lAAAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I m 2.2 2.0 L8 1.25 1.4 1.6 1 M 6 ► -1 V] <^> ^ JP y /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN SIREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 saa n' CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 i Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. a' D D D D CB D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag^e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^ et/ou peiiiculte I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured init (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents 1 1 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion ^ 1 along interior margin/ La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge «nt6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es iors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6ti fllm6es. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppi^mentaires; L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'll lui a At* possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mAthode normale de filmage sont indiqute ci-dessous. □ □ D D D Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur6es et/ou peilicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachet^es ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es I "7 Showthrough/ Lkj Transparenca I I Quality of print varies/ Quality indgaie de rimpression Includes supplementary material/ Comcrend du materiel suppl^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible T^ to PC of fil Oi b« th sic ot fir si( or Th sh Til wl M) dh en be rij re mi D Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata. une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film^es d nouveau de faqon d obtenir la meilleure Image possible. wo MX. 10X PbUIIC sill, o 9\ III Ilia a 14X u lau M ua IVUU bllWII 18X IIIUK ,|W0 \i i-uaa swus 22X 26X 30X J lax 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here het been reproduced thenks to the generoeity of: Douglas Library Queen's University L'exemplaire f llmA f ut reprodult grAce A la gAnArosIti de: Douglas Library Queen's University The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in Iceeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies In printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or Illustrated Impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated Impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —^ (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les Images suivantes ont AtA reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetA de rexemplaire filmA, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplalres originaux dont la couverture en papier est ImprimAe sont filmte en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impression ou d'lllustratlon, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous leti autres exemplaires originaux sont fllm6s en commengant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles sulvants apparaltra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -^ signifie "A SUIVRE ". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reprodult en un seul clichA. il est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammos suivants illustrent la mAthode. 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 '^pv. itt^":] 5'-'*: ;^ 1^ ^ ■• ■» I . -vf ■ rf , ■. ^w r li ■:| ' I 1 ■ 1 m ■ • 1 ■ 1 \ -• ' -•' I 1 REPORT o» E CEPHALOPODS OP.THK N0RTHEA8TEM COAST OF AMERICA. BY A^. E. VERRILL. EXTRACTED FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES FOR 1879.] WASHINGTON: aoVBBNMENT PBIMTINO OFPIOB. 1882. -i^w*^ ■ fl 4,, T CK ^ p. C. 180. REPORT ON THE CEPHALOPODS OF TIIK NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. HY A.. E. VERRILL. CEXTRAOTED PROM THE ANNUAL RRPORT OF THE UOMMISSIONKIt OF FISH AND FISH KJt IKS FOR le!7'J.) WASHINGTON: OOVBBNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1882. ^L43d.2.V^ c i OOO.-REPORT ON THE CEPHALOPODS OF THE NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. By a. £. Verrill. Pabt I.— The gigantic squids {Architeuthis) and theib allies; WITH OnSEBYATIONS ON SDflLAB LABGE SPECIES FBOM FOREIGN LOCALITIES. The early literature of natural history has, from very remote times, contained allusions to hw^e species of Cephalopods, often accompanied by more or less fabulous and usually exaggerated descriptions of the creatures* In a few instances figures were attempted which wcit. largely indebted to the imagination of their authors for their more strikiug peculiarities. In recent times, many more accurate observers have confirmed the existence of such monsters, and several fragments have found their way into European museums. To Professor Steenstrnp and to Dr. Hartiug, however, belongs the credit of first describing and figuring, in a scientific manner, a number of fragments sufficient to give some idea of the real character and affini- ties of these colossal species. More i)articular accounts of the speci- mens described by these and other recent writers will be given farther on. Special attention has only recently been called to the frequent occur- rence of these " big squids," as our fishermen call them, in the waters of Newfoundland and the adjacent coasts. The cod-fishermen, who visit the Grand Banks, appear, from their statements, to have been *The descriptiou of the "poulpe" or dovil-fiah, by Victor Hugo, iu " The Toilersof the Sea," with which so many readers have receutly become familiar, is quite as fab- ulous aud unreal as any of the earlier accounts, and even more bizarre. His descrip- tion represouts no real animal whatever. He has attributed to the creature habits and anatomical structures that beloujj in part to ihi' 2'olyps and in part to the poulpe iOctopiot), and which appear to have been derived largely from the several descrip- tions of these totally distinct groups of animals, contained in some cyclopedia. Theao ho has confounded and hopelessly mixed up. As if to make this confusion worse confounded, ho applied to his creation the name of " Ccphaloptera," tho designation of a gigantic genuine fish (a "ray ") found on our southern coasts, aud also called "devil- fish" by the tishcrmeu. His account of the general appearance of tho Octopux, however, is not so bad. and was evidently based on a very superficial personal examination of an ordinary specimen of Octopus vulgaris, [I] KEIHJllT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND 71811 HRIKS. [2] \ou'^ faiitiliar with them, and ocnasionally to have caiitiircd and unoxl thfin for bait. Tlio whalemen have also repeatedly stated that sjierm- whales feed upon hnge squid, and that, when wonnde«l,they often vomit large fragments of them, iu such a condition as to be recognizable.* I have somewhere seen a statement to the effect that a huge scpiid of this kind was cast ashore, many years ago (in the last century, I believe), at the Island of St. Pierre, near Newfoundland, but have forgotten the authority for the statement. The first reliable account, known to me, of specimens actually taken in American waters by our fishermen and whalemen was published by Dr. A. S. Packard, in 1873. t In that article Dr. Packard described a por- tion of a jaw from a largo specimen (our No. 1) taken by the Gloucester fishermen on the Crrand Banks, and a very large pair of Jaws taken from the stomach of a sperm-whale (our No. 10). St)on after this, in 1873, a large living specimen (our No. 2) was encountered by Thcophi- lus Picott and another fisherman, in Conception Bay, and one of the tentacular arms which they secured was preserved in the geological mu- seum at Saint John's, Newfoundland, by the Rev. M. Ilarvey and Mr. Alexander Murray. Both these gentlemen wrote good and interesting accounts of this specimen, which were extensively copied in the maga- zines sind newspapers, while a photograph of the arm itself was also secured and ilistributed. This important addition to our knowledge of these creatures was followed, about two weeks later, by the capture of a nearly perfect speci- men (our No. 5) of the same species, near Saint John's. Mr. Harvey and Mr. Murray likewise secured this specimen, and published detailed accounts of it, which gave a more accurate idea of the character of the genus and species than had anj' previous descrijjtions. My own attention was specially directed to these large Cephalopods, at that time, on account of being so fortunate as to secure for study most of the preserved portions of all the specimens referred to above, with some additional ones, detailed below. For these very interesting specimens I am especially indebted to the zeal and kindness of the Rev. M. Harvey and to Prof. S. F. Baird. To Dr. A. S. Packard I am indebted for the use of the jaws of No. 10. Mr. Pourtalfes, curator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, has also kindly sent the specimens belonging to that museum, and Mr. W. H. Dall has contributed his speci- mens and drawings of a species from Alaska. Special acknowledg- ments to others will be found iu connection with the descriptions of the specimens. Although I have, in several former papers, | given details of the time • See Maory's Sailing Directions. Also articles by N. S. Shaler, American Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 3, 1873; by Dr. Packard, op. cit., p. 90; and by Mr. W. H. Dall, op. cit., p. 484. tAmerican Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 91, February, 1873, t American Jour. Science, vol. vii, p. 158, Feb., 1874; vol. ix, pp. 123, 177, Plates II- V, 1875; vol. x, p. 213, Sept., 1875; vol. xii, p. 236,1876; vol. xiv, p. 425, Nov., '. [2] nd luscd t siicTin- Ml vomit ni/iiblo.* Hgical ran- ' and Mr. uteresting tlic niaga- ' was also ,tures was pfect speci- r. Harvey id detailed jter of the >halopod8, for study to above, [uteresting >ss of the tkard I am Icuralor of I specimens his speci- Iknowledg- lons of the )f the time In Naturalist, )all, op. cit., I, 177, Plates >. 425, Nov., [3] CEPIIAI^POn.S OP NORTIIKASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. and place of oiicurreiu-e of many of the specimons enumerated below, it secniN desirable to bring together, in this place, accounts of all these, in order that the various desciriptions and measurements may be more reacounts of more than twenty-five examples that I am now able to enumerate from our coast, I have given, by themselves, the statements of the time and place of their occurrence, with such general descriptions and measurements of each as are most available, reserving the more detailc large, prominent angul r lobe. Mr. Tan* states that the nuite o; the vessel measured the bouy of tliis specimen wivh a rule, after '^ w.is hoisted on boanl 'id that it measured 15 feet in length and 4 feet 8 inches in cir- cumference. The arms were mutilated, but the i)ortions remaining were estinuited to be 9 or 10 feet long and 22 inches in circumference, two being shorter than the rest. It was estimated that it weighed 2,000 pountls, and would have filled eight or ten barrels. No. 2.— Conception Bay specimen, 1873. {Arehiteuthis Haneyit) A large individttal, seen resting at the surface, was approached and attacked by two men, who were in a small boat, near Portugal Cove, in Conception Bay, October 27, 1873. Full accounts of this adventure, written by llev. M. Ilarvey, have been published in many of the maga- zines and newspapers.! Two of the arms, which it threw across the boat, were cut oil' with a hatchet and brought ashore. One of these was a short or sessile arm, the other was one of the long, slender tentacular •Ihavo been informed by many other fishennen that these " big squids," a8 they call tliciii, arc occasionally taken on tlit* Grand Hanks and usod for bait. Others state that they have seen them in that region, without being able to capture them. Nearly all the specimens hitherto taken appear to have been more or less disabled when first observed, otherwise they probably would not appear at the surface in the day-time. From the fact that they have mostly come ashore in t'lo night, I infer that they iinhabt chiefly the very deep and cold tiords of Newfoundland, dnd come up to the surface only in the night. tSee Amer. Jour. Science, vol. vii, p. l.W, 1874; and Anier. Natiualist, vol viii, No. 2, p. 120, Feb., 1874, in a letter from Mr. Alexander Murray. Also, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., p. 178, 1874; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, p. 101, 1873; The Maritime Monthly, iii. No. 3, March, 1874, p. 193; The Now York World, Nov. 9, 1873; The Montreal Gazette, Nov. 26, 1873; The Boston Traveller, Nov., 1873. liJI r 1 h^r] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISnERIES. [6] arms. A portion of the latter, measuriiig 19 feet in length, was pre- served by the lie v. M, Harvey and Mr. Alexander Murray for the uiu- seuui at Saint John's, Jfewfoundland. It was photographed, and euts copied from the photograph were published in some of the English mag- azines.* Before it was secured for preservation it had been considerably injured, many of the larger suckers having been torn off or mutilat<'d. Owing to this fact they were originally described by Mr. Harvey as des- titute of marginal denticulations, but he subsequently re examined the specimen, at my request, and informed me that they were all originally denticulated. Of this specimen I have seen only the photograph and some of the smaller suckers. This fragment represents the distal half of one of the long tentacular arms, with its expanded terminal portion or 'club' originally covered with cup-shaped suckers, about 24 of which, forming two central rows, are very large, the largest being 1.25 inches in diameter; others, alternating with these along each margin, are smaller, with the edge supported by a serrated ring. The tip of the arm is covered with numerous smaller suckers, in four rows. The part of the arm preserved measured, when fresh, 19 feet in length and 3.5 inches in circumference, but wider, "like an oar," and G iTiches in circumference near the end, where the suckers are situated. It is stated that G feet of this arm had been destroyed before it was preserved, and the captors estimated that they left from G to 10 feet attached to the creature, which would make the total length between 31 and 35 feet. According to Mr. Murray, the portion preserved measured but 17 feet in length when he examined it, October 31, 1873, after it had been a few days in strong brine. The other arm was destroyed and no description was made; but the portion secured was estimated by the Rev. Mr. Gabriel, who saw it, to have been 6 feet long and 10 inches in diameter; it was evidently one of the eight shorter sessile arms, and its siae was probably overestimated. The fishermen, who were doubtless somewhat frightened, estimated the body of this individual to have been about GO feet in length and 5 feet in diameter, according to Mr. Harvey; 'jut if the proportions be about the same as in the specimens since cap- tured (No. 5 and No. 14), as I believe, then the body could not have been more than about 10 feet long and 2.5 feet in diameter, and the long arms sbould have been about 32 feet in length.t Allowing 2 feet for the h4kSky i0\e total length, would, therefore, be about 44 feet. The following extract is from a letter written by the Rev. M. Harvey to Dr. J. W. Dawson, and published in the Montreal Gazette, February 26, 1873: "Two fishermen were out in a small punt, on October 26, 1875, off Portugal Cove, Conception Bay, about nine miles from Saint John's. *Seo Auniils aud Magazine of Natural History, IV, xiii, p. (58, Jan., 1874; and The Field, Dec. 13, 1873. The central lino of this photograph is reduced four aud a quar- ter times, while thp front part is reduced about four times. • t Doubtless these long arms are very contractile, aud changeable in length, like those of the ordinary squids. I [7 Oh roA On ate cla oft livi ^ ES. [G] [7] CEPIIALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. , was prc- or the niu- l, and cuts glisU mag- risiderably mutilati'd. rey as des- Diincd tlio origiiKilly graph and distal half lal portion 4 of which, 1.25 inches largin, are of the arm he part of 1 3.5 inches mmference ifore it was to 10 feet between 31 I measured 73, after it trcyed and ited by the } inches in ns, and its doubtless have been r. Harvey; since cap- have been the long 2 feet for Harvey February 20, 1875, nt John's. 4; and The niul a qnnr- I, like those Observing some object lloating on the water at a short distance, they rowed towards it, supposing it to be a largo sail or the d4bru of a wreck. On reaching it one of the men struck it with his 'gaff,' when immedi- ately it showed signs of life, reared a parrot-like beak, which they de- clare was 'as big as a six-gallon keg,' with which it struck the bottom of the boat violently. It then shot out from about its head two huge livid arms and began to twine them round the boat. One of the men seized a small ax and severed both arms as they lay over the gunwale of the boat; whereupon the fish moved off and ejected an immense quan- tity of inky fluid, which darkened the water for two or three hundred yards. The men saw it for a short time afterwards, and observed its tail in the air, which they declare was 10 feet across. They estimate the body to have been 60 feet in length, 5 feet in diameter, of the same shape and color as the common squid, and they observed that it moved in the same way as the squid, both backwards and forwards. "One of the arms which they brought ashore was unfortunately' de- stroyed, as they were ignorant of its importance; but the clergyman of the village assures me it was 10 inches in diameter and 0 feet in length. The other arm was brought to Saint John's, but not before G feet of it were destroyed. Fortunately, I heard of it and took measures to have it preserved. Mr. Murray, of the geological survey, and I afterwards examined it carefully, had it photographed, and immersed in alcohol ; it is now in our museum. It measured 19 feet, is of a pale, pink color, en- tirely cartilaginous, tough and pliant as leather, and very strong." No. 3 Coombs' Cove specimen, 1873. {Architeufhis Rarveyi 9 ?) Another specimen (No. 3), probably considerably larger than the last, was captured at Coombs' Cove, Fortune Bay, Newfoundland. The fol- lowing account has been taken from a newspaper article, of which I do not know the precise date,* forwarded to me by Professor Baird, to- gether with a letter, dated June 15, 1873, from the lion. T. R. Bennett, of English Harbor, Newfoundland, who states that he wrote the article, and that the measurements were made by him, and are perfectly re- liable :t " Three days ago there was quite a largo squid run almost ashore at Coombs' Cove, and some of the inhabitants secured it. The body meas- ured 10 feet in length rind was nearly as large round as a hogshead. One arm was about the size of a man's wrist, and measured 42 feet in length ; the other arms were only 0 feet in length, but about 9 inches iu diameter, very stout and strong. The skin and flesh were 2.25 inches • Tho exact date of this capt.uro I do not know, but i* was probably iu the autumn or wiuior of 1872. t Through Mr. Sauderson Smith, who visited Mr. Bouuott after tho "publicatiou of my lirst article, I J >aru that this specimen is the same as tho one designated as No. 0 in my early papers, and that tho measurements of No, ('», as given to mo by Mr. Har- vey, are incorrect, owing to his mistake in supposing that 4'2 foot wae tho total length, instead of tho length of tho longer tentacular arm. REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8] thick, and reddish inside as well as out. The suction-cups were all clustered together, near the extremity of the long arm, and each cup was surrounded by a serrated edge, almost like the teeth of a hand- saw. I presume it made use of this arm for a cable, and the cups for anchors, when it wanted to come to, as well as to secure its prey, for this individual, finding a heavy sea was driving it ashore, tail first, seized hold of a rock and moored itself quite safely until the men pulled it on shore.'' Mr. Bennett, in a memorandum subsequently given to Mr. Sanderson Smith, and communicated to me by him, states that both the tentacu- lar arms were present, and that the shorter one was 41.5 feet in length. The large diameter of the short arms, compared with their length and with that of the long arms, and their shortness compared with the length of the body, are points in which this specimen apparently dif- fered essentially fi'om those that have been preserved and are better known. It was probably a female. The total length, as I understand the measurements, was 52 feet. No. 4. — BoNAviSTA Bay specimen. {Architeuthia Harveyif) Plato III, figures 4, 4a. Plate lY, flgnres 1, la. A pair of jaws and two of the suckers from the tentacular arms were forwarded to me by Professor Baird, of the Sraithsonian Institution. These were received from Eev. A. Munn, who writes that they were taken &om a specimen that came ashore at Bonavista Bay, Newfound- land ; that it measured 32 feet in length (probably the entire length, including the tentacular arms) and about C feet in circumference. The jaws are large and broad, resembling those of No. 5 both in size and form, but much thinner than those of No. 1, and without the deep notch and angular lobe seen in that specimen. The suckers also agree with those of No. 5, but are a little smaller. No.' 5.— LoGiE Bay specimen, 1873 {Architeuthh Earveyi, type.) Plate I. Plato II. Plato 111. Plate IV, figures 4-11. Plato V, figures 1-5. A complete specimen was captured in November, 1873, at Logic Bay, about four miles from Saint John's, Newfoundland. It became entangled in a herring-net, and made a desperate effort to escape. It was killed by the fishermen, with some difficulty, and only t*fter a struggle, during which its head was badly mutilated and severed from the body, and the eyes, most of the siphon-tube, and part of the front edge of the mantle were destroyed. It is probable that this was a smaller specimen of the same species as No. 2. Fortunately, this specimen was secured by the Rev. M. Hairvey, of Saint John's. After it had been photographed and measured, he attempted to preserve it entire in brine, but this was found to be ineffectual, and after decomposition had begun to destroy some of the most perishable parts, ho took it from the brine and, divid- lES. [8] )S were all i eacli cup of a hand- le cups for bs prey, for B,tail first, il the men . Sanderson he tentacn* )t in length, length and id with the )arently dif- d are better understand arveyi t) ir arms were Institution. \,t they were , Newfound- Dtiro length, irence. The in size and Lit the deep •s also agree rveyi, type.) [giuoa 1-5. [9] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA. ing it into several portions, preserved such parts as were still un- decomi)osed in strong alcohol. These various portions have all been examined by mc, and part of them are now in my possession, and, with the photographs, have enabled me to present a restoration, be- lieved to be tolerably accurate, of the entire creature (Plate II). In this figure the eyes, ears, siphon-tube, and front edge of the mantle have been restored fi'om a small squid {Ommastrephea). The other parts have been drawn directly from the photographs and speci- mens.* There were two photographs of the specimen,t one show- ing the cutire body, somewhat mutilated anteriorly, the other showing the head with the ten arms attached (Plate I, fig. 1). The photographs were made by Messrs. McEenny & Parsons, of Saint. John's. The body or mantle of this specimen was abont 7 feet long aud between 5 and 6 feet in circumference; the relatively small caudal fin was arrow-shaped and 22 inches broad, but short, thick, and very pointed at the end ; the two long tentacular arms were 24 feet in length and 2.5 inches in circumference, except at the broader part near the end ; the largest suckers, which form two regular alternating rows, of twelve each, were 1.25 inches in diameter, with serrated edges. There is also an outer row of much smaller suckers, alternating with the large ones, on each margin ; the terminal part is thickly covered with small ser- ratA>d suckers; and numerous small suckers and tubercles are crowded on that portion of the arms where the enlargement begins, before the commencement of the rows of large suckers. The arrangement of the suckers is nearly the same as on the long arm of No. 2, but in the latter the terminal portion of the arm, beyond the large suckers, as shown in the photographs, is not so long, tapering, and acute, but this may be due to the different conditions of the two specimens. The eight short arms were each 6 feet long ; the two largest were 10 inches in circumference at base; the others were 9, 8, and 7 inches. These short arms taper to slender, acute tips, and each bears more than 100 large, oblique suckers, with serrated margins, and over 200 smaller ones toward the tip. * The flgnre was originally made, from the photographs only, by Mr. P. Roetter, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, but after the arrival of the specimens it had to be altered in many parts. These necessary changes were made by the writer, after a caroful study of the parts preserved, in comparison with the photographs and origi- nal measurements. As published in my fi-st paper (1875), the eyes and back of the head of the figure wore restored as in Loligo. Subsequent studies and additional specimens showed that this genns is closely allied to OmtMutrepkm. Therefore, the head would h8.ve been more correctly shown had it been restored with reference to that genus, as has been done in this pai>er. The most obvious difference is in the eyes, which have distinct lids and an anterior sinus. t Cuts made ficom these photographs have been published in several magazines and newspapers, but they have been engraved with too little attention to details to be of much use in the discrimination of specific differences. . I have, therefore, prepared new figures firom these photographs with the greatest care possible (Plate I). These figures are particularly valuable, as showing the arrangement of the suckers on the short arms. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] The portions of the yen in my possession belong to the posterior part of the blade, with fragments from the middle; although neither the actual length nor the greatest breadth of this part can be given, we can yet judge very well what its general form and character must have been. It was a large, broad and thin structure, of a yellowish brown color, and translucent. Its posterior portion (Plate III, figure 3) re- sembles that of LoUgo, but its anterior and lateral edges are entirely different,, for instead of having a regular lanceolate form, tapering to both ends, as in LoUgo, it expands and thins out toward the lateral and anterior borders, fading out insensibly, both at the edges and end, into soft membrane.* The posterior end, for about an inch and a half, rapidly narrows to a point, which was probably involute and hooded for a short distance; from this portion forward the width gradually increases from 1.2 inches to 5 inches, at a point 25 inches from the end. where our specimen is broken off; at this place the marginal strips are wanting, but the width is 5 inches between the lateral midribs {d, d"), which were, perhaps, far from the margin. Along the center of the shell there is a "♦irong, raised, smooth, rounded midrib, which is very con- spicuous in the middle and posterior sections, becoming angular near the end. On each side of the midrib is a lateral rib of smaller size. These at first diverge rapidly from the central one, and then run along nearly parallel with the outer margin and about .4 of an inch from it, but beyond 11 inches from the point the margins are torn off; the lateral ribs gradually fade out before reaching the anterior border; near the place where they finally disappear they are about 6 inches apart.t No. 6 (OF FORMER ARTICLES)— SAME AS No. 3. No. 7.— Labrador specimen. Dr. D. Honey man, geologist, of Halifax, Nova Scotia, has published, in a Halifax paper, a statement made to him by a gentleman who claims to have been present at the capture of another specimen (No. 7), in the Straits of Belle Isle, at West Saint Modent, on the Labrador side: ''It was lying peacefully in the water when it was provoked by the push of an oar. It looked fierce and ejected much water from its funnel ; it did not consider it necessary to discharge its sepia, as mollusca of this kind * Probably there may have been a narrow prolongation or shaft beyond the portion preserved, bat of this there is no fragment. tMr. Harvey pablished popular aocouutB of this apocimeu, and of the praviously captured arm of the larger one (No. 3), in the Maritime Monthly Magazine of Saint John, New Bronswiok, for March, 1874, and in several newspapers. Acknowledgments are also due to Mr. Alexander Murray, provincial geologist, who codperated with Mr. Harvey in the examination and preservation of these specimens, and who has also written some of the oooounts of them that have been published. See also the Ameri- can Naturalist, vol. viii, p. 123, February, 1874; American Journal of Science, vol. vii, p. 460; Nature, vol. ix, p. 322, February 26, 1874; Appleton's Journal, January 31, 1874 ; Forest and Stream, p. 356 (with figure), January, 1674. [10] ior part her the ven, we ist have 1 brown •e 3) re- entirely ering to eral and }nd, into ', rapidly r a short ises from here our wanting, '), which the shell rery con- alar near iller size, run along h from it, he lateral near the ,rt.t tublished, [ho claims 7), in the Iside: "It le push of [el; it did this kind Itho portiou praviously ae of Saint vledgments LvrlthMr. jio has also I the Ameri- Ice, vol. vli, lanaary 31, [11] CEPHALOPODS OF NOBTHEASTEBN COAST OF AMERICA. generally do in order to cover their escape. The men in the boat de* termined to secure it. After it had taken tJie boat in its arms, they tried to ship it with their oars. One of these broke, but another boat coming to aid in the capture, the squid was taken hold of by a grapnel and rolled into a seine-boat. The boats were engaged in the herring- fishing. This also appears to have been the squid's occupation about the time of its capture. The length of its longest arm was 37 feet ; the length of the body 15 feet ; whole length 52 feet. The bill was very large. The suckers of its arms or feet, by which it lays hold, about 2 inches in diameter. The monster was cut up, salted, and barreled for dog's meat.*^ In this account the length given for the << body " evidently includes the head also. This creature was probably disabled, and perhaps nearly dead, when discovered at the surfoice, and this seems to have been the case with most of the specimens hitherto seen living. Animals of this sort probably never float or lie quietly at the surface when in good health. Kos. 8 Am> 9. — ^Lamaline specimens, 1870-'71. Mr. Harvey refers to a statement made to him by a clergyman, Bev. A. E. Gabriel, of Portugal Gove, that two specimens (Nos. 8 and 9), measuring respectively 40 and 47 feet in total length, were cast ashore .at Lamaline, on the southern coast of Newfoundland, in the winter of 1870-'71. No. 10.~SpebM'WHALe speoimbn. {Arehiteuthis prinoeps.) Plate XI, figures 1, 2. This specimen, consisting of both jaws, was presents to the Peabody Academy of Science, at Salem, Mass., by Gapt. N. E. Atwood, of Frov- incetown, Mass. It was taken from the st(»nach of a sperm-whale, but the precise date and locality are not Inown. It was probably from the North Atlantic. The upper jaw was imperfectly figured by Dr. Packard in his article on this subject.* It is one of the largest jaws yet known, and belonged to an apparently imdescribed species, which I named Arohiteuthift priiweps^ and described in my former papers, with figures of both j^wci. No. 11.- -Second Bonavista Bay specimen, 1872. The Bev. M. Harvey, in a letter to me, stated that a specimen was cast ashore at Bonavista Bay, December, 1872, and that his infbrmant told him that the long arms measured 32 feet in length,* and the short arms about 10 feet in length, and were "thicker than a man's thigh." The body was not measured, but he thinks it was about 14 feet long and very stout, and that the largest suckers were 2.5 inches in diameter. The size of the suckers is probably exaggerated, and most likely the * American Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 91, 1873. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP PISH AND FISHERIES. [12] length of the body also. It is even possible that this was the same specimen from which the beak and suckers described as No. 4, firom Bonavista Bay, were derived, for the date of capture of that specimen is unknown to me. The latter, however, was much smaller than the above measurements, and it is, therefore, desirable to give a special number (11) to the present one. No. 12.— Harbor Graob specimen, 1874-^75. Another specimen, which we have designated as No. 12, was cast ashore, in the winter of 1874-^75, near Harbor Orace, but was destroyed before its value became known, and no measurements were given. No. 13.— Fortune Bat specimen, 1874. Plato IX, figure 11. A specimen was cast ashore, December, 1874, at Grand Bank, Fortune Bay, Newfoundland. As in the case of several of the previous speci- mens, I was indebted to the Bev. M. Harvey for early information con- coming this one, and also for the jaws and one of the large suckers of the tentacular arms, obtained through Mr. Simms, these being the only parts preserved. Although this specimen went ashore in December^ Mr. Harvey did not hear of the event until March, owing to the unusual interruption of travel by the severity of the winter. He informed me that Mr. G^rge Simms, magistrate of Grand Bank, had stated in a letter to him that he examined the creature a few hours after it went ashore, but not before it had been mutilated by the removal of the tail by the fishermen, who finally cut it up as food for their numerous dogs; an^that the long tentacular arms were 2G feet long and 16 inches in circumference ; the short arms were about one-third as long as the long ones; the "back of the head or neck was 36 inches in circumference" (evidently meaning the head behind the bases of the arms) ; the length of the body <<&om the junction to the tail" was 10 feet (apparently meaning from the ba se of the arms to the origin of the caudal fins). He thought that the tail, which had been removed, was about one-third as long as the body, but this was probably overestimated. In No. 14 the tail, from its origin or base, was about one-fifth as long as the balance of the body and head. Applying the same proportio7\s to No. 13, the head and body together would have been 12 feet. In a letter to me, dated October 27, 1875, Mr. Simms confirmed the above measurements, but stated that the long arms had been detached, and that the bases of the arms measured as those of the tentacular arms (they had previously , been cut off about a foot from the head), were triangular in outline, the sides being respectively 5, 6, 5 inches in breadth, the longest or outer side being convex and the two lateral sides straight. He, moreover, says that all vhe arms were covered with large suckers /roM the base outward. Hence, it is probable that he made a mistake as to these stumps, and S ri21 I [^^] CEPHAL0P0D8 OP NOETHEASTEBN COAST OF AMERICA. that they really belonged to a pair of sessile arms. Probably the tentac- ular arms, when extended, had been cut off so dose to their contractile bases that their stumps had afterwards become contracted within their basal poaches, and were therefore overlooked. He adds that the body was 3 leet broad (doubtless it was much flattened from its natural form), and that the measurements were made while the body lay upon uneven ground, so that its exact length could not be easily ascertained, and that the caudal fin had been cut off at its base. As the tail-fins of Nos. 5 and 14 W3re about one-fifth the length of the rest of the body and the head together, this specimen, if belonging to either of those species, should have been about 12 feet from the base of the arms to the tip of the tail. The large sucker in my possession is 1 inch in diameter across the denticulated rim, and in form and structure agrees closely with those described and figured by me from the tentacular arms of Nos. 4, 5, and 14 (Plate IV, figures 1, 4, and Plate IX, figures 1, 1 a). The jaws are still attached together, in their natural position, by the cartilages. They agree very closely in form with the large jaws of Arohi- teuthis princess V. (No. 10), figured on Plate XI, but they are about one- tenth smaller. 4 No. 14.— Catalina SPECIMBN, 1877. {Arehite^ithi8 princes.) Plates VIII-X. A nearly perfect specimen of a large squid was found cast ashore, after a severe gale, at Catalina, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, September 22, 1877. It was living when found. It was exhibited for two or three days at Saint Jol.n's, and subsequently was carried in brine to New York, where it was purchased by Keiche & Brother, for the New T*rk Aquarium. There I had an opportunity to examine it very soon after its arrival.* I am also indebted to the proprietors of the aquarium for some of the loose suckers. Other suckers frt>m this specimen were sent to me from Newfoundland, by the Rev. M. Harvey. Although some- what mutilated, and not in a very good state of preservation when re- ceived, it is of great interest, being, without doubt, the largest and best specimen ever preserved. The Catalina specimen, when fresh, t was 9.5 feet from tip of tail to base of arms; circumference of body, 7 feet; cir- cumference of head, 4 feet ; length of tentacular arms, 30 feet ; length of * See American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xlv, p. 425, November, 1877. When examined by me it was loose in a tank of alcohol. Dr. J. B. Holder gave mo valuable assistance in making this examination, and also made one of the drawings of the caudal fin. It was afterwards "prepared" for exhibition by a taxidermist, who misplaced the arms, siphon, and other parts, and inserted two large, round, flat, red eyes close together on the top of the head I Continued soaking in strong alcohol had reduced its dimensions to about one-half their former measurements when examined by mo two years later. t Measurements of the freshly-caught apecimon were made by the Eov. M. Harvey, at Saint John's, and communicated to me. REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES. [14] longest Bossile arms (ventral onest), 11 feet; circumference at base, 17 inches ; circumference of tentacular arms, 5 inches ; at their expanded portions, 8 inches ; length of upper mandible, 5.25 inches ; diameter of large sucker^, 1 inch; diameter of eye-openings, 8 inches. The eyes were destroyed by the captors. It agrees in general appearance with A. Harveyi (No. 5), but the caudal fin is broader and somewhat less acutely pointed than in that species, as seen in No. 5 ; it was 2 feet and 9 inches broad, when fresh, and broadly sagittate in form. The dried rims of the large suckers are white, with very acutely serrate margins ; the small smooth-rimmed suckers, with their accompanying tubercles, are distantly scattered along most of the inner face of the tentacular arms, the last ones noticed being 19 feet firom the tips. The sessile arms present considerable disparity in length and size, the ventral ones being somewhat larger and longer than the others, which were, how- over, more or less mutilated when examined by me ; the serrations are smaller on the inner edge than on the outer edge of the suckers. On the smaller suckers beyond the middle of the arms the inner edge is without serrations. No. 15.— Hammer Cove specimen, 1876. In a letter from Rev. M. Harvey, dated August 25, 1877, he states that a big squid was cast ashore November 20, 1876, at Hammer Gove, on the southwest arm of Green Bay, in Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland. When first discovered by his informant it had already been partially devoured by foxes and sea-birds. Of the body, a portion 5 feet long remained, with about 2 feet of the basal part of the arms. The head was 18 inches broad ; tail, 18 inches broad ; eye-sockets, 7 by 9 inches; stump of one of the arms, 3.5 inches in diameter. ^e only portion secured was a piece of the m the otherwise obtuse end of the arm. At its base one or two small suckers have already been reproduced, and minute rudiments of others can be detected on some of them. Whether these arms would have been perfectly restored in course of time is, per- haps, doubtful,* but there can be no doubt that a partial restoration ^ould, at least, have been effected. On the basal half of several of the arms some of the suckers had also been previously lost, and these were all in the process of restoration. The restored suckers were mostly less than one half the diameter of those adjacent, and iu some cases less than one- third. Among the restored suckers were some malformations. One has a double aperture, with a double horny rim. In one case two small suck- ers, with pedicels in close contact, occupy the place of a single sucker. In another instance a small pediceled sucker arises from the pedicel of a larger one, near its base. Nos. 25, 26, &c. Architeuthis abundant in 1875 at the Orand Banks. From Gapt. J. W. i. oUins, now of the United States Fish Commission, I learn tb , in October, 1875, an unusual number of giant squids were found flouting at the surface on tho Grand Banks, but mostly entirely dead and more or less mutilated by birds and fishes. In very few cases they were not quite dead, but entirely disabled. These were seen chiefly between north latitude 44° and 44° SCV, and between west longitude 49° W and 49° 50'. He believes that between 25 and 30 specimens were secured by the fleet from Gloucester, Mass., and that as many more were probably obtained by the vessels from other places. They were cut up and used as bait for codfish. For this use they are of considerable value to the fishermen. Captain Collins was at that time in command of the schooner " Howard," which secured five of these giant squids. These were mostly from 10 to 15 feet long, not including the arms, and aver- aged about 18 inches in diameter. The arms were almost always muti- lated. The portion the t was left was usually 3 to 4 feet long, and at the [base about as large as a man's thigh. One specimen (No. 25), when cut up, was packed into a large hogs- I head-tub having a capacity of about 75 gallons, which it filled. This tub was known to hold 700 pounds of codfish. The gravity of the Archi- uthis is probably about the same as that of the fish. This would indicate more nearly the actual weight of one of these creatures than any of the /*T1iat mutilations of the arms in species of Octoput are regularly restored ia well known, but it has been stated by Steenstrup that this does not occur in the ten-armed forms. I have repeatedly observed such restorations in Loligo and Ommastrephea. REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OF PISH AND FISHERIES. [20] mere estimates that have been made, which are usaally much too great. Allowing for the parts of the arms that had been destroyed, this sped- men would, probably, have weighed nearly 1,000 pounds. Among the numerous other vessels that were fortunate in securing this kind of bait. Captain Collins mentions the following: The schooner <^ Sarah P. Ayer," Captain Oakly, took one or two. The " E. R. Niokerson," Cp.ptain McDonald, secured one that had its arms and was not entirely dead, so that it was harpooned. Its tentac* alar arms were 36 feet long (No. 26). The schooner << Tragabigzanda,'^ Captain Mallory, secured three in one afternoon. These were 8 to 12 feet long, not including .the arms. TSiese statements are confirmed by other fishermen, some of whom state that the '< big squids " were also common during the same season at the " Flemish Cap," a bank situated some distance northeast from the Grand Banks. The cauoe of so great a moi'tality among these great Cophalopods can only be conjectured. It may have been due to some disease epidemic among them, or to an unusual prevalence of deadly parasites or other ene- mies. It is worth while, however, to recall the fact that these were ob- served at about the same time, in* autumn^ when most of the specimens have been found cast ashore at Newfoundland in different years. This time may, perhaps, be just subsequent to their season for reproduction, when they would be so much weakened as to be more easily overpowered by parasites, disease, or other unfavorable conditions. HlMtloteuthia Collinsii Verrill. In addition to the foregoing examples, all of which, except No. 21, are believed to be referable to the genus Architeuthis, I have, in former arti- cles* described a very remarkable large squid, belonging to the genus Histioteuthis, in which a broad thin membrane or web unites the six upper arms together nearly to their tips, while the lower ones have a shorter web uniting them to the rest. Although small, when contrasted with the gigantic specimens of Architeuthis, it is considerably larger than any of the common small squids, and as it inhabits the same locali- ties with Architeuthis, and has some points of resemblance to the latter genus, especially in having the smooth-rimmed suckers for uniting to- gether the long tentacular arms, I have thought it best to mention it in this part of my article, in connection with the species of Architeuthis. The only specimen known was obtained (with No. 20) from the stomach of a large and voracious fish {Alepidosaurusferox), having a formidable array of long, sharp teeth, eminently adapted for the capture of sucli prey* It was taken by Capt. J. W. Collins and crew, of the schooner "Marion," in deep water oft' the coast of Nova Scotia, and presented to the Unitea States Fish Commission. This spef'ies (JET. Collinsii) is flg*- ured bn Pln-te XXIII, and will be described farther or. •American Journal of Science, vol. xvii p. 241, 1879; vol. xix, p. 29, pi. 14," 1880; Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, pp. 195, 234, pi. 22. [ES. [20] I too great, this speci* [21] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA. Moroteuthis robusta (Dall, sp.) Verrill. In this connection I may also refer to a gigantic Pacific Ocean species, obtained by !«Ir. W H. Dall, on the coast of Alaska, in 1872, which will be described as fully as possible in another part of this article, when discussing the foreign species of lar^e Oephalopods (see Plates XJIf and XIV). Three specimens were observed and mbas'"'«^d by Mr. Dali. The largest one measured, from the base of the "rms to the end of the body, 8.5 feet. The ends of all the arms had been destroyed in all the specimens. It was originally t briefly described by me under Mr. Dall's MSS. name, Ommastrephes robustiiSf but a more careful study of the parts preserved, especially the ' cone' of the 'pen' and the odontophore, convinced me that it belongs to the family TcuthidtB, characterized especially by having rows of sharp claws or hooks on the 'club' of the tentacular arms, instead of suckers, j: It was of spec 'al interest, to add I another generic type to the list of gigantic specie^. t American Journal of Science, vol. zii, p. 236, 1876. t Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v., p. 246. BEPOBT OP COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22] is ;:!iiii [23] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. SPECIAL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST SPECIES. Arohiteutfcis Steenstrup. ArMteuthus Steenstrup, Oplysninger om Atlanter, CoUossale Bltoksprutter, Forhandlinger Skaad. Naturf., 1856, vol. yii, p. 182, Christiana, 1857 (name proposed, but no generic characters given). ArchiteuthU Harting, Yerh. K. Akad., Weten., Natuurk., IX, 1860. Megaloteuthia Kent, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1874, p. 178 (no generic charac- ters given). Size large. Body stout, nearly round, swollen in the middle. Caudal fin, in the typical species, relatively small, sagittate. Head large, short. Eyes very large, oblong-ovate, with well-developed lids and an- terior sinus. Sessile arms stout, their suckers large, very oblique, with the edges of the homy rings strong'y serrate, especially on tlie outer margin. The suckers of the badal half of all the arms, except the ven- tral ones, differ from the distal ones in being denticulated all around and less oblique. The margin has around it a free-edged membrane', which closely surrounds the denticles when the sucker is used, and allows a vacuum to be produced. Tentacular arms very long and slender, in extension, the proximal part of the club furnished with an irregular group of small, smooth-rimmed suckers, intermingled with rounded tubercles on each arm, the suckers on one arm corresponding with the tubercles of the other, so that by them the two arms may be firmly attached together without injury, and thus used in concert ; other simi- lar suckers and tubercles, doubtless for the same use, are distantly scattered along the slender part of these arms, one sucker and one tubercle occurring near together. A small cluster of smooth-edged suckers also occurs at the tips. The internal shell (imperfectly known in one species only) has a thin and very broad, lanceolate posterior blade, expanding forward from the end, with divergent ribs. This genus is closely allied to Ommastrephea, from which it may be best distinguished by the presence of the peculiar connective suckers and tubercles for uniting the tentacular arms together. ArchiteuthiB Harveyi Vorrill.— (Harvey's Giant Squid.) Megaloteuthia Harveyi Kent, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, p. 178. ArchiteuthU monaohus Yerrill, Amer. Journal Science, vol. ix, pp. 124, 177, pi. 2, 3, 4, 1875; vol. xii, p. 236, 1876. American Naturalist, vol. ix, pp. 22, 78, figs. 1-6, 10, 1875 (f non Steenstrup). Ommastrephea Harveyi Kent, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, p. 492. Omma8trephea {ArcMteuthie) monaehut Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol, i, p. 184, pi. 83, fig. 379, pi. 84, figs. 380-385, 1879. (Descriptions compiled and figures copied from the papers by A. E. V. ) Architeuthis Harveyi Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, pp. 197, 259, pis. 13- 16 a, 26, 1879-'80. Amer. Journal Science, vol. xlx, pp. 284, 287, pi. 13, 1880. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FTSIl AND FISHERIES. [24] Plates I— VI. The diagnostic characters of this species, so far as determined, are as follows: Sessile arms unequal in size, nearly equal in length, de- cidedly shorter than the head and body together, and scarcely as long as the body alone, all bearing sharply serrated suckers; their tips slender and acute. Tentacular arms, in extension, about four times a^ long as the short ones ; about three times as long as the head and body together. Caudal flu small, less than one- third the length of the mantle, sagittate in form, with the narrow lateral lobes extending forward beyond their insertions ; the posterior end tapering to a long, acute tip. Jaws with a smaller notch and lobe than in A. princeps. Larger suck- ers, toward the base of the lateral and dorsal arms, with numerous acute teeth all around the circu' aference, all similar in shape, but those on the inner margin smJillo'* rhan those on the outer. Eemainder of the suckers on these arms, and all of those on the ventral arms, toothed on the outer margin only. Sexual characters are not yet determined. * Special description of the specimen No. 5. — The preserved parts of this specimen (see p. 8) examined by me are as follows: The anterior part of the head, with the bases of the arms, the beak, lingual ribbon, &c.; the eight shorter arms, but without the suckers, which dropped off in the brine, and are now represented only by a few of the detached marginal rings ; the two long tentacular arms, which are well pre- served, with all the suckers in place ; the caudal fin ; portions of the pen or internal shell; the ink-bag; and pieces of the body. The general appearance and form of this species* are well shown by *Mr. W. Saville Kent, from tho popular descriptions of this species, gave it new generic and specific names, viz, Megaloteulhia Harveyi, in a communication made to the Zoological Society of London, March 3, 1874 (Proceedings Zool. Soc, p. 178; see also Nature, vol. ix, p. 375, March 12, and p. 403, March 19). My former identifica- tion was based on a comparison of the jaws with tho jaws of A. tnonachus, well fig- ured and described by Steenstrup in proof-sheets of a paper which is still uqpub- lished, thoughin part printed several years ago, and referred to by Harting. The agree- ment of the jaws is very close in nearly all respects, but tho beak of the lower jaw is a littlo more divergent in Steenstrnp's figure. His specimen was a little larger than the one here described, and was taken from a specimen cast ashore at Jutland in 1853. Mr. Kent was probably unacquainted with Steeustrup's notice of that specimen when he said (Nature, vol. ix, p. 403) that A. monacltua " was instituted for the recep- tion of two gigantic Cephalopods cast on the shores of Jutland in tho years 1639 and 1790, and of which popular record alone remains." In his second communication to the Zoological Society of London, March 18, 1874 (Proc, p. 490), he states (on the authority of Crosse and Fischer) that a third specimen " was stranded on the coast of Jutland in 1854, and upon the pharynx and beak of this, the only parts preserved', . the aaiue authority founded his species ArchiteuthU dux." The specimen here referred to is evidently the same that Steenstrup named A. monachus, in 186C. The confusion in reference to these names is evidently due to this mistake. The statement that Arohiteuthia dux Steenstrup is known from the beak alone is evi- dently erroneous. Steenstrup himself, Harting, and Dr. Packard, in their articles on this subject, all state that the suckers, parts of the arms, and the internal shell or pen were preserved, and they have been figured, but not published, by Professor Steen* lES. [24] B [25] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. rmined, are length, de- ;ely as long their tips >ur times a^ bd and body the mantle, Dg forward p:, acute tip. jarger suck- lerous acute tut those on inder of the •ms, toothed determined, larts of this 'he anterior gual ribbon, L dropped oflf he detached :e well pre- rtions of the sU shown by 8, gave it new ation made to loc, p. 178; see liuer identifica- chus, well fig- jis still uqpub- ig. The agree- le lower jaw is :le larger than at Jutland in that specimen for the recep- [years 1639 and unication to [states (on the on the coast trts preserved, here referred The confusion Lk alone is evi- T . ■• •* lielr articles on emalsheUor kofessor Steen- Plates I and II. The body was relatively stout. According to the statement of Mr. Harvey, ic was, when fresh, about 213"" (7 feet) long and 5A feet in circumference. The 'tail' or caudal fin (Plate I, fig. 2, and Plato IV, fig. M) is decidedly sagittate, and remarkably small in proportion to the body. It is said by Mr. Harvey to have been 55.9=™ (22 iuches) across, but the preserved specimen is considerably smaller, owing, undoubtedly, to shrinkage in the brine and alcohol. The pos- terior termination is unusually acute, and the lateral lobes extend for- ward considerably beyond their insertion. In the preserved specimen the total length, from the anterior end of the lateral lobes to the tip of the tail, is 58.4™' (23 inches) ; from the lateral insertions to the tip, 48.2"" (19 inches); total breadth, about 38"" (15 inches); width of lateral lobes, 15.2™ (6 iuches). The eight shorter arms, when fresh, were, accord- ing to Mr. Harvey's measurements, 182.9^" (6 feet) long, and all of equal length,* but those of the different pairs were, respectively, 25.4"", 22.9™, 20.3"="', and 17.8™ (10, 9, 8, and 7 inches) in circumference.t strap. Harting has also given a figure of the lower jaw, copied from a figure by Steeustrup. In the proof-sheets that I have seen this specimen is referred to as "A. titan," hat Harting cites it as A. dttx Steenstrnp, which is the name given to it by Steenstrup in his first "notice of it, in 1856. Therefore, two distinct species were con- founded under this name by Kent. His rejection of the generic name, Archiieuthia, might, perhaps, have been justified on the ground that Steenstrnp had never pub- lished any definite description of it, and that he had mentioned no distinctive generic characters in his brief notice, had not Harting's article given, indirectly, sufficient information to justify us in adopting the genus. But Kent's genus rests on no better foundation than Architeuthi8, for he gave to it no characters that can be considered generic. Actual generic characters of Architeuthis were first given in my articles in 1875, but those then given for the pen and erture than those of the larger ones, with the teeth more in- clined inward, those on the outer margin being largest. Among the loose sucker^rims there are some which differ firom the others in having the rim more oblique, and the inner edge with nearly obsolete teeth. These suckers of the second kind differ fh>m the cor- responding ones of A. princepa in having, on the outer margin, more numerous, more slender, and sharper teeth, which taper regularly from base to tip and are not so flattened. The larger of these sucker-rims (i) are li.S"'"' in diameter across the base; aperture, O"""; height at back, ymm. J^ fifont, 2™"; number of large denticles on outer margin, ten to fourteen ; the inner margin, except in the smaller ones, is either finely toothed or distinctly crenulated, and there are usually one or more irreg- ular, broad, sharp lobes or imperfect teeth on the lateral margins. The teeth of the outer margin are regular, strongly incurved, tapering from the base to the very sharp tips, and sharply beveled on the edges. A smaller one (j), ll"*"* across the base and 4.5""" across the aperture, with height of back 0"""", has five regular sharp teeth on the outer margin, two broad irregular ones on each side, while the front edge is nearly entire. These are supposed to come from the ventral arms. Others (h) are completely intermediate between the two principal forms, having very oblique rims, with a small aperture, but distinctly denticulate all around, the denticles on the inner margin being distinctly smaller than on the outer. Measurements of sucker-rims from short arms {in millimeters). a. (ale.) b. (ale.) e. (ale.) d. (dry.) «. /• ff- A. t. J- Diameter, outside, at base..... 17 13 7.6 3 46 17 10 9 3 41 20 16 8 3.6 60 18 14 7 3 49 21 17 8 3 19 16 7.5 3 48 20.6 16.5 7.6 3 49 16 9.6 9.5 3 34 14.6 9 7 2 14 11 Diameter of aperture 4.5 Height of liomy ring, back side Heiglit of liorny ring, front side Kumber of distinct denticles 6 1.5 7 The two long tentacular arms are remarkable for their slendemess and great length when compared with the length of the body. Mr. Harvey states that they were each 731.5'"" (24 feet) long and 7'"= (2.75 inches) in circumference when fresh. In the brine and alcohol they have shrunk greatly, and now measure only 411.5'"' (13.5 feet) in length, while the circumference of the slender portion varies from 5.7'"" to 7.25™ (2.25 to 3.25 inches). These arms were evidently highly contractile, like those of many small species, and consequently the length and diameter would REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OF I J^H AND FISHERIES. [28] varj- greatly according to the state of contraction or relaxation. The length given (24 feet) probably represents the extreme length in an ex- tended or flaccid condition, such as usually occurs in these animals soon after death. The slender portion is nearly three-cornered or triquetral in form, with the outer mgle rounded, the sides slightly concave, the lateral angles promicf'nt, and the inner face a little convex and gener- ally smooth (Plate I, flg. 1, e e.) The terminal portion, bearing the suckers, is 76.2°'" in length and ex- pands gradually to the middle, where it is 11.4'="' to 12.7"" in circumfer- ence (15.3'™ when fresh) and 3.9"" to 4.1™ across the face. The sucker- bearing portion may be divided into three parts. The first regio". (» to t i) occupies about 17.8'="' (7 inches); here the arm is rounded-triquetral, with margined lateral angles, and gradually increases up to c maxi- mum size, the inner face being convex and bearing about forty irregu- larly scattered, small, flattened, saucer-shaped suckers, attachexl by very short pedicels, and so placed in depressions as to rise but little above the general surface. The larger ones are 5""™ to 6'""" in external diameter ; 3""" across aperture; 1.5""" high. The smaller ones have a diameter of 4'""' ; aperture, 2.5™"" ; height, l""". The horny ring (Plate IV, Figs. 9, 9a) is circular, thin, and of about uniform breadth all around ; the edge is smooth and even, slightly everted ; just below the edge there is a groove all around ; below this a prominent, rounded ridge surrounds the pe- riphery, below which the lower edge is somewhat contracted. A thick, soft membrane surrounds the edge. These suckers are aC first distantly scattered, but become more crowded distally, forming six to eight irreg- ular alternating rows, covering the whole width of the inner face, which becomes 4.1'='" broad. Scattered among these suckers are about an equal number of low, broad, conical, smooth, callous verrucse, or wart-like prominences, rising above the general surface, their central elevation corresponding in form and size to the apertures of the adjacent suckers. These, without doubt, are intended to furnish sepure points of adhesion for the corresponding suckers of the opposite arm, so that, as in some other genera, these two arms can be fastened together at this wrist-like portion, and thus may be used unitedly. By this means they must become far more efficient organs for capturing their prey than if used separately. The absence of denticulations prevents the laceration of the creature's own flesh, which the sharp teeth of the other suckers would produce under pressure, and the verrucse prevent the lateral slipping, to which unarmed suckers applied to a smooth surface would be liable. Between these smooth suckers and the rows of large ones there is a cluster of about a dozen small suckers, with sharply serrate margins, from 5""" to 8""" in diameter, attached by slender pedicels. They are arranged somewhat irregularly in four rows, those of the outer rows more oblique, and corresponding in form with the larger marginal suckers. The second division (ii to iii), 35.6'='" in length, succeeds the small suck- JIE8. [28] I [29] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. ation. The th in an ex; nimals soon )r triquetral joncave, the : ami gener- igth and ex- n circumfer- The sucker- igio". {itoii) d-triqnetral, to e maxi- forty irregu- jhed by very little above lal diameter; I diameter of , Figs. 9, 9a) ; the edge is •e is a groove iinds the pe- d. A thick, rst distantly ) eight irreg- face, which out an equal or wart-like •al elevation !ent suckers, of adhesion as in some is wrist-like they must than if nsed aceration of her suckers the lateral [rface would f large ones rply serrate icels. They the oater er marginal I small suck- ers. Here the arm is liattened ou the face, i-ouuded on the back, and provided with a sharp dorsal carina, increasing in width toward the tip. It bears two alternating rows of about twelve very large, serrated suck- ers, and» an outer row of smaller ones, ou each side, alternating with the large ones. The upper edge is bordered by a rather broad, regularly scalloped, marginal membrane, the scallops corresponding to the large suckers, while prominent transverse ridges, midway between the lar^e suckers, join the membrane and form its lobes. On the lower edge there is a narrower and thinner membrane, which runs all the way to the tip of the arm. In one (the lower) of the rows of large suckers there are eleven, and in the other ten, above 20"'° in diameter. The former row has one additional sucker at its proximal end, 15"'° in diameter, and three others at its distal end, respectively 16*°°°, 12*"", and 8""° in diameter. The other row, of ten suckers, is continued by a proximal sucker lO'"'" in diameter, and by two distal ones, respectively 15""" and 13""" in diameter. The number of large suckers in each row may, therefore, be counted as 12, 13, or 14, according to the fancy of the describer, there being no well-defined distinction between the larger and smaller ones in either row. The largest suckers, along the middle of the rows, are from 24°"" to 30""' in diameter (Plate IV, fig. 4, a). They are attached by slender but strong pedicels, about lO"-"- long and C"-"" to 7"'"' in diameter. The outer or back side of these suckera is 16""^ to 18" " high; the inner side 10"™ to ll""", so that the rim is about 24"" to 28""' above the surface of the arm. The horny rings are 7"'"' to 8 " "" high and have the aperture 20"""' to 23'""' in diameter. Each one is situated in the center of a pentagonal depressed area, about 25""" across, bounded by ridges, which alternate regularly and interlock on the two sides, so as to form a zigzag line along the mid- dle of the arm. These large suckers are broadly and obliquely campan- ulate, but much less oblique than those of the short arras; the marginal ring is strong, and sharply serrate all around; the denticles are acute- triangular and nearly equal. The rings are somewhat calcified and rather rigid when dried; a well-marked broad groove runs around the entire circumference, below the bases of the denticles. The small marginal suckers (fig. 4, b) are similar in structure, but much . more oblique, and mostly 9'"" to 11'" " in diameter; they are attached by • [much longer and more slender pedicels, and their marginal teeth are [relatively longer, sharper, and more incurved, especially on the outer \ margin. The peripheral groove is broad and deep, but is interrupted on I the outer side for about a third of the circumference ; the outer third I portion of the homy ring is somewhat flattened from the circular form. The terminal division (iii to iv) of the arm is 22.8'^"' long. It gradually be- comes compressed laterally, and tapers regularly to the tip, which is flat, bluut, and slightly incurved. Just beyond the large suckers, where this region begins, tlie circumference is 9™. The face is narrow and bears a large number of small pediceled suckers (Plate IV, figs. 10, 10 a), ar- ranged in four regular, alternating rows, gradually diminishing in size REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [30] to near the tip of the arm, where the rows expand into a small cluster of about ten smooth-edged suckers. The suckers, except in the final group, are much like the marginal ones of the previous division, and at first are 5""" to T""" in diameter, but decrease to about 2.5"™ near the tip of the arm. They have sharply serrate, oblique, marginal rings, higher on the outer side, with a peripheral groove on the inner and lateral sides only. In our preserved specimens the rings are gone from many of these small suckers, but those of the two rows next to the lower margin appear to have been larger than the others. The suckers of the final group are close to the tip, which is slightly recurved over them. They are flat, attached to short pedicels, and pro- vided with a narrow homy rim, which has the edge smooth, or nearly so, and surrounded by a thick membranous border. The diameter of these suckers is from .5""" to 2""". They are rather crowded, and the cluster is broader than long. The color of the body and arms, where preserved, is pale reddish, with thickly scattered, small spots of brownish red. The form of the jaws* of this specimen is well shown by Plate III, tigs. 1, 2. When in place the tips of these jaws constitute a powerful beak, looking something like that of a parrot or hawk, except that the upper jaw shuts into the lower, instead of the reverse, as in birds. The color is dark brown, becoming almost black toward the tip, where its substance is thicker and firmer, and smoothly polished externally. The upper jaw (Plate III, fig. 1), in 1875, measured 79""" in total length, 25'""' in transverse breadth, and 66™"" in breadth or height. The lower jaw (fig. 2) was 76™"" long, 70""' transversely, and 67™"' broad, vertically. It was larger when first received, but has subsequently shrunk con- siderably more, in alcohol. The upper mandible has the rostrum strong, convex, acute, and curved considerably forward, with concave cutting edges, and a slight notch at its base. The anterior edges of the alse are irregular and uneven. The palatine lamina is broad and thin. The lower mandible has the rostrum stouter and less curved, the tip acute, with a distinct notch just below the tip, the cutting edges nearly straight, and with a moderately deep and rather narrow notoh at its base ; a ridge runs backward from near the tip, in a curved line, cir- *In order to explain the terms employed in describing the various parts of the jaws of Cephalopoda, as used in this article, I have introduced figures of the jaws of one of our common small squids (£oIi(;o j>a!!