^V

<\y.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

125

m
lis

IIIIM
IIIM

m

M

2.2

1.8

U ill 1.6

v]

<^

/i

/

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

\

iV

^^

:\

\

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

^9>

V

»

^

^

4s> ■m^J>

^O

I?
'I ;

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

■i

Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques

The institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
wliich may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checited below.

Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

I I Covers damaged/

D

D
D

□

Couverture endommag6e

Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaur6e et/ou pellicul6e

I I Cover title missing/

Le titre de couverture manque

I I Coloured maps/

Cartes g6ographiques en couleur

□ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or blacic)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noi'e)

I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/

D

Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material/
ReliA avec d'autres documents

Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/

La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge intirieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certainas pages blanches ajout6es
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas AtA filmies.

Additional comments:/
Commentaires supplAmentaires;

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la mithode normale de filmage
sont indiqu^s ci-dessous.

I I Coloured pages/

D

D

Pages de couleur

Pages damaged/
Pages endommag6es

Pages restored and/oi

Pages restaur6es et/ou pellicul6es

Pages discoEoured, stained or foxet
Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piquies

Pages detached/
Pages ddtach6es

Showthrough/
Transparence

Quality ol prir

Quality indgaie de {'impression

Includes supplementary materii
Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire

I — I Pages damaged/

r~~| Pages restored and/or laminated/

I — I Pages discoEoured, stained or foxed/

I I Pages detached/

I I Showthrough/

I I Quality ol print varies/

I I Includes supplementary material/

Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been refllmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, vne pelure,
etc., ont M filmies A nouveau de fagon A
obtenir la meilleure Image possible.

Tl
to

Tl

P«
o1

fil

O
bi
th
sii
ol
fil
si<
or

sh
Tl
w

M
di
er
be

"i
re
mi

This item Is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce iocument est film6 au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous.

10X 14X 18X 22X

26X

30X

y

12X

16X

20X

24X

28X

32X

The copy filmed here hes been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:

Library Division

Provincial Archives of British Columbia

L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grAce A la
gAn6rositA de:

Library Division

Provincial Archives of British Columbia

The images appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.

Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

Les images suivantes ont AtA reproduites avec le
plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition et
de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film4, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.

Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprimie sont filmAs en commenpant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
derniire page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont film^s en commenpant par la
premidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la dernidre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbole V signifie "FIN".

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre
film6s d des taux de reduction diffirents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre
reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir
de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la mithode.

1

2

3

1

2

3

4

5

6

mmffmt^^r^^"^

'■ tf-: ■ -'f.

^^^fr!^

PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINQTON

BULLETIN VOL. XIII, pp. 123-162

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS

1865-1895

BT

WILLIAM HEALEY DALL

Annual Prihioential Address dbmverkd before the PniLosoWitCAL
SociETV OK Washixotos, December 6, 1895

WASHINGTON

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

December, 1895

•^ •'*««■■ ■-^^'^

k^f

i'^-„-'^'-r-"r:,'>f' •■ ''f:i^"«-

U<^.3^-

c

HH

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS
1865-1895.

BY

William Healey Dall.

[The annual presidential address, delivered before the Philosophical
Society of Washinj^ton, December 6, 1895.]

In 1864 the apparent hopelessness of the attempts to
establish a workable transatlantic telegraph cable led those
interested in telegraphic commuuicatiou with Europe to
consider other means of attaining that end. It was thought
that a short cable across Bering strait might be made to
work, and no doubt was entertained of the possibility of
maintaining the enormously extended land lines which
should connect the ends of this cable with the systems
already in operation in Europe and the United States. A
company was formed for this purpose, and an expedition to
undertake the explorations necessary to determine the route
was organized. The cooperation of the Russian and Ameri-
can governments was secured and the necessary funds sub-
scribed. Searching for properly qualified explorers, the
promoters of the enterprise consulted the Smithsonian insti-
tution and were brought into communication with Robert
Kennicott, of Chicago, a young and enthusiastic naturalist,
who had already made some remarkable journeys in the
Hudson Bay territories in the interest of science. His ex-
plorations had taken him to the most remote of the Hudson
Bay posts — Fort Yukon, on the river of the same name —
regardless of every kind of hardship, privation, and isola-
tion. His ardor was so contagious that before returning to
civilization he bad communicated it to almost every one o»

18-Bull. Phil. Soc, Wash., Vol. 13. (123)

P^cinc N, W. History Dc^pt

PROVINCIAL LIBRARY
VICTORIA, B. C,

MMikm

124

DAI.L.

the hard-headed fur traders in that remote and inhospitable
region, and for years afterward bird skins, eggs, ethnological
specimens, and collections in every branch of natural his-
tory poured from the frozen nortli into the Wmithsoniau
Museum by hundreds and thousands.

When Kennicott, after traveling for months on snow-
shoes, sledges, or bateaux, stood at last on the steep bluff at
Fort Yukon, he saw the yellow flood of the great river surg-
ing by the most remote outpost of civilization and disap-
pearing to the v.estward in a vast and unknown region.
An uninhabited gap of hundreds of miles lay between him
and the nearest known native settlement to the west. Far
in the north the midnight sun lighted up the snowy peaks
of the Ilomanzoff mountains, whose further slope it was be-
lieved gave on the Polar sea. No one knew where the
Yukon met the ocean. On most maps of that day a large
river called the Coivile, found by Simpson on the Arctic
coast as he journeyed toward Point Barrow, was indicated
as the outlet of the Yukon watershed. South of the Ronian-
zoff mountains for an unknown distance vast tundras,
scantily wooded with larch and spruce, the breeding grounds
of multitudes of water fowl, intersected by many streams,
but level as a prairie, extended to the west.

The native population of this region, as far as known,
had always been scanty, and an epidemic of scaj'let fever,
introduced some years before through contact with other
tribes trading to the coast, had swept them absolutely out of
existence. Not an individual was left, and the nomad.c
natives who reached Fort Yukon from the east and south-
east hesitated to approach the hunting grounds, where the
mysterious pestilence might linger still.

Obliged to terminate his explorations here, Kennicott
returned, after months of weary travel, to the United States,
but cherished the hope of some day penetrating the terra
incognita on whose borders he had been obliged to pause
and turn away. The dream of his life was thereafter the
exploration of Russian America, the discovery of its fauna.

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

125

;

and tho determination of its relations to the fauna of Siberia
and Japan. Tho group of young zoologists which ^'nthered
about him at the Chicago Academy of Sciences, an institu-
tion of which Kcnnicott was practically the creator, was
frequently roused to enthusiasm by impromptu lectures on
the problems to be solved, the specimens to be collected, and
the advenv. res to be anticipated in that virgin territory.

The need of the telegraph company for one familiar with
life and conditions in the north brought him the long sought
opportunity, and he undertook to lead the exploration, pro-
vided he wrs permitted to utilize it for science to the fullest
extent commensurate with the attainment of the objects of
the expedition. IIo stipulated that he should be permitted
to select a party of six persons who should be qualified to
make scientific observations and collections in the intervals
of other work, but who should hold themselves ready to do
any work required by the promoters of the enterprise, even
to digging post-holes for the line if called upon.

His terms were accepted, and the scientific corps of the
expedition organized and started for San Francisco. Here
two of the members were detailed to join the party engaged
in exploring the route through British Columbia ; the others,
of whom the speaker was one, accompanied Kennicott to the
north.

In July, 18G5,tlie expedition entered thebay of Sitka and
our acquaintance with Russian America began.

Sitka was then a stockaded' town of about 2000 inhab-
itants, with a village of more than 1500 Indians outside
the walls. The settlement contained a Greek church, a
Lutheran chapel, shipyards, warehouses, barracks, a club-
house for the officers, a sawmill, a foundry where brass,
copper, and iron castings of moderate size were made, beside
numerous dwellings. All the buildings were log structures,
their outer walls washed with yellow ochre, the roofs chiefly
of metal painted red. High above the rest, on an elevated
rock, rose a large building, in which the governor of the
Russian colonies had his residence. This, known to visitors

litm

12G

DALL.

r& .

as the " castle," was built of squared logs, with two stories and
a cupola and was defeuded by a battery. Tiio warm colors
of the buildings, above which rose tlio pale green spire and
bulbous domes of the Greek church, seen against steep, snow-
tipped mountains densely clothed with sombre forests of
spruce, produced a picturesque effect unique among Ameri-
can settlements.

Outside the walls, along the beach, was a long row of largo
Indian houses, low and wide, without windows, built of im-
mense planks painfull}' hewn out of single logs with stone
adzes, whose marks could still be distinctly seen. Tiiey were
entered by small, low doors, rounded above, so that he who
came in must bend to an attitude ill suited to defense. The
front of each house was painted with totemic emblems in red
ochre. Their dimensions wore sometimes as much as 40 by
GO feet, and the area within formed one large room, with the
rafters visible overhead, the middle portion floored only with
bare earth, on which the fire was built, the smoke escaping
through a large square hole in the roof. On either side were
raised platforms with small partitioned retreats like state-
rooms, each sheltering a single family. As many as one
hundred people sometimes dwelt in one of these houses. The
only ornaments were totemic carvings, generally against the
wall opposite the entrance; overiiead hung nets,. lines, and
other personal property drying in the smoke along with strips
of meat or fish and fir branches covered with the spawn of
herring.

