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2.--A REP( BA:

Duriflg

of investiga

tbe improve

Paciflo Ooai

accomplisbe

(liate direct:

of biology a

biology in t

expert of tb

of tbe Uuiti

Invest!

Redfish lak

d'Oreille, I

Messrs. M(

Evermann,

tributary t

Sammamis

Meek; (8)

at Upper ]

Oregon, b^

Durin

recipients

of wbom \

Especial n

Brotbers

salmoucai

Mr. Willij

Leonard C

Itwai ally good botb lorn and a con Septembt tions of tl the Bulle

2.-A REPORT UPON SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN AND ELSEWHERE ON THE PACIFIC COAST IN 189G.

By barton warren EVERMANN and SETH EUGENE MEEK.

Duriflg the seasou of 1896 the United States Fish Commission con'luctert a number of investigations in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon, having for their general purpose the improvement and extension of the fish-cultural operations of the Commission on the Paciflo Coast. The speclflc object of each inciuiry, the details of the work, and results accomplished are given in the following jjiiges. The work was under the imme- diate direction of Professor Evermann, assisted by Dr. S. E. Meek, associate professor of biology and geology in Arkansas State University; Mr. Ulysses O. Cox, professor of biology in the State Normal School at Mankato, Minn.; Mr. A. IJ. Alexander, fishery expertof the Fish Commission steamer Albatross; Mr. W.F.Hubbard, supei'ntendeut of the United States fish-hatchery at Clackamas, Oregon, and Mr. Alfred C Maddren.

Investigations were carried on in ten diflereiit regions, as follows: (1) At the Redflsh lakes in Idaho, by Messrs. Evermann, Meek, and Maddren; (2) at Lake Pend d'Oreille, Idaho, by Messrs, Alexander and Cox; (3) al; Wallowa Lake, Oregon, by Messrs. Meek and Maddren; (4) on tributaries of the Lower Columbia, by Messrs. Evermann, Meek, an( Hubbard, and by Messrs, Alexander and Cox; (5) on streams tributary to Pnget Sound, by Messrs. Alexander and Cox; (0) at Lakes Washington, Sammamish, and Union, by Mr. Alexander; (7) on the Siuslaw Elver, Oregon, by Dr. Meek; (8) on Whoahink, Tsiltcoos, and Tahkeniteh lakes, Oregon, by Dr. Meek; (9) at Upper Klamath Lake, by Messrs. Meek and Alexander; and (10) at Crater Lake, Oregon, by Messrs. Evermann and Cox.

During the progress of this work the representatives of the Commission were the recipients of material assistance and many acts of courtesy from various citizens, to all of whom we are glad to acknowledge our indebtedness and to express our thanks. Especial mention should be made of Mr. G. H. Stevenson, Vancouver, Wash.; Seufert Brothers and Mr, I. H. Taffe, salmon can ners at Celilo, Oregon; Mr. Frank Warren, salmou-canner at Portland; Captain Steers, of the steamer Lillian, Fie' nee, Oregon; Mr. William Kyle and Messrs. Elmore & Sanborn, salmon-canners at i-lorence; Mr. Leonard Christiauaon, of Acme, Oregon, and Mr. Scott Morris, of Ada, Oregon.

THE REDFISH LAKES, IDAHO.

It was found in 1894 that these lakes and their connecting streams attbrded unusu- ally good facilities for the stutly of the spawning habits of the chinook salmon and both forms of the so-called redflsh. The matter was taken up in the following year and a continuous series of observations was carried on at those lakes from July 17 to September 24, A detailed account of those observations, together with full descrip- tions of the physical features of the region, may be found in the published report, in the Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission for 189G, pp. 149-202.

15

16

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

The investigations of 1895 resulted in the following conclusions concerning a number of importiint questions regarding these fishes, viz:

1. The Chinook salmon resoiting to the headwaters of Salmon River for spawning purposes reach the spawning-grounds in perfect condition, so far as shown by external a])pearances, no mutilations nor injuries of any kind having been seen. The many sores and mutilations seen upon them later In the season result from injuries incident to spawning, are received on the spawning-beds, and are not due to injuries received en route from the sea.

2. After spawning, the chiuook salmon coming to these waters die in the vicinity of the spawning-beds.

3. The young chinook salmon remain about one year in the streams where they were hatched before beginning their. journey to the sea.

4. The large red fish are identical with the blueback salmon, or sockeye(Oncorhyn- chu8 nerka), and come up from the sea, as do the chinook salmon. They reach the spawning-beds in perfect condition, are mutilated there during the spawning season, and then die, never returning to the sea.

5. The small redflsh sjtawn at the same time and on the same beds with the large redOsh. They arrive upon the spawning-bcds in apparently perfect condition, but soon become mutilated, just as do the large form and the chinook salmon, and then dii- without returning even to the lake.

6. Eggs of the small redfish laid in September in the inlet to Alturas Lake began hatching on the 2l8t of March following.

V. The young redfish remain in Alturas Lake at least one year from the time when they were spawned.

The investigations of 1895 left unanswered, however, some of the most important and interesting questions concerning the redfish. It was not possible to determine when the large redflsh arrives at the Idaho lakes, nor whether the small form is really anadromous. Both forms were already in Alturas Lake before the nets were set in the outlet, on July 20. The importance of settling these questions, if possible, and the desirability of repeating and verifying the observations of 1895, justified the continuance of the work another season. Alturas Lake was, therefore, again visited in the summer of 1890. Oarai) was established July 1 1 on the outlet of Alturas Lake, at the ford about li miles below Perkins Lake. On account of unusually high water it was impossible to set the gill nets satisfactorily until July 17. On July 22 the camp was moved to the head of Alturas Lake and a gill net was placed across the inlet at its mouth. The net at the ford was taken up August 0 and reset in the outlet between Perkins and Alturas lakes, thus making it more easily reached from the camp. It remaineil in this place until September 25, whea it was taken up and not reset again. Sedfish began to come into the inlet August 3. After that date the net was kept in place only at irregular intervals until August 14, when it was taken up.

High wafer.— The spring of 1890 was an unusually late oik n Idaho. The snows of the preceding winter were much deeper than usual and were slow in disappearing in the spring. Rains were also uncommonly frequent, even late in the spring and during the first half of summer, the last of importance occurring August 0. A very hard rain fell on the night of August 3, resulting in a perceptible rise in the streams. On Jnly 11 the streams were much higher than at the same time the year before. Salmon River and Alturas Creek were overflowing their banks in many places; much of the

valley rtbo\ about July outlet conh water ran ( only slight) Tempct stances per camp on t kept hangi ill the creel

The te the head o lake whert front of oi

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMIUA UIVKR BASIN IN 18%.

17

BFiiing a B valley above Alturas Lake was from a few iiielies to H feet under water. Not until about July 2'2 was it possible to reach the head of the lake with a wayon, and the outlet could not safely be forded earlier tiiaii tliat date. After July 14, however, the water ran down very rapidly, and dining August and September Alturas Creek was only slightly higher than in 1895.

TemperaturfH. — Temperature observations were made as regularly as circum- stances permitted. The records for .hily 11 to July 21, inclusive, are those made at the camp on the outlet of Alturas Ijake. The thermometer for air temperatures w s kept hanging in the shade on a tree at the camp; the water temperatures were taken in the creek at the camp in water about a foot deep.

TrmperatKres revorikd ut ihv oiillel of AUiintH Lake, Idaho, •liilij 11 to ,'JI, 1S06,

Datxi.

Ucmr.

Air.

■riily 11 ;

12 <

\ I

13 i

14 16 10

8 p. III. . 8 II. m.. 12 111... 8 p. ill.. 8 11. III.. 12111... 8 |i. III.. 8 a. Ill . . 12 m... 8 p. 111.. 8 a.m.. 12 III... 8 p. 111.. 8 a. Ill . . 12 m ... 8 p. lu..

V. 02 .59 71 .52 52 00 55 ,58 70 62 03 71 01 liO 74 04

Water.	Date.
OF.
58 •	July 17
56
58 i
55	18
53
55
63	19
53
58
!)4	20
54
57
50	21
ou
59
50

Hour.

8 n. Ill

12 III

8 p. in

8 n. Ill

12m

8 p. Ill

8 n. m

12 Ml

8 p.m

8 a. Ill

12.30 p. Ill H.lfi p. Ill . 8.20 a. Ill .

12111

8 p. m —

Air.	Water.
' OF.	OF.
1 ,55	55
1 73	00
04	69
65	58
74	03
64	60
52	68
72	62
50	81
60	58
i 73	6:i
00	01
50	58
70	63
63	61

The tempeii'tures recorded in this following table are tliose taken at the camp at the head of Alturas Lake. The " inlet'' temperatures were taken a few feet above the lake where the water was about li feet deep; those for the lake were taken just in front of our camp at a depth of about 3 feet, and those of the air were in the shade:

Tvmpi'ratareH recorded at the hiad of Alliirax Lake, Idaho, ■laUj ,.'3 to .liiyitut li, ISHH.

Date.	nonr.	Air.	Water.	Dale.	Hour.	Air.	Water.
Inlet.	Lake.	Inlet.	Lake. OF. 69 50 60 60 58 50 ,59 65 58 54 55 57 58 53 57 57 60 55 51.6 55 55 SO
July 22 23 21 25 20 27 28 i9		OF. 62 72 00 55 04 48 40 04	OF. 51.5 43 47 49 41 •»■»;	OF. ': 55 July 29 " li 60 1 :in		OF. 65 54 49 68 65 53 74 59 59 74 59 57 06 53 49 70 42 41.5 57 44 4'. 60	OF. 48 50 43 49 62 44 60 61 44 52 53 44 61 53. ;» 44 49 52 42.5 50 51 42 44
	8 p. Ill
	53.5 54.5 51 53 ,55 51 54 : 50 > 51 1 50 59 , 50 : 54 58 59 64 1 66 66 66 ;		12 m
12 m	31 Auk. 1	8 p. Ill H a. in 12 ni
gam
12 III
	50 51 .52 42 69 in
8 a. in	1 I p. HI 8 p. lu 2 8 a. m
12 m
H p, 111	53 40 03 53 60 04 BO 48 67 49 62	51 42 47 51 43 47 50 55 61 49 43
p.; m	3
8 p.m	8 a. in 12 m
8 a. m
12 m	8 11. ni
	6	12m
12 m	8 p.m 8 a. m
8 p. III... ...
8 a. in . .	12m

aDuring the uiglit uf August 3 there were licary tliiuKliM- and ii, 8Uo\r falling ou tho mountains.

ItilGUB

F. C. U. 1897-2

18

miLLETlN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

In the following diagram are shown the temperature curves obtained by taking' serial temperatures in Alturas, I5ig Ivedfish and Wallowa lakes. Two series were taken in Alturas Lake and one in each of the others.

TEMPERATURE IN FAHRENHEIT DEGREES.

0)

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120

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!

REFERENCF TABL F

170

I

180

"

190

ALTU

.<»»____

200

RAR LAKF inAH

0-

210

AUG.r rriaae bpt ^ x. e p m 1

220

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230

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n. Rrnrmu i'auit in

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AUG.dT';;896,BE:T.2:30J3:30PM. WALLOWA LAKE.OREGON. AUG.20T« lA<»fi

250

1 1

260

1 1

270

1 1

280

1 1

290

e

_

The fo

I the bar at I The llrst, 8 distance a\

Two s( 1 1 , bftweei ci'iling paj (ibtained b Tlie circles the lake, v of .iO feet, tlie decpes fiieatest d(

A sinr p. III., the 1 shows thai tiie surface to grow CO the greatei water, and lioth lakes is reached

These

tiii)i)ed 1 bottom t( protectc unreliab «hawn u water abc these Id

).^

a

Cam began on of Altui of 1895, for exam between

Begi Lake, sc nets wc large or where b eonsidoi year at

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA KIVEU HASIN IN 18%

10

by takiii,' leries were

Ho

1.

5. Atilciilli 1)1' 7'2 f«ot 4;i''

«. At (li'ptli cpf (III Icit 40J

7. Atdcpth ul' 10.; IVct 4(iJ

The following tcinpeiatuies were taken AugiiHt 11, in Alturas Lake just beyond the bar at tlie mouth of the inlet. All are bottom (cmpcratureK <'.\<;ei)t the lirst three. The first, second, third, and fourth were all taken at the same place, the others a short distance away:

1. At HuiCiifC 87^

2. At (lipthiif 24 l(!0t ,1t

.t. Atilrplh iif 48loct 45

4. Atdoptliof BU ffnt 40|| I

Two series of temperatures at diU'erent depths were taken in Alturas Lake August 11, between .'$ p. m. and 0 p. m. Tiieseare shown on tiie temperature diagram on i>re- ccding page. The series indicated by the (irosses shows the bottom temperatures, obtained by starting near shore in 1 fathtmi and going outward into increasing depths. Tlie circles on the continuous line indicate a vertical series tnken near the midtlle of the lake, where the depth was 150 teet. It will be noticed that, after reaching a deptii of .'SO feet, the two series coincide exactly and that the temperature at the bottom in tlie deepest part of tiiis lake is but slightly, if at all, above that of fresh water at its fiieatest density, namely, 39^3.

A similar series was taken at Big lledfish Lake August 9, between L'.;50 and 3.30 p. m., the results of which are [datted on the same diagram, an examination of which shows that this lake is, as a whole, considerably colder tiian Alturas Lake. Though the surface temperatures are nearly tlie same, the water in Big liedlish Lake is seen to grow colder nuich more rapidly as the depth increases. This is apparently due to the greater size and depth of l>ig Hedlish Lake, the lower temperature of the inliowing water, and the greater protection atlorded by the higher surrounding mountains. In liiith lakes, however, the temperature decreases rapidly until a depth of about 100 feet is reached, and beyond that depth the decrease is less than '1^ in either case.

These temperatures were taken with a Xegretti Zandira deep-sea thermometer tiip])ed by means of a messenger, and the results are believed to be reliable. The bottom temi)eratures which we took at these lakes in 1895 were taken with a Wilder jirotected thermometer, and we are now convinced that the results obtained are wholly unreliable whenever the depth exceeded a few feet. The thermometer can not be drawn up quickly enough to prevent the mercury Irom being warmed by the warmer water above. The few bottom temperatures given in the report of the work done on these Idaho lakes in 1895 are therefore worthless.

SUMMAKY OF OBSERVATIONS RE(iARl)INO THK UEOFISII.

(lamp was established on the outlet of Alturas Lake July 11, and observations began on that date. The daily inspection of the nets and the periodical examination of Alturas Creek and Salmon Biver were carried on essentially as during the season of 1895. Although gill nets could not be well i)laced until July 17, the opportunities lor examining the stream make it certain that if any redtish had ascended to the lake between July 11 and 17 they would have been seen.

Beginning with July 17, gill nets were kept constantly in the outlet of Alturas Lake, set in 8u<^h manner as wholly to obstruct the stream to the ascent of fish. These nets were kept in place until September 25, but not a single redfish, either of the large or small form, was caught in them. No redfish were seen in the outlet or else- where below Alturas Lake during the season. Small redfish ai»peared in the iidet in considerable numbers in August and September, but no large redfish were seen this year at any of the Bedtish Lakes.

20

ll8ll

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES I'lSII COMMISSION. The first rcdlish seen was ciiught in Alturas Lake near the inlet July 16, wliili;

l(tr Dolly Vsuden trout in about ;50 feet of water. It was a male, 11 i incli Ion},', and was taken on a liook baited witii salmon spawn. Its st<jniacli was well tllU'ilj with food, cliieliy small crustaceans. Its color was a rich metallic blue on the back, beconiinjr silvery on the lower sides ami under parts. The reproductive organs weit not greatly devcloi»ed.

The nest redlish were caught in the inlet gill net on the night of the L'<1 of August. 3 males in prime condition. On the next night .'i more males were taken, in excellent condition and nearly or quite ripe. On the next night 8 nuiles and A fenniles were caught, all tlie males ripe and the females nearly so. Ko others were seen until August 0, when about 40 were observed in a deep hole about a mile above the lake.

As the redflsh were now running up in considerable numbers, the nets were taken u]) and not put down again except for one night, August 13, when 5.'5 jnales and ;iL' females were caught. None of these showed any sores or nuitilations of any kind.

By the middle of August the flsh had arrived in large nund)er8, the maxinuiin being reached during the last week in that month. The flsh in tiie inlet were counted at intervals and a careful record made of their numbers. The record reads as follows: 1,044 fish on August 18; 1,345 on August lil; 1,038 on August 25; 1,558 on August 28; 1,354 on September 1; 1,515 on September 4; 1,280 on September 9; 1,067 on September 12; 952 on September 14; 70.5 on September 18; 214 on September 25; lOG on Sei)tember 28; October 2, none.

The fish seen on the first few days were all in perfect condition, but soon after they began spawning mutiuitious appeared, and some died as early as August 2.'!. ? After that date they died rapidly, but the numbers were reinforced from time to time ! by new schools which continued to come up from the lake until probably the iirst week in September. The large decrease shown August 25, compared with the numbei observed four days earlier, was apparently caused by a great numy fish being caught out by cami)er8. Beginning early in September the number of dead fiah increased and the number of live ones gradually decreased until October 2, when all had died. The dead fish were usually found in the deeper pools or ([uiet portions of the iidet. On September 14 one dead redflsh was fouiul lodged against the net in the outlet a few rods below Alturas Lake, and on September 25 four were found washed up on the shore of the lake a few rods west of the inlet. These had all doubtless been carried down by the current.

Run later than in lS95.—Ju 1895 the first redflsh appeared in Alturas Inlet .luly 25, the maximum was reached about September (J, and all had died by September 25. In 1896 the run began nine days later, the maximum was attained about nine days earlier, and the last live flsh were seen about nine days later than in 1S95. Though the season began a little later, it covered almost exactly the same length of time.

Jli?</(7«r/oHs.— Previous observations concerning the cause of the mutilations were verifled. As the flsh came into the inlet they were all in perfect condition, and con tinned and careful observation of their movements during the spawning season showed conclusively that the injuries are caused by contact with the gravel and by fighting on the spawning-beds.

Dying of the redflsh .—The conclusion reached last year, that every redflsh dies after spawning once, was based upon absolute proof, so far as this region is concerned, and no other conclusion was possible from the observations made this year. The

number of and not oin larger. Tli or been car (jiiently. I Alturas Inl any returm that a sing

While ticularly sc seems to be cause of til dying is at journey fro matter of t of the 8]>a' water, and journeys \v results fro Alturas La in their stc dcntly dee] supposed.

Xo lar and 1 in tl not, of cou In 1895 on Inlet, and Alturas 1 suflicientlj Lake duri August an

Are answered, must havt big redflsh than July probabilit; of these w the baited and small stomach. .1. J. Sta tound to crustaceai in five or

tl

8ALM0N INVE8TiaATI0N8 IN COLUMHIA RIVEU DASIN IN 18U(i.

21

y Hi, while

well lilK'd

tlio buck.

ij,'aii8 weit

ot'Aupiifst,

n t'xct'llcnt

nales wt'ic

seen until

lie lake.

were taken

es and ;52

y kind.

) iiuixiniuin

re counted

as follows:

on August

[); 1,0G7 on

ber25; lOG

soon after Vugust li.!. iinie to tinii le iirst week ;lie miinber eing eaugbt li increased II had died. * if tlio inlet. ;lie outlet a

d up OU till!

leen carried

i lulet July [)teniber 25. t nine days ■». Though if time, ations were in, and con- son showed by fightiug

redfish dies concerned, year. The

number of redfish entering Alturas Inlet in 189") was about 2,000 in round numbers, and not one ever returned alive to the lake below. The run this year was somewiuit larger. The greatest number «',ounted at any one time was 1,5,*)8, but niany had died or been (iaught by campers i)rior to that time, and many new sciliools came in subso- (|iiently. It is a conservative estimate to say that between 2,500 and .'5,000 fish enteied Alturas Inlet in 1800. W'.ile the observations for the purpose of determining wlieriier any returned to the lake were not as carefully nuide as in 1805, there is no evidence that a single fish ever returned to the lake alive.

While the nuitilations ,ire usually (piito severe, in many cases they are not par- ticularly so, and unmutilated fish were sometinu^s found dead or dying. This fact seems to be of great importance because of the light wh'w.h it throws ui)ou the probable cause of the death of spawning salmon. Some naturalists have maintained that tiio dying is attributable to the injuries; others that exhaustion resulting from the long journey from the sea or long abstinei.ee from the use of food is the cau.se; but as a matter of fact, many observer have seen salmon dying in large nund^ers at the end of the sjjawning season in waters only a few nules from the sea, and even in salt water, and the cause could, therefore, not have been exiuiustion resulting from long journeys without food, or mutilations received on such journeys. That the dying results from long abstinence from food is completely di8i)roved by observations at Alturas Lake, where redtish liave been observed to come up out of the lake with food in their stomachs, and have died a few days after spawning. The true cause is evi- dently deeper seated in its nature and more general in its application than has been supposed.

N^o lartje redfinh seen in 1896. — In 1894, 14 large redfish were seen in Alturas Inlet and 1 in the inlet to Pettit Lake, and as these waters were visited only on(!e this does not, of course, indicate the total number that may have spawned there in that year. In 1805 only about 8 large redfish were seen, .'5 in the inlet to Pettit Lake, 3 in Alturas Inlet, and 2 in Alturas Lake. During the season of 1896 no large redfish appeared in Alturas Iidet, nor were any seen at Pettit Lake, which, however, was Jiot visited sufficiently often to fully determine the matter. None was observed at Hig Redfish Lake during a trip there August 8 to 10, and parties who visited the lake during August and September report seeing no redfish.

Are the Hinall redflxh anadromousf — This question can not yet be positively answered. If they are, they had reached Alturas Lake prior to July 11, just as they must have reached it before July 20, in 1895. But this may very well be so, tor the hig redfish, which is undoubtedly anadronious, had also reached this lake earlier in 1805 than July 20. Observations at Alturas and Wallowa lakes point strongly to the probability of the small redfish being permanently resident in those lakes. The first of these was the catching of a small redfi.sh in Alturas Lake July 10. This fish took the baited hook, and its stomach was fouiul to contain some food, chiefiy insect larvic and small crustaceans. One caught in the gill net August 0 had a trace of food in its stomach. Twelve small redfish were caught with grabhooks in Wallowa Lake by Mr. .1. J. Stanley, about the first of September, and the stomachs of 9 of them were found to contain food consisting almost wholly of entoniostracans and other small crustaceans. In one case the stoma<!li contained a snnUl quantity of some alga and iu live or six cases the stomach was quite full of food.

22

ItULLETIN OF THE UNITKD STATES FI8II COMMISSION.

Tho tWL'Ivo siu'ciinciis taken by Mr. Stuiilcy were inah's which probably woiilil huv« spiiwiuHl thiit Hcasoii. They are <!()iisi(l(Mably Hinaller tliaii any heretofore taken and vary from Ojj to OU inelie.sin total length; one found dead on the shore of WallowM Lake August 24 is only OJ inelies long.

In the light of all tiieso faets it is hard to believe that the Hinall redflsh eonie up from the sea. On the other hand, when we consider that the large and small forms present no structural dilVerences of value, tiiat they s])awn at the same time an<i on tho same beds, that the small form has never been seen, so far as known, in any of these lakes excei)t at spawning time, and that they, like other members of the genus, die after once spawning, it is eiiually dillicult to believe that they are iMsrmancntiy resident in fresh water.

Chinook mbnon in the upper Salmon River. — The number of chinook salmon "om. ng to these «paw!iing beds in 1895 was not far from 1,0(»(). The first appeared .Inly J4, ami the n aximum number was reached about August 24. All arrived in p' • -ct condition, and all died soon iifter spawning, none returning to the sea.

Not much time was given to the chinook salmon in IHiMj, only occasional visits being made to Balnon Uiver. From siuih observations as were made and from infor mation obtained fvom various ijarties who came up the river fr<»m Stanley Basin ami other jyoints below, it appears that the run was very small and much later than in the preceding year. Four were seen in Alturas Creek, at the mouth of Pettit outh-t. August 24, and seven days later 7 more were seen in the Salmon Kiver a nule below the mouth of Alturas Creek. On September .'5, 8 were seen fn>m this point down to Soaring Creek. The same lisli, or possibly others, weie seen at vari«)iis times until September II, alter which no more vrere seen. Mr. Sjjringer, who was fishing ami hunting for the Custer uuuket, says that in Bear Valley and Sul|)hur creeks, where salmon have until this year been plentiful, not one was seen. lie saw only I salmon in Salmon River below Koaring Creek.

LAKE PEND D'GREILLE, IDAHO.

In February, 1889, the United States Fish Commission placed in Lake Pend d'Oreille 1,300,000 fry of the common wliitetish (Vorcf/onnii linpciformiii). Until now n<» investigation had ever been made to determine whether any of these fish survived. Fugitive reports have come to the Commission from time to time of the capture of examples of this species, but specimens submitted for identilication proved to be the common rati ve species (C«re//fm»s (Pii/(VnH.sojt/). If the planted sjtecies succe^ided in establishing itself, the individuals would by this time have attained a size suflicieur to enable them to be taken in gill nets.

Mr. A. 15. Alexiiuder and Prof. IJ. O. Cox were instructed to go to Lake Pend d'Oreille and endeavor to determine the result of the whitefish plant made in this lake in 1889, and to make investigations regarding the suitability of the lake, in its physical and biologic features, to the common, wliitetish. The investigations were begun June 25 and it was hojjed they might continue through the season, but, owin^ to urgent work on Pugct Sound, which Messrs. Alexander and Cox were directed to perform, the Pend d'Oreille investigations were discontinued July 10. Excecsiveiy high water prevailed during the time si)eiit upon the lake and the conditions wre not favorable for investigations of this kind. Gill nets were set in diflcrent places in the north end of the lake, but no tests were nuido in the southern |K>rtion. While no

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMHIA HIVKK IIA8IN IN lH!)ti.

23

lily would fore tak«'i] Waliowii

li «-onH' up nail tVirnis till* and oil in auy ol' tlie (:«""><• trmanently

on "om.'i;,' iy J4, and t condition.

ional visits

from itifor

iSasin and

tliaii in till'

ttit outlit.

mill; iMilow

int down tn

times until

tisliin;; and

eeks, wlieii'

ly 1 Haluioii

Lake I'end Until now ill survived. li tapture ot' d to be the icc<!eded in ze sufficient

Lake Pend lade in this lake, iu its itions were , but, owin;: directed to Excec.4iveiy ins wre not ilaces 111 tlif While no

wliitetlsh were found, the result can not be ret;arded as com-lusive. The iuvestigatiouH siiouhi be resitnied and continued until the whole lake can be carefully examined.

The roiiort upon the jihysical examination of the lake and upon the (ish-food collected will be reserved until a more thorough study of this important body of water can be made.

WALLOWS LAKE, OREGON. '

It has been known for several yeai < "at Imtli the lar^e and small redtlsh have spawning-beds in the inlets of this lake, and that chinook salmon spawn in WaUowa Uiver and other streams in that r inn. A short visit was made to Wallowa Lake by Messrs. Meek and Maddren on x jiust 1!), and ihey remained there and on Wallowa River until August 2G.

Wallowa Liikt is in the nortlieasferii portion of Oregon and in the southern part (if Wallowa Ooiinty. It lies in the soiithern end of a considerable valley, which is hounded on the east, south, and v^est by the I'owder River T.^r'untains. This lake is of fjlainal origin, and is bordered on the east and west sides by innneiise hiteriil moraines, which rise aiiout 1,L'0() feet above the surface of the lako at t'le upper end, but become less high as the lower end of the lake is apinoaclu-d. Across the broad (sanyon at the foot of the lake is a teriiiiiial moraine a few feet high, through which the outlet has cut its way. At the foot of each of the lateral moraines, about 20 feet above the surface (if the water, is a bench from 20 to over 100 ffct in width. This bench was evidently liirmed when the surface of the lake was at that height. The outlet has cut a sort of canyon through the terminal moraine and lowered the lake to its present level. The sides of the moraines above and below these benches are very steep, and except along the ujiper one-third of the lake there is very little timber on them. There is a dense growth of willows and alder ahmg the south shore of the lake, extending back- ward into the valley about one-fourth of a mile. The rest of the valley near the head of the lake is <inite heavily timbered.

The mountains near the head of the lake are very rugged, and are said to be over 5,000 feet above the surface of the lake.

Wallowa Lake is about 4A miles long from north to south, with a maximum width of about 1 mile. The greatest depth found was 2.^0 feet. Its shores are (piite regular, tliere being no marked indentations anywhere. The beach at the upper end of the lake is sandy; that on the other three shores is for the most i)art covered by bowl- ders. The inlet of this lake has its origin in some lakes about .3 miles farther up the narrow valley. The 'argest of these is said to be about half a mile iu diameter. About 2^ miles above V'/allowa Lake are Wallowa Falls. Just before reaching this point the inlet Hows througli :i '•anyon about 00 feet in depth, the height of the falls being about 50 feet. The water tails into a basin about 50 feet in diameter, the outlet of which is 15 to 20 feet wide. A great many bull trout are caught with hook and line in this basin each year. J^etween the falls and the lake the inlet Hows most of the distance, with a swift current, over a bed of bowhlers. Within about half a mile of the lake the inlet breaks up into two or more channels, and finally discharges its waters into the lake by two mouths, which are only a few rods apart. The mouth of the inlet has been changed within the past few years. The stream is very swift iviid contains very few gravel beds, and these are along its lower mile. Another small

24

BULLETIN OP THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

S

inlet empties into tlic lake near its southeast corner; this inlet is only a small brook in summer. The lakes and the iulet above the falls ai-e said to contain no tish life.

Wallowa Kiver, as it leaves the lake, is a very rapid stream and ilows over a bod of bowlders. The first half mile of its course is through a canyon about 30 feet deep. From Joseph to Lostine the river is said to be very rapid. n,

The West Fork of Wallowa River rises in the mountains west of Wallowa Lake, and, after flowing in a general northerly direction uiitil within about a mile of the main fork at Lostine, it bends to the westward and joins the main fork a short dis tauce below that town. About 12 or 15 miles below where these two forks come together Wallowa River is joined by Minam River, which forms a part of the western boundary of Wallowa County. The river here flows nearly due nortli, and soon unites with the Grande Ronde River, a tributary of Snake River.

About 4 tuiles from Lostine up the West Fork of Wallowa River, the river was narrower and flowed with considerable velocity among the huge bowlders scattered over its bed. About 3 miles above Lostine there is a somewhat level stretch in tiie river of about half a mile, which includes some gravel bars. From Lostine to the mouth of Minam River the Wallowa is a rapid stream, flowing most of the distance over a bed of bowlders. Gravel or sand bars are not common. The water is very clear, and at tlie time of our visit was not over 3 feet deep in this portion of the stream. Minam River is smaller and is said to be very similar to the Wallowa. The Grande Ronde River was seen at Lagrande and Elgin and at various i)laces between those towns. It appears to be a rather sluggish stream, the Avater being warm and muddy.

