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1

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a

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6

,„S^..j«.'S..i. ■

mm

V'v, ■ : .',k,:

ON

THE ECHINODERMATA

i

OF THE

AROnC SEA TO THE WEST OF GBKENLAM).

^

BY
P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (Lond), P.R.8., F.GA, F.L.S.,

HoH. Ftuow Kiirs'« Coumb, iMnxm, C!oBBnroin>iHT of tb> Acinar «r Sanu. icnactx ot

PHILAOtLPHIl, TT.B. :

AND.

W. PERCY BLADEN, F.G.8., FX.8^ 4c

WITH SIX FLATB8.

LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW, EC.

MHXXIUCZXI.

■'t^'%'

1

i
\

A MEMOIR

ON

THE ECHINODERMATA

OF THE

ARCTIC SEV TO TIIE WEST OF GREENLAND.

BY
r. MATITIN DUNCAN, M.B. (Lond.), F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S.,

Hon. Fellow Ki.vo'n Coli.kok, Ldnpon, CiiRRRsroMnr.ST op the Academy of Natural Sciexcts or

I'lIILAnELrillA, U.S. ;

AND

W. PERCY SLADEN, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c.

LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 I'ATERNOSTER ROW, E.G.

MDCCCLXXXI.

1

iUSTi:it JIY TAV rnu AND lltANCIB,

iir.D LION coruT, n K>rr ^Tl^:Ir^.

'k

^

CONTEXTS.

rrcfare v

List of the Species iiotici'J ami (li'sciilu'd vii

Tlie Ilolntliuniidca 1

The Kchinoitleo ly

The Asteroitlc'ii '2-\

The ()i)hiiii'oi(lcu and ANtri)i)liyM(l;e ;'4

The C'l-inoidca (('oinatulu') 73

General Coiichisioiis 79

Index 81

Six riates, and their Descriptions.

llU)Uii3

orivlMl

P R E V A C E.

TiiK Echinodcrmata wliidi form the subject of this nieinoir were collected during the
voyn-jn of II.M.SS. 'Alert' and ' Dirscovery,' under tlie coninwnd of Sir ( ieorj,'e S. Nares,
R.N., KC'.n., F.ll.S., to the Polar Sea, by tlie Naturalists attached to the Expedition,
Capt. (now Major) II. W. Feilden and Mr. Hart. The greater number were obtained
from Tf 20' N. lat. to 82" 27' N. lat. iuclusiv( — that is, from Eranklin-rierce Bay to
Floeberg Beach. Some forms were captured on the outward voyage, in GO' X. lat.;
and others were dredged in the Expediti.m of 11. M.S. 'Valorous,' between GG^ 5G'
and 7(f SO' N. lat., by Dr. J. fiwyn Jetlieys. I'.ll.S. One si.ecimcn was taken by
Mr. A. C. Ilomcr (who accompanied Sir All.n Young in the 'I'andora'), in Smith's
Sound, 78' 10' N. lat. The Arctic Circle has been regarded as our southern limit.

The collections were made under great dilHculties. and especially tho.e from the
highest latituden: dredging, when the tangles froze on coming out of the sea, could not
be attempted frecpiently. Nevertheless the specin.eus collected were numerous. They
were carefully cleaned ; and some were preserved in spirit, and olliers were permitted
to dry.

After being deposited at the lioyal Society in 1877, the collection was forwarded
to the British Museum. Dr. Giinther, F.ll.S., confided the specimens to the author-s
of this Memoir; and we wrote a brief descripticm of them in the ' Annals & Magazine
of Natural History,' 1877, vol. xx. pp. .M'.>-170. Sub-sequently we contributed a
short notice of these interesting objects to the admirable book written by Sir George

I

vi

Xares, F.U.S., entitled • A Niivntivc ..f a Vnynf,'o to tlic r.,l;,r S,.;, .lurin,-; 1S7V1S7<;.'
piiblMir<l in ISTS. In ili;it sliort <ontnlniti(.n w.' Mi, -d tli:il tlii' nillrction was s„
intcrc«tin<,' nnd the siHcinicns weiv so viuiiil.lc tlmt we should iml.lish their desciip-
ti'in in n seimratc Mi>Tioi,'iai)h.

Til. (iov.rnnicnt (ivatit Committee of the l{oyal S(,eiety voted ii sum of iiyiey in
order to ii-M>t us in the |irodu(tion of this work.

We hei; to thank Dr. (iiinthev. V'.K.S., iu whosi' elnu-e the sfx^cimens now are,
Dr. J. fi«yn J. flVeys, IMi.S, the Kev. .\. M. Ndnn;.n, I'.L.S., Dr. Cari.enter, CMS.,
F.K S., and Mnjor Fcilden esi)uciully tor their kind assistance.

LIST OF THE Sl'IX'IES X()TICi:i) AM) DLSCltll]!:!).

HOLOTHUROIDEA.

Cl'( l.NtMllA ri!()\l)OSA (dlhillrr), /■'ar/il ■■<.
(/'ni'.M.M!l.\ CAI.i llihli A {'i/iiil^tJoll j, .Sclrn/rr'.

Onci i.A 15Aiiniii, 'rnisrhrl.
PsoLr.s I'liA.NTAi'i's (SlrunKiiifildl), Jiit/tr.
I'soMs Fabhicii (Itiihcii i5" Jumii), Liitien.
('iiiit(ii)OTA r,.EViH (Fubririux), (inilw.

MvitlOTUoaUiS Kl.NKII, Stnusti'iip.

ICHINOIDEA.

STi!i>.V(iYi.oci:.\Tit()Tis ui!uii\ciMi;.vsis [.][u!'cr), A. Aijaxslz

ASTEROIDEA.

Astkkacantiiio.n i'oi.akk, MiillirS- Trrn'rhcl.

AsTi;i!A( AMIlloX (iltiKM.A.MIlilM {Sti< llMl'iqi), Liiticil.

.Stiliiasti'.i! ai, HUM'S (Stimjwon), ]'iriiU.
('riiiki;i.i.a ocii.ata {l/imk), Furltis.
I'kdk i;i,i,ASTi;i! i'Ai,.i:ori!VsrAi.lAs, Shulcn.
CitossA.sTi-.ii rAi'i'dsus [l/nirk), Miilh r A- Tnmhrl.
.S()I,asti:r K.NDKt'A ((lincllii), Furf/f.i.
Loi'iiA.sTi'.u Ki'ucii'Kit (Diiliiii tf- Koreii), VirrlU.
Ptkuastkr MiLiTAHis {<). F. Mii//i'r), Mailer it- Ti'dscIkI.
Cte.nouiscl's couMi Li.ATLS (Liiic/i), I'crrlcr.

OPHIUROIDEA.

OlMllol'I,i:iUA AncTK A, JlllHiUll.
Ol'IIIOOLYrilA SaHSII, Ijiilhcil.

Oi'iiiiiOLYriiA lioiiiSTA, Ai/na.
Oi'iiioiii.Yi'HA SriwiTZii, Liitkcn.
Ophioctkx sr.uinaM, Forhcs.
OniionioLis liKLLi.s, Liiick.
Am1'II!L'I!A 1Ioi,ii<ki,i.i, LiithcH.
OriiiACA.NTHA si'i.MLo.sA, Milller & Trosvhel.

ASTRO. TSTTIDiE.

AsTRoriiYTOx AoASSizu, Stinipson.

CRINOIDEA.

AxTr.Dox EsiiiRicirni (Miil/cf), Vii-rill.
A.NTKDox ( i;lti( A (Jlarritt), Konnan.

AMliUO.N 1'R01,1XA, t'Slmhil,

A MEMOIR

0.\ TIIK

ECIIINODEKMATA OF THE ARCTIC SEA

TO Tiip;

WEST OF GREENLAND.

HOLOTHUROIDEA.

JirKiiNO from the results of such drcd^nni,' iis lias hitherto been conducted in hii;li
latitudes, the llolothuroideu as a groui) do not appear to extend in the North-Atlantic
area to a very great distance within the Arctic Circle. Exception must be made,
however, in the case of jri/riufnir/iKs Ulnlli, Stp.. which was obtained by the Polar
Expedition of 1875-70 in Disnivcry ISay, lat. 81 \V N., the most northern locality at
which any Ilolothuvoid has yet been found. The otlu'r members of the order have not
been recorded in this area beyond the "Hth parallel; but as they occur in higlier lati-
tudes elsewhere, it has been deemed e\]iedient to include those which extend beyond
t.'-e Arctic Circle ((Ur .'lO' N.) in the ju-esent docriptioii.

The following is a list of the llolothuroids in <pieM on : —

1. Ciii-iiiiifin'a froiiiliisn ((iunner), Forbes.

2. Ciiriniiiiri'i rft/<:ii/(r" (Stimp.), Selcnka.
■). Orculii Jlfdtliii, 'l'ro>chel.

4. J'.su/ks ji/iii)iftijiii-i (Stvu^scnf.). .liii'er.

G. I'no/its Fdliricii (I). \- K.), l-iitken.

(i. C7(/r"f/('/r/ An/.f (Fabr.), (irube.

7. J/i/ii(ifnicliiis li'iii/iii, Steenstrui).

2

ON THE ECHINODKR.MATA OF THE

CUCUMARIA FROXDOSA {Giinn.), ForhcH. riate I, Eifjs. I & 2.

1707. Ilololhuria fron'lom, fiiiniuriH, Ad. llcilm. ITii", y. 11">, ]il. iv. fijpi. 1, 2.

1770. Iliihthiiria fi-umhm, (). 1". Sliillor. Z.ml. Dun. I'milr. no. L"'»IIL'.

1770. Iliilolhiiria pi'iiliielfn, f). V. Mullcr. Zonl. Dun. I'riiilr. no. \1^W\,

1780. Jlulilhid-in jifiiUirli.^. I'liliricins, K:iunii (irciMilamlii ii. p. ;Cil'. no. 313.

1780. Jliil'illiiirid fmiiiliisn, Fiilincius, Fiiunu (inunlaiiili'M, p. Ji.'hi. no. ;{-l4.

17t*0. 1 Holothirin mlinita, Kabriciu.H, I'nuna (irn-nliimlira, p. ;i."il. no. 3-10.

17»8. l/ohithurin pnitactii, (imclln (pars?), Sy»t. Xal. I. inn. ri\. s'm. p. Itlli!).

1788. Jlohlhiirlii frowlosii, (imi'lin, Syst. Nat. I.inn. nl. xiii. p. .'ii;i>.

1788. /fololhiiria jieiilm-lif, (). F. MiiUcr, Zo.iI. Dun. vol. i. p. ;!ti, jil, xxxi. fij;. 8 (jiiv.). •

]78!l. lliilnthiiriii ii/iiViiica, .\lpi'i^ii:iril, Znol. D.in. vol. iii. p. (."i, pi. cviii. Iif.'s. I --1.

1800. Ihilolhui'iii jirnliiitis, Valil it If'illiko, Zonl. Dan. vol. iv. pp. 3 7. pis. i'X.\lii.-cxxvii.
iHlCi, Ilulothnrtif fi-')nito:tii, r-aniarck, .\riini. .'i. \"ort. i-d. i. vol, iii. p. 73.

1833. P< uttirttt ft'ondiixii, ,)i\]XOT^ Do lloliilhuriis. ]i. iL*.

1834. Vuvieria frnmhsa, liluinvillo, Manuol ilWctinolo^ic |i. IHJ.

1835. ^ Pafti/Jota niinulii, Urandt, Prodr. dcscrip. anira. ali Mcrlcnsio olw., I'asc. i. p. I."!.
183.5. ? C'hihufih-tiihi juntfirtf.^, lirandl, IVodr. lU'scrip. anini. ali Mcrlonsio olirt., fuse. i. p. 15.
18.311. Jfoliil/iiiriii iininili), I'orbos \ (looflsir, ■Mlicnu'uni, no. Olx^ p. (I17.

183!>. Cufiuniiriti fncifol'i, Forln-'K & (ioodsir, .Vtlirnauni. no. (ils, p. 017.

1811. Ciienmiiriit froiiihi/a, Forbes, Ilist. Drilisli Starti.ilii-8, p. 'Ji>'.>,

1841. C'lieunwriii fiicimin, Forbes, Hist, liritisb Slarfisbcs, ]i. ]i'J7.

1841. '! Cliithchirli/hi jieiilnrles, Gould, Invrrt. of Massadiusi'tl.s, p. Itl.'j.

1844. Ciiriimiiriit fromlom, Diibeii & Korcn, K. Vi't.-Ak:ul. llandl. 18U, p. L'ii3.

18.")2. llolhriiodarliild iinitiillf. .Vyrcs, IVoecod. lloston Sor. Nat. Hist. vid. iv. ]). r>'2.

18.J1'. Unlliriiii'liirli/ld iiffiiiis, .\yri's, I'roccod. lioston Soo. Nat. Hist. V(d. iv. p I4."i.

iH'>'J, '/ Ciicxmiirid fiii-inihi, Forbes, Siitlierlanil's .loiirn. of u Voya,i,'e &(•,, vol. ii. .\ji]iend. p. ccxiv.

1853. Pentttctft frinui'ittit, 8liniiison, 8yn. Mar. Divert, (irand Manan, p. I'i.

1857. Cufwmirw frmilma, I.iitken, Vid. Meddel. N. F'oroning i Kjijbeiihavn, 1""57, ji. -'.

1857 "iicumaria fromloan, M'.Uidrew & llarrctt, Ann. & Map. Nat. Hist. ser. L', vol. xx. pp. 43, 15.

1801, Cm'umaria fronihyxn, Sars, Oversigt uf Norgoa I'lebinodcriiier, p, I"".
1803, /'(•a<.ii7'f/co»./".»ff, Stimpson, I'roe, Aead. N, Sci, I'liilad. JsOlt, p. I4i

1800. I'fnliielti froniloxi, Virrill, Proceed. Doslun Soc. Nat. Ilist. vol. x. pp. 3.5:.', 357.

1800, '! I'ihUhUi mIiiiiIi, Verrill, Proeeed, ]io«(on 8oe. Nat, Hist. vol. x. p. 3.53.

1807. Curimiiifiii froniliimi, Selenka, Zeitseb. f, wiss, Zool, lid. xvii. p. 347,

1808. Cuciimaria froii'loiii, Wemper, Heisen ini Arebipel der Pliilip|iineii, Jlobithurien, pp. 51.'. U'M.
1800, Citemnarin fniniiiMi, Pourtales, Jliill, M'.s, Comp. Zool. Harvard, 1801), p. 35'.l.

Body subcylimlrical or subiiciitiifioiial in young stages, ovate in form when at rest
ami contracteci, but tapablo of considtTablc olongatioii ; imifornily rounded at botli
extreiiiitii's.

The ainbulacral sucker-feet are iirraiigetl in five longitudinal scries, each being a
double row in wliieii the tube-feet iilternale ; in old siieeinieiis, however, a (juadruplc
dis])()^ilil)n in the middle of a series is not unfre(|ueiit, eonseiiuent on the iiction of
growth-trowding, and a few additional irregularly-jilaced sutker.s also occur on the
dorsal interradial aretis, all the suckers being ca])ablo of entire retraction.

The skin is very thick, tough, and smooth, Jillhotigli s])ecimens ]ireserved in spirit
are generally much wriidvled anil [nickered ui), owing to the great contraction which
the animal is cai)ablc of exerting prior to death through the medium of the powerful
and largely developed muscular system which it possesses.

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GREENLAND. 3

The trntarlcs are ten in number, frondose, equal-si/ed, and very robust in luibit.
The oral armature is, as a wbole, lar^o, although the calcareous mouth-rin;,' in seme
examples is but very imperfectly caleifie.l. The radial elements arc somewhat of
the form of an inv.-rted Y, the musc.ilar bands being attaelu'd to the extremity ot the
upward od.l prolongation ; the iuterradial pieces are smaller, and often in the form of
a simple arch. The present writers have been unabl.- to detect in any specimens they
have examined the secondary rinf,' mentioned by Selenka*; but in a single .Tr.all
example there seem (.. be traces of an incipient calcareous prolongatum proceeding
from the interradial piece, and giving it the " Y " shape similar to that of the radial
elements. Perhaps such a development may be a stage towards the structure descnoed
by our learned contemp()r",ry.

In a young individual the Polian vesi. le is single, and consists of a simple elongated
sac, of modcM-atc capacity, and about one third the length of the body. The respiratory
organs, the intestine, ami the generative organs are largely developed.

The muscular system is very powerful, the longitudinal bauds being of such a
breadth as to partially overlay the am|.nlhe of the sucker-feet : at the oral extremity
they taper off rapidlv, and their continuation forms the double band of the extensor
muscles of the niou'th-appaintiis. The m. ntractorc^ are very strong and stout, the
band being attached to the mouth-ring between tlie two fascicules of the extensor
muscle. The .series of transverse muscles are numerous and closely placed.

Very conllicting statements occur respecting the calcareous spicules in the cuti<le,
not only as to the form, but even as to the presence at all of such bodies inC. f>;u.<hm.
DiUien and Koren (les(ril)ed the integument as covered with calcareous granules which
are irivgular, .leformed, and never perforated. Selenka states that he has found no
plates whatever in the general body-skin, i)ut only very minute arragonite needles
•tlOd luillim. in length ; whilst botli Sempei and Liitken specify that large and
perf(U'ated plates occur in this Holotliuroid, but are only to be met with in the neigh-
bourhood of the feet. Our observations tend to confirm the latter naturalists, although
there would appear to be very considerable variation in the quantity of spicules present
in different specimens. In some examples, for instance, the skin seems entirely devoid
of any calcareous deposits whatever, whilst in others spicules are more or less numerous
throughout the body ; and this has been the case in moderately large examples. Gene-
rally, however, it must be said that spicules are most fre(pient in the neighbourhood
of the ambulacral rows; but it would seem that no fixed rule of any kind can be
definitely laid down as to their occurrence in this siiecie-, whilst the same remark would
even hold good as to their form.

*■/;<>.— This species attains perhaps the largest size of any of the Vnrnmariiv,
occasionally measuring a foot from end to end, large specimens being able to extend
themselves to twice (U- three times this lengtii.

<.,,/„»;•.— in colour V.fromlom is of a dark purple mingled with grey, sluuliiig off
to ashy grey or white on the underside. Young examples are lighter and also of a
more uniform shade, generally pinkish or flesh-coloured.

• •■ lioitr.iire ziir .Viiiitomie uud .Systi'iuiilik dir Uololliuricn," Zi'itsch. f. wiss. V.wX. ltd, xvii. p. :i 17.

b2

ON THE ECIIINODER.MATA OF THE

Premature Form. — In early stages of growth the body is much more pentagr,
in form and usually lighter in colour, which not unfre(]uently approaches a pinkisli or
flesh tint. The ambulacral sucker-feet are well spaced and arranged in single almost
straight linos. In a small specimen "J niillinis. in length the two dorsal ambulacral
series are not so fully developed as the three ventral ; they contain fewer suckers ; and
these are arranged in an almost straight line, except at the extremities, where the /.ig/ag
alternating character of the series is clearly manifest. The oral tentacles, although
only partially extended in the specimen under notice, arc already thick, frondose, aiul
many times divided, whilst the body-skin is tilled with regularly-spaced calcareous
spicules roundish in form and punctured with holes, the solid interspaces being broader
than the apertures, ('oraparing this individual a itli another somewhat larger, 20
millims. in length, it will be noted that the body is ])roi)ortioiuitely more elongate, the
ambulacral feet more numerous, and now arranged distinctly in double rows of alter-
nating suckers. The tentacular plume is slightly fuller, but still exactly the same in
general character as in the earlier stage; in fact the changes above noted are the only
conspicuous accompaniments of increased size perceptible to the naked eye. On micro-
scopic examination, however, of the larger specimen it is found that no spicules are
present in the skin; and this is a feature which at once constitutes tlu- most striking
ditfereiice between the two stages of growth. Such a circumstance is very remarkable ;
and although we arc unable to say, with the limited amount of material at our disposal,
whether this is a state of things which always obtains, at least two other individuals, of
succeeding and still premature stages of growth, are equally wanting in siiicules — a
character which, as previously observed, is not unfrecpient in the adult form of
C. froiithisa.

It is uotewortliy that the features presented by the young specimen of II milliins.
accord exactly with those given by I.iitken as characterizing C. iniiinfa, I'abr. (excepting,
wc imagine, the tentacles); but on this [)oiut liiitken does not say nmch,as these organs
were only partially extended in his specimen. If the view, therefore, which is here
taken be correct, it would lead naturally to the deduction that C. miiniia is nothing
more than the young of C. frciidosu. IJefore this can be definitely asserted, however,
the examination of the growth-phases in a greater number of cwaniples of the present
s])ecies would be desirable; still we fei'l bound to say, afti'r a very careful study of all
the available material, that we are unable to .separate the young form above described
from the series of inidoubted ('. froiuloitu, the only feature in which it differs altogether
from the older stages being the presence of the calcareous bodies in the integument.

From the description givt'U, it would seem that the liointhuroid nameu by Forbes
and Goodsir C. fmii-ohi is a 5o""o *'"'"i "^ the present sfjccies, a determination now
generally concurred in by most naturalists.

Vtniiitiiins. — Amongst tin,' list of synonyma will be found JJofliryodach/la graiulis,
Ayres, whicli we have been led to include ratlierfrom a (lifiidence against dissi-nting from
the opinion of so many eminent w riters ujion llolothuroids than from personal conviction.
Indeeil there would seem to be great doubt about tlie absolute identity of this form ;
for, although the main characters recited in the cursory description accord well enungli

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GEEENI.VXD. 6

with those of C. fronihm, they arc hy themselves quite in-iiffideat for comparative
determination ; whilst, on the other hand, it is detinilelv ^V^\M llaii tJis ealcareous sup-
ports, tliouRh few, " are in the form of slender, perforated, treala-l jpicula, similar to
those' found'' in n>i<,n<' and m/omdlmii" {J. c. p. ■>]). Such CTe-iftd spicules certainly
do not occur in any specimens of C. froiiilusa from the Xorth-Em-'>p««n seas ; whilst
from tlie fact that they are specially noted by Mr. Ayres (and it i^ a f-atur.' much
more readily passed over than not) we are inclined to re-ard Ji>AhfyAft.>f>jh, fjrnwJh, if
not an independent si)ecies, certainly with but little doubt a* a w»H-marked variety.
In further support of tliis opinion it maybe noted that Sars esamioed specimens of the
American 6'. fromhm both from Massachusetts and Fuudy Bav, auad specially asserts
their identity with the European type.

iJistrihution.

a. Greenlnuil : Godhavn, lat. CO U' N. (SflKipsw, LMef,. • rihnmi E.rped.).

h. yorfh of Aiiurirnn Cuiif incut : Assistance IJay, aboat bt. 7-t X. (I'enni/'n
Expcd.), the most northern locality on record ; Labrador (IVmV/i): St. George's Bank,
:;() fms. (I'cnill); Grand Manan, low water, stony bottom (.V*iiv»/.*/«) : Massachusetts
{(loii/il); Kastport, 2(1 fms., stcmy bottom {Vfrnll); Guli' <,{ Georgia (.S,U,dn} ;
(Florida lleef, 118 fms. (ronrt'dcs) ; San Francisco [Ayre^f).

c. yrji-th (if Euri>})ifm Confinetit: Spit/.beri,'en {Latleii): fkaunidtiiavian coasts. Ice-
land, Fa-roe Islands, Shetlands, Ikitish Islands.

Description of the Illudmtions of this Spe^wf on Plate I.

Fig. 1. A medium-si/ed specimen: natural siz*-.

2. A young .specimen of the same species: ti^Z'^jl *ize.

C'i(rMAUi.\ ( Ai,(ioi:i!A (Stimp.), Selcnka. Plate I, Figs. 3-8.

18.')1. Ptiiliiihi fii/iv// '•'(, Sliiiiiison, Procei'il. ]iost(in Soc. Xat. Hist, rii iv. 3.. «,..

18.-C'. ■.' Vnnimam, Ihjn'htuwm. l'„rlpcs, SutlicrUimrs .Journal ol a Ymapti.r. t.iL b. App.^n.1. p. cexiv.

1857. Cu(,w<nmi Kom.ll, I.iilkon, Vi,l. SMM. X. Fcinniuf: i KjcUiilian:. t--". p. -t.

IWill. P,„lri. ■ mh-i.iern, Verrill, I'roc. Itosl.m S,.o. X.!, Ili-t. vol. x. ].. -'^^

lx(i7. Cuc.nMnu Kovaiii, Selrnki, Zeits,^!,. f. wiss. Z..,.l. lid. xvii. ],. ;0..

IwliV. C(i,-inimni Cfilfh/ern, Si'loiikii, Zeitseh. f. wiss. Z.>ol. II.I. xvii. y. XA.

18C.S. Ciii-vimiria cnkljinu St^nijicr, Itoiscii im \TQ\n\o:\ dvr l'luliH'i«-u- U-i-iiiK'^n- T ''•*

IXi-i. Cm-'ini'iri'i Ili/wlimniii, Sciuikt (purs), idhl. p. -'li'.i.

Uody elongate and cylindrical, the posterior third tajx-riiia sradaally to a tine
extremity; anterior end more rounded, and the median tliitio*.-** of the body main-
tained till very niucli nearer the oral region. The body is gentrsillly mo-e or less curved
to one side, sometimes through more than half a circle, whkb eiw^ to this species a
crescent- or even liiu-scslioe-sliapcd contour. The ambulacral ft** are arranged in single
pairs, and form live narrow, eciually-developed bands, 'llje «acken are placed very
dos.'ly togeth.i-; .■onse(iuently th<> number extending from t:y ' "- i^ nroportionally
great, whilst sometimes, in the middle part of a band, the pan r leuuplicated by

6

ON THE ECIIINODER^IATA OF THE

reason of extreme crowding. Owing to the densely tessellated nnd compact nature of
the integument, the sucker-feet are incapable of being perfectly retracted ; and this
circumstance, together with the size and general habit of the animal, atfords a striking
superficial feature, which readily characterizes the species amongst its Arctic con-
geners.

'J'he cuticle, althciugh thin, is very strong, being indurated with calcareous pintes,
of which two distinct layers are present ; in each of thest- the jdates are (piite different
both in size and form, and are so closely packed as to imbricate u])i)n <me another,
whilst the whole ITolotlniroid is rough and scabrous to the touch, in consequence of
a small sjiiculate elfvatiou which rises from the centre of each of tlie plates tliat form
the superficial layer.

'i'he ti'Utach's are ten in number, two being much smaller than the rest. They are
of delicate habit, an(' redivided into many l)ran(lies, which are fine and thin.

The mouth-ring is elongate, and resembles in a marked degree the form found in
Thyonc. It is composed of ten plates, each of which is made up of two elementary
jiieces, as may be well seen in the mouth-apparatus of a young siK'cimen (I'late I, Fig. 4).
The radial elements are produced upward into a fine wedge-shaped peak, and down-
ward into two long, tiiiu j)rolougatii)ns, which extend to the base of the ajiparatus, tin-
cleft formed between them being wide and well arched above. The alternating inter-
radial elements are somewhat wedge-shaped, c((ual in si/e to the njiper portion of the
radial processes, and extend upward to the same height as these. 'I'he angle of
the plates, which abuts against the neighboining radial member, is somewhat tnni-
cate, and the suture between the two primary pieces slightly hollowed out in the
middle.

The Polian vesicle of a young individual is rei)resented in Tig. -1, in which
it is seen as a very distended sac, emanating midway upon a tine short tube.

According to Dr. I.iitken (/. e.) the respiratory organs in the adult animal cleave
immediately into four rays, one small and one larger on e;icli sile. 'I'liey are but feebly
branched ; and although becoming generally thicker towards their extremities, it is oidy
lu're and there that any thing like a vesicle can be detected.

l{es])e(ting the anatomy of the alimentary eamd, it may be noted that the oesophagus
is moderately de^el(l|)ed, willi its outer wall villate or densely covered with minute
papillir, and that the intestine is large and m\ich convoluted.

The mnsculiir system is somewhat small for a Ciuuiniiria. 'J'he m. Jiiiif/lfndinnleti
are thin and very narrow, and the /;(. trunsrrrxd/cs similarly slight. The ni. n/rrnfun's,
however, are strong and by far the most powerful bands of muscle in the animal; they
are attached to the central jjart of the wedge-shaped up|)er ])ortion of tlie radial inend)er
of the calcareous ring, and join the longitudinal band of muscles midway between
the extremities. When the mouth-apparatus is retracted and these muscles are relieved
from tension, they ap])ear vc^ry broad in comparison with the other bands, and are,
besides, mtich swollen out i'- their middle portion. The m. crfensores are very fine
indeed and double, and are affixed to the radial pieces of the ring a little above the
attachment of the retractor muscles.

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GllEENIAND. 7

The reproductive organs consist of simple tubes. A figure is given of their condi-
tion in iin early stage of growth ( Plate 1, Eig. ■>)■

The calca ecus plutct and spicules which indurate the integument arc lughly cha-
racteristic. As previously stated, they are so closely placed as to imbr.cate upon one
anoth and it L consequently very diflicult to detern.ne the forn. of uuhv.du. p.eces
ZS parated oy treatment in caustic potash. The plates which to.™ the outermos
lay r vary in shape from roundish to oblong, and even irregularly stellate orms the.r
^:: dian.ete 'ranging IVom ..-28 to 035 miUim. (UUken). Th-y - l-'--^-^;^^
closely-placed holes, whose distance apart is less than the.r duune er, no plan b _u g
discen.i.le in their arrangement. From the centre of each r.^s a subcon.od c^a^um,
,„ade up of fine calcareous rods, about one third as lugh as the dianiet r of he pU
„„d which ternnnates with two or three sp.kelets. It .s to these sp.ular pla es tha
the rough texture of the skin is due, a.ul the granular appearance it presents when
examined with a hand-ma-,'nifier of low power.

Underlying the plates just described is another layer of oblong and much narrower
plates, also closely packed together an.l overlapping, and which are present n, greaUr
numb:.- over a given area in conscience of thei- smaller size. Ihese pieces are gene all
punctured with two (or sometimes three) rows of holes, wluch become smallci in
diameter towards the extremities of the plate. . ., , ,

The skin of the sucker-feet is con.parativ..ly as densely plated as that of the body,
the spicules at the base being similar in character to those above described, but smaller
i„ si/e • towards the extremity, however, they becon.e much narrower, bear fewer ho es,
„,Kl are son.cwhat more curved, whilst mixed up with them may be found a number
„,■ ,„.i„. nidinientary plates. When the great n.nuber of these scales and the method
..f t leir arrangement are borne in mind, the reason of the suckers being incapable o
etraction bec.mies at once self-evident, as well as that of the smal size of the interna
ampulla-, which follows as a correlative result. The calcareous disk at the extremity of
Zsuck;. is well developed and very characteristic. It is a deheately hue circdar
network, having the immediate centre occupied with a number of small round hole., the
rest of tiie piece being ch iracteri.ed by large suhhexagoual apertures, which dimmish
in size as tliey approach the margni. , , . i

Kespecting the affinities of C. calciyera, it may be said that although the form beais
undoubted resen,M,uice to Cucumnria IhpHhnanni, Thomson, this is in extcMua appear-
ance only, as has been already poin.e.l out by Duben and Koren* ; whilst Lutkenf, ni
his descdption of <'. Komui, spcciHed in .letail the diflerences whuh exist between the
two species. As a fact, the calcareous plates are altogether d.flerent-m i Windmaua
being alike an.l constant in form, whilst iu C. Koreuii ( = C. raM;,n:) there are not
only two layers of quite distinct kinds, but the plates themselves vary very considerably.
Tlie plates also of the sucker-f.-et are broader, perforated with nioi. holes -^ are less
re-nilar and less unifbrm than in C WnMunuu ; and, lastly, the fully-developed disk at
the extremity of the sucker is chara<ti'rislic of the present species.

• Koii^l. V.-t.Misk. AUiul. Uiiiwll. iir 1^11, 1). -"•l!l.

t ViUonskabiliBO JlciUlolelur f. d. >uuub. I'oruuing i KJubenlmvu !>.., j). 0.

8 ON THE ECIIINODER]MATA OF THE

With this evidence in view, it is difficult to account for the grounds on which
Semper*, after the examination of specimens, grouped the two forms as identical,
merging C. Korenii, I.iitkcn, into C. llyndmainii. It conse(|uently follows tliat his adopted
association of 1'. calcicjem, Stimpson, with C. I/i/ndmaimi is eciually erroneous.

iJistrihution.

a. Greenland : Godhavn, kt. 09° N. (' Valorous ' Expcd.) ; Fiskernicsset (Llitkeii) ;
Arksut, 15-25 fms., mud hottom {Barrett).

b. yorth of American Coiifiiient : Assistance Bay, about lat. 74" N., 7-10 fms.,
muddy bottom (yV/»f//\s7:,'.iy;C(/.), the most northern locality on record; Labrador, 15 fms.,
sandy bottom {Fnc/iard, Mc Verri(l); Massachusetts ( IrnvV/).

Description of the Illustrations of this Species on I'late I.

Fig. 3. Cucumaria cnlcigera : natural size.

4. Sketch of the mouth-ring and adjacent parts of a young individual :

magnified.

5. Generative tubes at an early stage of growth : magnified.
C. Spicules of the superficial layer /// situ : magnified.

7. Small spicule in profile : magnified.

8. Disk at the extremity of the sucker-foot : magnified.

OucuLA B.VRTiiir, Troschel.

181(]. Oi-cida Jlnrthi'l, Tnisclipl, AVicpni. Arclnv f. Xaturiiesrh. .Taliri;. xii. p. lili.

1857. Orculd IlurlhU. I.iitkcn, Viil. Mcddel. X. I''oreiiiii|i i Kjiiljcnliiivn, 1^.")7, p. '■>.

1807. Oi-ciila liiirth'ii. Sclciiktt, Zcitsclir. f. wiss. Zrail. lid. xvii. ]>. :i.")L'.

1808. Orcwh Buvlhii, 8emper, Rciscn im Ardiiptd der riiilippiiicn, Hnlotlmricn. pp. (IS, L'7t.

Dr. I.iitkcn, in describing some Greenland examples of this llolothurian, states f
that they present a regular sausage form, with a length (in one which seemed to
have best preserved its natural proportions; of o inclies and a tliickness of over ■,' inch.
The body-skin is brownish in colour, but almost concealed by the numerous bluish or
whitish sucker-feet with which the whole body is closely crowded. Neither in the
skin, whicli is thick and tough, nor in tlie feet is there any trace of solid calcareous
formations. A thick layer of transverse muscles lies under tlio outer skin ; and also
five strong longitudinal bands, each of which gives off, at a distance from the anterior
extremity c(pial to about one third the entire lengtli of the animal, a short thick
muscular bundle, which is attached to one of the radial elements of tiie u'sopliageal
ring, whilst the main bands themselves are continued up to the ant(Mior extremity of
the body, and are then inclined backwards again, running as five thin narrow bands
along the outer wall of the inverted a^sojihagus until tliey reach tlie i)oints of the

* Heisen im Arcliijiil dor I'liilippincn, Holothuriin. p. :.':)7.

t The prosoiit wrilors liiivinsj \iiifortiiimt('ly liiid no oiiportunity of oxnniiniiig lliis Uolcithuroid, have
iiecordiiigly iiviiilod tlu-msclvi'3 of giving tlic iibovt' tninsliition of tlio observations niiide upon tlii' form by
])r. Cbr. Liillicn, iho luiinont and aceuralo IJanish zuologisi, in the monioir above i|Uotud.

ARCTIC SKA TO TIIi: WEST OV GHEKM.AXI). 9

same i)i(<ccs of the moutli-ring t(i which tho musculav bundles above mentioned are
also attached. 'J'hese thick transverse biinillos are thi; mimriili n-ffxtuirs of the
(vsojihagus and tentacles, whilst the finer longitudinal bands outside the gullet function
as );(. cxteiisorcs. As these are much weaker than the former, it is natural to find that
the tentacles are. in all ])reserved examples, so thoroughly retracted that they can
only be seen by cutting open the (esophagus. The tentacles, \'t in nunii)er (ten large
and five very small, which alternate with them), are all finely branched as in (.'ncdinaria.
Immediately l)elow their iioint of origin is situated the det^p cartilaginous mouth-ring,
which is composed often pieces merged together, five broad and ti\e narrow, all forked
below, the five narrow pieces terminating upward with one point, imd the broader with
two ; and it is to these broader pieces that the above-mentioned muscular bands
{)iiuscuH rt'tratfdirn) are attached. The Polian vesicle is long and thin, with
moderately strong walls. 'J'he cloaca is clothed internally with a white sinewy skin ;
and from the outside i)ass fine muscular filaments by which it is attached to the body-
wall of the animal. From the cloaca i)roceed the long thin-walled intestine and the
respiratory aiijjaratus, the latter presi'uting the usual character of thickly branched
tubes, the branches being fine and dilated at the extremities into vesicles. On the
side of the animal opposite to these organs, and, in the contracted condition, almost
e(|uidistant from either end, lies tlie reproductive apparatus, having the appearance of
a bundle of fine, dilated, and here and there spool-shaped filaments,

Di.ifi'ihufioii.

a. Grccnhind: Ilolsteinborg, lat. CO" 50' N. {'Vii/orous' E.vjicd.: this species or
new, fide .V(;n/('/H, loc. cit.), the most northern locality on record; Egedesminde, Ju-
lianshaab and Fiskerna-sset {Li'ifkcii).

b. North of Amen'cau Confiiuuf : Labrador [Tivsfhel).

PsoM'S JMIAXT.MTS {StrusHevfcldf), Jii(/ei:

17(i,5. Ifiilolhiirid phtiiitiipiis, Stnissciit'eWt, .\ct. TIdlm. \7C>'>. ]>. :.'i!'), T;il'. lU.

170(1. Jhlolhiirid jilianliijins. Liniio, Sysl. Xiit. oil. xii. p. \f>SU.

1770. Jlnhlhitriii iJmnlnjnm, (). F. lliilliT, Zool. Diiii. Prmlr. no. L'SOM.

1777. Amhlid i-i(.iti,-ii. I'diiiiint, liriti^li '/.miUay, viil. iv. \>. 4S. jil. xxiii. fipt. M").

!7S!I. l/i,l,illiu,-lii jilMnliijiM (Muilcrt. .Miildjiaiird, Zool. Dun. vcjI. iii. ]). 54, tub. cxii., cxiii.