On the bank, which rose behind the houses, densely cov-
ered with herbage of a vivid green, were seen curious box-
like tombs, often painted in gay colors or ornamented with
totemic carvings or wooden effigies. These tombs sheltered
the ashes of their cremated dead. On the beach in front of
the houses lay numerous canoes whose graceful shape and
admirable workmanship extorted praises from the earliest
as well as the later explorers of the coast. When not in
use these were always sheltered from the sun by branches of
spruce and hemlock or tarpaulins of refuse skins. Among

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

127

the canoes innumerable wolfish dogs snarled, fought, or
played the scavenger.

The natives still retained to some extent thoir original
style of dress, modified now and then by a Russian kerchief
or a woolen shirt. As a rule, they were barefooted, stolid,
sturdy, uncompromising savages, who looked upon the white
man with a defiance but slightly tempered by fear and a
desire to trade. The mission church of that day was built
into the stockade, with doors entering it both from the In-
dian and the Russian town. When services were held the
outer door was opened, the town door closed and stoutly
barred. Once these fierce clansmen had endeavored to rush
into and take the settlement whet: the door leading inward
had been left unfastened. From the time when the first
white men to touch these shores, OhirikofF's boat's crew in
1741, were without provocation massacred, these natives
had not failed to maintain their reputation for courage,
greed, treachery, and intelligence.

These conditions outside the settlement necessitated a
military discipline within it. Sentries regularly paced the
walks by day and night, the sullen Indians were systematic-
ally watched, and the little batteries kept in readiness for use.

The needs of the business of the compan_, made Sitka a
lively manufacturing town, in spite of the multitudinous
Russian holidays. Society there was like a bit of old Russia,
with the manners, vices, and sturdy qualities of sailor, peas-
ant, and courtier fully exemplified within its narrow limits.
A fishery at Deep lake, a few miles away, furnished fresh
salmon in abundance, which was freely dist:'ibutcd to all
comers twice or thrice a week during the season. The com-
pany furnished each employe with certain stated rations of
flour, sugar, tea, etc., at fixed prices; the harbor, within a
few yards of the stockade, contained abundance of seafish,
and the Indians' price for a deer, skinned and dressed, was a
silver dollar or a glass of vodka. The primeval forest came
close to the town ; the demand for firewood and timber had
made little impression upon it. White settlements in the

^

128

DALL.

Alexatulor archipelago were confined to a few small fortified
trading posts. Fort Wrangoll and Fort Tongass alone could
be regarded as approximately permanent. The parties sent
out to trade or hunt worked from a temporary camp or an
armed vessel as a base, and, owing to the ill-feeling which
existed between the natives and Russians, smuggling and
illicit trading were rife. Missionary effort did not exist out-
side of Sitka, and oven there amounted to little more than
the bribery of some greedy savage to pc-form for a consid-
eration some rites which he did not understand.

Tiie law of Russia which prevented a permanent severance
of a subject from his native soil (except for crime) operated
to encourage temporary unions of the company's servants
with native women. Marriages were not allowed between
full-blooded Russians and natives, as at the expiration of his
term of service the Russian must return to his own parish
in Russia, and the native could iiot be carried away from the
place of her nativity. After the transfer of Alaska to the
United States many of tiiese Russians elected to remain in
the country and were married to the mothers of their cliil-
dren ; but at the time of our first visit the most surprising
social fact to us was the perfect equality which appeared to
subsist between these irregular partners and the married
women who had come from Russia. So far as we could per-
ceive, both classes behaved with equal propriety and were
treated with equal respect by the community, and the only
restriction which the authorities insisted upon was that no
Russian should take to himself a partner who had not been
duly baptized. The issue of these unions, being of Alaskan
birth, were free to marry in the country, and with their de-
scendants constituted the class to which the Russians gave
the name of "Creoles." Some of them rose to eminence in
the service, and one at least became governor of the colonies.

At tlie time of our visit the business of the colony was ex-
clusively the development of the fur trade. Agriculture was
confined to a trifling amount of gardening very imperfectly
performed. The fisheries were utilized only to supply food

i

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

129

for tho people in the company's employ, or to insure sub-
.sisteiico for the natives whose time was devoted to hunting
the sea otter or preparing skins for the autliorities. The fur
trade of southeastern Alaska was not very produetive. The
natives were disposed to trade with tho Hudson Bay Com-
pany or illicit traders rather than with tlie Russians, partly
because they obtained better prices for their skins and partly
because tho Russians refused to trade intoxicating liquors,
wliile the outsiders were not troubled with ai; v 'cruples in
such matters. The furs were divided by the Russians into
two classes — the precious furs, such as the ." 'X, se i otter, and
sable, which were strictly reserved for the company, a ertain
propoi Liun being imperial perquisites of the Russian court,
ind the clieaper sorts, which might be used by the com-
pany's employes for winter clothing, and were sold at a fixed
price to tiiem for this purpose. This included the muskrat,
mink, Parry's marmot or ivrashka, the fur seal, and some
others. Dry skins of the fur seal were sold at the company's
warehouse for 12^ cents apiece, the modern plucking and
dyeing of the fur, invented by an American, Raymond, of
Albany, not having reached a perfection sufficient to attract
the fashionable world.

The European trading goods and supplies were mainly
brought by ship from Hamburg, tlic same vessel taking tlio
annual load of skins to China, where an excliange was made
for tea and silk, wliich were carried back to Europe. Flour
was imported latterly from California and some goods were
brought from Aian and oth'er ports on the Okhotsk sea in
the early days of the business, but in 1865 this trade had
come to a standstill or nearly so. In mineral resources al-
most nothing was done ; a little coal was taken out at Cook's
inlet for local uses, and the exp«. "tation of ice from Ivadiak
to California was carried on under a lease by an American
company. The presence of gold, iron, aui graphite was
known to the authorities, but prospecting was not encour-
aged, as it was supposed the development of mineral re-
sources might react unfavorably on the fur trade.

n#4a>wMm*'-*>0"^

SBHR

i '

130

DALL.

The first codfisherinan visited the Shumagin islands in
1865. The whale fishery was wholly in the hands of Ameri-
cans and other foreigners, uncontrolled by the Russians, and
the timber was used only for local purposes.

The main business of the company was done at its conti-
nental trading posts in the northern part of the territory
and in the Aleutian chain ; its authority in the territory
was as absolute as the presence of the uncivilized tribes would
admit. Under the guns of the trading posts the company
was master; out of their range every man was a law unto
himself.

Aftc transacting its business at Sitka the expedition
touched at the island of Unga to examine a coal mine, at
Unalashka,the Pribiloff islands, and at Saint Michael's, Nor.
ton sound, where Kennicott and the explorers for the Yukon
were landed. The speaker was put in charge of the scien-
tific work of the expedition and remained with the fleet,
visiting Bering strait, where landing places for tlio cable
were searched for; and Petropavlovsk, the capital of Kam-
chatka, where the Siberian parties were provided for ; and
then the vessels returned to San Francisco.

The following year, on returning to Saint Michael's, we
were met by the news of Kennicott's death from heart disease,
brought on by over-exertion and anxiety. The Yukon ex-
ploration was still incomplete, though information received
made it certain that the Kwikhpak of the Russians and the
Yukon and Pelly of the English were one and the same
river. It remained to emphasize this information by a con-
tinuous exploration whicii should cover the unmapped por-
tion of tliis mighty stream. The scientific work in zoology
projected by Kennicott had been left by his premature deatli
unrealized. The speaker determined to carry out these plans
and was authorized to remain in the country for that pur-
pose.

As soon as sufficient snow had fallen to render sledging
practicable a portage from Norton sound to the Yukon river
was traversed, a small boat transported on a sledge for use

i

■'.If

i

I
■|

i

'I

I

■A
■i:

I

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

131

during the followiug summer, and the Yukon ascended on
the ice to the trading post at Nulato, a distance of some three
hundred miles. Here the party of five wintered and in
March divided into two parts — one, under Frank Ketchum,
taking sledges with the intention of traversing the unknown
region on the ice and after reaching Fort Yukon to ascend
further in canoes; the other to await the break-up of the ice
in May and follow in the skin canoe, so as to rescue the first
party should they have failed to carry out their plans. Both
projects were successfully carried out and the two parties re
united at Fort Yukon on the 29th of June, 1867. They
returned by the whole length of the river and reached Saint
Michael's on the 25th of July. Here astonishing news
awaited us : The Atlantic cable was a triumphant success,
tha United States were in negotiation for the purchase of
Russian America, our costly enterprise was abandoned, and
all hands were to take ship for California.

The collections and observations had been but half com-
pleted. The natural history of the Upper Yukon and the
borders of Norton sound had been pretty well examined,
but the vast delta of the Yukon, with its wonderful fauna
of fishes and water birds, its almost unknown native tribes
and geographic features, remained practically untouched.
I immediately determined to remain and devote the follow-
ing year to the unfinished work. An arrangement with
the Russians was made and this plan carried out. In the
autumn of 18G8 I left Norton sound for California on a
trading vessel and returned to civilization.

At the time our explorations of the Yukon began this
immense region was occupied by two or three thousand In-
dians, ra-.my of whom had never seen a white man. The
Russian establishments on the Yukon were only three in
number, hundreds of miles apart, and chiefly manned by
Creole servants of tiio company, not over a dozen at each
post. An inefficient priest, vvith a few alleged converts, con-
ducted as a mission of the Greek church the only religious
establishment in the whole Yukon valley. The iudnstrios of

19-Bull. Phil. Soc. Wash., Vol.13.

'|i|MI.».Wl»|ltj|tu

X .,... ..