Somidings and Temperatures. — The following soundings and temperatures were taken on Wallowa Lake about half a mile north of the south end of the lake. Wc began on the west side and counted the strokes of the oars as we crossed, taking Doundiiigs and temperature at intervals, as shown below. The first sounding was made 20 oar strokes from the west shore.

Soiinilinga and tempcratiives taken in Wallowa Lake, Augutt SO, 1896.

Htiiikes			StrokeB
taken		Teniper-	takun		Temper-
ln'tweeii	Depth.	ntiiru ut	botwoeii	Depth.	ature at
mitiiid-		bottom.	HdllUll'		huttom.
ings.			illgS.
^'o.	Feet.	op	No.	Feet.	°F.
20	42	51	50	210	4(1}
100	216	40) 40|	ao	]«0	40} 41i
100	•IM	30	Be
lOU	2:14	401	35 Htr<	)kcs to east shore.
100	228	404		i

Temperature of water at aurraie 05°.

The greatest depth, 250 feet, was about a mile from the south end of the lake and about a third the distance across from the west ~' ore; the bottom temperature here was 40.p. About a quarter of a mile south of this point and near the middle of the jake from east to west a depth of 24G feet was found, and the same bottom temperature. A series of temperatures taken August 20 is platted '^:: i>age is. The surface of the lake near the inlet at 3 p. m., August 24, was 62° when tiie air was 70". The tempera ture of tlie east iiilet at the same time was 52'^ and the other was 48". Tlie water in a small spring creek was 44°.

liedfisl tills lake, A appears tin come up th i about thre< ni>per end. tliclake, b tlie lake an during the large redtii

1883. 1884, 1885, 188(J 1887, 1890 1891 1891 1895 189G

In the irrigating of Joseph The large and its on lliver. O 54 inches Accoi in Septeni they spa\\ tlie sinal w hich he calls "gri the lake, was calle( "grayliu}

Chin of Wallo the Main lieen seei niii is in

Wes Ireiiuentt (III the 81 an India

Stcrl and Apr seen in t

liiall brook tish life, over a bed feet deej).

owa Lake, nile of tlio short (lis brks couK! le western and 60011

river was

scattered

tell in the

tine to the

le distance

rter is very

the stream.

'he Grande

iveen those

nd muddy.

tares were

hake. We

5ed, takiii"!;

mding was

le hike and rature liere idle of the inperature. face of the 10 tomi)era water in a

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1896.

25

Eedjish at Wallowa Lalce. — No large redfish were seen at the time of our visit to this hike, August 19-26. From interviews with persons familiar with the region it appears that the largo redfish usually reach the lake during the last half of July. They come up the river with the first run of chinook salmon, the run into the lake lasting about three weeks. Soon after entering the lake they are seen in large schools at its ui>l)er end. They begin to spawn in September. They are not red when they enter tlie lake, but become so a short time before spawning. They spawn in the inlets of the lake and on the shores of its upper end. They were formerly caught for the market during the month of August, According to Jlr. J. J. Stanley, of Joseph, the run of large redfish in Wallowa Lake in each year since 1882 was as follows;

1883. The run of redfish was very large,

1884. It is estimated that less than 100 redfish entered liir lake.

1885. About 7.5 were caught with u seiiio, tlie nm boiiin . ery Hiiiall. 188(). The run was very large, but not as largf as in 1883.

1887, 1888, and 188!). A'ery few rodflsh were canglit with spears in tlii' river altove the lake.

1890. The run was quite largo ; two parties salted many for the home market. 1891, 1892, and 1893. Very few redfish seen in the lake during these years.

1891. About 2,000 rediisli weie caught at the head of the lake ami saltoil. 1895. Tlie run was again very tuiall.

1890. The run was very small; about one dozen were seen in the lake and one in the inlet.

In the spring many small fish, from about G to 8 inches in length, are stranded in irrigating ditches, many others are killed by entering mill-races. By the inhabitants of Joseph these are thought to be the young of the big redfish on their way to the sea. The large redfish are not known from any streams in this region except in the lake and its outlet and inlets. It is said never to run up the West Fork of the Wallowa River. Only one small redfish was observed while at Wallowa Lake, a small example aj; inches long, which was found dead on the lake shore August 24.

According to Mr. Stanley, the small redfish are seldom or never seen there except in September, and taeii only in schools at the head of the lake or in the inlets where they spawn, at the jame time and on the same beds with the large redfish. He says the small ones are called "yanks," and that not more than 1 in la is a female; 12 w liieh he caught for us were all males. According to Mr, Stanley, the fish which he calls "grayling" is usually seen only in June, when it is easily caught by trolling in the lake. The small redfish found dead on the beach of Wallowa Lake, August 24, was called a nrayling by Mr, Staiiley, from which it seems probable, that the so-called "grayling" are the more silvery small redfish,

Chinook aalmon. — This salmon is known to enter both the West and Main Forks of Wallowa Iliver, the majority ruining into the West Fork, Those which keep in the Main Fork enter Prairie Creek, where they have their si)awning-beds. They have been seen in the outlet 3lose to the lake itself. The early run is in July, The largest run is in September when they are known locally as "dog salmon,"'

West Fork was examined for a distaiuie of 4 miles, that portion of the river most trequented by chinooks, but no salmon were seen, Fcmr had been caught, however, on the spawning-beds 3 miles above Lostine a few days before, and one was killed by an Indian below Lostine about the same time,

Stcdhead trout. — The steelhead reaches Lostine on the Wallowa Ivivcr ia March and April, They spawn mostly in the West Fork of Wallowa Itiver, very few being seen in the Main Fork.

26

BULLETIN OP THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

LOWER COLUMBIA RIVER.

It being the desire of tlie Cominissiouer to establish a station for the hatching of salmon in the Lower Columbia lliver basin, we were directed to visit and examine various streams, particularly in the vicinity of The 1 )alles and Cascades, and select u site suitable for such purposes.

The conditions requisite for such fish-cultural operations as were contemplated are essentially as follows: (1) An abundant supply of salmon easily obtainable when ripe, or nearly so; (2) water of proper quality as to jmrity and temperature and in sutticient qiumtity; (3) suitable land upon which to locate the hatchery building, and so situated as to permit the water to be brought to the hatching-troughs by means of gravity; (4) proximity of building materials and good railroad facilities.

Upon taking up this inquiry it became at once e\ndeiit that no definite informa- tion existed concerning the location of salmon -spawning beds anywhere in the Lower Columbia Itiver basin and information regarding the spawning time was equally uncertain and unreliable. It was therefore necessary to visit as many streams as possible and determine the facts by personal inspection and by interviews with people living on or near them.

Tlie telegraphic instructions dated August 1 directed that a site be definitely selected, and as soon as possible, in order that the station might be operated duriiif; the season of 18!)G. In order to be able to examine as many streams as possible in the brief time at our disposal Messrs. Cox and Alexander were ordered from 1 uget Sound to examine the Lewis River and other streams below Vancouver, whiU' Messrs. Evermann and IIubl)ard made examinations at the Cascades, The Dalles, Hood I'iver, Big White Balmou, and Celilo. These incjuiries were made during tlu' first ten days of August. Later (August 2S to September G) Messrs. Evermann and Meek examined the Des Chutes, John Days, Hood, Big White Salmon, and Little White Salmon rivers, and on September 7 and 8 Messrs. Evermann and Hubbard reexamined Little White Salmon River and examined Tanner and Eagle creeks near Bonneville. Mr. Hubbard also visited Hamilton and Rock creeks across the river from Cascades, and Mr. Alexander made an examination of Toutle River, Wash ington. Only the nuu-e important results of these various inquiries are given here, detailed reports having been made at the tinie to the Commissioner.

i'l

LEWIS KIVEU.

This river forms the boundary between Clarke and Cowlitz counties. Wash., and flows into the Columbia between Vancouver and Kahuna. Two main branches, known as the Nortli Fork and Soutli Fork, unite only a few miles above the mouth of the river Tlie North Fork has its headwaters on the eastern slopes of Mount St. Helens; the Sontii Fork rises in Skamania County, southeast of Mount St. Helens. No salmon were seen in the Nortii Fork at tlie tiino of Mr. Alexander's visit, during the first week in August. It is said tliat the salmon of tiie spring run do not enter the river, but that large numbers of cliinook salmon of the fall run enter it; also a good many silver salmon and steelheads. Tlie ehinooks are said never to run in until after the 10th of August, when the close season begins. When the close season ends (September 10) fishing with gill nets and seines is carried on to some extent in this river. Son<« logging is carried on in this stream during the sprii.g, but it ceases long betbre ' ^. salmon arrive.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1896.

27

atcliing of examine id select m

templated

able when

ire and in

ding, and

means of

e informa- the Lower 18 equally streams as nth people

3 definitely ted diirinj; possible ill ered from uver, while 'ho Dalles, during the rmann and and Little I Hubbard creeks near i the river ver, Wasli fiven here,

Vash., and lies, known ftlie river elens; the No salmon g the first 'river, but lany silver the 10th of tember 10) er. Son>«^ belbre ' ..*

Considerable spawningbeds are said to be located in the vicinicy of vEtna. The water is pure and cold, and if (diinook salmon really come there in large numbers all other conditions are favorable for fish cultural purposes.

The South Fork was exaTuincd as far up as La Center. This stream is about the same size as the North Fork, but the water is not clear. The banks, in the lower portion at least, are composed of red clay or easily disintegrated rock, and the water is thus usually kept more or less muddy. Below La Center there seenis to be no bottom suitable for s])awn'.ng-beds and there are no tributary creeks from which water suitable for hatchery purposes could be obtained. Chinook salmon of the fail run are said to enter tiiis fork, but the locality of their 8i>awning-beds is not known. No salmon were seen by Professor Cox at the time of his visit.

TOUTLE RlVEIl.

This stream is an eastern tiihutary of the Cowlitz, into which it flows a few miles north of Castle Kock. About 11 miles above its mouth is a fall 15 feet high. From tliis point down there are many riffles suitable for spawning-beds, and where racks could be put in without difliculty. One of the best places is at the mouth of Pat's theek, about 7 or 8 miles above the moutii of the river, where the stream is 35 to 75 feet wide and the bed is of coarse sand and gravel. Suitable water for hatchery purposes could be obtained from the creek.

It is claimed that the fall run of salmon enters this river in considerable numbers, including chinook, silver, dog, humpback, and steelhead. Salmon appeared to be scarce at the time the river was examined, as only three were seen by j\lr. Alexander; hut it was stated that they would be more abundant about the Ist of September. They are said to collect in numbers at the foot of the falls asready alluded to, and if this be true, that would ])rovc a good place for collecting the eggs. The falls do not seem to offer an impassable barrier, as salmon are reported from points still farther up the stream.

CASCADE LOCKS.

On the Washington side of the Columbia Kiver, opposite Cascade Locks and at tlie head of what is known as the "Old Incline'' at the Upper Cascades, ia a place where it was thought fish cultural operations might be carried on successfully. The fish would have to be caught in wheels, several of which are operated in the vicinity, and held until ripe iu a retaining channel or pond. This channel has sufficient water llowing through it, cfin be easily racked at each end, and seems in every way fairly well suited for such a purpose. There is a good site for the buildings and suflicient water is obtainable by gravity from a small (ireek near by. It is claimed that an abundance of salmon can l)e obtained by running the wheids in August and Septem- ber and that they will ' e so nearly ripe that retention in the pond or channel will be necessary for only a short time.

An effort was made in August to transport fish caught in these wheels to the retaining |»()iid, but it proved a failure. Whether due to lack of care and skill in making the transfer, or to inherent difficulties, is not certain, but we believe tiiere is no jfood reason why salmon may not be safely transferred fit this place. We question, liowever, whether they would live in the retaining pond until ripe, unless the pond be rather deep and kept dark.

28

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

OBLILO.

Mr. A. B, Alexander was directed by the Commissioner to visit Celilo, Oreg., for the purpose of wiitcliing the daily catch of fish taken there in wheels. He arrived there September 17 and remained till September 23. His report is in substance as follows :

Only one wheel was in operation September 17. Two others close by were not running, owing to low water. It was expected to pack 4,000 cases, but by September 2.'i less than 1,000 cases had been packed. The fall run of salmon was very light in nearly all i)arts of the river. The accompanying table will show the daily catch for one wheel, with their condition, etc. :

			Sfj^nllifuil.			Chinook (111! ciiiiglit	Silver	(nil	caiiglit
								in wlieel).	Id	wlieci).
			(B	i					i	i				«	t
		s	4	■a	V		^		^	0.	V		?	K	■a	u
Date.			•c	i	>t	«	3		■a	■c	g	ki		"3	'u	§	i^
	1 •3	c £ a a S2<	t-. S a 1	•s 1	!	a 1	■a 1	.a s 1	s. s r	! a '1	4 U 1	p r. Oi □	a •s ■s H	a (<-■ 9 U 1		•ii 1	I i
1896.												1
S«|it. IS	2n5	111	10	124	15	160	75	28	19	10	a	9	6 ' 6	2	1	0
HI	240	i:to	28	110	22	180	60	18	8	5	10	6	8 6	4	2	1
21	487	121	29	366	08	102	205	5»	18	11	;i5	26	22 ' 9		i:t	8
22 Total.	550	159	59	;I91	164	■.m	20(1	20	12	8	8	6	19 11	8	8	6
1,512	521	126	001 . 209	882	6;io	110	57	U4	62	47	55 ai 1	21	24	15

Among the 119 chinooks, 13 were small males, with their milt as fully developed as that of the large fish. The wheels sometimes take these fish in considerable numbers. Tiie Indians i)rize them highly and seldom offer one for sale. Those examined were quite uniform in size, few weighing over 4^ jiounds, the minimum being about 3 pounds. In length they vary from 12^ to 23 inches. Their color is very dark, the spots not being visible a distance of 10 feet. On closer inspection all the mari " a large Chinook are visible. Fishermen usually do not class this lish with the cliiuook, but think it a difl'erent species.

The chinooks taken in the fall of 1896 at Celilo were said to be somewhat larger than those for several years past, tiie average weight being 20 i»onnds ; average length, 37 inches; greatest length, 43 inches. The average was about 1 pound larger than the usual fall run, and 1 pound less than the spring fish.

The steelhead varied in length from 25 to 42 inches, the average weight of those taken at Celilo being 18 pounds. A few weighed from 35 to 37 iiounds. On first coming from the water the steelhead is very bright colored, the large specimens having a briglit stripe extending along the sides the whole length of the body, vary- ing from a light pink to a deep bronze. The colors are very ])ronouuced when the lisii is first (laught, but grow dim on being exposed to the air.

Silver salmon are Croiii 18 to 30 inches long; their average weight is 7 pounds.

Early in the fall Seul'ert liros. operated three wheols, but two of them could not be run after the '.'ver had fallen. Mr. Tafle's wlieel was adapted to low water. An island lying between Celilo and Tumwater is exposed when the river is low, the

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1896.

29

Oreg., for e arrived stauce as

were noi

leptember

ligbt ill

catch foi-

ls

i'eloped as ) numbers, lined were ? about li , the spots " a large iiiook, but

liat larger e:e length. r than the

t of those On first ipeciinens >dy, vary- n the lisli

ounds. 'ould not iter. An low, the

water on the south side of the river tiowing over a rocky ridge forming falls some 12 or 15 feet high. Many salmon find their way to the foot of the falls and endeavor to ascend them and when the water is about half low many succeed, but when the dis- tance from the lower to the upper current of Avater is from 8 to 10 feet thousands of salmon at times may be seen jumping into the whirlpools at the foot of the falls. Just above the falls are two wheels, the larger on a rocky point projecting into the river. When the river is high, many of the salmon pass by this j)oiiit over that part of the river where the falls are during low water. The wheel here catches fish only when the water is high ; the other wheel, at the head of a channel, takes fish when the water is low.

The wheels in operation during the fall months are built in places where the water is deep and the current swift. There being few natural places in the vi(;inity where wheels can be successfully operated, long deep channels have been cut through the volcanic rock and the water led into them. At or near the head of these artificial channels the wheels are built. The water ruslies through the channels with consid- erable force, ottering a strong inducement for salmon to enter. On arriving at the foot of the falls and finding it impossible to go farther salmon naturally enter the channel which leads to the wheel. If the water is very clear, the fish will congregate ill large numbers in pools and eddies near the mouth of tlie channel and at the foot of the falls, remaining there for days without attempting to go up the channel. Sometimes several thousand fish will crowd themselves into the mouth of the narrow channel and remain there for hours at a time. Suddenly, as if by one impulse, they will dart up channel, and are soon caught up by the revolving wheel and landed on the platform in the fish-house.

Wheels are built in places near higli-water mark where salmon are known to run ill greatest numbers. The migratory habits of all species of salmon visiting the. Columbia Itiver in the vicinity of The Dalles are said to vary from year to year. This often causes a considerable expenditure of money in wheels frequently followed by negative results. For sevei'al j'ears the main run of salmon may pass certain l>oints in the river, when suddenly a new route will be selected. This <!hange often transfers the best tishing-ground from one side of the river to the other, and wheels which have made large catches one season prove a failure the next. Only those with long experience in this locality are competent to select good sites for wheels. Several wheels on the river, built at a cost of from $3,000 to $5,000, have never taken a fish. This method of fishing requires considerable capital.

On September 18 and 19 a large number of fish, mostly steelheads, were noticed to ascend the falls, but, as the river was falling rapidly, in a short time they were prevented from taking their natural course and were forced either to enter the channel or remain in the pools or eddies at the foot of the falls A_t this time the wheel at Celilo began to take more fish than it previously had, the daily catch increasing during the time Mr. Alexander was there. The catch of chiiiook and silver salmon was small as compared with the number of steelheads. The last-mentioned species is always found in greater numbers at this season, the fall run of chiiiook being limited in number. Only a few silver salmon aie caught here.

This season, owing to the unusual scarcity of fish at Celilo, the cannery there did not put up any spring fish, the run being very small. The great bulk of salmon was taken in wheels below tlie Cascades. Arriving at this point, they seemed inclined to go uo farther up, and the canneries in that locality made large packs. Fish expected

30

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

at The Dalles in tbe spring did not appear until about the dose season. A large body of steelheads passed up the river during that time. Ordinarily the run of steeUieads arrives at The Dalles early in September, but this year most of the run passed by during the close of the season.

On September 18 the wheel at Celilo took 100 steelheads, 28 chinook, and 0 silver salmon, and 75 steelheads wore taken by Indians with spears and dip nets. Of tlic steelheads. 111 were males and 124 females; 10 males and 15 females were in iiii advanced stage of development, and would have been ripe in a comi)aratively short time; the rest of the catch would not haxe been ripe until late in the season. Of tlic chinooks, 19 were males and !) females; 10 males and all of the females would have been ripe by about the first week in October.

During the five days spent i.^ Celilo 1,512 steelheads, 119 chinook, and 55 silver salmon were examined. Of the steelheads, 991 were females and 521 males; 291» females and 126 males showed considerable signs of development, and would have been fully ripe by the first week in October.

As the river falls many places are left bare wheresalmon were caught earlier in the season. Sharp rocks are exposed, small peninsulas formed, and rocky islands appear where a few months before there was nothing to indicate theii- presence except an occasional small whirlpool or ritilte. At such places Indians fish with spear or dip nel. Each fall several tribes from various parts of the State camp at Celilo and Tuin water, remaining there until the season is over. They (i«h for the canneries principally, but also lay in a supply of salmon for themselves. In j)leasant weather when salmon are plentiful they do a lucrative business. Sometimes one man catches .'55 salmon in a day, Their fishing is with a dip net and detachable gall' hook and is carried on in swit'l water, the men standing on overhanging rocks or shelving places whc e a foothold can be had. This is dangerous work, and not a few lives have been lost from time to time. When the wind is high, one of (he strong gusts that freipiently sweep the river may suddenly strike a fisherman unprepared to receive it and blow him into the river. Each fisherman who stands in a dangerous place therefore has a rojte fastened around his Avaist and secured to a rock.

In the whirlpool of water only an occasional fish can be seen and the fisherman stands and dii)S blindly. Sometimes a hundred dips or more will be made without a fish being taken, at other times one will be caught at almost every dij). Where the water is less turbulent salmon are taken with spears, each spearsman having his par ticular standing-place, from which he keeps a vigilant watch, few salmon escaping that approach within throwing distance.

The Indian is assisted by the women and children of the tribe, who gather the fish when caught, throwing them into a pile on the rocks and rendering such other assistance as may be required. As soon as the day's fishing is over the Indian leaves the fish to be taken care of by the women, and they are taken from the island to the mainland, cUl carried in baskets over a steep, rocky path to the cannery, a distance of about a third of a mile. When there is a good catch many trips are required to be made to the cannery. A male Indian seldom does this kind of work; he is (juite willing that it should be performed by tije women, and raises no objection when youn^ girls are pressed into the service by their mothers. Sometimes, however, small boys lejid assistance, but by the time they arrive at the age of 12 they have caught the spirit of their elders and refuse to do woman's work.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER HASIN IN 1896.

31

When Haliiioii arc plentiful an Indian can earn from $5 to $8 a day. The price Viuies from year to year, according,' to the supply and demand for salmon ])y the can- iiories. This season 2 cents a pound was the standing price for chinooks and steelheads. Indiana consider the chinooks superior to all other salmon, and it is only when plentifid tliat they are sold to canneries. No part of this lish is thrown away; the ripe eggs and even the tail, head, and fins are eaten.

The dwarf chinooks, previously spoken of, not being used by canneries, are greatly sought after by the women of the tribes, who scpiat on the lloor of the room where tlie lisli are dressed, patiently waiting for the small lish to bo culled out. They sit for hours shivering in the cold, and consider themselves well paid if each receives one or two fish. During the fishing season the women and children congregate in the dressing room, waiting for a share of the heads, tails, and fins as they fall from the butcher's knife.

The ripe eggs of chinook salmon are considered a great delicacy and are gathered in large (luantities. They are first separated and then dried in the sun, after Avhich they are prepared in various ways as food.

Steelheads swim near the surface and are more easily caught than the chinooks, which swim deep. Clear water influences the catch ; if the water be clear the catch is less than when it is muddy.

From September 25 to the 13th of October 2,607 steelheads, 1,402 chinooks, and 2,213 silver salmon were examined at Celilo; 1,010 of the steelheads were males and 1,0.17 females; 683 of the chinooks were males and 71!) females; of the silver salmon, 1,011 were nmles and 1,202 females; 350 male steelheads and r>()l females were in an advanced stage of ripeness; also 574 male and 528 female chinooks, and 843 male and 1,048 female silver salmon.

The eggs and milt of the salmon caught during October were somewhat further advanced than that of those examined in Septen'ber at Celih). A large part of the ejjgs of the chinook on being taken from the fish Avould immediately separate; this was also true of many of the silver salmon and steelheads. A number of the latter showed no signs of development, but many were well advanced and some about ready to spawn. It would seem that the spawning season of the steelhead extends over a greater period of time than that of other species. A careful examination carried on in other streams would no doubt throw more light on the subject.

In the fall, after the close season, a seining " gang" of twelve to fifteen men goes into camp on a long pebbly beach, about a mile below the fishing station at Tumwater. This season two seines were operated t)n the Oregon side of the river and one on the Washington side. At times fish will be found plentiful on one side of the river and few on the other, when suddenly, without apparent cause, they shift to the opposite side.

During the fishing season seining is carried on with little or no interruption, hauls being made in (juick succession all through the day. The seines are set from a flat- bottom boat, one end of the seine rope being held on shore by horses while the net is iteing thrown out. As 80(mi as the net is set the seine rope on the lower end is i)icked np by other horses and the hauling-in crmmences. It would be impossible to land the net by hand, so swift is the current, and freqtiently the united sfiength of fimr horses is barely able to land it. At each haul the fish caught are loaded into wagons and taken to the fishing station, where they are weighed, washed, and put into cars. If tliey are to be canned they are thrown into the car in bulk; if shipped east, they are

32

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

packed in boxes and iced. In the early part of tlie fall season the demand for frcsli steellieads is large, and there is more profit in shipping tisli oast than in canning tiuin. Tlie only place noticed near Tumwater where salmon could be held for spawniiii; purposes is near the seining-ground on the Washington side of the river. Here a cnannel has been cut, but owing to tlio small number of fish that entered it the wliccl built near its head and also the channel have for several years been abandoned. ( hi the lower end of the channel is a small indentation where an eddy is formed; a diiiii could be built here and also om across the mouth of the u])per end of tlie chaniitl, with iron screens at eitlier end. Hy covering the top of the channel, either the wlidlu or a part of it, an inclosure would be formed which would hold a large number ol salmon. It seems reasonable to suppose that salmon would live much longer in tin inclosure of this kind than in boxes, as they would be crowded far less and have a better circulation of water. A swift current or comjiaratively still water could be liiid by putting in a gate at the upper end of the (;hannel. Tlie cost would be considerably more tlian keeping salmon alive in cars or boxes, but it is thought that the results would be more satisfactory.

KEUFEUT'S TITMWATEU.

On the Washington side of the river, opposite Seufert Brothers' cannery, is an excellent seining-ground, where salmon are said to bo caught in large numbers. Within a few rods is a narrow clianiiel of the river suitable in every way for a retain- ing pond. The hatchery building could be placed upon ground quite close to the retaining channel and where a supply of suitable water can be led by gravity. Sci'iinj,' is carried on principally for silver salmon and steellieads; many chinooks are rlso caught, but they are so near the spawning condition that they are not used lor cim- niiig. The probabilities that lisli could be secured here and retained for a short time until ripe are greater than at the Cascades, and the expense would be very slight.

JOHN DAY IIIVEK.

This river was examined at its mouth September 2. It is there a stream of moderate size, quite shallow, and very muddy. The banks and bottom for some distance above the mouth are of mud or sand. Farther upstream the water is, of course, much clearer. Salmon could doubtless ascend the John Day Kiver, but it is not certain that they do so in any numbers, and none was observed. Interviews with persons living on or familiar with the upper course of the stream failed to elicit any evidence that chinook salmon are now found there. It is said th,at a good many salmon formerly entered this river and spawned in the spring, but these are evidently steelheads and not chinooks. A few years ago a wheel was o])crated in the mouth of the John Day, but it has not been run for two or three years.

DES OHUTE.S BIVEK.

The Des Chutes liiver has its source on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains and elsewhere in Crook County, Oregon, liows neaily north and joins the Columbia about midway between the mouth of the John Day lliver and The Dalles. It has been generally regarded as the best salmon-spawning stream in the lower Columbia basin, and it was reported that large numbers of salmon can be seen at any time in the fall in this river at Sherar's Bridge, 30 miles from The Dalles or about 10 miles above the mouth of the river. This jilace was therefore visited from August 29 until September 1.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1896.

33

Throupbont flie lower portion of its course this river baa cut a narrow, deep channel in tlie lava beds, Tbo canyon's walls are so abrupt tbat it is impossible to reacb the river in many places. At Sberar's Bridge tbe canyon widens out a little and tlie river here bas a fall of 8 or 10 feet. Uelow the falls tbe river is compressed into ii very narrow gorge, through which the water rushes with much fury. At the bridge the water is said to be 86 feet deep, which is about equal to the river's width at tliiit point. Immediately above the falls tbe river widens out greatly and is very shallow tor some distance.

Until within the last six or eight years "salmon" were seen here every spring in considerable numbers. Mr. J. H. Sherar, who has lived at these falls for many years, says " salmon trout" were present throughout tbe year, but were not abundant except ill tlie spring, and tbat they spawned in tiie spring; they had no difliculty in ascending the falls, and his understanding has always been that many of them went far toward the headwaters to spawn. Formerly Mr. Sherar caiight large numbers of these salmon trout, but he has seen but very few for four or five years.

Several jjcrsons who live on tbe u])per course of the Des Chutes, report that for- merly a good many "salmon trout" were seen t' <'re in the spring, which was tlieir spawning time, but that few if any have been noticed for several years. It would appear tbat the chinook salmon has never run into tbe Des Chutes in large numbers and tbat few enter it now; tbat tbe rtsli which at one time was rather abundant is the salmon trout or steelbead, (S'a/mo gainlneri. The spawning-beds in this river are too remote from the railroad to be available for fish-cultural operations.

IIOOI) RIVEK.

This stream is fed chiefly by (be snows and glaciers of Mount Hood and flows into tlie Columbia at Hood River Station. It does not appear to ever have been freiiuented by chinook salmon in large numbers. The people at Hood River Station do not think tliat many salmon enter this river, and persons living several miles up the river say tbat salmon are seen there but rarely.

BIG WHITE SALMON RIVER.

This river was examined August 6, and again on September 4. It is a stream of considerable size, having its sources on the western and southern slopes of Mount Adams. It flows in a general southerly course and em])ties into tbe Columbia nearly o])posite Ilood River Station. It is, in its lower course at least, a rough, turbulent stream, full of rapids and large bowlders, and flowing between high, and, in some places, precipitous, banks, so that it is difficult to reach the edge of the stream. At the mouth of the river tbe canyon widens out and there is a little level land along the stream. In August all of this was flooded by back water from the Columbia, but in September it was dry. No salmon were seen on our first visit, but on September 4 quite a number were observed jumping in tbe Columbia about tbe mouth of tbe tribu- tary stream. On that date Indians bad established two camps at the mouth of the river for the purpose of taking salmon during the season. They go up the stream from a quarter of a mile to a mile and capture the salmon by meau» of gaff-hooks on the ends of long poles. Only four salmon were taken during an afternoon. While the conditions are not favorable for operating a hatchery on this river, a good many eggs could probjibly be obtained and carried to any station which may be established on tlie lower Columbia.

F. C. B. 1897—3

34

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

LITTLE WHITE SALMON EIVEK.

This stream enters tlie Columbia about 0 or 8 miles below the month of HigWliitc Salmon River. It was examined September C and 7, and the prospects for successliil salmou-cultural operations appeared so good that a site at the mouth of the river was selected and preparations begun at once for equipping tlie station. Salmon Mere already in the stream in large numbers and spawning had begun. By the time tlie station was ready to begin operations the height of the spawning season had arrivcil, but more than 2,0()0,0()() eggs were taken, and it is believed by Mr. William P. SaiuT hoff, superintendent of the station, that 10,000,000 eggs could have been obtained if operations had begun earlier in the season. The success attending the operation of thisstationis highly gratifying. Up tothe time of writing these lines (October .30, IS'iT) the total number of eggs taken at the Little White Salmuu Station this season is over 12,500,000.

TANNEU AND EACiLE CHEEKS.

These are two small streams flowing into the Columbia at Bonneville, Oregon. Tin- smaller is Tanner Creek, whose mouth is only a few rods west of the railroad station, It was examined September 7 by Messrs. Evermann and Hubbard, who found about 300 Chinook salmon in the stream within a mile of its mouth. Most of the fish were lying quietly in deep holes, but some were in shallow water and evidently spawninj;.

The mouth of Eagle Creek is about half a mile east of Bonneville. This stream is considerably larger than. TannertCreek. Its bed is exceedingly rough and rocky, and only with much difliculty can salmon ascend it. A large bunch of salmon were lyiii;; in the deep hole under the railroad bridge and a few others were seen a short distance farther up the creek. Though these creeks are small, from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 ejjgs could probably be taken there annually and carried to the Little White Salmon Station.