(o8terior end and Home of the middle portions, givitig gome idea an to what its original Htructaro munt luivo been. The texture and structnre of this pait of the pen was somewhat like that of Loligo, but it was thinner, and had leHH definite outlines, and less of the peculiar quill-shape seen in the latter. The anterior end of the blade, instead of being even and regular in outline, appears to have been broadly rounded, or somewhat abnii>t, with an indefinite outline, thinning out gradually on all sides into a soft, llbrous membrane, while the shaft, or or quill-portion, was not so distinctly diifei-entiated from the broad, thin blade, which tapered to the posterior end, and was probably slightly hooded at the tip. The fragments in my possession belong to four moie or less separated sections. The first section includes 11 inches of the posterior end, f^om close to the extreme tip forward ; the second section includes about 9 inches, belonging to the posterior portion, and extends to about 25 inches from the posterior end, but lacks the extreme lateral margins outside the costse (Plate III, fig. 3) ; the third section consists of about 7.5 inches, belonging to the middle region, but does not include the whole width on either side of the midrib ; the fourth section is about 10 inches in length, and probably came from near the anterior end of the blade, apparently representing nearly the whole width on both sides. From these fragments we can restore pretty accurately the last 25 inches and 12 inches or more of the middle portion, though the precise form of the indefinite anterior end of the blade must remain doubtful. The ex- treme posterior tip is broken ofi', but it was evidently pointed and thin as in Ommastrephea. At the mutilated end the breadt'i is now about a third of an inch. From th "^ i)oint the lateral edges diverge rapidi/, with a slightly concave outline, i about 1.25 inches, where the breadth be- comes 1.20 inches ; beyond thi^j . 'nargins are nearly straight, and di- verge gradually to the end of the iiio. 'action, at 11 inches from the tip. At this place the breadth is 3.10 inches, tue marginal portions outside of the lateral costse being about .40 of an inch and the midrib about .25 of an inch broad. Beyond this point a section about 4.75 inches long is entirely wanting, and the succt^dding section lacks the marginal iM>r- tions, the lateral costie forming tl 3 margins on both sides. At 19.50 inches from the tip the breadth between the lateral costse is 3.75 inches; at 25 inches it is 5 inches bro^ti. Whether the marginal portions origi- nally extended to this point with a breadth as great as they have at 11 inches is uncertain, for their breadth decreases somewhat to that point, from a poirt about 4 inches from the tip, where their breadth is .GO of an inch. The midrib is strongly marked, being raised into a semi-cylin- drical form, and of somewhat thicker material than the lateral portions; its breadth and liight steadily increases throughout both these sections and the following one, until it becomes nearly half an inch broad, but in the section fi'om nearer the middle it is low and narrow, and de- creases rapidly toward the end. The lateral costre are well marked, considerably elevated, and well rounded ; they run at first close to and [i\:\] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA. j nearly parallel with tlio inidril), but ufter the first 3 inches they diverge quite n'f-iihirly to the point, «t 25 inches from the end, beyond which we cannot traeo them, until they reappear in the first part of the anterior I section, where they are (luite small and soon fiide out entirely, at some 'distanwi from the extreme end. Near the posterior end, between the principal costie and the margin, there are on each side two additional Icosta^, much less distinct, and w.Any faint radiating lines . But these dl- rerge more rapidly, ard mostly run into the margin at 0 to 8 inches fh)m [the posterior end. The anterior portions and posterior portions are pale irellow or bluflP, fading to whitish at the thin margins, and deei)ening into jale amber at the midrib. Their substance is flexible, translucent, and ^very thin— scarcely thicker than parchment, except at the midrib and BOStfl). The third station evidently came from the middle region, where the Ibhell was thickest and broadest. This piece is 7.50 inches long and 4.10 jroad, with a strongly convex midrib, .30 to .35 of an inch broad, run- Ining through the center, but without any lateral coSta». In this portion |tho sluill is much thicker and firmer than in the others, and of a decided jrownish yellow or dii" amber-color, but quite transhuieut; it is finely striated with close, nearly parallel lines. The breadth and form of this niddle portion must remain undetermined for the present. The ante- rior section is quite incomplete, but is over 10 inches long, and shows in extreme width of about 0 inches, or 5.75 where the lateral custie dis- ippear. Some of the fragments extend forward 8 inches or more be- yond that point, and gradually fade out, both at the ends and lateral margins, into a white, soft but tough, fibrous membrane. So far as this jortion is preserved, it indicates a broadly rounded and ill-defined an- jrior mj^rgin. To this species I refer, with some doubt, the tentacular arm of No. 2, )reserved in the museum of Saint John's, Newfoundland. It agrees essen- tially in form and size, as will be seen from the description^and meas- irements, with the corresponding arms of No. 5. Still, it must be re- lembered that, as yet, no reliable distinctions have been made out jetween the tentacular arms of A. Harveyi and A. princeps. The total length of the tentacular arm of No. 2 was estimated at 30 to • feet. The portion saved measured, when fresh, 579.12 "" (19 feet). The bircumference of the slender portion was 9"" to 10 " ; of the enlarged pcker-beariug i)art, 15.24"" (6 inches); length of the part bearir.g buckers, 70.2"" (30 inches) ; dii> meter of the largest suckers, 3.17"" (1.25 jches). Calculating from the photograph, the portion bearing the larger suckers Avas about 45.7™' (18 inches) in length, and about G.35™ (2.5 Inches) broad across the face; distance between attachments of large Suckers, 4.27' " (1.G8 inches) ; outside diameter of larger suckers, 2.95™ to '" (1.10 to 1.25 inches) ; inside diameter, l.SG '" to 2.54"" (.74 to 1 inch); imeter of the small suckers of the outside rows, 1.02 "" to 1.22"" (.40 to j.48 of an ^lich). Mr. Harvey afterwards sent to me a full scries of meas- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [34] urenients of this arm, as then preserved. It had contracted excessively in the alcohol, and was only 13 feet 1 inch in length (instead of 19 feet, its original length), the enlarged sucker-bearing portion being 27 inches ; the large snckers occupied 12 inches ; the terminal part bear- ing small suckers, 9 inches; circumference of slender portion, 3.5 to 4.25 inches J of largest part, C inches; breadth of face, among large suckers, 2.5 inches; from face to back, 1.62 inches ; diameter of largest suckers outside, .75 of an inch ; ai)erture, .63 of an inch. It will be evident from these measurements, when compared with those made while fresh and from the photograph, that the shrinkage had been chiefly in length, the thickness remaining about the same, but the suckers (which had lost their horny rims, and therefore their size and form) were" consid- erably smaller than the dimensions previously given. Comparing all these dimensions with those of the Logic Bay specimen, and calculathig the proportions as nearly as possible, it follows that this specimen was very nearly one-third larger than the latter, but the large suckers ap- pear to have been relatively smaller, for they were hardly onc-twelftb larger than in the Logie Bay specimen. As the relative size'of the large suckers is a variable sexual character in certain species of squids, it i.s possible that the difference may be a sexual one in this case. A few of the horny rings from the small distal and lateral suckers (Plate IV, ligs. 3, 3 a) were sent to me by Mr. Harvey. These agree well with the corresponding suckers of No. 5. To this species I formerly referi-ed the jaws and two large suckers a from the 'club' of the tentacular arms of the Bonavista Bay specimen | (Xo. 4, see p. 8). In form, size, and proportions the jaws resemble those of the specimen (I^b. 5) described above, so that the size of these ; two individuals must have been about the same. These jaws had beens dried, and were very badly broken when received, so that only part of I their dimensions could be ascertained at first, but I have recently par- tially repaired them, so as to study them more fully (see tablo under A. princcps)^ The total length of the upper mandible was about lOS"""; tip of beak to notch, 16"""; notch to end of proper catting edge of ala-, 75"". The lower mandible (Plate III, figs. 4, 4 a) shows both sides of i the rostrum and alae. The notch and tooth are well marked, and the tooth in '"rent of it is narrower and much more elevated on one side than on the other. It is, therefore, quite possible that it belongs to A. princeps. The suckers (Plate IV, figs. 1, 1 a) had been dried, and have lost their true form, but the marginal rings are perfect, and only 23.4"" (.92 of an inch) in diameter, but though somewhat smaller than in the specimen just described, they have the same kind of denticula ; tiou around the margin. Their smaller size may indicate that the speci men was a male, but they may not have been the largest of those on the tentacular arm. To this species I also refer a young specimen (Yo. 24) which was louud floating at the surface, at the Grand Banl. of Jfcwfoundlandl RIES. [34] excessively istead of 19 ion being 27 il part beax- n, 3.5 to 4.25 irge suckers, :gest suckers 1 be evident e while fresh ifly in length, s (which had wore" consid- Jomparing all id calculathig specimen was o suckers ap- ly one -twelfth /.eof the large )f s(iuids, it is ise. literal suckers 1 These agree *^ large suckers Bay specimeu aws resemble e size of these | jaws had been it only part of recently par- abio under A. about 105"""; edge of ala*, both sides ofi rked, and the ,cl on one side belongs to A. en dried, and ■ect, and onlv smaller than of denticula that the Rpeci st of those oil >4) which was Newfoundland [35] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. April, 1880, by Capt. O. A. Whitten and crew of the schooner "V^m. H. Oakes," by whom li, was presented to the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. It furnishes the means of completing the description of parts .that were lacking or badly preserved in the larger specimens described above, and especially of the sessile arms and the buccal membran; i (Plate VI). ■ The coloi' of the head, so far as preserved, and of the external sur- faces of the sessile arms, is a rather dark purplish brown, duo to minute crowded specks of that color, thickly distributed, with a pinkish white ground-color between them. The outer buccal membrane is darker; the inner siurfaces of the arms are whitish; the peduncular portions of the tentacular arms have fewer color specks, and are i)aler than the pother arms. , f This creature had beeu badly mutilated, as described on p. 18, long <^before its death, as its healed wounds show, and to this circumstance many of the imperfections of the specimen are due. Sessile arms. With the exception of the left arm of the second pair, none of the sessile arms have their tips perfect. Therefore, it is not possible to ^ive their relative lengths. The dorsal arms are the smallest at lyase, and the third pair largest. Dhey are all i)rovided with a rather narrow marginal membrane along sach border of the front side. These niembranqp are scarcely wide enough to reach to the level of the rims of the suckers, though they may lave done so in life. The front margin, bearing the suckers, is narrow on all ^he arms, but relatively wider on the ventrals than on any of the others. Bach sucker-pedicel arises from a muscular cushion that is slightly [raised and rounded on the inner side; these, alternating on the two jlides, leave a zigzag depression aloug the middle of the arm ; from each |)f these cushions two thickened rauscular ridgss run outward to the kdge of the lateral membranes, one on each side of the pedicels of the lackers. These transverse muscular ridges give a scalloped outline to le margin of the membranes. These marginal membranes J^^re nar- )we8t aud the suckers are smallest on the ventral arms. TI»e dorsal id lateral arms are strongly compressed laterally, but slightly swollen couvtx in the middle, and narrowed externally to a carina, which is lost i)rominent along the middle of the arms, and most coTispicuous on le tV f d -p-^' f arms. The dOrsal arms are rather more sUndcr than le second pair, and were probably somewhat shorter. The left arm of the second pair has the tip preserved, with all its ickers present. On this arm there are 330 suck.:rs in all. The total pc^lii of the arm is 26.25 inches. The first 50 suckers extend to 12.25 iches from the base; the next 50 occupy 4.5 inches; the next 50 cover 3.5 iches; the next 100 occupy 4.25 inches; the last 80 occupy 1.75 inches. Chis arm is ,80 of an inch in transverse diameter near the base; 1.20 RFPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP* FISH AND FISHERIES. [36] inches Ir jm front to back ; breadth of its front or sucker-bearing surface (without the lateral membranes) is, where widest, near the base of the aim, .50 of an iach ; the width gradually decreases to .18 of an inch at 20 incnes ixom the base ; beyond this the arm tapers to a very slender tip, with numerous small, crowded suckers in two regular rows. At the base (Plate VI, fig. 4) there is first one very small sucker; this is suc- ceeded by two or three much larger ones, increasing a little in size; beyond these are the largest suckers, extending to about the 25tb, beyond which they gradually change their form and regularly diminish in size to the tips. The larger proximal suckers, up to the 25th to 30th, are relatively broader than those beyond, and have a wider and more open aperture, and a more even and less oblique horny ring, which is sharply denticulate around the entire circumference, witb the denticles ratJier smaller on the inner than on the outer margin, jut similar in form. These are about .31 of an inch iA external diameter. They show a gradual transition to those with more obUque rims and smaller aper» tures. Beyond the 30th the horny rims become decidedly more obliu i : and one-sided, with the denticles nearly or quite abortive on the inm , Bide, and larger and more incurved on the outer margin, while tLe aper- ture becomes more contracted and oblique. At first there are eight to ten denticles on the outer marghi, but these diminish in number as the suckers diminish in size, till at about 6 inches from the tip there are mostly but two or three, and the aperture is very contracted. Still nearer the tip there are but two blunt ones; then these become reduced to a single bilobed one ; and finally only one, which is squarish, appears in the minute suckers of the last two inches of the tip. The first two or three suckers at the base of the arm are more feebly denticulated than those beyond, with smaller apertures. On Tnany of the suckers (Platfe IV, fig. 2 a) there are stUl remaining, in more or less complete preservation, a circle of minute horry plates, arranged radially, or transversely on the edge of the membrane around the aperture, similar in arrangement to those described in another part of tnis article on the suckers of Sthenoteuthis pteropm (Plate XVII, fig. 9). They are less developed, however, than ih that species, being thin- ner and more delicate, nor do their ends appear to turn up in the form of hooks. They seem to be generally very thin, oblong, scale-like struct- ures, with rounded or blunt ends and slightly thickened margins. These structures will probably be found to vary with age, and perhaps with the season. They appear to be easily deciduous, and are often absent in preserved specimens. On the dorsal and third pairs of arms the suckers have essentially the same arrangement, form, and structure, and on these three pairs of arms the larger suckers difler but slightly in size. The character and arrange- ment of the suckers on the distal portion of these arms is well shown on PJ te VI, figs. 3, 3 «, which rei'.coont a portion of one of the tliiid pair of arms, commencing at tl e OVth sucker. 1- 0i ro/.i «r371 CEPHALOPODS of northeastern coast of AMERICA. :ries. [o6J ■'■ -^ aricg surface e base of the of an iuch at , very slender •ows. At the ; this is sac- Little in size; )ut the 25th, larly diminish 1 25th to 30th, der and more ring, which is the deuticles jut similar in '. They show smaller aper more obllo'i : e on the inm rhile tLe aper- re are eight to aumber as the ) tip there are tracted. Still scome reduced arish, appears he first two or iculated than |)ill remaining, horcy plates, ibrane around another part ite XVII, fig. ^s, being thin- jip in the form le-like struct- Irgins. These ] perhaps with often absent [ssentially the I pairs of arms ' and arrange- 7m\1 shown on |ilic tliird pair The ventral arms are trapezoidal in section at base, and rather stout. Breadth of front surface, near the base, exclusive of membranes, .55 of an inch ; transversa diameter, .95 of an inch ; front to back, 1.25 inches. The sucker-bearing surface is, therefore, broader than in the other arms. The suckers are, however, distinctly smaller, and the proximal ones are different in form from the corresponding ones on the other arms. They lare narrower and deeper, with more oblique and more contracted aper- es, more oblique horny rims, which are denticulated on the outer mar- ins only. On the larger ones there are 12 to 15 sharp, incurved denti- les. In fact, the proximal suckers on the ventral arms agree better ith the middle suckers, beyond the 30th, on the other arms, for there xe none having wide-open apertures, surrounded by nearly even homy ms, denticulated all around. The suckers diminish regularly in size, nd in the number of denticles, till at the 200th (where th^ arms are roken off) there are but three denticles. Foun^ A. Ilarveyi, No. 24. — Meaaui emenia of arms (in inchee) • Kcar ba«e. At 5 in. At 10 in. At 15 in. At 20 in. DORSAL PAIB. RrAfulth of front excladinff merabrftnes. .35 .20 .75 1.06 .50 .30 .60 .00 .30 .20 .40 .70 KrAftftth 4ii' ln.tArA.1 tneiubraues ....................... SECOND FAIR. TotAl lentrth 26.25 Bread til of front • .40 .25 .80 1.20 .50 .20 1.10 1.08 .40 .20 .98 1.40 .50 .30 .65 1.20 .50 .25 .70 1.60 .55 .25 .90 1.12 .35 .15 .35 .85 .40 .15 .40 1.20 .30 .10 .22 .18 Diaiiiet4'r, transversely .--- -. .39 .60 .10 Diameter front to bacK .40 THIRD I'AIB. Breailtb of fiont Diameter, trri' . ■'e'^fiel 7 Diameter, frtr t ^.'' hiiclc .,,,■ rouilTll PAIR. Breadtii A .11 , liread'. i f !■ •. v irr. • t* Diameti ti*. '■ *' r> 'v --,..., Diameter, tVout . hac'i ' ii. 1 ■ V JLAK ARMS. rotallength 67 58.75 .46 &25 4.25 2.60 .70 .60 Diameter of slender portion Eiengtli of club K.engtb of part occupied by 24 larsest 8ack«r8 1-ength of part occupied by small di8b»1 iaokera — wreatettt breadth of club Spiameter, front to back Sessile arms, from base to particular suckers. To 35th. To 50th. To 100th. To 160th. To 200th. To 250th. To 300th. To tip. Dorsal pair, base to guokera 7.6 7.75 7.26 6.25 12.25 12.25 12.25 10 Second pair, baae to suckers Tblrd pair, base to suckers 16.75 20.25 22.90 24.60 25.75 26. 2S Fourth pair, base to suckers 18.50 20.75 w. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES. [38] Measurements of tuckers of sessile arms {in inches). On first pair of arms, external diameter On first pair of arms, aperture diameter. . . . On second pair' of arms, eztemnl diameter. On second pair of arms, aperture diameter On third pair of arms, external diameter . . , On third pair of arms, aperture diuneter. . . On fourth pair of arms, external diameter. . On fourth pair of arms, aperture diiuueter . . 15th. .31 .25 .31 .26 .81 .22 .25 .15 30th. .24 .16 .27 .18 .28 .18 .21 .11 Both. .16 .10 .20 .11 .22 .12 .10 .10 100th. .15 .08 .14 .07 Tentacular arms. — (Plate VI, fig. 2.) The tentacular arms are both entire, with all the suckers well pre- served. The total length is 65 and 67 inches respectively; length of the expanded portion or club, 8.25 inches ; diameter of the peduncuhtr por- tion varies froL ^^ tn ,70 of an inch ; at the base, .90 inch; breadth of the proximal paif le club, where it is broadest, .70 inch ; diameter, from front to back, 6 ach ; external diameter of the largest suckers, .35 inch ; height of their cups, .28 inch ; of lateral suckers, .18 inch ; of the largest marginal suckers on the distal portion, .14 inch. The peduncular portion is somewhat thickened and rounded at the base, but through most of its length it is slender, varying in size, and nearly triangular in section, with the corners rounded, each side ineas- uring, where largest, .60 of an inch in breadth. At about a foot from the base the small smjoth-rimmed suckers and their opposing tubercles begin to appear on the inner surface. At first these are placed singly and at considerable intervals (2.5 to 3.5 inches), each sucker alternating with a tubercle on each arm ; farther out they are nearer together, and toward the club they alternate, two by two, on each arm; near the commencement of the club they become more numerous, and are ar- ranged somewhat in two rows; just at the commencement of the club they become more crowded, forming three and then four oblique trans- verse rows of suckers, with the same number of tubercles alongside of them ; on the basal expansion of the club, which is its thickest portion, these suckers and tubercles become very numerous, covering nearly the whole inner surface, forming rather crowded and irregular oblique rows of six or more. These smooth-rimmed suckers are followed by an irreg- ular group of about twenty, somewhat larger, denticulated suckers, oc- cupying the entire breadth for a very short distance. Then follow the two median rows of large suckers, alternating with a row of marginal ones, q{ about half their size, on each side. The first three or four large suckers of each row gradually increase in size ; then follow six to eight nearly equal ones of the largest size ; these are followed by two to four distal ones, decreasing in size. In one of the rows there are foiu*- teen that distinctly belong to the large series ; in tbe other row there are twelve. The distal section of the club is occupied by four regular RIE8. [38] m fiOtta. 100th. 1 .16 1 .10 .20 .15 ,' .11 .08 .22 1 .12 %ji .10 .ii '■^ .10 .07 1 ers well pre- lengtli of the iunculctr por- 1 ; breadth of h; diameter, st suckers, .35 ! mch ; of the unded at the r in size, and ich side meas- t a foot from 3ing tubercles placed singly ,er alternating together, and [rm; near the and are ar- it of the club •blique trans- alongside of Ickest portion, g nearly the oblique rows Id by an irreg- |d suckers, oc- len follow the of marginal three or four follow six to ed by two to [here are four- Iher row there four regular [39] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. rows of small denticulated suckers, more strongly toothed on the outer margins, and similar in form to the mtifjinal suckers of the middle region. Of these the two rows next the lower margin are decidedly larger than those of the two upper rows. Close to the tip there is a group of about a dozen u^inute suckers, with smooth even rims. The middle portion of the club is bordered on each side by a rather broad, thin, scalloped membrane. The distal section has a broad keel on the' outer margin. Suckers of tentacular arms {in inches). Diameter of largest Buckers 35 ^ Hight of largest 28 f; Diameter of lateral 18 Hight of lateral 09 Diameter of smootb-rimmed ones 10 Diameter of tubercles 08 Of largest lateral suckers of diptal seot'on 14 Of median lateral ones of distal section 11 • Buccal membranes and jaws. — (Plate VI, fig. 1.) This specimen fortunately had the buccal membranes and other parts bout the mouth perfectly preserved, which has not been the case in the arger specimens. The outer buccal membrane is broad and thin, rather eeply colored externally. Its margin extends into seven acute angles, ne of which is opposite each of the lateral and ventral arms; but on jtLe dorsal side there is only one, which corresponds to the interval be- ween the two dorsal arms. From each of these angles a membrane uns to, and for a short distance along the side of, the opposite arm, ex- ept froui the dorsal one, which sends off a membrane which divides, one art going to the inner lateral siirfacc of each dorsal arm. The mem- ranes from the upper lateral and ventral angles join the upper lateral ides of their corresponding arms ; those from the lower lateral angles o to the lower lateral sides of the third pair of arms. The inner surface f the buccal membrane is whitish, and deeply and irregularly reticulated y conspicuous soft wrinkles and furrows, which become somewhat con- ntric toward the margin. Beneath this membrane are openings to the uiferous cavities. The inner buccal membrane, immediately surround- the beak, is whitish, thickened at the margin, and strongly irreg- ly wrinkled and puckered. The jaws have sharp, dark brown tips, changing to clear brown back- ard, with tholaminsB very thin, transparent, and whitish. The upper audible has the rostrum regularly curved, with a distinct ridge, in ntinuation with its cutting edges, extending down the sides, and only slight notch at its base. The lower mandible has a notch close to the tip, with the rest of the REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES. [40] i [4 inner edge iiciirly straight ; at the base is a rather large and wide, V-shaped M Ar notch, the tooth beyond it being broad-triangular and rather large; • beyond the tooth the aloe are white, soft, and cartilaginous. Measurements of jaws {in inches). Transverse diameter of buccal mass 1. 50 Vertical diameter of buccal mass 1.70 Upper mandible : Tip to end of frontal lamina 1.25 Tip to notch 57 Tip to lateral border of lamina 77 ^M*™ Lower mandible : W^®^ Tip to border of mentum 45 >%|of Tip tu lateral border of alae 70 '^^ori Tip to inner end of alse 1.02 ^f-pf Tip to bottom of notch 32 1. Hightof tooth 06 J'*** Notch to inner end of alae 80 JBlori; Mentum to inner end of alio 1.20 S'jawi The portion of the oesophagus preserved is 14.75 inches long and about ,«"**^ .15 of an inch broad, in its flattened condition. 9^*^ The radula (Plate V, figs. 5-7) is amber-colored, .18 of an inch broad, m^ ^ The tridentate median tefeth have moderately long but not very acute n^' *' points, of which the middle one is a little the longest. The inner lateral 9^^^ teeth are bideutate, and somewhat broader and longer than the median wP ^ ones I their outer denticle is well developed, but considerably shorter Jf than the inner one. The next to the outer lateral teeth are larger at base W; "' and much longer, simple, broad, tapering, flattened, slightly curved, ^*^ acute at tip. They appear net to have the small lateral denticle observed mf "^ on the corresponding teeth of the adult Architetithis (see Plate V, figs, i^^^^ 1, 2). The outer lateral teeth are similar to the preceding, but rather j^ longer and not quite so broad at base. The marginal plates are well- 1^^^ developed, thin, somewhat rhomboidal. W^ * The internal cavity of the ears is somewhat irregularly three-lobed, f^r ^^ with several rounded papillae projecting inward from its sides, very much ^y^™^ as in those of Ommastrephes. Each ear contained two irregular-shaped ^^F?f otoliths, one of which (Plate V, flg. 8) was much larger than the other, ^E ^ in each ear. fSi^l «B)v f'' The eyes were both burst, and most of their internal structure was de- W . ' stroyed. So far as preserved they closely agree with those of Omma- m ^ strephes. The eyeballs were large and somewhat oblong in form, and W . ^ appear to have been nearly 2 inches broad and 3 long. The eyelids w are badly mutilated, but the anttrior sinus can be imperfectly made -^ ^ * out. It seems to have been broad and rounded. The aquiferous cavities 'W. , . appear to have been like those of Ommastrephes. The form and,^uc ;a ture of the cartilaginous < brain-box* also appear to be essentially the W same as in the genus last named. ^^^p.^ •Tk lis full ERIES. [40] ■[41] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA. ride,V-8haped rather large; 18. 1.50 1.70 1.25 57 77 45 70 1.02 •to 06 80 1.20 long and about "an inch broad, not very acute lie inner lateral ban the median lerably shorter e larger at base lightly curved, snticle observed ) Plate V, figs. Ing, but rather plates are well- rly three-lobed, ides, very much Tegular-shaped than the other, ructure was de hose of Omma- ig in form, and The eyelids perfectly made liferous cavities "orm and^truc essentially the It I Architeuthia prlnceps Verrill.— (King of Giant Squids.) Aidiitenlhia princepa Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. ix, pp. 124, 181, pL 5, 187.'). American Naturalist, vol. ix, pp. 22, 79, figs. 25-27, 1877. Trana. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 210, pi. 17-20, 1879-'80. Amor. Jour. Science, vol. xix, p. 288, pi. 12, April, 1880. Ommastrephea (Architeutkis) princepa Tyron, Manual of Conchology, p. 185, pi. 85, 1879. (Figures copied and description conipilod from papers by A. E. V.) Plates VII-XI. This species is distinguished by the length and inequality of the short arms, of which the longest (ventral or subventral) exceed the combined length of the head and body by about one-sixth; by the denticulation of the suckers of the short arms, of which there are two principal forms, some having very oblique horny rings, with the outer edge very BtroL iy toothed and the inner edge slightly or imi)erfectly denticu- ^ilated; the others having less oblique rings, with.the denticles similar 'n brm all round, iLi/Ugh smaller on the inner margin; by the stronger jiaws, which have a deeper notch and a more elevated tooth on the ante- or edge ; and by the caudal fin, which is short-sagittate in form, with [the posterior end less acuminate than in the preceding'species.* This species wa^ originally based on the lower jaw mentioned as No. , and on the upper and lower jaws designated as No. 10, in the first art of this article. The jaws of No. 10 were obtained from the stomach f a sperm-whale taken in the North Atlantic, and were presented to he Essex Institute by Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Provincetown, Mass., ut the date and precise locality of the capture are unknown. The size nd form of these jaws are well shown in Plate XI, figs. 1, 2. The total ength of the upper jaw (fig. 1) is 127'""' (5 inches); greatest transverse readth, 37""" (1.45 inches) ; front to back, 89™™ (3.5 inches) ;. width of %alatiue lamina, 68.9""" (2.32 inches). The frontal portion is considerably broken, but the dorsal portion remaining appears to extend nearly, but .not quite, to the actual posterior end, the length from the point of the eak to the posterior edge being SQA""" (3.4 inches). The texture is rmer and the laminse are relatively thicker than in A. Harveyi'. The ostrum and most of the frontal regions are black and polished, gradu- lly becoming orange-brown and translucent toward the posterior bor- er, and marked with faint striae radiating from the tip of the beak, and y faint ridges or lines of growth parallel with the posterior margin ; a bght but sharp ridge extends backward from the notch at the base of he cutting edge, and other less marked ones from the anterior border f the alaj. The tip of the beak is quite strongly curved forward and cute, with a slight shallow groove, commencing just below the tip, on ach side, and extending backward only a short distance and. gradually 'adiug out. The front or cutting edge is nearly smooth and well cunved, he curvature being greatest toward the tip ; at its base there is a broad, ngular notch, deepest externally. The inner face of the rostrum is con- * The possibility that this and A. Harveyi may be only the sexnal forms of one species lis fully recognized by the author. REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [42] vex in the middle and concave or excavated toward the margins, which are, therefore, rather sharp. The anterior borders of the alaj are convex, or rise into a broad but low lobe or tooth beyond the notch, but beyond this they are nearly straight, but with slight, irregular lobes, which do not correspond on the tw^o sides. The anterior edges of the alia make nearly a right angle with the cutting edges of the rostrum. The pala- tine lamina is broad, thin, and dark brown,becoming reddish brown and translucent posteriorly, with a thin whitish border. The surface is marked with unequal divergent strite and ridges, some of which, es- pecially near the dorsal part, are quite prominent and irregular; the posterior border has a broad emargination in the middle, but the two sides do not exactly correspond. The lower jaw (Plate XI, flg. 2) was badly broken, and many of the pieces, especially of the alee, are lost, but all that remain have been fitted together. The extreme length is 92""" (3.63 inches); the total breadth and the distance from front to back cannot be ascertained, owing to the absence of the more prominent parts of the alse; from tip of beak to posterior ventral border of mentum, 42.6"'"' (1.68 inches); from tip of beak to posterior lateral border of alae, SS-O""" (2.20 inches) ; from tip of beak to posterior ventral border of gular lamina,*60"'"' (2.37 inches) ; from tip of beak to bottom of not'^h at its base, 20"'"' (.80 inch) ; tip of beak to inner angle of gular lamiua, 47'""^ (1.85 inches); height of tooth from bottom of notch, 6.25""' (.25 inch) ; breadth between teeth of oppo- site sides, 15""" (.60 inch); breadth of gular lamina, in middle, 44.5"'"' (1.75 inches). The beak is black, with faint radiating striae, and with slight undulations parallel with the posterior border; the rostrum is acute, slightly incurved, with a notch near the tip, from which a very evident gr( ve runs back for a short distance, while a well-marked angular ridge starts from just below the notch and descends in a curve to the ala, opposite the large tooth, defining a roughened or slightly corrugated and decidedly excavated area between it and the cutting edges; the cutting edge below this ridge is nearly straight, or slightly convex; the notch at its base is rounded and deep and strongly excavated at bot- tom; the tooth is broad, stout, obtusely rounded at summit, sloping abruptly on the side of the notch, and gradually to the alar edge. The anterior edge of the ala, beyond the tooth, is rounded and strongly striated obliquely; it makes, with the cutting edge, an angle of about 110°. The inner surfaces of the two sides of the internal plate of the rostrum form an angle of about 45°. The lower jaw of No. 1 (Plate XI, figs. 3, 3 a) is represented only by its anterior part, the alae and gular laminae having been cut away by the person who removed it.* It agrees very well in form and color with the corresponding parts of the one just described, but is somewhat smaller. The lateral ridges of the rostrum are rather more prominent, and the * The specimen waa given to the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. G. P. Whitman, of Kockport, Mass., in 1872. (No. 2524.) ERIES. [42] H[43] CEPIIAL0P0D8 OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. argins, which DB are convex, I, but beyond 1)68, which do the alte make n. The pala- sh brown and he surface is of which, es- irregular; the ), but the two I many of the in have been es); the total e ascertained, alse; from tip 1 inches) ; from inches); from "■(2.37 inches); 0 inch) ; tip of leight of tooth teeth of oppo- lie, 44.5""" (1.75 kud with slight ;rum is acute, |a very evident xked angular a curve to the tly corrugated Ing edges; the; ly convex; the? savated at bot- [mmit, sloping lar edge. The and strongly mgle of about ,1 plate of the [ted only by its away by the I color with the awhat smaller. fnent, and the p. Whitman, of [area within it is narrower ami more deeply excavated, especially at the (base of the notch, where the excavation goes considerably lower than the uiner margin. The notch is narrower and not so much rounded q.t lits bottom. The tooth is about the same in size as that of No. 10, and appears to be even more prominent, because the anterior edge of the ala is more concave at its outer base; it is also more compressed and [ess regularly rounded at summit. This jaw measures 32.5'"'" (1.30 inches) im the tip to the posterior ventral border of mentum; l?"""" from the ;ip to the bo'ttom of the notch ; 4""" from bottom of notch to the tip of the ;ooth. Both these lower jaws agree in having a very prominent tooth on the Jar edge, witi\ a large and deeply excavated notch between it and the tutting edge c f the beak, and in this respect differ from the lower jaw >f A. Harveyi, for in the latter the tooth or lobe is broad and less promi- lent, while the notch is narrower and shallower. This seems to be the test character for distinguishing the jaws of the two species. But they Aso differ in the angle between the alar edge and the cutting edge of ;he rostrum, especially of the lower jaw, for while in A. Harveyi this is lardly more than a right angle, in A. princepa it is about 110°. More- iver, the darker color and firmer texture of the jaws of the latter seem be characteristic. To this species I have referred the Catalina specimen (No. 14, p. 13), •reserved in the New York Aquarium. The jaws of the latter, which ere examined and carefully measured by me, agree very closely, both form and size, with those of No. 10, the type of the species, but are a ifle larger. The total length of the upper mandible is 133'"'"; greatest treadth, 99"""; from inner angle of anterior edge to the dorsal end of ■ontal lamina, 95"""'; tip of rostrum, or beak, to the dorsal end of frontal a, 92"'"' ; tip of rostrum to bottom of notch, 19'""' ; notch to inner end Jpf anterior edge, 38"'"'; transverse breadth between anterior edges, 17""°. The total length of the lower mandible is 95"'"'; breadth from gular [amina to inner end of alae, 99""""; front edg^ of jaw to posterior end o) liar lamina, 83™"'; breadth of alae, 41'"'"; posterior edge of alae to end tf gular lamina, 44.5"'"'; tip of beak to bottom of notch, 22"'"'; notch to [nner angle of aloe, 70"""; depth of notch, 3.5""". The general form of this species is very well shown on Plate VIII. !hi8 figure has been made from the sketches and measurements made ^y me soon after the specimen was received in New York and before it been "mounted" (see p. 13). The head was, liowever, so badly in- •ed that it could not be accurately figured, and this part is, therefore, be regarded as a restoration, as nearly correct as could be made under le circumstances. It may require considerable corrections, both as to ize and form. The caudal fin is remarkable for its small size, as in A. 'harveyi. Its breadth is scarcely more than that of the greatest diameter tf the body. It is short- sagittate in form, with strongly divergent side [obes, which extend forward beyond their lateral insertions, and end in REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [44] a rounded or blunt angle. The posterior end is somewhat prolonged and acute, but less so than in that of A. Harvcyi, which it otherwise re* sembles. One of the figures (Plate X, fig. 2), was made by me several weeks after it had been placed in strong alcohol, and had shrunk con,- siderably ; the other (fig. 1) was made by Dr. J. B. Holder after it hk\ been in alcohol only a few days. When fresh, the caudal fin was 84"' in breadth, but when sketched by Dr. J. B. Holder its breadth was 71""; its length, from posterior tip to lateral insertions, 48.3""; from tip to end of lateral lobes, 61°*". The length of the body and head together, when fresh, was about 289"° (9.5 feet), but when measured by mo it was about 218™. The sessile arms were unequal in size and length, the longer ones con- siderably longer than the head and body together. Mr. Harvey found that the longest arms, said to be the ventral ones, were 335"° (11 feet) long and 43.2'^"' (17 inches) in circumference at base. When first «xani ined by me the ventral arms measured 10.5 feet, and' were longer than any of the others, but all the rest were more or less mutilated at the tips, and several had thus lost a considerable portion of their length, so that it is quite probable that originally the subventral arms (or third pair) were actually longer than the ventral ones. The circumference of the third pair of arms, when measured by me, was considerably greater than that of the ventral ones, the former being 11.25 inches, the latter 10 inches. Hence, I have inferred that the greatest circumference (17 inches), measured by Mr. Harvey, applies to the third pair of arms. The ventral arms have both outer angles bordered by a strong, thick marginal membrane about an inch wide. The arms are all more or less trapezoidal in form, and taper to very slender tips. When examined by me they had already lost nearly all their suckers. A few remained near the base of one of the arms of the third pair. These were 25""" (1 inch) in diameter, with the aperture IS.S'"" (.62 inch) across; the denticles on the outer border of the marginal ring were broad -triangular, acute, and strongly incurved, much larger than those on the inner margin. Of the detached suckers, I have been able to study with care 18 speci- mens from the sessile arms. Part of these are represented only by the horny marginal rings. The three largest difi'er f^om the rest in having , the denticles less incurved and more nearly alike all around the margin, those on the inner edge being only somewhat smaller and more slender than those on the outer margin, while the rings themselves are less ob- lique and eccentric. These probably came from the basal half of the lateral arms. The other suckers all belong to one type, like those seen npon the third pair of arms, described abovo They differ, however, very muqh in size, in the number of denticles, and in the presence or absence of more or less perfect denticles on the inner margin, this, in the smaller ones, often being without any distinct denticles whatever; the horny rings are very oblique and the aperture eccentric. Suckers of this kind probably originally occupied the entire length of the ventral SRIES. [44] m 1^45 J cepiialopods of northeastern coast of America. [at prolonged otherwise re- by me several d shrunk con,- r after it hi \ a sketched by )sterior tip to }h, was about nger ones con- Harvey found 335«» (11 feet) len first exani- re longer than iitilated at the heir length, so arms (or third rcumference of erably greater thes, the latter jumference (17 ir of arms. i strong, thick kU more or less 1 examined by remained near e 25""" (1 inch) le denticles on lar, acute, and largin. I care 18 spedi- ed only by the rest in having ad the margin, I more slender res are less ob- sal half of the ike those seen iffer, however, le presence or largin, this, in eles whatever; trie. Suckers of the ventral arniH and the distal half or the other arms. The diameters vary from 8""" to li4"™ external! v; the apertures from 31)""" to liO""". One of the most y:fect of these suckers (ft) is preserved in alcohol, with the soft parts (Plate IX, flgs. 5, 0), and was sent to me from New- foundland by Mr. Harvey. This has the greatest external diameter 22'""'; diameter of aperture, lO™"'; height of cup (outside), 16""; height t center, 15"""; height near inner margin, at attachment of pedicel, G""""; ength of pedicel, 14"""; diameter of pedicel, 1.5""". In a side-view the lucker is oblique and gibbous ; the lower surface is convex centrally, but as a deep notch or pit near the ft'ont margin, in the bottom of which e slender but strong pedicel is attached, and the horny ring has a corresponding notch ; the outer or back portion is much swollen and produced downward and backward, and here the homy ring is corre- lipondingly high. The aper.ture is nearly circular, but is rather shorter ■ ||from front to back than transversely. In this and some of the other iuckers of similar size the entire circumference of the margin is ftir- ished with rather large, sharp denticles, which are -strongly inclined nward and considerably larger on the outer than on the inner margin, here are about thirteen of the large teeth, occupying rather more than alf the circumference ; these are broad at base, beveled ofT to an acute ge on the sitles, and somewhat acuminate, with sharp tips. Those on e middle of the outer border point inward to the center of the sucker, ut those along the sides point rather obliquely to the front margin, he front margin is occupied by about seventeen smaller, unequal, cute denticles, those in its center the smallest and most regular ; these re acute-triangular and their points are directed more upward than hose of the opposite edge. The horny rings are light* yellow (when ried they are white and osseous), their denticles yellowish white, and ften silvery white and lustrous at tip and along their edges, especially hen dried. The large suckers of this form I refer to the basal half of he lateral and dorsal arms. The suckers smaller than the above have ewer of the larger outer teeth, and usually fewer and less perfectly bnned teeth along the front margin. Those that have the aperture or less in diameter usually have the front margin of the ring only regularly fissured, with the intervals minutely denticulate or crenulate, hile the outer half of the margin may bear nine or ten large and well- ieveloped denticles, with broad, stout bases and sharp edges aid lipuj e edges of these teeth along the middle are usually convex, and tiioii e outline is incurved to the acute point. One of the smaller suckers xamined has the aperture about 4.5"'"' in diameter, with the same form s the larger ones ; this has about six largo, sharp denticles, like those bove described, on the outer half of the margin of the rings, while the ont margin is nearly entire and smooth. The smallest one (j) is simi- lar, with but four distinct large denticles, with another imperfect, lobe- ike one on one side, and with a smooth front margin. These probably ame from the distal half of the various arms. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FI81I AND FISHERIES. [46] The three largest HuekerH (Plate IX, fig. 0), HiippoHed to be from near tlie ba.se of the lateral arms, have about 45 marginal denticles, of nearly uniform Hi/e, and less incurved than in those above described. In these the back side of the horny ring is less expanded, and therefore the suckers were less oblique than in the smaller ones. The largest of these (rt) had the aperture 20""" in diameter. Mfnaurementa o/Huvkerit of short arntH {in millimetera). TriiiiMvcrno diameter, outnide . ])iHnii-t«T of aperture, inside . . Hiuht iif liuruy rinfi, W-.k Hide, Uijfht of homy ring, front iil«l» Niiinber of luriiu doutivleM .... XiiiiilwrMif Binall dentii-leH I 24 20 10 6 2.1 22 21 10.. -5 13 17 «. 20 0 11 8.S 12 10 d. 20 » 12 8 12 17 / 17 H. 5 11 ,1 » 12 10 H 11 2.6 12 15 a- h. <. i- 10 7 U .t 10 10 s 9.S 2 a 8 8.5 0 1.5 4 The long tentacular arms agree very closely with those of A. Harveyi (No. r>) in form and in the arrangement of the suckers on the 'club.' When fresh they measured 914.4 " (30 feet) in length, with a circumference of abor.l 12.7 "" (5 inches), except at the enlarged club, which was 20.32 "^ (8 inches) in the miudle. But when first examined by me they had shrunk to 731.5"" (24 feet) in length, and the circumference of the slender portion was 9"" to 10"" j that of the club was 15.24'^'" (6 inches). At that time the club was 77.47"" (30.5 inches) long; that portion bear- ing i-he larger suckers was 48.26™ (19 inches); the wrist or portion bear- ing the smaller and partly smooth-rimmed suckers and tuber'' was 15.24 "" (6 iu^'hes) long; the terminal portion, bearing small den1 ed suckers, was 22.80""" (9 inches) ; the breadth of the front of the cIud was 7.62 '" (3 inche^. The terminal portion had • a strong emna-like mem- brane or crest along the back, and was here 5™ (2 inches) wide from front to back. The large suckers (Plate IX, figs. 1, 1 a) of the tentacular arms are nearly circular in outline, and are broad, depressed, little oblique, con- stricted just below the upper margin, and then swelled out below the constriction to the base. The calcareous ring is strong, white, and so ossified as to be somewhat rigid and bone-like. The margin is sur- rounded by numerous (about 45 to 50) nearly equal, acute-triangular teeth, sometimes separated by spaces equal to their breadth, at other times nearly in contact at their bases ; their edges are so beveled as to be sharp, while there is a triangular thickening in the middle of each at base. A wide, deep, and concave groove extends entirely around the rim a short distance below the margin ; below this the lower part of the rim is somewhat expanded and irregularly plicated, varying in width. The laigesc ring examined by me measures 31"'" in its greatest diameter externally ; the aperture is 26'""' and 23 " "" across its longer and shorter diameters;* greatest hight or breadth of rim, 11""'; least hight, 8'""'; breadth of groove, 1 .5"'" to 2'"'". • * This specimen is somowhiit warped by drying, so that tlio aperture is not bo cir- cular as when fresh. :RIF,S. [46] ■[*- . J CEPITALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. be from near lc8, of nearly ail. In these thcrelbre the •gest of these A. i. i- 10 s ..... 0.S 2 6 8 8.5 S 1.5 4 1 »f A. Harveyi m the 'club.' jircumference ►, which was tl by me they ference of the i"" (6 inches), portion bear- portion be&r- tiibef was deni ed the cluD was ina-like mem- js) wide from liar arms are oblique, con- )ut below the Rrhite, and so irgin is sur- tetriangular dth, at other )eveled as to ddle of each y around the r. part of the ug in width. est diameter and shorter hight, 8'"™; Tlic marginal suckers (Plate IX, flg. 10), alternating with the largo ncH on the club, are very oblique, with the rings strong and very one- ided, the height of the back being more than twice that of the froi»t ii»rgin. The aperture is not circular, the outer portion of the margiiA >eiug incurved or straight. The groove below the margin is narrov/ ' iuid deep, especially on the sides, but only extends around the front jpind sides, being entirely absent on the outer third of the circumference, ^he denticles are about 22 to 24, slender, acute, not crowded, the most f them being separated by spaces greater than their breadth at base, he outer ones are strongly incurved ; those along the sides are curved forward obliquely toward the front margin, while those on the front argin point upward and sometimes rather outward. The denticles re of nearly equal length, but those of the front margin are both move ilender and more acute ; they all have sharp, beveled edges antl a ickened median ridge or tubercle. The largest ring examined was 4""" in diimieter; height or breadth of back side of rim, 8"""; of front ide, 3.5'""". The small suckers, covering the last division of the club, are very iinilar to the marginal ones last described, except that they aio much mailer and more delicate, with a narrower and less oblique rim. The enticle.s of the inner margin are very acute, and point obliquely out- ard and upward. Greatest diameter of the one air of arms, ut base b |eiiiiilereiiee ol second pair. 3 feet from bfl80 Tre- sorved. Fn-sh. Pre- served. I Fresh. I 17 10 23 6. as «tO 95 HI loot 161 30 33 348 f 30 ■|- 27 84 48 360 30 132 Pro. served^ 212 372 88 67 12 74 10 28 24.1 IG 6'J 280 30.: 81 100 70 120 1) 9.50 7.00 + + + !■■■ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [50] | [51 Comparative meaaurementa, ^c. — Continued. Circumference of third pair, at bade Circnmference of third pair, 3 feot from base. . . Circumferenco of fourth i)air, at base Circnmferenco of fourth pair, 4 feet from base . Circumtcrcnce of tentacular arms Circumference of terniin.il club of game Diameter of largest sucker of tentacular arms . Diameter of largest sucker of sess.lo arms Aperture of latter DETAILH OK TE.NTACLLAU ARMS. Length of ' club ' or expanded portion Of part of club bearing 24 largest suckers Of 'wrist' or part witli group of small suckers. Of terminal nart, with small suckers Breadth of club in middle Breadth of wrist Breadth of slender middle portion Breadth of tip, from front to back Circunifereuco of club Circumference of wrist Circumference of middle port ions of arm IMstaneo between jxMlicels of large suckers Distance between pedicids diagoually DKTAILS OF SUCKERS OF CLUn. Largist suckers, diameter in middle Largest suckers, diameter of homy ring Diameter of facets around suckers Largest suckers, hight Irom attachment Largest suckers, length if pedicels Lfirgest suckers, iight of ring Secondary suckers, next t') wrist, d'ameter . Harginiil suckers, diameter nf rings Marginal suckers, hight of r.ngs, outer side. Sessile suckers of wrist, dia'ueter Suckers of terminal section, diameter No. 6. A. Harveyi. No. 2. A. Harveyi. Fresh. 10 3.75 Pre- served. 7.6 31 15 7 0 2I-3J 1.25 2.75 4.5 LIS .84 .68 14 7 D 1.5 1.6 1.15 1.75 4.5 5 2i-3J 1.15 1 1.15 .92 1 1 .40 .32 .24 .40 .28 .12 i-A Ko. 14. A. prinoepa. Fresh. 4 6 L28 30 18 2.5 2.6 Pre- served. 1.25 27 14 1.68 1.32 1.28 0 2.5 1.5 Fresh. 17 5 8. 1.25 1 .80 Pre- served. 1.5 5.5 6 3Mi 1.44 1.31 1.24 1.40 .48 .28 1.25 1.15 11.25 9 10 8.5 4 6 1 1 .80 30.5 19 6 9 3 3 1.5 2 6 6 34-4 1.15 1.25 .75 .50 .42 .44 .60 .35 The dried sucker from the tentacular arm appears to have been one of the largest (Plate IX, fig. 11). At the present time the transverse diameter of the ring, outside, is 28"""; diameters of the edge, 24""" and 22"""; greatest hight of the ring, including denticles, 9.5'""", least hight] on inner side, CS"""'. There are forty-eight marginal denticles, which are nearly the same in size and form all around. They are narrow, triangular, acute, with the edges beveled, sharp, and with a cent»*al, thickened, triangular ridge on the outside. The ring is white, hard, smooth, and osseous in appearance. Of the other specimens enumerated in the first part of this paper, it is probable, judging from the proportions giyen, that Nos. 16, 18, and 19 also belonged to A. princeps. Nos. 18 and 19 appear to have been much larger than any of the examples of which portions have been pre- served, and it was very unfortunate that the persons who secured them did not know their value, for they were both found within a few miles of the settlement at Little Bay Copper Mine, on the south arm of Notre Damo Bay, and could easily have been taken to Saint John's. n, p. ES. [50] I [51] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. Observations on Hie specimens described from foreign localities. Ko. 14. A. prinoepa. Fresh. , Pre- erred. 17 11.25 9 10 e.5 5 4 8. 6 1.25 1 1 1 .80 .80 30.5 19 6 D 3 3 1.5 2 6 6 3H 1.25 1.15 1 1.25 .75 .50 .42 .44 1 .CO .35 I ive been one ] le traHSverse I ge, 24""" and ; least liight icles, which are narrow, h a central, white, hard, I Ihis paper, it ). 16, 18, and have been I Ive been pre- lecured them I 1 few miles of I rm of Notre I .'8. A.— Atlantic ocean species. We are largely indebted to Professor Steenstrup and to Dr. Harting for our earliest knowledge of the specimens preserved in European museams^ or cast ashore on the European coasts. Professor Steenstrup* has given accounts, compiled from contemporary documents, of a specimen taken at Malmu, Sweden, about 1546 or 1549, and of two specimens of huge Cephalopods cast ashore at Iceland, in 1639, and November or Decem- ber, 1790. The specimen of 1790, described in the MSS. of Svend Paulsen, 1792, had tentacles 3 fathoms long; the body (with head) was 3^ fathoms long. That of 1639, described in Olafsens og Povelsens Reise til Island, ii, p. 716, was 4 to 5 fathoms long. In the article published in 1857, be also briefly mentioned a specimen cast ashore at Jutland, December, 1853, of which the jaws were pre- served, and on which he then based the species Architeuthis monachus; and another specimen, which he named Architeuthis dux, taken by Capt. Vilh. Hygom in the Western Atlantic. He has also since described and flguredt the jaws of the specimen of Architeuthis monadiits obtained at Jutland in December, 1853. In the same memoir, of which I have seen only the first few pages, there are references to a description and figures of "A. Titan,''^ obtained in 1855 by Captain Hygom in north latitude 31°, west longitude 76°. The j latter specimen appears to be the same as that referred to in 1856 as A. I dux, and the same that Hartingf mentioned, under the name ^^Architeu- this (lux Steenstrup," as collected at the same time and place, ;nid of which I be published an outline figure (see our Plate XII, fig. 4) of t lower jaw, I copied from a drawing furnished to him by Steenstrup. Harting states that the pen or 'gladius' of this specimen is 6 feet [long. Many important parts of this specimen were secured, and I regret that I have been unable to see the figures and description of it, referred to by Harting as forming part of Professor Steenstrup's unpub. lisbed memoir. But to judge by tbe outlftie figure given by Harting, it I is a species quite distinct from those described by me. The lower jaw 'Meddelelse om tvendo Kiasmpestore Blijekaprutter, opur-«^'no lfi39 og 1790 ved I Islands Kyst, og oin nogle andre uordiske Dyr. Ftirhaudlinger Skandinaviske Natur- IforakercB, v, pp. 950-957, 1847, Copenhagen, 1849. Oplysninger om Atlanter colossule Bltekspruttor, Forliandlingcr, Skand. Naturf., 1 1856, vii, p. 182, Clirlstiania, 1857. tin a paper, of wbicli I have seen some proof-sheets, given by him to Dr. Packard, I entitled "Spolia Atlantica." This mcuioir has not been published. The plate (1) Itbat I have seen is marked "Vid. Selsk. Skrifter, V. Raskke, natnrv. og mathem. lAfd. iv Bind;" and there are references to three other iilatcs, illustrating "A, Titan," l&c. } Description de qnelqnes fragnuuits de deux C<^phalopode8 gigiintesqucs. Publi^cs |iar I'Acaddmio Royale des Sc.iitnces h Amsterdam. 1860. 4to, with three plates. I(Verh. K. Akad. Weten., ix, 1861.) The figures have been partly copied in Tryon'a iManual of Conchology, i, plates 60 and 86. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [52] I [5I resembles that of A. Harvey i more than A.prineeps, aud is a little larg'^r than that of our Ko. 5. The beak is more rounded dorsally, less acute, and scarcely incurved ; the notch is narrow, aud the alar tooth is not prominent. M. Paul Gervais, in the Journal de Zoologie, ix, p. 90, 1875, gives a short description of this species, based apparently on the proof-sheets and unpublished plates (not seen by me) of Steenstrup's article referred to above. He describes it as follows: A large species, of which a frag- ment of an arm preserved in the Museum of Copenhagan is nearly as | large as the arm of a man. The sucker-bearing surface of the arm is extended bilaterally into a membrane exceeding, on each side, the arm Itself. Diameter of the opening of the suckers 0.020"" ; of the suckers themselves 0.030"*. Length of the dorsal bone (pen) 2*"; breadth [long-j ueur, by error], measured in the middle of its length [longueur], 0.17™. He refers to Steenstrup's Plates III and IV. In a letter to the writer, dated September 4, 1875, Professor Steen- strup states that, in addition to the specimens above mentioned, there | are, in the museum of the University of Copenhagen, two complete speci- mens of ArchiteuthiSy preserved in alcohol. Both are of comparatively! small size. One, from the northern coast of Iceland,* he refers to A. \ monachus. It has tentacular arms 10 feet long, and sessile arms 4 feet j long. The other is a Still smaller one, from the warmer parts of the J Atlantic, possibly the young of A. dux. It is evident, therefore, that at no distant day most of the remaining | doubtful points in respect to the structure and relationship of the spe- cies of this genus can be cleared up by Professor Steenstrup, even ifj additional specimens should not be obtained. The publication of Professor Steenstrup's detailed memoir upon thisl genus would give great pleasure and satisfaction to all students of thisl class of animals. His thorough knowledge of the group, and his numer [ ous and important investigations of the Gephalopods, published duringj many years, will give special value to his conclusions. Harting, in the important memoir referred to, describes specimens ofl two species, both of which are apparently distinct from all the Newj foundland specimens enumerated by me. The first of these (his Plate i) is represented by the jaws and buccal! mass, witli the lingual dentition and some detached suckers, prescrvedl in the museum of the University of Utrecht, but from an unknown localT ity. These parts are well figured and described, and were referred toj Architeuthis dux by Harting. The form of the lower jaw (see Plate XIJ,| fig. 1) is unlike that of A. dux, for the beak is very acute, the cut! ting edge is concave, the notch shallow aud broad, and the alar tootlj is somewhat prominent. The size is about the same as our No. 5. Tbej suckers (Plate XII, fig. 2 a,2h) are from the sessile arms, aud agree! pretty nearly with those of A. Harveyi, The edge is strengthened bj[ *Thi8 one ib referred to by Dr. Packard, Amer. Nuturalitil, vol. vii, p. 94, 1873. 1^, a, I mES. [52] I [53] cephalopods of northeastern coast of America an oblique, strongly denticulated ring, which, it all the suckers figured, including both larger and smaller ones from the short arms, has regular, acute, subequal denticles all around the circumference, in this respect agreeing with A. Harveyi. The internal diameter of the largest of these suckers is .75 of an inch ; the external 1.05 inches. They were furnished with slender pedicels, attached obliquely on one side. The lingual teeth I (see Plate XII, fig. Ic, copied from Harting) are in seven regular (rows, and i'esemble closely those of Loligo. On that account mainly, in la former paper, I proposed to designate it by the name of Loligo Hart- lingii. But since that time I have been able to study the dentition of the Ispecies of Architeuthis and Sthenoteuthis, and now refer Harting's spe- jcies to Architeuthis, without hesitation, although the dentition is poorly Iflgured. Professor Stccnstrup, in a letter to me subsequent to the pub- llicatiou of my former papers, also expressed the opinion that Harting's jspecimen belongs to A. monachus. If distinct, however, as is possible, |it may be called Architeuthis Hartingii. The other species described by Harting was from the Indian Ocean, jand belongs to the genus Unoploteuthis (Plate XII, fig. 4, jaws). In this genus there are large, sharp, curved claws (see Plate XV, figs. 1-5, a, h)j both on the club of the tentacular arms and on the sessile arms, |in place of the suckers of ordinary squids. The teeth of the odonto- iphore, in Harting's species, are remai'kably small and simple (see fig. 5, c, d, after Harting). As this species does not appear to have had a |special name, I propose to call it Unoploteuthis Hartingii. D'Orbigny* gave the name Enoploteuthis Molince to a large species, of I which the body was estimated to be about 4 feet long, found floating land mutilated in the South Pacific, south latitude 30° 44', west longitude jllOo 3i ', by Banks and Solander, in 1709, on Captain Cook's second jvoyqge Of this, fragments are preserved in the Museum of the College )f Surgeons, London.t A similar species, perhaps based on the same specimen, was recorded |by Molina, from off the coast of Chili, as Seppia unguiculata. Lieutenant Bouyer, of the French steamer "Alecton," encountered a luge Cephalopod, in November, 1860, between Madeira and Teneriffe. [t3 body was estimated to be between 15 and 18 feet in length. A long land laborious attem^it was made to capture it, and a slip-noose was passed around the body, but on attempting to hoist it on board, the vope cut through the soft flesh and the tail alone was secured. A slreich of the animal was made by one of the officers. Thf* original account of this occurrence, given in the Comptes-K43ndus )f the French Academy of Science for 1861, is as follows: M. Flourens read the following report made to the minister of the larine by M. Bouyer, lieutenant commanding the "Alecton."J * Histoiro Nat. des Cdphalopodes Acdtabulifbres. p. 339, 1845. t See also Todd's Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, i, p. 529. tComptes-Rendus Acad, of Sciences, vol. liii, p. 1263. For the following transla- tions I am indebted to Mr. Sanderson Smith. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF PISH AND FISHERIES. [54] ■ U * " Sainte- Croix de T&NtRWVE, ^^^Aleeton,^ December 2, 1861. "Monsieur le Ministre: I have the honor to inform your excellency that I anchored at T6n6rifife the Ist of December, at eight o'clock in the | morning. "From Cadiz to T^n6riflfe, that is to say, firom the 27th of November to Ist of December, I have encountered the most favorable weather; thus, making use of my sails, setting the safety-valve at 0.30 — in a word, | economizing fuel as much as possible, I have been sometimes able to re- duce the consumption to 0 tons a day, going to 7 or 8 knots, with a | moderate breeze from the northeast. "A singular incident has marked my voyage. On the 30th of Novem- ! ber, 40 leagues from T6n6riffe, Jit two o'clock in the afternoon, I encoun- tered a monstrous animal which I recognized for the gigantic cuttle-fish [poulpe geant], the contested existence of which seems to ha^e been consigned to the realm of fable. "Finding myself in the presence of one of these strange beings that I the ocean sometimes produces from its depths as if to offer defiance to j science, I resolved to study nearer by, and try to gain possession of it. "Unfortunately, a heavy swell, taking us on the side, caused the 'Alec- ton' to roll irregularly, and interfered with the evolutions, whilst the I animal itself, though almost always at the surface of the water, nioved itself with a kind of intelligence, and seemed to wish to avoid the vessel. [ "After several encounters, which permitted only of its being struck by several balls, I succeeded in approaching near enough to place a har- poon in it, as well as to get a running noose around it. We were pre- paring to multiply the fastenings when a violent movement of the ani- 1 mal caused the harpoon to come out; the part of the tail where the cortlj was fastened broke off', and we brought on board only a fragment, weigh- ing 20 kilograms [about 44 pounds]. "We had seen the monster near enough to make an exact painting of j it. It is the giant squid [encornet], bu^ the form of the tail seems toj make of it an undescribed variety. It seemed to measure 15-18 feet toj the head, shaped like a parrot's beak, and enveloped by 8 arms, from I 5 to 6 feet long. Its appearance was frightful, its color a brick-red, and! this half-formed being [Stre 4bauchd], this colossal and slimy embryo, hasj a repulsive and terrible appearance. "Both officers and men begged me to have a boat lowered and to goj and seize again upon the animal and bring it alongside. They would,] perhaps, have succeeded, but I feared that in this hand to hand encoun- ter the monster might throw his long arms, furnished with suckers, over! the sides of the boat, upset it, and perhaps strangle some sailors witbj his formidable scourges, charged with electrical effluvia. "I thought that I ought not to expose the lives of my men to satisfy! a sentiment of curiosity, even though thih curiosity had science for its? basis, and, notwithstanding the fjvei of excitement which accompanies] su ai frc r541 I [^^1 CEPHAL0P6DS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. such a chase, I was obliged to abandon the mutilated animal, which, by a sort of instinct, seemed to carefully avoid the vessel, dived, and passed from one side to another when we again approached it." The following is a translation of a letter addressed to M. Moquin Tandon by M. Sabin Bertholet, consul of France, which was also read before the Academy. It contains some additional particulars: "SainteCroix de T]&n6rifpe, December 12thj 1861. "On the 2d of November last the steam dispatch-boat 'Alecton,' com- manded by M.Bouyer, lieutenant commanding, anchored in our har- bor on its way to Cayenne. This dispatch-boat had encountered in the sea, between Madeira and T6n ' x-eceived one which seemed to wound it grievously, for it immedjittely vomited a great quantity of foam andbiood mixed, with glutinous substances which had a strong odor of musk. It was at this instant that thoy succeeded in seizing it with the running noose; but the roye slipped along the elastic body of the mollusk, and stopped only near the extremity where the REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [56] two fins originate. They tried to hoist it on board. Already the greater part of the body was out of water, when the enormous weight of this mass caused the running noose to penetrate the flesh and separated the posterior part from the rest of the animal. Then the monster, released from this noose, fell back into the sea and disappeared. They showed me, on board the * Alecton,' this posterior part. 1 send you a sufficiently exact drawing of this colossal poulpe, made on board by one of the of- ficers of the < Alecton.* " I ought to add I have myself questioned old fishermen of the Cana- ries, who have assured me that they have several times seen, in the open sea, great reddish calamaries, 2 meters or more long, which they did not dare to capture." Messrs. Crosse and Fischer have, ftom the figure and this narrative of the officers,! proposed to establish for this specimen a species, which they named Loligo Bouyeri. The figure is imperfect, but evidently rep- resents a ten-armed cuttle-fish, though only eight arms are shown, and the tail is represented as truncated.f In fact, these figures and the de- scription are not sufficient to indicate specific or exact generic characters. The eight short arms, shown in the figure, are stout, tapered, and less than half the length of the head and body together. It was most prob- ably a species of Architeuthis, to judge from the caudal fin, described as consisting of two lobes of small size. It may be designated provision- ally as Architeuthis Bouyeri. In a popular work entitled " Les Monstrei? Marins," by Armand Lan- drin, Paris, 1867, tJiere is also a detailed acccuiic of this encounter, which, while agreeing in most points with those already quoted, con- tains some additional i>articnlars. Although it is put in quotation- marks, and is stated to be by M. Botxyer himself, the original place of publication is not given, ii ' I have not been able to ascertain its origin. In this account the eyes are said to have been " flat, glaucous, and as large as saucers [assiettes]." " The part of the tail that we had on board weighed 14 kilograms ; it was of a soft substance, exhaling a strong odor of musk. The part which corresponds to the backbone [pen] began to attain a sort of relative hardness. It broke easily, with an alabaster-white fracture. The entire animal, according to my esti- mate, weighed two or three tons [4,000 to 6,000 livres]. It blowed [soufflait] energetically, but I did not observe that it ejected the black ish substance by means of which the small calamaries of Newfoundland destroy the transparency of the water in order to escape from their enemies. The sailors told me that they had seen to ihe south of Good Hope poulpes similar to this, although of less size." The description in this work is accompanied by a cut representing * This colored drawing was shown to the academy. t Journal de Conchyliologie, 3d ser., vol. ii, p. 138, 1862. See, also, Tiyon'sManua of Conchology, vol. i, p. 87, pi. 69, 1879 (figure copied firom ''The Universe"). t One of the published figures, as explained above, shows ten arms andaU the other essential characters of Architeuthia, tIES. [56] ■[57] CEPRAL0P0D8 OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA. the creature swimming just beneath the surface of the sea. This is unhke either of the other two iUustrations that I have seen, but the lorigin of this figure is not given. In the popular work " The Ocean Iworkl," by Louis Figuier (London edition, 1869, p. 462), there is also an laccount of this encounter, which is for the most part a translation jfroin the original accounts given above, accompjinied by a figure which, the author states, " is copied from M. Berthelot's colored representa- tion of this scene." This is a very fair representation of a genuine Archi- \teuthis, and is of especial interest, if we recollect that when this figure ras made there was no figure extant, nor any authentic description of the form and structure of Architetithis. The head is undoubtedly rep- resented too large, but the form and proportion of the, body caudal fin, irms, and tentacles are very much like those of the Newfoundland ex- imples. Popular accounts of this, as well as of other large Cephalopods of ear- lier occurrence, are c<5ntained in many other general works besides those referred to above. * In "Les Monstres Marins" (p. 44), referred to above, there is the |following accon.nt, inclosed in quotation marks, but without any state- lent of the source from which it was taken : "An American captain, whom I knew very well, in New York," says 5. H. Itdvoil, " told me that in 1836, when he was in the neighborhood jf liucayes Islands, his ship had been attacked by a cuttle-fish, which, stretching out its gigantic arms, had reached and dragged into the sea two men of his crew. With a blow of his hatchet, the chief steersman cut oft' one of its arms. This monstrous appendage measured 3 J meters (Hi feet) in length, and its thickness was that of a man. I have seen [his curious specimen of natural history in the museum of Mr. Bamum, |n New York, where it is preserved, shriveled and folded on itself, in an enormous jar full of alcohol." Some of our older readers may, perhaps, have seen such a specimen in iarnum's Museum, which, however, has not been regarded in thifi coun- try as a very reliable source of scientific information on such subjects. *ossibly this specimen, as well as the story, may have been an ingenious Invention. Accord 'iig to Jeffreys (British Conchology, vol. v, p. 124), a huge 'ephalopod was stranded in 1860 or 1861, between Hillswick and Scal- foway, on the west of Shetland. "From a communication received by ^rofessor AUman it appears that the tentacles were 16 feet long, the )edal arms about half that length, and the mantle-sac 7 feet; the man ^le was terminated by fins ; one of the suckers examined by Professor illman was ^ inch in diameter." Mr. Kent, in the articles t already referred to, mentions a sessile arm * Among these popular works, of peiinanent value, containing such accounts should be cited "The World of the Sea," translated and edited by the Rev. H. Martyn Hart, jonddn, Cassell, Petter & Galpin, from "Le Monde de la Mer," by M. Moquin Tandon. i Proceedings Zoological Society of London for 1874, pp. 178 and 493. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.* [58] I [gf of a giaut CepLalopod which has been long preserved iu the British Museum, but of which the origin is unknown. He states, in the first article, that it is just 9 feet long and 11 inches in circumference at the base, tapering off to a fine point. There are about 150 suckers in each of I the two alternating,' rows, those at the base being .75 of an inch in diameter. In his second article he refers this arm doubtfully to Ommastrephes *odMriiSf and gives the following description : ''The length of this arm, from one extremity to the other, is just 9 feet ; the circumference at the base 11 inches ; and from this it grad- ually decreases, terminating in a fine point. The suckers are arranged in two rows throughout the extent of the arm, numbering, approxi- mately, 150 to each row, or a total of 300 to the whole organ. Forty- three suckers only are stationed on each side in the first or proximal half of the arm ; one hundred on each side occupy the whole length, j with the exception of 14 inches, this smaller length including the re- maining fifty on each side, which are very minute and crowded together. 1 The comparative distances between the suckers throughout the whole length in each row are as follows: Between the first and second sucker, i 1^ inches ; half way up the arm, 1 inch ; at three-quarters of the entire | length, ^ inch; and within 6 inches of the distal extremity, 4 inch. The relative diameters of the suckers at similar distances are : At the I base, extreme outside measurement, ^ inch; inside measurement of corneous ring, ^ inch ; and, those suckers a little past the first few being the largest, half way down, ^ inch outside and ^ inch iuside men«urement; at three-quarters length, ^ inch; and at 6 inches &om the extreme point, ^ inch outside measurement, gradually diminishing from here to | the size of a pin's heail. ''The shapeut the whole Bcond sucker, of the entire mity, 4 inch. ) are : At the asurement of irst few being neasurement;! the extreme from here to tish Museum! ven by D'Or- referred by I ithority to be | X, More mi- the stalk or I nisphere, the conspicuous ! much deeper j uargln is ser- e deeper side I rcumference;] r point men- ;he ring quite! rger suckers, ge number of i lir this arm belongs. But from his description of the two forms of suckers, it ia probably one of the lateral arms, if it is in this respect like our young A. Harveyi (No. 24). It evidently belongs to an ArchiteuthiSf and is very near to our A. princep$. In the Zoologist, London, 2d series, No. 118, p. 4520, July, 1876, there is an article entitled "Notice of a gigantic Gephalopod {DinoteuthU proboscideus), which was stranded at Dingle, in Kerry, two hundred years ago. By A. G. More, F. L. 8." The article is chiefly a reprint of the rude but interesting jMpular accounts written at the time of the capture, and upon these Mr. More proposed to found a new genus and species. The character which he mainly relied upon, as of generic value, is the power of projecting the beak in the form of a proboscis. But this is habitually done by the various common species of OmmMtrepliea, Lo- ligo, &c., and perhaps by all ten-armed Cephalopods. There is not suf- ficient evidence, from the published accounts, that this specimen differed in any way from the Architeuthis monachua. It was described as 10 feet in total length; the long arms having been mutilated, the part remain- ing was 11 feet long, and as thick as a man's arm; the short arms varied from 0 to 8 feet in length, and were as thick as a man's leg, and had two rows of large serrated suckers ; the proboscis (buccal mass with beak) was the size of a man's fist; the beak was '' somewhat like to an Eagle's Bill, but broader." The whole animal was said to have been as large as a large horse. The length of the head and body together was 8 feet. Mr. More has kindly sent me a tracing from the original figure. This shows a broad, oval, flat body, and a small caudal fin. The body or mantle had evidently been split open and spread out flat. This fact is also evident from the original descriptions, reprinted by Mr. More, m which the sides of the mantle are described as follows: "Over this Monster's back was a mantle of a bright Bed Color, with a Mnge round it ; it hung down on both sides like a Carpet on a table, falling back on each side, and faced with white." The liver, according to the descriptions, had been removed: "When it was dead and opened the liver wayed 30 pound." The proboscis had also been removed be- fore it was exhibited, and it is therefore very probable that the figure and descriptions represent it as more extended than was natural. The measurements given indicate a specimen smaller than several of the American examples, and but little if any larger than our No. 5, from Logic Bay. The more important of these ancient letters are hero reproduced: '■^Letter No. 2, from Thoma» Hoohe {Dublin) to Mr. John Wickim (Lon- don) December 23, 1673. " Loving Friend : I send you this onely pursuant to my former of the Fish, which I now confirm to be as I gave you the first Account with this addition of certainty, that knowing the man by name James Stew- ard, and hearing two or three nights since of his being at a Printers REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FI3II AND FISIIERIE.S, [60] [^ neer our houso to got tlio Lord liieutcnants Order Printed, which he gave him for exposing what ho hath of the flsh to view, I sent, desiring to speak with him, and he came, having then the Picture with him of tho Fish, and ho gave me himself the full account of it, viz. " That in the month of October last, I think alK)ut the 16th day he was alono riding by ihe sea-side, at Diuglo-Icosh and saw a great thing in the Sea, which drew his eye towards it, and it came just to him ; when he discerned the horns it began to look ft-ightfully, he said he was some* times afraid to look on it, and when ho durst look on it, it wa3 the most splendid sight that over he saw ; The Horns were so bespangled with those Crowns, as he calls them ; they shewed he saith like Pearls or precious Stones ; the Horns it could move and weild about the Head as a Snail doth, all the ten ; tho two long ones it mostly l)ore forwards, the other eight mov'd too and fro every way ; When it came to shore its fore parts rested on the shore, and there lay ; He got help after awhile, and when he saw it stin'od not to fright them, he got ropes and put them about the hinder parts, and began to draw it on shore, and saw it stir'd not to hurt them, they grew bold, and went to pull with their hands on the Horns, but these Crowns so bit them, that they wore forced to quit their hold ; the crowns had teeth under every one of them, and had a power to fasten on anything that touched them ; they moved the Horr^ with handspikes, and so being evening they left it on the shore, ai'd came in the morning and found it dead. The two long Horns are about one 11 foot, the other 9 ; the other 8 Horns, about C and 8 foot lon^ a peice, and as thick as a man's arm every one of them. He hath brought up to Dublin but two short Horns of the Crowned ones, and the little Head, being not able to bring the rest the way is so long. "The certainty is attested by many at the place, and is no doubt a very certain truth, the mantle was all red on the out-side, which for the colour sake he kept a peice of it, it was five inches thick, and white un- der ; when they cut the Fisli it had not a drop of blood, nor scale, nor fin, my man took a draught of the Picture which I have here enclosed, he said it was as big as any horse as ever he saw, it had no leggs. "Your loving frir jd, "THOMAS HOOKE." ^^ Letter No. 3, from Tiionias Clear to hia son, dated Drangon, neer Clonmell, December 19, 1673. "Dear Son: I did the last week write to you, which 1 hope you have received, to which I refer yod. This inclosed paper is a form of a strange and monstrous Fish, that was cast on shore in the County of Kerry in Ireland, about a month since by a storm, you need not doubt the truth of it, for I have myself seen part of it, and have one of the Crowns by me to produce, I refer you to the paper for a relation of it ; remember your duty both to God and man; be carefull in both, and the [61] CKIMIALOPODS OF N0UTIIEA8TKBN fOAST OF AMERICA. Lord direct you witli all our Dear loves to you and all friondH, coucludos biui that i8 your very afl'ectiouatc loviug Father. "TUOMAS CLEAB." " The Monster Described. <'TLiH Mouater was taken at Dingle- I-ea»li in tlie eounty of Kerry, beiug driven up by a groat storm in the Month of Oetober last 1073; having two heads, one great head (out of which sprung, a little head two foot, or a yard from the great head) with two great eyes, each as big as a pewter dish, the length of it beiug about nineteen foot, bigger in the body than any horse, of the shape represented by this tigure, having upon the great head ten horns, some of six some of eight or ten, one of eieven foot long, the biggest horns as big as a man's Leg, thet least as his wrist, which horns it threw from it on both sides; And to it again to defend it self having two of the ten horns plain, and smooth that were tho biggest and middle horns, the other eight had one hundred Crowns a peece, placed by two and two on each of them, in all 800 crowns, each Crown having teeth, that tore any thing that touched hem, by shutting together the sharx) teeth, being like the wheels of a A^itch, l^e Crowns were as big as a man's thumb or something bigger, that a man might put his finger in tho hollow part of them, and had in the ji something like a pearl or eye in the middle ; over this Monster's back was a mantle of a bright Red Colour, with a fringe round it, it hung down on both sides like a Carpet on a table, falling back on each side, and faced with white; the crowns and mantle were glorious to bohold : This monster had not one bone about him, nor flns nor scales, or I'eet, but had a smooth skin like a man's belly. It swoom by the ) ppits of the mantle ; The little head it could dart forth a yard from tho great, and draw it in again at plesure, being like a hawk's beak and having in tho little head two tongues by which it is thought it 1 eceived all its nourishment ; when it was dead and opened the liver wayed 30 pounds. The man that took it came to Clonmel the 4th of this instant December, with two of the horns in a long box with the little head, and the figure of the fish drawn on a painted-cloth, which was the full proportion of it, and ho went up to Dublin, with an intent to shew it to the Lord Lieutenant." , .,. , ^^ Letter No. 4, manuscript. "In a Letter from a very Sober person in Dublin dated 27th of December 1073. "Yesterday I went to See part of the Seji Monster, which was taken at Dingle, viz. tho two Bigg llornes and the little head, the Homes aro iieare foure foot long, and about six inches thick towards tho Koot, and full of little Coronetts about tho Compass of a groat, and teeth in every one of them, they were flxt to tho Home, with a string like a Veiue, by which I conceive they received Nourishment, lather then that the nour- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [62] ishment should be conveyed through them downe the Homes to the Beast. The head was not soe bigg as my fist, the mouth and two hard shells upon it very black and shap'd somewhat like to an Eagles Bill, but broader; In the mouth there was two tongues, and (as the Man declared that tooke this monster) the Beast had naturall power to draw this head in or putt it out of the Body as necessity required." In the Zoologist, June, 1875, p. 4502, and August, p. 4569, and in the August number of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. xvi, p. 123, Mr. More also gave an account of the capture, and briefly described the beak, odontophore, and portions of the tentacles and arms of another specimen, taken off Boffin Island, on the west coast of Ire- land, April, 1875. The tentacular arms are said to have been 30 feet loug; the expanded portion, 2 feet 9 inches; the large central suckers, nearly I inch in diameter; those of the outer rows, .5 of an inch; one short arm is said to have been 8 feet long and 15 inches in circumference at the base when fresh. It had small suckers without teeth on the horny rings, on the ' wrist' of the < club' and scattered along the tentacular arms, as do our specimens. The rounded tubercles that always accom- pany these smooth-rimmed suckers are not mentioned, but doubtless they were also present. The beak was 5.25 inches long and 3.5 inches broad, dark reddish brown, " with a large tooth in both margins of the inner mandible and a much smaller notch on each side of the out-er mandible." Mr. More believed this to be distinct from the Newfoundland species, and referred it to A. dtuc, but his description agrees closely with the cor- respondiug parts of A. Harveyi (No. 5) described by me, except in the relatively somewhat greater size of the sessile arms at base. In this re8])^ict, however, it is equaled or surpassed by our No. 14, and by others of the Newfoundland examples. This may also be only a peculiarity of the,fems»le. The measurements indicate a specimen intermediate in size between our Nos. 5 and 14, but the description is not sufficient to indi- cate with certaiLty to which of our species it was nearest related. A more detailed description, with figures of the suckers and odontophore, would probably settle this point. Mr. More supposed that the lateral suckers of the tentacular club were larger ir his example than in A. Harveyi, but that is not the case. Prof. G. O. gars, in l-s recent work (MoUusca Eeg. Arct. Norvegise, p. 377), also mentions a specimen of Architeuthis (12 feet long) cast ashore on the Norwegian coast, at FoldenQord, in 1874. He refers it doubtfully to "A dux Steenstrup" (from the Kattegat), by which we should understand A. monachus, without doubt. In "Nature," vol. xxii. No. 25, October 21, 1880, p. 585, under the caption "An Octopus," there is an account of the stranding if a large Cephalopod, early in October, at Kilkee, County Clare, Ireland, from a letter of the Kev. E. T. Gabi)ett. The description, though very imper- fect, is sufficient to show that it was not an Octopiis, but probably an IIES. [62] fH-fi3] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN c6aST OF AMERICA. irchiieuthis, which had lost its tentacular arms, as is often the case fith stranded specimens. The kngth of the head is given as about 3 Ifeet, and its diameter is given as IJ inches — probably a mistake for IJ ifeet. The more important points are as follows: "Its arms had been [jartially broken; there were eight of them, each as thick as a. strong lan's upper arm, and beneath each were two rows of suckers like cup- [)ing-glasses, more than a shilling size ia circuit. When perfect, each )f these arms miist have been from 12 to 15 feet long, and from the jint of one nrx to that of its opposite was a length of nearly 30 feet. le animal's length, from the inseition of its suckers to the end of its 3dy, must have been nearly 20 feet — ^perhaps looro. Its mouth, like a jarrot's beak, was as large as two joined hands of a large man, with le fingers outstretched. It weighed about -4 cwt.'' Examples from the Indian Ocean and New Zealand. In the Jouri;al de Zoologie, vol. iv, No. 2, p. 88, 1875, M. Paul Gervais las given a partial summary of the gigantic Oephalopods previously mown, and 1 as mentioned an additional species {Architcuthis Mouchezi ^6\m\), a which portions were brought to Paris by M. V61ain, from the island of Saint Paul, Indian Ocean, where it was cast ashore in Fovem- ier. He also quotes the brief notice of the animal by M. Yelain (:^ ;!oniptes-Rendu8, t. ixxx, p. 1002, Stance du Avril 19, 1876). It is stated jlhat this example belongs to the same group with Ommastrephes. A lescription and a rude figure of it, made from a photograph taken in the position in which it lay upon the shore, ha^ also been jiublished by |I. Velain in the Arch, de Zool. Exper., vol. vi, p. 83, 1877. The figure las been copied in Tryon's Manual of Conchology, vol. i, pi. 82. Ac- )rding to this figure, the tentacular arms wtjre verj long and the short Imis were truncated, probably owing to mutilation. One of the tentacu- IV arms was saved, and, with the beak, was preserved in Paris. The [•audal fin was narrow and lanceolate, adhenng to the sides of the body )y its entire length. In the latter feature this is very different from uiy of the northern species. In the Archives de Zool. Experimoutale, vol. vi, 1877, M Velain has )roposed a new genus {Moucliezia) for this specimen. The peculiarity ^f the pen appears to be the only character of any special importance jferred to by him. Mr. T. "W. Kirk, in the Transactions of the Wellington Philosophical Society, for October, 1879, p. 310, hais published accounts of *he occur- ence of five specimens of " giant cutvle-fish " on the coai^t of New Zeai- ind: No. ] . The first of these was cast ashore at Waimarama, east coast, |n September, 1870. Of this the beak was preserved and sent tc Mr. [irk by Mr. Meinertzhageu, whose account of the occurrence, with a rather crude description and some measurements made by an eye-wit- jiicss, Mr. Kirk has prhitcd. Ue gives no description of the beak, un- REPORT OF COMMiaSIONEll OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [64] fortunately. The dimensions given are as follows : Length from tip of | tail to root of arms, 10 feet 6 inches ; circumfierence, 6 feet ; length of ] arms, 5 feet 6 inches. '< The beast had eight tentacles, as thick as a j man's leg at the root ; horrid sucker^ on the inside of them, from the | size of an ounce bullet to that of a pea at the tip ; two horrid goggle { eyes ; and a powerful beak between the roots of the arms. His head ap- peared to slip in and out of a sheath. Altogether he was a most repul- sive looking bi;pte." It is probable that this specimen had lost its two tentacular arms be- fore death, and that it was actually of the same species as the other \ specimens recorded by Mr. Kirk. Mr. Kirk, however, seems to think ; that the above description refers to an Octopod. No. 2. " The beak of number 2 was deposited in the Colonial Museum j by Mr. A. Hamilton. The animal was captured at Cape Campbell by | Mr. C. H. Bobson, a member of this society, who very kindly furnished I me with the following information. Writing on the 19th June, 1879, he j says : " ' In reply to yours of the 12th about the cuttle-fish, I may state that j while stationed at Cape Campbell I found several specimens of large ff size, all, however, more or less mutilated, except one, the beak of which j I gave to Mr. Hamilton. It was alive and quite perfect, the body being \ 7 feet long, eight sessile arms 8 feet long, and two tentacular arms 12 \ feet. I am, however, only writing from memory. Mr. Hamilton has- the exact measurements, and I remember distinctly that the total length | was close on 20 feet.' " I am sorry to say that Mr. Hamilton has mislaid the notes and meas i urements, but those given above cannot be far out." No. 3. The third specimen was examined and measured by Mr. Kirk, personally, where it lay on the beach. He also made a drawing of it, but it has not yet been published to my knowledge. It was found on the beach at Lyall Bay, May 23, 1879, by three boys. Mr. Kirk states that I ■ it had been somewhat mutilated by the natives before he saw it, and the | pen or bone had been cut across ; but he preserved all the pieces of the I pen, the beak, tongue, and some of the suckers. Most of the suckers : had been torn off. " The length of body from tip of tail to anterior margin of the mantle was 9 feet 2 inches, and 7 feet 3 inches in circumference; the head from anterior margin of mantle to roots of arms, 1 foot 11 inches; making the total length of the body 11 feet I inch. The head measured 4 feet iu circumference. The sessile arms measured 1 feet 3 inches in length, ami | II inches in circumference. Each of these arms bore thirty-six suckers, arranged in two equal rows (as shown by the s(!ars), and measuring from if to 4 of an inch in diameter. Every sucker was strengthened by a bony ring armed with from forty to sixty sharp incurved teeth. The tentacular arms had been torn oil' at the length of G feet 2 ijiches, which | was probably less than half their or'giiial length. lem, from the ERIES. [64] ■!-(]:, -j CKPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMEUKICA. " The fins were i)osterior, and were mere lateral expansions of the Imantle. They did not extend over the back, as in the case with Onycho- \teuthis, &c. Each measured 24 inches in length and 13 inches in width. " The cuttle-bone, when first extracted, measured 6 feet 3 inches in liength and 11 inches in width, but has since shrunk considerably. It ras broadly lanceolate, with a hollow conical apex IJ inches deep." No. 4. "Another specimen, measuring 8 feet in length, was lately lught by a fishing party near the Boulder Bank, at Nelson, concerning irhich I have only seen a newspaper cutting, and have not been able to obtain particulars." , No. 5. " '.- Ifth Was found by Mr. Moore, near Flat Point, east coast, description was sent to Mr. Beetham, M. H. R., who, I believe, in- snds communicating it to this society." From the above descriptions it is not possible to decide with certainty whether these specimens belong to the Architeuthis-gToxig or whether they are more nearly allied to the Onychoteuthisgron\i, like MoroteuthiSy for the armature of the tentacular arms is not known. The broad- pnceolate form of the pen, with a small conical hood at the end, would Seem to indicate affinities with Architeuthis, and the presence of true suckers on the sessile arms, and small size of the fins, are favorable for that \'iew. Altogether, the descriptions indicate that this New Zealand ppecies is related to, and perhaps identical with, the one discovered at pe Island of Saint Paul, and first named by M. V61ain Architeuthis fouchezi. It is to be hoped that Mr. Kirk will soon give detailed de- scriptions and figures of the portions in his possession. otes and meas- C. — Examples from the North Pacific. The following species, although the specimens when found had lost )me of their most characteristic parts, appears to be nearly related to )nychoteuthi8, a genus having sharp claws instead of suckers on the I club' of the tentacular arms, and a cluster of small tubercles and imooth suckers on its 'wrist,' to unite the arms together. It probably |s nearly related to the group Lestoteuthis, characterized below. loroteuthiB robusta (Dall, sp.) Verrill, 1881, Ommastreplm rohmtm (Dall, MSS.) Verrill, Amcr. Journ. Sci., Tol. xii, p. 236 1870. Onychoteuihw {Lestoteuilm) robnuta Verrill, Trans. Couu. Acad., vol. v, pp. 195, 240^ 252, pis. 2:5, 24, 1880. Plato XIII. Plato XIV. '' Thi.s largo and very interesting species* was discovered by Mr. W. I. Pali, near Iliuliuk, Uualashka Island, oil" the coast of Alaska.t He 'This is iho specioa referred to as perhaps Onychoteulhia Borgi by Mr. Dall in his ote upon largo Cephalopods, iu the American Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 484, 1873, t The first specimen waa found by Mr. M. W. Harrington, of Mr. Ball's party, on the hst shore of Amaknak Island, Captain's Harbor, Unaladbka, April 26, KEJpBT OF COMMISSIONER OP PISH AND PI8HERIES. [66] found three 8per;men8 thrown upon the beach, April 26 and May 8, 1872. He made descriptions, measurements, and some very valuable drawings of them, while fresh. The specimens had all been more or less mutilated by the ravens before they were discovered. He preserved the pharynx, beak, and odontophore of No. 1, part of the * bone,' a piece of the cauu*^^ fin, and the basal part of one of the ventral arms, with five of the suckers adhering, from one of the other specimens (No. 2), and has generously placed them in my hands for examination, together with his drawings, measurements, and notes. The parts remaining of the largest specimen (No. 3) when found had a total - .ngth of 427*="' (ll feet), but the ends of the tentacular arms had been destroyed; length from tail to base of tentacular arms, SGO"™ (8 feet, 6 inches) ; to front edge of mantle, 232.4' '" (7 feet, 7^ inches) ; width across fins, 107"'" (42 inches) ; diameter of body, 45.7'^'" (18 inches) ; slen- der basal portion remaining of tentacular arras . 55'"" (61 inches) ; their I diameter, 6.3"="' (2.5 inches) ; short arms (ends gone), 76'="' to 102 «"• (30 1 to 40 inches) ; length of pen, 226' "' (7 feet, 5 inches). According to Mr. Dall's note the color was reddish, in flue rpd dots I on a whitish ground, with a darker stripe on the outer median line of the arms. The eyes were bluish black, furnished with lids, und with a f small sinus in front; diameter of the opening, 2.5'='" (1 inch). The mandibles re racted into a short, yellow, puckered muzzle, which was included in a longer, plain, proboscis-like tube, extending! an in ih or two beyond. Siphon, short and thick.* Kegion of the eye somewhat raised. The nuchal collar is well marked, and slightly above it, on each side, is a raised epidermal ridge, from which three wavyj raised crests or frills, attached at their inner edge, pass obliquely back- ward, on each side. No cranial cartilage was observed. Mantle firm I and dense. The neck has one median dorsal and two ventral facets, i long, oval-shaped, with a median depressed line, but otherwise smooth! and white ; the dorsal moves on a smooth part of the inside of the man [ tie ; the ventrals move on similar raised facets of the mantle beneathl The caudal fin was rather broad, "lanceolate or, spear-shaped, acute atl tip. Gills yellowish olive, with obliquely transverse laminie. Gizzard! yellowish, the muscles laid like a coil of sx'un-yam, in layers transversej to one another. The pen (Plate XIII, figs. 4, !;) was gone from the first specimenl (No. 1) and broken in the others. It was found unattached in the dorl sal cavity. It had a th'okcncd median lib, but becomes very thin atl the sides, and is divided by sharp, stiff ribs or folds into three longif tudinal areas on each side (Plate XIII, fig. 6). The posterior end isl one-sided, funtiel-ahaped close to the tip, which is inserted into a longj round, thick, firm, cartilaginous cone, which tapers to a point posteril * No valvo is shown in Mr. Dall's sketches. ES. [66] I [67] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. orly. The portion of the peu (of No. 2) preserved* and forwarded to me includes all the cone and a part of the posterior end of the quill-por- tion, attached within the concavity of the cone (Plate XIV, fig. 7). The anterior end of the cone is concave and very obliquely terminated, the dorsal side extending forward some distance along the dorsal side of the quill. The whole length of the preserved cone (doubtless mnch shrunken by the alcohol) is 44.5'™ (17.5 inches); of the oblique anterior termination 15.25™ (6 inches); greatest diameter 4"='" (1.6 inches). The cone is nearly round, firm, translucent, brownish or deep amber-color, and composed of numerous distinct concentric layers. The concavity of the anterior end firmly embraces the remnant of the funnel of the quill, which has numerous small costae converging to the apex ; two of the dorsal costae are much stronger t. . the rest, forming a strong ridge each side of the smaller median couta, which lies in a deep median de- pression or furrow. The tentacular arms had lost their clubs ; but the part remaining was cylindrical, 2.5 inches in diameter. The other arms were somewhat thicker. The few suckers remaining on them were attached by slender pedicels, and arranged in two alternating rows ; they were furnished with horny rims having the edge entire, except where irregularly broken away ; those of the distal part of the arms were gone. The portion of the arm of the second specimen preserved in alcohol aii'l sent to me came from the base of the left ventral arm. It is 65""» in « length ; diameter from inner to outer surface, not including marginal membrane, 45""" ; including membrane, 04'""'. It is well rounded on the inner face, but more flattened on the upper side, while the outer surface is broadly rounded ; the outer angle has a strong, thick marginal mem- brane, 19""" wide (see section of this arm, Plate XIV, fig. 8, c). The sucker-bearing surface is broad, with a slight marginal membrane along each margin (6, ¥), rising into broad, flat, somewhat thickened, blunt lobes alternating with the suckers. Two alternating rows of firm, smooth, rather irregular-shaped tubercles run along the median region, between the rows of suckers, with which they alternate, on each side. This segment of the arm still bears five suckers, which appear to rep- resent the first, second, and fourth pairs, though there may possibly have been others before the first of these. They are all similar, ratner small in proportion to the arm, round, but little oblique, decidedly con- vex beneath, and with a rather long, slender pedicel (fig. 8, a). The horny marginal rings are dark brown, yellowish at the thin edge, which is entire and nearly smooth, except where broken. The largest of these remaining suckers are 8.5'"™ in diameter outside ; aperture, 5'"™ ; height of cup, 7""™; length of pedicel, 3™"'. • Mr. Dall states that he attempted to dry the rest of this pen, and that of No. 3, but they turned brown, and then black, eflfloreoced, and decomposed. Ho also states that the pen, when fresh, was translucent whitish, and that it changed to brownish yellow in the alcohol. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [68] I [69" J The exposed parta of the jaws are black and polished ; their internal laminae are reddish brown, becoming translucent yellowish toward the | margins. The upper mandible (Plate XIV, fig. 5) has an elongated, tapered, , considerably incurved, and sharp rostrum ; the notch is rather narrow and deep, and a well-developed, triangular, lateral groove runs down fipom the notct for some distance, its upper border being in line with the cutting edge of the rostrum. The anterior edge of the alee, so far | as normally exposed, is nearly straight, but slightly undulated. The lower mandible (Plate XIV, fig. 6) has the cutting edges of the I ^jstrum slightly concave, with a slight notch close to the tip, which ii| small and incurved ; the notch at the base is broad and shallow, bor- dered externally by a slight, angulated ridge; the exposed anterior I edges of the alse have each two slight lobes, but are otherwise nearly straight ; the alae are broader toward the inner end, which is obtusely | rounded. The lower mandible now measures, from the tip of the rostrum to the I posterior dorsal border of the mentum, 13"""; tip to the extreme pos- terior end of the gular lamina, 50"'"'; to the dorsal angle of the same, 33"""; tip to the inner end of the alse, 46"""; to the bottom of the notch, | 13™"'; breadth of alaj, 24'""'; transverse breadth at notches, 12""". The upper mandible, from the tip of the beak to the end of the! palatine lamina, is 71""" long; from tip of beak to end of frontal lamina,! SS"""; to bottom of notch, 11'""'; length of exposed (dark) portion ofj anterior edge of alae, 14'"". The odontophore (Plate XIV, figs. 1-4) has a very broad, thin, mar-l ginal membrane, yellowish white in color, becoming brown and thick I ened toward the dentigerous portion, where there is a row of very small,! thin lilates, bordering the outer row of teeth ; the ventral portion of the! dentigerous band is dark brown, regularly convex, and narrowed grad [ ually to the obtuse end; the dorsal portion is considerably longer,L abruptly bent backward, with the borders incurved, gradually decreas-l ing to the posterior end ; on this part the teeth become much smaller! and paler. The outer lateral teeth, on the anterior portion, are long, &lender,L sharp, and strongly curved ; the median ones are much shorter, witlil a shaip, strongly curved central point, and a very small, almost rudij mentary denticle on each side; the inner laterals are a little longer thanl the median, with a stout incurved point ; on the outer side of its base! there is a small denticle; the teet\ of the two outer rows, on each side,| are simple. Length of odontophore, from anterior bend to ijosterior tip of dorsall end, 22"'"'; to tip of ventral end, 14"""; breadth of lateral membrane,! in middle, 11"'"'; of dentigerous belt, anteriorly, 3""". The following measurements ^:eTQ made by Mr. DaU from the fresh| specimens: RIE8. [68] I [69] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. Tabic of measurcmcnta {in inches). Ko.1. Ko. 2. No. 3. I Total length (to mutilated ends of tontaclcd) I £886 of arms to tip of tail (head and body) ... I Base of arms to eots of color. By the flattening and enlargement of the chromatophores the colored fluids are spread out into thin layers, making them appear of lighter tints. Sometimes the chromatophores overlap each other in several strata when expanded. When their muscular fibers relax the vesicles coutract into minute spherical si)ecks, and then appear much darker in color, but are more widely separated, so that the general color is paler. By this means all these animals are able to eftect rapid changes in their colors for purposes of concealment, or in accordance with varying conditions of j nervous activity. The muscular fibers of the chromatophores are con- trolled by the nerves of the mantle, and contract by reflex action, and I also, apparently, in accordance with the will of the creature. Their con- [ tractility often persists for some time after the death of the animal. When freshly-caught specimens are put into alcohol the chromato- phores expand. * In this article, the terms used iu describing the Ibiiii and relations of parts are those in most common use among systematic writei-s on this group of animals. No| attempt is here made to decide the still unsettled questions in regard to the homolo- gies of the arms and siphon with the foot or other parts of Gastropods, nor to apply I the later views of Huxley and others as to the general axial relations of the oody, For my present pirrposes I have thought it best to call the oral region the anterior I end and the opposite extremity the posterior end; when the animal is in its normal j horizontal position, the side which is uppermost is called the dorsal side and the lower! surface is called the ventral. The prehensile organs are called sessile arms and tenta-[ onlar arms, and the locomotive tube, is called thp siphon, without reference to the| homologies of these organs. lES. [74] I [75] CEPIIALOPOUS OP NOBXnEASTEUN COAST OF AMERICA. This HubduHS indudos two very imtiinil (livision.s: J)ecrtcet'a. — lliivii)}; inside the eirclo of cij-lit seHslle nrnis, tN\o long ton- tacular arms, with suckerH or hooks oil the di.stiil portion. Suckers pod- loeled, and with Ijorny rims. Lody eU)n{^uted, always with lateral flns. Ociopoda. — llavinj; oidy the eight sessihi arms. Suckers not pedi- celed, and destitute of horny rings, liody rouiuled, rarely liuned. Sides ofteu ernal shell, lus. Sessile jurface with developed, hutting into ]\ cartilsiges. I teeth. An :' the siphon, ntain within ids of differ- brown, red, s. They are hed to them expand into ] iie tlatteuing 8 are spread Sometimes ] lU expanded. into minute tut are more tills means I ir colors foi conditions of | ores are cou- action, and | Their con- the animal. I le chromato- i Order I.— DECACERA, or DECAPODA. Decapoda Lt-ach, Zool. Miscol., vol. Hi (t. Gray) 1817 (woit Latr., lHOf>). II. & A. AdaiiiH, fiuuoiii, vol. i, p. 25. D'OrbiRiiy, Tabl. Mdt'i. dos Croce8ses of the mantle are simple longitudinal ridges. Odontophort> with Ave rows of teeth. The caudal fin, pen, and many other parts are destroyed. Cheloteuthis ranojc Verrill. CheJoteuth IS rapax Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 234, pi. 49, figs. 1-1/ Jan , 1881 ; Bulletin Mus. Comp, Zool., vol. viii, p. 110, Cephalopoda, pi. 2, fife's. 1-1/, 1881. , Plate XV, figures 3-3/, 4. The body was rather short and thick, tapering rapidly backward. The caudal fin appears to have been short-rhomboidal, but this is un certain. The siphon is large, with an internal valve. The connective cartilages (fig. 3 c) on the sides of the base of the siphon are long- ovate, with the posterior end widest and rounded. The corresponding cartilages on the inside of the mantle are simple longitudinal ridges. IIES. [76] S [77] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. tip of arm part of club jed suckers, ncert. Ses- ith free lids ovable, con- ridles. Nu- longitudinal 1 a posteriov ginous coae. )W8 of teeth, Qera of this iaving homy | 7, 1840 (char- acters inaccurate). ?H. & A. Adariis, Geueni, vol. i, p. 36, Body slender, tapering; caudal fins sliort, broad, united posteriorly. Pen narrow anteriorly, thin and lanceolate posteriorly, willi a terminal, hood-like expansion. Ventral arms witli four rows of small, pcdicellated suckers; others with two larger median rows, with a lunny ring, having (i7, 1840 (cliar- [79] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. a single large booked claw on the outer edge; outer snckers with longer ])edicels, the horny ring with several small denticles. All the suckers have a circle of minute scales or plates around the aperture. Tentacles long and slender, the terminal part dilated into a narrow club, with a membranous keel ; the club is covered with minute denticulated suckers, like the outer ones of the sessile arms; smaller suckers extend for some distance along the arm; center of the club with one or two larger claws, resembling the median ones of the lateral arras, their horny rings having a small aperture, and bearing, on the outside, a large claw-like liook. Odontophore with only five rows of teeth. By Dr. J. E. Gray the free eyelids of this species were overlooked, and on that account he referred it to the family Loligidce. H. and A. Adams have made the same mistake. Their statement that the siphon has no valve is equally erroneous. GonatuB Fabricii Stcen8tn,p. Se^'ia loUgo FabriciuH, Fauna Grtonlaudica, p. 358, 1780 (good description). OnychoteuthiH Fai ■icil Liflitonstciu, Isis, vol. xix, 1818, Mdlb'r, Jvroyer's Tids3., vol. iv, p. 76, 1842. LoUgo Fabricii Blainville.Dicl. Sci. Nat., vol. xxvii, p. 138, 1823. Oiiychoteuthisf amwna Mt'>llor, Ind. Moll. Griinl., Kroyer's Tidss., vol. iv, p. 76, 1842(yonnyO. ' '^usawfrna Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., vol.i, Cephal. Antoi;".,p. C8, 1849? ii >.^ A. Adiims, Genen; vol. i,p. 30, ])I. 4, fig. 2?). (ri>,i.».;k« amwnus G. O. isiiK, Moll. Keg. Arct. Norvegiio, p. 33fi, pi. 31, tigs. 1-15 (ext'«'lloiit), pi. xvii,fig. 2 (dentition), 1878. Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. i, p. 108, pi. 73, lig. 290(de!icr. from Gray, fig. from H. & A. Adams, G<'nera?). Verrill, Pror. Nat. Mu8.,a-o]. iii, p. 302,1880; Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 237, pl.45, tigs. 1-1 b, 2-2 d, .Jan., 1881. Plate XV, lignres 1-lr. 2 -2d. Body small, elongated, rather slendei tapering backward; front dorsal edge of mantle extending forward iu a blunt lobe or angle. Caudal fin very short, but broad, nearly twice as broad as, long, the front edges extending forward beyond the insertion as rounded lobes; lateral angles subacute; posterior angle obtuse. iVrms stout and rather long, the dorsal and ventral i)air8 stouter than the lateral. Ventral arras bear four rows of small suckers; on the others the msdian rows (2 c, 2 d) are larger than the outer ones, with shorter pedicels, and the very oblique horny ring, having a small opening, is dev^eloped into a single, large, hooked tooth on the outer side: around the inner side of the aperture there is a partial circle of small flat scales, in several rows. The suckers of the outer rows (2 a, 2 b) are about two-thirds as large, with longer and more slender pedicels and with lateral apertures ; the horny ring has about five aciTt«i-triangular teeth on the outer margin, and there are several rows oi email scales forming a broad circle entirely around the aperture. The tentacular arms are long and slender, witU broader clubs, which bear a large number of minute suckers, mu< n like ',\ '-1 I! REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [80] the outer ones of the arms, arranged in many crowded rows, some of which extend beyond the chib along the arm; in the middle (flg. 1 h) there are usually one or two larger suckers (absent in our specimen), iu which t;ie horny ring has a small aperture, and is developed into a large hook-shaped claw on one side, and a complete circle of suiall plates sur- rounds the horny ring. Pen thin and delicate, narrow anteriorly, with slender lateral ribs ; posteriorly, for more than half the wliole length, expanded into a thin lanceolate form ; posterior tip laterally dilated, with the edges involute (ftg- 1). A young specimen of this species, in nearly perfect jireservation, was recently presented to the United States Fish Commission by Oaiit. Will- iam Demsey and crew of the schooner " Clara. F. Friend." It was taken from the stomach of a cod, off Seal Island, ISTova Scotia. Greenland (Fabricius, Moller). Porsangerfjord, northern coast of Xor- way (G. O. Sars). Coast of Finmark, in stomach of "coal-fish,'' abun- dant (G. O. Sars, Norwegian Exp. of 1878). D'Orbigny, Gray, and other writers have erroneously referred the Onyehofeiithis Fabricii (based on the Sepia loJirio of Fabiioius) to 0. Bankfiii. The detailed Latin description given by Fabricius applies perfectly to the jiresent species, and not at all to 0. BankftiL He do- scribes tlie four rows of suckers on the short arms, the small suckers and j two large central hooks on tlie tentacles, the short caudal fin, etc. Family 0M:\[ASTREPHID/E. Teuthidw (parn) D'0)l)ig., Coplial. Acdtab., up. xxxvii, 328. Onychoteuthidcv (pam) Gray, Catal. Brit. Mu,. 45, 1849. Ommastrephidce Gill, Arrangement Finn. MoUusLs, p. 1, 1871. Tryon.Mau. Couch., vol. i.p. 107, 1879. Body elongated, tapering to a })oiut posteriorly, shorter and less acute in the female, often very lurge {ArchUvHthls). Sessile and tentacular arms without hooks, but provided with suckers, having denticulated horny rings; tentacular arms with an expanded club, having four rows] of suckers on its middle portion, those in the two central rows larger; luoximal portion with or without smooth-ringed connective suckers ami I tubercles: tip with a cluster of smooth-ringed >-uckers. Siphon in a deeii j groove, sittached by four bridles and strengthened by a median long! tudinal dorsal band, free in the middli"; uu internal valve. Eyes withy j romnl pupil; lids free, with a dii'tiuct anterioi sinus. Xuchal or audi tory crests consist of three longitudinal uuMubraues on each side, nnitidl by a transverse one iu front. Connective cartilages of the mantle threo;| the lateral ones ia the foriuof a longitudinal ridge, with a smaller trans ver.se oue across its |K«>teriorend; corresponding cartilages on the siphon j long triangular, with a longitudinal and a transverse groove. Two 3 larger in the females ; those of the ventral arms are smallest; those of the dorsal arms are intermediate in size be- 1 tween those of the Lateral and veutral arms. The first few suckers (three to five), at the base of each arm, are smaller than those beyond, but in- crease regularly in size; they have the edge of the rim nearly entire, or with only a few blunt teeth on the outer margin ; then follow about twelve suckers, of the largest size. These large suckers (Plate XIX, figs. 5, 5 a) are deep, oblique cup-shaped, somewhat swollen in the middle, with oblique horny rims, which are entire on the inner margin, but on the outer have a large, strongly incurved, acute median tooth, bu each side of which there are usually four or five shorter, flat, blunt 1 teeth; but toward the base of the arms these are fewer and shorter, while distally they become more numerous, longer, and more acute, and often the edge is more or less denticulate nearly all around. The larger suckers are followed by a regularly decreasing series of thirty to forty smaller secondary ones (figs. G, 6 a), not counting the numerous very small ones, within one-third of an inch of the tip. These secondary M ni ..>1^J^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET {MT-3) 1.0 I.I c 1^ 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 < 6" ► ^ w //, ^i. '/ /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER.N :. 145B0 (716) 87 2-4503 I 4. :<> % REPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [88] suckers grade gradually into the large or primary ones, both in size and form; they are, however, armed with four or five very sharp incurved teeth on the outer margin, of which the median one is longest, while the inner margin is usually entire. Iliey are very oblique and one-sided in form. The membrane around the rim of all the suckers is thickened, but most so on the basal ones ; it usually recedes behind the large median tooth, leaving there an emargination. The outer buccal membrane is not very large ; its inner surfctce is closely covered with lamelliform folds and wrinkles; its border is pro- longed into seven aonte angles, from which membranes extend to the opposite arms, going to the upper sides of the second and fourth pairs of arms, and to the lower side of the third pair; but the seventh angle is in the median dorsal line, and the membrane from it bifurcates, one- half going to the inner side of each dorsal arm. Immediately around the jaws there is a circular, thickened, rugose oral membrane, with a strongly lobed edge, while its inner surfece is radially wrinkled and covered with scattered rounded verrucee. A plain fold intervenes be- tween this and the outer buccal membranes. The beak and pharynx can be protruded its whole length, when in use. At such times the oral membranes are partially unfolded. The jaws are sharp and incurved at tip, reddish brown to brownish black in color, with the posterior borders of the laminse whitish and translucent. The upper mandible has a much incurved tip, with the cutting edges regularly curved, and with a shallow notch at their bases, beyond which tue anterior edges rise into a broad, obtuse lobe or low tooth, by which the hardened and dark-colored part, as seen by trans- mitted light, has the form of a, sharp angular tooth, but its actual pru- jection anteriorly is bnt slight, because the translucent edge beyond it rises to about the same level. The lateral-posterior borders of the frontal laminsB are sinuous and incurved in the middle; the palatine lamina is broad, with the posterior lateral edges incurved and sinuous. The lower mandible has the extreme tip strongly incurved, forming a slight notch close to the tip, below which the edges are slightly incurved or nearly straight, with a decided V-shaped notch at the base; the an- terior edges, beyond the notch, form a triangular tooth of the jiiuer lamiufe, but this is obscured, unless viewed by transmitted light, by the outer alar lamina, which rises at its anterior edge, where it is translu- cent, nearly to a level with the tooth ; the inner ends of the'alse are wider than the middle, and broadly rounded ; the gular laminse are short, nar- rowed posteriorly, with their inner edges incurved, and with a thickened, prominent ventral carina. The jaws of a large specimen measure as follows: Upper mandible, tip to posterior end of palatine lamina, 22™'*; to dorsal end of frontal lamina, 1G™» ; to posterior lateral edgeof same, Q""* ; to base of cutting edge, 5*" ; inner edge of palatine lamina to dorsal end of frontal lamina, IT"*" ; lower mandible, tip to inner end of alse, 13"""; to ventral notch of alse, 4*'"; BS [BSl I [8d] CEPHALOPODS OF NOBTHEASTEBN COAST OF AMEBICA. in size and p incurved gest, while 4 one-sided I thickened, brge median r snrfEUse is irder is pro- ctend to the fonrth pairs iventh angle urcates, one- »tely aronnd rane, with a rrinkled and itervenes be- md pharynx imes the oral lo brownish whitish and tip, with the ,t their bases, le lobe or low een by trans- lis actual pi'o- Ige beyond it orders of the ; the palatine and sinuous, red, forming a jhtly incurved base; the an- I of the finer d light, by the e it is translu- s'alsB are wider are short, nar- t)h a thickened, mandible, tip frontal lamina, ting edge, R-*; ia,17"»"; lower jh of alas, 4""; to ventral notch of gular laminse, O""" ; to posterior end of same, 16^*>n ;; to base of cutting edges, 5°"". The buccal mass has, on the outer surface of the dorsal and lateral sides, a broad, thin, brown horny plate, with a notch i>08teriorly, in the median line. The odontophore (Plate XIX, fig. 3) is remarkable for the length and sharpness of the teeth, especially of the central and outer rows. The median teeth (a) have a long and very aeate median dentide, with much shorter lateral ones. The inner lateral teeth (b) have broad bases and a long and very sharp central denticle, with a much shorter lateral one on the outside. The next to the outer lateral teeth (o) are sim- ple, slender, and sharp. The outer lateral teeth (d) are much longer, strongly curved, and very acute. The; pen (Plate XVIII, fig. 4) is long and slender, with a slender mid- rib and strong marginal ribs ; the anterior end is thin, broad pen-shaped, subacute ; from very near the anterior end it tapers gradually backward to about the posterior fourth, where it becomes very narrow, apparently consisting only of the consolidated lateral ribs and midrib, the former showing on the ventral side a thin groove between them, the latter ap- pearing as a slender ridge on the dorsal side. The post^or porti(m is narrow-lanceolate in form, with thin edges and a strong midrib, com- posed of the united marginal ribs of the anterior portion; the thin edges are incurved, so as to give a canoe-shaped form to this portion, and near the tip the edges unite beneath into a short, hood-like tip. Anteriorly the lateral ribs show two grooves on the ventral side, and appear to be composed of three united ribs. The ground-color of a specimen taken by me in 1870 at Eastport, Me., whep first caught, was pale bluish white, with green, blue, and I yellow iridescence on the sides and lower surface; the whole body, head, and outer surfaces of arms and fins were more or less thickly covered with small, unequal, circular, orange-brown and dark brown spots, having crenulate margins ; these spots were continually chang- ing in size, th>m mere points, when they were nearly black, to spots l'""> to 1.5*°™ in diameter, when they were pale orange-brown, becoming lighter colored as they expanded. On the lower side of body, head, and siphon the spots were more scattered, but the intervals were gen- erally less than the diameter of the spots. On the upper side the spots were much crowded and in different planes, with the edges often over- happing, thus increasing the variety of the tints. Along the middle of [the back the ground-color was pale flesh-color, with a distinct median [dorsal band, along ''"hich the spots were more crowded and tinged with I green in fine specks. Above each eye there was a broad lunate spot of llight purplish red, with smaller and much crowded brown sitots. The Inpper surface of the head was deeply colored by the brown spots, which [were here larger, darker, and more crowded than elsewhere, and situ- jated in several strata. The under sides of the arms and fins were [colored like the body, except that the spot? were smaller and much lew 1 1 iH m ^H^ mK Inll W'^ flBnl 9t^ W^ 1-fe m fe; ^Hfl ■Ji'i'' iB II I "r, t -..f : ^' "1 *■ 1 BEPOBT OF COMVISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [90] nnmerons. The Backers were pare white. The eyes were dark, blae- black, sarrounded by aa iridescent border. The colors change constantly, when living or recently dead, by means of the continaal contraction and dilation of the chromatophores. The different tints pass over the surface like blnshes. In specimens recently preserved in alcohol the same pattern of color- ation is asaally visible. The dark dorsal band on the body and head, and the dark patches above the eyes, as well as smaller dark patches in firont of the eyes, can be plainly seen. In these darker parts the chromatophores are mach crowded, and have a purplish brown color, varying to chocolate-brown in spefcimdns longer preserved. On other parts of the body the chromatophores are more scattered and usnally reddish brown in color, with a circular or elliptical outline ; when ex- panded, the larger ones are about 1""" in diameter. The under surfaces of the fins, siphon, head, and arms have fewer and smaller spots, and are, therefore, lighter colored, and appear nearly white when these spots are contracted. A treeh. bpeoimen, caught in Gasco Bay, in 1873, had the following proportions: Length of head and body, not including the. arms, 221i°|°; length of caudal fln, 86°"° ; breadth of fln, OO™" ; diameter of body, 35°"» j length of upper arms, 80""» ; of second pair, 100""° ; of third pair, 100°>°» ; of the ventral pair, 90°'°' ; of tentacular arms, 182'°'°. Of our species I have measured large numbers of specimens pre- served in different ways, and also fresh, and have found no great varia- tion in the form and relative length of the caudal fln, among specimens of similar size and in similar states of preservation, nor do the sexes differ much in this respect. The young, however, differ very decidedly from the large specimens in these proportions. The modes of preserva- tion also, cause much of the variation in the proportions of fins and arms to the mantle. The two sexes are probably equally numerous, but in our collections the females usually predominate, and the largest specimens are usually females, though equally large males occur. In 31 measured specimens, in alcohol, from various localities and of both sexes, the average length, from tip of tail to dorsal edge of the mantle, was 176°"° (6.96 inches); from tip of tail to insertion of fln, 66°>°> (2.60 inches). Average proportion of fln to mantle-length, 1 : 2.68. Among these the proportions varied fr^m as low as 1 : 2.48, in some of the larger ones (with mantle above 8 inches), up to 1 : 3 in the smaller ones (with the mantle less than 3 inches long). The following tables are intended to illustrate the natural variations in the proportion, due mainly to age, and the accidentu^l variations caused by differences in the modes of preservation and strength of the alcohol. The effect of strong alcohol is to shrink the fins relatively more in breadth than in length, and to reduce the diameter of the body and arms out of proportion to tiieir length. The specimens from Bastport, Me., designated G, H, I, B, were col- lected at one time, in midsummer, and preserved in the same way, in Ine f when ex- mder surfiaces ler spots, and e when these ipecimens pre- ao great varia- ong specimens r do the sexes rory decidedly es of preserva- I fins and arms •ons, butinour gest Bi)ecimens n 31 measured 9th sexes, the itle, was 176°"° (2.60 inches), dong these the he larger ones ones (with the ural variations atu^l variations itrength of the fins relatively iter Qf the body [91] CEPHALOPODS OF NOBTHEASTEBN COAST OF AMEBICA. alcohol of moderate strength, repeatedly changed ; at the present time the strength of the alcohol is about 80 per cent. They are in good con- dition, moderately firm and not badly contracted. Those designated as D, Bf F, N, O, P were also cjHected at one time, in August, and pre- served together. They are in fiur condition, but not so well preserved as the former lot. Those numbered ii to xiv were preserved together about the last of July. They were placed in strong alcohol, and are hard and badly contracted. J, E, and L were preserved together, bat were originally found dead on the beach and in a. relaxed state. They are only moderately contracted by the alcohol. MtasuremenU of Omnuuirephet illeeebroaui {in inche$). Tail to tip of AanaX Tail to tip of aeoond pair urns '..... Tail to tip of third pair ansa Tall to tip of fourth pair anna Tail to tip of tentaomu arms Tall to baae of dorsal arma Tail to center of eye Tail to edge of mantle, above Tail to edge of mantle, below Tail to insertion of fin Breadth of fin Between lateral insertions Fiont edge, outer angle to insertion Oator angle to tip oftail Ciioamference 01 body Breadth of body Breadth of bead at eyes Breadth of eyempening Breadth of siphon at bridle Length of head, mantle to base of dorsal aims , Length of dorsal arms Length of 2d pidr — Length of 8d pair Length of 4th pair Length of tontaoular arms Length of dub — Breadth of dorsal arms Breadth of ad pair Breadth of 8d pair Breadth of 4th pair Brtadthoftentaoulararms Breadth of dnb Front to back of 8d pair.. DiAlOTKB OF BUCKBBS. Largest on tentaonlar arma. LargMt on 8d pair Largest on ventral arms. . . . FBOPOBTIONS. Fin-length to mantle-length, 1 : . . . Ffai.breadth to mantle-length, 1 : . . Length* to breadth of iln,i: Length of head to mantle,!: Length of dorsal arm to mantle, 1 : : Tenucnlar suckers to mantle, 1 : . 