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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 fwm i ■»- V" t .X '- -■- --1- THE Compleat Geographer; OR, THE Chorography^ and Xopography Of all the known Parts of the E A R T H- To which is premis'd an Introduftion to Geography, And a Natural Hiftory of the Earth and the Elements. C 0 N T A I N I N G A True and Perfect Account of I. The Situation, Bounds and Extent, Climate, Soil, Produftions, Hiftory, Trade, Manufaftures : The Religion, Manners and Cuftoms of tht; Peo- ple J with the Revolutions, Conqucfts and other Changes Of all the Countries on the Earth, II. The feveral Provinces that every Kingdom or State is Divided into. III. The Principal Cities and moft Coniidcrabie Towns in the World, the Magnitude, Principal Buildirgs^ Antiquity,, Prefent State, Trade, Hilto- ry, &c. As alfo the Situation, with the Diftance and Bearing from other Towns : Together with all neceflary Pieces of Natural Hi(l:ory. Tbe Whole Conuinlng The Subftance of at leaft an Hundred and Fifty Books of Modern Travels, fditlifully Abftradled and Digefted into Local Order ■■, W H e R E B tf The Prefent State of the moft Remote Countries is truly fliewn, and the Obfolctc and Fabulous Accounts of Former Writers wholly Expung'd. To which are added M a p s of every Country, fairly Engraven on Copper, according to the Lateft Surveys, and Neweft Difcoverics, moft Engrav'd by HERMAN MOLL. Ihe TillRD^EDlTlON. Wherein the Defcriptions of Asia, A f r i c \ and Am eric a are Cor pos'd anew from the Relations of Travellers of the Bcft Repute, efpecially fuch as haveappear'd within Thirty or Forty Years laft paft. LONDON Printed for A w N s ii * m and J o h H Ch u n c m i l l at the Bl.tcL-Snwj in Ptiter-Noftir-Rotv. And Timothy Chicdb, at the White-Hart, at tiie Weft-End of St. Paul's. Church- Yard. M.DCC.IX. _l ■)■ .i i ■ H"^-. .■^■"w ■■'«:;;' r \0.v h % ADVERTISEMENT Concerning this N E W E D I T I O N. A.^ the IQimdedge of Foreign Countries is a Science that no Man of either Learning or Bufinefs can excufahly be without^ fo there is no certain ivajof attaining it, hut by confulting the Travellers that havt been upon the Spot. But the Number of lyavellers is fo Great, and their Writings J'o Voluminous, that the Study of them is Tedious ; and conftdering the many unnecejfary Things contained in juch Writings, the Reading ^em is even Irkfome. Wherefore an Abfirait of ivhat they have f aid, to the purpnfc, of' Geography, and their Accounts of Places difpos^d in right Method, cannot but be acceptable to the Publick. The following Sheets contain that, namely a faithful Defer ipt ion of all the Countries of the Earth, according to the Reports of Modern Travellers. The whole Book is no- thing elfe but the Words of the mojt Credible Travellers and Hiftorians, and mofl Ju- diciow Geographers, difpos^d in a regular local Method. And alt ho'' this may be calfd a dejcrccln to our Book, as being only a, Collection of what others have fiid already, yet when it is confidered that no one Man can poffibly view the whole Earth in a Life-timey and there never having happened a 'jun£iure wherein any Set of Men have at one time taker a Survey of all Countries, and concur r''d together in one general Defer ipt ion ; it IS impojfible to come at a true Kjiowledge of the Earth but by this Method. Had former Writers in Geography taken this Method, we hud not had fuch miflaken Notions of Dijiant Countries ; if the later Writers had not TranfcriPd only thole that went before em, this Trtatife had been lefs neceffary ; bit fmce no Body has yet had re- tourfe anew to the Fountain Heads, and fmce the lafl Age has produc'*d a new Set of Travellers to all the moft diflant Parts of the Earth, nothing can be more feafonable and inflruilive than this Work. As we have with the great efl Care endeavour'' d to Write the exaif Truth every where^ and admit nothing that wantedgodd Authority ; We have been alfo careful to avoid all redundancy,, and have fet down only fo much as a judicious Reader will deftre for his Information, without extending the Matter tedioufly to pall his Apetite. And ive trujl we haze heenfo Happy in this, that it will be very difficult for any Body after us to ob- ferve an exafler Medium. Alt ho'' Geography be the Subject we undertake, yet to illuflrate that, we have intro- duced a due Portion of the Hiftory of every Nation ; but in this too we hive been mind- ful to avoid Prolixity, remembring that it is but a Collateral Part, and only fubfer- vient to our proper Defign. When Dr. Hey 1 in in his Work enlarged fo far in the Hiflorical Part, it might indeed be necejTary, becaufe at that Time there were not many Hi/lories of Foreign Nations extant in the Englifb Tongue, but fmce of late Tears that defect is fo largely fupplfd, it would be giving our Readers a double 1 rouble and Expence to Tranfcribe 'em. b h \^ V vtV !- Pacific N. W. Hi'-Jorv' Dcpt 45270 PROVlNCIAi. .TD.IARY vicroHiA a. c. .^ ,- If- i ADVERTISEMENT. Jnjhort,f tvefjope we havt omitted nothing that an Ingenuous Redder would dejire in X Work of this Nature ; nor have inferted any thing that fuch a One would wijh td to he Expung'd. A Blarnt perhaps may be laid upon us for fending out the Lijl Edition, without the nprovements that are now made. To that we anfwer, That thefe Improvet/ients were then intended^ and would have then been made^ if an unforefecn Incident had not pre- cipitated that Publication ; for when the Maps were all Engrav''dy and Fart of the Book Printed, a fudden and unnexpeiied Notice was given of an intended New Edition of Dr. HeylinV Cofmography, wherein it was fuppos*d the /\ew Editor would have in- fey led the Ohfervations of Modern Travellers, and renew'' d that Learned Author'' s De- fer ipt ions. For this Reafon the Dejign that was then on foot, namely, To ah fir act all the Modern Travels into Afia, Africa and America, whereby to make the Dejcripttons cf'thofe Parts of the World as Compleat as that o/" Europe, was by nectffity jhorten^d. But now that Editor has fbewn himfelf, and let us fee that our firjt Defign is perfeitly unperformed by him, we have Refum'd it, and from no lefs than an Hundred of thf Bejl and Newefl Travels, have drawn up a true and full Defer ipt ion p/" Afia, Africa and America ; which we hope is fo Accurate as to need no Alteration, and is as full as we ever purpofe to make it ; and therefore the Buyers of this Edition will be in no danger of having it hereafter Depretiated. It is necejfary to Note, that in this Edition the Additions are as follow. In the IntroduUion is added a Natural Hiflory of the Earth, Tranjlated from the Phyfica, five de Rebus Corporeis ofMonfteur le Clerc, wherein all the Modern Oh- fervations and Difcoveries, proper for Ittujlrating that Subjeif, are exhibited, and the Opinions of the befl Philojophers fhemt, concerning all the Qualities and Effelis of the Elements. In Europe all the Alterations and Additions in the fever al f(Jngdoms, which the great Anions abroad have made necejfary, and all the new Informations that late Tra- vellers havegiven^ are inferted* And becaufe Spain is a Country more talk'd of now than formerly, we have drawn out an entire new Defcriptton of that tQngdom from ma- ny Writers of that and the neighbouring Nationsi The Defer iptions of Afia, Africa and America are Written wholly anew, and fo ample Accounts of every Part of thofe remote Countries are here given, that the Reader may withfmall Pains acquire almoft