Across the river from Bonneville, and only a short distance below Little White Salmon Kiver, are several streams into which salmon are said to run. Among these are Little Wind River, Wind River, Smith Creek, Rock Creek, Hamilton Creek, anil Hardy Creek. Some of these are unsuitable for salmon on account of large quantities of wood which are floated down, and bars sometimes form across the mouths of others, especially Hamilton and Hardy creeks, so that salmon are 'lot able to enter; but usually a good many salmon spawn in these creeks, and doubtless a great many ej;f;s could be collected from- them. Their proximity to the Little White Salmon will make it easy to carry the eggs to that station.

PUGET SOUND.

In connection with the work of the Joint commission appointed to investigate the fisheries of the contiguous waters of the United States and Canada, certain investigations were made by Messrs. Alexander and Cox concerning the movements of the sockeye or blueback salmon in Puget Sound and its tributary streams. Tlie information obtained has been furnished to the joint commission and has been used in its report. The movements of the sockeye in the north end of the sound were studied, particularly among the San Juan Islands, chiefly to determine whether many of that species run into streams flowing into the sound from the State of W'ashiugtou.

SALMON INVR8TIOATION8 IN COLUMBIA RIVER HA8IN IN 1896.

35

The priiicipal rivers exiunitied were tlie Nooksack, Skagit, Stillaiiualinish, and SiiolioniiHh. The time was too Hliort to permit an exliaiistive study of the questions involved, hut enonjjh was done to siiow that most of the rivers liowing into Paget Sound from tlie east are sahnoii streams of considerable importance. This is particu- larly true of the Skiigit. The sockeyo runs into this river in large numbers, and there lire important 8i»a\vning-beds of this species in its headwaters. The State of Wash- ington has recently established, and is now successfully operating, a hatcliery for this species on l?aker Lake, one of the upper tributaries of the Skagit.

The height of the run of soekeye salmon in 1896 at the San -Fuan Islands was from August L'O to 28. The run was regarded as unusually large in view of the fact tliat this was an off year. Nothing definite was learned regarding tlie occurrence of tlio sockeye in any streamt; except the Skagit, nor whether it is found in any of the upper tributaries of the Ska^'it except the Baker. The Baker lliver has a lake iu its upper course which (tan bo reaihed by the sockeye.

So far as is yet known, this species spawns only in such streams as have lakes at their headwaters, and the spawning-beds are found only in the streams tributary to the lakes or in the lakes themselves. Several streams tributary to the northern part of I'uget Sound contain lakes in their headwaters, and it would prove interesting and valuable work to d«'terinine accurately the distribation of the sockeye in this region.

All the other species of west coast salmon are found here in large numbers. The ohinook lirst appear, then the silver salmon and steelhead, and still later the humpback and the dog salmons. The Nook ack is the principal river frequented by these species. The silver, Immpback, and dog salmons are said to ascend both forks of this river.

The actual or even relative abundance of the dift'erent kinds of salmon and their distribution in the rivers of western Washington is not well understood, and scarcely anything is known regarding them after they enter the rivers.

LAKE WASHINGTON.

In February, 1889, the United States Fish Commission planted 375,000 fry of the conuuou whitefish {Coreyonus (inpei/ormin) in Lake Washington at Seattle. In June, iJSOO, Mr, A. B. Alexander visited this lake and began a. series of observations for the purpose of determining the results of this planting of fish. After a few observa- tions he was called away to other work, but returned and again took up the inquiry November 2.'5, continuing it to January 10 following.

General description of Lttle Wnahington. — This lake is situated in King County, Washington. Its greatest length, which lies nearly due north and south, is 18J miles, and its greatest width, from Mercer Slough across Mercer Island to the west shore, is about 4.^ miles. The greatest width of open water is about half a mile north of Mercer Island and is 3| miles. The narrowest channel lies between Mercer Island and a point on the east shore about % of a mile north of Mercer Slough. The city of Seattle is situated upon the west shore about equally distant from the north and south ends of the lake. There are numerous bays and indentations, which give the lake a total sjiore-line of about 58 miles. The lake has an elevation of 34 feet above low tide at Seattle. The principal outlet is Black River, at the extreme southern end of the lake. This river is 2J miles long, and unites with White Kiver to form Duwamish liiver, which iiows into Elliott or Duwamish Bay a short distance south of Seattle. About a half mile below the lake Black River receives the Cedar River from the east.

86

BULLKTIN OP THK UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

A fuw yeiu'H ago iv chaitiiol wkh i-iit from Union liuy tlirough Lake Union Ut tlit- Bound. CoiiHiilerablo water Mows through this rliannul and Hniail l>oatH are able in \ni»H through it.

At tlic north end Lake Washington receives Htiuak 8h)ugh, whicli is the outlet of Lake Haiuniainish. Tliis slough runs in a tortuous channel through low, lnar^)ly ground, its width varying according to the height of water in the lakes which it con nects. When the water is very high tlie slougli overtiows and <!overs the low land on either side.

During heavy rain the Duwainish Kivor is unable to carry off readily all the water brouglit down by the White, Cedar, and other streams, and as a result Bhuk Kiver becomes, for the time being, an inlet insteati of an outlet of Lake Wiishington. The lake therefore rises perceptibly, the inHowing water from Lake Hamuiamish is held back, and Squak Slough overflows the adjacent lowlands.

Lake Washington is a beautiful body of v er, surrounded by hitth hills frum which a flue view of the surrounding country i be had. The Cas«;ade MountairiH are i)lainly seen to the eastward and on Uu south Mount Hanier comes into conspicuous view. In many jtlaces steep banks make down to the water's e<' c, iiulicating deep water. Nearly all the hills are covered with a dense growt.i of trees, except where clearings have been made for homes and settlements. The siiore line in nearly all parts is fringed with a dense undergrowth of brush and snmll t ccs; tule grass is found at every low point and slight indentation. Small trees along tli)> shore interfere with the hauling of seines, aiul only limiNid collections can be mwli-. In November and December a large amount of decayed vegetation covers iKirtions of tin- shore, in summer various forms of minute aninuil and plant life inliabit the water.

Scinehnuling groundn. — Only in a few ])laces along the shore of the entire lake is the bottom sufliciently free from snags, fallen trees, and other material Ut jiermit tin- successful hauling of nets. On the west side of the lake, about - miles above Unimi Bay, is a long stretch of sandy shore mixed with fine gravel; in .lune, 1896, several attempts were made to haul a seine hero, but on account of the many obstacles no fish were taken. On the east side, at Hunter Point, is a comparatively good grouml, but tule grass grows in considerable (inantities, though by wading out and l>ending it down where the seine is to be landed fairly good results can l)e obtained. Sevi'iiil hauls were made here and a number of fish taken. In fall and winter there is a great scarcity of life here, as several trials demonstrated. From Hunter Point south- ward for about 2^ miles the shore makes down to the lake with a gradual 8loi)e, but owing to the great amount of vegetation that extends in most ))lace8 into the water, it is almost impossible to use a seine. This also nuiy be said of Mercer Slougii and flie shore farther south. On the east side of Mercer Island the bank is usually quite stecj); on its west side the land is more slo]>ing. The water all rountl the island is deep. In the extreme southern portion of the lake, in the vicinity of Kenton and lilack Kivcr, the land is marshy and filled with small sloughs. The bottom is of soft mud.

On the north and west sides of Lake Washington, from Webster Point to Sand Point, are scattering sandy patches, but only in a few jjlaces can a seine be haaled, owing to a thick growth of scrubby trees at the water's edge. High banks in most places overhang the shore line. Northward from these points the land is more sloping' and in some jtlaces comparatively level. Rocky and gravel bea^ihes crop out from tin' banks in many jd^iees and in a number of indentations the water makes off shallcNr

■ I

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA KIVEIi HA8IN IN IH'.hl.

37

from the hIioh' ii distance of TtO feet or more. The hottxini here Ih v«'ry muddy and covered with tule. The Hhore on tliJH Hide of the lake jh thiekly strewn witli 1o>,'h, Hhiba, and Hmull Moiitin^' d<-briH. Few rocks are notieeable, and none at any groat (Ustanee from Hhore.

The Handy and );ravully beaeheH referred to on tlie went Hide of tiie lake below Hand I'oint arc iiHually narrow; only in one place observed is the beach over lU feet wide; here the width from the water'n edg'^ to the binlf is about 'M) feet. The (!lear f!^round indicaleH a Hinooth bottom, but stumpH of trees and broken limbs ]irevent seine collecting,'. These beaeiies are formed iiy wave, action, the water havinp^ washed away the bane of the blutl's, leaving a deposit of sand and gravel. In many places, particularly on the west side of the lake, bushes and small trees have taken root in the sand and gravel deposit. Only in a few instances does the sand and gravel tbrmation exteinl any great distance below the water's edge; .'JO or 40 feet from tlie shore is soft muddy bottom. As is indicated by the high perpendicular blutl's, the beaches make otV at a sharp angle, deep water being found a Hhort <listance from the shore. As a whole, the shore of Lake Washington is not well adapted to (lollt-cting with a seine.

lU'pth and vhanivUr of bottom. — Soundings were taken at ditl'erent times and in various parts of Lake Washington. It has a unitbrm depth in the center, ranging from l.'J8 to L'22 feet. The character of the bottom is generally muddy. Of!" the mouth of rnion Bay and near the boathouse at Madison street sandy bottom was found. OIV and in the vicinity of Sand Point, 3^ miles farther north, the bottom is comi)Osed of sand and gravel. This kind of bottom does not exttuid very far from the shore, from .jOO to 800 feet being about the limit. For nearly ti miles south of Hand Point there lire a number of sandy places along the shore, mostly covered with a:i undergrowth »( bushes. In all other [»arts of the lake examined the bottom i.s chieHy of soft mud. On the east side of the lake, .south of Hunt Point, the water is quite deep close to tiio shore; this is also true of the west side, south of Sand Point, and in many other parts. A depth of from r)00 to 1,800 feet was reported ofl'the northern end of Mercer Island ami in the vicinity of Hunt Point. Comi»aratively deep water was found of! these ])oint8, as will be seen by referring to the map, but no such depths as had been reported. About 1 mile along the shore above Kirkland a plateau from 00 to 100 feet wide, covered with vegetation, makes off from the shore. The water varies in de[)t)i from 10 to L'O feet, but suddenly deepens into CO and 70 feet when the edge is reached. Temperature of water. — It will be noticed in the table of temperatures that near the shore on the east side of Mercer Island the temperature of the water at the surface varies considerably from that taken a short distance toward the middle of the channel. A difference of 2i'^ is recorded, the bottom temperature in both soundings being the same. In no other part of the lake was such a marked difference found. Several tcstH of the water were made within a radius of 100 feet or more, all with the same result. A few hundred ♦eet from this jwsition, to the north, south, or east, 47° was tound at the surface. It is said that thernnil springs f»ccur in this vicinity in a number of places. The temi)erature of the water at the bottom, however, does not indicate their presence. The lowest temperature found in the main body of the lake was 44^0^ ami the highest 48^°; the first in depths of 180 and 100 feet. In Union Bay, in 14 feet of water, a tein|)erature of 41° was recorded both at the surface and the Ixittom. This low temperature was due, no doubt, to the cold weather, which at this time was (juite severe. At no other place was such a low temperature found.

38

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES PISH COMMISSION.

The temperature of the air seemed to have no perceptible daily effect on the water in deei) portions of the lake. From November 2.3 to 30 tlie air varied but little, from 20° to 29° being about the minimum and maximum height. During Decembci from 45° to 48° was the approximate daily temperature.

In depths over 150 feet the air ceasetl to have an effect on the water much below 40 feet from the surface. In a few places 50 feet below the surfoce was reached before the temperature remained constant. In depths less than 100 the temperature was found constant about 30 feet below the surface.

It will be noticed that in a uuuiber of places in depths ranging from 40 to o\er 200 feet the temperature botli at the surface and bottom is the same. Why this shoukl be, when only a short distance away the difference between the surface and bottom is a degree or more, is not easily explained.

Many of the temperatures and soundings taken are recorded in the following table:

Soundings and temperaturex taken in Lake Washiniiton.

		8^	£ •				s^	£-
		dS	sa				1	sa
Pre.	.=			I'oHitiuii.	Date.	,a		Position.
	P.	a" ■	s-			5.	a"	a-s
	V	C e9	a^ rt			^	S> A	Z d
	fi	H	H			h"	H
	Fett.	OF.	op.	1		Feet.	OF.	oy.
Nov. 23	35	48i	484	300 feet from Bliore, near MudiHoii-Htreel boathotiHe.	Dec. 19*	50	491	46	Close to shore east siile of Mercer lalaiid.
24 24	14 10	45 45	44 45	Ill variouH parts of Union :	19	58	47	46	300 feet from shore and
Bay, wliich Ih a ]>art of ' Lake Wasliititrton.	19	674	47	46	near last sounding. Halfway acniss channel
25	98	48	48	One- fourth mile east of boat- iioiiRe.					between Mercer Island and east shore.
25	156	48	47	One-fourth mile east of last	19	55	47	46	Xear the east side of lake.
				station.	19	12	46	45	Close to shore.
25	162	48	47	Middle of lake.	20	70	46	46	Half a mile north of last
25	150	48	47	Two-tliirds across lake.					sounding. One-eighth mile west from
25	144	48	47	Oneeightli mile from cast	20	87	46	46
				side of lake.					last sounding.
25	72	48	48	300 feet from Blioro.	20	1154	46	47	Halfway across east end
27	14	41	41	In I'nion Bay ; cold weather, air 28^ and 30".					Mercer Island to east side of laki'.
27	98	47	U	Off mouth Union Hay.	20	174	464	40	Halfway bc't» ^n Daphne Point and iiort. end Mer-
28	150	47	47	Do.
28	152	47	47	Do.					cer Island.
Dee. 1	96	47	47	Do.	23	204	464	454	Half a mile east Webster
1	168	47	47	14 mile S.SE. from Srndisoii-					Point.
				street boathouse.	23	219	464	45i Half a mile north last
.1	90	47	47	li mile east from Yesler-				i sounding.
				street boathouse.	23	201	464	45J Halt a mile northward last
1	114	47	46	Two-thirilsacross lake from pumiiiui; station to Mer- cer Island.					sounding, J mile from shore.
				23	66	46	46	Third of mile north and
1	156	47	46	One-half milooff waterworks.					chwe to shore.
18	210	4fli	46	One mile SB. from MadistJii- street hoatlioiise.	23	,^4	464	464	About 500 feet from Sand Point south near shore.
18	204	46	46	One-f(mrth mile SK. frcmi Madison-street Iiiuitliiiuse.	L'3	1U5	47	46	About 200 leet from .Sand Point NK.
18	218	46i	46	1} mile SE. from Madison street boathouse.	23	181	464	454	Less than J mile NE. from last sounding
18	204	«*	46	One-third of a mile S\V. ol Daphne Point.	23	168	464	45	Less than 4 mile in saiue direction.
18	150	46	46	One-cightli of a mile S\V. of Daphne Point.	23	180	464	444	About the same distance farther (m.
18	156	46	46	One-third mile oil' Meyden- hauer Bay. Near n>i''dle of Jleyden-	33	• 190	4.14	444	Li'ss than i mile \K. last station. a
1»	114	46	46	23	178	464	454	Last deep sounding on
				hatier Hav					this lino.
19	69	46	46	South Hide of bay. {Other	23	72	46	46	Near opposite shore from iSand Point.
				soundings taken in bay;	■
				same t<'mi)erature,)	23	96	46	46	About 1,5011 feet from shore.
19	jd	174	47	Short distance south of Mevdenhauer Bay.	23	129	46	46	About halfway from last station to Kirkland.
19	40	47	47	One-tliird mile ' farther
				soutli near shore.

a Skid to be thermal springs fa near vicinity, v/liteh may aecount for the change of temperature.

Bull. U. S. F. C. "97. (To faco page 38.)

Plate 1.

SEATTLE.

avm-Bajf.

Map of Lake Washington, Wash., show- ing soundings, in feet, taken by the U. S. Fish Commission, in November and December, i8g6.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1896. 39

During the winter months short periods of cohl weather sweep over this part of the Northwest, hut not sulliciently severe for ice to form in the main portion of Lake Washington, Occasionally skim ice appears on the margin of the lake in sheltered jylaces covering small areas.

Triah with (jUl nets and other apparatus. — On November 23 the first trial with gill nets for whitefish was made in 35 feet of water, .'300 feet from the shore, at a point w liere it is said that an example of this species had been taken. Two nets were set, and remained down 48 hours. They were visited on three different occasions during that time, but no fish were found in them. The reason for setting nets in such sliallow water for whitefish, was in compliance with a request made by the person who claimed to have caught a specimen on tiie above-mentioned grountl in the fall of 1892. It was taken on a hook, which throws considerable doubt as to its being the true whitefish. So far as we have been able to learn no other specimen has since been seen.

On November 24 three more gill nets were set about 1| miles from first position oil the south side of rnion Bay. Here also whitefish had been reported. Depth of water, 15 feet; temperature of water at bottom and at surface, 45°; bottom muddy. Tlieae nets remained in the water three days, and were visited each morning. No fish were found in them.

On November 26 three nets were set at the head of Union Bay, in 10 i'eet of water, dose to the shore, where fish are said to be plentiful in summer; also two other nets near outlet or portage, about three-quarters of a mile fartlier south. In this place anglers have good fisiiing, and it was thought that if fish were running in any consid- erable numbers the nets would be likely to tnke samples of di'd'erent species. The nets set at the head of the bay were taken up the following morning, nothing being found in them. Those set near the outlet remained down two days, and were visited each morning. The se(rond morning one cut-throat trout and one chub were taken from them. During the time the nets were down a number of cut-throat trout, chub, and suctkers hiid been taken on hook and line. Sounding and collecting with surface tow net had also been carried on whenever the weather permitted.

On November 27 three gill nets were set near the bottom, otf the mouth of ITnion Bay, in 18 feet of water, bottom hard sand, where they remained two days. Nothing was found in them when taken up. It is reported that large numbers of fish pass over tills ground, and it was thou'ght that our ettbrts would be rewarded by a few specimens. The result of this trial indicates that at this season fish do not move in great numbers. Tiie same nets were set in 06 feet of water about a quarter of a mile farther off shore, wliere the bottom temjierature was .'5° warmer than at last station. The nets were, as before, set near the bottom, but without result. IJad whitefish or other species heen traveling over this ground a few would have been captured.

A small creek tliat flows into the head or western jiart of ITiiiou Bay was next investigated. This creek is said to abound wiih trout in summer and with redfish in early fall. The water in the upper part of the creek flows with considerable velocity over a gravelly bottom. It is from 1 to 5 feet wide in most places, and about 7 or 8 inches deep; there are a few jiools whose depth is nearly 2 feet. The creek is largely fed by seepage from the surrounding hills. At the time of our visit the weather was cold and the ground covered with snow, and in many jdaces ice had formed. The stream empties into a marshy lagoon where it finds its way, through several smaller ones, into Union Bay.

40

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Ecpeated trials with a small collecting seine at the mouth of the creek were mado. but nothing was taken in it. Only one flsli, thought to he a ledfish, was seen, and it escaped under a fallen tree. Unsuccessful hauls were also made from a half to three quarters of a mile upstream. Hook-and-line fishing was also tried, with the same result, salmon eggs being used for bait. At the mouth of the creek a salamander was found, and this was the only form of life seen, except the supposed redfish.

On December 11 gill nets were set in a number of places, from a halftotliree quarters of a mile ai)art, in Squak Hloughat the head of Lake Washington, in !) .and Ki feetof water. Tiiey were visited twice in 48 hours, nothing being found in them. The bottom tem])er{iture in the plactes where they were set was 44A°, surface 454°. Duriii;; tlie entire investigation the water in tiie slough was unusually high, and this prob ablj' had a great deal to do with the scarcity of lisli here, for at such times, instead of following the main channel, tish would naturally scatter over a large area, thereby greatly lessening the chances of taking them. Troll fishing was tried, but with unsnt isfactory results.

Nearly all of December IcS was spent in scmiuling and taking water temperatures. In the afternoon four nets were set on tlie north side of Meydenbaner Hay; <lei)th, KL' feet; bottom and surface temperature, 40°. Nothing being in tlie nets the followiii}; morning they were taken up and set on the north side of Mercer Slough, nearly .'{ miles farther down the lake. A trial for 48 hours resulted in the capture of one femide cutthroat trout, the eggs of which were approaching a stat° of ripeness. Two otlier specimens subsequently taken showed the same .amount of development. Sevenil creeks on the west side of the lake were investigated but no fi8.» were found.

Whitefinh. — There is no satisfactory evidence of wliiteflsh ever having been cau}:lit in Lake Washington, though several persons claim to have seen trsm. One person says in the fall of 18!>2 he caught a specimen, but no accurate description was given as to its shape or color, and Prof. (). B. Johnson and State Fish Commissioner James Crawford doubt whether it was the genuine whitefish, and believe that the whitelisli l>lanted in the lake no longer exist. The investigation strengthens this oinniou. Tlie Columbia chub (Mi/lockeUus cauriuus) is a common species in the lakes of this region. r.nd is by many people known as "whitefish."' It is not improbable that all tlie so-called "whitefish" which have been reported from Lake Washington were rciilly this species of minnow. Williamson's whitefish {Voregonus irilliamsovi) doubtless occurs here, but no sjiecimens were seen.

Other finhes of Lake Wdshiiif/toti. — Tlie various pj)ecies of fishes collected durinf; these investigations, as well as all other species known to occur in Lake Washinglon, are listed in another part of this report. The principal si)ecies are the cut-tlin . trout, Columbia Hiver chub, squawflsh, Columbia River sucker, a blob, two (.• tliiee other species of (Jyprinidtv^ and the redfish. Salmon are said to enter the hike through Bhuik Kiver early in the fall, but none was seen. T^iey are i)robably tlu' large form of the redfish or sockeye (Oncorhynchus ntrka). 1 -•<ifish are said to run up into shallow places during the latter part of Octoi)er and a part of November, biil repeated trials resulted in collecting only a few specimens. Those familiar with the different runs of fish on the lake .ittribute the scarcity of redfish this season to hiuli water. In Sijuak Slough, where they are said to run in great numbers, not a specimen was seen or taken, though before tiie water began to rise in the slough a consideraMe body of these fish was reported as passing through. lilacik bass are occasionally

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA KIVER BASIN IN 189(5.

41

ere made, en, and it to tlirco the saiiH' uider V IIS

f to tlircc II !) and li) lem. The Duriiij; this prol) instead of a, thereby 'itli unsiit

peratures. depth, KL' i'ollowiiij,' rly.'{ miles )ne f'eniiiie Two otiier Several

!en t'au};lit 'ne person was given iner James 3 wliiteli-;li nion. The his regiiui. lat all the i'ere really doubtless

;ed during ashingtoM, cutthn ;; o (.J three the hike Dbably the ! to run ii]i JHiber, bnl r with the )u to hiuli 11 specimen nsideralile jcasioually

taken in Lake Washington, and they are at times quite [dentiful in Lake Union, which supplies all the black bass to the Seattle market. The yellow perch (Perm JlavenccHH) lias also become well established in this lake.

LAKE SAMMAMISH, WASHINGTON.

While engaged in carrying on observations upon Lake Washington Mr. Alexander made a trip, December M to .January G, to Lake Sammamish, a short distance to the eastward. He gives the following account of this lake and the investigations:

This body of water lies parallel to Lake Washington, the two lakes being sepa- rated by a hilly strip of country, the most narrow part being 3J miles across. The peatest distance between the lakes is 8 miles.

Lake Sammamish is 38 feet above low- water mark at Seattle and 4 feet above Lake Washington. The land separating the southern portion of the bodies of water might be termed mountainous; many of the hills rise from 1,000 to 1,500 feet from their base, and are covered mostly with a dense growth of trees. A road cut through the forest from the west shore of Lake Sammamish to the east side of Lake Washing- ton is traveled considerably during the summer months. A boat (tonnecting at the end of the road carries passengers across Lake Washington and lands them in Seattle much sooner than if they traveled by rail.

The length of Lake Sammamish is 8 miles; its greatest width (about halfway between its north and south points) is 1^ miles. Its narrowest part is near the northern end, a little over half a mile from shore to shore. From Inglewood, in the northern part, to Monohan on the south it has a nearly uniform width of about 14 miles. It lies nearly in a north-andsouth direction; a line being drawn north from the south end would strike 1 mile east of its most northern part. The Seattle and Lake Shore liailroad strikes the lake at Adelaide, and follows the east shore the entire length. Three small towns are situated near the shore on the east side. The most important is Monohan, near the south end. On the west side a number of settlers have made eousiderable clearings. Opposite Monohan is a huge pile of sawdust, which extends for a considerable distance into the lake, and when the water is rough snuill chunks ol it are washed away. It being water-soaked, most of it that falls into the lake immediately si^'''". The sawdust coming from the mill at Monohan is burned.

Topujjraphy of the shore. — The shore in most parts of Lake Sammamish is com- posed chiefly of sand and gravel, forming numerous beaches. These beaches, when the water is at its normal height, are exposed. At the time of our visit to tl'3 lake (December 31 to January 6) the water was about 4 feet higher than in summer; it had then fallen 2 feet since the middle of December. Judging from the condition of the lidve at high water, the beaches when exposed must be from 8 to 12 feet wide, measur- ing from the water's edge to the bank. In most places they extend offshore at a sharp angle. Excei)t in a few places, where the sandy and gravelly beaches appear, the hottom makes oft" gradu.ally and its character is either hard or soft mud. The south- ern shore of the lake is skirted by low marsh land, which extends from the southwest to the southeast side. Here several small creeks empty into the lake, which, no doubt, have contributed largely to the marsh land.

The hills bordering the southern portion of the lake descend with a more gradual slope than those on the east and west sides. The land in the immediate vicinity of the lake is not more than 4 or 5 feet higher than the level of the water, gradually

42

BULLETIN OP THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

rising for a distance of about a mile before tbe footliills are reached. Many portions of tliis slope have been cleared. Off the points in this part of tlie lake, from 30 to 40 feet from the shore, thick clusters of tule are submerged in water from 7 to 10 feet deep. Later in the season a large portion of the ground in which this grass grows is exposed. Soundings were made along the outer edges of these strips and points without finding any indications of hard bottom.

On the east and west sides of the lake the steep hills rise within a short di8*^.iiict' from the water; in many places projecting points and bluffs rise very abrupfy? with little or no shore line at their base. The bottom close to these projections is hard, being composed of a mixture of sand, coarse gi'avel, and small stones. The hilly land is covered with a dense growth of trees, extending to the water's edge, and at times Avhen the water is high it is very ditticult to walk any distance along the shore without swinging from one bough of a tree to another. Wben the water is low or at its average height the sand and gravel beaches here are bare.

At the foot of «.'ie lake, on the P'-i'theast side near Squak Slough, a low point of land extends for ; considerable distance southward. From this point soutli, a distance of nearly 2 miles, the shore is composed of sand and gravel beaches. On the west side and north from where the last line of soundings was begun the liills gradually descend to the shore, and in a number of places toward the foot of the lake the land is quite level. The shore line along the northwest and northeast porticms of the lake is covered with logs, slabs, and pieces of timber, refuse material that comes from the shingle mill situated near the north end and the sawmill near the south end, The greater part of this material is found in the northeast portion of the lake, being forced there by the southwest winds.

On the west side of the lake, near its southern end, is a submerged forest, abont half a mile long north and south, extending nearly a third of the distance across toward the east side. The northern end of the forest commences near the pile ot sawdust already mentioned. It runs parallel to the shore and is separated from it by a distance of about (iOO feet. During the summer months it is said that the tops of many of the trees project above the water from 1 to 2 feet. The lake then is nuu h clearer than in winter, ard on a bright day, when the water is smooth, a large portion of the forest, according to the statement of people living at the lake, is plainly visible. Owing to the muddy condition of the water, caused by the heavy rains, we were unable to find any of the trees. Many theories are advanced by people living near the lake as to how the forest came to be in its present position. The most connnon theory is that at some remote period a gigantic landslide occurred and the displaced material found a resting-place at the bottom of the lake. Considering that the nearest hills where a landslide of such magnitude could have started are situated nearly -' miles from the lake with coni|)aratively level country lying between, this theory is not altogether tenable. A large tract of land becoming detached from the side of a monii tain and carried along rapidly by its own weight a distance of a mile or more from its starting point would by the time it reached its destination be a huge mass of trees. earth, and stones. The trees would be more or less broken, and not left standinj; in an upright position. It is also likely that if the forest in question had suddenly lueii detached from the side of one of the adjacent mountains it would have stopped on arriving at comparatively level ground, but instead we find it deposited a long distance from hills of any great size. If, however, such had been the ease, and it was forced

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 18il6.

43

)y portions )m 30 to 40 7 to 10 feet 88 grows is and points

rt d is*' .nice iipfy? ^vitli JDS is hard, e hilly laiiii lid at times the shore is low or at

a. low point nt soutli, a laches. On III the hills foot of tiie ast portions that comes e south end. lake, being

orest, abont uance across

the pile of ated from it hat the to] is hen is miicli arge portion liiily visible. 118, we were 1 living near ost common he displated t the neai est ted nearly - theory is not e of a nioun- iiore from its ass of trees.

standiiij; in iddenly l>een J stopped on on g distance it was forced

along over level ground, we might expect to And that part of the lake where the land- slide was deposited more shallow than elsewhere; but, on the contrary, we lind a depth of water varying from 50 to 70 feet, wliich corresponds witii depths found in other parts of the lake the same distance from the shore. It seems more reasonable t(( sup|)ose that at .some distant period the ground on which this forest grew, subsided. Tliis, in a measure, would account for the trees being left standing in their natural position. Not having seen auy portion of the submerged forest, we arc not able to state from personal observation anything concerning it, only stating wliat has been given by several reliable parties. Ert'orts were made to locate some of the trees, but none of them could be found with the sounding line.

Depth of water and character of bottom. — Lake Sammamish is (piile uniform in depth, varying from 70 io 90 odd feet in the middle and from 3ij to "»() feet near the sliore. Tiie deepest sounding was found near the middle of the lake, about halfway across from llattie Hell Springs to the west shore. A line of soundings run across the upper part a short distance below the shingle mill corresponds nearly with the line across the south end of the lake. In no part of the lake examined are there indi- cations of plateaus or shelves making off from the shore. Only in a few phuies was shallow water found, and this extended but a short distance from the shore. In nearly fill parts of the lake along its margin the bottom drops oft" suddenly, the water being deep enough for boats and small steamers to lie alongside and discharge freight or passengers.

From 80 to 100 feet from the shore is the average distance where the sand and j,'ravel merge into the hard or soft mud. A number of places, however, were found wliere sand and gravel bottom extends from 125 to 300 feet into the lake; one of these l)hices is on the west side, opposite Hattie Bell Springs, and the other oft' the wharf on which the sawmill at Monohan is built.

At the foot of the lake, above the shingle mill, the bottom is very soft and in the center between the east and west sides the mud is said to be several feet deep, and this statement is probably not exaggerated, for in running the line of soundings which ends jnst below the shingle mill the sounding lead, nearly all the way across, sank into the soft bottom a foot or more.

