp(|uire emptying at the end of throe or six months. The produce, which will be quite inodorous, should be thrown together in a hoaj), sheltered from wet, and occasionally turned over. At the end of a few weeks it will bo dry and fit for use.

If the receptacle bo an iron trough or pail, the contents should be thrown together, re-dried, and used over again four or five times (see page 1 1). In a few weeks they will bo dry and ht for use ; the value being increased by repeated ;iction. The condition of the manure should be much the same as that of guano, and lit for drilling.

With regard to tho money value of the manures, Mr. James, of Hallon, has furnished us with the following particulars. He says. —

t( Mr. J. Gadsden, who holds upwards of 000 acres of land in this and an adjoining parish, has applied earth passed once through the closet to a turnij) croi), ''^'>*i ^^"^ jjroducod some of the finest roots I ever saw, although it was sowed broadcast, and not as it shouhl have been, by the drill. Ho has no hesitation at all in estimating its minimum value at £3 per Ion.

« Mr. Gamble, who holds land hero to the sam(> extent, has arrived, by an independent trial and calculation, in the same con- clusion.))

Mr. Henry Taylor, Manufacturer of Agricultural Implements, at Dorchester, who is also a Manure Dealer, and holds a small farm, supplies the earth for the closets and urinals of the Dorset County School. Tho contents of tho Aault are removed by him once in three months. He has tried the manure so manufactured on various crops, and ho has informed us that ho considers the do[)osit of three months, after one use of the earth, to be worth, when dry, from £2 to £3 poi" ton. He has tried the repeated use of the same earth, and he considers the value of the manure to increase in pro- portion to the number of uses.

With regard to its practical value, the following facts may bn relied on : —

To a quarter of an acre of Sw^ede turnips, one hundredweight of earth manure, which had been used live limes, was applied. To three-quarters of the same acre, suy)erphosphato (at that time worth £7 lOs. per ton) was used in the samo proportion. On the quarter

o

16

1, '■

JM '

ji

1^'

of an acre drGssed with earth mamire, the turnips weighed one- third more than those grown on tlio three-quarters of an acre. The wliol(! crop was fed off; no other manure was used ; and the fol- lowing year the barley crop was hner on the quarter of an acj-e, in the proportion of four to three.

The following year, on another piece of land, earth whicli had passed seven times through an eartli-ch)set, was substituted for crushed bones, at the i-ate of one cwt. per acre. The ground was poor, the croji wliite turnips, and several good judges expressed the opinion that a finer crop could- scarcely have been grown. Mr. Dickinson, of New Park Farm, Hampshire, has asserted that such a mixture is (M}ual to crushed bones in power, more immediate in its action, and that the benefit lasts three years in the gi-onnd.

In a garden near Erith, belonging U) tlie Rev. H. IJernau, Belve- dere, (about half an acre,) for twelve or fourteen years an annual manuring of stable dung had failed to produce anything like a crop. Peas would not grow. Cabbages were dwarfed. Neither celery nor rhubarb nor i)arsiiips would grow at all. Last year, as an expei'iment, the stable dung was abandoned, and earth from a closet used.

The first sowing of peas was destroyed by a too liberal use. Grown wiser by experience, the gardener used less, and his barren garden was changed into a fruitful field. His peas grew seven feet high, and were covered with pods ; tin? white head of his cabbages weighed four pounds and upwards, and the passers-by stopped with wonder to ask what made his crops so much better than their own.

At the; West Hiding prison, a piece of ground was last year sown with onions, in the usual wvay ; the produce? being nil. This year the same ground was dressed with i-arth manure, and again sown with onions. Twice again dressed whilst growing, the result has been a very fine crop. At the same place, one half of an acre of grass land was manured with rotten dung, valued at 48s. The other half acre was manured with half a ton of earth manure. The crops were both fine and equal in value.

If the manure be not drilled in, care should be taken to use it during rainy weatln^r ; otherwise, the valuable salts contained in it remain midissolved.

It is believed, on the ground of much observation and experiment, that as soon as the earth covers the deposit, some manurial pro- perty of that deposit begins to impregnate it; and that when the deposit is wholly absorbed, the earth has in fact digested it, or reduced it to a form or state in which it can afford nourishment to the plant. The sooner, therefore, the root can reach it the better.

iglied one-

acro. The

ul the t'ol-

)f an acre,

which had ti tilted for round was pressed tlie •own. Mr. 1 that such mediate in round, lau, Belve- , an annual hiufz Hke a 1. Neither ist year, as iirtli from a

liberal use.

his barren ,' seven feet is cabbages opped with

their own,

t year sown

This year

again sown

; result has

an acre of t 48s. The I'th manure.

?n to use it contained in

experiment, murial pro- ut when the ested it, or nishment to it the better.

m