18 Hi. J fnl.ith Ill-ill /ifiiiiilniiii.i. I.um.'ink, Aniin. s. Vert. I'll. 1, vol. iii. ]). 7M.

1S:;,S. Ciiiierla pliitiitajitis. Filming. Hist. ltriti.-<h Aniaiula, p. ISi.

1S;};1. /Vl^(S phiintiipiiii, .liiiicr, Dc lliilntlniriis, p. -1.

18IU. Cui'Uriii phaiiUipim, lilninvilU', Munncl d'.Vctinoloiiic, p. I'.H.pl. IM. fi^. 1.

18!i5. I'suhiSjiliaiiliipiis, Ilramlt, I'roilr. Dcscrip. anim. ili Sfcrtonsin obs.. fn.sc. i. p. 47.

ISIWl. Ciivlcrii iihaiitiijius, .Icilinsldii. r.(iiiil(jirs Muir. Nut. Hist. vul. ix. p. 47l'. li;;. lis.

1S41. I'miIiik iiliaiiliijiit.^. I-'nrlies, Hist. Hriti>li Stuili>lii'a. ]). •Jn'.i.

1S44. Ciuin-iii iihiiiiliij,ni:,l)n]ifn & Korcn, K. Vft.-Ak;ul. llunill. 1844, p. :!!:!.

IS.'il. I'miIii.1 l<rii,i,i(iis, Avrcs, I'roaril. lliistcm 8iic. Xiit. Hist. vol. iv. pp. i"i, :!0.

M*r>',i. I'unbif pliaiitiipiis, Stimpson, Syn. Mar. Invert. (ir.incl Munun. p. ID.

18.'>7. PfubiK phuHltijiiif, Liitki'H, Vid. JIuililid. X. Foreniiij; i Kjijboiihavn, 1857, p. \-.

10

ON THE ECIIINODKHMATA OF TlIK

ISfil. PHchis pniiiilditi'f, Sttrs, ()v(rni)ft af Xnrf,'i'>i KrhiiKiilormor. ]). 1 \'J.

IfSliT. I'fiiliif jiluiiiliiiiiis, .S'li'iikii.Zril.scli. 1'. wi.ss. ZiKil. I!il. xvii. p. 'M2.

lS(W. J'!i:ilii.i jiliiiiil'i/iiis, S'lniK-T, Itiin'ii iiii Arulii|ii'l der riiili|i|iiiKn, llulollmricn, j)]). ell', I'Vli.

The llev. A. M. N'ormiin, by whom the KcliinodLM'inuta of the ' Vnloroiis ' Expe-
dition were detcrinincd *, has kindly informed us timt specimens of this lloh)thiiroid
were taken at llolsteiuhor;^ and (iodhavn. Tiic writers, not liavinji; had the oppor-
tunity of examining any Arctic exaniiiles of tliis well-known form, content themselves
with simple reference to the princi]>"' literature and distribution of the species.

JJintriiiitiun.

a. drfetiJaml: (iodhavn, Int. OH ^\' {^•Vnlunni^' E.vjix].), the most northern
locality on record; liolsteinborg llnrhnuv (• I'lc/nroits' Krjuil.) ; Eiskerntesset (/wV^ir/i);
Arkmt{ /til mtf).

b. yorf/i iif Aiiicrirfin Coiifiiieiit : (irand Manan, at low water an<l in 41) fms.
{Verril/}; Maine (Sfimpnoii).

c. A'^oii/i of Knroju'iin Cimlinnit : Iceland, Eieroe Islands, Finmark, Scandinavian
coasts, liritish Isles.

r.soi.i-.s Fabri' II {D. d- K.), LMin. I'late I, Figs. O-].-].

IT.yi. Il'ilnlliniin si/iKiiiiiilii, KiiliririuH, I'aiihii (M'd'iiliiMiliiu. p. :(.")ii.no. !!IS (iioii O. 1". M.. riec I). & K.).

1841, IlohtOntrin :ii£tuiiit(itt!, (juulil, liiviTt. Anim. Ma.SHaehiist'ttH, ji.^Mr).

1844. I'livieriii Fiihri'iil, Diiln'n & Korcn, Konnl. Vct.-Akud. lliiiidl. I^l4,p. :UI!.

IS.jI, C'ltvi frill Fithrini, Ayri'H, I'riM-i'cd. It^hstnii .^oc. Nut. IIi>.t. viil. iv, pi>. iJ5-iJ7.

ISjit. CuvUriii p'liln-ici,. .stiiiip8iiii,.Sii. Xlar. Invert, (irand .Marian, p. 111.

l^.">7. I'foUin Fiiliriiii, I.utktn, \ iil. .MciMil. N. Voicninf; i KJnlionliavn, l.'^.'iV.l). l<t.

iMll). /,iij)liiitliiiri(i F'lhririi, Vi'irill. I'rowid. liDstoii Sor. Nal. Hist. vol. x. p. 'Mii,

I Mi". Cuvitriii Fiiliriiii. Silcnku, /cituchr. I', wins. Ziiii!. lid. .xvii. p. ,'l4:i.

iMis. I'mliin /''lArtVi'i, Suniper, Kciscn iin .\rcliipil diT I'ljilippinin, Ilnlolliurii'n.pp. <t'J,'J7'2.

1^77. /'.<u/".« Fiiliritii, MureiiU'lliT, ('ulitit. Ikliin. u. Wiinuur d. iist.-uni;. Xordpol.-Kxpi'd. p. it:J
(Denksc'h. d. k. .\kad. d. Winstnsch. Wiin, lid. xxxv.).

JJody somewhat limpet- or chiton-shaped, arched above and flat beneath ; dorsal
and ventral surfaces separated by a piTl'ectly sliari) angle, the contour of the periphery
beiufj; oval. Both onil and anal apertures are situated upon the dorsal area, one at
cither extremity, and rather nearer to the margin than midway from the centre in the
longitudinal axis of the body. The dorsal surface is covered with very large plate-like
scales, which imbricate upon one another, Iheir free margins being round in contour
and directed centripetully ; those in tiie neighbourhood of the apertures are somewhat
smaller, and are grouped round the opening itself as the centre of their arrangement,
wliilst a number of the .scales that immediately surround the orifice become developed
into thick calcareous wart-like tubercles. JSonlering the extreme outer edge of tlic
dorsal area .nre about two rows of very much smaller scales, not more than one tenth

* In tlic " rrcliniinary Itopnrl uf llic llic]lii(;ii'id licsulls of a C'ruisi' iu II.II.W. ' Valorous' to Davis .Stmil
in 1875," I'roeeid. Unj. f^oi'. vul. xxv. pp. 2UJ-:il.j.

ARCTIC SF,A TO TIIK NVKST OF fiRKl.M.ANI).

11

the si/c of the otluMs. Tl.c sci.lcs iuv densely covered with very lar«u granules, hut
whieh in old sjiefiniens are not (infre(Hieutly ahnided in places.

The inte-un.ent of th.' v.iitral area, althnu-h thin, is toiif,'!. and leathery, and
lUTScntH no asperities to the toneh. The amhulaend fe.'t are intirely confined to the
ventral area, and are limited to its extreme outer mar-in, ronn.l which the suckers
form a hroad hnr.h-r about four ov five rows deep, very closely <rowded, and havm-
no percept ihle or.ler in their arrauKcraent except hi the outermost series, vhi.h aro
smaller than the rest, and form a line paralhd with the margin. At tiie anterior an.l
posterior ends of this oval mar-inal series may he found a f.'W additioiud suckers
extending alon- the median line; these are the- rudiments of the aborted middle
ambulacral seric-s; and it is rare that more than fmir or five rows (,f four suckers each

arc present.

The m<nith-rinK resembles that of /'. .^,/iimn'ifiis, 1). 6>: K., tlu- elements liuvinj,'
more or less th.' form of an inverte.l V, and the five interradial pie<es bein- smaller

than the radials.

The I'olian vesicle is Inr^'e and sin-le, the Kcueralive tubes extremely numerous
and extensive, and the muscular system luucli more strongly developi'd than in

J'. tii/itiiiH'ili(s (I.iitken).

Itespectin- le spicules which occur in the cuticle of this 1 lolothuroid, those ot
the ventral skin are indelinite in shape, and are more correctly described as calcareous
reticulations havin- lar«.' circular apertures than as plates punctured with holes.
Short prol.m-atioiis fre.pienth rise at ri^d.t angles from the decussations or midway on
the intercalary portions ; and occasionally s.^condary branchings are formed from these.
Here and there small cup-shaped spicules are to be met with, [irobably undeveloi.ed
8ta.r.-s of the larger spicule's. T'lie tubes of the sucker-feet are overlaid with spicules
soiLwhat similar in shape and character to those <,f the ventral cuticle; and the
extremity is provided with a large circular calcareous disk, likewise ot reticulated
structure, with the holes very large, close together, an.l nearly ecpial in size,

Cohnr and Si:r.— I'sohi.s I'nhlirii is. when alixe, of a dark red colour, which
in spirit becomes changed to brown. Ayres speaks of his American specimens as
being of a bright brick-ivd wh.m alive {lur. rif. p. 3(1). One of the largest examples
meas"ured Z\ inches in length and over li inches in breadth {lAith',,).

Prcmuturt' Funn.—\n a young state the dorsal surface is more depressed, and the

ifiees of the alimentary canal arc somewhat nearer the margin than in the adult

iv.d. The ambulacral feet are limited to a double row of suckers surrounding the

on

aiiim. T • i-

margin of the ventral area ; and no trace is visible of tin- median series. It is ot
interest to not.- that at this stage the young of the present spec.es are almost undis-
tin-'uishable from tli.)se of J',, pl.oiifopns of a c.rresponding period of growth, although
the'' latter is a fbrm whose habit dillirs most strikingly from that of the prcsuit species
wh... a.lult examples are compared. The same remark holds g..od for the young stages
of J's Miucnuatu.s as w.dl, the superficial .liffercnces at an early phase being nothing
more than slight variations in the character .if the spicules that indurate th.' .entral

cuticle.

c2

12

OX TTIK KCHINODKIiMATA OF TIIK

Vurinlloiis. — Tlic prcrptling rriiiiirks rusinTtinf^ the rcsfmliliinrcs tlmt occur in
tlir iiri'iimturc plinscs of lliifi' allied spccii'M (two nC which at least arc associated in
the same wafers) are of themselves siiflicieiit lo su^'fjest tliu existence of iincestral
affinities; and, indeed, no near is the relatioiiNhip in mw cas(; that, althou;{h the iin-
priK'ticuliility of iiiiitinj; tlie whole >;rou|) is clearly a])|)arent, the propriety of nier^'iiif;
two of them, /'.I. Fnln-iiii ami I'x. .•c/iiniiixtdn, is, in our o])iiiion, liir from (piestioniil)le ;
for that /'a. Fnhritii is in reality the outcome of Ideational variation from the
miim inn fits type there would seem to he hut little doubt. At the same time it is
interestinj; to note the wide area over which the forms are found distributed and their
diver^ffiice maintaiiu'd — liotli I'n. ji/nni/ii/nin (teste Sars) and /'.v. Falniiii (teste Ayres)
beinf; fouiul on the jv ( oast of North America, and having associated with them t\No
allied forms, \\y,. I's. In riijntii.i, Ayr., and I'x. i/r>iiiii/iifiiK. Ayr., both of which may,
without much diiliculty, be regardeil as derivative forms when the whole group in
passed in review.

Jji.s/ri/iiifioii.

a. firffufiiiiil : Ilolsteinborf;', lat. Oti olj' N. (' I'n/oroiis' Ki-jitd.) ; Jakobsliavn,
Julian>haab (hiilkni).

b. y<>rlli iif Aiiiiric'iii Ci/iifiiifiif : New ('o\nulland (Iji'ithcn); (irand Manan, '2-H
fms., adhering to rocks ( Vcrrill); Massachu.setN Hay.

c. ! Xiirth of Kiiro/ii'iin Cuntiiinit : I.at. 74' 48' \., long. G9 lilJ' E. ( Wri/jiin/it if-
I'fiifer'n Kvpril.), the most northern locality on record.

JJiscrijitiiiii (ij'f/ir I Hush at ion-'* of this Species un Plate I.

I'ig. 0. Dorsil aspect of the animal: natural si/.e.

10. \'enlral aspect of the same specimen: natural size.

1 1. N'entral aspect of a young .•specimen : natural .•-ize.

12. One of the small cup-like s])icules of the ventral integument: niagnitied.
1;^). S]>icule.>< of the ' ntral integunu'nt : m,.gniti<'d.

fiihe.

I'latc 1, Fig,s. 14-11).

Kiiunii (irirnlainiic a, p. M.*):t. no. :i-4ii.
. ilatliki', ZiMil. Diiii. vol. iv. p. 17, tiili. rxxxv. tig. 1.
•z. /uul. Alius, lIuU ii. p. l:i, tub. x. li^;. 2.
cjtlmriis, p. l;i.

ClIIBODOTA I,.KVI.'< (FilhricitiK)

17~ii. Iliiliillniriii /■('I'M, I'liliriii

I-oii. ',' llnlolliiiriii iidlmiihi ( Vii

l-l".'. Chiniihilil 'lisoiim-. Ksdi-c

l-;i:t. I'rnlaclii I'trif, ,Iiii,'cr. ])r I

ls;j:j. I'eulacta j/etluciilii, ill. ilpiil

ls;j4. C'aeumitrin IfvU, llliiinvili , Almiuul dWctiriolofjio, p. lil.'i.

l.SJM. C'Miiinanii iirlliieiiln, id. ilrid.

l":i."i. Iiiirtijliild hieii, lirundl, I'rodr. Destriii. nnini. ah Jlortcimio ohs., fuse. i. p. V>.

1 «:(.'>. /Jilcl;llol,l j„lhiii'l'l. id. ihid.

1^:1.). Vliiriiilijlii ilinnilor, liriuidt, lot. i-it. p. 'I'.K

l^it". P' ttttifUi htrix, I.aniarck, .Vriiiti. h. Vort. I'd. :i, Vdl. i. p. o5:i.

Ifl:t7. PtiituUi peVuei'l'i, id. il)id.

I'^.jl. ? Tliiioniiliiiiii jii lldciiliiiii, Sar.-i, l{ii»f i Lofutcn og I'imnarlirn. p. tl.

l^iil. 1 Sijnniilii cormcid, AjiaHsi/,, I'roc. Amor. Acad. vol. ii. )>. 2li!l.

1">.jI. 'mi/iiiijilit njli/ii'ii, I'ourtak'a, I'roc. Auier. .Vs.*)C. .\dv. .Sci. InjI, p. 15.

AIKTK; ska to the WKST or (illKKNLANI).

18

1H.-.L'.

lM,-,;t.

IMKI.
ISO".
1HI17.

IS(17.

ri,:,-i,lnh, hfrS,, dnil"', Mi.MnHlnitrV Sil,iri«,hr U>i"i', ll'l. I', p. II.
•' (1,;,-i,hl., ,li„-;U, (Inihc, MMLlcndorlf- Sil.iri«li« lU'U.^, IM. m. p. :''-.
T,:.,lu„„H i.tW.h,.. Ayrr», I'ln,.. llnHl,,,. S,c. Nut. llUt. vol. iv. p. iMII.

('hi,-n't«l'i '■'■'i', WiinpH Miir. Inv.Tt. (Ir.iinl Miinan, \,. 17.

r;,;,-;./.,/,- /,-.'. I.uikcn, Vid. .M.'.I.W. X. l-urcninK i KinlMnhiivii, K.7, p. HI-

- r,,I.U,la rrll'u'i.1.,, S:,rs. Uv.rsi, uf Xnrw'r. I'>lii I'Tmlt, p. llil, pU. li-l«.

t7„V,«/o/,. /,r,.«, Dujunlin & Hup., .lint. Xul. Znnp!>. i;-l,i„..lorm..N Ik <.U..
e/„Vo./..(.. /.N.., Vcrrill. l'rocr,Ml. llonton Soo. Nat. lliM. v„l. x. p. M.
rhirU,!., ,„llu.i.l„. S.lrnk... Z-'il-ch. f. mm. Z..nl. IM. .vvii. p. ■■Wl
•I rinrit.l.ilil llijillu,,!, Srli'llka. ilii'l.

? r/,;,-.i./.,M ^//..^•.^ sdrtiiiii. iiiiil. ^ _

TA/w/nM l-^rl'. H.'ini.or. ll.>l„ll„>ri,.|,, li-'ino im .\Hiip. <1. IMiil. pp. -M. -'" ■

(Jl,lrn,ln,„ ,M,n,l.,. S..,„p,.r, llololhuri, n. Uci-. in. Anl.ip. .1. I'h.l. pp. :i:i. l"-. !"■ v. !.«■ -

l?o,lv ..l.n>f,Mt. an.l .vlin-lricl, to which th. absonre of suckc.r-t.vt m>.l ol al
hookl..t./or asi...ri.i-s i,n,.a,ts a st,ikinf,'ly v..,n,i(onn api-caranco. Sprcunons pn-^'rv...
in spirit, however, ar. ...xtr..nu.ly .■nn.ra.t..,l an.l g.-ncrally contortc-.l out of nil natura
sha .<• Th.. >kin is snwM.th, whitish, au.l s..n.itranspar.M>t in spirit pirpavations ; an.
thc'l,m.Mt,..linal nn.s.h.s f.,r,n live .1..... whit., han.ls extc-ulinK fn.m .-..l to ....1 an.l
,,,„„i,,,n,lv marking ..«t th- iiiterra.lial spac.-s. Within th..s.> area^ an- touiu a
Ln,h..r .,f ;>iik.white spots .,1- sa.-lik.. papilhv. ran-mi, up to a nullnnetrc ,n .l.a,n.t..r.
an.l arran,...! i,> three of the int..rra.lia (win,'!, may h.. rej;ar.l...l as the dorsal area) in a
f.ilv r..ntinu..us line of about 20 to :iO, whilst in th.' nmiainins two ,nt.-rra.lia, winch
fonn the ventral surface, there are not ,n.,re tliun from ;i to 12, an.l these e.mtiued
...nerally to the extr,.nnti..s, prin.ipally the ant.ri.n- on.. Th.. white excrescences or
sacruli are n,.t all of nnif.,nn size ; for a smaller one frequently alternates with a lar.er ;
and they contain a collection of th.. elegant wh..el.shaped spicules whu-h charac
teri.e this ^enus ; and ,.f these there n.ay be as many as IK) .n- ..ven nu,r.- „. the lar.u
spots. The wheels measure O'l millim. in .liam.ter, an.l are un.tormly s.x-rayed ; the
edge of the rim is bent over inwards and finely .lenticulate.l, a character which .s only
perceptible und.-r certain m.-tho.ls of ilUi.ninati.ai ; an.l this, as well as the manner in
Ihich the " sp.,kes " are altach..d t.. it, seems ,o hav.' been fre.,uently misun.k-rstood,
and to have given rise in conse.pu-nce to much diversity of opinion, since the difl.'ronces
were consid..r..d t.) be of speciHe importance. ,,,••.

T'lc t. ..ta.les are twelv.. in number, an.l somewhat hand-shaped : and the .hm ta-
tions, of which there an. 1 0-12, are capable of being closed in up.m th.- '-palm. he

tentacles contain a few small spicuU-s, which in th.. -'fingers- are little nu.re tl.rn
simple elongate bodies ; but nearer the base their extremities are enlarged an.l frequently

cither cleft or erenulate. .

The m..uth-ring is very compact, the elements being in such hrm adherence as to
convey the i.l.'a of a soli.l annulus; tli..y are sub.p.adrate in form, having the low-.-r
nrargin incurved, and on the upp.-r a slight prominence with a small hollowu,g-..ut ot
the marrin on either si.le of it ; iive of th.. pieces (alt.-rnately place.l) are punctured tor
the nerve. On the unpuncture.l plates there is an elevation or crest-like prominenc-,
somewhat in the form of an inverted Y.

14

ON THE FXIIINODER^SrATA OF THE

The retractor muscles arc thick and powerful, and attached along their length by
a musc\ilar membi...ie to their corresponding longitudiuid band. The wliole muscular
system is very strongly developed, tlie longitudinal bands being remarkably thick and
robust, whilst the transverse series are numerous and closely placed.

The Polian vesicles are hmg and thin. 10-1 "i in number, and of unequal length, the
longer ones being twice (or even more) the lengtli of the shorter.

Tlu; alimentary canal is nearly three times tiie length of the body, and is bent twice
upon itself. Passing from the mouth it runs four fifths the length of the body ; its
course is tlicn reversed, and the canal ])roeee(ls as far as the anterior tliird of the body,
when it is again sharply bent backwards ind passes to the anal extremity — tiie three
lengths formed by the convolutions being held in tlieir places by mesenteries.

Tlie mesenteries attached to the two lower portions are accom])anied along the line
of their attachment to tlie body-wall by a longitudinal series of snr.dl i)yriform bodies
of peculiar shape, attached to a common cord which passes nearly up to the oral extre-
mity— the " infundibular" organs or " AVimpertrichfer." Their form is rei)resented in
Fig. 17; and it will be noted that they aecord v(^ry nearly with those given by S;irs of
Q. ptUiirUhi, and in like manner with those of a (I'reeidand specimen of '','. /c/'/.s-, which
are figured for comparison.

The generative organs consist of twf) series of long and extensive diehotomosing
tubes connected together by a slenckn- brandi.

S\z(-. — The largest example of this species lias been recorded by Siirs, and measured
100 millims. in length; generally, liowever, they range from 110 to -10 inillims.

I'rnwitnre Form. — In young stages tlie spots or sacculi which occur in the inferradial
areas are smaller in number and ])roportionally larger in size tiian in the a(hdt aniniiil.
The calcareous wheels contained in the succuli liave both the .spokes and the rim con-
siderably broader in (be old than in the young form. \ Oung individuals have also
fewer "fingers" on the tentacles, those of a small specimen 5 millims. in length having
only six digitations to each (Sars).

Vnri'itioiis. — Chirndotfi htris may unipiestiuUMbly lie regarded as a circumiiolar
species; and the modifications which it presents are comparatively .■-light. AW" are
unable to consider the forms from Fiumark and Lofoten, so carefully described by Sars
luider the name oi ('. iwlbicitlK {\\\\\\)., as otlier than the representatives ot C. hrrin, the
Greenland type of Fabriciu< and Liitketi, the modifications wliicli Inl S: "n to place
them as distinct species being frequently found much less pronounced, in both forms
mutually, than in the siiecinu'us lie examined. Amongst the .^[lecimens of this spe'ii's
procured by tlie 'Valorous' dredgings there are examples in which tlu- fnim of the
whei 's and of the tubular inCuudibular organs acccu'd peiiiaps more nearly witli .Sars's
figures of C. jirlhicida than with those wliicli I'.e gives for comparison of the same
structures from the specimen of ('. /drin which he had dissected. I'pon both of tliese
])oiiits he placed great importance.

(\ iliscdiiir, of (iriilie, I'loni lieliiing's Straits, allhough presenting greater divergence
than the above, seems indubitably to belong to the sanu' ty[ie. The difli'rences noted
in the form of tlie wheels and the structure of the infundibular organs, as well as the

AllCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GllEENLANU.

ir,

...onter length of the alin.cntary canal a.d the longer an^ .nore '^"->-^^'\^™;;;;
Lcs, are rcLlts winch u.ay not unnaturally be c.M..ctcd to ar.c when the d.tubutiou
of the forms compared is kept in mind.

Distribution.

, 1 n ii,..vn V.f c,>f \it'\. i'Vulorous' E,\p<'d. d- IlmjcssExped.),
a (In-nifidul: Gndlia\n, lat. OJ it -'«• v

''' 7 wr:;:^;:;:;^:;:::^: r^ahrador. lo ^. .ndy bottom c/..« m.

vJ;,)^:!Li Manan (,V..,«.0 ; E-tport, under stones at low water (1 er.ll).
^ Sitcha (under the name of C discolor, Eschscholtz).

c t i J-V..nv... ro.ti»c.t: Einmark and LofV^ten, 1-2 tms., -f^'f'
l^lifAsiL- Co.lu.enf: Ochot.k Sea^ (under the name of 6. d.coJo.,
Grube, Middendorff's E^xped.).

Description of the Illustrations of this Species on Plate I.
Fig. 14. The animal, much contracted: natural size.
lo. Generative tubes : magnified.
10. I'orti.m of the mouth-ring: nagnified.

17. The pvrifr.rm infundibvdar organs or " Wimpertnchter : magn.hed.

18. One of tlie wheel-like spicules : magniiied.

11.. One of the sacculi, to show the aggregation of the spicules . magnihed.

MvuioTRoeiii-.s lliNKU, Sfitnstrup. Elate I, Eigs. 20-24. ^^

1851. M,no,.-oc>..,s lUuHi, ..e.n.Uu,, V„l. M.aad. N. Korening i Kj.benhavn, ls51. ,.. .-., ,-1. ■>,.

,s.,, r,lr->J:Zr,, llu.1,,, Sun,o,l,>,.,r. -.lom.,,.! o. u Vova^ ' A,,,.,,,!, vol. ii. p. -xi.
,s.T M.notr..-,,,. HIMi, Lutken, Vi,l. McM.-l. N. I'oren,,,, ■ Kjobcnhuvn, ^.„ p. -.

i„« j/v-."<. /.".^ i'".'."- i^ti"'i>-"' '•■■-• •^^"''- ^■'"- '^■'- '"'"'■ '" ; :i'-

« ; L .-M,« i.,.A.;;, Scnper, U.isen i,n Aro„ip.N..r ,..,i.i,,p..u.„. 1,4, .u.no„. p. .

1«T7 ../:.-/„.-o.7„« i^W,■;; , . par»). Th,..l, .N..V. AC. Uo,. Sou. Km. I ps.l. -.r. .!. 1^ ,. ^^u. , . i.

IJody cylindrical, and tapering only slightly towards the i.osterior extren.ity, in
some ..e in.'ens the n.i.ldle portion beinu somewhat swollen out, winch causes the lolo-
Z ni to present a slightly arched profile. Anterior extrenuty very broad and
" ble o being retracted within the body, the habit of the an.mal be.ng com^^ -
:,1 short and thick, the length not n.ore than four o. live tnnes the luckness. 1
^X emooth and whitish grey, and in sou.e exan.ples senutransparen, n. winch c e
0 e o„,M,udinal nn.scnlar bands as well as son.e of the nUernal organs are v.s.ble
., ': . ,he men.brane. The surface of the body is overstrewn w.th large calcareou
H.ei:.haped spicules of characteristic forn. attached to the u.tegmnent by means ot a
^plincle or prolongation of the skin, which is a.tived to the central portum o
M ss'- This, holever, is not easy to be seen in all the sp,cules, as so.ne are clo^ y
air sed to the bodv. in c.nse.pu nee no doubt of nntseular c.n,tract.on. Ihe .p.cules,
r u^ re more numerous upon the dorsal than upon the ventral surface; tn some

IG

ON THE ECIIIXODEFMATA OF THE

specimens, however, they seem to be wantini: altoffether on the ventral interradia, and
are confined to a few isolated spicules on the anterior and posterior extremities of the
dorsal area.

The s])icnles are «he('l-sha]ied and sli^litly concave outwardly, varyinj; from '2 to
'2') of a millim. in diameter. Tlie spokes or radii, which are straiglit and slend;;r, and
are nnited into a central boss, average about nineteen in numl)er; but they may vary
by three or four more or li'ss.

The circumference or portion which re])resents tlie outer rim is divided by sutures
midway between eadi of tlie radial s])okes ; and iirolon-^'ations j^iveii off from the martjiii,
and bent shari>ly over at an acute angh', are directed inward towards the c( ntrc and
form a continuous series of e(iual, ri'gular, elongate denticles. 'I'iiese denticles are
about one third of a radius in length, generally somewhat three-sided in form ; and their
number frequently exceeds that of the spokes of the wheel.

The manner in which the s]iicules are develojx'd is interesting, and is easily followed
in some examides. 'i'hc central boss is the first commencement, the margin of which
becomes crenulated ; and then denticles develop, which are gradually jirolonged in the
form of spokes until the full size of the wheel is attained ; processes then form at the
extremities at right angles to tlu- spoke, and these eventually meet and coalesce with
the corresponding [irocesses from the neighbouring rays or spokes, whereby a con-
tinuous rim is formed equal in thickness to the rays; this rim next increases some-
what in breadth, and the inwardly directed denticles begin to develop from the margin.

The tentacles are twelve in iMnul)er, and. judging from their structure, are somewhat
hand-.sha])ed, and woidd resemble when extended the form whieh is found \\\ Cliiruilittn
(rf. Steenstrup, Inc. cit.)\ when retracted, liowe\er, the upper portion is drawn within
the ba.sal part or stem of the tentacle itself, the mend)iiine forming a kind of hood
which arches over from the inward side, but leaves the' extremities of the digitate i)r()-
hmgations ex])osed and visible on the cuter side.

Within the broad circlet of the tentacles stretches a muscular membrane, in the
centre of which the mouth-apertui" is situated. Tin" alimentary canal passes directly
from this to the posterior portion ol the animal, where it is bent u|)on itself, then two
or three times sharply convoluted, and jindonged as fir as the anterior third of the
body, when its course is again reversed, and it finally passes direct to the anal
aperture, this lower or intestinal i)ortion being seveial times narrower than the r(^st of
the canal (see fig. 22). The various convolutions are held in position by fine reticulated
mesenteries.

The calcareous month-ring is very large and strong, and composed of ten ossicles ;
eight of these bear on tlieir \ipperside a long, three-sided, wedge-shajx'd ])rolongation,
whilst the remaining two, which aie situated on either side of the median dorsal ossicle
of the ring, have each two prolongations. Thus the prolongations correspond in number
with the teutades, the bases of the latter being situated between them, whilst a fine
muscular band, which would seem to function as their retractor, stretches between the
j)rolongation8 halfway between the base and tip. A foramen for the passage of the
rudiul ucrve is punctured through the prolongation, somewhat above its base.

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GllEEXr.AND.

17

The watcr-vascukr ring is V)roacl and conspicuous; and altliough only one Poliaii
vesicle is developed, wliicli is large and heart-shaped, a number of dilatations occur at
intervals on the ring, which are suggestive of incipient or aborted v(>sicles [cf. fig. 21).

Tlie generative organs consist of two groups of dichotoniosing tubes which unite in
a single duct, that makes its exit outside the tentacular ring. The sexes are (Ustinct
and readily distinguishable : in the female the tubes are shorter but very much broader,
and the hirfe-sized ova can generally be seen within ; in the male, on the other liand,
tlu! tubes an? Ioniser and thinner as well as more numerous. In neither sex do these
tubes, as a rule, extend beyond the anterior third of the body.

J'l-nu'ifurf Fonii. — A\'e are unable to speak from personal observation of the
growth-iduiscs of J\fi/riiifnii-Iii's, as all the specimens at our disposal have been more or
less perfectly devclojied. Dr. Hj.Tlieel* mentions an individual lOmillims. in length,
presumably referable to tliis species, as the smallest he had examined. He states tliat
" the skin contained a great (piantity of tlie wheels in different staf,'es of development,
some even perfectly formed, although amongst tlic whole it was scarcely possible to
find two tliat were identical. Many of the si)irules had not more than six or ten radii,
but bore twice that number, or even more, of the denticles. This example, which was
a female, contained, notwithstanding its small size, fully developed eggs" (loc. rif.).

Vnri'ifiiiii.i. — On the whole, }riii'>iifritrhas Binhii is a species that seems to
under«o only very slight variation in form ; the main difl'erence which we have
remarked occurs m the nundier of spicules that are present on the cuticle. For
instance, in some examples the whole of the three dorsal interradia are closuly filled
with spicules, and a fair sprinkling is distributed over the ventral area as well ; whilst,
on the other hand, specimens are not rare in which these are confined to 'he median
dorsal iuterradial ar(>a, with, perhaps, just a few on the edge of the adjoi.iini; areas,
the ventral portion being quite bare, except three or four isolated wheels at the anterior
extremity ; and there arc yet others even more sparingly provided, which have only a
few isolated spicules at the extremities of the dorsal surface. Uespeetinij: the above-
named variable character, we are bounil to confess that we are at present luiable to
assign even a Ideational value to these uu)difications, since both extremes occur together
in the material received from the most northern collecting-station recorded.

Willi tliese facts ber(n'(- us, it would seem tliat the characters upon which Sars
founded liis genus O/ii/ot melius are all to be found in Mi/riofroc/n's ; and consecpiently
no grounds exist cm which tliat genus can be longer maintained. Indeed we have for
some time b(-en of opinion that even the species 0. vlfrfi'x, Sars, could only be regarded
as a variety comprelien.led within the form oUrf/nofror/nis Rinlcii; but a recent paper
of Dr. Tlii'el's, and a careful comparison of Sars's description and figures with the
material we have had before us, lead to tlie eonelusion that OlUjotm'hns vitriHs may
probablv rank as a species of Mi/riotror/m, allied to .U. Uinhil ; and we are also further
inclined to think, from the description given, that Dr. Tlieel's specimens from Novaya
Zemlya and the sea of Kara would accord more nearly Nvith .:r>/nof.oc/uis rifrcus than

• Xuv;i .\dn llcg. See. Sc I' [ml. aer. iii. 1^77. n". xvii. p. 0.

18

ON THE ECIIINODEUMATA OF THE

with Oe Greenland form of Steenstrup's species. In one characteristic especially do
they correspond with, and by the same differ from, the ordinary arctic forms of M. Jiinkii.
In this latter the spicules arc attached to the skin by a kind of stalk or prolongation
of the cnticular membrane, whilst in <). rifreus and Dr. 'J'hcel's specimens of Mj/rio-
trorhns it is particularly mentioned tliat these are embedde.l in the skin itself. So
marked is the feature, that amonf,'st all his material Ur. Theel has never seen an indi-
cation of the " stalk ;" and he is hence led to (piestion the accuracy of Steenstruj/s
description in this respect, and to take, at the same time (quite erroneously, it would
seem to us) certain words used by I'rof. Huxley when describing Chirodota hrecis as
supporting the same conclusion (Tlieel, I.e. p. 4 ; Huxley, I. v. p. ccxii). Now it is
very remarkable that, on the other hand, every specimen which we have examined,
whether from Greenland or the extreme north, ha.s the spicules attached by membranous
stalks, and that this is a character which is at once apparent on examining them with
no greater magnify ing-power than a simple hand-glass. It is, in all probability, true
that the spicules could be drawn more or less tightly down to the surflice, as Steenstrup
has already suggested, from the nature of their attachment (Steenstrup, /. c. p. 58) ;
and in some rare cases, where the spicules have been abraded, tliere seem to be little
caxities left in their place in the membrane ; but we are disposed to believe that this
results rather from the change which has taken place in the tissue around the closely
appressed spicule whilst in spirit, than from a natural depression existing during life.

J)itifrihHli(j)t.

a. Xorflncnrd of Smith Sound: Discovery Bay, lat. sr 41' N. (Xurc^'s E.rprd.),
the most northern locality on record ; Tort Foulke, lat. 78 i° N. (Stimp.'ion} ; lat. CI' 31',
10(1 fms. (' Valorous' E.rjxd.).

In r;m'>//«/K/: Godhavn; Omenak; Arksut, 10 fms., mud {Liitkni); Germania

Harbour in K (Greenland, 2 fms. {Mochiux).

b. Xorth of Anicriain Cuntimnt : Assistance Hay (r<'nn//g E.rpvd.) ; Labrador
{IWhird, fide VerriU).

c. North of Enrojn'rm Conlhifnt \ Spit/.bergen {Liifkcn); Novaya /emlya,
2-70 fms., clay ; Vaigalch ; Kara Sea, 11-GO fms., sandy clay ; Sea of Murman (Thad).

Description (f thi' lUnxt rut ions of thin Species on Plate I.

Fig. 20. The animal: natural size.

21. One of tlie spicules: magnified.

22. Sketch of the internal organs, showing the relative proportions of the alimen-

tary canal, the I'olian vesicle, and the generative tubes.

23. Portion of the moutli-rhig : magnified.

24. Underside of incjuth-ring, with i)arts attached, seen from below, showing the

dilatations of the oral \valer-\ essel.

M

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GKEEXLAND.

19

ECHINOIDEA.

OvF solitary sp.nos of Echinus is the sole representative of A« krc-e class in the
Smith-Sound area; no other Echinoid passes in this direction fo« the North Atlantic
UP Davis Straits beyond the Arctic Circle. The form in qm^-ti'^e. ^tro,:j>,hcMus
JrohaMevsix, would, indeed, seem to hold undisputed sway in li. M re^^ons, being
essentially and unequivocally circumpolar in its distribution- a* wtH be ^en from the
list of lo..alities appended below. Considerable variation U m.idfei.x* might naturally
be expected in so wide a range; but the stages are so gradu-J md the intermediate
forms so constantly maintained, that no characters of specific ^ne are recognizalde
amongst them; and we are, in this instance, presented with ^ msere^trng examp e of
a species modified under the influence of various .onditiom of «d*te«ce (habitat) alone,
without the cooperation or hostile action of any clo.ely aUied ot^pctiUve forms.

LOCK.NTROTU.s DuiiB.vciiiK.ssis (.¥«//fr), A. Ago^iz. Plait II. Figs. 1-3.

Echbim ,hiihaMen>k, 0. F. Muller, /o„l. Dan. I'rodr. ].. Sir,, ua. -J-^,.

Kcl.hws scuatilis, Ful.ricius (nan .MUIUt). I-aunu tird^nlaudjcu, y. 372: M. ^'J^-

ICchinus ,l/uhMhi< n,h, (imoUn, Sy.st. Xat. Linn. I'd. xiu. y. HI'-*.

EchiiiM neijirelm, Laraaick, .Vnim. s. Vert. ed. i. vd. iii. y. 4H.

minm „ranuhm,, Say (mn Lumurck), l'r.,c. .Vcad. Nat. Sri. Piaul l-.^. f.'^'i.

mlw'» ■„,/,«»./«/«-•», Fleming (non Uske), Ui-^t. llriti^b Junm^ }. iT^f.

Ht,-o,..rMn,;„u^ MoroccMrotm, Brandt, Pr.Kj. D.«rij.,. amm. ^.\> M^^mio ob.. ta.c. i. r- -^-l-

EehiuM nr.iMus:, .Vgassiz, Mwn. Soc. tic. Nat. Xcufehat*!, i. p. li"^-

&;.,»«» c/,}.ro,-f«^-o(./.s, Pes Moulins, foudes sur li« fithiuideB. p. :i-1L

&7,i»i« gniiwhil'iJ. <"'nl'l, Invert, nf Mas>.aohuM'tt<. p. :i+4.