Inlets. — Numerous small creeks empty into the lake both on the east and west sides, bnt the discharge of water is not great even during the rainy season, and in summer many of them dry up, they being fed by the drainage from the surrounding hills. The l)rincipal inlets are Issaquah and Planner creeks, which eu'^er the lake on the south end. The main portion of tiie first creek is 2 miles long and the second about 3 miles, each having several branches from i to 2i miles long. The water in Issaquah Creek is said to be very clear during the summer and fall months, or was previous to the coal company using the creek as a dumpinggrou'id for coal screenings, since which time the water has become muddy. There are a number of coal mines in tliis region, and the people complain of the screenings from them being dumped into tiie creeks, tiiereby doing considerable injury to the fishing grounds.

Outlet. — Squak Slough, or Sammamish Kiver, is the only outlet to the lake. This at times is not large eiiougii to prevent the waiter in the lake from rising rapidly, and wiien Lake Washington rises at the same time, which is usually the case, and fences tiie water from the slough into Lake Sammamish, both lakes rise rapidly. At the

44

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

time of visiting l^ako Saiiimamish the water liad overflown the channel of the 8lou;;li from a (luaiter to a half mile; ita average width for the part visited is less than 100 feet, in some places not over 50 feet. Its length is about 12 miles; its course, as indi- cated on the niaj), is very crooked, and it is navigable for small craft only.

Temperatures. — The water temperatures during our investigation varied but little, and in many parts of the lake there is no difference. In the first line of soundinjis run across the lake the surface and bottom temperatures were the same. The weatlni at the time was rainy, misty, and cold. In the second line a difference of 1° was found In two places, each in a depth of 90 feet. At the surface the thermonnter registered 45° and at the bottom 44'^. In the third line the depths were from 33 to 01' feet, with no vari-ition in temperature. The fourth line, run the same day, shows in .'ight different soundings 45"^ at the surface ami 44*° at the bottom. The fifth line, run across the head of the lake, showed no difference; but in a number of soundings taken on the west side, near where a small brook empties into the lake, the water was 1° warmer at the surface than at the bottom. The depths here were comparatively shallow. The last line of soundings run, which was across the foot of the lake, alsd showed the water to be 1° warmer at the surface than at the bottom. This difference niiiy possibly have been because the weather was warm and pleasant, while most (if the time, when the other soundings were taken, it was rainy and foggy and tlie teinp3rature of the air from 44° to 5(P. On this day, January 6, it registered (JO a greater part of the day.

Where the water at the surface was w.^rmer than at the bottom it was found that the warm water extended from 5 to 8 feet below the surface; where the temperature at the bottom was warmer than at the surface the water was constant from 15 to is feet from the bottom. The thermometer was let down at various depths, in most cases at intervals of 10 feet, no variation in temperature being noticed until the above distance from the bottom was reached. In a few places, however, within 10 feet of the bottom the water remained constant.

Condition of irater. — In the fall and winter, when the lake is high, the water is con- siderably discolored by vegetable matter and sediment washed from the surrounding hills and brought down by the swollen creeks. This gradually disappears as the rain ceases, after which the water becomes clear. The fish then bite better than at any other time, there being less food in tlie water for them to subsist upon.

Lake Sammamish, like Lake Washington, never freezes over. When the weather is unusually severe skim ice sometimes forms near the edge in shallow places, but the deep water does not freeze.

Fishing trialn. — From December 31 to January 6 sounding, taking temperatures, collecting with surface tow net, and fishing with gill nets and troll were carried on. The weather most of the time was stormy. Fishing with gill nets was unsuccessful. They were set in various places and in different depths, visited twice each day, and in the evening set in a different place. Inquiries were made of fishermen as to where fish would most likely be found, but nothing was canglit. A trawl was the only stationary apparatus used that captured anything, and this caught only one chub aiid a blob.

Fishing with troll line was fairly successful, five cut-throat trout being taN<n. The weather was unsuitable for this kind of fishing. To meet with good results the weather shonld be moderate and much warmer than it was during the time these trials

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN ISflfi.

45

tlie 8loui;li .ss than 100 rse, as iiidi-

1 but little, 8onii(liii<;H 'he weatJK 1 of lo \V11S lermoiiictei 0111 33 to OL' y, shows iu e fifth line, souiidiiigs 5 water was nparatively e lalte, also 8 differeiirc lile most of gy and tlif ?teied <>() ii

i fonnd tliivt ;emperaturi' oni 15 to IS hs, in iiKist til the above in 10 feet of

water is con- surrounding s as the ruin than at iiny

the weather ices, but tlie

(mperatuies, carried on. insuccesst'ul, ich day, and 1 as to wiit'ie •as the only ue chub a lid

)eing talvcn. [ res-alts tiie 3 these trials

were made. Fishermen say that in summer, and at other times wlieii tlic weatht'r is ploasant, it is comparatively easy to catch from twenty-live to thirty trout in a day by trolling.

Trout would bite only wheu the wind was light and the lake smooth. During the day, whenever there was little wind stirring, they could be seen jumping or brcal ing wat«r iu all parts of the lake, but they did not bite as ravenously as was expected, probably on account of the creeks having biought down <!onsiderable quantities of vegetable .and other matter, such as they may feed upon. Fishermen claim that tlie fish never bite well when the lake is high. Several good examjjles, however, were caught in the few trials made. When fish are at all inclined to bite, a trawl will usually pick up a variety of species. The trawl set (90-odd hooks) was baited with fresh chub and meat, and good results were expected of it, but in this we were disappointed.

The trout taken by trolling were caught close to the shore, that being the part of the lake where the fishermen troll when the water is high. Fish were breaking water in the middle of the lake, but none was captured. In summer good fishing is to be had in all parts.

Methods of JiHliing. — The principal method of taking fish in Iiake Saminamish is by trolling, though good catches are sometimes made with set line and with rod and line. In summer the lake is quite a resort for sportsmen from Seattle. No coiiimercial fishing is carried on, all fish caught being locally consumed, except the few taken to Seattle by people belonging there.

Kinds of fish. — The economic species of fish "oand in Lake Saramajnish are the same as those of Lake Washington, namely, cutthroat trout, " grayling," or redfish, and salmon. Iso examples of the last two species were found, they having disajipearcd shortly after the water in the lake began to rise in November. About that time it is said that redfish were plentiful in Squak Slough and in the creeks at the head of the lake. Salmon run with the ledlish, but only scattering individuals are taken. No information could be obtained as to what kind of salmon enter the lake; but the dog salmon and an occasional steelhead probably find their way into this body of water. During the redfish run the neighboring Indians do considerable fishing on Squak Slough, and lay in their supply for winter. Only one person living near the lake claims to have caught a whitefish in it, and he was not sure that the specimen was a genuine whitefish; others who saw the fish say that it was not, but admit that the fish difl'ered from any previously taken iu the lake.

Spawning habits. — I'eople living near Lake Sammamish say that the cut-throat trout spawn in the spring and the condition of most of the specimens indicates that they are correct in their observations. One taken in Lake Washington contained eggs well advanced, but this fish would hardly indicate a difl'erence in the spawning season between the two lakes, as fish can easily pass I'roin one lake to the other. The redfish probably 8i)awn some time in November, that being the time they run in greatest numbers. Only a few specimens were taken, and they were not sufficiently developed to form an estimate as to the month in which they spawn, but people who have caught and observed the redfish, both in Lake Sammamish and Lake Washington, believe that the spawning season is from the latter part of October to the middle of November. To gain a better knowledge as to the habits of this species in this region some person should be stationed at these lakes early iu the fall, before the rainy season comes ou.

46

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

It is Haid that rcdflHh run only for a abort time, that thoy disappear as siuhli'iily as they come, and few are seen in any part of the hikes after tlie run is over. Almost every ])ers()n with whom we conversed on the 8nbje(!t cxitressed the opinion that Hie redhsh, or "grayling," as they are commonly called, annually come in from the ocean; but some believe that they never leave the lake, but retire into the deep parts of tlic lake as soon as tlie spawning season is over. Positive knowledge on the subject is lacking. The few specimens taken in Lake Washington would hardly warrant lui opinion to be formed as to their habits in these lakes. It would bo necessary to observe a considerable number from the tin\e they first appear until they leave.

Surface material. — Collecting with surface tow net was carried on at ditftueiit intervals. As was the case on i^ake Washington, surface life was found most abnn dant in the evening; at other times a trial of 15 or 20 minutes would result in a suimII <iuantity of material.

I>e2)th of water, ttimperaturi; and character of bottom of Lake Satnmamish,

	"
Dat	e.
1896. 1
Doc	ni 1
	:ii {
	31 1
	■M 1
	31 i
	31 '
	31 j
	31
	31
	81
1897. 1
Jan	1
	1
	1
	1
	1
	1
	1
	1
	1
	1
	1
	2
	2
	2
	2
	2
	2
	2
	2
	2
	2

Depth of

water.

Feet.

(llOJ III 9(t 102 90 84 824 76$ 90

13

(/32 OU 80 87J SO 90 87 80 73 70 69i 51 36

28

C6i 70 851 88 92 914 33 d32.i

83 .^

ObarBoter

of

bottom.

Ilanl sand . Hard iniid . SoftluiKl...

do

...do

....do

do

...do

Hard Hand (Iravi'l

mud.

Sand

Soft nitiil

do..

do..

do..

do..

do . .

do..

do..

do..

do . .

do..

Sand gravel

do

Softnind

do

....do

....do

do ,

....do ;

...do

Hard Ba' .i . . . . Uardaandand <

Kravcl

Sottniiid

and

a About 20 feet from bridfte; flrnt line Boundine. Ii Second line iif soiindinKH 250 feet from Hnwniill. c Commencement of third Hue of souudiuRa.

IVm-	Tem- I
per-	per- !
ature	uture
of	of !
Hurface.	bottom, i [
OF.	OF.
45	45
45	45
'45	45
45	45
45	45
46	45
15	4S
45	46
45	*■>
45	46
45	45
45	45
45	46 i
45	45
45	44
45	44
45	46 '
45	45
45	45
45	45
45	45
45	45
45	45
45	45 \
45	45 1
45	45
45	45 1
45	46 ■
45	45 !
45	46
45	45 i
45	45
ir<	46
45	444

Date.

1897. Jan.

Depth

of water.

Oliaraotcr

of

lM)ttom.

Tem- per- ature of

Tem- per- ature of

Ftet. 85 934 03

go

094 88 87 80 76 30 12 19 44 60 69 74 70 814 84 66 50 «5 24 8 27 30

/8 67 624 68 604 70 72 70 674 42

m

Soft mud . . . do . . ....do.. ....do.. ... do..

do..

... do.. ....do.. ... do.. ...do..

...do I

....do :

Hard Hand I

Soft mud '

....do

■II rfaee. bottom

°V.

44, 44 I 44 44

do

..do

..do

.do

..do

do

llai'dirravcl..

do

do

do

do

do

Soft mud

do

do

... -li

do

do

do ,

do

do

Ciiarao gravel .

o F. 45 45 46 45 45 45 45 46 46 45 46 45 45 45 45 45 46 46 45 45 45 46 46 46 4(1 45 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

46

45

46

46

46

46

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

46

45

45

45

45

45

454

46

dCommenrement of fourth line of soundings.

e Sniindings elone to a ')rook.

/Sixth line of soundings 20 feet from shore.

hs snddt'iily ir, Aliimst )ii that tlic th« ocean; )art» of tlic ) siibject is warrant lui y to observe

at diftcieiit moat abuii It in a small

Bull. U. S. F. C. 1897. (To Uc* pigt 46.)

Plate 2.

Tt'in- per- atnre

of mttiiiii.

of.

44J 44 i 44i 44{ 44$ 44$

4r> 4r.

45

45

46

43

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

45

43

45

45

45

45

45

43

43i

46

shore.

• Adelaide,

Lake Saramamish, near Seattle, Wash., showing soundings taken by U. S. Fish Commission, in December, 1896, and January, 1897.

St\ line of^4oundu^.

SALMON i:

Tlie following,' iif

TliiH body oi" \Vi

straight line from \n

south ends, tlireoqu

two arms, oim leadii

trom the foot of the

Lake Union has

is found ill nearly a

tiie northeast arm tl

places where there i

of +he northeast arm

part of the lake bet\

to the water's edge v

covered with willow

for a considerable di

The land suiroi

heavily wooded, but

great forest having |

runs the Seattle and

east and northeast s

The bottom in n

From the 2d to

taking 4 salmon, 1 c

less than 24 hours, i

places best adapted

ill greatest numbers

nothing was caught,

gill nets might capti

During the sum

that they are someti

illegal, but is carrier

Lake Washington, i

Lake Union, where

Why they should t

where they were pi

difference in the cot

Union. The theory

Union and not in I

much more abuiidai

(litference in the am

In winter the t

tliat of Lake Wash

unusually severe do

is tlie warmer, it be

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COH'MIHA RIVER BASIN IN lx!l(!,

17

LAKE UNION, WASHINGTON,

The followinj; notes on hake Union liuvc b»'«'n riirnishcd by Mv. AIomiimUt:

Tliis body oi' water lies close to the city of ►Seattle. It.s lonjith, iiu'iismtMl in a straiglit line from north to soiitli, is \f, miles; witltli, hallway between tlu" north and south ends, three«iuaiters of u nuie. Uraiiehiiif^ out from tlie head of tiie lake are two arms, one leadiiifj to the northeast and the otii«'r to the nortiiwest. iMeasured t'lom the foot of the nortlieast arm the lake has a leiifjth of .'{| miles.

Lake Union has a quite uinlbrm depth in the center; the greatest depth, 18 feet, is found in nearly all i)arts of the main body a quarter of a mile from the shore. In the northeast arm the soundiiiffs varied from '2i to 137 feet. Near the shore, except in places where there is marsh land, the depth is from 18 to L'.T feet. In the south end <if <^he northeast arm the land is marshy; also olf the point extending into the northern part of the lake between the two arms. In most other parts }jrass land extends down ti) the water's edge with a {jradual slope. On the east side the land is quite level and covered with willow and other trees. This strip of laiid extends back from the lake for a considerable di.stance, when it suddenly runs into hi},'h blutfs.

The land surrounding the lake for the most part is hi>,'h and was at one time heavily wooded, but now only small clumps of trees are left standing, most of the once great forest having given way to town sites and buildings. Skirting tlie north shore runs the Seattle and Lake Shore Railroad. The shore is thickly settled, except on the east and northeast sides.

The bottom in nearly all parts is mud, in some places intermingled with fine sand.

From the 2d to the 8th of December gill nets were set in ten different places, taking -t salmon, 1 cutthroat trout, and - suckers. In no place were the nets down less than 24 hours, and in one place they remained down Tli hours. They were set in places best adapted for this kind of fishing and where black bass had been caught in greatest numbers. Tiolling for black bass was carried on at d liferent times, but nothing was caught. The season was too late for them, but it was thought that the gill nets might capture a specimen or two.

During the summer black bass are fre(|uently taken by trolling, and it is reported that they are sometimes taken in nets secretly set for their capture. Thic. method is illegal, but is carried on to some extent. Only a few black bass have been caught in Lake Washington, and those planted in this lake in 1890 soon found their way into Lake Union, where they are said to be quite plentiful during the suunner nujnths. Why they should find the water in Lake Union better suited to their wants than where they were planted is not easily explained. It can not be due wholly to the difference in the condition of the water, for Lake Washington largely supplies Lake Union. The theory that i)resents itself to accoi'ut for tlsese fish being found in Lake I'nion and not in liake Washington is that in the former lako small surface life is much more abundant. The collections made in the two lakes show a considerable iliifereuce in the amount taken in each trial.

In winter the temperature of water of this lake is several degrees colder than that of Lake Washington, though ice .seldom forms, and only when the winter is iniusually severe does the lake freeze over; it is probable that in summer Lake Union is the warmer, it being shallow.

48

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Date.

Time.

1806. Dec. 2... 2...

D.oo n. Ill . ll.UUa. m . 3.20 p. Ill . 3.3U p. Ill . 3.4U p. Ill . 4.U0 p. Ill .

Temperature! taken in Lake I'nion.

Depth.	Temperature.	Date.
	Surface	Bottom
reel.	OF.	of.	I8»fl.
e	42	44	Dec. 2....
21	42	44	2....
12	42	42	3....
48	43	42	3....
36	43	42	3...
24	43	42	i

Time.

4.20p.m,.

4.45 p. m . 10.30 a. Ill . 12. LI p. Ill .

l.UOp. m .

I Depth.

I

Feet. 24

27

48

48

9

Temptittture.
Surfni'C	Bottom. op
cF.
43	42
42	43
43	42
43	42
41	42

I

SIUSLAW RIVER, OREGON.

In 1894 tlie State of Oregon eieoted a building ou tlie Siuslaw River at Mapletoi,. Oregon, with the intention of conducting salnioncultural operations 'it that phuc. Thi.s ' iddiug finally reverted to the original owner of the laud upon which it wiis locateJ. Believing that this station could be successfully and prolitably operated, tlic owner, through Mr. L. E. Bean, of Mapleton, kindly offered its free use to the Unitcil States Fish Commission for that purpose. In response to this offer Dr. Meek and .Mr. Alexander were instructed to visit the station and make such examination as would determine the i robability of its being operated advantageously. Tlie prelimiiiiiiy inquiry, made early in September, showed that it would be necessary to catch tlie lisli at the Ashing ground, several miles below the station, and retain them in boxes until ripe. It was thought that this could be done and that the boxes could be floated on I lie tide up to the station. This could be determined only through experiiiuiiitation. I >i'. Meek was therefore instructed to return to Mapleton and thoroughly test the matter.

General description of Siuxl'tn' River. — 'the Siuslaw River is one of the short coastal streams in Oregon who.se basin is confined entirely to the western slope of tlio Coast Range. From its mouth to its source is a distance of about 100 miles. It (ha ins a very broken country, which is quite heavily timbered. From the mouth of Wilih at Creek to near the month of Noitli Fork tlie river flows through a canyon .^ to 3 nnU'.s in width. The hills or mountains) on each side of the cauj'ou arc from 200 to over l,ilil() feet above the river and are very steep. At the mouth of North I'ork is a large area which is covered by w.tter only at high tide. This region, known as the mud fiats, is on the north side of the river and includes most of the distaiu* between Acme am! Florence. At Florence the river turns nearly north and then curves slightly toward the west. The right-hand bank is, for the most part, a low bluff of soft sandstone; the left is bordered by sand hills.

The Siuslaw River above the mouth of Wildcat Creek was not visited, but from what we were able to learii that portion is (piite similar in all resjiects to the part immediately below that creek, exceiit that gravel bars become nitich more freciueiil as you ascend the river. From the mouth of Wildcat Creek to the head of tide, a dista iice of about 24 miles, the bottom of the river is sandstone in mti(, over which, in many places, are scattered large, angular, somewliat water- worn, sandstoiui bowlders. Tlic river above head of tide water is from 60 to L'OO feet in width, and during the aumnnr in many places the wafer is less than 3 feet in depth.

Tiie canyon is cut through sandstone, which in some places is nearly liorizontal. while in others it is tilted more or less, seldom more than 30'-\ The only portion noticed which showed signs of being metamorphic is a bluff on the right hi>nd ol liio river between Seatou and Mapleton.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1896.

49

ttom.

>F 42 4» 42 42 42

;Mapietiii.. tliat idacf. biicli it \va? )erated, tlic the Uuitcil lek and .Mi. m as would [n-eliniiiiiiry tcU tlie lisli boxes until mtedon Hr; tat ion. IM'. the inatt<T. f the shdit .slope of I 111' s. It drains

I of Wildiat h to 3 niik's

« over 1,000 a large area mild Hats, is

II Acuie mil! ;htly to\v:inl ; sandstone;

imI, but from < to the ii;irt 5 freciuent as le, adistiince ich, in ni:iii,\ vlders. 'i'l"' the siiniiiMi'

y liorizontal. only porlii'ii hund of the

The timber in the region drained by the Siuslaw is chiefly fir, some cedar, hemlock, spruce, maple, and alder. Some of the alders are as macli as 18 iiiclies in diameter, and some of tho fir trees a short distance west of the summit of the Coast Range are very high. There is also in this region a very rich growth of ferns, chiefly the connnon Pterin. A large portion of the timber along the lower 30 miles of the Siuslaw was destroyed by fire some sixty years ago. This is being replaced by an undergrowth of tir, alder, maple, etc. The timber bordering the sand hills is mostly bull pine.

The North Fork of Siuslaw River is much smaller than the main river. In the neighborhood of Minerva the deeper holes in the river are from 20 to 50 feet wide, the shallow places connecting these holes being about half this width. Along the river, for a distance above tide water of about 8 miles, are many gravel bars over which the water flows during the summer in depths varying from a few inches to about 3 feet. The timber along the North Fork is similar to that on the main river, the under or smaller growth immediately on the banks being some denser. Very little timber along the North Fork below Minerva has been destroyed and scarcely none above that place. The water in North Fork is clear, though considerably stained by vegetation, much more so than in the main fork.

The water in the Siuslaw in the summer is moderately clear, though slightly discolored by vegetation. It also contains a fine silt or sediment of some sort, which collects on the web of gill nets. At flood tide, about halfway between Florence and Mapleton, the water appears of a reddish color, apparently due to the mingling of the comparatively fresh with the brackisli water, the salt in the brackish water ])recipi- tatiiig the clay sediment in the fresher water. During the summer, at the head of navigation, the water at all times is too brackish for steamboat boiler use.

The head of tide \7ater is about half a mils above Seaton. About half a mile below Seaton is an island in the river, on either side of which, at low tide, the water in the deepest place is less than 3 feet. Small steamers drawing about 3^ feet of water can not pass this island in summer except at from half to full tide.

Majdeton is 1 mile belov eaton. Below Mapleton in summer and at low tide the wat -A- in the shallow por*' of the river is seldom less than 10 or 12 feet in depth. Seaton is properly the head of tide water, Mapleton the hea<l of navigation.

The river below Mapleton will average at least twice as wide as it docs above it, and 't varies in dei)th at low tide in summer from 10 to 12 feet to as much as GO feet.

On October 10 a series of bottom temperatures from Martin Creek to Acme was taken. The temperatute of the air at 8 a. m. was 57°; surface of the water at Martin Creek, 57°; bottom at same place at a depth of 15 feet, 58°. This bottom temperature decreased as we approached the lower portion of the river until at Acme, in 30 feet of water, it was 5i°.

The fishermen, methods offi<ih>>ig, efc— The fishermen on the Siuslaw River are with k-w exceptions Americans, Norwegians, and Indians. The fishing on the main river is done for the moso part by the Americans and Norwegians, on the North Fork mostly by Indians. i)nring the past season about throe-fourths of the fishermen were permanent resident.* on the river; the remaining one-fourth were mostly from the Columbia River, and in general they restricte<l their fishing to the lower 8 miles of the river, using drift nets. The resident fishermen are furtlicr up che river and set their nets in the ordinary way. Each fisherman regards himself as privileged to fish anywhere along the river he chooses. The fact tliat a man owns property on the river

V. C. B. 1897-4

50

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

is apparently no reason why be should restrict his fishery to his own water front or prevent anyone else from iishing there. For convenience each resident sets his mts as near his home as possible a:ul has usually a number of well-defined sets, which aic sometimes marked. These sets are the places which he regards as the best in whicli to catch flshi and are free from snags. One fisherman will seldom intentionally use a set belongiiij.-; to another.

During tlie past year very little attention was given to the " Saturday night law.'' It was said that tliis has not only been the case in past years on the Siuslaw River, but that it is practically a dead letter on all of the streams in Oregon. Tlie lisherincn on the Siuslaw seem to agree that all of them would profit as well by resijccting it as by breaking it. A few persist in setting their nets or d iff ig- Saturday nights ami, in order that these few men may have no advantp.r; • v\( t'.-a others, they, too, \)i\t out their nets on Saturday nights.

According to the law the fishing season closes on tlie J-^Ublaw River November 1. This law, of course, is intended for all of the coastal streams in Oregon, and as tlie time of the run of salmon, especially of silver salmon, varies somewhat in the ditler- ent rivers the law does )iot protect all alike. In the Siuslaw River the largest run of silver salmon occurs anywhere from October 25 to Novembc- 10. iSbout this time the firist fall rains begin and a gradual rise in the river is accompanied by an increased run of silver salmon. In 189G the rains began October '*i. The river did not rise much until the night of November 7, when it rose about 8 feet, which put an end to llshinjr.

The largest run of silver salmon was between October 28 and November 0. About the same condition of affairs is said to have existed last season.

The law whicii requires the season to close November 1 in no way protects the Chinook salmon, as the run of this fish is over by October W. As fisl'int' is the cliiet' source of income of many of the citizens on the Siuslaw River it sennu, Lo them quite a hardsliip to be obliged to stop fishing daring the best porticm of : '■ ", season. '*.!! commercial ftsiiing on the river is confined to that portion below de ^i, ^erj in fact very little is ever done above Mapleton until near the close. <»= .'ii>!i)!!g season. The distance from the head of tido to the mouth of the river is ai/ou' 2H iiul'.»s.

ComMiei'cial fishing on the Siuslaw is carried on by gill nets, sciwt an'i trolling lines, but mostly by gill nets. The gill nets operated by the fishern.eii » .igaged in drifting arc from 100 to 150 fathoms long; they are used only on the lo ver 8 miles of the river, whtire the current is too swift during flood and ebb tides U, allow them to be set In the ordinary way. There are a great many sunken logs iiul trees infills ))ortion of the river, as well as further up the stream, and the d-^ilts are therelore usually short. All gill nets used on the river from the head of t'.ie water to within 8 miles of its mouth are set in ';he ordinary way. Tliey are all anchored by heavy r<)rl<s tied to the lead line at di.'itances of from 3 to 8 fathoms apart ^hey vary in leiiL;tii from about 25 to 10(> fathoms.

That portion of the river in which gill nets are set varl^. ' •< i about 8 to l.'iC fathoms in width. The gil! nets also vaiy in length and, as ii., isherni.m contin«> bis fishing to anyone portion of the river, very little attention isi)aidto the law wliieii prohibits the use of pill nets reaching mo'e ',han one-tliird distance across the river. Nets set in the Siu.-<la\ Itiver teac',: mI the /av iiom one fourth i the entire distance acro.ss it. During Hood and ebb u'ie the 'jrnv it in the river is so swift that mts extending from abcmt one third to t\v<- ih./ds across the river have their cork line dragged so low tluvt tiie net pres'Mts a coraparatively small and a very poor fishm}:

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUAIBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1896.

51

ter front or its liis lifts , which are st ill which ionally use

night hiw." daw River, e lishcrnieii ecting it as nights ami, ey, too, put

tovember I. .and as the 11 tlio (litVer- rgcst run of liis time the creased run t rise much d to lishinji. [ovembcr (i.

[irotects the • is the chief ) tliem (juite reason. *-!'.

+pr j in faet 'i?)g season. .iih?8. ai»'l trolling

» .igagetl in cr 8 miles of low theui to trees in this TC thereh)re r to within 8

heavy nirks ,ry in leiii;tli

out 8 to l.'iO nan coiitiiies he law whii'h )8S tlie riM'i. tire distance ift that II 'ts eir cork line poor lislnufr

•surface. If the net extends from bank to bank the current raises the lead line between anchor rocks and drags down the cork line to the extent of destroying a good share of the fishing capacity of the net. It is quite evident that nets set in the Siuslaw Eiver fish very little except during slack water.

During the new and full moon tides the current in the river is so swift that the outer ends of the nets, which reach only a part way across the river, are drifted toward the sliore, and they frequently become so much snagged in drifting one way that it is impossible to pick tliein up until the return tide. The fishermen drifting always take advantage of slack water, in order to fish their nets a longer time withont taking them up. In the latter part of the fishing season many nets used in drifting are cut into shorter lengths and set farther up the river. It seems to be a fact recognized by the fishermen that in any one portion of the river a net will fish much better at one bank than at the other, so it is much more advantageous to have two nets, each reaching halfway across the river, than one single net reaching entirely across. Three nets each reaching one-third distance across the river are often preferable to a single net reaching the entire distance. Nets are seldom set in the river in the daytime.

Gill nets are also used in surf fishing late in the fishing season, wh jn comparatively few salmon are entering the river. The usual depth cf the net used iu surf fishing is about half that used in drifting. At either end of the nets, which are about 150 fathoms long, long ropes are attached. The net is stretched along the shire and allowed to be caught by the surf, which carries it some distance to sea; it is theu slowly drawn to shore after the manner of a seine. This method of fishing is so diffi- cult and the results so small that it is not much followed.

A short distance above Acme is an excellent seiuiiig-ground, but the use of a seine has usually been opjiosed by fishermen using gill nets farther up the river. The seine was used this season from September 10 to November 1 by those who most strongly opposed it last year, but was less profitable than was expected. The majority of the fishermen would favor a law restricting the fishing to tlie use of gill nets. The seine was but little disturbed this year. One night a boat filled with rocks was ruui: on the ground, but this the seine brought ashore at its first haul next moruiug. At another time a peculiar framework was anchored in the river, which was so constructed as to raise the lead line when the seine was about half hauled in. This contrivance was also brought ashore. The fact that the seine did not meet with the success expected lessened the opjiosition to its use. Ghinooks were caught by it for the hatchery, and this was no doubt a factor in its favor.

Chiuooks and the silver salmon are often caught by trolling in the Siuslaw River, and they occasionally take hooks baited with salmon eggs or other bait. On October 10 Mr. L. E. Reaii caught 3 chiuooks and 0 silver salmon trolling for about an hour near the mouth of Martin Greek. The following day 8 silver salmon were caught by trolling from M.ipleton to l*oint Terrace, a distance of about C miles. Some of the cliinooks and silver salmon caught in this way were red in color and the jaws distorted. Considerable trolling is done during October between ]\Iapleton and Point Terrace, not only for sport, but for market as well. The amount of fishing done on the Siuslaw liiver is rated by boats, each boat having ordinarily '2 men and about 100 fathoms of net. This past year there were from 7."> to 80 bouts engaged in fishing on both the Hiushiw River and North Fork, using a total of about 10,000 fathoms of net. The seine was operated by (5 men and I hor e, and was equivalent to 3 or 4 boats.

lllir.f.B

52

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

The legal fisbiDg season extends from September 1 to November 1. Some of tlip fishermen begin fishing as soon as the law permits, bnt the majority do not commence until the cannery begins operations. Tests made in August and early in Seijtemhcr showed that the chinook salmon did not arrive in considerable numbers until alxnit the 10th of September. They began to enter the river in the early part of August. Very few were caught in the lower part of the river after the middle of October. In the vicinity of Mapleton, however, a good many were taken as late as the last of Otto ber. They nioved uj) the river apparently very slowly, evidently remaining for n p(»nsiderable tirae in the deeper portions of the river.