09 P9 13.40 14.80 14.20 18.10 10.50 10.00 B.80 &fi0 8.20 8.80 4.20 2.20 8.80 4.80 1.70 LOO .40 .78 L40 8.76 4.30 4.10 8.80 0.80 3.80 .85 .45 .46 .44 .25 .80 .05 .18 .18 .11 2.60 2.04 L87 &14 2.20 47.77 laoo 18.70 1&70 13.00 17.60 9.40 &90 8.00 7.50 a20 4.80 8.20 8.25 4.80 1.80 LSO .46 .70 1.40 8.80 4.20 4.26 &80 8.00 8.60 .36 .44 .44 .42 .28 .80 .60 .17 .16 .11 2.60 1.86 1.34 5.70 2.22 47,06 1)9 E9 12.75 i8.'25' 10.60 ii.oo 15.5 9.00 &26 7.75 7.80 3.10 4.26 .SO 2.00 8.16 12.00 7.00 7.35 7.10 1*75' a 78 .40 LOO 2.90 L85 .86 .06 L25 8.25 4.00 4.00 8.60 6.60 2.76 .28 .35 .36 .32 .30 .22 .50 .15 .14 .10 2.50 L82 L37 6.20 2.86 5L66 L15 .65 .80 2.70 3.15 3.00 2.80 4.t>0 L86 .26 .30 .28 .30 .30 .18 .40 .11 .11 .09 2.58 L87 L87 8.87 2.62 64.54 Jrf ±cf 18.60 14.80 14.20 13.40 15.50 10.00 0.50 8.70 a 10 aeo &1S .65 a&o a 50 a60 2.15 L66 .86 .78 L80 2.65 4.40 4.65 aso 6.80 a55 .36 .46 .60 .46 .28 .26 .66 .17 .20 .11 2.48 LOO L46 a 70 aas 6L20 10.50 ia80 U.00 10.60 12.20 a80 7.76 7.60 7.16 2.90 aso .45 2.80 a 00 4.30 L80. L20 .20 .80 2.20 2.70 2.67 2.43 4.00 L76 .PO j6 .36 .85 .20 .22 .45 .11 .14 .09 2.68 L97 L80 9.30 a40 6ai8 10.50 ILIO 1L20 ILOO 18.60 a20 7.70 7.20 &66 a80 ago Brf 2.10 2.90 4.00 L40 L80 .28 .66 LOO 2.48 a 12 a 16 8.76 4.10 LOO .13 .14 .07 a 67 L84 L80 7.20 a06 55.88 Wd" Fteah. a2& a6o a 70 a38 ZIO 2.66 L45 aoo LIO LOO .25 .80 L75 8.25 a 25 !? 00 «.50 L30 .20 .26 .26 .25 .17 a 71 a 15 L2e 7.12 a25 iao4 ia84 ia84 18.44 laia a84 a44t a60 L40 aao 4.00 4.00 aoo 7.98 * The length of the fln, in these tables, means the distance fh>m the lateral insertions to the tip of the tail, which is somewhat less than the extreme length. Some specimens, included both in this and the following tables, show small differences in their measurements (made at different times), doe partly to the different degrees of extension employed in measuring them, and partly to the fact that the alcohol had been changed and its strength altered. ! ' BEPOBT OF COMMISSIOyER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. •P00«*»0 8S!SiSSS!3S9gS888S8 oJ;S888888a88S8S8R8 ■poQadso -p»0>Ai5 'poQodio ■XvaooMQ o^S888838g88^S88i88 'tttt o»3888S8888S8SS888S omSSSSX :88 :38 : :S :8 o»MiBS3^8888SSS88S88 o«S888888888S8IPeS8 imdfnx 'X«aooMo <>« S88888^888S : «< IfJ 0^9888888888888888 indiMx iMod^nx IJod^na tiodtnx >iod|TC!x '9«id|Ms ■«WI*H ■piiii;piiiuv4i»ll 'ynnog pniMiA / (wa.8iiS8S8888S8Sa888S9 (wa8838888S888 : o^?88SS8S!SiS88838tSS&S otf t^ oj ai ei ^ Wl W> '«■ ad i-i r4 m ^ '« <4 ' oKi)8S9888988SSSS8S8Sa o»iESSSS.^9888SS888Si3S8 (>|SSS?S888SSS : 8 :8as o»cyS988SSSSS8888SSSKS o^SSSSS8899S89(!S8SSS '■^g^ [92] {!8 c4«4 c4«4 S8 f4ti Is ^>} l!8 •4*1 88 8S 98 (4p4 88 H.4 98 (4.4 «4.4 £8 t4*4 88 e4r4 98 e4^ 88 e4a4 «3 88 III li I iiiil II EtIES. [921 I [93] OSPHALOPODS OF NOBTHEASTEBN COAST OF AMEBIOA. •fUOMIttl •pooodia •poQ ad«U fOQtdmo •p«o»*o •P00«*D ■pooodto •^•5 •P00»*«0 ■pooodaa ■panogprnXaaiA ■$mdta«x fiodiina fjodina ■punas pn^aofA ■panogpn^aoiA w-eS88S88SS388SeS98 i^».»C89888JI8tS8S888X wgaA88SSJI888888?S8 »•» 88»888888888dS88 ^«8S8«888SA8888IS98 ^S88SSlS88|i8888Sa8 wag88SS8S88888S888 '■ ei ai •< (4 '4 .4 ^ ^ irt, B. I, | in 65 to 372 fathoms (U. S. Fish Gom.). Vineyard Sound, Massachu- setts, rare, large in winter, small in May (Y. N. Edwards). Kecent explorations have extended the range of this species much I farther south w^d, in the deep water near the edge of the Gulf Stream. Although we cannot be certain that specimens caught in the trawl were living at the bottom, owing to the possibility of their entering it during its ascent, it is very probable that they do actually inhabit thosedepthal This is rendered more certain by the fact that we found adult sped-f mens in the stomachs of fishes {Lophius) taken at stations 865 and 893.1 The most southern specimens known were taken by Mr. A. Agassiz, od| the "Blake," off Gape Hatteras, in 263 fathoms. Ommaetrephes illecehroBua. — Spwiinma examined. Number. 10280. 10027, J . 10027, K. 10027, L . M W 8.T.U.... X 3,G... «I08,E,I. 968S,R... 1>.K.F... N.O.P.. 10028.... 10278, q. «66. Gccxxxn Locality. Kewport,B.I Vinevatd Sound do do do ProTincetown, llaoa do do do ... .do Balein, Mass Gloucester, Mass.. loo. ?83. CascoBay, Me Off Segniii Island, Mo. (SO fath- oms). Mount Desert, Me . Off Cashe's Ledge. Eastport, Me . !So do do ......do .•.•.••..... •••••. do Hallfcx,N.S , do Kewfonndland Cumberland Onlf KorthlaUtnde40°06'i westlon- ^tnde 70° 28* (OS fathoms). Korth latitude 8So SX 20" ; west loiigitade70oS8' (STSfMhoms). XortI latitude 88° itC 80"; west longitade740M'(a68&thoms). When col- lected. 1872. Nov. 2, 1876.. ....do ..; do May, 1870 . . . July, 1870... ...do ...do ....do ...do Oct is, 1878 1878 1878. 1870. 1860 , 1873(100.21). 1870... ....do. ...do. 1873... ....do ...do J. S. Willis. J. M. Jonea. ...do L.Kumlein. 1880 .do .do. Boceived from — United States Fish Commissioi.. T.N.Edwards ....do ...do ....do ITnited States Fish Commission. ...do ...do...; ...do ...do J. H. Bmerton United SUtes Fish Commission. ...do (Lot 517) United States Fish Com- mission. A.B.VerriU United States Fish Commission. A.E.YeiTiU ...do ...do Ukiited States Fish Commission. ...do ...do Smithsonian J.M.JoBes ...do Katlonal Museum . . . United States Fish Commission. ...do "BUlie" expedition. Specimens. No., sex. 1 young. 1 (f , left hand. Icf, right hand, I Icf , figured. Syonng. 28+, duplicate I J'- 1 young. young. SO +, large. ImntUafid. hand. 1^, right band I 8 $,lsiga. 8 9. lyoong. Dow 1 9j^8P' 1 mutilated, ladnlt Do. 3 9, adult Several of the smaller specimens included in this list are so young it is impossible to determine their sex with certainty without dissectioij The hectocotylization of the ventral arm in the male is scarcely recogj nizable in those with the mantle less than 4 inches long. The Mediterranean form {Omtnastrephes Coindetii Yerany), nsnall identified with the var. b of Loligo sagittata Lamarck, 1799,* is clos * It seems more probable, however, that Lamarck's deaoriptiou applied rather to ( Bariramii (Les. sp.) of the Oulf Stream region. Blainville and others have thus afj plied it, correctly, as I believe. EBIES. [94] ■ ^95-j CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. Lbundant ftom Newport, E. I., I nd, Massachu- ) species mnchl e Gulf Stream. the trawl were bering it daring it those depths, nd adnlt sped' QS 865 and 89a| A. Agassiz, onl nak fiah Fiab Specimen*. No., aex. 1 yoang. iited 'om- 1 (f, left hand. 1 cf|riKhthMi4.| Irf, flgored. 3 TounK. I 28+,dupUostMl 1$. 1 young. Pish V young. Plata an-. FiBta lition. Imut^imd. a (f'.leftbHid- ., Id', right hud. I 8 9. 1 yonng. Da ig,lwg». Do. 1 matUatod. 1 adnlt Do. 39, adult. ure so young Lthout dissectioil is scarcely reco|^ Verany), usuaU 1799,* is clos upplied rather to ( ►there have thus »p| related to our species, but if the published figures and descriptions can be relied upon, it can hardly be identical, as D'Orbigny and other writers have considered it. The American form has a more elongated body, -with a differently-shaped candal fin, which is relatively shorter than the best authors attribute to 0. sa^ittatus. The figure given by Yerany is, however, an exception in this respect, for in it the body is represented about as long as in some of onr larger specimens.t It should be re- marked, however, that Lesueur's figure of 0. illeeebrosua shows the body too small and too short in proportion to the size of the fin, and the fin wrong in shape and occupying more than half the length of the mantle; the proportions of the arms are also erroneous. But Lesueur explains these defects by his statemeu ; that the figures were, hasty sketches made for the sake of preserving the colors, and that he saved a speci- men by which to correct, afterwards, his drawings and description, but the specimen saved turned out to be TMmius pavo, so that the original sketches were pnblishe.ia i I I i ■kM fiteenstrop, Ovenigt K. Danske Videnak. Selsk. ForluuidL, 1860^ p. 89, (aep. copy, p. 19, zeoalved Ang., 1880). Ibis group was institated to inclnde certain species of aqnida xamaik- lable for the connective suckers on the tentacular anns, for the large BEPOET OP COMMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES. [100] size and high developr ent of their organs of locomotion, especially of the caudal fin and siphon, and for the presence of a broad, thin web along the lower side of the lateral arms, outside the suckers. The tentacnlar arms are, like those of Architeuthis, very long, slender, and provided at the base of the club with smooth-rimmed connective suckers, alternating with rounded tubercles, for the mutual adhesion of the two arms ; the central part of the club is, as in ArehiteuthiSj pro- vided with two central rows of large serrated suckers, and a row of smaller marginal ones on each side, of different form, alternating with them. The lateral arms have a well-developed median crest (most de- veloped on the third pair) along the outer side ; on the lower inner angle there is a thin, membranous web, often more than twice as wide as the arm, along the whole length, much more highly developed than in typical Ommastrephes, in which a narrow marginal membrane occnri On the ventral arms the inner face is broader than on the others, and the two rows of suckers are farther apart. The suckers on all the sessile amis are strongly denticulated on the outer side of the rim, with smaller or obsolete teeth on the inner side. Gaudal fin very large, rhomboidal. Internal bone or pen similar to that of Ommaatrepheaj decidedly hooded at the posterior eod. Odontophore with seven rows of teeth ; median tooth with three large | denticles; inner lateral teeth with two unequal points ; two outer lat- erals simple, slender. Eyes as in Ommastrephea. This group is related on one side to Architeuthis, on the other to Om- nuutrephea. The armature of the tentacular arms will distinguish it I from the latter, and the large caudal fin and broad n^pmbrane of the sessile arms from former.* The dentition of the type is peculiar, so far as known. In addition to the typical species, this genus vfUl doubt- less include several species with marginal webs that have hitherto been referred to Ommastrephea, but they are often too indefinitely described! and figured to show the special characters referred to. Among those that belong, without much doubt, to this genus, in ad- 1 dition to those described below, are S. Oualanienais (Lesson), and 8. pela] giciu (Bo8c),.and possibly O.gigas D'Orb., though the latter does notj have the wide lateral membrane on the arms. Sthenoteuthia megaptera Yerrill. — (Large Broad-finned Squid.) ArchiteatMa megaptera Yerrill, Amer. Joum. Sci., vol. xvi, p. 207, 1878. Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. i, p. 187 (description copied from preced-l ing paper). SthmotoutUis megaptet a Verrill, Trans. Couu. Acad., voi. v, pp. 223, 286, pi. 21,1 figs. 1-9, pi. 27, fig. 6, pi. 45, figs. 5, 5 a, lfi80-'81 ; Amer. Jonm. Sci., voL| * xix, p. 288, 1880. Plate XVI, figs, 1-10. Although very much larger and stouter than any of the ordinary! squids, this species is much smaller than the species ot Arehiteuthia, thel * Aooording to the Htatement of Qerrftis, Arohiteuthit dux has oimilar membranes. ■'t '^ ' JIES. [100] I [101] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA. total length of the body and head being but 19 inches. Body i-olatively short and thick. The caudal fin is remarkably large and broad ; it is more than twice as broad as long, and the length is about half that of the body. Its form is nearly rhombic, with the lateral angles produced and rounded and the posterior angle very obtuse, the posterior edge as preserved, being slightly concave. The ventral anterior edge of the mantle is concave centrally, with a I slight angle on either side, about .75 inch from the center. From these I angles it is again concave to the sides. On the dorsal side the edge ad- vances farther forward than beneath, terminating in a slightly promi* nent obtuse angle in the middle of the dorsal edge. The nuchal crests around the ear consist of a slightly elevated transverse ridge, with three thicker and much more elevated laminae, which extend forward, on the head, one in the median line of the eye, with one above and one below lit, the lower one longest and least elevated, curving downward beneath [the head. The two upper ones are broadly rounded at top. Behind Ithe transverse fold there is a deep, irregularly crescent-shaped fosse. [The eye-sockets are large, oblong, and furnished with distinct lid-like jmargins. The eyes are large, prominent, oblong, and naked ; the an- Iterior portion is & .vollen laterally on both sides. The short arms are Itrapezoidal, the dorsal ones somewhat (about 1.25 inches) shorter, and Ismaller than the others, which are nearly equal in length, the second ■pair being stouter than the rest and a little longer. The dorsal arms [have a slightly prominent membrane along the outer angles ; the sub- jdorsal or upper lateral arms are narrowed to an acute edge oi crest on the outer angle, but on the inner angle have a broad, thin, marginal lembrane outside the suckers. The lower lateral arms are similar in Bize and form, and also have a very broad, lateral, marginal membrane lext to the suckers, on the lower side. The ventral arms are more Blender and a trifle longer, and have narrower marginal membranes, le tentacular arms are slender, elongated, expanded toward the tip, ind have suckers arranged much as in the gigantic species, even to the gmoothedged suckers and opposing tubercles proximal to the large puckers, as I have described thom in Arehiteuthis Harveyi. The sucker- earing portion is margined by a scalloped membrane on each side. The small proximal suckers of the tentacular arms occupy about 44.5"" [1.75 inches) at the commencement of the terminal club ; they are about .5""" in diameter, circular, regularly cup-shaped, with a nearly even, temooth rim; they are raised on slender pedicels. Alternating with pbese are smooth, rounded tubercles, which are also on pedicels and blightly larger than the intervening suckers. There are four suckers pd four tubercles in the row along the inner margin ; along the outer aargin there are few^r, smaller suckers, but without horny rings ; if Ihey originally had such rings they were probably smaller than the khero. The large suckers (Plate XVI, fig. 9) forming the two central _ DW8 oii the terminal club are furnished with a somewhat oblique dark lor membranes. '■^'m m m REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OP PISH AND PISHERIES. [102] brown ring, very strongly and sharply toothed aroand the outer portion of the edge, and usually with one tooth larger and longer than the rest on the middle of the outer margin ; inner margin with much smaller, | very acute teeth, of unequal size. The teeth are gold-colored at tip. Larger suckers of the sessile arms are very oblique, with the rim | strong, dark brown, bearing large, strong, sharp, much incurved, un equal teeth on the outer side of the rim ; the inner margin is entire. The ventral arms bear about 44 similar suckers, exclusive of the minute ones close to the end ; the largest ones are situated beyond the middle | of the arm. The lateral ar^ls bear about the same number of large suckers, with numerous minute ones at the tip. The dorsal arms bear, { each, about 30 suckers, exclusive of the small terminal ones. The 22d sucker of the left ventral arm (Plate XVI, figs. 8, 8 a) has a | strong, somewhat elliptical rim, with seven strong and very acute in- curved teeth on the outer side, and with the opposite margin on the in- ner side smooth for more than a third of the circumference. The median I tooth on the outer margin is decidedly larger and longer than the others, , and abruptly bent inward above its base. It is elongated and gradually tapered to the very acute tip, but thick and channeled externally at its | base. To the right and left of this are three similar, but smaller, un equal teeth, all strongly curved inward toward the inner margin, but not I convergent to the center. Of these, the second from the central tooth, on each side, is the largest, and the third is the smallest. Between the latter and the smooth inner edge there is a small rounded lobe, or blunt} tooth. Peduncle broad toward the rim, tapering rapidly to the slender I baee. Outer sides of rim much higher than inner. Greater diameter, 10""; lesser, 7"""; greater interior diameter, 7"""; total height, 13°™ ;| longest tooth, 2.6""". The exposed portion of the upper mandible is black; the point is I strongly curved, acute, with a smooth cutting edge, separated from the inner lobe by a deep, acute notch; inner lobe or edge of alse thin,! broadly rounded, with a slightly rounded, uneven edge. Length ofl mandible, 29"""; distance from bottom of notch to tip, 10""; internal | breadth between lobes, 8"". The lining membrane of the palate (Plate XYI, fig. 2) is pale, trans- 1 lucent, covered with rather large, whitish, translucent teeth, variable! in fbrm and size, but mostly rather broad at base r^nd tapering to an I obtuse tip; some are more slender and acute. Ifo granules were de-| teoted on the membrane. The odontophore (Plate XYI, figs. 3-7) was too much injured to shovl its general form, but it appeared to resemble that of A. Rarveyi. The! lateral membrane was broad in the middle, translucent, white. Nol plates outside the lateral teeth could be detected. The teeth all havel slender, acute tips. The median teeth have three points of nearly equall length ; the inner lateral ones have two points, the outer one sotnewhatl shorter and smaller than the other; the two outer lateral teeth are 8im[ BBIES. [102] I [103] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA. e outer portion r than the rest much smaller, lored at tip. , with the rim I I incurved, un- argin is entire, e of the minute ond the middle amber of large! »rsal arms bear, tnes. gs. 8, 8a) has a I L Tory acute in- irgin on the in- je. The median than the others, I 4 and gradually Bxternally at its | but smaller, un margin, but not I le central tooth, I t. Between the pd lobe, or blunt y to the slender I'eater diameter, height, 13°»;| ^) is pale, trans- 1 teeth, variablel I tapering to an mules were de- ple, long, acute, the outermost rather narrower at base and somewhat longer. Total length, lOO"" (43 inches); length of body and head, 48.2«»» (1» inches) ; length of body fix)m dorsal edge of manUe, 35.56°™ (14 inches) ; from ventral edge, 33.16<"" (13 inches); of head from edge of mantle to Meaauremmta of Sthenoteuthis megaptera and 8. pteroput (in inches). Length, tip of tail to end of doraal arms Length, tip of tail to end of third pair Length to end of tentaoolar arms Length tobaaeof arms From base of arms to mantle. Tip of tail to edge of mantle (above) Tip of tall to edge of mantle (below) Tip of tail to center of eye , Length of caudal fln (tip to insertion) BreMlth of candal tin Breadth between lateral insertions End of body to outer angle of fin , Front edge of Bn, from outer angle to insertion . Circumforento of body , Breadth of bcly , Breadth of head Diameter of eye-opening (longitudinal) Diameter of eye-opening (transverse) Length of tentaouiar arms Length of dorsal arms (first pair) Length of snlidorsal arms (second pair) Length of subveutral arms (third pair) Length of ventral arms ( fourth pair) Breadth of first pair of arms at base Breadth of second pair of arms Breadth of third pair of arms Breadth of fourth pair of arms Breedthof tentacular arms Breadth df terminal club of same Length of siphon iu mid (8 inches); of third pair, 21.6'="» (8.5 inches) ; of fourth pair, 20.3""' (8 inches) ; length of caudal fin, 15.24""' (6 inches); breadth, 34.3""' (13.5 inches); transverse distance between insertions of caudal fins, 5.9""' (2.33 inches) ; breadth across body in middle, l^.T"" (5 inches) ; circumference of body, 31.7""' (12.5 inches); length of eye-opening, 3.2""'; its breadth, 1.9"™; length of sucker-bearing portion of tentacular arms, 16.5""' (6.5 inches); of por- tion bearing large suckers, 8.25""' (3.25 inches); breadth, 1.9""* (.75 inch); length of terminal portion, 3.8"™ (1.5 inches); diameter of naked or pe- duncular portion, .8"™ to 1.25"™ j breadth of dorsal arms at base, 1.9"'°; of second pair, 2.57"™; of third pair, 2.54"™; of fourth pair, 2.54"""; diameter of largest tentacular suckers, 9™"" to 10™™ ; of t'heir rims, 7™" I to 8™™ ; diameter of largest suckers of ventral arms, 10""" (.40 inch); of their rims, 7'"™ to 8'"'". Color, in alcohol, reddish or purplish brown, specked with darker | brown on the iorsal surface of the body ; upper side of head and outer sides of arms thickly covered with specks of purplish brown; inner surfaces paler, much as in the common small squids ; sides yellowish brown; under surfaces yellowish brown, tinged with purplish. The original specimen was cast ashore during a severe gale near Cape j Sable, Nova Scotia, several years ago, and was secured for the Pro- vincial Museum at Halifax, by J. Matthew Jones, esq. It is preserved | entire in alcohol and is still in good condition. I also refer to this species an entire beak with the odontophore, pre- sented by Capt. George A. Johnson and crew of the schooner " A. H. I Johnson." It was taken at Sable Island Bank, Nova Scotia, in 28O-3O0 fathoms, September, 1878. This beak (Plate XVII, fig. 2) has the exposed parts black, the internal laminiB reddish brown. The upper mandible is sharp and strongly incurved, with a small narrow notch at its base, irom which runs a raised lateral line ; beyond the notch the anterior edge of the ala is convex and slightly uneven. The lower! mandible has a small not<;h below the incurved tip ; below this the cut- ting edge is slightly concave to the basal notch, which is narrow on the right side, but broader and V-shaped on the left; beyond the notch the alar tooth is narrow, prominent, and truncate on the right, but broader and blunt on the left. Opposite the notch and tooth the side of the beak is strongly excavated. Total length of upper mandible, 31™""; hight, palatine to frontal, 24™™; tip to bottom of notch, 8.5™™; tip to dorsiU edge of frontal lamiuee, 24.5™™; breadth between anterior lobes I of alsB, 6.2™™ ; breadth of palatine, 17.5™™. Total length of lower manf dible, 23™™; hight, mentum to inner end of alse, 22™™; tip to notch,] 7.8™™ ; tip to end of mentum, 8.2™™ ; tip to dorsal end of gular, 16™' transverse breadth at alai' teeth, 7™™. The odontophore is similar to that of the typical 8. tnegaptera, but thel m IIES. [104] ■ [105] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. • arms, SS.S""" I pair of arms, 9f third pair, I of caudal fin, erse distance readth across y, 31.7""* (12.5 !">. length of ches); of por- .O"" (.75 inch); f naked or pe- at base, l.O""" ; L pair, 2.54«'»; tVelr rims, 7™" '" (.40 inch) ; of d with darker tiead and outer brown; inner ddiBS yellowish fplish. gale near Cape ,d for the Pro It is preserved | mtophore, pre- thooner " A. H. »tia, in 2.80-300 1 ig. 2) has the n. The upper [arrow notch at the notch the in. The lower fw this the cut- narrow on the the notch the it, but broader he side of the ,ndible, 31"""; ,8.5"""; tipt« anterior lobes of lower man- tip to notch,! [f gular, 16«"»; ttera, but the lateral denticles of the median and inner lateral teeth are relatively shorter, and these, with some other di£ferences, render it doubtful whether this beak actually belongs to that species. The odontophore is 4""" broad ; the teeth are all sharp, rather slender, pointed, and pale amber-color. A slight, smoothish, marginal ridge borders the dentiger- ous zone on each side, but is scarcely divided into distinct plates. The median teeth have three shari), rather slender denticles, the median about a third longer than the lateral ; the inner lateral teeth have a < long point, with the acute outer denticle much shorter ; the teeth of both outer rows are long, considerably incurved, acute, the outer ones the more slender. Several additional specimens of this species have recently been re- ceived. The most important of these consists of the tentacular club and the pharynx, with the jaws and odontophore complete (Plate XVII, fig. 1). These are from a specimen of which the head and arms were found in the mouth of a codfish on the eastern part of Oeorge's Bank, by Manuel D. Mitchel, and were by him presented to the United States Fish Commission. The portions of the specimen not saved were used as bait for cod. The arms were described as 18 inches long. The part of the tentacular club in my possession, which does not in- [ elude the proximal portion, is 175™™ long, 17™™ broad in the middle ; the distal portion, beyond the large suckers, is 62™™ long ; breadth of its sucker-bearing face, 8™™ ; fiN)m front to back, including width of dorsal i keel, but not the suckers, 18™™ ; diameter of largest suckers, 12™™ ; of horny rings, 11™™ ; of aperture, 8™™'; hight of homy ring, outer side, including teeth, 6.5™™ ; length of pedicels, 5™™ ; distance between pedi- cels, 15™™. The large suckers agree very well with those described and figured from the type-specimen (Plate XVI, fig. 9); this portion of the club had nine of these large suckers in each row ; their pedicels arise from the middle of deep squarish depressions, between which run thick transverse ridges, which bear the smaller marginal suckers to- ward their outer ends, and then support the marginal membrane. A part of the large suckers have retained their homy rings, but all the marginal and sn, pale amber-colored teeth, which agree well I with those of the original specimen (Plate XYI, figs. 3-7); outside I of the lateral teeth there is a narrow, raised, chitinous ridge, apparently! not divisible into plates. Another specimen, consisting of the buccal mass and jaws, but with- 1 out the odontophore, was presented to the United States Pish Comnus [ sion (lot 797) by Gapt. Gharles Anderson and crew of the schoonerj " Alice G. Wunson," of Gloucester, Mass. The jaws of this were slightly larger than in the one just described,! They agree well in nearly every respeet, but the notch at the base ofl the lower mandible ?8 narrower and the tooth beyond it broad and| rounded. Measurements of jaws {in iMllimeters). Number of lot. Upper Jaw, ttp to bottom of notch . . . TnuiSTerse breadth, at notches Tip to end of frontal Lunina Lowerjaw, tip to bottom of notch .. Tiptonotchofmentam Tip to ventral end of gnlar lamina . . Hentum to inner end of lateral ala> . Breadth of lateral alie.... Breadth of odontophore, across face . 810. 12 13 0 10 88 41 11 13 11 U 25 81 38 16 15 5.5 797. The fifth specimen, received in lot 879, October, 1880, consists of tw«| of the sessile arms, but the suckers have lost their homy rings, so tha the identification cannot be very positive. Tbe largest arm, which u| not quite entire, is 255""" long, and 23"'"» in diameter at the larger end It was taken from the stomach of a cod, on the Grand Banks, and prfr| sented to the United States Fish Commission by the captain and crev of the schooner "Otis P. Lord." Specimens examined. Lot. 810 797 879 Locality. Fathoms. -- Cape Sable, N.S... Sable IsUnd Bank. George's Bank — East slope G.'sB.. Grand Banks Beach 280-300 Cod stomach. ....do ....do ....... When re- oeiveH. Name of yessel, Sept., 1878 Aag., 1880 Aug., 1880 Oct., 1880 A. H. Johnson. Sultana AIG.Wnnson. Otis P. Lord... Keceived from. Halifax Mns'm tr. 8. Pish Com. ....do ....do . . . .do ....... Specimens. 1, entire. I,jaw8,&c. 1, jawv and ami l,Jaw8. l.utna. riOGlB t^^^] CEPHXLOPODS op northeastern coast op AMERICA. nster of small, 52°"" iu length | d with low, ir- rp and strong;! . The beak of ing edgeregu' a well-defined I attlng edge is straight; sides dlow, angular;! The surface of | . The odonto- hich agree well I . 3-7); outside I 4ge, apparently jaws, but with- 8 Pish Commis [ )f the schoonerj > just described,! at the baseofj id it broad and! 810. 797. 12 13 9 10 88 41 11 U 11 14 25 SI 38 16 5.5 15 consists of two| |y rings, so tha arm, which H 1 the larger eud ^anks, and prfr| Lptain and crei I'm Speclmeua. 1, entire. l,j»W8,&C. 1, Jam and unl l,3»w». l,uina. Bthenoteuthls pteropus Yerrill. Omnuutrephea pteropu$1 Steenstrup (MSS., 1856). Tiyon, Man. Conch., i, p. 179 (no description). Sthenoteuthit pteropus Yerrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 228, pi. 27, fig. 7, la, pi. 36, ligs. 5-9, Fob., 1880; Amer. Jonm. Sci., vol. xix, p. 289, Apr., 1880. OmmaUntrephea pteroptu Steenstrup, Oversigt K. Danske Yidensk. Selsk. For- handl., 1880 (received Aug.), pp. 76-81, fig. 7, p. 79, fig. 2, p. 81 (details). jrlate VII, figure 2. Plate XYII, figures 3-9. A large squid, 74.8°™ (29.5 inches) long from tail to tip of longest sessile arms, similar in size and form to the preceding, and closely allied to it^ has been sent to me by Mr. G. Brown Goode, who obtained it at Ber- muda. It is probably the Ommatoatrephes pteropus of Steenstrup. The body is stout, acuminate posteriorly; the anterior border of the mantle, beneath, is even, and not distinctly emarginate in the middle. The caudal fin is large, broad, transversely rhomboidal, but neither so broad nor so large proportionally as in 8. megaptera. The siphon is very large and broad (63""" long by 50""" broad), with a large aperture, 25mm vnde. The eyeballs are very large, elongated, me.^uring, although somewhat collapsed, about 42°'"' long by 31'""' broad. The eye-openings^ as distended, are large, oblong, elliptical, with a broad sinus and slightly thickened edges. The arms are stout and rather long, the third and ventral pairs being nearly equal in length; those of the second pair are about 12.5"'"' shorter than those of the third ; the dorsal ones about 63'""' shorter than those of the second ; the dorsal arms are 18.4°"' long, trapezoidal in form, the outer face convex and about 1.9°"' broad ; the lateral and inner faises, 1.2°"'; along the inner angles there is a narrow membrane, outside the suckers (fig. 7, a). Those of the second pair are 24.7°"' in length; their transverse breadth is about 2°"'; from inner face to outer angle, 1.9°"'; along the outer angle, in these, is a thick, acute-edged crest, widest in the middle of the arm; along the lower inner angle, outside the suckers, there is a broad and very thin membrane, 2.5°"' or more in width (fig. 7, 5) ; along the upper inner angle is a similar membrane, about .e*™ wide. The arms of the third pair are 26°'" long (31°" from center of eye to tip of arms) ; they are compressed, 2.25°"' broad at base ; on the outer angle, along the middle, there is a very prominent crest (fig. 7, c), so that, in this part, the distance from inner face to outer angle is 4°"' ; along the lower inner angle there is a very broad, thin, delicate web, where widest at least 5°'" to 7°"' (2 to 2.75 inches) wide; it is consider- ably torn and may have been still wider ; it is widest beyond the middle of the arm; on the upper inner angle the corresponding membrane is about 0.6°™ wide (fig. 7, c). li-ansverse, thick, fleshy ridges run out from between the suckers a short distance on these membranes, and then &de out. The ventral arms are 2.25°"' broad at base and tsapezoidal ; Wt .;l)' f REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [108] they have a smaller crest along the outer angle, and a narrow membrane along each inner angle. All the nessile arms bear similar suckers (Plate XVII, figs. 8, «t-o), all of which are provided with 7 to 13 large, very acute, incurved teet^ on the outer margin of the very oblique homy rings, and with much smaller, sometimes rudimentary ones on the inner margin, much as in 8. megaptera. The largest of all the suckers are near the middle of the second pair of lateral arms, from the sixth to the sixteenth, and especially from the ninth to the fourteenth; the diameter of the ninth is lO*^, the edge of its rim 8^^. On the dorsal arms the eighth to the thirteenth are the largest ; the diameter of the ninth is T""; edge of homy rim, 5""". On the third pair the eighth to the fourteenth are largest; the diameter of the tenth is 8°"", its rim e""™' On the ventral arms the fourteenth to the twentieth are largest; the diameter of the flfteenth is 7.5°"», its rim 5.5'°°>. On the ventral arms the rows of suckers are more separated than on the other arms, their inner faces being wider. On the lateral arms, toward the base, the two rows are nearer together, while the suck- ers of each row are distant, so that they almost form one irregular row at first. The suckers are all very oblique, with the homy rims very low or narrow in front, and very high on the outer side ; these rings are dark brown, but the teeth have a golden luster. The thick fleshy margin (fig. 9), outside the denticulated edge of the homy ring, is completely covered all around by a series of thin, bracket- 8hai)ed, horny plates, light brown in color, arranged radially and movable with the membrane to which they are attached for the most of their length; both the outer and the inner ends are free and turned upward, like a small tooth or denticle; those of the inner end are mostly acute, and form^ circle of minute movable denticles, nearly in line with the large teeth of the homy ring, five to ten occupying the intervals between the large teeth of the largest suckers; those plates that stand opposite the teeth of the ho ny ring are shorter than the others, and often broader, and have no dentiv le on the flat or npcurved inner ends, which fit to the form of the base of the tooth in front of them ; the outer ends are abruptly bent upward and often inward, forming a denticle or flattened hood, usu- ally rounded at the end. These marginal plates vary greatly in width and form, even on the same sucker, accoiAing to position, and small, imperfectly developed, wedge-shaped ones are interpolated between the larger ones, around the periphery. One of the largest suckers, the twelfth of the second pair of arms (fig. 8, bf &'), has 22 teeth on the horny ring; of these five are small, but sharp, on the middle of the inner border; nine, on the outer border, are largest; and four, on each side, are intermediate in size. The median tooth on the outer margin is largest, and the one next to it, on each side, is a little smaller than the second one from it. The thirteenth sucker of the ventral arms has, on its ring, eighteen denticles ; of these nine are very large, with the median more decidedly the largest, and the one 58. [108] r membrane J. 8, or-o), all red teeth on ach smaller, S.megaptera. cond pair of lly from the , the edge of enth are the m, S""". On the diameter e fourteenth I is 7.5°»°», its jre separated )n the lateral bile the suck- irregular row rims very low rings are dark. d edge of the thin, bracket- and movable most of their led upward, mostly acute, line with the als between tand opposite ►ften broader, Ihioh fit to the are abruptly led hood, usu- >atly in width |n, and small, between the I pair of arms re small, bnt tsr border, are The median I on each side, eenth sucker rf these nine I, and the one [109] CEPHALOPODS OP NOBTHEASTBBN COAST OP AMEBICA. on each side of it is shorter as compared with the next; six, on the inner margin, are minute, and these are connected with the larger series by one or two somewhat larger ones at each end of the inner border. The stumps of the tentacular arms are flattened, oval, and smooth, measuring about 10""" by 18""" near the base; their length is about 28"" (11 inches), which is doubtless less than half their original length. According to Steenstrnp (op. ult. cit., p. 81, fig. 2), there are, in his example, a few connective suckers and f^ubercles on the proximal part of the club. The siphon is very large and lodged in a broad groove in the lower side of the head ; the anterior part of this groove, which is separated from the rest by a transverse fold of the skin, is covered by about twelve nar* row, longitudinal ridges, separated by strong longitudinal ftirrows; an additional outer ridge, on each side, is separated fh>m the others by a wider interval; several of these ridges and fiirrows extend backward beyond the transverse fold. The dorsal side of the siphon is strength- ened by a thick, longitudinal, muscular band, which becomes free from the siphon farther back, and is united to the head by a small median connective strap; either side of this are the two broad connective bridles, and at the sides of the siphon, near the ears, on each side, is a broad lateral connection between the mantle and head, with a large aquiferous opening beneath it. The exposed parts of the jaws (Plate XYII, figs. 3, a, b) are black and polished ; the laminte are reddish brown, with broad, thin, yellowish- white margins. The upper mandible has a long, sharp rostrum, with reg- ularly curved cutting edges, and a small, well-defined, V-shaped notoh, from which a short groove runs backward, beyond which there is a slight ridge ; anterior edge of alte, beyond the notch, forming no distinct lobe or tooth, but slightly convex and irregularly crenulate ; posterior lateral borders of alie with a broad, sinus in the middle ; palatine lamina long and thin, with sinuous posterior margins; frontal lamina broad, extend- ing well backward. The total length of the upper mandible is 42">"> ; tip to posterior end of frontal lamina, 33""" ; to notch, 10""™; greatest breadth (or hight), from palatine to end of frontal, 30™"" ; transverse breadth, across frontal, 15mm . transverse breadth, across anterior edges of alse, 8™"". The lower mandible has a strongly incurved beak, with the cutting edges rather suddenly incurved at about the proximal third, and a well- developed, broad, V-shaped notch at base, beyond which there is a slightly prominent, broad tooth; alae broad, the inner ends broader than the middle, well rounded;, mentum short, with a broad dorsal cmargination ; gular lamina short, the inner edges incurved. The total length of the lower mandible is 29">"'; tip of beak to end of mentum, lO"™; to ventral end of gular, 21"""; to bottom of notch, 11""" ; to inner ends of alas, 24"'">; breadth, fh)m inner ends of alae to mentum, 28«»"; breadth of gular lamina, IT"""'; breadth of alse, 12.5"""; greatest w. ^ BEPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [110] transverse breadth, across ale, 32"" ; transverse breadth, across anterior edges of alee, at teeth, 11">">. These Jaws agree pretty nearly in form and sice wi^h those of 0. pUrcpiUf as flgored by Steenstmp, but the latter have a deeper notch in the upper mandible, with a more evident lobe beyond it, while the lower mandible has a broader and less triangolar notch. The baooal membrane is large, thin, prolonged into seven acute angles or lobes, of which the upper is in the median plane, opposite the inter- val between the dcrsal arms; the six others are opposite the three other pairs of sessile arms. The inner surface of this membrane is covered, near the periphery, with small rounded papillse ; externally it is oon< nected to the arm by seven membranous bridles, corresponding to the seven angles ; of these the dorsal one forks, one branch going to th« inner margin of each dorsal arm ; the upper lateral ones join the mar- ginal membrane of the upper angle of the upper lateral arms; the lower lateral ones join the lower marginal membrane of the third pair of arms; the ventral ones join the marginal membrane outside of the sucker- liearing face of the ventral arms. In front of the bases of each of the | dorsal and tentacular arms there is a large opening to the space beneath this membrane. The beak is closely surrounded by a thick, prominent, lobed, and I wrinkled fleshy collar, with papillae on its inner surface; outside of this there is a smooth, sharp-edged, erect collar, less prominent than the { inner one. t The odontophore is similar to that of Ommastrephes ; it is sharply bent I upon itself anteriorly, with the ventral end less than half as long as the dorsal ; the dentigerous zone is yellowish brown in color, and bordered laterally by a thin ridge formed by a row of small plates ; the lateral membrane is broad, thin, and pale yellow, running straight across, from the ventral end, at right angles to the dorsal portion, and then folding bacl^ upon itself joins the dorsal part of the odontophore farther back, near its middle; beyond this point it is very narrow and rolled in. Length of the dorsal portion, 19°>°> ; of the ventral, 9<°°> ; breadth of the dentigerous zone, anteriorly, 5*^ ; breadth of marginal membrane, ante-] riorly, 7""°. The median teeth (Plate XYU, fig. 4, a) are broad, with three stent I points, the middle one nearly twice as long as the lateral; the inner lateral teeth (h) are much longer, with one long stout point and a short denticle rms; the lower d pair of arms; of the sucker- of each of the | ) space beneath ant, lobed, and outside of this linent than the i is sharply bent f as long as the and bordered ; the lateral ht across, from id then folding further back, and rolled in. breadth of the embrane, ante- [ith three stout Bral; the inner lint and a short }uter rows (0, d) ' the outermost Iteeth differ de- ftteral denticles oth are stouter interior end, gradually narrowing to the very narrow slender portion ibont three inches from the posterior end, beyond which there is a thin margin, which expands into a lanceolate form, widest at 1J2S inches from the end; the terminal portion forms a short, hollow hood, formed by the Enfolding of the margin, and marked by slender, divergent, raised lines, stronger laterally, and with a dorsal keel. The central rib begins at the interior end, increases in size to the middle region, then narrows to the Blender part, where it forms a slender, prominent rib, only visible dor- illy, and then becoming confluent with the lateral ribs extends as a ^barp keel to the end. The lateral ribs commence at about .75 inch )m the anterior end, and each at first consists of three riblets; farther t>ack another appears on the outside margin, but is separated only by slender groove, and toward the slender part of the pen they all co- Uesce into a single rib on each side, which nearly meet in the middle line rentrally, where they are separated by a slender groove, which disap- irs farther on. Total length of pen, 349'"'" (13.75 inches) ; greatest breadth, 22.5""" (.90 inch) ; length of posterior cone or hood, .9^ (.35 ich); breadth of posterior expansion, 15'"'". This specimen is entire, except that it has lost the clubs of the ten- cular arms. It is in fair condition, though considerably contracted by long preservation in too strong alcohol. The head, however, has |)een pulled out from the mantle to an unnatural extent, so as to increase [he total length from 3°"' to 4*"" at least. The ventral arms do not show ly of the sexual modifications characteristic of the male squids, there- fore, it is doubtless a female. Most of the measurements are given in the table with those of 8. ^legaptera (p. 103); some of the more general are as follows: Length om end of body to tip of dorsal arms, 69.8°'° (27.5 inches); to edge of lantle, dorsally, 37.5<"" (14.75 inches); to base of dorsal arms, 52«°> (20.5 aches); to center of eye, 47'=*°; to lateral insertions of fin, length, 17«"' |6.75 inches) ; to outer angle of fin, along posterior edge, 18.4<'"> (7.25 iches) ; breadth of fins transversely, 28.5°°> (11.25 inches); outer angle I lateral insertion, along front edge, 14o'° (5.5 inches); between lateral isertions, 5«" (2 inches); breadth of body, 11.9«'"; circumference of iy, 29.20"' (11.5 inches). This specimen, which was obtained at Bermuda, by Mr. G. Brown iroode, now belongs to the museum of Wesleyan University, Middletown,* ponn. Mr. Goode informs me that it was picked up on ilie north shore |f the island, in December, 1876, and that it was regarded by the inhab- its as a novelty or great rarity, and was noticed as snch in the local newspapers. Stenoteuthis pteropua has been recorded from the Mediterranean Sea |nd the warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean. \astrepk€8; it is I pointed at the BEPOBT OF COMMISSIONEB OF FISH AND FI8HBBIE8. [112] •tlMnotatttlils BarUamll Verrill. Loligo mgiltattii (pan) Lnniarck, 1700; Anini. sans Vert., vol. vii, p. 665. Lotigo nartramH LMOour, Journ. Phil. AomI., I, vol. ii, p. 00, pi. 7, 1891. Blainvillo, Diet. 8ci. Nat., vol. xxvU, p. 141, IfSS. LoHgo iiagiltatut Ulaiuv., Diet. Soi. Nat., vol. xxvii, p. 140. Omnuutrepkeii BartramU D'Orb., Voy. Ani^r. M^^rid., Moll., p. 55, 1838 (t. Gray); C^ph. Acdtab., pi. S, flfia. 11-80; Hiat. Cuba, Moll., p. 59. Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Maa., Cephal. Antep., p. 02, 1849. Verrill, Invert. Vineyard Sound, dto., p. Ml [635], 1874 (non Binney in Oould, Invert. Mass. ). Tryon, Man. Concb., vol. i, p. 180, pi. 80, figs. 361, 302 (after D'Orb.). . atkmotmitkU BartramU Verrill, Trans. Conu. Aoad., vol. v, p. S83, Feb., 1880; p. 1288, Jan., 1881; Amer. Jouni. Soi., vol. xix, p. 989, Apr., 1880. OmiiMtoatrephee BartramU Steenstrup, Orenigt K. Danake Videnak. Selak. For- handl., 1880, p. 79, fig. 2, p. 81, fig. 3, p. 89; anth. sep. copy (received Aug.), p. 9, flg. 2, p. 11, fig. 3, p. 19. Body cylindrical, elongated, slender, tapering but little in front of the fin ; anterior edge of mantle with a very slight median dorsal angle. Caudal fin short and transversely rhomboidal, with the outer angles acute, posterior angle obtuse, and the front edges rounded and project- ing forward beyond the insertion. Length of fln (from insertion) to its breadth, asl : 2; length of fln to mantle, as 1 : 2.80, in a your female specimen with the body 3.25 inches long. Head short, as bro as the body; eye-opening angular, higher than long, with a narrow, oblique sinus. Nuchal crests nearly as in O. illccehroHus, consisting of a low, transverse, undulated ridge extending aix)und botli sides to the dorsal line, and with three raised longitudinal ciests on each side. Siphon large, sunken in a deep pit ; anterior border of the pit with a series of 6 to 12 or more (varying with age) small and short furrows, which e^ tend inward only a short distance from the edge. Arms rather short, not very unequal; the dorsal ones are a little the shortest and smallest; the third pair are the longest, the second and fourth pairs are interme- diate in length and nearly equal ; the arms of the second pair are frir- nished with a well-developed membrane along the lower outer angle, and with a thin marginal membrane of moderate width along the inner | angles, outside the suckers, that on the lower side extending beyond the suckers. Those of the third pair are compressed, 'with a well-developed membranous keel on the median outer edge, beyond the basal portion; on the lower inner angle there is a broad, thin, marginal membrane, ex- tending beyond the suckers, and a narrow one on the upper side ; the I dorsal and ventral arms have narrow marginal membranes. Suckers of the dorsal and lateral arms furnished with horny rings, which have the edge divided into small, acute-triangular teeth, largest on the otlter | side ; on the ventral arms the suckers are smaller, those on the prox- imal half of the arm having smooth-edged rings, while those on the I distal portion are sharply toothed on the outer edge. Tentacular arms slender and moderately elongated, with distinctly broader clubs, which j are keeled on the back side and furnished with a thin marginal mem- brane on each edge. The suckers form two median alternating rows B8. [112] H[lld] CEPHAL0P0D8 OP NORTHEASTERN C0A8T OF AMERICA. il, p. 665. 0, pi. 7, 1891. 1838 (t. Gray); InneyinOould, D'Orb.). S3, Feb., 1880; .,1880. iBk. Selsk. For- copy (received a front of the lorsal angle, outer angles L and project- sertion) to its rour female bro as the rrow, oblique ing of a low, to the dorsal iide. Siphon ith a series of ;v^8, which e^ rather short, and smallest; are interrae- pair are fur- outer angle, mg the inner g beyond the ell-developed asal portion; lembrane, ex- ler side ; the Suckers of ich have the n the oftter »n the prox- ihose on the tacular arms clubs, which xginal mem- latingrows uf larger, oblique, dentate ones, of which seven to nine in each row- are decidedly the largest; alternating with those, on each margin, there JH a row of smaller, more oblique, sharply denticalate, marginal suckers; ; length of fourth pair, SO""" ; length of can* A fin, 60«"«; breadth of fin, »«■""'. A young specimen, in alcohol, has the following dimensions : Total [ength to tips of lateral arms, 121™"> ; tail to base of arms, 93">"' ; body, \2F"^; length of caudal fin, to insertion, 29"""; its breadth, SS"""*; diam-. iter of body, IG"'"' ; length of tentacular arms, 48™"'. Middle Atlantic and West Indies to Brazil and Cape of Good Hope. mges chiefly between 35° south and 36° north latitude ; common in [he region of the Gulf Stream. This is an exceedingly active species, swimming with great velocity, kud not rarely leaping so high out of the water as to fall on the decks ►f vessels.* On this account it has been called the ^^ flying squid^ by laiiors. • D'Orbigny (Hist. Cuba, Moll., p. 62) relates that in a beautiful night in October, It 34° south latitude, off South America, he himself saw two specimens leap out of ae water so high as to fall on the deck of the vessel, which was nearly fifteen feet ^bove the surface of the water. It is supposed that this is done in their efforts to »pe from predatory fishes that pursue them. i i II m IILPORT OF COMMISSIONEB OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [114] | [1. Tbis is a more slender species than 0. iUecebroeus, with a shorter fin, and it has but four rows of small suckers on the distal part of the club, instead of eight. The most important difierences, of generic value, are the presence cf conneetive suckers and tubercles on the tentacular arms, and the great develoinnent of the marginal membranes on the lateral axms. The grooves in the siphon-pit are of comparatively little impor- tance. Abohitextthis Steenstrup (see page 23). This genus, which includes the most gigantic species known, differs from Sthenoieuthis mainly in having a smaller and differently shaped cau- dal fln, and in lacking the broad lateral membranes on the lateral arms. The pen is also different, judging from the portions preserved. The large tentacular suckers are more evenly and regularly denticulated; and those of the sessile arms are smaller, with less claw-like teeth. From Ommastrephes it differs in the form and size of the fln and pen, and especially in having connective suckers and tubercles at the bases of the tentacular clubs. Arohiteuthls Harvejri Verrill (see pages 23-40).— Giant Squid. (Plates I-VI.) Fishing banks off Nova Scotia to Labrador. Northern Europe! Architeuthis princeps Verrill (see pages 41-50).— Giant Squid. (Plates VII-XI.) Newfoundland and the Grand Banks to Labrador. Northern Europet | Family MASTIGOTEOTHID^ VerriU. Bulletiu Mns. Comp; ZooL, viii, p. 100, March, 1881. Body slender, pointed behind. Caudal fin large, rhombic. Mantlel united to neck by three movable cartilages. Siphon with an interDall valve and one pair of dorsal bridles. Eyes l&rge, not prominent; lidsl free, simple. Buccal membrane 6-angled, without suckers. AnnsiTee;| suckers in two rows. Tentacular arms (in the typical species) not ei| panded into a club, the terminal portion round, tapeiing, covered wit! a multitude of minute suckers, in many rows. No auditory crests. Fe narrow, with a long, hollow posterior cone. This family differa from OmmastrephicUiB in lacking diotinct lachryi sinuses and auditory crests, in the remarkable character of the tentacc arms, and in the simple connective cartilages. From CMroteuthidceajA HisUotmthidw it differs in having the siphon provided with a dorsal bridlij and internal valve, as well as in the armature of tentacular arms. It is doubtful whether Calliteuthi8 belongs near this fanily, its tent ular arms being unknown, and its pen being entirely different. Fo8si| bly it may belong to the Ohiroteuthidce. ss. [114] shorter fin, of the club, 0 value, axe Msular arms, 1 the lateral little impor- aown, differs J shaped can- lateral arms, i. The large Bulated; and )eth. f the fln and )eroleB at the EuTopel lern Europel ^mbic. Mantle! ith an intemall Irominent; Udsl Arms free! kpecies) not exj r, covered "witf r crests. Pc ict lachry 'thetentaci \iroteuthidv! L a dorsal bridli laranns lUy, its tem ferent. Possii [115] • CEPHAL0P0D8 OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. Mastiooteuthis Yerrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. t, p. "^f Jan., 1881 ; Bulletin Mns. Comp. Zool., vol. viii, p. 100, March, 1881. Body elongated, tapering to a point, confluent with the 7«itdal fin posteriori:^' Caudal fln very large and broad, rhomboidaL, occupying about hah the length of the body. Mantle fastened to thb base of the siphon by an ovate, ear-shaped, elevated cartilage, on each side, fltting into corresponding deep, circumscribed pits ot* the base of the siphon. Siphon with a bilabiate aperture, an internal valve, and a pair of dorsal bridles. Eyes large, with round pupils ; lids free, thin, apparently with a very small anterior sinus. Arms very unequal, the ventral ones much the longest. Suckers small, in two regular rows. Tentacular arms long and round, tapering to the tips, shaped like a whip-lasb., without any distinct club ; the distal portion is covered nearly all around with ex- ceedingly numerous and minute suckers, which leave only a very narrow naked line along the outside. Pen narrow and bicostate anteriorly, very slender in the middle ; posteriorly much larger, with a long tubular cone (figs. 1 (, 1 c). This remarkable genus differs widely from all others hitherto described in the character of the tentacular arms and suckers. This, with the great size of the caudal fin, gives a very peculiar aspect to the species. MastigotentbiB Agasaizil Verrill. Bulletin Mns. Comp. Zool., vol. viii, p. 100, pi. 1, fig. 1, pi. 2, figs. 2, 3-.^ «, J881 ; Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 287, pi. 47, pi. 49, figs. 2, 3-3 e, Jan., 1881. Plate XXI. Plate XXII, figures 2-2 d. Body elongated, round anteriorly ; posteriorly tapering rapidly to the sicnuotr, acute, terminal portion, ^ liich is confluent with the caudal fln to the tip. Front dorsal edge oi mantle emarginate in the middle. Caudal fln very large and broad, transversely rhomboidal, obtuse pos- teriorly, its length, from origin to tip, aboat equal to half the combined I length of the head and body. Eyes large, with thin lids, which appear to have had a distinct but very small sinus in front; pnpUs circular ; iris brown, in alcohol. Sessile arms very unequal ; ventral arms much larger and longer than the otiiers, about equal to length of head and body; dorsal arms very smaU, scarcely one-third the length of the ventral pair ; two lateral pairs nearly equal, decidedly longer and stouter than the dorstd pair. A delicate, thin, marginal membrane extends along the |arm8, outside the raws of suckers, to the slender tips. Suckers small, two regular rows on all the arms, subglobuJar, with small oblique kpertiires, surrounded by small homy rings, whicl^have a nearly entire largin, and by several series of minute plates (Plate XXII, flg. 2 d). Basal web, between the arms, very small. In the smaller specimen, rhich is a male, the right ventral arm is longer than the left, and the tip appears to have been flattened, and the marginal membranes seem -%' • : -'■i life?' . BEPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHEBIES. [116] to have been wider, with the edges infolded, so as to form a sort of far- row on the outer side, but the suckers are mostly gone, and it is too much injured to be accurately described. Tent;acular arms long, more than twice the combined length of the head and body, slender, round, gradually tapering to the tip, like a whip-lash, the distal half of their length covered with very numerous, crowded, minute, pediceled suckers (fig. 2 5), which cover nearly the entire surface along the terminal por- tion, leiiving only a narrow naked line along the back, but farther firom the tip this naked space becomes gradually wider and the band of suck> ers narrower, and after thede crowded bands of suckers cease, scattered suckers, placed mostly two by two, extend for some distance along the proximal part of the arms. The suckers of the tentacular arms are so small that their form cannot be seen with the naked eye ; they are deep, cup-shai)ed, with a small circular aperture, supported by a homy rim, which is often arm