132

DALL.

the region comprised trapping, hunting.and fishing ; the first
for revenue, the others for subsistence. The means of navi-
gation were birch-bark canoes and small skin-boats. Once
a year the clumsy barkass of the Russians, loaded with tea,
flour, and trading goods, was laboriously forced upstream
to the Nulato post, returning with a load of furs. The tribes
of Eskimo extraction occupied the lower river banks from
the sea to the Shageluk slough, above which they were re-
placed by Indians of the Tiuneh stock. These were to be
found in scattered villages at various points on the river or
its tributaries, where the abundance of fish offered means of
subsistence. The extreme limit of population was to be
found at the junction with the Yukon of the large river
Tanand, where the island of Nuklukayet was recognized as
neutral ground, where delegations from all the tribes met in
the spring for their annual market of furs. Here our party
had the interesting experience of meeting the delegation of
Tanana Indians in full native costume of pointed shirts and
trousers of dressed deerskin adorned with black and white
beads, the nasal septum pierced to carry an ornament of
dentalium shell, their long hair formed into a bundle of
locks, stiff with tallow, wound with beads, dusted with pow-
dered hematite and the chopped down of swans. The ranks
of frail birch canoes were accurately aligned, and their pad-
dles rose and fell with military precision. When they
rounded the point of the island and approached the beach,
where stood the first white men they had ever seen, they
were met by a complimentary salvo from the guns of the
Indians already on shore, and responded by wild yells and
graceful waving of their paddles.

The waters of the Tanana had never known an explorer
and its geography was wholly unknown. Never again will
it be possible for an ethnologist to see upon the Yukon such
a body of absolutely primitive Indians untarnished by the
least breath of civilization.

Above Nuklukayet the Yukon enters a cailon, known as the
Lower Ramparts, above which the depopulated area already

'4-:

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

133

alluded to extends to the site of Fort Yukon, near the British
boundary on the Arctic circle.

The noble stream I have described extends, including
windings, about 1,600 miles from Fort Yukon to the sea.
The valley is sometimes wide and low, sometimes narrow
and contracted by low, wooded mountains. Everywhere
until the delta is approached the banks are wooded. There
are many tributaries, none of which were then explored, and
on either side of the main artery the laud stretched unex-
plored for hundreds of miles. Not another person speaking
auy European tongue except the Russian was resident in all
this territory during the second year of my sojourn. Outside
of the three trading posts, not a native had ever bought a
pound of flour or an ounce of tea. The use of woolen cloth-
ing had hardly begun, and soap was a rare and costl}^ luxury.
I made the first candles ever molded on the Yukon, and
but for the lack of hardwood ashes to furnish alkali would
have tried my hand at soap. People lived on game and
fish. Tlie caribou was plentiful in the absence of rifles ; the
moose was not yet exterminated ; the warm days of spring
brought incalculable multitudes of ducks and geese, to say
nothing of other water fowl ; the Arctic rabbit and the ptar-
migan were a constant resource, and the rivers and lakes in
many places teemed with fish. Clothing was made of deer-
skin and sewed with sinew ; the ornaments were fringes from
the gray wolf or wolverine. Undergarments were occasion-
ally made of cotton bought from the traders, but more
usually from the skins of fawns. At one village during the
season for taking them I saw 4300 fawn skins hanging up
to dry. Such reckless destruction has since borne its natural
fruit. It was only at certain localities even then that deer
were plentiful. The main staple of subsistence was fish.
During the summer the river was studded wnth traps for
salmon; in winter the traps were set in the ice, and under
favorable conditions furnished a steady supply of white-fish,
burbot, pike, grayling, and the great red sucker. The salmon
were cleaned, split into three parts connected at the tail,

MUM

134

DALL.

and dried in the open air by millions ; they furnished food
for man and dog, and when well cured were not unpalatable.
Vegetable food was almost unknown, except in the form of
berries. The green flower stalks of Rumex and Archangelka
were occasionally eaten, and the dwellers by the sea some-
times gathered dulse, but for practical purposes the diet was
meat and fish.

It was known that gold existed in the sands of the river,
but the inexperienced fur traders looked for it in the bars
of the main river and not in the side canons of small streams,
where it has since been found in such abundance. Tlie real
riches of the Yukon valley then lay in its furs. In a
garret at Fort Yukon the post trader showed me with par.
donable pride 300 silver fox skins of the finst quality. Beau-
tiful in themselves and for what they represented — gold,
praises, and promotion in the service — one might almost
forget that some of the company's servants at this post had
not tasted bread or butter, sugar or tea for seven long years.

The region of the delta was and is still remarkable as
being the breeding place of myriads of water fowl, some of
which are peculiar to the Alaskan region. Nearly one hun-
dred species gather there, and one of them comes all the
way from north Australia, by the coasts of Cliina and Japan,
to lay its eggs and rear its young in the Yukon delta. It
is also remarkable for the abundance of the great king
salmon, sometimes reaching a weight of 130 pounds, a fish
less plentiful further up and whicli does not ascend to the
headwaters of the river.

All this immense territory has since been penetrated by
traders and prospectors. Stern-wheel steamers have defied
the current, and ply regularly on the river during the sea-
son of open water. Missioi' schools are numerous and rein-
deer scarce. Tiio fur trade wanes, wiiilo many thousands of
dollars in gold dust have been laboriously extracted from
the gravels. The natives buy tea and flour and dress in
woolen clothing. With the miners whisky has reached the
wilderness, and the sound of the American language is

/

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

135

heard in the land. Tame reindeer have been imported from
Siberia with a view to their domestication by the Eskimo
of the Arctic coast, who are on the verge of starvation at
frequent intervals, owing to the destruction of tlieir food
supply by the whalers and walrus-hunters and the intro-
duction of Winchester rifles for killing the wild deer. With
the alternative of starvation as a stimulus, the chances of
success ought to be good.

In carrying out the plans which Kennicott had medi-
tated, but which death had stayed, I had succeeded in gath-
ering rather abundant material for my friends, the orni-
thologists, botanists, ethnologists, and so on, but to do it I had
to put aside the work in the department in which I person-
allv was most interested. The shores of Norton sound and

ft/

the tundra of the Yukon valley offered little in the way of
raollusks or other invertebrates. The desire to extend our
knowledge of the geographical distribution of the sea fauna
led me to propose a further exploration of the coasts of the
territory, especially of the Aleutian chain, under the aus-
pices of the United States Coast Survey. A geographical
rcconnai.ssance was undertaken and carried on during five
years, investigating magnetism and hydrology, making
charts, tidal observations, meteorological and hypsometric
notes. In all this I was ably seconded by my companions,
Mark W. Harrington and Marcus Baker, wlio need no in-
troduction to this audience. At the same time and without
interfering with the regular work the dredge was kept con-
stantly busy, and on my return from field-work the material
for the studies I had so long looked forward to was actually
gathered.

The region which includes the Aleutian chain and other
islands west of Kadiak presents a striking contrast to the
densely wooded mountains and shining glaciers of the Sit-
kan region to the east and the rolling tundra cut by myriad
rivers in tho north. Approached by sea, the AleuMan islands
seem gloomy and inhospitable. Omnipresent fog wreaths
hang about steep cliffs of dark volcanic rock. An angry

136

DALL.

" II

<

surf vibrates to and fro amid outstanding pinnacles, where
innumerable sea birds wheel and cry. The angular hills
and long slopes of talus are not softened by any arboreseeufc
veil. The infrequent villages nestle behind sheltering bluffs,
and are rarely visible from without the harbors. In winter
all the heights are wrapped in snow, and storms of terrific
violence drive commerce from the sea about them.

Once pass within the harbors during summer and the repel-
lent features of the landscape seem to vanish. The moun-
tain sides are clothed with soft yet vivid green and brilliant
with many flowers. The perfume of the spring blossoms is
often heavy on the air. The lowlands are shoulder high with
herbage, and the total absence of trees gives to the land-
scape an individuality all its own. No more fascinating
prospect do I know than a view of the harbor of Unalashka
from a hilltop on a sunny day, with the curiously irregular,
verdant islands set in a sea of celestial blue, the shorelines
marked by creamy surf, the ravines by brooks and water-
falls, the occasional depressions by small lakes shining in
the sun.

The sea abounds with fish ; the offshore rocks are the re-
sort of sea-lions and formerly of sea-otters ; tlie streams afford
the trout-fisher abundant sport, and about their mouths the
red salmon leap and play. In October the hillsides offer
store of berries, and in all this land there is not a poisonous
reptile or dangerous wild animal of any sort.

The iniiabitants of these islands arc an interesting and
peculiar race. Their characteristics have been well de-
scribed by Veniaminoff, who knew and loved them. By the
testimony of their language, physique, and culture they are
sliown to be a branch of the Eskimo stock, driven from the
continent, as the shell-heaps reveal, at a very ancient date
and isolated since from contact with any other native race,
specialized and developed by their peculiar environment to
a remarkable degree. Conquered by the Russian hunters of
the eighteenth century, practically enslaved for a century,
their ancient religion frankly abandoned for the rites of the

1

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

137

Greek church, an apathetic reticeuco replaced the rollicking
good nature characteristic of the Eskimo people. In 18G5
they were supported hy the company; the men shipped off
in hunting parties in search of tiie sea-otter were separated
from their families sometimes for many months and re-
warded according to their success; but, while the company
provided food for all who needed it, the time of the Aleut
was not his own. I have already mentioned that the fur-
seal at that time had very little commercial value. The
fishery on the Pribiloff islands was conducted by Aleuts
under supervision, and the skins were mostly shipped to
China or Europe. It has been noted as surprising that the
value of the fur-seal fishery is so little referred to in the argu-
ments urging the acquisition of the territory in 18G7. This
was not an oversight; the seal fisheries at that time were
not especially lucrative, and the millions which the industry
has since produced could not have been predicted in 1867.