Xt Point Terrace the water is 56 feet deep; near the mouth of Martin Creek tlic

'." is from 25 to 30 feet in depth. A large number of chinooks remain in tlitse places (or are thought to, at least) until they become red and distorted. They seem to be very inactive. Gill nets set near these places catch very few. Fishermen sny that as soon as the first fall rains come and the water in the river freshens up a little the fish become very active and are easily caught in large numbers. No special edint is ever made to catch the chinooks from Point Terrace to head of tide after about the loth of October. Many of those taken after this date are so white-meated that they ar> worth not over 5 cents each, and tliey are usually thrown overboard by tlit' fishermen. Some fishermen think that many chinooks spawn on the margins of these deeper holes, but there is no positive evidence of this further than that late in the fishing season a few ripe females are caught near or in these deep boles.

October 28 and 29, just after the first important fall rains, about 50 chviiooks w»Me caught near Mapleton, which was the largest catch at this place daring the season. A few of these were ripe and others nearly so. These fish were evidently just leaving the deep hole near the mouth of Murtin Creek about three quarters of a mile below Mapleton. The larger portion of this catch was rejected by the cannery.

The fall rains not only increase the amount of water in the river and freshen tlie lower portion of the stream, but they also lower the tehipcluturo of the water. Tliese are doubtless the main factors causing the salmon to leave the d'.sep holes and resume their run upstream.

Salmon ordinarily reach their spawning-grounds before they are rii)e, but there is considerable evidence that they sometimes do not enter the river until almost ripe. Mr. Leonard Christianson did considerable surf fishing in November, 18!>5, ami informed us that he caught a few ripe chinooks then. Eggs were forced from them while the fish were dying on the shore. Tliis, however, is probably unusual.

The North Fork being a much smaller stream than the main river and comparatively few white men fishing on it, it seemed that it was of very little importance as a fisliin;' stream. Late in October it was learned tlnit many chinooks were spawning all alon.u the stream above tide water. On October 23 and 24 the North Fork was examined for some distance both above and below Minerva. The water was so stained tinit salmon could be seen only in shallow water on the gravel bars. These when frightened by our approach at once disappeared in deep water. A few were much mutilated and in a dying condition; in fact, all seen were more or less mutilated. North Fork, though not a large stream, has from tide water to a distance of about S miles abo\e a number of excellent spawning beds, and all showed much evidence of having been so used this year. 0!i the 26th of October about 17 chinooks were cauglit. all sp( nt fish and all more or less mutilated. As these spawning-beds are only about 8 to Ki

I

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1896.

53

ome of tlie commence Septeinhcr lutil ab(Mit of August, Btober. Ill st of Octo iuing for a

1 Creek tlic in iu tlicse They seciii lerinen say ? up a little )ecial eHort ifter about leated that sard by tlie ins of tlicsc late :u tlie

i*iooks woie the season. iust leaviii;: mile bt'ldw

fresbei) tlie ter. Hifso and resuiiii'

but there is almost liiic. , 18!>5, ami i from tlu'iii al.

inpar<ativt'ly as a flsliiii;; ng all aloii^ 18 examiiH'il itained tliat ufrighteiiid utilated ainl 'Torth Fork, miles above having bciii lit, all spt nt bout 8 to 1(1

miles from the sea, the mutilations exhibited could not have been incurred while on tlicir way from the sea, but were received on the spawning-beds. Several dead ones were seen, and many others were so weak and injured that recovery was not believed possible.

On October 2.'{ and 24 at least 50 chinooks were seen on 8i)awning-bed8. On all of these the fins were considerably frayed, while most of them were badly mutilated and covered with fungus. A few were so far gone that we captured them by wading in the water and catching them by the tails.

The seals collect in large numbers during the salmon run on the bar at the mouth of Siuslaw River. Some enter the? river and are seen nearly lialf way to Mapleton. They are regarded as being destructive to the lishing interests, both by destroying large numbers (»f fishes and preventing many more from entering the river. These seals are regarded by the fishermen as by far the worst enemj' of the salmon.

The run of silver salmon began later. The first examples were taken about Sep- tember 10, but they did not appear in any considerable numbers until about a week later. From that date they continued pretty evenly until the 20th of October, after which they appeared in much larger numbers. They were still abundant on November 7, when a sudden rise in the river washed away many of the nets and practically put a stop to all fishing for the season.

The importance of the salmon fishery of the Siuslaw River for each year since its beginning in 1889 is shown in the table which follows. For convenience of reference the salmon taken iu Tsiltcoos (Ten-mile) Oreek are included.

Ye»r.	Siuslaw River,	North Forl<.	Tsiltcoos Creek- silvor.
Chinook.	Silver.	Chinook.	Silver.
1880	9,000 6,500 16, 500 7, 000 4,000 1,300 4, 200 4,378	62,340 41, 320 23, 450 86, 340 78, 430 84,642 69, 454 57, 000	4,000 2,340 6,800 3,050 1,100 1, 234 1,600 2,100	16. 432 9, 320 2, 100 13,460 12,000 6, 7..2 4,340 4,650	8,000 («) (a) C) fi, 300 4,870 8, 200 1,578
1800
1891
1802
1893
1894 . ....
1895
1896
TutuU
52, 878	502,973	22,224	69,044	27,948

a Did not tish.

From this it appears that the total number of chiuook salmon from the Siuslaw River and the North Fork handled by the canneries in the eight years was 75,102 fish, oil,:$01,632 jiounds. Mr. Kyle estimates that this amount should be increased by one-sixth, to cover the number salted or shipped away. This would give 87,019 fish, or 1,518,750 pounds. The total number of silver salmon handled during the same period was 599,905 fish, or 5,429,675 pounds; increased by one sixth for fish salted or otherwise utilized, the total becomes (!99,9,j9 fish, or 0,334,620 pounds. The number of silver salmon taken in the outlet of Tahkenitch Lake (Five-mile Oreek) is said to iiave averaged about 5,000 flsli i)er year for the last three years.

(knulitioH of «tt/»iOH.— The chinooks caught in the Siuslaw River are not so fat as tliose caught in the Columbia. This is no doubt due to the fact that the Siuslaw has only a fall run. In any river the spiing run is always better than the fall run; the

64

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

early spring run is better than tlie late spring run, and the early fall better than tlic late fall run. The condition of tlie salmon depends on the length of time he remains in fresh water before spawning. Those whose sexual organs are the least developid have redder and fatter flesl nd these are the ones which must remain in fresh water the longest time before spawning.

Salmon taking the hook. — Fishermen hold different opinions as to why salmon take the book, some regarding it simply as due to the pugnacious disposition of the fisli others as showing a playful disposition. Both males and females will take the hook. The baited hook falling near them or the silvery s{)0(in i)as8ing rapidl by no doubt produces an involuntary impulse on the part of the lish to seize it.

The Siuslaic hatchery. — This hatchery is at Mnpleton, Oregon, on the Siuslaw River, about 26 miles above its mouth, or 1 J miles below the head of tide water. TIk; building is about 300 feet from the river and is supplied with water by gravity from a small si)riug brook, which flows within liOO feet of the building. Tliis sui)ply is abundant and of good quality. As there was no rack in the river, lisli for spawninj^ purposes could be obtained only at the seiningground near Acme, about 10 jiiiics below Mapleton. The method followed was to retain the iish in live-boxes until tlicy were ready to spawn. Special boxes were built for tliis purpose, the fish put in thoiii at the seiningground, then they were floated on the tide up to Mapleton, where they were tied until the fish were utilized.

The first live-box was "juilt September 17. It was made "0 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 4i feet deep. The frame work was made of 3 by (! material; to this were nailed hc-izontally 1 by 4 strips, with interspaces of about '2h inches. The lumber used was undressed. This box will hereafter be referred to as Box No. 1. On September III Box No. 2 was built, 16 by 8 by 4J feet. This box diflered fron) No. 1 only in beinji made out of boards 6 and 8 inches Avide instead of 4 inches, and in having the inter- spaces narrower. These were not more than 2 inches wide anywhere, and near tiie top of the sides no interspaces were left, the first two or three being placed against each other. On September 21 Box No. 3 was built, not diflering in any way from Box No. 2. On the Ist of October Box No. 4 was built. It was made of dressed lumber and was 20 by 6| by 4i feet. Care was taken to have this box as smooth inside as pos sible, so that the lish might not become injured in any way on account of contact witli the box.

The account of the experiments with each of these boxes is given with considerable detail, in order that the nature of the work and the conditions under which it was done may be fully under8t(X)d. On September 18, 4;{ chinook salmon were placed in Box No. 1. They were obtained from the seines aiul carried in sacks a few feet to ii small live-box, in which they were floated to No. 1. The next day 48 more salmon were placed in this box. On September 21, 47 salmon were placed in No. 2, and the next day 22 fish were put into No. 3, to which 6 more were added on the morning of tlie 23d. These three boxes, with 91, 47, and 28 fish, resjjectively, were lashed together and were started drifting up the river with the tide. This tide carried them upstream about 7^ miles, or about J mile below McLeod's wharf. Here the boxes were taken in tow by the steamer Lillian and brought to McLeod's wiiarf. The next day they were drifted to Point Terrace, a distance of about li\ miles, and on the following night they were drifted 2^ miles farther to Hartley's wharf. The next day, the 2r)th, they were drifted 1^ miles farther, which brought them within % mile of Mapleton. They were

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA KIVEK BASIN IN 1896.

55

r than tlic

k; remains

(levelopi'd

iesh water

iliiioTi take nf tlie fisli the bodk. •J no (loi.bt

10 Siuslaw ator. The

ivity from i su])ply is ■ spawning it 10 miles

until tliey lilt ill tlieiii where tliey

) feet wide, I'ere naiieil ir used was ptember I!) y in bein;i g the inter- 1(1 near tlie ;ed against y from Ijox sed lumber side as pos- ontact witii

onsiderabic liicli it was e placed in iw feet to a alnioii were id the next iiing of tlie sd together n upstream re taken in r they were

night they , they were

They were

tied up liere until the 27th, when the Lillian took them in tow and brought them to the Maiileton wharf, where they were kept until the fish were spawned.

Three fish were placed rn Box No. 4 on the evening of October 1, and 2!t more were added the next moriung. This box was set drifting on the evening of October 2. The fish were ciuite restless, jumping and striking against the top of the box in efforts to get out. After floating about 1^ miles this box was tied up for the night. That evening it was covered with spruce boughs, so as to darken it and at the same time to cause it to float lower in the water. The next morning it was drifted to within half a mile of McLeod's wharf, or about 0 miles. The box was anchored here until the even- ing flood tide, when it was drifted to McLeod's wharf and tied up. The next day it was drifted about 0^ miles to Hartley's wharf, anr" on the day following it was floated to within half a mile of Mapleton, to which jilace it was taken on the next tide ou the morning of October fi. It was tied in a inote' ted place in the river opposite Mapleton, where it was not subject to the disturbance * to which the other three were liable. On October 8 two more salmon, which had been canght in a gill net near by, were placed in this box, thus increasing the number to 34. Kxceiit during the first evening the fish in this box remained (piiet and showed no signs of restlessness under the restraint . Boxes 1, 2, and 3 were tied t the piling at the upper end of the wharf at Mapleton. The fish were here occasionally disturbed by persons coming about the boxes or step ping upon them ; whether this really increased the mortalicy or not can not be certainly stated, but it seems reasonable to believe that it would prove detrimental to the tisii.

Au unusually low tide on October 15 left Box No. .'} about one-third out of water. This seemed to distress the (ish, and may have caused some injury. I'uring the latter l)art of October about 12 more fish were put in No. 1. These had been caught in the gill nets at Mapleton.

The total number of fish which were experimented with was as follows: In Box No. 1, 103; in No. 2, 17; in No. 3, 2S; in No. 4, 34. No accurate record was kept of the number of each sex, but at least three fifths of the tc^tal number were females.

The mortality among the fish in these dift'erent boxes is shown in the following tabular statement :

Late. Sept 1!4 ... ....•....■>••	UoxXu. I.	Bos No. 2.	Bos No. 3.	Box No. 4.
12 4 4 2 (8) (8) 8 6 8	' ! 1
25	i 1
20	1
27	(3)
Oct. lt«5
6 to \'l	4	3
i;) to le
17 to2:t	6 «
24 to 27	2
80 58	18 38	12 42	4 12

After the taking of spawn began, October 2(5, the fish were shifted about from one box to another, and, though a few continued to die, no aceurafe record was kept. The mortality was greatest in No. 1 and least in No. 4. The crowded condition of the fish in No. 1 was doubtless a feature which contributed to the loss.

After October 20, when spawn faking began, the fish were shifted about from box to box, and it was therefore impossible to keep an accurate record of the number dying

p

56

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

in each as originally apportioned. The total number that died after October 27, how ever, was 18, and on November 15 a sudden rise in the river broke open box No. 1 and 30 lish escaped. The total loss, therefore, was 112 dead and 30 escaped. The 70 which were left were spawned. Of this number, 3(5 were females and 34 males; to this number should be added 8 females and 8 nmles taken from tlic gill nets at Mapleton : these 80 (44 females and 42 males) were spawned at different times between October 2(5 and November 1'). The total number of eggs taken is stated by Mr. L. E. Beau Ui have been 217,000.

An examination of a great maiiy of the lish which died showed that some liaii received internal injuries which probably caused tlieir death. Others which showed no internal injuries exhibited severe bruises which doubtless hastened their death.

Particular pains were taken with the lish in Box No. 4. Care was taken in handling them when they were Hrst placed in the box. The box had been constructed vith unusual care by making it smooth inside and placing the boards close togethci-. '^o as to admit but little light, and it was anchored at Mapleton in a secluded place here the fish were subjected to the minimum amount of disturbance. As a result, u higher percenta»re of success was attained with this box than with the others. With Nos. 1, 2, and 3 i o principal factors which were detrimental were the following:

1. Too many fish were put in each, resulting in too close crowding.

2. The interspaces were too wide, thus letting in too much light and making the fish more restless.

3. The rough surfaces on the inside of these boxes caused injuries to the fish striking against them.

4. Some of the fish were not handled with proper care when jdaced in the boxes.

5. During the interval between the arrival of th^se boxes at Mapleton and the spawning of the fish they were kept in a place where the fish were subjected to some annoyance.

If the fish in these three boxes had been treated with the same care and attention as was bestowed upon Bex No. 4, it is quite certain that the measure of success would have been greatly increased. Of the 217,000 eggs taken Mr. Beau reports that ho hatched and successfully liberated 180,000.

CondmionH. — These experiments seem to demonstrate that it is entirely practi- cable to retain salmon intended for spawning purposes for a period of at least six weeks iu properly constructed live-boxes, but in order to operate Siuslaw hatchery with the best results, particular attention should be given to the following details:

1. The boxes should be constructed with as much care as possible. They should be made smooth inside. No interspaces should be left in the tup uor in the u))per third or half of the sides and ends, and those elsewhere should not exceed 2 or 3 inches in width. It is also desirable that the boxes be made (5 to 8 feet deep instead of 4J feet.

2. It will prove advantageous to get as large a proportion as itossible of the flsh desired toward the close of the run, as they will be more nearly ripe and will not have to be kept so loug in the boxes. It is also believed that these fish are not so restless in the boxes as are tho.se caught earlier in the run.

3. The fish should be handled carefully when placing them in the boxes, so that they may not receive any serious bruises.

4. Too many fish should not be placed in any one box. In our judgment eac,h flsh should be allowed at least 20 cubic feet of space.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1896.

67

TSILTCOOS AND WHOAHINK LAKES, OREGON.

The iiiveatiffatioii of these lakes was undertaken in response to a petition signed by numerous citizens living in their immediate vicinity and addressed to the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries under date of June !.'{, liSOO. The petitioners iisked that Tsiltcoos Lake be stocked with black bass and that a j)lant of brook trout he made in Whoahink Lake. To determine the advisability of complying with these requests, Dr. Meek was directed to make an examination of these lakes, particularly ill regard to tiie following points:

1. Are these waters suitable as to temperature, quality, and food supply for the species requested ?

2. Wonld the introduction of these species have any detrimental ettect ui)on the food or game fishes native to those waters or to waters into which the introduced species might spread?

3. Would the species which it is proposed to introduce probably thrive so well as to afford, after a few years, better lishing than is now furnished by the native specvies!

Three visits were made by Dr. Meek to these lakes, the first on October 7 and 8, when only Tsiltcoos Lake was seen ; the next October 15 to 10, during which time considerable work was done on each of the lakes; the third trip November 28 to December 7, when the lakes were examined carefully and extensive collections made.

The conclusion reached from a study of the conditions obtaining at these lakes is tli;\t it is not advisable for the Commission to stock them with black bass or brook trout. The planting of black bass in Tsiltcoos Lake would prove detrimental to the silver-salmon fishery carried ou in the outlet of that lake, and the pntbability that ilie bass would in time spread to the Siuslaw and the Umpqua is too great to warrant the risk. As to placing brook trout in Whoahink Lake, it is not believed that that species would ever become so well establis^hed as to afford better fishing than the native species supplies. These lakes are already abundantly supplied with a native trout which attains a weight of 2 pounds or more, which possesses excellent game qualities, aud whose tlesh is firm and sweet. If these trout are properly protected, tliereis no reason why Whoahink Lake should not become au important fishing-resort.

The detailed report upon these lakes follows:

TSlLT(;OOS ANT) OTHER LAKES.

Between the mouths of the Siuslaw and Umpqua rivers, and almost bordering tlie sand hills along the shore, are three large lakes and a few small ones. The inves- tigations were restricted to the large lakes; these lie in a line parallel with the ocean beach and comprise at least three-fourths of the distance between the Siusbi iV and Cmpqua rivers. They are quite peculiar on account of their great irregularity in outline. The amount of shore line as compared with the area of each is very great.

Whoahink Lake, or Clear Lake, as it is more commonly known, is about 2 miles trom the Siuslaw Elver at Glenada. This lake is very irregular in outline and deei)er than the other two. Except a small portion in the southwest corner, it is surrounded by hills from 50 to about 200 f-^et in height. The hills immediately surrounding the lake are c(Uiiposed of a soft, irregularly stratified sandstone, and evidently of a nuu'h newer formation than the higher hills to the southeast. The inlets are only ravines, some of which contain many small springs. The points of land projecting into the

58

BULLETIN OP THE UNITKD STATES FISH COMMISSION.

lake are beiiiR quite rapidly worn away by roiiKli water, forming blurts. The surfiK <• of the lake at one time wa.s sonu'what lower than at present; this is evident from the fact that on a shoal place on the east side (near the middle of section 14) stumps ii trees are seen some 10 feet below the surface. The former outlet of tli(^ lake was into the outlet of Tsiltcoos Lake. A few years ago this outlet became closed by shiftiiij.', sand, causing the water to rise in tlie lake at least () feet above its present level. \ new outlet, a short distance to the east of the old one, was dug to Tsiltcoos LaKc some four or five years ago. The new outlet was not only intended to lower the siii face of the lake, but to attord a water power for a sunill sawmill. It has never been so used. The material through which the outlet was dug is " 'ine clay, so compact tlnit it erodes very slowly. In the extreme ends of the arms oi' the lake are some t'lles and small areas of other watcr-i)laiit8.

The surface of Whoahink Lake is about 15 to 20 feet above that of Tsiltcoos Lake, from which it is less than half a mile distant. The timber on the hills bordering the lake was nearly ail destroyed l>y fire some sixty years ago. It is being replaced by a growth of lir, alder, hemlock, maple, rhododendron, huckleberry, and a vigorous growth of ferns. To the west and bordering the sand hills about half a mile distant from tlie lake are many bull i)ines. The shore was everywhere so snaggy that a seine could imt be used and our collecting a|)paratus consisted only of gill nets and trot lines. This lake is reported as having very few fishes in it, and our experience confirms this view. The water is clear, though much less so than in the mountain lakes of Idaho; tin* depth is usually from 30 to 78 feet. The water is not very cold, as may be seen from the following recorded temperatures:

Uate.	Hour.	Tem. per- atiire uf nir.	Temperatiirn uf water.
Sur- face.	Depth.	Bot- turn.
1896. Ort. 18 18 19 19 19	4.30 p.m.	OF. 63	op. 62	54 72 30 64 66	or. 61 56 60 61.5 57
S.Ma.m.	.58	61.5

Tsiltcoos lake is larger and more irregular than Whoahink Lake. The main body of the lake is about 2 miles in extent from north to south, and 1 to 2 miles from cast to west. It is also supi)lied with several arms, usually about a fourth of a mile wido and from ^ to 1^ miles long and extending in ditt'erent directions. Tsiltcoos Lake is comparatively shallow. In summer its greatest depth is about 17 feet, its averaj;'' deptli being from 10 to 11 feet. During the rainy season tlie water is from 0 to 10 feet deeper. The bottom is a soft, black mud, like tliat of Whoahink and Tahkenitcli lakes. Except at a few intervals the shore is bordered by a rich growth of tides, in the shallow portions around the shore the tules extend into the lake about a fourth of a mile. There is also considerable swamp vegetation in and about the tules. Tlic surrounding country is (juite similar to that around Whoahink. On the east, and at one point on the south, are bluft's of a dark, compact sandstone of much older formation than the bluffs around Whoahink Lake. There are also two timbered islands in this lake, composed of this older sandstone; the larger is about half a mile long and about an eighth of a mile wide. That portion of the country bordering the lake on the soiit h and southwest was not burnt over during the big fire of about sixty years ago.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMUIA KIVKR HASIN IN 1KU6.

59

Tsiltcoos Lake Iisih two inlets, (i to 8 miles loiij,', iMiiple Creek af the iioitlieast iiiid TsilteooH Creek to the southeast eonier of tiie lake, lii siiuiiiier these are little more than small brooks, but during the rainy season they beeome niueh swollen and atVord a spawning-gnmnd for many silver salmon, and possibly a few others, which enter tlie hike. It is said tliat about 0 or 7 years ago many more salmon spawned in Mai)le Creek than at present.

The outlet of Tsiltcoos Lake is quite small, especially so in summer and at low tide, (iill nets are put across the outlet at low tide and are so anchored and staked down that it is quite impossible for silver salmon, except the smaller ones, to pass them.

October 17 a number of soundings and temperatures were taken in Tsiltcoos Lake. The temperature of the air at W.lii a. m. was 50° ; that of the bottom in various parls of the lake, at depths from 7 to 17 feet, varied from .W,.")'' to ~>0.5^,

Tsiltcoos Creek (Ten-mile Creek), the outlet of Tsiltcoos Lake, is nbout 5 miles long, while the distance from the lake to the ocean in a direct line is about 2 miles. At low tiilc in summer there is barely water enough in the outlet to float a small tlat- hottom boat. At high tide the water in the outlet for its entire length is brackish. There is some commercial fishing, though the fishing season is short (this year from October 10 to about November 5). Many silver salmon enter the lake, as is evidenced by the number caught in our small gill nets. Fishermen report that salmon ;re often stranded on the beacii. About 100 silver salmon, (he first catch of the present season, were brought to the cannery on October l.'J. There is no reliable evidence that blue- hack salmon are ever found in this lake or its outlet, and only an occasional chinook js found. On October l(i and 17 the bar at the mouth of this creek at low tide com- pletely closed the outlet. This prevented salmon from entering and none had l»een taken since October 1.'). The fishermen were watching the surf closely to see if many salmon were near sliore. Ordimirily, if the bar is closed and many fishes are seen iu the surf, the fishermen resort to surf fishing until after the bar is opened.

Tahkeniti'h, or Five-mile, Lake is very irregular in outline. Its greatest length fiom north to south is about U miles; east to west about the same distance. This lake consists of four large arms whose general directions are with the four cardinal ])oints. The eastern arm is the longest, the western the shortest, while the other two are about equal in length. The width of these arms varies from about one-eighth to three- (luarters of a mile. In the mouth of ''e smallest arm is a small timbered island.

Tahkenitch Lake does not lie in the burnt region. The hills surrounding it rise abruptly to a height of usually about KM) feet, and are covered by a dense growth of tall tir trees of al)out 1^ to li feet in diameter. In the extreme end of the arms and in a few other places along the shore are found tales and other water vegetation similar to that in Tsiltcoos Lake. The bottom of the lake is a soft, black mud, like that found iu the two other lakes. The dei)th is very uniform, being from 10 to 22 feet.

Five-mile Creek, the outlet of T >hkenitch Lake, has its origin in the distal end of the westerii arm, its ui)per end being shout 1 mile from the ocean. Its total length is about twice this distance. The sand hills extend almost to the lake. The isthmus separating Tahkenitch and Tsiltcoos lakes is rather low and narrow. ISo far as we could learn, the commercial fishing on Five-mile Creek is very similar to 'hat on Ten mile Creek. The catch has amounted, according to 1 Ion. A. W. Reed, of Gardiner, to an average of 5,000 silver salmon for each of the past three years.

60

BULLETIN OF THE UNITt'D STATES FIS'.i COMMIBDIOr

UPPKR KLAMATH LAKE, OREGON.

In 1880 the ITiiiled States l-'isli Ooiiimissioii planted 400,0(M> whiteflRh fry (Con- genus rhtpei/ormis) in the Houthern end of Tiiper Khuiiath Lake, iieai- Klamath Falls. Ample time h.^vjnj,' elapsed to enable this species to beeome well established, observa tioua were made by Messrs. Meek and Alexander for the purpose of determining tin- result of the plant.

Pelican Bay was reached on the evening of October 31, and work was carried on in the upptr part of the lake until November 7, when the camp was moved to the lou «i end of the lake near the outlet, where the investigations were continued until the lltli. During the time spent at ♦his lake the weather was nnnsually stormy, and it was exceedingly difficult to carry on the investigations in a manner at all satisfactory. There wert only two really good days for work during tlie entire time.

For the purpose of determining the result of the whitefish plant gill uel s of suitable; mesh were set in various places iu Pelican Ihiy and in the lower end of the lake. Collections of native fishes were also made, and as much time as imssible was given to the study of the fish-food 8upi)ly of the lake, which was fou' ' to be abundant and rich in species of Entomostraca, insect hirvie, and other invert e life.

The fisii life of the lake does not consist of many sj but the Midividuals of

several of the species are very numerous. These will be discussed fully in the list ol fishes at the end of this report, but it seems proper to call attention in this connection to the suckers and trout. There are five or six species of suckers iu this lake ami each of them attains a large size, which renders them of groat iniportance to tlic Indians on the Klamath Reservation. In the spring of the year, during tlie spawniii;; time of these 'fish, vast numbers are caught in traps and by hook and line by the Indians .»iid cured for future use.

TLe trout are also very common and reach a very large size. Trout weighing s to 10 pounds are not at all unusual, examples of 10 to 12 pounds are nrtt rare, ami occasionally one weighs as much as 14 i)ounds. Trout can be taken rea<lily with the fly in the spring and by trolling iu the spring and fall. In Pelican Hay they nuiy he taken by trolling at any time.

The Klamath lakes comprise a series of lakes which extend in a north and-south direction in southern Oregon and r.ortheru California. They lie just east of the Cascade Mountaius, and are about 4,300 feet above sea level. Our investigations were limited U) the largest of these lakes, known as Upper Klamath Lake.

This lake is about 25 miles long and about 8 miles in average width. Its northern Lalf extends in a northwest-and-sontheast direction, while its southern half is nearly due north and south. It is quite irregular iu outline, having on its western side two large bays, the upper of whicii forms the northwestern corner of the lake, and is known as Pelican Bay. About 2 miles west of Pelican Bay is a very large sjirin;; which forms a prominent creek emptying into the bay. The first half mile of tiiis creek is about oO to 100 feet wide and from 2 to 8 feet deep. After this it widens onl into a large estuary, half a mile or more wide and more than a mile long. On the nort h this estuary is bordered by a hill, at the foot of which the water is as much as 17 feet deep. The rest of this estuary is bordered by a rich growth of tules and swamp grass. Its depth, except at the north end, seldom exceeds 7 feet, while the greater portion is less than 6 feet iu depth. There are, especially on the east side of this estuary, many small narrow arms known as sloughs. These sloughs are about as

SALMON INVEPTIGATIONR IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1806.

61

deep as the estuary, iiiid each supports a rich Rniwtli nl' Potomiu/eton, Mjirioplijillum, aixl FJoilrii. Tliene waterpIaiitH are also inoio <»r less alminhint aloiiR tin' water's edge just inside the tales, hut are wan-e in the iiiaiu hody of tin' entuary. The water in Pelican Creek and estuary is very clear, and when it ia not disturhed the hottoin can be ])lainly seen everywhere. The bottom of the <Teek and estuary is conipoHed of a light tlutt'y mud, varying in <-olor from dark grayish to black.

The water in the lake when we Haw it was not clear. The fine sediment held in su8penHi(ui was no doubt picked up fron) the bottom during rough weather.

The northern jiortion of Upper Klamath Lake contains many tule islands, and is evidently very shallow. Its shores north of Bare Island are very marshy. The main portion of the lake, or its middle half, is bordered on each aide by mountains which rise from the water's edge to an altitude of 1,(KM> to l,rt(K) fe "t above the lake, 'toward its southern end the lake becomes narrow. Its shores are mostly marshy and bordered by tnlea and willows. It also contains considerable water vegetation, the same as at its north end. There are two ishinds in the lake, Bare Island and Buck Island, each al)out 500 feet high.

North of the upper end of Upper Klamath Lak«! is a large area of tule marshes, t» to 10 miles wide and 10 to IL' miles long. Lying in this marsh is a small lake which has sometimes been improperly called the Upper Klamath Lake. It is now regarded as being only a part of Upper Klanmth Lake. It is about 2 miles from the main lake and is about 3 miles wide and 0 mih's long. Through this marsh tlow several small streams, the principal ones being Sevenmile Creek and. Wood IJivev. Williamson Uiver, the principal stream tlowing into Upper Klamath Lake, is of considerable size and much importance in its relations to the fishes of the lake. About 10 miles above its mouth it receives from the east a large tributary known as Sprague Uiver. About half a mile above its mouth it is 125 feet wide and 10 feet deep. It Hows before entering the lake through a low, flat, marshy plain covered with tules and swamp grass. On the banks of the river is a rich growth of willows. The current is very moderate. We rowed about 2 miles or more up the river and noticed in) important change in it. The water in the river was very dark, evidently stained to some extent by vegetation.

The small lake just below Klamath Falls is about 'i mile wide and 2 miles long. This lake is surrounded by a rich growth of tules and some willows. The depth about half a mile below Klamath Tails was 15 feet. On November 0 the surface temperature was 42JO; bottom temperature in 15 feet of water, 42Jo. We set one large and two small gill nets in this lake on November 9 and took them up on November 11, obtaining 4 chubs ( fjeuvincm bicohn-) and 2 trout.

The outlet of U])per Klamath Lake is Link Kiver, a short stream not over 1| miles long, consisting of a series of rapids and falls.

Upper Klamath Lake is a rather shallow body of water. The creek and estuary at Pelican Bay are from 2 to 8 feet deep in the upper part and from 0 to 17 feet in the lower portion. A line of souiHlings was run across the mouth of the estuary and the depth was found to be about 5i feet.