AV;imiM ner/leclM, Forl)es, lli-t. Ilriti-h StaifUlu-^. ].. ITL'.

«■/,;««« »«/;^o("S, Diibcn & Kor™, K. Vd.-.\kad. Han<U. 1-44. jt :.CT^

ro.vo/.HCH.'.lM <liohachiensi», A(?aS8«, Cat. rais., .Vmi. Sci. Sat. vi ju »•".

To.,;,,memt,:'< Hf;,hclus, A(;a«si/., Cat. rais., .\no. Sci. Xat. vL }.. *:T.

To.,-oi,M„ste, .,nt,u<l„lu>, .\f:^vHsiz, Cat. rais., Ann. Sci. Nat. ri. j.. S»*.

r„,,oy.M.i«(.-.* «"'"'"■', AKas>iz, Cat. rai... -Vnn. Soi. Nat. vi. j,. :,W-r.

/•>/,;H,)m,7m -?ny.m-/„>M,,», (imy, llriti.l. Itadiata of tb. Bnt, Mumi^l. ^ 4.

KMnus nc.,hcu,s, lirandt, Mi.ld.nd.Mfi"- Sil,iri-rlK. l!ei>o, W. n. 3. :'i4.

/.>7,;,m» „^;/^.-(».<, Forbes, Sutherland'^ .Ic.urnal ..f a V.au«.-e i,r. -.i. ^ ipp^mi. p. CCIiv.

hMnm ,,r«m./..(i«, Stimpson, Syn. Mar. Invert. Grand Manaii, i^ 35. _

•/■„.,.„^,m™^» ,;ro/.m-7,;..„,,;,, Liilken. Vid. Meddel. N. F,.n-mi.p i H^C^.^^-^. Is-... P -4.

'l\,.v.<tmc„»hs ,lri,hmh!e,„;s, Sars. Ilidr. MiddelbavetB UttcrJ-Fwrniu j. II*

E-hinus MoroliaiK, Stimpson, .Inurn. li.'st. Soo. Nat. Hi«t^. vi. }.. S5.

Tomimiwh'.i lU'ifhctii.i, Pesor, Svn. dca Kebin. fims. p. Kl''.

r„,.-oj,«.i«(« .7W,V,m7«K,;.,, A. Agassi., I'roeoed. H..stuu Sue. Nat. Hwt- t-». p. 191.

roa^opncnaes ou-nosu,, llaruard, in Agassiz, True. A. N. S. Tbilud. 3 Til. p- -!.>. .

ro.™,"««./,. r/.7an.,o,(™(,.,, L.itken, Vid. Jleddel. N. Fureiunf 3 %:vA^^, I-.:!, p. 44

T.n:.im^mM .,,;u,ulalH.^, Liilkcn, Vid. Meddel. N. Fon'uiwr i K.i.'.«ni;i'tL. l-.>(. pp. 144, 14-'.

A-,„.,,a7,.aas <'/,'u6.,c/-;c,««, VerriU, IToeei.!. Boston Soc. Nat. Hi«l- vA ,. pp. -.J-U, ii--.!'.

Stroxciv

177<),

1780.
17^^*.
181(1,
1820
1828.

18;(.-).
18:)0.
I8;i7.

1840.

Ihll.

1844.

1840.

184(i.

1841!.

184(i.

1848.

ls,-,l.

18.->2.

18.);(.

18")7.

1857.

1S57.

18,j8.

18li;i.

18(;;».
I8ii;i.
iMiii.

1 still.

I

20 OX THE ECmXODKRMATA OF TIIK

ISfiO. Kuriiahinva yraiitilfiliin, VtTiill, I'lDCicd. Hoslon Soc. X.il. Uisl. vol. x. pp. r!l(), n.">2.

]f<(iS. Tii.rnjiniiislff jiiclii.'', Xormiin. Hopiirl Dril. .\ssne. .\<lv. Sci. IMis, p. ;tl 1.

1871. I'o.fujintiislrf jKilliJiia, (i. (). .'•ars, Vidi'iisk. SOsk. I-'nrlmndl., -Nvr Koliiimilrrmor, p. -•">.
1S71. TnxiijineimtiS (Injlidchinisis, Ijivi'ii, •"vfi's. K. Vil.-.Vkud. Korhiindl. l>71i »"• ^.

1872. Siroiigifliiceiilniliis ilruliiuhieiiaia, A. Agiissi/., Uevi.'<iiiii of llic Kcliini. pji. I'i2, 277.

1877. Slriini/iili>cenlroliia (Iroluicliientia, Xlun'n/.c'ller, t'ulcnt. Knliiii. u. Wiinncr d. (isl.-uii};. Xiiiclpid-
K.xpud. pp. 3, 2'J (Uenkscli. d. k. Akud. d. WissiMiach. Wieii, Bd. xx.\v.).

Test depressed, tlie height being proportional to tlio diameter as 1:2 approxi-
mately. Ambital outline almost circular, and only slightly subpeutagonal ; contour of
the profile somewhat conoid, rounded at the apex. Test well rounded beneath, ami
incurved towards the interior at the margin of the actinostome. Actinostome large,
and occupying tiiree eightiis or more of tlie diameter. Branchial notciies very sliglit.
Huccal membrane thin, and with comparatively few small, granulated, oblong scales
and ten large buccal pliites. Coronal ])lates companitivel; -igh, eacli bearing one
large primary tubercle, imperforate and uncrenulate. The series of these tubercles form
two prominent vertical lines, which extend from the a])ex to the actinostome, hoth in
the ambuliicral and in the interambulacral areas. In tlie interambulacral areas the
plates above the ambitus bear a number of miliary tubercles, which are disposed in an
irregular manner around the j>rimary tubercle, and form not unfretpiently in small spe-
cimens a more or less clearly defined scrobiculur ring; below the ambitus a secondary
tubercle is present on each side of the primary, and, in fair-sized specimens of the
Kchiiuis, the extirnal ones (which stand nearest to tlie poriferous zone) may be traced
upon the abactinal surface of the test, extending in \^ry rai)idly diminishing series for
some distance above the ambitus. In the ambnlacral areas there is a small secondary
tubercle on each plate on the inner side of the primary tubercle, the series diminishing in
size as they ajiproach the apex, in the neighbourliood of wliich tlie secon(hiry tubercles
become altogether nndistiiigiiisliable from the few other miliaries wliich an; present
on tlie plate. Near the ambitus the miliaries are fairly numerous and irregular in size,
the most conspicuous amongst them frequently forming, on the pore side of the ])late,
an arched row of three or four, which stands between the arc of pores and the tubercle,
the adoral miliaries being largest, 'i'he pores are arranged in arcs of 5-(i, those above
the ambitus diverging only slightly from the vertical. The apical system is large,
and also the anal ring, into which tw<; ;>'ular plates enter. The madreporiform and its
companion anterior genital plate consideraL-ly exceed the other genital plates in size,
wliich an; often not much larger tlian the two entering ocular plates. The genital
foramina are large. The spines are comparatively fine and delicate, and vary consider-
ably in length, which ranges from 8 to 13 millims.

Cohjiir. — The colour of the test is a varying shade of purplish brown, that of the
spines greenish grey, the test being sometimes green in tint also.

Size. — The northern specimens are comparatively smaller than individuals from a
more southern habitat. The largest example obtained during .Sir (jeorge Nnres's expe-
dition was taken at C'aiie Napoleon, and measures 4."! millims. in diameter, 21 millims.
in height, and has 2U primary interambulacral tubercles.

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GREENLAND.

21

Tlip followiiii^ nrc the mcasiircmcnts in millims. of

A, a spc'ciniL'ii I'roni Discovery IJiiy ;

B, a specimen from the Driibucli I'jurd.

Diiimctor.

Jt.ixiii.

Aiuil .sysiiim.

Actiniistonif.

Intoramb.

t iil)crcl

A

. . 39

liO

«

loo

17

B

. . 42

]'.)

5

15-1

15

Vuriatioiis. — Owing to the extensive range of this boreal Ikhiiioid, the variations
to whieh it is subject are so great that there are jierhaps few otiier species which
include in their list of synonyma so large a number of specific determinations. This
arises from the fact that distant observers, depending too confidently upon the stability
of " local forms," have founded ujon these characters numerous so-called new species,
all of which, however, liave hithmto proved untenable when comparison has come to
be made with a large series of s[)ecirncns.

Thus a range of examples of tlie northern varieties, known as .S'. (jmnnlntus (Say),
Gould, and (V. rliliivorcntrotux, Brandt, fail to [irescnt any characters of sufficient
importance to warrant their separation from the tlrohachiciisin group, although, when
isolated and extreme examples are compared, the difierences at first sight appear very
marked.

\\'hen compared with wliat may be called a tyj)ical s[)ecimen, the test of die
Arctic forms of .V. ilruhticfiiciisin is relatively high with tiie contour slightly more arched,
and having a larger actinostome anil apical disk. The greatest superficial difference,
however, is presented by the spinulation. In some forms tlie spines of the abactinal
surface are so small and deliciite, and so widely spaced, that the Echinus has almost a
naked ap])earance when ])laced beside others which are more uniformly clothed ; and it
will hardly be necessary to add tliat a corresponding mollification exists in the size and
uniformity of the tubercles upon which the spines are borne. The more dcnsely-spined
and more uniformly tuberculated urchin represents well tlie form known as i/ri(/ni/afii.i;
and a glance at two su( ii extreme individuals as those just indicated will easily account
for much of the confusion wiiicii has arisen in this species.

Both of these forms (the uniibrmly and the sjiarsely s[)ined) occur together at
several stations in Smith Sound, and extend even to Discovery Bay. At present we
are unable to offer any definite explanation of the difi'erence : possibly the variation
may be due to stunted grow th ; or perhaps it nuiy indicate a sexual character.

Jji/stribution.

a. NurtJtirnnl up ISinith Sound: Discovery Bay, lat. 81° H' N., 15-20 fms., muddy
bottom (Xares'a Ea-ped.), the most northern locality on record ; Richardson Hay, 70 fms. ;
Franklin-I'ierce Bay, lo-lS ftns., stony, bottom temperature 21) •■") Fahr. ; Capo
Napoleon; Hayes I'oint, Jio fms., bottom temperature 2',t 'O Fahr. Greenland.

b, Aorth of American Continent : Assistance Bay {I'eniifii Rqjcil.). All the east

22 ON THE ECTIIXODKRMATA OV THE

coast of N. America from Labrador to Xew Jersey, and probably even as far soutli as
Cane Florida {minlcmann, fide A. A;r,s.vz); ^est coast of X. America to ^ ancouver.

c. Xorfh uf European Confincnl: Spitzbergen, Xovaya /emlya, Iceland, I-tcroe
Islands, Scandinavian coasts, Rritain.

d. North of Asiatic Continent : Bchring's Straits, Kamtschatka, Ocbotsk Soa

{ISramlt).

Description of the I/I usf rat ions of this Species on Plate II.
Fig. 1 . An example of the thii.'y-spined form. Abactinal aspect : natural size.
2. The same specimen seen in profile : natural size.

3" Vortion of the test near the ambitus, showing the ambulacral and intcr-
ambulacral areas : magnified.

ARCTIC SKA TO THE WEST OF GREENLAND.

23

til as

vor.

'icroc

, Soa

iiiter-

ASTEROIDEA.

Am. Ihe Asteroids of the Smith-Sound fauna hehjnf; to well-known forms, with the
single exception of J'cdice/lanter j)ftli£0(r;/.sfa//HS from Discovery Bay and Cape Frazer.
Several of the s|)eeies are lu're recorded from much lii^'her latitudes than they liave
l)reviously l)ucn known to inhahit ; and one of them, Lojilnisfer f'amfvi; is found for
tiie first time within the entrenie horeal regions.

The following is a list of the Asteroids herein descrihed from the Smith-Sound
area, including all whicii iiave heen found in tlio conlluent portion of the N, Atlantic,
north of the Arctic circle (00^ 30') : —

1. A.iffmrtiiifliioii jio/'or, Midler & Trosthel.

2. Ado-iK-imlliliiii ijririil'diilicnin (Steenstp.), Fiitken.

3. StirhaMir albiilms (Stim|is.), Verrill.

4. CrilircUd oinlafu (Linck), Forbes.

■). J'rdin/hi.sfrr ji'ihiorrp/'illxs, Sladen.

0. CroKsusf cr pfipposus (\Mck),'Sl. ScT.

7. Solnstcr cnd/ra (Gmcl.), Forbes.

8. I.(ij>Iiti>!fn-fiimfrr (1). & K.), \'errill.
'.). J'frra.sfrr mill/nrin (O. F. M.), M. & T.

10. Ctriwdisciis coniicu/atiis (Linck), Terrier.

AsTEnACAXTniox roLAUK, Mii/lo- d- Troxriu'/. Plate IL Figs. 4-8.

ITSO. AsUri'iK riiheim, Fiibricius (linn l.inin'l, I'liiinii (liwiilandi'ii. p. :iti7, im. 3i>iJ.

17S0. Aflri-iM miiiulii, I'alpricius, Fiii CniMiliiiiclita, p. ISTo. no. ;ii:.") ( juv.).

IX-Jl. 'f.Ula-ias vi.,hm;,, Sal,mc'(i.oii ihilliT). Ap-R-ml. I'lirrys VoyiiKe,.l>ll)-l"l in • llecla " and • tiripor,'

]). ccxxiii.
1.SI2. Aalifiinmlluon y/o/io-M, Miilli-T & Tio-i'liul, Syslciii dry Astoriden, p. Hi.
1S51. ■! A.itn;umilhium nrhot.nsf, Brandt, Middcudorirs Keise in dm aiisflerstcn Xi.i-dcn uiul Osti'U

SibiTiiiiit, ])d. ii. Th. I, p. L'^*.
18.")7. AslemaiiM::,!! poliirii, I.iitk™, Vid. Mcddid. N. roivniiij; i KjulfiOiavii. 1 -.'i7, p. -"^.
l«(il'. yisUnieanlhwn ™/.nis (pars), iMijnrdin & llupi:, lliM. Xat. dos Zncipli. Kcliinodrrmos, p. ;!;U.
].s(i(). yUleridS jmhi-U, Vcriill, I'rocii-d. lio^ton Si)C. .Nat. lli.st. vol. x. p. :i.")l).
ISC,!). Afl.ramutliion /,„/,(nV?,.lVrricr, UccluTclics sur los l\:di.ellaires el k'S Amlinlaeirs d.s Ast.Tios ct

dt'H IJur«ins, p. !f:i.
1875. Asleruis iwhirif, IVrriir, llcvision dcs StiOli'riiles, p. 58.

A Starfish of large robust habit, readily distinguishable from the other species of
Astmicanthion which occur in the Arctic regions. Rays generally six in number,
rounded, swollen at the sides, and tapering only at the extremity. Disk-radius to arm-
radius as \ : 4-4-4-75 approximat(.'ly. F^acli adambulacral plate bears two ambulacral
spines, whicli radiate iipart from one another. In some specimens every pair throughout

"'■^

24

OX TlIK F.CIIINODKHMATA OF THE

tliP vny stands nt tlip same aiifilc to tlic iilatc, and thus two rcfjidar rows arc formed on
eitlicr sidf of tlic furrow. In others, however, eacli alternate |)air of sjiineh'ts radiate
at a rather smaller anf,'le to the floor of the ray, the internal s[>ine beiuf^ directed
further over the t'nrrow, and the external one standing: ()|i])osed to the inter.-|iaee between
the jiairs of spinelets of the lU'ighhoiniMj; jdates; liy this means an arrani^'enient of
four rows of spinelets on each side of the furrow is liroui,'ht alioiit, which, together
with the swollen character of the sides, j^ives an appearance of considerable breadth to
the ventral portion of the rays. The ambulacral spines are lonfjj. cylindrical, and
rounded at the tip, not tajierin;,' or pointed in tlie slif^htest ; and the innermost spine is
somewlnit thinner tlnm flie others. I'edicellaiiie forficiformes are very numerous
nmonfjst the rows of ambidacral spinelets, and are densely crowded at the base of the
rnys in large specimens. The lateral spines, which are long, cylindrical, and somewhat
crumpled or nip]>ed together at the tip, form three longitudinal rows extending along
the ray. In addition to these there is a short secondary row sitiuite between the most
ventral of the lateral series an<l the ambulacral spines; but, in conse(pience of the
ra])idity with which the spinelet.s diminish in si/.e as they proceed outwards, this series
extends only along the inner half of the ray.

In some large specimens there is often a short row of O-S sn]ii)lementary spines at
the base of thi' ray between the ventral and middle series of lateral spines; or u
tendency to reduplication may be shown even iii each of the rows at the extreme base
of the ray. Occasionally the lateral s|)iues an; mine or less tailoring, those of the
dorsal and median rows being also slightly curved upward.

The calcareous network of the abaci inal sur'/ace is very robust, the mend)ranous
meshes or intersiiaces being in proportion compar)ti\ely small. 'I'he iiapuhe are, as a
rule, single in young siiecimeiis; but in those of larger growth two or three occur
together. The dorsal s|)inelets are large and cylindrical, not tapering, but nipix'd
together at tiie tip, or even sometimes subelavate as in A. riuliiaiiin. They do not
assume any lineal or regular arrangement whatever ui)on the ubactinal surface. In
some examples the dorsal spinelets are closely surrounded by a nnndier of rather
smaller subelavate spiueiets, which give the a])j)earance of comjiact groui>s of spines
crowded together upon the abactinal .surface of disk and rays alike.

I'edicellaria' forciiii formes, although very numerous upon the abactinal membrane,
cannot be strictly said to form regular wreaths at the base of the dia.sal spines ; for
whilst in some places they are much crowded, in others only three or four are ])resent.
In the lateral series, however, the spines of the upjier or dorsal row are surrounded at
their bases by a true wreath of pedicellaria^, whilst in the ventral or lower row the
pcdicellaricC are principally grouped on the dorsal or upper side of the base.

The pedicellariie forficiformes, which are moderately numerous upon the abactinal
surface, averaging perhaps one or two to a mesh, are densely crowded amongst the rows
of ambulacral spines, es])ecially on the innermost portion of the furrow. These jiedi-
cellariie (p. forficiformes) are in the present s[)ecies comparatively small, only a little
longer than broad, and dumpy in form; the p. forcipiformes, on the other hand, are
large, very gibbous, and truncate at the apex of the jaws.

ARCTIC SEA TO Till': WEST OF GI{1:EXI,AN1).

25

The madrcpnriform body is situated in the intcrradiiis, about midway })ct\vopn the
centre and the margin of tiie disk, but generally nearer the centre in fully developed
specimens.

Sizr. — Earge examples measure 2;!0 millims. in diameter j and the species is known
to attain even greater dimensions.

L'lihiur. — Dr. Eiitkcn, recording the observations made by Inspector Olrik upon
the colour of this Starfish when alive, states that it is generally purjde-red, and some-
times greyish olive-green.

Ilahifnt. — According to the abov(>-mcntioncd Danish naturalist, A. jtolnre is to be
found at low tides in May and June, but later in the year in deeper water (for instance,
in August at 40 fathoms). This species was taken at Arksut by Mr. Barrett, from the
shore down to 10 fathoms depth, on rocky bottom.

I'ninnturc Farm. — A young specimen 'JS millims. in diameter (the relative
proportions of the disk and radii being 1 : .'Jo approximiitely) presents the following
characters. The rays are broad and stout, tapering near the tip, and have their
junction with the disk very frequently marked off by u sharp constriction in examples
of this early age. The ossicles of the abactinal network are remarkably stout and
robust, the inters[)aces being small and restricted in consequence ; the.sc are usually
round in outline, with the membrane ijuncturcd by a single i)apula only, although two
may occur occasionally. The dorsal «rii>!jlets are large and truncate, many quite sub-
rlaviite, iind are widely spaced over disk and rays alike without any regularity in their
arrangement; their bases arc closely surrounded by pediccUariie forcipiformcs, the
large size of wliich is very striking in this young stage of the starfish, whilst similar
pcdicellariie also accompany the secondary or intermediate spinelets, which occur with
moderate frequency iipon the imbricating ossicles. In the small specimen under notice,
no ])edicellariic forfici formes have been detected upon the abactinal surface either of
the disk or rays ; there are, however, a lew isolated ones on the margins of the furrows,
but comparatively insignificant in size, and scarcely, if at all, larger than the p. forci-
jnformes of the abactinal surface.

The madrei)oriform body, which is liirge and deeply fissured, lies nearer the margin
than in the adult forms, being situated about two thirds of the distance from the centre
of the disk to the arm-angle.

Two longitudinal rows of lateral spines are present, one on the dorsal and the other
on the ventral margin, the sides of the ray being vertical. The sjunelets of both series
are large, stout, cylindrical, and rounded at the tips ; they are isolated and well spaced,
the me'r.bcrs of the upper scries standing immediately over their ventral companions.
In dried specimens the dorso-lateral row forms a conspicuous fringe along the margins
of the ray, and the bases of the si)inelets iire surrounded by a wreath of pedicellari;e
forcipiformcs. These are also present at the bases of the ventro-lateral series, though
not so numerous, and are there confined jirincipally to the upper side of the spinelet.
Between the ventro-lateral row and the and)ulacral spines a short series of secondary
spinelets extends along the inner half of the ray only ; these are smaller, even at the
base of the ray, than the other spinelets, and diminish rapidly in size as they proceed

26

ON Tlir, KCIIINODKUMATA OK IIII",

ontwarils. Tlic nmliuliicnil spiiics uic stout niid I'yliiiiliiciil, two to ciicli ninbiilucnil
phite; and every pair riidiatiiij,' at the same allele, a ref,'ular doiil)le row is formed cm
both sides of the furrow.

ViiriiitioiiM. — The iiuiid)er of rays is very constant at six, altlioiigh oxainpleH iiaving
only five are occasionally met with.

A considerable amount of variability occurs in the s])inulation of the dorsal surface.
In home specimens the spinelets are densely f,'ronped, in others well spaced and with
the encircling' ]iedicellariu' more cons]iieu(iusly displayed. The spines themstdves arc
either cylin<lrical, with tii)S sharply i)iiiclied tof,'eth<'r, or fairly clavate and resemblinf;
in character the spinelets of .^4. riulnrcnm, O. F. Midler. It would seem that these
differences exist irresjiecfive alto<;ether of nfje or growth.

Similarly variable in cliarac tcr apjiears the arran^'ement of the anibulacral spinelets,
as indicated by the deviation from the re;.,'ulur double row on either si<le the furrow to
the fourfold series ])roduced by the greater diverf^c^nceof the alfernatin!^ [lairs. In 'act,
we are di>.[)osed to believe that the two modes of arrangement may l)e present on a sin<fh;
individual, and that it was probably such a s])ecimen that M. I'errier referred with doubt
to the species under notii'e, givinf; at the same time u most admirable and lucid
df-^rription, which leaves no doubt as to the correctness of his determination*.

It may be inferred, from the description jjiveu in ihe ' l-'aumi (irienlandica," that
A. fiiihirr and possibly al^o A. iim nhmilicuni were mer;;ed to'rethi'r iiy I'abricius under
the designation ui Axtirin.-^ ni/ifiis; anil it also seems highly probable that the Starfish
there named A. minntn is nothing more than a young stage of the present species — an
o|)inion which Dr. I.iitken has already exi)ressedf.

The description given by Itrandt of A. oc/iotiii.v, in MiddcudorfTs ' lieise ';{;, indicates
a range of variation which leads to the assumption that more than one form may be
there included. If such a view be correct, a \ydrt of the description there given would
answer well for young forms of A. j:iJftre.

Miiller and Troschel's type sijotiiucus tf this species were also unquestionably
young examj)les.

■r.

•i

M

■'i

' ,i

Di.itrihiitioH.

a. flrccnland : W. coast of Davis Strait, about lat. TO' N. {Saline) ; Upper Torske
Hank, lat. G7° r.((' N., long. 5r/ 27' W. {'Vulorous' Exped.); lat. 00" 5!)' N., long.
<)')' '17 W., 57 fms. (' y<iloroun' K.rpid.) ; W. coast of (jreenland, lat. 00° N. (Xarts's
Krpol.) ; Arksut, lat. 01 10' X., long 48' 15' W. (liarreU).

b. IS'orth of American Coutinent: Labrador (Verri/l) ; St. George's liank,
35-40 fras.

d. Xurfh of Asiatic Continent: Ochot.sk Bay? (under the name of A. ochotense,
Brandt).

* Ptrricr, liochorclics sur Ics Pi'diccUaires ct les Amlmlncrcs des Ablories ct Jes Oursins, 1809, p. 33.

t Viilinsk. MciMoI. Naturli. Kciri'iiir ;? i Kjiib' 'lavn for l^<o7, p. Ml.

+ Middcudorll'a ' KuUo ei umi liussuralcu Non. . uud Osloii iSiiicriuiis,' Ld. ii. Th. 1, p. 28.

AliCTIC SEA TO TJIK WEST OK (JUKKNLAM).

2T

■ml
(III

ICC.

lith
nre

ICSC

4

iJffirrl/if 1(1)1 off/if f/hmfrnfionn of lliin S/irn'r.i on Plato II.

Fif,'. i. .Miiiftiiml aspect cif tlic iininiiil : rciliiccil one liiilf.

•'). Actinal asiicct ot' llic same siicciiiicn : rciluced one half.

C. I'ortiim iieiir tlie middle of a ray, nctiniil us]i('ct : iiia;,'iiific'd.

7. I'ortioii iii'ar the middle of a ray, aliartiiial aspect: iiiai,'iiilied.

8. A similar itortioii troiii the more coiii|)uctly spiimlated variety of this

species : mai^iiilied,

AsTi:i!AcANTiiio.v fiitiKNr.AMiicrM (SfiriLifniji), Liit^cn. I'lnte II, I-'ifjs. 9-12.

IS.'S. ? T/vM?,/- rl„l,id,i, Koilii'H(iion MiiUor), Sulhi'rliini!'-< '.Icjiirnalof n V,.\ii;,'c,' vol. ii. Ajiiifnil. p. coxiv.

1S");i. Aiii<riii» Miilliri, Stiniiwoii, Syn. Mar. Iiiv.^rt. (irand .\fiiiiiiii, p. 1 I.

IS'it. A»lfra(iinllii(ni Miillfrl.i^arn'!, var., Slctii»trup, Vid. Mcdilil. .\. rmininKi Kiobcnliivri. \^'i I. \i. L'lu.

l^'.'iT. .(»(i;vic.(;i///i..ii iiririildiiiliiiin, I.iitketi, Vid. Mcddid. N. l''nrcniii^' i Kjidji'iiliuvri, l".'i7, p. I'll.

IMi;). Ait'ciim iiriniliiiiilirii, SliiiipHcm, Tri"'. .\ciid. .\. Sci. I'ljilml. l^ii;), p. I4J,

If^Cill. Anlm-lim ifniiiliiiiJ-rii, Vrrrill, I'mc. lliwluii Sue. Nat. lli.tl. vul. x. ji. .'('iV.

1^1)11. Aahriim i/i-iiiildiiilldif, (fray, Syiiup. Sjicr-. Starli.tli llrit. 51 un. p. :.'.

This species maintains a small lialiit, with five modciately thick arms, the propor-
tion iif di>k-ra(iius to arm-iadius lieiiii; 1 ; •I--') or 0. Tiie amliulacral >piiies are rather
loiif; and cylindrical, and stand, in very irregular alternation, two and one to cacliadam-
hiilacral plate, the sin',de siiinelefs huviiiij a jjosition vertical to the floor of the furrow,
whilst the pairs, on the other hand, radiate apart from one anothiT in oppo>itc direc-
tions. I'Accpt in yonnf^ individuals, or near the extremity of tlie ray, tlic jiairs are 111010
numerous than the isolated siiinelets, and are ^'iieiiilly home hy two or thrt'e jiliilcs in
succession, some rays even hein^' ref,'«lar for nearly half their len^^th. The lateral spines,
which occupy the sides of the ray, form, accordiuf; to a{,'e. either two or three l(iiiy;itu-
dinal series of isolated spinelcts, not (piite so louij us the amhulacral si'ries, and taperiiii,'
slifihtly at their tijis — the middle series, when present, heini:,' smaller than the otiiers,
and placi d midway upon tiie lateral imbricating pieces. At the base of each of these
lateral sjiines are a number of pcdicellaria^ forcijii formes, sometimes <,'rouped and some-
times forming a more or less perfect euiircling wreath, the latter generally ui>oii the
lower series.

The ossicles of the abactinal network that lie in the longitiidiiial direction of the
ray arc much shorter than those that occupy a transverse position ; and being of delicate
habit, the niemliranous interspaces are conseriueiitly large, as well as mucli broader than
long. The dorsal spinelets are finer and shorter than those of the ventrodateral series,
and are placed in groups of two or three together at tlie intersections, wluLst isolated
.pinelets occupy the; intermediate intercalary ossicles, by which means, in conscipienco
of the above-noted proportions of the elements of the calcareous framework, the cha-
racter (although somewhat an irregular one) of a transverse arrangement of spineiL-ts
across the ray is I'roduced. U])on the disk the spinelcts are more closely placed; and
this, in specimens preserved in spirit, gives quite a distinct appearance to that portion of

e2

28

ON THE ECHINOIJERMATA OF THE

the Starfish ; and, further, in some examples the disk-spinclets are also rather hmgcr
than those which are found upon the rays.

The papuUc are singh>. Tlie pedieellariic are not crowded, and generally either
isolated or only two or three together. Pedicellarice foreipiformes are as a rule not
very numerous upon the dorsal surfoce of the rays, except towards the extremities, where
they occur somewhat more ahundantly. Those which accompany the lateral spines are
situate near the middle of the shaft. I'edicellariiE forficiformes form a fringe along
the sides of tlie ambulacral furrow. The madreporiform body is situated near the
margin, and is frequently almost ccmcoiiled by the spinelets that surround it.

Size. — This comparatively small species measures from 35 to 50 millims. in diameter,
none of larger size having been recorded.

Colour. — According to Inspector Olrik's observations, made during life, small
examples of A. f/rwulaiidkum are described as of a greyish colour on a violet ground, and
larger ones of a grey olive-green. All the specimens preserved in spirit which we have
examined are entirely bleached, whilst the dried ones are of a dirty yellowish grey.

Habitat. — Mr. Barrett has taken this Starfish upon rocks near the shore ; Insp. Olrik
reports that he has dredged it at very various depths ; and Capt. Eeilden obtained the
species from a depth of 80 fathoms, off C!ape Frazer, during the British Arctic ExpcJi-
tiou of 1875-70, under Capt. Sir George Nares.

Variations. — In this species considerable variation occurs in the general form and
habit of the Starfish, as well as in the spinulation borne by the calciireons network of
the test. There may, in fact, be set apart a long, thin-armed variety with the rays taper-
ing but slightly, and another form in which the rays are broad, short, and sharply
tapering at the extremity. The difference of character presented by the spinulation is
perhaps even more conspicuous. In some specimens, for example, the spinelets of the
abactinal surface of th'> rays are confined mainly to the groups that stand at the intersec-
tions of the network, the intermediate portions of the ossicles bearing only isolated spine-
lets, few and far between ; whilst in others a very marked divergence is i)roduced by
the occurrence of well-developed and comparatively clustered groups of spinelets upi n
the intercalary pieces, as well as an increase in the number of those composing the main
series. The efl'ect of this tendency to develop an increased nuTiiber of spines is i)erha[)s
most striking in its result on tlie lateral series, where, in conseciue'ice of the intercala-
ting ossicle bearing a s\ipplementary spinelet, an additional and intermediate longitudinal
series is formed between the dorsal and ventral rows of lateral spines, extending in some
cases almost to the extremity of the ray ; and besides this, it not unfrequ(>ntly happens
that the development of extra spines is carried to such an extent that a regular redu-
plication of several of the lateral spinelets at the base of the rays takes place.

It must be remarked, however, that, beyond the simph^ record of the facts, the
amount of material at our disposal is insufficient to warrant the expression of any decided
opini(m as to the significance which these modifications may bear; for, although at first
sight it would seem probable that these vere only the conditions of age and growtii, a
careful study of the specimens which we have examined, together with the consideraticm
of the influence of habitat, lead us to favour the belief that the itructural changes above

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GREENLAND.

29

noted may mark the effect of conditions of environment, and thus reiirescnt the steps of
an actual locational diverfj;ence in the species under notice. A mucli hirger series is
needed, however, from various localities, before a definite statement can be made upon
this subject.

DisfrihutioH.

a. Northwaril of .Smith Sound : Discovery Bay, lat. 81° iV N., 25 fms. (Xares's
E.rp('(I.), tiie most northern locality on record; Port Foulke (Stimpson).

b. ^'ortl^ of Amerimii Confineiit : Assistance Bay (under the name of Urnster
violarens, Forbes, Pinny's l-lvpol .) ; Labrador {Packard); Newfoundland {Liitken);
Gulf of St. Lawrence, near Anticosti (Verrill); Grand Manan (under name of A.
Mullen, Stimpson).

c. North of European Continent: Off S.W. coast of Novaya Zemlya, lat. 71' C N.,
long. 50° E., 02 fms. {'Willcni Barents E.rped.).

Description of the Illustrations of this Species on Plate IL

rig. 9. Abattinal aspect of the animal : natural size.

10. Actinul aspect of the same specimen: natural size.

11. Portion near the middle of a ray, actinal aspect; magnified.

12. Portion near the middle of a ray, abactinal aspect: magnified.

STicir.\STER .\LBULi-.s (Stinips.), Verrill. Plate II, Figs. 13-17.

1812. AslenicanlUim i-..s. m (i«'rs), Miillcr uiiil Troscliol, System der Astcridcn, p. 17.

]«.".:(. AsUracmlhioit iilhdxf. Stinip.soii, Syn. Miir. Invert, (imnd Manan, p. 14.

1K.55. Asl,;ven:,ilw>,, proU.ma, Stoonstrup, Viil. Xleddel. X. ForeninK i KjOlienhavn, 18.")4, p. I'-IO.

IbJV. Anlcwuntliini, jinUnvi, Uitken, Vi'l. Jfeddel. X. l-'oreninp; i KJMl)enlmvn, K->.")7, p. ^0.

18(1:'. .'fleriiis iilhiih, Stim,ison, I'mc. Acad. X. Sci. IMiilad. lM);i, p. H:i.

IKOli. iJtkhasUr alhul'is, ViriiU. I'mceed. lioslon Snc. Xiit. Hist. vol. -x. p. •'i.'jl.

1875. Sii,h„Hter ulbuhv., Terrier, Stellerides du Museum, p. 8i: ; Arch, du Zool. exp. et gen. vol. iv.
[]. ;! 10.

'V small Starfisli with narrow disk and rounded or somcwhiit arched rays, the num-
ber of which is i>lmost invariably six, three rays on one side beiiifj; as a ride very much
shorter than these on the other. Proportion oi the diameter of the disk to tliat of
the arms 1 : 5 or rather more. The ami)ulacria furrows are wide, willi stickers arranged
in /.igzng scries, f )rming two or four rows, according to age and size. Each adambti-
hicral plate bears two "ambulacral" spines whicli radiate slightly right and left, and
form regular rows ; ocoasionali}' In larger specimens an additional siiine accompanying
the ten or twenty innern.'^st i>airs of 'he ray. Closely succeeding to these, there fol-
lows on the side of the ur.i .< slii;btly oblLpie series of three (or, in large specimens,
four) aiinilar spiuulets, repivseiili'ig ventro-laturai spines, but not always a series opposite

30

ON THE EClIIXODERMA'rA OF TITE

to each adambulacrnl plate, owing to the phitos which bear tlie spines being more widely
s[)aced. The abactinal body-frame is formed of transverse bands of ossicles ; and these
are piulvcd closely together in longitudinal series along the ray: the plates are very
iniiform in size ; and as ciich generally stands opposed to a corresponding plate in the
neighbouring transverse row, a fairly reg\dar rectilinear arrangement is the result. The
median ossicles, which are somewhat larger Ihan the rest, imbricate u])on one another
and form a distinct line along the ray. The membranous interspaces are of moderate size
and punctured with one or two papulie. Each ossicle bears a small subcpiadrate group
of from three to five short dors;il spines, amongst them being placed two or tliree of the
pedicellariic forcipiformes, but wliich are somewhat more numerous towards the sides of
the ray. The s})ine-groups, in consequence of the regularity of the network, are disposed
in longitudinal and transverse lines, those of the middle row being rather larger and more
densely packed than the others, and thereby forming a more or less distinct median
line down each ray. From the a])ices of the spines, which are broader than the bases,
proceed three or four small denticles; and the siiinelets being all of e(|Uid length and
closely set, give a smooth velvet apjjearance to the Starfish. Pedicellariic forficiformes
are found along the margins of the ambulacral furrow at intervals of every two or three
plates, but are comparatively small in size, short, and somewhat rounded or obtuse at the
points. Two or three larger ones are fre(piently nu't with in the neighbourhood of the
p.ctinostome, often quite gigantic ; and a few isolated individiuils also occur on the dorsal
surface, but seldom beyond the base of the rays ; these, it neinl scarcely be said, are
considerably larger than the p. forcipiformes wliich accomjiany the spine-groups .ihove
mentioned. The p forciiiiformes that occur on the lateral portions of the rays are, as
a rule, situate on the aboral or outward side of tli(> spines. The madreporiform body
is situated near the margin, and is large, simple (having but few stria'), and surrounded
by a circlet of the <lorsal spines.

Size. — This species seldom measures more than <'rom one inch to an inch and a
half in diameter, and is generally less. A vaiiety, noted below, is recorded from
Eastport 4 inches in diameter.

Colour. — In a living state Stir/iriKfcr filhnlus is described as of a faint red or
cream-colour, ^^'hen dried, or in spirit, it is usually light yellow, varying to more or
less warm shades (jf light brown.

Ildhitat. — On stony ground and Lnminaria in 5-20 fathoms, and seldom in greater
depths {Olrik). It has been taken by liarrett in from S-^o fathoms, also on stony
ground {LiMcn, I. r. p. 30). 'S'errill similarly records its occurrence (m the coast of
Maine and Grand Manan, in 10-'_'0 fathoms, on rocky bottoms id among Nullii)ores,
and frequent also at low water of spring-tides among rocks (/. c. p. .'.51). Stimpsou
states that at (jrand .Manan the species occurred most frequently among branching
NuUipores in 4 or 5 fathoms on the east side of the island.