as intimate a /knowledge of them, as he has of his Native Land* In the Index of Ancient Names of Places, we have given the Modern Names appo- fite, that the Reader may at one View be inform'' d of rrhat perhaps was all he jou^hty without the trouble of turning to the Page. This has encreas^d the Bulk of the Book to Forty Sheets more than it was, and there- fore necejfarily enhans^d the Price. But it mtifi he remember'' d, that in this one Vo- lume the whole Earth is Defcrib''df and the Buyer jees at once what he is to expect. i The clvfift The Authors Abftra£tcd in this Work. Of EUROPE. No Country hasbcen more judicioufly lie- Icrib'd than Cre/tt Britain and Ireland, by the Learned and Indefatigable Mr. Camden, which the Additions of the Skilful Dr. Gil'fon, in the late Edition, rcnew'd and lupply'd; and therefore, when we lay, that our Account of thofe Countries is an Abridgment of that, and made by the Learned Editor, we luppolc our Reader will grant it to be a good one. Monfieur dc la Croix, Geographer to the French King, havirg inhisGeogr.Tphy, given a very ample AccDunt of France in its prclcnt State, we have cho- fcn to T anflite him entire, and have taken the li- berty to add to him out of fcveral late Travellers, as Dr. Burnet, Dr. Koithieigh, Dr. Lifter, i^c. and cur own Knowledge. Whereby the Dcfcription of tiiir Country is rcndcr'd ascompleai as can be de- lir'd m a Work of this N.iturc. The DclVnption of the Netherlands is ColleiSed from vci many Books of Travels and Hiltories, which the- many Wars there have occalion'd to be very full ot thf Accounts of Places: This together with cur own Knowledge, hss enabled us to give, we Iiope, a very Satisfadory, as well as true Defcrip- lion of tliat part of Europe. For tbcDelcriptionof German;/, we acknowledge our fclves beholden to the Learned and Judicious, then Mr. Kicrlfn, now Lord Bilhop of Carlile, whofc Travels over a great part of that Country, added to his great Reading, rcndcr'd him perfedly capable to give the World an ample Dcfcription of it. If thetcfore we confcfs to have Abridg'd bis two Volumes of the Englifh Atlas, we truft our Reader will rather Applaud than Cenfurc us. Switzerland and Italy, being Countries frequently travel'd thro', the Reader will believe we cannot err much there; we conlultcd Dt.Bmnet and Mr. MiCfLH, as the molt Modern, and many others of earlier date. Our Accounts of Spain and Portugal have been itnprov'd out of Mariana, and other Hiftorians, l'ch!aricnci tie F.fpana ptir Mende^. Sjha Excellenciai de Hfpana de Gtegorio Lope;^ Madera, ^ntitjutt Po- blaciones de Po^a. Co/as Me'morabtei d: Efpanna de Marinco Siculo, &c. Defer ipcioii de Poitugal de Duarto Nure;{ de Leon. Excellenciai de Poitugal de Antonio de Son/a Macedo, &c. Together with the Modern Travels of Mr. PVilloughby and others, l^c. Scandinavia, or the Northern Kingdoms of Den- mart{ Sweden and Norttty, were fo amply defcrib'd by Mr. Todd, nov» D. D. and Prebendary ni Carlile, in that Volume of the Et-gUfh Atlas he Compiled, that in Abridging him, and confuliing fume later Travels, as Mr. Moldfnoith, 8cc. we have render 'd our Account of thofe Countries very perfedl. Dr. Cdwwor having lived f«meYcarsinP(!/rf«pt, thio' Syria, and Mefopotamia into Perfia and India, between the Years 1660 and 1670. Seignior John Francis Genjclli Caieri, L. L. D. his Complcat Travels round the World by Land: thro' Turkey, Per/ia, India, China, the Phillippinelttandi I hence crofs the South Sea to /tcapulco in New Spain, and rhcnce by Land to Mexico, thence to Vera f>«^, to the Havana, and fo by Sea to Europe. Pcrform'd in the Years 1693, to 1699 The Travels of the AmbafTadourii r'rom the Duke of Holflein to Perjia, by the way of Mufcovy and the Cafpian Sea. Written by their Secretary, J, Ole- arius. John Albert de Mandeljlot continuation of the fame Voyageinto/nA'./. Sir George iVlieelcri Travels into Greece and Apa Minor, Dr. Thomas Smith's Survey of the Seven Churches of Afia Minor, in the Year 1 670. Mr. Sandy's Travels into Egypt, Palejline, Syria, Afia Minor, 8cc. b 1 Mr. I (. BooJ^ AhUrSecl in this Wor)^ Mr. MintJevilPs Journey from Akffo to Jeruftltm, in the Year 1697. Dr. Leonard H*uinlfi Traveli in 5>ri4, Ptiltfiint, ArmtnUt Me/opotamia, Ajjyria Chaldea, &c. Sir John CbarJin's Voy age to Ferfia by the way of the BUck-^'n tndColchoi,, inthe Years 1671, land i- FathiT Averill's Travels to the Cafpian Sta, and thro" part ofTartarf, endeavouring a new way toCiiHa, in the Ye.irs 1^83, 6. Sir Tl'omas Herbtrt'i Travels into Perfu, India, &c. rtis Excellency E. Tibrttndts Ides Journey from Mofcon, over Land thro' Tartary to China, in the Years 1692, i, (§c. Father il'erbei/i's Journey, attending the King of China frotn Pe\im -0 the Eaft part of Tartar^, in the Year 1681, and his Journey the next Year into Tartar]/, 600 Miles Wefiitard, Sir Thomas I{oe's Journal of his EmbalTy from King James I. to the Grw^ Mi;^«/. Mr. Jchn Nieuhcjfi Travels into the Ball-Indies, in the Years 1660, to 1671. Mr. Philip Sald*»>^ nZ/o 4 Definition ofibi Urms LONGITUDE mi Latitude, x Cbap. IV. Co«ffr«/»g«('f EARTH; hi Figure, Din i- fions, CJf. And a Table of MeafBrej, xiv Chap. V. Ofrr.KUSufedin fiEOGRAPHY, x» Short aid neccflary Infttuftions to Beginners for the un- derftandingo/'Mans, xvi ADVERTISEMENT cmerning ttis Sett of Map , and the CorredVion of LONGITUDE bj Modern 'Jbfer- vations, xvii. A Natural Hiftory of the ELEMENTS: ot a Philofo- phical View of thi Sublunary World. I>i 2 Books. BOOK I. cfthe Earth and Sea, xix Chap. I. Of the V-AKTH covfidir'd in its Jelf, xix Chap. II. O/Subterraneous Things /'» general, tndfirfl o\ Sulphur and Bitumen, xx Chap. III. of FIRE in General, ttii more efpecially of Subterraneous Fires, and Earthquakes ocafwn'd by thm, xxii Chjp. IV. Of METALS, XXV Chap. V. qf/Hf* FOSSILS 4J ireCdJcindby^ite, xtx Chap. VI. Of the MAGNET or LOADSTONE, md its Properties, xxxiii Chap. VII. Of FOUNTAINS aud RIVERS, xxxvi Chap. VIII. of the SB.-*, xxxix BOOK 11. Of the AIR. and METEORS. Chap. I. Cfthe AIR, xlii Chap. II. of Meteors in Centra], and Vapours trifing from the SNatet, »ie»«F)gg3, Clouds, Dews, Rains, Snovi and y{3'\[ are product, t, xliv Cbap. III. of the Rainbow, Halo's, «.'(( Parrheli). xlv Chap. IV. cTFiery Exhalations, Thunder, Lightening, the 1 hunder-bolt, Ki. xlviii Chap. V. of WIND ,. 1 G'e o g r a p u y, Or a pafticuLtr Defer ff^ tiort of nil the known Farts of the E -V K. T H. Jl View of the Earth as it viis laianin to ibe Ancients. Of £[X KOPE in General. O/GREAT BRITAIN (■» C#»eM/, pi « efENGLAND. Cornwal, p. 8. Devonfliire, 9. Dorfetlhire, to. Somerfetlnire, 11. V/jlt(hire, 12. Hamjlhire, 13. Berkdiire, 14. Surrey. Suffer, 1^. Kent, 16. Glocefterlhire, 18. Oxfcrdfhire, 18. ButUingham- fliire. Bedfordfhire, 20. Hertfordlhire. Middlefex, 21. Effex, 23. Suffolk, 23. Norfolk, 2.}. Cam- bridgelhire, 2'i. Huntingdonfhire. Nortbampton- fliire, 26. Leicefterlhire, 27. Rutlandfhire. Lin- colnfhire, 2i?, Nottinghamlhire. Derbylhite, 29.\Vat- wickdiire Worcefterlnire. ^o.St.iifordihire.Shroplhire, 31 Chelhire, 32. Herefordlliire, 33, Yorklhiie. Weft- Riding, 33. Eaft-Riding,3,v. North-Riding 3^. Ricli- mondlfilre, 3^. Durham, 35. Lancadnre, 36. Weft- moreland, 37. Cumberland, 37. Northumberland 38. WALES, 40 Radnorfhire. Brecknockfhire, 40. MonmdUththire. Cilamorganlhire, 4t. Caermarthen. Pembroke. Car- digan-Shires, 42. Montgom.