erhaps homologues of these suckers, extends up the back side of the club. These smooth suckers evi- dently serve to unite the tentacular arms together when used in concert. The club is much stouter than the rest of the arm, convex on both sides, and but little flattened; on each side it is bordered by a well-developed scalloped marginal membrane, supported by a series of transverse, thick- ened, but flat, tapering, acute, muscular processes, with their ends pro- longed beyond the edge of the intermediate membrane, producing a deeply-scalloped border; on the distal half of the club these muscular supports are separated by spaces greater than their breadth, but on the proximal portion they subdivide into two or three parts, which become crowded close together, showing only narrow intervals or merely a groove between them. At the tip of the arm there is a thick, ovate, dark pur- ple, spoon-shaped, hollow organ, about 4""" long, with its opening on the back side of the arm. This so strongly resembles the spoon-shaped organ of the hectocotylized arm of some Octopods as to suggest the possibil- ity of a similar use for sexual purposes. The suckers are crowded in four or more indistinct rows. Their pedicels are long and slender, hav- ing beyond the middle a large, dark purple, fluted, swollen portion or bulb, beyond which the pedicel is more slender; the cup of the sucker is small and lateral, with a very oblique, oblong, horny rim, which is not distinctly toothed (fig. 1 h) ; but its extreme outer edge is sometimes slightly beaked and much thickened. The fleshy border of the suckers is covered with small angular and irregular scales (fig. 1 c) ; its edge is tinged with purple. This tentacular arm is referred to C. Bonplandi only provisionally, for If- 3 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [120] | [12 no perfect specimen of the latter, with the coiTesponding arms present, has been described. It appears to differ from the tentacular arm of C. Veranyi D'Orb., which is the only other species sufficiently described to be recognized as belonging to this genus. Family HISTIOTEUTHID^E, nov. LoligopsidcB (jpara) D'Orbig., C^phal. Ac<5tab., p. 320, 1835-1848. Chiroteuthida {para) Qray, Catal. Brit. Mob., Moll., vol. i, p. 42, 1849. Body small, short, with caudal fins. Mantle united to the neck by three movable cartilages. Siphon with neither dorsal bridle nor internal valve. Head large. Nuchal crests absent. Eyes large, not prominent; lids free and simple; no sinus. Buccal membrane with six smooth 4obes; buccal aquiferous openings four. Two brachial openings at the bases of the tentacular arms. Six upper arms united by a very broad web ; suckers in two rows ; rings convex, with small, oblique apertures. Tentacular arms long, with a well-developed club, bearing large central and small marginal suckers ; proximal part of club with connective suckers and tubercles. Pen broad, short, lanceolate, much like that of Loligo. HiSTiOTBUTHis D'Orbigny, 1839. fTufioteut/tts F6ru8sac <& D'Orbigny, Histoire Naturelle des- C^plialopodes Ac^tabuli- fferes, p. 226. Gray, Catal. British Mus., Moll., vol. i, p. 34, 1849 (description after D'Or- bigny). This genus is remarkable for having the six upper sessile arms united together nearly to their tips by a thin, elastic membrane or web. The ventral arms are also united together for a part of their length, and their common web* is joined to the great web, in the median line, by a bridle- like membrane. The tentacular arms are very long, and have expanded clubs, with a broad dorsal keel. As in Architeuthis and Sthenoteuthis, they are furnished with a series of small smooth-rimmed suckers, alter- nating with tubercles, on the proximal part of the club and adjacent part of the arm, for the purpose of uniting the arms together at will ', but in the following species a row of such suckers and tubercles also extends along one side of the club, opposite part of the large central suckers. The large suckers are serrated, and alternate in two rows ; two rows of large marginal suckers exist on one side and two rows of much smaller ones on the other. At the extreme tip of the arm there is a cluster of small smooth-edged suckers, as in Ommaatrephes, Architeuthis, &c. The mouth is surrounded by a broad buccal membrane, with six angles or lobes, but without suckers. The body is relatively short, with short, bilobed caudal fins. The eyes are large, and have distinct lids. The dorsal bone or pen is thin, short, lanceolate, and somewhat quill' shaped, with a long blade. , lft=.; S. [120] I [121] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTEHN COAST OF AMERICA. 18 present, r arm of C. escribed to jck by three lor internal prominent ; six smooth jpenings at a by a very aall, oblique lub, bearing )f club with folate, much odea Ac6tabuli- fion after D'Or- arms united )r web. The th, and theii by a bridle- e expanded 'thenoteuthis, ickers, alter- idjacent part 1; but in the :tend8 along ickers. The ■ows of large smaller ones iter of small .V le, with six short, with istinot lids. ^ewhat quill- The species, so far as known, are brilliantly colored, having occellated spots on raised verrucee, in addition to the ordinary chromatophores of squids. The two foreign species, hitherto described, are both from the Medi- terranean. HiatioteuthlB Collinsii Vcrrill. HUtioteutkU Collinni Verrill, American Journal of Science, vol. xvii, p. 241, March, 1879 ; vol. xLx, p. 290, pi. 14, April, 1880 ; Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. V, p. 234, pis. 22, 27, figs. 3, 4, 5, pi. 37, fig. 5, 1880. Tryon, Manual of Conchology, vol. i, p. 166, 1879 (description copied ijrom the original one). Plate XXIII, Plate XXIV, figures 3-6. A large and handsome species, with the broad, thin,, dark-brown web extending between and nearly to the ends of the six upper arms. The enter surface of the head and arms is covered with large, slightly raised warts or tubercles, which are dark blue with a whitish center, specked with brown ; three rows extend along the ventral arms and two along the others ; a circle of these surrounds the eyelids, but the edges of the eyelids are narrowly bordered with dark brown. Color between the wartii pale purplish brown, with small, raised dark-brown spots, reddish specks, and white granules ; web and inner surface of arms uniform dark reddish or purplish brown; suckers yellowish white, their pedicels specked with brown ; tentacular arms light orange-brown. Eyes mu- tilated ; their lid8\ form a large, simple, rounded opening. Tentacular arms slender, about 2 feet long and expanding near the lend into a broad, long-oval, sucker-bearing portion or club (PlatQ XXIV, fig, 3), which is bordered by a membrane, widest on the upper edge ; it ends in a tapering tip, on the back of which there is a thin, crest like membrane or keel, enlarging proximally to its end, where it forms a rounded lobe. The most expanded portion of the club bears six rows of suckers, with finely serrate homy rings; the two central rows contain much the largest suckers, four or five in each ; the more central of these two rows contrins four suckers, larger than the rest, land of these the two median are largest ; outside of these two median I rows are two regular marginal rows of nearly equal, medium-sized, ser- jrate suckers on the upper edge ; and along the lower edge of the club I there is one row of few similar but smaller ones ; outside of these there lis an incomplete alternating row of much smaller marginal ones. On Ithe lower edge of the proximal portion of the club, extending from the jmiddle backward, there is a row of four small, smooth-edged, unequal Isackers, alternating with rounded, sessile tubercles that fit into corre- hponding suckers on the other arm ; a row of similar but smaller suckers lexteuds for about 6 inches along the inner surface in the median line jof the arm, alternating at first singly, and then two by two, with tuber- cles, and gradually becoming more distant. The end of the arm, beyond EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [122] the oxpandeil club, bears miuuto seri'ate suckers, at first in six rows, decreasiug to two toward the end. The extreme tip bears a small group of minute, smooth-edged suckers. The largest suckers of the club are decidedly constricted below the margin, and then swell out at the basal portion. The edge of the Jiorny rim is divided into very numerona small, iucurved, and crowded denticles, nearly equal in length, but part are thickened and obtuse, while the rest are more slender and acute. Diameter of the largest suckers 6.5""" ; of the largest in the second row, 5.5"™ ; of the largest in the lateral rows, 3""" to 4"'"" ; of the largest smooth- rimmed marginal suckers, 2'""' to 2.5"" " j of the smooth-rimmed suckers | of the wrist, 1.5""" to 2""". Sessile arms stout, trapezoidal, tapering to slender tips, and bearing I two rows of numerous suckers. All the arms on the left side e an inch or more longer than the corresponding rif^ht ones. The dorsal aud ventral arms of the same side are about equal, and decidedly shorter than the two lateral pairs, which diSier but little in length. Web about I two-thirds as broad as the length of the arms, uniting the upper three I pairs together, and as a narrowing border extending along their sides! to the tips. The lower lateral arms have a thin, crest-line membrane on I their outer median surface, commencing at the basal fourth and extend- [ ing nearly to the tips. The ventral arms are united together, toward! the base, by a web, which is also joined to the main web, in the median I plane. A narrow outer web, arising from the outer angles of the arms,! also unites all the arms together for a short distance above their bases.! The suckers (Plate XXIV, figs. 5, a, b) are all similar in form. The! larger ones on the dorsal arms are, perhaps, a little larger than those on! the lateral and ventral ones. The largest are subglobular, laterally atl tached, and gibbous ; the aperture is small, usually with three or four flat,! blunt, or rounded lobes or denticles on the outer margin, with none on the| inner margin. The pedicels of the larger suckers are very stout at baso, tapering up to their attachment on the lower side of the sucker, wherej they axe small and slender. The largest suckers of the dorsal arms aie| 5""° in diameter; their apertures, 2"""; length of pedicels, 4""" to 5" The largest suckers on the ventral arms are not so large as those on thel others ; the largest are 4"™ in diameter. Only a few suckers (five or sixJ and these of very small siize and nearly in one row, extend below thel level of the ventral web, which is attached along the inner margin, in[ side the row of suckers. The larger ventral suckers are depressed oblique, with a very one-sided horny ring, which has a small, obliqutl aperture, with about three bluntly rounded, slightly prominent lobes ot| denticles on the outer margin, while the inner margin is smooth. The membranes about the mouth are arranged nearly as in Omina-I strikes. The mouth is surrounded externally by a broad, elevated,| smooth, dark chocolate-brown buccal membrane or collar, which prolonged into six angular lobes, corresponding to all the interva between the arms, except those between the second and third pairsjl as. [122] I [123] cephalopods of northeastern coast op America. 1 six rows, jmall group he club are it the basal jT numerous :th, but part and acute, second row, gest smooth- ned suckers] and lieariug ; side e an le dorsal aud ledly shorter Web about upper three ig their sides membrane on li and extend- ether, toward in the median 8 of the arms, ii, their bases, n form. Thel than those on ', laterally at le or four flat,! ;h none on th«l stout at bast lucker, wlieitl >sal anns are| [Is, 4™" to 5' ,s those on tli«| ■8 (five or six),! id below the |er margin, in Lepressed and mall, oblique jinent lobes oi| Imooth. as iu OmvMs\ »ad, elevate lar, which Ithe intervi third pairs this buccal collar is connected ^.o the interbrachial membrane by six membranous bridles, corresponding to the six lobes; on both sides of the dorsal aud ventral bridles are large poaches. The beak (Plate XXIV, fig. 4) is immediately surrounded by a thick, fleshy, lobedand wrinkled collar, and outside of this by another less prominent and less wrinkled one. The exposed parts of the mandibles are black, the inner lamincB bright reddish brown. The beak of the upper mandible is very acute, strongly incurved, with scarcely any distinct notch at the base of the cutting edge, but with a conspicuously-excavated V-shaped area ; the anterior edges of the alse are irregularly and slightly denticulate or crenulate. The lower mandible has a much incurved beak, with the catting edges decidedly concave, and a very small notch at their basesy but with abroad excavated area along their sides and bases; the ante- rior edges of the alee are slightly convex and form a very obtuse angle with the edges of the beak or rostrum; a small, thin tooth exists just beyond the notch; the alse are broadest near their inner ends; the gular lamina is peculiar in having a prominent, thickened, curved, lat- real rib on each side, running to the end of the prolonged and subacute lateral lobes, and another dorsal one, running to the dorsal emargina tion. Length of upper mandible, 30"""; hight, palatine to frontal, 20™°'; hight (or breadth) of palatine, li""; tip of beak to end of frontal, 22"'°'; to base of cutting edge (notch), 7.5"""; notch to inner end of aJae (union with palatine), 7.05 """; beak to posterior lateral border of alte, 13.5"'"'; transverse breadth across outer side of alae, O.S"""". Lower mandible, length, 23"'"'; inner ends of alae to mentum, 22.5"'"'; tip of beak to dorsal border of gular lamina, 17"""; to inner ends of ala?, IS""""; to notch, 8.5""'; breadth of alae in middle, S"""; greatest transverse breadth across alae, 23""" ; across anterior edge, at teeth, 7.5""; notch to union of gular lamina iiud alsB, 6.5""; breadth of gular lamina, 12.5"". The odontophore is rather short, the dorsal portion not much exceeds iug the ventral in length; the lateral membrane is broad and thin, its posterior border extending transversely straight across to the dorsal fold, nearly at right angles to the dorsal portion of the odontophore; the dentigerous portion, including a thickened lateral ridge outside the teeth, is light red in color. Length of dorsal portion, from anterior bend, 8.5""; of ventral portion, 8""; breadth of dentigerous zone, 3"°. The median teeth (Plate XXTV, fig. 6, a) are short, with a strongly in- curved, acute central point, and with small, inconspicuous or rudimentary, blunt, lateral denticles on each side ; the inner lateral teeth (6) are longer, without a distinct lateral denticle ; the two outer rows have simple, rather Blender, strongly incurved, acute teeth, the outermost a little longer and more slender. The plates along the border appear to be so closely united as not to be easily separated entire; they fbrm a continuous but Blight, narrow ridge, which has an undulated surface. The membrane Of! REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [124] lining the palate bears pale yellowish, scattered, stout, not very acute, and but slightly curved teeth, with bases not much enlarged ; among these are clusters of small, stony, smoothish granules, often aggregated into masses of considerable size. The gnlar membrane also bears ag- gregations of small, smoothish, rounded, and angular granules, with others that are larger, oblong, and oval, smooth, and more or less regu- larly arranged. The oesophagus is very long and slender, dark colored. Meaauremmtt of Hiatioteuthia Collituii. Tentacular arms, length Diameter at baae Breadth of olnb, without membrane Its membranous border Length of club Length of the slender tip Of dorsal crest Length of dorsal arm of leftside Of Ist lateral (2d pair) Of 2d lateral (3d pair) 1 Of ventralarm Breadth of lateral arms at base Thickness Diameter of eye-opening Diameter of bead at base of arms Breadth of web l>etween arms Diameter of largest suckers of tentacular arms. HllUmeters. Inches. eogand 63S 24 and 2J 13.6 .60 17.6 .70 0.2 .26 09 3.76 81 1.36 87 1.60 866 14 432 17 438 17.26 361 14.26 22.6 .00 IB .76 22.6 .90 87 3.80 203 to 254 8 to 10 &6 .20 Taken from the sbomaxih of Alepidosaurusferox, lat. 42° 49', long. 62<3 57', off Nova Scotia, by Capt. J. W. Collins and crew of the schoonei "Marion," 1879. All parts back of the eyes are absent ; the eyes are mutilated, but the specimen is otherwise in excellent preservation, even the web and suck- ers being nearly uninjured. In addition to the original specimen, above described, another speci- men, represented by the jaws alone, has been received by the United States Fish Commission from the Gloucester fisheries (lot 843). This was obtained on the Western Bank, off Nova Scotia. Another beak was dredged by the " Fish Hawk," at station 893, south of Newport, E. I., in 372 fathoms. These jaws agree well in size and all other characters with those of the original specimen (Plate XXIV, fig. 4). Family DESMOTEUTHID^ Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 300, Feb., 1881. For the reception of the genera Besmoteuthis V. and Taonius St., as defined below, I established this new family, which had previously been confounded with CremchidcB and Loligopaida. Body much elongated, pointed posteriorly ; caudal fin narrow, termi- nal, mantle united to neck by a dorsal and two lateral muscular commis- sures. Pen lance-shaped, as long as the mantle, with a long, narrow shaft ; blade incurved or hooded posteriorly. CBsophagus and intestine very much elongated. Nidamental glands and oviducts large, symmet- rical. Eyes large, protuberant; lids free and simple. No auditory crests. Siphon large, with neither internal valve nor dorsal bridle. ri241 I [^^^J CKPUALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. very acute, ed; among aggregated 3 bears ag- Qules, "With r less regu- axk colored. en. Inches. n.-)5 24 and 25 .60 .70 .25 2.75 1.25 LSO 14 17 17.26 14.25 .90 .75 .90 3.80 M 8 to 10 .24 19', long. 620 bhe schoonei ited, but the eb and suck- lother speci- the United 843). This )n 893, south ith those of ionitis St., as Iviouslybeen |irrow, termi- lar commis- long, narrow Wd intestine ] l^ge, synunet- fo auditory arsal bridle. Arms with depressed suckers. Tentacular arms with a well-developed club, bearing suckers. DBSMOTBUTHIS Verrill. 0 TaoniuM (part) Steenstnip, 18G1. DmMteutkU Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 300, Feb., 1881. Body very long, tapering backward to a long, slender, acute caudal portion. Caudal fin long, narrow, tapering to a long, acute tip. Anterior edge of the mantle united directly to the head, on the dorsal side, by a commissure, so that there is no free edge medially, and the surface is continuous, as in Sepiola; the dorsal commissure extends backward and diverges within the mantle ; two additional muscular commissures unite the lateral inner surfaces of the mantle to the sides of the siphon. Eyes very large and prominent, with simple circular lids, "^o aquiferous pores. Siphon large and prominent, with neither valve nor dorsal bri* dies. Arms small and short, subequal, with a basal web and lateral membranes; suckers smallest on the ventral arms, and urceolate, largest and flatish on the middle of the lateral and dorsal arms, feebly toothed. Pen extending the whole length of the body, very slender and of uni- form width for more than half the length, then becoming broad-lanceo- late, the terminal portion having the edges involute, forming a long, slender cone, into which the ovary extends. Nidamental glands large, symmetrically developed on the two sides. Gills small, situated in front of the middle of the body. The genus Taonius was proposed by Steenstrup to include this and T.pavo (Lea. sp.), but he has not, to my knowledge, definitely defined the genus. As T. pavo appears to be generically distinct from the pres- ent genus, I propose to retain Taonius, with T. pavo for its type. By many writers T. pavo has been placed in Loligopsis or Leachia. Steen- strup himself formerly referred D. hyperborea to Leachia. By Tryon both have been referred back to Loligopsis. Loligopsis, as defined by D'Orbigny, in 1839, included T. pavo, as well as the type of Leachia, but he referred Lamarck's original type of Loli- I gopsis to the genus, as amended by him, only with doubt. It seems desirable, therefore, to explain this confusion, so far as pos- I sible. Loligopsis Lamarck,* 1812 and 1822, was based only on an imperfect I figure, made by P^ron, of a small oceanic squid which had lost its ten- tacular arms. The supposed character of having eight arms was, for Mm, the only basis for the genus, no others being mentioned. The species (JD. Peronii) was, however, described very briefly as a small squid With eight equal arms and two posterior, distinct caudal fins, and it was compared to Sepiola. It has apparently not been rediscovered by later writers, unless L. chrysophthalma D'Orb. be the same species, which is [quite possible. The latter, as figured, is a small, short-bodied species, *Extr. de Cours de Zool., p. 133, 1812 (t. D'Orb.); Animaux sans Vert., vol. vii, p. 1659, 1828. li Ifi. fifiili < REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FI8II AND KI8HKR1E8. [126] Ufith dittinct, separate, small caudal fins, which are free from the end of the body; its mantle-edge is also represented as flree dorsally. This evidently is a generic type distinct from Taonius and Desmoteuthit. Indeed, it probably will be found not to belong to the same /am% when actually studied. Therefore, it seems necessary to allow the name LoUgopsis to remain connected with snch small, short-bodied species, for which alone it was originally used. The genus, in its original sense, cannot yet be regarded as fully established. Leaohia Losueur, 1821* {=Perothis (Esch.) Bathke, 1835), was also based on an imperfect figure of a small Pacific Ocean squid, which had likewise lost its tentacular arms. The only generic character given was, as in Lamarck's c&se, the presence of only eight arms — a purely fictitiooB character. The type of this genus was Leachia cyclura Les. It has a more elongated body, slender posteriorly, with a more or less rounded caudal fin, the two sides of the fin completely united together and to the posterior end of the body. The third pair of arms is much larger than the others. The anterior dorsal edge of the mantle is represented as free in all the figures, but, according to D'Orbigny, there is an internal dorsal commissure, and also two lateral ones. The visceral anatomy of | one species of this group {L. guttata Grant), which D'Orbigny refers, probably correctly ,t to the original L. cyclura, is pretty well Imown, and is widely different from that of Desmoteuthis (see Plate XXIY, fig. 1), as | well as from that of Taonius, so far as the latter is known. There can be no doubt whatever as to the generic dictinctness of I Leaohia, if the anatomy he tr^^en into account. (Se3 the figures of| Grant and D'Orbigny.) Taonius Steenstrup, 1861 (type j. '"o). This differs from the two I preceding genera in its more elongatov. ''orm, narrow caudal fin, &c From Leaohia and Desmoteuthis it differs in the form of its pen. The| dorsal edge of the mantle is represented and described as free by D'Or- bigny. The anatomical characters are not known. Deunoteuthla hyperborea Yerrill. Leachia hyperborea Steenstrnp, KrougoU ; o Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, 6r.,| vol. iv, p. 200, 1856 (sep. copula, ^. 16). Taonius hyperhoreut Steenst., OvKr^i^t Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk., Forhand- linger, 1861, p. 83. Verrill, Amer. Joom. Sci., vol. xvii, p. 243, 1879; vol. xix, p. 290, 1880. Loligopria hyperloreua Tryon, op. cit., p. 162 (inaccnrate translation, afl«| Steendtrup). Detmoteuthii hyperborea Verrill, Trans.. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 302, pi. 27, figi<| 1, 2, pi. 29, fig. 1, Feb., 1881. Plate XXrV, fignres 1-3. Plate XXV, figures 1, 2 (anatomy). 9 . Body very long, tapering gradually backward, and ending in a| * Joomal Philad. Acad., vol. ii, p. 89, pi. 2. t Tryon criticizes this determination because Lesueur "describes and figures tl smooth species," Trhile L. guttata has two rows of curious tubercles on the ventral udtM But as Lesaonr only desoribed a figure of the doreal surface, his objection to this identi'[ fication is ftbsord. ES, [126] I [127] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTKRN COAST OF AMERICA. long, slenddr, acute tail ; mantle soft and flabby, with a oapaoioas bran- chial cavity ; anterior dorsal edge advancing somewhat in the middle and directly united to the head, so as to leave no free edge medially, by a rather wide commissural band, the sides of which diverge as they extend backward within the manUe. Gaudal fin long, narrow, lanceo- late, narrowly acuminate to a very long, acute tip ; the anterior inser- tions are wide apart, and the ant^uor border is rounded. Head short and small, exclusive of the eyes, which are very large, globular, and prominent, their lower sides in contact beneath the head; openings round, looking somewhat downward ; pupils large and round ; lids thin and simple. Siphon very large and prominent, extending forward be- tween the eyes, but without a special groove ; dorsal surface firmly united to the head by a thick commissure, leaving about half the length free ; opening large, without any valve. Arms comparatively small and short, none of them complete in our specimen except those of the third and fourth pairs, which are nearly equal in length, the ventral ones a little the shortest and most slender; the dorsal and second pairs of arms have lost their distal portions, but the parts of the dorsal arms remaining correspond in size with the ventral cues, and those of the second pair with the third pair. The arms are all united together by a thin, delicate basal web, which extends up some distance between the arms (farthest between the dorsal pair), and then runs along the sides of the arms, as broad, thin margiaal membranes, to the tips. Suckers of the ventral arms smaller and dif- ferent in form from those of the others, all of them being urceolate, with narrow apertures, surrounded by a slightly enlarged border, and having small homy rings, with the edge entire, or nearly so, on the proximal suckers, but on the smaller ones, toward the tip, with a few broad, blunt teeth on the outer edge. On the dorsal and lateral arms the basal suok- ors are ventricose and urceolate, like those of the ventral arms, but along the middle portion of these arms the suckers become much larger, and have a broad, shallow form, with wide apertures and expanded bases ; the homy rings of these larger suckers are divided into several brood, bluntly rounded teeth on the outer edge; toward the tips of the arms the smaller suckers again become deeper, with more contracted apertures, and with a few more prominent denticles on the rings. Outer buccal membrane with seven obtuse angles, and united to the arms by seven bridles, or commissures, of which the upper one is double. Exposed part of the beak black; mandibles very acute, strongly in- curved. Pen very thin and narrow, and of nearly uniform width (4""°) for more than half its length ; at about four-sevenths of its length from the anterior end it gradually expands laterally into a broad, very thin, lan- ceolate form, becoming, opposite the broadest part of the fin, 30°^ wide, with very delicate lateral expansions and with a pretty strong dorsal keel; farther back it tapers and is very acuminate, the lateral margins • • REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [128] becomiag iuvolute, so as to form a very long, slender, acute, terminal, hollow cone, extending to the tip of the tail. The anterior end is ob- tusely rounded and thin; a short distance from the anLerior end there ere two thin lateral processes, directed forward, to which the commis- sural muscles were attached (Plaxe XXV, figure 2). Color of entire body, siphon, and caudal fln dark brown, thickly covered with large, roundish, unequal spots of darker brown and paler brown, intermixed; head, eyes, arms, and web dark brownish purple, with crowded crhomatophores; suckers yellowish. Total length, to end of lateral arms, 16 inches ; to dorsal edge of mantle, 13 inches; length of head, 1 inch; diameter of eye, 1 inch; length of caudal fin, 5 inches; its breadth, 1.80 inches.* MeasuremenU {in niTlimetera). Length to tip of lateral arms Length to basu of arms Length to baso of mantle, above Length of caudnl ilu BreMlth of caudal fln Diameter of body Diameter of eye Length of 3d pair of arms Length of ventral arms Diameter of largest suckers of lateral arms. Length of pen Of I nterior linear portion Of posterior lanceolate part Breadth of anterior portion Breadth of lanceolate part A?, 410 354 830 127 46 57 25 56 52 3 330 180 150 3 80 2fa 103 18 26 63 38 5 A is the specimen described above ; B io the specimen described by Steenstrup from Greenland. The latter had the dorsal arms 40"" long ; 2d pair 50°"° j tentacular arms 68 and 70°™, respectively. The larger size of the suckers of the lai^^r may indicate that it was a male. Our specimen was taken near the northern edge of the Gulf Stream, West long. 55°, by Thomas Lee, of iche schooner '•' Wm. H. Oaks," Janu- ary, 1879, and by him presented to the U. S. Fish Commission. Bpffin's Bay, Northern Greenland (Steenstrup). . ,,, , .. Notes on the visceral anatomy. -. , •::vU .' • ■ . fV. .;•> Plate XXV, figure 1. - ■ , v s (i- The only specimen of this species obtained had the internal organs considerably Lijured, but/ the anatomy is so unlike that of the more common genera of squids that it seemed to me desirable to figure such parts as are preserved. This specimen is a female, and the large nidameutal glands {x', xx) xx') are symmetrically developed on the two sides; these are swollen, voluminous organs, composed of great numbers of internal lamellae; the anterior ones {x') occupy the region around and in front of the * Some of tlirse measuremonta are slightly larger tliau tUoso originally giveu. Tliia is duo to tbo fact that the specimen has been kept, since first receivod, in somewhat ■weaker alcohol, and has become more relaxed in consequence of thif., combined vritli repeat* d handling. ES. [128] I [129] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OV AMERICA. e, termmal, : end is ob- ►r end there he commis- wn, thickly a and paler lish purple, sal edge of eye, 1 inchf A?. B 410 354 330 "'2io 127 103 46 18 67 25 26 56 63 62 S» 3 5 330 180 160 3 80 from Greenland, eapectively. Ihe ulf Stream, Jaks," Janu- on. Bpffin's rnal organs of the more figure sucli mds (j?', a\i', ire swollen, al lamellae; front of the ' giveu. Tlu3 , in somewhat ombiued with bases of the gills, extending forward and having an oblique, oblong open- ing {op, op') on the outside of the anteiior ends ; the posterior ones {xx, xx*) are behind the gills and co.er the branchial auricles; the oblique, slit-like opening is on the outer side of the posterior ends; the gland on the left side {xx') was mutilated; the posterior vena cava in front of r' passes through the center of the posterior gland {xx). The ovary (ov) is a very long organ, attached to the stomach («) and to the sides of its long coBcal appendage; it extends far backward to near the tip of the tail, occupying the concavity of the pen {p) ; it consists of great num- bers of small clustered folicles; connected with its anterior end, and attached to the stomach, there is a convoluted tube, probably an oviduct, not well shown in the figure; connected with and opening into the intes- tine, near its origin, there is a firm, roundish organ, with internal lamellie, perhaps a part of the stomach or gizzard (fig. 1, s). The stomach was much mutilated, so that its form could not be certainly made out. What appears to have been a portion of the stomach, or else the anterior part of the coecal appendage («,«), had a cavity lined with numerous longitudi^ nal folds ; from this a very long, saccular, ccecal appendage, longitudinally plicated within («"), runs back, along the ovary, into the caudal cavity of the pen. ^he oesophagus had been destroyed. The intestine {I, h) is very long and slender, internally longitudinally plicated, and externally covered along nearly its whole length, on one side, by close groups of small glandular folicles (/, l) ; the terminal portion is closely attached to the ventral edge of the small, smooth, firm, compressed, oblong-ovate liver (i), and its free, stout anal end {h) is i)rovided with two slender, taper! Qg cirri. The ink-sac {i') is small, pyriform, between the front part of the liver and the rectum. The gills {g, g) are small and short, situated far forward, and con- nected to the ventricle of the heart {H) by long afferent vessels (bo) ; the branchial auricles {au, au) are rounded, without terminal capsules ; the ventricle of the heart {H), as preserved, is small and four lobed, the largest lobe directed forward and past iug into the anterior aorta. The condition of the specimen did not permit the circulation to be much studied. The two large, fusiform, cellular organs (r', r') are probably renal in nat'ire ; their interior is filled with large, irregular cavities or lacunte, which appear to be connected with the posterior venaj cava) («•'"). TAONIUS Steenstrup (restricted), • -'•" Loligo (par ) Lesii*" • Journ. Pbilad. Acad., vol. ii, p. 9G, 1821. LoUgopm (pars) j.:'' . oigny, Celi si«| piiscd to perceive that I had wrought with me a very '.listiuct F4 ceiei firom that which I had observed [0. illecehrosm]. I menvion thl'; ".ii ail acci lES. [130] loiuted. The DW, of nearly d posteriorly, The anterior 'j but there is i one on each those of the | ir, prominent; il ears, nuchal I ol. ii, p. 96, with ilmars, pi. 6, figs. | original). I figure, pi. 26;. ir) ; Man. Concb., trom Gray, figureij k. Forh., 1861, pp. having a muchl lender, pointedl ,0 Lesueur, the! arms " coveredl ected togetheij hes. rup). Off Mai U on the Ne»l cimen was del bd with the hi»| bable that somef efore, the Ne» ady Bay, Mj lids {^^Loligosl^ 1 " the beautifii Eike a drawii |lete it, I tooki Jut recently [i J was mvcli stt| tisitiuet Ri'cci; Ion th^'^i ' ' ^' [131] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. stance to explain the cause of the brevity of the following description [of 0. illecebroaus] taken from my drawing." The drawing was also in- accurate for the same reason. MTOPSZD2] D'Orbigny. Eyes without regular lids, the integument of the head extending con- tinuously over the eye, and becoming transparent over the pupil of the eye. In some genera {Bos8ia, &c.) there is a thickened fold of skin below the eye, constituting a sort of false lower eyelid. Pupil crescent- shaped. A small mucous pore in front of the anterior edge of the eye, connected with the orbital cavity. Family LOLIGINID^. Teuthidw (para) Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 285, 1847. LoUgidcb D'Orbigny, C6ph. Acdtab., p. 297, 1848. ''cl'rl(ltr (para) Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mas., vol. i, p. 66, 1849. ■ L''a*{par8) H. & A. Adams, Genera, Moll., vol. i, p. 3.5. ^J more or less elongated, cylindro-conical. Fins elongated, united 1 3»\, acute posteriorly, sometimes extending the whole length of the I body. Pen large, extending the whole length of the mantle, with an [acute, short, pen-like anterior shaft, and a broader, thin, lanceolate I blade. Connective cartilages of the mantle three, movable. Eyes with- out a thickened false lid. Siphon provided with an internal valve, and attached to the head by a dorsal bridle. Nuchal crests about the ears well-developed. Tentacular club large, with four rows of denticulated suckers on the middle portion. Horny rings of the suckers encircled [externally by a raised median ridge. On our coast this family is represented only by the genus Loligo. At [Bermuda and ."i the West Indies a species of Sepioteuthis occurs, which will probably ;er«after be found on our southern coast. In the latter |the fins extf. >' tu .ig the whole length of the mantle. LOLIOO Lamarck, 1779. lloJijo {pan) Lama^. -, ./btj. Anim. sans Vert., p. 50, 1801. |P(eroteu^Ai« (subgenus) Blaiuville, Man. Malac, p. 367, 1825. \Loligo (restricted) D'Orbigny, Cdph. Acdtab., p. 305, 1848. Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 307, Feb., 1881. Body elongated, tapering to a point behind ; anterior edge of mantle jfree dorsally, and prolonged into a lobe, covering the end of the pen. ICaudal flu posterior, elor gated-rhomboidal, united to the sii^ps of the jbody to t>' posterior tip. Mantle connected to the neck by a dorsal land two '.;eral connective cartilages; lateral cartilages of the mantle Isimple loDf!' i linal ridges; corresponding cartilages, on the base of the jsiphou, irreguiarly ovate, witL a median groove. Pen as long as the jmantlO; anteriorly narrow, with a central keel and two lateral ridges ; Iposteriorly broad, thin, lanceolate, concave, but not involute. Head [rather large ; eyes without lids, covered with transparent skin, pupil REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [132] I [1^^] crescent-sliaped, encroached upon dorsally by the iris ; a small mucous pore in front of the eyes ; behind the eyes, on each side, there is an oblique transverse and two longitudinal, erect, thin crests, in relation with the ears. Siphon situated in a shallow groove, united to the head by a pair of dorsal bridles, and furnished with a large internal valve. Six buccal aquiferous pores, and a pair of branchial pores, one on each side, between the bases of the third and fourth pairs of arms. Buccal membrane with seven elongated points, covered on their inner surfaces with small suckers ; in the female with a special organ (Plate XXVI, fig. 4, s), below the beak, on the ventral side, for the attachment of the spermatophores. Sessile arms angular; basal web rudimentary or none; suckers in two rows, oblique, deep cup-shaped; horny rings toothed on the broad side, and surrounded w ML a median ridge. Male with one of the ventral arms (usually the It tocotylized, near the tip, by an enlargement of the bases of the pet s of the suckers and a decrease or disappear- ance of the cups. Tentacular arms long and strong, with an expanded club, provided with marginal membranes and a dorsal keel ; suckers, j on the widest part, usually in four rows, those in the two central rows | larger, broad-urceolate; smaller ones cover the proximal and distal por tions ; no connective suckers on the club or along the arm. Sucker- rings surrounded externally by a raised band. Oviduct large, developed only on the left side. Nidamental glands I large in front of heart. Eggs in fusiform, gelatinous capsules, attached [ by one end, and usually radially united into large clusters. Loligo F Vari( 8, 1821. U Loligo Pealei Lesueur (typical form). Loligo Pealei Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., vol. ii, p. 92, pi Loligo Pealii Blaiuville, Diet. Sci. Nat., vol. xxvii, p. 144, 1823. F6ru8sac & D'Orbigny, Odph. Ac^tab., p. 311, Calmars, pi. 11, figs, pi. 20, figs. 17-21 (details). Gray (Pealii), Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., vol. i, p. 71, 1849. Binney, in Gould's Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p. 514, pi. 25, figs, 339, 340 (figu« erroneously referred to 0. Bartramii). . Verrill (Pealii), Report on Invert. Vineyard Sd., pp. 440, 635 (sep. copies, p. 341), pi. 20, figs. 102-105, 1877. Tryon (Pealii), Man. Conch., vol. i, p. 142, pi. 51, figs. 133-140 (figs, from F^r. & D'Orb. and Dekay). Verrill, Amer. Joum. Sci., vol. iii, p. 281, 1872; Amer. Naturalist, vol. viii, p. 170 (habits); Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xix, p. 292, 1880(deBcr.) (Pealei) Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, pp. 308-340, pi. 29, figs. 1-4, pi. 37, figs. l-3,j . pi. 39, fig. 4, pi. 40, pi. 45, figs. 3, 4, 1881. Brooks (Pealii), Develop, of the squid, in Anniver. Mem. Boston Soc. Natj Hist. pi. 1-3, March, 1881 (embryology). Loligo punctata Dokay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., MoUusca, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1 (young). Binney, in Gould's Invert. Mass., p. 513 (aftei Dekay). Tryon, Amer. Mar. Conch., p. 14, pi. 43, figs. 10, 11 (after Dekay). Variety horealia Verrill. Loligo Pealei var. lorcalia Vorrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xix, p. 292, 1880. Plate XX\ Plate XX XXXII, Bodyr tion or c( end, mor( boidal, \^ according also, in tl] length of althongh ity. In t; 125'"'" loui to 1:1.90; 1:1.05 to: 400°"" lonj 1:1.75. 1 mantle, in varying cc larger femi The ante in a broad I lateral cart jconca\e lin nent raedij The inai'.l wLcn the wat jdition ill whi( pood, and wh( [stonter than i tThis varia Jchanges durin death, and pa These latter ci (of growth in ( The most mi Jthe breadth of [length of the (in too strong a "kO a difierent lender bodies. ri321 I [1^^] CEIMJALOPODS OF NORTHKASTEUN COAST OF AMERICA. 11 mucous lere is an n relation ) the head Qal valve. 10 on each 3. Buccal iv surfaces ite XXVI, ient of the tors in two broad side, ;he ventrd ttlargement disappear- a expanded }1; suckers, I entral rows | I distal per- m. Sucker- iUtal glands I es, attached |92, pi. 8, 1821, 11, figs. 1-5,1 |39, 340 (flgnn [sep. copies,?. |l40 (figs. &oiii| lalist, vol. viii,! Iscr.) (Pealei);! Jl. 37, figs. 1-3, Lstou Soc. Nal| 1, fig. 1, 1^ ^kay). , 292, 1880. Loligo Pealei Lesuour — (Continued). Variety 2)0 Hida Ycrrill. Loligo pallida VerriJl, Rep. Invert. Viney. Sd., "u Rep. U. S. Com, Fish and Fisheries, vol. i, p. 635 [341], pi. 20, figs. 101, 101 a, 1874. Tryon, Man. Conch., p. 143, pi. 52, figs. 141, 142 (descr. and figs, copied from preceding). Verrill, Amor. Journ. Sci., vol. xix, p. 292, 1880. Loligo PealeiviXT. pallida Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 317, pi. 28, figs. 1-6, 1881. Plate XXVI, figures 1-4. Platw XXVII, figures 1-4 (pens). Plate XXVIII, figures 1-9, Plate XXIX (anatomy rf). Plate XXX (young). Plate XXXI, figures 1-3. Plate XXXII, figure 2 (anatomy 9 )• Body rather elongated, more or less stout, according to state of disten- tion or contraction,* tapering backward to a moderately acute posterior end, more acute in the male than in the female. Caudal fin long-rhom- boidal, with the outer angles very obtusely rounded, and varying, according to age, in the ratio of its length to its breadth, and greatly, I also, in the proportion that its length bears to that of the mantle.t The length of the caudal fin, in proportion to that of the body (mantle), although variable, normally increases with age, even after sexual matur- ity. In this species, with specimens having the mantle from 100""° to 125°"" long, the ratio of the fin to the mantle usually varies from 1 : 1.80 to 1 : 1.90 ; with the mantle 150""" to ITS"™ long, the ratio usually becomes 1:1.05 to 1:1.75; in the largest specimens, with the mantle 260"™ to 400°"" long, the ratio varies from 1:1.50 to 1:1.65, rarely becoming 1 : 1.75. The ratio of the breadth of the caudal fin to the length of the mantle, in the larger male specimens, ranges from 1 : 2.12 to 1 : 2.40, varying considerably according to the mode of preservation; in the [larger females it varies from 1 : 1.70 to 1 : 2.12. The anterior ventral edge of the mantle recedes, in front of the siphon, I in a broad curve, leaving an obtuse angle at either side, opposite the I lateral cartilages; from these angles it again recedes, on the sides, in a |conca\e line, and then projects considerably forward, forming a promi- Inent median dorsal lobe, which gradually tapers from the base, and * The mantle, when the gill-cavity is distended with water, has a larger size than Iwlicn the water is expelled by the contraction of its walls, which is usually the con- Idition In which specimens die. Moreover, when the large stomach is distended with Ifooil, and when the ovary is distended, in the breeding season, with eggs, the form is Istontcr than usual. tThis variation is largely independent of sex, and is duo partly to the ordinaij Ichangcs during growth, partly to the condition of the muscular tissues at the time of Ideath, and partly to the eflfects of the alcohol in which they have been preserved. IThose latter causes, in the case of preserved specimens,more or less obscure the eflVjcts |of growth in causing the proportions to change. The most marked eflfect of strong alcohol is to reduce the diameter of the body and Ithe breadth of the caudal fin to a proportionally far greater extent than it does the llength of the mantle and liu. Therefore, with specimens that have been preserved Tin too strong alcohol, the females resemble the males in form, and the males often look Dike a dififeront species, on account of their unnaturally long and narrow fins and yory ilender bodies. "i;i Ml*! J it M REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [134] | [I'i theu rather suddenly narrows to a point, over the end of the pen; tUo point, wlieu in its normal position, reaches as far forward as the poste- rior border of the eye, or even beyond it. Dorsal connective cartilage long, tapering backwards, with a very prominent, broad dorsal keel; the anterior end is free and shaped like the end of the pen. Siphon ■ mi large, rounded anteriorly, with a broad, bilabiate opening; lateral carti- lages (Plate XXIX, fig. 1, /) long and narrow, subacute anteriorly, pos- terior end with -i thin, rounded outer lobe ; median groove narrow. Tlie connective cartilages of the mantle (flg. 1, /') are simple longitudinal ridges, fading out gradually posteriorly. Head moderately large, usually narrower than the mantle, smaller in the male than in the female; eyes large ; luichal crests (fig. 1, b) above the ear, formed by longer upper, and shoi .er inferior, oblique, longitudinal membranes, the two united by a doubly curved or V-shaped membrane, having its angle directed forward, the whole having a rude W -shaped form. Arms large, stout, the three upper pairs successively longer; the ven- tral ones a little shorter than the third pair, and a little longer than the second pair. All the arms have narrow, thin marginal membranes, strengthened by strong transverse muscular ridges. The first ud second pairs of arms are trapezoidal at base; third pair stouter, com- pressed, with a keel on the middle of the outer side. Suckers in two regular rows on all the arms, deep, very oblique, largest on the lateral arms; those on the ventral arms are smaller, but otherwise similar. Horny rings yellowish or brownish (white when fresh), strong; on the larger proximal suckers the outer or higher side is divided into about six broad, flattened, incurved teeth, which are blunt, subtruncate, and sometimes even emarginate at tip, remainder of margin nearly even; the smaller suckers, toward the tips of the arms, have the teeth longer, much more slender, and more acute. The tentacular arms (Plato XXVI, flg. 2) with fresh specimens, in full I extension, may reach back nearly to the end of the body ; with preserved specimens they seldom extend beyond the middle of the caudal fin; they are rather slender, compressed, with a narrow, thin membranous keel along the outer edge, becoming wider at the club ; on the distal half of the club it is much wider and runs a little obliquely along the back part of the upper side, where it is usually folded down against the side, its inner surface being whitish. The club is rather broad and thick, | with a wide, scalloped marginal membrane along each edge; these mem branes are strengthened by transverse muscular ridges, which commenc* I between the large central suckers and fork at the pedicels of the marg» nalones. Along the center of the cluV there are two alternating rows I of large, broad, depressed suckers, about seven in each, with a few I smaller ones, of the same series, at both ends; along each edge, alter! nating with the large suckers, there is a row of smaller and more oblique j marginal suckers, about half as large. The proximal ])art of the clubl bears only a few small denticulated suckers; the distal part bears a I as. [134] I [135] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA le pen; tbo the poste- re cartilage orsal keel; m. Siplion iteral carti- sriorly, pos- xrow. The ongitudinal ,rge, usually emale; eyes inger upper, two united glo directed er; the ven- ger than tlie membranes, ie first lid stouter, coin- ckers in two n the lateral wise similar, rong; on the id into about runcate, and nearly even; Iteeth longer, large number of small, sharply denticulated, pedicelled suckers, crowd- edly arranged in four rows; close to the tips of the arms about twenty of the small suckers have smooth rims and very short pedicels, but aro still in four rows. The largo suckers vary greatly in relative size, uccord- iug to age, sex, season, and locality (Plato XXXI, figs. 1,2, 3) ; they aro a little higher on one side than on the other, with a broad aperture, sur- roiimled by a horuy marginal ring, which is divided all around into sharp, unequal teeth, which aro larger on the outer side (Plate XXVIII, figs 3, 4, c, c); usually one minute sharp tooth stands between two larger ones, and these sets of three stand between still larger and less acute ones; the horny ring is surrounded by a wide, thick, soft marginal membrane; below the border a groove surrounds the sucker, and below this there is a basal swelling, equaling or exceeding the margin in^diam- eter. T. a smaller marginal suckers (Plate XXVIII, figs. 9, 9 a) have the aperture more oblique and the horny ring much wider on the outer side, with its outer duarp marginal teeth longer and more incurved; usually these have the teeth alternately larger and smaller. The outer buccal membrane (Plate XXVI, fig. 4) is large, thin, with seven prominent, elongated, acute angles, all of which have a cluster of about ten to fifteen small pedicelled suckers, in two rows, on the inner surface (a, &, c, d). These suckers have horny rings, denticulated on one side. In the female there is a special thickened organ («) in the form of a horseshoe on the inner ventral surface of the buccal membrane. This in the breeding season serves for the attachment of the spermatophores by the male. The muscular pbarynx (fig. 4, c,/) containing the jaws can be pro- trud^ its whole length. The inner buccal membrane (/) or sheath incloSng the beak (;») has a prominent, thickened, radially wrinkled and puckered anterior margin. On the ventral side the pharynx bears, externally, two thin chitinous plates, not connected with the jaws. The points and exposed edges of the beak are hard and black, becoming dark reddish brown farther back ; the alae and gular and palatine lamina; aro thin and pale yellowish or light amber-color, in alcoholic specimens. The upper mandible (Plato XXVIII, figs. 5, 5 a, var. pallida) has a sharp, strongly incurved point ; cutting edge regularly curved, with a triangular notch at its base, followed by a i)rominent triangular tooth on the alar edge, beyond which the edge is nearly straight, but recedes somewhat. Lower mandible with a sharply incurved point and sinuous cutting edges, which have a slight tooth below the middle and only a slight rounfled notch at base, which passes gradually into the very oblique and receding alar edge. The bilobed palate is covered with a chitinous mem- brane, which bears transparent, small, sharp, recurved denticles. Radula with pale amber-colored teeth and thin transparent borders. The median teeth (Plate XXVIII, figs. G-8) are broad, with a long, acute median denticle, and a shorter, curved, and less acute lateral one, on each side; the inner lateral teeth (fc) are short, strongly incurved, with a >4| REPORT OP COMMISSIONER OF IISII AM) riSHERIES. [13G] I [V longer, acute central denticle and a smaller outer one, and with the inner angle of the base slightly iirominent ; the next to the outer lateral teeth (Qg. 0, c) are much longer, broad, tapered, curved, acute; the outer teetli (fig. 0, (1) are longer, more slender, more curved, triquetral, and very acute, with a large basal lobe. A row of thin, distinct, roundish scales (fig. 6, e) forms a border outside the teeth. The pen (Plate XXVII, figs. 1-4) is thin, translucent, pale yellowish in fresh specimens, but brownish or amber-color in alcoholic specimens. It has a short, narrow, anterior shaft and a long, very thin, lanceolate blade, which is concave beneath, especially posteriorly, for the edges curve downward, but are not involute; the posterior tip is acute, a little thickened, and slightly curved downward, so that the posterior end is shapeU something like the forward part of an inverted shallow canoe; the cavity at the extreme tip is slightly decked over in large specimens. In the male (fig. 4) the pen is relatively longer and the blade narrower than in the female. The extreme anterior end is thin and flexible, and rather sharply and abruptly pointed, being shaped like a pen ; the shaft is rather stiff, with a strong, regularly rounded keel, convex above and concave beneath ; outside of the keel the marginal portion curves out ward and then upward, so that its convex surface is below, and the edge slightly turns up. The shaft, \. ith its central keel and marginal ridges, extends to the posterior tip of the pen, decreasing regularly in width beyond the commencement of the blade. The blade is at first very narrow, .ind gradually increases in width : it is marked by numer- ous slightly thickened ridges, which diverge froui the central lino as they extend backward ; the edges arc very thin. In <'ie larger males the i)roportiou of the greatest breadth 0 the blade t* > the total length of the pen varies from 1 : 7.50 to 1 : 9.3G. tu the females it varies from 1 : 5.60 to 1 : 0.10. The following description of the colors was made from a freshly caught adult male specimen (1 G), taken in New Haven Harbor, May 18, 1880. Upper surfaces of the body, head, and caudal fin thickly covered with rather large chromatophores, which are mostly rounded or nearly cir- cular, except along the middle of the back, where they are more crowded and darker, and mostly have along-elliptical form (perhaps accidental). The chromatophores, when expanded, are light red to dark lake-red, varying to purplish red and pink; when contracted to small points, they become brownish purple. On the head, behind the middle of the eyes, and toward the margin of the caudal fin, the spots are smaller and less numerous, the interven- ing bluish white ground-color showing more largely. Over most of the dorsal surface the chromatophores are arranged more or less evidently in circular groups ; usually the central chromatophore is a large, round, dark-purplish spot ; this is surrounded by a circular space of wbitisli ground-color, and by a circle of roundish chromatophores, mostly of different shades of lake-red and pink, and a deeper lying circle of pale I - m :S. [130] I [137] CEPIIALOPODS of NORTIIKASTERN coast of AMERICA. h the inner iteral teeth the outer iietral, and t, roundish ie yellowish specimens. I, lanceolate r the edges cute, a little erior end is bUow canoe; e specimens, de narrower flexible, and !u; the shaft X above and 1 curves out low, and the md marginal regularly in ide is at first ed by numer- ntral line as eadth 0f the 9.30. tuthe •eshly caught tf ay 18, 1880. covered with or nearly cir- ore crowded accidental), iark lake-red, [small points, the margin the interven- most of the ess evidently large, round, Ie of whitish I les, mostly of Ijircle of pale 1 ciiuiiry yellow ones. On the lower side they are so thinly scattered that they leave much of tlie translucent bluish white ground-color visi- ble between them ; along the median ventral line the spots are more Tiumorous, producing a distinct median stripe. The caudal tin is clear bluish white beneath, and very translucent, becoming almost transparent no!U" the margin. Exposed part of the siphon similar to the ventral surface of the body, but with the spots more sparse, and mostly disappearing near the margin and at the base j lower side of the head, in front of the eyes, sparsely spotted. Outtr and upper sides of the upper arms and outer surfaces of the ventral p ir similarly, but somewhat more densely, specked ; both sides of the ventral arms and lower sides of the lateral arms pinkish white and unspotted. Tentacular arms pale translucent, bluish white, with the outer surface, except at base, rather thinly specked with small pniplish chromatophores ; the inner surface and upper side of the tip and the suckers are translucent white ; rings of suckers white. On the inner surface of the dorsal and lateral arms, between the snckers, there are a few large chromatophores, and a double row of them runs out obliquely on the muscular thickenings of the marginal mem- brane, alternating with the suckers, on each side : suckers pure trans- lucent, bluish white (becoming yellow or brown in alcohol). The pupils of the eyes are deep bluish black ; on the upper side they are encroached upon by a sinuous downward extension of the iris, which is silvery or pearly white, with brilliant, green, opalescent reflec- tions at the upper margin. Scxiuil differences. The sexes differ to a considerable extent in proportions. If we com- pare specimens of equal length, the female will have the body relatively stouter and less tapered posteriorly than the male j the head is decidedly larger;* the arms are longer; the suckers are usually distinctly larger, especially those of the tentacular arms. But if we compare specimens having the head and arms of equal size, the male will be found to have II decidedly longer, more slender, and more tapered body, and a some- what longer and narrower fin. (See Table B, for comparative propor- tions.) In the adidt male the circumference of the head to the mantle-length I usually varies from 1 : 2.55 to 3.45, averaging about 1 : 3.10; in the female I from 1:1.75 to 1: 2.45, averaging about 1:2.25. The ratio of the breadth of the fin to the mantle-length, in the male, I varies from 1 : 2.12 to 1 : 2.45, averaging about 1 : 2.25 ; in the female, from 1 1 : 1.70 to 1 : 2.12, averaging about 1 : 1.90. 'Some of the uominal European species of Loligo, that have been based on the [ smaller size of the head, arms, andsnckers, are probably only the males of the common species. The sexual variations in this genus have apparently been very imperfectly uiulerstood by Eu'-opoan writers generally. i 4 » •vr REPORT or COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FIHIIKRIES, [138] Tho ratio of tlio diameter of tlie largest tentacular suckers to tlio mantleleugth varies, in the male, from 1 :5() to 1:90, averaging about 1 :(i5; in the female it varies from 1:30 to 1:51, averaging about 1:45. The proportion of the length of the dorsal arms to the mantleleng^li. in the male, averages about 1:3.50; in the female about 1:2.75. Tho pen of the female is relatively broader and shorter than that of the male (see Table A). The best and most positive external characters for distinguishing the sexes are the hectocotylized condition of the left ventral arm of the male, near tho tip (Plate XXVI, flgs. 3, 3 a), and tho presence, in the female, of a horseshoe-shaped sucker, or place for attachment of the spermatophores, on the inner buccal membrane, below the beak (flg. 4, «,) These characters, however, are not present in the very young indi- viduals, and in those with the mantle two or three inches long they appear only in a very rudimentary state.* A. — Sexual variations in the pen (meaauremvnta in inches). Length of pen . . . Length of shaft.. Length of blade. . Breadth of abaft. Breadth of blade. PROrOBTIONS. Greatest breadth to length 1 : rfp. rf9V. d-iov. rfW. ?E. $ EE. ?17V. 10.50 10.20 9.65 8.60 7.75 7.66 7.65 1.40 2.10 2.20 2.00 2. 00 1.10 1.50 9.10 8.10 7.85 6.50 5.75 0.55 a 05 .60 .35 .40 .40 .15 .38 .35 1.40 1.15 1.02 .98 1.00 1.35 1.25 7.50 8.86 9.36 8.67 7.75 5.60 0.04 ? An. 7.50 1.50 6.00 .35 1.30 5.7» The specimen marked An is from Capti Ann, Mass. (var. iior«a{i«) ; that marked 9 E is var. pallida, from Astoria, X. Y. ; the rest are from Vineyard Sound, Mass. The adult males have the left ventral arm conspicuously hectocoty- lized (Plate XXVI, figs. 3, 3 a) by an altera^on and enlargement of I the sutker-pedicels and a decrease in the size ol(ithe cups of the suckers, [ some of which usually disappear entirely, espeomlly in the outer row. The modification commences at about the 18th to 20th sucker, by the I swelling of the bases of the pedicels; on succeeding suckers this rapidly becomes more marked, and the swollen bases of the pedicels become more elongated and gradually become compressed transversely, while the size of the cups rapidly decreases till at about the 28th to 30th they [ are very minute and rest at the summits of the large, flattened, acute- triangular supports; from the 30th to 35th the cups usually become mere rudiments, or disappear in large males; beyond this the cups I again grow larger and the pedicels decrease in size, till the small suckers! become normal on the tip of the arm. Aboui twenty-five to thirty of I * Professor Steenstriip formerly adrancud tlio opiuion that the males of Octopus and j other genera of Cephalopods wore provided with the hectocotylized arm from the first, F but this we have not found to be the case. The hectocotylized condition of the arm in j ioZijio is' developed in proportion to the development of the internal sexual organM and is first distinctly noticeable in the larger of the young ones taken in autumn, and| in the spring in the young ones that have survived their first winter. :'■■•■ W KS. [138] I [130] Ci:iMIALOPOD;< OF NORTIIKASTKRN COAST OF AMKIMCA. the suckers of tl»c outer row are thus modified iu the larger males. Of the iuner row a 'uewhat smaller number of suckers show distinct al- teration, and these are less extensively altered; their pedicels are .swollen and their cups reduced, but not to so great an extent, and usually none of the cups are entirely absent. In young males, with the mantle about 70""" to 90"'"' (young of the previous year, or i)erhaps of the first year, when three to ilve months old), these modifications of the suckers began to appear, at first very indistinctly, by a slight enlargement of the bases of the pedicels and a scarcely noticeable decrease in the size of the cups. In specimens with the mantle 100'""' to 130'"'" long (probably young of the previous year, nine months to a year old) the modification of the suckers^ though much less marked than in the adults, is sufficiently distinct, the pedicels having become distinctly longer and stouter, while the cups are evidently re- duced in size, but none of them are abortive in such specimens. Loligo Pealei var. borealis Verrill. Plate XXVII, figure 1 (peu). Plate XXXII, figure 2 (anatomy). Since describing this variety, I have had opportunities to examine a much larger series of specimens from Cape Ann. These show very plainly that this form passes by intermediate gradations into the typical form, so that it cannot be considered as anything more than a local or geographical variety. The diflferences iu the proportion of the fin to the mantle, noticed in the original specimens, do not hold good with a larger series. The only varietal character of much importance is the relatively smaller suckers, and this is much less marked iu most of the later examples than in the former ones, and is a character that varies greatly in the specimens from every locality.* In the original specimens the 'pen' (Plate XXVII, fig. 1), while having the general form of that of L. Pealei^ tapers more gradually anteriorly, and has a narrower, more tapered, sharper, and stiffer anterior tip. The variations in proportion are sufficiently indicated by the measure- ments given in Tables A, B, and C, in which those specimens designated as 2 G to 5 G were measured while fresh. The one marked An 2 is from the lot originally described as variety borealis, and illustrates the abnormally small size of the suckers. Loligo Pealei . var. pallida Vorrill. Plate XXVIII, figures 1-7. Plate XXIX, figure 1 (anatomy). This geographical variety or subspecies is distinguished from the typical form chiefly by its shorter and stouter body in both sexes, its broader and larger caudal fin, and the larger size of the suckers, es- pecially those of the tentacular club. The caudal fin is broad-rhomboidal, often as broad as long, or even * Probably tliose with abnormally small tentacular suckers are instances in which the arms, the clubs, or the suckers have been lost and afterwards reproduced, as ex- plained below. 9 Eis var.i>allici«, REPORT OF COMMISSIONKR OF FIHII AND FISIIRRIES. [140] broader than lung in adult spccimous. Tho ratio of the breadth of tho fin to tho ninntle-lougth in the larger specimens (with mantle ISO*""' to 225'"'" long) is, in the males, from 1 : 1.75 to 1 : 2.00, while in L. Pealei, of corresponding size, the ratio is 1 : 2.15 to 1 : 2.30 ; in the females of var. pallida, of similar size, the ratio varies from 1 : 1.45 to 1 : 1.75 (see Tables F, G). Tentacular arms long and slender, varying in length ac- cording to the amount of contraction, in extension longer than the body, the club or portion that bears suckers forming about one-third the whole length. In a few males the larger suckers on the middle of this portion are not so large as the Inrgest on the lateral arms, but usually they are twice as large. In some feniales tho principal suckers of the tentacular arms are very much larger than In others, and considerably exceed those of the males of equal length ; they form two alternating rows, of eight to ten each, along the iriddle of the club ; external to them there is a row of smaller suckers alternating with them on each side; the suckers toward the tips are very numerous, small, and crowded in four rows; at the tip there is a group of about twenty minute, smooth-edged suckers, in four rows Outside of the suckers, on each side, there is a broad marginal membrane, having the edges scalloped, and strengthened be- tween the scallops by strong transverse muscular ridges; another mem- branous fold runs along the back side, expanding into a broad mem- branous keel or crest near the end. The arms of the ventral pair '•e intermediate iu length between those of the second and third pai Ground-color of the body, head, arms, and fins pale, transii. .^i yellowisV. white; the upper surface is covered with pale brown, unequal, circular spots, which are not crowded, having spaces of whitish between them ; the spots are more sparse on the head and arms, but somewhat clustered above the eyes ; entire ventral surface pale, with small, dis- J^^ant, brownish, circular* spots, which are nearly obsolete on the siphon and arms. The geiieral appearance of the animal, when fresh, is un- usually pale and gelatinous. The pen is broad, quill-shaped, translucent, and amber-colored. A medium-sized male specimen, recently preserved in alcohol, meas- ured 145°"° from the base of the dorsal arms to the posterior end of the body; length of body, 120°""; length of caudal flu, 70™°'; breadth of fin, TS™""; length of first pair of arms, 42"°'; of second pair, SO""; of third, 60°"°; of ventral pair, 53°""; of tentacular arms, 150"»°>. (For other measurements, see Tables B to E.) Astoria, Lcug Island, Nov. 16 and Dec. 7, 1871 (Eobert Benner). This form has been received hitherto only from the western part of Long Island Sound, where it is abundant with the schools of menhaden, on which it feeds. Reproduction of lost parts. I have observed in this species, as well as in Ommastrephes illecehrosus, numerous instances in which some of the suckers have been torn off and ::l^ .:■ M: [141] * CtPIIALOPODS OP NORTIIEASTEUN COA.' T OF AMEUICA. afterwards reproduced, lu tmuh examples new suckers of various sizes, t'rotu those that are very miuute up to those that are Imt little siimdor tliau the uoriual ones, can often be found scattered among the latter on the same individual. It seems to me possible that some of the :*ij>cci- mens having the suckers on the tentacular arms unusually small may have reproduced all those suckers, or, still more likely, the entire arm. I have seen si)ecimens of this species, and also of 0. iUecchrosuH, which, after having lost the tips, or even the distal half of one or more of the sessile arms, have more or less completely reproduced the lost parts.* In such cases the restored portion is often more slender and has smaller suckers than the normal arms, and where the old part joins the new there is often an abrupt change in size. Probably this ditt'erence would wholly disappear after a longer time. An unquestionable and most remarkable example of the reproduction of several entire arms occurs in a small specimen taken off Newport, R. I., August, 1880. This has the mantle 70""" long; dorsal arms, 22"'"' J 3d pair of arms, 30'""'. The three upper pairs of arms are per- fectly normal, but both the tentacular and both the ventral arms have evidently been entirely lost and then reproduced from the very base. These four arms are now nearly perfect in form, but are scarcely half their normal size on the left side, and. still smaller on the right side. The left tentacular arm is only 24""" long, and very slender, but it has the normal proportion of club, and the suckers, though well formed, are diminutive, and those of the two median rows are scarcely larger than the lateral ones, and delicately denticulated. The right tentacular arm is less than half as long (12"""), being of about the same length as the restored ventral one of the same side j it is also very slender, and its suckers very minute and soft, in four equal rows. The right ventral arm is only 14""" long ; the left one 15""" long ; both are provided with very small but otherwise normal suckers. In another specimen from Vineyard Sound, a female, with the mantle about ISO™"' long, one of the tentacular arms had lost its club, but the wound had healed and a new club was in process of formation. This new club is represented by a small, tapering, acute process, starting out obliquely from the stump, and having a sigmoid curvature; its inner surface is covered with very minute suckers. The othCi" arms are normal. Eggs and young. ".V,.y The eggs are contained in many elongated, fusiform, gelatinous cap- sules (Plate XXX, fig. 7) which are attached in clusters by one end to sea- weeds or some other common support; from the point of attachoient they radiate in all directions. These clusters Jire often six or eight inches in diameter, containing hundreds of capsnles, which are mostly from two * Perhaps the Dosidicua Eachrkhtii Steenstrnp is only an Ommaatrephea or Sthenoteuihia which had lost and partially reproduced the tips of all the arms. At any rate, no sufficient characters have been given to distinguish it generically. l.'-i I 1-1 i REPORT OF C0MM:"' to 68""" iu leD^th of body, and the later broods are S""" to 3Qmm long^ ^g before, with these sizes occur others of all ages down to those just hatched. It should be observed, however, that in those of our tabulated lots taken by the trawl the very small sizes are absent, because they pass freely through the coarse meshes of the net. 4. By the second week in September, the June squids have the mantle 60""" to 82""" long. All the grades of smaller ones still abound. A few larger specimens, taken the last of August, and in September, 84"" to llO"" long, may belong to the June brood, but they may belong to those of the previous autumn. 5. In the first week of November, the larger young squids taken had acquired a mantle-length of 79"*"' to SS"", but these are probaWy not the largest that might be found. Youuger ones, probably hatched in September and October, S""* to 20">" in length of body, occurred in vast numbers November 1, 1874. The specimens taken November 16, oflf Chesapeake Bay, having the mantle 40'""' to 70""™ long, probably belong to the schools hatched in the previous summer. 6. In May and June the smallest squids taken, and believed to be those hatched in the previous September or October, have the mantle 62™" to lOO™" long. With these Ihere are others of larger sizes, up to 152'"'" to 188"'", and connected with the smaller ones by intermediate sizes. All these are believed to belong to the various broods of the previous season. . In these the sexual organs begin to increase in size and the external sexual characters begin to appear. The males are of somewhat greater length than the females of the same age. 7. In July, mingled with the young of the season, in some lots, but more often iu separate schools, we take young squids having the mantle 75"" to lOU"" long. These we can connect by intermediate sizes with those of the previous year taken in June. I regard these as somewhat less than a year old. 8. Beyond the first year it becomes very difficult to determine the age with certainty, for those of the first season begin, even in the autumn, to overlap in their sizes those of the previous year. 9. It is probable that those specimens which are taken iu large quau- tities, while in breeding condition, during the latter part of May and in June, having the mantle 175"" to 225""" long in the females and 200'"'° to 276"" long in the males, are two years old. 10. It is probable that the largest individuals taken, with the mautle 300"" to 425"'" long, are at least three years, and perhaps, in some cases, four years old. The veiy large specimens generally occur only in small schools and are mostly males. The females that occur with these very large males are often of much smaller size, and may be a year younger than their mates. 11. When squids of very diflt'erent sizes occur together iu a school, it generally happens that the larger ones are engaged in devouring the smaller ones, as the contents of their stomachs clearly show. Therefore, [144] B 5""" to BS down those of ) absent, te mantle I. A few :, 84""" to y to those taken had bably not latched in red in vast ber 16, off bly belong ieved to be the mantle sizes, up to itermediate aods of the ease in size nales are of le lots, but the mantle sizes with somewhat line the age he autumUf argo quan- >f May and s and 200™°= the mantle some cases, ily in small these very !ar younger lin a school, Ivouring the Therefore, | [145] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. it is probable that those of similar age keep together in schools for mutual safety. 