Variuilonx. — .Although the number of rays in this species is almost invariably six,
about two per cent, of the siiecimcns collected have only five, according to Stimpson's
observations at firand Manan; and I'xamples with seven cjcur occasionally. T!' srunc
authority also records that four out of five had three of the rays mu; ' iarj-er tiuin the
others.

JK-

ARCTIC SKA TO THE AVEST OF GRIiEXLANl).

31

Vfirill liiis (losciibod * a varioty under tlic name of nitida, taken at Eastport, Maine,
at low water, but which, in his oi.inion, presents no i.eculiarities wliicli may not
be considered due to increas"d age. The specimen is renuukable for its largo s;/c
(4 inches in diameter) and regular form. The rays are equal, and the median row A
plates <iuite distinct. The lateral spines are four or five in number, m a trans, irsc
row, those nearest the ambulacra being longest. The adambulacraJ plates bear two,
three, or sonietimes four long, tapering, and rather slend.,.r spines. The dorsal plates
are crowned by eight to twelve small, s.)mewhat radiating spines, thicker and more
obtuse than those of the ordinary variety. The papnhe are not very numerous, rather
large, and occur mostly in pairs. Suckers numerous and much crowded, ui tour

'"''' Jud-'ing from the description alone of a single specimen, it would be difficult to
say whether the modifications above noted possess any greater significance than mere
,onditions of growth. Augmentation in the number of ambulacral and lateral spmes,
as well as of tl>ose upon th.- ossicles of the disk, greater development of the mulian
row, increase in the number of papuhe, and crowding ami increase of the ambulacral
suckers are, it is true, changes that accompany structural growth ; still, it we are
only to'give these elmracters such a value in the present case, it s-cms strange that the
form in (iuesti<m is not of more frequent occurrence in localities where :itwha,tcr
a/l/ilus may be taken in the utmost abundance.

\ sin-le hu-e example which may be referred to this variety wa, dredged at
Proven .luring the outward journey of Capt. Narcs's Arctic E.xpedition, the diameters
,.f the ravs and disk )H.ing respectively HO millims. and fi miUims.

Comparing specimens from the coast of Maine with those from Franklin-1 lerce
Bay (lat 7'J°'25'N.), we have detected no remarkable difference ; and Mr. \ ernll records
the same conclusious in regard to specimens from Greenland which he had studied.

Distribution.

a. Korthwar,! of Smith Sound: Franklin-Pierce Bay, lat. 79^ 25' N., lo fms.
(Nai'cs's I'hp'd.), the" most northern locality on record.

L, Davis Strait : (iodhavn Harbour and llolsteinborg (' Valorous Kriwd.) ;
I'roven, 13fm8. (A'rt/w'.sl.'.iyW.). ^ ■,. . . ^r •

b. North of American Continent: Grand Munan {Stimjison): Lastport, Maine

^ ""c. Ixorth of Euroiwan Continent: Spitzbergeu(A«^^6'«); Iceland, Ofjord {L«<Af«)-

Dcseriidion of the Ulustrations of this Species on Plate II.

Fig. 13. Abactinal aspect of the animal: natural size.

14. A larger and almost eipial-rayed \uriety trom Pro\en.

• I'rocecd. Dostou iSnc. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 'io\.

32

ON THE ECIIINODEllMATA OF THE

Fig. 15. Actinal aspect of the same specimen : natural size.

10. Tovtion near tlie middle of a ray, actinal aspect: magnified.
17. Tortion near the middle of a ray, abactiual aspect : magnified.

C'RiBRKLLA ocuLATA {Li»c^\ Fovlics. Plate 11, Figs. 18-21.

inW. reiitaihicUihmster o.-' Ji ', Lmck, T)c Stellis marinis, p. 11.5, pi. xxxvi. Xo. GL'.

1770. yUUrian sin,;„n„nhnU ^ . " ' "'T, Zool. Dan. I'rodr. p. -':U, No. 2SW.

1770. AMo-ias jHrhisa, (). F. jl 1. Dim. Trodr. p. 2:!5, No. ^839.

1777. AslerUm ocuhlit, ]'cni\!int, : . /.(lolofiy, vol. iv. p. 01, pi. xxx. fij,'. 50.

1780. AfteYho Sjiimiiiui-i, l";il)ricius, i,.utm OrcriiliUiilini. p. M'>'*, Xn. 'i'i^-

18U5. Astei-ias siimsUii, Ketzius, Dissert, slat. spec. coj;. Asleriiinim, y. -Jl.

1823. A.'ilerms perlimi, Fnbricius, K. Piii.ske Yid. Selsk. Skrifter, vol. ii. p. 41, pi. iv. fig. '2.

1828. listerias onilatii, Flcminp, Hist, liritish .\iiimnls, p. ■ls7.

1830. Liiicha omhitd, Forbes, Hem. Worn. Soc. vol. nil. p. 120.

1840. llcnruhi omhilii, (fray. Aim. i' Mii^'. S:d. Hist. vol. vi. p. 184.

1841. A«tfrii(.i Sjmm/I^m, Gould. Invert, of Ma-ssacliusetts, p. 34,j.

1841. CriMht oruliila. Forties. Tlist. liritish StiuHslies. p. lOii.

1842. Echhuuler ontlalim, Miiller & Troschel, System dcr Asteriden, pp. 24, 127.
1842. EehinaMer Ksch-ichlli, Miiller & Troschel, System dcr Asteriden, p. 2.").

1844. Erhimifler sn)i,7"im)/<'»(i(.«, Siirs, Wiegra. Arch. f. Xaturgesehichtc, vol. x. p. 10.

1844. K-hinmUr Simil, Miiller & Troschel, Wiegra. Arch. f. .Natiirgcsehichte. vol. x. p. 17!>.

1844. Krht.iitxiir oniliilii!>, Diihcn & Koren, K. Vet. Ak;id. Iliindl. 184 t, |i. 211.

1848. Astcrlas sjyniioi""!, Dcsor, I'roeeed. lioslon Soe. N:it. Hist. vol. iii. p. Ii7.

1.S51. Kchiiiaafei- i-Mliruhlli, Jiriiiidl, l!idilendortl"s Siliirische Kcise, vol. ii. p. 32.

1853. Luitlia i,f\ih(t:(, Stimpson, Invert. Clrand Manan, p. 14.

1853. Liiidiii jHr(i(.iti, Stimpson, ibid.

1857. Cnhr.Ua frinr/iiinohiiin, I.iitken, Vid. Mcddel. X. Forcning i Kjlibenhavn, 1857, p. 31.

1802. Ci-ihM, !!,iwi>'i,wU„t(i, Dujardiii & ll\ipc', Hist. Xat. Zoopli. fiehinodormcs, p. 34!t.

1802. Cril'ilhi Kvhi-iihtii, id. iliid.

1805. CrihreUa snwpiinohiita. Xorman, Ann. & T'ns. Xnt. Hist. scr. 3, vol. xv. p. 124.

1800. Iltiii-init oniliiia, Uray, Synnp. Spec. Starf. Urit. ^'. • p. 5.

1800. CrihtrVa aatu/iiiiwlenta, Vcrrill, Proceed. lioston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 345.

1800 Erhitmxlcr onihlim, von Ifartcns, Trosoliel's Archiv f. Naturgeseh. ,Ig. 32, i. p. 84.

1800. IvhiiKi.iter ncuhilvs, Terrier. Keeh. siir Ics Pedieell. ct Ich Anibul. p. 57.

1875. Cnl-vdhi ornhtH, I'errier, Stcllerides du Museum, p. lUO : Areli. d. Zool. exp. et gen. iv. p. 37.3.

Rays normally five in nnmliev, nltlimii^'h examples with six or seven are ocrasionally
found. Troportion of disk- to arm-radius 1 : 4 or 5. '1 lie arms arc round, excepting a
slight flattening on the under surface, and long, slender, and more or less tapering
towards the e.\tremity. In some specimens tliere is a considerable swelling-out of the
ray at the base, followed by a constriction at the junction with the disk— a feature
which is generally most develo])ed in female specimens in egg, and must probably be
regarded in a great measure as simjily a character dependent on sex.

The abactinal network is composed of very ^hort stout ossicuhi, irregularly and very
closely reticulated, the interspaces being small in area, in correspondence with the
.shortness of the calcareous elements. The ossicula bear more or less compact groiii)9
of fine spinelets, which vary in number, size, and habit, the spinelets themselves being

AKCTIC SEA TO THE WESl OF C.P.F.EM.ANI).

83

3-5-laTninatc and cnrrospon(lin|-1y dcnticulat.' at lie ap»:x. The nioml)rano of tho
ititerspacos is punrtured for papula-, of wliich, in y-ij-az sU2^- of growth, seldom mor.
than one is present in each ; but in specimens of bms-^T size one to four or more may
be found. Tiie ventro-lateral plates form two r.r iLiw- stfies, an.l their sjiinelet-groups
are arranged at ris^ht anodes, or sometimes i^Hirhllv d^»tially. to the median line of
the ray. The foot-papillic arc somewhat larger and VHmHer than the rest of the spinu-
lation; those which form the immediate marLnn 'f -'. Trihnlarral furrow eouMst of
one or two still stouter spinelets, which at an early su: ar. ^i-nemlly arranged in single
file upon the adambulacral plate, and are follo-«r.«! hy 2-4 pairs of spinelets merging
gradually into the size of those of the rentro-laK r-d] *r>-. At a more a.haneed stage
of irrowth the innermost foot-paiiillir have not uiifr< .fiWiatly become arranged as a pair of
spinelets, very obliriuely placed upon the plat*', and i-flewed hy one or two of similar
size an.l character, these in turn being succeeded by Ae »ries of iiitermcdiat.' spinelets
forming the transition into the v .tro-lateral ^-^rnmluum. Occasionally the innermost
spinelets fcnin an oblique comb-like arran-emeBt '« th>r plate. Each adambulacral
idate also bears another spinelet, very small in ^w-. *itrtited hi-h up in the furrow,
and generally invisible to superficial examinar.oii- The anal orifice is central and
conspicuous. " The madreporiform 1>ody i. lar:;e .-2 irre^lar in form, and situated
midway between the margin and the centre ; iu } tji-' -:.^:-'- it i^ covered with spinelets,
but in older spec-imens these very fre.iuently disa; > .r. kawn- viable the raor._> or less
irregular arrangement of curved a!ul dich-.tomrM,... --,ns that intersect the organ.

She—The largest Greeidand si)ecimeu is <-h-: 'y Liitken as 14(1 miUims., whilst
Sars mentions one IGo millims. in diameter from t-mark in Christiania Fjord. The
usual size is from 50 to 7"i millims.

Cofoi(r.—'nw Greenland specimens are desciitod a* brick-red when alive (/wV/z^v/*).
Those on our own coasts are generally dark red or 4e«p purple above and straw-coloured
beneath, whilst occasionally bright verniilir.u i* mH wish (Forie.i). A bright saffion-
yellow variety occurs at Hergen {D. d- K.) and *4ietland* {yonifn,), which is a thick-
armed deep-water form ; audit is also on rtoond tlitat the same form was taken off
Fife by II cry (Joodsir. In the Asiatic spccimtii* Ibirwoaht home by Von Middendoiffs
Expedition, l)luish or purple tints seem to have p.ine-*ailed on the dorsal side, the
underside varying from vermilion to flesh-colour {iSfwU, Mi>hl. /iV/.sy, p. ?A).

I lahitat. —Y\om the shore to IT'i fathoms <kpii!»— a <*i:)ecimen being taken at this
last-named depth off Hare Islamb Waigat Strait. Ami^ the ' Valorous' Expedition.

VmiKifiirc Form.—\n young examples the h-^^h of the ray is much less in pro-
porti(m to th" disk than in 'tho adult Starf'-b. TJj«" arms are also relatively wider at
the base, an.l taper nu>r.' rapidly to the extremity. The spinulation of the dorsal sur-
face is very delicate, in fa.t almost microscopic, vsA ihe .issicles bear fewer spinelets,
which are associated in more compact groups Tk» ventro-lateral series are more
distinctly .ietin.-d from the rest of tlx' sjiiuulatjc^ ttan at a greater age, two to four
lateral rows, in a.ldition to the foot-pajiilla; sent*. Iteiina clearly discernible. Seldom
more than a single jiapula is prt^sent in the iii1*T^T<*cet of the ilorsal network, and the
madreiioriform body is more prominently coverwi •id* long spines.

34

ON THE ECIIINODERMATA OF THE

Vanntions.—Mnch variation occurs in this species, as might naturally be expected
in an organism enjoying such a wide geograpliical range ; indeed some of the divergen-
cies are so well marked that they have from time to time been taken by several writers
as types of distinct species. Thus Erhimstir .Sumi, M. & T., is in reality nothing more
than the young phase of our Greenland form, whilst its adult stage has served as the
type oiEclnnastcr Eschrhhtii, M.& T. {=A><tcrinK pniHsa, Miiller). Similarly Limkia
(Crik-llu) ociilatii, Forbes (the A^fcriu.s qMiijma of Gould), is the shorter-armed and
more densely spinulated variety of tiie species, and which inhabits, as a rule, the
southern portion of the area of distribution. All these forms, however, when studied
hi series, are found to fall, by imperceptible gradations, into simple modifications of the
Stariish named by O. F. ^liiiler Astiriun samjuinoleitta, and earlier known to Linck as
Pentadacti/losfisfer oculntus.

lirandt, as well as D^.ben and Koron, have already indicated the chief variations
that occur in this .StarHsh— the former classifying them under the terms of varietas
macroiliscus and v. microillmis, and the latter authors as forma major and forma minor
(rid'/aris), each mentioning the main superficial characters that accompany the
lengthening and shortening of the ray. Brandt records the short-armed variety from
the west coast of the White 8ea, and the long-armed one from theOchhotsk Sea, near
Chantar Island.

Distrihiition.

a. Grcenhml: Hare Island, "Waigat Strait, lat. 7(F 30' X., 17') fms. (' Valorous'
Eipcd.), the most northern locality on record ; Egedesminde, 50 fms. (LMeu).

b. North of Amtriean Continent : Grand Manan {/Stimpson) ; Massachusetts,
Maine, and east coast of N. America.

c. North of European. Continent: Spitzbergen {Liitken) ; Iceland, Ftcroe Islands,
Scandinavia, and British coasts as far soutli as the English Channel ; White Sea
{Brandt).

d. North of Asiatic Continent. — Sea of Ochhotsk (Brandt).

Description of the Illustrations of this Species on Plate II.

Fig. 18. Abactinal aspect of the animal : natural size.

111. Actinal aspect of the same specimen : natural size.

20. Portion near the middle of a ray, actinal aspect : magnified.

21. Portion near the middle of a ray, abactinal aspect : magnified.

Pkbicellaster paukockyst.vllus, Bladen. Plate II, Figs. 22-20.

1877, Ai'ltramiitliim iMhtoci-i/stuUiis, Slailen, Ami. & Mii^. Nut. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xx. p. -I.J.).
1»8U. I'o-licellaski- jMldm-ri/xdilluf, HuAcn, Ann. & Mug. Nat. Hist. eat. o, vol. v. p. 2U).

In general appearance this Starfish bears strong resemblance to a small Crihrella, the
rays, five in number, being round and tumid ; they are long, somewhat swollen out on

AllCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GIIEENLAND.

35

the inner thir.l, and tnpor consiclorably towards tlio oxtromity. The disk ,s s.na 1, Us
radius beinR proportional to an arm-radius as 1 : 5-5, or rathor less. Tho ambu aoa
pores are well spaced, and form two simple rows of sucker-feet. Ivxch a.lambulacral
plate bears two very slender spines, one radiating towards the furrow and the otlu'r
towards the margin, formintr two re^^ular rows of so-called " ambuhural ' spines Ihe
spines ,.pon the sides of the arms are ,nuch shorter than the ambulacral spmes, and com-
parativelymore robust, bein^ of the same si.e and eharaefr as the spn.eh.ts of the
dorsal surface. The abactinal network is arran-ed more <iuadrilaterally than in yhlrra-
canthion, a regular median line of ossicles passing; down each ray, to which the other
ossicles run parallel and transverse, with more or less regularity. A single spinelet is
borne at each decussation, and an occasional one fre.piently on the intercalary o.^icle.
Tlie spinelets are consequently widely spaced, and assume (although somewhat nivgu-
larly) a fairly rectilineal arrangement. These dorsal spinelets, which are all of the same
shape and structure, resemble those of ^tlrhaster nJhulus. They are deeply grooved,
being formed, in fact, of three or more longitudinal lamelhe, which radiate roui a
common m.-dian a.xis. The extremity of the shaft becomes slightly expanded and trim-
rate, and .lelicate denticles, developed from the free angles of the lamella-, are preset
at the tip to the number of 3-V In the ambulacral spinelets the outer margins ot the
lamelhe are serrate or denticulate, whereby, in tlu-se appendages, a thorny appearance
is imparted to the shaft as well as to the tip.

The pedicellariie are remarkably large and numerous, and thoroughly eharactenstie
of the genus both in structure and position. One kin.l . mly is present viz the pedieellanie
forcipiformes, which are of extraordinary size, and but very litth- shorter than the
dorsal spinelets ; they stand isolated and ahme upon the membranous tissue tlia c.ne s
the interspaces of the abactinal network, about three or four being present in each mesh^
No traces of papuUe have been detected in the membrane of the dorsal interspaces of
the examples under notice. The pedicellaria> increase in size in the neighbourhood of
the ventral portion of the ray, the length of the calcareous sk.deton ot many of them
measuring 0.35-0-375 of a millim.* The contour of the jaws ot the pedice llarue is coii-
siderablv swollen out about the upper third, and then tapers rapid y towards the extre-
mity, which is somevliat truncate. Several large curved denticles, usually three or
four, occur upon the median portion of the inner margins. The tail-pavts ot he ,,aw-
picces are moderately long, and taper towards the extremity ; and. when he pedicellaria
is examined from above, the interlocking lips of the jaws are seen to be broad rounded,
and finely denticulate. Every appendage of the body, pedieellarue and spinelets a liU
is invested with a thick, semitrausparent, cutieular membrane, to which is aue the p,ip 1-
late appearance observable in sp.>cime,is of the Starfish that are preserved in spin 1 he
spines are somewhat more crowded upon the disk than upon the rays ; and the eye -
s piiK-s at the extremities form a robust terminal fringe. The madreponform plate,
which is obscure and situated near the margin, bears only two or three struc.

. Tl,o ,H.,lio,.ll«ri.. ... . yo„n. .Ua-.u M/.n, .MMU, three or four lime. a. lar,. .s 1.,. .rccnt .peci-

men, <lo nut mcisuro more tliuu ^•l'J-U-l!:i of a miUim. ^

3G

OX THE ECIIINODEUMATA OF THE

Size, Loram>,, and C./o«r.-Tho largest specimen we have examined moasureB
30 miUims. in its greatest diameter, and o-5 miUims. across the disk. It was collected
by Cant. Feilden in Discovery Bay (lat. Sr 41' N.) : depth 2^, fathoms, hard bottom.
Another example was dredged off Cape Fra/.er (lat. 7:)" 44' N.), in 80 fathoms depth,
which measnres only 10 millims. in diameter, and is evidently a young specimen. 1 lie
former of these Starfishes is dry, and in that state is of a dirty yellow or gn-y colour;
the smaller one has been preserved in spirit, and is of a fawn-colour or hght-brown

S II till c

liemarks.—lhe present species is undoubtedly a near r.-h.tive of Sars's typical form,
I> tuuiciix, but clearlv differs from it in general si/e, proportions, and habitus, as w.'ll as
in the form of the pedicellaria3 and spinelets. P. pnhvocrndalln.'^ is of larger s./.c, and
the length of the arm-radius, in proportion to that of the disk (about 0:1), is less than
in P tmcus, in the largest examples of which it is Gl or 0 : 1. The contour of the
arms is also different in our f.nm, being m<ne tumid on the inner third, and much more
attenuated on the remaining outward portion of the ray. The dorsal spinelets are
decidedlv radio-laminate and somewhat expanded at the tip, instead of being conical,
as described in 1'. fijpiru., and the shaft of the ambulacral spinelet is also denticulate or
serrate. The pedicellari^e in the present species are even of relatively larger s,/e and
differ in having the contour of the jaws considerably swollen out about the outer third
and then taperh.g rapidly towards th.. extremity, which is somewhat truncate. Inde.'d
the general facies of the appendage is unmistakably distinct fnnn that of the more
southern form. (Compare I'l. II, Fig. 12G, with figure given by Sars, /. c. pi. ix.
figs. 15-17.)

Description of the Illustrations of this Species on Flate II.
Fi''. 22. Abactiual aspect of the animal : natural size.

•23. Actinal aspect of the same specimen : natural size.

24. Portion near the middle of a ray, actinal aspect: magnified.

25. Portion near the middle of a ray, abactiual aspect: magiiitied.

26. One of the pedicellariiu : magnified.

CiwsSASTKii PAiM'o.'^i-.s {Linr/,), Mulhr cl- Troschel. Plate III, Figs. 1-4.

17;i;i. T,-U;i;.Ur,wlh r-'l'l"""'' l.mA, I)u Sflli. luarii.is p. W, tal>. xxxii. no. 5J, tul.. xxxiv. no. .".4.

1 7;j:>. DmUmctis ntU-iihii'( in (/("■.-•", id. /. c. \,. i 1 , tab. xvii. no. 2S.

1777. Astcrlas hll,„ilIum<Mlcs, I'ciinimt, llrilisli Zunl„j;y, vol. iv. p. W. „u. -J.

17^0. yl.•^^■^'.I.< /"/(.D'Mrt. li'aliricins, l';inn;i Ora'nliinilic-ii, p. 'MV-K no. ;.ii:4.

17s:i'. Asliria^ iLtpinmu liotzins, K. Vft.-Akiul. UiiniU. Stockliolm, vol. iv. p. J*t. no. 4.

17^S. AslerifU jM/'l:'"^"' t<nielin, Syst. Niif. i.'mn. I'.l. xiii. ]i. :Sli;ii.

ISlli. AskriaK jHipim'i, i.ainiuck, Aniin. s. Virl.od. 1, vol. ii. p. .wH. no. :i2.

1S21. A>ttnasj.,ii,i,.,m, Saliini', I'arry'.-i Jouru. of a Voyage for the Uiaeovery of a N.W. Passage &<■., in
ISlll-IiO, Append, p. ocxxii.

I SOX. A>l.r!„, /,»/7'"«'. lio^S ''■n-n's Nnrralive of Attempt to reach the Nortli I'ole iu ISL'7, p. i'"L'.

l.SL'y. Ashrhi^ fipi"'--"!, i'leuiing, Hist. Britibh Animals, p. 1-7.

AUCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GUEEXLAND.

is;u. y1«^r;r^M^w,^«^r^»^/"'yv'''»'^ •''■■''""'''■■ ^'''''"'■''''•^'^'''''^^

lS-,i». A.st,r!„. nffuu., limndl, A.t. Aea,!. Si. IVtcT.!.. ISil, p. I'Tl, et l-rodr. Dcscr. annn. ab McTten.,.

dim., I'lisn. i. ]i. 71.
IWtt. '?^f''c'"i.'""'<'iw''"''"'". ''•■ ''''''•

IHMS. ,SW/o„;«,m^.;,o,«, .\Ba..si., l-r-lr. Mono., l!,',.!., M,™. Soc. Sci. Xat. Xeufchutol, t.i.p. M^.
iNid. A*l.n<iHj,iii,,,;m. .lol.nst.iii, Luudon's Ma;,'. Xal. llisl.vul. ix.p. -4,4, fii?. !.!».
ISlii). SulmL'r i,„i,i„,m, VmW*, .\st. Irish Sra, Mem. Wern. Soc. v.,1. viii. p. 1:^1.

is-10. Suh,»te,- ( ruhn'"''-) r"i'i"""' "■■">"• •\""- * ^'''"' ^'- ""'■ '■"'■ "• ''• '""''■

'H-in. C,-o,so,l,;- 1,,,,.,"""'. ymh'T & Tr.,sol,,.l, Wictimanu-.s .\nhiv, iv. pt. l,p.lS:t.

1841. SohMc- p"rr"'<'' l'''"-'"''*' "'»'• ""'•"'' ^t""'''"'''' !'• ''-•

1 Sl'> ,S',7r«/fr /..f;./....-".-, -M iilkT & Trrwchcl, System dcr .VstiTiilni. p. IJH.

1S.->I''. H,.h„icrpa,,p.,m. ForLos, Suthcrland-f. Journ. .if a \oy.v^^, vol.ii. .\pp™J.p. coxi.

1S.-;1 Sola.'!, r I'd /■]>'<!<"■■<. Stimp.snn. IiivitI. drand .Maiiaii, l>. !.">.

It," So'."'.',- ;..-/V'"»"'- I-'"l<™- ^l''' ^''■'''''■'- •""'• l'"""'"'"« ' KjoLenliavii, 1 -^.-.T. p. I".

mo5. .s.,to(«- rrn'o-""'^ ^■"'■'"""- ■^""- '"^ ^'""- ^"'- "''*■ "■'■• '*' ™'- ''''■ ''' ' '"'

18(10. SoMeray',u»le,-)pn,,,„.m.',, dray, Sy.iop. Spec. Start'. Drtt.Mus. p....

1.71 .S„to(, ,•<.,.,,,«."'«. no,l|,'.., Nal. llist.Tra.,«.-\..rll...mb. & llurl,a,n, v<.l..v.p. 134.

1S7.-; ,SV,/„.*r /./,'/.-». IVrrior. Stell.^ridos .1,. Ma.^tm, p. »4 ; .Uch. de Zool. e.xp. et «.... vol. iv. p. .i,.S.

1S77 rV.,.s-.,M(,,- />";>;"'■<"•-. -^^ .\f-'assiz, X"rlli-Amerk-auStarfolies,pp.!lN, U-'.

1S78; N,^,.^. r4'--. Vigui,.r, S,,u,.U.tte d.s Slell.aul.., -Vrch. d. Zool. oxp. et .w,. vol. v„. p. I.i4.

\ St.r. :i of dc-piTssod lmbi(, having 10-1-1 rnyn, whi.li air shorter than, or only
equal to, the .lianicter of the disk, and taper uniformly to the extremities. The calca-
reous network of the uhactiual surfac.- is very widely spaced, and composed of a great
numher of small o.ssicl.-s that overh.p or imbricate upon one anoth.-r ; the uiterniediate
meshes are cons..qne«tlv lai-e, tuid the nuMuhrauous skin which covers them frequently
bears in tiie c.mtr.- one'or more isolated ossicles, round which the papuhc are grouped,
not uufrequently 20-30 in ntimber. I'axiUa, composed of a brt.sh-like gro.tp ot hne
spiuelets articulated o,> a rounde.l pedicle, are situated at each of the intersections one
being also occasi<mallv present upon the line of plates that lies between, as wel as
upon, the isolated ossides : their length is about cpud to their distance apart and in
an adtdt specimen 20-30 spiuelets occur iu each fasciculus. The paxilke stand mode-
ratelv well space.l iu conseq.ieuce of the open character of the network, a.ul, althougli
there, is no regularity whatever apparent in their arrangement upon the disk, a certam
lineal disposition can ite nu.re or less clearly traced upon the rays. 10-lL imx.lke
may be cotnUed in a liu.' drawn from the centre of the disk to an arm-ttngle, I0--O
from the tip of a ray to the base, and not more tluu. t c 5 in an obli-iue row runmng
from the mediau Ih.e of a ray up to the sc.ies of large .nargiual paxdkr Ihese lateral
paxilhr, of which there is only a shtgle series, are large ttnd compressed, being two or
Ihree tim.-s the brea.lth of the dorsal paxilhe ; they arc. widely spaced and placed obhquely,
or even at right augl.'s, to the mediau line, their direction being outwards and at an
au.de somewhat greater than 4C' to the contour of the ray; midway between each
of'the lar-e paxilU.. is a smtdl secon.lary paxiUa, less than those ot the dor.al surface.
There aiv-dmut 10 to 17 lateral paxilhe from the tip of the ray to the arm-angle.

Each adambulacral plate bears two series of spines: oue upon the luuer side.

88

ON THE ECIIINODERMATA OF TIIK

running parallel with the furrow, and anothor, placed at ri-,'ht nuahs to this, forminf;
a radiating comb, which holds a transverse i>ositii)n in relation to the direction of the
ray. Tn tlie innermost or furrow series there are :! to 4 spinelets to each i>late, forming
aline frequently more or less ohliquc and curved in its position ; and their length at the
base of the ray is fully ecpial to two thirds of the breadth of the furrow at its widest
part. In the transverse series, the siiinelets, which are 5-7 in number, are connected
at their base by a membranous skin; they are stout, and the innermost spines arc some-
what larger than those of the longitudinal series.

The intcrbrachial spaces are very narrow, and either entirely naked or bearing
only a few small spine-groups ri'sendiling ruihmentary papilhe, irregularly disposed here

and there.

Tlie mouth-plates are broad and subtriangular, having a marginal fringe of large
robust mouth-spines upon tlieir outer edges; the four or five iiniermost, which are directed
towards the actinostome, diverge only slightly from one another ; whilst the following
five or six, which are somewhat smaller, radiate sideways, and interlock more or less
deeply with those of the neighbouring mouth-plate. From the surl'ace of each month-
plate, and standing perpendicularly thereto, midway between the oi.ter edge and the
median suture, is a secondary series of two or three large robust spines.

Si;f,, — Large examples are on record measuring 'J80 milliins. in diameter; 1)Ut tlie
northern specimens are usually very much smaller, seldom exceeding 100-150 millims.,
the largest individual from Discovery liay being only O.'l millims.

(,'(^/,;«r.— According to I.iitkcn the Greenland specimens are generally of a deep
fiery red; but in the more southern portion of its area of distribution tlie species is
frequently more or less mottled with ligliter shades, whil^t tlie general tint is often
indini'd to shades of purple. Small cxanii)les are white or straw-coloured. All colour
is usually bleached in specimens iirescrvcd in spirit.

Ilalitnt.—C. iiopi>vstis frequents a hard-groimd locality, its bathymetrical range
extending from low water to great depths, as indicated in the citations of occurrence
given below.

J'remutitre Funn.-~hi a young stage the ossicles of the abactinal network are more
widely spaced, and conseiinently tlie paxilUe, whidi at tliis age are only found at the
intersections, stand further apart and are fewer in number ; whilst the paxilhe, although
composed of a smaller number of spinelets, are proportionately larger in si/e when
compared witli those on tlie adult Starfish. The large compressed lateral paxiliic are
fewer in number, as are also the papuhe. Consequent on the smaller number of ray-
elements tliere are fewer transverse ambulacral combs ; and these themselves are made
up of only 3-5 spinelets (the number varying according to age), whilst not more than
two spines of the longitudinal furrow-series are present. The mouth-spines are, in like
manner, less striking, both in character and number.

Variations. — The variations which are the most strikingly conspicuous in this
species are those that affect the relative proportions of the rays to the disk and the
character of the dorsal paxilhe. Ur. Liitken * has already remarked on the existence
* Yid. llcddcl. N. Forciiiiig i Kjiii Uavii, 1857, p. -tl'.

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GRKENT.AND.

no

of a lonR-armod vurictv. in wl.idi the riiys are flatter and more pointeil, and tl.c paxiUie
smaller InU more numerous. I'Aamples of a nimilar form oeeurred in the eolleetions
ma.le duriuf? the Hriti.h Arctic ]'Aiu.<liti..u of 1S7.-.-7G ; and there may also be noted in
these specimens an increase in the number of lateral paxiUary combs concurrent with
the f,'reHter len-^tli of the rny. .

The number of rays is also subject to variation, the presence of ten especmll-
seen.in" to b..ar a loeational significance. Only rme example from Greenland is cited
by Liitken ; but amongst the spe.i.nens collected in the extreme north by the naturalists
of Captain Nares's l',xpeditiou (mentioned above) this number of ray.s was the general

It would seem probable that the two species established by Brandt under the
names of AsUrias offinis and A. a//wrcmn:om should be ranked in the present category,
since the charact.'rs upon which the specific individuality of these forms is based are,
exceptii).' the number of radii, only those which accompany early phases of growth ;
and this7act, togethrr with the small size of the recor.led type (.lisk 1 inch in diain.),
would .'o far to warrant the conclusion that (in the case of nffinis at least) Ihandts
species "is nothing more than the young stage of the northern ten-armed t.)rm of

/mpi

. .,.,,,j,„s,(s. Th.- description given in the ' I'rodromus Descrip. animalium &c.' is itself
so brief that it furnishes no featun^s upon which a contrary opinion can be maintained;
but at the same ti..,e the statement should not be lost sight of that the .liagnos.s was
founded not upon an actual spe.in.en, but only upon a drawing by anoth.T hand.
Obviously, tlierefore. no great reliance upon the determination can be accorded by, or
even be expected of, postiMJty in such a case.

In the recentlv publishe.l memoir by MM. Danielssen and Korcn on the Lchino-
dcrmata of th.- Norwegian N.nth-Atlanti.' I'.xpedition*, two specimens of Cmssa..fer are
referred to this obscure species of Hrandfs (A. oj/inh) and carefully described (/. r. p. o7).
It would seem to us, however, that the details there cited may, with perhaps ouly a
sin.de exception, be shown to occur in forms which can be traced through all the stages
of variation up to the undoubted typical C. inqqmu.s, and not unfrequently even in

British examples of the species. , . . , ,. ,

One verv marked peculiarity, how.-ver, is noted in the description above referred
to andwhicl'i consists in the great number of spinelet. ;.. sent in the senes on the
furrow side of each adambulacral plate, vi.. seven (or ev. ^ ht rarely): w nlst m large
specimens of <'. pnpi.osn. it is very seldom that more than four occur, and similarly in
tL. northern ten-arn.ed specimens from Discovery Bay. Such a divergence is very
remarkable. The number of spinelets in the transverse comb is also greatei (S-10)
than generallv obtains in (\ p^ippo.vis of similar size.

Balanci.;^ the whole evidence, however, it would appear very doubtful whether the
divergence isVeater than might be expected in a loeational or deep-sea variety, and
which we shctdd greatly cpiestion the propriety of separating as «" -l^'i;-- ^>^
species from Cn.snslrrj.U'I'O^us. The specimens were dredged in lat. 04 3o ^.,long.

10' 20' W., 2'JO fathoms.

• Nvt Mag. f. Xuturvidcnsk. Ib77, lid. xiiii. 3, p. 45.

40

ON THE KCIITXODKiniATA OF Tllli

Sir AVyvillc Thomson likowiso ruronls tlio iircscncc nf a ten-armed variety in tlie
Fa-roc cliannel at a (lejith of OKI fathoms, hut gives no details of its characters.

A variation of secondary imi)nrtanco occurs in the diaracter of the paxillie, hy the
lenptli of the si>indets of the crown heing sometimes reduced to extreme sliortness, and
therehy imparting,' tf. the paxilhe tlu; apiiearancu of small j-ranulate cones. Tiiis
condition, however, is in a ^Mcat measure the result of abrasion, and is deiiendent
consequently upon the special nature of the locality ; thus a Starfish iuhahitin- the
comparative' calms of cleej) water would he subject to much less friction than one
fretjuenting a littoral district or amonj^st peltbly shingle.

The interbrachial spaces are also liable to change, being sonutimes (piite naked,
whiUt in other cases they are more or less tilled with paxiUary si)inulation.

Distribution.

a. Xorthu-n,;! >ip Snitli Sound: Discovery Hay, lat. 81" 4V N„ 25 fms., hard
bottom ( .Xarf.-,:-, Krpeil.), the most northern locality on record; Cape Fra/er, SO fms. ;
Franklin-l'ierce IJay, lo fms., bottom tempe'ature 2'.) 5 Fahr.

b. Xorfh of Amfriran Continent: Assistance May (/V «;///.•; Krjxil.), Xewfoundlaud
( VcrrHI). fVrand Manan {Sfinijixon), Massachusetts ( Verrill. Hoiild, St.).

c. yorlh of Kin-niunu Continent: Si)itzbergen (A«//iv'«); Barents Sen, lat. TC/'/icS'
N., long. 10 40' E.,110 fms. (' Ui/lnn Jtorrnts' E.rped.); Finmark, Scandinavian coasts,
Iceland, Fieroc Islands (A/(//v«) ; British coasts; FVencli coast as far as the de|>t. of
Fiiiiisterre { Liifhcn).

A. yotih of Asiatic Continent : liehring's Straits ! (under the name of A. (iffinis,

Brandt).

I/escrijition ff the niitsf rations of this Species on Plate III.
Fig. 1. Abartinal asjiect of a young specimen.

2. Actiiial aspect of the same specimen : natural size.

3. Portion near the middle of a ray, actinal aspect : magnified.

4. Portion near the middle of a ray, abactinal aspi-ct: magnified.

SoL.Ki?Tf:R YJSVV.cs (Gnicl.), Forbes. Plate III, Figs. 5-8.

ITT'i. AiUntu n>,ie.ra, (). I'. MiiUcr, Zool. Dan. I'rodr. p. S.'iA. no. 2s;«3.

17fc*. Atteriat tndeen, Omclin, Syst. Niil. Linn. <•(!. xiii. f. ;!1('.2.

I81<!. Ailerliu t,»lmt. I.aniiirtk, .\nim. ». Vert. vol. ii. p. "HIH. no. Si.

lfc:j». AiUriiu ovI'kii, Flfmiiif?, Hist, liritish .Vnimuls, p. -1^7.

1&.'M. A^Urim {S.ihi.H. rim) tu'lici, ISluinviUc, Miinnul d'Actinolo^'io, p. 241.

l«i.-.. Aftfrint enilrn. .folinston, Mmj,'. Xut. llisl. vol. ix. p. IV"', fif!- 44.

\Ka. Sfllo,>ui iixltcii, .Vfrassiz, XIrm. Soc. Sci. Xat. XcufclniUO, vol. i. p. 1!>2.

IWy. f-'iUuter tniltea, Forties, Mem. Wurn. Soc. vol. viii. p. 121.

\b¥>. HnlcuUf (Emieea) emlecn, Gray, Ann. & XIag. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 183.

IMl. Solmter etxhen. Forties. lliRt. British Sturiislies, p. 10!».

Ib4:i. .'ibloiUr e,.daa, MiiUer &. Troschel, Syulom der Asteriden, p. 20.

AltC'I'IC SKA TO TIIK WVSl Ol' (iUKr.M.AND.

41

IKI:). Suhiih.-niilmi, Slimpi. S\ii. Mar. Invert. (liMUil MMiiaii. p. I !.