Pelican Bay and the north end of the lake are very shallow. A line of soundings was run from the mouth of the estuary of Pelican Creek to the mouth of Williamson River, and 8 feet was the greatest depth found, while the average was not more than OJ feet. The bottom could be easily seen anywhere when the surface of the water was smooth. It seemed to be composed of loose, decaying vegetation, into which the

62

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

sounding lead would usually sink several inches. We were unable to take any sound ings in the middle of the lake between Tare and Buck islands. While this is doubt less the deepest portion, we were informed that the water even here probably does not exceed 30 or 40 feet in depth. 1'he south end of the lake is a little deeper than tiie upper portion. The grente«t .tepth was found near the outlet and was 20 feet. 'J'lic portion 8<^uth of Buck Island will not average more than 12 or 13 feet deep.

The temperature observations made at Upper Klamath Lake are given in the tabh' which folli>ws. All tlio water temperatures except those at the surface were taken :;t the botton\ Owing to the shallowness of the lake the temperatu'-e of its Avatei' is everywhere aflFected by that of the air.

u,

Date.

Nov. 2

Honr.

StAtioD.

Tom- I Tein-

p»ir- I Depth \ prr-

ntiir«of of water, atareof

uir. I water.

9 II . m Near month of I'elican ( 'reek .

B.20 a.m North li-ii i.i I't^liiau E.ttuary

9.2U a. Ill IVlican Buv

0.20 a. m <lo

0.20 a. ii: do

8.45 B. in relican Creek near uprini?

10.45 n,m I I't'liran Estuary

2.30 p.m I Veliuan deck near giiriiig

2.30 p. m j Pelieau E'ltuary

8 a. Ill ' reilcun Creek iiearspriug.

0 a. Ill

10 a. m ... . 10 a.m... Noon

o F, 18

Noon

12.30 p. m . J2.;t0 p. m .

1 p. ni

1 II. m

4 p. Ill

4 p. m

4.30 p. m . . 4.30 p.m .. 4.30 p. in . . 4.30 p. in . .

0 a. m

8 a. m

3 30 p.m .. 3.30 p, m . .

Pelican tjreek ,

Nortli went part of Pelican Estuary

do

^lamatli Lake lietween Pelican Bay and Wil- liainHon Kivev. do

do. do. do. .do.

41

42 421

Near mouth of AVillianmon River

do I

Two miles aliove nioutli of Williamson Kiver

...do

At mouth of Pelican Estuary

do

Small Lake holuw Klamath Falls

do

South end of Klamath Lake

do

44

Surface. ....do ...

St feet..

31 feet . .

5{feet..

Surface . ...do...

...do... ....do... ....do... ....do... ...do...

16 feet . .

Surface

o jr. 42 40

7 feet... Surface .

8 feet . . . Surface . 8 feet... Surface , 10 feet . . Surface 10 feet . Surface 5i feet . , Surface 15 feet . . Surface 13 feet .

1

44

41 44

14^* 43J 40} 4li 421

43

42J

43

421

42'

42i

42

*^J 42

.Wi

40J

421

421

411 411

Character of bottom. — The large area of tule and marshy lands surrounding tlit' lake has doubtless had much to do in determining the character of the bottom of VjiiRr Klamath Lake. The lake is very shallow, and the vast amounts of decaying vegeta- tion carried into it and the ever-increasing area of tule lands render it more sliallnw year by year. The bottom, where we examined it, wa.s composed of loose, disintegnit- ing vegetable material, with no sandy or gravelly bottom.

Fishes. — Gill nets of suitable mesh were set in this lake in various places, chietly in Pelican Bay and in tlio lower end of the lake. A good many trout and chubs an<l a few suckers were taken, but no whitelish were t;aught and none was seen anywlicie. Inquiry among i)eo[)le at Klamath Palls and elsewhere about the lake failetl to eliiit evidence that whitefish have ever been seen there since the plant was made. If is to be regretted that nets could not have been set in the middle jwrtion of tlie lake, as it is there that lish would be found if any have survived. But when it is consid- ered how shallow the lake is, how warm the water probably becomes in summer, jind how difficult it would be for whitefish to find suitable spawning-beds, it is doubtful if the eastern whitefish would thrive in such a lake.

usmmi

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COH'MHU KIVRR HASIN IN 1896.

63

Advantages of a troiti-cnltunil station at Klamath Falls. — The trout of Tpper Klamath Lake are probably not suipassetl by any lake dweliitig trout iu America in beauty, size, gamiiiess, or sweetness atul delicacy of (iavor Tlitiy are txcelhMit trout (o itropagate and plant in other lakes. Trout cultural operations could be carried on lit some point ou Upper Klamath Lake very advantageously. Perhaps the besi loca- tion would be at Klamath Falls, wliere all the engineering conditions are excellent. I'ish can bo obtained readily and in abundance at any time. A station located upon this lake would be useful in mainhiining the sujiply of trout in it and neighboring hikes and for furnishing fish for planting elsewhere in suitable lakes. Ttie distance of Klamath Falls from the railroad is the chief objection to the establishment of o. station at that place.

CRATER LAKE, OREGON.

Tn the spring of 189(> the U. S. ('ommissioner of Fish and Fisheries received a lequest to plant trout in Crater Lake, Oregon. This riMpiest was made by citizens (if INfedford, Ashhuid, and Klamath Falls, and by tlie Mazanms, a club of mountain climbers with headquarters at Portland, wliose members take an active and intel- ligent interest in di.scovering and making known the scenic and other natural attractions of the Northwestern States. Hefore complying- with the recpiest, the Commissioner decided to have nnide such investigations as would determine wliether the physical and biologic conditions existing at Crater Lake are such as will permit fish to thrive in it. These investigations were made by Professor Evermann and I'rof. C. O. Cox, of Mankato, Minnesota.

Crater Lake is about 100 miles from the nearest railroad station, and is reached l)y a wagon road, which has a number of steej), rough grades. The Mazanuis had selected this lake as the place of their annual meeting for 1800, and the Fi.sh Com- mission party by their invitation made the trip to the lake with them, thus obviating the necessity of employing special conveyances and nniking the trip comparatively inexpensive. The party left Ashland by wagon Augu.st 1.'5 and reached tlie lake on the morning of August 10. Work was carried on at the lake until August -I, when tlie party set out upon tlie return trip to Ashland, which was reached August 20.

Crater Lake* lies in the top of Mount Mazama and on the very summit of the Cascade Range, about midway between Mount Shasta and Mount IIocl. Its latitude is 42° 56' N. and its longitude i; 122° 7' W. In many respects it is one of the most interesting natural wonders i;: America. It is approximately circular and averages a little niore-than 5 miles in diMmeter. It is completely encircled by a bold escarpment ranging from .100 to 2,000 feet in height above the surface of *he water. Although the steep slopes of the escarpment are in some jilaces well wooded, they are generally cither clitu' or talus, descending to the lake and plunging into deep water. There are many places where the walls are almost perpendicular, and at only two or three places is it possible to descend to the water's edge. The lake has practically no shores or iienches; only in a few places is there sufficient beach to aftbrd standing room. The Mverage diameter of this great pit at the top is .'>.7 miles and its depth is 4,000 leet. The highest part of the wall surrounding this lake is 8,228 feet above sea level, while I lie surface of the lake is (i,2.S0 feet above the sea.

" In our Keiieral (lesrriptiou of tliia Jake we h»ve made free use of the excellent acooiiut given tiy Mr .1. f*. Oilier, of llie I', s. (Jedlonieiil Survey. Mr. I»illir Iihh niiHli- ;i ciirefiil topojfrapliie Hurvey cif the region and iiosseMSes a tborough and intiinule aciiuiiliiiauco with (,'rator Lake.

Mira

WWBII

64

BUI.,LETIW OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

The lioi of the bivain uow occupied by Crater Lake is tlie present summit of wliat was once a tnountain cone. That this is ainiply the friistunj of what wos once a com- plete mouiitiiii' cone is evidenced by the attitude of the sheots of lava and ejiv twl volcanic material whicii form the riin. They all incline away Iron tlie lake, indicat- ing a comujoii .source from ii crater that surmounted a huge volcano high in air altove the place now occui'ied by tin? lake. At that time, of course, neither basin nor luke existed. Mr. Dillor thinks that this great volcanic mountain, recently named Mouiit Mazamo,, must have extended about 5,000 feet higher than the remaiuing fragnicni, thus making iLs heiglit about H,000 fieet, nearly that of Mount Shasta. What beeiiino of the top of Mount Manama is au iuterestirg question. The geologists are convinced that at some period ii its history the molten interior, instead of escaping througii tlie crater in the usual way, found an outlet at a lower level. The top of the niouiilaiu being thu?? Jufl; auieie .shell and -iv ithout adequate 8upi)ort, fell in and became engiilicd in the vast pit wliich the lake now partly tills. The pumice upon the surfa<!e tor many miles around Oratfir Lake was probably blown out by the volcano before the iiit developed, and the volcano of 'S'^'izard Island was active at a much later stage upon the bottom of the pit. It was tlie 8i;ene of the last eruj)tion about the lake, aiid, although rocisnt in appeani.nce, must have occurred centuries ago.

Crater Lake is, so far as known, the deepest lake in America. Many soumlings have been tuken by the United States Geological Survey. Over only very liiuitiHl areas vtas a depth of leas than 1,000 feet found, while over a large part of the laketlu! depth ranges from 1 ,8(K> to 2,000 feet. In the eastern portion of the lake is a great level floor, with a nearly uniform dei)th of 2,000 feet for a distance of more than .3 unlcs. In the veeiern part are three or iriore small cones, one reaching within 93 feet of the surface of the water, while anotlior rlse.s 84r» feet above the water. This is Wizanl Island, a peri'cct cinder cone, with symmetrical slopes, and in its top a crater 80 tct'f dee[). This cone is comjiosed chiefly of red lajtilli, and so nev/ and fresii that it is sparsely forested and shown no trace of weathering. About the base of this islaiul cone isj a rough fringe of lavn, which has spread in all dicections t^ far beneatli ilie watt r's level. Tlie sliaUoweal parts of the lake lie west and south of Wizard Jslaiul. The average depth in thiw area probably does not exceed loO feet.

Crater Lake hasj m itiier ialet nor vj.^!ble outlet. The catchment area is scarcely greater than the lake itvseif. During the summer season severil streams trickle down ihe walls from the snow banks which lie within, the rim; these streams are all vt ly small, but a few of them c(mtinue throughout the summer, as some of the snow banks lying on the southern walls never entirely disappear. The amount of precipitatioo is believed to be greater than the evaporation, but the level of the lake does not api)eiir to be rising. It is therefore quite probable that thcie ie a subterranean outlet, and tlie large springs in the vicinity of Fort Klanmtli may have their source in Crater Lake.

The wafer of Cniter Lake is cold, fairly pure, and ext-eediugly clear. Thou^ii suftidently purfc for ail liffh-cultural i)urp<mcs. it is slightly flat to the tmte and doubt- less contains some minerals in solution, f-^roth or foam readily forms when the walt-r is di.stiirbed. The dearne^is is remarkable, an ordinary dinner plate being distinctly visible at a deptli of nearly 100 feet, even in a hazy atmosphere.

The color of the lake is a wouderAjl blue, except in certain comparatively shallnw places near the shore. In the deeper i)ar(8 of the lake it is the most intense blue we have ever eoofi; from there toward the shore, and in the changing light and shadows of

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVER UASIN IN 1896.

65

cliifs aiid clouds, the colors change from nltraiiuirinc tbrougli cobalt and azure blue to suialt blue and hyacinth, and even to royal purple, xiolet, and mauve. So iiiarvelously and strangely beautii'ul are these colors that one never tires watchinj"' and studying them. The general effect as one views tlie lake from some advantageous point upon tiie rim is profoundly impressive. Two thousand feet below lies the lake in wiujse i>lacid blue waters everything is so perfectly mirrored that one can not tell where the real ends aud the mirror begins. Near the west shore rises Wizard Island, symmetrical and beautiful in all its proportions, while around tiie lake is a circle of 20 miles of nearly pierpendicuhu- wall, hundreds of feet high and unrivaled in its scenic elTects.

Temperatures. — Considerable time was devoted to the making of temperature observations in different parts of the lake aud at different depths.

Tltc following table gives the surfa<'e temperatures recorded:

Date.

Hour.

Stat lull.

A\lg. 50

:>o

20 20 21 22 22

i?.

i II. Ill From aliorc in Ea);li: (.'ove

9.40 a. ill On«-t*oiirth mile from aliore in Knjfle Cove. . .

il ;'i5 ft. in One roilr. I'rom rttinr»i in Kugti^ Cove

W 10 11, m Oiie-fouilli iiiilo from Wizard Lslaud

1.40 p. ni Onpfonrtli iiiilo oft I'liiintoni Sliiji

i.ii a. in J'roni alioio in Ka^lu Cove

(>.U ». ni ilo

1 p. ni Near eeiiter oriakt'

3 p. m About 2^ iiiili'^ riist nf Wixaril l»1ani1

4 ji. ui ilo

Temper- ature.

= F. 59 57

!)6. b 58 liO 55.0 56 62 01 6!

The following iutermedi ite and bottom temperatures were taken, with a Xegretti- Zarabra deei)-sea tlierinoim tri]>ped by means of a propeller, such as is used by the Alhutross ''1 her deep sea temperature work:

D»te. '

I

I 18W1. I Aiif^. 20

I ' 2(>

22

Hour.

Station.

Deptb.

Feet. 93

Him

11 a. m At bottom 4 niile .^ontli oC Wi/.anl Inland

1.4(1 p. Ill ; At bottom J mill' otV I'bantoio Sliip

:i p. Ill About 2^ iiiilt-s oast of \\'i/.ai'd laluntl ' r>;>.'>

4p.m ilo 1,04(1

5 p. lu At liotttim 2} mileH euHt of Wizard Island .-. 1, 023

i i

Temper- ature.

°V. 43.5 44 3D 41 40

The vertical stries taken on August 22, at a station about 2J miles east from the southeast corner of Wizard Island, proved of very great i;it.erest. The surfaeo tem- jierature was Gl"; at 555 feet it was 'M°; at 1,040 feet 41 . and at 1,023 feet, which was at the bottom, 40°. In all other American lakes, so far as known, the coldest water in summer is always at the bottom. The effectof the sun in heating the water of lakes does not ordinarily reach to any great depth. Observations recently made upon Lake Champlain by Prof. George (", Whipi)le and our own observations made in 1800 upou Vlturas and Wallowa lakes showed tiiat the sun's heat did not much affect the temperature of the water beyond a depth of 100 feet.

If there be no error in the above observations, it seems that the waters of Crater Lake are still receiving heat from the rock upou which tiiey rest. The heat of the old volcano has not entirely disai)peared. The coldest water is neither at the surface nor at the bottom, but at some intermediate depth. The results of these observations are so unexpected, and the indicated conditions are so unusual, that the matter should receive further attention. The only possible source of error which has yet suggested

F. C. U. 18D7-5

66

BULLETIN OP THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Itr -f

Jt '?•.

itself is that the propeller may not always have worked properly. It is possible (thouj^li improbable) that in some caaes, when beginning to h.aul up the tlu-rniometer tlie propeller failed to reverse until some moments later, in which iiase the temperature reading would be for some depth other than the one desired. The observations should be carefully repeated before the conclusions suggested are accepted.

During the trip of the Mazama party from Ashland to Crater Lake and return ji good many temperature observations were made. All of these possess a certain value and it has been thought proper to record them in this connection. The air temperatures were all in the shade unless otherwise stated. The instrument used was a Wilder protected thermometer.

MiscManeout temperatures recorded on the Crater Lake trip, August IS to 26, 1S96.

Date.	Honr.	SUtion.	Air.	Water.	Date.	Hour.	Station.	Air.	Water.
			OF.	OF.				OF.	OF.
Aqr.13	9.10 p.m.	Hunt's ranch, 4,400 feet elevation.	54		' Aug. 18 1	5.00 a.m.	Creek at Crane Creek camp.		41
U	5.00 a. m.	do	41		18	....do	Air at Crane Creok	36
U	9.10 p. m.	Camp at Lake of the	61				camp. Wood Kivcr at bridge.
		WoddH.			18	8.30 a. m.		4.';
15	5.00 a.m.	do	46		18	6.30 p. m.	Camp 2i miles from		43
15	12.18 p.m.	Creok on way to Mount Pitt.		54			Crater Lake, 6,100 feet.
IS	2.110 p.m.	Spring on croek on		42.76	19	6.25 a. m.	do	49	3fl
		way to Mount Pitt.			19	1.20 p. m.	Camp Mazama, Crater Lake, 7,185 feet.	66
16	4.00 a. III.	Cam]} on 8ido of Mount	60
		Pitt.			19	3.00 p.m.	Siiiall stream on trail		45
16	9.42 a. m.	SiimmitofMoiintPitt,	56				down to lake.
16 17	11.30 a.m. 4.40 a. m.	il. 760 feet. Summit of Mount Pitt, 9,760 fufct, in HUH. Camp returning from	83 37		19 20 20 20	11.00 p.m. 6.00 a. m. 12.00 m. 10.00 p. m.	Camp Mazama	66 64 67.6 62
do do
		Mount Pitt.			21	6.00 a. m.	.... >.o	61	,'
17 17	12.30 p. in. ....do	Largo spring at Poll- can liay. Small spring at Peli-		43 43.6	21 21 2i	8.45 a. m. 2.30 p. ni. 8.00 p. in.	do	58 61 68.5	(
do
do
		I'liu l!ay.			21	10.20 p. m.	do	66
17	....do	Creek 100 yards liclow		44.75	22	6.00 a. m.	do	62
17	....do	spring at Pelican Cn'fld 40(1 Mirds below		45.6	22 22 23	«.00 u. m. 4.0Up. m. 7.35 a. in.	do ,lo	60 59 65	'.'.'.'.'.'.'.J
.... do
		spring aJ Peliran			23	9.00 a. m.	Camp Ma/.ania, Catlie	66	35.5
17	....do	Bay. Creek at entrance of Pelican Bay.		47	23 23	12.20 p.m. 3.00 p. m.	drill Siiring. Camp .\f azBiua do	69.5 70.5	1
17 17	....do 2.14 p.m.	Air in sliade at Peli. can Bay. do	77 80		23 24 24	0.00 p.m. 5.00 a. m. 9.00 p. m.	do	69 62 61	i
do
Hogiie Kivcr camp.
17	8.00 p. ni.	Crane Creek camp, 3,000 feet.	52				2.300 feet elevation. Riigiie Kivcr camp Jai'ksoii'H ranch camp, 1.31)0 feet.
		1	25	5.50 a. m.	46	1
17	10.20 p. ni.	do	44		25	9.00 p.m.	05
17	CIO	Cn«k at Crane Creek		ii.s 1
		camp.		'	26	6.00 a. m.	Jackson's ranch camp.	67

Life of Crater Lake.— Crater Lake contains no fishes; lakes without inlets or outlets seldom or never do, for fislies naturally get into one body of water only by swimming to it from some other body of water with which it is connected. Fislii'.s never airpear <1e novo in any lake or stioani ; if tiiey appear there at all it is because they can swim there from some other lake or stream. Breaks in water continuity, or even considerable fulls, are absolute barriers beyond which fishes can not go. So with Crater Lake; it has never had any inlet or visible outlet connecting it with any otiicr body of water in which fLshes are found and through which fishes might reach it.

Mammals and birds e.\ceptcd, only .{ species of vertebrates were found within the run of Crater Lake, viz, a snake, a frog, and a salamander.

Tlie snake is the small headed striped snakti, Tlui.iinophis hptovephitlnit (Haird iV: Girard). Two specimens were obtained on Wizard Island. It was not seen elsewlieie.

:!

5«

SAT.MON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVKR BASIN IM 1896.

67

e (though neter tlie iiperature ns should

[ return a

a certain

Tlie air

used was

Air. Walir.

OF. i	OF.
	41
36 .
	ir<
	ij
40	39
86 \
	45
56
54 :
67 5 '
62
51
58
61
58.5
55
52
60
5»
65
66	•J5.5
«9.5
1 70.5
50
62
61
46
65
57

it Itilets or ter only by •d. Fislics ; is because iitinuity. <>r o. So with li any otliiT sach it. I within tlie

i« (Haird ^; nelsewluTi'.

One frog, Ka7ia aurora liaird & Giraid, was also obtaine* on Wizard Ishmd. Others were seen about the spring bulow the ciinip. The salama.aler is AmhhiHioma macrotlaotylum Haird. It is by far the most abundant and most interesting vertebrate occurring at Crater Lake, (^ur first sDCcitnons were I'ound on the shore under lled- cloud Clift's, where wo found it to be exceedingly abundant. It was afterwards found in cousiderabio numbers along the shore in Eagle Cove and a few were obtained about Wizard Island. More than a hundred speciniena were collected and many more could have been obtained. The majority of the individuals seen were adults, only -i or 5 still retaiuing the pxtornal gills were seen. These salamanders were found under the rocks just above the edge of the water of the lake. Sometimes as many as a dozen or fifteen were found under a single flat stone. These three species are not uncommon throughout western Oregon and Washington,

Invertebrate life was found to be fairly abundant, and a few plants were found. By using fine-meshed surface towing nets considerable collections were made. The following is a list of the species obtained :

PLANTS. Algw :

Xontoo Lp. ? Colonies common. Melosira tjranulaia . Not common. Pleurosigma Hp. ? Several speeimenH. Surirella ap. f Not common.

ANIMALS. Cntstacea :

Cyclops alhidiis. Not common.

I'jiclopi serriilatiiii. Not common.

Vaphnia piiJex puHcaria. Very abundant.

Allorclieates denlata. Not common. Insecta :

Chifonomns aY}.1 Larvn'. Very common.

Ephcmerid larvm. Common.

Hmnophilut or caddis lly. Very abundant.

ANIMALS— ( 'ontinued.

Insecta — Continued.

Laccophilim larvic. Not common.

Deroni'otes strialellKS. (Common.

Dytisciw sp. f Not rare. Vermes :

(iordius sp.f One spi-cimun obtained.

A species of leccb. Not common. Molliisca :

I'hysa sp. t Not common. Batrachia :

Amblystoma macrodactyliim .

liana aurora, liepiilia :

Thamnophii leploeephalun.

These crustaceans and insect larva; are lall excellent food for trout, and were found in considerable abundance, particularly in Eagle Cove. The small entomostracan, Daphiiia jvilex pulicarla, was the most abundant species, and large numbers could be seen during favorable afternoons swimming at the surface in Eagle Cove. The three other species of crustaceans seemed far less abundant.

Caddis-fly cases were very abundant on the under sides of rocks lying in the edge of the water. A small bhack leech was quite common on the rocks in Eagle Cove and about Wizard Island. The small gastropod {rhysa) was found about Wizard Island in limited numbers, a species of water-beetle {I>ythcii>i) was pretty common, and a .single specimen of Oordius, or hair snake, was found near the shore of the island.

There are no water-plants of any size in the lake. On the rocks about Wizard Island the gelatimms masses of colonies of ^'ontoc were common. A number of speci mens of the diatom y Pleurosigma, were obtained in the towing net, and a few specimens of two other algic were secured.

Summing uj) the matter, it may be said that while the coiulitions at Crater Lake are not the most favorable to fish-life, there seems to be no reason why trout in limited numbers might not thrive in it. The water is all that could be desired as to purity and temperature, but the depth is so uniformly great that only small areas of bottom suitable for spawMiing beds are found. The entire absence of all other fish-life and the

68

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

very limited vegetation supported by the lake reduce the food supply almost wholly to small free-swimming crustaceans and insect larva-. JJoth are present in consideraldc abundance, but probably not in suflHcient quantities to su[)i)ort a large number of fishes. On the other hand, fishes planted in this lake will have no rapacious fishes with wliidi to contend; the struggle will, therefore, be wholly with tlie physical environment and the food supply. It has, tlierefore, been recommended that a plant of trout be made in Crater Lake, and it is hoped tliat the Ma/amas who visit the lake hereafter may malic observations to determine the result of the experiment. The best species to plant is the black-speckled trout of Lake Tahoe, Salmo mykimi henaliatci.

m

It:

LIST OF FISHES.

In the following list of fishes we give only those species of which specimens wore obtained by us during the investigations of 1896. In the nomenclature and seiiueuce of species we follow Jordan «& Evermanu's (Jheck-List,* recently published:

1. Eutosphenus tridentatus (Giiirtlner). Three-toothed f.amprey.

A Hpucimeu, 18 iiiuhes lon^, was obtained .Inly 23 in Altiiras Inlet, 1 inilo above the lake, iiiid several Itirvsit were dug out of the sand at th« head of the lake ■Inly 25. Comparing the large Hpuciinrn with one 24 inches long, obtained by Mr. Willianis at liig I'ayetto Lake, some important diHereuccs are noted. In the Payette example the dorsal lins are separated by a spaco equal to one-third the length of the base of the anterior fin, while the Alturas example has tho dorsals scarcely separated. The tins are also much higher in this specimen, the height of tho anterior dorsal being contained 3J times in head, mensureil to first gill-opening, or lij times in the height uf thesueoud. Tho infraor.il lamina has .5 cusps; the sunraoral has 3, the middle one being much Hmaller than the other two; the buccal teeth befor<> the month are uniciisjtid ; on each side of the oral opening are l teeth, the anterior and posterior ones of whicdi are bieuspid, while tlie other two are tricuspid. The arrangement of the teeth does not diH'er materially from tliat in the Payette specimen. The larva- range from li to 8} inches in total length. In all of these the tlorsal tin irt continuous, though deeply incised.

An example 10} inches long was found attached to a chub in Upper Klamath Lake, November ID.

2. Aoipenser medlroBtriu Ayres. (treen Sturgeon.

Common near the mouth of Siuslaw River; several taken in a seine near Acme in Soptciiihcr. measuring about 18 inches each in total length. At Gardiner, near the mouth of thi> l'in])(|un, a good many large sturgeon, probably .1. transmuiitaniit, were taken in November and December.

3. Pantosteus jordani Evermann. IVeiileni Itlnrk Snckir.

During the season's work this sucker wits found only in Wallowa Lake, Oregon. Two siiiiill specimens were obtained i i the upper end of tho lake August 1.'4.

4. CatoBtomuB tBiltcooBensis, new species.

Type No. 48479, U. S. Nat. Mus. ; cotypos No. 3«, U. S. F. C. and No. .5703, L. S. .Jr. Univ. Muf,.

Type locality: Tsiltcoos Lake, Lane County, Oregon, where numerous specimens we'.e oblaiiii'd December 2, IXiMi, by Dr. Meek.

Apparently most closely related to ('. ocrideiitaliH Ayros.

Head 4i; depth 5; eye fii in head; snout '?; D. 13; A. 7: scales 1.3-65-8, ;U before the dorsal. Pectoral IJ^ in head; longest dorsal ray I'i ; base of dorsal 1 > ; longest anal ray li ; ventral 1?. liody rather slender, subterete; head small, snout long ami )>ointed; mouth inferior, overhung by the pro- .jocting snout; lips rather thin, one row of large papillie on upper lip, and al)out 2 irregular rows of smaller ones behind or inside of it; lower lip incised nearly to base, 1 or 2 rows of small paiull:' across the isthmus; lobi-s of lower lip moderately long and thin, tin- bases with papilla- merging into plications toward the tips. Eye quite small, the anterior edge of orbit at iiiiildle of ho.id I op of head flat or very slightly convex between tho eyes. Fins small; pectorals short and i nili,l;

*A Check-List of the Fishes and Fish-like \'ertebrates of North and Middle America, in hV-jiort U. S. F. C. for 1895 (December 28, 1890), 207-590.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN COLUMBIA RIVKR BASIN IN 1896. 69

ventralB short, rcnided, tho iniddl.' rays but littl.- longer than tho others; anal small, somewhat pointed; margin of dorBiil slightly coni^avo; caudal lunate, not d.'eply fork.Ml. Mn.if.Toi.s canals on head not strongly d.-veloped. Scales moderatidy large; lateral line nearly straight, not running upward toward nape.

Length of typi^, H inches to base of caudal.

The cotypeH agree closely with the typo in all characters of importance.

Wo have compared our sp.'cimens of tliis species with specimens of C. ncriihii talis (Fig. 2) from tho .Sacramento River and find important .lifferences. Comparing examples of the same size, we find that C. tsillcoosensia has a smaller head, longer, more pointed snout, smaller eye, larger scales, and much smaller fins; the pectorals in C. occideiitalh are laleate while in this species they are moro rounded, and the ventrals also are less pointed.

Anexampleof C.occi(/fH/a/i« it inches long has the head 4J; depthr>; eyor.ij; snout LM ; 1) 12- A 7- scales ia-70-10, 41 before the dorsal. ' ' '

This species is abundant in Tsiltcoos Lake and Siuslaw River. The specimens from Siuslaw River were obtained in brackish water.

Fui. l.—Catoitumui liilteoosfrmit Evt'rnmiin &. Mtek, uew xpucieg.

Fio. 2 CatOKlomut iiccidmlali.i Ay res.

5. CatostomuB maorooheilus Oirard. Coliimbiii Hirer Siivker; '■ Velloie Sucker."

Abundant tliroughout entire Columbia River basin ; obtained this year Inuu Alturas and Wallowa lakes, in both of which it is abundant. It seems not to occur in .Siuslaw River, nor in lakes of that part of Oregon. Five specimens from Lake Union near Seattle, and oii<- from Lake Washington at Seattle.

6. CatostomuB snyderi Gilbert.

One obtained from an Indian at the mouth of Williamson River, November .">. This species was caught, along with Chasmialis ropei and l.'hasti istts Hlomias, in the snial.i trap or basket nets which tho Indians were using at that place. Three small specimens, 2| to 4'; inches long, were taken in the seine at the south end of Up])er Klamath Lake November 10, ami two others, 2 and 2i inches long, respectively, in a slough at Pelican Bay November 3. No large examples seen in shallow water.

70

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES PISH COMMISSION,

The Klamath Lake Catoitovius has been identified, by all who have hail occasion to mention it, with C. labialim Ayres, upon the Bupposition that the typo of Ayrcs's species came from Klamath Lake. Hut Ayres plainly states* that it came from Stockton, (.'alifornia. As only one Hi)ccics of this nciiii» is found in San .loaciuin kiver, C labiatiis becomes a synonym iif ('. occidi-nlalin, and the Klaninth Lake species is left without a name, a fact first pointed out by Mr. .). O, Snyder, for whom the fish lias licni recently named by Dr. Gilbert. t '

The type specimen upon which Dr. (iilbert based his description is less than 8 inches long. As tlic one which we have from the mouth of Williamson River is much lurjfor (length, lii inches) ami sli.iws some slight dirtereuces, we describe it fully as (bllows: Head 41, ; dei>th I ; eye (U in bead ; snnni l'i ; maxillary S.li ; mandible 2.| ; interorbital 2i; widtli of mouth 3^ in head, more than half length of hiioiiI : greatest width of lower li|) } diameter of eye; 1). ii,ll; A.7; scales i;{-7()-ll. Hody rather sliMidi'r; Inai' long, month moderate, horizontal; lips thick papillose, the upper with about 4 or 5 rows of pnpilln', lower with about 7; lower lip divided nearly to base, leaving only one row ol' papilhe crossing iln' symphysis; premaxillary not much projecting and not forming a ]>roniineDt hump; nuvxillary ratlnr short, not reaching vertical at front of anterior nostril; eye equally distant between snout and postc- I'iur edge of opercle; mucous canals on head forming raised ridges, the pores conspicuous. I'ius uiuil- erate; origin of dorsal a little nearer snout than base of caudal, sixth spine over insertion of vent mis; pectoral 1^ in head, reaching slightly more than two-thirds distance to ventrals; ventrals not i|uite reaching vent, the seventh ray longest, 1? >u head; anal long, pointed, reaching to l)as<- of cuubil. I;, in head. Scales iTowded anteriorly, about 32 transverse rows in front of dorsal, strongly ritlgid, tlx^ margins crenate.

