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■■•■

.^ii^

Si;<Tiu.v |\., iss:,.

Ti;ans, ]l<>\ , Sue ("wAin

-0>' the }[,:,nMk Flur„.s „/ th, Rnrh, }rn:u,h,u, Re.unn ni (\n,.ula

liii Sii; .1 Wiij.iwi hwvsMX. C.M.d . I.Lii.. i'.);.,

(I'l-csi'iiicl Mny 17, |-s:i. )

m

I.i M i..i.,T ivu.l l„.i;,r,. ilus S,.,„.,y i.i iss:;. ;„m1 |,ul,|,sli..a i„ ,|„, ii,., vuhnn,. „f its
Ii-MMSM, ii.us, r i.nii.v.l il,.. (',vl:,r,.„us ai,.l T..riiary llon,s ,,f ]{n,i.h r„lu,ul,i:, .n.,1 th,.
Nortlnv-st T.-nii..n..s, known up tc ihai li.a... aii.l ,l..s,nl...<l tl„. n-w ^^..ws wl.i. I. il„.y
had iiliWrdr.l. Til." louv.st Ci-.-tareuus llora, that ..f the (..ti.-vii ( 'hafloi to Ishiiuls, lias a
^trirtlv Mesoxoir asprri aiul alll-nls „o 1 >i,otylrdono.is plants. That of th,- Du.uv-an
i^HMip ,,1, i'ra.,. |;iv..,-, ,,n the rciUraiy, alx.iinds in Dic.lvlfdoiis. and inav !..• iv.anl.'d
asaMiddh'Cn.ta.vous Hnra of ih.- auv „f th.. Xiubvara -n.up ,„•(',,,. .uiaiiiaii," and i> u ami-
ii-nip,.rat,. .„• siih-iiopical. The a.ss.'inl.la.irc of plants associatt'd with Ih.- roal b..ds of
\iuir.m\,.r is distinrily lTpp..r("ivta,rnns, and in its g.-ncrir forms has a v.-rv ino.h.fn
Msprri and a d.-ridedly \vavni-t,.in|..i-at.. chrrart."!-. A still n.-WT llofa is that of th-
Larami." s.'ri..s, whi.h may 1m. n-o-anlrd a- a I raii>iti,,)i -nuip miin.., tinn- il,.. UppiT Civia-
.■I'ous with th.. l.:<),.,Mi.., an.l is still \vafm-tLMnp..iat,. in it> asp,.,t. thoun-h diir.Tinu. ,,, Us
sp.'.ilic, and to soiii.' ..xtcnt in its irt'in'ri.- form>.

Th.. inatfrial at that lini.' iii my lian.is sho\v,.<l iiothiiiu' IVoin th.. !;,,, kv >[uuiitain
n-i.-n rrriainlN L.wrr {;r..tai.«.ous, and n..thiii-' l).'t\v....n ili.. (Jii,.,.i, ( '!,arlnit,- >,.ri..s and
that of lVa.M_^ Kivri- to liU up tli.- un.at -ap s.^paraiinii- ih.'sr v.. it .lisiiiirt -lotii.s ut
plants, oxc'pt a small ,oll.vti.)ii from Siiskwa liiv,.r and Will..\v CvMi. .■uiitaiiiiiifr
the spe.-ies whi.^h I nam.-.l Diomdlrs ho,rnlls, Pinus S„skwu>;nsis and fM>,rus rmssinerril
Those r iK'li.-vt'.l i<, iiidi.al.. an Imii/.m l..\v,.i. than that of the Duinvs-'an ^T.mp of IVa.-e
IJivt'T. Iml thi.s .■.)ul.l n.it at ili.. tinn. 1-... r.'uar.h.d as .■.■rtaiii.

In th.- past summer rnn>id,.rai.l.. .•.ill...li.)ns hav.- h.'.-n mad.- by Dr. (1. M. DawM.n,
from Irou^hs of Meso/.oir ro.ks iiu'luded iu th.. old.-r formal ions of the Koekies. and whi. h
show th.' ..xisl..|i..e tlu-re of a s..ri..s of f..s>i; plants whos.- altinili..s with th.ise of other
r..<iions w.nil.I ..niitj.. tle'iii t.. be ..allid .lurasso-C'r.-la.v.tu.s, Tli..y , Diisist of fi.nis.
oyeads and .■onif.-rs, soni.- of th.-m ,' ' nti.al wiih. or elns.lv alii,..! to, ihos.. of tin- Juras-
sie of th.. Amur .ountry in Siberia, and oth.-rs similarly ivlal...! lo those of the i^uvvr
Cretaceous .,)' (Iiv.nland. as tli,.v,. |i,„.as liav.- l)..eii d.-seribr,! bv Ib.er. This ffrouii,
nndoubt.'dly, r..pr.-s..nis the Ijora .tf the Lowest C'lvtaivous, whieji has imt hitlierto been
reeo^-nized in Wesb-rn Am.-riea, and will loim a Min- ba>is Imm wltirh t.. Ira. .• ih.- d.'V..!-
opment of the veiretabl.- kiim-.lom ui)ward t.) its mor.- mod..rii tunas. rnf.)rtuiial..l\ . a
eonsiderable thiekn..ss of l)i.ds overlyiiiu;- ilms.' h.il.liny ih.s,- mor.. an. ii'iit plants, has
afforded no fossils, ain! tie. ii.'xl beds i,, asi-.-iiiliiiu or.li.|' wlii.li allonl i>Luits .•ontaiii, in
addition t.i survivors ol tiie older llora, a f.-w n..\v l.>rms beloni^-inu- lo ih.. rji.'.ityl.'d.)-

Sm, IV., l.S.V). t.

2 mi; i. w. iiA\V'<.)N (IN rii:; mi:so/(M<' im.<>i;\s of

iiini> ilass. Siill luLiln-r in tin- sfrii'>, iIk' >lralii ilii'iuiil in I •!< ot \ li'dnin'iis li'a\«'>, i lox'ly
allii'il lo tliiiM' ipl'tlii' l);ikc>Iii MTic". (it'llif Unit."! Stairs ji'i'loijists.

It is |)i(>i>i)M'(l to iiaiiit' ili>' uld.'i- x'lio till' K"ii|'AMr. Skkiks aliiT ;i liiltr i.r Indians \vlu>
luiiiii'il III tin- rniiiiti} 111 which ii ixinrs. Thi- iippcr scrii's may 1"' iiaiiK'd, alter a Ivpi-
■ al li'< alily, the MiM. <'i;Ki;i\ Sii;!i:s. aii<l thf |>hiiits <> •■•urriuL;' hclw.'cii ihfsc Iwd lioii/uns
ina\ lie t'Tiurd tor thi' j>rcscMl ihnsc ul' thf 1 \Ti:i!\tF.l)I \ri': Sici.'ll'.s. Thrrc is unod reason
to li'lii'Vi- iliai ili>' Mill Crirk s.-rifs is so!ii<\\ liai oM>i than ihai naiiu'd m mv ruinirr
pa|M'i the JhiiiVfUfaii <jrroui> ot I'cai'i- River.

l>r. It. M. Dawson lias t'liriiislied ihe lollow inu: notes as to what is known of the
.slratiirrai>hy and di-trilmtioii ol'ihese several lirouivs of strata: —

•• ^Vlu•re tlie KiM ky M.puiiiaiiis are interse.ied Ky tlie li.viy-iiintii parallel tliev I'onu a
roiiipaet raii'jv, eiiiively composed ot ra];rozoie ro.-ks, Ironi tln'ir hase at the eastern foot-
hills to ilu' M-reai Kootanie-Cohinihia valley on the west.' Ahoiit thirty miles further

north, however. imp<irtani iiiassi'> o| Lower ("retai ns or .Inrasso-Cieiaeeoiis rocks heconu'

involved ill tile llexnves ol uie oldiM series, npoii wiii' h iliey rest wiiii more or less aiiun-
lar uncoiiloriiiit V. 'Iliese roi ks also hohl, at se\eral stages, eoiie'Ionierates coiin)ose<l of ihe
undi'rlyinir iseries w liich prohahly stood out in insular ma.sses in many phues. The Civta-
leous rocks ufenerally apjtear to oecupy synclinals, whii h are either simpli- and narrow, or
several miles in width, and hold a iiumln'r of parallel, more or less closely compressed,
jiilds wliich in several cases have l>.i>n uliserved id he o\ertnrned lo i he east or north-
east. Similar sli;np parallel liildin!j- oc. Ills in ilu- loot-lull country, w liich ii>rms a helt
aloni.'' the eastetn liase (i| the raiiLre ; and tlioniih. owinu" to the amount of disluiliaiices, it
has hitherto heen fouiul iiiipossih|.> to work nut the striii fure in ileiail, it is pn.lialile that
sectMiis will ullimateh he ohiaiiied eiiihraeine' I he entire ihickiiess of ilie ( 'rciaceoiis for-
iiiaiioii. loeethei with a portion o| tin' Lai.imie in the reii'ioii of ili.' erc.it i>lains. iinrtli
of tlie furlv-ninlli ua'allel. none of the ( 'retaceoiis rocks yet known 'an he assiLined to a
jHisiiion lower than that oi the lieiiton 'jronp. and to the -oiitliaiid south-east, in the
western stales ami territories, 'he iiasal heds nf the ( 'reiaceoiis. wherever exposed, are (if

the aL'e ol till' Dakula 'jroUp. In conilectiull wilh llie loldilie' ahove deveiihed. ho\Ve\er,

while siiiiie heds prol)al>l\ leferahle lo the I i.ikot a period have heen recoirnized l)v their

tonsils, there is e\ lilellce ot the exi--lellce of a lllUcll earlier staLT'' of the ( 'retaceoUs. which

it is projiosed to de.-,ienate locally as the Knotaiiie series. Thesi' rocks consist larirelv of
sandstones, iiiierlndiii d w itli shales ami shaly sandsiniie.-,, and iiieludiiiLr occasional heds
111' 1 I'lielomerate ; iiiid a /mie c(i|ii:iiniiie' coal serins, which are sometimes of coiisidorahlo
iliickiiess. is represented al a miniher ol diU'ereiit localities. While it is evident on strati-
eraphical u:rouiids ihat the position of lluse heds is far down in the thick series of Creta-
cciuis rocks here represented, no fossils ha\f yet heen (ihtaini d ii mii them sa\ e the plants
descrihed in this jjaper. and "ii iln-e alone their reference to any particular horixini in the
Cretaceous must rest

• The localities trom w liich plants of this stas^.' have already heen collected are .scat-
tered over a considerahle area north of tlie forly-ninth i)arallel and south of l>ow
l{i\ei'. the hnetli of \v!ii. h iiia\ he stated as ahoiii I fH miles, with an extreme hreadlh of

'Tlinrc ari', it is trni', in siivoral plnii'S, cotiiiKiralivcly siuiill an':l.'< nf rcil reclis, ln'liim>.l lo lie 'i'liii-isir, Iml
tliivsi- lire Kiiireriiiiilil" Willi tlio Ih'V(iiiiii-riirl>i>niferiiiis liiiu'slinic wrie.'i lu'iicitli.

\

'I'llK liocKV MOINIAIN HMCDN (t|' r.\ V \ |).\

I

loi-ty mill's, CiimI ('nvU :iii(l Mnriiii Civrk. IVum ulii. h ^uinr (,| llif Ik.>i pivMTVfd s\»; i-
iniMis lire (li'iivcd, ;ir.' mii.iII i iiKiihiii.'s ..f i:ik li'ivd. nn ('row's \,.st I'as.s. w.si ..I' ili,>
walcrsln-,; rani>-c, Tlif p-iiil on ilif ikhiIi-w .•>! hniiirli of llir \,.rtl: l"iirl< ol ( »1<1 Man
li'iviT, wliicli liiis yi>'l(l!(l a >iiiall . ollciinn. is at an aiiiih' "liliat l)iaiirli, alioiif two miles
alM)Vf its month. imsI o' lh<- waJ.'Vsli.'d raiiiii-. iiml K.'twi-cii it and the Livin'jstom'
raiii."*. A I'tw spr( iiaeiif; aeiv aKo ol.iaiiifd on ilir Nortli l''oik. ahont two milc^s east of
the Livinestone raim-e, in lli.- looi-liill K.-lt. (tiliers were loimd in the vallev .)1' the lirst
small siream . n.ssed l)y tiie trail at the entranec to the North Kontaiiie I'ass. and u small
eolleetion was also made on liow Hiver. opposite Caumoro Station on the Canadian
I'aeiiie K'ailway. In all liiese localities the plant- were elosely assoejatWl with seams ot
roal. which in the la>t meniioned ha> heionie an anihraeiie. Il is I'nrther proliahle on t he
<'\ idcnee of a lew Ira^nienlary plants ol' the same ehara<'ter, that thi' eoals loiind in the
Middle Fork ol' the ( >ld Man, two miles below the falls, arc on or near the same horizon,

" Thai tlic s,.ries eharaeterized hy these plants is a wide-spread and imiinrtani one. is
show 11 liy the fact thai one of the spe( ies (Piiiiix Sns/.tninisisl had pre\iously heeii fonnd on
Suskwa K'iver. in northern llritish Columbia, ai a distaiiee ol' .■)S(l miles north-west ol'
the most northern locality abovi- mentioned. This plaee is within I')!! miles ol the Paeilii
eoast. in the centre ol' a wide jirea ol' Cretaceous rocks, i hieliy sandsloni-s. In these, at
another point, some miles distani. a single mollusc was also I'oiuid, wliich appears to be
a Thracia, and is refjarch-d li\ Miv Whiteaves as very near to. if not specilii ally identi<al
with. T. ariiii/ihi/iiild. This species is one of those found in the Cretaceous rocks of the
• ^ueen Clia'Iotte Tsl.'iiids .'diont J'lO miles distant, which are believed tn be of the aire
of the (lauli : and. while it is bv no means certain iliai the horizon from which this fossil
was obtained is the same with thai \ieldinu' /V/;i/s Siidi'uirnsis. its prcscnci' tends to show
that the very thick Cretaceous series of the Skeena and Suskwa r.'Liion may, in pari at
least, represent lln' coal-lieariiiL;- rocks of the (^ueen Charlolii- Islands

•' lu'spectinu' the other places mentioned in Iliis paper, as localities from which plants
referable to later siaires in the Ciciaceous have been collected, the follow iiur iintes may be

<riv«n : —

North llranch. North fork. • iM Man K'iver. This ])|ace is ei^'ht miles from The (iap,
where the Novth l'"ork leaves the niouiiiaiiis. and wiihiii the Mvinifstone Kaiui'e.