1S.-7. S,J„,I,,- nulcai. I.i.tkrn, Viil. Mr.l(lrl. N. K'T-nint' i KjulKMihiivn, 1^.", p. :!•'.
iMdl, S„hi.il,,- ,„.l.r,i, Siir«. ()vcr»i(il uf Xorjrcs Kfliini.dcriiiiT. p. 7'>.

IHIia. S,.hiHl,r,n.lu;,. Ilnj.iriliii \ Itupr, IIUI. -Nul. /..opli. Kdii hnnos. p.;'.-,+.

ISO.-,. S,.l,i»lei- ewl.oi, X.irmiiii, Ann. & MnR. Sat. Hint. »cT. H, vi>l. xv. p. IL'L'.

IMlll. ^y«,^,■ (/;,i.'<r«) <»''.«(, (iray, SyiK.p. SpiC. Start'. Hrit. Mus. p. .-..

l.xim. S.,h>le,- rUoi, Wri-ill, IV.»r,.(l. llnMun Sno. .Vat. lllM. v.l, n. pp. :il.-., ;1.V1.

1S71. .S„l,„l<r tmh,;,, llo.l«e, Nat. IIi..t. T.ai,.. XMrtl..iinl.. >V Dnrlmin. v„l. iv. p. V.\X

lH7r., SM,t.r cn,l.n,, I'..rri,.r. St.ll,:,!.!. - .In Mus.^nin, p. '.C ; .Vr.h. .1. Zool. r,p. ,■! ^'HI. vol. ,v. p. .UX

Uay.s S-U in mim1..'r, it. U'l.V'tl. '•'("■'l ^n, or -mly m litllr' loit^'...- that,, tlte iVv.iuwU'V
.,f til.. .'iMv. 'Ihc disk is hi-li iuul c.msiaonii.ly urdu'd, tl>f niys Win},' couscfiucittly
v,.ry <lf.'i. lit their lias,., witli si.lcs almost vertical, which gives an apiM-arnnce ot lateral
coutm-ession ; they taper rapi.lly touanls the tip, however, and become rotnul or suh-
cylin.lrieal in shape. In the tnetlian itit.rradial line, at the junction ot ne,t;hhournig
rays, there is oft.m a sli-ht .lepressiot. ■ furrow, «hieh imparts a very gracelnl appear-
ance to the Starfi.sh. Tiie aha.ti.ial . .Ira.vons network is very con.pact, the interspaces
beinj? small and constricte.l. In lar^a-size.l specin.ens. .■aeh of tlf meshes upon the
disk and upper i-orti.m of the rays tisnally contain two (an.l occasi.mally three) papulie,
but seldom more than one is present in stmtll exan.ples, and towar.ls tlu- extre-
mities of the rt.ys. A paxiila nr ^mall fnft of spinelets (o to lU in nutnher) spru.p
from each h.tersection, a.td these f.-rm rej;t.lar [.araUel li.tes rnnnin,' ohh.p.ely from the
n.ar.nn to tl... m...lian lin.. of the ray, in conse.pience of the symtnetncal eharmter ot
the calrareons network and the diaf,'onal arran-en.ent of the o^strles across the ra> ,
H)-12 paxiUiB bein;,' counted in such a row at the extrc^me base ol the ray.

The periproct is central and prominent, and the matlnT-'if'-nn tubercle is sit.iate.l
in an infrradium mi.hvav between the centra an.l the arm-an-le. Ihere are two rows
of ventro-marginal paxilhe, those of the upper scries, althon.h larger than the general
•lorsal paxiliir, being very much smaller than those (,f the e.nnpan.on ventral series.

The paxilla- of th<. lower series are large and compress,,! in Inrm ; the lateral
,.x,.ansion of the p,.,licl,. ..xcee.is tin- thi.kness by seven or eight times, an,l the longer
axis is placed at ri^bt angl.s t,. the median line of the ray. 10-50 ot these large
naxilhe ext,.n,l iietwe... the tip of the ray ami tlu' arm-angle ; the s.-rb's is situate rpatc
„v,.r on tlu. ventral snrfac,., and runs uith a curve round the margin of the arm-tingle,
forming a continuous s,.ries with those fnmi the neighbouring ray. The pax.lKe which
bound the interradial area are very much smaller than those which occur upon the rays

i)roper. ,, , ,

Each a,lambulaeral plat,, bears two sets of spines :-()ne a small series, place.l very
ln,.h up in the furrow a.ul r.inning ptuallel with it, which consists ,.f two or three small
spines, the aboral being larg.'st ; the other series lorms a fan-like comb -.1 six or seven
spim.s, co,i«ecte,l by a m..mbran,ms web, an,l is borne upon an elevate.l k,.el at right
an-des t,. tb,. fnrr,.w. alnn.st conc,.aling the small marginal seric's, >vliich is placed deep
wiUiin the groov,.. The spinelets of tlie transverse series gra.lually increase m sue as

they approach the furrow.

The interbrachial space, which is elongate, narrow, and sagittib.rm m contour, is

42

ON THE EClllNODERMATA OF THE

ocfupicd by a number of small paxillic, less than those of the dorsal .surface, and SL'ldom,
except m largely grown specimens, bearing more tlian five or six spiiielets, and all of a
compressed, flat, comb-like form. Tlic paxilUe ai'e regularly arranged and closely i)liiced
within the area, but only extend for a short distance along tlie ray, gradually becoming
rudimentary as the space between the "ambulacral" transverse combs and the marginal
series of paxilliE diminishes.

The mouth-plates an; large and somewhat spatuliforin, having an armature arranged
after tilt following manner: — The two innermost mouth-s|iiiies are hmg, stout, and
directed towards the centre of the jieristome ; tiien follow a scries of ab{)ut six or seven
S])ines placed at regular intervals apart, wliich radiate in the plane of the plate, oiw after
the other, at an increasing angle from the niediini line. The two most adoral mouth-
spines are much longer proportionally tlian tiie rest, 'viiich gradually diminisii in size
as they approach the radial scries, and being likewise curved somcwiiat upward from
the plane of the mouth-plate, cross and interlock with the corresponding spini's of tiie
neighbouring moutu-angle. Between the outer margin of the moutii-plate and the side
tliat falls in the median line of the ray runs a more or less definite ki'el, upon which is
borne a secondary series of seven or eiglit spinelets, forming a modified comb that stands
almost perpendicular to the plane of the mouth-plate, and runs parallel witii the
marginal scries or mouth-spines proper, above described.

<SVcr.— Sars mentions an unusually large cx;imple measuring ;!;i() millims. ; but the
ordinary size seldom exceeds llOO millims., whilst tiie northern forms are usually much
less; thus at Tromsij SO millims., and at I'lorii lilO millims. (^V^-.s).

Coluur. — Shades of red varying to purple on the ujiper surface and cream-colour
beneath. Occasionally in prcservid specimens a trace is left of tlie natural red <(jl(iur.
According to A'errill, tliis s[iecies is, in the ISay of Fundy, usually I'eei) puri)le above
and orange b..i()w ; one large exain[)le occurred entirely oiiinge.

JIabiidt.— On stony or sandy bottoms, from low-water mark down to DO fiiis.
(LiiUen).

Pn iiKifiire Form. — In young ten-armed examples from (ireenland, 10 millims. in
diameter, described by Jjiitken, tiie arms are icmarkaiiiy sboit ("ii millims.), and the
dorsal surface is pretty closely covered witli groups of l-(i spinelets, the.se immature
paxilUc being propoitiniially large and few in number wlieii compared witii tiiose on the
mature animal. Bordering the margin of tlie ray tliere are about eiglit [laxilla- tliat
separate the dorsal and ventral surfaces, but do not, as in tlie case of older stages, lay
entirely on the ventral area. Along eacii side of the furrow is a series of about 14
of the transverse " ambulacral " combs, each of four spinelets. The ventral interbracliial
areas arc still quite small, and have only .ery few spinelets. Each moulh-plute bears
four sjiincs, of which the innermost is longest and is directed horizontally towards the
centre of the mouth •ojieiiing. Tiie pa[)uhe and the spinelets c.iiiu"i>ing the paxilhu
increase in number with age.

W'i; have been enabled to confirm the teiioiir of these observations by a s.-iall
iniliviiliial dredged liy t'ii]itain Jnildi'ii, during the outwanl voyage of tln' ISritish .Vrctic
Expedition, in laf. 00^ >>., -0 miles from the coast of (iicenlaiid, at a depth of oU fms.,

ARCTIC SEA TO TIJE WEST OF GKE.l'.NLAXD.

43

bottom rocky witli roimdi; pelihlcs. This cxaniplo is ninoaimcd, and moasurcs 1 4
niillims. across its f^rcatcst diiimctcr. ]{ = 7 niillinis., >■=■'> niillims,, the lonsth of tho
arm from tiii- tip to the ann-aiigh' bcini,' ratliorh'ss than 4 niillims. The vcntro-latcral
scries of paxillic arc ahoiit twelve in nnmber on eucli side of the ray and quite mar;;inal,
instead of being entirely on the ventral surface as in older forms. There are about
twenty of the transverse " ambulacral " combs between the extremity -f the ray and the
month-plate, each composed of four spines. I'jach mouth-plate curr.^j I'oar sjiines on
its mar^'in, which fjives eight to the niouth-iinglc, and there arc about t^^o or three of
the inner secondary series present. The dorsal paxillic upon the disk are composed of
four to six spinelets, but those on the ra\.' have seldom more than three.

Vnri'it'xms. — Tiiis species on the whole would seem to be very fairly constant in
character, although considi'rab^j variation is manifest in the number of rays, lirandt *
notes a ten-armed variety from Siteha ; and seven-, eight-, and nine-armed forms are citeil
by Liitken. The last-named observer als-i records a variety, taken in Iceland, Floniin,
and (ircenlandt, in which the rays are blunter and coarser, as well as more uniform in
thickn.'^s thr.iughout their length, and in which the paxilhc of the ventral interbrachial
spaces are mon; compressed and carry a greater number of spinelets (1(I-2U). ^^ itli our
p.eseiit information, however, it is difiieult to say what claim these modiftcations
have upon our recognition.

JJisfrifiiifion.

a. arcctihwd: up tolat. 70" X., Omcnak(/wV?/!yH), being the most northern locality
on record : Davis Straits, lat. 157° 50' N., long. •')")" 27' W., 20 fms., bottom of brcjken
barnacles and shells (' VuJurou.-^' Krpcd.) ■ lat. 05' X., 30 fms., rocky bottom (Artm-'s

Exiled.).

b. Xiirtli of Amfricnn Confincnf : Xewfoundland {Liithii); St. George's Hank.
25 fms. (Trm/)); Cnmd Manaii {>:fi,ii2).--on}; Eundy liay and Maine^ low-water mark
down to 20 fms. {Vrrrill).

c. Aoii/iofEiirnp/KiiCmfJiicnf: Finmark. Tromsi'i [I.iitkcn); Iceland {Liifhcn);
Fieroe l^liinds; liritish Isles to S. of Ireland and the Channel.

d. Siteha (Jjninilf).

Jkscrijifloii «f the lUiixfi-niiuiis of lliis Sjurics on Elate III.
Fig. 5. Abactinal aspect of the animal: natural size.

0. Actinal aspect of the same specimen: natural size.

7. Eovtion near the middle of a ray, actinal aspect: magnified.

8. I'ortion near the middle of a ray, abactinal aspect : niaguiticd.

Eoi'iiASTKU riKciri'it {/li-'ini d- Knnn), VniiH. i'late HI, Figs. 'J-12.

|->ll. (•Ii.ri.tst,,-h.„-i<ir,f. Diilu'ii, <i;iv. Kciiyl. Vit.-.Vkiiil. I'uihiiiuU. Is4l, p. li;i.

IMl. .\,l.,sln-J,u;ifu; Dulicn & Kmvn, KovA. V,.t.-.Vliiul. lluiuU. 1-11. y. l'l:l. j.!. vi. li^-s. T-lo.

Im;.'. .SoUiflc'furclf.r, Diijiircliri \ lliil"', ll'-l- Nal- Z""!'!'. Efhinoil.TiiR's. ].. X,r,.

\b7s. L.,i,h,uhrfmvif,,; V.rrill, .\mM-. .iourn. Soi. .S: Arts, bit. !!, vol. xvi. p. :-'M.

I'roilr. bi'sifip. iiiiiniiilium ivi'. p. "I.

t Vi^lc■n^k. McJili'loUi'r for l>."i7, y. :i-
ci 2

44

OX TIIK ECIIIXODHIIMATA OF THE

A Starfish of lutlicr ili'piossL'd I'onn, liaviiig fivo broad Hat arms ; tlic proportion
of the j^rcator to the h'sser radius being about 3 : 1 apinoxiniately. Tlio calcareous
skeh'ton of the abactinul surface forms a very reguhir network, and the large con-
spicuous [)axilltc that spring from the intersections form longitudinal series wliich run
parallel to the median line of the ray ; conscciuently only two or three of the middle
rows reach to the tip, although from fourteen to sixteen may be counted at tlie base of
the arm. The paxilke. which are very compact, have a remarkably large stout pedicle
nearly twice as wide as high, and bear a crown of spinelets, numbering from fifteen
to twenty, or even more in large specimens, in lengtli about cipial to the diameter
of the base. The spinelets are flat in young examples, and from the angles of
their apex, which is as broad or broader than the base, proceed two small dentich's,
giving to the spinelet the appearance of a tw o-prongi. .1 fork ; w ith increasing age,
howe\er, the spinelets bt'conie multilaniinate, and the number of apical denticles
corresponds with that of the laminit, which radiate from the median axis of the
spinelet.

'J'he ])apulie are in grou[)s of from four to ten or twelve in number, varying according
to age and size. They are most numerous u[)on the disk, the interspaces between tlie
ossicles of the calcareous network being smaller further out upon the rays, where the
papuhe are conse(pu'ntly fewer and tlu^ paxilla; closer together.

Tlie sides of the rays are deep and ])erpendicular, and are bounded by a dorsal and
a ventral series of marginal paxilke ; they stand wide a])art from one another, and are
about twenty (17-22) in number from tiie arm-angle to the extremity of the ray. The
paxilke of the <lorso-lateral series are larger than the general paxillie of the dorsal area,
and are directed somewhat upwards. The veiilro-lateral series, which are much larger
and \vv\ prominent, alternate with these, standing oi)posite to t!u' interspaces, and are
directi . at an angle downwards; their jjcdicles an^ nearly twice as broad as tiic fore-
going anil oval in section, whiUt the spinelets attached to them are somewhat sliorter
than those on the dorsal paxilla'. Tliere are no paxilla; in the space between the
dorsal and \eiitral series aboxc named, the sides of the rays l>eing bare.

Each adambulacral plate bears two series of spinelets: one whicli runs parallel to the
furrow, and is conipoNcd of three to ti\i' eipial-sized spinelets; and a transverse series of
three or four placed oljjiipiely or even at right angles to the furrow-series, a tliick
membrane uniting tiu- spinelets and forming a webbed cond).

Tiu; ventral iiiterbrac hial areas are large, and bear a number of paxilla- arranged
in rows parallel witii tlie i'urrow, two, three, or sometimes even more of such rows
being ])resent. in the largest example we have examined the I .ijrmost row has
eleven or twelve paxilluj extending from the nieilian interbraciiial line out along the
ray; the next outermost numliers ">, tiu- third .">, the angle thus left being tilled n\) by
a solitary paxilla. The paxillie are large and all covered with a thick menil)rane; their
bases or pi dicles are very short, and carry six to eight spinelets arranged somewhat like
a double fan, all radiating and directed outwards. Tlie main group of jjaxillie which
stand upon tlie area are nearly eipial in size, but the five or six must ahoral ones of the
innermost row diminish in size as they recede from the mout,h ; they do not extend

ARCTIC SKA TO THE WEST OF GUEILNLANI).

45

beyond one thinl of tlio l-'n^tli of the my, and the most outwanl ones arc made ui. of
only tlirco or four siniill spiueh'ts, not sutliticnt to form a paxilla proper.

The nioutli-platcs arc lar-i- and broad, an.l the marginal ..pines interlock with those
of the neiglibouring mouth-angle.

The madreporiform tubercle is small and often difficult to find, being almost hidden
bv paxilkx; ; it is situated a little nearer to the centre than midway between that point
and the arm-angle, and in some si)ecimens it stands at about one thinl the distance.

5/-^ —The greater radius of the thn.'e specinu ns known to Diibcn and Koren
measured respectively 30, 10-18, and 11 millims. ; the specimens from Cape Fra/er
are somewhat larger than this, whilst those from Discovery 15ay measure 8:i and o'i
millims. in their greater radius. The largest of the Cape-Frazer specimens is about
32 millims. in the greater radius, 05 millims. in its greatest diameter, and 21 millims.
across the disk, the arms at their base being IM millims. broad.

r,V„„r.— According to Diiben and Koren, the colour of the living animal is brick-
red above and white beneath ; the eye-spots bright red.

//„/„7„/ .—Although no actual record has been preserved of the natun- of the
ground inhabited bv this StarHsh in the tar north, a certain amount of incidental
evidence is furnished by the fact that the smaller of the two specimens from Discovery
l?ay has its stomach filled with the remains of Anicdon, and upon which it had
ex ideiitly taken its last meal! In all probability they were fellow residents on the

same sea-bed. , • , , -.r it f

r,nw//'W.s.— Under this head should be recorded a specimen obtained by Mr. Hart
in Discovery l!av during the liritish Arctic Fxpeilition of 1875-70, and which we have
include.l within "the pivsent sp.rirs only after much hesitation. The greater radius of
this example mer.surcs .S'J millims., the 1. sser 31) millims. T'he arm-angles are much
more rounded, and the ravs comparatively much broader at the base and more rapidly
taperiuT (being rcmarkablv attenuate.l towards the extremity) than in smaller forms
with wliich we have previously l,eeu acpiainted. By this means an extremely broad
character is imparted to the disk, and a contour altogether different from that given by
Uuben an.l Koren and by Sir Wyvitle Thomson in figures of S<,lnxhr furcifcr. The
present specimen is also noteworthy fmm the great number of i.apuUe that are present;
in fact so numerous are they, that tlu' dorsal paxilUe have the appearance of
springi.u; from quite a forest of these tubelets, whilst the degree to which every
app.'i.dage of the body is invested with membrane, an.l all the v.ntral spinelets webbed
togetb.'r, tends to produc- a character which, although superficial, is remarkably

striking and cmspicuous.

\t first si-ht itwoul.l .seem that these modifications shoul.l be considered marks ot
specific .listincti.m ; an.l su.li i>n- «• the writers would have bwn disposed to regar.l them,
ha.l ii..t a sec.md {ami smaller) sp,.cinien, likewise obtaine.l in Di.sovery Bay. furnislied
., ,,has.> ..f on..iati<.n betw.'eu fliis apparently in.l.'pendenf form and examples of the same
species .lr..du'e.l off (.>],.■ Fra/er by (apt. Feil.l.'n--tlie larg.'r ..f thes.- latter presenting
a stage ubi.li diN.rg.^s from tb.' onlinary form (as diagnosed by Diiben and K.m'u) in
tiie direction of the al)ove-named speeimeii.

46 ON THE ECIllXODEHMATA OF THE

We are still much in ignorance as to the chanfre.s undergone by L.fmrifcr daring
gro^yth, whilst the records of its occurrence and structure are so few, that we prefer for
the present to regard the specimens from Discovery ]?ay as larg<-ly dev(>lope.l examples
of the species under notice, rather than to place tlicm as independent torms, from such
scanty material.

Distrihidion.

a. Xorfhmml np Smith Scnnul: Discovery Bay, lat. 81^41'N. (Xum's Rq>ed.),
the most northern locality on record ; Cape Frazer, S(l fms.

b XorfhofAmmcanCmtincnf. George's Bank, (udf of Maine, loOfn.s. {] nrn/).

c. North of European Continent: Bergen, 30-50 fms. {Sar.% Mhrn uml komi).

Description of the lUustrations ofthi.^ Speciex on Plate III.

Fi"-. 0. Abactinal aspect of the animal : natural size.
"lO. Actinal asi)ect of the same specimen: natural size.
11. Portion near the middle of a ray, actinal aspect; magnified.
12'. Portion near the middle of a ray, abactinal aspect: magnified.

Ptera^tf.r MiLiTAHis (O. F. Miillcr), J/. &■ T. Plate III, Figs. 13-IG.

177(i. .Uin-im mililm-:^. < ). V. MiiUc-r, Zool. Dmu. Pro.lr. ,,. 2:i I. no. L'S28.

1788. Astcrias „nUl,„-h, (Imclin, Sysl. Nal. Linn. od. xiii. p. :il(;(l.

1800. AslcrUis m:iit<ii-h, H.itlikc. Zool. D.m. vol. iv. p. Ki. tal). HU.

1842. AMeriscuK ylliKins, Miillcr & Trosclal. System (li'r .\bUTi.loii. p. M.

184" ritrasln- m!llt<m«, Miillor & Troschel, System .lor Asfridun. p. l-'S, l.il). v,. f,;,'. 1.

1844. I'l.',;u^frr milil.n.. mh.u & Kor.n, Konsl. Vot.-Ak.,l. H.uull. IS 11. p. L'lC. tab. v... fi^'s. 11 -l.i.

18.-)0. Plamhr nullhmn. Siirs, Nyt Mn-. f. Natnrv. vol. vi. p. Hil.

18.>!. 7V,n(.s/.Ti«;/;'.'W.v,Stinipson, Invert, (iniml Mannn, p. 1").

lS.-ir,. rin-ushr ,„<7,V«m, Sars, Koron, & Danlelsson, Vauna litt. Xorv. Heft 2. p. .,:,, tab. vn. fi«s. 1-8.

1857. J'lermur mHilurl.,, Liitkon, Vi-l. V,;\M. X. I'Micninj; i Kjobenliavn, I-..,, p. I.i.

ISni. Pln-Hsk-r wiV/Mr/s, Sars. Ovcrsipt af XorRcs Kcliinoilcrmer, p. IS.

180L'. PumsUr ,„!i:i„m. llnjarmn & llnpr, Hirt. Xat. Zoopb. Kobino.lc.nnos, p. llil.

18(!fi. ftnwf.'/- ,„ii:ia,-h, Vcrrill, I'moccd. Koston Sof. Xat. Hist. vol. x. ].. Jf.ir,.

1S71 I'lnwkr mllll'ii-h. ViTrill. Trans. f'onni'Ct. Acad. A. & S. vol. i. p. .'H:!.

1^7.•;. PUn,sUr nulllans, IVrri. r, SloU,-ri,les ,ln MuscHtm. p.IiSl •. Areh. d. Zoul. exp.ot ijon. vo

(d.v. p.:iiil.

This Starfish is readily distinguished by the singular fin-like nu.rg.u surroun.m.g-
the rays, and by the membranous skin which is supported over the upper surftice ot
the test, as well as by the largely-developed series of wc.bbed spines tlu.t vcsen.hle tans
1,laced on the adambulacral plates at right angles to the direction of the furrow.

The contour of the pr.-sent species is pentagonal, the body being high tmd arched
and the underside flat. Proportion of .lisk-radius to anu-nulius 1 : 2. The oss.des
of the abactinal skeleton tire sulx'ruciform, an.l suggest fancifully the idea of a
St Andrew's cross. The majt.r dit.meter of these plates lies in the direction of the
ray, and their prolongations imbricate upon corresponding parts of i.eighbounng

ARCTIC SEA TO TIIL WE<T OF GREENLAND.

47

'^■•i are suboviil or diamond-
u plates is prudiici.Ml. E.u/h

.1 ..a the marij;iii of the angle

t the pa\iUa is short, usually

-.;aihs four coini)aratively long

01 one another, and are main-

ossicles, whereby it follows that the intermed: "■
shaped, and an apparent diagonal arrangement oi ':..
of the crnciforni ossicles hears a single j>axilla ..-.
that lies nearest to the centre of the disk. The ]■ ■■
little more than a tubercle, and bears thrive or -
tapering spinelets ; these diverge at a small KSi-l-:
tained in this position by numerous extremely fin* Bsa^tilar fibres, wliich are attached
near tli(^ tips, and pass from spine to spine in e^eiy (directum over the entire area. By
this means the foundation is laid for a mimbra;ar,a* tU.iue, which is supported over
the body like a tent-cloth by the spinelets, and W wLEeh the whole dorsal surface of
the animal is covered and concealed. A hollow mfeide:mal cavity is thus formed,
wherein the development of the ova and embry** !ak^ place*. Each of tlu; lut.'r-
mediate spaces or meshes in the calearc.ou> urxw.^ of the skeleton has a smg e
puncture in its membrane near the bus., of the j.^xiOa. which gives passage to a papula
of very peculiar form. This renuirkable organ, m.^e>^ of beuig cylindrical with a
simple conical tip, as is usually the case, has it* em<«mty split up into a number ot
sli.,rt blind aeca or knob-like branchkts. and i* «1.mW to tlie base ot the paxiUa,
beiii" in all probabilitv non-retractile.

I'ach adambulacral plate bears a transverse aerie* ftf five or six long spines, which
are connected together bv a membrane, and foi-m a wtbb^d tan that stands at a right
•ni.de to the ambulacral furrow. The outeiiiio^ *i.Eiie of each comb is <h,ulde the
le.H'th and thickness of any of tlie r.thers, but 4<^ M always sfuid m a line with the
rest" of the iau-like series, being sometimes nea.3j miiway between Us own series and
the next succeeding; the other spines of the - a3..?.r^eral ^ comb are nearly e.pn.l in
si^e the middle ones being slightly longer. The l.^ eternal spines above named
extend about half their length beyond the edge *f the ray, and are united to one
.,;,„ther bv a oiinecting-tissue, which foi-ms the £m-Uke fringe that surrounds the
entire Starfish; and this also is the boundary of tJ... ««oadary or supradermal covcmg
of tlu> dorsal surface bilore described. The moutL-j-to^ are subqua.lrate in ionn : and
the mouth-spiiies, which are 5 or 0 in number, mk. -tbbed tou-ether and directed at an
nn.de downwards, the innermost spinelet beiuir iM- kcgest and stoutest ot the series.
From the centre of each nioutb-plate, and siand« t*rp.;ndicular to its plane, is a
very large stout spin.., much thicker and largxr :to ^J of the others; this is articu-
latc'l on a small rudimentary tubercle, and h^. A* tip, which is abruptly pointed.

transparent ami glass-like. ,,,■<•

The nnal aperture is situated at the centre elf A- maer or true dorsal surface ot
the ■uiiMml ■ and the madreporiform body, which ummkr ami more or less arched and
uranulale or tubercular in appearance, lic^ in a m-Auui interradiul line near to the
ri.ntre and not more than il> own diamc'ter ai,ay 6am the i^eriproct. A moderately
^vi.le orifice, surrounded by a circlet of enlarg.^ pasilts, is situated lu the centre ot

• l'„r .U'tiiils <',Mi.-iill Kuivu aiul ]lal.ia^»l■u. I auliu Lr.. 5 .n . Ectt ;;. [>•
Kfliiiioili-'i'uiir, [1. .'i^.

Sars, Ovcrsigt nf Norgcs

48

ON THE ECIIIXODERMATA OF THE

the dorsal area of the upper investing membrane, and this forms the common oscuLir
entrance to tlie cavity, and stands immediately over the anal aperture. Otlier openings
into tlie infradcrmal cavity occur upon the ahactinal surface between eatii of tlie long
lateral spines, the ajiertures being guarded (and can also priibal)ly be closed) by u
modified spinelet or scale-papilla articulated on the body-frame. 'J'liere are also a
number of small circular punctures distributed over thi' membrane, wliicli Sars referred
to under the style of ,v/(//vc/'/(/, and according to whose observations tlieyare surrounded
with a sphincter muscle that would, in all i)r()babi]ity, enable them to be opened and
dosed at will. The sui)erficial dermal covering contains a number of very fine
calcareous spicules, and the projecting tips of the supporting paxiliary spinelets i)n)duce
fine asperities over its surface.

Size. — The northern specimens would appear, according to Sars's observations, to
be larger than those occurring in the southern portion of the area of distribution.
Those taken at Tinniark reacli the size of 3 inclics, wiiilst specimens from the neigli-
bourhood of IJergen seldom exceed \l'i inches; the largest size on record is 4 indies
(Liifh'ii).

Culotir. — Sars remarks that thi; colour of tiiis species is tolerably variable, tlie
dorsal surface being snow-white, yellowisii wiiite, or pale riddish tiesh-colour, witlj a
round blood-red eye-spot at the tip of the arm, and t!ie ventral surface of the animal
always wliite. Tiie same author cites a small example from Finmark wliieh was
straw-coloured, the ti[)s of the rays orange, a few small scattered spots of the same colour
upon the dorsal surface, and the oscular ajjcrture in tlie centre being also margined
with orange. Larger examples from the same coast presented the variations above
noted in comparison with specimens from Hergen.

According to the ' /oologia Danica,' the animal is more of a brick-red, whicii
colour Liitken also states to iiave been retained in a huge specimen sent to the Copen-
hagen Museum by Capt. llolboU.

llnhitiit. — This Starfish occurs in 40-tiO fms. dejith at Bergen, and lill-lOO fms.
off the coast of Finmark ; iu 35 fms. off (irand Manan, shelly bottom (S/inqtiioii).

I'rcm'dnrc iSf/it/cs. — We are unfortunately not able to furnish any inlbrmation
upon the characters presented by this species after it has pa^sed the embryonic >tage,
and prior to the assumption of the adult features. Sars, and also Keren and ] )aiiielssin *,
have, however, made very valuable ()b--ervations upon the einlier phases, tlie two last-
named having traced the development of the egg, whilst Sarsf gives very admirable
descriptions and figures of the later stages of the larval form. Four of these were
found in the iiifradermal cavity of a specimen I incli in diameter from Tronixi ; and
twelve young, along with two or three eggs, in one 3 inches in diameter from ^'adso.
In the young individual of IJ,-!',' niillim. in diameter, the iientagonal form is already
apparent, and three pairs of sucker-feet, together with the odd terminal tentacle, are
present in each of the radii. In the jilace of the actinostome there is a large iiemi-
spherical protuberance or knob-shaped body, equal to nearly one third of the animal's

* Fauna liltuialis Norvi'L'iii'. lli'l'l 'J.

t OviTsij^t nf NcirKcs liihiniHlermcr. p]). .■)--i;i', jil. vi.

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GllEEXLANl).

49

diam-ter the still unrcsorbcrl romuin.s of tho l.rva-bo.ly ; and thcro is yet no trac of
tC'l-uth-oponin,. r,.on the do.al .uHa-e, and --'-f ';^.^>- --7;^:
five lar,.- tubereular prominences or wart-like knobs ot the bod -sKn. . h N
regarded as the rudiments of the perianal paxilla- ; and U.o s.n.lar ^^ ;-; -/
mLin of eaeh radius, one on either side of the nieduui hno, double the s,/x o those
Ts mentioned and oval in outline, whieh would se.nn to be pr.nnfve paxdhe, or
Semin-like sheaths in .hich these are ultin.ately tbrmed. V. open.n, .a.
:: bTfla on the centre of the dorsal snrfae.., nor any trace of the calcareous lorn.a-
tions of the future Starfish.

Jji.itrihufion.

a. Norflnrard up SnM Sonnd. Dobbin Bay, lat. 70 40' X., 30 fms. [y.rrss
E.vped.), the most northern locality on record.

' \n Baris Stmit : lat. 07° oO' N., Ion,. r,r, 27 W., 20 fms. (1 .loro>. E^^

b. Xorfh of Anwrirnn Continent: Cirand Manan {Stnai^on); Bay of InuuU,
^1;') fms shellv bottom ( rrr/v7/). , , » x tt

cZtkof European Continent. Spitsbergen (/..//.v.): F.nmark (.S«r.) : Har-
danger Fjord in Norway, the southern limit known to Sars.

Description of thr Illusf rations of this Species on Plate III.

Fi<'. 13. Abactinal aspect of tl>c animal : natural size.

"' 14 \ctinal aspect of the same specimen -. natural size.

15 I'ortion near the mi.ldle of a ray, actinal aspect : magnified.

10 I'ortion near the middle of a ray, abactinal aspect : niagn.hed.

CTK.NODiS(:i-.scouxuT>.ATrs (/./;«■/■), P^r/vV.. Plate III, Figs. 17-20.

17;lH. Asl.oi,e,-tm ™rmV»^-(.«, I-i.K'k, Do Stolbs murinis. ,,. •>-, t:,t.. xxxvi. no^^.

im,. Mla-ius o-ispa,„, U.'t.ius, Distort. «ist. s,,ecie, co,„„u. .V.termrum, ,.. 1 ,.

,m. AsU.ias ,-o/,„-;.s N...ine, Par.-yV .lour,., of a Voyu.c tor the D.covcn ol u.N.NN. Kk»o.o....

1811)-:i0, Ajipoud. p. cc.\';ii; I'l. i. IV*- -> •'•
1834 .Utn-;.s «,,n,unW, n™hur.s,, .N.t. Hist, of ll..' Hr.lcr C.t.ooa. p. .-•!.
mo. .U>,-oru-t.-n voho-h, Gray, .\nn. & Ma^. Xat. Uut vol. v, p. L->.

W>. Vte,..<V.n,. poW;., MiUler & Tros^chel, System der .\»ten,U..,. pi ot 1-...

1S4-'. OfM...'iV«,s-y»/;/m.™.s-, i.l.iliid. p. 7(i. ,, , , , .,-.

LIo o:;:,;;.,.,,„,i.., .0... SutUe,.....-. ..o,.,,,. of . Voy,„o, vol. U.. Append, p. ccv.

18n;». OW;»n«fn«;«^«,Stimpsou,Syn.Mur.Tnvert.(in,nd Mun.n p. l-.

1S^7 O,M0,/;,.'». r,-,V«^.«.. I-utkcn, Yid. Moddcl. N. Voronm, , Kjol,e,.lu,v„, 1 .>.. p. l-.

18(11. an,o,lha.> n-hpatu>, Sara, Ovcrsipt uf NorRc, Kdnnodor.ner p. ....

;,,,. r/ ./->.« cn-,v«''.", T'".i"rdin & llupo, Hist. Nat. Zooph. hclunodonnos. p. 4.11.

^ imiO ^ls/,v;>n-/.» ,»'..n>. (Irav, Synop. Spur. Start, lint. Mus. p. J.

50 ON THE ECIUNODEUMATA OF THE

1875. Cldinflisais conuciihliis, I'errior, StcUiTidos ilu llu»eum, p. asi; Avcli. (le Znol. fxp. ct gni.

p. ;(0(>.
1870. Cteiwili.mis coniicuJulim, Viguicr, S(iui'ldtc (U-a Stull., .Vrch. dc 7miI. exp. ol g.'n. t. vii. p. •2:

id.

Body (lci)resseil aiul goniodiscoid in outline ; radii five in niiinbor, with the arin-
anglcs well rounded ; proportion of grcater to lesser diameter 2 : 1. 'J'he calcareous
elements of the abactinal surface form a compact network, similar to Adriiprrtcu, in
which the interspaces are but very small. A ^neat number of small closely-placed
paxillic are borne upon this framework, each carryinf,' •")-l() round, blunt spinelets, the
whole so densely crowded together that the spinelets are normally directed upward
from the pedicle. The abactinal .surface is freciuently puffed up and more or less
convex in profile (owing probably to the (piantity of sand or clay with which this Star-
fish fills its stomach) ; whilst a small peak-like protuberance rises from the centre,
around which the paxilku rapidly diminish in size. The sides of the disk are ])eri)en-
dicular, and formed of two series of nuirginal plates— one ventral, the other dorsal. Each
dorsal plate is ankylosed to a corresponding ventral plate— the pair thus formed being
separated from the neighbouring pair on either hand by a deep furrow, which follows the
lateral suture of the plates, the margins being fringed with a series of line, compressed,
cilia-like spinelets, which arch over the furrow. Each of the dorso-lateral plates bears
a small compressed, but pointed, spinclet, which stands erect on its upper margin ; and
the lower or ventro-lateral series likewise carry a similar spinclet, which is phiced near
the junction of the ventral and dorsal plates, and [jrojects at right angles to the side
walls of the test. The last or terminal dorso-lateral plates of each side of a ray are
ankylosed together, and form a large arched or tubercular plate, indented on its outer
margin, and bearing three more or less prominent tubercles — the rudinu'iits of dorso-
marginal spines. The furrows betwe(,'n the marginal plates are continued onto the
actuial surface of the animal and extend to the ambulacral furrow, cutting up tlio
ventral interradial areas into bund-like sjiaces, each of which is tessellated witli irregular,
subcjuadrate, scale-like plates that imbricate upon one another, and form uornniUy, in
large adult examples, a double alternating seri(!s behind each adainbulacral plate, 'i'lie
innermost band, however, of each area comprises two adambnlacral plates ; and the
trapezoid tessellating scales, which here always form a regular double alternating series,
are, in consequence, twice as large in the neighbourhood of the furrow as the scales in
the other bands. All these plates bear on the margin that ojjcns on the sutural furrow
a series of papillie that form a continuation with the papilliu above-noted on the sides
of the lateral plates, from which they differ only in being not flattened, nor are they at
the same time so regular and closely ])laced. The adaml)ulacral plate presents a wedge-
shaped projection into t.ii' furrow, and carries five or six papillie, three only of which
usually stand on the margin of the ambulacral furrow, the remaining two or three
(which are generally much smaller) being situated on *he aboral margin ojjening on the
sutural furrow of the interbrachial area ; not unfrequently, however, one of them is as
large as the ambulacral spinelets, and is placed somewhat inward upon the plate, away
from the sutural fringe and behind the ambulacral series. Towards the extremity of

AllCrU; SKA TO TIIK WKST of (JUKENLAM).