At the time of my first visit and until very recently the
sole productive industry of the Aleut people consisted in the
sea-otto" hunting and the fur-seal fishery. Much of their
subsistence was anu is obtained from the natural products
of the region — fish, wild fowl, and the flesii of marine mam-
mals. The custom of preparing clothing from the skins of
birds and animals has long been abandoned. The Aleut and
his family now dress in clothing of wool or cotton, burn
kerosene in an American lamp, and cook their food on an
iron stove. The barabora or native hut, built of sod and
stones, has been generally replaced by a frame cottage, and
the means for supplying these artificial wants has been ob-
tained from the income derived from the seal and sea-otter.
Now that these animals are approaching extinction, at least
from a commercial standpoint, the question of how to pro-
vide oven the modest income needed for these people is a
serious one. While it is not yet settled that the half-starved
Eskimo of the northern coast will adopt the new mode of
life necessiated by the care and maintenance of large herds
of tame reindeer, and the success of that experiment is still

1'

138

DALL.

questionable, there is no doubt in my mind that the intro-
duction of the deer into the Aleutian chain is not only per-
fectly practicable, but that it offers the only solution of the
problem of providing for the Aleuts which seems to possess
the elements necessary for success. There are no predacious
animals to molest the doer, like the wolves of the mainland;
there is an abundant supply of forage, and the climate and
conditions are those that the animal is known to thrive in.
A herd introduced a few years ago into Bering island, on
the Russian coast, and simply let alone and protected from
dogs, has increased very much in number and will soon
afford skins and tallow for export. There is no obvious rea-
son why on most of the Aleutian islands equally good re-
sults should not be obtained. Some few deer were intro-
duced upon the island of Amaknak, in the bay of Unalashka,
a lew years since, but they were the property of whites, not
natives, were not protected from the numerous dogs of an
adJAcent settlement, and have not thriven.

When the time comes, and it seems not far away, when
the natives realize that they must depend on the deer to re-
place the vanishing fur animals as a source of income, and
when they can acquire property in deer, I believe the result
will be all that could be wished.

In closing this summary of early conditions in the Terri-
tory and of the events which enabled them to be observed,
it may not be out of place to summarize also the results of
the scientific work of those years. • Of course, only the more
important points can be alluded to. As the Western Union
Telegraph Expedition ended by a withdrawal from the
country, and was the occasion of a large expenditure of
money with no return to its promoters, no general report
was ever officially prepared, and the work of tiie scientific
corps was made known piecemeal in various technical jour-
nals. The published results were associated in the minds of
students with the individual authors rather than with the
expedition as a whole. The subsequent work under the
auspices of the Coast Survey, which in fact grew out of the

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

139

work (lone or attempted in the earlier exploration, has been,
so far as it was geographical, regarded very naturally as in-
cidental to the usual work of tliat bureau, and so far as it
has been of other sorts has not been connected in the public
mind with any organization in particular. The fact that"
the Revenue Marine, tlie Army and Navy, the Signal Serv-
ice, and several unofficial organizations or individuals have
carried out praiseworthy explorations with most excellent
results has led to the further obscuration of the earlier work
ns a connected whole. I believe no one of those engaged in
it has yet attempted to enumerate the results, either general
or scientific, directly or indirectly consequent upon the expe-
dition. The present summary may therefore serve a useful
purpose.

The most important result which indirectly came about
from the ex{)lorations by our parties was tiie acfjuisition of
Alaska by the United States. Wiiile the transfer might have
been proposed and the question discussed if there never had
been any Telegraph expedition, yet I believe, in view of the
opposition which existed in Congress and tiie cheap ridicule
of part of the daily press, that if it had not been for the in-
terest excited by the expedition and the information which
its members were able to furnish to the friends of the pur-
cljase the proposition would have failed to win approval.

But, leaving such questions apart and considering merely
the scientific results, the expedition made weiglity additions
to geographical knowledge. To it we owe the first mapping
of the Yukon from actual exploration, adding to the list of
American rivers one of the largest known. Old maps of
North America made the Rocky mountains extend in nearly
a straight line northward to tlie Polar sea. Our explora-
tions showed that the mountains curved to the westward,
leaving a gaj) to the nortiiward through which the Canadian
fauna reached to the sliores of the Pacific and Bering sea.
The general faunal distribution of life at this end of the con-
tinent in its broader sense was settled then and there. A
general knowledge of tiie country, till then practically un-

20-Bull. Phil. Soc, Wash., Vol. 13.

Stif-'

I

{ '

m

140

DALL.

m

(I

1! ,

IcDowu except to a few fur traders, was obtained and made
public. To the Coast Survey work of 1871-74 wo owe some
forty charts, a large proportion of which are of harbors or
passages never previously surveyed. In preparing a Coast
Pilot of southeastern Alaska, while that part of it useful to
navigators was in the nature of things rapidly superseded,
yet the work, being conscientious and thorough in the
matter of names, practically settled the geographic nomen-
clature of that region for all time. The myth of a branch of
the Kuro Siwo or Japanese warm current running north
through Bering sea and strait and producing open water in
the Polar sea still lingers in some dark corners of geographic
literature; but our researches, covering actual observation,
the whole literature, and scores of old manuscript logbooks,
conclusively show that there is no such current as that
referred to, and thnt the currents which do exist have no
connection whatever with the Japanese stream. Meteoro-
logical observations were kept up in all those years, and
afterward a complete synopsis of all the recorded meteoro-
logical data for that region was prepared and issued by the
Coast Survey with abundant illustrations. One of the re-
sults of the magnetic observations made by our party, in the
endeavor to correct the discrepancies between the variation
of the compass needle as shown on the charts of Bering sea
and strait and those observed by present navigators, was the
discovery that the needle had reached its easternmost elon-
gation and had for some time been receding in the amount
of its variation. In gathering confirmatory data during
1874 and 1880 more than forty stations in all parts of the
territory were occupied. As in the case of the meteorology,
the literature and all practicable sources were ransacked
for magnetic records,* and tiiese, with our own ob.scrvations,
were utilized in the excellent discussions of Alaskan mag-
netism by Dr. C. A. Schott.

In geology we were tutored before sailing in 1865 by Pro-
fessor Agassiz and carried with us a written schedule of ob-

*This work was almost entirely done by Mr. Mm reus Baker.

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

141

servatlons to be made on the glaciers. Our explorations
showed that north of the Alaskan mountains, as in some
parts of Siberia, there are no glaciers, and there has been no
glaciution in t!ie ordinary sense, but that in its stead we
have the singular phenomenon of the Ground-ice formation,
a state of affairs in wiiich ice plays the part of a more or less
regularly interstratified rock, above which are the clays con-
taining remains of the mammoth and other animals, show-
ing that they became extinct not because of the refrigeration
of the region, but coincideutly with the coming of a warmer
climate.

In anthropology, in addition to large collections obtained
from the living tribes, vocabularies, etc., the names and
boundaries of all the tribes were obtained for the first time,
the Eskimo were .shown to exist on the Asiatic coast as im-
migrants driven by war from America, and a very anf;ient
confusion of these people with the Asiatic Chukchi was defi-
nitely cleared up. The data obtained in regard to the various
branches of the Eskimo stock brought welcome confirmation
to the theory of Rink on the origin of this people — a theor}'
which would probably have been by this time more widely
known if it had been more sensational and loss scientific.

The patient exannnation of many village sites, shell-heaps,
and middens throughout the Aleutian chain resulted in the
discovery that the successive strata, judged by the imple-
ments found in them, showed a gradual progress in culture
from that of the lowest, a crude Eskimo type, to that of the
up[)ermost stratum, which contained the evidences of Aleut
culture of the type immodiately before their subjugation by
the Russians. This was, I believe, at that time the first in-
stance in which the paleontologic method, if I may call it so,
had been applied to the study of American shell-heaps.

In biology, the first object of the work planned by Ken-
nicott had been the determination of what constituted the
fauna and flora, and from that knowledge the determination
of the relations between the Asiatic and American assem-
blies. This was accomplished in essentials, though it need

^^1^

H2

DALL.

uot be said that the details will still supply an opportunity
for study for many a year to come. The enumeration of the
greater part of the population of mammals, birds, and fishes
has been accomplished and the plants have been fairly well
collected, so that we know that the fauna and flora, deduc-
tion being madeof circumboreal species, is essentially Ameri-
can and uot tinctured to any marked extent with Asiatic in-
gredients. Among the lower animals the brachiopods,
hydroid zoophytes and corallines; part of the sjwnges ; the
limpets, chitons, and nudibranchs among the mollusks ; have
been monographically studied. The Crustacea, insects, and
a large part of the mollusks yet remain to bo worked up
in a similar manner.

To close the record of achievement, I may mer )n the
bibliography of A1..3kan literature prepared by ^i Baker
and myself, which, up to May, 1879, when it went to press,
comprised 3,832 titles in eleven languages. Since it was
published by the Coast Survey nearly as many more have
been accumulated, and the list probably will continue to
increase from year to year.

Since my field-work closed, in 1880, Alaskans have not
been idle. The prospector has invaded the recesses of the
land, and surveys, explorations, and mountaineering have
been almost constantly carried on. The tourist has discov-
ered the country and written books which, although they
have the resemblance of one ])ea to another, have neverthe-
less carried tidings of Alaska to most corners of the Union.
Alaska in one sense is no longer unknown, and she is even
beginning to be somewhat understood and appreciated. The
missionary has been up and down in the land, and has done
much good in many ways, not without occasional mistakes.