North-west Hrauch, Ndrtli I'ork. i 'Id Man IJiver. 'I'lie fossils so refened arc from a
point further ui) the branch than those of ih. Kootanie series found on the same stiiam.
about fourteen miles from its month, and a i|Uarier of a mile np a small stream which
enters from the nortli.

Mill Creek, a lril>iilar(, of tli>' Soiilh I'.ranch of n|d Man K'iver in ilie fool -hills. The
>pc-ciniens are from se\eral poiiils a few hiuidred yards al>o\e the Mill.

South Saskatchewan. ('olleclion> from places a few miles below ihe |unciion ol the
How and l!(dly Wiveis. near Cairn Hill

Saskatcliewan Coal Mine, near Medicine Mat. on the Souih Saskatchewan.

rincher Creek. I'rom c|ill'> ami liiuh banks in the \allev, just above the crossinu'
place of Ih.' road to i he Mill The-e beds are in (lie upper part o| the St. Mary sub-
division of the T.aramie "

It will be observed, thai llic above st rat ia-iapliical uoies reler to beds holdinsi fossil
plants which raime from a very low Cr<'laccous or .lurasso-Civta.eous horizon upward to

4

SII{ .1. W I'WVSoX iiN Tin; Mi;S()/,(>l»' l"I.n|;.\s oK

thui (if llii' Liiiiiiiic. uliiih at j>ri>sciit is ln-Id liy ('(>pi< aiitl diIhts, dii llii> fvi<l<'ii )l' its

animal lossjls. id ho Crctacfoiis. while hy ly'S(|Ui'n'iix its IJDra is n'i:\ii-.h(l as Ivncni'. < h\ tliis
(jUi'siiuii 1 iiiiiv vuiark that as far hark as IM7.'>. (whi'ii my aiitiiijciii \\a> liisi . ailr<l to tin-
llnra of ihis iifinii|i, i)\ thr 1 oli.-rtioiis ma<l>' h\ Ih- ( J Ml taw mim in hi^ cxiiloiaiiniis on the
4'.Mh paraili'l.i 1 hrhl. on the I'vidi'inc of the phinis. thouirh <uiitraiy to what 1 tln-n ln-
iu'Vi'd and still hdicvf to 1m inar.uiair Knidusions of certain Hnropean pahrohotuiiists, that
it shonid hi' rciravdcd as a Ivansition LToup « onin'itinir the Cri'taicoiis a'..l tin- liloicni', and
.it the same time I stated rea^inis for helii\ ini:' that the >o-ealled Mioicui' of Maeki'iizic
iiiv<-r. and o| tlie fort liiioti !.''ron|) in the I niied States, was )irohahl\ of the same ajj;*'.
I have sitiei- that time >.,... n no reason to ehan'j:>' my opinioti. hut on the eontrary havo
found e\ idi'iiee to show tlial the l,arainie Mora or se\ .Tal of its speeies, may ))(• trarcd
downwai'd int>> the ('retaieoiis as far as the hcds i<iio\\ii as llie I'jerre ^I'oup of the lieojo-
i^ists of til.' I'niled Slatt s, and those railed llie llelly h'i\er L^IoUJi h\ the ollieers of the
(leolouieal Surv>'\ of Canada. i have heeii jdeasi'd to ohservethat in Vol. VIII of the
Iv'eports of tlie r. tS. (Jeoloffieal Survey of the Territories (18!^;?), Li'scjuereux now admits
that tin- Laramie is Lower l^oeene: and T have no doulii that, as the evidenee aeeumulates,
h(> will eomi' w\er to the opinion thai its llora is n all\ that o' the newest ("n'taeeous ; as
it has loiiii heen lield to l)e in the ("aniuliaii territory. It is to he ohservcd, however, that
this will earry with it import. int niodilieatioiis of opinion as to the Cretaecoiis and Tertiary
floras of the whole northern hemisphere. — ptunts to w hieh I am clad to see that Mr. Starkie
(i.irdner has reecnily railed ait.iition in tireat ISritaiii, ami to whirh 1 shall refer in the
sequel of his jiajier.

1 sliall now proi eed to desrrihe the new i)l;ints w hii'h have l)('en olitained from the
Kootaiiie and Mill Creek series and the intermediate heds. ami to disruss their relations
to those elsewhere known in the ^[esozoie and Teitiary. With referemi- to the ifenerie
names as.siiiiied to these plants, 1 would disire it to hr understood that they are intended
to indirate. in the rase of lea\es more esj)eeiallv, their resemhlam c to modern i^eiiera. htit
without any doLinatir assertion as to preeisr' atlinities Manv dieotvledonous leaves of the
Cretareous iiULiht he referred with almost equal prohahility to several modern i^enera, and
since we know thai, in mod,rii times, certain i^i'iiera present in theirdillereiit sp,.. ies niodi-
firatioiis of folia'je more or hss imilatixe ol' tho.se of other irroups. we may well hesitate in
aliirmintr that a partiruiar type of leaf was. in Cretareous times, associated with prei isely
the same kind of liiictilic ation as that whic h accomiiaiiies it in modern times. At tlie same
time It IS well kiiowii that many kinds of I'oliaLi'e. especiallv in the case of trees, art- mark-
edl\ rharac trristir of particular i^roups : and, sincc> we cannot fairlv c'oiirlu(h' that the
connection of a certain type ot leaf with a certain structure of stem and character of fruit
is an aci ideiil, hut must helie\i' that it depends on some law of physiolojiii al correlation,
wc liav •jKi.'X reason to rely on this wlien otlh-r evidence is al)sent. I mav state, however,
as tlie result of 111 \ experience in iii.iny cases, that th<' re inclusions ch'dured from the leaves
have often hern ronliniied, hy the suhsefjuent discovery in as8ociatii>ii with them of tlie
tissues ol their stems, and of the forms of their fruits. It is also to he oliserved that,
l>lants ail'ord imliiations of climate and other jihysical conditions, even more trustworthy
than tJiosr w hic-li ■ an lie' ohlaiiird from animal lossils. from a i^eol(»giial point of view
it is to he ohserved. that while the names a.s.-iiirned to particular leaves may he dis-
putahle, the occurreiic 1' of the leaves themselves in certain strata over wide areas aifords

''"•'■ l.'"<'KV MmI .\T\i\- l!i;..|(.N (t|" lAWI.A.

s

; ' l-l-:;;""'-";'' "V..!.-.,... si,.,.. ,1. l,....,. ,„■..,,.„„. as ,..s,lv ,v,„.-,nz..,l l,voM,.

Innnliar u.tl. tl.,..r lunus an.l sln„ (mvs, ,.s anv „il„.,- kn.ds .,r fossils '

I .hall only imvums- n.r.h.T ,„ ,vi;.,n,.. plants „. par.i.ulav g..„,.,a an.l taunli.-s.

Nuv,.,H>tl„...nn.llu,.n,v.l,n,l.,. .asl .l,.,-,,... l.y any ,„• nviv.! id-as as „, th,. ,.n.l,al.l,.

';':''••'•';' ;" ^^";" "•'—-•■'^''•l" l^-n-s X „. |,„ , ,i..|u „.allin,. ,l.a,, in .1.,. .as,, of

.l....ly ...Innous plan.s l.-r ,.xan.,.l... ihos.- ,a,n,li,.s having, >no„..., iou> „r ,1.,,., i„us Houvrs

.shuul. hav.. .•,,.p..a>v.l ..arli,.r or la,..v ,l,an tin.s.. I.aviui.- l.is..x.uil llouvrs. L., ..xi...n..nr,.

'".'''" '"'"-> ''=''^ '"I'vin.v.l n.,.. (ha, ,1... „a,Ii,.r forms of auv irr.-ui, „r planN or

animals mav 1... p,v..,s,.|s ,h,..,. ,vhi,h .-..Main Iram-rs of lu polh.s.-s nvouI.I i..aM have

exp..r,..cl. an.l thai l.,.,v. as „, ,.lh..,- ,|..,,avl „ts „f ,1... s.udv of natur... uv „u l.- p,v-

l'an..l (o taK.. la.ls as w iin.l ll„.,„ i,, vvliai.v.T uav ,h,.v n,a^ all;., I .„„• . priori opiMi..Ms

I.— KiiulVMi; SlJ.MKS,

] . Fi/ircs.
DiCKSd.MA, Si).

riiiii;il,>, pinn,!' liii..ar, i\v.. ,rntiiii.M tvs l.»n-, witli roiiiid...! s-ssil.. piniiiii-s unii,..! at
fhoir I.US...S. V..iiali()ii ohs.ur... hui app.ir.mlv -f ,!„. typ,. ..f /j r„>,ri,uni, ll....r. fiviu tl,..
Jiirassi.. of Hastcni SilxTJa. Tlir sp,..i,n,.iis aiv iiut ,piit.. so .listiii.t a.s lo warrant r.-fn-
riii- th.Mii Ir) ILvr's sp,vi..s. y..t an- so n-ar (.. it that I h.'sitat.' to scparat.' Iliciii. Tiioy
arc (li'.id.'dly of th.. sain.. i\ p.'.

("oll..,.t..d hy l»v. (J.'or-v M. Dawson at Martin r,r..ok,'

Asi'i,|.:.Mr\t M\i:TiM\\t\t, S. N. (I'lai,. I. Fi^- i )

ltipiim.it.', piiiii.T Ion--, with Komev.'hat stout p(>tiol... riniiul..s .ontiiviioiis. l)road,
<'nrv...l upward, ohli. pi.. ly rounded nl (h.^ir .■xtivniitifs, attariied hy their whole ha.s.\s.
iMidril) d..li.at(', .■vaiies.ciit at distal ..iid, \.'iiis very line, ohlicpi.'. forkini^ twi.e. In
(he spe<iin..ns studi...l tli.. pinnae are 11 eontimetr.-.s loiii?, and at rii:ht aual..s t.> tlie
raejiis, and th.' pinnules are If) iniliiin,.tn's Ion-' and 7 in-oad.

This is a line luxuriant sjje.ies, of ih.. -vn.'ral type of tin- widely .listril)Ut..d .lura.ssic
sptn-ies. A. Wlti/hi/iin<im, and of its .•oiupanioii. .1 sjjfr/,i/ii/r.

('olle.t..d hy G. M 1). at Martin Cn.k an.l Xorth Fork, Old Man River.

A.-il'l.lvMIM DirivSti.M.V.MM, llirr. (I'late 111 j.'io-. [,)

Ileer, Kreide I'"l.ira der Ar.tiselicii Zone. l.'<74, p. :11, 'I'ah. I.

Thi.s spe.ies, whi, h, a.fordiiiLi- to He..]-, is v.-ry ahiindaiit in ih,. L,.\v.'r ( 'r.'ta.cous oi'
(Ireeiiland, is found at ("row's N.'st I'ass, near ("aninoiv, and at Coal Jtrook ; and is very
plentiful ill heds a liKl.' hiuh.'r and heloniiing to the int.'rni.'diat.. s..rii.s on th.. \orth
Fork of (,)1<1 Man liivr.

Colle.ted hy (i. M. D,

ASI'I.KNH-M HIST.WS, l[,rr. (I Mat e I 1 1 . Fi<r. T.)

Heer, .lura Flora 0.>it-siliiri. -lis. I'tm/i/rris mw/Z/oc, T'hillips. JVeimyp/eris rcrrn/ioi. T-iiidl.'y
and Tluttoii.

' In sut)8e.|iimit .l..<,ri|.li(ii>s iiiil> llic liiiliul-'. < '•. M. D.. « ill 1... i.'iM'ii in lli.' ..m.-,, ..I' siK.riiin.ns .-n .■iillc.i..,!.