^ty. Meriony'd. Ca- ernarvon-Shires, 43. Anglefey, 44. Denbigh. Flfnr- fhire, 44. The ISLE #/Man, NORTH-BRITAIN, or SCOTLAND, TfeShires o/Scotland, The E.ttent of the Dioeefe;, The Synods and Presbyteries, The Chief Cities and Towns, Ancient Places, IRELAND, The Provinces and Counties, T"*? Principal Cities wd Towns, Ancient Places, JERSEY 4«dGARNSEY, 4$ ♦4 tl 49 49 54 "!♦ 55 59 FRANCE. Chap. I. of France In General, Seft. 2. Of the Ancient State, Sett. 3. Of the French Kings, Seft. 4. ofthe Government, Laws dc. Seft. 5. 0/ Arch-Bifhopricks, Bilhopricks verfities of France, Sea. 6. Of the Extent ofthe French King ons, £?(.-. The Governments iJ«4 Provinces; Chap. IT. Normandy, Chap. III. Picardy, Chap. IV. Champaign, Chap. V. The Illc of France, Chap. VI. Bretaign, Chap. VIL Orleannois, Chap. VIII. Burgundy, Chap. IX. Lyonnois, Chap. X. Guienne, Chap. XI. Languedoc, Chap. xn. Provence, 57 I? 62 and Uni- 64. s Domini- 65 67 68 7? & 96 106 •' ua ««7 •■/il I ' Chap* XIII fH^*;'. The CONTENTS. (hap.. XIII. Uuphine, Chap. XIV. Lorraine, The L 0 W-C OUNTREYS. ^/ »Kr N i: T H E R L A N D S in Getitrtl, H7 /fcAiicicMt State, , 1^9 7*1; Suctf IFion /■« lAf Houleo/ Burgundy. 7fc iTcfcnt State of ifc Siianift Netherlands in 1^0 Cem- nl, Ml 7he PROVINCES, i;>. Clap. T. Artois '12 Chap, I(. Handers >n <.hai>. HI. Brabant n? Chap. IV. H.ninault 142 < hap. V. CambreTis, 144 Char. VI. Luxemburg, 144 Ch.in. VI'. Namur, '4S Chap. VIII. Limbnrg, 146 Chap. IX. Riftioprick «/ Liege. I4« T*f UNITED. Netherlands. Chap. X. 7ly United Netherlands in Geviml, 149 Chap. XI Holland ind WeftfriHland, il^ Chap. Xlli 7...-aland, 160 Chap. XIH. Utrtcht, 163 Chap. XIV. G'-lderland *nd Zutphen, 16^ Chap. XV. Ovcriirn, 166 Chap. XVf. Friczland, I«8 Chap. XVII. Groningcn, ifi^ GERMANY. Chap. T. 0/ Germany in Gtntr.'l, 170 Inh.il)ltant>., Ancient State, fSt. 171 O'i the I'owc-r 0/ lie Umperor, 175 King 0/' (it- Romans, Eleftors, ff<. 175 Imperial ( ities jiiJ lianfe Towns, l^6 7iiic Diet c/ i/if H'.npire, I77 Courts, Atch-Bi(hops, Bilhops ml Uniyerfities, 177 Tfc Circles atd Territories, 178, 9, 80 Chap. 11. 7/« Spiritual Eleftorates, 180 Seft. I. Eleflorate of Cologn, 180 Sea. 2. Eleflorateo/ Trier, 182 Seih %. Elctlorate 0/ Mentz, 183, Chap. III. Heflen, 184 Cli.ip. W. Franconia, 187 Cliap. V. Palatinate of the Rhine, 189 Spitv*, Worms, Zweybrug C?..-. 191 Chap. VI. Alfatia, 191 Chap. VII. Schwaben, 193 Chap. Vlll. Bavaria, 197 Chap. IX. T*« Circle of Auftria, aoo Chap. X. Bohemia, Silefia mi Moravia, 2c6 Chap. XI. Eleftorate of Brandenburg, viith Magde- burg, Halberftadt ■JM.I Pomerania, 209 Chap. xll. Saxony, 213 Cliap. Xllt. Circle o/Weftphalia, 222 SWITZERLAND. Chap. I. Swifferland in Csv:ril, 228 Chap. U Tb^ Swifs-Cantons, 331 Chap. lit. The Grilons ,vi.t other Allies, 236 Cliap. IV. Ihe Subjetts o/tfe Switzen, 940 SAVOY. ITALY. Chap. I. Italy iii dnerji, Chap. II Piedmont, Chap. in. CoiSli of Genoa, Chap. IV. Mtntferar, Chap. V. Milan, Chap. vr. Parma, ( hap. VII. Mndena, Chap. VUI. Mantua, Chap. IX. lifpiibliik of Venice, " Chap. X. Lucca, Rcpublick, Chap. XL Dominions o/Oreat Duke c/Tufuny, Chap. XII. ne i'opc's Dominions, Chap. XIH. Ih Kingdom 0/ Naples, Chap. XIV. Illandi oMiiteCoafts «/' Italy, « S P A J N. Chap. T. Spain in Cttieni, Chap. II. Callicia, Chap. in. Navarte, Chap. IV. Arragou, Catalonia, Chap. v. Valencia, Chap. VL New<:aftilf, Chap. Vil. Old-Caftile, Chap. VIII, r.eon. Chap. IX. Eftremadura, Chap X. Andaluzia, , Clijp XI. Oranada, CIijp. Xn. Murcia, lie Iliands, Majorca, Minorca, ^c. )■.- »/ / .1 . 1 PORTUGAL. Tit Provime of Lt\tte Douro e Miiiho, /fc Province Tras os Monte, The Province of Bcira, 7be Province of Eftremaduia, Jte Provitice of Alemtejo, Tie Kl'ipjom o/Algarve, Jht Azores or Tcrcera Iflmis, '•I i lit 14* 34« 549 S5« 319 300 3«« 3«3 SCANDINAVIA, DENMARK. Chap. I. of Denmark in Ceneril, o6« Chap. II 0/Hol(Vcin, ' ^6% Chap. III. 0/ 'outh- Jutland or Sleswick, 370 Chap. IV. 0/ North-Jutland, ^jt 0\ the Baltick Sea, ' 37, Chap. V, 0/ Seebnd, 37^ Chap VI. Oj Funen, 37* Chap. VII. 0/ the refl of the Iflands, 376 0/ NOR WAY in General and particultr, 378, to 381 SWEDEN. 1)1 Cemnl dw.U'i/i/ii./.!) 342 to 246 Chap. I. 0/ Sweden in Genera, •>.:.' 381 Chap. II. H'Mciea proptrlj fi) dU' 4, • . , 38« Chap. Ill Gothland, ' ' 3tt Chap. IV. Lapland, 39.1 Chap. V. Finland, if* Chap. VI. Livonia or Liefland, 39J Chap. VU. InRria, 39S Chap. Vlll. Iliands beltnging to Sweden, 396 POLAND. I The CONTENTS. POLAND. Chap. I. ff Poland itiQetKril,^ , 397 ( hap. II. I'otand propetl)/ fi cjR'il', 401 Chai'. Ml. PrUru, , 40} Cliap IV. Sjmogitia i(wi ftiort Abftratt »/ the Hiftoiy of it,. ' ." 415 cf I*- Troubles f^tven 10 tie ftfj'tm K:ur\, by'i'is Sifler the rrbitefi Sophia, 417 ft- ProyinWi nf the Mufcovian Pmpirc, 419 Chip. 11. Ihf Weftern Provinces, fying ktlV'cen »fc VVolga. Poland tnd J artary, 4 jo Chap, III. Provinces />//.:; buxeetn tk Upper Stream r/ tbt Wolfa, and I'v North-Sea, 424. Chap. IV. Nova-Zembla, Samoieda, mil Siberia ; ind tie Mufcovian lartary, 427 HUNGARY. -\ of Hungary in Cmmi, ^fi 7i« Princiial Cities i»Jreinarli-;, Ch«t». ill. feleiHiiinffti* •»• tlu Mm'Mt — — . . ^^y Chap. IV lllands on tin Coafts cf Ottxce, ^'••2 Chap. V. Bofnia, iurt of Sclaronia atd Hungary, R»- gula tud D^lmatia, 4^4 Chap. VI. Servia W HDlftaria, Chap, VII. Roirania or Thrace, 471 0»''"- '3over;imfnt «/.( Ciiftoms cf the Turks, 475 Chap. \ ■■ ; Walachia, Moldavia, Benetabia tint ihc Oczak. ^ jvMry, ,^y^ '( ramtit'Minoc, tnd tttCtm-Jittif^i 460 vtir;. t.i . .,- I "^ — — ~ ■> .'■ • ■■ T. .1 'f 445 r • 'f'K •-4Vf 4'<2 Chap. IX. The Contents of O F Afia /fi Ci ^ . ^biipndB 77je E A S T-I N D I E S. • Of tbe Eaft Indies /;; Cenenl, gk of ft(f Firft European Voyage'; to the E4ft-Indiesi »*, rtsEMPIKEo/ tie GREAT MOUUl. Of Moguliftan or Indoftan in Getiemi, gA 0/ Aureng-Zebe, his Hiftory, Perfen, Virtaej, Filnilf awJ Death, p, „, T**). Provinces Md Chief Cities deferib'ti g6 to lo^ y4 Relation of the Death c/ Aureng-Zebc; «ffif ife Battle betmeen his Sons, W Erratum <« »/;« Book, 170*, 7. for 1707, .ST. r/>ir Peninfula 0/ I N D I A wkhin the G A N- G E S. 107 The Kingdoms nnd Counttys »/ft,' '• Pefcription of tbe Countrys tni Cities, Of the Diamond-Mines, The Peninfula «/ I N D I A beyond the G AN- G^s. .:=7 .. ... -v. :,;^ 19? t» I ly tit t v ( ,'i ji:> (., Of •** Monarchy of aVa 4»i PEGli, of tic Kingdom 0/ SYAM, ^-^ „ ,|,,Mf O/i fi? Peninfula 0/ Malaca, . „, •..i^j.i.So 0/ Cambodia or Caroboya, ir-v ,>'-'. iijtp. 07 TONQ,mN, and Cochinchin* «r Aoam, i4i c 2 7i« Irii The CONTENTS: A .11 I Tb« ISLANDS on the Cmf^.cf INDIA. Santa Hekna, i?4. Mauritus, lat. CEYLON, . . 1 . is$ 7k MM OIVF-ISLANDS, lij The SaU J A-ISI.AUDS, " laf 71* SPICE-ISLANDS, i;.|A- i29 The MOLUCCA-ISLANDS, yyu, - , j 130 TSe PHILTF PINE-ISLANDS, A) ,- 13* Tie LADRONES-lSLANDiH • • 13$ ^>i ■ ' ,-: C H I N A. . J, •f China j» CoKTi/, ; .,..', r 3*c Tartar-Conqueft «/ ii, . "■■ T«e Provinces tnd Chief Citiies ie/a.^i 0/lfe!flaud FORMOSA, \ t '»4«»a (42 » 14^ «47 Wf Mad»rJESSO. 149 'l^ ^,^ ._. ^ J A PO N- ■';_;• Of ife Inhabitants, The Power «»i/ Rereouc of tfe Empenr, 7i ^ General and Particfdlir Defiriftion «/ AFRICA. CHAP. I. 0/ Afiia if Gaiera 165 Clup. U. BARBARY M GCTfiJ, M58 Chap. HI. Moioco, t6^ Chap. IV. Fa, «72 Chap. V. Argicr- i- if* Chapu Vi. Tunis, •«» Cfaap. Vl[. Tripoli Mnd Baica, 1S3 Chap. VIII. Hittiarical Accoaru. ofiiAi^, 1S5 Chap. IX 0/ /EGYPT, 187 Hifloiial Aixo*int«f j^gypt, i9> Chap. X. Of BlLfiDULGEHiD, 191 Chap. XI. Of ZAHAra, or rfe Deiait, ijS Chap. XH. 7/&( Kingdom 6fi^« Aian Old Abex, 202 Chap. XV. Of NEGROLAND, ■, 30^ Chap. XVI. 0/GUlNEA, 208 Chap. XVn. 0/ CONGO, Ci. in Chap. XVIll. Of MONOMOIAPA, «t tie Lower iliTHlOEIA, ti« Chap. XIX. Of the Coafls of tht CAFRES, 2l3 Chaa. XX. of tk Afrian ISLANDS. Madera tnd I'orro Santo, 220 Canary Iflands, *20, I Iflands (>/ Cabo Vetde, 221 Madagaiirai, .Santa Helena, Jtfc 211 ^a;. Cf the River NILF, in lountain, Courfe, «fc time / Newfoundlatid, • ■, j, ;. ;i- , Bomndas, .