12. Among the adult specimens of var. pallida, taken November 16 and December 7, at Astoria, there are several young ones, from 75™" to 120™^ in length, with rudimentary reproductive organs. These may, perhaps, be the young of the year, hatched in June. Distribution. This species is found along the whole coast, from South Carolina to Massachusetts Bay. It is the common squid from Gape Hatteras to Cape Cod. In Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound it is very abundant, and is taken in large numbers in the fish-pounds and seines, and used to a large extent fbr bait. It is comparatively scarce, though not rare, north of Cape Cod. The young were trawled by us in many localities in Massachusetts Bay, in 1878. Large specimens were taken in the pounds at Province- town, Mass., August, 1879. It was taken in considerable quantities, in breeding condition, in the fish-pounds at Cape Ann, near Gloucester, Mass., May, 1880 (var. horealis). It has not been observed north of Cape Ann. Its southern limit is not known to me, but it appears to have been found on the coast of South Carolina. In depth, it has occurred from low- water mark to fifty fathoms. The eggs have often been taken by us in the trawl, in great abundance, at many localities along the southern shores of New England, in five to twenty -five fathoms. It is known to be a very important element in the >od-8upply of the blue-fish, tautog, sea-bass, striped-bass, weak-fish, k;!i , fish, and many other of our larger market fishes. In the Gulf of Mexico this species appears to be replaced by another species {Loligo Oahi D'Orbigny). Of this we have several specimens, collected on the west coast of Florida, at Egmont Key, near Tampa Bay, by Col. E. Jewett and Mr. W. T. Coons. This species is closely allied to L. Pealei, but has a more slender form, with the caudal fin shorter and narrower in proportion to the length of the mantle. The pen has a shorter and broader shaft, and a narrower and more oblong blade, which has parallel, thickened, and darker-colored portions be- tween the midrib and margins (Plate XXVII, fig. 5). The tentacular suckers have their horny rings more coarsely and equally toothed, there being only a partial alternation of larger and smaller teeth. Along our southern coast, from Delaware Bay to Florida, a much shorter and relatively stouter species {Loligo brevis Blaiuv.) occurs, which might be mistaken by a careless observer for the present species. In ad- dition to its shorter body, it has very different large tentacular suckers, with the teeth on the homy rim coarser and all of similar form and size. Its pen is also shorter and relatively broader, and different in structure (Plate XXXI, figs. 4-6). i t I* 4 3*> ..,-/ REPORT OF COMMJSSIONER OF FISH AND FISHEBiES. [146J 'f i r 0¥ 0¥ •a Of o Of fin :S8SS '.9 SSSSS8 •*A 8S ss OlS Oi OJ ^ ^ rH r4 4f$ ^ Oi * Of Of <3 S 00 •d •to oi e» oi cd ^ w 1-4 uj T-4 <«« ' * "b •o ?6 Of 1 •to. e> C> C4 O ^ fH rH ^ rj C4 ' ' C> r- rf ^ »H rH >rf iH rf * ' g8S§8S^88g?Ja nt^ cijc^uSi-) mi 8S Sd lis lil^ in wirAri 8SSS S'* 8e>MS«mo t-Ji-St-!rte4>rfeii ■aStatoaSt- i-J ffi rH »J rJ {; pt iH c4 r4 f-4 c4 «j s4 rH ?j i-i e4 oj ^ n 8fhS«S88 ■H ej rH rH <4 fj CH c4 eij rj e4 8mtonr-(db- r^e4r4c4c4E3e |er«,;a.| [147] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. I ■I 9 S I" s £ S •a I I S 4 0¥ •o o«- •o CO ^3 to •d •d •o 1 I o 1 Pi eideSe>e4adt:t^«5<^cJi-ie4'^i-< e4c4ejs4«»m s&sss 83388S SSS8SS3 €i ri -^ ti ai ti ' sssass SSK38S 83 SS 8SS;SS8 Me4nc4(4^ e3;i:888 rt fH p^ rt M f-t »-l rt iH iri (t$ «$ trj o ci ^ ^ c» t> 'tiirA *HrHFHiHCJ*H^rtrH • SS^3§83 niicieiaiei ' S^SU^iS 3S3SS8S cicieieitiei ■ m rf pj CO t> ei Sco3t> &S38 uJLricdoc^&iiHi-4dt^^u$FHe6uSi-4ri *eoco^c5u$ci • M • t^t>Q6l> eOfONClrH|>lrflrfr^a5OwSc^CONC4F^r4r^ c5 1-4 *-4 *H ^ t^ ' «(5 »rf oi ti «J c4 ^ ti fH f^ 'c6-^^^t^ci rA SI I i's * o lHl-lt^i-(iHi-l I iiiiillllliiiriiliJiiiiJiiiiiliiiii llllll 532SSS5355S il o53o8S m '1 lii- fc \ 'f 'i REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHEBIES. [148] n N e4oiotf>de>ai«ia4e oi ei c4 CO ci '41 1-! 'ih^^i-! SS8SSS9Sg9S8SSSSS coo •eS^oSrHin^oeo • eijo * cd C> rH ci CO CO CO ui i-i i ^c>oftiHe6eo^^i>w^iHifiK5clei ' -»* c5 o5 4dcdr4»iejeriuic4 eoS5»t-5t-S«MO©>»i*t-»oS»S5Ni-i III 5 a «J p j^. 1 O S ^*-' S£;8a S&33 fHci^ e4 '^ ^ •-ieii-ie4 • 3S3S33S3333 iS. [148] ■ [149] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. 1 I I j .Si . •« (4 ^ ^ ^ 1 1 1" 0< yi "^ <4 Xi ■'i ^ ^ ^ ^ "i <-< '>HC4cijf-1 j uj ad ri e4 e4 ei «d i-< 't-i^eJiH SSS39S8S'S8S^^3S3S at id ui irf -« SSSSSS8S83SSS^38S 9SS38SS33388SiSS89 SSS8S8SSS$S3S3t-eS S3SSS$8SSS8S3SS8^ 83 339^83338 iOi-lt- S38S93Si-.^!3SSSSS33 118SS3S8S:S8S83S8^3SSS H °^ t> ^ oi otf d e4 -(t~ i-idiHei SS93 SS8S8iS ssssss flB 4 QB c6 fi SB o « V V v^jq^^ 03253 O ffi 4? o o HHHHHHNP^HHHMnmpq II Ml EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FI8II AND FISHERIES. [150] I f e O n N t3 O j id id >^ e4 »< c4 rl uj >H 1-4 'c4i-nae >e<: fJ e4 «i m ^ I-) »J 1-) '1-}^ nSiHt-8 8S8S9 oj c^ ui «! at 8S:S8SS9S oi -^ '^ oi UJ ?j i-i r^ ss ^<4l S^IO SIO« i-i r-t i-i i-i c4 ei 1-4 1-) liii f^ ?4 e4 USS'i s si aclioon rH i-< i-i rH Clj irf C3 C8 ti8 C9 CB HEHHHH 'w Q, cl Qi Ot Ot^ o a '^ O 4 ^ ' lllitl I a s I I ■ I I .9 I !1 11. ^3 II k « O u •Ss" s m| 1 tt.£ 8. [150] [151] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTIIEASTEHN COAST OF AMERICA. C .3 i 1 9 I s s o 5-6 ".S ^« *..s i s I e i s .2 ••s I S I H M m i I & I ss ss SSS§SSSSSS3SS88SSa a! t^ '« od oi oj 'n3nN^SSt-i3898oHi-iV^ ' 88 S83S?S?S8338SSSS!S3 ei od uj ai e> ^ ^ tfi uj e> c4 r< i-i rH uj ui ' ' ei «! ui ai ^ V uj if$ '•^ ^ c4 1-) iH c4 o uj ' 9S^ 2S3 :S SS8!;!3 S3:!;sc S8^ '3 S;SS38 ^^^^^ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [152] *i I I I od M ^ P4 I 09 m 9i ^ '^ rl ci ri r4 ui c) ' '41 e >H ^4 «4 ri irf r4 si ■ t> o« «i <«l <«l -^ oi c4 1^ .^ f4 88SSS SS3 ::$ S33SS398S38!3338S3SSS oS t^ 'V od oi <4 '« ^ ^ ai e4 1- 1-) 1-4 r^ '*)■ uS ' 93S3S3S8SSSS!S3Sa'8»S 8S8^9 8^583 ■ i>i REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [154]l [155] I. — Table to illunlrate the rate of growth of I.oligo Pealvi, young. Locality. yioerard Sound . . . Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. D;>. Newport, R. I NarraguiMtt Bar . . Off Newport, R.!l.. Do Off Point Judith, B I Do"..'."";!.'.".'." Narraganaett Bay . . OffBntiiard'aBay.. Narraganaett Bay. . Off Block Island. . . Do Narraganaett Bay. . Do Off Cuttyhnnk Isl- and North latitude 30° 4V 80", west lon- gitude 70OM' Off Block Island.-. Off Chesapeake Bay VARIBTY BOBBALIB. MasBochugetts Bay Do :. Do Do Off Cape Cod. Do. Cape Ann Depth. Surface ..do... ..do ... ...do ... ..do... ...do ... 0-20 Surfitce ...do... ..do... Shore . 8 16-26.. ie-19. . 16... 19... 4-12. 21... 6... 13... 6.... 14... 3-6.. Date. 1875-70. July 7 July 12 July 15 July 10 July 28 Aug. 2 Aug. 21 Aug. 27 Aug. 28 Aug. — Sepl 15 Oct. 13 Oct. 20 Nov. 1 May 16 Jnne 3 1880. July 27 Aug. 0 Aug. 7 Aug. 12 17. 262. is!'. 10. 42. 47. 48. 16i.... 4i .... SI ore. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Sept. Sept. Lengtl of mantle. In millimeters. Young of the year. 30 = 25-35"-; ■, 100 .f -10-20.. -45-48"» 4 — 80-08 B00-(- — 10-25 600-f — 10-30 200 + -15-35 ... 20-27-52 18 — 28-60 38 — 25-50: 2- 65..413 80-26-45: 10- -47-72 3 — 45-50 4 -88-100 -- 1000 — 8-20: 3; ^76-82 Tonog of prerlou year, 4 = 28: 5 = 32-44 5-45-60 54=16-33:40 = 32-44: 5 = 60-62, 90 = 15-25: 16 = 30-40.... 13 : 60 = 17-38: 20 = 38-66. 14 ' 133 = 16-33: 8 = 38-44. 16 17 28 24 27 31 1 33=^23-66: 14 = 60-70: 3 = 75-82 72 = 12-28: 6 = 80-42 2 = 48-63: 3 = 70-88 0 = 24-36: 8 = 40-65 1 rf=84 7 = 3ft-»6: 2 = 60-62 2 = 32-46: 11 = 60-52 10=75-100" 9 = 70-100. 2 5=126-160: 1 cf =17J. 2 = 126-188. 1 = 188. 4 = 112-125. 1 = 152. 8=152-188. 80 = 62-100: 10 = 100-153. 6 = 67-80: 1 = 96. 3 = 84-100. 3 = 89-108': 2 1^=120-165. 1 = 116: 1 = 102. 2 = 86-87: 2 9=105-112. 3 = 83-95. 3 , 23 = 32-50: 4 = 56-58: 1 = J Sept. 13 i 14 = 16-30 Sept. — 20 = 42-66: 10 = 55-72: 1 = 110. Nov. 16 i 82 1878. Aug. 20 Sept. 16 Sept. 21 Sept. 26 1870. Sept. 9 I 2 « 38 Sept. 20 I 1=75 Oct., '80 j 5 cf 3 9 = 110-156 1 = 31 1 = 88 6 = 28-38: 1 = 50: 5=62. 2.-=:31-38 19 = no. 2 = 130>140 J. — Loligo Pealei. Spedmens examined, mostly adult. To illnatrate dUtribution, ^o. (Tn last column ad. = adult; {)r.= breeding; in. = length of mantle iu incbcd; j. or juv. = yoiu| I ip. =large.J No. h.k. C ... IG.. o', V,oo.. Locality. TYPICAL VARIKTV. New Haven, Conn . . . ...do Near New Haven. . . ...do ...do... New Haven Harbor. Long Island Noank, Conn do ...do Fath. Shore . ...do .. . . . do . . ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. 3-4.... 6-8.... When collected. 1867. 1870 : 1874 1876 May 18, 1880. 1874 August 5, 1874.. August 24, 1874. EeccivTsd tvom— Mr. Hooes O. H. Perkins.. A. E. Verrm.... ...do...., ...do — do CO. Byrne U.S. Fish Coin.. ....do ...do Specimens, hi | and number. Id". Irf. 4 ad. cf 4ad. 6 ad. d 1 Ig. br. a jnv. cf 3 large. 4juv. fijuv. No. J-9 a-4 D-W.... x.y.z... AA-HH . 1V-60V.. Al 'An. 1-3;. 30-15G. A-Z, 1-10.. K. IE8. [154]| ng. [155] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. J.—LoUgo /'Mlei~-Continaed. tn. if prevlona year, BO"". 0. 5-150; 1 rf=17J. 88. 25. 88. .00; 10 = 100-153. I: 1 = 96. 10. 18: 2 = 120-165. 1 = 102. r-. 2 9=105-112. 140 iribution, ^c, or jw. = yoMj I Specimens, wi and number. Irf. Irf. 4 ad. cr4ad. 6 ad. d 1 Ig. br. ijnv. (f 3 liTge. 4 jnv. 8Juv. No. ft- LdcuUty. D-W. X.Y.Z... AA-HH . IV-flOV.. I Al. An. 1-3;. JO-150. A-Z. a-t... 1-10.. Typical VARntTT— Cuutluuud. vineyard Soand, Mmb. ....do Henemsha Vineyard Sound ....do ....do ....do do ....do ....do ...do ...do do ...do ... do ...do ...do ....do ...do Narracanaett Bay. . . Hyannls, Maas Karragansett Bay. . . Off Newport, R. I... Off Point Judith, R.I. OffCuttyhonk Island Soutli of Block Island Off Chesapeake Bay . VARIETT UOKBALIB. Annisquaro, Mass. . . Gloucester, Mass Massachusetts Bay. Off Cape Cod Provincetown, Mass Cape Ann, Mass.... do Salem, Mass VABIETV PALLIDA. Astoria, N. Y ....do ....'. ....do Great Esg Harbor, N.J. Fttth. Shore . 5-8.... Shore. ...do.. 6-12... ft-16... ft-ao... Shore . ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do .. ...do .. ...do.. ...do.. ...do .. ...do.. ...do.. ,. do.. . . . do . . ...do.. ...do .. 16-26.. 10 17.. 252. 18.. Shore. ..do.. 47 42 Shore. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. Shore . ..do.. ..do.. ...do.. Whon collected. July and .tug., 1871 Uecolvi'd from— U.S. Pish Com. do ..do August, li"i-\ July and Aug., 1876 July 12-26, J876 ... August 4,5, 1876... Sepit-mber 16, 1876. October 13, 1876 ... October 14,1876... ....do October 20,1876 i....do November 1, 1875 ...do Api4l 3U, 1M70 1... do May 16, 1876 1. ...do May and iTuue, 1870..!... do June3,lH7H j... do Juno 6, 1876 1. ...do June, 1876 May 28, 1880 IggQ August. isSO..... July 27, 1880 August 7, 1880... August 14, 1880.. ....do V. X. Edwards. U. S. Ftsh Com. ...do ... do ...do V. N. Edwards. ...do September 3, 1880.. September 13, 1880. November 16, 1880.. July, 1878 September "21,'i878! September 26, 1870. July, 1870 May 18, 1880 October, 1880 Nov. and Dec, 1870.. ...do ...do 1872 do do Samuel Powell. U.S. Fish Com. ...do .. do ..do ...do Z. L. Tauner. A.Hyatt A. E. Verrill... U.S. Fish Com. ...do J. H. Blake.... A. H. Chirke... ....do J. H. Emorton. Robert Beuuer. do ^.. ...do 7... A. E. Verrill... 'ipecimens, sex and number. 72 nd. 30 ad. rfl: 9 2- 7 ad. Ekks and Juv. Juv. 5Juv. 3 = 6-7.6 in. 3 = 6-7iu. (f 6 large. 6 = 4-5 in. 1 = 6 in. d 10: 9 3. 8 >= 6-7 In. cf 16: 9 4 ad. (f 3 = 5-6 in. d 3 large. 39ad. : 9 12. (f 48: 9 12 br. 10 ad. (f 1 very Ig. 3-3.7ln. ^3.6-6.5 In. = 1.1-1.4 in. 2 = 6.1-5.5 in, 14,juv. 32 juv. 9 3ad. 2Juv. lllnv. IJuv. 8 larKOc 16 ad. br. br. rf 5; 9 3Juv. dl: 9' ' 2 ad. rfl7: 9 9. d" 9 20 ad. d 9 wl. 1, bass stom. K. — Specimens examined. Eggs and recently-hatched young of Loligo Pealei. Locality. I Near New HavBU. . J Vineyard Sound . . . I Long Island Sound. I Fisher's Sound I Nantucket Sound. . iVinoyard Sound... 1)0 Do I Npar New Ilaven . . I Off New Uaven I Gardiner's Bay lOffNewport, k. I.. ' Do....... Do NarragansettBay. I Do I Bazzard's Bay Fath. Shore . . 5-10.... 4-8 Surface 8-12.... 8-16.... 5-10.... Shore . 8 22-26... 4| 6... 12 J. 4-6. When collected. June 10, 1871... July, Aug., 1871. August, 1874.... July 28, 1874.... July 26, 1874.... August .5, 1875.. Julv, Aug., 1875. Sept. 6, 1875 Juuoll, 1880.... August 3, 1880.. June 28, 1880.... August 0, 1880.. August 7, 1880.. August 16, 1880. August 23, 1880. August 31, 1880. August 20, 1881. Received from- J. E.Todd United States Fish Com. do do, do. do do do S.I.Smith J. F. Fowle Schooner G. H. Bradley. United States Fish Com. do do .do .do .do Eggs or embr}-os. Well developed. All stages. Well developed. ' Just hatched. Partly developed. Do. All stages. Now laid. Near batching. Half developed. New laid. Fresh and well developed. New laid and hatching. New laid and partly de- veloped. Fresh laid. Partly developed. Just hatching. ■a H^f r REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES. [156] Notes on the visceral anatomy of Loligo Pealei. (See Plate XX, fig. 2; Plate XXIX, /.ja. l-3a; Plate XXXII, fi^a. 2, 3.) The gills {g) are large and highly organized in this species, although considerably smaller than in Ommaatrephea. The bases of the gills {g] are situated somewhat in advance of the middle of the mantle-cavity, or branchial chamber, and their tips, in fresh specimens, extend forward nearly to the base of the siphon (/). The branchial chamber is separated from the visceral cavity by i. thin translucent membrane (the so-called peritoneal membrane), through which there are two circular openings (u), one a short distance in advance of the base of each gill; through these the secretion of the urinary organs (»*,»•') is doubtless discharged. Internally the visceral cavity is divided into several compartments by folds of thin membrane. The largest of these chambers contains the stomach and its ccecal lobe (S, S'). When the branchial cavity is opened on the ventral side, as in PL XXIX, fig. 1, and the thin mem- branes covering the viscera are removed, the renal organs (r, r') are seen as large and conspicuous organs, especially if the venous system has been injected with a colored fluid. These organs are mostly situ- ated close around the heart, above, below, and in front of it, but two of them, in the form of pyriform glands (r', r'), which are firmer and have a more compact structure than the rest, extend along the pos- terior venae-cavae. These extend forwaru and unite with the two I elongated, saccular organs (r, r), which extend across the ventral side of the heart and the bases of the gills, and passing farther forward, unite | on the dorsal side of the intestine to form the anterior vena-cava; before they thus unite each one receives a vein from the intestine {r") and gives oft' a large sacculated vessel, or branch, which, passing up tvard along the sides of the proximal part of the intestine, unite with two 'arge lobulated renal sacs, which lie above and in front of the heart and surround the commencement of the intestine; these send tapering] lobes backward, which receive the blood from the gastric veins ; anteri orly thvy receive the hepatic veins; laterally they receive the large ves sels or pallial veins from the sides of the mantle, and also communicate | with the branchial auricles. The heart (H) is a large, muscular, and somewhat un symmetrical I organ, varying in shv^pe according to the state of contraction. Usually , it is more or less obliquely four-cornered, with the right side largest and the posterior end more or less conical. From the posterior end arises a large artery, the posterior aorta, which gives off, close to its. origin, two small arteries ; one of these is median and goes forward to the ink-sac and intestine, passing below and across the heart; the other, arising laterally, in the male goes to the prostate gland and„ other organs | connected with it (PI. XXTX, fig. 2, po). A little farther back the pos- terior aorta dividef into three large arteries; one of tliese (o) is situated ] in the median plane, and, crossing the branchial cavity along the curved ES. [156] I [157] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTEiCN COAST OF AMERICA. anterior end of a thin, median, membranous partition, supplies tlie ven- tral and lateral portions of the mantle, sending branches both back- ward and forward; the other two main divisions (o', o") diverge as they go backward, and supply the caudal fins and adjacent parts of the mantle. The anterior aorta {ao) arises from tlie right anterior corner of the heart, and goes forward to tho head, on the right side of the median line, by the side of the (Bsophagus. Just beyond che constric- tion, at its origin, it is aomewhat bulbous. A short distance from its origin it gi^es off a large branch, the gastric artery {so), which sends a branch to the renal organs, and pa::ses backward over the dorsal side of the heart to the anterior parts of the stomach, where it ramifies exten- sively. The portion of the aorta which passes along and through the liver gives off several hepatic arteries that supply blood to the liver, r.ad one b anch emerges from the liver, on the dorsal side, and supplies the musclea of the neck -region. The ultimate divisions of the aorta supply the various organs of the head, and a large branch goes out to the tip of each arm, nearly in the rsed of a large number of thin, close, parallel 'h! 'rV\ \f REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [160] lamellfe. Two very large, oblong, accessory uidamental glands {xx) lie side by side, loosely attached, nearly in the middle of the ventral side, covering and concealing the heart and most of the reuiU organs; each of these has a groove along the ventral side and a slit in the anterior erd; internally they are composed of great numbers of thin lamellae. In front of and partially above the anterior ends of these, and attached to the intestine and ink-sac, there is another pair of accessory gland;^ {x), roundish in form, with a large ventral opening, and having, in fresh specimens, a curiously mottled color, consisting of irregular red and iark brown blotches on a pale ground. Their internal structure is ^nely follicular. The ovary {ov) is large a^nd occupies a large portion of the cavity of the body, posteriorly, running back into the posterior cavity of the pen, and in the breeding season extending forward nearly to the heart. In the breeding season the thip convoluted portion of the ovi- duct {ov') is found distended with great nainbers of eggs. At the same time the large glands {x'), around the oviduct, and the accessory nida mental glands {x, xx), destined to furnish the materials for the formatiou of the egg-capsules, and for their attachment, are very tuigid and much larger than at other times. The male (PI. XL, figs. 1, 2) has no organs correspouding in position to the two pairri of accessory nidamental glands of the female, but the single effercEt sper?^atic duct (p) occupies the same position on the left side as the terminal part of the oviduct of the female. It is, ho^'cver, a much more slender tube, extending farther forward beyond the base of the gill, and its orifice is small and simply bilabiate. It extends backward over the dorsal side of the base of the gill to a bilobed, long pyriform organ, consisting of a spermatophore-sac (»s) and a complicated system of glands and tubes {pr, vd) united closely together and inclosed in a special sheath. This organ consists of the following pr.rts: 1. The vasdeferens (vd), which starts posteriorly from a small orifice (not figured) in the thin sheath of peritoneal membrane (pr) investing the testicle (t) ; it passes forward along the side of the spermatophore sac, to which it is closely adherent, and throughout its length it is thrown into numerous close, short, transverse, flattened tblds ; anteriorly it joins the vesiculsT'-seminales. 2. The vesiculne-seminale.a ^fig. 2, pr. in part) consist of three large, curved vesicles, closely coiled togetlicr, the thii'd one having thickened, glandular walls ; frcn the latter ^oes a duct which unites with the duct from the prostate gland to form the spermatic duct. 3. The prf'state gland {pr, in part) consists of two curved lobes, whicli are closely coiled between and united to the vesicula'seminales. 4. The spermatic duct, formed by the union of the ducts from the v^sicuUe serainales and in-ostate glands, is a nearly straight tube; it| passes backward between the prostate glands and speruiatophoresuc, close alongside of the vasdeferens {vd), to which it is closely bonud down ; it enters the spermatophore-sac (ss) near its posterior end, at an acute angle. T-^ S. [160] ■ [161] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. 5. The sperinatophore sac (««) is a long, capacious, pyriform, or .some- what fusiform, thin- walled sac, pointed at its posterior end j its anterior end is directly continuous with the long efferent duct {p), which is often rather wide at its origin but tapers to a narrow anterior end. The ter- minal orifice is slightly bilabiate. These organs receive blood through a special artery (fig. 2, po) which arises from the posterior aorta just back of the heart. After reaching the genital organ it divides into several branches; one going forward along the side of the efferent duct; one to the prostate glands and vesiculiB-seminales; one to the vas-deferens and adjacent parts. Specimens taken in May, in the breeding season, have the efferent duct and the spermatophore-sac crowded with the spermatophores. In the spermatophore-sac, wh.. a is then mucli distended by them, they lie closely packed in a longitudinal position with their larger ends pointing somewhat outward .toward the surface, and can be plainly seen through the transparent walls of the sac. The spermatophores are slender, club-shaped, with tlie larger end rounded, tapering gradually to the smaller end, which is usually a little expanded at the tip and has a very small filament. They vary (in al- cohol) from 8 to lO™"" in length and 4 to 6""" In the greatest diameter. They contain a coiled rope of spermatozoa in the larger end and a com- plicated apparatus for automatically ejecting this rope in the smaller portion. The "testicle" or spermary {t) is a compact, pale yellow, long, flat- tened organ, extending from the stomach (s) nearly to the end of the pen, in the posterior concavity of which it lies; a band of fibrous tissue, continuous with its sheath, extends from its posterior end into the hol- low tip of the pen, to which it is attached. An arterial vessel, the sper- matic artery (PI. XL, fig. 2, go), which arises directly from the anterior edge of the heart, runs along the median dorsal line of the spermary and sends off' numerous branches to the right and left (fig. 2, t). Thia artery is accompanied by a spermatic vein («r), closely united to it. r.^ H'i- If III n is Loligo brevis Bluinville. Loligo brevia Blainv., Journ. de Pliys., March, 18i23 (t. D'Orb.); Diet. desSci. nat., vol. xxvii, p. 145, 1823. D'Orbigny, Ci'^plial. Acdy, silvery bright blue upies most ise. Lower )wn. Eyes the arms, idth across long, from dy, 25'°'" (1 Q is a male. ive a group iddleofthe equal size, ■s along the than on the le presence •sal arms of hen living, cefuluessof nalogous to the motion of the wings of a butterfly. Tliis fact, and its bright colors, suggested the English name that I have applied to it. Three specimens, two very young, were taken by the writer and party, of tlie United States Fish Commission, in the trawl net, 30 miles east from Capo Ann, Mass., in 110 fathoms, August, 1878. Two largo specimens were taken by us oft" Cape Cod in 94 and 122 fathoms, with tlie bottom tem]>erature 1 L° F>, Angust and September, 1879. lleceutly we have taken it in deeper water (182-388 fathoms) about 100 miles soutli of Martha's Vineyard. It was, in each case, associated with Octopus Bairdii and Eossia suhlcvis. LocaUty. Fatb. When ooUcc- tod. Received from— Specimens, numl>or and sex. 104 301) • Oulf of Maine Off Cape Cod do 110 122 04 312 388 302 2U6 182 Aug. 31, 1878 Aug. 21, 1870 Sopl 10,1879 Aug. 9, 1881 Aug. 24, 1881 Sept. 8, 1881 do United States Fish Commission do 3 J. 342 do 047 Off Martha's Vineyard do do \\.r'- 052 do 008 do do 3J. 009 do do 1020 do ....do do ROSSIA Owen. ' ' Romu Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc, Loudon, IS^S (t. '^Jray). Owen, in J. Ross, Second Arctic Voyage, Appendix, p. xcii, pi. 100, 1835. D'Orbigny, C6phal. Ac6tab., p. 242. Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus. , i, p. 88, 1849. Mantle edge free from the head, dorsally, with a small median angle; it adheres to the head by a longitudinal connective cartilage having three ridges, fitting into three grooves, which form an ovate or horse- shoe-shaped cartilage on the back of the head; two elongated, simple, cartilaginous ridges, one on each side, also fit into ovate pits on the hase of the siphon. A free eyelid is developed beneath the eye. Pupils indented above. An aquiferous ]»ore, on each side, between the third and fourth pairs of arms. No olfactorj' crests. Tentacular arms more or less retractile into cavities below the eyes; club well-developed, usu- ally with numerous, nearly equal, minute suckers, in about eight rowsj rims not toothed; borders scaled. The males differ from the females in having larger suckers on the mid- dle of .the lateral arms; both dorsal arms are slightly hectocotylized. RoBsia Hyattl Verrill. — (Hyatt's bob-tailed squid.) Verrill, Auier. Journ. Sci., vol. xvi, p. 208, 1878. Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 160, 1879. (Description compiled from preceding.) . Verrill, Anier. Jour. Sci., xix, p. 291, pi. 15, figs. 1 and 2, .4.pril, 1880; Trans. €onn.Acad.,v., p.351,pl.27, tigs. 8, 9; pi. 30, fig. 1; pi. 31, figs. 1,2; pi. 40, fig. 5, 1881, Plate XXXV, figures 2, 5, 6. Plate XXXVI, figures 3-6. PI ate. XXXVII, figure 1. Body subcylindrical, usually broader posteriorly ; in preserved speci- mens variable in form according to contraction. Dorsal surface cov- ^'J ft REPORT or COMMISSIONKR OF I'lHH AND KlSlII'UirS. [108] ered with Hinull, conical, scattered, whitish papiUu", which are also found on the upper and lateral surfaces of the head and the bases of the arms; those around Mm eyes largest; one on the mantle, in the median line, near the t^ont edge, is often elongated. Front border of mantle sinu ous, slightly advancing in the middle, above. Fins moderately large, nearly semicircular, attached from the posterior end for about four-fifths the whole length, the front end having a small, rounded, free lobe. The distance from the posterior junction of the tins to the end of the body is less than that from the anterior Junction to the edge of the mantle, the center of the fin being at about the middle of the body. Siphon elon- gated, conical, with a small opening. Head depressed, more than half the length of the body. Eyes large, the lower eyelid prominent, but not much thickened. Sessile arms short, united at their bases by a short web, which is absent between the ventr.il arms; the dorsals are short- est; the third pair the longest Oipd largest; the second pair and ventrals about equal in length. Suckers (PI. XXXVI, fig. 5, a), numerous, sub- globular, not very small, the margin bordered with several rows of minute scales; near the base of the arms they are biserial, there being usually four to six thus arranged in each row; then, along the rest of the length of the arms, they become more crowded and form about four rows, those in the two middle rows alternating with those in the mar- ginal rows ; toward the ti[) they become very small and crowded, espe- cially on the dorsal and ventral arms. The number of suckers varies with age, but on one of the original specimens they were as follows: on eacli dorsal arm, sixty; on one of the second pair, fifty-five; of third pair, fifty -three; of ventral, sixty-five. In this specimen (9), the third arm of the right side and the ventral arm of the left side were abruptly terminated (accidentally), while the otherf were tapered to acute points. The tentacular arms, in preserved specimens, will extend back to the posterior end of the body; the naked portion is smooth, somewhat triquetral, with the outer side convex and the angles rounded; terminal portion widening, rather abruptly, long ovate-lanceolate, curved and gradually tapered to the tip; the sucker- bearing portion is bordered by a wide membrane on the upper, and a njirrow one on the lower margin; the suckers (Plate XXXVI, fig. 5, ft, c) are very small, sub-globular, crowded in about eight to ten rows in the widest portion. The males (PI. XXXVI, fig. 6) differ from the females in the relatively greater size of the suckers on the middle of the lateral and ventral arms, those toward the tips becoming abruptly smaller, while in the female they decrease more gradually. Color, pinkish, thickly spotted with purplish brown above, paler and more sparsely spotted beneath and on the outside of the long arms; the inner surfaces of the arms and front edge of the mantle are pale. Length, of a medium-sized specimen, from bases of the arms to the posterior end of the body, 40'»'"; of body, 25; of head, 15; breadth of body, 17; of head, 17; length of fins, 15; of insertion, 11; breadth of a 0 « j ♦- !C 30, SI Off s 33 OffC 42-46 OffC mil 48 OffC; mU fW6 Off 1 mil Oulf, »i 130 OffCi 156 OffGl mU( 103 OffCi 164 OffCi 181 OffGl m OffGl mil« 211 OffCa 214 OffCa 217 OffCa 218 d [108] I [1G9] CKIMEALOI'ODS OF NOKTHKASTKUN COAST or AMKUICA. 0 found 10 artriH; ian line, tie Hinii ly large, lur-flfths be. The a body is ntle, the ion elon- ban balf iient, but »y a short ire short- 1 veutrals •ous, sub- I rows of ere being he rest of bout four I the mar led, espe- ers varies )llows: on ; of tliird the third abruptly ite points. Ewjk to the somewhat terminal irved and rdered by r margin; ► globular, relatively itral arms, he female paler and arms; the ale. ms to the )readth of )readth of ;i flu, S; front of fin to edge of mantlo, 5; longtii of tlu^ froo portion of the (lonsal iiruiH, 12.r>; of soeond pair, 15; of third pair, 18; of ventrals, i;5, of tontaiMilar arms, 40; breadth of dorsal arms, at base, 3.5; of st'cond pair, ;>.5; of third pair, 4; of ventrals, .{.5; of tentacular arms, at base, 2; at expanded portion, 3.5; length of latter, 10.5; diameter of largest sucliers of sessile arms, 0.0; length of free portion of siphon, TIlis species has been taken in numerous localities, by the dredging parties of tlie U. S. Fish Commission, in 1877, 1878, and 1879, off Cape Cod; in Mass. Bay, 40-50 fathoms; off Cape Ann, in the Gulf of Maine, 50-100 fathoms; off Cape Sable, N. S., 88-92 fathoms; off Halifax, N. S., 57-100 fathoms, on a line, compact, sand and mud bottom. It occurs in 40-100 fathoms. It has also been received through the Gloucester lialibut fishermen, from the Banks, off Nova ScotJ'i and Newfoundland. One specimen (lot 241), presented by Capt. Chris. Olsen and crew, of the schooner " William Thompson," was taken in 60 fathor.s, N. lat. 44° 20', W. long. 59°. Another (lot 372), which was presented by Capt. C. D. Murphy sind crew, of the schooner "Alice M. Williams," was taken in 7 fathoms, off Miquelon Island. The relatively large eggs (PI. XXXV, fig. 5) are laid in August and September, in small clusters, slightly attached together, in the large oscules or cavities of several species of sponges. It is frequently associated with Octopus Bairdii V, and the following .species. This species has a strong general resemblance to B. glaucopia Lovdn, as figured in the admirable work of G. O. Sars, but the latter has shorter lateral arms, and the suckers of the sessile arms are in two rows, while they are four-rowed in our species. Bosria Hyatti. — ^ idmena examined. Locality. 30,;ii Off Salem, Mm8 33 Off Cape Ann, 13 miles . . K-4i Off Cape iable, K. S,, 30 miles. 48 i Off C:;i,'» Sable, N. S., 20 miles. 6W6 Off Halifax, K. S., 26 miles. Ov\f of Maine and Mat- tachusetu Bay. 130 Off Cape Ann, 14 miles. . 156 Off Gloucester, Mass., 8 miles. 1C3 Off Cape Ann, 6J mHes. . 1154 Off Cape Ann, 7 miles. .. ISl Off Gloucester, Mass . . . . IM Off Gloucester, Mass., 5 miles. 211 OffCape Ann, emiles... ^14 Off Cape Ann, 7 miles . . . 217 Off Cape Ann, 6 miles . . . 218 do Fatb. 48 90 8ft-90 59 101 40 4'i 73 75 45 45 60 57 45 45 Bottom. Mud ...do Sandy mud Rocky Fine sand. . Mud Saudy mud Fine sand.. do Mud ...do Soft mud... Fine muddy sand Soft mud... ....do When coUected. 1871 Aug. Aug. Aug. . 13 14 21 Aug. 21 Sept. 6 1878 July Aug. 23 15 Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. 16 16 29 29 Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. 17 17 18 18 Received from- U. S. Fish Com. do ..do do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Specimens, number and sex. 3j. Irf: 1 9; Ij. ?- 21. 9- 34. 2 J. Ic^: 2j. 9. ;, „, u. ». 11. cf. 11. 9:lj. ; 1; ■J' J. lil REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [170] Jlossia IJijatti — Coutimit'd. • i to 223 234 238 264 270 324 304 372 Lot. 241 372 39 Gl. Locality. Fath. Qulf of Maine and Ma*- sachunetta Hay — Con-i tiuued. South of Cape Anu, 7 milca. Off Glouceater, Mass. , 5 J miles. Off.Gloucostor ^lass., 4i miles. Off Cape Cod, 15 miles.. Off Capo Cod, 7i miles.. Off Cape Cod, 11 miles.. Off Cape Cod, 15 miles.. Off Chatham, Mass., 21 miles. Glouceater fisheriet. North latitude 44° 20', west loupiiiide .TOo. Off Miquolon Island .... Off Gloucester, in cod . 47 43 43 80 47 45 70 70 60 7 Bottom. When : collected. Soft mud . — do ...do 187S. Sept. 24 Sept. 24 Sept. 20 1879. Blue mud JuI.V -9 do I Aug. 1 Fine Baud Sept. 1 do ! Sept. 18 ...do I Sept 19 Dec, '78 July, '79 Received from — U.S. Fish Cera.. .. do ...do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do .do. .do. .do. Specimens, number and sex. 19- 2j. 1 1. o". n. 9- 11. d-. 11. 9:3j. ?. Id". H: Rossla suble'via Verrill. — (Smooth bob-tailed squid.) Itossla aublevia Verrill, Amor. Jour. Sci., vol. xvi, p. 20i), 1878. Tryon, Man. Conch. , i, p. itiO, 1879. (Description compiled from preceding. ) Verrill, Amer Jouru. Sci.,xix, p. 291, pi. 15, fig. 3, Apr. , 1880; Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., viii.p, 104, pi. 3, figs. 2-4 ; pi. 7, fig. 4, 1881; Trans. Conn. Acad., V, p. 354, pi. 30, fig. 2; pi. 31, fig. 3 ; pi. 46, fig. 4 ; pi. 47, figs. 2-4, 1881. Plate XXXIV, figures 2-G. Plate XXXVII, figure 2. Larger aud relatives ' stouter tbaii Bossia hyattij with the fius larger and placed farther forward, the front edge of the large, free lobe reach- ing nearly to the edge of the mantle. Head large aud broad ; eyes large. Sessile arms more slender and less unequal in size than in the preced- ing, and with the suckers in two regular rows throughout the whole length, /interior edge of the mantle scarcely sinuous, advancing but little dcisally. Upper surface of the body and head nearly smootJi, but in the Urger si^ecimens, especially in the males, usually with a few very suiall whitish papilhe, most numerous near the front edge of the mantle, (jc lor, nearly as in the preceding species. The male ditlers from the ^.emale in having larger suckers on the lateral arms of both pairs (Plfie XXXIV, fig. (»), and to a less extent on the ventral arms. The large suckers are oblong, with a groove or constriction around the middle, the part below the groove larger than that above it; the aperture is small, ovate, with a smooth rim ; their pedicels are short aud laterally attached. In the female the corresponding suckers are not only smaller, but are differently shaped, the basal portion being smaller than the up])er portion. The suckers of the tentacular arms are very numerous, minute, shallow, cup-shaped, with obli([ue rims and slender pedicels; they are nearly equal and appear to forhi 8 to 12 rows. i [170] cimcna, ber irnil sex. (receding.) letiu Mua. IU8. Couu. 8.2-4,1881. [171] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTIIKASTKRN COA.ST OF AMERICA. * Young specimens, with the mantle less than 12""" in length, can scarcely be distinguished sexually, by external characters. Such speci- mr lis are not easily distinguished from the young of Kosnia JFtfatil, of siinil-ii' size. One of the original specimens ( 9 ) measured, from the base of the arms to the end of the body, 4G"""; length of body, 31; of head, 15 ; breadth of body, 22; of head, 23; length of fins, 20; of their insertion, IG; breadth of fins, 10; iront edge of fin to edge of mantle, 2.5 ; length of free portion of dorsal arms, 10; of second pair, 17; of third pair, 20; of ventrals, 15; of tentacular arms, 25; breadth of dorsal arms at base, 3; of second pair, 3; of third, 3.5; of ventrals, 3.5; of tentacular arms, 3.5; 'of the terminal portion, 3.75; its length, 10; diameter of largest suckers of sessile arms, .8; length of free portion of siplv.u, 7'""'. The pen is but little developed, small and thin, much shorter than the mantle. The shaft is narrow; the blade increases in breadth rather abruptly, and is somewhat shorter than the shaft ; its posterior portion is very thin, with the edge ill-defined. One of the siiecimens (No. 16), taken by Mr. Agassiz in 257 fathoms, is a young female differing somewhat from the others in having the arms shorter, with the suckers more crowded, so that they apparently form more than two rows. Possibly this should be referred to R. Hyatti Verrill. Its back is smooth. All three specimens from this same region differ somewhat from those taken farther north, in shallower waiter, in having larger eyes and shorter and stouter arms. This has been tiken by the dredging parties of the U. S. Fish Com- mission, in the trawl-net, ".t various localities, in 1877, 1878, and 18V9, in 45 to 110 fathoms, off Massachusetts Bay, in Massachusettf. Bay, off Cape Cod, off Cape Sable, N. S., and off Halifax. Ic has been brought in by the fishermen of Gloucester, Mass., from the banks off Nova Sco- tia and Newfoundland. was also trawled in some numbers, and of both sexes, by the U. S. Fish Commission, on the "Fish Ilawk/' in 1880, off Newport, E. I,, in 155 to 305 fathoms; and in November. 1880, by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, on the " Fish I\awk," oft' the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, in 157 fathoms ; and by Mr. Agassiz, on the " Blake," in 233-200 fathoms, and as far south as lat. 32° 33' 15". It has also been dredgod, in 1881, by the U. S. Pish Commission, at several stations, about 100 miles southward of Martha's Vineyard, in 100-458 fathoms (fifty -two speci- mens). The eggs, which are like those of It. Hyatti, were taken at 895, 897, 939, 1033. This species very closely resembles the liossia (jlaucopix Lov(m:. of Northern Europe, as figured by G. O. Sars. Tlie latter is, however, more papillo&e, and has smaller eyes and head, if correctly figured, Some of the specimens taken this year resemble War's figure more than any of those previously observed, it is possiblcj therefore, fhat a larger ijcries of European specimens would show that they are of the sa uo species. ll I REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [172] Measurements of Rossia Hyatti and E. suilevis, in millimeters. Length from base of anns Length of body Length of head Broa.SE. 1 E. 108i in. from Gay Head. SSE. i E. 109J m. ftom Gay Zlead. SSE. h E. 107 ni. from Gay Head. SSE. i E. 106 m. from Gay Head. OS" Delaware Bay Fath. 160 224 258 153 202 241 312 210 388 335 216 182 410 458 208 183 312 Bottom. Mud. When col- lected. Received from — 1881. July 16 I U. S. F. C. do Ang. 4 do Aug. 9 I do . . Aug. 9 do . . Specimen" ..um- ber aiiu sex. Aug. 9 Aug. 9 Aug. 23 Aug. 23 Sept. 8 Sept. 8 Sept. 8 Sept. 14 Sept. 14 Sept. 14 Sept. 14 Oct. 10 ...do..-. . . do ...do.. ...do ! 2 9 .; 1 ( edge of the mantle, and their posterior iufciertion close to the end of the body; the free borders of the fins are thin and undulated, extendmg forward anteriorly beyond the edge of the mantle, while the length, from base to outer edge, is about equal to the breadth of the back between the bases of the fins. Head very large and broad, the width exceeding ^ hat of the body. Eyes very large and prominent ; lower eyelids well developed but not much thickened. Tentacles remarkably long and slender, in extension about twice as long as the head and body together. The tentacular club is somewhat thicker than the rest of the arm, rather long, narrow, tapering to the tip. and covered vith numerous minute, nearly globular, slender pedicelled suckers, arranged in many rows. (Plate XXXV, tig. Sessile arms of moderate length ; rounded, very slender at tip ; the ist, 2d, and 3c' pf-irs are successively longer, while the ventral pair i.s about equal to the 1st. Suckers rather small, ner rly globular, ar- ranged in two rows on all the arms (fig. 4, a). The sr jkcrs are all sim- ilar, but are a littb larger on the od pair of arms. The margin is sur- ll 'fjitil h REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [174] rounded by small stiales, in many rows; the marginal scales are larger, forming a circle of denticles. Color purplish brown with rather large chocolate-brown chromato- phores; outer portion of fins paie^ thin and translucent; edge of mantle, siphon, under side of head and arras, and greater part of tentacular arms whitish, with only minute chromatophores. Mea»urementa of liogsia megaptrra. Ijenftth, end of body to doraal edge of mantle, exclusive ofmembnute. Xrcngth, end of body to ventral o 4.08 3.75 7. 45 2.50 .85 I.JO 1.40 1.08 .85 .75 ,06 .01 .16 .95 Southern coast of Kewfoundlaud, in 150 fathoms, Capt. K. Markuson and crew, schooner ''^Notice," June, 1880. This species is remarkable for the great size of the fins and eyes, and for the length of the tentacular arms. It appears to be a species specially adapted for inhabiting greater depths than the species hitherto discov- ered. It has the same soft, Habby integument observed in Octopus lentus and Stauroteuihis syrtcnsisy found at similar depths. But the looseness of the skin may be due in part to Hie condition of the spet;imeu when preserved. The tentacular suckers are unusually small. HETEROTi:UTHIS Uray (revised.) net^oteuihin (sub-gt^nas) viiay, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mns., i, p. 90, 1849. Verrill, TrauB. Conn. Aoad., v, p, ■X:7. Jnuo, 18(31. The body is short, thitik, rounded josteriorly. Fins large and lateral. Head and eyes large. The anterior border of the inantle-edge is free, dorsally. Pen shorter than the mantle, narrow anteriorly; posterior blade small, slightly e\i>anded laterally. Club of the tentacular arm.s well developed, with numerous suckers, in many rows, those in the npper niargiuiu rows decidedly larger than tlie rest; the odge of the aperture is denticulat- -I by small acute scales. Middle suckers of the hiteral and ventral arni.s distinctly larger in the female; in the male, abrupf ly verv much larger than the others, lu Hie male, the left dorsal ,mu is hecto- colylized hy haviag much smaller and more nutuerous suckers, arrangt^tl in four rows, and by the development of a marginal membrane. [174] larger, •oinato- aiantlc, tacnlar B- Incbea. 32 H 57 g« 1.25 .95 2.25 3.40 95 1 3.75 oa 1 4.08 95 3.75 88 7.45 6K 2.50 22 .85 28 1.10 36 1.40 27 1,08 22 .85 Ift .75 50 .06 25 .01 4 .16 24 .9:1 larkiison ayes, and 8i)ecialiy o discov- ooaeiiess \eii when d lateral. e is free, losterior dar arms Aw, upper aperture teral aiul pily very is hecto- arranjj;«^(l [175] CEPHAL0P0D8 OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. Heteroteuthia teftiera Verrill. Amer. Jonm. Sci,, xx, p. ."392, Novemboi , 1880 ; Proc. Nat. Mtis., iii, p. 36(), 1880 ; Bulletin Muh. Comp. ZooL, xiii, p. 103, pi. 3, figs 5-M»; pi. 7, figs. '2-2d, 3-3ft, 1881 ; TrauB. Conn. Acad.,v, p. :V^7, pi. 46, figs. 2-2d, 1-36 ; pi. 47, figs. 5-56, 1881. PlrttrtXXXIlI. Plate XXXIV, tijrarc 1. A small and delicate species', very soft, translucent, and delicately oolored when living. Body short, cylindrical, scarcely twice as long as broad, posteriorly u.sually round, but in strongly- contracted, preserved .npccimens, often uarrovcd and even obtusely pointed; front edge of mantle sometimes with a dorsal angle extending somewhat forward over the neck, but usually cmarginate in alcoholic specimens. Fins very large, thin, longer than broad, the outer edge broadly rounded, the anterior edge extend- ing ibnvard quite as far a& the edge of the mantle, and consideraldy be- yond the insertion of tiie fln, which is itself well forward. The length of the fin is about two-thirds that of the body ; the base or insertion of the fin equals about one-half the body-length ; the breadth of the fin is greater than one-half tlie breadth of the body. Head large, rounded, with large and prominent eyes; lower eyelids free, slightly thickened; impils indented above. Arms rather small, unequal, the dorsal ones con- siderably shorter and smaller than the others, the second pair longest. In the male, the left dorsal arm is greatly modified, and very difierent from its mate; lateral and ventral arms are subequal. In both sexes, and oven in the young, tlie suckers alon.j^ tlit middle of the four lateral and two ventral arms are distinctly larger than the rest, but in the larger males this disparity becomes very remarkable, the middle snckers (Plate XXXIll, figs. 1, 1ft, '!/», 3) becoming greatly enlarged and swollen, so that eight to ten of tlie largest are often six or eight times as broad as the proximal and distal ones; they are deei), laterally attached, with a raised band round the middle, and h very small round aperture, fur Dished with a swootb rim. lii the female (Plate XXXIV, dg. 1) the cor- responding suckers^ on the lateral arms, are about twice as broad as the rest. The suckers are in two regular rows, on the lateral smd ventral arras, in both sexes, ex< ept at the tip, where they form four rows. In tlie n'ale. the left dorsal arm becomes thickened, and larger from front '" >..tck,and is usually curled backward (Plate XXXIIIj ligs. 1-3); its suckers become smaller -:ud iimcU more numerous than on the right arm, being arranged in four erowded rows, except near the base where there are but two; the auckcr-stalks also become stout and cylindrical, or tapered, their diameter equaling that of the packers. The right {inn remains normal, with two alternating rows of suckers, regularly de- creasing to the tii>, as in i)oth the dorsal arms of tJie female Tentacular avm& long, slentl^r, exteHsiblo ; club diatinct!.\ -enlarged, li.sually curled in jn-eserved examples. Tl»e suckers on the chib are nu- aierous, unequal, arratiged in abon.t eiylit ck)w rows; those forming the iwo or thiee rows next cte' u[)per margin are much larger than the rest. 'H w REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [176] being three or four tiraes as broad, and have rows of small scale-like denticles around the rims. (Plate XXXIII, figs. 2a, 3fl, 36.) Pen small and very thin, soft, ant' delicate. It is angularly pointed or pen-shaped anteriorly, the shaft n.rrowing backward; a thin lanceolate expansion, or margin, extends along nearly the posterior half (fig. 26). Upper jaw with a sharp, strongly incurved beak, without a notch at its base. Lower jaw with tJic tip of the beak strongly incurved, and with a broad, but i)romiueut, rounded lobe on the middle of its cutting edges (fig. 2, a, 6). Odontophore with simple, acute-triangular median teeth; inner later- als sunple, nearly of the same size and shape as the median, except at base; outer laterals much longer, strongly curved forward (fig. 2c, 2d). Color, in life, pale and translucent, with scattered rosy chromatopho- res. In the alcoholic specin^ens, the general color of body, head, and arms is reddish, thickly spotted with rather large chromatophores, which also exist on the inner surface of the arms between the suckers, and to some extent on the tentacular arms and bases of the fins ; outer part of fins translucent wliite ; anterior edge of mantle with a white border. Length of body 25 to 30 millimetiers. Twenty-seven specimens of this species were obtained, by Mr. A, Agassiz, on the " Blake,'' in 1880, from six stations, ranging in depth from 71 to 233 fathoms. It was taken, later in the season, in great abundance, by the U. S. Fish Commission, off Newport, R. I., in 05 to 252 fathoms ; and off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, in November, by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, on the " Fish Hawk," in 18 to 57 fathoms. In 1881 it has also been dredged, at several stations, off Martha's Vineyard, in 45 to 182 fathoms. It is easily distinguished from the species of Eossia by the large size of the suckers along the middle of the lateral arms; by the inequality of the suckers on the tentacular clubs; and by the peculiar hectocoty lized condition of the left dorsal arm of the male. The existence of largo chromatophores on the inner surfaces of the arms, between the suckers, is also a good diagnostic mark, by which to distinguish it from all our species of Bossia, which have the corresponding parts whitish, or with few and very small chromatophores. The eggs of this species, containing, in several instances, embryos so far developed as to permit accurate identification, have been taken in August and September, by the U. S. Fish Commission, at many of the stations where the adults were obtained- They were especially nii mevous at stations 805-807, 872-871, in 1880 ; and at stations i)22, Old. 049, in 1881. These eggs are attached to the surface of ascidians, worm tubes, skate's eggs, dead shells, etc., singly, but placed side l>y side, ^n smaller or larger groups. They are about 3""" in diameter, pearly white, and nearly round, but are slightly flattened where attached, and have u small, conical eminence, on the uj)per side. [177] CKPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. ' • Heteroteuthis tcnera. — Specimens examined. o 17,18 19 20 21 22 23 3 03 865 866 867 860 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 809 900 901 313 314 316 321 327 345 018 919 9M 921 922 940 944 949 950 1028 1027 1038 1043 Locnlity. United States Pigh OommisHon. Of Martha'* Vineyard. North North Nortli North North North North North North North North Nortli North North North latitmle 40° 03', latitude 40° 05' latitmle 40° 05' latituilo 40" 02' latitude 40"^ 02' Ifttitiide 40° 02' lUtituUe 40° 05' west loncitude 70° 23' 18 ", w«'«t lon^'itnde 70° 22' 18" 42", west longitude 70° 22' 06", 18", west louRitudo 70° 23' 06". a'i", west longitude 70» 22' 38" , 54", westlongltnd.' 70° 23" 40" , 30", we8tlonBitude70O23' 52". Off Xewj/ort, R. I. latitude 40° 02'. west longitude 70° 57' latitude 40° 00', we.st lon]Ritude70° 57' latitude 39° 57', west lonKrtnde 70° 57' 30". latitudfc 39° 57', west longitude 70° 55' latitude 33° ,5ti', west lonuitudo 70° 54' 18". latitude 30" 5,")'. went longitude 70° 54' 15". latitude 31)° 49' 30", weHt lonnitnde 70° 54'. latitude 30° 48' 30', west longitude 70° 54'. Off Chesapeake Bay. North latitude 37" 22'. west lougitude 74'= 29' .57J North lat-'ulo 37° 10', west louptude 74° 41' 31 North latitude 37° 10', west longitude 75° 08' 18 65 65 64 192 155 115 86 100 85 126 120 120 142i 225 252 Blake Expedition, U. S. Const Survey. OtrCh.irle.stou, S. C 75 North latitudf 32° 24', west loucilude 78° 44' 142 North latitud.' 32= 7', west huigitude 7.8° 37' 30" .... 2-^0 North latitude 3'^° 43' 25' . west longitude 77° 20' 30". i 233 North latitude 34° 00' 30", w(iKt lou ni. from Gay Herd SSW. i W. 93J ui. from Gay Head.... SSE.} E. lOoim. from Gay Head North latitude 39° 59', west longitude 70° 00' . Off Delaware Bay *. 45 .51J 61 65 69 130 124 100 69 182 03 146 130 i > 4> s a « .a ^ 1880 Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. 1880 Sept. 13 Sept.. 13 Specimens, nam- Iter and sex. 3(^: 7 9: eggs. 3 cf ; 6 $ : eggs. 4d': 10 2:eggo. 20 + rf & 9 15 d- : 17 9 18rf: 119 :32jUT. 1 cf : 2 9 : eggs. Sd": 1 9--eBK8- Wcf: 6 9; eggs. Sept. 13 I 1 c? Sept. 13 ' 8 d" : 6 vSept. 13 ! 6 d" : 4 I Sept. 13 ' 1 d : 1 ! Sept. 13 6 Sept. 13 2d' Nov. 10,3^:29 Nov. 10 I Ijuv. Nov. 16 ; 2) d : 3 9 I 1880 I 18K0 1880 I 1880 1880 { 1880 lysi. July 16 July 16 July 16 July 16 July 18 I Aug. 4 I Aug. 9 : Aug. 23 Aug. 23 Sept. 8 Sept. 14 Sept. 21 Oct. 10 TJ- 5 9 2 r? : 19 1 9 J"^- 5 9 Id: 3 9 2 9 .jnv. Id: 19 4d 3d: 59 ed-: 09 1 9 : eggs. 1 9 : eggs. Id": 1$ 1 : eggH. Id- Irf Sd: Id 3 9 ^ it Order II. — Octopoda Leach. Cephalopoda octopi la Leach, Zool. Mi.scel., iii, 1817 (t. Gray). F,1rii,s,snc', Tab. Syst., p. 18, WZl. D'OrbiKuy, Tab. Method., p. 45, 1825; D'Oibig., C<«phal. Ac6tab., p. 1. (Mocera Blaiiiv., Diet. Sci. Nat., xxxil, 1824. Oclopia Oi-ay, Cat. Moll. lirit. IMus., i, p. 3, I84'J. Arin.s e^^ht, similar, all furnished with sucker.s in one or two rowsj often more or less united by a web; natatory crests wanting. Suckers sessile, not oblique, destitute of horny rings or hoops. No tentacular arms. Head often larger than the body. Body short and thick, obtuso m EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [178] posteriorly, usually destitute of fins. Fins, when present, small, lateral, supported by an internal transverse cartilage. Mantle extensively united to the head by a dorsal commissure. Siphon without an internal valve, united directly to the head. No olfactory crests. Eyes united to the internal lining of the sockets so as to be immovable ; usually furnished with lids. No outer buccal membrane. Aquiferous pores and cavities usually absent ; cephalic pores sometimes present. Internal longitudinal shell or pen absent. An external shell is- present only in the genus Argonauta. In this case it is formed as a secretion from the inner siu*- face of the expanded distal portion of the two dorsal arms of the female only, and serves mainly as a receptacle for the eggs. One of the arms of the third pair, commonly the right, is hectocotylized in the male. Sometimes the entire arm is modified and sometimes the tip only. Family PHILONEXIDiE D'Orbigny. Phi'.onexidoe {pars) D'Oibig., Moll. Viv. ct Fos., i, l'J9, 1845 (t. Gray). Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus. , 1, p. 24, 1849. Body stout, oval, destitute of lateral fins. Branchial opening large. Edge of mantle united to the base of the siphon laterally by a compli- cated, prominent cartilage or button, fitting in a corresponding pit on the inner surface of the mantle. Dorsal commissure narrow. Head with aquiferous pores communicating with large aquiferous cavities. Arms simple, more or less united by webs. Suckers i)rominent. In the male, the hectocotylized arm is developed in a sac, the entire arm being modified, and usually, when perfected, it becomes detached from the body. Probably this arm is lost and regenerated each year. PARASIRA Steenstrup. Paraaira Steenstrup, Vidensk. Meddel. naturh. Forening, Kjobcnhavn, 1860, p. 333. Keflferstein, in Bronn, Thier-Reich, iii, p. 1449, 1866. Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 104. Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 361. Body short, thick, pouch-like, usually ornamented with raised ridges. Mantle united directly to the head dorsally; 'connected laterally to the base of the siphon by a deep pit and a raised, cartilaginous tubercle on each side, which fits a corresponding cartilaginous tubercle and pit, near the base of the siphon (something as a button fits into a button-hole), so that it can be separated only by using considerable force. Arms long, slender ; web rudimentary. Suckers prominent, in two alternating rows. Gill-opening wide. Siphon large, intimately united to the head except at its free extremity, which is situated far forward, between the ventral arras. A large aquiferous pore, each side of the siphon, at the bases of | the ventral arms. Sexes are widely different. The hectocotylized, third right arm of the | male is developed in a pedunculated sac. i [178] iteral, united valve, to the rnished javities tudinal e genus ner sur- i female lie arms le male. ly. ing large, a compli pit on the lead with es. Arms , the entire ; detached ich year. ahavn, I860, n. ised ridges, rally to the tubercle on ad pit, near iitton-hole), Arms long, lating rows, icad except the ventral I :he bases of I It arm of the I [179] CErHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. Fvaaira catenulata Steenitrup. Octopus tuberculatus Ri88o(f ), Hist. nat. del'Eur. mdrid., iv, p. 3,1826 (t.d'Orbig.). Octopus catenulatus Fdrussac, Poulpes, pi. 6, bis, ter., 1828 (t. D'Orbig.). Philonexis tuberculatus F^r. and D'Orbig., C6ph. Ac6tab., p. 87, pi. 6, bis, ter. Parasira catenulata Steenstrup, Vidensk. Meddel. naturh. Forening, KJoben- havn, 1860, p. 333. Verrill, Aroer. Joiiru. Sci., xix, p. 293, Apr., 1880; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 362, pi. 33, figs. 2, 2a, 1881. Plate XL, figures 2, 2a. Female: Body relatively large, swollen, rather higher than broad, dilated below, larger iu front, obtusely rounded posteriorly; upper sur- face smooth or finely wrinkled ; lower surface covered with prominent, rounded verrucfe, or small hard tubercles, which are connected together by raised ridges, five (sometimes six) of which usually run to each tubercle, thus circumscribing angular depressed areas, each of which usually has a dark-colored spot in the center ; on the sides these tuber- cles are less prominent and less regular, gradually fading out above. The head is decidedly smaller than the body, and smooth both above and below. The eyes are prominent, but the external opening is small, round, with simple border. The gill-opening is large, and extends up- ward on the sides of the neck to the level of the ui)per side of the eye- balls. The siphon-tube is completely united by its basal portion to the lower side of the head; its free portion is large and elongated, starting from well forward, between the bases of the ventral arms. There is a con- spicuous aquiferous pore, at each side of the base of the siphon, just back of the ventral arms. The arms are stout, not very long ; the inner sur- face is broad, with two rows of rather widely separated suckers, which run along the margins of he arms; the suckers are rather large, and considerably raised, on stout bases; the first suckers form a regular circle around the mouth ; two or three basal suckers are nearly in a single row. The suckers are cup-shaped, with a deep central pit, around which there are strong radial ridges; toward the base of the arms the soft, swollen rims of the suckers are wrinkled and lobulated ; farther out they are smooth and even. The beak is black, with sharp tips. It is surrounded by a thick, wrinkled buccal membrane. The arms are slightly united at base by a narrow web, which also runs along each of the outer angles of the six upper arms, forming more or less wide marginal membranes, according to the state of contraction, and by their contractions causing the arms to curl in various directions ; one of these membranes frequently disappears, the other being so stretched as to become wide, when the arm is strongly recurved ; on the ventral arms the upper membrane becomes strongly developed, while tlie lower one is abortive. There is also a slight marginal membrane along the inner margins, running between the suckers and connecting them together. The dorsal and ventral arms are considerably larger and longer than the two lateral pairs, the dorsal ones are the stoutest. The j two lateral pairs are about equal in size and length. On the dorsal i arms there arc about 96 suckers; on the lateral ones about 80 that can : V w REl'OUT OF COMMISSlDNKIi Or FISH AND FISHEKIKS, [180] be couiitt'd with the iiakcul eye. The tips are very Blender and covered with very minute suckers. Color of body and head above, and of ui)[)er arms, deep brownish purple; lower surfaces of body and head with siphon and ventral arms, pale yellowish. A fine specimen of this interestin}^ species was taken in Vineyard Sound, Mass., by Mr. V. N. Edwards, in 1870. It was not known pre- viously from the American coast, and has been regarded as peculiar to the Mciliterranean and West Indies. The total length of this specimen is 203 millimeters; of mantle, 51 millimeters; circumference of body, 152 millimeters; length of dorsal arms, from eye, 137 millimeters; second pair, 94 millimeters; of third pair, 84 millimeters; of fourth pair, 134.5 millimeters. The remarkable tubercles of the ventral surface mostly have 11 vo ridges converging to each, rarely six. In all other respects it agrees with the figures of F6rus8ac and D'Orbigny. According to Targioni-Tozzetti, P. catenulata is distinct from P. tuberculata. If so, our species should bear the former name. Steenstrup considers Octopus carena Ver., the male. Family ALLOPOSID.E Verrill. Traus. Coiiu. Acad., v, i>. 365, 1881. • Body thick, obtusely rounded ; arms extensively webbed ; mantle united directly to the head, not only by a large dorsal commissure, but also by a median- ventral and two lateral longitudinal commissures, which run from its inner surface to the basal parts of the siphon. The male hectocotylized right arm of the third i)air is developed in a cavity in front of the right eye, and when mature, protrudes from an opening on the inner surface of the web, between the second and fourth pairs of arms, and finally becomes detached. It is furnished with two rows of large suckers, and with a fringe along the sides. The mode of attach- ment of the mantle to the head is similar to that of Desmoteuthis, among the ten-armed cephalopods. ALLOPOSUS Verrill. AUoposus Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci.,xx,p. 393, Nov., 1880; Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 362, Dec, 1880 ; Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., viii, p. 112, March, 1881 ; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 365. Allied in some respects to Philonexis and Tremoctojms. Body thick and soft, smooth; arms (in the male only seven) united by a web ex- tending nearly to the ends. Suckers sessile, simple, in two rows ; mantle united firmly to the head by a dorsal, ventral, and two lateral muscular commissures, the former placed in the median line, at the base of the siphon ; free end of the siphon short, well forward. In the male, the hectocotylized right arm of the third pair is devel oped in a sac in front of the right eye (Plate XXXIX, figs. 1, la); as found in the sac, it is curled up, and has two rows of suckers ; the ive ridges 3 with the ozzetti, P. lould bear tlie male. 1; mantle )mmis8ure, mmissures, )lion. The in a cavity an opening th pairs of wo rows of of attach- this, among i., iii, p. 362, onn. Acad.jV, Body thick y a web ex- ws; mantle id muscular base of the air is devel- 3.1, la); as ackers; the [181] CKPIIALOI'OIJS OF NORTIFHASTEKX COAHT OF AMERICA. groove along its t'djfc is frinKe 4> ''#'' -.'*' O / ¥ Hiotographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET ^ WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 d T o i |; ii n.'i ^ .1: REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [182] were taken by Mr. Agassiz in 1880, at station 336, north latitude, 38° 2V 50", west longitude, 73° 32', in 197 fathoms. (Plate XLII, flg. 7.) The largest of these arms is 420""° long an«l 30°"" broad. The suckers are large, prominent, subglobular, with a contracted aperture, and have a thin membrane around the outer margin. They form two alter- nating, rather distant it)w«, except near the base, where several that are somewhat smaller than those farther out stand nearly in one row, with wide spaces between them. Diameter of largest suckers, 9 to 11'""' ; distance between their centers, 20 to 35""". Color, dark purple. Taken by the "Fish Hawk," at stations 880, 892, 893, 895, about 100 to 115 miles south of Newport, B. I., in 225 to 487 fathoms, Sept. and Oct., 1880; off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, at station 898, November 10, 1880, in 300 fathoms, by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner; and off Martha's Vineyard, 310-715 fathoms, 1881. AUopoBua mollis. — Specimeng examined. 880 881 802 893 808 SM 987 •38 8S2 •53 MM Locality. Fath. When re- ceived. Off Newport, R. I. y. lat. W. long. 39° 48' 30" 70° 50' 00" Farther sonthward 80O 48* 00" 710 06' 00" 300 62' 20" 70° 68' 00" 9V> stf w 7W> 6V 46" Off Cke>apeak» Bay. 37° 24' 00" 74° 17' 00" Off Delaware Bay. 38° 21' 50" 73032' Off Marlha'i Vineyard. S. by K. t E. 103 m. from Gay Head S. byXi. X B. 100 m. from Gay Head S. IE. 87i m. from Gay Head S. I E. 9l| ni. from Gay Head SSW. i W. 104| m. from Gay Head 262 325 487 872 300 1»7 506 310 888 716 368 Sept 13, 1880 Sept. 13, 1880 Oct. 2, 1880 Oct. 2, 1880 Oct. 2, 1889 Received from. U.S.FiahCom. do do do do Nov. 16,1880, do ,1880 "Blake" expedition Ang. 4,1881 Aug. 4,1881 Aug. 23, 1881 Aug. 23, 1881 Sept. 8,1881 TT.8.Fi8h Com. do do , do ....... . do Specimen!. 2rf: 1 1 a 1 19 11. frag. r Family ABGONAUTID^ Cantr. Cantraine, Mall. M^dit., p. 13, 1841 ; H.&, A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 23. Argonauta argo Linnd. Shells of this species, some of them entire, were taken by the '' Fish Hawk" at several of the stations 70 to 115 miles south of Martha's Vine- yard and Newport, B. I., in 64 to 365 fathoms. At least nine specimens were dredged. At station 894, in 365 fathoms, two entire and nearly firesh shells were taken, and another nearly complete. They belong to the common Mediterranean variety. Fragments were also taken at sta- tions 865-7, 871, 873, 876, 892, 895. The capture of a living specimen, probably of this species, on tlio coast of New Jersey, has been recorded by Bev. Samuel Lockwood, in Amer. Naturalist, xi, p. 243, 1877. [183] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. Family OCTOPODTD^ D'Orbiguy. (ktopodida (j,'rm to the basal web. In some species of Octopus the moent in ditt'erent directions to alter the direction of the motions, and by bending it to the right or left side, backwanl mo- tions in oblique or circular directions were given, but it was often bent du'ectly downward and curved backward, sc hat the jet of water from it served to propel the animal directly forward. This, so far as ob- served, was its only mode of moving forward. The same mode of swim- ming forward has previously been observed in cuttle-fishes {Sepia) and in squids {Loligo). This species was much more active and animated in the night than during the day. It is probably largely nocturnal in its habits, when at liberty. None of the specimens could be induced to take food, and none survived more than four or five. days, ^though the water was fre- quently renewed to keep it cool and pure. They had been rather roughly handled by the dredges and trawls, without doubt; but the unavoid- able exposure to the higher temperature of the water, near and at the surface, especially in summer, is sufficient to kill many of the deep-water animals, wliile others that live for a short time never entirely recover from the injury thus received. Octopus Bairdii. — Speciment examined. No. 32 32 45 85-80 130 i:i8 150 l«l 183 184 182 184 169 207 ill LooaUty. United Stat*» Fitk OommUiion. Bay of Fandy do do Off Grand Menan IsUnd. Cmco Bay Gnlf of Maine. do Off Cape Sable. Off \lalifax.... Qulf o/ifaine and l£a*iaehui»tt» Bay. Off Gloucester, Mass Off Cape Ann do do do do South of Cape Ann ... Off Gloucester, Mass Off Cape Ann Off Gloucester, Mass . Off Cape Ann. .do Fath- om*. Bottom. 