6

Sll{ .1. W n.WV.soN t»\ Tin: \|i>o/,«>lC KI,(>I{\-< «>I"

The iiiiimili's jiic nitlii-r laiy.T, iiioic uaiiDw Mini iiinii' pointi-il u|>\vanl iliiin in Ili'cr's
.•.|H( iiiK'Mi. It may l>i' <l<'.xiiil>i(l us lolliiw > : Mipinnali'. or tiij>iimali*. piiiinili's cloiiuati'.
Iii'i' nr i.tiil'd only at ili'' liax'. iaiiii'olnlc. .sliylilly ciirvi'd iipwaitl. 1"> iiiillciii.'lrrs loiii;
ami 4 I" "> liii'ad. ''iitivi'. Mi(lril> sliMidcr, uiv iiii; oil' \iiii> al an ai ut'' ann'Ii' ami \\ liii li
!ii>- ilii linimiious. Tin' spci ics i> widi'ly ilisiiil>ub<i in linn' ami -pair, ami unr >ii"i mn-ns
nri' prolialiiy >i\' "noof ii-; varietal lovins

('olloili'd 1)) (r. M 1», lu-ar ('anniiTc. iJoiky Mountains.

2. Ct/riii/tiinr.

PiooNiTr-s imi;t:\i.is. D<iir^<,i,. (IMat.' I, I'i-/. -.)

( 'rciarcous and Tciiiart l"loia< Transat linns '■! \]\,> Rcival So. irlv of Cana-la. Vol 1.

s... IV. p •.'4. ri. III.

This •<p>''i''s was d.-;. i-ii»<l ill till' nn-imiir alio\ I' . in-d IVoni a sp 'riim'ii roll. >. led liv
Ml. It '! M' Conn. II, ai Willow CriTk. in ImmU known to ]>,' < 'r.-tan'oiis, lint o|' unr.'ilain
horizon. Adilitional spiMiinciiH. tolh'i l<il al Marliii Crt'ck hy Dr IJ.M Dawson, nhow that
tin' I'roiid >oniaim'd twenty or more pairs of initnules nearly at riirht anirles to the midrih
hejow. hut ahove eurvinu' upward to an angle <d' o" . The pinnules are 10 (o l.'» niilli-
nu'lifs hroad ami wiih 1 •> to l'i; \i'ins.

This tVoiid iiiiirht he ref'erre«l lo the |)ro\ isional lieuiis, I'h rd/ilit/lliini. Init its . haraeters
are .so niu<h those ot Dmni thai I have no le'sitaiioii in i-iv inu" it the u'.'nerie name indi-
eatiiiir this allinity. and the assoeiatioii of Dioon-jike IVnil^ with similar leaves in the
Lourr Creiaet'ous oi ihi' t^ui-eii Charlolie IslamN lontiiias i he ii'leremc The lii'Iius is
els.'wheic ill the noriliein t'uipiTale re'_r-ions ihaia' t> risiic of the W'ralden and oiher heds
at the hase ol the CretaceoUs. liut it extends into the Middle ('retaeeons ;iml still exists in
Mexieo.

Coll.-eted I.V (J. M. II.

l'(ilM)/..\ MITES I,.V.N<K.'i,.\rfS. Lillillni. i I Mate 1. I'iu'. o.)

y.niiiiii hiinroltila. Lindli'y and llutton.

Leaxes undistinifuishahle from those of ilns world-wide specie oei iir in all of the
eolleelions from the heds of the Kooiaiiie 'jroiip ihrouelioui its ranui , Miid •■onlrihute. hy
tln'ir ahumlanee in some layers, to ei\e a.lurassie iharaeier to the whole. It is leuardeil
as a .lurassir type, Ihouu'h \ arieiies or sul»-s]ieejes helonirinii' to or allied to it extend into
the ri'jonian or Lower detaeeous. This spef ies lias heen reiOL'^nised in I'iimlaml. in
Swed. II in Siheiia. in India, and in China ; ami lleer. apparently with reason, idenlille*
with II /'. i/is/iiiia and /'. Kirliwali/ii, of Sehimper. and '/.iimilis llniiiri. ol' Ktlinirshiiiisen.
The spec imens from Martin Creek, and Iroin Coal Creek. Crow's Nest j'a.ss, are verv iroi"!
■.\\\i\ eh.'iraeteristii-. and Iteloim- to the ordinary \arieiy. Var. Inlijolin occurs at Martin
('reek, and a narrow variilyai ihe Middle liram h oi ihe North I'ork of ( >ld Man K'i\er.
This iii:i\ l)e rcM-arded a^ the most charaeteri.stie liirm in tlie Kootanie series, and is the more
valiiahle. as noihinL; reseialiliny- it is known lo oc. iir in the jlo-a of thi' Ijiper Cn-
taceoUs '

Colle. led hy Ci. M It. al Islartin Creek, N. Koolaiiie I'^uss, etc.

' In his lii'imrt ,>f |ss;{, I^'.nijiifnMix \\an iielirod Hevuriil leallcts IVoin ilie haUeta i/iniip ii'ttMiil'le te Cnis •_'eiiii>.

•V-

Tin: i;n<KV MnlM \|\ l;i:«;in\ 1,1 r.WAI'A. 7

Z\Mlli;s Mmntwv. S \ d'lal.' I. Kiij^ ,J. Oa.)

''"' '"••'"■""■ ••l""^^'t'M'iMMah- 'Mi.Irih.s(ron-:,M(l,.^l„u;Ml m> t|„. ,.!„„;,. ,vhi,|.

7; ; ';"""^' l'^"='ll"'-i'l-l- v.-ry ol„u>..|y .run. at.. al.Mo>. r.,u,.<l,..l ,u l...,l. ..xt,v,Mi.i..s

<•". K MM.I . ,.r>a.-.,.u>, u>,l. lour larall-l v-in... whi.l. ,mv vi.il.l,. „nh ,„. tl... „n,l.r s„l..'
< hilmaiy mz.- ..l' pinnul-.s 7 iniUi .i.-.r.-> |,.„. ;,m.1 .' nulln.i. i,v. |„„a.l'. Tlu> is „,.,,• „,
H.vrs /. aniin, an.l /. /.,v r/)-,,!,,, IV..,,. ,h,. i,.u.r I'.v.a.vous ..t Iv.m,., (Jr ..nlaM.l. Imt
has hnma.M- I.iuvs than ..itl..T, an.l „ al...-..tl,..r laruvr It is. p^rliaps. a vaii,.tv iT.-p, r i„
a nnni' xitiili.-in l.iiitii.li'.

ZWIITKS A( nil'KWI-, //ro-. ( I'lal- I . Ki:;- .-, •

ll.'.M-, Kivi.l.' Kl,.ia .l.-i- Arrii.s.-h..n Z-.u.-.

Tlii.s is a riauin.^nt ..) a IV..n.l. wiili i.innul..s not .li.stini.uislial.1,. Inun 11. •. r> >i„.. i..s,
will, li is Inun. I III ti„. Luw.T ('i. ta..-ou.s..f Kkkorlat. ( liviiland.
C.ill.vt.'.l 1,^ (i M I), ,,i Marfii; Cn-.-k.

Zamitk.s, S|) li'l.ii.' I I'i- ) ,

All iiiii..ii,.. I i,.,.,|, lik,. / /lumitis i,\' ll.vr. as ivpivsriii.-.l in Kivnl,. Ki..ia, Talil.- XV,
Ijut too iiiipiil.', t iur .■.■tiuiu tlctcriuiuation

Coll.'. 1.(1 liv <l. M I) at •■iitran..' t.. Koot-.iiic I'a.ss,

A.VnMii/.AMTi:.- \.irii..ii;\' H,,r ( I'lal.- 1. Kiir. 7.)

Jl.'.'!', .Iiiiassi.- {•■|..ia, I i-i-s|[,iii,.ns. I'l. XXIV

riniiatf. i>inii;r lir.ia.l and .-hori. ol.li«ni.-, n.an.l.'.l at (h.-ir .'Xi niniii.'.. , ,,iiiiLrii..iis.
alia. Ii.'.l ii l.as,-, \\ iili iiiiiii.rou> parall.-l t-.^iiis. al ri-ihl an-jlcs to th,. |...|i..|.'.

Til.' riaiiiii.'iiis of i|ii> I, .at' in.li.'iii.' a form v.tv h.';.]- 1., .1. S(hmi>//ii and A. ,tniltli,h,i iiom
ill.' .Iiira.s.sii' ol' r^iln'tia. iiion- ••siK'tially to tin- lait.T.

.\sM..ial.'(l wiih ih.'s,. l.-av.'s ar." ra.-.Mii.'s ..Isi-ssil,' riuiis. ivf.'iah!" I., ili.- .^viiii> (',„„l,„.
rtir/iiis, and wlii.li may lutx.' Iclonif.-d to this plain.

("olli'i l.'.l 1(\ (r \\ It. near Caunior.'.

1-

Sriii:.\u/AMni>, S[..

A sinu'li' iiiip.rf.it l.;ill.-t in lii.- shal-' .-f Martin I'.rook. iinli. ai.s ih.' pivs,.||,-,. of a
.■y.ada.-.'ous plant. pn.liaMy ..filiis ^r.-mi^. Tii.' sp.'. imcn rcscmhli's a l.'ali.'i of >'. /iifijd/iiis.

lirollUt, of ill.' UppiT < lolil.'

Coll.'.t.'d hy (1. M. I).

ANTII<iT,ITIIK.< II'H.'IMIU'S, Dairsiin

Trans. ]{..y. S-..'. Can.. Vol. I. S. . 1\ . !>. 21, I'i, 1. Fiii', :!

A li'w J'lauiiK'iits of thf radiatinir pro.'1's.sfs of iliis r.'inarkalil.' fruit iii.li. ai.' iis pi,-
sfii. .' ill ill.' I).'. Is at Middl.' liram-Ii. North F.'rk. <)1,1 Man h'iv.'r. Without ili.' p.'rl'.'. t
specimen t'lom IVa. o Kivt-r. dcsfrihi'd in my I'oiiii.'r paper, ii would liav.' li.'.ii iiupov..ilil.'
(o n-fouiiiz.' tln'Sf fra'.^nu'ut.K.

Coll.'.'l.'d by a. M. D.

Tt will l)t» observed that thnusfh .somt' of tli.- abo\.' sp.'.i.'s an' r.'pr.'sciilcii bv si)i'ii-
m.'iis loo iinp.'rfc. I lor d. 'tail. -d .l.-siription. th.'si' an' suiii.i.nl |o .'slablish tli.'ir disiiii.l-
ucj-sasspcics, and their r.'f.'r.'n.t' to tin- ry.ad.';i'. W.' thus lia\ .'.-v idciii-.'at lb.' , sain.' point

8

Sll; .1 W |i\\\.s«iN ON rilK Mi:s<»/,i>h' l'l,i>|;.\s or

ct' tiiiif ami ill tln' n'lrion fxlciKliiiy" alniii^- lln- iv" k\ MuiiMtiiiiis. IVoin ili.- 4!ttli ti> ili«' .M^t
jtarallt'l. ot u«i 1i'>n lliaii six spr. io ol' ('\ia<l> ln-luiiLriiii:: t^ ;ii IimsI lour •i^-'inTii- lypi's ; and
iht'sf typf> ai<' (juili' a^ imi ii .lunissir us ('rcf»i»'ou>- in ilnii allinili>'-. Tliu> wo fnnl tlic
.Tnra^t•i<' Mora i oMiniuiiiii' wiiIumii a lll•l■:ll^ into ilii' l<4)\v»>r ('rt'iiK-foUM, an<l w' >>!iall
find ilial in iH'd.s ■ onMili'ial.jy alinvf, wi" liav tin' l)i"^innin'r nf ihi' I)i<i)tyl""li<n'>ns plunl.s
ol ilii' Tertiary and Mudi ni p.'riods Tim-, in »i> lar a^ tin- llora i^ .oni'-riifil, tlii-divi«l-

iuii liiif is in lln- niiddl"- i>l ili>' Cn-iai ns ami \\.' may -p'-ak of tin- llora of tin- lyiwi-r

< 'riia< t'<ni> a.> .liirasMf-Cii'iai cons, \vliil>' that "I ili>' I pp'r nu'mlM'r> nl ili.- M-rics will In-
(.'n'(ai»'<>-l']()i I'nc. Wliciln r ilif lunii-cmlnrinii and \vul<d\ -disirihnifd llora. wliii li \\>- ha\i'
dt'siirnatt'd l)y liic lornicr nann'. \va> slriitly ■ ontcniporary in all pari- of iis ranij'-. may \h'
d'Mihtrd. ilionuli ii> wlioj"' mmr.ilioiis wcri- in ilii- oni- d-'linilr ix'riod. Ii i> not impossi-

I<1<- ilia I II ma\ have I ii ini lodii '<'d liisl into ili>' Anti''. and that in a lim<' ot insular land

and i'(jnaldf tliinatc. ii inadc il> way slowly -oiiili Tlif>>' (pi.'-tion> ma\, liow.'V«'r, !»•
Ix'Iti'r .iii'-wi'Vi'd in tlii- . om in-ioii ol llic ;iapi'r.

:I. Ciitiilirii .