^ . V;.:. •' rfe Lucayo-Iflandsi ' :.: ;■.■.■. Hi^anjola, s J >■<).',' -J • . • Cuba, ' '. . • Jamaica, Puerto Rico, ne ( aribbae, Windaard mi Leeward Iflaiids, Cali6»rnia, 2Sf 271 275 ^74 274 275 276 277 375r 28s Chap. XIL of SOUTH AMERICA Tierra Firma, Chap. XI II. (/ftfe Kingdom ^/ Alpbahtical .ndex of jfri; Ancient Names of riace » rvbh the Modern Names appo:ite An Ali>habetical Index of the Tiincipal Matters. Aa .1 .' •■'*&■- A N 2S$I tic Q^^ 247 i*ri) thrn: Uatimalv =W tco, 264 of Ncw- 27S 277 28i> S9(t 29J) 3c* Si.-. 31, ^21 North- . 3. &♦ '■i. 335- ,, 6,'i5c.. i6,7.8- 3» 34» T' 3+» itii. ibit. ibij, ihi. iliii. Alphabetical INDEX Of all Countries^ Cities^ Toxvns^ Rivers^ Mountains and Remarkable Places in EUROPE. Note, The Alphabetical Table oF A s i a, Africa, and America ftands at the End of the Book. Alfo an Alphabetical Table of the Ancient Names of Places in E u r o p e, Asia and A frica, M'ith the Modern Names .ij pofite, is there found. Together with an Index of Principal Matters. A. J Alanth 479 Ahfeld 1S5 1 Antwerp 140 Alava 319 Aitena 369 ' Aoufte 245 Alba 2,8 Altenblirg 438 Apelby 37 A Alburg 373 Alba Regalii 438 Altcnburg 2'6 rtpenrade 371 l_\ Aarhuys 312 Alba K. 352 Altorf 1 88, 196 . Apenzel as? i\ Aarol 420 Albania 45' in Swiffcrland 233 Apt 120 ■*■ ■•* Abbeville 75 Albano 286 Altzlieim 190 Aquila 299 Abdera 47' Albanopoli 45' Amaka 374 Aquilaia 267 Aberdeen 49 Albaracin 322 Amalfi 297 Aijuino 296 Abc'C.:nwy 43 Si Albans 21 St. Ailiand «34 f quirain 106 /»btiyftwiith 42 Albegna 257 Amantea 298 Arabat 482 Abiiigdun '4 Albeit no Amaranri 354 Aragon 321 Abo 393 AIbi 113 Am berg 198 Aranjucz 331 Abranttz 358 Albuquerque 338 Ambletufc 76 Arbe 874 Abiuz7o 299 Albiiry 15 Amboire 95 Arbogia Arcadia 388 Aceienzi 197 Alcala 1.1 Real 341 Ainbrun 123 459 Acorno ibid. Alcabde lleiinares 330 Amelburg 184 Archangel 426 Athaia 453 Alcaniz 322 Amersford 163 fitdtes 7<5 Ackiiicccry 4S2 Alcantara 338 Amiens 74 Teas 341 Acquapciidcntc 287 Alcaraz 330 Amorgo f. 467 Arezzo 278 Aiqui 25^ Alcazar dc Sal. 358 Amphipolis Amfterdam 450 Argentan 72 Adila 271 Akmaer »59 '54 Argenton 97 Adria ibid. Aldburrow 24 Anagni 286 Argos 461 i>diiinople 47' Alemtfjo 359 Ancenis 88 Ariano 296 Aeth '44 Alencort 71 Ancona 288 ''rles 118 St. Agatha di Gotti 2';6 Aleffio 45' Andaluzia 338 A Hon 14s Agde >'5 Alet 115 Andover •3 Armagh 54 Agen 107 Algarve 360 if. Andrews ?o 1 Armagnac 109 Aggerhufcti 379 Ali;,heri 304 in Corinth 203 Armentiers •34 Agincourt «33 Alhama 345 Andria 300 Armiro 453 A^nabat 443 Alicant 327 358 Andros I. 455 Arna le Due .00 Agria 436 Allandra Anduxar 34' Arnheim 164. Ahiiyn 390 AllelTandria dclla Paglio Angermanii 387 Arnhui'en 372 Ajada 429 260 Angers 94 Arnmuyda 161 Aiihftadt 304 -Mloa 50 Anghien '44 Arnsberg iSz 189 Almanza 3Jt Anglefey 44 Arras 132 Ailesbury 20 Almal'aray 482 Angoulefme 95 Arfchot •39 Aire 49, '09 »33 Alroeria 34J ^ngoumois ibid. Artois 132 Aix "7 Almeyda 356 Anhalc 216 Arundel '1 44 in Swiflerland 244 Almunnecar 345 Anjoa 93 J. Afaph Aixla( haiwlle 227 Alort •37 Antlo 379 AfchafFemburg 184, 188 Aix/n Savoy '4+ 1 las Afpujarras 315 I Antequera 344 Aftoli 289, 300 Aken 227 Alfiitia 191 Antibej 119 Afhby de la Zouch 27 Aland 39« Alfen 1. 37' 1 Antirari 45 I, 4«7 Affen 37« i AIM i^i\ Aa ^ w The INDEX of Places ' Affift Afti Aftorga Aftraclm Aftrop-tfd/j Afturiai Athens Athlone Athos M. Atii Avalon Aubagne Aiibuitim Audi, or Aax Audenard Ave K^ Aveiro" Avellino Averfa Augsburg Augufta Avignon A Vila Avis Aulis Anmale Aunis Auranches Aurich Aufta I. Auiliia Autun Auvergne Auxerre Auxois Axel Axiopolis Azoph Azores I. B 2S8 2?9 336 330 •9 319 454 5+ 45 1 299 100 1 16 106 109 136 352 35«' 296 295 >95 303 120 333 3 So 454 69 95 7< 22+ 467 200 99 105 100 iHJ. 137 470 4?4, 4S2 361 BAccafary 462 Radajoz 33} Raden in Auftria 202. In Switzerland, 241. SMtr- tuif. 194 Fadenweillet 194 Radis 394 Barza 341 I'agniluca 463 Hagjiarea 187 Bahus I'rov. md Tonn. } 8 1 Fala 41 Ralaclawa 481 Balagna 421 Balaguer 32; Balbiflro 322 Kamberg i«8 Bamfe 50 lianbury 19 lianchor 32 Bangor ' 43 ISapaume 133 Bapchild 17 Bar, or Barruis Duuly la^ liar-de-Duc 12'! Bar-fur-Aube 79 Bar-fur-Seine 100 Bar Fort iH I'uUnd 4.1I BarbyCtuMf/ 214 Harcelone 246 Barcelonet Vulky iH4. Baicelona 324 Barcelos 354 I^ardewiclc 319 \Uiix.territ,(»iii TawH 213 Barfleuc 7 1 Bargeny ? i Bari Pr«V' (mi T«im 300 Barkholm 39* Berkdiire 14 Barnftaple 9 Baronies 0/ Z>iiM^H»e 123 /*f_ Barrows »2 Dalit Comm 234 Balilica 462 Bafilicata trov- 297 Bafingftoke . 13 Bafque Pfov. ^lo- La Bade 134 Baligny Ttrriu 79 Baftia 304 Balloigne 143 Bath County jn Muni^try 436 Bath Monfter ibii Bath City in England 1 1 Bavaria Circle 197 Bavay < 143 Bauski 406 Bautzen 215 Bayerne 197 Bayeux 07 Bayonne 110 Kaza 344 Bazas 107 Baztan 320 Beam Princi, no Beaujeu, 104 Beaujolis Ttrrit. ibii, Beaumaris 44 Beaumont-le-Roger 72 Beaune 99 BeaufTe 92 Beauvais 85 Beauvoilis Territ. 85 Bedford ComnyVfovin 20 Befort 193 Beemfter Tirrrir. 159 Beja 359 Beilftcin County tS Tnm 1 1 7 106 i55 410 4«9 422 241 Leporie 425 101 99 9t 2fi8 il>id. Ci- 459 358 25 396 27 32$ 391 36 412 4" 227 Huoga- 434 273 142 305 Belac Beira Beicz BELGRADE Belgorod Prov. Belizone Biil. Bellamoreskoy Prtv. Bellay Belle-garde Belle-lfle BellBnefe T:rrit. Belluno Belvedere Prov. 457 ty Benevente St. Bennet'j Jfimd Benevento I Benjford-bridge j Benthem I Btntivoglio Benwal Berdiczow ] Be resko i Berg Dutchy Berg Tovins it ry Bergatno Bergen -op-2oom Bergcrtz Berghen Prov, VS Tovm 380 Berlin 210 Bern CMton 231. Town ibid. itm-Ciiflle i«) iiemard-Cj/(/e 35 Bommencc JM Sernay 70 Bonewel 33 Bernburg 216 Bonifacio 304 Berry Vutchy 96 Bonne |8( Berfello 246 BoneviUe 245 ^f. Bertrand de Comin- | Doppart 18, 6« III Borchloen 143 Berwick ufum Tweed 38 Borcholm 394 Befancon 102 Borgo S. Domino 263. S. Befiers 115 Sepulcbro 27S Beflarabia Prov. 479 Borgo in linbnd 39? Beftricia 435 Borja HorilTow 322 Betanzos 3'7 408 Bctis !{. 308 Boiifthenes f{. 398 Bethune 133 BorinioCuKWir 237 Tcnn ib- Betuwe Tfrrit. 164 Bornholni /rt'? 377 S. Bennet'i //J. 25 Tonn mOrlanil IjU 390 Beveland Frov. 161 , 162 Borfale's Lor.ljhip 1 62 Beverley 34 Borfet 287 Bialla 410 Borftal 33 Bialacerkiew 412 Bofa 30* Bialogrod 412 .479 Bofna-Saraya 468 Bibrach »95 Bofnia Prov. iliiL Biele Ozoro Prov. and liofpliorus o/Thrace 47» Town 425 Bofton 1% Bielha 409 Bothnia Prov, 387 hielia 255 Bothnick Bjy 38J Bielsk PiUt. iiid City, 409 Hova 299 Bielski Prov. 429 Bouchain «4J Bielftein .87 Bouckzouka A"i BienneTown 239. Ith ibid. Boverton 4« lier-bos Lite 158 Bouillon 14? Bighion 445 Boulogn or Bolen 7^ Bigorre Prov. 111 Bourbon-Lancy 99. L . Ar- Bilbao 3<8 chambaut 10$ BiUhowifie 480 Bouibonnois 10$ IJi'Iingworder-ftonce 169 Bourdeaux 107 Rilfdn 148 Pourdelois Territ. 