7. Chasmistes Btomias Gilbert.

One specimen, 1.') inches long, obtained from an Indian at Klamath Falls, November 11. Head I i ; depth 4^; ey<'T; snout 2;|; maxillary (measured from free end to tip of snout) 34; mandible 2i ; !>. ii, 11; A. i, 7; scales 13-85-10; interorbital width 2^; vertical depth of head at mandibular articuhitidii 2,'i. Head small, body heavy forward, the back strongly and regularly arched from snout to oriiiiii "f dorsal fin, thence declined in a nearly straight line to base of caudal ; ventral surface nearly straight. Premaxillary spines strongly protruding, forming a prominently projecting snout; mouth ratlii'i'siuall, inclined upward at an angle of abotit 40 ', maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from front of aiilciidr nostril; width of mouth Iif in snout or 4.> in hcail; up|)er lip thin, without pnpilbe; lower lip ililn, interrupted at the symphysis, forming narrow lateral lobes the width of which is about 2? times in their length; faint indications of a few pajiilla ; mucous canals forming ridges, the pores con8]>ii'iii»is; gill-rakers long, narrowly triangular at the tip when viewed from behind, densely tuftcil mi tlie anterior edge; fontanelle narrow, its length 2 it in the snout, its width about j its length. I'ius all large; the origin of the dorsal a little nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, the sixth ray over liasc of ventral, its liase 1;^ in head, the free edge nearly straight, the last ray 1? in the first, which is I ' in head; pectorals scarcely falcate, reaching a little more than two-thirds distance to base of veiilials, their length IJin head; ventrals long, reaching vent, the rays gradually increasing in length limn flu' outer to the seventh and eighth, which are longest, the ninth and tenth being but slightly slinrlcr, the length of the longest ray 1} in head or about \ longer than the first; anal long and pointeil, llie fourth ray longest, reaching base of caudal, 1,', in head; each ray of anal flti v.- ith 8 to 12 strung iubercles; caudal lobes about equal, their length H times the middle ray.

This specimen agrees with Dr. Gilbert's type,; with which we have compared it. In the type tlic month is rather more oblique, the maxillary is slightly longer, and the anal fin is longer.

8. ChasmiBtes copei, new species. Klamath Indian name " Tncam."

Type No. 48224, If. S. N. M. (collectors' No. 871), a specimen 1(5 inches long. Type bicility: Northwest part of Pelican Bay, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon ; collect<»d (in gill net) November ti. IsiMi, by Messrs. S. E. Meek and A. H. Alexander.

Head SSj; depth 4; eye (ii; snout 2^; maxillary (measured from free end to tip of sncnil) ;i; mandible 2.^; I), ii, 10; A. i, 7; scabs 13-80-12; interorbital width 2i; vertical depth of head at man- dibular .articulation 2^. Head large, cheek very deep, the depth equal to distance from tip «( snont to nostril; body stout, back scarcely elevated, caudal peduncle rather short and stout; ventral snrlai'c somewhat convex. Premaxillary spines less protruding than in C. atomiaa, not forming a prDuiinent

•Proc. Oal. Ac. Nat. Sci., i, 1855, 33.

fUull. U. S. F. C. 1897,3.

t Described in Bnll, U. 8. F. C. 1897, 5, with flguro.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN TIIK COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 189(i. 71

hump ; nioutli larKf, inclined iii)wur(l at an anKlc of 45' , maxillary nnt nearly reaching vrrtliuil at front of anterior nostril; width of month i; in Hnout, or I in heud; njipcr li]) thin, withont papilhr ; lower li]t thin, entirely « ithout papilhi', interrupted at HymphyHis, forming rather broad lateral l(d)eB; jioreH on head very conspicuouH; jjillrakerH larger than in ('. Hloniian, broadly triangular at tip wlien viewed from behind, deUHely tufted on antiTioredge, eaeh appendage more or less bilid and club shtiped, elo.ielv resembling those of r. lioriat; fcmtanelle narrow, its length I'J in snout, width one-fifth its lengtli. Kins alt small; origin of dorsal a little nearer snout than base of caudal, its sixtli ray over base of veiitrals, free edge straight, base '2k in liead, last ray a little less tlian 2 in first, whieh is '2 in head ; peetorals somewhat fiiliate, reaching slightly more tlian half distance to vontrals, their length 1' in head; veutrals very short, reaching only two-thirds distance to vent, free end m^arly straight; odter ray hmgest, !'• in head ; inner shortest, :il, in head ; anal tin short, bluntly pointed, not reaching base of caudal, third and fourth rays longcHt, IJin head; no tubercles on anal rays; caudal l(d)es ecjual, length about U times the middle ray. .Scales small and crowded anteriorly, al»ont 14 rows downward and backward from front of dorsal to lateral line, 11 vertically upward from base of ventral to lateral line, about H8 oblique series before dorsal; lateral line nearly straight, with about 80 scales. Entire ujiper ])arts of head and body, and sides nearly to level of base of peetorals, dark olivaceouH ; under ))art8 abruptly whitish or yellowish in alcohol: a dark sjxit in upper part of axil; dorsal and caudal dark; pectorals dark .a inner surface ; veutrals and anal plain.

Fin. ^.—Channistfii copn l-^veriujiim A- ^leck, new H])f)(:ieM.

From ChasmMfs slomias this siiecies is readily distinguished by its larger head, larger, more oblique mouth, less |irominent snout, and very small tins. The ditferences in the li'.is are very great, particularly in the veutrals, as may be s<'en in the accompanying^ illustrations. It ditlers from C. lireriroHtrin, as characterized by l)r, Gilbert, in its much larger, more obli(|ue mouth, the absence of jiapilLe on the lips, and shorter fins.

We name this species f(«- the late Prof. Evward Drinker Cope, who wrote the first paper on the lislies of U)(per Klamath I.ako.

Six nominal species of suckers have thus far been descrilied from the Klamath Lakes, \ iz: ('has- miitiK iHratiin and ('litinmislts bnrirostiin by Cope in 1X79; CtitdnlomiiH iix by ''osa .'^uiith Eigenui.iun in 1891; Caloslomiis xnyilfyi and Chaiimistiii «tomian by Gilbert, and Hhaamixtes copei by Everniann iV Meek, the last three in the i)re8ent ISulletin. Mr. A. Seiile has ri'cently taken C. luxalim as the type iif his new genus Drltinles, which he bases upon the ])eculiar structure of the gillrakers. Dr. (iilbtut liuds that Calostomus nx is a synonym of lh'U'tsUn liixatiis. As now understood, we therefore know from Upper Klamath Lake oite species of Calonlomus, tme of ItiiHstes, and three of Cliniimixtfa.

0. MylocheilUB caurinuB (liicliardson). Columbia Chiib.

Obtained from Little White Saluion Hiver, Lakes Washington and Sauimaniish at Seattle, and I.akePeudd'Oreilleat Mope, Idaho. Abundant early in September in lagoon at mouth of Little White Salmon River, and seen in considerable numbers at steamboat landings between Portland and The Dalles. It does not occur in the l{edtish Lakes in Idaho, nor has it been recorded from Wallowa Lake, nor from any of the streams or lakes south of the mouth of the Columbia,

72

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FleiH COMMISSION.

10. PtyohocbelluB oregonensia (KiclianlHon). S(i,iawjinli ; Ydlowbclly.

TluH lai'KO minnow in iibiiiidaiit tliiouKlioiit tiic t'filiiniMa Hi\(irbiwln except the portion iilioxc ShoHhonu Falls. In Montaiiii, and pcrhapH clsewhure, it is ciilleil "K(|uawfiHli"; at Siiwtootli, Idiiim. it I is Icnown only hb " yollowboUy''; at MapUiton, Oroi;on, "clinl)" was tlio only name hoard applied lul it; while at TsiltcooB Lakr it was called ''dace." Specimens obtained from Lakes Altiiras, IVml f d'Oreillo, Ganilin, Washington, 'I'silteoos, Whoahink, ami Tahkunitch,.and Crom Siiislaw River. One was taken r>n a set line in Whoahink Lake, at a deiitli of IH feet, on Peeeniber ,'!,

Scale and fin formula: and comparative meanuremeuU of apecimeus of I', oregontnuia from Lake fVtiHhinijldii.

I LeiiKth ' 1

' in Itoail. I)nptb.< Kye.

I lurlies. !

7.2B..I

7.7.1.. 7.00.. 11.75.. S.88.. 5.50..;

a. fi? a. 87

5.33

5.00 5.110 C). 00 5.00 5.00

5. to .'>. HO 5.60 5.17 5.00 5.00

Snont.	Ui»r- Hal.	Anal.	Hcalea.	ttingth in I indies.
1.80	10	0	76	5.26...
2.00	10	9	HO	5.00...
1.80	10	U	77	4.(1.1...
1.67	10	0	74	4. as...
1.60	10	9	74	4. 38. . .
1.50	10	9	75	3.17...

S.78

a. eo a. 83 3.8a

3.67

a. 00

1 . Dopth.	Rye.	Snout.	llor- Hill.	Annl.	Srill.H
1 5.00	5.00	1.42	1.	9	77
4.80	5.25	1.67	10	9	74
4. 75	5.00	1.67	111	0	76
4.67	4.67	1.50	10	9	74
4.07	6.00	1.50	10	B	77
4.00	4.60	1.40	10	•	7H

11. LeuoisouB bicolor (Girard).

Judging; fron\ our eolleetinns, this is the most abundant minnow in Upper Klamath Lake. About | 60 were obtained at the lower end of tlio lake November 10, and over 100 from a small creek at relicati | Bay November .5. At the time of collecting this species was found in the shallow water of the littl creeks and passages among the tiiles. The largest are 9 to 10 inches l<mg, but only a few exeieil :i| inches. Examples 2 to 3 inches long gave the following measurements: Mead 1; depth 5; eye 3.} tn 3J; snout i} to 4i; scales 5'J; teeth 2, 5-5, 2. See illustration on page 7 of this Bulletin.

Fm. 4.—Leueiscut tiutlawi Evemiann i Meek, now aiieoica.

12. LeuciBCUB siusla'wi, new species.

Typo No. 48480, U. H. N. M., a spoeimen 5 inches long. Cotypes No. 4,3,3 U. S. F. C. ; No. 182,31. 1 U.S.N.M., and No. ,5702, L. S. Jr., Univ. Mus. Type locality: Siiislaw Kiver at Mapleton, Oregnii. Collected September 8, 1896, by S. E. Meek.

Head 4S; depth 4, 'i ; ese 4; snout 3J ; n.asillary 3s ; 1). ii, 9; A. ii, 12 or 13; scales ll-.'W-H; teetli 2, 4-5, 2, somewhat hooked.

Body rather slender, slightly elevated and somewhat compressed; head small and pointed, clieiU not deep; snout pointed, somewhat longer than eye; month moderate, somewhat obliiiiie, iiiaxlll.ir,\ .just reaching vertical at front of orbit; Jaws subeqiial, the lower sometimes slightly projecting; e.\e large, not as great as snont. Origin of dorsal lin behind base of ventrals and much nearer base nl caudal than tip of snout, the longest ray Ii in head, greater than base of fin; origin of anul fln under

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMIIIA HIVEK IIASIN IN l«it»i.

73

'<! if'iiHliingliiii.

last dorsal my Itiit two, itn lieijjht oipml to that ol'ilorBal, itw lm»e (Mpial to IIh loiij{e»t lay; fiio tHlj;i'8 of (lorHiil 1111(1 anal nearly strainlil : pcctoriil li to U In Iixad, not rcarliini; InNcrtlon of vuntrals; vcntralM »liort, 1 ! in )ioctoral, icurhinK aniiw; raniliil deeply I'orkeil ; liitiTiil liim eoinplutu, iliTiirved; color in Hpirits, browniHli or olivari'ouH aliovn, middle of nidi' with a hroiid tliirk Imud involving the lateral line jinterlorly and ])o»trriorly, lint lyin^ chielly iiliove it nieMially; ndddle of Hide from ki'I openint; to liiMieath dorHal lin with a liroad rosy l>and, following' iloHoly beneath tin- lateral line; lower part of siileH anil nnder jiarts silvery, dnHted over with line dark upeitkn; a li({ht yellow isli band <'\tondinK backward (icnn ni)per poMttTior l)orc'er of eye nearly halfway to origin of doisal lin; eheek witli a nilvcry or golden ereHcent; top of head duik ; opereleHdnHky itilvery ; Hnont dnsky ; liiiH plain, orsal and eandal Nomewhat dusky. NnmorouH Hpeeiineiis were obtained in the Slnslaw River ninl I cine from TnilteooM Lake.

At Mapleton both this niinno\\ and I'tjirhotheiliiH i»e(ioiiciiiiix \\n-. known as "chnl)," while on the I lakes south of Florenee they are valltMl "dace." It ih probably common in these lakes, but a single iBIHtcimen only was (d)tained there.

Coni|iarcd with t.eiiriaciin hiillialiiH, which our Hpecimens nioNt closely reHondili>, the latter are seen I to have smaller anal and dorsal tins, a more slender body, suialler and more slender he;;d, aii(l lon^^er, I niortt pointed snout. The extent of variation in pro])ortioiuil ineasurenients und iu the number of anal lin rays appears to be much less than in A. btiHeatiiH.

This species also resi^nbles l.eucisciin louperi of fiirard. In the type of L. cooiwri (No. 238, I r. S. N. M.) the lower Jaw is notably shorter and the snout more pointed.

In the fnllowiiifr statement will bo found measurements of a number of 8|)ecimens from Siuslaw iKivcr. Mapleton, Orejjon:

Tiiliil ll-:i);tll

: Inchet.

' 5.75 ■ 6.50 5.50 0.5(1 5. 25 i 5.(K) 4.50

Iliad. Depth. Ey«.

SDOut.' °°,'^'iAnal. { SmIm.

4.20

4. III!

4.0(1 j

4.17

4.110

4.011

4.00

4.17 4.1)0 4.17 4.17 4. Ill) 3.80 4.17 i

4.00 4. IK) 4.00 4.00 4.00 ;i. 50 3.50

3. .'■0

;),6o '

3.60 U.60 3.75 3.60 3.50

13 11 13 13 12 13 13

11-58-7 12-59-7 10 59-7 12-fl4-« 12-00-7 12-00-7 12-64-6

Total longth	Heiul.	Ueptli. Kyo. 1	Snout.	Uiir- DRl.	Anal.
Inehtt.		1
4.50	4.00	3. 83 3. 50	3.50	»	12
4.50	4.00	4.00 :i.80	3. 51)	U	I'i
4.50	4.00	4. 40 3. 41)	3.80	9	12
4. .50	4.00	;i. SO 3. HO	3. 75	9	13
4.25	4.00	4.0O , 3.00	8.80	9 11 I
4.00	4.00	4.00 3.20	4.00	0	13

Scales.

10-00-7 10-50-7 lO-flI-7 10 -.59 7 10-63-6 10-61-7

The anal lin rays were counled in l(> additional specimens with the follow iu<; results, the average I for the total 2!i specimens bein^; 12) :

Total leoKtli.

i No. of I nnal j rays.

Inehtt. 5.76 5.75 3.00 3.00 2.50

11 13 12 13 13

Tolnl Iciifjlli.

Inehei. 2.60 2.25 2.26 2.81 2.75

No. of an 111 rnvti.

13 12 12 13 13

Total '^;;;?'

luehft. 2.63 2.63 2.6:t 2.60 2.13

(t4.63

13 13 13 14 13 12

n From the iintlet of Tsiltcoos Lake.

11-58-8; teeth

13. LeuciacuB balteatus (Richardson).

Abundant throiiKhout the Columbia Hivor basin except above Shoshone Falls. SpeeimeuBobtained

from Alturas, I'end d'Oreille, Gamlin, and Washington lakes. The variation in the number of anal liii

riiys of specimens from these loealitit s is shown in the following tal)le. The lenjrtli is measured from j tip of snout to base of caudal iin. The last ray, though usually deeiily divided, is cmiuted as one.

There are usually two rudimentary rays at front of iin, which are not counted. (M 1^0 specimens I from (ianiliu Lake, 1 lias LI rays, 7 have 15, 14 have Hi, 4 have 17, and 4 have 18, the average being 16

rnys. of 10 specimens from Lake Washington 5 have 14 rays, H have 1.5, 1 has 10, and 1 has 18, the

average being 15 rays.

74

BULLETIN OP THE UNITED STATKS FI8II COMMISSION.

Tablv thuwiiiy vttrialion in the numbtr of rayt in thi< anal fin in iMwiirui hallratui.

		Gamlic L*ka.			Lake WrhIi Ington.
t.eD|[th		Laiigtb		Length	LenKth
In	Anal.	In	Ankl.	In	Anal.	in	Anal.
inchu.		luoliei. 1.63	16	Inohe*. 1.75	16	Incheii. 2.75
1.88	ID
1 88	14	1.50	16	1.76	18	3.18
1.88	10	1 100	18	1.75	15	2.50
1.88	IT	; 3.18	15	2.00	16	3.13
1.7S	15	; 1.75	17	2.00	16	3.13
2.00	tu	1.88	16	1.63	18	8. SO
1.88	15	1.88	18	1.88	10	3.60
1.75	16	1.75	15	1.75	13	4.00
1.75	17	1.75	17	1.60	15	3.75	18
1.63	16	1.76	15	a4.75	16	3. 88	li

a From Lake Fend d'UniUI*.

14. Rutilua bioolor (Oiraid).

NiiiiierouH gpeciiiiuiiH obtaiii«d in a slonfjh at Pelican Bay and otbeni at tlie i^ illi riid of rppil Kliuiiath Lake. Sointt went caught in a gill net, others in u Hniall dip net. such < i« ii"''il by Kluiuiitl Indians; a few were taken on a set line, but the majority were obtained by means i> a aniall mdnc. \i small NloMgliN or lagoons at the south end of Upper Klamath Lake. It seems to be one of tli<- ijuhI abundant species occiirriug in the lake. The largest measure about U inches in total length. 'I'ln dues not appear to be nii'ch variation in tlie number of scales or tin rays, or in proportii>nal ineaNiiri'| ments, as is shown in the folluwing table. The Indiaus use tliis species for Uait when flshin;; tn trout near Klamath Fulls, the average length of those thus used being about I inches. It is caii;!li| in large numbers in dip nets in the edge of the tules. This species is liguiei! on pageK of this Itnllitiri

Table thowing variation in IS tpeoimene of lluMui bioolor from Upper Klamath Ltke, Oregon.

LnnKth In Inonoa, 9.00	Head.	Depth.	Eye.	Huoiit.	Maxil- lary .	Dorsal.	Anal.	Heals*.
3.75	3. 75	7.00	3.50	4.00			49
9.2!>	3.75	3.07	6.00	3.50	3.75			49
6.00	3. 7t,	3.75	5.60	3.75	4.25			i»
4. 50	4.00	4.00	4.60	4.00	4.20		8	47
4.50	3.70	3.75	4.50	4.00	4.25			it
4. 2.'>	4.00	4.00	4.60	4.00	4.25			46
5.2.1	3.50	4.00	5.00	3.50	4.33			«
11.75	3.50	4.00	4.26	.1.67	4.25			40
3.75	3.50	4.00	4.50	4.00	4.00			44
3.5U	3.60	3.76	4.26	4.00	4. M			44
3.60	3.50	4.25	4.20	4.00	4.33			47
3. 50	•3.67	4.25	4.00	4.00	4.25			47
2.50	3. 60	4.33	3.50	4.50	4.25			"i

15. RhinichthyB dulcis (Girard).

One specimen from Wallowa Lake. The origin of the dorsal is midway between tip of snout and base of caudal peduncle.

16. Agosia klamathensia, new species

Type No. 48225, U. 8. N. M. : cotvpes No. .5704, L. 8. .Jr. Univ. Mus. and No. 4.-»l, U. 8. K, ( Typo locality at month of the small creek which Hows into the arm of Upper Klamath Lake callcc Pelican Hay, where numerous specimens were collected November 3, 18it0, by Dr. Seth E. Meek ami Mr. A. li. Alexander. Length of type 2i inches, measured to last candal vertebra.

Close to Agosia niihila.

An examination of a large seriesof specimens of Afionia from Ui>per Klamath Lake and a compan- of them with specimens of A. itubila from various localities show the lish from this lake t<i possess certa il characters which serve to distinguish it from typical A.niibila. While the differences are sligiit. th^ are plainly evident and must be recognized, and we therefore describe this form as a new speclcH.

Head 4; depth 4) ; eye 4^ in head; snout 3^. D. i, 8; A. i, 7; scales about 14-78-10 (average, 'i in 49 specimens).

SALMON INVEftTIOATI ).vS IN T K f'OLl'MUIA MIVEIi IIAHIN IN 1«!MI.

75

tijiof snout anJ

Koily rnliiiHt, .suhcylinilrioiil, Itiick Hoiiinwhut «lt!V»ti'il; Hiimit riitlii'i' Ioiik, niimlli iiiteriiir, litthi liihlique, tlifl liiwtir Jiivv liii'liidixl ; iiiitxilluiy not mirliiiiK IVoiit ul' nrliit; ii|)|ii'r lip witlioiit tVi'iiiiiii; llKirbel )ireHimt, but hiiiiUI, l.iitonil lino iiiriiiii|ilotf, iiitrrrii|>teil in iiiiiiiy iiliicim, nhout 'M) porrit iWvi'l-

i>po<I, OrJKi" of •lor'^'il liii iiii<hvuy hetwreii front of pupil iirid Iiiiho of ciiiiilul t\ii ; pevtoralN riitlior |»liort,i'cncliiiig iiliont tlircf-foiiitliH tlui iliNtiincc- Ik Iihhi' of vcntrulM; \ rut nils rciicliinj; vent j anal lar);«, |ltN loUKost ray U in licail; cuuilal widely forknl.

Color in alcnliol. olivacroiis, iiiottlKil anil lilotclied with tliirker on back and Hidtw; nnditr ])ikrtM Ipalu; an o))Ki'iircpMli) HtriMtk fnirii (\v(t to Iimho of i-audal lin, liclnw wliiili in a liroad dark band; dorBal, l|ic<:toriilM, and caudal diiHky ; other fniN |daii.< ; a liliu'k blotih at l>aHu of cuiidul.

An exiiniination of this IH H))fcinienH whicli wo dcNijjnato an cotyjifs »howM nil the important cliar- |a(t«rH to Im fairly coiiMtant. 'I'li« barl)nl \h in a f«\v (iihch obscnn" or |i(iHsild\ aliNcnt. The nnniber

(if HcalcH ill a traimverHe line vanes from (is to ~X, the averafje beinj; I'.i. 'I'lie lateral line is in all caHes llni (>ni|detn, tliou);h in ditVi^rent dofjreea; Honietinirs it is einitiniions for only ll or H seales. after wliieli ItliiTu are Heveral interriiptiouH and uuly 8 to 10 nioru poroM; in otliers thi:re are 20 to lid pores in a IrontiiinoiiH serieH.

Flo. R.—Aiiiitiii lliiiiiiilhi ii^it KM'nniiiili A Meok, now HpcriiH,

This form is distinguished from .Ujosia niihihi ehielly by tlio smaller size of the scab's. This IdiU'erenco will appear from an examination of the tal>ular statement which follows:

Table showing number of scales in Ayosia niibila utiil Jijosia klamalhaixiH.

Locality.

Ko. of VariBliun AvernKe iipeciiiH'119 in iiioiilM!r iiiinilieruf exniiiiiii'il. Ill' mules, males.

.li;o«irt nubiia:

L'olvillo Itivir, Mnvpm Falln

Lilllii SpoUany Uivor, Dint » Mill..

HaiiKinnu Crook, Lokuii, W'linli

Lake I'n'iir d'AU'iic

Nowaukiiin lUvor, Clii'lialiH

HoIki) Kiver, Caldwell

I'litlatcli (Irerk.LrwiKtiiii

Pntahn Kiver, .Starbiick

Walla Walla Kiver. Wallula

Mill Crook. Walla Walla

ITiiiutilla Kiver, I'oiiilliton

Ciiluiiiliia Ki vor, riiintilln

NatclioHH Kiver, North Vakiiiiia ..

Slioiikiiiiii'liiii'k Kiver, Clielialiii

Agotia k'lauiathemix :

I'eliran Hay, ippur Klaiiiatli Lake.

lU 9

(M I

lu 0

1.1

20

(') 6

4»

52-57

.ii-es

64-70

53-58

66

flO-6« •10 -114 47-.'i.'i Wi «1 48-58 4H-.')7

50-57

68-78

55 fl'2 07 06 .15 50 «2 Ii2 49 55 r,2 5a 58

73

K-10 (avetane,

17. Clupanodon oaeruleuB (Oirard). California Sardine.

Very abnndont in SiuHlaw Kiver about the eannery wharf at K'oreneo diirino; the .aiininR season. It seemH to disappetir as Ho<m as the fall rains st^t in and the river beeomes lillctl with fresh water. The specimens seen were each about '2k inchos in length.

76

BULLETIN OP THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

18. Alosa BapidisBima (Vv iltion). Common EanUTn Shad. During tho siiluion (isliiiiK seuHoii of 189fi iu the SiiiHlaw River about a dozen shad were takim--!

one in a Hulnion ^ill net near Miqileton uboiit tho middle of 0<'tober, the others in Hiihuon scincK at I Acme in September and October. The specimeu eaught near Mapleton iH a male 18 inchcH long audi weighing about 2.^ poundf). The apermai'icH are but slightly developed, inilieating that the K|i;nviiiiig seaHon would be some months earlier than when this liah was taken. Head 4; depth 3; urbit \\- snout 4.^ ; maxillary 2; gill-rakers 35+68 on tho left and 36+68 on the right.

The tirnt planting of shad on the I'acillc eoast was made in 1871 by Mr. Seth Green, who liboratcil | »!.out 10,000 fry in the Sacramento l{iver 27.5 miles above Sacramento. The second plant was maili' i" .Inly, 1873, by Mr. Livingston Stone, wboplneed 36,000 fry i'\ the Sacramento River at Tehama. Vari- ous subHe(|uent plants have been made by l'\e U. .S. I'Msh CommiMsion iu ('alifornia, all at Tihaiiia. tlie| last plakt ha\ ing been made in 1880. Kcsides these plants nuide iu the Sacramento liiver, iKl.tHlorrv were plaeed in the Willamette River at Portland and 10,000 in Suako River in 188,'". In 188(>. ."i.MVKlO j fry were liberated in the Willamette River at Albany, and 300,000 iu the Columbia at Wallnl.i .Iniic- tion. In 1884, 188.5, and 1886, 2,6.51,n(K) shad fry were placed iu the Colorado River at The Nt edles, | Arizona. No investigation has ever been made for the purpose of det«rmiuing the result of the iii.iiit- iugs uniile in the Colorado River and it is not known whether any of the fry survived. Tlir reHiilts from tho plrats made in California and Oregon, however, are little less than marvelous, as sliowu by I Dr. H. M. .S:nith iu a recent paper.*

From tlio Sacramento and Columbia rivers shad have spread to Los Angeles County, California, on tho south, and Wraugcil Islaud, Alaska, on the north. They had spreail from San Francisco to the I Columbia River as early as 1880, and by 1882 had been taken at various places along the Washingtiin j coast. The only passages through which the planted shad could reach the sea are the niontli of thi' Columbia River and the (roldeu (iate. From these points they have spread up and down the raciii' coast a distance of mor«) than 1,300 miles. This is greater than its range in latitude on the Atlantic coast. Not only have they spread to these distant points, but shad have tieen reported from a iiiimbir | of intermediate jdaees, among which are Monterey Hay, Drake Bay, Klamath River, Rogue h'iver, lJm|>i|na River, Siusliiw River, Fraser River, and the north end of Vancouver Island.

These facts iu tho distributi<m of the shad on the Pacific coast are of extreme interest .iiid | importance as bearing directly upon tho belief, still more or less prevalent, that auadrouioiis lislies possess a mysterious geographic instinct which leads them bock to the stream in which tlicy were I s|)awiind. While the number of shad entering the Columbia and San Francisco Hay is far gri atiT than that for all Hie other rivers combined, it is nevertheless true that many shad have found their \\ iiy to other and distant streams. The extent to which this has occurred seems to us fully siillicicnt tu disprove the possession by the shad of any "special geographic instinct." Wo believe the same to be true of the various kinds of salmon anil other anadromous species. The(|uestion is iu need of t'lirthor research, but iuvestigatioiis already made iudicate that anadromoiis tishns, like migrating birds, Mte | guided iu their nioveuionts by landmarks or other tangible physical featurcb or conditions.

The young shad hatched in any given stream go down to the sea, but probably do not ordinarily | wander far from the mouth of that particular river. When they become mature, and jiliysii'luniial unrest, due to the develo]mieut of the rejirodiictive organs, comes on, they begin to search for snlliiliK' spawning-bods, and the chances are they will find the river in which they were hatdii'd. The I majority will find this stream, while those that wandered farthest from its mouth may liud others J which they will inter.

19. CoregonuB MrilliamBool (iirard. liocky Mouvtain Whiiejith. Oiuumou throughout tho Columbia River basin. S|>eeinions obtained from Altnras, I' lud irnieillo, j

and Wallowa lakes, Des Chutes River at Sherar's Bridge, and Hig White Salmon River. A spcciincn j 10 inches long, taken in the gill net in Altnras Inlet July 27, has th4< bead .5; depth 44; tye Vi\ snout 3?; maxillary 3J; 1). 12; A. U ; scales 86.

Another example, a female, 12^ inches long and with well-developed roe, was taken with the hook at Sherar's Bridge August 30. Head .5; depth A'i; eye 5; snout 3^^; maxillary 'M, ; 1). 13; A. 11 ; scales 88. Li this sjieeimuii the adipose tin is remarkably largo, its base being half length of head, it« height 6i in lieail. This species spawns in October at Hig Fayette Lake, in Idaho, but the cdinlitioii of tbb ovaries of the specimen taken at Sherar's Bridge indicates a much earlier spawning pciiod.

* A Review of the Historv and Results of the Attempts to acclimatize Fish and other Water .' niiuain iu tho I'acillc States, in Hull'. U. S. F. C. 1895, 407.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IK 1896.