SU.!-.|!li;i A (<ilM\ii'p) Sll!li;|i\, //fYT. d'lai.' 11 i'lu- I

II. •••r. .Inra l''lora ()st->il,ui.'ii.s. if*?'!, p •"'! I'l \ll
l^'at' loii^r, p.tiiiiat.\ palmtiti'. Iic<pii'iii l\ loln-d. wiiii ^ i" II loin-. wlii< li arc oMoiig
and ()l)lnsc at lli.'ir apirrs V>'iii-. lor ili-- mo-t part ■> to <'. n.arU parail'l "

Tin- IimI' llin- di'Siiil«'d I)v Ili'iT, ri"|)ri'»-nt> a irMi.p of lolmti' It-avi's. M-ry wiil.-ly dis-
tri lulled in tin- .litra-sii' ami Wiald.'ii lorinalioiis. and orit:inally ndi-rrcd to tin- fi-riis. ilioiiirh
l!roii'_M!iarI. Irom \\v \\\>\. owiiiu to iln'ir hard and rorni! roiis ii'xiiiri' d >nlil«'d ih.- .urn-.t-
ncss of this ri'li'n'mc. Tln-y \\vn- at lirst plan'd in tli.' i:-'mi> ('i/rlniil'ris. and tin' old
C. iliiiihttii. Lindlc) . from lh«' lln^li-h n.iliic is y.-ry mar lo lln- ;.r«'S('nl sp.-rii-s Tln-y
wtT" al'liTwards reniovcd to ih>' doul)tl\il <rcnns, Baicni. and linally hav<'< .mn'to b4' n-ifardf*!
us taxim- haves allied to those ol ihcdinkiro tree of Japan, a form represented at the present
d,i\ l)V oiilv a siniih' -pei ies, limited to the Japanese Uhind-. I'lit \\ hiiji, in Mesozoir and

ir\ tiiib

uossessei

1 se\eral >|)erles dist llhuted

o\ ■r the whole o

f the NnrtI

nrn

Terti;
Hemiv]ihe)e

('ollei led near Martin llionk hy (x. Ml'

S\I,Is|[li;i V ((rl.NKciO) \, KVll). K. Ilnr. (I'lale II. iMii^. J.)

This specie;;, or perhai)s oiilv varietal form, is distinu;nis|ied iiv Ihei, ,,m ai-i>iini of its
loiiu and deeply-i left loln-s. at leniiaLd at liase and [tointed at ainx. Il is \ ery near to the
Jiiiicrii e/v/r/V/N of lUinhury, from the Vnrk.shire (lolite, and leaves rlo.sely allied are des-
rril)ed hy 1 •linker Irom the W.alden.

liocality. Martin Itrook. and Coal Creek, (i .M. D.

S\MSI!t lUA f<il\I%<iu) \A\.\. .S. N. (Plate 11. Kiu-. o.)

Leaf small, of four narrow lobi',s, liiiuur obtu.se, and arrani,'ed in two |>airs. Four .sub-

parallel Veins 111 ea

h lob

This little leaf appears to be distinct from the above sj
lepauperated varii'ty.

Collected by (1. M. D near Coal Creek.

H'Cles, un

less, indeed, it mav be

TIIK l;<M KV MitlNTMN l.'l.dlnV .tir\\\|.\.

9

-«>

^r

S\MsmtlMA — VuH of. M'lal- II I'll- »)

nviitf sinoKh initi<-to jik'- tlit I' tln' iihmI.i ii < linKu.'. ''ni -iiialli-r. .ilmimil in •..•iii.- ot

l»i'<N >>r til- KiMttani'- i— ri***. :iii(I a-.- i|.>iil>l lrs> 1 1|.> 1: ml m| •...iik' <<\' 1 1|.- :ili.i\ .■ *| \,-<,

l!\IKU\ l.uM.ilFi't.H. /A.r <ril.l.l! lii- . )

ll.'iT, Juni Fiora <M-«iliiri<>ii^. \> "»;.' I'l \ ill

^^lIly t'r:iu'ni«'iil> tif IrMV.-s of a l$ai"T,i n c ur ;ii .Mniiiri ('r<'k. Tln'V imli' at>' a >iii'ri(..s
(>t llii> L'''iiu-. :ui<l ».» far :ij. th<' malfrial avails, arc udI far IVi'iii tlial aliii\- itam.'il Hiin-n
i/iihofniii I a IK I n 'retoui. \vhi<li u.-.'iir in ill- I/iwcr ('i'>'i;|i i'mU"^ «'f ( iri'i-ulaini. arc a Ink idlicil
forms. l'laiil.« <»f thii* !ri'iiu> lia\c l»c,'ii (ila. 'd li\ ll'cr mmu'Icj ilic 'r.ixiiitii'. iicai' to Sali.s-
liiiria. \\ liich. jK'rh.ijw. r«'jir<'icni» ilicir proliaMc aliiiiiijcs a.x well a- aii\ ctii.r arraiiu'c-

lllcllt.

Cojlcjcd h\ \; M I)

PlNi < Sr-sK%vvK.\-ls. D>nf!^ni d'laic II. |-i<rs .; dv.)

DawM.ii. Tr:in». Koy Scn' run.. Vol. I. Sc, . IV i>. -'.I, IM III. I'i- -.T.

Tlii-- >i»'oii'ji wa.« «l»*s«,>rihc.l. in my lor.i ,.]■ ni> :i,,.ir alin.- .u.'il. rrn;ii imii.ri. . t examples

ohtaincil at Suskwa River. the < Ijaraeter^ iri\ ii liemir its Idhu narrow linear leaves,
'out three in. he^ ill leicMh. ;,]i,l Koriic uhoal i iirht in a -heath Maii\ ail<litio;i;il >pc-

t imen> Itota of •le(a<-hi><l |.'a\cs .iiul hiuKiies of jeavex o '. nr in the present eojl,., lions.

Thi'V -iiew that th*- pn'Valeiit numl)er if leaves in a sheath wa- ejeht. that ilie leaves

were Ms much a.s "* ••«'ntim«'ires in Icnirth. iiiii thai ilie\ were riunl. aniileil anclone-Mer\ cd.

The present sjoH i«-s may h- compared in aire and appearance to /'. .\ii/v/i//s/r/"/>/// from ihi-

■liirassic of Siheha. and to P. Peorsoni Irom the Lower Cretaceous of (Ireenlaiid. It is an

iiitcrcstin'f ntitici|tatioii of tlu- recent /'///«.< sfmhurt. which it exceds in tlie nninher of

leaves in a sheath.

Collected >.y (t. M If ai Martin ('leek. Coal Ci k. Crow's Nest I'ass

Alontr with thi- sjKNies there are detacli-d one-iierved leaves of limader form, whi'h

may have I^dofnT'-*! to «<'m«' other species ol' riniis. or allied coniferous tree.

SKijfolV SmITTI-WV. //«^<r (I'late II. FiiTs. 7. 7 \ I

Heer, K'eide-tlor.i der .\rctishen Zone. I'ls. XVII and .\X.

'■ Hniiieh»*> elongate, leaves all iiicii lonu', riifid and coriaceous, linear, sinooili. sonii'-
w liai oKtuse hut a«nininate. tendinis to a distidious arraii'.:emcni, >liiihily navowcd at
liase. adtiate-d.i tirr'-iii. luid-rih stroiii;-. "

This s|)«'cies abounds in the Lower Crciaeeoiis of lireeiiland. and is there the repnsen-
♦ alivo of S. hin'^tt/nrtfii of the Tertiary, and ol iln' moderit >'. sfin/inviirns : hut is ,i liiiev
and more luxuriant !«p<vies than eiilier. .\lier siuduip.:' i ii>' sperinieiis m the pre-eni
collections. I am now tonviiiced that the Seipioia fromilie Coal measures ot \ aiicouver
Island, hitherto n-lVm-d to >". himzailorllii, n-ally b<doii<i'.s to ihi- more luxuriant .ind hetter
developed sjH-cies. A cone pi l>al)lv of this species cvcurs in the coUecnous Irom the
Middle Fork. North IJniu. h. Old Man Kivei.

Larire leafv branche.< collected l>y (.^, M I' ai Coal Creek, Crow's Nest Tass,

Cil,Vl'T<'sTi:<>Bf-< IrlUEXIAXDUX'S, Heer, loe. cit, (I'late [II. l-'io-, s.)

Frairmeiits not improbably of this s]iecies occur alonu with A^iileniiim DiclcM^i'Uiinn in

Sv. IV., Ks8,j. '.'.

lO

Sli; .1, W. hAWSUN (»\ Till', .Ml'.SO/dlC FI.OK'AS (»!•'

Ihf collortioiis from the Xortli lliancli. North F >rk, Old Mnii liivcr. 'I'ln" l\v<> spi'.ics ;iro
al.so iissociati'd in lln' Ln\v«'r Cn larcoiis ol' (!rt'i'iilaii«l.

'r.WUDir.M Cl'-NKVITM. .Xiirhrrn/. (I'lati' II. Fiii'. S.)

Xi'\vl)t'rry. Later Auu'riraii I'luras.

A small siK'(iiin'H rd'cralili' to this spi'ries onuvs in ilif rollci lioiis rroiii ilie Kooiaiiic
s^•ri^'^. I'lif >i>i'iii'> is dcsrrilird liv N''\\lirrrv Iroiii she ( 'rctarcoiis 1)1' till' wi'st t(iasl, and
o> 1 urs ill the roal iiifasurrs ol \ aiw ouv«'r Island.

4. liiiirti( Sirli-i.
T.voNrKis iNCKiiris. S. X.

It seems donlfllul if the olijerl^ rejelied lollie atio\e supposed '^eUUs of Ale;i'. ;ire

reallv oriiMuie or cnlv eoneretioMarv. They havi', lio\\e\er. evidently eomiiiended ilu'iu-
selves to eoUt'etors ill the west as piohahlv I'ossils. The spi'eies in t lie Jireselit eoUeetioll
ma\ lie desrrihed as oval, with one dei'p Innow, and mrved slri;e piiK fediiii>: to the mar-

U;illS. It ma\- lie a rmnd. a enneVelinn. nr the rasi ol a InilTnW like the K'll.^irlmites nj' the

Lower Silurian,'

Colle.ted liy (I. M. L

11.— iNTKKNir.liI \Tr. Si'.KIKS.

The ]ilaiits thus iiidii ated an' I'rom heds on Ihe ]\Lddle liiaiirh of the North I-'ork ol'
(•Id Man K'i\"er. suppused l<i lie separated liy a (oiisidi'rahli' interval of harreii struia
I'roni the lied> ol'ihe Kiiiiianie series pr(>i)er. They have all'orded nuiiii'inus si>eeimeiis ol'
the fern A^/i/iiiiiiiii J)ii /isniiiiiiunii. [i\>^n routs nf L(|niseta. with rnnnded lnlier<les, and Inaiieh-
lets 111' eoiiil'ers whieh reseinhle tlli//i/(isliiiliiis (i'r<ii/il(iti(/i(its. Ileer. and Td.rui/iinii niHinhini,

Newlierry. Ih.lt their luosl marked eliarai teristie is the dieurrellre ol' two speeies oC

1 lieciiyledniious le;ives. wliieli c (iii-t it III e in \\\\> region the earliest ascertained iiidieations
ol' plants nr>o hie'li <irL;'aiiisal imi.

M'Ei;(i!.iA vKrf.sTii.A. S N. i Plate III. |'ie\ j.)

Leal' small, ((iriaeeous. palniately i hree-lulied. luiies ohloiiu', puinled, niidille loLe uiie-
third larLrer than lat 'lal Iniies ; inarL^in entire: a struiiL;" mid-rih in eaeh loKe : nerves
(il)siilete. Lenuth ahiiiit 4 rentiinelres,

1 regard the e-eiieric name assiuned tu this leal as eiilirely pro\ isional. It has Keen
i:i\en imrelv <iii aeeduni ol iis re>enili!anee to leave.^ so naiui'd liv previous writers. Sueh
a leal' laieht have lielmii^ed in w plant rel'eralile. were its lluwers and fruit known, in a
very diliereiil enmp Irimi ti> whieh Stereulia heldims.

Colleeted hy CL M. D. at North liraiieh. North Fork, Old .Man h'iver.

L.xriirs rit.\ssiM;Kvi.s, Dnvftw. (Plate IIL Figs. '^. .'!.\ )
Trans. Itoy. So.-. Can., Vol. L Soc. IV. p. 23.

' Tlipsc. i\T ' \\\i: sm-i:i1I('i1 H'lsi'jiliiiiii'' n( iinllMTs. :iibl 'iii\e rciMillv 1 II rrchiiinml in SMpurla aa.l niiiiii'ileil

« iili Cniziiiiia ; liiil I liiive c^Lsch here in my I'iiiut eii )liisii|i|i\riis f(^lllallian Nalnnilisn.iiinl in I'mt mi l''iKit|iriiils
I'l' .\i|iialii' AiiiiiiMK (Silliinaii's .Iciiirniil ,, :iilv!iM(eil wlial I cdiisiiliT rniicln^iv,, rea.sniis In nlmw that Imlli liiisifli-
niles aii'l < in/.iaiia an' casts nf Ciirrnws ur lrail> "d rii.~lai raii.s ami aiiiU'llhls.

'I'm: I.MX'KV MOIXTAIX IJKCION OF CANAKA.