107 Binche 144 Bourg en Brefftf lot Bincheiter 36 Buurges 9S Biogen 184 Bourtanger Fort 1 69 Biorneburg 393 Bouvines H» Birkenfeld 19' Bozolo Dii'ly, 264. Torvt, Bifaw \Aoune 8 ihid. Hifcay Prov, 318 Brab-mt Prov. i;7 & jtqu. Bifchopfware 38Q Swnilh, 158 Dutch . I4t Hi(hops-Storttord 21 Braccio di Maria Piov .458 Bifignano Hiftficz Town 298 Bracklaw Pilut. tf C. 4H 442 Braga 351 Biiero 317 Braganza 354 Hlatkenburg Black Foreft 219 Braili 475> "97 Braine 85 Blandford 10 Hraiue le Conipte 141 Blafois 92 KriadmhurgfovnEkil 2cj Blavet 91 Brafthiiw 47I Blaye 107 Braflaw "j/jt. 4C« Blenheim »99 Biachl'.aw 47S Bleking Proi: 389 Oraunllaw 405 Blois 92 La Brazza Ifli 274 Blofkzil .67 Bray in tngland 14 Eobio 260 Jn France *5» Bochra 401 Brechin 50 Boden-zee >97 Brecknock Cowi md Teri. 40 Bodom-zee 3«3 Breda 141 Bedrock 43* F.redenburg 370 Bod-Vari 44 Brevooit itSS Boglio County dnd Tonn 246 Bremen 210 BOHHMIA Kind 209 Bremerford ibid. Bois-le-duc 14; Bremgarren 241 Bois de Vincennes 83 Bremicham 3" Bolano 299 Brelciano Prov. 27J Eolduc 142 Bredaw Duttty 208 BolgotF 420 Breffe Prov. lOl Bologna 291 Breflici 410 Bolfwaert 168 Breft 9« Bolzano 206 Brefte Prov. 410 Roinmel .\*' Brctagne Prov 87 Uommeller-waett. ihid. Brcteiiham 24 Brettieil ■sa.t.\ . tui'', in EUROPE. 141 ;;5 141 2CJ 27» 1* 69 50 .40 141 70 idS ?♦» JO !7i ic3 01 10 90 10 87 24 cil Bretueil Beevort Hriincon Bride-kirk liridge water Brie Brie Frincoh Brie Comte-Roger firiel Brienne Briennois St, Urieux Brinn or Brino Briqiicras Brifjc Btiltaw Ttrriu BriiTic Kriftol BRIVAIN Irixen Erode Brodzieck Broel Bromley Brouagc Broughton Browerlhjven Brouchaulen Eruck Bruges Brugnetto Brunsbuccle Hrunsfeld Ctjlle Brunrwick l-mcly Town BK^SS ELS 166 12:; 38 II 79 84 ibid. 1^7 7? ICO 89 208 255 193 19' 94 11 ,4.5 SOS 444 40S i8'< 17 95 '7 162 4^4 20 2 1,6 2,8 369 187 2!^ Brziefty raU$.lt Town 403 COHtltJ Buchaw Buchoreft Buchorn Buckingham loWH Buda Budingcn Budoa Budziack Tartars Bueil Couiiiy Bugey Prgv. Bugey in Savoy Buckenburg Bulbar i^»gdom tf Bulgaria P'ov. Buman's Hole Buren Burgaw Mir^mf. Burglaw Diocffi Burgos BurgundiansTfCp. ind (■o >9 478 196 and 20 437 187 467 4S0 246 101 245 225 a- 4BO 470 218 \6$ 195 373 352 103 107 393 39a II 298 333 76 459 322 226 273 273 430 390 »3 304 26 146 ibii. 25 ibid. 18 5» 289 354 411 213 297 283 III 167 Citj 463 Caer Caradock Hill 32 Caerditfc 41 Cear-laverotk 51 Cacr-Cheon 41 Caermartheii County 42 Town »i/j. I ^inarvon Conmy and Tovm , Caerpliyle Oflli 41 , Cacr-vorran 39 Caei'-went 41 C 3Wi Tutvtt ti Stfiigbt 481 Cagliari 303 Cahorle Iftc andTotoH 270 Cahors Cajaneburg C'arjania Prov. Cainfham Calabtia Prov, Calarorra C alais or Calis Calatnata Calatajud Calcar Cakinato Calepio Calmuc Tartars Calmar Callhot CiSlle Calvi Cam Fluv. Cambray Cambrefis Coioiiy Cambridge Coumj town Camden Camelot Camerino Caminha Caminiec Camnin Campagaa Campain «/ Rome Campen in France In Holland Candia Ifli 462 Carolftadt 39° Carpentras >2o Carpi Princif. tni Torm 263 Carthagena, 34^ Cafal de S. Vafo 158 Cafan Kjngdm ^ Town 4*9 Cafcante 3:0 Cafchaw 43 ^ Cafeloutre 190 Cafolo C*file 291 Cajjpe 322 Caflano 298 Caflino 261 Caffel i« Germany 185 Caffil 54 Caflino 496 Caftanoritz 445 Caftel Arogonefe 304 Caftel Novo 467 Caftelnaudary 113 Caftel Rodrigo %<,6 Caftle Selino 464 Caftel Tornere 459 Caftello de Vide Caftiglione della Burgundy Vrav. 98,99,£S'f. Burning-well 37 Burton Lazers 27 Bury »3 Burzia Terrii, 442 Butow Loriifiiip 212 Butrinto 45 2 Buxteliude ajo Buxton-wells 29 Buyi or BuyZ 123 Bydgoft 403 Byecks 403 CAdee lesgue ?-j6 Cadiz IjktndCitj) 540 CgTB 70 Canea 464 Canina Prov. 4,2 Canilla Cov. 439 CANTERBURY 16 Capaccio 297 Cai'itanata Prov. 300 Capo di Iftria 267 Cap;jiia //?-• 305 Capri IJ!.' ibid. Capua 295 Caragoza vide Sara go- za 316 Carenlebes 43d Caravaca 346 Carcaflbnne 11, Card'gan Couiitf (J Town 42 Carelia Piev, 392 Carentan 70 Catcibrnok CufJ/c; 13 Catt^apo'iia Piev. tudTomt 425 Caticferi!;us Cari?nano Cariiitliia Dutcly Carifto 360 Stivere 264 CASTlLEOW33i,Ntn> 328 Caftleford 34 Caftle-Town 45 Caftor 24, 25 Caftres 113 Caftri 4<;^ t aftro Dntcky tnd Town 287 C.ftrode Urdiales 334 Caftromoigorod 422 Cafluben Terr it. 212 CalTum I'acha 473 Catalonia Prov, 3-^3 Catania TownandGulfb 302 Cathnefi Catmore Vale Cattarick Cattaro Cats Catzenelbogen County Cavado l{. Cavaillon Cavalla Caudebec Cauffe Caux Caya ^. Cazarne La Cedogna Cefalonia Ifle Ceneda, ta Cental Centron Ceraunian Mmmt:i!nt Cercifligermen Cerdana Prov. Cerigo Ifl: 275 Cervia Ceva, or Ceba Cevennes Miwnt. 58. Charante Huv, yi, icf La Cliaritf 97 Charlemun'. 144 rharleroy ibid. Charlevi'ilc 7!$ Charoles 100 Chorolois TVrr/r. ibiJ. Chartres 9; Chaurron 10 1 Chateleraule 9$ Chatean fiiiant 8J Chateau Cambrefis 144 Chateau Dun 92 Chateau Gontier 94 Chateau Dauphin 123 Chateau d' If /^; isi Chateau-neuf ii5 Chaceau-Renard 97 Chateau-Roux 9* Chateau Ihietri 3o Chatham 17 Chatillon fur Seine 100 Chaumont 79, 85, ico «.Chaumont 104 Chaunes 74 Chauny 87 Chaves 31; 5 ChebUe 210 Chedty 31 Chelui I'aUt tf City 41 o Chelmsford 2j Chtlley 22 Chepftow 40 Cher Wmv. 58,91 Cherafco 254 Cherbourg 70 Cherfo Ifle diid Town 274 Cherwell Fluv. i3 Chelhire 3 a Chefter City ibU^ Carleton Carl ifle Cattowitz Carlftadt Carmagniula Carmona Carniola Piiufy 54 254 203 465 2S 37.38 4+4 445 i56 34V ao3 51 23 35 274 162 186 35 120 451 69 69 352 417 296 462 268 256 148 452 481 305 . 464 291 254 Prov. 1)2 Cbaaluri3/»r Mtrne 77, fur 7^, Some Chaalonnois Prov. Chablais Dutchy Chablis Chalofle Prov. Chamb Chambery Champagne Trmj. Chanonry La Chappelle 4 1 Chefter on the Street 36, on the Wall 39 Chefterfield 20 Cheteler 101 Chiarenza 49 Chiari 273 Chiavenna 237 Chichefter 1 ^ Chielefa 460 Chieti 29^ Chillingham Citflle 39 Chiltern Hillt 20 Chimeray OAmm, City tnd 452 9<5 271* 272 280 426 421 479 434 379 390 37« 39c 236 440 99 Hid. «44 79 IC9 198 244 76. 77 49 74 Territ; Chinon Chiozza t hiufa Chiufi Chlinotf Chlopigrod Chotzyn thremnitz Chriftiana Chrlftianoplc Chriftlanpris ChriftianllaJt Chur Ciculi Peef. Cilley County and Towh 203 Cimmersburg 37J Clnofa 4^4 Ciniiue Port 17 Circncefter iS Cita di Caftello 288 Citeau 99 Ciudadefa 347 CiudadReal 336 Civdad Rodrigo 335 Cividal S M I* 11:1 The IN D E X of PJacei Ujj C'lvidal di 1-riuli 268 Qvita Vechia 286. di rheti 299 Civitadi Pcnna ibU. Clackmannan County 47, Clagenfurt Ct.iiiie yiuv. Clairy Fiuv. Clnmecy Clare in England Ireland Clarenza Vutcly 457 49 205 54 85 97 In 54 City 458 58, lOI 102 24. Contefla 451 Conty - .. 7^ Conwy 43 Conza 296 C01'F.NHAGENi74 Jr. Claude Mo/wi Jorvn Claufenburg 427 1 Corfu Jfle Cleeve Dutch tnd Citt 22S Coria Clermont en Beauvoilis 86 ' Corinth en Auvergne 105 Bailli- [ Cork age e 1 Lorraine 125 Coperberget Coping Coporio Coranto Corax Mount Corbacli Corbeille Corbey Corbie /» France Corbridge Cordoua 300, 2751 Clervaux Clevbrook ClliTi St cloud Clugny Clundert t oa ^. Coblcntz Coburg County Cucverden top,nac Coimbra Coire Col berg Colchefter Cottbrook Colen Coligny Colmar Col mars Colmenree Colmogoiod Colochina Colocza 388 388 396 4(5 1 418 i8« 84 1 925 Ti 39 340 452 337 461 54 386 2 Cologne Eleil- ^ City 181 St. Coliimbs 8 Colontieis 80 Colour! 465 Columna 421 Col yns /■/*». 162 Corneto 79 Cornidi M«« 17 Cornwall Cotmty 8 274 Coron 458 84 Correj,io Primip. 263 iro Corfica IJle 304 158 Corte ii/'rf. 3S2 Cortona 278 183 Cortryck 137 187 Corue 32 167 Corunna 317 95 rofeiiza , 298 3S') Coferans 111 236 CxiSacVs Peop. 412,423 213 Cotelenitz 426 23 Cotrona 298 20 Cotwis 215 181 Coventry 30 101 Covilhao 356 192 Coupler 47 118 Couriezon ibid, ^c") Courland Frov. 406 3S* Couitenay 8$ 46U Courtray 137 436 Coutance 70 Coutanfe 1 00 Cowale 36S Cowbridge 41 Cows 13 i^racow PtUtitie 401, City Croya Cucnca 530. fll, Culemburg Mir{uif. Col nberg [errit. Culenburg Culm ( ulmfee Cumberland County Curifch-haff Like Curzola Curzolari Ifles Cypariffa Czaritza ( zailaw Czermifle ProV. Czemihow Dutchy ^toTovm ibid. Czernobel 4 2 Cz:rskow Fdltt, and Tonn 4^9 475 451 .Devil's Dike 309 ' fti oevizc's 189 Dcvonfbire 216 lUeux Ponts Z>«n7;/ 165 ' l-eynfe 40'i . Die il/iil. 37 405 467 462 459 430 208 422 la 9 19* '37 12J 69 Czyrkafli 412 D Diepe Diepholt Cw(«yi 224, Tovm ibid. Dieren Dieft Oietlimold Dietz Diganwy I 'igne Dijon Di|Dnnois Tenit. Dilc fluv. DillenburgcoM»(>i87 To^n i8($ Ditbo Dinant in Trance t iege 164 139 22$ ?