51

the vay the adambulacral platen stand next t.. the vcntro-mar..nal p at.., and a.o not
se,.arated from them bv the trapezoi.l in.bn.atinR scak-s above described. _

Eacb pair of nionth-pbites forn.s an ovoid mass, the inner or apposed margins of
the plates being elevafd into a prominent keel. Tlio innermost pa,r of mouth-papdUe

being considerably smaller an.l arrang^.l round tbe free margin ot the plate. Along
ov near to, the mi-dian keel of the nun.th-plate are S-5 coarse spnulets, the .nnermo.t
being lar,e and thick, and are mu.h less po^nted than the murg.nal senes. 1 he
ma.lreporiform body is frequently not more than its oyvn diameter distant from the
margiii, and is generally oval in outline and covered .itli elongat.. struc running in
the direction of the major diameter. . , .,

The entire body and all its appendages are covered with an investing leathery

'''"^/...-Ordinary specimens are about :iO-40 milli.us. in diameter, the largest
recorded by Sars, from Tromsii, being r,.j millims.

ro/o»r-The colour is recorded as b.o-.vu-red ; specimens preserved inspi.it aie
either black, gi-eenish, or various shades of drab.

jf„/,;,„f ^('tnu.Jhous ror.dndufu. is fouu,l iu mud or soft clay bottoms at very
various depths, being dredged by Sars, at Fiuu.ark iu 40-200 ^'^^^ ^:^^^
fuvther south, at C'hristiansund, in 40-80 fms. It has also been taken m .-. inis. at
Arksut, by Harrett ; and at Igaliko, in 00 fms., by Insp. MiiUer {LMen)

l>,rnu.inrr /.o.m .-The young form of this species was .lescrib.Hl by Muller and
Troschel under the name of H. ,,>„.,.. Small in.lividuals, ,,f about halt an inch in
,i„neter, are characterized by the Hatter test, the comparatively greater i.ronnnence o
the lutero-dorsal spinelets, and the three large, conspicuouslydevolopedspinelets which

present on tbL terminal plate of the ray. The upper margin ot tins plate, w nch
Is owards the centre of the disk, is .Viuged with a series o, papilla, sum ar t.M ^
on the sides of the lat..ral plates; and these papilkc, as well as the spine le s. app
„ be subject to a greater or leaser degree of obliteration (or resorption during t
iLgress ot' the growth of the Startish ; iu fact iu old spe..imens the spinelets become

reduced to mere tubercles. ^ , ,• , •

According to Liitken. the apical prominence in the centre o the disk is more p o-
minent and characteristically developed in young f^ams; but m the Y~;'; ^^
have examined (from Novava /emlya) it would appear to be cpute he u.ye.sc , to, .e
ae been unable to detect any difference, except a p,oportlonal diminution ,u size,
from e condition presented by the mature animal. The adambulacral plates ,n hese
! rirnens bear their papill. or '-ambulacral spines" on the turrow-margiu, with one
large one placed thumb-like beliind them on the aboral side.

" At the extremity of the ray there are only two of the and.ulacral ^nnelets , .

the thumb-like spine et is large.- than either of then,, and is peiv.stently present on ev e v

a, The niouth-plates are small and simple, having only three or four moutb-

nU, on the margin of each plate, and two only on the median ridge (or at most

;;:;:ei;the innermost ..f these being very large and prominent, and stand.^ perpen-

ON THK KCIII.NODF.UMAT.V OF TlIK

diculnr to tlip piano of the jilate, midway Ix'twc'cn tho cxtrc'inities. Wlii'ii tlu- young
Starfish is exaiuiiicd under tlic niiuroscopc from above, it will be seen that in the lateral
sutural furrows, which open on tliedoisal surface, there are, in addition to tiie uiarf^inal
fringe of compressed si)inelet8, an inner series of line, pointed, eilia-lilie spinelets, ut
least at the upper portion.

In the early stages of this species, the lower or ventral series of lateral plates lies
much more upon the actinal or ventral surface of the Startish than it generally does
in the fully grown form. In the examples alxjve mentioned the row of single or
true lateral spinelets, borne by tlie ventro-lateral plates, stands almost at the angle
formed by the vertical side of tlie test and the aetinul surface, the plates themsehes
arching sharply under, onto the actinal surface. 'I'lie spinelets also seem to occupy a
position relatively nearer to the centre of the ])lati' tliau at u later stage. In large
specimens no portion of tlie lateral plates cui\e onto tlie ventral area, and the siiinelets
are situated much nearer to the upper extremity of their respective i>lates.

Variations. — Dr. hiitken records examples from a station off Norway, which pro-
bably lies near the southern limit of the area of distriiiution, that differ strikingly froTU
the normal sliort-armed form iiy their longer and more pointed rays, wliereby the
contour aiiproaclies Xhaiui Arrhaatcr J'anlii; i)ut in otiier roju'cts no differences were
noticed. AVe have observed a similar variation in the radial ])roportions amongst a
series of specimens from IJarents Sea, b\it not developed to such a marked degree as in
those examined by our learned contemporary. The relative pro')ortions of the greater
to the lesser radius in two specinn/ns are resi)ectively 17 millims. to U'T") niillims.
in the one, and 17 millims. to 7 niillims. in the other; two smaller examples
measured similarly 10 millims. to G millims., and ID niillims. to o millims. — the
difference in character presented by the wide aiui gentle curve of the arm-angle
of the one in comparison to the more acute and angular outline of the other being
much more striking to the eye than the figures which indicate the actual proportions
would seem to imply. From the occurrence of both these forms together, as well as
the identity of their ge!;eral structure, it is, perhaps, not improbable that we have here
nothing more than a .se.\.ual character.

Upon the whole, this species would seein to be remarkably constant. After a
careful study, however, of specimens from (Jreenland, Novaja Zemlya, and North
America, we are inclined to believe that a certain amount of \ariation dcjes occur
(probably of locational permanence) in the features of the ventro-luteiul plates and of the
ambulacral spines, after the manner indicated whilst treating of the [iliases of growth;
and although this would seem rather like a confusion of the stages cliaiacteii-.tic of
growth with the features presented by circumstantial variation, the evidence bus been
such as to lead to the inference that certain characters of early growtli-|diases are,
in some localities, retained until a much later period of growth, — perlia[is even
becoming a permanency through life — a state of tilings which is |)erfectly explicable on
the not improbable n'-sumpliou that the exigencies of arctic existence have acted in

ATICTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF fiREENLAND.

53

retarding the- pro-ress of grf.wth-(li;in.rt.Ts i.nd in tlic maintenance of tl.e youtliful or
more simple fnrm. The spimilation of tlie [.axillie is similarly subject to variation.

Distrilntion.

a. (irechuul: Hare I,,lan.l, Waigat Strait, lat. 7(r 30' N., ITo fms. (' Vrdorou,'

E.ri>((i). ,,_,.. ,

b. yoith of Amcrknn Continent: .Melville Islaml, about lat. il -U >., long.
110° 48' W. (ivm/.s E.vi,ol.)\ Assistance IJay, 7-10 fms. (Penny's KrjW'l.); Xew-
foun.llun.1 {S,a:s) ; IJav of Fun.ly, 50-00 fms. (Stimp.ion) ; Maine.

c. Aorth of fjn'opeau Cunthirnt: Spit/bergeu (Liithen); Barents Sea, lat. ,U
58' N., long. 45' 10' l',,, I lo fms. (• Willem liurents ' Exi>e,l.), the most northern locality
on record; Finmark ; Scandinavian coast.

Ursrrii'lion nf the ll/n.str'itioiis of this Species on Plate III.

Fig. 17. Aliaclinul asi»'Ct of the animal; natural size.

IS. Actinul iispeit nf tlic sume specimen : natural size.

I'.i. I'ortion near the middle of a riiv, actiual aspect: magnified.

20. I'ortion near the middle of a ray, ubaeliual aspect : maguitied.

64

ON THE ECIIINODEHMATA OV THE

OPHIUROIDEA.

Tnr 0,.l.inrr,i.l..a colU.,t...l in Sn.itl.'s S,mu,l, in Discovery Uny, ....r ('u,k. Kn..cr,
Hav.-s Point, .ml Fnmklin-l'ime JJay, ami in M.nu- otluv localities in tho-sc- h.;.h lati-
tudes, ^ere numprous in in.livi.luals. but th.. nuMil-.r of f-en. ... an.l s,,..,.t.s ^usn'sUKlcl
Some s,K-cimcn. wro colLxted in IJallin's May, Imt so far to ,1... s„uth (lat. (,. N.) that
their consi-leration h.nlly comes within tlu- .coi.e of this numoj^rai-h ; tluy will,

however, be noticed hrietly.

Ml the Oi.hiuroi.lea of Smith's Sound and to the north b-'lon^r, with one e.xcci.t.on,
to well-known u.r.era and species; an.l it i.s interesting; that a eon-i-aratuely new f^enus
should be repre«.'nted by a well-marked species an.l lar-e ind.vuh.als.

Lht ofihfi Species.
\ O,,f,lople,from-rtira,mnc^n. Disc.very Bay, 'i'j fathoms.
2. Op/4'!ll''"' >■'"-■'. T.i>tk..n. Vl.H.her, Ueach, 10 fathoms; D.sc.very 15ay,
2.', luthoms; llay.'s r.iint. I!") fathoms. , , ,

3 Oj,hio,Iypha rohnda, Ayres. Discovry l?ay, 25 fathon.s; U.ehar. Is.m Hay,

7.. fiUhon,s; Hayes I'oint, o5 (athon.s ; Ermddin-l'ierce May, L. fathoM.s

4 Op/.!octen .,erkr,nn, F.-rhes. The same, with the onussion of R.chard.s.,.-, Kay.
5. A,..pl>!um llolimi, Lulken. Franklin-1'ie c. Hay, 10 fath.,nis.

C. OpLern.fl->, xpiunloxa, Miilh^r & Troschel. Disc.very May, 2.. talhon.s ; ( ape
Frazcr Sll fathoms; Franklin-l'ierce 15ay, !0 fathoms.

7. Adrophuto. AjHssizii, Stin.ps.m. Latitude T.s 1'.)' N. ; depth COO fathoms.

Upccinf _fointd fo flie Simth.

8. Ophio'jhjph,, Si>nritzii, Mitk.n. Latitude (15° N., 2(1 miles off' the

Greenland ; depth GO tathoms.
<J. Ophiopholii, hellis, Linck. In th.- same place.

The temperature of the water whence the six species from the highe.
were dretlged was 2'.t'i) Fahr.

ast of

udes

Genus OPHlOPLEl'llA, Daniclmn d- Koren.

Lud-enin, Daman.

This -enus was determined by MM. Danielssen and K..r.:n in ISG. and the
diagnoses Tvas pubUshed in the ' Nyt Magazin for Naturvi.lenskaberne ( i.nstuuua.
S specimens were obtained in the Norske N.mlhavsexpe.lition, whose Lch.no.lern.ata
were Led in the hands of those distinguished naturalists. lieiore tins description
came to hand, the genus LUt/cenla had been described, in order to include a spec.es

AltcnC SKA TO THH WKST OF GUKKNIAM).

rj5

foim.U-d on tw„ fine Rp.Tim.nH, in An«ust 1S7.S •. Uut it iMT-an... ovi.l.mt, on tl.f vor.-p-
tion of Diiniclsscn mul Knrrn's coinniuniciition, that tlicy Im.l iorcstnllud tliu yenus
iMknihi, "liich is, of <(.urs.s a usfloss synonym of Ophiiiiihnm.
Tho foliowinf,' is tiic ^c\wv\v. (liiif,'nosis of O/ihiojiliiir'/ :—

"Th- skin of tlie disk is hard, naked, sniootii, and covors a rich plating of sralns.
The arms arc in like manner ov.rlaid with a smooth, thin skin, whi. li .'Xtcnds u]) on the
side si.ines an.l lets the ..rm-phitus appear. The back of the disk lias t.n elevated ribs.
Alonth-pi'pilla' occupy both sides of the month-slits, and are Hat, with round.^l.
■mooth marf,'ins. 'ihe teeth form irregular rows, are compressed, and have a broad
basis. Voot"papilk-. 'I'wo genital clefts in each interlirachial space."

The diagnosis piddished in the ' .\nnals and Magazine of Natural History,' August
1S7S pii"e IhS, under the title of I.iitbiiin, is as frdlows ;—

" IMsk notched, coverc.1 with very small scales, lladial shields small, widely
separate .Mouth-|iapill;e numerous. Tnoth-i.apiUa;. Te.ah resembling tooth-papilhe
in .louble s.Tics, with accesx.ry kn<,bs. (ienerati^e slits small, mi.lway between
mouth-shields and niar-in. Accessory scales to tentacular openings ; tentacle-s.ales
numerous; on mid arm two. Spines small, distant, irregular. I,ower arm-plates very
broad and short withi.i the di>k, and ^n.all and triangular without. Side arm-plates
meeting below throughout, but not above. Upper arm-plates broad and keeleu near
the disk."

Oi'iiioiM,i:n!A A!!(Ti(A, Diinrritif. Tlate TV, Figs. 1-2c.

The disk is large, sub.ircular in outline, tumid above and at the sides, Hat below,
and is notched over the arms { 1 1'., inch in diameter).

'I'he arms are twice and a half as long as the disk is broad, come w.il within it, are
very broad within the disk, an.l considerably so until the second third of their length.
Th.'y are Hat beneath, c.mvex and almost keeled above near the di.k, ;aul less so distally
tall at the si.les, and generally triangular in outline. The arm-spines are very small and
few in number. The colour is white with a little brown. , , , ,

Th,. upper surface of the disk and the interbraehial spaces, to the aboral edge of
the m.mtb-shiel.ls, a.ul except the nake.l radial shields, have a stout flaccid derm, covered
with excessively minute scales. The radial shields are small, pear-shaped, narrow, and
angular within, where they slightly overlap, and broad and curved without, with a tree
ed.n- tli^re ■ they are very .li.tant, and bound the incision for the arm on either side
(/ inch Ion.'). Many small scales, s.mie elongate and others extremely small and oval,
an>' situated between the radial shiel.ls ami the arm. There are no radial scales with
sninl's ; and the generative plates are hidden.

The mouth-shields are small (,/„ inch long), about as broad as long, somewhat
pentagonal, broadest without, angular within, the aboral edge being '^^aily straight, ihe

. . An,n,U & Masrnnno of Natural UUlury,' sor. 5, vol. ii. p. ISS. V. Martin Duncan on " LiUhma."
t Ibid. pp. isa & 206.

56

ON THE ECIIlNODER^rATA OF THE

sides of t'iie shields arc rather straiglit and are at riglit angles to the aboral margin for
some f^ace, and then they sIojjc inwards to the oral iioint. An accessory plate exists,
in some, between the oral angle of the mouth-shield and the side mouth-shields. Tlie
madreporic plate is cribriform.

The side mouth-shields are rather large, do not unite closely within, arc long and
rectangular, being widest i.t the side angle of the mouth-shield, where they arc more or
less pointed, curved, and rounded off.

The generative slits are short and linear; the edges are close together, and have on
them small, flat, rounded spinulcs, sixteen or more on each ; tliey are distant from tlie
mouth-shields and from the margin of the disk ; and u series of tine scales [tasses out-
wards from their distal end, by the side of the arm, to the margin. Otlier minute scales
are in a patch on the oral side of the slits.

Tlie jaws are rather long, stout, tumid and bossed, and form ratli(>r a sliurp angle ;
and the lower edge of the jaw-plate is broad and stout ; the angular spaces are wide and
large ; and the tentacles are very well developed.

There are mouth-iia])ill;r and tooth-papilhe ; and the te(th are in a double vertical
series with some accessory knobs, so that they resemble large tuoth-papilhe.

The mouth-papilla} .are numerous, fourteen or fifteen to each angle, small, nmcli
joined together at their bases, irregular in size, sliape, and number, sliort, and never very
broad. At the apex of tlie angle, within the distinct jaw-plute, there are tliree principal,
and one or more smaller, lowest tooth-pa|)ilke. No satisfactory distinction, except that
of position, can be made between these tooth-papillie and mouth-papilhr. Above tin'
three or more lowest tootli-papilla^, the others are in a crowded vertical series, 'i'hey are
most n-.imerous and small on either side ; and there are six or seven ])airs of large, long,
point.'d and irregular-shaped ones in the midst, and reaching up the jaw-plate to its u|ipcr
end, occupying the position of tlie teeth. The side of the jaws, close to tlie jaw-plate,
is occasionally covered with small and close papilUv ; and there is a small accessory
papilla close to and at the side of the uppermost large ones. The upper [lart of
the jaw beneath the sto'aach is stout and tumid, and the jaw-plate is large and well
developed.

There are two rounded knobs on the side of the jaw, aliove the attaclimeiit of tlie
mou^h-papilkc, which are in relation with 'iic ujjper tentacle; and the lower teiUac'e
of the angle has five or six short urn qual-sl,;;''l tentacle-scales, forming, with several
accessory scales, an obliquely placed curved wedge-sljapcd mass within the first lower
arm-plate and on either side of its oral margin.

The lower arm-plates, tlierc being si.\ or seven within the disk, are mostly very broad
and very short ; further out they are small and triangular, with an aboral projection.
They form but a small portion of the lower surface of the arm. Thi; side arm-plates
meet below, from the first to the last, giving a broad and comparatively flat under
surface.

The first ^.ower arm-plate is unlike tlio others in shape, and it is elliptical in
outline and iiiucli broa.ier than long; tlie second, longer and vc\y nuicli broader than
the first, is somewhat rectangular; i' ■ sides are slightly incurved; and there is a

ARCTTO SEA TO THE WEST OF GKEENT-AM). ■''!

rmtml nn^nliir i.rorpss on the .li.ial nnd proximal c(!«c., from ^vliifli thcro is a reon-
torin.' furvr on citb.T si.lc to tlio hitcrul inifrk-s of the sides of the plate.

The third lower arm-plate is verv broad, extending across the arm ; it is short, the
relation of l-n;;th to breadth b<Mn- o':e to three ; the sides an- incurved for the
tentacle, and arc slii:htlv convex towards their distal an.de. There ,s an an:.nlar
pvoc'ss or cusp on the bvoa<l oral margin, an.l a smaller ..ne on the aboral; and there
i. a reentering curve on both sides of the processes, frivin;.; n v,,-y cde-ant outline
The fourth lower arm-plate is as bro.d as th.' third : but it is shorter, and the proximal
,n.^nlar ,u-ocess is more decided than that on the -li^tal edge. The next plate has the
,r,,i^cral shape, but is shorter, and tlf ].roximal angle is more pronounced. Irom tins
plate to the end of the arm the others narrow more and n.oie, become angular at the
sides and men,- or less triam,n,lar as a whole, and are broader witlumt than witlnn.
Then- is a projection in the median line on the aboral maruin. and a reentering curve ,m
..ithersid,- to lb., lateral m.u'les ; and the proximal an.ular process has faintly reentenng
,.„rv..s on either side of it. Far out an.l towards the t,p of the arm. the lower plat.-s
lK.come more rpiadrangulamr diamond-shapd ; tln-y an- small, broader than hmg ; ami
there is an angular process uithent and within. At the tip the minute lower avm-plates
Inve the distal etlu'O curved, and they are angular orally.

The tir<t lower arm-plate is sc,,arated fnnn the side mouth-^hiehU by several scales
or plafs, which are caitinuou. with tin- ba^e of the tentacle-scales already mentione.l
as bciu" within and at the sides of tiie plate.

■riu- second lower arm-idate has two or three small tentacU-scales on it. In
som." arms they are fus.d into one; nr there may be several minute accessory scales

'"'"Thetbinl plate has the same number and arce«ory arnn2:.-ment : and they are
seen, moiv or less modilicl, in the feurth and Hfth. Tin' other lower ann-plaU's have

no tentacle-scale-^ . ,. , i i ,i

The side arm-plates form much of the h.wer surface nt the arm-., and also the
.rvcater part of the sides in nnd arm and Inwards th<. tip. .Ml unite with their fellows
l\av' the median line bcdow ; and all are convex from side to side, 'llie hist, just
t.mchim' it. f.'Uow in ilie me-l^an line, is oval in .mtline, broa.ler than long; itsui-ports
live short, close tenfacle-scale, on a curved ba-^e ; ami the tentacular opening: is large
•umi' circular, having a rim of meuiluaiie. Tile second is broader than the hrst,
touches its fellow, and has four tentacle-scales, and smnetimes a tilth or a small

nccesscuv oiu\ .1 ,i

•rUe third side arm-plale, still bmader than long, and not much lon-er than the
second tomh.'s ^t. f.'llow bv a lonudtudinal short and siraight line. The marrn without
is curved bohllv. and witidn v.ay slightly. Tike the othei- it is flat below ; and it has
three tentule-scal.-s, the outer on.' b.-ing subspinif.u-m. The fourth, still In-.rid.^r. is
net ha.n'r; and its out.-r .aal is large an.l supp.n'ts thive tenta-'le-s.'ah's. .me of whi.'h is
som.-tinu's wanting. Tlu' fifth plat.- the br.m.l.'^t. is sh.U't. and is narrow t.nvank th.>
;,„„,i,„ ,i„„. ^-h.-re it has two small tenta.d.-scales .l.^se tog..ther : an.l there is a ^pinule
extern. il to tlu'Ui, an.l souielimes a secmil.

68

OX THE ECIIIXODEinrATA OF THE

Between the tentacle-scales of these first five or six tentacles and the generative slit,
there are occasionally one or two spinules.

Towards the mid arm, the side arm-[)lates are tumid at tlie sides, nearly llatlx'low,
broader than long, and shortest where they are joined longitudinally. They have a
sharp bend to reach the side of the arm, and terminate above in an angular edge by
joining the outer edges of two upper arm-i)lates. Their distal margin, at the side of the
arm, is thick, and supports two very small, distant, irregular, sharp, short spines and
two tentacle-scales, the inner of whicli is ft.mall and scale-like; and tiie outer i.s usually,
but not invariably, a minute spine longer than the scale and the other spines. Some-
times the two tentacle-scales are ecpiul ; and further out the largest spine becomes
inde])endent of the tentacle. There are often no spines, while some plates have several
very minute ones. All are very ill-de\eloped and small.

The side arm-plates form the bulk cf tlie ti]i of the arm ; but, although convex at
the sides and .sw(dlen above, they do not .separate the small and somewhat elongated
hexagonal upper arm-plates there.

The upper arm-plates, wiihin the notch in the di^k, are four in number, and are
broad, short, and curved to form a convex roof-like surface. I'ntil far out o!i the arm,
all are much broader than long, and have slanting straight sides and very faintly curved
distal and proximal margins; the plates are convex and angular iongitudinally, and they
form the upper and much of the side arm. A little beyond tlie mid arm, the upper arm-
plates are smaller, not much broader than long, broadest without, where they arc cur\ed ;
and further out they are longer than broad, narrow jiroxiinally, with sides reenteriugly
curved and the distal margin holdly curved without. Towards the U\) the elongated
hexagonal form is assumed, the distal edg.', however, being curved irregularly.

Ikmarka. — Two spt^tiinen.i of tliis fineO|)hiiiroid were collected by Mr. Hart: one
is in spirit, and the other is dry, in the Ihitish Museum ; and they both haie the same
anatomical details.

The minutely scaled disk, the widely spjjarated radial shields and their free aboral
edge, the position and ornamentation of tlie generative slit, the presence of mouth- and
tootli-pupillic, tile absence of Irue teeth in the ordinary sense, the jiapilloso nature of
the jaws, the accessory scales to the tentacular openings, the shape of the lower arm-
plates, the numerous tentacle-scales and few spines on the side arm-plates, and the
angular roof-s,haped upper arm-plates, whilst they partly suggest Amphiuran and Opiiio-
glyphan affinities as a wiioic, are very characteriiitic. The absence of spined generative
and radial scales, and thi' presence of tooth-pap'.lhe, .separate the new forms from Ophiu-
(/li/pli<i ; and the nature of the dental apparatus and tentacle-scales prevents their being
placed in any hitherto known arctic genus, except OphioiiUuru.

The specimens were dredged in Discovery IJay at a depth of 25 fathoms, tlie
temperature being '2'J -y. The species has since been found in high latitudes on the
eastern side of Greenland.

Oii/iiojileiim Korculia, Danielssen & Koren, was not found very far north, and only
in latitude O'J 5' N., and to the cast of (jreenland ; but the specimens were from
considerable depths, .010 to 070 fathoms, and the bottom temperature was above

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GREENEAXl).

u9

freezing-point, l°o Centigrade. It is distingiiislii'd from Ophloplmm nrcfira by the
presence of 10 very definite rib-like elevations of the upper surface of the di->]<, and by
its large disk-scaling, and general greater robustness and dimensions of the wliole body.
The species 0;*///o/y;r»ra «rc^Vrt has a more pentagonal outline; the upper arm-plates
arc; more convex and medianly more pointed ; and in shape tlie second and third
lower arm-plates differ entirely from those of Oji/iioji/ciirn horcnlis. The other lower
arm-plates of this last species have the breadth, but tlie few within the disk have not the
aboral point of the arctic form. T'he jaws differ in shape : the accessory ])ieccs are
not seen in Ojihioplmm f/iiir'/li.s. And its tentacle-scales are differently arranged and
arc more numerous in mid arm than in Opl/iopleum rircfirn. The arctic forms have
round tentacle-spaces, and tlie others have them elongate, at the root of the arms.
The mass of tentacle-scales and accessory pieces at their base, in relation to the
tentacle at the side of the first lower arm-plate, an,' very strongly marked in the form
from Smith'' Sound, but not so in that described from tlie sea to the east of Greenland.
Uoth are very fine forms and large ; and the sliii:lit increase of dimensions in the boreal
type is not sufficient to explain the structural differences.

In estimating the in.portance of the remarkable condition of the true teeth in
Oliliiop/ciira ardlrn it is necessary to remember the great \ariations of tlie teeth of
such a form as OiiJiiO!/li/iJin tcxtnrnfn, I.amarck, sj). Hardly any si)ecimens of this
species can be found witli entire teeth, so constantly are they divided and conical.
The same remark holds good for Ophio;//;/plia tSnrsii, Eiitkcn, sp.

Description of fhe Ilhistrniioi)!: of fhi.i Species on Plate IV.

Fig. 1. The upper part of the disk and arms: natural size.
2. Tlie under surface of the disk : magnified.
2 n. The t(>eth, on the jaw-plate, obli(pie view : magnified.
2 f). 'I'he teeth from above : magnified.
'2e. The teeth approaching: magnified.

Genus OPIIIOGLYI'UA, /.y;>i«».

0^ihin;)hiiihii, I.ynum, I'roe. Host. Miic. N.H. vii. 1800.
Ophiura, I'Valics.

Disk covered with unequal, crowded, naked more or less distorted scales, some of
'vnich are swollen. Itadial sliields naked and swollen. Teeth : no tooth-papilUe.
Mouth-papilUe hmg within, hut small and short near tlie outer edge of the mouth-
tentacles. Arm-spines few, arranged along the outer edge of the side arm-plates.
Tentacle-scales numerous ; the innermost jiair of tentacle-pores shaped like slits,
snrnnuuled by numer(Uis .scales, and opening diagonally into the niouth-slits. Side
arm-idates meeting nearly or ([uitc below, but not above. A notcli edged with
papilla- over tlie arm in the disk. The genital slits starting from the niouth-^liiehls.

l2

CO

ON THE ECHIXODERMATA OF THE

Oi'mociLYPiiA S.\i!sii, Lntkiii, s]). rhUc IV, Fi^'s. 3, L

Ojihiofjh/2<hii .SV(/'S(/, l.iitlu'ii, VicK'Uhkulji-lijju JloiliU'lclscr (i;i iluii Xaturliistoriske l''oronin^' i Kj.;l)eii1mvii,
Xovi'iulitT l>.")j.

An Ojiliiu</li/p/ia with nioiitli-shifkl.s sliiuld-sliaped, longer thiia brcmd ; lon^nli less
than, or only eiiuiil to, tlieir distance from the margin of the disk. I'apilUe of the
disk-incision about fifteen and rather broad. Under arm-plates widely separate, ot a
very broad, short triangle-sliape. Two tentacle-scales. No iufrubracliial indentations.
Spines rather long, ecinal in lengtli to the side arm-plates.

This is the most northerly Echinoderm brought homo by the I'-xpedition, a fine
specimen, with a disk-diameter of 2(i millims., having been taken by ('apt. Feilden at
the V. inter-quarters of II.M.S. 'Alert,' in N. lat. 82 27', in 10 fathoms. Other
examples of this sixcies were obtained at Discovery l!uy in 20 fathoms, and among
them one which is provided with remarkably long arm-spines, being in relative
proportion fully twice the leii!';tli of the sjiiucs generally occurring iu Oji/iio;/li/plia
Harsii. In this individual the three >pines of the sixtii joint mea^ure respectively
2-4.J millims., 2-2") millims., l-l millini,, the umU'r arm-idate being 07 millim. long,
the arm-joint 1 millim., and the dislv -diameter 15 millims. The renunnhig features of
the specimen agroe too closely with the cliaracters of ()jt/iiof///jp/u( .S'lr^ii (l.iitKen, sp.),
iu our opinion, to warrant its removal from that species, even as a pio\ isioaal \ariety.
Specimens wee also found oft' Hayes I'oint.

In some cah;es great irregularity is exhibited in the mouth-iiaiiilke, one a))normal
example being ])articularly worthy of notice. In the Ojihlo(j!iiiihii: tlie innermost
mouth-papilla generally stands immediately under the teetli, and might lie easily
nustaken for a tooth, being, in fact, affixed to the tooth-plate and not to the lateral
plates. In 0. Sarsii, as well as in other members of the genus, two additional
papilla: are generally associated with it, one on eitiier hand, and are in like manner
borne by the ossicle upon which (lie teeth are placed.

In conse(|Uence of this arrangement it has long seemed probaljle to us that these
subdental papilhe should be regarded as tooth-papilliu (of which they are in trutli the
homologues) rather than as mouth-papdlie so-called, along with whidi tliey are
commonly counted. One of tlie sijecimens taken in Discovery Bay throws consiilerable
light ui)on tliis (piestion.

In this individual tlie dental annatuie consists of four teeth regularly superposed,
following upon wliicli. and occu|))ing tlie same ineadtii as a tooth, are three ossicles
which tit to (me aiiotlier, wedgewise, with slo[)ing sides. Then come two which fit
together and correspond in their .-.haiie with tlie irregularities of the upper and under
tier, which latter consists of from tluei' to live compact, cIom -lilting papilhu ; and (iiese
again are succeeded by tliree or foiii' (in some rays live) moderately long, rouiid-ti|)ped,
smaller papilla-, the whole forming a com|)act mass suggcstivt^, iu tlie highest degree,
of ordinary tooth-pa[)illie, such as occur, for instance, in Ophiothrix; and yet in every
detail, even to measurements, the specimen conforms to tiie diagnosis of Op/udij/yii/ia
(b'rt/'ivV. Tliis individual has a disk-diameter of 22 millimetres.

liearing in mind the tendency tow.ards veitical reduplication of tiie mouih-
papiiUe in some genera, this cannot fail to be regarded as suggestive of the manner m

ABC'TIC; SE.\ TO THE WEST OF GEEENLAM).

Gl

,vlnch primitive tootli-painlk- may have h.,n ««Lp..I ; nor is such an assunn>tim.
by any means ^.xtra^•a^ant «hcn the- grc.it irrt-^lMitj of tlu-,c parts amung,t Arctic
forms is taken into consideration. „ , , ^

Tlu- snecimeu of Ophw^jhipha Sarsii. tLe t.-e:!« --,( which have bee., allndecl to as
bein;,^ abnorn.al, is dry and of a dirty .bite o.Jcur. Ihe .li,k has a pentagonal out n>e
above, but is circular below; the notches forthe *im.. in the upper part ot the disk
are distinct ; and the sculin^; is small. Here i^ * .mail circular scale centrally ; and
the radial shields are ..mbedded, as it were, esoei« a: their outer extremity. Seveial
scales separate tl... radial shields, some bein:: W^.r tLm the others. Tiie radial shields
are separated aborallv. by a linear groove, frm di^ttimet radial scales. 1 hese bear the
maioritv of the Hat, broa.l, clo.ely-set spinuk-N^y..h are continued on the mterbrachial
space b'elow, along the generative slit, and tn^f ^.«ch the sides of the niouth-sbield.
\ corresponding series of much smaller, adpm^.i and blunt spinules is on the side
arms close to the others ; and it can be traced, a.^ Jt^e-I dentate border, to the generatue
slit close to the arm on the under surface of tL<- ^^ Three or four small upper anu-
l.la'tes exist before tlie full-si/e<l fifth is .eeB ; «.4 they are more or less within the
notch ; and their aboral edges are ^ery ikiiitly k*«..L Below, the mouth-shields have
the usual shape of those of the specie-, and llif M.^ Biouth-,hi.-lds are small, and their
outer and aboral part is in contact with th* ^erative »lit. About six close, short,
blunt scales are on each, and are opposed t* a .mailer number of slightly larger
tentacle-scales on the arm; and the t.ca.t*c«^« op.aing (the 1st visible but the
•'„d n ally) is Ion-. The jaws are verv sLort, *Sc*it. aa<i lumpy luteiu.rly ; mid the jaw-
pi ,te is small. The moulb-papilln-, usualiv m symmetrical, are placed obliquely, are
ivre.'ular; and the usual central one i. replacrf U from four to six smaller ones,
^vhi<•h have been notice.l before. The uijd«p.m of the side arm-plates near tlie
disk somewhat rc-sembles that of (>j,h;u,J^j4,^ ^'^':^rt..n, Forbes, sp., being almost
v„.rforat..d wheiv the oral angle of the mid*T *im-ptate nearly or quite touches the
aboral c.d.r.. of its predecessor. Union of t3»e n>l. arm-plates below, occurs at aoout
the sixth or s.n enth. The three arm-spine, arc «k^I- irregular in shape, are adpresse.l
,,„„aed, and rather Hat; sometimes a foii^tb i* ^':^; and all are slightly constricted
,.,.,,, their origin. Tw.. tentacle-scales ,^\^ to &e end of the arm ; but in some
ioints 'here are time, or even four, small ^^^ In mid arm the tentacle-scales are
on the ide nnn-plates onlv ; one is short, bi-as^L ti.it, and narrowed at its origin, and
is internal to the other. Each either resembk* » «aall couico-cylindrical spine, or is
more like the first. In Ih.^ neiuhbourhocd 'd tte disk the narrow peduncled and
broad, short, Idu.ited tent.- le-scales. nonBalj wo on the side arm-plate over tlie
tentacular opening, have a third, placed fl« ^iiim-^n the under arm-plate, from which
it springs N.'arer the oral opeuin-. the iiun.i«r of tentacular processes increases as
usual. %Miere only .me tentade-spiue ^xi-^^ 5l i*l>toad. and appears to be double NMth
a common base.

Jlrsrriiitloii of fix- llhisirnihm* -^^f fi'i* Speri,'^ on Plate IV.
Fig. ;i. (iphw'ihiiih'i .S'lrsli. Lufkeu- nil*- S'O-P : natural size. ^
4. ()2i/>io;/ii/pln( .SV«>-//, Luiken, llii* imdetpart of the disk.

62

ON TTTE FX'IITNODERMATA OF THE

OriiiooLYPiiA RonrsTA, yii/irs, sp. Plate IV, Figs. 5-7.

(ijihlnlijiLi i-fl,iift(i. Ayros, I'roo. Host. Soc. X. II. iv. 18.")l.
Olihiiini .■nj'iiiM'fSii, I.iitkcMi, Viil. 'Mc'ilili'l., Xov. IS.Vt.

An Ophio'jhipha with arms very finely taiicring, and disk with rpfrularly arrant,'!'!!
scales (if nearly equal si/e. Mouth-shields ovate shield-shaped ; lenfjth less than, or
at most only equal to, their breiuUh ; leu2;th nuicli less than the distance from the
margin of the disk. I'apilhr of the disk-iucision very short and stout, often groui)ed.
Under arm-plates broadly heart-shaped ; one tentacle-scale.

This species was obtained at various stations, as indicated in the list of localities ;
and though neither the abundance nor the size of the siiecimuns was remarkable,
several good scries were collected. 'J'he characters which ha^■e been regarded as
" specific " are remarkably constant ; and no essential difference can be traced between
these Arctic forms i.nd specimens taken from the coast of Maine. U.S., witli which
they have been compared, cxcejiting that in the northern Ophiurans tlie arm-spines aie
longer and somewhat more deliratcs and that the outer margin of the under arm-plates
is more arched, and tlic reentering angle is far less developed, being even altogether
untraceable in certain specimens. In some large examples the nii])er arm-plates are
very markedly hexagonal. Although this deviation is very constant, the foundation of
a " variety " on the strength of such characters alone, is hardly justifiable.

'1 ;-c arm-spines are moderately stout and tapering, the upper one being flattened
and muci; larger than the others.

In most of the s])ecimens under present consideration the under arm-plates are
well separated from one another by the side arm-plates, and do not overlap, although in
one individual from Discovery Hay the first ten impinge distinctly, in consequence of
their side arm-plates not meeting. This feature at the basal portion of the arm has
been noted by Dr. Liitken as occurring in large .-pecimens from (ireenland, whilst he
remarks at the same time that in none of the Danish examples examined by him do
the under arm-plates touch.

Cvll. FfiVf/cji.— Discovery Hay, 25 fms., hard bottom ; Kichardson I?ay, 70 fms. ;
llaycs Point, 35 fms., bottom temperature 2'J°-5, and also at 25 fms. ; Franklin-Pierce
Bay, 15 fms., bottom temperature 25°-5.

CoU. Hnrt.—" Winter quarters," Discovery Bay ; Franklin- Pierce Bay, lo-15 fms.,

bottom stony.

The largest s])ccimen was taken by ("apt. Feildcn in Franklin-Pierce Bay, the
diameter of the disk (dried) being 10 millimetres.

The scaling of the upper part of the disk is very variable in its pattern, relative
size, and colour. In one .specimen the usual smaller scaling is in the centre, and the
larger around ; but the central scale is almost circular in outline, and is surrounded
by "smaller ones, some of which an; triangular, with the apex broadly rounded and the
intermediate one rhombic. This produces a curious rosette, eminently crinoidal in
its configuration, but fiat. The ornamentation of grains of calcareous matter on these
scales is very beautiful; it radiates in numbers of separate and close lines of granules
from the centre of the central scale to the outside of the bluntly triangular scales; and

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GREENLAND.

63

the rhombic scales and the others around tlicm, which are not very definite in ^Irnix',
have tlieir ornamentation radiatinfj; from tlieir own centres.