11

t

^.■v,.nl ha-uuMils or,TUsh...l loavs niv so similar io ih,- l^af from Siiskua IJiv.T lliu.
..;u,.,.,l ,M u.y Innaor m.moU: H.al f li'ivHho.u pmvisionallvllM. sa.u. nanu-. Tl.,>viv.s,.ml.l..
L.mr,^.rn>s,s an.l /.. /Vo/.„/„//„ of L,.s,,u,>iv„x : but su.l, l.-aws, so pr,vs.,.v:.a rani.oi
with .vrlan.ly h. a.h.nninr.l ; an.l u.id.l l.. ivl.nva to a willow witlx ihtIuu.s as nnuii
in'oliahiliiy as to a laiinis.

CoII.'.'t.'il liy Cr M 1). will, jonnrr spcci.vs.

Th- main points <,!' inlnvsl uiil, ,vsp,.,t lo ihrsr loaves aiv that tlu'v ivpivsmt two
sp:'.'h's and prol.ahly lw.. -rm-ra nf .li, otylr.l.mous tnvs or shntl.s, will." Irav-'S of wrv
i.iofl'rat.. siz.. and su,h as mi-hl o.vur in a tmiprvato .limat-, and ilhistralin- palmat'..
and i)iiiiiat(' modi's of Vi'iialioii.

III.— !\rii,r, Cri'.kk Sekiks.

This is iM.Jirvcd to I)., ronsidriahly liinhi'rin tin' Cviac'-ons thanth.' piwiouslv men-
tioned series, thouuh still within the limits of the >[iddie Civtai-, ,us, and not improl.ai.ly
older than the Dunveuan n-roiip of the I'eaee IJiver Dislri.t, des^rihul in my former paper.
It has important points of agreement with the Tat-iol series of (irecnland. and the Dakota
li'ronp of th.e "Wevirru I'nited States.

1. Fi/iWs.

Gi,i:T(I[i:\i\ (iiiAfiMs, n,rr. (Plate IH. Fio-. 4,)

Ileer. Kreide-llora (h'r Areii.s<hen Zone, p. US.

" l'"rond small, slend.'r. diehotomous. I)ii)inna1e: pinii;e ai)proximat.'. lower spread-
iiiil-, upper erert ; apex allenuate. Pinnules small, triaimiilar. sul.faleate, sori round, 1 or
two on hases ol' pinnules."

The sjieeies (hus ehararteriz.il has an extensive ranue in (Ireeiiland.

Ci.lleited hy (!. M. ]). and T. ('. Weston' at, .Milk Creek.

C.l.l'.li'iiKMA Kri;i;iAN\. Jla,.

Pes(jUei'eu\. Cretaceous p'lora. p. 17.

This sperie.s, reeon 11 ized l,y LesijUerrux ill the Dakota U'roup, seems to he repre.-M'lited
hy mere fra-ineiils in Mr, Weston's eolleelions from :\Iill Creek,

DllKSu.MA Mixin, S, i\, (Plate III. I'ios. :,, .■,\ )

ImoikI pinnate, or hipimiaie: harivn pinnules with linear pointed anuale i)inn:e. nar-
rowed at hase and ereiiale at edges; less than 1 eentimetre lonu', fertile pinnules narrow
with the maiiiiiial sori erntiu'uous.

This is a heaulifiil and well-ihararlerized lern. hut unfortunately always in small
fragments.

Asl'I.KMlM AI,lii:iMt!M, S. N, (I'l.lte 111, I'io'. C.)

lliliiiinate; pinme in u|>i)er part of frond elonuate, dentate, in lower part pinmitilid
with pointed pinnules, united at the hases and pointini;' upward. Traees of linear sori mi
tlie pinnules, whii h have l'ewd)raiii hiiin' veins.

Colleiled hv T. C, W, al Mill Creek.

'P. (', \V, ill I'l.ll.iuiiitr |i!iL'i's.

12

Sli; .1 W. I 'AW SON ON TIIK MI'.SO/.OK" I'Lol.'AS OF

'2. ( 'i/riii/iiffif.

AVii,i.iA.M.-(i.M A lii-.ri'.Nriin;. S. \. (I'lalc I\'. \'i<x. I.)

Strobile L;Ii>l>uhir or iouikI-dvuI, .ilmul .'l (■.•iitiiiu'livs in (liMiaolfr, with numoioiis iiar-
row 'Urvi'd pointed scales.

Tl;is I'niit, ol' whieh tlieiv ave several specimoiis in the eolleetioiis from Mill Creek,
resembles more nearly Wil/iumso/iin Ulitndfonlii. l''ies(maiitel. from the .lurassie of In<lia, than
anythin-i- else I have seen.

3. ConijVnr.

The eolle, lions from Mill Creek are remarkably deli,i,.nl in specimens of this
order. \ nnmbei ,,r slend.'r l.ramhlels, imperle, tly pre.v..r\ed in coarse stone, mi^hl
he relerrcd lo the sp,','i,.> (!/„/,/os/,-ohiis i^nifil/iiii//^ ol' I.e,M)uereiix. which also occnrs in
the Dnnvc-an i^ronp. Peace b'ivcr. but u hich is very (h)ubtriilly referable (,. the ireiius
(.'//jplds/rolws. They miuhi witli jusi as nruch prob.ibility be referred to T<i.n>.li,iin. ami a.s
no fruit was fonnd.ii will probably be best to iiwait th.> collection of addilionahpecimens.

■I. I)ii()/i//i ifojir^.
Al.MTF.S INSICMS .' DdWMm.

Trans. K'oy. Soc. Can.. Vol. I. Sec. IV. j). iis. IM. \11I.

Spoeimens, union unately Very imperfect, in t he ollc limis fn,m the Xortii Fork of
Old Man Kiver. reseml)le the alxnv sj.ecirs. wliich was found at Xanaimo. Vancouver
Island, in the Ipp,.:- Crctaccus. If not the same, they behm- lo an allied form.

rLATANI S llFKlJI, Lr.<(lllt'rCU.r.

Lesciuereux, Cretaceous flora, p. 7ii. PI. IX.

•• Leaf rounded, bluntly threedobed, mar-in entire or undulate, oblicpielv wedire-fbrm
towai-d petiole, and exien.lin- alone-it." Principal veins diveruinnat angles of 40 to 45 .
This is a species of the Dakota i2-rou|>.
Colleclc.l by T. C. AV. at Mill Creek.

Pl.vrA.Ms Al-Fl,\!s, Ar.sv/. ( Plate I V. Pie-. :.'.)

Leafsub-c,,iiac,.,,us. rounddi.'xa-.mal in outline, rouud.^d maruin. iiarrowinu- in an
aiiiile to the petiole. .Mur-iu umtulate or distant ly d.^ntate, venation pinnate, craspedo-
dnpine, central v.'ins f,.w. at a somewhat acub' aii-fle (about :;.-. ), l^ateral vins distant
Irom margin. Lii\ inu' oll'curved .-raspedodrome veinlets to mari-'in.'

This Nscll marked si..cies is equally characteri.sli,. of i he Patoot series in (Ircnland
and of the Dakota in the I niied Stales, and is.meofthe niosi abundant Lmvcs in the col-
I'vtionsof Dr. G. M. Daw.-ni and Mr. Weston from Mill Creek and the Middle liiamh.
North P.nk. Ohl Man K'i\er. It thus f.rms oim of the most inleivstiny liidvs of cnne.tion
between these lloras.

Pl.ATAM'S MKIMS. Viir. AMIM.A.

■'^'""- ''■''' ''"■ ' '" "'•" ''''V-'s resemblinu it in Mvn.'ral appearance, bm d'lieri m

tile wider anyle of the principal veins, and in the c.nnparative narrowness of the band of

' Li'Hcjm.riMix'.s ilrniTii.linii, will, .sli-lit \crli;il cliiuij;i!.s.

^'•^MMUIWSMBUTja

'•'"i: l''<"'KV MOI XTAIX KKCION ( )|- CA XA |..\. 13

mnrjjiMMl v-in.. I, ,anvi„. . vanH.l lunn nuMvly. or may ,vpn-scnt a distinrl speci.s. and
1«>'' <l'" l-n-'Mt i >aay.I.an.,l..ri/,. il as var. an,/,/,, i„ th,- hop. thaf .mo.v V"vlWt su.runm^
•"■ ""'■I'ardialc loniiv may iwral its |,u,. iialiir.'.

l-t(!rii).\Mi;Ai; i.\Ti:(ii;ii.-,,i.ir,\i. b„i,irm,.r.

I-''><lUrlVUX, Crrta.fOllS l-'lnl-M, p. oO.

Mr \V..s(.,n-s ,„l|,.,,in„ IVuui Mill Cnvk rontains a w.ll-pn.s.rv,-! sp.vi,,,.., not .lis-
lnii.'u.sl.al.l,. Iron: ih,. ahuw sprri.s, uhi.h hrl-.n-s t,, ,1„, Dakota -r.m p.

MACCI.I.NTncKIA 1 |;|.-. T \, 'K \, l[,,r. (I'lah' TV. Vvj. ■',.)
Ifi'rr. I'l.ira (ird'iilaiids, I'aidoi, I'l. LX.

LraC uh.iiil.rauou.s liw-iicrvnl, narruwiii- 1,, tl„. |,as,.. [iilmu.'.Iialc wins vorv
di'liral.'.

Tlh. sp.Mimons ,.rtl,is I,. afar,' ui.rurtuiiatidv iuii.,.ri;.rt. and ii so.nus |„ hav. l.rrn (,r
i""n. d.-hrai.' t..xlurr ihau most ofth,. othrrs. k a-nvs, how.'wr. with the Patool sp,.,i,.s
Coll.Ttrd l.y (i. M. D. at :\Iiddle I'.ranrh, Xorlh Fork. ( Hd Man l.'ivrr.

ri;i 1 ri:i »i dks h a n i noc 1 kmoi dks. liar.

H.rr. I'hyllitvsdu Xrl)raska. p. 17.

Very nuui.Mdiis sp,vim,.nN rcprrsmt an ovat.' lainvnlatc ((iria.'c.us onr-norwd leaf, i,„|:
di.stin^•uisllalll.• IVoni ili.' ahow. w hi, h \va.-< oriuin.ally dr.srrihrd hy II, mt IVdni thr Dakota
uroui) of Nfhiaska. Mix.'d with tluAs... arc other leaves of similar .hara.ier and t,'Xiuro,
having- the I'orni ol' /'. rnvz/u of Ile.-r, 1ml I think it prol)al)Ie that th.'y may l),•]on^■ to tlie
same s[)i'ii,>s,

('oll,Mi,d l,y T. ('. \V. at Mill Crc'k.

ClNNAMoMCM ( 'aNADK.NSK. S. X. 1 I'lal ,' I V. Imu'. T.)

Lraf ,-oria,','ou^. I'niii,'. l,inL!'o\aie. imrrowinn' to tlu' hase ; ihree-vciiii'd from ni-ar the
l)asi', midril) si, ml.

This is 11, 'ar I,. C. Siziuiiirnsc, lleei'. \vhi,h occurs at Patoot, (Ireenland. hut is broader
and with ih,' \ ,'ins at a wider am;!,'. It is intermediate between the al)o\-e species and
C. llari, I.esi|.. Inmi \'ancouv,'r Islaiul, and of th,' Dakota group. All tlu's,' mav possihlv
1)1' \ aiielies ol' on,' spi'cii's, as also may C. Jlississi/ipiciise of the same author (Sc his
remarks, Cretaceous I'lura, )>. 84. and Cretaceous ami Tertiary Moras, p. .")4.,i Th,' reler-
eni'e of ihes,' 1,'aves to the genus ('/««««(()/«««( will admit of doubt, till evidence cau be
obtain, 'd as |.> tlh'ir fruit.

iiViM.'oi'in i.i.iM ni'.mi.i;, DairsDn.

Trans, K'oy. So,-. Can , V.il. I. S,',-. IV, I'l. II. h'iu'. 7.

Ii,'a\es relcralil,' to this spcies. oiiuinally collect, ■(! in th,' Diinvcii'an uioup. Peace
K'iver. appear in the collet ions from Middl,' branch, Xorlh l-'ork. Old Man b'ivi'r. (In the
liij'ure alMi\,' r,'tcrii'd to, the midrib is much exaggerated in thickuesy,)

Cull,., ted l.y C. M. D.

liAUiM s Ci;assi.\i;i;\ IS. Ihiirsan.

This «[),', ies, already nii'iuioned as (i,,'ui'rinu' in tin' Koolaiiie series, si>cms still to sui'-
vive in I hi' Mill Creek period.

C,)lb.,t,.d bv (i. M. D.

14

sii; .1. w. D.wvsox ON I'lii'; .miiso/.oic ri,(>i;.\s ok

Aiai.iA. Sp.

Fniuiut'iiis of i\ lavu'i' Ii'mI' wliiili niiiv l)i' .1. Sn/xir/iiiiii. l-csij.. luil is loo iiii])i'i'r('(l for
t'ortniii ilflrrminiitioii.

Collf.i.'.l hy (i. M. 1). at :\Ii(l(ll.' l!i:ni,h. Norlh Kork. did Mnii liwvi:

Ai;\I,I\ K'nlTMlATA. S. \. (I'lalc 1\'. Iml!'. ">.)