«7 4« 118 38 ibid. 138 378' 396 DAarfield Mount, Dagho /fle Daleborg Ualecarlia Prov, Dalem Dalia Prov, Dalmatia 273, Dam Damme Damvillers Danes Peop, Ij.intry Uantzick Danube Fluv. 171, Darddncis Sirjight^y 1 ,Torts 47 Dardanels 0/' Lepanto 456 Darmftadt Vrbs 186, tnd DioU Jen it. Diifchow Diflenhow Vitmatfh Prov 3901 Diitmuyde 386 ^f. i--17i(.T 146 389 4(56 169 >34 >45 4 27 404 432 Coinachio ViUey^Tovm 292 Crainburg Comb-Martin Combas Comenolitaii Territ, Comines Cominges Prov- Como Comorra Compeigne Compoftella Concarneau Conde 143 Condom 109 Condomoi^ Territ, ibid, Condora Prov. 426 Conrfrotz rem'f . 147 Conli-nt Zirrr/r. 114 Congleton 32 Coni Connaught Prov, Conqucft ConleransProu. Conftance Bi^, Conftans 84 CONSTANTINOPLE 472 CortidodiAughiera 260 204 Craon 94 482 1 Crapack Mtunt. 440 450 j Le Crau Territ, 1 1 8 134 Craullau 482 III Crema 273 261 Crei.iafco Prov. ibid. 43 H Cremona 261 86 Cremonefe Territ. 260 ' 316 Crempen 369 90 Cremlit 20" C'rcfpy 86 CrelTy 75 Crevant ico Crevecoeur 144, 158, 102 Creutznach 190 Crews Morthard 9 Crim-Tartary 481 254|CrimC/(/ 482 54 Crlo Ci/jf 464 90 Croatia Prov, 444 I I Crom 420 <96| Cromartie Cdaoiji 48 Croneburg 393 Cronrnburg CtSitc ZTj Cronftadt 44 > Croffen Hutchy 209 Flu- Daroc' Daventer S, Davids Dauphine ftcv Dax or Dacq Liebreczen Decife De-dieu J/le Dee Flu-J. Delfland Prov. Dellt S, Deli //!,■ Delmenhorft County Town Delphi Demetriada Demer Hhu. 128, Demianskoy Denbigh Cowwyi 44, 32 188 322 167 42 122 no 437 97 5Si 5' 153 «57 427 224 377 455 I 453 ! 138 429 Jovni ibid '37 327 365 84 17 388 » '• '47 12} 4o» »4i 359. «37 77 398 401 168 378 8 398 89 45 « 1 03 43 l6y I Of Dendermond Denia DENMARK J.Dennis Deptford Derby County 29 Tonn ibid. Petit Derpat Derwent Fluv, Deffaw Deva Dcventer Devil', Arre in Peak Devil's Bolts Dnipcr ^. Dobrzin Ptijt. Doccum Dofrine Mouiitilns Dogad Fm. Doipet Pol Dolcigno bole Dol Celhew den Dollard B.iy Dombes Princip. S. Domingo de la Calzada 334 Uon or Tanais Fluv, itt Sourfe 414, 42a — Its Courfe ibid. Donawert Doncafter Lonfere Donkagorod Doo^burg Dorat Dorbzin Dorcheller in Dorfetfli, "10 In Oxfordlhire Dordonne Fluv, Dormans Dornick Doroftero Dorpat Dorletlhire Uorften DortorDordretch Dortniond 199 ?* '1(1 It S > Doujy Dover Doulens Dourdan Douvarenes Down ibid. I Drave Fluv. 395 Draszi 34 DrencTfrm. 216 Drelden 443 I Dreux 167 I Drogenaps Tooin 29 , Drogifzyn 34 1 Drogobufa «9 106 7« 1 34 470 395 10 182 '57 ai7 75 8S 90 54 43 « 45 • 166 215 93 I6i 409 420 Droic- ■S^: in E U R O P E. Droitwich 3> EMen-/7s/5 Dunaniund tort. 395iEmbrun 123 Fermenia //Jir 465 I'rejus 1 1 9 Dundee ^oEmpoli 278 Fermo 289 French Peo, 60, 62 Dunenburg 3P5 tnchuyfen 160 Fero Ijlc 381 Frefcati 281; bunedey 35 Engcrs 18 J l''i;rri«r«Dutcliy29I. City Frefquel f/.iv. 112 Uunfrizc 50 Enghien 145 1 ibii Freyburg in Saxony 21'; I>unkel ibid. Engia Ifli ff torm 465 La Ferte 69. L: Ferte Freyl'uck 203 Dunkirk «35 ENCiLAND ui.^fequ. Bernard 93. Milon 86. Freyftadt 202 Dun-le-Roy 96 Englilh rcop. 2, 3. Seiiterte 92 Fiiburg Cjhwh 234. Town Dunmow 23 Englifh ApcniiinC;^lD«»t 2. Feverlham-Pits '7 ibid. In Urilgaw 193 Dunois /V»//f. 92 En&uedini 443 Feuers 104 Friedburg li^ Dons 50 Enkoping 388 Fierenzuola ■ 263 Frietzlar 184 Lunsby 5' Ens , 201 Fielble 278 FrigaloCape 452 Dunftable 20 EDtre Douro e Minho Prov. Fife Penivfuli 47,49 Fri'ch-haif Bi/ 404 burango Ti-rrit. 318 353 Figeac 108 Friuli Prov. 267 lorcn ibii. Entrevauz 1 1 9 FiUcc 456 l-rizehnd I';(-j. 168. EaU- Turazzo 451 , tpirus I'rov. 425 Fille-field MoMt. 378 Friezeland 224. Weft- Durby 145 ' tpfom-Wells 15 Fimes 77 Frizfland 153 puren 227 Ertiirdt or Erdfort 216 Final tAiirauif. 2<7. Towt Frizons Peop. 168 Dmiiam 35 trliw 436 ; ibid. Fuentaravia 318 Durlach Mirquif, 194 ■ Erpach County mi Town 189 ' Fini? Terra: Cdpe 307 Fuld Tcrrii, 186 Town and 1 uleldorp 227 L'El'cauc f/ttv. 128 Findland Prov. 392 /(iver ibii. Duytl'ctiUiid 171 ; Hfcliwege 185 Finmark 381 Fulh.Tm 22 Duyveland ,fl: 161 Efcuiial 331 Fiorentino 7(rr/f. 276 Fundi lake 248 Dwina Hiiv. 393 414 Efens 224 liorenzoula 263 Funen Iflt ty^ Dytn 434]tflingen J94 Five Churches 439 Fumes 135 Elperies 435 Five-lingo Territ. 169 Furftemburg Trineif. 196 E. Elpcrnay 76 FLANDERS X53. French Elprnoa 93 Elieck 443 134. Dutch 137 nilh . Spa- »35 G. TT Aftoti-nefs JZt ElKflftoft 24 Efftck-Bridgc 432.44; La Flcche 94 37j Ellex Countf '.3 Flensburg Si//.£J Town 37 ' f^ AetA 296 \J S. Ga!. Abbey tni Eberimbtrg CMi 190 Eftampes 97 Flieland Ifli 160 Ebora 359 Eftaples 76 Flintlhire 44 Town 2 '57 Ebto Fliiv. 308 tftayre 13? Florence 277 Galata 437 Echternacb 145 Ifte 272 S, Flour 105 Galetz 422 Eckrenford 371 1 Eftella fi'rr/f. ^ti(j ToWH 320 Flulhing i6i Gallicia Prov. 316 L'Edulc 134'Eftlionia Vrov. 394 Floari oli 33 Gallipoli 301,5471 Edam 159 , Eftremadura Prvv. ofSpain Foborg 376 Galway ' 55 EDKNUURGH 50 1 336. 0/ Portugal j6o Foix 114 Gandia 337 Edgeliill 30 Eftiemoz 160 Foligno 2S8 Gap «83 St. Ednmnd's-buty 5 3.24 St. Etieniie de Furents 104 Folkingham 29 Gapencois Territ. ibid. Eems htiiv. 223 Everding 202 Fontain-bleaU '85 Grado 270 EfFerding 202 Evclhani 3 1 Fantarabia 318 Gardeleben a 10 Eger 43ft tvora 359 Fontenay eh Orlemnois 94 Garnl'ey Ifle 56 J-.glifcow 2J1 Evureux 72 En lor nine 125 Garonne f/«u. 58 Egra 208 EUROPE 1,2 Fora Ifli 372 Gafcoigne Prov. 10$ Egripos Ifl; 465 Euripus C'towJ 465 Forcalquier 120 Gaftinoi, Prov. 85, 97 r ibii. Ex ilui: 9 Foretz Prov. 104 Gateihcad 39 Fgypten 406 Exeter 9 Forfar Prov. 47 Gavardon Tarit. 109 Ehrcnbiitftein i8< Eyde 380 Forli 291 Gavre ferrit, ibid. Eichfeld7(fri/«. 1S4 Eeyenburg 1 86 Formentera 347 Gauh Peof. 85, '59,60, 6j, Eimbeck 218 Eylrnath Vutciy »>id Town Fort Louis 192 248,9 Einhove;! i<3 216 Fortunate Ifljnds 2 Gaunt 135 Eifenbach '■,J5 Ezija 341 Foflano 253 Geblowa Slaboda 4»5 Eiflcbcii Ii6 lofligny Prov. 245 Cieertruydenburg is8 Ekek'cs Feierwa 438 F. FofTombrone 290 Geilburg County 186 Ekefio 392 Fougcres 88 Geldre Quitter 164. Town Elba Ijh »7i ("•Aenza 29ft r :■■ IJU 52 Fowey 8 166 Elbe bluv. »7' FRANCE V y fiqu. Gelnhaulen ll? Elbing Vrki £5 fkv. 494 Falaife 71 Franckforto««*siM4(» »88 | Gemblouis 139 Elburg 165 I'alckenberg 390 U^rt Oder e 210I Genap «38 Genemuydeci The IN D EX of riaces Genemuyden 167 Geneva county CS like 239. City 244 Oengenbach 194 Gennep 226 Genoua Codfls 257 City ibid. Geraperra Totin md Cife 464 Geraw Territ. 1 86 Gerberoy 86 Gergcau 92 Gecgenti Town (S Kjvcr 302 Geteme 461 S. Germain en Lay 84 GERMANY 170 Germain JVop. 171 Geronfter if;^ 148 Gelecic 182 Geftricia Prov. jS") Gevalia lirij tf f/wv. 388 Gevaudan Prov. u6 Gex Bui, 101 Geyfmer 185 Chent 135 S. Gbidjin 145 Giblou 139 Gibraltar Sritight * 156 TorvH 341 Gien 97 Gieflcn 185 Gieza 468 Gi^lii) rfli 305 CihUwa 208 ' ijon 317 Girona 325 Gisburgh 35 Gifors 69 C i(T» ijk 274 GiuU h'cjerway 442 GlimorBanfhitc 41 Cjlai;(ieve 119 Glarib dmo" 23 J. Town ibid. Glafcow 50 Glaften! ury 1 1 Glaslhictcn 435 Glati 208 Glrnwelt 39 Cloce^er Comity t^ City 18 Glogaw Oiitchy 209 Glowa Sa!boda 425 Glucksburg 371 Gluckftadc 369 Cnofl'us 464 Onefna 402 Goch 266 Golderrond Stnigk 3 76 Coldingen 40S Gold-fiKC Jpn>/; 37 11 Golfo di tngia 4<;3 Goneffc 84 Goodmanchefter 26 Gorcum »<;8; Gorecht Urdjhip 169 , Ooree Ijlt 157 j Gorgona ijk 305 ! Goritia County 204 Goritz or GortZ 204 Goitina ^463 Goflar 218 Gotha 216 Gothland Prev. 388. Jflt 396 GotlisPwp. 