76 80 60 97-110 64 Gravel . 90 Mud 90 '....do 91 I Fine sand. 101 '....do 49 59 42 54 73 75 45 58 42 60 68 Mud Muddy . . . Mud Sand Fine sand. do Muddy .. Mud Soft mud Mud ,...do ..... When oolleoted. 1872 1872 1872 1872 1878 1877 Aug. 14 Aug. 14 Aug. 21 SepL 0 187a July 28 July 29 Aug. 15 Aug. 16 Aug. 16 Aug. 16 Aug. 29 Aug. 29 Sept 2 Sept. 16 Sept. 17 Sept 17 Specimens. Number and itx. ld':lj.cf:lj.9 1 L o \m Oay Head .. S. by E. i E. 98 milea from Oay Head 8. by W. I W. 841 milea from Oay S. by W. i W. 87i milea from Oay Hei ' lead S. by "W. i W. 89 mUea from Oay Hfead.: S. 85 miles from 0«y Head S. 1 E. 871 miles frt>m Oay Head. . saw. I W. 104i mUes from Oay SSW. I W. iosi miles from Oay SSW. k W.'ioai'mUes from Gay Head SSW. i W. 95 mUes frvm Oay Head SSW. i "W. 93i miles from Oay Head SSE. } E. 108i miles from Oay Head SSE. i E. 106 miles from Oay Hceil SSE. t B. 1081 mUes from Oay Head Off Delaware Bay , Off Delaware Bay rath- 87 47 46 48 48 80 94 78 70 193 166 86 1421 226 2524 487 373 866 238 167i 300 806 263 178 260 197 338 634 858 203 341 313 319 388 308 335 302 216 183 410 183 120 312 156 BMtMU. Whan I coUeotad., Spaeimena. Fine aand. BoAmod . ....do do ...do Mad ...do Hard sand. Sand Kadandaand Fineaand — Mnd do Fine sand ... Hud ...do ...do Band llnd Sand, llnd. Sand and mad Sand and mnd Sand and mad ^d and mad L tadandmnd 1 nd Bind and mad Mid V d Mu»' Mud Mad Mud Sand & gravel Sand Mud SHnd isra Bspt 17 Bept 31 Sept. 34 Sept 84 BepU 38 1879. July 39 Sept. 10 Sept 18 Sept 19 lm.9 8ODt«. . 80 I KppB Tarr ... ...I O.P.Whitmui ...: Alice M.Wil When eoUMtod 187S-'80. Jan. June 8 July — Aug. 14 Oct. 8 July 8 Jan. — July - Auk. — Speelmwu. 11. rf IJ.: 101.9 Im.ff I111.9 11.9 1 mutilatad. lrf:l 9 11.,^ 11. rf In the last column of this table, I=large; i=youiig; m=inedinm sized ; ^s=male; 9 = female. Ootopua lentua Verrill. Verrill, Amer. Joiiru. Uci., xix.p. 138, Feb., 1860; p. 294, April, 1880; Trans. Conn. Aoad., v, p. 375, pi. 35, figs. 1,2; pi. 51, fig. 2; Bulletin Mns. Comp, Zool., viii, p. 108, pi. ' fig. 2, i . Plate XLIII, figures 1, 2, female. Plate XLIV, figure 2, male. Female (type-specimen): body broad, stout, depressed, slightly emar- ginate at the posterior end, rather soft to the touch, and in some speci- mens gelatinous in appearance ; a thin, soft, free, marginal membrane rims along the sides and around the posterior end of the body, becom- ing widest (about 12°><") posteriorly ; in some of the more strongly con- tracted specimens this membrane is but little apparent. Head large, broad, depressed, with the eyes large and far apart; above each eye there is a small, simple, conical, acute, contractile cirrus. A wellde- reloped, thin web connects the arms, considerably above their bases, and then runs up to the tips as a broad margin to each arm. The arms are rather large, stout at base, with a broad inner face, and taper gradually to very slender tips; the first and third pairs are nearly equal in length ; those of the second are also about equal in length to the fourth pair, but are somewhat shorter than the first and third. The arms on the right side are all somewhat longer than the corresponding ones on the left. The arms, measuring from the beak, are more than twice as long as the body. The suckers are arranged in two distinct rows, to the base. Color of head and body, above, and of body, beneath, deep reddish- brown, closely specked with darker brown, and with many small round- ish spots of whitish on the body and arms. Length of the type-specimen (female) from the beak to end of body, not including marginal web, 60'""' ; breadth of web, 22 ; total length, 194 j breadth of body, 40; breadth of head across eyes, 32; of eye-openings, 10; of eyeballs, 17; length of mantle, beneath, 38; length of first pair * '■ { rv 1 11} KKI'OUT Ol' (OMMIS.SIONKK Ol' I'ISII AND FISIIKKIKS, [192] 11 J,': m If'i* ' i of'aniiH, 112 iind lOu; of socond pair, 103 and 00; of third pair, 112 and 100; of fourth pair, 94 and 97; breadth of those of the three upper pairs, 8; of the ventral pair, 7""". Male: BiMly deprosHed, rounded posteriorly, with only a trace of a lateral and iwKterior fold; surface soft and nearly smooth, but showing a small number of minute white papilltu sparsely scattered over the dorsal surface. Cirrus above the eye small and simple, usually con tracted into a small wartlike papilla. Head broad and flattened ; eyett large. Arms rather long and slender, with slender tapering tips, their bases united by a rather wide web. Suckers small, very prominent, forming two regular rows quite to the base. The first two pairs of arms are nearly equal and somewhat longer than the two lower pairs, which differ but little between themselves. The hectocotylized arm (third of right side) bears thirty five suckers, in two rows, and a remarkably large, terminal spoon-shaped organ, which occupies more than a third of the total length of the arm; its sides are bent up and the edges inroUed, so as to form a deep cavity ; its outer end is broadly rounded laterally, and terminates in a central, narrow, acute lobe ; internally there are nine large, high, oblique lamellii', with deep fosste l)etween them; the proximal end has a large, acute, triangu lar lobe, with involute margins; from this lobe a broJid groove extend-s along the lower edge of the arm to the inacgin of the web ; where it terminates there is a distinct thickening of the bounding in embraue. The two males of this species, described above, were dredged by ]\Ir. Agassiz, on the Blake, in 1880, in 404 and 003 fathoms. They agnut well in the peculiar characters and large size of the appendage of the hectocotylized arm. The females only were previously known. Al though these males have a mere trace of the loose membranous fold of skin, along the sides and around the posterior end, so conspicuous in the original female specimen of this species, they agree so well in other characters that I unite them without much hesitation. It is probable that the presence or absence of the membranous fold, in this and other species, may be due merely to differences in the state of contraction when they die, or even to differences in the strength of the alcohol. Meaturementt in millimetert. {:$■ Right side, d Left side. J Right side. 9 Left side. 9 Total lunffth 96 84 64 28 22 65 61 104 Posterior end to center of eye Eve to tin of dorsal arms ............ Breadth of bodv 40 32 112 103 112 Breadth of heart Length of dorsnl nrmn f^m mouth . . Length of Mcond pair from mouth . . 61 105 96 52 106 Len^h of hectocotylized arm from 58 53 94 07 Length of spoon-shaped appendage. . 23 16 Ko. 7 10 U3 718 737 N7 Ml 3. [102] ■ [^l(i;i] CKPirALOFODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA r, 112 and ree upper trace of a t showing [ over the mftlly con iiied J eyes tips, their [)rominent, hat longer heuiselves. suckers, in {Tan, which ts sides are ; its outer ul, narrow, nelhe, with ite, triangu )ve extends ); where it 'mbraue. Iged by Mr. They agn-o dage of tlie nowu. Al lous fold of ispicuous in rell in other is probable is and other contraction alcohol. I«ft Bide. 9 105 90 106 07 The first specimen of this species was taken ofl' Nova Scotia, near Lo lliive Uank, in 120 fathoms, by Capt. Bamuel Peoples and crew of the schooner " M. II. Perkins ", and presented to the U. S. Fish Commission. A few others have since been brought in by the Qloucester flshtrmen froui the bank fisheries. Mr. A. Agasaiz dredged it on the Blake in im), as far south as N. lat. 33° 42' 16''. It ranges in depth fVom ICO to 603 fathoms. In the soft consistency of the flesh and skin this species resembles Octopua obeswt. It differs in the shorter and posteriorly cmarginate body, and especially in the arrangement of the suckers, which in that species are in a single series toward the bases of the arms. Ootopu$ lentUB. — Specimetu examined. Ho. 7 10 U3 718 737 W7 M8 SUt 820 329 LooAllty. Fath. When ooU'd. N. Ut. 33° 42' 15". W. long., TIP 0- 50" (B1»ke) N. l»t. 34° «» 40", W. long.. 75° 14' 40" (Blake) . . . Le Have Benk, K. H. inch. M. H. Perkine) S. of NuwfounilUnil (nch. Proctor Bnithvra) 8t. Pt^ter'H Bank (soli, AnKUsta U. Jobnaon) BamiuertMn (ach. Enua Tarr) . . K. lat 44° 32' ; Or. Bank (aoli. Uu> Cunningham) 404 008 120 ISO 200 18«M) 1880 1879 1880 1880 1880 1880 Specimens. No.aodaes. i(fl 9 1 (f (flgd). 1 9 (HK'd). ■111. 1 I. \t Octopus obeaua Verrill.— (Stout devil-fish.) Octoput obeaut Vorrill, American Joum. Sci., vol. xix, p. 137, Feb., 1880; vol. xix, p. 294, Apr., 1830 ; Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 379, pi. 36, figs. 3, 4, 1881. . Plate XLII, figures G, 6a. Male: Remarkable for the great size of the spoon-shaped organ of the right arm of the third pair. Body relatively large, stout, oblong- oval, somewhat flattened above, obtusely rounded at the posterior end ; soft and somewhat gelatinous in texture; skin, so far as preserved, smooth, soft. No cirrus exists above the eye, in our specimen, but the skin is not so well preserved in that region as to render it certain that a small one may not have existed, in life. Eyes very large. Arms moderately long, the dorsal longest, others successively shorter; all are somewhat laterally compressed at base, tapering to long, slender tips; a moderately developed web connects them together at base. The hectot'otylized arm (third of right side), bears at the end a very largo, broad and thick, but not very deep, spoon-like organ, occupying more than a third of the total length of the arm ; its inner surface is crossed by eleven oblique, thick, rounded folds or ribs, ten of them converging backward to the median line and at their outer ends joining a marginal thickening; the distal end terminates in a median pointed lobe, with a thin, rounded, lateral lobe each side of it; the proximal border is formed by the last (eleventh) fold, which is V-sbaped, with the apex pointing distally. A broad, thin, marginal membrane extends along the :W I REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AN1> FISHERIES. [194] lower side of the arm, from the terminal organ to the base. The suck- ers have been partly detached from this f; m. The suckers of all the arms are moderately large, nearly globular in form, rather numerous ; the first six to. ten at the base are nearly in one line, except on the left arm of the sceond pair, and appear to form onlya single tow; in this part the inner face of the arm Is narrow, most so on the right arm of the second pair, and least on the left arm of the same pair ; farther out this face becomes broader and the suckers are in two distinct rows. The suckers are destroyed on the distal portion of all the arms. The color of the body and arms is mostly destroyed, but so far as pre- served, is pale pinkish, more or less thickly speckled with distinct red- dish brown spots, roost conspicuous at the bases of the arms and above the eyes (elsewhere the color is probably not so well preserved). Length of body, from posterior end to base of arms, 82""*; to center of eye, 72; to edge of mantle, beneath, 49 ; to tip of right dorsal arm, 213 ; left, 198; to tips of secoi'fl pair, 200; to tip of right arm of third pair, 173; of left,* 197; to tip ot right of fourth pair, 187; of left, 178: to edge of web, 110; breadth of body, in middle, 40; breadth of head, across eyes, 38; breadth of dorsal arms, at base, 8; diameter of largest suckers, 3; length of spoon-shaped end of right arm of third pair (hectocotylized), 35; breadth, IC; length of the rest of arm, to mouth, 65°"". Taken from the stomach of a halibut, 36 miles east from the N. E. light of Sable Island, in 160 t(i 300 fathoms, by Charles Euckley, of the schooner H. A. Duncan, and presented by him to the U. S. Fish Com mission, 1879. A second, smaller specimen, apparently of this species, was also taken from the stomach of a halibut, from Banquereau, off Nova Scotia, in 150 fathoms, and presented to the U. S. Fish Commission by Capt. Ohaa. Markuson and crew, of the schooner " Notice", April, 1880. The latter specimen was, however, in too bad condition to afford any additional characters. This species differs from Octopus Bairdii V. and 0. Untus V., from the I same region, in its longer and larger body, and especially in having the basal suckers in a single row. The ' spoon' of the hectocotylized arm is very much larger than in 0. OrSnlandicus, and considerably larger and | flatter and more deeply trilobed at the end than in 0. Bairdii. Octopus plsoatorum Verrill. — (Fishermen's devil-fish. ) Oetoput pitcatorum Verrill, Amer. Joani. Sci., vol. xviii, p. 470, Dec, 1879; vol. xix, p. 294, Apr., 1880; Trans. Conn Acad., v, p. :«7, pi. 36, figs. 1, 2, 1881. | Plate XL, figures 1, la. The body of the female is smooth, depressed, about as broad as long;! obtusely rounded posteriorly, not showing any lateral ridges nor dorsal] papillsB. No cirrus above the eyes. Arms long, rather slender, taperf ing to long, slender, acute tips, the upper ones a little (2.5'"") shorter thanj Octopus 1 hav of Eurc It is pre [195] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. those of the second pair, which are the longest ; the third pair are aboat one-half inch (12'"'") shorter than the second; the ventral pair about one- fourth inch (6'"">) shorter than the third. In our specimen all the arms on the right side are somewhat shorter than those on the left, and the web between the 1st and 2d pairs is narrower, due perhaps to recovery from an injury. The web between the arms, except ventrally, is of about equal width, and scarcely more than one-fourth the length of the arms, meajsu uring from the beak. Between the ventral arms the web is about half as wide as between the lateral. The suckers are moderately large, alternating in two regular rows, except close to the mouth, where a few stand nearlj"^ in a single line; about fourteen to sixteen are situated on the part of the arms included within the interbnichial web. The whole number of suckers on one arm is upwards of seventy. Color of the alcoholic specimen, deep purplish brown, due to very numerous crowded, minute, specks; eyelids whitish. The front border of the mantle, beneath, and the base of the siphon and adjacent parts, are white ; end of siphon brown. Lower side of head and arms lighter than the dorsal side. Total length, from posterior eul of body to tip of arms, of Ist pair, 158"""; 2d pair, 160; 3d pair, 146; 4th pair, 133; to web between dorsal arms, 82; between ventral arms, 63; to edge of mantle, beueath, 30; to center of eye, 39. Breadth of body, 31 ; of head across eyes, 30 ; breadth of arms, at base, 55 ; diameter of largest suckers, 2.5 ; length of arms beyond web, 1st pair, 76 ; 2d pair, 82 ; 3d pair, 71 ; 4th pair, 69""». Two specimens of this species, both females, have been obtained. The first was from Le Have Bank, off Nova Scotia, in 120 fathoms, taken by Caj t. John Mclunis and crew, of the schooner "M. H. Perkins", October, Wid (lot 530); the second was taken by Capt. David Campbell and crew, of the schooner "Admiral", near the Grand Bank, north latitude, 44° 07' ; west longitude, 52° 40', in 200 fathoms, December, 1879 (lot 590). This species resembles 0. Gronlandictis, of which the males alone have been described, and it may eventually prove to be the female of that species. This species is easily distinguished from 0. Bairdii, by its more elongated body, its much longer and more t'^.pered arms, with shorter web; by the absence of the large, rough, pointed papillae, or cirri, above the eyes, and by its general smoothnesri. The white color of the anderside of the neck, siphon, and mantle-border also appears to be characteristic. ^1 Octopus rugoBus Bobc. 1 have seen several specimens of a large Octopus, allied to 0. vulgaris of Europe, which were taken at Beaufort, N. C, and near Fort Macon. It is probably 0. rugosus. w wml^ : : 1'' Mf w f n ' ■III ■:t:'^ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [196] Family CIRRHOTEUTHID.T. Keff. Kofferstein, in Bronn, Thicr-Roich, iii, p. 144H, IfjtiG. Body somewhat elongated, furnished with a short, thick tai>ering fin on each side, supported by an internal transverse cartilage. Mantle ex- tensively united to the head. Arms united nearly to the tips by a broad umbrella-shaped membrane or web. Suckers in a single row, alternating with slender cirri. STAUROTBUTHIS Yerrill. Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xviii, p. 468, Dec, 1879; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 382, 1881. Allied to CirrhoteuthiSy but }^ith thd mantle united to the head all around, and to the dorsal side of the slender siphon, which it surrounds like a close collar, leaving only a very narrow opening around the base of the siphon, laterally and ventrally. Fins long, triangular, in advance of the middle of the body. Dorsal cartilage forming a median angle, directed backward. Body flattened, soft, bordered by a membrane. Eyes covered bj'^ the integument. "Web not reaching the tips of the arms,' the edge concave in the intervals. Suckers in one row, with a pair of slender cirri, alternating with them, along most of the arm. Cirri absent between the basal and terminal suckers. Stauroteuthis ByrtenslB Vcrrill. — (Finned devil-fish.) Yerrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xviii, p. 468, Dec, 1879; xix, p. 294, pi. 16, Apr,, 1880; Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v, p. 382, pi. 32, figs. 1-5, 1881. Plate XXXVIII, figures 1-5. Female: Head broad, depressed, not very distinct from the body. Eyes large. Body elongated, flattened, soft or gelatinous, widest in the middle, narrowed but little forward, but decidedly tapered, back of the fins, to the flat, obtuse, or subtruncate tail. The sides of the head and of the body, forward of the fins, are bordered by a thin soft membrane, about 12°'° wide. The fins are elongated, sub-triangular, obtusely pointed, placed in advance of the middle of the body, supported by internal cartilages which unite with a transverse dorsal v-sh^P64.pl.l6,Apr., >ody. Eyes the middle, e fins, to the of the body, about 12"'" ited, placed al cartilages behind the vith a small i around the nd united to stinctly visi .t web by a 3gmm or 1.5 eb unites di the free por- a swollen or ivob incurved arms. The | '.i !* ! REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [198] 43° 54', west longitude 58° 44', on Banquereau, about 30 miles east of Sable Island, Nova Scotia, in 250 fathoms. Presented to the U. S. Fish Commission, September, 1879. (Lot 472.) Meaturemcnta of Stauroteuthia ayrtetuia. Icyond last cirri, fourth pair.. Length of longest cirri .. Length of siphon Its breadth Upper mandible, total length ... Ito height Beak to posterior lateral border of aUe Height of palatine lamina Lower mandible length Its height Beak to posterior border of aln Beak to inner end of ale Breadth (or depth) of gnlar lamina I 6.30 6.76 4.00 2.70 3.75 6.00 1.30 2.10 aoo 1.75 1.00 4.00 4.00 4.25 3.60 1.25 .60 .20 .52 .36 .16 .32 .40 .38 .24 .80 .20 160 146 101 68 95 126 33 63 76 44 25 101 101 lO?" 8b 32 12.5 6 13 9 4 8 10 9.5 6 7.5 S r.-:'- [108] I [l^^O] CEPHALOPODS OF NOETHEASTEKN COAST OF AMERICA. iS east of J. S. Fish SXJPI^LI^MEISrT. i 1 a e'ab" ""iw" 6.76 146 4.00 101 2.70 68 3.75 95 6.00 126 1.30 33 2.10 53 3.00 76 1.75 44 1.00 25 4.00 101 4.00 101 4.25 lOP 3.50 8S> 1.25 32 .50 12.5 .20 5 .52 > ^l .36 9 .16 4 .32 8 10 .38 9.5 6 .80 7.5 .20 5 After the preceding pages were put in type, a number of additional specimens were received, some of them of great interest. Among these there are some forms that appear to have been previously unknown. These are, therefore, described in this place. Moreover, several papers have been published, on the same subject, during the printing of this report. Some of these include certain of the species above described, and, therefore, may well be noticed here. ARCHITBUTHIS Harting, 1861. (S«e pp. [25], [114].) Architeuthtu Steenstrnp, Forhandl. Skand. Natarf., 1856, vii, p. 182, 1867 (no deacrip- tion ) Plectoteuthis Owen, Descriptions of some new and rare Cephalopoda. Part II. <[ Trans. Zool. Soc. London, xi, part 5, p. 156, pi. 34, 35, June, 1881. Professor Owen, in the paper quoted, has given a somewhat detailed description, with figures, of the large cephalopod arm, long preserved iu the British Museum. This arm had previously been pretty fully described by Mr. Saville Kent, in 1874, whose description has already been quoted by me. (See pp. [57-59].) Professor Owen, like Mr. Kent, fails to state to which pair of arms the specimen belongs. This is a very important omission, for in Archit€uthis,a.» in many other genera, the arms belonging to different pairs differ in form and stiucture. The de- scribers of this arm would, doubtless, have been able to ascertain to which pair it belongs by a direct comparison with the arms of Ommas- trephes, or any other related form. For this arm. Professor Owen en- deavors to establish a new genus and species {Plectoteuthis grandis). The genus is based mainly on the fact that there is a marginal crest along each outer angle, and a narrow protective membrane along each side of the sucker-bearing face. These peculiarities are precisely those seen in the ventral arms of Architeuthis, and have already been described by me in former articles, and in this report (see pp. [35], [37], [44]), both as found in A. Rarveyi and A. princeps. Similar membranes or crests are found on the dorsal arms of Sthenoteuthis pteropus (see PI. XVII, fig. 7 a), and other related species. The suckers on the arm, as described and figured by Professor Owen, are like those of Archiieuthis. Therefore there is no ground whatever for referring this arm to any other genus, and Plectoteuthis must become a synonym of Archiieuthis. Whether the arnv in question belongs to a species distinct from those already named, I am unable to say. There is, apparently, nothing to ^1-: i^ It n REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [200] l; M 1 1 base specific characters upon, except the form of the siiclvcrs and of tlieir horny rings. But the description of the liorny rings is not sufficiently precise, nor the figures sufficiently detailed to at!'ord such characters. If the arm is one of the ventral pair, as seems probable, the suckers, as figured by Professor Owen, and especially as more fully described by Mr. Kent, are of the same form, and agree closely, but not perfectly, with those of either of the Newfoundland specimens, for in the latter the suckers of the ventral arms are not denticulated on the inner side, or but slightly so. But they also agree well with those of Architeuthis Hartingii, as figured by Harting. Those of the original A. dux Steenst. have neither been described nor figured. As this arm cannot, at present, be referred with certainty to any of thes named species, it may be best to record it as Architeuthis grandis, until better known. In the same article. Professor Owen has given a good figure (pi. 33, fig. 2) of the tentacular arm of the Newfoundland specimen (my No. 2), copied from the same photograph described by me (see pp. [0], [33], [34]). To this he applies, doubtless by mistake, the name, Architeuthii princeps,* without giving any reason for not adopting my conclusion that it belongs to A. Harveyi. But he does not, in any way, refer to the latter species, although he mentions the specimen (my No. 5), or rather the photograph of the specimen, on which that species was based. He apparently (p. 162) supposes that both photographs and Mr. Harvey's two series of measurements refer to the same specimen, which is by no means the case, as had been sufficiently explained by me, in several former papers-t The brief account, given by Professor Owen, of the large cephalopoda described by others, includes none additional to those noticed by me in this report. On the other hand, he omits those described by Harting; those described by Mr. Kirk, from New Zealand ; those from Alaska; and several others. * By a singular mistake, Professor Oweu, on p. 163, states that this species wtw named A. prince2)s by Dr. Packard, in February, 1873. But according to his own statement, on p. 161, the specimen was not actually obtained till December, 1873, at least nitw vwnths after Dr. Packard's article was printed. In truth, the name princepi was first given by nio, in 1875, to designate a pair of largo jaws, as explained on p. 41. Neither this nor any other name appears on the cited page of Dr. Packard's arti- cle, though he elsewhere referred it doubtfully to A. monachua. t It seems incredible that Professor Owen could have made these mistakes had he examined either of my former papers in which these specimens have been described in detail, not only from the photographs but also from the preserved specimens. He does, however, refer to ray detailed paper in the Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. v. Biit as he states (p. 162) that in it a "brief notice is given of Mr. Harvey's squid," it is fair to suppose that the reference is taken at second hand, for it is not to be supposed that he would have considered my description, covering over sixteen pages, and accom- panied by five plates, as a " brief notice." None of my earlier papers are referred to, nor does he mention the largo species, Moroteuthia robusta, in his account of the large cephalopoda hitherto described. KS. [200] I [201] CEPIIALOI'ODS OF NOKTHEAS TKRN' COAST OV AMERICA. 1 have heard of but one autlienti(! instance * of the ocenrrence of spoci- ruens of this genus at Nowfoundlaiul, since the finding of the small spcciraeu (No. 24), in April, 1880. (Scr, pp. [ISJ, [34-40J.) Tlie latest specimen (No. 27) was taken at J'ortugal Cove, Newfound- land, November 10, 1881. Acconling to a description in the New York norald, of November 25th, this specimen was nearly perfect, and had been shipped to New York, packed in ice. The following measure- ments of the fresh specimen were given on the authority of Inspector Murphy, chief of the Board of ^^ublic Works Department: Length of body, 5.5 feet; length of the hea8fW)in r,«yTIpftc'. S. W.,K> iiiilcH lii)iii Gay Uuad S. W., 7H4 iiiiltH from Oiiy H«ncl S. W., 8:i{ niilefi I'ruiu Gay Ueiul S. W., m miles from Gav Ilf'wl S. by E. t E., 08 niileH from Gay Uea«i, and many other writers. i •rr '• [204] I [20;')] CKpn\Loi'ODH of nouthkastkkn coast of America. non Gray). [I detailed lites Ony- 'Moteuthia he states •tdi, from enus Oon- [)tion and y descrip- e mistake nus Lesto- necessary ;ure of the tme of the to the gen- mstrup, in 3 of which ring speci- imined by position of lent speci- wk." One SO"""" long, cribed and igrees with : decidedly •al Qonatu8 •ms, and no m. le to ascei • i in consid- th Atlantic that all the al fin, which, i description, lonR the false eyelids; 2, to t ho also says ms, "all with nearly sessile, the middle of eenland (coll. anumm. M^ m all the armi. & A. Adams, essential and i>cculiar featnres of the armature, both of the sessile' and of tiie tentacular arms, including the special, lateral connective suckers and tubercles of the club, are present, though minute, even in the very young individuals, such as described by G. O. Sars. The fact that these characters have been overlooked is undoubtedly due, in many cases, to the imperfectly preserved specimens that have been examined. This was, at least, the case with the ouly American s])ecimens seen by me until this year. They had all been taken from fish stomachs, and had lost more or less of their suckers and hooks. A careful and direct comparison of the adult G. Fabricii with the mutilated specimen which was last year described by me as Cheloteu- thi8 rapaXf has convinced me that they are identical, and, therefore, GheloieuthiH becomes a synonym of Lestoteuthis. Two of the charac- ters, viz: the supposed presence of two central rotes of hooks on the ventral, as well as on the lateral arms, and the supposed absence of the small marginal suckers on the lateral arms, relied upon for character- i/.ing Cheloteuthisj were doubtless due to post-mortem changes. The ventral arms had lost the horny rings of the suckers, and the soft parts had taken a form exceedingly like that of the sheaths of the hooks of the lateral arms. But by the careful use of reagents, I have been able to restore the original form of some of the distal ones sufficiently to show that they actually were sucker-sheaths. The third character, orig- inally considered by me as more reliable and important, was ^he exist- ence of the peculiar, lateral connective suckers and alternating tuber- cles on the tentacular club. This is mnc shown by Professor Steenstnip to be a character of his Gonatus. But no one had previously described such a structure in connection with that genus. Even in the recent and excellent work of G. O. Sars, in which "G. awianw*" is described in some detail, and freely illustrated, there is no indication of any such structure, although the armature of the club is figured (see my Plate XV, fig. 1 &), nor is the difference between the armature of the ventral and lateral arms indicated.* , „ I add a new description of the genus Lestoieuthis, and also 'of my largest example of L. Fabricii. LESTOTEUTHIS Vcrrill (revised). (See pp. [70], [78].) Gonatus Steenstrup, op. cit., pp. 9-2() {non Gray). Gonatus Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, pp. 250, 2Uy, 18H0 {non Gray). Lextoteuthis Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p.2G0, Feb., 1^80; p. 390, Oct., 1881. Cheloteuthis {C'hiloteuthia hy typ. error) Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, ji. 292, .Jan., 1881. Cheloleiithis Verrill, Bulletin Mns. Conip. Zool., viii, p. 109, March, 1881. Odoutophore with only five rows of teeth. Mandibles very acute, strongly compressed. Lateral connective cartilages of the mantle are * According to Gray, in Gonatus all the sessile arms bear four rows of similar and nearly equal suckers; according to G. O. Sars they all have two central rows of sucker-hooks. My former doscriptiou was based mainly on the figures and descriptioo of 6. O. Sars, my only specimen, at that time, being an imperfect young Leetoteuthie, like that of Sars. El ^* ■-] I =n-*JJ'T" REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FIKII AND FISHERIES. [20G] \- J Blmplfl ridgeH; those of the siphon ovate. Nuchal olfactory crests one or more on each side, lonpritudinal. Caudal fln of wlult, large, spear- shaped. Ventral arms with -four rows of denticulated suckers. No trace of hectocotylization detected.* Lateral and dorsal arms with two marginal rows of small suckers and two median rows of larger hooks. Tentacular arms with a central row of hooks, the two distal ones largest; with a large distal and two lateral groups of small suckers, in nupierons rows; and with a lateral group of peculiar connective suckers, alter- nating with tubercles, near the lower margin, and a row of smaller ones extending for a long distance down the margin of the arm; upper mar- gin of the arm with a band of small, pediceled suckers along about half its length. Pen narrow, with a short, hollow, posterior cone. QonatuH Gray, typical {non Bars, Steenst.), differs in having on all the arms four rows of true suckers, all of which are similar, and have the marginal ring divided into a series of several sharp denticles on the higher side. This may be a sexual character, but the two forms should be kept separate, awaiting further evidence. Steenstrup does not give the sex of his specimens. LestoteuthiaFabrloU(Fabr.) Verrill. (See pp. [76], [79].) f Onychoteuthia KamtschatiiM Middendorff, 1849. Gonatua Fabricii Steenstrup (part), in Murch, Faunula Molluacorum Ins. FaerO- erne, <[Vid. Mcddel. uat. For., 1867, p. 102; Fnunnla Mollusc. Islandie, • r in- curved hooks, inclosed, except at the sharp tips, in muscular sheaths, which have lateral basal expansions and short pedicels. (Plate XLV, fig. lb.) Tentacular arms* long and strong, quadrangular; in my spec- imen they reach back beyond the base of the fin; the club is large and broad, with a long, narrow distal portion, having a strong dorsal keel; in the middle are two very large, curved hooks (figs. 1, la), the distal uuo smaller; proximal to these there is a row of five smaller hooks, de- creasing proximally, and between these and the large hooks there is, on (me arm, a single small sucker, on the other arm a single sucker takes the place of the proximal hook, while an odd, small sucker stands to one side of the row ; along the upper margin of the club there is a broad band of small, denticulated suckers, on long pedicels, arranged in oblique, trans' Tse rows of five or six; this band of suckers is interrupted oppo- site e large hooks; beyond the hooks a lar»• *^ ^■-%i ■■u s. [208] [209] CEPIIALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA. i-ease pes ily hooded i by a dor d from tbe !, the cono nous core. iaft,2.5""»; ish brown, cbromato- lie surface; lie surfaces lid the face ntle, 153""» of 3d pair, gth of flu, adth, C8"", le branchial che tin; tbe t not reach ts structure fe, massive, ler than the, lar to those i back some flu, into tbe Two largo t, and bleud oiuted lobo asual, along the second the iuk-sac icating tliat irold. The '" and 4"""), d portion of be posterior id, vesiculi'- duct is long e of the left MOROTEUTHIS Verrill. (Soo pp. [65], [70].) Type, Onychoteuthis (or LestoteuthisT) robusta, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, pp. 246-250. Moroteuthis Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v^ p. 393 Oct., 1881. After referring the type of Lestoteutlm to Oonatus (not of Gray), Pro- fessor Steenstrup admits that the gigantic species, L. (?) robtista V , is the representative of a distinf f genus, to which he would restrict the name, Lestoteuthis. But L. Kamt8chatica was especially given by me as the type of Lesto- teuthiSf and the characters of the genus were derived entirely from that species, while L. robtista was referred to it only with great douot, owing to the fact that its armature is almost unknown. Therefore, if Lesto- teuthis hereafter becomes a complete synonym, it should be dropped, when it cannot be kept for its special type-species. For the gigantic species, I proposed (Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xxii, p. 298, Oct., 1881) a new genus, Moroteuthis. This genus will have, as known characters: A long, narrow, thii pen, terminating posteriorly in a conical, hollow, many-ribbed, oblique cone, which is inserted into the oblique, anterior end of a long, round^ tapering, acute, solid, cartilaginous terminal cone, composed of concen- tric layers, and corresponding to the solid cone of Belemnitcs in position and relation to the true pen; elliptical connective cartilages on the base of the siphon; nuchal, longitudinal crests, three, much as in Omma- strephes; eyelids with a distinct sinus; caudal fin large, broad, spear- sbaped ; ventral arms with smooth-rimmed suckers at the base. The rest of the armature is unknown, Moroteuthis robusta is the only known species. Chiroteuthis lac^rtosa Yorrill. (See p. [119].) Chiroteuthis Bonplandii f Verrill, Trans. Conn. Aca*;'., v, p. 299 (tion Vorany). Chiroteuthis iacertoaa Verrill, Tiaus. Conn. Acad, v, p. 10*', pi. 56, figs. 1-1/, Nov., 1881. Plate XLVI, figs. 1-1/. A nearly complete male specimen of a Chiroteuthis, lacking only the tentacular arms and the distal portion of tbe left ventral arm, was re- ceived after the preceding pages were put in type. The stumps of the tentacular arms, remaining, bear tbe same kind of unarmed sessile suckers as did the arm described on p. [ 119], and figured on Plate 32, figs. 1-16. It api)ears to be a new species, and is very distinct from C Bonplandii. Tbe sessilt^ arms are very largo in proportion to tbe bead und body, and tbe ventral arms are niueb larger tbau any of tbe others. Tbe body is small, obconic, tapering rapidly backward to tbe origin of the caudal tin, where it becomes very small, and coiilinues to taper to the very slender posterior end. Tbe median dorsal angle of tbe mantle- edge projects far forward, as a broad angular lobe; lateral angles rounded and not prominent. Caudal fin relatively large, as compared with the body, broad-ovate in outline, widest near tbe middle, tapering backward to an acuminate, slender tip; very broadly rounded laterally. ^.I'i 1 m 1^^ m mi m I' ■■- If ■; li :{ BEPOBT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [210] narrowing abraptly anteriorly; the anterior lobes are small, rounded, and project only slightly forward beyond the insertions. Siphon large, with a well-formed valve, fieur back from the orifice; dorsal bridles rudi- mentary. Connective cartilages on the base of the siphon, broad-ovate, eac-sh(^;)ed, with two rounded prominent lobes projecting into its con- cavity, one posterior, the other ventral, so that the pit is three-cornered (fig. 16). The corresponding connective cartilages of the mantle consist of two pits, separated by a prominent, triangular tubercle (fig. Ic). Head large, in proportion to the body, tapering backward from the bases of the arms. Eyes large ; lids thin and simple, without a distinct lach- rymal sinus. Behind and below each eye is a long (4°""), slender, dav- ate papilla (fig. 1/), probably olfactory in function. . The sessile arms are large and, except the ventral^ unusually round- ed; the inner or sucker-bearing faces are much less dififerentiatcd than usual, scarcely differing from the other sides in color, and bordered by only a slight or rudimentaiy membrane on each side ; the rounded prom- inences from which the sucker-pedicels arise axe also colored and not much raised. The dorsal arms are rather long and tapering, but much shorter and smaller than the others, slightly compressed, and with a slight median crest distally. The next pair are similar in form and structure, but considerably longer and larger. The third pair are much longer and larger, with the outer angles well rounded, and a strong me- dian crest extends nearly to the base, but is wider distally, where the arms are strongly compressed. The ventral arms are considerably longer and stouter than the tJiird pair, and very different from all the others in form ; they are strongly compressed in the direction parallel with the median plane of the head, and have the lower and outer angles well rounded, and the sucker -bearing face wide and scarcely differenti- ated from the lateral faces; but on the superior lateral sid<^ there is a wide and thick crest running the whole length of the arms, ip'iVing them a strongly and obliquely compressed appearance. The suckers on the ventral arms are smaller, fewer, and more distant than on any of the others ; those at the bases are largest and three or four stand nearly in a single row; farther out, along the middle of the arm, the^ are dis- tantly arranged in two rows and rapidly become small. The left ventral arm shows no signs of being hectocotylized; the right one, however, has lost half its length by mutilation. On all the other arms the suck ers are regularly and much more closely arranged in two rows, and de- crease more gradually in size from near the base to the tips. The suckers on all the arms are similar in form; they are rather deep, narrowed at the rim, slightly constricted above the middle, and swollen below, and very oblique at the base; the pedicels are slender and nearly laterally attached; the horny rings are very deep and oblique, and strongly denticulated on the outer or higher side, but on all the arms they are smooth on the inner side; the median, outer denticles are long, slender, close together; laterally they become shorter, broader, acute- arms. [210] I [211] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OP AMERICA. roanded, on large, Llesradi- ad-ovate, 0 its con- •comered le consist (fig. Ic). the bases anct lach- ider, clav- lly round- iatod than (fdered by ded prom- d and not , but much and with a 1 form and ir are much strong me- , where the onsiderably rom all the ion parallel uter angles y differenti- H there is a r.ving them kers on the any of the id nearly in ifc^ are dis- left ventral le, however, ns the suck )W8, and de- rather deep, and swollen and nearly iblique, and all the arms i les are long, I ader, acute- triangular and cnrvAd forward. On the larger suckers (Plate XLYI, figs. Id, le) the outer teeth are obtuse, but on the distal ones they become more slender and acute. The margins of the suckers are surrounded with small, elongated scales. The buccal m^nbrane is thin and much produced, with the angles little prominent; it is attached to the arms by eight thin, but wide, bridles, the two superior ones united together near their origin. The web between the arms is rudimentary but distinct. The pen (fig. la) is very unlike that of C. Yeranyi, as figured and described by D'Orbigny. It has a long, narrow' shaft, of nearly uniform width, and a long poste- rior portion, a little wider than the shaft, corresponding in length to that of the caudal fin; at the commencement, this portion expands into narrow, free, incurved margins, but these unite quickly so as to form a long, narrow, angular, tubular portion, tapering to a very slender tip; this portion (fig. la'') has a distinct dorsal keel, with a groove each side of it, two dorsal angles, and a ventral angle along eaon side; the narrow shaft has a dorsal keel, with the sides bent down abruptly, nearly at right angles, and a little incurved, so as to produce a squarish keel above, with a deep angular groove below, while the very narrow mar- gins bend outward abruptly (fig. la') ; the shaft increases very slightly in width, to near the subacute anterior end, but preserves the same form, and there is no distinct dilation of the margin anteriorly, such as D'Orbigny figures in the pen of C. Veranyij nor does the posterior por- tion resemble his figure, though if split open and flattened out it would resemble it more nearly. This specimen is an adult male, in the breeding condition, for its spermatophore-sac is much distended with spermatophores. The color is much like that of C. Veranyi. It is everywhere thickly specked with small, purplish brown chromatophores, except on the buccal membrane and the bases of the tentacular arms, where there are but few ; the head, around the eyes, and the end of the siphon ai'C darker; a row of very dis- tinct, rather large, round, dark purple spots runs along the inner surface of the ventral arms, just outside of, and alternating with, the upper row of suckers, which they about equal in size. Total length, to end of ventral arms, 383*°™; to end of third pair, 366"""; to end of dorsal arms, 298°'"' ; tail to dorsal mantle edge, 125""°; to base of dorsal arms, ITS'"""; length of dorsal arms, 120™"; of second pair, ISO"*""; of third pair, ISS"*"; of venti-al, 205"'"'; length of caudal fin, 60°"': its greatest breadth, dl™"; breadth of head at eyes, 20°°; of dorsal arms, 7°°; of third pair, 10°°; of ventral arms, 13°°; of bases of tentacular arms, 3°° ; diameter of largest suckers of lateral arms, 2.25°°. Brown's Bank, oflF Nova Scotia, taken from the stomach of a cod (lot 956). Presented to the TJnited States Fish Commission by Capt. Wm. Dempsy and crew, of the schooner *< Clara F. Friend," June, 1881. The internal anatomy is somewhat peculiar in several respects, but will not be fully described in this place. b -I REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [212] pi i III 1 III y*-' The gills are short and broad, with very long lamelljE. The repro- ductive organs occupy a large part of the visceral cavity. The testicle is a large, thick, broad-ovate organ, with the two sides folded together around and closely united to the large caecal lobe of the stomach. The testicle does not extend back beyond the origin of the caudal fln, the visceral cavity being very narrow in that region. The prostate gland and vesicula seminalis are large and swollen, and the spermatophore-sac is also large. The efferent duct is large and long, extending far for- ward; it expands at the end into a spade-like form, with an acute tip; its orifice is oblique ear-shaped, situated on one side, near the end, and is protected by a lobe or flap. The stomach is saccular, and the large ceecal lobe is not very long. The liver is thick. The posterior aorta goes far back, nearly to the origin of the fin, 1 efore dividing, for the median septum of the branchial cavity is place J far back. The ink-sac has the ordinary pyriform shape. A second smaller specimen, which proves to be a young female, in ex- cellent preservation, was trawled by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, on the " Fish Hawk," October 10, 1881. This was taken, oil' Delaware Bay, in 435 fathoms, (station 1048). This specimen agrees nearly with the type-specimen, described above, in the form and proportions of the body, head, arms, caudal fin, pen, etc., and in the structure and denticulation of the suckers. The caudal fln is slightly broader in proportion, while the suckers are deeper and relatively smaller, especially those on the ventral arms, which are de- cidedly smaller than those on the lateral ones. They are finely and sharply denticulated on the outer edge, as in the type. The color is, however, quite different, for in this example the skiu and flesh are translucent and beautifully specked with regular, round, often rather large, not crowded, dark brownish red chromatophores; the larger of these, especially on the under side of the fin and body, are ocellated; on the head and arms the chromatophores become smaller and more crowded, more nearly as in the type. The row of large dark purple spots, along the ventral arms, are, in this example, decidedly raised and wart-like. One of the tentacular arms is perfect. These are very long and slender, and bear, along their whole length, rela- tively large rounded, waii;-like, dark purple, sessile suckers having a small central pit. These suckers are about two-thirds as broad as the diameter of the arm, and from close to the base of the arm to the dis- tal fourth they are separated by spaces mostly equal to about twice their diameter; distally they are less numerous. The tentacular dab* •This arm dlflfera considerably from the cue described ou p, [119] and figured on Plate XXXII, figs. 1-1&, especially in having much more numerous sessile suckers along the whole length of the arm, and in having shai-ply denticulated suckers on the club. This may indicate that the latter belonged to a diifcrent species. But it is possible that the latter had suffered iivjur^, before preservation, snfiQcient to cause these differences. [212] ?. reprc- testicle ;ogetlier h. The [ fin, the DC gland ihore-sac far for- cute tjp; end, and the large ior aorta y, for the le ink-sac ale, in ex- the "Fish ay, in 435 )ed above, a fin, pen, ?he caudal leeper and ch are de- finely and the skiu far, round, itophores; body, are te smaller large dark decidedly let. These igth, rela- having a l-oad as the to the dis- )Out twice jular club* Id fignred on Bile suckers lickors on the Ls. But it is lent to cause [213] CEPHALOPODS OF XORTHE ASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. is well developed, with a broad marginal membrane along each side, having scolloped or notched edges. The club terminates in an ovate, subacute, dark purjile, hollow organ, with its opening on the outer side of the arm. The suckers (Plate XLV, fig. 5) are regularly arranged in fonr rows. The stalk is long, with a dark purple, fluted summit sur- mounted by a very slender pedicel, bearing the sucker, which is hooded, with a lateral opening; the horny ring bears several slender, sharp teeth on the outer side, the central one being much the longest; the soft rim of the sucker is covered with many rows of small scales, the inner ones with acute tips. The lateral suckers do not alternate with the median, but the two arise close together, opposite each other, and in line with the teeth on the edge of the marginal membrane. The inner surface of the club is specked with brown chromatophores, and the marginal membranes are crossed by brown lines, corresponding to the notches in their edges. Total length to end of ventral arms, 194"""; to end of third pair, 160; to end of dorsal arms, 127 ; tail to dorsal mantle edge, 59; to base of dorsal arms, 86; length of dorsal arms, 41; of second pair,, 56; of third pair, 69; of ventral, 110; of tentacular arms, 180; of club, 17; breadth of club, 5; length of caudal flu, 27 ; its greatest breadth, 24; of dorsal arms, 4; of third pair, 5; of ventral arms, 8; of bases of tentacular arms, 1.5; diameter of largest suckers of lateral arms, 1""". This species differs widely from C. Bonplandii in the sessile arms, etc. It is much more nearly related to G. Veranyi, from which it differs de- cidedly in the pen; in the suckers; and in the caudal fin, if these parts are correctly described and figured, for the latter. BRACHIOTBUTHIS Yerriil. Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 405, Nov., 1881. Allied to Chiroteuthis. Differs in having the lateral connective car- tilages of the siphoQ simple, long-ovate, and the corresponding cartilages of the mantle in the form of simple, linear ridges; a rhombic caudal fin; pen with a simple, linear, anterior portion, suddenly expanding Into a much broader, lanceolate, posterior portion, which is naturally infolded; arms slender, the ventral ones not distinctly obliquely compressed; tentacular club without a spoon-like cavity at tip. The siphon has a valve and dorsal bridle as in Chiroteuthis, and the suckers, so far as preserv^ed, are similar, but those of the club are more numerous, and their pedicels apparently had a less pronnnent bulb be- low the sucker. In addition to the type-species, this genus probably iucludes the Chiroteuthiit Bonplandii Verany, from the eastern Atlantic. C. Bonplandii, as figured, has a very similar pen, but the shape of the caudal fin is different, and the arms are more nearly equal in length. The arms are also represented as having small swellings at the tips. Its tentacular arms are not known. I' u > r,jt f REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [214] % ,« ^ Brachioteuthis Beanii Yerrill. TrauM. Conn. Acad., v, p. 406, pi. 55, flgs. 3-36; pi. 50, figs. 2, 2a, Nov., 1881. Plato XLV, figs. 3-36. Plato XLVI, figs. 2, 2a. Male : Body rather small, tapering backward to an ar ite posterior end; dorsal mantle-edge with a broad obtuse angle; caudal fln large in proportion to the body, broad rhomboidal; outer angles prominent, anterior to the middle; the anterior lobes project forward considerably beyond the insertions, and are rounded. The form of the fln is much like that of Ommastrephes. Head thickened at the bases of the arms, not so large in proportion to the body as in C. lacertosa: Eyes large, eye-lids thin. Siphon large, with two strong dorsal bridles ; internal valve broad, rounded, somewhat back from the orifice; connective car- tillages long-ovate, broadest behind (fig. 2a) ; dorsal cartilage of neck oblong, with a strong median ridge and two deep parallel grooves. Lateral cartilages of mantle (fig. 2) are simple linear ridges, extending to the edge of the mantle. Arms not very large, somewhat rounded, long and slender; the dorsal ones are much smaller and shorter than the others ; two lateral pairs nearly equal in size and length, more than two-thirds the length of the mantle. Ventral arms shorter and much more slender than the lateral, more than half the length of the mantle; the ventral arms show but little of the c jmpressed, oblique form, so conspicuous in the preceding species, and the crest or fold of skin along the outer- rentral angle is narrow, thin, and not very conspicuous; the suckers on the ventral arms are in two alternating, not distant rows, often appear- ing almost as if in on" row toward the base, where they become smaller, but are of the normal cup- shaped form, with finely denticulate rings and tlender pedicels; the tips of both ventral arms are much injured, bui, small, normal, long pediceled suckers can be traced to the tip of the left arm; the right arm is denuded of its skin and suckers at the tip. The suckers of the four lateral arms are in two rather close rows, larger, oblique, low cup-shaped, attached by slender pedicels, which are some- what swollen just below the suckers; most of them have lost their horny rings; marginal membranes rudimentary. Web between the arms rudimentary. Tentacular arms very long and slender, in alcohol about twice the length of the mantle ; a few scattered sessile suckers are found along the whole length of the arms; tentacular club well-developed, long- ovate, oblique, with a thick wrist and flat or concave sucker-bearing face: ckers small and very numerous, crowdedly arranged in many row.:, tobably sixteen rows or more), some of the middle ones larger than rest; suckers not well preserved, but all appear to have been alike in form; pedicels long and slender, with a smooth and not very large swelling below the base of the sucker; the suckers have lost their horny rims, but the sheaths are shaped much like those of C. lacertosa, the distal portion being hood-shaped, with a lateral opening, while the basal part is swollen laterally. The tip of the club is simple, without E8. [214] 2a, Nov., 1881. Lte posterior I fln large in I prominent, considerably I fln is much of the arms, Eyes large, les; internal onective car- lage of neck illel grooves, extending to ounded, lonj? an the others; an two-thirds more slender i; the ventral onspicuous in ng the outer- he suckers on often appear- come smaller, late rings and injured, but tip of the left the tip. The rows, larger, ich are some- ive lost their between the out twice tlie found along eloped, long- ucker-bearing iged in many e ones larger to have been and not very lave lost their C. lacertosa, ing, while the mple, without [215] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. any sueli spoon-shaped appendage as is found in tlic preceding species. Buccal membrane large, with a free thin edge which scarcely forma anglqg. Pen (fig. 3a) with a narrow, linear anterior portion, consisting of more than half its length, decreasing in width backward, then suddenly ex- panding into the posterior portion, which is broad and thin, and infolded, so as to form a large, compressed posterior cavity; the anterior portion is concave beneath, with no mid-rib, the edges ex-curved and slightly thickened; when spread out and flattened the posterior portion has a lanceolate form, rather abruptly widening anteriorly and very gradually tapering backward, with a double midrib, and some delicate lines ])ar- allel to it, while the lateral expansions are very thin and delicate. The teeth on the odontophore (Plate XLV, flg. 36) form seven rows: the median ones have a large, acute, central, and two small lateral den- ticles; the inner lateral teeth have a large, acute inner denticle, aud a very small outer one ; the next to the outer teeth are somewhat stouter than the outermost, which are very acute and strongly curved; no mar- ginal plates were observed. Color of body mostly destroyed, in the typical specimens, but small, light purplish brown chromatophores are uniformly scattered over the parts best preserved; this is also the case on the head, siphon, and outer surfaces of the arms, where the skin is well preserved ; scattered spots also occur on the inner surfaces, between the sucker«. The male described above has the mantle 62""" long; length of caudal fin, 31; its breadth, 30; end of tail to base of arms, 85; length of dor- .sal arms, 26; of second pair, 48; of third pair, 45 + (tips gone); of fourth pair, 35; of tentacular arms, 118; of sucker- bearing portion of club, 16; breadth of tentacular arms, 2; of club, 4; of lateral arms, at base, 3.5; of ventral arms, 3; diameter of ej'e-ball, 8; of largest suiikers of lateral arms, 1.2; length of pen, 62; of anterior, narrow portion, 38; its breadth anteriorly, where widest, 2; where narrowest, 1.25; length of posterior portion, 24 ; its breadth, 8'"™. The supposed female has lost the tail, but the arms are in better con- dition than those of the male; it diflfers from the male in having dis- tinctly smaller suckers on the lateral arms. Length of dorsal arms, •»7inm . of second pair, 44; of third pair, 46; of fourth pair, 37; of ten- tacular arms, 120; of club, 16™«. A larger specimen (station 994), which has lost its head and pen and therefore canuot be positively identifled, has a much darker color. It is dark purplish brown over the whole body. Two typical specimens were obtained off Martha's Vineyard, at sta- tions 1031 and 1033, in 265 and 183 fathoms; one, of doubtful identity, at station 994, in 368 fiithoms, by the U. S. Fish Commission, in 1881. All three were from flsh-stomachs. This interesting species was named in honor of Dr. T. H. Beau, the ichthyologist, who took charge of the fishes on the "Fish Hawk" this season. i ii! N? I B'{' »K ' 't' REPORT 01' COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2 a 3] Hlstioteuthis Collinsil Verrill. (Seep. [121].) riato XXIII. Plato XXIV^ ligs. 3-7. Plate XXV, flga. 1, 1«. Plate XLV, (igs. (5, 6a. The teeth of the odontophore originally described and figured (p. [123], Plate XXIV, fig. 0) were not the most developed of those on the same odontophore ; therefore, I have prepared another figure (Plate XXIV, fig. 7). The pedicels of the larger suckers on the tentacular club are very iieculiar. They are, when extended, long and remarkably stout, their di.imeter being more than half that of the sucker. They are cylindrical, and are capable of being invaginated to near the middle, so that they can be lengthened out or very much shortened by a sort of telescopic motion. The up])er end is thick, and so fits the basal part of the broad sucker that it .icts as a piston, very perfectly. (Plate XXXV, figs. 1, la.) Two additrjnal examples of this interesting species have been re- ceived. The first is in nearly the same condition as, but is considerably smaller than, the one originally described. The head and arms alone remain, but these are well enough preserved to show the characteristic color-marks. It was taken from a cod, on the western part of the Grand Bank, N. p., by Captain Johnson and crew, of the schooner "Augusta Johnson" (lot 962). Presented to the U. S. Fish Commission, June, 1881. The last example also consists only of the head and sessile arms, and is not in so good condition as either of the others referred to. It is about as large as the one originally described. This was taken by Capt. Chas. Anderson and crew, of the schooner "Alice G. Wonson," in 180 fathoms, near the northeast part of George's Bank, October, 1881. DasmoteuthiB teuera Verrill. Traus. Conn. Acad., v, p. 412, pi. r>5, figs. 2-2d, pi. 56, fig. 3. Plate XLV, fi«8. 2-2d. Plate XLVI, fig. 3. Two small but perfect specimens of this new species were taken in the "trawl- wings"* this season, at station 952, in 388 fathoms. The specimens are both males, but show no positive evidence of hec- tocotylization. The eyes are very large and prominent, occupying the whole of the sides of the head, wide apart dorsally, but nearly in con- •The "trawl-wings," whieh were first invented and used by the U. S. Fish Com- mission, this summer, consist of fine nets attached to a support extending out from each end of the trawl-beam. When in use they are about two feet above the sea bot- tom. They are provided with an interior funnel-shaped net to prevent the escape of animals captured. They have been of great value to us for capturing, and retaining in excellent condition, many kinds of free-swimming deep-sea animals, not otherwise obtainable, or if taken in the trawl crushed by the great masses of fishes, echinoderms, actinia), etc., usually taken in every haul in those waters. Among the things captured in the "trawl-wings" are not only several cephalopoda (including ^Hoposu*, Leatoteuthis, Boasia), but Cymhulia calceolus, and other Fteropods; vast numbers of Sagitta, one of them bright orange-colored; numerous species of Copepod Crustacea, some of them of great size ; Schizopods ; Salpse ; Acalephs, in- oluding one very remarkable now form of Siphonophora, etc. r2x(5] I [21 '] CEI'IIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. tigs. 6, 6a. (p.' [123], the same e XXIV, 'club are aly stout, They are e middle, f a sort of sal part of e XXXV, ) been re- ttsiderably ^rms alone racteristic the Grand "Augusta Tune, 1881. 1 arms, and It is about 3apt. Chas. $0 fathoms. e taken in Ins. nee of hec- upying the irly in con- S. Fish Com- ing out from ethe aeabot- tlie escape of ind retaining not otherwise echinoderms, I cephalopoda er Pteropods; us species of Aoalephs, in- Uitt beneath; eyelids thin, entire. The body is long, somewhat fusi- foMii, slightly smaller in advance of the middle. The tissues are exceed- ingly thin, delicate, pale, and translucent, so that the pen and other organs can be seen through the mantle. Anteriorly the edge of the mantle is directly attached to the head, medially, by a muscular com- missure, and there is no free edge (such as D'Orbigny figures in Taonius pavo) at the narrow middle portion of this band. This commissure is broader within the mantle, and there is another large, oblique, muscular commissure, extending forward to the edge of the mantle, on each side, extensively uniting the inner surface of the mantle to the sides of the siphon. These commissures leave only a rather narrow opening to the gill-cavifv. on each side, and one small ventral one, and the interior ventral t. ity is partitioned off from the lateral ones. The siphon is large, projecting forward between the lower sides of the large eyes; it has no valve in the ordinary place, but toward the base, on the dorsal side, there are two erect, rounded, ear-like flaps, each ac- companied by a prominent papilla (i'), and farther forward a raised, me- dian, transverse fold, and a central papilla (i). (Plate XLV, fig. 2d.) The caudal fin is comparatively small, narrow-ovate, tapering to a short, blunt posterior end, and with the anterior lobes narrowed and scarcely projecting beyond the insertions. Arms rounded, rather slender, tapering to slender tips: those of the third pair are much the longest, and like the second pair, bear along the uistal half suckers much larger than the proximal ones; tips short, with few small suckers. The dorsal and ventral arms are about equal, and not much more than half as long as the third pair; they bear smaller suckers, in two rows, regularly decreasing distally. The second pair is intermediate in length between the first and third pairs, with two rows of larger suckers on the outer half, suddenly decreasing distally, with minute ones close to the tip. The large suckers (fig. 2 b, 2c) on the second and third pairs of arms are much larger than the others, but similar in form, deep cup-shaped, convex in the middle, obliquely attached, with a smooth horny rim, except on the distal ones, which have blunt denti- cles externally. There are about sixteen of these suckers on each of the lateral arms, but eight or ten are decidedly larger than the rest. The large suckers commence nearly at the middle of the arms and ex- tend to very near the tips. The third pair of arms have a thin median carina on the outer side, along the distal third. All the arms have a wide marginal or i>rotective membrane along the inner edges, outside the suckers; these membranes are strengthened by transverse thick- ened, muscular processes, opposite each sucker; between these the mem- brane recedes so that the edge is scolloped. The ventral arms have also a membrane along the outer, ventral angle. I am unable to detect any positive signs of hectocotylization, either in the dorsal or ventral arms. Perhaps the presence of the very large suckers on the lateral I arms may be a sexual character, but if so, they are symmetrical on the two sides. n\ I REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [218] 'ft 1 i ij^U Tentacular arms (PI. XL VI, fig. 3), rather stout, tapering from the thickened base, and in our specimens, equalling in size, and not mud longer than, those of the third pair; club well developed, rather broader than the rest of the arm, with a dorsal keel and wide, marginal, protec tive membranes; the suckers are arranged in four regular rows; the larger suckers are about equj\l in size to the larger ones of the dorsal arms; of these there are eight or nine in each row, the marginal ones are scarcely smaller than the median ones and similar in shape, but more oblique, all there suckers are cup-shaped, obliquely attached, with long pedicels; the marginal ring is denticulated all around, the teeth ou the outer or higher side being slender, sharp, and incurved; those on the in ner side minute. The distal part of the club is short, and covered with four rows of small suckers, similar to the larger ones in shape and arma- ture; at the tip is a small group of minute suckers, apparently unarmed. At the proximal end of the club there is a group of small denticulated suckers, and four irregular rows of minute, connective suckers, attached by short pedicels, extend along the inner surface of the arm to the nid- die or beyond ; these are interspersed with minute tubercles, more dis tinct distally, near the club. The outer buccal membrane is narrow, without distinct angles. The pen is very thin, pale yellow ; the anterior iJortion is narrow and slender; the posterior portion, commencing opposite the origin of the fins, is lanceolate, with two faint, close ribs along the middle, and less distinct parallel lines each side of these ; the tip is a hoUotr cone, about 10«"«" long. The teeth of the odontophore (PI. XLV, tig. 2 a) form seven rows; the median teeth have a very large and long median denticle, and a small lateral one on each angle; the inner lateral teeth have a large inner and a very small outer denticle; the two outer rows of teeth are rather stout; a marginal row of rather ill-defined elliptical plates on each side. Color of mantle pale yellowish white, with scattered, conspicuous, round, or more or less elliptical, puri)lish-brown spots, 2 to 3""" in diam eter, and 5 to lO"""* apart. Eyes dark purplish or chocolate browu; head, siphon, and outer surfaces of arms thickly specked with purplish brown chromatophores. The length of the largest specimen is 163'""', from end of tail to tip of third pair of arms ; length of mantle dorsally, 110"^°' ; mantle to base of dorsal arms, 11"""; diameter of eyes, 17'"'"; breadth of head across eyes, SO""* ; breadth of body, 26"'"' ; length of caudal fin, 45""" ; its breadth, 28°'"' ; length of dorsal arms, 20"'"' ; of second pair, 25""" ; of third pair, 32'""' ; of fourth pair, 20""" ; of tentacular arms, 35""™ ; of club, 11""™ ; breadth of lateral arms, at base, 3. S™"* ; diameter of largest suckers, 2. S™"*. Oflf Martha's Vineyard, 87^ miles from Gay Head, station 952, in 388 fathoms. U. S. Fish Commsssion, Aug. 4, 1881. I J. [218] I [219] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. from tbe I not mucli I er broader I lal, protec I rows; tbe I the dorsal I al oucs are I , but more I , with long I »eth ou the I eouthein I vered with I s and arma- I y unarmed. I enticulated I rs, attached I to the Bid- I D, more dis I is narrow, I narrow and I rigin of tbe I le, and less I cone, about I n rows; the and a small je inner and are rather >n each side, jonspicuous, jmm in diarn- atebrowu; ith purplish tail to tip of le to base of head across ■) 45" its 9f»n""j of 20" ■wr, mm; of club, of largest 952, in 388 Notes on the visceral anatomy. Anatomically, this species closely resembles Desmoieuthis kyperborea. (See Plate XXV, fig. 1.) It has a similar short, thick, compressed, ovate liver, with the intestine in a groove along its ventral edge, and the small ink-sac imbedded in its antero-ventral surface. The gills are laterally placed, short, with long lamellte. The heart is small, irregularly tubular, oblique, with four angles or lobes where joined by the principal vessels. Tbe efferent vessels from the gills are long and conspicuous, because the bases of the gills are distant from the heart. The alimentary tract consists of a short, narrow rectum, attached to tbe liver, and ending in a bilabiate aperture, guarded by two slender papillie; of a long, rather wide, tubular portion, extending back to the base of the caudal fin, and covered, along the ventral side, with lateral rows of clusters of small follicular glands, which, near the liver, diverge into two, separate, large, lateral clusters; posteriorly, where the rows of follicles cease, there is a small, firm, bean-shaped glandular organ, 1am- ellose within, probably serving as a gizzard; this is followed by a long tabular, or fusiform, more or less saccular stomach and a ciecal append- age, running back nearly lo the end of the body ; at its anterior origin this csecal appendage is separated from the stomach by a constriction. The testicle is a rather small, slender, lanceolate organ, attached lat- erally, for its whole length, to the side of the csecal appendage. The prostate gland and vesiculse seminales have their usual position at the base of the left gill, but they are small and probably not fully developed; the efferent duct extends over and a short distance beyond the base of the gill, and is slender and pointed. The renal organs are very different from those of the common squids {LoUgo and Ommastrephea). The pos- terior part of the anterior vena-cava becomes glandular in front of the heart; there it parts, sending a long, smooth vein to the base of each gill; there each of these veins expands into an ovate renal organ, be- fore joining the branchial auricles. Arohlteuthls Harvesri Verrill. (No. 27 ; see p. [201].) Since the preceding pages were put in type, I have been able to ex- amine the specimen* mentioned on p. [201]. This specimen was purchased by Mr. E. M. Worth, and preserved, in alcohol, at his museum, 101 Bowery street. New York, where I had a good opportunity to examine it, about two weeks after it had been put in alcohol. Although this is more nearly complete than any specimen hitherto brought to this couptry, the arms and suckers are not so well preserved * An account of this specimen, accompanied by a wood-cut, apparently copied from the photograph, was published in " Harper's Weekly " for December 10. This tigure, though poor, gives a fair idea of the general appearance of the creature as it would look if lying tlabby and collapsed on the shore. The peculiar appearance of the cau- dal fin was due to mutilation of that organ. 