Li'af lavL!(\ T ii'iitinn'trt's loiii;'. wiili li\.' siroiiiilv iiiarlcfd rilis al aiiii'lcs ol' ahoiit •2()^\
(ii'iiiTal I'nnu ln'oad ruiii'alt' or fan-sliaix'd. with livi' roiiiidi'd Icniiiiial lobes.

Coll.Tted l.y T. ('. W. at Mill ("nvk,

AkalIA Wf.sT.iNlI. S. \. (Plah' IV. Vvj:. C.)

l>i'af livf-partfd and iivf-vcini'd. l.a.--al aiiijlo apiiroadiiim- In !M) . CiMitral loho laii-
.('(datf. imnh larger than next lobes, and those larii'er tban lateral lobes. Surfaee sliiniii-j,'
and ( oriaeeous.

-Miiindant in ^Ir. Weston's .-olleelions from ^Mill Creek. Tlie L'.enerie name is (|uit.o
eonjectural. as the liner textnres of thi' leaf are not apparent. Ai lirMl s'v^hi, in size and
general aspeil. tin' L'aves resemble those of Am- ninijir^lrr. ]m\ are dill'erejit in details.

ni:ni:KA ()\at,is ? [.rsi/Hcreiu:

T.,es(|uerenx. Cretareons llora, p. HI.

form 1 innlar to ronnd oval, vemition of In'deraceons type, ami so mueh like that of
the specii's above named that I think it mav safely be refmed to it.

Collert,.d by T. ('. AV. at Mill ("reek.

"Maonoma \i \(;.\ii"I('A. Dairson.

Dawson, Trans. Hoy. Soe. Can., Vol. I. Sec IV.

A larue leaf in Mr. Weston's eoUedions IVom Mill Cr.'ek is similar in form to the leaf
of the Teacc lvi\,'r sprries a])o\e named, but the venation is not preserved.

1'ai, irurs moniwm-s. S. N.

T>i'al larLie. about S cent iiiietres li>ni!'. nn'mliraiious, oIiIohl;' oi' lom>'-oyate, entire, tliree-
ril)l>ed. l)iit middle rib y-rcatly dominant an<l s.'ndini;' otl'mrvfil veins toward ape.K ; lateral
veins slender, m'ar the mariiin ami eiuved paialiel wiili it.

This u'enns is repri'si'iitrd by sperirs dilf.'rent from the above in the Dakota ii'ronp
and in (Ireeidand. It srrnis diliieull to dislini^nisli fossil leaves of this type from those of
the allied uenns (Vniin/li/is

C(.lle, i.d by (}. M ]). at Middle Bramh. Xortli fork. Old Man h'iver.

rAl.li-|;fs ii\ Al.is. S. N. (I'latr ]\ j-'in-s. -I and s.)

I Irdinaiy leaf live .entinirin s lonu'. and l'.."> wide, almost perfeetly (dliptieal, l)n( a little
mori' oblnse at a|)e.\ than at base, Alibrib stronu, lateral veins ver\ faint, in sonn' speei-

nH'ns obsoli'te.

1 hese leiues dillir little in form IVom /'. iik hihrtimtini^. Iies(pierenx, from the Dakota
irronp. but are nmre coriaeeons.

Coll.'cted by T. C. AV. at Mill Creek.

.riia.AMMi'Ks '•i;i;taci:a, S. \.

I/'af small, oval, eremite or bluntly tocUhed, membranous, with four pairs of veins,
einvintr in a eaniptodrome manner, Surface rough, ordinary lenylh t.") eentimetres.

i

111

TUK liuClvV .MolN'l'AlX IMKIloX (»|- CANAhA.
<'nll.Tt,.l l.y (i. M, 1). Ill Middl,. linm.li. X,,rili F,,ik. Old Man K'iv>'

18

IV.— Biii.i.v K'i\i;i; wn Lauamu-: Si-:

i;iK>

I du IK. I l.n.pos,' ill this papiT to .Mllrr ilil,, ii driail,.,! (L'srlipli,,!, of ,1,,, .p virs iVoiU

ilir IS.dlv iJiv.T and Lavaiiiii' hnN now in my Iiaiids, l.iil mnvly I., stair a \'<-\v la. -is Mip-
l.K-iih'iilavy lothos.'in Inriiirr ivpnrls and pajxTs. and in antiripaliuu ,,r Inll.T drsrrii.-
livi' lists wliii li I li(i[)i' to prepare in (lie future.

Siiire tlie pu1)lirati(.n of my memoir "f ISS:',, I have myselT. with the kind aid .>f Mr.
Moses Unrpee, then oj' ('ah.iary. made eoiisideral.le eoil.'eiions in ilie railway euttiuu's at
Shaii-aiiappi i'oinl.on I'.ow iJiver. a few miles west ofCaln-ary. Mr. S K'. I'.yn.m.ol H: ■^ ieM!,.ii,
l';ni;land. has kindly presented me with an interest in^' new species frcuu the lielly IJiver
series of the South Saskaiehewaii, and Mr. W'.'stoii and Mr. Tyrrell, of the (leolou-i.-al
Survey, have niaile some valual.le eoll,vti,,ns IVom t he |',;.l |y h'iver s-ries and the Lower
Laramie. \\ hich ha\ e h,.,Mi plaeeil in my hands l.y ihe Directur (.f the Oer.loMieal Siirvev.
Fn coiineetiou with this, the re. eiii report of Dr. G. M. Dawson has uiv.'ii ns. for th.' lirsi
tim.'.iisulidivisioii of th.' Laraini.- h.'ds, and the lo.'al dislrihtition of tin' several m.'iabers.

It is expect. 'd that additional sp>'einieii.s will lie loUe.ted in ih." summ.'r of jSs."), and
ihat it may I..' p.issil.l.'. n.'xt y.'ar. L. pr.'s.'ul a som.'what .-omple;.' ac.'.>nnt of I he Larainii>
Mora and its sev.'ral suhdi visi..ns. and als.. of ih.' r.'latioiis of this iL.i'a to that ..f th.- Ii.'ds
underlying. In the nieanlim.', i shall her.' yiv.' noti.cs of th.- m.ii.' int.'r.'stinu' n.'w
si)eci.'S in till' re.-eiit colle.'tioiis, aiul shall m.lic.' tln'ir si rati^'raphi.al disirihiitioii in tlio
11. 'xt s.'.ii.iii.

1!k \si:.MA \\ I'lt.fA. S. \.

Leaves r(.uiided ellipli.al, .'iitir.'. liis.'rtioii ..f p.'lioi.' iiearlv in th.' cnire, with ab..ut
ei'jhl.'eii ra.liatinu' v. 'ins iorkinu' al.out ha If- way lo th.' mary-in. and a se.'ond time ii.'ar ih.'
iiiarL;-in, lo Join th.( maru'inal areohiti..n. Form st.mewhat l.'ss .'Uipti.'al than in th.'
modiMii J), /ir/lti/ii, and veins more nuni.'rous, liut otherwise similar.

Ill

1 I ; ;

Iil!.\si:.\/.{ A.xru.il'A, I'l'i'KU Cian-.v. i-.ms, S.htii S.\sK.\a'in;\v,\N I.'ivkii. I-i-at
.N.vnn.M. si/i:. ,t, '., IhA.in.KSis ..i' Vknatl.n, .si.uain.v i)m..v1!ci:i..

The specimens were ol.tained in th.' h.'ds of the lielly IxMver series of Ihe Caundiun
Survey, near Medi.in." Hat. Thes.' beds are Upper Tretaceous. and hold fossils, some of
wliieh res.'inhle those of th.' Laramie uroup, others those of th.' I'ierre •.-■roup. I phi.-e
their fossil idauts with tlios.'ofthe [iaramie, h.'.ans.' Ihe llora s.'.'ius lo 1).' in th.' main
similar to that of th.' Lower J.aramio, They contain workable beds of liguili.' .oal ; and

16

Sll{ .1. \V. DAWSON OX Till-: MHSO/OIC l"l,olJAS OF

llic spr. imciis ill (lUi'stidii wop' Invind in nodular clav ivonsloni-, assoiiuli'tl wiili one of
till' foal beds v orkiMl in tlii> I,a\vsnn Mine.

A spciiniiMi of tliis int.'iv^tinir fossil. oI)t:iiniMl. 1 l)'li.'\(', from Mr. Lawson. tlu- mana-
L'l'rof till- mini', was kindly •j;\\<'n lo ni<' last year hy Mr. J. KV r.ymni, one of the ni.'nihrrs
of lilt' liritisli .\sso ialion ; and additional sp •ciiams, soin^' of iIi'Mm v-'ry p.'rfi'.t. \v.'r.«
aft.M'wards ,(.11. '.ted hy Mr. T. ('. Wcstcii ol'lln- Ciculoi^i.al Survey.

Tlic modmi nriKiiiiii /ir/hifu is >aid to onur in r.rilish ('.>lunil)ia, Japan, .\u-iralia and
India, as well as in East. M-n .\iari.a. \ot hdii-j;' a apiainlod williits raniiv of varialit.n
in th.'M' i'onntrii's. I .aniiot r,rtainlv aliirni that lli.' pn-s.'ni s|),viiu.'ns arc spivilii-ally dis-
tiiiii. 'flh'V niav ropn'SPiit ni^'rcly an aini.Mii varii'ial lorni.

In till' same l>i'd lioldin-- lli'sc I-mv.'s arc other aipialic idaiits. as rislht inrriinvld,
Lcsfj . L'liiiiu snihila} Ph.. Tnip,! '. Th.-n- arc also fragmcitts .>f the un-i leaves ,.f I'ld/amis
iiohili^ and the i'upulu- and A'i'r deM'riiied helow .

I'dlMl.f- l.\ I'llif.N r\i'\, S, \

ilise nneiiually i>"inte(|. Mar-in entir.' fm- sniiic distance fioni ha-e. then with
rounded dhinse teeth. L-af hr..,id a!i.,ve and prul.ahly ohttise al apex The marui-al tccUi
are ah.mt the .-i/e of thns.' of tlic mo.lern P. uniii'fiilni/dhi. \ni\ nKU'cohtusc. and the leaf
r.'scmhlo in foria and size t he smaller and narrower lea v.'s of I he modern spcics, to which
also it eonformv in the . harac ter of its venation.

In the vaiiie matrix w ith the nl.ove are fra-'im'nls of leaves of another ropnliis. of the
tvpcof !\ iif rijiiliii. Newlierry.

Collctecl l.v T ('. W in T'clly K'i\ er series, ;iear Medirine Hat.

Aci:i; S.\si\ \ii'iit:\\ i:nsi;. r^. N.

I/sif small, nncipiallv lrid(d)cd, with the central l.>lic much loimcr than tic other.s,
and the lareer lateral loh' sliuh'ly notched, with a rudiment of an ailditional lohc. I>eiiL;th
ahoui 4 c(Mitimetre>. Width mneh less than len-.th.

This may lie a l.Tiainal hMllet of a Xeiitindo. hnt there were no indications of lateral
leaves cotmccted wit ii the -pcimens. aiid it ivsemhles very nearly the youiiLi- h'aves of
A('i>' '/iisi/r(ir/iii))i.

Collected l)v T. V. W. Ill liellv Iviver series, near Medicine Hal.

4

'fiiAi'v i;()i;f.\i.is. Iftvi-.

This species was rcou-ni/cd l.y nie in JsT^^. in the collections of Dr. (r. M. Uawsou
from the vicinity of the 4'.'tli parallel, in heds prohalily heh.neine- to the Lower Laramie.
iMiiits only ^vere found. More reeeiitly liescinereux has found in beds, prohahly of Lara-
mie auv. leaves whi'h he alfriliutes to this licnns, and which may possibly belonu,- to the
present species In Mr. Tyrrell's collections from Ked Deer River, are fruits similar to
those previously described, and also leaves similar tothoso desi^ribed byLesquereux {Tni/ia
iiiin-o/ihi/llii). The leaf may be de.s.iibed as ovate-flabelliite in form, rounded at base,
straiu'lit at tic divere-inu- ^ides. and al tli<' end with very shallow rounded sinuses, separat-
inu' short ti'cih. whii h in some specimens are nearly obsolete.

' Till' iiiiliirc ami aHinitios of tliis cminiis |ihiMt 1 .-iliall l»/|n' to dism.ss, with the ai'l of tlio new s[«Miui('iis, in a,
future [lal'iT.

B5:5B

TIIK I.'OCKV MOINTAIX l.'IKiloN <)!•' CANADA.

17

4

(•nll.r|,.(l l,y I{. ll.TyilvIl ill ill,. I.cwrr l.iiriUllic, at t lir K'rd Dcrliilld l{o.s.'l)U(l IJiv.TS.

Tliis plant is associated at .scv.-ial lo.alilics with I'istia and Lfiiina. and in this ivsixvt tlu^
l>fds Inddiiii;- it coninnn in their flora to the Helly Ixiver series on lli<. South Saskatchewan.
The same remark applies to the heds at I'luclicr Creek, Berry Creek, etc, iVom which phices
small collections have been o]>tained.

AlUI-.TITKS TiKK-r.f.MI, S. N.

r.ranches stout, with broad and thi.k leaves, spirally dis])o.sed, showing no ribs, and
sliuhtly nariowiiiLi- and decunvnl on prominent leai'-ba.ses.