38} Goteemburg 390 Gotthefpune icdgnt 236 Gottingen 218 Gottorp.Bi;J.37i, City 337 Goude 159 Goulet 90 Gournay 69 Goyland Prov. 153 Grabow 404 Gracz 202 Gradirca 444 Grado Ifi ind Tovn 270 Graeff 141 Graham'i DH:e <, i Grafivaudan Prov. 122 Gramniont in France to6 yut'Unders 134 Gran C/y 438. JJivcr 432 Granada l^ng. 342 City 3« Grand-lieu LAe 88 C)rand Recours 125 La Grande Chartreufe 123 Granfon Bui, 241 Tomi ibid, (irantcefter 26 Grantham 2S I Grauzbain-^/'JZj 47 j Granville 70 ' GralTe, or Grace 119 Grave 14s Graveling I35 Gravcnhague 1 56 Gravenfprug 19^ Gray 101 GJ^EviTBRITAIN i Grecians Ptof. 448 GREECE 448 ^ fequ. Cireenock 51 Greenwich 17 Grenoble 122 Grimault Qulfh. 119 Grifons Peof, mi Lctgue 236 Groeningen Prov. 160 City ibid. GroU 166 Groretto 280 (irotkaw Diitchy 209 7*f Groyn 317 Grubenhagen Prineif. 218 Gruninghen Am/. 211 Cruftina 42! Gruftinsky Prov, ibid. Guadalajara 330 Guadalquivir Fluv. 308 Guadiana Fluv, 308 Guadix 344 Guarda 356 Guarnley /. ^6 GuaftaWa 264 Guben 21'; Gubio Territ.igo Tovm ibid. Cuelderland liutel> 162 Spanifh 166 Gieldre 166 Guere 130 Guerande S8 Guerct 106 Guefcar fluv. 345 Guienne Prov. ic6 Sife^u. Guildford 1^ Guimaraens 354 Guines 76 Giiipufcoi rrov. 318 Guile 73 Gulick 320 Gurk town mi Rivtr 203 (iuftalS^f/. ;4a GuftrOW 222 Gyula Fluv. 438 H HAbujl Tonn ind Culph 394 Hademar 187 Haderlkben Bi//. 371 Haenms i«oimf . 471 Hague 1515 Haguenaw 192 Hailbron 194 Hainault Prov. 143 French ibid. Spanlfh 144 Haine Fluv. 142 Halberftadt Trimif. 211 Tovm ibid. Halem 199 Halicz 410 Halifax 34 Hall <» Saxony 216 /» Tyrol 205 Hallaad i'rov. 389 Halle in Hainault 144 Halmftadt 390 Ham in France 74 Ai Germany 227 Haman 411 HAMBURG 221 Hammelen 218 Hamilton 51 Hammer Gov. and 7bn>»38o Hampftiire 13 Hamlkd 21 Hanii.iuii-Court Hid. Hanaw County tniTovin 187 Hanncbon yi Hanni.ye 139 Hannover 218 Harburg 219 Harderwick 164 Harewood 20 Ha/fleur £9 Harkier 37; Harlebeck 137 Harlech CuflU 43 Harlem \^c, Harlem er- meer LtU \ 5 6 Harlingen 168 Harfia Territ. 394 Harwich 23 Hafelunnem Fort 224 Haffelt in Liag« Bi^, 148 In Overiflel 166 Haftings 1 7 Hatfield 2 1 Hattem 165 Haubo 393 Havelburg 2 10 Havcrford Welt 42 Havre de Grace 69 Haynburg 202 Hcdemora 388 Heylingenftadt 184 Heidelberg 190 Hekla Mi/uMr. 381 J. Helen's-head 55 J'. Helen's-ford 34 Helicon <:Mou;it. 4^6 Hell- becks ^'im 3^ Helleliwnt Stnigh 472 Hell-kettles 36 Helmont 143 Helmlhdt 218 Helchenoer 374 Helfing urg TvWm tni Ci- pie 374, 390 i Helfemberg Helfingfors Heirint;ia Prov Helvoet-Sluys Hemingfton Henley Herborn ?9Q 38(5 •57 24 «9 187 Hercynijn It'ooi 196, 2i8 Hereford co«wi/ 33 lewn i|>. >4I -MI 183 435 388 Herentali Hermanftadc Hermanftcin Hermerder-wacrt Ijle Hern-Grundc Hemofaud ^.^ Hertford County tnd Town 21 S'Hertogenbofch 138 S'Hertogen-raidt 146 Herty-point 9 Heldin 13} Hcfle-Caffcl Undgrtv. 185 ibii. 184 5« •54 158 39 37 369 43? 119 121 47 5« 219 186 "7 37J «99 372 194 22i; 7« Darmftadt Heffen Prov. Hethy Ifle Het Y, Hivcn Heufden Hexam Hey Heyde Tomn and Smd Heydukes Hierej Hieres I. High-landers S. Hilary's Hildelheim Bifh. Hirchfeld Hith Hither Priucipility Naples 297 Hobro Hochftadc Hodfelbro HoendwilloyJte Hoey La Hogue , . HohenrcchrpurgCouMf)! 194 Hohenftein CoMMfr 2 id Hohenzolleren Princip, (S Town 196 HolachCo«»ry 189 Holbeck 37^ HOLLAND Prov. m the Low Countriei 15J South I ,8 North 1^9 Holland Divif. oj Linconlh. 28 Hollandet-dorp Hollen Hollowood Hill Halme-Cultram HOLSTEIN Dutcky Holftrebo Holt upon Dee Ho! y well Homburg ilonfleur J". Honorat /yfe 51, Honflaerdyck Ho;n /n Brabant Horn, or Hoorn in Holland 160. In Weftphalia 22^ Horfens 371 Horton 34 Hounllaer-dyke 1^7 Hoxter 22$ Howborn tromont. 5 1 Hoye Countji 224 Town ibid. HradlfTs 374 379 «7 38 368 372 44 ibU, 185 70 121 '57 H3 tn EUROPE. ?9o 79J 386 "57 84 «9 187 5, Ji8 itm ib. '4« 4ii 183 « 158 4}5 388 ' Tamn kuen/ff* 377 Hacna 396 Huefa 321 Huete 320 Hull 34 Hulfc, or Hulft 137 H umber /-'/hv. 3, J4 Hundl'wickwald 3«8 Hungarians Piop, 4J2 HUNGARY 43jCfp4«. Hungerford >4 Huningen fart 192 Hanfdruck DiflriS. 191 Hunlingo ffrrir. 1(9 HuntditF 35 > ^i Iiiowlof.7. ViUu^tovon^Qi Inl'pruck Jocelin S, John Maurienne S, John's Voteland 49) 2C5 89 245 55 5' 78 n% 24 and Kjttg. 54 JAblonitz )atn Jagenldorf Dutiky S. .|agodeComi)oftcl1a3i6 i Jaica 3« Janiagorod 396 Janiboli 7irrri». 4^0 janicoli 471 Janna Prov, Tovm tmi Lake 453 Janow 41c Japlianim 428 Jarnac 96 jaruHaw Vrov, in Mufcory 421. Ciyi ibid. /» Po- land 410 Jaffy 479 Jararin 438 j Jawer jaycza Ihiza or Ivicj A ijurg Ic-borough Idam Idanba a Nova Idra Idftcin CoKifi; md Tavtn 187 J. jeand'Angcli 109 Ue l.aune 99 De Lu« a Velha ibil De Pied de Port Hid, Jemptia rrev. 387 Jeiia 216 Jenekoping 390 lenefaiza i-7«v. 4.4 jcrfy IJJ:: 56 jervia lirrit. 394 Jevcr 224 Iglaw KfVir Mhi town 203 llantz 236 Ilenarti 202 llkeley 34 Ilmen Luke 42^ liock 444 Imbro) /. 46^ S*ftnmet VtUey 239 Ttnola 291 Imthall 20^ fomn Joigny [oinville I pres 26 Iplwich 191 lliKLAND Iflc S4 52, Provimet 8 Iron-Gate 437 433 Irtiii-h J^. 429 371 KcWia IjU ttd Town 302| 14 Kent County 16 Keplaurcli . trt 381 Kerky Tomn 482. Stnight il>id. Kefteven 28 ' Keulen 181 ] Kexholm Prov. 392. Toim 393 ; Keyfer-lauterh 190 Keyferwaert 1 82 Kiburg BjH. 23 i. Town ibid. Kidecleri 482 Kidderminfter 30 Kiedani 406 Kiel 369 ICies 406 Kildare 55 Kilia Nova 442. Vechia ibid. Kilkenny ^5 i Killair amc Ibid. I Killain i-Ziiv. ^i { Kimbolton 16 iKimi 392 ! Kinii-Lapmark Pnv. 392 ' Kiraolo Ifle 475 Kingfton upon Hull 34 I Vpon I hames 1 5 Kinkardin County 47 Kinros County ibid. Kinrale 55 Kiobenhaun 374 Kiow P*Ut. 413,4)3. City ibid. Kirby-Kendal 37 Kirby-Thore Hid. Kilia nova 479 Vechia ibid. Kloppenburg 224 Klundert 158 Knock-fergus B.ty, 56 Knockenhaus 395 Kockzubi 4S0 Koden 41c Koelfeldt 224 Koge 37, KoWing 372 Komorra 438 Koniecpole 411 Koningratz 208 Koningsberg 405,435 Koningfeck Comvf 196 Koningftein 184 Roping 388 Kwfor 375 KcTZubi 480 Koskinpa 393 Ko»no 4108 « 2 Kranaftavv 410 KremHs/(/wr ml Tornt : 02 Krempach Mount. 390 Krenipe Town ttid Kiwr Kremfier jo8 Rrarcian 402 Krzemienec % 3^4 Leonnois fcrrit. Leontari Leopolftadt in 201 /)• Hungary 454 Lepanto City Mi Culph 456 Lepoii 425 Leplina 4$ 5 Lcrida 324 Lerins /yZis 121 Lcrro tluu. 3i;2 LelV'r 111 Lefii-n irLflTmes 14"; Lcffow IJli 373 Letti-n 394 Leui-htenhcrg 198 Leverpoole 36 Li iM.Urk 195 Lcatiilic 436 Leuwarden 168 Leuwe 139 Lewemburg LerJJI). 212 Lewenftein County 189 Lewes 16 Lexa 393 Leyden 156 Leyton 23 L'hanvyllyn 43 Lherena 338 Libcten 43$ Libourne 107 Lichfield 31 J.idkoping 390 Lidh or Lida i%'i Licbaw 215 Liefland Prov. 393 Liege E/|K 146. City 147 Liepftadt 2i$ Lieffe 83 Lignitz Dutcl:y 209 town ibid. Lillo Lima in Sweden Lima Fluv. Limbiirg Prov. tf City Limburg/MOermany Tirril, Limen Mare Limerick i/ti 3S8 3')2 146 183 189 482 jo8 ibid. Lincoln Cmmy 28 Ciiy ibid. Limoges Limohn Territ. Liviner y alley Livonia Livonia Frov< 393 Llerena Loches Lodeve Lodi Logowi Territ, Logronno Lohm-Clofter Bill. Loja lombirt/y 2;i He. to Lombes LONDON Londonderry LongMegg and licr Daugb ters 58 LongueviUe 69 Lonigo 22$ 1.00 164 Loots 148 l.oppa Prov. 427. Town 428 Lorca 146 Lorctto 289 Lorraine /"ro-j. 124. yyc^ 22$ 141 371 69 55 >34 121 40 < 407 Tom 4^7 233 391 He, 338 96 >«5 261 423 134 371 344 274 III 21 5'i Loudun Lough-foyle liite Lough-Longas Lough-Regis Louvaine Louveftein CuUlt Ttc Low-Countries 95 55 5' 56 139 158 127 tSff^u. Lowicz 403 Loiicic 409 Lubetk 221 Luben on Spree Fluv. 1 1 $ LabWn PiUt ^!