It was, therefore, with curiosity as well as interest that I
returned to the territory last May, after an absence of fifteen
years. In looking back on the summer's experiences, a com-
parison between the Alaska of 18G5 and that of 1805 natur-
ally suggests itself. I was rasli enough twenty-five years
ago to indulge in prophecy as to the future of tlic territory.

^•i.^

%,

t ■

m<in*rmtMmm*

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

143

I did not count on the inertia of Congress or tKj stupidity
of oflicitils, ns I might now. Nevertheless progress has been
made, and a summary of present conditions, perhaps even
a peep into the future, is not inappropriate at this time.

Since 18G5 tlio fur-seal fishery has risen, produced its mil-
lions, and declined to a point where its close in a connnercial
sense may almost be predicted. The first fisherman sought
the cod in that year, and a modest fieet has kept the busi-
ness going ever since, with more or less fluctuation in the
catch. The salmon caniior was then unknown, but has since
invaded nearly every important fishing site. The placer
miner has developed and exhausted the gold of the Stikine
region, and pushed on to the headwaters of the Yukon and
its afilucnts. The clink of the drill and the monotonous
beat of the stamp-mill are familiar sounds on the quartz
ledges, which in 1805 lay peacefully under their blankets of
m jss. The whaling fieet has laid its bones on the sandy
bars -f the Arctic coast, while the innovating steam whaler
has pushed its way past Point Barrow into the very fastness
of the ice at llerschel island, to find, in its turn, its occupa-
tion gradually passing away. The imperial sea-otter is on
the way to becoming a memory, and the Aleuts, his perse-
cutors, are not unlikely to follow him.

As regards the inhabitants of the territory, a complete
change is conspicuous. Some thousands of white fishermen,
hunters, minors, and {)rospectors are now scattered along the
coast and rivers, on the whole a hard-working, orderly set,
with here and there a rascally whisky smuggler or a stranded
gentleman. Apart from a few mining camps, the parasites
who live by the vices of others are few. A country where
he who would live must work is not attractive to them. Cut
off from direct contact with the rest of the United States,
Alaska is really a colony and not a frontier territory in the
sense usually understood. As such, its needs should have
been the subject of study and appropriate legislation, the
neglect of which by Congress so far is bitterly and justly
resented by the entire population. Into political matters I

144

BALL.

I 1

shall not enter, but must observe that among the numerous
ill-paid officials few are well prepared to handle all the difii-
cult questions presenled in such a community, and the ex-
ecutive, such as it is, is without the legal authority' or the
proper facilities for governing or even visiting the greater
part of the region it is supposed to control. Tlie state of the
law is uncertain, the seat of authority obscure, divided ille-
gitimately between naval officers, the revenue-cutter service,
and a powerless governor, who, whatever his wishes and
intentions, is not permitted by the law to control anything.
If it were not for the orderly character and good sense of
the white population, the territory might easily become a
pandemonium. This condition of things is disgraceful, and
reform is urgently needed.

The change in the native population of southeastern
Alaska is very marked. In a general way a similar ciiange
has taken place all over the territory. The primitive con-
dition of the natives has almost wholly disappeared. The
turf-covered hut has given way to frame shanties ; log houses
are rarely buiU; the native dress has disappeared, replaced
by cheap ready-made clothing; native manufactures, uten-
sils, weapons, curios, all are gone, or made only in coarse
facsimile for sale to tourists; the native buys flour and tea,
cooks his salmon in a frying-pan, and catches his cod or
halibut with a Birmingham hook and a Gloucester line. In
the whole of southern Alaska, thanks to the schools, the
children and mauy young people speak fairly good English.
If the pres?nt influences continue, another generation will
see the use of English universal and the native languages
chiefly obsolete. The day of the ethnological collector is
past. Southeastern Alaska is swept clean of relics; hardly
a shaman's grave remains inviolate.

In other parts of the territory the same is more or less
true. The native population is focusing about the commer-
cial centers. The people gather whore work and trade aff'ord
opportu.iities, and I have seen more than oue pretentious
church standing empty among the abandoned houses of a

I ,'1

i

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

145

formerly prosperous village. There is some admixture of
blood iu marriages between the often attractive " Creole "
women and the incoming settlers. 'hese marriages are
often very fruitful, but the pure-blooded natives seem to be
diminishing. The Aleuto, whose census is accurately made
annually by the Greek church, are distinctly losing ground,
and will doubtless pass away v a few generations. The
same is probably true of the Tliukit people. As we ap-
proach the Arctic region, changes of ".ll sorts are less marked
and civilization has had less effL^oc. Here the subsistence
of the natives presents serious and increasing difficulties.
Their natural food supply has been practically destroyed
by the whites and by repeating firearms, of which the
natives have many. The whales are almost extinct, and
the whaling fleet itself is nearly so. The walrus preceded
the whale, and the hair seal has never been sufficiently
abundant in this region for a sole resource. The chief
salmon streanis are or soon will be monopolized by the
whites near the sea, and the natives of the upper Yukon
will go hungry. The present law allows unrestricted fish-
ing to the natives and a close time of one day a week for
the whites. The latter hire the natives to fish during the
prohibited day, and so the salmon have no close time.
Where a salmon stream is monopolized by one firm, they
do not usually cut their own throats by taking all the
sahvion, but wiiere there are several competing firms there
is little respite for the fish.

The cod fishery was for some years carried on by two
competing firms, who have now composed their differences.
They had salting stations on shore, and bought fish at so
much a thousand from fishermen, who used small sailing
vessels or dories and fished near shore. Now it is found
cheaper and, for other reasons, preferable to return to the
older system of fishing in the open sea from a sea-going
vessel, as on the banks at the east. The preparation of the
Alaska fish has often been hasty, careless, and inferior to
that done in the east; so Alaska codfish, originally of equal

ai

\U

14b

•**^

■^^

iffi

*ii

DALL.

quality, are less esteemed commercially than the eastern
cod. For some reason I do not understand the Pacific
ocean at best offers but a small market for fish under pres-
ent conditions, and so I look to see the codfishing industry
develop slowly and perhaps be the last as it is, in my opin-
ion, the most substantial and important of the resources of
the territory. At present the salmon are commercially
more important, but unless more effectively supervised and
regulated they will meet with the same fate as the fisheries
of C;^liforuia and the Columbia river. There should be a
resident inspector at every important fishery, and as the
business is carried on for at most two or three months in
the year, a vigilant inspection by a cutter or fisheries vessel
told off for this especial work would counteract any tendency
to bribe the resident inspector. 1 hive seen 3,500,000
pounds of canned salmon taken in one season from one
small stream, representing at least 5,000,000 pounds of eat-
able fish, and it seems that an annual supply of the best fish
food like that is worth preserving; but if the work is to be
put into the hands of the lowest class of political appointees
instead of intelligent experts, making the offices will not
save the fish.

In the matter of furs we may regard the fur-seal fishery
as doomed. It is probable that few of the pelagic sealers
will pay expenses after this season, and two or three years
are likely to see the end of the brjiness. It is costing us
much more than the catch is worth now, and the most
sensible way of ending the matter is generally felt to be the
destruction at one fell swoop of all the seals remaining on
the islands and the abandonment of the business.

The continental furs, owing to competition between traders,
are now selling for nearly their full market value, and little
profit can be expected from them. They are also growing
more and more scarce, as the high prices stimulate trapping.
The natural and satisfactory offs?t to this would be the estab-
lishment of preserves, such as the " fox farms," of which men-
tion has been frequently made in the daily press. Many of

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

147

these have been started, and the multitudinous ishmds offer
opportunities for many more; but the business is hazardous,
since there is no protection against poachers, and a very ill-
judged attempt has been made by the Treasury, I am in-
formed, to impose, in addition to the annual sum for vvliich
the island is leased, a "tax" of $5 on each fox killed over
twenty from each " farm." It is doubtful if the Treasury is
entitled to tax anybody without the explicit authority of
Congress, and a tax of 50 per cent, on the gross value of the
product not only is oppressive and exorbitant, but will put
a stop to a business which should be encouraged.

The timber of Alaska, though by no means insignificant,
is not likely to be much sought for, except for local purposes,
for many years. I may point out, however, that there are
millions of acres here densely covered with the spruce best
suited for wood pulp, and plenty of water power for pulp-
mills, so that this resource is not without a future.

A forthcoming report of the United States Geological
Survey will treat of the existiug and prospective mining
industries.

To sum up, it may be said that the whaling and sealing
industries of Alaska are practically exhausted, the fur trade
is in its decadence, the salmon canning in the full tide of
prosperity, but conducted in a wasteful and destructive man-
ner which cannot long be continued with impunity. The
cod and herring fisheries are imperfectly developed, but
have a substantial future with proper treatment. Mineral
resources and timber have hardly been touched. No busi-
ness-like ox[)eriment with sheep or cattle on the islands has
been tried by competent hands, while the introduction of
reindeer, though promising well, is still in the experimental
stage. Socially, the territory is in a transition state, the
industries of the unexploited wilderness are passing away,
while the time of steady, business-like dovelopment of the
more latent resources has not yet arrived. The magnificent
scenery, glaciers, and ', olcanoes make it certain that Alaska
will in the future be to the rest of the United States what Nor-

!1

21 -Uull. Phil. Soe. Wash., Vol. 1.3.

148

CALL.

■.!l

"I

,sl
lit

: I

way is to western Europe — the goal of tourists, hunters, and
fishermen. Agriculture will be restricted to gardening and
the culture of quick-growing and hardy vegetables for local
use. The prosecution of most Alaskan industries being in
untrained hands, failures and disappointment will uo doubt
be frequent, but when the pressure of population enforces
more sensible methods the territory will support in rea-
sonable comfort a fair number of hardy and industrious
inhabitants.