5 'S >• i. ii '',t' RKPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FI8II AND FISHERIES. [220] as in ftomu of the other examples. All the sesHilc arms have lost more or less of their tips, so that the actual length cannot be given, and many of their suckers are either injured or lost ; the tentacular arms are also iigured and most of the large suckers of the clubs are de- stroyed; the candal flu was not only torn by handling, but one-half uf it had, apparently, been destroyed and the wound healed before the death of the creature,* so that its true form cannot be determined; the eye-balls were burst, and most of the pen was gone. The head, eye-lids, siphon, and f^ont edge of the mantle are, however, in fair condition, and aa these parts have not been well preserved in any of the previous examples, some new and valuable facts were learned in regard to the structure of these organs. Many of the following characters are of generic value: The eye-lids were large, not much thickened, and only slightly augulated, and with a shallow sinus; diameter of opening about 120""" (4.5 to 5 inches). The transverse nuchal crests, behind the eyes, are distinct, but only slightly elevated ; of the longitudinal ones, only one, on each side, is distinct, but it is short and not very high ; the others (unless they had been rubbed off) are rudimentary. The siphon is large and broad ; aperture, 102'""' (4 inches) broad, slightly bilabiate, with a broad valve within; dorsal bridles moderately developed. Siphon-pit shallow, smooth. Connective cartilages, on base of the siphon, simple, long-ovate, slightly oblique, and only a little concave. Connective cartilages on the sides of the mantle short, and close to the front edge, very simple, consisting of a short, slightly raised, longitudinal ridge. The dorsal ingle of the mantle- edge projects forward considerably beyond the sidet '^6 an obtuse angle ; the lateral angles are also distinct. The body is largt ^ broad in the middle and anteriorly, but tapers very rapidly to the base v. 'he candal fin, which is relatively small. This specimen, when examined by me, measured as follows : Length of mantle, to the lateral angles of the front edge, 4.16 feet; from edge of mantle to inner base of ventral arms, 1.25 feet; drcumference of body, 4 feet; length of caudal fin, tip to anterior end o{ lobe, 21 inches; breadth of one-half of fin, median line of tail to outer edge, 8 inches; length ■.! tentacular arms, 15 feet; of club, 2 feet; fvoni arst of the large median suckers to the tip, 20 inches; length of ventral arms (minus tips), 4.66 feet; their circumference at base, 8.5. inches; length of the dorsal arms (minus tips), 4.5 feet; their circumference, 7.5 inches; circumfer- ence of second pair of arms, 7.5 inches ; of third pair, 8.5 inches; diame- ter of largest suckers of sessile arms, .75 of an inch. The arms have a stout appearance, especially toward the base, and do not differ' very much in size. In the form of the arms and in the structure of the suckers this specimen agrees essentially with those that * Owing to this fact, which was not understood by those who saw and figured it at first, some of the cuts that have been printed give the tail very peculiar and re- markable forms. ;8. [220] I [221] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTKRN COAST OF AMERICA. i lost more given, and cular arms lbs are de- one-half of befoi-e the mined', the e, however, rved in any B learned in Che eye-lids id, and with iches). The »nly slightly , is distinct, been rubbed rture, 102'""' thin; dorBul Connective obliqae, and P the mantle ' of a short, the mantle- btuse angle ; broad in the he caudal )W8: Length from edge amference of je, 21 inches; ge, 8 inches; t of the large (minus tips), of the dorsal circumfer- ches; diame- he base, and 8 and in the ith those that ■ and figured it pecaliar and re- I have already described. The mandibles are nearly black; their ante- rior alar edges have a deep notch and a prominent tooth. The color, which is partially preserved on the arms and ventral side of the body, agrees verj^ well with that of Omniastrephes illecebroaua. The skin is bluish or pinkish, thickly specked with small purplish brown chromatophores. Arohiteuthlsprlnoeps? V. (No. 28.) In a letter ft'om the llev. M. Har^'ey, dated December 10, 1881, he in- forms me that he had been told by Mr. 0. D. Chambers, magistrate of Harbour Bufi'et, Placentia Bay, N. F., that a very large specimen of Architeuthii had been found on the beach at Hennesey's Cove, Long Island, Placentia Bay, during the first week of November last. This was discovered by Albert Butcher and George Wareham, who cut a portion from the head. The specimen had been miich mutilated by crows and other birds. The locality is uninhabited. The men esti- mated the length of the body and head at 26 feet, but this is probably 100 large an estimate. CompecUis of the families, genera, and species of Cepluilopoda included in this paper. In the following synopsis the species that have actually been proved to belong to the fauna of the northeastern coast of America, or the waUjrs adja» >nt, are numbered serially. They have all been personally studied by me, except Taonins para. Subclass DIBRANOHIATA. (See p. [73].) Order I.— DECACERA Blainville. (See p. [75].) OIGOPSIDiE. (See p. [75].) The division called Oiyopsida; includes two very diverse groups, differ- ing very widely in their visceral anatomy, as well as in the structure of the eyes, siphon, and mantle connections. These may be called Ten- ihidea and Taonidea. The former will include all the Oigopsidte described in this paper except the DesmotetUhidw. The Taonidea will include the Besmoteuthidte iind also several allied forma, which have usually been carelessly referred to Loligopsis. TEUTIIIDEA Verrill. Eyes with free lids, not stalked. Siphon with a subterminal valve. Mantle attached to the siphon by free connective cartilages. Stomach large, pouch-like; intestine short.; liver very large; ink-sac large. Pen I I REPORT OP COIIMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES. [222] ^oi'uy, well developed, as long as the mantle. One of the ventral anns is usually hectocotylized in the male. Arms with suckers, or with claws, or with both. Family TETJTHID^ Owen (restricted). (Sfje pp. [69], [75].) For a brief synopsis of the previously known genera of this family, see pp. [69-70]. Enoploteuthis. (See pp. [70], [203].) Enoploteuthis HartiagU YerriU. (Pp. [53], [303].) EnoploteuthiB CookU Owen — E. Molinai D'Orb. (Pp. [53], [203].) MoROTEUTHis Verrill. (See pp. [70], [209].) Moroteuthls robusta (Dall) Verrill. (Pp. [65], [209].) GoNATUS Gray. (See pp. [204], [206].) Oonatua amcsuus Gray. (Pp. [204], [206].) Lestoteuthis Verrill (See pp. [70], [76], [78], [204], [205].) 1. LeBtoteutUs Fabricii (Licht.) Verrill. (Pp. [76], [79], [206].; Family OMMASTREPHID^E. (See pp. [80], [201].) Ommastbephes. (See pp. [81-83], [202].) Ommaatrephea (^para) D'Orbigny, Voy. Am. M^rid., 1835; C^phsl. Ac^tab., p. 341, Illex and Todarodes Steenstrup, Oversigt k. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand., 188C, p. 90. 2. Ommastrephes lllecebrosuB (Les.) Verrill. (Pp. [83], [202].) Sthenoteuthis Verrill. (See pp. [99], [201].) 3. Sthenoteuthis megaptera Verrill. (P. [100].) SthenoteuthlB pteropuB (Steonst.) Verrill. (Pp. [103], [107], [202].) ' "' 4. Sthenoteuthis Bartramii (Les.) Verrill. (P. [112].) Architeuthis (Steenst.) Harting, 1881. (See pp. [1-20], [23], [51-65], [114J, [1991.) ^roAiteitfftiw Steeust., 1856 (no description). 5. AichiteuthlB Harveyi Verrill. (Pp. [23-40], [114], [200-201], [219].) 6. Architeuthis prinoeps Verrill. (Pp. L'*l-!>0], [114].) Architeuthis monachus (StaensO- (Pp- C24], [51-62].) Architeuthis dux (Stsenst.) Gervais. (Pp. [24], [51], [200].) Architeuthis Hartlngii Verrill. (Pp. [53], [200].) Architeuthis Bouyeri Verrill. (Pp. [54-57].) '' Architeuthis (f) Mouchezi Vclain. (Pp. [63-(55].) Architeuthis grandis (Owen) Verrill. (Pp. [57-59], [200].) The number of the foreign species, mostly nominal and imperfectly known, will undoubtedly be much reduced when they become better known. Probably A. dux and ^l. Bouyeri are identical, but there is as yet no proper zoological description of either. The former has been very briefly describnl by Gerrais, and Harting has published an out- line Dguie of one of the mandibles. ;. [222] itral arms J, or with [75].) iis family, 205].) 110 ic6tab., p. 341, Isk. Forhand., [23], [51-65], !191.) 1 imperfectly lecome better lit there is as ner has been ished an out- [223] CEPHAL0P0D8 OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. Family MASTIGOTEUTHID^ VerrUl. (See p. [114].) Mastigoteuthis Verrill. (See p. [115].) 7. MaBtigoteuthls AgaMdsU Verrill. (P. [115].) Family OfllROTBUTHID^ Gray (restricted). (See p. [118].) Chiboteuthis D'Orb. (See p. [118].) Chiroteuthis is the only genm in this family that has been hitherto recognized. 8. ChlroteutUs laoertosa Verrill. (Pp. [119], [209].) Bbaghioteuthis Verrill. (See p. [213].) 9. Braohioteuthis BeanU Verrill. (P. [214].) Calliteuthis Verrill. (P. [117].) 10. CalUteuthlB reversa Verrill. (P. [117].) CaUlteuthls ocellata (Owen) Verrill. (P. [202].) Family HISTIOTEUTHID^ Verrill. (See p. [120].) HiSTiOTEUTHis D'Orbigny. (See p. [120].) 11. Histioteuthis CoUinsU Verrill. (Pp. [121,210].) TA OXIDEA Verrill. Eyes large, stalked or prominent, having free lids, but no sinas. Mantle united to base of siphon and back of neck by three muscular commissures. Siphon large, without a true subterminal valve, but usually with special elevated processes, or flaps, in the basal portion. Stomach small, far back ; intestine very long, covered with lateral fol- licular glands ; liver small, far forward; ink-sac small. Pen slender an- teriorly, as long as the mantle. Hectocotylized arm not observed. All the arms bear suckers. Family DESMOTEUTHID.^ Verrill. (See p. [124].) Body much elongated, mantle united to tho neck by three muscular commissures. Siphon without a true valve, but witL three peculia}*, special thickenings, or raised processes,* in its basal portion. Byes i prominent. Intestine very long ; ink-sac small. Desmoteuthis Verrill. (See p. [125].) 1 12. Desmoteuthis hyperborea (Steeust.) Verrill. (P. [126].) 1 13. Desmoteuthis tenera Verriil. (P. [21C].) Taonius Steerstrup (restricted). (See p. [129].) \\ 1 14. Taonius pavo (Lc8.) Steenstrui.. ^oce p. [130].) MYOPSIDiE D'Orbigny. (See p. [131].) This artificial divisio^^^ includes two very diverse groups, which not * Of these organs the median doraal one is larger and more complicated than tho lothers (see PI. LV, fig. 2d, m ; and Ag. 4n). It seems to mo probable that this organ lis the true homologuo of the foot of gastropods. ii i . REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [224] only differ widely in the condition of the eyes, but also in the nature cT the hectocotylization of the arms, and in anatomical characters. To one of these groups, containing the family SepioUdw, I propose to apply the name Sepiolidea. The other division, Sepidea, includes the families Sepidoi, Loliginidce, Idioaepidw, and perhaps SpiruUdce; but the latter might, perhaps, be best placed with several fossil forms in a division of which it is the sole surviving genus. SEPIDEA Verrill. The integument extends entirely over the eye, and there is a pore in front of it. Pupil crescent-shaped. Body commonly elongated. Pten various, rarely absent, usually large, broad-lanceolate or ovate, either horny or calcareous (spirally coiled, tubular, and chambered in SpiruUty in which it is posteriorly situated). One of the ventral arms of the male is usually hectocotylized. Mantle usually with three connective cartilages, rarely with one (uorsal) or three muscular commissures. Family LOLIGINID^. (See p. [131].) LoLiGO Lamarck. (See p. [131].) 15. LoUgo Pealei Les. (P. [132].) 16. Lollgo (LoUiguncula) brevis Blaiuv. (P. [ 101 ]. ) Sepioteuthis D'Orbig. (See p. [163].) Sepioteuthla seploidea D'Orb. (S(>e p. [164].) SEPIOLIDEA Verrill. In this group the eye-lids may either be entirely free all around, or the upper one may be attached to the eye-ball. Pupil either round or crescent-shaped, Body short, obtuse. Fins lateral, separated. Pen small or rudimentary, sometimes absent. Sucker-rings smooth. Dorsal arms, in the male, usually hectocotylized, one or both. Family SEPIOLIDyE. (See p. [165].) Stoloteuthis Verrill. (See p. [165].; 17. Stoloteuthis leucoptera Venill. (P. [105].) RossiA. (See p. [167].) 18. RoBsia megaptera V. (P. [17:5].) 19. Rossia Hyatt! V. (P. [1(57].) 20. RoBsia sublevis V. (P. [170].) IlETF/.OTEUTnis Gray. (Seep. [V,J.j.) 31. Beteroteuthis tenera V. (P. [175].) , !•■% .{|' s. [224] i nature cT rs. propose to LoliginidaSj erhaps, be is the sole s a pore lu ated. Pten rate, either in Spirwlay rms of the f with one I around, or er round or rated. Pen ►th. Dorsal [225] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA, Order II.— OCTOPODA Leach. (See p. [177].) Family PHILONEXID^ D'Orb. (See p. [178].) PARA3IBA Steenst. (See p. [178].) Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Forening, Kjobenhavn, 1860, p. .3.33. 22. Parasira oatenulata Stecnat. CP. [179].) Family ARGONAUTID^ Cantr. (See p. [182].) Abgonauta Linn^. 23. Argonauta argo Liiin^. (P. [183].) Family ALLOPOSID^ Verrill. (See p. [180].) Alloposus Verrill. See p. [180].) 24. AUopoaoa molUs Verrill. (P. [181].) Famil 1 OOTOPODID^ D»Orb. (See p. [183].) i'Ci'OPUS Lam. (See p. [185].) 25. Octopus BaJrdil v srrill. (P. [185].) 26. Octopus lentUB Verrill. (P. [191].) 27. Octopus plscatorum Verrill. (P. [194].) 28. Octopus obesuB Verrill. (P. [193].) Octopus mgosus Bosc. (P. [195].) Octopus vulgaris Lam. (P. [72].) Octopus punctbtus Gabb. (P. [72].) Eledone Leach. (P. [183].) 29. Eledone verrucosa Verrill. (P. [183].) Family OIRRHOTEUTHID^ KeflF. (See p. [196].) Staubotet; irR Verrill. (P. [196].) 3a StauroteuthlssyrtensiaVe'. >l. » [196].) v:-:.t W lis REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [226] A'-i- EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. All the figures were drawn from nature by Mr. J. H. Emerton, except when other- wise stated. Platg I. Figure 1. — Architeuthis Harveyi (No. 5). Head and anna ; ^ natural size. From a pho- toj^raph of the specimen when freshly caught. The back of tho head rests npon an oar, so as to cause the beak to protrude, while the arms hang down . in a reversed position. The diameter of the bathing tub was 38.5 inches: a, left, and a', right ventral arms; h, left, and (', right arms of the third pair; c, left, and o', right arms of the second pair; d', right dorsal arm, mostly concealed behind the others; e, loft, and e', right tentacular-arms, folded severs' times over the oar ; i to iv, the ' club'; i to ii, the 'wrist'; it to iii^ the part bean. " '>/n suckers; Hi to iv, the terminal division ; o, the beak. Figure 2. — Part of the body and caudal fin of thn a. ^ i; lecimen ; ^ natural size. From a photograph made at the same time with the preceding ; u, mantle cut open ; t, tip of tail ; h, right, and {, left lateral lobes of the caudal fin. Plate II. Figure 1. — Architeuthis Harveyi. — A restoration, ^ natural size, based on the preced- ing figures aud on tho specimens received. (See note, p. 9.) f j: Platk III. -Architeuthis Harveyi (No. 5). Upper mandible ; natural size. -Lower maadible of same ; natural size ; lacks a small piece at a. Figure 1.- Figure 2.- Fignre 3. — Posterior part of the * pen ' of the same specimen ; } natural size. Tho dotted lines indicate missing parts. Figures 4, 4o. — Architeuthis Harveyi. (Spocimeu No. 4.) The two sides of the broken lower mandibles; natural size. Figures 1 aud 2 were drawn by Mr. J. H. Blake, from the alcoholic specimens ; figure 3 was restored and drawn by the author ; figures 4 and 4a are camerardrawings by the author. Plate IV. Figure 1. — Architeuthis Harveyi (No. 4). One of the larger suckers from the tentacular arms ; natural size. From a dried specimen. Figure la. — Portion of the marginal ring of the same sucker, seen from the inside; en- larged. Figure 2. — The same. (No. 24.) Distal part of arm. Front view ; natural size. Figure 2a. — The same. Front view. 50th sucker of 2nd pair of arms ; enlarged 12 diameters. The marginal scales are destroyed ou one side. Figure 3, 3a.T-Arohiteuthis Harveyi V. (No. 2). Homy ring of one of the marginal suckers of the club ; 3, side view ; 3a, the same, front view ; enlarged 3 diameters, Figure 4. — Architeuthis Harveyi (No. 5). Suckers of tentacular-club ; side view, natu- ral size ; a, one of the larger suckers ; h, one of the marginal suckers. Figure 5. — The same specimen. Homy marginal ring of one of the suckers from near the base of ventral arm; enlarged 2 diameters. Figures 6 and 6a. — The same specimen. One of the largest and least oblique of the hr.ray rings from a sucker near the base of one of the lateral arms ; top and side views ; enlarged li diameters. .1 [226] hen other- 'rom a pho- Bt8 apon an a reversed ad a', right , right arms liers; e,loft, the 'club'; he terminal Isize. From open ; *, tip the preced- size. The of the broken imens ; figure drawings by [227] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. Figures 7 and 7a. — The same specimen. One of the rings from a medium-sized and more oblique sucker of the middle portion of the lateral arms; top and sr'^e views; enlarged 1| diameters. Fignre 8. — The same specimen. Another ring from a more distal, smalle ', and more oblique sucker, top view; enlarged 11 diameters. Figures 9 and 9a. — ^The same specimen. One -of the homy rings from one of the smooth-rimmed, sessile, connective suckers on the 'wrist' of the 'club' of the ten- tacular arms; top and aide views; enlarged 3 diameters. Figures 10 and 10a. — ^The same specimen. One of the small suckers from the distal portion of the 'club', top and side views ; enlarged 3 diameters. Figure 11. — The same specimen. Caudal fin ; ^ natural size ; drawn from the pre- served specimen. Figures 4, 5 and 11 were drawn by the author, also figure 8, which is a camera- drawing. The others are by J. H. Emerton. Platb V. Figure 1 . — Architeuthis Harveyi V. (No. 5). Teeth of the odoutophore, from the an- terior portion ; enlarged 18 diameters ; a, median ; h, inner lateral ; c and d, the two outer lateral teeth ; e, marginal plates. Drawn from detached teeth. Figure 2. — The same specimen. Teeth from farther back, on the dorsal portion of the odontophore. Lettering as in fig. 1. Figure 3. — The same specimen. Anterior portion of odontophore, showing the teeth nearly in their natural positions ; enlarged about 3 diameters. Figure 4.— The same specimen. Portion of t le membrane lining the palate, showing the teeth, and hard granules attached to it ; enlarged. Figure 4a. — The same specimen. Two of the granules from the membrane lining the month ; enlarged 18 diameters. Fignre 5. — ^The same specimen. Another portion of the lining membrane of the pal- ate; enlarged. Figure 6. — Architeuthis Harveyi V. (No. 24). Teeth of odontophore ; a, median; b, inner-lateral ; c, c', and d, from two outer lateral rows ; enlarged about 24 diameters. DrawTi from detached teeth. Figure 7. — The same specimen. Portion of raduln, showing most of three transverse rows of teeth ; enlarged 18 diameters. Figure 8. — ^The same specimen. Otolith ; a, side view ; b, firont view ; much enlarged. All the figures are camera-drawings by the author. Plate VI. le tentacular he inside; en- iral size. ; enlarged 12 I the marginal | 3 diameters. ic view, natu- 1 kersfrom near ablique of th6| ; top and aid Figure 1. — Architeuthis Sarveyi Y. (No. 24). Young. Pharynx and beak, with odon- tophore ; 0, oesophagus ; natural size. Figure 2. — ^The same. Distal part of tentacular-arm, with club ; natural size. Figures 3 and 3a. — ^The same. Segment f^om distal portion of left arm of the third pair of sessile arms, front view ; 3u, the same, side view ; natural size. Figure 4. — The same. Basal portion of right arm, of second pair. Front view ; natural size. Plate VII. Figure 1. — Architeuthis princeps Y . Side view. Restored mostly from No. 13; ^^ natu- ral size. Figure 2. — Sthenoteuthit ptcropus V. Side view of the specimen from Bermuda ; i natu- ral size. ' Figure 2a. — Caudal fin of the same specimuu. Dorsal view ; ^ natural size. i .1 5'-^, i ' 'I •1i REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [228J Plate VIII. Arohiteuthia princcpa V. (No. 14). General figure ; from the recently preserved speci- men; restored in accordance with the measurer tents of the freshly canght speci- men ; ^t natural size. Drawn by the author. Plate IX. Figures 1 and la. — Arohiteuthis princepa Verrill (No. 14). A marginal ring {torn one of the large stickers of the tentacular-arlu ; 1, side view, enlarged 1^ diameters; la, portion of the rim ; enlarged 3 diameters. Figures 2 and 2a. — The same specimen. One of the medium-sized, oblique rings of a suclrer from the distal part of a sessile arm ; enlarged li diameters ; top and side views. Figures 3 and 4. — The same. Top <<.nd side views of one of the smaller aud moreMis- tal rings, from a sessile arm ; enlarged 3 diameters. Figures 5 and 6. — ^^The same. Top and side views of a complete sucker, with its pedi- cel, from the middle of a sessile arm ; enlarged 1^ diameters. Figure 7. — The same. Top view of one of the smaller, very oblique, distal sucker- rings, from a sessile arm ; enlarged 3 diameters. Figure 8. — The same. Portion of the_ homy ring of a medium-sized sucker from the middle of a sessile arm ; top view ; enlarged 6 diameters ; from a camera-drawing. Figure 9. — The same. Side view of the homy ring of one of the largest and least oblique of the suckers from near the base of the lateral arms ; enlarged 1^ diam- eters. Figure 10. — The same. Side view of the horny ring of one of the marginal suckers of the tentacular-club ; enlarged 3 diameters. Figure 11. — ArcMteuthia princ^a (No. 13). Portions of the homy ring of one of the large suckers of the tentacular-arm, much enlarged ; a and b, portions of the mar- gin, from the outside ; c, portion seen from the inside. Figures 8 and 11 are camera-drawings by the author; all the others are by J. H. Emerton. Plate X. Figure 1. — ArcMteuthia princepa Y. (No. 14). Caudal fin from beneath ; frbm the spec- .. .. a few days after it had been placed in alcohol; about ^ natural size. Figurd 2. — ^The same specimen. After it had been preserved several months in strong alcohol ; about ^ natural size. Figure 1 was drawn by J. B. Holder, M. D. ; figure 2 by the author. Plate XI. Figure 1. — ArcMteuthia princepa V. (No. 10). Upper jaw ; natural size. Figure 2. — ^The same. Lower jaw ; the dotted line shows the partb that are present on the opposite fide. Figure 3. — ArcMteuthia prinoq^a (No. 1). Part of lower jaw ; sidevievr; natural size. Figure 3a. — The same. Front view ; natural size. The rest of this beak had been destroyed. Figures 1 and 2 were drawn by the author; figure 3 by J. H. Emerton. Plate XII. Figure 1. — ArcMteuthia Hartingii V. Lower mandible, showing the anterior portion only ; natural size. Figure la. — The same. Section of a sucker from a sessile arm of the same specimen; lb, homy ring of the same; natural size.' After Harting. Figure Ic— The same. Teeth on the radnla. After Harting. Figaxe 2.— Arehiteuthia dux BteeoBtrvp. Lower mandible; natural size. Copied £ix>jn Harting's figure, after Steenstmp. [228J ved speci- ght apeci- ; from one neters; la, rings of a >p and side d moreMis- th its pedi- jtal suoker- :er from the ra-drawing. it and least ;ed 1^ diam- inal suckers f one of the of the mar- b are present natural size, lak had been srior portion le specimen; Copied from [229] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. Figure 3. — Architeiithia monachua St^^cnstrup (Typo specimen). Lower mandible; natu- ral size. After Stecnstrup. Figure 4. — Enoploteuthis Hariingii Verrill. Anterior portion of jaws; natural size; After Ilarting. Figure 5. — Moroteuthia robuata Vennll. Section of the soud, terminal cone of the pen ; natural size. Plate XIII. Figure 1 Side view of one of the specimens, as found re by J. H. am the spec- ze. ihs in strong Moroteuthia robusta (Dall) V. on the beach ; ^ natural size. Figure 2. — The same. Dorsal view. The dotted lines indicate portions of the arras that had been destroyed; ^ natural size. Figure 3. — The same. Side view of the head and siphon, with the anterior part of the mantle, cut open ; e, the eye ; a, siphon ; o, o', o", the three nuchal olfactory crests ; c, o', c", the connective cartilages attaching the mantle to the neck ; c, late- ral cartilage of mantle ; &, lateral cartilage at base of siphon ; c", dorsal cartilage of neck; m, m', cut edge of ma. le. Figure 4. — The same. The entiro uorsal * pen ' ; side view ; ^ natural size. Figure 5. — The same. Ventral view. Figure 6. — The same. A portion from the middle of the ' pen ', less reduced. All the figures were made from the fresh specimens by Mr. W. H. Dall. Plate XIV. Figure I.'— Moroteuthia robusta (Dall) Verrill. Odontophore ; side view ; enlarged 3f diameters. Figure 2. — ^The same. Part of a ro^ of the teeth from near the anterior bend of the odontophore; enlarged 22 diameters; a, median tooth, front view; a', side view of same ; b, first lateral ; b', the same, side view ; c, second lateral, front view ; d, outer lateral, front view. Figure 3. — The same. One of the inner lateral teeth , side view ; enlarged 54 diameters. Median tooth, side view ; enlarged 54 diameters. Upper mandible, natural size. Lower mandible, natnral size. Anterior end of terminal cone, showing a portion of the post- erior end of the ' pen ' inserted into it ; i natural size. Figure 8.- -The same. Section of a ventral arm, close to the base; natural size; a', one of the suckers, side view ; b and b', marginal membranes ; c, crest or mem- brane along outer angle ; e, median vein, near inner surface. Figures 1 to 4 are camera-drawings by the author; the rest are by J. H. Emerton. Plate XV. Figure 1. — Leatoteuthia Fabricii Yertill. Young. Pen ; enlarged 2 dinmett'rs. Copied from 6. O. Sars as Gonatua amcenua. Figure la. — The same. Part of odontophore. Copied from G. O. Sars. Figure lb. — ^Th« same. Portion of tentacular club, front view ; enlarged. Copied from G. O. Sars. I Figure 2. — The same. Young. General figure, dorsal vfew : enlarged 2 diameters From an American example. I Figures 2a, 26. — The same. l>ont and side views of one of the suckers from the outer rows of a lateral arm of the same specimen, I Figures 2c, 2d. — The same. Front and side views of a hook-suckor from the median rows of the same arm. I Figure 3. — Leatoteuthis Fabricii VerriM (Cheloteuthia raj)ax). Club of tentacular arm, front view ; enlarged 2 diameters. The homy hooks are lost from the claws o, a', a" ; b, c, small lateral suckers; rf, d', small suckers of distal portion ; i, el, connec- tive suckers and tubercles. Figure 4. — The same. Figure 5. — The same. Figure 6. — The same. Figure 7. — The same. ™') im -\\ M n v.. m P"' .''fff 1 ■. — EnoplotetithtH JlarUnqii Verrill. Two hooks, a, 6, from the arms, side views ; 0, d, medial' and lateral teeth of the odontophore. After Harting. Figure 6. — Onychoteuthia Banksii. One of the large hooka from the middle of the club ; a, side view ; a', front view ; 6, 6', corresponding views of one of the smaller hooks of the club; c, side view; o', front view of horny ring from one of the small suck- ers in the proximal cluster of connective suckers and tubercles of the club ; enlarged 6 diameters. Plate XVI. Figure 1. — Sthcnoteathia megaptera Verrill. Type specimen. Body seen from beneath; i natural size ; from the alcoholic specimen. Figure S . — The same specimen. Part of the membrane lining the palate ; enlarged 8 diameters; a and b are from diifereut places. Figure 3. — The same specimen. A single row of teeth from the odonte hore ; enlarged 8 diameters. Figure 4. — The same specimen. Teeth from the odontophore; enlarged 16 diameters; a, two median teeth; b, inner lateral teeth; c and d, teeth of the two outer lateral rows. Drawn from the detached teeth. Figure 5. — The same specimen. . Two of the outer lateral teeth, profile view ; enlarged 16 diameters. Figure 6. — The same s]>ecimeu. Several lateral teeth in their natural sequence; enlarged 10 diameters. Figure 7. — The same specimen. Two teeth from the next to the outer row; enlarged 16 diameters. Figures 8 and 8a. — The same specimen. Twenty -second sucker of a ventral arm; front and side views, enlarged 2 diameters. Figure 9.— The same specimen. One of the largest suckers from the club of the ten- tacular arm ; front view ; enlarged 2 diameters. Figure 10. Sthenoteuthia megaptera V. from George's Bank. Large sucker from the tea- • tacular club, front view ; enlarged 2 diameters. Figures 8, 8a, and 9 are toy J. H. Emerton; the others are by the author; 2 to 7 are j camera-drawings. Plate XVII. Figure 1 . — Sthenoteuthia megaptera Verrill, from George's Bank. Beak and inner buccal membrane, front view ; natural size. Figure 2.— The same. . Another specimen. Side view of jaws and odontophore; nat ural size. Figure 3. — Sthenoteuthia pteropua Verrill, from Bermuda. Jaws; a, upper; b, lower mandible; natural size. Figure 4. — The same specimen. Isolated teeth from odontophore ; enlarged 25 diamo ters; a, median teeth, front view ; b, inner lateral ; c, middle lateral ; d, outer lateral tooth. Figure 5. — The same specimen. Anterior end of the pen; natural size. Figure fw. — Posterior end of the same pen. il [231] Figure natut I'iguro : b, of I I'igure J etcrs ; side Li front ■ Figure S of the horny border Figures < Figure 1, Oeuera front v: Figure 2. enlarge Figure 3, from El peduncl tion of Figure 4.- Figuros r> , arms; ei Figures S i lateral a Figure 7.— of the cl Figure 8.— their nat eral teet; Figure 1. — The perit ductive F, caudal heart; c, < on the bai /./; »«', tum; ao. tral arterj auricles ; has been (renal) orj hooded po specimen Figure 2.-7 Figure 3. — T enlarged 2 eral teeth [230] figure 1 , re 1. iWH, with sd 8 (liani- loa, front iliamotors. imoters. ide views ; f the club ; lUer hooks imall 8uck- ; enlargt'd m beneath ; enlarged 8 •e; enlarged 6 diameters; Duter lateral )w ; enlarged il sequence; w; enlarged entral arm; lb of the ten- rom the teu- t; 2 to 7 are inner buccal | lophore; nat- ter; h, lower I ted25diam<3-l lonter lateral! [231] CEPIIALOPODS OF NORTIIEAStERN COAST OF AMERICA. Figure 6. — The same speciiuen. Conuectivo cartiliigo from the haso of the Niniioii; natural size. Figure 7. — The same specimen. Transverse sectiouH of sorao of the arms ; ((, of dorsal ; b, of second pair; o, of third pair; natural size. The suckers are omitted. Figure 8. — The same spocimoii. Kings of suckers of tlie sessile arms, enlarged 2 diam- eters ; a, a', side and front views of the 15th and 13th suckers of a ventral arm ; b, b', side and front view of one of the largest suckers of a lateral arm ; c, <•', side and front views of one of the larger suckers of a dorsal arm. Figure 9. — The same specimen. Part of the border of one of the larger suckers ( I'ith) of the second pair of arms ; more enlarged, showing part of the dentate edge of the horny ring, with a portion of the circle of small iilates, attached to the moinbrauoua border. Figures 4 and 7 are by the author ; lig. 4 is .\ camcra-lucida drawing. Plate XVIII. Figure 1, la. — Ommastrephes illecebrosua V. Young male from Proviucetowu, Mass. General figure of ventral side ; f natural size; l and papil- i of one of to, branches B gland and , view ; nat- jh enlarged. uccal mem- of mantle, srlocks wil»- n aquiferous rresponding ax arms ; en- jed; a, aide Figure l.—DeamoteuthU hyperborea V. Ventral view of a female ; J natural size. Figure 2. — The same specimen. Dorsal view of the head and arms. Part of the arms are imperfect. Figure 2a. — The same. One of the arms, left of the third pair ; natural size. Figure 2b. — The same. One of the larger suckers from the middle of third pair of arms ; front view ; enlarged 8 diameters. Figure 3. — Histioteuthis Collimii V. Original type. One of the tentacular arms; front view ; f natural size. Figure 4. — Beak of the same specimen ; a, upper ; b, lower mandible ; natural size. Figure 5. — Suckers of the same specimen ; a, side, and a', front view of one of the larger suckers of lateral arm ; h, side, and b', f^ont view of a distal sucker; enlarged 2i diameters. Figure 6. — ^The same specimen. Teeth of the odontophore ; isolated and enlarged 25 diameters ; a, median ; b, inner lateral; o, and d, outer laterals ; e, marginal plate ; k, g, and/, other views of the lateral teeth. The teeth are not drawn in their natu- ral positions. Figure 7.— The same specimen. Teeth on the radula in their natural positions ; en- larged 22 diameters. Figure 6 is from a camera-lucida drawing by the author. Platk XXV. Figure 1. — DesmoteuthU hypoborea Verrill. Female ; about 1 natural size. Specimen opened on the ventral side. M, mantle ; F, caudal fin ; P, P', posterior part of pen ; c, c, eyes; d, siphon; d o, aperture of same ; d", base and posterior entrance of same; /', commissure attaching the siphon to the mantle laterally ; g, g, gills; i, ink-sac ; S', first stomach, or gizzard ; S, S, lobes of stomach ; S", cocal lobe ; {, I, long, ta- bular intestine, plicated within, and with clusters of follicular glands externally along the sides ; h, rectum ; j, liver ; H, systemic heart or ventricle ; b o, branchial efferent vessels ; a, u, branchial auricles ; v o", posterior vena-cava ; r', renal or- gans ; or, ovary ; o v', some ovitles larger than the rest ; op, op', right and left ovi- ducts; ac', nidamental glands of the oviducts ; xx, xx', accessory nidamental glands. From a somewhat mutilated specimen. Figure la. — The same. Pen ; ventral view ; i natural size. Plate XXVI. I Figure 1. — Loligo Pealei Lesueur. Female from Vineyard Sound. Ventral view ; f natural size ; 1, dorsal arms ; 2, 3, 2d and 3d lateral arms ; 4, ventral arms ; t, ten- tacular arms; a, ventral olfactory crests around the ear ; e, eye; p, aquiferous pore ; 8, siphon. I Figtire 2. — The sa'me. Tentacular arm of a large male ; enlarged 1^ diameters. I Figiires 3, 3a. — Front and side views of the heotocotylized left ventral arm of a male, showing the sexual modifications of the suckers and their peduncles, toward the tip ; enlarged 1^ diameters. ,;1„ , , ji-U 'HI It, .^^ 'i'iA\ ' I ;i 1' REPORT OF COMMISSIONER 01' FIHII AND FISHERIES. [234] Figure 4.— T'lOHuiiH'. Fcmulo; fntut view of this Ix-uk iiiul Imccul iiicinbrancs; uat- ural h'/,;- • m, inuntliblcH; /, inner fold ; <; Hecontl fold of the buccftl mnmbrane ; a, d'UHal; b, c, laccial; d, ventral an^liw of tho oiitcr buccal inenibraue, with their Biiiull suckcMH • », i)oculiur horHcmluM'-Hhapcd tubercle, for tlio attaclimcnt of the sper- niatoplioroH dii -ing copnlation. 1'l.ATK XXVII. Figure 1. — Loliyo I'ealci, viir. borraliM. FcniuleHpocinieti, from Annitiqiiani, MaHs. Pen; natural Hize. ReprcHented aa tlattened to hIiow the full width of the thin portiou. Figure 2. — Loliijo I'ealei Lch. Female Hpecimen, from Vineyard Hound. Pen ; natu- ral Hize ; reprcHented an before in the Haiue nuinner. Figure 3. — The same. Pen of a young Hjiocimen from Vineyard Sound ; natural size, Itnproscnted in the Hame way. Figure 4. — Tlio same. Pen of a male ; } natural Mize. Viewed in the Hame mauuvr Od flguroa 1 and 2. Figure 4a. — The same. Pen ; side view of tip ; enlargetl. Figure 5*. — Loligo Oahi D'Orb. Pen ; | natural size. PlATf' XXVIIl. Figure 1. — Loligo PeaJd, var. pallida Verrill. Male, from Ausonia, N. Y. Dorsal view ; about i natural size. Figure 2. — The same. Pen ; about J natural size. Figure;!. — Tlie same. Male. Suckers enlarged 3 diameters ; 6', front view of tenlli, from third arm ; b, side view of the same ; c, side view of the horny ring of the fifth large sucker of the tentacular club ; c', front view of the same. B^igure 4. — ^The same. Female. Suckers : a, lateral, and a', front view of tenth sucker from the third pair of arms; e, t'io, and c', front view of the fifth large sucker of the tentacular arm ; enlarged 3 diameters. Figure 5. — The same. Upper mandible : a, rostnun or tip of the beak ; b, the notch; 0, the inner end of ala ; d, the fro:ii
'w; o, udxt to outer lateiai teeth ; d, outer lateral teeth; e, marginal plates ; all ar ) in their natural positions, except a. Figure 7. — The same. Portion of the radula ; enlarged 22 diameters. Figure 8. — Loligo Pealei, Portion of the radula ; enlarged about 20 diameters. Figures 9, 9a. — ^Tho same. Male ; side and front views of the horny rmg of one of the marginal suckers of the tentacular club ; enlarged 10 diameters. Figure 10. — Teeth on the lining membrane of the palate ; enlarged 25 diameters. Figure 11. — Chiroteuthia lacertosa. One of the tentacular suckers; front view; en- larged 75 diameters. Figure 11a. — The same sucker, with pedicel; front view ; enlarged 22 diameters. Figures 5 and 5a were drawn by the author ; figure 9 was drawn by J. H. Blake, from nature ; the rest, by J. H. Emerton. Plate XXIX. Figure 1. — Loligo Pealei, var. pallida. Male. Ventral view ; about f natural size, The mantle has been cut open, a little to one side of the median •line ; most of the I peritoneal membrane has been removed. C, lower side of head ; M, mantle ; F, [ caudal fin ; a, lachrymal pore ; a', muscles ; b, olfactory crests ; o, eye ; d, siphon, cut open ; d", cavity of siphon ; e, valve of siphon ; /, one of the connective carti- lages of the siphon ; /, one of the connective cartilages of the mantle, in tho form I -.v' E8. [234] I [235] CKPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. nbnmca; uat- riPinbrane ; a, lu', with tbeir nt of the sper n, Mass. Pen; ) thiu portiou. ^ | 1. Pen; nntu- ; natural size. I (tame mouuct N. Y. Dorsnl ; view of toulli, rny ring of the view of tenth • the fifth large i; b, the notch; la ; ab, the cut- ge ; b c, anterior Bd 50 diameters; er lateral teeth; iameters. ring of one of diameters, front view ; en- i diameters, by J. H. Blake, J natural size, ine ; most of the M, mantle ; F, eye ; d, siphou, Bonnective carti- intle, in tho form of II ridge, fitting into the siphonal cartilage; g, left gill ; h, rectum ; h', termina- tion of the intestine or rectum ; i, ink-»ac ; (', duct of ink-wio ; /, portion of livor, in positiim ; in', w»', muHcnla'° colamns connecting the heay the artery of tho ink-siic ; a o, bnlboiis base of anterior aorta ; o, ventral palliul artery, or in<>dian branch of the posterior a(»rta, supplying tho ventral parts of tlie mantle ; <>', one of the caudal arteries or latv al branches of tho posterior aorta going to the caudal fin and posterior parts of the mantle; a u, a u, branchial auricles; b r, atl'crent vessel going to tho gills ; b o, efferent branchial vessels, returning the blood to the ventri- cle, their swollen basal portions acting as auricles; v o, anterior vena-cava; r, r, ventral renal organs, two ventral sacculated branches of the vena-cava (on the left side, the vein from the ink-sac and rectum is shown); >■', r', two pyriform renal or- gans, or sacculated and glandular portions of the posterior venie-cavte, directly con- nected with r, r; r, v o', lateral pallial veins, going to the dorsal sacculated divi- sions of the vemc-cavie ; v c", v o", two posterior venie-cavie, returning from tho caudal fin and mantle ; S, the first stomach, or gizzard ; S', large, saccular cwcal ap> pendago of the stomach ; S", glandular, plicated stomach, in continuation with tho anterior portion of S' ; (, spermary or testicle ; p r, prostate gland, with the vesi- culie-seminales and apermatophore-sac ; p, efferent spenn-duct or ' penis ' ; P, pos- terior portion of the pen. Figure 2. — The same. Dorsal view of the reproductive organs, part of the renal or- gans, heart, etc., dissected out. The lettering is as in figure 1, with the following additions: r d, » d', vaa-deferens, closely folded upon itself ; ca, vesiculiD-seminales; as, spermatophore-sac ; po, genital artery; (fo, spennatic artery and vein; p t, part of peritoneal membrane. Figure 3. — Loligi "^'alei. Female In the breeding season. Oviduct, filled with ova, dis- sected out. 'al view, about ^ natural size ; v o, commencement of convoluted, thin membrf ^rtion of oviduct ; o d, entrance to glandular portion ; o d', gland- ular portion of oviduct, surrounded by the large, laminated gland, x', the arterial vessels of which have been injected ; op, orifice of the oviduct. Figui Q 3a. — The same specimen, seen from tho dorsal side. Figures 2, 3 and 3a are from drawings by the author. Plate XXX. Figure 1. — Loligo Pealei, Embryo taken from the egg, ventral view, much enlarged ; a, a, a, ventral arms, tentacular arms, and third pair of sessile arms ; c, c, eyes on stout peduncles or lobes from the sides of the head ; in, mantle-edge ; h, branchial auricles ; y, unabsorbed yolk-mass. Figure 2. — ^The same. An embryo, within the egg, somewhat more advanced than figure 2, side view, less enlarged. The lettering is as in figure 2, with the follow- ing additions: a', second pair of arms; a", third pair; a'", tentacular arms ; a"", ventral arms; a, orifice of siphon; o, otoliths; /, radimentary caudal fins. Chro- matophores are developed on the mantle. Figure 3. — The same. \u embryo at the period of hatching. Ventral view, enlarged about 15 diameters. The yolk-sac (y) is nearly absorbed ; o', third pair of sessile arms; t a, tentacular arms ; va, ventral arms; b, beak; {, odontophore; r, teeth on the radula; «, siphon ; o t, otolith; m, mantle ; /, caudal fin ; ff, g', gills ; /, ink-sac ; t, rectum ; /*', h', branchial auricles ; «, u', rudiments of tho stonmch. Figure 4. — The same. Young, just hatched, seen as a transparent object, enlarged 6 diameters; from a specimen raised from the eggs at Newport, R. I., August 5th. Ventral view; a', tho third pair of arms; t a, tentacular arms; ra, ven- tral arms ; the suckers show on 4a. — The same specimen. Pen ; na^^ural size. Figure 4i>. — The same. Portion of horny ring and marginal scalcb of one of the large tentacular suckers ; much enlarged. Figure 4c, — The same sucker; l-r''8 enlarged; front view. From a mounted specimen which, by contracting, has everted the denticulated border of the rim. V-.', i:',...':l Plate XXXII. Figure 1. — Chiroti'ithis lacvitoaa Verrill. One of the tentacular arms, outer side; natu- ral size. Figure la. — The sume. Front view of club ; enlarged 2 diameters. Figure 16. — The jame. One of the suckers, front view ; enlarged 10 diameters. Figure 2.— Loligo Pedlei, var. horealis. Female, in tho breeding season. Ventral view; about I natural size. The mantle bas been cut open nearly in the median line and the peritoneal n: embrane partly removed. The lettering is the same as iu figure 1 of PI. XXIX, with the following additions: 1, 2, 3, 4, first, second, third, and fourth pairs of sessile 'j,rms : t a, tentacular arms ; d', external orifice of siphon; o v, ov', ovary, mostly concealed by the oviduct ; v o, commencement of glandular portion of oviduct; x', large gland surrounding the oviduct; od', anterior portion of oviduct; op, orifice of oviduct; xx, pair of la'^e, ventral, laminated, uidamental glands; x, pair of folliculated and mottled, accessory uidamental glands; u, one of the uretli- ral openings of the peritoneal membrane. Figure 3. — The same. Section of gill; enlarged about 8 diameters; a, one of the lamella; with the efferent vessel along its edge; a', its outer end; bo, the main efferent or branchio-cardiac vessel, returning the blood to the heart ; b v, the main branchial vein, or efferent vessel; b, one of tho branches supplying a lamella; v, another vein in the muscular stem, c; d, membrane uniting the gill to the mantle; e, membrane running across the dorsal side of the gill. S. [236] I [237] CEPHALOPODS OP NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA. be surface. verjr small ; go and sym- tho caudal at Newport, sal view ; a, inents of the le; p, shell- copied from IW8 of 8uck- (han uimal. a specimen mil tentacu- lateral suck- af one of the of the large Bd specimen Tside; natn- metcrH. entral view ; lian lino and tu figure 1 of and fourth on; 0 V, ov', ar portion of 1 of oviduct; il glands; x, ?f the uretli- one of the 0, the main b V, the main 1 lamella; t<, the mantle ; Plate XXXIII. Figure 1. — HeteroteuthU tenera Verrill. Front view of male ; enlarged 2 diameters. Figures la, lb. — The same. Front and side views of one of the larger suckers of the lateral arms of the same specimen; more enlarged. Figure 2. — The same. Jaws, side view; enlarged 4 diameters; a, superior; b, inferior mandible. Figure 2a. — Tbu same. Tentacular club; enlarged 5 diameters. Figure2b.— The same. Pen; enlarged 6 diameters. Figure 2c. — ^The same. Part of the radnla; much enlarged. Figure 2d. — The same. Part of the ri»dula ; more enlarged. Figtire'3. — The same. Dorsal view of a male; enlarged 2 diameters. Figure 3a. — The same. One of the larger marginal suckers of the tentacular club, front view ; much enlarged. Figure 3b. — ^The same. Portion of the margin of the sucker, more enlarged, to show the scales. Plate XXXIV. Figure 1.- Figuro la. Figure 2.- Figure 2a. larged. Figure 2b. larged. Figure 3.- Figure 4.- Figure .'5 .- ample; Figure 6.- SeterdieuthU tenera Yeriill. Dorsal view of female ; enlarged 2 diameters. — The same. A group of eggs; enlarged 2 diameters. -Sotaia aublevU Yerrill. f . Dorsal view ; natural size. — The same. One of the suckers of the tentacular club, side view ; much en- — The same. Marginal scales on the edge of the same sticker ; more en- -The same. Pen, ventral view ; enlfirged 6 diameters.* -The same. Ventral view ; enlarged 1^ diameters. ' '■' —The same. One of the arms of the third pair, from another female ex- eulitrged 3 diameters. -The same. Corresponding arm of the male ; enlarged 3 diameters. Plate XXXV. Figure I. — HUtioteuthia Collinaii Verrill. One of t'le largest median suckers of the tentacular club ; side view ; enlarged 4 diameters. Figure la. — The same. One of the suckers from next to the outer row, of the same club'; enlarged 4 diameters. Figures. — Roaria Hyatti Verr.ll. Side viev of young male; enlarged 1| diameters; from life. Figures. — Rowia »ie^aj> s ['1 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [238] Plate XXXVII. Figure 1. — Bo8»ia Hyatti Yerrill. Female ; ventral view of the head and arms ; en« larged 3 diameters. Figure 2. — Bosaia aublevis Yerrill. Female; ventral view of the head and arms; en* laiged 3 diameters. Plate XXXVIII. Figure 1. — Stauroteuthii* ayrtenais Verrill. Dorsal view ; i'o natural size. Figure 2. — The same. Lower side of head; a, siphon; e, eye; a, the auditory pore. Figure 3. —The same. The siphon, turned back. Figures 4 and 5.— The same. Superior and inferior mandibles ; enlM'ged 2} diameters, '"his plate was drawn by the author, from the alcoholic specimen, except figures 4 and 5, which ar^ by J . fl. Emerton. Plate XXXIX. I , ;«*^* Figure 1. — AUopoaua mollia Verrill. Young male; side view, showing the sac contain- ing th*^ hectocotylized arm, cut open, so as to expose the partially developed arm; i natural size. Figure la. — The same specimen. Hectocotylized arm removed from the sac ; enlarged 2 diameters. * Figure 1. — The same. Young female ; ventral view ; i natural size. Figure 2a. — The same specimen. Dorsal view; | natural size. Plate XL. Figure 1. — Octopua piacatorumYeTrill. Female; original type. Ventral view; | natu- ral size. Figure la. — rhe same specimen. Qorsal viev. Figure 2 — Paraaira catenulata Steenst. Femal* ; front view ; i natural size. Figure 2a. — The same specimen. Side view of body and head ; | natural size. Plate XLI. Figure 1. — Octopua Bairdii Verrill. Male ; ventral view ; natural size ; h, terminal spoon-shaped organ of the hectocotylized arm ; i, the groove along the lower side of the arm. Figure la. — ^^he same specimen. Hectocotylized arm ; enlarged 2 diameters. Figure 2. — Hh^ ^ne. Male ; figured in the act of swimming ; dorsal view ; a, termi- nal spoon of hectocotylized arm. From a living specimen ; nearly natural size. Figure 3. — Ootopm Bairdii var. Verrill. Side view of a young male, enlarged about 1} diameters. Figure 3a. — The name specimen. Terminal appendage of the hectocotylized arm ; more enlarged. PL.1TE XLII. I'igure 1. — Ootojnia Bairdii Verrill natural size. Figure 2. — ^The same. Figure 3. — The same. Figure 4. — The same. Figure 5, — The same. Male ; dorsal view from a li^ mg specimen ; nearly Ml Side view, from life ; nearly natural size. Jaws; «, superior; i, inferior maudibles; enlarged 2 diamet^ra. Portion of odontophoro ; enlarged 22 diameters. Spermatophores. A, one with the inner sac (S) partly extruded; t, the point from which the extension commences ; enlarged 1^ diameters ; B, another spermatophore in its original condition ; a, filament at large end ; b, filament at small end Figure 6. — Octopus obeaua Verrill. Male ; original type. Uasal portion of one of the lateral arms, to show the arraugoment of suckers; enlarged IJ diameters. . [238] anus; en« anns; cn- ory pore. \ diameters, pt fignies 4 jac contain- elopod arm ; c; enlarged lew ; I natu- ize. 1 size. ; h, terminal lower Hide of iters. w ; o, termi- tural size, larged about tylizod arm; imen ; nearly 1 2 diameters. ■tly extruded; a; B,anotlicr 6, filament at of one of the crs. [239] CEPHALOPODS OF NORTHEASTEBN COAST OF AMERICA. Figure 6a. — The same. Terminal portion of the hectocotylized arm; enlarged 2 diameters. Figure 7. — AllopoBut mollis Yerrill. Part of a large mutilated specimen. Portion of an arm, with slickers, from near the base : natural size. Plate XLIII. Figure 1. — Octopus lentus Verrill. Female ; original specimen. Ventral view ; f natu- ral size. Figure 2. — The same specimen. Dorsal view ; f natural size. Plate XLIV. Figure 1. — Allojtosiis mollis Verrill. An entire, detached, mature hectocotylized arm; i natural size. Figure 2. — Octopus lentus Verrill. Side view of a male ; enlarged about 1^ diameters. Figure 3.—Eledone verrucosa Verrill. Side view of a male ; J natural size. Figure 3a. — ^The same specimen. Distal portion of the hectocotylized arm, to the edge of the basal web, showing the terminal appendage and the lateral groove. Plate XLV. Figure 1. — Lestoteuthis Fabrieii V. One of the tentacular arms ; enlarged 2 diameters. Figure la. — The same. The larger claw ; side view. Figure 16. — The same. Lateral arm ; enlarged 2 diameters. Figures 16', 16". — The Si^me. One of the hooks; enlarged 4 diameters. Figure Ic. — The same. Portion of ventral arm ; enlarged 2 diameters. Figure Id. — The same. Pen, ventral view ; a little less than natural size. Figure 2. — Desntoteuthis tenera V. General figure of male, dorsal view ; natural size. Figure 2a. — The same. Teeth of odontophorc ; enlarged 22 diameters. Figure 26. — The same. One of the larger suckers of the lateral arms; front view; en- larged 8 diameters. Figure 2c. — The same sucker ; side view. Figure 2(1. — Valve-like apparatus within basti of siphon; larger than natural size; S, orifice of siphon ; m, median organ ; i', lateral papilla, and i, medio-dorsal papilla; n, n', lateral cushions. Figure 3. — Brachioteuthis Beanii Verrill. Dorsal view of the male ; natural size. Figiire 3o. — The same. Pen, ventral view ; enlarged slightly. Figure 36. — The same. Teeth of the radula ; enlarged 22 diameters. Figure 4. — Desmoteuthis hyperborea. Side view of one of the large suckers of the 3d pair of arms ; side view ; enlarged 8 diameters. Figure 4o. — The same. Peculiar organs on the interior of the medio-dorsal side of the base of the siphon ; enlarged 2 diameters ; i, median, i', lateral papiilcc. Figure 5. — Chiroteuthis lacertosa V. Youug female. One of the suckers of the ten- tacular arms ; front view ; enlarged 22 diameters. Figure 6. — Histioteuthis ColUnsH. One of the larger suckers of the median rows of the tentacular club ; side view ; enlarged 2 diameters. Figure 6a. — The same. One of the suckers of the snblateral rows of the tentacular club. Plate XLVI. Figure 1. — Chiroteuthis /aoerfosa Verrill. Dorsal vi':w of the male; a little less than three-quarters natural size ; t a, stump of one of the tentacular arms, with a few of the sessile suckers remaining. Figure la.— The same. Ventral view of the pen ; enlarged about 3 diameters. t^'dfy' ,» -» la REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [240] R-"'^ f'f-4., ■ ,i' >^ Keport XT. S. F. C. 1878.— Verrlll. Cephalopoda. PLATE Vn. T4M lit i ' '1 1' <;1 If -I t,- »ei 1 !l 11 :t.,i- ■r'^'^- - Report IT. S. F. C. 1879.— Verrlll. Cephalopoda. PZiATB VUL Report U. S. F. C. 1879.— VerrUl. Cephidopoda. PLATE IZ. XIX Na.aO|j. No. lUlt. ■■aM '. //. limei'toH &* jt. Ji. Vcnritt/rivn tutturi. ll'm.J'.j\orthruf Q- Co.UHsravirs,BHffiiIo,N.l' . iil s Report n. 8. F. C. 1879.— VerrlU. Cepluaopods. PLATE Z. ira.lOS(. I U 'li' Bepi frH'.'s! .'. •* I 1 If Bepiwt n. S. F. C. 1879.— VerrtU. CephftlopoOa. PLATE XI. ^ii^^ Koport U. H. r. C. l«7>.-VwriU. On] pxtAm zzz. Rep< Report n. 8. F. C. 1A79.— VeiTill. Cephalopoda. PLATE xni. ;/ •• ."I m No. 1080. Keport 1 ' k-ij / / / // .-''. //. Mmerton ^ mmmmmmmi liepoi't U. S. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Cephalopoda. PLATE XIV. No. 1081. 7, If. JStiicrt'ii Cf' A. li. Vtnilt. from nature. tl'i/i. P. Northriif & C«„ Jln^rnrcrs. Buffalo, 2\'. y. 'I* R. \ ^n -R ■ IIHM11IIIIIWIIII RBHI K43pcrt U. S. v. C. 187».~VeiTiU. Copbalopods. PLATE XV. ia 145;? 144T 145) r 2> Na.ll(U. m SLIb y 1450 r 14B* ^ (CI v= y MM %i »eport U. S. F. C. 1879.- -VerriU. Cephalopoda. ^^ A j^ «" ^^^m \^ L^ ^'"^^ "W "' ^ »o. 1062. No. 11)63. 10 PLATE XVI. l-fl' J :-a i > '1 ■I |!' ■. ( •• 1 M'!i<.-:' ' •• ,' Keport U. S. K. U. 1879.— Vecrill. CephalopoUs. PLATE XVn. Wo. 1057- >'o. 1058. i li'l'S ii , i If imn Report U. S. F. C. 1870.— Veirlll. Cephalopoda. PLATB XVm. u .■:>') -Nn. 11170. JTo. 1089 Ao. Iu7l T IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) '^^ ^ ^.. ^^^ i^ 1.0 :- "- ,'.. 132 I.I 1.25 M 12.5 112.2 1^ illlio I!! 1.4 1.6 p% a w m /A o 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 4v ^v 4^^ L1? :\ \ %^ <^ ^> }3 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4S03 k i : ^'' igtrt Ki ( N N r^ L Keport U. S. F. C. 1S79.— VerrUl. Cephalopoda. PLATE 1^0.0074 [1 I I !i ' r .::ii R« inv l*:i \ d Seport TT. S. F. C. 1879.— Venill. Cephalopoda. PLATE JLX, I iiiitiisi B«port U. K F. C. 1879.— VurriU. Ci-phalopods. PLATE XXZ. .■'.zry^ r 1 1 li B«port U. S. F. C. 1870.— VerriU. CepbaloiMKl*. PLATE XZn. il i i f\ I ill i:si linf m : * *! Bcport U. S. F. C. 1870.— Vi-rrUl. Cepbalnpmla. FLATS ZXZn. I m "I Sfil ^1 ■ 'I Report 3 y J}. Na.li ,;1 Report U. 8. F. C. I870.-Vorrtll. Ci!plialu|MMla. PLATE XXIV, I It! m m M n> ■;U H 1& m B«port U. S. F. C. 1870.~yerrm. Cephalopoda. PLATE XZV. I ' I It ■ fi m ' i 1459 MM Report I y IB 1 /;3 m ' B 1 m v&^ '\ik. ifi kS 4 ^V X"" rf~ )m M 1 1 -* Bepoit U. S. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Cephklopoda. PLATS XXVI, 1 r 1 ; <■ ?S; ■ lib * 1 ill \ i 1 * 1 1^^ if 1 n t iiil lie rn |%! ,1 Keport TJ. S. F. C. 1879.— VerrlU. CephaloiMxIii. PLATE XXVII. ■^i is:!' 1 m a B«^ V. 6. F. 0. 1879.— VertUl. Oephalopodi. PLATE XXVIII. N0.U02, I ii - I I Report U. 8. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Cepbalopods. PLATE ZXIZ. Bepor Report U. S. F. C. 1870;— VerrOL Cephalopoda. PLATB TTT. 11 : ,'1 r 3a 'm Report U. S. r. C. 1870.— Venill. CephklopmU. PLATB XXXI. > i ■ '1 \m Beport U. S. T. C. 1870.— Verrill. Cephalopoda. PLATE XZXn. t'< m 1140 Keport IT. S. F. C. 1379.— Ve-riU. Cephalopoda. PLATE XXXni. « ...:.:,v.,,,.;iS^r:' 'MWm \Wmmm 'fliffl I ■;■■■' !W6 Beport U. S. F. C. 1870.— Verrill. Cephalopoda. PLATE Toaav. 1464 lias JJo. 1090. * ' I ' I i ' . t'i^'t m i I' 1470 Bcpi)rt U. S. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Cephalopoda, PLATE XXXV. m w 11' ■M^ Report V. 8. F. C. 187B.— Verrill. Cephalopoda. PLATE XZXVT. I! 1489 Nn. insn. m\ h:'.' 7 lie Report U. 8. F. C. 187B.--VerrlU. Ccplmlopodi. PLATE XZZVn. No. IU9I . No. 10B2. Kir f R«p V II '.1 i ■d^£. y err lit J B«port U. 8. F. C. 187».— VerrlU. Crplirtlopo<:i». PLATE XXXVUL A^£, ytrriUJront nature, rVm. P. Narthrut & Co.,£it£ravers, £ujalo, N. Y. ) Keport V. S. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Cephalopoda. PLATE XXXIX. M Uepo W !' M Keport U. 8. F. C 1879.— VerriU. Cephalopoda. PLATE XL. II'; i I' r Kepori V. S. F. C. 1879 ^VerrilL Cephalopoda. PLATB XLI. 1480 148-^ XJ,?^ Keport 11. 8. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Oephnlopods. PLATE ZLn. L Seport T7. B. F. C. 1879 Verrill. Cephalopoda. PLATE XTiTTT. f> V Jfn. niw. Wm.J>.!{orthrup Cf Co..j:ngravtrs.S>iffaUiN,y, Report V. S. F. C. 1870.— Vemll. Cpplmloj mU PLATE XLIV. f I «MBMMn»— •UMiateaiMM N t& \ Rtiport V. 8. F. C. 1870.— Verrill. Cppbolopodi. PLATE ZLV. Keport U. S. F. C. 1879.— Verrill. Ccphaloi)oka, examples from 73 Alocton •• encounter wlth'sqmd ^' -^' "^ -ilepidosaurna fe,ox H 55 Alloposidas 16, 20, 124 Alloposus 180, 225 Capo^Sab.eapeci.eMStbenotenthU.egnp.^'''^'' Catalii 180,255 181, 225 128 219 208 150 197 70 00 7:f ^llopoeus mollis -^iK'istrotouthis " ■Antepedm Arcbiteufbis Aichit.Mitbis Boiiy,,n "''' ^^'*' '""• 2-': ^••'■liitrutbis ,lux . . 24 25 --,, m VJ "'^' ^~' ArcUiu-uthis grandis ' ' ^**' "-' ^'"'' -""• 2:':^ Arcl,it,.uf|,i.s Hariin-ii -""---' '■'■''''•"""^"'•-■^'■^7;8:Hi5.ir2/Vr;:f «.H4o,52,5,5=ro2!'^:;; A '•obitoutlus me(rapt,.ra '"*• ^'"'' ^""' -^''^ -'2-' Arcbiteuthu mo„acbu« ::23:24;25:5,:n2, 53, 5 ;r -'00, L'L'o 8.11,13,14,15,10,24 r, 07 33.34,41, 43, 60, ,52, 59, 114' 199, 200, 221, 222 25,51 2."J,]99,o22 182, 225 sis ,n, '^'""'"'■•"tbis IacoM,„«„ Arcbitontbis Mouchezi Arcbiteuthisprinceps'. Architeiithis titan Arrbitoutbns Arj?onautid!D Arjfonauta Argou.auta argo Afwood, Capt.N.E Baird, Prof. ,s. Jf -•\»wood,Capt.N.E 18-'.225 p::' *;""-" ^^'''i Baird, Prof. ,s P 1141 p"" "' "*'"l"'s Bairdii . «;-H.o..,t,A^s^,£"'"-^'- 78 k:::;;;^^^'-"'-^---::::::::- "'"k'', 'T.H 55 p::^ " . •^•■P'"t^^"tbis sepioidea ... Hay specimen (Architeuthis Hoiiiivisfa, v.vi .') . «"".v.r,M.. letter from wrachioteiitbis.. B'acbioteuthia Beanii." Ungiis specimen, 1879 Calliteutbis ... 55 •-■■220,234 Har- • 8,11,34 54 • 213, 223 • 214,223 17 ina specimen, 1S77 /A.. ^;; 1, , 17 ceps) " '^'oniteutbls prin- Ceplialopoda octopoda ^"',43 CepbaJopwls of the AtlanHn ."; '^7 Matters to Ne wfifuSd t' '""" """^'^ revision of the . . . °^- ■""nograpbic Cbanibers, C. D 78 Cboloteiitbis ... 221 Cbelotetitbis rapax : 78,204,205 '^biroteiitbidiB .... ^'' ''*■ 205, 206, 207 Cbiroteutbis ^'*' ^^O, 202, 223 118,223 lacertoaa H", 209, 213 ChiroteiKhiN Veran vi "B, 209, 214, 223 <'inbo(oiitbii|n« 120,211,213 Ol™.', Tbonmn, letter from' ^^' 22S < olliiiH, Cij.f.j y^y go ^'"■■"■•■I.ti.n l{,.v specimen 187a ', a J"'"''2«.124 'bw Haivr.viO . 'Arcbiteu. Coombs' Cove «pecimon'l872";A" ;: riarvryif-, '^°' ^**72 (Arcbiteiitbis '•'■.vpiodil)rancbiata <'.VmlmIiacalceoIus l>all, W.il ... I>a«-R„,,, .;. W- ' ' " ' ' ' ^' 2^' '"^- 66, 71, 72, 229 I>I'(11(CI,T •■ 0 l^''<'apo(ln 75,221 IJfimotentbida> 75 Dc.siii(>ti.uibi.s 124,223 Bi'.siiiiid.iin.;.. 1 1 125,223 125, 120, 219,223 21ft 2^ 73,221 59 141,201 176 141,155 186 95 169 ^ 171 183,225 5, 33 7 73 216 '"■'""""■'«'"«''.vp,.rborea' l^'Hii.oteothis tenera iJ'biiiiicIii.ita W"ot1iui 8 Murray, Alexander 2, 6, 10 MyopHida^ 75,131,223 New Zealand, examples ft-om 63, 64 North Pacific, examples from the 05 Octoccra 177 Octopia 177 Octopidas 183 Octopoda 75, 177, 225 OctopodidtD 183, 225 Octopus, note on large species of 71 Octopus 1, 10, 71, 138, 181, 183, 186, 225 OctopuH Bairdii 167, 169, 186, 194, 195, 225 Oct<)])us carena ISO OctopuH catenulatus « 170 Octopus Grrenlandicus 188, 194, 19,5 Octopus Icntus 188,101,104,225 Octopus obesus 188,103,225 ""•■OHT or co„„««,o^,, ^ ■ ■■ USB AND FISBEBIES. r24 n Octopus pl«caton,ra •'i-topiiH piincfntus . OctopiiH ruKcwua OotopwH t.,l,oroulatu8 Oct«p„„ v„]^,„.^ ^'Kopeidm OmnintoHtn-phiiii 0min.it08tr„p/„« Oramat„Btr,.phe8Bartranni"" On,matoHtreph,.«„ig„,"'""--- 0'nmat<«tr.,ph«H..4":p--- Om™HtoBt..epl..,o„„TaStn«ta"" Ommaostrephespacifleu*'""'- Ommato8fr„ph„Hp„, "' Ommatoatrephespto^r Om^at„nrephes«„«Cu, 0n.matO8tr„pb„^ "« Oramaetrephes ' ■ • Om,na«tropho« Bart„«,U Omma8tr.,ph„8Cola,,otu Ommastrepbesenslfer Omma«trop,,e,g, • Omn,««trephH8 Harvoyi m Offlmaatrephesllleoebroaa 23 Owmastrophos mogaptera "'' 2«2. 221, 222 0.nma8trepbe8 t:;t;"^^P'^ceps ... ff Om.mmt, opbea ,„bu Ju^ 107, no 0^r''"-'"'""«'«H«ittatu8 21,6, 0«mtt8t.-..phe8 Sloanei 82, 83, 95 Ommast riphido, . . 58, 82, 95 I'^y-bia 80,201,222 Onychote„thi,I«, eo (^nychoUM.this 75,80 "».vchot,.„thi8? amcena 69-209 OnAd.,.,oufhi8Bank8il.." 79 nl ' ^**'""'W Bor^l . 78, 80 ^yf>t.»msF^UHoU 65 "n.v choteuthi8 Kamtaohatioa ■ ■ 79, 80 0''.Vch«t.H.thi8lobipe„4 204,200 p"'7P''"f-Richar,i;: '203 1 ackard, Dr. A. .S ^"9, 200, 202, 203 "" ^5- ".24, 52.' 200 Ro88la Hvatti «088i« mewptew' """"ia sublevla Sagitta Sars, I'rof. o Q ■'^Pliinbi Seplnloll^o .'.' ^•'I'ia uuKuicuiata' Spfildoa S«Piola I,.ncopter» • »"Pl"lid.a S<'pii>lidn) S<'Pi<)t.i,tbi8. S«Ppm „n„ui,uiau olmnis, (jforg,, Smitb, P,„K s I Smitb, .Snnd,T8,m ■■"' * Wwb.. 8pe..eMi^;^-;^^,_^ Statirotouthi8 .. Sfauroto,,,,,,.^ ,,;--- • ■1()«,223 f>teen8trnp, Prof.J j";.:^-: "4, 19«, 225 '- 2^' 26, 51. 52, 68, 82, 95, ,4 Sthonoteuthis '82, 201, 204 .,on ftJ.'notouthisBart.^^-;-- St^en.„eutbi8«i«a, •W,I70, J7i,33j 178, 174,2i.t 107,170,224 21fl .alanlen8i8 ' '' "'' """' ">-■ 222 Stni.m hyperboreuV; 165,224 165, 224 212 223 125,126,129,223 126 I^arasira Paraairaoatenuiate ^ara8hat»beroulata"; Perothis ^hilonexida) .. monexi8 tubercniatn,.' Pfcctoteuthi8«randis 5:XS^e,8pe..en^-- ■178,225 170, 180, 225 180 120 ■■■-178,225 ■ 179,180 ■■■■ 221 199 ■ -■ 109 ■•201,210 131 Tannins pavo .. ,„ jnn l'a.r, Jamo8 G.. Jotter from ' ''"' ''"' '''• '''■ 223 Telooteiithis 5 ToIeot,MUbi8 caribbffia 69. 70 leb,ot..,ubi8Krohnii. 70 ^''iitliid.x' 7^ Toulbidca .. 80.75,80,131 222- J'"».l.loTiokIo8peeimoni87« ^21 P'incops?) , • ' ^''^^ (Architeutbi,s Jv«an„p„da NorVegioa ^O.r.i> l"'«»y«P«cin,en;i877 ■■■ V«51ain, M ' ^'■rania . . ^^I'itinaa, G p ^';f-n,c,.pt.o.A::; Wildt^r, Prof. B. G Xiphotfuthis W'ofLoIigoPeaiei • 81,82,222 •-■ 05,201' ■•■ 210 15 120,20.) ■•• 03,05 70 .'5, 42 18, .55 72 301,202 "2,143,154,155 " '"S" i-ealel. , : *"'< 202 ^"""K of ommastrephes Ul^y. ' ' "2' "3- IH 155 Yo-ngofOctopuaB^rdU ""■*""'« 94 188