In another s,,...!,,,... the scahn^' is perfectly irrefr.dar, no sign of a rosette appears
and the larf,^e radial sin.-hls are separated by several small scales in some rad.i and not
at all in others, when one larfje overlapping^ scale is placed between, or rather overlaps
their oral and diverging median line. Jn other sp..ciniens where there .s a rosette the
oral separation of the ra.lial shields is by three large plates, ..ne bc'ing flanked by others,
or by two plates, one large an.l one small, the latter being aboral to the other, ihe
ornamentation is n<.t so much by grains as by cells which are not yet opaque with
carbonate of lime. The radial shields are convex, large, and are broa.lly convex where
more or less free aborally ; they are separate.l aborally by small upper arm-plates in
some instances two, and in others three in nund.er. The shields, thus separated aborally
and, as has been mentioned, orally, are united in some instances ah.ng a very short
line. With regard to the upper arm-plates within the notch, the first is often more
or less triangular in shape, with rounded edges, and the apex is oral ; and when tins
shape prevails, this plate is usually larger than the second, which is broad, short, and
sometimes notched distally. The third is larger, and shaped more or less like tlie

second.

The spinules, which are stout, distinct, and more or less grouped m two rows, are
not often more than six or eight in number. They are beyond the radial shields, and
apiiear to bo on the .lerm between them and the upper arm-plates. It is evident tluu
in some specimens there is a spine, or even two (but not in all radii of one specimen),
on either side of the first and second arm-plates, and even on the third. This distribu-
tion of a few well-developed, short, stout, blunt spines is very characteristic, lu some
specimens, and in the largest, the first upper arm-plate is in two pieces.

The coloration of the upper part of the disk varies from a perfect white to a
spotted state, with indefinite blue, black, and white, and brown and white. Blotches
appear on the centres of the radial shields and larger plates, so that the whole assumes
a niaculate.1 appearance. The slate-blue colour, very light in its intensity, may prevail
so much on the disk that the white parts come out very decidedly; and usually that is
the colour of the third row of the rosette, of the scales external to the radial shields,
and of some scales in the interl)rachial spaces near the edge.

The upper arm is banded in some spc-cimens with the disk-colour and white; and
usually the colour is lost towards the termination (.f the arms.

The upper arm-plates are much more convex in their distal curve in some specimens
than in others; but in all they are much broader than long near the disk, and in
mid-arm take on the kite-shape with the angle oral and the convex curve distal.
Gradually they become longer than broad ; and towards the end of the arms the side

arm-iilates mi'et above.

There is some variation in the shape and size of the mouth-shields ; but their acute
oral an-de and broad aboral part are invariable. The side mouth-shields are snuiU,
„arrow,\iuch curv..l, an.l just reach to the end of the generative slit. Owuig to the
angular nature of the proximal part of the mouth-shields, the side mouth-shields, with

64

ON THE ECTTlNODF.inrATA OF TTTE

tlieir vrry distinct ornl rociitoviiin; curve, produce as a series a b.-autiful festnoniufr,
the well-devcleped front lower ann-plate enterinfj; into the cin le ; lor the side mouth-
shields come up close to its tlanks.

The jaws are small, short, narrow, and •iMiau^ inferiorly, and are frintjcd with
mouth-inpilliT, one of which, or the homoloizue of a tonth-iuipilla, is hu-e and
sfditiuy. This is lar-er than the otiiers, is often spear-headed; and tliere are usually
three smalhn- ones on either side of the jaws. As a rule, all tlu-se mouth-papilUe vi,ry
much in size and shape, and project obliquely downwards. The true teeth are an-ular
and broadly spear-head(>d in outline: and Ihey are in a sin-le series of iit h'ast tiv(-.

The first lower ann-jdate is eitlu'r unlike the others in shape and is perfectly or
irreiiularly ellii)tic;il. beiuM- bnKui. ,• than Ion- from tlie oral to the ahoral ed-e, or it is
heart-shaped and broadest disti.lly and truncated orally. The secon.l and lower a.ai-
plates are trian-jular, broad disfally. where there is a bold curve, and au-ular orally,
the sides slopin-, with scarcely any reentering curve ; the len-th and breadth are ab(,ut
equal. The next and followin.i; plates r.'tain their oral an!j;le and broad distal curve,
which is sometimes notched in the median line; but tiie sides near the disttd cnvners
are at first parallel and form a si)ace for the tentacle, and then they slope in with more
or less of a n^enterin- curve to the an-le. Far out they become smaller and smaller
and fan-shaped, with reentering; curves on the sides, and often ha\e a sli-lit notch.

The side arm-plates unite under the arm, and become lon-er and bm-er until tiiey
occupy most of the under surface. After the fonrMi or tiftii tentacle-openin- there
is on<! small scale, or, rather, conico-cylindrical and blunt small si.ine. Tiie first
visible tentaclc-oi)eninp has four, and rarely five, scales on eitiier side of it ; the next
has some (three) rndimeutary scales on the lower arm-plate, and one hu-er and fitit
scale on tbc side arm-plate ; under the next lower arm-plate there is often a rudimentary
scale, besides the fully developed one on the side arm-plate.

The arm-spines, three in number on mid arm, are slender; and the uiyjier om,. is
the lon-(-st. There is a row of blimt and distinct small spinules (much smaller than
those in relation to the radial shields) on one side of the Generative slit; but tiiey are
larfjc in relation to those of other species.

'^ Lyman, after noticin-,' that l>jJii<iii/i/i>Ji'i rdhn.^fa diff'ers fnmi the other species of
the penus in its short, iiroad mouth-shields and finely tapcriu'; arms, states that it has
beei^ found even in the hisb latitude of ^^'ellin-fou Channel. He quotes A. E.
Yerrill, who states that its range generally is from low- water mark to IS fathoms.
T,ymmi's descrii)ti(m of the typical specimen and of some varieties may be read with
great advantage.

Dcscripfkm of the lUn.^fmtions of thin Siiccics on Plate IV.

Fig. 0. The species, natural si/e, from above.

fl. The under surface of the disk : magnified.
T. The upper surface of the disk : magnified.

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GliEENT.AM).

05

Gonus OPIIIOCTEX, liitlan.

O/Jilorlen, I.iitkpn, Viil. MoiMol. ls")l.

Di.k very flat, with ninvgin (ovrnhv^ a sIku-,. a„ul,> ; overcl witli imbricating
scales a,ul a sui.crticial s,,«a,no.granuh>r layer, tlncn,,!. whiel> only portions of tin-
radial Bhields and prin.ary plates are visible. No di.k-ineisions, the d,sk ormu,, a
little arch over the base of the arn.s. A row of pa,MlUe ed,.. the genital sht, and
passes over the arm along the .lisk-margin, continnous with the senes from the other
side The mouth-shields are seutifnrm, and are prolonge.l into the interhraelnal space.
The" first .n-o«p of tentacle-scales pass inwards, close to the angle- of the .,aws. Ihrco
arm-spin,rs, arranged along the outer edge of the side arm-plate, the two upper spmes
being nuuh the largest.

Opiiioctf.x SKniciTM. Forhrs, sj,. I'late IV, Figs. 8-10, 1 1.

OliVwdin Knn/eri. I.iitUcn, Vid. Mwia.l. 1--" I, 1'. ^■

(•;,/,;,„•„ .,a-!oa, Foi-Lca, SutLerlMiuV. .I"urn. Voy:is,' ]'.:.flin-s Ihy, App.'ml.x.

A .vpi,.al specimen should have the outline of the disk, seen from above, perfectly
circnlar,\ithou avm-notches and without straight lines to th.. n.argn. ot the ,nterrad,al
ZZ Vhe disk is slightly tumid above; and the sharp margnr merge, .nto a men
rgely scaled and flatter under-disk. Disk tessellated with encular plates, one ,n b
entre five around at son,e distance, and a few others, but all separate and ornamented
itl r;diatin. lines of cells, all being surrounded and overlapped by a dern, oi nunut
d. lar «cai; c.-llular in aspect. The radial shields, which are v.de apart are larg
In the other plates, narrowest aborally and broadest w.tlnn ; obb,,uely placed, then
d" 1 end beinj arched and free ; and between then, und..- the derm, --.p- -d,-
, ,tarv upper rrm-plates. There are distinct radial scales project.ng beyond the ,a lu 1
^^ aii on theil distal edge from 5 to 7 spiuules with narrow b,.es swoHen cyluKho-
:!Ll trunks, and rather angular and sharp terminations are v.sd.le IJ- "- "
r w • and there are others in some instances projecting ir.un the cells of the de.n.
between the radial shields, and, deeper still, fron. the rudnuen.ary upper ann-plates

The nt.per arn-plates, broad, short, and convex near the d>.k, lorn. mucO. of the

arm; d i:; the firs; five or six largo ones are cove.d wUh a row of sma^ er

Z .les than tbo^e on the edge of the disk, which project along the l.ne of and close

t e arm, extending, in some, along the whole d.stal curve. After the fourth they

,li.b in number ; and one or two only are seen on the s,x ar,n-ph.tes further on

The upper avn.pUUes increase gradually in length, and only d,nnn,sb,n breadth

f,von and t last become n.ove or less triangular in outlhu-. wluUt nn..e at .hefp they

!:itng! nanow, triangular, and separated by the side arn.-plate. In son,e specnnens

there are no spiuules on the upper arm-plates.

iLath 'the scaling is larger and overlapping in the n.terbraclual spaces, and .

on ON THE ECHINODFJIMATA OF THE

often large near the mouth-shields; and the junction of the two kinds of scaling at tlie
margin is sharii.

A row of spinules is often (hut not always) seen along the generative slit, and is
continuous witli tliat seen above the arm.

The mouth-sliields are distant fioin the edge, and are boldly curved and almost
circular, excei)t orally, where they are produced into an angle ; and there arc many
variations of this sliape. Tlie side inoutli-shiclds arc small, swollen and enlarged
where they impinge against the first side arm-plate ; and tliey end between the first two
tentacle-openings visible under the arm. Tlicy are united orally in some instances ; but
as a rule the union is not perfect ; and each carries a broad sliort stale which i)rotects
the large first arm-tentacle, and which may be divided into two or even tluee parts.
Tiu- jaws are often slightly separated in front of the side arm.i)lates ; and tlu'y are
swollen just within the large and often triangular-looking jaw-plate. There are lour
or five mouth-papillic on each jaw-margin, the aboral being broad and short, and the
others more or less spiniform or spear-headcd. A large papilla is below the true
teeth on each jaw-angle ; and it and one on either side are to be seen on tiie jaw-
plate.

The tentacular openings are very large ; and the first under the arm opens, as it
were, along the side of the jaw. Tlie tcntadc-scalcs are few, and like broad plates-
there being not often more than two on tlie side arm-plate, and two or three on the
side mouth-shield.

The special characters of Ojijliioden scrkcinn, as given by Lyman, are : — " Arms three
'o four times the length of the diameter of the disk ; two upper spines much the
longest ; papilke of arm evenly continuous, 1-1 upper arm-plates bearing papilUe."

The main variation which we have noted in the Arctic specimens of this species
consists in the greater length of the arm-spines as compared with those of more southern
examples. In a specimen 0'2 millims. in disk-diameter the length of the upper arm-
spine of the sixth joint was ISo niillim. (in one case 2-o millims.) ; in another, with a
diameter of disk of 85 millims,, the same spine was I'S niillim. long, three arm-joints
in this individual being exactly 2 millims. In addition to the above, variations occur in
the contour of the mouth-shields ; and in the larger examples considerable irregularity
is also found in the number and pojition of tlie mouth-papillu;. Amongst this collection
are several specimens having a very decidedly pentagonal form of disk. In our opinion
none of the above variations can be regarded as of greater morphological significance
than growth-pliases, or, at most, than individual variations. The largest specimen
obtained was 11 millims. in disk-diameter.

Numerous specimens were collected by botli of the naturalists of the Arctic
Expedition ; and one set was collected by Capt. Eeilden in Discovery IJay, 20 fms., hard
bottom, Cape Frazer, SO fms., and Hayes Point, o5 fms., bottom temperature 2'j"-5.
The others were in Mr. Hart's collection, from Discovery Bay, 10-20 fms., muddy
bottom, also at 11 fms. ; Franklin-Pierce Bay, lii-lo fms.

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WES'l" OF GREENLAND.

67

Description of the llhistrntions of tliis .Species on Plato IV.
Fig. S. Tlicui.iMTsiirf'iicc: sli<;htlyniat?iiifi(!(l.

!). Tho scaling of th.« ui-iicr inut ■ I Dm' <lisk an.l part of the arm : magruhtMl.
10. I'art of the undcriiart of the <U^k : mn!j;nifieil.
M. I'art of the disk-scaliii!,' : niii;,Miitie(l.

Genus AMPIIIURA, Forbes.

Antiihiiirn, Furln'S, I.inii. Tr;iiH. vol. xix. ixll'.

Di.k small an.l delicate, rover<.,l ^vith nakr.l overlapping scales, nn.l furnished with
uncovered radial shields. Teeth: no tooth-papillae; six (rarely eii,'ht) moulh-i.apdhe
to each aufile of the mouth. Arms sl.'nder, evrn, more or less flattened. Arm-spmes
short and regular along the sides of the arm-plates. Tuo g,.nital >hts.

AMiMiirUA IIoi.iUKi.Li, Lnt/,rn. Vlate TV, Figs. l.J-17.
J,„l.l,l,n:i ir„ll.„lli, I.iilU.'ii, Viil. Mr.ld.. N"v. \-r,\. p. iis.
The n.outh-papilhe are six to each a„:,d. <( th.- mouth (the two innermost stoutest
and pointing to the centre of the mouth), and are ohlong and running upwards towards
the teeth. Th.' innermost papilla is attached to the side mouth-shield ; it is small, ilat,
with a curved cutting-ed:,^e, and is long and sharp like a c:n ne tooth. Teeth f,>ur :
two np,.ermo.t lai-o, flat, l.mger than hroad, squarish, rather thick, presenting a hmad
free Mirfa<'e. Mouth-shh'hls rounded, truncati.l, and narrower without ; and madreponc
shield the largest, an.l with p..res .,u its ..Ig... Si.le m.)uth-shields large, hroad. and
trian-ular, with all their si.l.'s irenfringly curv.'d, meetimr within, an.l also tluur
nei'dih.Hirs, between the first an.l Mcond lUid.'r arm-plates.

Only a single speciuum .,f .I.'/'/''"''" ""^ tak..n in hi^d. latitudes ; and this, although
it differs 'slightly from th.. tN p.- form in th.. r..lali^.■ measurements of certain pomts of
detail, we have little h.'sitatiou in assigning to Dr. i.utken's species, the variations in
onr opinion, not being of gr.^ater importance than such as we should regar.l as dependent
on locality an.l conditions of life.

The 'solitary specini..u was f.um.l in Franklin-Pierce l$ay in 15 fathoms, the tempo-
rature being 'iO''-.^ Fahr., and presents the following chara.ters :—

\u Aniphinm with disk h^bed ; ra.liai shiel.ls h.ng an.l narr.)W ; mouth-shields
rounde.l; si.le mouth-shields large, subtriaugnlar, with the si.l.^s reentermg an.l angles
rounded. Three pairs of mouth-papilhe, the middle ..„es placl higher than the others.
Uiuler arm-plates pentagonal. One tentacle-scale, r.mn.led. Ani.-sp.n..s three. .r tour
Th.' arms ore less broad, and take their .nigin in a more.le.'ply reeiiteni.g curve of
the .lisk-mar-nn ; the radial shiehls are narr..wer ; and the breadth of upp.'r arm-plates,
in pr..i.orti..n to their length, is less than in the type forms, as the following ni.asurc-
nu^uts will indicate :-Diameter of disk 8 nullims. ; radial shield, l.■n^4ll l-:i ni.lhm.,
l,r,.udth (I-:;.-. miUim.; sixth upper arm-plate, l.nigth UO millim., breadth d'O mill.ni.
The spines are hollow cylinders, stout, blunt, and but slightly tapering ; the upper spme on

K 2

G8

ON THE ECIIIXODKUMATA OF THE

each sidc-platc taiu-rs most. Thu liist tiltofii unn-juints buar louv spiiit's, the succeeding

joints three only.

An interesting feature connected with this specimen is worthy of record, and is
one whidi dois not ai)i)ear to have been noted liy prcN ious observers. Tlie central spines
are more or le>s tiattcniMl thronyhout their whole length ; and ut the tip, comiuessiou
ha* been carried to sudi a degree as to form a thin and somewhat expandeil head -a
jK-culiarity which is at once suggestive of a characteristic si>iiie-appendage possessed by
A.Jiliformii; and although, in the specimen under notice, this structural feature is by
no means so fully <h\(l(.ped a> in that Ophiuran, it is still sufhciently marked to inipre.-s
ujKjn the mind the near relationship .>f the two species, and tlie community of their
,le,„.nt— an hypotiu-is uhicli is al.-o further strengthened by the association of both the
form:: in more southern waters.

bescr'qitiun of the llluKti-tiHnK.^ of fliix Sjiccics on Plate IV.
Eig. I'l. I'art of the underpurt of the disk : niagnirted.
K'j. If iidial shields : magnified.
17. fside \ iew of the arm ; magnified.

(ienus OI'IIIACIANTHA, ^Jiillcr tt- Troxdiel.

O/.hiimnllt'i, Mullcr i'^ Tr..scUil, Sysl. .\st. Ih4l'.

Disk with little thorny s|)ines. Radial shields covered. Teeth ; mouth-papilUe :
no tooth-papilltc. Spines muiierous, slender, minutely thorny, arranged on the sides of
the -ide arm-plate. Side arm-plates meeting lu'arly, or tiuite, above and below. Two
geniul slit-, beginning outside the mouth-shields. {Li/man, o[). cit.)

OPUiAtAMiiA si'L\Li.osA, Mnlhr S- Ti-vDilicl. riatc IV', Eigs. 11-13.

Oi-hiiunr,th,i fj,iiitih,.ii(, .MiiUcr iS; Tnisclicl, Svbt. A.st. Isll', p. 107.

An (iphiarrinfhn with disk covered with snudl round scales, eadi hearing a small
fchori spineht. Radial shiehls very obscure, sometimes (luite covered. No disk-incision ;
and the dorsal membrane is i)rolonged over the base of the rays. Mouth-shields twice
as broad as long, irregular ovate. Side mouth-shields long, narrow, arched, and meeting
within. Under arm-]ilates heptagonal or snb-heptagonal ; breadth equal to length.
Dorsal arm-plates triangular. Side arm-plates meeting above and below. Spines
7 or b, long, thin, and denticulate, placed on a keel.

A greater number of this Ophiuran were brought home by the British .\rctic
ExiR-<litii.n of l^T-J-O than of any (jtlier Echinoderm. The specimens range in size
from those having a di-.k-diameter of 10 millims. to the young form of only 3 millims.,
and conserpiently funiish a most instructive series.

The variation- dtpenilent on growth are very considerable, so much so that isolated
sijecimens taken from different stages in the series might easily be regarded as affording
the tyiH.-iof distinct species. Conclusive ])roof has been furnished by the material which
we have had at our disposal that the 0. <im:nl<tiidlrn, M. & T., luid the 0. firdicu,
M. & T., are untenable spec ies, as Dr. Liilken has already pointed out ; and, further,

AlUTIC SKA TO THE WKST 01' fillEllNI.AM).

U'J

timt the characters which hud liitlierto been lonkt'il upon ns of spccitiu value, arc not,
as tliat cniincnt autliority seems to infer, even variations such as can l)e riKarde.l iu
(le[.en(lenl on ili<tril)ulion, but must bu consiilered .sinii.ly the pliases incidental to afje,
together witii oiilinary indivi(hiid variation.

Amongst tlie specimens procured by tlie naturalists of II.M.SS. 'Alert' and
'Discovery' there are many iiresentiug features developed in a manner which might he
regarded as " idtrasi>ecitic " when compared with the previously recognized moditicatious
of this " form." In the [nesent state of knowledge, however, it seems preferalde to
comprehend them uiu!(.'r O. ^i,ii,iihm'i of Muller and Trofthel, rather tiuin to burden
further the nomenclature with novel designations.

The mouth-shielils and the uniler arm-plates in this spocii's are suliject to very
considerable changes an<l variations, both in contour and in their relative proportions of
leiigti. to breadth. In large imd adult specimens the number and arrangement of the
moutli-papilhe is also iiregular, and not only is there a frequent increase in numlau- in
the .irdinal horizontal series, Imt there is also a great tendency towards reduplication of
certain papilhe in the vertical axis of tiie Ophiuran. This seems to arise from the
longitudinal cleavage of preexisting |)a|>illa'.

In young individuals the spinelets of the disk are proportionally long, five or six
times their own diameter, and present all the appearances of ordinary embryonic spines.
During the progress of growth, howevev, increase is made in thickness only ; so that
when maturity is attaiiu'd, and the spineL'ts, along with tlie disk, are invested with the
semitransparent leathery mend.rane of tiie body, the appearance is more that of short
stumpy prominences than of actual spines— a deception which at hrst sight gives a totally
diif'erent character to the Ophiuran.

Coll. leilden: Di.scovery Hay, 'i-. fras., hard bot:om ; Cape Frazer, cSQ fms. ;
Franklin-l'icrce Bay, 1-5 fms., temperature 2',i '5 Fahr. Coll. Hart: Franklin-l'ierce
Bay, 13-15 f'ms., bottom stony.

lJc»cripfivn of the lUusfrafions of this Species on J'late IN'.
Fi". II. The upper surface: natural size.

yi. Part of the nnder surface : magnitied.
i;;. The spines on the disk : magnitied.

ASTKOrilYTlD-E.
AsTROi'iiYTOX AciASSizii, Utimpsoii. Plate \, Figs. 1-Ort.

IMU. Uor.ion.uviMH, mrlirus, L.ulIi, Itoas's Vcynge of Discovery inU.M.SS. ' Isab.Ua' aud '.UoxaiiJcr,

vol. ii. .Vinit'iiil. No. iv. p. 17^.
1841. Ktiryah scutaliiin, aould (mm lilaimilU), Invfil. of >rass.V'lm>utts, j). :*) J.
1»5;». AstrojihtitunAifnssizii, »iimpaun,)iyi\. Mar. Invert. Cmiiil Maiiaii, ii. 1-.
ISH,-,. Aslroj.h/hm A./Ms!:!!, Lyman, 111. Cat. Mils. Cumii. Zool. lliirvarJ, i. p. iMi.
Ihdil. AstrUfUiihni A;/,(!>fi:ii, VerriU, rroeocd. Iteton Soc. Xiit. Hist. vol. x. 1>. :i-14.
1m;i1. AMrn^Juiloa Ajimlzii. l.jun-maii, OlVers. K. Vel.-.VkaJ. FerJlianill. iMlii, p. liyO.
l&liW. Mlro^'h^/loii Ajassizii, LulUeii, \idcu»k, !?el»k. bkr. Uiekkc 5, lid. 8, ii. p. Uli.

70

0\ THE EC'TIIXODER^[ ATA OF THE

ISTfi. A.ili-o/>hi/ton Ji/'i.fsl:!i, Xorniaii, Proc. Koy. Soc. vol. XXT. p. 2ii8.

1877. Aflrophtitoii Aijnmzil, I.ymnn, Proceed, liostoii Sue. Xnt. Hist. veil. xix. i>. ^(\•2.

l'^77. Aati'0]ih>itOii arellaiiii, Suiilli, JtS.

Disk witli prominent radial ribs, wliich taper sliithtly tciwards their inner
extremities, and reach nearly to the centre. — their outer extremities forming a hold
protuberance at the margin of the disk, above tlie junction of the rays. The ribs
bear a number of irregularly disposed, short, conical spineleta, or sjiiniform tubercles.
The disk is covered with a leathi'ry r,kin ; and upon the iiiterradial spaces, which are
smooth and well shield-siiaped, a few granules are present. Mouth-shieh's either
quite insignificant or aborted, 'i'lie side mouth-jjlates, whicli are large and irregularly
jjvriform in outline, meet along the greater portion of their a]i[»()se(l sides. Tlie jaw.s
(.iciitvlln oriilia) are neiii'ly as large as the siile mouth-iilates, sutitriangular in form,
and touch along tlieir a]iposed sides, exce|)l for a short ilistance at tlie aboral extniuily
of the .same. In spirit it is difficult and oft'a impossible to di.stiii!,'uish the various
parts, in consequence of the thick investin:,' skin. Moutli-])api]lir and tooth-pajiillie,
which are spiniform and slightly taperinu:, are nudist ini^uishalde in form ; 0-1(1, wiiicli
may, by their position, be classed as the former, are disposed on the man^'in of tlie
jaw-]>late. whilst an irregular group stands in llie place of tootli-]iapillie. The
interlirai liial spaces on the actinal surface contain a few calcareous plates or
scales; and at the extreme margin a closely aggregated number of tluse plates form
a band which divides tlu.' upper and lower s\nl'aces of the (li~lv. Inder arm-plates
variable and divided; side arm-plates liroad and baml-likt'. The tentacle-scales, which
are s])iniform and not flattened, are Ufirmally four in eacli scries, this number being
diminished by one or two nu the ponion of the ray below the first forking. Itays
forked dicliotomously, tlie portions between the forks being couqiaiatively long and
une(|ual in Iciigth. I'pper surface of the rays granulated, each joint being marked
off by a suture-like depression, and the granules being gatherei into a saddle-like
point on the sides of ( ach joint. A similar sutural de|)ression or furrow traverses the
dorsal median line of the lay. Towanls the extremity the granules form a regular
doidjle series round the joint, the space between n<'ighl)ouring .series being several
times the breadth of the liaiid. Ihese granules havi- clnw-lik(> booklets articiilated
u])on tlieiii, which are attaclieil to a ri^dit- and left-li;niil knob alternately, and are
present in greatest numbers towards the terminal jiortioii of ilie rays. The ray up
to the first forkini,' has but very few grannies, the t,tcni next the disk being covered
with a tlii(k investing membrane.

Cohiiir. — According to Stimpson, the radial ril)s are yellow, and the inferl)rachial
sjiaces brown, in tlie living animal. In dried exam|iles the ribs are a yellowish brown,
the rays being somcwliat lii;iiler in shade, and the interbracliial spaces a rich dark
brown. In spirit pieparations this diU'erence is li'ss marked, and fre(|nentl\ destro)('<l
altogether.

IxviiKirJis. — In the preliminary Iteport on the Ivhinndcrniata collected during
the Arctic Expedition of Ks7-V(; (.\iin, vV: Mai;-. Nat, lli.st. ser. 1, vol. xx. p. 1<1>), an

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GREENLAND.

71

example belonRing to tliis species was citel under the name of A. ayctlom, Leach,
the writers, as there stated, not hiivin- had at the time an opportunity of seoin- the
specimen. Upon subsequent examination tlu A.^fn,j,/,t/fon in (piestion, which had
been dred-ed off West .ireenland by Mr. A. C. Horner (who aecomi)anied^Sir .Vilau
Young iu the randova '), at a depth of (100 fatlioms in Smith's Sounu, lat. lb' 10' N.,
long. 74' 30' W., was foiuul to be identical witli the si>rcies which had been described
by Stimi)S(m as A. Aijm'^'izii, a form not, uncommon in the Arctic Seas of (ireenland
and North America. Careful and thorough search was then made for Leach's type
specimen of (ion/onorriJm/n.s nrrfin,.-; (..htaiued by Sir John Ross), which was
deposited in the British Museum. I'rof. F. .leffn-y Bell very kindly took much trouble!
„n our account, and rendered every assistance in his j.ower by carefully looking up
idl the sp'cimens in the national collection. Unfortunately it is impossible to say
witli certainty that the object of our <iue^t was found. An oUl dried sp.cimen. however,
is still extant which is xnpimseil to be Leach's type, and which, from its fragile nature,
has never been moved since it was originally set out l>>/ hin. This is at len-t^ the
traditional (!) repri'sentative of (u,r;iom,reiihnb'>i m-cflcus; for it is without ticket ot any
kind. Allhon-b this absolute evidence is wanting, there appears to be little doubt about
the correctness of the supposition. This old specimen would .seem to be un.pu^stionably
r.>ferable to Stimi)son's species, and aUo to accord most closely with the extimple which
forms the subject of the present remarks. If, therefore, the s;iecimen above
nientione.l he really the Coyjoimrrhaln:^ n,:fir„s of l.each, that name anJ AMro^'hiiton
A(/'tasi:'i of Stimpson will stand as synonyinous terms.

AVe (luote in full the original d'ia-nosis given by J)r. Leach ; as a further evidence
m support of our views, and also as a testimony to the careful study and acumen <.t
Mr. Edgar A. Smith, uho was the first to refer to this hitherto overlooked and almost
forgott' n description : —

"(ienus (joudoNocKi'iiAi.r.s, Leaeh (L^l'O- Kun/ak'- Lamarck (1810).
"Species Airticu.^. Corpore supra radiatim costato : costis tuberculatis, radus
longissimis, fnuibus, supra granululis ; articulis (apicalihus pnesertun)
distinctissimis."*
From the brevity and andii-uitv of this description, together with, the element
of uncTtamtv which is now inseparul.le from the t; pe, and wl-.'h can never be
.leared awav,\ve do not f.vl iustdied in rest.uing 1 »r. LcacV-': uume in the tuce ot the
present uniivrsal adoption of Dr. Siimps,m's; idthough, if all points were e-iiud, the
former would undoubtedly claim priority.

LUslnhiifion.
a. Northward -7- ^^nuth', Sound: Lat. 7^° L'' N„ long. 71' oO' W., 000 fms.

• • A V«y«|«- ..»■ Di».-"r..ry in Il.M.SS. • ).al..-Utt' uml ' .Vl.'.x.i.HkT ' f>.r tho imri^sc of oxl-luring Ihtliirs
B„y nn.l ..n,|,ir.n^ i.ao IIk' vrol-aLiUl)- of a .NorlU-wost l'a»suj!0.' By Jol.n Hos., vl?l!t), Vol. i.. ^Ai-i.-ua.
>'o. iv. liv \\. t. U'liili . [1. ITS.

72

OX THE FX'IIIXODKRMATA OF THE

[Ilorncr in ' Pandora '), the most northoni localitj' on record. Lat. 7.T "7' N.,
long. 77' 25' "W., 800 fnis. {Sir John lius^]. Off Hiire Island, Waigat Strait, lat. 70"
30' N., 175fras. ('VahroiiK' E.rjml.).

b. Xorfh of American Continent: Gnlf nf St. Ln^vrpncc (7;?/»ww, Terrill). Grand
Manan, 30 fms. (Verri/l). Easti)ort, at Imv water of spring tides amongst rocks
(mostly small specimens), and abundantly (all sizes) in I o-^O fms., shelly and stony
bottom (Verrill). Cape C"od (Atvoo'l, fide J.iiinan).

c. 2sorth of European Continent: Vadso. Kinniark (A^'/toi).

Dexrription of tlie IJIiixtnitions of tliirt Species on Tlate \'.

Fig. 1. Aliactinal asjieet of the animal: rednced alxmt one third.

2. One mouth-angle of a much smaller s|)e(imen ; magnified.

3. lV)rtion of a ray, ahactinal aspect : magnified.

4. Portion of ; ray below the first forking, aetinal aspect : nnignified.

5. Portion of a ray, side view : magnified.

Ci. Portion of a ray near the extremity : magnified.
Off. One of the Uouklets; magnitied.

ARCTIC SEA TO THE ^VEST OF GllEENLAXD.

CRINOIDEA.

TiiniCF. species of Comatnlsr wore obtaiiird in higli latitudes during' the IJrirish Arctic
Kxiirdition (if 187r,-^T<i. under Capt. Sir ( i. S. Niire:^. 'Ihese were Anfcdon E.-^rluirhfii
(tlie widely distributeil nortliern form), A. rcltir,,. and a new si)ecies dredged iu Dis-
covery liny. Respecting the general occurrence of the Crinoidea within the Arctic
Circle, or even within the area treated of in the jiresent memoir, we shall refrain trutn
sjuakinu', as, unfortunately, this group has hitherto been much negleeicd by naturalists,
either from the dilliculty of obtaiuin- material in a satisfactory state of preservation,
or from the complexity of tli.' subject itself. Finni tliis cause little c.mtidencc can be
placed in many of the detcnninati(ms.

Air. I'. Herbert ('ar|ienter is at pn-mt en-aged in a critical investigation of the
Comatuhe ; and bavin- had the opportunity of exaudning very extensive series of spe-
cimens (am.MWst oth.'rs those of the " Challenger ' Expedition, of which he has already
published a preliminary report*), we feel that th- result of his labours, wi,en completed,
will embrace an amount of actu.al knowl.Mlg,' which, iu comparison with an analysis ot
the confused determinations of previous writ.Ms, will j.rovc to be so much more trust-
worthy and acceptable to bi.dogists at large, that no further remark upou our rc-ticencc
in tliat directinii will be necessary.

A.VTEDoN P^scniiu iiTii [MnUrr), Vrrril'. Plato VL figs. 1-4.

1-11. Al,,l; hMi,-!,htii. Mu]]cr. .\riliiv t. .ViiUirpcs.li.. J.-ihr;;. vii. v..I. i. \\ 1 4l'.

l-.-.:!. Jl.i-hi hM-ln-irhii,. ^<tim|>^"Il. Ntiir. Invert, (ii.ui.l MMiiiin, \>. 1-'.

l-.-.T. AI..I:. [■Mhri.hlil, I.iitkcn. Vi,l. M-.Mrl. N. fnivninL- i Kj..l*nlia™. ]<>7, r- ■''>■

\yi\-J. V.,.„aU.h, K-,-l„-;.-l,t<:. Dujanlin .V llui". Hi-'- -Viit- Zn-tli- Ktliin...l.rims. i,. ]:"■>.

l^Cd. J„ir,l„i Kvlirichi::. V.rrill. I'rocT.l. I!..st..n Sue. N ,t. lli-t, ^•'l v. p. ''i-'''

Dorsocentral sen>iLdr:bular, clos,.ly covered v ;h a ^vat numb.-r of . rri. a iiun-
,ln.l pits bein- present iu lar-e specimens. Fv, .luently, in old examples, ,Ue imme-
diate apex is smooth and not pitted; and ■.,,metiiues this portion of th.> idate is sightly
indented, formin- a little imllow or depression, surrounded on all sides b> . irri.

The lirst radial is invisi!,!,. (or with only th.- smallest trace to be seen at the sid.'s
in small examplesK the .s.'cond ra<lia! app.ars nn tlie outer surface .mly as a very short,
thin plate ai the mai-iu of the dorsocentral. and is seen b. thicken at the sides as it
ivced.'s inwards; the third (or axillary) radial is a large. .-.MispHUoiis plate, riiomboul ,.r
somewhat diamond-shaped in external contour. hMiglh greater than the breadth ; the
sloping sid.'s, which diverge from the distal an^de on the margins of the articular htcet
being somewhat incurved and sligl'.lly longer than tlu' lower sid, s. which j<nn to form
the proximal an-le, the-e latter sides being incurved f.r tluir distal halt and then -race-
fully bent outwards to form the slightly roumled proximal angle. Considerable variation

» I'roc. lioy. |suc. no. I'Jl, 1>7'.', 1'. M'-'--

74

OX TIIK KCIIINODF.UMATA OF THE

is to be iound in difttn-ont spcciineiis in this lower unylc ; and when very (,l)tnso a nnieli
smaller relative proportion of the leni^th of tlu' plate lies below a liori/ontal line drawn
ihronirh the lateral angles, than is the case when tlie proximal angle is smaller.

Tiie first brachial joint is short and cnneiform ; the second often as lonu; as, or even
longer than, broad ; the proximal nnirgin forming a fairly acnte angle in the prolile
contonr of the plate. This joint has also the apjieuranco of being very considerably
twisted round to the front ; m> tliat the afore-mentioned proximal angle is fonnd opposite
the nuddle part of the margin of the horizontal suture of ilie lir^t brachial, when seen
from the front. The third brachial is a comparatively short joint, of nearly wpial
length at either side, and bears the first syzygy. The succeeding joints of the ray have;
their longer side shorter than their -breadth, and taper wedgo-form to the other side,—
their ])rntih', when seen IVoni llie exact median line of the ray, being regularly triangular.
On the lower portion of the ray, the angle formed by the longer side of the arm-joints
and the proximal suture is prolonged into a jM-ominent peak, which is also brought
sonu'whut forwards. The neighbouring joint has a little corresponding projection or
lip, upon which this articulates; and owing to this structure, a semitubercular or knobby
cluuacter is given to the lower portion of the ray, which is highly characteristic of tlu;
present species. The rays are very robust, and nuiintain tliis character throughout.
Towards the extremities the joints beconu> very short, and their breadth equal to
several times the lengtli of their longer side. Syzygies occur on the ord, 8th, 12th,
15th, 18th bradiial joint, and so on— the lirst two being very constant, the third S(mie-
times varying imto the llth or lotli joint ; in the latter case the lu^xt sy/ygy does
not occiu- till the l8th brachial is reached.

The pinnules are very rolmst. Hid being present on the one side of an arm of a
moderate-sized specimen ; and tlu' joints are more or le-s comi)ress(Ml. Tlie first five oy
six upon the ray have the flattened dorsal prominences which give the peculiar saw-like
character mentioned by .M iiUer and others. .Vs a rule, the lowest pimuiles in tills species
are of fairly uniform lengtli, increasing slightly as tli(>y proceed along the ray ; sonm-
tiincs. however, the first jiinnule is somewhat longer than its immediate successors;
but there is no great disparity in the second and tliird, such as occurs in the two next
species.

Ill a first pinnule, measuring 2(1 niillinis., were lo joints; in aiii'ther, a fracti(m
longer, ix j.^ints; and the third and fifth pinnules measured, within a fraction, the same
leie'th. A pinnule taken midway along the ray was 25 milliius., and had '.W joints— iu
this position the joints being relatively longer and mere cylindrical, ami their distal
margin finely denticulate. In all the pinnules alter tiie first eight or (en, tlie two
lowest joints are vi ry much larger than the rest, and they maintain this disparity
throughout the ray ; their form, also, is noteworthy, the first or articulatory joint being
very cominessed and somewhat hallmooii-shaped, whilst the proximal margin of the
second joint is ;ilso eoiisideialily iniurved, so that a large vacant space is left between
the two joints, whii h is occupied by musile or ligament,- these first two joints being
the only ones that preserve along the ray the slightest trace of the dorsal carina',
\\hi(li liive 'i-wi ineiitloned aboNC as characteristic of the joints of il.. entire

AUCriC SEA TO THE WE<T OF GREEXI.AM*.

I-)

pinnule at the romiTiencrm>'nt of the sent*. Tt.*- wiral ^acs attuelied to the pinnuhs
;u'(: liiifxi' and thick— a civfunistanci- which, ia tocjnnctiou with the ch)S(_'iii'-.s of the
pinnulis to one anothiT, adds to the com^iSfCt tEfl »Ii-tiit charai;ter of the iiliiiue t:'. a
whoh'.