List of Sciendjic Pablications based on the ivork of the Scien-
tific Corps of the Western Union Telccjraph Expedition to
/l/as^a(1865-'68), and on the United States Coast Survey ex-
plorations (^1871-'80), undei' the direction of W. II. Dall, in
the same region.

The following list is intended to comprise the titles, in
brief, of the more important publications which have arisen
directly from the work of the Scientific Corps of the Western
Union Telegraph Expedition, and of the supplemental ex-
plorations by parties under my direction, in connection with
the work of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, in
the endeavor to complete the interrupted plans of the earlier
expedition. For a more complete Alaskan bibliography, to
1879, reference may be had to the publication on that topic
hereunder cited. The present list is brought to date, but
publications relating only to Siberia are not included ; it
does comprise, in addition to articles printed by memljcrs of
the expedition, others by specialists in various departments
based on collections brought back for study. Considerations
of space forbid an attempt to make this list complete, but,
such as it is, it is hoped that it may give a better idea of the
additions to knowledge which resulted from the labors of
Kennicott and his associates and serve to illustrate a not un-
interesting chapter in the exploration of Northwest America.
It should, however, be clearly understood that a considerable
amount of exploration, growing out of subsequent events not

Id

Id

a

in

It

IS

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

149

connected with the Telegraph expedition, has produced a re-
8} ectable body of literature which finds no place in the pres-
ent list as above limited.

The members of the Scientific corps in 18G5 were Robert
Kennicott, H. M. Bannister, F. Bischoff, W. H. Dall, H. W.
Elliott, Charles Pease, and J. T. Rothrock. In the scientific
work done under the auspices of the Coast Survey (1871-'85)
I was joined by Mark W. Harrington and Marcus Baker, of
the Survey, and in 1880 by T. H. Bean, of the United States
National Museum.

Publications by Bush, Dall, Elliott, Ken nan, and others
on material not connected with the explorations previously
enumerated or relating wholly to Siberia are not included in
the list.

GEOGRAPHY AND EXPLORATION.

(See also under Meteorology and Geology.)

Baker (Marcus). Boundary line between Alaska and Siberia.

Bull. Phil. Soc. of Wash., iv, pp. 123-133, 1881, with maps.

Dall (William Hoaley). Report on the operations of the Scientific Corps of
the Western Union Telegraph Expedition during the season
of 18G5.
Proc. Chicago Academy of Sciences, i, pp. 31, 32. 186(3.

Explorations in Ruiisian America.

American Journal of Science, xlv, pp. 96-99. Jan., 1868.

Expioiation of tiie interior of Rus-sian America.

^lining and Scientific Press, San Fti acisco, Oct. 3 and 10, 18(58.

Retiiarks on Ala ;a.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., iv. pp. 30-37, 268, 293, 294. 1808.

Die telegraphen expedition auf dem Jukon in Alaska.

Peterinann's Geogr. Mittlieil., xv, pp. 361-365, with map.
Oct., 1869. ,

Alaska and its resources.

Lee Si Shepard, Boston, 8°, xii, 628 pp., 15 pi., 1 map. 1S70.

Survey of Alaska.

House Reps. Exec. Doc. No. 255, 41st Congr., 2d sess., 8°,
Washington, Gov't Printing Office, May 11, 1870.

150

BALL.

1. .Ji

Ill

I

Dall (William Healey). On exploration in Russian America.

Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., viii, pp. 297, 298. 1870.

Die aufnahme der Aleuten und die untersuchung der Behring

See.
In Hydrogr. Mittli. Berlin, 1873, pp. 316, 317. Dec, 1873.

Forscluingen in den Aleutischen Inseln, 1873.

Peterraanu's Mitth., xx, pp. 151, 152. March, 1874.

Explorations in the Aleutian islands and their vicinity.

Journ. Am. Geogr. Soc, v, pp. 243-245. 1874.

Harbors of Alaska and the tides and currents in their vicinity.

U. S. Coast Survey report for 1872, App. 10, pp. 177-212. 1875.

Arbeiten der Kiistenaufnahme von Alaska in jahre 1874.

Peterraanu's Mitth., xxi, pp. 155, 156. May, 1875.

Report of explorations on the coast of Alaska.

U. S. Coast Survey report for 1873, App. 11, pp. lU-l 22. 1875.

Report on Mount St. Elias, with map and view.

In same for 1875, App. 10, pp. 157-188; extras, Xov., 1875.

Scientific results of the exploration of Alaska by the parties under

the charge of W. II. Dali, during the years 1865-1874.

Washington, W. II. Dall, 1876-1880, 8°, pp. ^-276, with 36

plates.
[A uniformly paged reprint of papers by Dall and others on

various topics. The pai)ers will be referred to separately

here.]

Neuere Forschungen auf den Aleuten.

Deutsche Geogr. Blatt., Bremen, ii, pp. 38-43 and 84-101,
with map, Jan. to April, 1878.

Alaska forschungen im Sommer 1880.

Petermann's Geogr. Mitth. 1881. pp. 46, 47. Fel)., 1881.

U. S. Coast Survey operations in the vicinity of Bering strait.

Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc, London, Jan., 1881, pp. 47-49.

Pacific Coast Pilot. Coast and islands of Alaska. Dixon entrance

to Yakutat bay with the Inland passage. Washington, U. S.
Coast Survey, 1883.

Royal 8°, pp. x, 333, 16 maps and 13 plates.
The appendices include:

lj.«t of charts useful for navigation in the region.

Isogonic chart of Alaska and adjac^ent region.

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

151

List of astronomical positions and magnetic declinations.

Table of distancoa. Table of routes.

Note on pronunciation of native and Russian names.

Meteorological tables. Index to the work.

Indices to geographical authorities used in compiling the
work and nol iwlcml in tlu' orujbwl, comprising Beechey,
killings, Cook and King, Dixon, LangsdorfT, La Perousc,
Lisianski, Liitke, ^Sleares, Portlock, Vancouver, and the
voyage of the Sutil and Mexicana ( Alcala Galiano).

Dall (William Ilealey). Alaska.

American Cyclopedia, New York, Appleton, 1883, with map.

On the position of Mt. St. Elias and the Schwatka expedition to

Alaska.
Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc, x, No. 7, pp. 444, 445. July, 1887.

Alaska revisited. I-VI.

The Nation, New York, 1895, vol. 61, No. lofiG, pp. 6, 7, July 4 ;

No. 1507, p. 24, July 11; No. 1572, p. UP, Aug. 15; No. o<3.

pp. 131, 132, Aug. 22; No. 157(5, p. 183, Sept. 12; ^'>;^•';8,

p '>-^0 Sept 20. Also in the New York Evennig Post of

Jufy 4, n , Aug. 19, 22, and Sept. 21 , 28, 1895.

Rothrock (Joseph Trimble). Northwestern North America ; its resources

and inhabitants.

. Joum. Am. Geogr. Soc, iv, pp. 393-415. New York, 1374.

Whymper (Frederick). A journey from Norton sound. Bering sea, to

FortYoukon. ... om o^- io«q

Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc, Tx)ndon,xxxvm, pp. 219-20/. 1868.

METEOROLOGYAND HYDROLOGY.

Bannister (Henry Martyn). Meteorological correspondence.

Smithsonian Report for 1800, pp. 411, 4 12. 18b<.
Dall (W. H.) Coast Pilot of Alaska. Appendix I, Meteorology and Bib-
liography.

376 pp., 13 pi., 28 maps, 4°, U. S. Coast Survey, 1^.0.

Uebcr das Klima von Alaska.

Zeitscbr. der Oesterreichischen Ges. fiir Meteorologie, xvu,
pp. 443, 444. Nov., 1882. 8°.

, Hvdrologie .les Boring-Meeres und der benachbarten gewiisser.

Petermann's Mitth., pp. 301-380, with nxap and sections, and
pp. 44iM48. Oct. to Nov., 188).

!i :

152

DALL.

Dall (W. H.) Tlie currents and teinperntures of Bering sea ami the ad-
jacent waters.

U. S. Coast Survey Report for 1880, A pp. No. Ifi, sejiarately
printed, 4°, pp. 46, maps and section. March, 1882.

]M.\GNETISM.

Schott (Charles A.) U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Methods and re-
sults. Terrestrial magnetism. Collection of results for declina-
tion, dip, and intensity (etc.).
U. S. Coast Survey Report for ISSl, Ajip. No. 9 (separately
issued), (37 pp.. 4°, 1882; cf. pj). 5-7, :{7-;5i).

On the secular variation of the magnetic declination in the United

States (etc.).

In the same. Report for 1882, Appendices 12, 13, pp. 211-328 ;
also separately ; cf pp. 243, 246-241), 285, and isogonic
chart of Alaska.

The magnetic observations made on Bering's first voyage (etc.).

U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Bull. No. 20, vol. i, pp.
211-214. 181H.

HISTORY, BIBLIOGRArilY, AND ECONOMICS.

Dall (W. H.) Robert Kennicott.

Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, part 2, pp. 133-226, with por-
trait. 1869.

A biographical sketch prepared by a committee of the
Academy apiiointed at the meeting of Nov. 13, 1866. Dall's
contribution occupies pp. 216-224.

Is .\laaka a paying investment?

Harper's Monthly Magazine, xliv, Jan., 1872, pp. 252-257.

Abstract of the population of the native tribes of Alaska.

U. S. Comm'r Indian AlFuirs, Rep. for 1874, pp. 11)8-201. 1875.

Documents relating to the Alaskan boundary question.