Fine .iLsts of tiiis plant occur in hard dav ironstone at l!errv Creek. Collected by Jf.
i:. Tyrrell,

S.vi.isnriiiA.

Seeds or nutlets rd'erable to thi.s genu.s wore observed in the collections from .several
places iu the Lower Laramie.

The a])ove are all from the Belly River series or the Lower Laramie, in wlii<li also
occur abundant remains of a Sequoia which I have referred to .S. RcirJunlmrhii. The
remaining spi'cies are from the Upper Laramie or rorcupiue Hill series.

ri.VTANUS XOIilMS, Nrirhrrn/.

Xewl)erry. Later Extinct Floras of America.

Large numbers of these line U'aves occur in the I'pper Laramie sandstone near Cal-
vary. They show that tlie peculiarities of venation referred to by Lesquereux in his
notice of this species, are only varietal. The leaves from Calgary exhibit the auricles or
supplementary leailets lirsl described by me in the specimens collected by Dr. Selwyn at
Sou'is (Cieol. Survev of Canada, 187'.')

Platani's Tv.WNOLDSII, yrirlwrnj.

Ne\v])erry, lor. cil.

This species is also abundant and mixed with the fornn r, at Shaganappi Point, ui'ar
Calgarv. Its leaves present many ditl'erences in size and form, but these pass into one
another.

rniTiJ's.

In the same beds with the aliove, are leaves of several species of Poplar, which I refer
provisionally to /'. (irrnfolia, P. iic/ielrix and P. con/ifolid, of Newberry.

Sassafk.vs (Ai!AM(tr.<[s) Bi'ki'kaxa, S. N,

Leaf threedobed, long pelioled, lateral ribs at angle of about 30* to middle rib.
Secondary veins very strong, the inner ones joining at an obtuse angle in the palm of the
leaf. licaf probably trifid at apex, and somewhat rounded and auricidate at base.

Collected by Mr. Burpee near Calgary, Upper Laramie sandstoiK\

VlKrii.NTM o.wcorcoiDEs, S. N.

Leal large, tridobed, central lobe long and acute, lateral Iol)es rounded at margin.
Auriculate with two small rounded leailets at base. Veuatiou almost precisely i\s in tUo

bi'c. IV., issri. 3.

18

SIi; ,1. W. HAWSoN oN TMK .Mi;s( »/,()|C Ki.(»i;.\s or

luodnii I'i/iifni/iiii (i/i/iliis. :i.i(l tli«' leal is sanely (lisliiiLruish!il)li' Irnm leaves ol' lliut
speeies lakrii IVom voiiii'^ and viiionins sliools, cxei-pl m the aiui< Irs at llie }msc
("ullcc ti'tl l>y (J. M. P. at Sliaufaiinppi Point, ikmi Caluaiy

Vii;in;M"M ('\i.ii.\i;i amm. S. N.

Leal siiuple. iicarlv ii>im<l. ol.iiisrly (((olln'il at niai-iiii. Vtualioii as in T. iittiuiilildlium,
I,»'s(pUMeux. i'.\<ept that iln' ultiniat'' venation is mueli coarser. Tlic maiyinal ti'etli aie
also nm'h nune loundi'd, Ix'inL!' nii-irlv \va\i's o| tlie edge.

'I'his leal" is vi'r\ iumi in ^■l•n''l■al appearanrc to fjuit desiiihcd in my I'ornier memoir a.s
Ahiilis iii^ii:iii-. from till' Creiaeeoiis of Vanrou\er Island 1 lu'licvi', liowcvrr, it is (piilc
distinct.

Collected t)V CJ. M. I>. at Sliai:anapi>i roint, ncai ( 'aiijary. Uin>cr iiaramie.

In the same IumIs with the :d)ove species are oval drupelet.s ol'tho strnetnre of those
of Vihnnmm. and whi' h mav lia\ f I »• longed lo the same plants from wiiich tin lea\ cs were
derived.

S.^i.i.snrKi A. r^i>.

Fraiiineiii'- o| a llaliejlaie Kal'. similar in form and -ize to that of the modern einkgo,
and also nullet>. occur in ihe sand>ton's oj' Shaii'aiiappi I'oint.

V. — (JkdI.imiIi \I, iflM.VTIONs UK IIIK l'r,"|;\^

In niv memoir in the lii>i voluun' of the 'I'ransaitions of this Society, I have L;i\i'n
a table of ihe ("reiaceons iormation.'^ of the western Xorthwest Territories of ('unada, pre-
jiared by I'r. (I. M I »a\vs(ni. and ha\e fully statid the ^-eoloiiical po.^ition of tiie plants
at that time d.'^cribi'd. The new faetM above detailed now re<|nire us lo intercalate in
our table thri'c divtinci |dantdiori/ons not previously re<(>i,niized in the western territories
of Canada, (^iie of these, th" Kootanie series, should jn'obaldy l>e jtlaced at the base of
the lable as a repvi'^eiuat i ve of tjie 1 rLi'oiiian or Neoeomian. or, at the very least, sh<)uld
l>e held :i^ Hot ui'Wer than liie Sliasia L^roup of the I'nited States (JeoloL-ists. and the
!..ower Sandstone-" ami Shales o| the (^lueen Charlotte Islands. It would seem to corres-
poiul in the char.M ter of it> \o>-[\ plants with tln' oldest Cretaceous lloras re-ognized in
Europe and A-ia. and with tiiai o|' the Kome fornuition in Crreenland. as described by
lleer. No .similar ilora -^cems yet to have been distinctly recoaiiized in the United States,
I'Xiept, perhaps, that ofjhe bi-ds in Maryland, holding;' cycads, and which were relerred
m:;ny years atro by Tyson to the "Wealden.

The .Ncconcl of thesi' plantdiorizons. sei)araled accordiiiii' to I >r. (.1 M. Daw son, by a
ousideralde thickness of strata, is that which h«' has called ilie Mill Creek series, and
w hi. li > orresponds very closely with that of the Dakota srroup, as described by Lesquereux,
and that of the Atam' and I'atoot formations in Greenland, as descri])ed by Heer. This
fills a gap, indicated only coujoctiirally iu the table of IHM. Along- with the plants
from the Dun vegan grou)) of Peai o River, described in 1883, it would seem to represent
the Ilora of the Ceiiomanian and Turonian divisions of the Cretaceous in Europe.

Above this we have also to intercalate a third sub-llora. that of the Hellv Kiver series
at the base of the Fort Pierre group. This, though separated from the Laramie projier by

i

Till-; l.'dCK'i Mnl \T\IN i;i'';ii>\ o|' I \\.\|iA.

in

tlif iiiiiriiic l)i-<N dl' 111,. I'irnv mnl I'ox Hill L'lnm.s. ii„,iv ilmu l.Too 1,mm in t liirkii,.^s. iiiiin-
(luccs (ii.' Laraiiiif or l),iiiiaii lloia, wlii. h comiinn's i.. ih.' i..|) df ih,' < 'ivtaiv,,u>, and
prnhal)])- into tlic I'Icmchc, and iiifliidi's scvi'ial spriii's .still Mirvivinir on llir Annii.an
lonliiii'iii. or ivpr.'si'iiti'd hy lnriiis so clusc. that, tlicy may !>.' varietal iiicv.dy.

lia.stly ; ih,. siibdivisimi nf th,. I.aiaiiiic uronp, in the la-t rrpuri of Dr. G. M. Daw.soii.
iido the tliiv,. nh'uilHis known rcspc. In rl\ as llir L<i\v.t or St. Mary i\ivfr scri-'s. (li,-
Middle or Willow Ci.'ck scrL-s. and ilif \'\t\u'y or Tor. upiiif Hill scrio, in , ..nni'ition
with llio lact that tin- lossil idant.s ocmr .hiflly in tin- lowor and np|H'r nn'nihcrs. cnahh's
us now to divide the Livamic llora proper into two suK-ilorns, - an older, rloscly allied to
that of the 15elly liiver sorio.s btdow ; and a newer. i<leniieMl with that of Souris K'iver,
dcsevilu'd as Laramie in Dr. (I M. Dawson's l{eport on the 4".tt,h Parallel, ISTtl. and in the
]\epori of tlio Gfolonicjil Survey of Canada for IST'.t, and whieli appears to auTee with thai
known in the I nited States as tho Fort Union group, and in part at least witli the so-
called MioeuMie of lleer from Greenland.

From the animal fossils and the ehararter of the tlora. it would seem prol>ahlo that
the rieh Ihn'a of the Cretaeeous roal lields of Vaiieouver Island is nearly svnejironous with
that of the eoal-heariiiL:' Iltdly River series of the western plains.

It will thus 1)1' seen that the explorations already made in Canadian territory have
revealed a very eomplete .series of Cretaceous jilanls. admittina-. no doubt, of large addi-
tions to the number of sjjecies by future discoveries, and also of tln' establishment of eoii-
lu'eting links Ix'twi'cn the dill'erent members, but giving a satisfactory l)asis for the know-
ledge of the sueeessioii of plants and for the determination of (he a^fes of formations by
their vegetabli> Ibssils.

In toniieetion with the subjoined ta!)le it should be understood that Tertiary lloras,
probalfly Miocene in aue. are known in tht; interior of Itritish Columliia, tlioui,;h they
have not yet been rerouni/.ed in the territories <'ast ol the Kocky Mountains.

I'lefore leaving this i>ari of ibe sul>ject. I would deprecate the leuiark whicli I see
oeeasioually made, that fossil plants are of little value in detenuiniim' geological horizons
in the Cretaceous ai\d Tertiary. I admit that in these periods sonu' allowance mu.st be
made for local dillerences of station, aiul also that there is a generic sameness in the Mora
of the Northern Hemisphere, from the Cenomaniaii to the modern. \-et these local diifcrences
and general similarity are not of a nature to invalidate infereiiees as to ae-e. No doubt so
loner as palivobotanists seemed obliiied. in defereiu'e to authority, and to the results of
investiu'ations limited to a few I'hiropean localities, to e'rouj') tou'ether. without distinction,
all the Ibras of (he later Cretaceous and earlier Tertiary, irrespective of stratigraphical
considerations, the subject lost its u<'olouii al importance. But whi'ii a good sevies has
been obtained in any one reii'ion ot some extent, ihecase becomes dillerent. Though there is
still much imperfection in our knowlede-e of the Cretaceous and Tertiary tloras of Canada. I
think the work already done is suliicient to enableaiiy conii>e(ent observer to (listiiiiiuish by
their fossil })lants the Lo^^er, Middle and Fpper Cretaceous, and the latter Iroiii the Tertiary ;
and. with the aid of the work already done by Lescpiereux and Newberry in the Fnited
States, to refer approximately to its true geological position any group of plants from beds
of unknown age in the west.

The succrssive series uuiy be tabulated as follows, with r(>ferences for details to the
fuller table in mv memoir of l.*^8-'!: —

20

Sli; ,1. W. I),\WSi»N ON Tin; MKSO/.olC ri.olIAS (»!■'

srcfKSSlVK IMnlJAS ANI« Sf IM l.i M! AS (il- llli: ( -IMn' MIOI S IN CWMiA.

rr.l:ii'ii;

Vn'|;\» AM> Si ll-l lnllAS.

lUt'KKKMM.

Traii>iliim ( I'luli'iius Ik'.Im oI' Smiris Kivir nw\ (Mliriirv.'

IvHviw lo r|.|KT l.iiniiiii.i Ml- r,.r iipiiH' Hill S<Tif.s I;c|.oit 1.0.1. Surv.y ,.1 (MiiM.lii lot- ls:;i, aii.l

t IVlllriMilw. I. l'^'""'"! Mll'llldil'.

MiiMlc I,:ii\iuiii' III- Will.'W CriM'k Scries.

I n^ciiillil ;illi| I'islia lu'.ls nC l.ii'l I;IM.I- nl' I'.llli

l.n\\,.|- l.iiiMiiiii' III- St. M:ir\ Kivcr Sirii'S ] l':ir:ill.l. I.'i'.l I'cir Kucr (•!«■., Willi l.i„'iiili'H,

rplKT ( Uri«irl 4'.Mli I'iiiMllcl :i!i(l llii.s iiiciiK.ir.

CriMiir.cus y,,^ Hill s,.ri,.s M:iniic.

(.I'.iiiiiiii an. I ]■,,,., I'ii.rr,. s,Ti.-i MMiiiic.

N'li.iiiinll.^

BclK l;i\iT SiTii's. i.S'i' ii..|('

('..ill Mciisnii's i.r Naiuiiiii.., H.C. i.r. .l.iiMv here

I Si'i|iliiiii nil. I Urasciiiii |.i..lKi.t S. S:i.«k;ttilii'«iill,
\ lU'llv l\ivir, I'll' . " illi l.ij-'iiiti s. 'I'liis iiH'iiiiiir.

( .Mi'iiii.ir 111' lN>;!. .MiiiiN I'll i.l\ l.'.li.iis, I'liliiix,
,\..tr.