'I'lie dorsal cirri are lonp: and rolmst; ;.mu :ii'.— ■ant-i ara -lightly compressed, dm-
siderable variation occurs in the kii<,nb Mid im ih-i numhor of the joints. A h^vix
exaniplr nica-urint; W Miillims., contained 4i jfOTBte; and another, on the same sp^rimen,
ahout half that length, had ::;2. The ionj.-^t-rt >.mN, which commence at about the
]2th from till' base, are f.vice as lon<r a* Wi.&'L and iii<^ somewhat dicebox-slmpcd,
Hh- proportion of leii-th to brea^llh dimini^iH:? rapifHy towards the extremity, 'i'ho
terminal joint consists of u robu'^t cki-.v aO • _■ ■ ''. • preoedin- j.>int ; the penultimate
joint bears no secondary claw, but simply i ,■ ■ .. t.'srin tui- '-x-ned and pi'oduced into
a sharp an^k — a development which also oK"ir* to a certsun extent on r^everal of the
preceding joints.

Ldcdiifi/. — Era!ilvlin-1 'icrce I'.ay (FiihltuX

iMwrqifi'iii of f/ie inrnfm-fi'i- '" •" '• if^CM« on Plate VL

Ei;,'. I. AiiMon E-vhrichfii: natund -

'1. Diagrammatic sketch of th' ' -.

i). l-ixtremity of one of the Uoisil tiii. - flaagciiied.

'1. A first pinnule: magnified.

A.\t;;iio,\ (•i:i.tii\ [Ilnn-dt), Nonnrrri. Plate VT. %»^ 5 & 0.

I -.-.:. Cm'ii'ilii n'm'rwn::h:i, Uiirr<-li, Ann. A: M«£^ XiS, lEst. '• r, :.'. vol. xi\-, p. :iL'. i.l. vii. f. I iiion

1 -.',7. ComatuU ciltlea, Ilnrrett, Xnu. & Mnc. >"«L Mvtl.. vr. i rA. xt. p. 41.

l-i;.-.. Ai.lchn eellicii.9, Norman. .Vnii. o; ilsiC. N^- l""^ "^ -'• ^"1- *'"■ P- !"-■•

1 -77. Aniflon alt!,-i,s, MarcuzeUer. Dei-U.-li. k •-■teh. Wien, li.l. xxxv. p. 1' t (s,.par.itc copy).

Dorsoceutral semiglobular or hei!m.'--p&eTiWi*iL awl somewluit tlattene.l*. Sixty
to seventy cirrus-pits may be traced on ih^ fpeciraens umler notice. -\ cirrus
measuring K) millims. in uniith has :J> jo;;.'-- '.h--^ are somewhat flattem'd : and the
kmscst occurs at about the '.'th or lOtii, v vice as long a.s broad-this propor-

tion gra.hially decreasing as tliev approac' ■ mity, where the breadtli is greater

tlian'^the length. The terminal joint is si ; -.v. longer than the preceding joint,

\\hnh has the opposed margin angulat.«! »iinl sJarpened, but not enough to form a
secondary claw. In the .mailer cirri. 1 "'u- sharpened joint is more c,.n-

spicunus! In the shorter cirri, which u: .- kdf the length of those aliove

mentioned, the average nundjer of joints k »1*wb8 i5, and the di-tal extremity of ea.ch
joint is broader than the pr.iximal which aext «*£iWe.ls in a more marked degree tlian
in the older cirri.

• Mr. I'. Ilnlicrt C^iriiciittT has fipurcd util
ciwinis (Trans. I.iiin. Snc. Zmil. scr. 2, u>\. Ii
. \nniplus, whiili me;uuri' ittwut 13.j luillini'B. i:. . ,-

■.in elougnto mill ihhihiiI in yoim,:; ?|ii'-
. trace of this 3h:iin' iviuain-i in our

L-1

76

OX THE ECIITNODEKMATA OF THE

TIiP thiTi' radial plates arc visible: tlif first is a very short band-like pluto at tlio
margin of the crntrodoisul ; the second is ci)mi)aratively loiij,', and diniiiii-lies with a
soinowhat rajjid but j.'rarei'ul ciirvi' into a neck-like form at thi' (bstal extremity upon
vliicb the axillary radial is articulated; and there occurs in the median dorsal liiu" ii
sliiiht prominence or lip opjjosed to tiie ])r()xinial angle of the axillary. Tliis latter,
which is the third radial Mlate, is ((iiadrately diamond-shaped in its outer contour,
and somewhat broader than long, the distal angh? being more obtuse and the margins
of the distal facets much less incuived tiian in the preceding species. The first
bra^hi:'ls are also relatively longer and more conspicuous than in y]. Esrhrichtii ; and
th : seconu brachials are subtriangul.ir or even subcrescentiform in i)rohle (as seen from
out. ide), ana are broader than 1 ng, their apex being b -ouglit forward very consicUrably
:o fh," front. J'he third brachial, which b sirs the first sy/.ygy, is nearly as loni; as
broad. At '.one distance ,'rom the disk the j(.ints of the ray are almost as long at their
deepest pan i ■ "»i theii h nger si('e) as they are broad, the length of the shorter side
being, perhaps, rai'i.'r more than (lie tiiird of the breadth on the lower third of the
ray. The sutun s of . l;e joints are ni.*; nearly so much inclined as in A. Eschriihfii ; and
the joints ibmiuish in li'ngfli as they approad' the extremity of the ray. ,Sy/.ygies
occur nori»Mlly on the : ;d, 8tii, kith, l"ith l)iai hia!, and so on — although the second is
sometimes found on the ^'tl'. the third on tlie l^ith or I 1th, and the fourth on the itUli
or 17th brachial joii :.

S(l-'.)() pinHHK'< o( cur along one side of a ray. The arms, as a wliole, are long,
tapering, and decidedly delicate in character, altliough so niinierou-ly ])iiniulated ;
whilst the narrowness of tlie calyx, the angle of ray-attachment, and the comparative
bhoitness of the jiinnuK s give a very long and narrow appearanic to tlie closed plume.

The first and second pinnules are ecpial in ivngtii. measuriii;,' I "i millims., and
contain ."(i joints each. The tliird iiiiinule is vei) much smaller, being siarcely
11 millims. long, an<l with only 'Ji! joints. One ficin the middle of the ray has like-
wise I'o joints, and tseasures lo to l(i millims. long. In another specimen the tirst
pinnule had :i7 joints, and the third I.S. Tlie joints on the iiroximal third of the ttrst
three pinnules have the iU>rsa) side produceil into flatteiic 1 processes, similar to tho.se
'evoloped much HBoie prowiuently Ik tl««' last species. The pinnules bevond the tirst
tiltfioe have verj: *!tiiuch longer joihSs i»s will W seen by reference to the measures
ubwc given ; ajhi these are also ii»i>rc cylindrical in shape. In these pinnules, further-
moR', the fir>it two joints are awwh Hatter, broa<l<'r, and shorter than the rest, but do not
prcsi'Ut tilK' coM^p«fuous chmw-te* noted in A. Etfcln-iclilii. The ovarial sacs are thin,
delieats. »i»*l -<k'**iinaiispiii'euj,., presenting » very lumked difference in cuuipurisou «ith
tb«st of fttoe teaner specie's.

i!fewii««ifes— It is T«.»t witkh'mt c<i«ii>ideraKK' hesitation tiial we havf referred the form
HM)t«r not;wi, to IgnnvMs S[xi.Tes; ivr the original diiit-nosis is so meitrre that little can
W Ktade (ml <»f it. Dr. Hiare»}H'li|f»T, howwer, has gi\en a [lerlectii. inteluyibli and
HMt' C(>im»rehensive skfteli of (wfwt is J» our o[iiliioii) the smw specie-, ill the
ttesicriptian which iWfompanies hjs tk-^irmiliiation of examples (ditaiued by th*- .Vu.>tr(.)-
IH'iiiuiwraui itercti*' Ex]iediti.in, >vi>h vvhivh specimens ours would .seem to accord in all
cssttiijal ual'titulars.

ARCTIC SEA TO THE WEST OF GIJEEXLAXD. 77

Mr. V. lI.Ml.crt CiiriHiitcr {/or. rif.) has entered witti ^reat tare and detail into
certain parts of the anatomical structure of aComatula referred to under this name ;
but no other writer, exceptin- those mentioned above, appears to have spoken of
A. ce/fira from a systematist's point of view*.

Lor>i/if>/, ct'v.-Discovery 15ay, hit. bl° 11' N., 20 fatlioms, hard bottom {Fcihle»)\
Eranklin-l'ieree Hay.

JJi.srrl/ifiou of the lllmtratiuns of tlik Sjiccics on Plate VI.

Fig. 5. Aii/ciloii rcl/irti : natural si'/e.

C. Diagrammatic sketch of the radial jilatis.

ANTi:iin\ I'Roi.iXA, S/fidcn, sp. nov. I'lalc \T, Figs. 7-10.

Dorsoeentral verv conoid, as long as, or longer than, broad, with four or tivc tier-^
of cirri arrangi'd one above the other, about til) to 70 all together being present ;
the apex having no pits, and presenting the app.arance of a s..rt of tubercular boss.
The cirri are r.Mnarkably h.ng and deli.'ate-one, with the extremity missing, measuring
08 miUinis. An.ither, 47 maiims. long, has forty jnints; and this appears to be the
avrage length and number. One of the small cirri (which is 21 millims.) has twenty-
nine i^.ints. The joints of the cirri are very Ion- and cylindrical, but narrower ni the
niiddh. than at the extremities; the eighth from the basal joint measures I'.fi nuUim.
long ami -4;) illiiu. broad, or four times as long as broad; the terminal joint is
n.odilied into a delicate claw ; and no actual secondary claw .iccurs at the extremity ot
the penultimate joint, only a slightly produced triangular peak.

The first radial is imt visible in front, only at the extreme sides, wlierc it may be
seen rising up towar.ls the interior. The second radial is of moderate length, lu-arly as
Ion- at tlu' sides as broad, and is not n;Meh (if at all) constricted at the distal extremity.
Tl.r third or axillary radial is very regularly .luadriform, phuvd diamond-wise (the
len-th brill- about ecpml to the breadth), and with all the si<lrs incurved. 'Hie farst
brachial is' eomparativelv loui.' ; the second loi-.ger than br.iad, and subtriatigular m
TBotile from the outside, the proximal an-le remaiuiiig in a much more lateral position
than in either of the prcTe.liug specie. ; the third brachial, which bears the hrst sy/.ygy,
is as lou« as, or longer than, broad; and the succee<ling joints ot the ray are all
comparatively lonu, and imrease in relative length towards the ..xtremity of the ray.
Sy/v-ies ucruv iKuniallv on the iird, 8th, 12ih. and every third joint beyond.

■ 'on the whole it mav be said that the ladials stand very high in this species, and
that t\u- ravs spring otf tVom them ucU separate.l into pairs -the rays being comparatively
thiu ami delicate in habit, and the piniiul.s being .seemingly placed wide apart, in
consi-<luence of the length of the joints.

• M,HT «-nliu(! tlio ..hove., w.. luvu hiul Ac opliortuiiily of «,u,L,nint.. .p«im..is wl.i.h wc n«e to the

k,u,ln,« ot Mr WwiLl.. Thomn a,.! wbkh h,.. in commoi. wi.li oUkt Il.iu.l. n.tunUiMs, 1„ls W;n m ilie

h,.l.,t ol' r,-«a>-,l,n, '^ .ho r.-p, nta.iv™ of .1. „7.V„. Thov are al.o.ollu.r .htlWont IVuni llio Conm.ulu hore

,l,.,,.:rilu.d. an.l r.»ombl.. to ,-, ecrt.iu ,lc,oo ,1,0 lor.u tli.t «. l.uvc iwau.J A. rr.M... but from b.tb ot vvbtA
I bey arc, ia our oatimatioii, a inrloitly Jistintt sijocios.

78

ON TlIK FX'KINODKiniATA OF THE

■11 pinnules urc jiri^sent on our NJd',' (jT tlic lonijcst unlirokcn niy, wliicli nicasnns
81) or "'T niillinis., — a little ])iiitiijn of the extrt'inity heiii;,' ^autin;,'. From the axillary
radial to the third by/\;,'y measures ll'O niillims. The first piniuile measures 10 milliiiis.
louir, with 'Jli or 27 joints ; the second is ver) short, heini;' (July '■'r'l'i niillims., and has
I I joints; the third is o niillims., with I 1 joints; the tenth S niillims., with 12 joints;
the twentieth about 1-1 niillims., with lU ox "Jd joints. In another example the lirst
three pinnules have li2, 15, and 14 joints respectively.

The joints of the pinnules are cylindrical and vt'ry lonu', excepting;' the tir^t six of
the first pinnule, wliich are little Ioniser than broad, and sli;,ditly compressed ; and the
throe or four lowest joints in the Hecoiid and tliird, wiiich are also short and somewhat
flattened, and diminisli rapidly in breadth at their dis'al extremities. 'I'lio secoml joint
of the pinnules along the ray is broad und rolnist in eoniparisoii with the rest; and the
proximal extremity is truncated on either side, so as to form a])]) nintly two sloping and
eonviTgiiig facets for the reception of ligament; owing to this eircunistance, and also
to the mode of their attachment, the pinnules ha\(' the senihlance of being placed
transversely upon the first joints ; and this presents a striking character about the
middle of the ray. Ovurial sacs tine, delicate, and chielly develojied on the [iroximal
third of the |iiiinule.

lit iiir/i7is. — The present species more nearly resembles .1. ^///'^/'«/'//"//(, Midler, of
the Mediterranean, than any other Couiatula with which the writer is acquainted.
That it is distinct, however, from that form will readily be seen from the preceding
description. It is altogether diifereiit from its Arctic congeners.

J,<iirilifi/i.{r.— AW the si)eciniens of this species were dredged by ('apt. II. W. lA'ildeii
during the llrilish Arctic F.x[iedition of Ks7-J-7ti, in Discovery I!a}, hit, Si 1 1' N,,
de[)th 'lo fathoms, hard bottom. AiitciJoa a/t/'-'t was also obtained in ( omiiany with
them.

iJcsm'jitioi/ iifflie niu.sf rat ions offhix Sjiccicti cm I'late \T.

Fig. 7- Aittcdoii imili.va : natural size.

y. Diagrammatic sketch of the radial ])lates.
0. FJxtreinity of one of the dorsal cirri ; magnitied.
lU. Joints with pinnules attached, from lu'ar the middle of u ray :

mairnilied.

AIICTIC 8EA TO TllK WKST ()F (Jl!i;KM-AM).

7'.l

UENEilAL CO.NCLUSIONS llBiAUDLXU DiSTUUiUTlUN.

()!■ the irdlotliuniidni. .Vf/ri'i/n'r/ms f!i,i/,il U the most polur in its distribution; for
it hiis lircn found in Discovery liny mid to tlio south us fhr as l.id>nidor; and its
Imhitat to tiic rast is in tlic seas of Spit/hor-fU to Xovaya ZiMiilya ^:c. rhiroilut.i
/oris lias also a uide Arctic di-triliulioii. Imt i> found further to tlio south than
the last-nicntioncd: (iodhavii, in (iirciiland, Miid Finniark and the Lofoten Islands
are its limits in one direction, and Sitclia and Ochotsk in another. Tnen Ctinniiaria
fr,uuh:.w isdistriliuted from (indlnnn to Florida, from Spit/heiveii to the I'.ritish Isles,
'and to San Francisco. Of the species of j:-<r,/its, .mo is found from (jodhavn to
Maine and acro.ss to Iceland and the British Isles ; whilst the other extends far to the
east, hut appears to he restricted to the polar waH'r^. Tiie mo>t rotricted species was
(h-nil,i llar/h'l, which was fouml at I lolsteinhor- and has been found off Lahradtn-.

The only species of Fcliiiioidra, .S/irj)i;/i/hr(,i/ri>/iis ilrMirhidisIs, has a vast
distribution, as far north as Discovery l!ay, an.l south to Florida, from laland to
Spit/bersren, and Novaya Zemlya to the Hritish I>les. It has been found in ]5ehrint;'s
.Straits, Kamlschatka.' and on the Annricun coast to Vmicouver. Fed upon by
Asteroids, and caring little for a bottom temperature of 2'.i Falir., this species is very
cal of the coUecticm under consideration. It is essentially a polar species, migra-

typici
tins now

and then to the .south; and it forms [lart of a true polar fauna.

T'he Asfcracnnlhhi have one species as lar north as Discovery Hay ; and it
extends southward to Newfoundland and acio-.s to .Novaya /emlya; the other lives
from Til N. lat. to Labrador, but it has a polar distriliufj.u, as it extends to the
Ochotsk sea. I'idrlifisfi'r (ilhiilits is found at Franklin-l'ierce ISay to (Jodhavn and
(irand Manan ; the eastern habitat is fnm, Iceland to ,Spit/.beriieu. CnhrtUn
onihita is .listributed fr.au 70 N. lat. to Massachusetts. Iceland, Spit/bei-eii,
Scaialinavia, and White Scm. and is found in the Kiij,'lisli Channel. Moreover this
vast area is eiilar;,'ed by the discovery of the form in the Sea of Ochotsk.

The new siiecies of J'tilic(//'/.-<f>r is esentialls a dweller in the rakeocrystalline

sea of Nares.

.\s mi-ht be sujiposed, Cn,s.'<,i.''f' r j.n/^jiosns ]u\s a vast di-tribulinn. Nearly cir-
cumpolar, It extends along the Lumpcan and eastern American coasts, along the

80

ECIIINODKHMATA OF TlIK AliCTIC SEA.

north of the Kuioiiuan anil A>,i:itic c(iiitineiits, and is I'ound in licliring's Straits.
Finisturru and Massachusetts arc its most southern lialiitats.

iSu/dsfer (iiiliva hf.-, been found in Smith's .Soiuid, Nuwfi)\indliin(i, Tcelaiul, and
in the En<;lish Chanuii ; and Brandt obtained it at Siteim. 'I'he siditarj Mcies of
Lophaxtcr is very Arctic, being found at Discovery I5ay ; and it extends souiii in tiie
Gulf of Maine and at Hergen.

rtirnnter mUitari^ has almost a corresponding, but slightly intermediate range;
and the CfcinnllscKa extends far over the nortii of the l'.uid|)(au continent, comes
only as far south as Maine in America, and reaches to hit. N. 70 30' off (ireenland.

It is evident that the grouiiing of these Asteroids is as if they were i)art of a
great I'olar fauna, with no very great southern distribution.

Of the Oi)hiuroidi^n, the new s|)ecies Ojiliidjilt urn artticn lielongs to a genus
characteristically Arctic. The Oj,/ii(,i//i/j,/iii , witii the exception of (>. .Sf/nfi/zii, are
ibund very far to tlie north; anil tin ir fellow Opliiuroidia at DiM'oNcry ISaj and
Franklin- fierce Bay are Oji/iloctni nd-lainii, Juiji/iii'm lliiUnilli, and Ojiliiitriiiithn.
.Sjtinii/osa. The range of these resembles tiiat of tiie Asteroids to a certain extent;
and they have curious structural atiinities with even the forms from tiie Knreaii
Sea. 'i'he forms with a smaller iioithern area are the (>jih/oi////ji/(ii just alluiltil to
and Oiihioiilailis Icllis.

The Astfophiiton ranges from 7S' X. lat. up Smith's Sound to Cape Cod, and has
been found at Vailsii, in Finmark.

Atitcdon Efn-hrichtii and A. ccHim are widely distributed northern forms ; and the
new species Aiiftdoii irollxu is from Discovery Bay.

When these details are carefully considered, it becomes evident that each one of the
great groups of Echinoderniata tells the .same story regarding distribution. The fauna,
as a wliole, is not an exti'nsion northwards of species from more tem))'jrate climates,
but is essentially circumpolar. The modifications in the character of the species are
jirobably due to variation produced by the changes of condition which necessarily occur
in dilfercnt parts of any great area.

INI) I : \ .

Syimnynm .ir-' iiriulrfl iti itnlict*.

Al'fto hUt'hfifhtii 7-i

Ain|iliiiini Ii7

II.,llH,lli 1)7

A ml' f litems i-ri.tjutttiit -lit

AiitcOdii ccllica 7'»

Km-Iirielitii 7M

]irnli.\!i 77

AHi-i'liit ruHficd !>

Afitorifantliioii j^ruiihui'licum 27

Mnlhri :j7

uc/iottiisr i;;}, jr.

liolarc liU.

t'uhfti.^ *J',\

AHUr<tatnth'iOa ulfmhix tJO

ptthFoiTi/sliilhis , ;U

jtmhh Hilt l'!l

roSfUft 'ju

A»tfr'ut!t affinii ;i7. '•*'.)

— — olhuvd'i'iuoitu ;i7. ''M

(tffnif.t 2U

(iijurit 4(1

anroncifWit 41)

crlnpnhi 4lt

emfiat 4"

fff't iih(Ufili'(t 27

hfVianthoii'iths ;Ui

iu'iVihirh 4''i

iiiiiiutu !';{. "Jti

J/;///, ,■; -27

ncuhita ;Ji'

— l><'pp'isa Jill

i"'-'"*' :i-'

j'lihtrig 'J',\. -lit

ruh4-ns L*:I

mni/mnolenlii ',U

S'luigila ;!l*

I'ugc
Astfriita fjimii/iom H-. '<■'!

fiulttt'i-'d -'i

A:<to'i<i'iia iintitftris , , , , 1'"

.\storoi(lc'[i -*>

AkUoiU'CIi n cutiiit'nhitnn 11'

— — jKihirin -i'l

Astroi.hvti.hi) 01)

.\Klr<iiili.vti]ii .\j.'!i-sizii 'ill

ftfcticitm ""

II(illiri,n'l,Hh/lil njjliiit -

'■jrawi;, :;, I

Vlalhlshr l.<,i;,llili I^^

Chlrid;la l.ni'if l"'. 1 S

Cliiruildtii disc'ilor 1 1'. 1 I

lii'vis 1 -

l„IUi(i,l,i l;i. 1 I

ti'jithtm I ->

ti//iica 1 • •

Chlilmhld ifhl jii iitdt'Us -

Co niitnla eeWn-ii "■'>

Kut'Iti'tflitii 7:t

W'f'iilwitnlii 7"i

C'rilirellii Ksi'liriililii '•''-

— — iiciiliila :il'

.<((/*.'/'"'""^'"''' ••-

Criiioiika '■'<

('l■os.<il^(c'r iiaiipo.su.s liii

Cli'iiudiscus cuniicuhilu.s -411

cri.tnfttti.-i H'

/'"'"■■'" <•'

rui'uniaria calLi.uora "t

fromlijsa 'J

/'/(•/<■.-/<( l'

llijndnHtnni >». 7

Kuifitii . r». 7

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 3 4580

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A

S'2 '^'"'

Ciicumariii niiiinlii

Cuonufiri'i I'ifiti

pilliici'lll

Ciivieria Fahriiii

fniii'losa

jihiiiiliipiis

Dactyhta laifis

. mhiifftt

]icllnci<l<i

D.'hcactii rctlenliila in itorao '"'

h'chiivixicr I'.sdirkhtii ... -• •"

ocnhitim "

saii'jiilnolcnliis '-

Sana --•■''

Echinoidca

KcUiiiumetra ih-i>huchiiiish

Ivhiuus clihii-oceulntlHX '"

chhti-ulhw ''•'

.Imhichiams •'■'

qrtitvifiins

. 1*1 *M
ijriiiiiilnfKS 1. .-1

nrijkcfti.i

sc.xalilis

anhfiittjnhi is ■

Evfijah- seiiliitmir '•'

Eiir>iciltiiiii/< (Iruhachictisis '"

4/raiiulatus -"

Gmyoiioo'plMlaa • '

11')
lurticiis

Ihiiiiciii ocuhita

fjolalhuria fi-uinlusii

i- 2
iii-andts

).r,.i., ';j

viiinilK ^

j„lh',-i,I,t '-

jitiitatUs

jihiiiilajins

<ifjninililt>l *

Ilnl.iiluiroidca '

lJ,iel:ia ncnUtta '-' •' '

licrtiisii '■-

T,rii)lmi-tcr furcifiT "'>'

Lophothuriit Fdbricii 1"

lAMcixnt ^^

MyriotrnchuB Ilinkii •''•

Oli'inli-ncllKS viti-eiis 17

Oliliiacaiilho ""^

Oiihiacanthii arctica 08

i/ricnliiiulica ""

s]iimiloHa "^

Opliiootoii •"'

\

Tiigo
nr.

(l|ilii,,i'l.'ii K.;ni,ri ""'

scricruiu '"*

Opliiii^lyiilia '"'

.- riibusln '"''

SarMi «"

Stuwitzii ''■*

o,,a;../,/.i« ,-.,/.i«/.i "-

(l,,l,iH|,l|nli> liclli, '''••

(lplli..pl(Mir:l '"■'

urdk-M ^'^

bor,.ali. C3

f'.K

(ti.hiiim mricea "•'

no
. stiunmoitn **

()lil;iunM.lca "'

Oroiilii liarthii ^

IV'diccllastcr piilmi rys(allu'< ■'•♦

typidls ■"'

I'l-titactii calfl'jcra "'

fronifoSii "

).,n> '2

mitH'f't

l,,llmiU.i 1-

P,iil,irl,u-tii!'if'iittr DCiiiiiliin '-

I'aolus i'aliricii '"

/(Pl'|x/'I(IM •'

pliantapiis '•'

I'lir;istcr iiiililaris ■"'

Solaster cuiU'ca '"

fiiixifer '■'

jiajijinm ''

Strlloniii fiiilfcn "^

jutppOAII '

Slicliaitlcr alluilus -'••

, var. i.itula :"'

Slrimfiyliii'i'iitniliis rlil:u-iu; ulrnlii.i 111,21

(Iri)lia(',liii'ii8i» ' •'

Siiniiptii comicfii ' -

rolij, m ' -

Tliiinniiliiim pfVnciihiiii ' -

' Vo.vopnfvuiea riifiw:ni!< '•'

chliirncfiiU'dtiix 1''

(Ifiidnchiemis '"

Diilienii '"

tjrfinulnUiS *"

I — tiujhrliia 1"

niltiiluf -"

; ,n,-tns 20

\ Tridiiiilaadis jinjijifii •"'

Trochinm jinlliiltui '"

I 'fimler vioheea ' '

I'LAl K 1.

HOLOTHUROIDEA.

rifjnrcl. C'r< vM«Kit riioMio-'t fiiiiin.), Koihos, Niitiiral si/.i'.

'J. A jouij^ '•fitinmfn of tlif ^iiiiic. natural ^izc.

:{. ('(-(TMiKiJ ( tu iriERi Stiinp.^ Sclciika. Xatural -izc.

J. Skrtcjj itftltt- month-ririir and ailjaceiit parts (if a ydiiiif; inilivid-ial, iiiaL-'mlicd

Ti. <icii< ralj»«- tnhi-' at an early sta^'c of growtli, niajiiiilii'd.

<;. Si'K-uk-* <»f the »ii[i<Ttirial layer ;// .lilii, ina;,'nifii'd.

7. S>ijiall cjiH^Ir ill prr>file, mas'iiKed.

K. l))-k a« jIm.- cttremify ot' tlie sncUer-lnot, niafriiilied.

".». I'-i<i.i» riECI'll I). Sl K. , l.iitken. l)(jr>al a-|iei't, natural ^ize.
)(». The ••aujit- ♦i)»-<it(i' n. Neutral aspect, natural size.
] 1 . A yi/uij/ •jyfrfimen. Ventral aspect, natural size.

12. Oiii- <(f tli<" ♦maU i-up-like spicules of tlie ventral iuli'};uuienl, niaunilied.
);{. S)iiiuli-» <»f slic ventral intejruineni, nia;:nili('d.
,1. ('huiojx*!* trns Kahr.i , 'irnlie. Xalnral size.
\'t (ieijerative tF»li«"«, magnified.
Id. I'ortji^ii of tKc miiutli-riii'.', tna;.'nillcd.

ir. 'Hit' pyrifoTOi inftwidibular orjjaus (U' " Winipertrieliter," nia^nifieil.
Ih. One <jf l!,<-- wlw'j-l-like spicules, ina^niitii'd.

I'.t. One of t!«ip ♦afTuIi. to sIidw the ai:;.'reL'atiun (if the spii'ules, niaj;nilied.
riO. MvcioTRMMO I'.rNKii, Steenstriip. Natural siz<'.
21. One of s!«- •(»Kidi >, inafrnihcd.
•.'2. SkMfL 'A tK«- internal orjrans, sluiwini: the relative propcirtiuus id' the iilinii'utary (

«1k' P'Jian H'siele, and the •rcnerative tuhcs.
2.1. I'xnJoB </f iJ.f: moiith-rinx, nia^rnitied. ilu this drawing' thi' upward pri)l(Ui^;aticins ,

tci Ul«-r mfire rapidlv. anil the fiiramiua niiirht tu he further up front the liase.l
2). I'ii<i».-r»i<lt <»f the nioutli-rint;, with [larts attacheil, seen IVoni lielow, showinL' the
tsttKM* i>i the oral »at< r-vcssel.

anal.

lU-Ilt

dil;.-

I'hil, I

a H Dr ■.ViLlf lid. ^V Ptroy ti.Bd«h dir-

Aliiir llrlilhlin 1.//1

ri.ATK II.

ECHINOIDEA and ASTEEOIDEA.

,.,„■,■ 1. Sthmv,.v,.o, ,.;vruon< „,...,. uiuiv^,^ (O. I'. M- , A, A^. Mmrtinal .s|„rt, „at:,r,
•' 'I'Ih' >!iinr s|icciiiiin, sciu in |irolilc, iialiiial -izc.
;V I'mlioM..!' l.M luar tl,r aii.lHtii-, .l,o«in!.' tl„ aM.l.iilarral an.l iMtrramlMilaonil

ina^jniHi'il.

1. A.iuiu ANT.1I..N n.i.uu., M. >V T, Almrtiiial aspert, mliurd .,mc half,

.'i, Actiiial aspi'i't of tlic -^aiiic >|H(iriicii, ndiionl mic liall'.

C. I'nrtinn iici.r tin- iniiliUf nl'a lay, actiiial aspect, mairiiiticd.

r. I'ditidii near tlic middle "t'a ray, al.aetinal a-.pcct, iiia-nilied.

8. A similar pottiMTi rrom the iiKire .■nmpactly spiindatcd variety of tin- spcvies, ma-

•). AsTi-.KA. vSTMi.iN- (,i..KM.ANm(i-M ( St.T.ist Hip . , LutkcM. AbactMud asj.ect, natiin

10. Aeliiuil aspect ol'tlie same specimen, natural size.

11. I'drtiim near tlic middle of a ray, aetiiiul aspect, maf;niticd.
l:,'. INirtion near the miihlle (d' a ray, aliactinal aspect, maiinilied.

l;i. Stkmastkh Ai.iai.is (Stimps.), \ernll. Al.aetinal aspect, natural size.

1 I. A lart,'er and almost equal-rayed variety from rrHV<n.

1,"), .\ctiiKil aspect of ''le same specimen, natural size.

1(1. Portion near tne middle of a ray, actinal aspect, ma-nilied.

17. I'ortion near the middle of a ray, abactimd aspect, magiiilicd.

IH. CimmKLLA otiLATA (Linek), I'orl.cs. Al.aetinal aspect, natural size.

I!). Actinal a!<|)eet of the same speoimcn, natural size.

:>(). Portion near the middle of a niy, actinal aspect, mafrmried.

21. l'orti(m near the muhlle of a ray, al.aetinal aspct, mai;uiticd.

'2->. l'F,i.ieKi.i.AsTKR rAL.KocuvsTALl.is, Sladcii. Abactinal aspect, natural size.

an. Actinal aspect of the same speeimen, natural size.

at. Tortiim near the middle of a ray, actinal aspect, magnified.

•>:,. Portion near the middle of a ray, abactinal aspect, magnified.

aC. One of the pedieellariii', magnified.

il ~izi'.

iiitii'il

ll size

I'l„l> II

''' ■):-:m

ai#«

■< V ! I'M

~. •».-•. •».

ri<t^ '

Vir.tnti Hiv» ''lip

A 5 Fftara.iiOv. 'A' l%roy :=i«'i*" .c

.ln7/( AsliKiihrt anil Ktliiiwiilrn .

ri.Air. 111.

ASTEROIDEA.

s.

III.
II.
IL'.

I I.
i:..

Hi.
17.
IH.
10,

(hdssasIku I'U'i'dsi-s iMiu'k), M. v\ T. Abartiiiiil aspect. Vouiii: spiriinni.

.\cliiial a>pr(t iil' tlir -aiiif spcciiai ii, natural size.

I'oilidii near tlic iniildic of a ray, actiiial a.spi'ct, iiia;;uilii(l.

I'()i-lii)ii near tlii' miilillc ol' a ray, al)a(tiiial aspect, iiia^'Jiilinl.

Si)i.,vsTKli K.NiiEc.v ((iiiiel.), I'diIics. .Miactiiial aspect, iiatural size.

Aetinal aspect (if the same spceiiiieii, natiual size.

I'lirtidii near tlie niiilille (if a ray, aelinal aspect, inauinlied.

I'diliim licar the niiciilli' nl' a ray, ahaetiiial aspect, nianiiitieil.

l.ui'WAsii.K iiiu 111. It (1). vV K.), \irrin .M.aeliiial aspect, iiatiiial size.

.\etiiial aspect iif the haiiic speeiiiieu, Hiral size.

IVirliiin near the niiildle nl'a ray, ai'liiial aspect, niafriiilieil.

I'ortiiiii nea- the niidcllc (d' u ray, aliaelinal aspect, nianiulicd.

I'ti.h.\s|i;u Mii.n-.His ;(). V. M.l, M. Ji T. Ahactinal .-ispcet, natural -ua .

Aelinal iispcci iif the same s|i(.cinien, natural size.

I'ortioii Hear the middle ol' a ray, aetiiial aspect, majjnilied.

I'lirtinii near the middle ul' a ray, abaetiniil aspect, mannilicd.

(■ri.N0i.is( rs (..HNICI L.MUs (l^mck), I'crricr. Ahaelmal aspect, natiiriil -ize,

Actiiial aspci't lit' the same specimen, natural sizi'.

I'ortioii near the middie ol' a ray, aelinal aspect, ina;.'mtii'd.

I'dl'tioii near the middle nl' a ray, aha.'tinal aspcel ;.'iiiticd.

/'/„/, ///

x^v ■ -"^Vt^

A?l r't.U■.^ .■. t«r.s i'sJi-n.Jit

.\r*/i' . \sfft. liim.

I'l.ATH l\'

OPHIUROIDEA,

I'L'iii'i: 1. ()i'iiioi'Li:i'itA AULTiCA, Diiucuii. Tlic ini|ifi' |i;ii'l nl'tlii' disk luid aniis, iiiitiiral ^ly.v.
■J. 'I'lic umltT MU'lacc ol' tin; disk, iiKi;;nilii'd.
■ill 'I'lic tculli DM the jaw-pliiti', i)l)liiiui' view, iiia^'iiilicd.
:,' /j. Till' tcclli, IVdih a))iivc, inaffiiilii'd.
'2 r. Till' tct'tli, aiiprDacliiii^, ma;iiiilii'd.

.'5. Ol'llKKil.VPllA Saksii (Ijlitkc'ii). Ki'iim aliuvr, natinal size.
1. 'I'lio niidcrpart ol' the disk, iiiagnilicd.

.'). Oi'iiioiii.Yi'iiA KoiirsTA (Ayrcs). Kniiii al)ovi', iiatiu-al size.
(1. The niidcrpart of tin; disk and an arm, iiia^riiifii-'d,
7. The iijiiier surface iif the disk, iiiaciiilicd.

H. ()i'iiioLTi;\ si:iu(i:iM (Korlies). 'fhe iipiicr surface, slijihtly iiia^iiilied.
'.(. The scaling of tlie upper part of the (hsk and part of an arm, inagiiilied.

10. I'art of the niidcrpart of tlio disk, niagnificd.

11. OriliACANTllA si'iMi.osA. Tlic uppci' siu'f acc, Hat iiiiil size,
r.'. I'art of the under surface, niagnilied.

I.'i. The spines on the disk, magnified.

I 1. (JiMiiocTKN si:iiu Kf.M ( I'Virlics) . I'art of the disk-sealing, inagiiilied.

15. Ami'IML'Ba 1Ioi.i)(KI.i.i. I'art of the iinderpart of the disk, niagnilicd.

I(i. liadial shields, niagnilicd.

I". Side view of the arm, magnified.

I'lal, IV.

A :- R',.1 ,1 .ir-l .1 lilli r M 11UI..-.1I. .1.1

. \lrtir ttpiinirrult tl

Miiilxru Rf« 111 '

I'l.AlK V,

ASTROPHYTIDiE.

I-Vniro 1. AsTRoriiVTON A.iAss.zii, Stiiupsou. Ab.ctiiml ;us,,rot, rclucc.l ab.mt cnr il.ir.l.

2. One inoutli-an-lo of a nmcli smnllcr spccimon, magnified.

3. Portion ot a ray, abaotinal aspopt, magnified.

4. Portion of a roy below tbc first forking, aetinal aspect, magnified,
n. Portion of a ray, side view, magnitied.

G. Portion of a ray near tlie extrenuly, magnified.
(in. One of tlie liooiaets magnified.

>

rial. V

AS Foard. lii>. W (Vrcj SSniien dtr

Jnftr Astnpfntrn

Mir'^m Hr--9 irnj

^ ►

PLA'l'K VI.

CRINOIDEA.

Kiguic 1. Amkihin Ksiiiiiuimi .MiUliii, Vorrill. Nalurul sui;.
•J. Diiipraiiiiniitic sketch of tlif riidiul plates.
;j. IMi-fiuity ol'oiic ul'tlic ilui'Mil lin-i, magiiilifd.
I. A lii-st piimiili', maguiliwl.

n. Amudon ckltica (Hanvtt), Xunuaii. Natural sizo.
(1. Diagrammatic sketch of the radial plates.
7. Antkdon moLiXA, Sladen. Natural size.
H. UiHgraninitttic sketch of the radial plates.
'.) lAtrcuiitv of one of the dor>al cirri, miiguilicd.
ll). ,lui,its wi"lh pinnules attached, from near the mid.Uc of a ray, mag.iilicd

I'inu \l

A'Aj^

At'tfu tonififtilfr