Senate Ex. Doc. No. 146, 50th Congr., 2d sess. Washington,
Govt. I'rinting Office, 1889, 8°, pp. 1-40, charts 10-17.

A critical review of Bering's fii-st expedition, 1725-1730, together

with a translation of his original report upon it, with a map.
Nat. Geogr. Mag., ii, No. 2, June, 1890, pp. 1-57.

Geographical explorations. Early ex[Mjditions to the region of

Bering sea and strait. From the reports and journals of Vitus

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

153

Ivanovidi Bering, translated by Will iatn Ilealey Dall. Wasli-
in}.'ton, GovernnH'nt Printin};^ Ortioe, 18!)l.

U. S. Coast Survey, Report for 1S(»0, Appendix 19, pp. 750-
774, 4°, with two mapH. March, lSi)l.

TliiH i)aiMM-, t-eparately printed as above with title pafje and
rover, appears in the annual volume with the following
heading:

"Notes on an original manuscript chart of Bering's expedi-
tion of 172.")-! 7;?0, and on an original manuscript chart of his
second expedition, together with a summary of a journal
of the Hrst expedition kept by Peter Chaplin and now first
rendered into English from Bergh's Russian version."

Dall (\V. H.) and Baker (Marcus). Partial list of charts, maps, and pub-
lications relating to Alaska and the adjacent region.
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,. Pacific Coast Pilot, Alaska,
.«econd series, Appendix 1, pp. i()3-:375, 4°, Washington,
1S79 ; also separately.

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY. '

(See also Bottmy.)

Dall (W. H.) Observations on the geology of Alaska.

U. S. Coiust Survey, Coast Pilot of Alaska, part 1, pp. 193-202.
]8()9. 1 '

Notes on Alaska and the vicinity of Bering strait.

Am. .Tourn. Science, thirdseries, xxi, pp. 104-111, with maps.
Feb., 1881.

Note on Alaska Tertiary deposits.

Am. Journ. Science, third series, xxiv, pp. G7, 08, July, 1882.

Glaciation in Alaska.

Proc. I'liil. Soc. of Washington, 1883, vol. vi, pp. 33-30.

,\ new volcanic island in Alaska.

Science, iii, No. 51, Jan. 25, 1884, pp. 89-93.

Further notes on Bogoslotr island.

Science, v, No. 101, Jan. 9, 1885, pp. 32, 33.

. Bulletin of the IT. S. Geological Survey, No.84. Correlation Papers.

Neocene, by William Ilealey Dall and Gilhert Dennison Harris ;
Wasliington, (Jovernment Printing OlKce, 1892, 8°, 349 pp.,
with, many illustrations and ;> maps.

Geology of Alaska, pp. 232-208, with nuvp.

PI

ifer

154

DALL.

White (Cliarles A.) On a small collection of Mcsozoio fossilH obtained in
AlaHka by Mr. W. H. Dall (etc.).
U. S. (iRol. Survey, Hnlletin No. 4, \Va.Hhin>rton, the Survey,
1884, pp. lO-lT), pi. vi.

FAUNAL DISTKIBUTION.

Dall (W. H.) On the trend of the Rocky ^Mountain ranpre north of lati-
tude (50°, and its intluence on fauna! distribution.
Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., xviii, p. 247. Aur., 181)9.

On the marine faunal regiouH of the North Pacific (etc.).

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1876, pp. 205-208 ; Sci. Results,
pp. 1-4. Dec, 187(5.

Faunal regions. Distribution of plants and animals. Charts

xxvii and xxviii.

In Coast Pilot of Alaska, App. I, Meteorology. Washingt(jn,
U. S. Coast Survey, 1879.

ANTHROPOLOGY.

Dall (W. H.) On the distribution of the native tribes of Alaska.

Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 18th (Salem) meeting, 18(59, xviii,
pp. 2G3-273, 1870. Synopsis in Am. Nat. Oct., 18(59.

On prehistoric remains in the Aleutian islands.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., iv, pp. 283-287. Nov., 1872.

On further examinations of the Amaknak cave.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v, pp. 19(5-200. 1873.

Notes on some Aleut munmiies.

Proc. -Cal. Acad. Sci., V, pp. 399, 400. Oct., 1874.

Alaskan mummies.

Am. Naturalist, ix, pp. 433-440. Aug., 1875.

Triljos of the extreme Northwest.

Art. I. On the distribution and nomenclature of the native
tribes of Alaska and the adjacent territory, with a map,
pp. 7-40.

Art. II. On succession in the shell heaps of the Aleutian
' islands, pp. 41-91.

Art. III. Remarks on the origin of the Inmiit, pp. 93-100.

Terms of relationship used by the Innuit, pp. 117-119.

Table showing relationship of tribes of Puget sound, etc.,
p. 241.

In Contr. to Am. Ethnology, i, 4°, Washington, Gov't Print-
ing Office, July, 1877 ; extras. May, 1877.

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

155

Dull (W. II.) Social lifo amonK our aboriKinoH.

Am. NaturaliHt, xii, pp. 1-10. Jan., 1878.

On the reiiiainH of later preliistorlo man ohUiincd from wives in

the Catharina archipeliij,'o, AluHka Territory (etc.).
SmithHonianContr.toKno\vle.lgc,.')18,4°, pp. 10, 10 pi. 1878.

The Chiikohos and their neighbors in the northeastern extremity

of Siberia.

Proo. Roy. Geogr. Soc., London, Sept., 1881, pp. 5(38-570.
On the so-called Chukchi and Namollo people of Eastern Siberia.

Am. Naturalist, xv, 857-808. Nov., 1881.

On masks, labrets, and certain aboriginal customs, with an

en(iuiry into the bearing of their geograi)hical dintribution.
U. S. Bureau of Kthn., Annual Hep. for 1882, Washington,
1884, 8°, pp. 07-200, pi. v-xxix ; alno sepn.rately.

The native tribes of Alaska : An address before the Section of

Anthropology of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, at Ann Arbor, August, 188.5, by William II.
Dall, vice-president.
Proc. A. A. A. S., xxxiv, 1885, pp. (1-19) 303-379.

Otis (George A.) List of the specimens of the anatomical section of the
U. S. Army Medical Museum.
Washington, Army Med. Museum, 1880, 8°, pp. viii. 104;
cf. pp. 35-39, 54-50, 100, 107, for description and measure-
ments of crania.

Wyman (Jeflries). Observations on crania.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, pp. 440-402, 1808, 8°, cuts;
also separately.

ZOOLOGY.

Mammals.

Bannister (Henry Martyn). The Esquimaux dog.

Am. Naturalist, iii, No. 10, Dec, 1809, pp. 522-530.

Coues (Elliott) On the Murida?.

Philadelphia, Collins, 1874 [N. W. Boundary Survey], 8°,
pp, 28. Based partly on Alaskan material.

Dall (W. H.) List of the mammalia of Alaska.

Alaska and its Resources, pp. 570-578. 1870.

22-Bull. Phil. Sop., Wash., Vol. i;j.

156

DALL.

I

r

^i

Dull (W. H.) Catalogue of the Cetncea of the north Pacific ocean, with
osteological notes, etc.
In Scanmion's Marine Maniinalia of the Nortiiwost Coast of
North America, 4°, Sun Franoiwo, 1874; Appendix, pp.
JJ78-;]07. Se])arately printeii, 187;3.

True (Frederick W. ) On the sijcleton of Plioca (Histriophoca) fasciata,
Zin)inernian.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, pp. 417-420, pi. xi-xiv. 1884.

On a new 8i)ecies of porpoise, Phociena Dalli, from Alaska.

The same, viii, 1885, pp. 95-98, pi. ii-v.

Birds.

Buird (Spencer F.) On additions to the bird fauna of North America
made by the Scientific Corps of the Unsso- American Telejiniph
Expedition.

Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, pp. ;]ll-;525, pi. 27-;J4. 18(59.

Bean (Tarlcton H.) Our unique spoon-billed sandpiper.

Forest and Stream, xvi. No. 12, p. 225. April 21, 1881.

Notes on birds collected during the suifimer of 18so in Alaska.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, pp. 144-17.3. 1882.

Cabanis (J.) Ueber Pyrrl 'ila cassini und P. cineracea aus Siberien.

Jour, fiir Ornitii., ' '' "'8; 1872, pp. 315, Slti; 1873, pp.
314, 315.

Ball (W. H.) and Bannister (II. M.) List of the birds of Ala.ska, with
biographical notes.

Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, d]). 2()7-310, j)l. xxvii-xxxiv.
1869.

Dull (W. H.) Birds of Alaska.

Alaska and its resources, p],. . :.',-58G. 1870.

Notes on the avifauna of the Aleutian islands from Unalashka

eastward.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v, pp. 25-35. Feb., 1873.

Notes on the avifauna of the Aleutian islands, especially those

west of Unalashk.t.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v, pp. 270-281. March, 1874.
Newton (Alfred). Notes on the birds of the Yukon region.

The Ibis, 2d series, vi, p. 521. 1870.
Tristram (II. B.) Notes on some passerine birds, chiefly palearctic.

The Ibis, 3d series, i. No. 2, pp. 231-234. 1871.

^■y*'".'! imi^H'i

th

of
V-

^,
I.

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND 18.
Fish and Fisheries.

157

Bean (Tarlcton II.) Description of a new ftah from Alaalca (etc.).
rroc. U.S. Nat. Mu.s., ii, pp. 212-218. 1879.

Descriptions of some new genera and species of Alasltan finlies.

The same, pp. 35:5-359. 1880.
Descriptions of new flslies from Alaska and Siberia.