,,.,,,,.,.,, ,, ^, . ,,,, ,,. ,. , I I .\l(>iii..ir i.f l*'"^:!. Mum I'iii.lvl.'ili.iis, Cyriuk

ci'i.ns (Tnrij- i

II"nI ,",!!'!„* r Mu,- 1 • .■ 1. 1 M .• I |li.-..|xl,..li.n..iislfav«s.siiiiil.irti.lialM.la<:n.ii|

lU'iiui.iian.) MilK ivi-U .-m...-; i.l li...Uy MoiiiUaiiis rii.rti,,: T. S. Tins iiu.,i,..ii-.

I >■(■ .1 Sii^kua l;ivcraiiil liMiM'iiCliarl.'lli^ Islaii.lS'rii'S.' ( < via.ls, I'iiii-, a li'W l>i. ..I\ I.Mlnii>. l{,.|H.rt < Icn].

l.uwei-i n«Itt- li.t.Tiiii'.liati' Srrii'.-* .,l"lvMk\' Mi.iiiilaiiis \.Siirvcv. Tlii> iiifiii..ir.

I'iM.lis I >ri.ri.- ■ 1

""""•''^''•' K...italiif Scrirsi.t' l;...kv M..uiilaiii.s ICvca.ls, riiu'.s aii.l I'lTii-;. 'I'liis iin'iiiuir.

Nmi;.— 'rii..ii--li llii.' 11. .ra d' llir V.i-\\\ UiviT s.'iii's mtv .l.ksrlv' rfs.'iulilrs llial ..I' llii' Lower l.araiiiir. slmwiim'
that .<iiiiil.ir ]. hints I'xi.-lf.l llin.ii;:lii. lit tln' Si'ii..iiian ami 1 'aiiian |KTi...l.> in N. rlli Ainrrira, \ i-t it is tn ln' aiitici-
pati'.l that sin'citic iliirrrciirts will ilcvclnp thi'insi-lvi's in tlii> jirniin'ss nl' .li.MoVrrv . In tin- liuMii liiiio it siari'i'l>
sictiis ii<s-,iM(> to ilistiii^rnish hy fnssi' plant.s almie the LhHiT l.aramii' hcils liotii those of I'.i'lly lii\er, an.l il'
the.s.' are reallv sejiaraii-.l hy l.Tnii I'eel ol' marine strata, as is imw Ulieveil on stratij-'rapliiciil ^'roiin.N the Mora
must have heen reiiiarUaliI_\ |i(Msisteiil. The I 'iinvivaii j-eries of I'ea.e l!i\er prohahly nirresi»inil.s in tiin.' w ith
the marine Niohrara ainl IVnton (.'loiiis farther south ami the Mill (reek w ith the Pakola ;.'ron|i.

1

VI. — IMlYSICAL C'o.NinTIONS AMI Cr.lMATi: INlilCATKl) liV TlIK CKKT.U 'KufS Im.OIUS.

Tn tilt' .Tiifiissic ami carlii'st Cictaii'ou.s jx'i'iixls the pi-cvalciirc, over tlio \\ hnl(> of tht^
Nortlu'i'ii ll('iiii.si)hfri' iiiid for a loiiii' time, ol'a inoiiuttuioiis as!S(.ml)l:iiii' ol' Gyiiinospcrinous
and Acroucnnu.s plants, implies an nnilbrm and mild riinnito and facility for iMti-ironimuiii-
latiiin in ilio ninth. Tow aid llic nid of tlu' Jnra.ssic and bt'sj'iiinintr of the (!n'tatcous, tlu'
land of llii' Nortliciii llmiisplu'ri' was as.stunin^' li'i'i'iitcr dinnMision.s, and the < limati' |)ro-
l)al»ly bet 0111 inL'' a littk' less nnifonn. IJeforc the <1()S(> of thi' Lower ("retaeeou.s jieriods
the diiotjdedouons liora seems to ha\ e l)!'i'n intrndueed, under ireoji-raphical conditions
wliiili i)ormiltt'd a Avarni-temperatc rlimate to e...eiid as far iiortli as (lieeiiland.

In the Ceiionuinian, we lind the Northern llemisplieie tenanted with dicotyledonous
trees closely allied to those of modern times, though still iiidicatin<r atlimate much warmer
than that which at present prevails. In this tige. extensive hut irradutd suhmeru'eiice of
land is indicated hy the prevah'iue of clitdk and mariui' limostoiies over tlie surface of

Tin; litXKV MOI MAIN IM.Mo.N uK CANADA.

21

V

l)(>lli roiiliii.'iits; l>ut ii.ir. ninpolar Im-Ii .iri;iii.l s.m'hi^ in Imv.' Immmi niaiiiiiiiiird. iiinlcliiiu,-
llic Athmlic ;iii<l I'lLilic- l(:l•.ill^ rnim Hiatiiii;- i. .-. mid ii-'iiniltiiiii' ;i tciiijicniii' Horn t>|' nn-at
I'irlm.'ss Id invvail I'ar tu ili.- iiniili. and cspi'c ially aluiii:' tlir soullii'rii inatuiiis and fxti'ii-

sinus ol' till' riivuillpi.lai l;illd. Tlli'sf Sf.'ni (n liavr 1 11 llh' pllVsical c oliditidlls wliirli

ItTiniiiali'd lli<' .■xi>lc'ii. •■ ,,t' ili.> >A>\ M.'suz.ii,- Flnia and inlrudiicfil lliat of Ww Middh'
C'n'laccuus.

As tiim- ad\ aii' ••d, ilir iiuantity "f Innil uraduallv im r.-asi'd, and lln' t'xl»Mi>ion id' ni'W
pliiins alonii' tln' nldiv ridiiis of laud was loiuridcnt witli tlic deposition of llh' i;-n'at
Laramie si-ries, ami willi iln- oriLiinalion of its [x'l uliar lloia, wliirh indicates a mild
rliiuate and ronsiderahle variety of station in niounlain. plain and swamp, as well as in
U'rciil sheets oi' shallow ami weedy fresh water.

In the l'",oeeni' and Mio-ene periods the conlini nl uradnally assumed its i)ri'senl form.
and the vegetal ioii heiiinie .viill niori' modern in aspeil. In that perio<l of the Moeene.
however, in wliirh ilie Liieai nnmmulitie limesloiies were deposited, a snbmerueuee of
land oeenrred on the Ivistern eontinent wliieh must have assimilated its i)hysieal eonditions
to (hose of the Middh' ( 'relaeeoiis. This ^reat ehanuv. ali'ectinn' materially the lloia of
I'hirope, was not eipiallv irre it in Aiipriia. whieh al-o hy the north and south extension of
its moiinl.iin chains permitlid mov>iiient> ol niiii'ration not ])ossil)le in the Old World.
J''rom the Eoeene downward, tin- remains of land animals and plants are found only in
lake hasins oceupyinii' the existing,' depre.ssions of the land, thoUL^h more extensive than
those now rcmainintr. It ;iiust alsolie liorne in mind, that the gTcat foldin^-s and IVaetures
of the irust of ihe earth whi' h o.rurr.tl ai the rlu.se of the Ivieene, and to whieh the linal
elevation id' such raiii^'es as the Alps and the Roeky .Mountains helonus, permaiu'iilly
luodilied and moulded the forms of the rontineiits.

These statements raise, howevr. ipiestions as to the preeise equivalenee in time of
similar lloras IouikI in dillerent latitudes. However ecjuahle the climate, there must
have heeii some appreciahle ditlereiice in proceeding from north to south. If, therefore,
us .seems in everv wav piohatde, the new si)eci.'s of plants originateil on the Arctic land
and spread themselves southward, this latter process would occur most naturally in times
of <i-radual refriuvralioii or of the access of a more extremo climate, that is in times oi' the
(devution of land in the temperate latitudes, or conversely, of local depression of land in the
Arctie, leadinii to invasions of northern i.e. Hence the timesof the prevalence of particular
types of plants in the far north wmild pivcede tho.se of their extension to the south,
ivndalhuM found fossil in Greenland midit be supposed to he .somewhat older than a
similar iiora when found farther south. It woiihl seem, however, that the time required
for the extension of a lunv llora to its .-xtreme -eo-raphical limit, is so small in comparison
with the duration of an .-ntire Lre.dou'i.'al period, that practically, this ditleren.'c is of little
moment, or at least does not amount to antedating- the Arctic llora of a particular type by
a whole period, but oiilv by a fraction of such period.

It does not appear that. duriuL^ the whole of the Cretaceous and I'oeeiie periods, there
is any evidence of such refriircration as seriou.sly to interfere with the llora. biU perhaps
the times of most considerable warmth an- those of the Dunvegan group in the Middle
Cretaceous and those of the later Laramie and oldest I'ocene.

It would appear, th.at no cause for the mild temperature of the Cretaceous needs to be,
invoked, other than those mutations of land and water which the geological deposits them-

22

Sll.'.l. W. h.WVSD.N n\ Tlir, Mi;S(»/(tI(' I'LoUAS, KI'C.

M>l\<'r. intli>:ili>. A riiiulilidii lor i'\;uiipli> i>l llic Allaiilii li;i>iii in ulii>'li tli<- lii^li iiiiul nl'
(ii-i'iMilaiul >li(>iil(l Ix' i'i'(lii<'i'(l ill I'lrviilion ami :ii lli<- Naiiii> liiiic tin- ii<>rtht>rii inlots ol' tht-
Allaiilir iIds.'iI aiz'.iiiisi ih.- iiiva>iiiM ol' Aiilic ifi-. w.mlil at oiici- recline i liiiialii- f<iinlilioii.s
aliciwiiiir t'f til.' liiouili of a Ifiupfiatr lloia in (.rr.'iiilaiul. As I>r. Hiowii lias sliowii.' ami
as 1 iiav.' clsi'w ln'i-c arunn-d. llif iilts.'iiic of liu'lit in (hi' An lie wiiilfr is no (lisiulviiiilatft*,
siiiic. iluiinu: ill-' w intiT. tin- iiiow ill olil.'i idinms ircc* is in aii\ « asr suspciuli-*!. wliili- llic
roiislant loiitiiniaiic T oT JiLilil in iIk- mimiiiiit is. on tin- loiitrary, a \ cry irrcat stiiiiiiliis ami
advuiita-jrc

It is a rcniarkalilt' plu'iioiiii iioii in the liistoiy ol' ui'in'ia ol' phiiits in tli.' laiiT Mi-sozoii'
and 'I'l'iliaiy. that tih' oldiT i^iMK'ia appear at oiici' in a 'jri'al numliiT of spn ili.- (ypt'N,
whitli Id'coini- reduced as well as limited in ranvre down to the modern This is no tloiil)t
eoniieeted with the greater dill'ereiitiation of loeal eoiidilions in the modern ; Imt it iiidi-
eates also a law of rapid innltiplieat ion of spei'ies in the early life of <;enera. The distrilm-
tion of the sjieeies of Siilishiirin. SnjiKiia, Pliifnnim, Sassii/ni.'i. Liiiadini/ion, Magnolia, and many
other iTi'iiera. all'ords remarkable proofs of this.

(rray. Saporta, Ileer, New l)erry. lit'squerenx and Starkie Gardner, havf all ably dis-
eussfd those points : Imt the continual increase ofour kiiowledifeof the several floras, and
the removal of error as to the dates of their apjH'araiK'e must u'reatly rondii< (» to clearer and
more delinite ideas. In jtarlitular. the pn'\ ailiiiL;- opinion that the Miocene was the period
of the ifreatest extoiision of warmth and of a leinpeiate llora into the Arctic, must be
abandoned in favour of the later Cretaceous and lioceiie ; and if I mistake not. this will
be found to accord better with the evidi'Uce of liciieral geoloiiy and of animal fossils.

NfiTK.— AVliilc \\\\n ijicnioir «ii.s pns.sini.' tlirniii:ti tlii< pn.s.s. the llcpurt "f Mr. Wliilcavi'.s, 1". (J. S, r;i1;cMiit<>-
Ioj|i.>)t ti) till' Ciiimiliiin Survey, mi tin- invorlcl'niw 1. s^ils I'l' the I.araiiiii' and ('r.'t:iicnii> df tli<- I!..w nii>l I'-elly
Hivcr (lislriils aii|<>ari>i1. (('oiilril'iilieiis \u Caiiiiilian I'ab ('iil('1<iv'>, \'(.l. i. I'ml 1. s!i \kvz>-* ami i>li\eii plates).
TliiiS valnalile Itepcirt (•(institutes an iMilciwnilint t( stiimpiiy, liasnl u\\ animal I'dssils, tn tin' ap- <iftlie IhmIs in
i|iii'sti(iii, mill arionld in tlie main vory i l.i.sci) with tli« n'lirliisiciis ■.^\»,\^' ileriveil from fussil plants, rnfnr-
liin.'itoly, licwpvcr, nn animal riiiiains have yet ln'cn t'oiinil in tlie Koiitanii- .si'rios.aml the Miily fossil ri'Ciinle.l tVcm
the .Mill Cri'ck Ik'iIs is a si»'iii's nf /»<", r'/»ei.«, ihaiaiteristic in the I'liiti'il Slates i if tlii- Ninhrara aiiil Ij<'nli>n [.'Piiijis.
a |«isitiiiji a Hull' hi'.'luT than that .li'.hice'l lY.nii the planhs.

I'lnrula lii.sruana.