77

ir Water iiiiual"

0. Oncorhynchus keta (VVu'liauin). hog Salmon.

According to Mr. Alexnndei, thin Halinmi usually rnmnien('e.s to run in tlie Koiithcrn part of I'liget

joiiiid about the middle of October and continims until the first of December. In IXito and ISiWi they

•r (|uile numerous. IJnrinj; fall and winter all the small crt^eks, lagoons, and slougliM near Duwam-

(>n('. Cedar rivers are tilled with rlog salmon, and boys find great anuisement killing tht'ui with

l)H und stonew. In the rivulets by the roadside, where the wattT is not over 2 or 3 inches deep, dog

Llmoii may be seen trying to get farther upstream. At such times they are in poor condition and nu

) is ninde of them.

T1k> ro'idition of the dog salmon in .January, 1897, was unusually good. These tish were plump in fpeuranoe and marked with that brightness which they possess when first coming from the ocean. i tliB opinion of some of the dealers many of the .January ( 1897) run were fresh from the ocean. Their \(gs, like those of tlie steclhead, showed various degi-ees of developnu^ut; most of the fish were well Advanced, however. It has been only a few years since it was known that any species other than the ^«lkead was to I>e fonnd in I'uget Snund during winter, but it is now thought that salmon have ays been more or less plentiful in I'uget Sound during the winter months — not a heavy run, but ^oiigh to supply tlie local demand. In former years, there being no sale for salmon after the canneries I'losed, fishing was almost wholly sns))ended until the next season. As soon, however, as the [iperiinent of shijyping fresh baliuon to eastern markets ])roved a success, a new industry was opened, 8(1 lisliermen who had hitherto given no thought to wint«-r tishing now began to investigate the liters of I'uget Hound out of season, and the result is that a winter fishery of considerable importance I been intioduied in Seattle and other places on the sound and is increasing yearly. The .steelhead jitlie most valuable tish for shipment to eastern marketH, as it reaches its destination in better coudi- hn tlian other species.

p. Onoorhynchns tschavrytBcha (Walbaum). Chinook mlmon.

Very few chinook salmon came to the headwaters of Salmon River in 1896, i)erhaps not over a )tjen, where there were about 1,M) in 189'. The number which came to the Wallowa spawning-beds I also very small. Important spawning-beds were found in Little White Salmon River, and I'on- ^erable numbers were found spawning in I5ig White Salmon River, Eagle Creek, and Tanner Creek.

Vouug chinooks were found in Siasiaw River in considerable numbers and a few weie obtaint-d in l»ke Washington, Two specimens, 2^ and 2j inches in length, respectively, from the mouth of Hig fbite Salmon agree perfectly with those gotten in 1895 at Alturas Lake. These two specimens were pidently hatched the preceding winter.

Nine specimens from the Siuslaw River, caught with hook and line at Florence, October 14, 1896; ingtli. .5, .5^. 6, (W, 6i, 7, 7, 7, and 7i inches respectively, .Salmon of this size are very abundant about cannery wharf during the canning season. They are easily caught with hooks baited with limon eggs.

Two specimens llj and 11 J inches in length from Seattle, Washington, caught December S, 1896.

leso specimens were no doul>t hatched during the winter of 1894-93. One specim<-n, 0 inches long, was

en with a seine near the mouth of the Siuslaw River December 9, IH%, It is the same age as the

nriniens mentioned above from Florence. One sun»!l, nearly ripe uuile, length 18* inches, from the

i«la\v River at Maplet(m, Oregon, was caught on a hook baited with salmon eggs. A few other

wiiiious of the same size were caught in the same way while tishing for trout about (Ji'tober 21. We

unformed that it is not uncommon to catch thesi; tish with baited hooks.

A few of these small male salmon were seen on the spawning-beds in the North Fork, near JTmerva, October 23 and 24. They were nmtilated the same as the larger ones, and on<' was in a dying pailition.

On September 9 Mr, A. H. Alexander e.xantined 129 chiuook salmon in the Florence cannery; of

« "(i were fenuiles and .53 were males; 25 of the females and 13 of the males were fully developed.

> September 11 he examined ,'>46 chinooks; of these 317 were females and 22!) nuiles; 229 females and

|iO nialo.t were nearly ripe. There were among this number 25 small fish from 18 to 25 inches in

ngtli ; these wore as fully developed as the large ones.

I'liring the latter part of Se)>t«mber arul early part of October, Mr, Alexauiler examined numy piniHik salmon at Celilo und obtained much valuable information as to their spawning condition. »oni' lot of 119 fish oxauiined 57 vere males and 62 females; 34 males and 47 fenuiles wore nearly or |iite lipe, and would have spawned by the Xth or lOtli of Oetolter. ,

111 the following tables is given a record of the fish examined by Mr. Alexander.

78 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FI8F COMMISSION.

Chinook salmon taken in flsh-wheeh by Mr. J. H, Taffe, Celilo, Oregon, S<>ptember la to 2J, ISOG.

	Date.	Malea.	Vcmalos.	Total.
N"n.ber.l™»:	Nu^-ber. WeU^«:
Sfipt 18.	1806.	19 8 IR	10 5 11	g	0	28 18 53 20
10.. 21		10 ; 6 35 26 8 6
22..		12 8
57	34	«2 47 t	119

AnioTiK tho IIM Chinook salinon, 13 small ones were fonnd, iill inalcH, and their milt as iiilly developed as that iu larger fish. Sometimes the wheels take these fish in < onsiderahle numbers.

Chinook salmon taki-n by Mr. F. A. tfeu/ert, at Celilo, Oregon, September 25 to October 13, 1S0>!,

Date.	MalcR.	FemaleM. 1
Niiiubr r. 82 15 100 5« 58 60 122 63 43 77	Well lie. veloped.	Number.	Well de- veloped, j	Total.
1896. gept 25	87 11 83 47 60 60 tos 56 38 69	64 17 80 70	! 61 ' 17 76 n.1 ,	146
2R	32
27	108
28	126
20	40 44	lUu
Oct 2	76 148 (17 51	73 lU 6.') 51	130
5	270
7	13U
10	U4
i;,	8« ! 64	165
683	574	710 j 0S8	1,402

In a total of 683 inalrn and 719 femalea Mr. Alexander found 674 males and 658 females whirli, in his judgment, wore nearly ripe, hi otiier words, >'i per <.'eut of tho males andiM) percent of tlic li iimIis woulil h.'ive spawnid between the first and middle of October. These observationn indicate ili:il Chinook Halumu can be obtained abundantly at Celilo by wheels and that if retained a tew fliiys tl I'y would be ripe enough for stripping. Wbotlier the wheels Nerioiisly injure the (inIi I'an be detemii.ied only utter actual oxpcinent with (ish so caughi. If the wheels do not injure them tliey can p'iili:ili|y be kept until fully ripe in projierly constructed retaining boxes or ponds, as was dcnionstratnl l^y e.\periments at Majiletoii, Oregon.

According to Mr. Alexander chinook salmon appear in the lower part of Paget Sound about tlic 1st of May and continue to iiKToase in numbers until .Inly. Scattering ones are taken, hnwiMi. throughout tho year in all jtartsof the sound.

22. OucorbyncbuB kisutch (Walbauin). .Silrer snlmnn.

Onr collection contains specimens of this sjiecics as follows:

Three ripe males, one It! inches in length, caught December 1 iu Whoabink Lake, the other lw>>, 16 and 17j inches respectively, December 3, in Tsiltcoos Lake. Speciuieiis of lhi« size and very inin h smaller wore freiiuently caught iu the seine at Acme. Not less than 60 of these were oxamineil. Ml were males with sexual organs as highly developed as in the larger ones.

One large ripe male from Tsilti'oos Lake, caught in a gill net December 3, \HiH\. Immaculate, Imi I with a bluish tinge, body bright red, mouth much distorted. Locally called " h<iokbilled Nilveriiile."

'J here is a moderately NUiall form of the silver salmon in the Siiislaw River I'alled IiIuiIm K. which roseuiblo tlui true bluebaek in si/.e, furui, and cidoi', but are more spotted. Twuspecimi'iiN, H^ ;iii<l 10 inches in length respectively, from Tsiltcoos Lake near outlet, Deoivmber 2, 1X!I6. Mack, brownisli blue; dorsal, nearly black, darker on ]iosterior part; pectorals, light brownish ; veutials, while; iii.il tin with a dark shade. Those speciuieiis were probably hatched during tho winter of ISUl-lO.

Two speuimeus from Suattle, Washington, lUj iuchos iu length.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1896.

79

Six mature spocimenH from Union Lake near Seattle, Wasbingtou, 4 males and 'J females. Of the small specimens, no doubt batched during the winter of l«9,">-!)ti, our (M)llurtion lontains the following:

Two specimens, 2J and 3J inolies in length respectively, hatched during the winter of 189.")-!Ki by I Mr. L. E. Bean at Maploton and retained in a small spring I)rool< until .September it, 189(1.

One, 3| inehes long, caught in a seine in Siuslaw Kiver below Florence December 8, 189(i. Two 8i>oeimen8, .5J and 58 inches respectively, cangbl witli a seine in Tsiltcoos Lake December 1, W!I6. All three with parr marks present; no red on sides; dorsal, adipose, and caudal tins yellowish; nuidal reddish near tips; pectoral and ventrals yellowish.

During the latter part of September and early part of October Mr. Alexander was at Celilo, on the Culumbia River, and made some valuable observations upon the silver salmon, lie examined a tot.il of :',:'f)8 fish of this species, all of wbiih be found well advanced, indicating to bim that they would I ipawn before the middle of October.

Silrer talmon examined hy Mr. .llejrandcr at Celilo.

Date.

T»keii in w'.ieclii bv Mr. Taffe:

SBpt.l8,lS9«

Sepl.l9,l»)6

Sept. 21, 1896

Sept. 22, 1808

Taken in oeinrs by Mr. Seafert :

Svpt.26, 1896

Sept. 27, 1896

Sopt.28, 1896 .,

Sept.2«,1896

Oct. 2, 1896

(>ot.5,18g6

Oct, 7,1896

Oct. 10, 1806

Oct. 13, 1806

Silver salmon first appear in the southern end of Puget Sound about the Ist of .Septemlter, and the \mi usually lasts until the tirst or middle of November. A few individuals are taken an late as |I>ccember, after which few artt seen in the sound, but a good many are caught in Duwamish River. |13, Ouoorbynohus nerka (Walbaum). Ill iifba<'k- Salmon; " Hcdjish"; " Sovk-ei/v."

The investigations made in Idaho in 1894 and 189,*) resulted in settling some of the disputed l^aestions concerning the ledtisb, but left others still in doubt. The details of the observatiouH niacin lin those years will Ui fouiul in the reports already published. * A summary of the conclusions reached p^arding the life-history of the redfish is given on page l(i of this article.

Although no satisfactory evidence was obtained as to the occurrence of the small form anywhere lin the stream below the lakes, this was not considtired proof that; it does not come up from the sea. I^Hi close is its resemblance to the native trout, except at spawning time, that it would probably not |ittract the attention of anyone, even if seen below the lakes.

In order to obtain morn di-linite results in the study of this problem, the redtish lakes of Idaho Irere again visited in IMtNi. Camp was establishetl .Inly II, on Alturtks Lake ( 'reek at the crossing of llhu trail a short distance below i'erkins Lake, (iill nets were set in the outlet the same day and were lipptset until September 25. Tbcie nets were examined from day to day during the entire period of •'venty-six days and not a single redtish was caught in them. The \\ ater was so high and the current I swift during the (Irst tt-n days the nets were set that it was impossible to place them so as to wholly [tbstruct the stream. It is therefore possible that flsh may have ikscended the stream and passeil the nets

'A Preliminary iieport upon Sahnon Investigations in Idaho in 1894, by Barton W. Evermann, Bull. IT. 8. I". C. l«9h, l'53-2«4,

A Report upon Salmon Investigations in thi> Headwaters of the ('oluinbia K'iver, in the State of llilalio, in I8!t,'>- together with Notes upon th<( Fishes observed in that State in 1894 uud 189.">, by Barton h'. Evermauu, Bull. U. S. F. C. 18U<>, 149-202, plates 67-72.

80

BULLETIN OP THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

diiriug tbut time. This, however, is iiuimibable. Our camp was sitiiaterl upon the bunk of the stream, the water was at al] times very clear, and wo were able to keep close watch for (mh. If imv i(ilii>|, had come up during thoNO ten days it is more tlian probalde they would have been seen by sonic nl ii>. After July 22 tliesn uctu were examined usually about three timrs each week, and tli(iiifi;li oth(»i- li^li(~. such as yellowbellies, Dolly Varden trout, suckers, and whitotish, were caught by them, no leillisli, eitlier large or small, were taken. IJnt small redtisli wore in the lake at least as early as July 1(1. iiml they began entering the inlet August 3. Between August 3 and August 28 the number in the inli t increased rapidly until the latter date, when 1, .")(>!) were counted.

The first small redtish seen was caught on a honk in .Mtiiras Lake, Just oft' the inlet, .Inly Iti, liy Mr. Maddren, while fishing for Dolly Varden trout. The hook was baited with salmon spawn. Tlii> fish was a male Hi inches in total length, and the stomach contained a small amount of InstMt liirv;i'. Of the many examples, taken by a gill net in Alturas Inlet on August (i, 1) were examined, only oiic ni'i which showed any trace of food in the stomach.

Twelve specimens, caught with grab-hook in Wallowa Lake about the 1st of Septeiiilier by .Mi J. J. Stanley, were all (|iiite fat, and food was found iu the stomachs of all but three. This I'ikmI | consisted chiefly of small crustaceans, a few insect larvie, and some gelatinous alga, prcdiMlily a Sniln

Among the fishes from Lake Washington are ."> redtish, 3 of which are 7 to H inches long, the utliiT | 2 about 1 inches each. These were all collected June !."> by Mr. Alexander. Kach eontiiiiis niDrc in less food iu the stomach. Two other uinall redtish were obtained, which bad been taken on the ll.v li\ Mr. K. L. Kellogg while fishing in l^aku Sammamish about May !.'>.

Whether this tish is anadromous or not is an exceedingly difficult matter to determine. If it cniin - up from the sea it reaches the lakes much earlier in the summer or 8]>ring than has hitherto been sup posed. The fact that it feeds while in the lakes is now fully established, and it apparently coiitiniK - to feed almost or quite to the time when it runs into the inlets for spawning. The one with loml in { its stomach, taken in Alturas Inlet August 6, had Just reached the inlet on that night. The spciiinrii' from Wallowa Lake were caught in the upper end of the lake near the inlet, whi(di they doiibtl('>H(| would have ascended in a few days.

A consideration of small redtish from difVi^ront localities, as to their si/.e, jiroves interesting; and I suggestive. Those from Alturas Lake are larger and much more miiform in si/.e than those riinii other places. Those from Washington, Stuart, and Nicola lakes are somewhat smaller, while tliosc] from Wallowa Lake are niaeh smaller. These differences in si/e are, in some lascs, doubtless due ini differences in age, the s|iecimens having been taken earlii-r at some of the lakes than at others. l>iit| the marked difi'ereneo l)etween the Alturas and Wallowa specimens can not be accounted lor on this basis. It is doubtful if any of the Wallowa individuals would have reached even the niinimiini si/c ot those taken ut Alturas Lake. This fact is iiroiight out in the following table. In the lirst coliiniii ;iri' given lengths in inches, the length being measured to the tip of the caudal fin; in the otii. r coliiiinisi are given the number of tish of each length from the respi^otivo lakes named at the head of the c(diniiii>

7Vi6/e ihowini/ comparatire au;ea of «;>e(!Jm«H« of tlif Htnall rrdfiih from diffirvnl liikex

I.elieth ill iiiinitm.	AltiirM.	\V)i!l(iiva. 3 1 1 } 1	WaHliing- tiiii.	Slewiirt.	Nicola.	lick.	T..lal iiiiiiilM'r. 3 1 1 4 2 a 1
7.00 H.0(1 8.2S 8. SO 8.75 ».0(l fl.25 B.50 0 75 10. OO 10. 1'. 10 5U 10. 75 U.IHI li.25 11.50 11.75 12.011 12.35 13.50
			1
	2
	1
	t		•i		2
	;i « 5 4			5
		I 1	5
4 4 6 11 15 ;t« 20 lu !			10
		2	10 6 9 15 H9 30 111
	' 1
	:::;;;:; .";.r;;
1 1		11 '
1. :...;::::.:,	4
	i "•;
138	11	17	*	4	3	104

SALMON INVESTiuATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN IN 1896,

81

if the stream, r iiiiy icmHisI, ly souic (it ii~. I otUor lislii-. II, no vedliKli, .July lt>. anil r ill tlm iuli t

Table of comparatire mraaiiremiiiitB of small rtdjinli from Alluraa and fVallowa lakei.

iiiber by Mr. 1 w. This I'liiiill 111 lily a .Vim/oi. I oiiji. tlieiithiTl itiiins iiiori' nr II on thi' tly hy '

le. It' it riiincs j lerto liriMi Willi- Mitly (•(iiitiinii'- nil with I'ciiil ill I The siicriuuii- they douhth'wsj

intorcHtint! iiml han thoHf Irnnij h-r, whihi thuHi'! louhtli'MS (liir li ^11 at others, inii I lilted lor (111 tlii-j iniiiiiniiiii.si/i' "ij tirst loliiiiiM all! le oth. r i()liiiiiii»| I ut' the I'oluiiins.l

WbIIowb Lake.
No.	Lenotli in Inohea.	Sex.	Head.	Depth. 4.00	Eye.	Snout.	Maxil- lary.	Scalea.
102	o.;i8	Male....	4.00	6.00	4.20	1.90	130
lu:i	H.50	...ilo...	:i. DO	4.00	5.00	;i. 80	2. OO	13(1
1U4	7.13	...lo ...	4.(10	4.00	4. 07	4.00	1. H.'i	127
lUS	7.(KI		4.20	4.00	4.50	4.00	2. (Ml	128
1U6	8.75	.. .li. ....	4.00	4.00	4.75	4. (HI	2.00	120
107	H. i:i	.. ilo...	4.00	4.00	4.87	4. .50	2.00	127
1(18	8.:i8	..do ....	4. (HI	3.75	4.83	4. 00	2.00	120
lOII	9.(K)	...do ....	4.(M)	4.00	4.75	4., 50	2.00	12B
110	H.eii	...do ...	4.00	4.00	4.50	4.10	2. (10	128
111	8.2S	...do ....	.1.8:1	4.00	4.80	4.00	2.00	122
112	8.ai	...do ...	4.00	4.10	5.00	4.00	2.00	120
113	tt.38	...do....	4.40	J. 50	4.25	5.25	2.10	125
155	5.2.1	...do....	4.40	4.50	4.33	5.25	3.13	124
			Alturaa Lak	e.			Srnlea.
No.	Length in inrhee.	Sex. Malp...	Head.	Depth. 4.33	Kye. 4.25	Snout. 4. .50	Maxil. lary.
786	11.50	4.50	2.00	126
788	12.00	...do ....	3.80	4.00	5.00	3.60	l.RO
807	12. .M	...do ...	3. 73	4.00	.■■..25	3.33	1.75
8o;i	11.50	...do	3.8(1	4.20	5.00	3.33	1 80
808	12.00	K«iiiial« .	4.13	4..M	4.50	4.00	2.00
811	12.25	Mule...	4.20	4.40	5.0(1	3.07	1.83
8111	12.50	...do....	3.80	4.20	5.2,	3.60	1.80
788	12.25	..do ...	3.75	4.33	5. 25	3.25	1.80
813	11.50	Female .	4.17		5.00	4.00	2.00

Sni'iiiiien No. 155 wan found dead on the shore at head of lake; apeoiniena Noa. 113 and 156 with niidevelo]Msd huxiiiiI orgaus.

24. Salvellnusmalma (Walhmini). Dolly f'arden Trout; Wetlern Chart; Hull Trout.

Obtained in Altiiras, I'eud d'Oreille, and Wnllowa lakes, where it is abundant and atl'ords good I Hjiiirt for the angler. At Altiirns Lake during .Inly a groat many wore caught iiboiit the inoiith of the inlet and many large c\ain|)leH were taken in Luke I'end d'Oreille. The charr is a voriiiloiiH tioh and pieyH largely ii|iou other species of fishes. In the stomachs of siime of those examined at Lake Pend d'( treille were numerous specimens of l.eucUviii balUntnt, I'lijchochcUuH ortijonentis, Mijlothciliti raiiriimi, I and Coltiit. All of these exce]>t M. iviiriniin were found in the stomach of one tish. Some specimens from this lake were infest^Ml about the axils by a aiiiall crustacean of the genus l.rrmrojtoda. Measurements of a number of specimens of chiirr are given in the following table:

Comparatire meaturementii of charr from the Columbia Iliver Basin.

LeiiKtIi ill iiiidiiw.	Head.	Depth.	Eye.	Snout.	HaxiUary.
O12.60	3.80	4.80	6.40	4.00	3.00
a 18. SO	».40	6.00	7.50	3.00	1.60
513. »	3.83	6.00	6.60	3.60	1.8S
<8. 60	4.20	5.00	5. 25	4.00	1.86
0 5. 60	4.00	4.75	6.00	4.00	2.00
dll.60	4.00	5. ,50	7.00	3.83	2.00
dl0.60	4.00	6.00	6.00	3.83	2.00
dI0.50	3.83	6.00	e.oo	3.83	3.00
dll.OO	8.75	6.00	6.00	4.00	2.00

a Fnim Altuni* Lake, Idaho.

fiFroni Little White Salmon Itiver, \7a8blnt(ton.

oFroni Wiillowii Lake, Oregon. tlKroiu Lake I'eud d'UreiUe.Idabo.

1 25. Salmo myklsH olarkll Richardson. American Cut-throat Trout,

Numerous specimens obtained. Particularly abundant in Lake Washington, Siuslnw Kivcr, and the

I lakes near its mouth, Wallowa and Alturas lakes, Tpper Klamath Lake, and in Des Chutes River. A

1 comparison of many specimens indicates that it will be necessary to recognize more siiecies or

varieties of Salmo in the northwestern portion of the I'liited Stattis than have hithefto b'on admitted;

I but it seems best to hold the matter open for additional data and cousidcratiou.

F. C. U, 18IW-6

82

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

26. Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Sleelkead Trout; "Salmon Trout."

Seen in large uiiinberB iit Astoria and The UalleH, Not cotiiiuon in the Siuslaw, and only 2 speci- niens obtained in Upper Klamath Luke. While at The Dallett during the laHt we*-k in St^iituniltei and the first half of October Mr. Alexander exumined 4,179 steelheads, of these, 1,531 won^ iniil)>H anil 2,648 females; 476 males, and 'HX) females were well developed, and would probably have spuwiMiil in four to six weeks. The remaining 2,803, be thinks, would not have spawned until some time in the j spring.

Sleelhead talmon taken by Mr. I. H. Taffe, at Celilo, Septembtr 18 to S2, 1896, and examined bif Mr. Alexander.

Date.	Hale.	Female.	ToUl.	Bow oaught.
Number.	WeU de- veloped.	Number.	Well de- veloped.	wheel. 1 spear.
Sept. 18, 18M	Ill 130 121 159	10 28 2S 50	124 110 366 391	16 22 »B 164	335 240 487 650	160 180 192 350	75 60 295 200
Sept. 1», 1896
Sept. 21, !890
Sept. 22, 1890
521	126	991	299	1,512	882	630

Sleelhead salmon taken in 80ifM by Mr. F. A. Seufert, at Celilo, September 25 to October IS, 1896.

Date.

Sept. 25, 1896 Sijpt. 26. 1896 Sept. 27, 1896 Sept. 28, 1896 Sept. 29. 1896 Oct. .■•., 1896.., Oct. 7, 1896.., Oct. 10, 1896. Got. 13, 1800..

Male.	Female.	Total.
Number.	Well de- veloped.	Number.	Well de- velo|ied.
129*	22	206	103	425
148	28	281	112	429
218	91	328	140	r>46
97	44	14(1	48	2;)7
176	77	234	72	410
49	12	50	14	00
lie	49	181	60	297
46	12	81	21	127
31	15	66	31	07
1,010	350	1,457	601	2,667

Mr. Alexander states that not many steelhead are seen about Seattle until the latter part of Novem- ber or oarly in December, or about two months after they be^in running up the rivers at th«nortIi(n'n| end of the sound. During the early part of .lanuary, 1897, a good many were taken near Seattle. They were considered equal in quality to those taken in other parts of the sound. Their eggs were iiil various stages of development; a few lish were spent, but the majority were well advanced and wuuld| have spawned in a short time.

27. Hypomesus pretiosus (Ciirard). Nineteen specimens from IJiusIaw River at Florence, where it is abundant about the cannery wharf

during the canning season.

28. Oasterosteus cataphractus (Pallas). Alaska Stickleback. Found in Siuslaw River at Florence and at mouth of the outlet of Tsiltcoos Lake. Only a fovvj

specimens were obtained.

29. Oasterosteus wllUamsoni mlorooephalus (Qirard). California Stickleback. Many specimens from Tsiltcoos Lake, in which it is quite abundant. A few spociinens wer^

obtained in Lake Washington by Mr. Alexander, where it was also obtained in 1893.

30. Bipbostoma griaeolineatum (Ayres). Pipefish. One specimen, lOf inches in length, from the Siuslaw River near Point Terrace. It was caught iil

a 7-ineh-mesli salmon gill net.

31. Ammodytos personatus Oirard. Sand Lance. One specimen, 3| iucheH in length, from the Siuslaw River at Florence. Dorsal 60; auitl 26.

32. Cynoatogaster aggregatus Gibbons. Verv abundant in Siuslaw River about the eunnery wburf during the cunning season.

SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA BIVKR BASIN IN 189C

H3

Mr. Alexander.

heoanuery wbaif

,ake. Only ft few

w specimens wpid

33. CottUB asper KichartlHoii. Prickly Hullheml.

Nine ttiiiall H|)eviiiiisnH iM>lloctcil ill Lnko WuHbiugtun, .luue ir>. Head uearly nr quite naked, liut I entire body except belly nnifunnly covered with hiuuU prickleH.

I 34. Cottua guloBua ((iirurd)

A Coltiin wliK'h \v<« with Home lieHitation refer to tbis Hpecies is very abundant in fresb iinil

I bnickiHb watci'H in SiiiHlavv Kivor and in tbe lakes HOiitli of Florence, and easily caiigbt on a trawl, or

I with book and line. Mapletou, Oiokou, Siuslaw River, l.'r>is|iecimen8; Acme, Oregon, Sontb Sloiigb, I ;

Whoahiuk Lake, 3; TBiltco()sLake,20; Tabkeuitcb L.nko,!); LakeWaHliinirton, 1; Lake tjaninianiisb, 2.

1 35. Cottua punctulatua (Gill). One specimen, 2.75 incbes long, obtained from tbe stomach of a bull trout, Alturas Luke, July l(i,

1 181)6. Five from Alturas Lake, July 30, 1896.

1 36. Cottua princepa Gilbert. Vottiig prinvep* Gilbert, Bull. U. S. F. C. 185*7, 12, with figure.

Eigbttien specimens from relican Bay, Upper Klaniatb Luke. Head 31; depth 5; D. viiorvill |20 or 21; A. 16 to 18; eye 5; snout 4; interorbital width 5}. Veiitrals 1,4; lateral line scarcely Icuinplete; anterior portion of body covered with prickles; posterior part sinootb below. Head rather I long, pointed; maxillaries reaching to front of pupil. Color same as in C. leioi>omug, which it closely Ires'jmliles, but from which it dilTera in the more nuinerons dorsal and anal rnys, the shorter snout, Isoiuewbat broader interorbital, and in having the body covored with prickles.

1 37. Cottua klamatbenaia Gilbert. CotUia klamathenain Gilbert, Bull. U. S. F. C. 18tt7, 10, with Hgure.

Head 3i; depth 4i ; eye 3;';; snout 3i; I>. Ml, 19; A. 13 or II; V. i, 4; interorbital width .'>; Iiiiaxillary reaching front of pupil. No teeth on ]>alatiuoH; a single .straight preoperciilar spine, appar leiilly disappearing in older exaniiiles; nostril in distinct tubes; body short, stout; head moderately lliiiiad, wedge-sbapiMl anteriorly; caudal peduncle short, compressed, Its greatest width 2 in eye, least lilcplii 1 in eye; gill membraneM joined to tbe istbinns, widely separated; body smiiotb. Color rather lli^lit; b(Hly with about 10 obscure irregular vertical blotches, but every wdere covered with minuet lliriiwn spots, a V-sba|ied bar at base of caudal; spinous dorsal with a dark blotch on its jmsterior l|ii)itiou; soft dorsal profusely covi^ed with tine black specks; caudal faintly barred with dark and |li);liter. A single small example from tbe lower ond of Upper Klamath Lake.

*'lo. B — Vranidftt Irnvii KviTiimiin .V MiM-ii. iii'W Hjierieii.

|38. Uraiiidea tenula, new species.

Type No. 48229, U. S.N. M. ; cotypes No. 5705, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., and No. 4at, U.S. F. C. Type locality: Lower end of Upper Klamath Lake, near Klamath Falls, Oregon, November 10, 18!Hi. Collectors Meek and Alexander, length of type, 3 incheH, or 38 inches including caudal. Ajiparently allied to I'raiiidia nutnjitiala. I lead 3i ; depth 7 ; eye 4i ; snout " ; V. i, 3; I), vi-l, 17 ; A. 15. Vomer with teeth ; j.alatines tootli- I. Head long, contracted froi.i e^ „s forward; suoiit rather hmg; body much compressed, very IdeiHlir; greatest width of caudal peduncle 2i in eje; least depth of same slightly greater than eye; Iprioinrcnlur sjdne well developed, broad, rather sharp, jtartly covered by skin, curved upward ; below jtliistwo other spines, tbe anterior one blunt, the other sharp, direct<d toward lowr base of jnctoral; Ipiistteuiporal spine well developed. iJody smooth, wholly without prickles or sctles; lateral line Iwmpluto except on caudal peduncle.

84

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color, dark above and on upper tbree-fourths of sides, pale below ; dorsal llim barie<l with series o: dark dots or blotcbes ; caudal similarly marked but rather darker ; anal liRbt with a few dark blotches pectorals same iis caudal ; vontrals plain ; underside of head i)rofusely covered with Hinall, round blucl specks; niuciferous pores on head well developed.

Hesides the specimen described above we have two others of the same slender style ftom Pelicai Bay, and many others from Pelican Bay, the majority of which are much smaller and less slender. The slender ones are apparently entirely smooth ; a ripe female 3 iuches long has ii few prickles ou anterior part of body, while all the smaller ones are pretty well covered with small prickles.

39. LeptocottuB armatus Girard Very abundant in Siuslaw River below Acme and easily caught ou a trawl or with hook and line.

40. Platiohthys stellatuB Pallas. California Flounder.

Common about the mouths of Siuslaw River and Ton Mile Creek; occasionally taken during the summer as far up the river as Mupleton. Of 11 specimens from Siuslaw River and Ten Mile Creek, « are dextral and 5 are sinistral.

[1 with 8erio8 o: (lark blotulies ikll, round blitcV

)e from Pelican (1 Ibnb slender, few i)rickleB cni icklos.

hook and linn,

^ken during tbc n Mile Creek, ti