The same, iv, pp. 144-159. 1881.

A preliminary catalogue of the fishes of Alaskan an<l adjacent

waters.

The same, V, pp. 239-272. 1881.

Description of a new species of Alepidosaurus from Alaska.

Tl^'samc, vi, pp. 001-6G3. 1883.

A partial l.ibliography of the fishes of the Pacific coast of the

United States and of Alaska (etc.).
The same, iv, pp. 312-317. 1882.

List of fishes known to occur in the Arctic ocean north of Bering

strait.
Report on the cruise of the Corwin. Washington, Covern-
ment Printing Office, 1883, pp. 118-120, 4°.

T' 0 fishery resources and fishing grounds of Alaska.

Fishing industries of the U. S., i, sect. 3, pp. 81-113. 1887.

The codfishery of Alaska.

Fishing industries of the U. S., i, sect. 5, p. 198. 1887.

The Burbot, Lota maculosa.

Fishing industries of the U. S., i, sect. 7. 1887.

Dall (W. II.) The food-fishes of Alaska.

U. S. Com'r Agriculture, Report for 1870, pp. 375-392. 1871.

Iklilner (James W.) Notes on the grayling of North America (etc.).

U. S. Com'r Fisheries, Report for 1872- 73, pp. 729-742. 1874.

Mollusca and Bmchiopoda.

Bergh (Rudolph). On the nudibranchiate gastropod mollusca of the
north Pacific ocean, with special reference to those of Alaska.

*Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., for 1879, pp. 71-132, 1. pi-viii.
May, 1879.

Partll.

In the same, pp. 40-127, pi. i-viii. 1880.
The two papers above cited appear in Sci. Res. Expl. of xVlaska,
pp. 127-276, pi. i-xvi.

itawf»4*ir-}-:--yri

w

m

158

BALL.

Dall (W. H.) Materiala for a monograph of the family Lepetidre.
Am. Journ. Conch., v, pp. 140-150. 1869.

On the Limpeta, with special reference to the species of the west

coast of America and to a more natural classification of the
group.

In same, vi, pp. 228-282, pi. xiv-xvii. April, 1871.

Diagtioses of sixty new forms of moUusks from the west coast of
America and the North Pacific ocean.

In same, vii, pp. 93-160, pi. xiii-xvi. Oct., 1871.

Preliminary descriptions of new species of mollusks from the
northwest coast of America.
Proc. Gala. Acad. Sci.. iv, pp. 270, 271. Oct., 1872.

Preliminary descriptions of new species of mollusks from the
northwest coast of America.
In same, iv, pp. 302, 303. Dec, 1872.

DescripHons of new species of mollusca from the coast of Alaska,
with notes on somo rare forms.

In same, v, pp. 57-62. April, 1873.

Catalogue of shells from Bering strait (etc.).
In same, v, pp. 246-253. 1874.

Preliminary descriptions of new species of mollusks from the
northwest coast of America.
In same, p. 6 ; extras, I'.Iarch 19, 1877.

Aleutian ccphalopods.

Am. Nat., vii. No. 8, Aug., 1S73, pp. 484, 485.

Report on the brachiopoda of Alaska (etc.).

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. 1877, pp. 155-170; Sci. Results,
art. iii, jip. 45-62. July, 1877.

Descriptions of new forms of nwllusks from Alaska (etc.).
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1878, pp. 1-3. Feh., 1878.

Report on the Limpeta and Chitons of (he Alaskan and Arctic
regions.

Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., 1879, pp. 281-344, pi. i-v. 1879. Sci.
Results Expl. Alaska, pp. 63-12(>, pi. i-v.

Report on the mollusca of tlie ('ommandor islands, Bering sea,
collected l)y Leonard Stejncger in 18S2 and 188:!.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1884, pp. 340-349, pi. ii. 1884.

ALASKA AS IT WAS AND IS.

159

he

of

le

.

Dall (W. H.) New or specially interesting shells of the Point Barrow
expedition.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug. 1884, pp. 523-526, pi. ii. 1884.

Report on Bering island mollusca.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, pp. 209-219. 1886.

Supplementary notes on some species of moUusks of the Bering

sea and vicinity.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, pp. 297-309, pi. iii, iv. Oct., 1886.

Report on the mollusks.

In Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point
Barrow, Washington, Gov't, 1885, 4^ pp. 177-184, with
plate.

On the genus Corolla (Dall).

The Nautilus, iii, No. 3, July, 1889, pp. 30, 31.

Notes on some recent brachiopods.

Proc. Acad. Na.. Sci., Phila. for 1891, pp. 172-175, pi. iv.

On some new or interesting west American shells (etc.).

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, pp. 173-191. 1891. bee also the
same, xvii, pp. 70(3-733, pi. xxv-xxxii. 1895.
Lea (Isaac). Description of five new species of Unionid^e (etc.).
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., xix, p. 81. 1867.

Crustacea.

Benedict ( Jamr. E.) Preliminary descriptions of thirty-seven new species
of hermit crabs of the genus Eupagurus.
Proc IT. S. Nat. Mus., xv, pp. 1-26, 1892.

Corvstoid crabs of the genera Telmessus and Erimacrus.

ProcU.S. Nat. Mus., XV, pp. 223-230, pi. xxv-xxvu. 189L.

. DeHcriptions of n-nv geuenv and species of crabs of the family

LithoiUda', etc.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, pp. 479-488. 1894.
Ball (Win Descriptions of three new species of Crustacea, parasitic on
V ■ the cetacea of the northwest coa.st of America.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., iv. pp. 2S1-283. Nov., 1872.

_ On the parasites of the cetaceans of the northwest coast of

America, with descriptions of new forms.

Tn same, iv. pp. 299-301. Dec, 1872.

On new parasitic crastacea from the northwest coa.st of America.

In same, v, pp. 254, 255. March, 18/4.

;■*.'- *'*\»»v,„

iifiMfiHBillIMM

160

BALL.

Liitken (Christian Frederick). Tillseg til Bidrag til kundskab om Arterne
af Slsegten Cyamus Latreille (etc.).
Vid. Selsk. Skr. 6 Rrekke, iv, pp. 317-32? and pi., also sep-a-
rately.

Rathbun (Mary J.) Catalogue of the crabs of the family Maiidaj (etc.).
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, pp. 63-103, pi. iii-viii. 1893.

Descriptions of new genera and species of c-abs from the west

coast of North America.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, pp. 223-260. 1893.

Notes on the crabs of the family Inachidte (etc.).

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, pp. 43-75. 1894.

Insects.

Hagen (Herman). List of neuroptera of Alaska.

Alaska and its Resources, pp. 588, 589. 1870.
Packard (Alpheus S., Jr.) List of nocturnal lepidoptora of Alaska.

Alaska and its Resources, p. 587. 1870.

List of hymenoptera of Alaska.

The same, pp. 587, 588. 1870.

Notice of hymenoptera and nocturnal lepidoptera collected in

Alaska by W. H. Dall, director of the Scientific Corps of tlio
Western Union Telegraph E.xpcdition, with a list of neuroptera
by P. R. Uhler and Dr. H. Hagon.

Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. ii, pp. , with a plate.

Chicago, 1870.

This report was printed, but nearly all tlio copies woic destroyed in the
great fire at Chicago, and it cannot be considered as efl'octively published.

Scudder (Samuel Hubbard). List of diurnal lepidoptera of Alaska.
Alaska and its Resources, pp. 588, 589. 1870.

Report on a collection of diurnal lepidoptera made in Alaska by

the Scientific Corps of the R-isso-Ainerican Telegraph Expedi-
tion under the direction of Lieut. W. II. Dall.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, pp. 404-408. 1869. Also in
Entomological Notes, ii, pp. 42-46. 1869.

Ccelentci ate».

Clark, (Samuel Fessenden). Report on the bydroids collected on the coast
of Alaska l)y W. H. Dall, U. S. Coast Survey, and party,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Piiila., for 1.S76, pp. 209-2,'!S, i . vii-j:vi,
1877. Sci. Results Expl. Alaska, i>p. 5-34, pi. i- x.

%

..4 -^

ALASKA AS IT WAS AKD IS. 101

Dall (W. H.) On some hydrocorallinje from Alaska (etc.).

Proc. Biol. See. of Wash., ii, pp. 111-115. April, 1884.

Porifera.

Lambe (Lawrence M. ) Sponges from the western coast of North America.
Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 1894, sec. iv, pp. 113-138, pi. ii-iv.

1895.

BOTANY.

1
I

Dall (W. H.) Report on the agricultural resources of Alaska.

U. S. Com'r .Agriculture, Report for 1868, pp. 172-189. 1869.

List of useful plants indigenous in the Territory of Alaska.

Alaska and its Resources, pp. 589-594. 1870.

Arctic marine vegetation.

Nature, July 1, 1875, p. 166.

Kuowlton (F. II.) A review of the fossil Hora of Alaska, with descrip-
tions of new species.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1894, pp. 207-240, pi. ix. See also Bull.
Geol. Soc. Am., V, pp. 573-590. 1893.

Lesquereux (Leo). Contributions to the Miocene flora of Alaska.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, pp. 443-449, pi. vi-x. 1883.
Mann (Horace, Jr.) Sketch of the flora of Alaska. Lichenes.

Smithsonian Report for 1867, pp. 462, 463. 1868.

Rothrock (Jcseph Trimble). Sketch of the flora of Alaska.

Smithsonian Report for 1867, pp. 433-461. 1868.

List of and notes upon the lichens collected by Dr. T. II. Bean

in Alaska and the adjacent region in 1880.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1884, pp. 1-9, 1884.

■n

m