^ city 402 St, Lucar de Barromeda 34 » Jt. Lucar le Mayor 342 Lucca J{epub, 275,276 City ibidf. Lucena 341 Lucern Ci«;m« 232 Tomi, Like, Valley ibid I ucomoria Prov, 428 Lucon 95 Lucrin Lule 295 Ludlow 32 Lvg. Fluv, 33 Lugan Bill. 941 Lugo 316 Lula Tovm tni I{hier 3 88 Lula-Lapmark 392 Lunden in Holftein 369 In Sweden 389 Lunenburg Dutchy tniCiti ■ill) Lure 1 02 Lufatia VAir^uif. 214 Lulignan $ $ Lufuck or Lucko Ptlit. 4 1 1 lomn ibid. Luxburg 371 Luxemburg 145 Luyck 147 Luzzara 164 Lyme 10 Lynne 25 Lyonnois Pro-j. 103 Lyons City \ 04 Lysf/MV. 128, 13a M. MAcedon Prov, 4$o Macerata 288 Machecou 89 MADRlu 328, 329 Maelftrand 381 Maerl'and y/?e 162 Mae> or Mofcf/Kv. 128 Viaefland-Sluys 153 Maeftricht 143 Maefyeck 148 Magdeburg Dutchy 211 City ibid. Maggero//Z<; 381 Majiiar 433 Magnegalia 470 Magny 85 Magitcr 342 M.ihon Pojl 347 Maidcn-C.aftle lo Maidenhead 14 Maidfton 17 Maillezais 9$ Main-amber Stone 8 Le Main /errH. 93 Maine Fluv. 189 Majorca /yd; Marpurg iS$ Marquii; oftheH. Empire 138 MarneF/iiv. 77, 8t Marol'ch. fluv. 468 Marfal ii$ Marlalla 302 MarranowitB /. 416 Marfcilles 118 Marlico Nuovo 297. Vec- chio >&/tf. Martigues /. lai Martiaac 338 Macon 100 Maliionnois Territ. ibb Masko 39} Malovia 409 Malfa Cipc 280 MaiTeran Primif. z$5 TowH ! ibid. Matagorda Fort 340 MatapanC.ips 460 Maubcuge 144, St. Maudit Fort 8 Jr. Maur 84 Ji. Maura /y?i; 462. Tonit ibid Maurienne County 24'; MausThaurn 184 Maxacra 34; Mayence iHj Mayenne Tovm 93. I{ive-- \ ibid Mayntz igj Mazara Valley 301 Town tni J^iver ibid. Mazieres 78 Meath Prov, 54 Meaux 79 Mechljn 140 Mcchle.'bu.-g Duteky 122 ToT>:i ibid. Medelin 338 Medclpadia /'rov. 387 M ;dcnblick 160 '4edina delCampo 336 Sidonia 341 Medina de Rio Seco 336 Med way fluv. 16 Megara 455 Megiez 442 Meirod itid. Meiffen aif Melangar 380 Meldrop 3f9 Meleda JJk 267 MelH J98 Mellingen 241 Melton Mawbray 27 Melun 84 Memel 40$ Memingen 19$ Mende 1 16 Mendip IJiEi 1 1 Meneae 134 Menu M-^:" 93 1C4 '35 109 74 76 85 Monte'Marano MoiucMoi o Vellio o Novo Monte-l'ulciano Monte- anto Moimt Miinre Vfrde Moiitclimar Montercal Montertau fjut-Yonne Montferut Dirnhf Montfort /)) I fance 89. /n I'yrol 2--5. /« Utretcht 163 :,tonr*.>.t I.'Vmaiiry Moiiigomcrry County lumi Mont-I'.;iix Mori c- jure Mjiitluel Montmartc Montm'jdy Montmelian Montnieliar Montmorency Montoire Montprlier Montroyal MonCJ(. Michael Mont-vogelij Miirzao Murat />; Trance 105. 296 356 360 280 451 297 124 302 80 258 85 .,43 ibid. 242 102 ICI 84 '45 244 124 84 94 115 >«3 ♦7' 58 354 Bull. N' crden ir9 Nagayan T.:rtars 430 334 42^ 48 402 ",55 '45 125 8S 32 292 293 41*0 461 114 467 409 287 Hh. 069 Jatvn ibid. 38S 459 /';.Switz.24r. lown ibid. .Moravia Minju. Morawa tluv. Morbegno Mordua- Tartars fff^/), Motca /t-w/'.v/. Moresby Morladiia Frov, Morlaix Mortai^ne Mortain Mortara Mortimer's //o/f- Morvicdro /{iver tni fovin 327 MOSCOW 421 Mofcua Pnii.hy 420 MolTelle F/iir. 1:5, 141,171 PiCp, Nagera Nagornoi Tinit, Nairn Cuiii;i» Nakel lomiii Jjjvcr Nainam Namur Prov. W I'otvn Nancy Nantes Nantwich NAPLES l{iiis.l. iifcju City is iiiilf Napoli di Malvalia Di Romania Narbonne Narenza, ta Narew Narni Naiva German. 394. ibid. Ruffian Naflaw rrir.cip. 1S6. Natra Navarinn Navarre K^'ipi- Lotvtr 1 10 /.i^k 207 . Naumburg bid. j Naxenfcoy 23 1 Naze Cipe Nazinn Ncbbio N-;ckar Fliiv, Ncdh Ike Needles 426 4". 7 3« 445 89 319 5 '5 42'< 378. 380 429 3-4 189, 193 41 >3 93 ' Negropont Ifli 465. Toren 7t 262 29 459 414 345 105 160 '35 3<:o Mdffeniga Moska iluv. Motril Moulins Citomiuinmii Country Mount-CalTel • Moura Mourcmanskoy-Leporie Prov- 425 Mouftricrs 24^ Mlliflaw PjUt. 408 Mula 346 Muldawf/av. 207 Mulhaiifen in Gertr.any 193 216. /wSwitz. 239 Mulheiin 182 Munich 197 Wunickendam 159 AIuni\er Prov. in Ireland 54 Bi}h in Weftphalla 223 5Munfter-.:;«eynfield Aiiinftcrberg Vutcly Alurcia Kji'gi' 345 NetTK'iiri Nepi Nericia Prov. Nermoutier Ncfle Neftved Netherby ibid. 85 286 386 98 74 375 38 .83 209 City 346 355 MuriJ MUSCOVY 4t3e?/fV- Vutchy 420 Mycone /. 26'; Alyedzyricci 410 We NETHERLANDS 127 CJyV ,7a. United 149 Neuburg Vtmhy und lomi 198 Navers 97 Neufchatel County andTomi 238. /..lie ibid. /() Lorraine 12'; /« tU Netherland'; \n82 198 14 38 '7 City ibid. 443 ■ 36 .58 432 435 202 34 29 S. Nicholas !n [.orraiii? 1 11 /'■ RiilFia 426 Biy ibid Nicklia //h'iS hwn 4*^ Nitn;"c.li'i 470, 471 Nic"£c-n 29'< Nicmni f /bv. 59'* Nienieraw ^\' Nienliaus 39,; Nicper,orDnlper f/iiv. jyS Nirllnr 391 Nielter FInv. 39^ Nieumunftcr 369 Niicboli 470 Nikoping 373 Nimegiien \6^ Nimes m Ninove 1^7 Nions 125 N linovogorod Prov. 421 nmi ibid. NilTa /fi'ifr 4'9. ToKu ib. Nivelle j-jS Nivcrnoi Prov. q; Nocern ii< Ombria 28S In Nanle; J57 Nogent-lcF<.otrnii 9J Noir-Monftrier Ifle ^g Kola 29<; Noli jijy Nona J 7 Nordablingia 3S8 Nordburg 371 Norden 22.). Nordiingon jipj. Norfolk County 24 Noikoping 3 go Normandy Pinv, 68 Norftrandr Ijk 371 Nort-gow Prov. 197 Northampton Cfluw(/ 26 '»«•" ibid. Northumberland County 3S NORWAY 378, 'd figu. Norwich City 24 Nottebiirg 396 Nottingham County 29 Torvn ibid, Noto ViHey 303, Tov>n ibid. Novara 261 NOVA Zr.MRLA 427 Novijrod 436 Novogrcdeck Weleki Prov. 424 Novogrodcck r.iUt, 40S Town ihid. Novogrodci k Sewerski 420 Novogiiira 401 Noyoii 37 NubiTg 376 Nurcmbcig 188 Nufto 297 Nuys 182" Nybe 373 Nyburg 376 Nykerki 393 Nykoping ;>r Denmark 373 /w Sweden j'JS Nylandia P>ov. 392 Nyflot 393 0. OBada Prov, 427 Ober Laub? .h 204 Ober Haden 24 1 Oberwefel 183 Obdow il 'ill .11? Obflo Dio(ffs tni Jonti Oby f /./f. 414 (Jtliie fJoli II Ocryda » s i Ociakow T.irtary 480 Odenpol 39^ Odcnitfc 37S Ddepoa rnv. 3^4 Oi1c;r Wiiu. 171 Oilerzo 368 (leland ///.• 396 Oelfe 2f9 Oenaland Pro-.. 3S9 Ocfel 396 Oet'mgCounty 19 \Towi'ib\A. OifaS iv/ts; 4L OtFrn 4J7 OtFcnburg 1 94 Ogranij IVo-j. 422 ohmpacli 1IJ9 Okeliam a8 Okclianipton 9 Oil! AmiH lenit. 169 Old-lllo" 370 Oldi nbursCoHwiy JwJ TutPM /M Wfftplialia i24, /)/ Holfttin 37-, 377 Oldciidrop 'iiS Oldenzyl 167 0 If rim //;- 97 Ulcroii ill Gafcoi^ne 1 1 1 ()\f\MkoJ(in'iih:p. 246 Totdk ibid. Ooftburg 137 Ooftduyveland 162 Ooftend 136 Ooftergo T.;iit. 168 Oofteiricli ;'rof. g, Oofter-Sdield Fkv. 128 Ooftrich 200 Ooft-veldeii 223 OotmerCum 167 Opdael ^80 Oppelen Dut,l:ji 209 Or 481 Orange r)-/,;,//i. 120 Orbe Cjii. 241. Tonm ikA r,iver ibid. Oibitello 2H0 Orbotec 482 Orchies 134 Orci Nuovo 273 Orconiene 454 Orcbio 388 Orenre 306 Orefand l/lt 162 Orebka 396 Orc-fundt J'(rj(j;/.t 374, 383 Organia 4'2 Origbuella 3*7 Oriiiow 411 Orillac 105 Oriftagni 303 Orkney Ijks 51 Orkanois 9\,fSftqu, The INDEX of Pkca Orleans 92 Oroiio 388 Ordunna 318 Oroxopeda Mount 309 Orfi 28f Orfi,/ '.(26 Orti 286 Ortnaw 7ir<-r/». 191 Ortona 399 Orvieto Tirrit CJ Tonn 287 Orenburg 22^ Olitro HIi e? Tomu 274 Ofimo 389 Olma 333 Ol'nabruck Bijb. 224, 225 0(Ta Mount 453 Ofluna 34« Orterwick 311 Oftia 385 Oftrog 411 Otber-half-ftone 8 Otmarfen 167 Otranco Prov. W City 300 Otricoli 287 Ottersberg 220 Otthefundt i,ilr 373 Oude Anipte Tcirit 169 Oudfnard 136 (Jverburrow 36 OverHakee //Ztf is7 Overiffel I'rov. 166 Oncfljiit IJk 90 Oviedo 317 Ourem S'iS Ouftiugh Prov, 426 Town j ibid. ' Clxford Ciimiiy 1 o Ciy ibid. | Co'Iegti ibid. Owar 438 G"c //;; 97 PAdafiosk 393 Padcrborn Bijh. 22$ Padron 317 Padua 271 Pagafa 453 Pago Ifli 274 Jr. Palais no The Palatine of Bavaria 1 97 f/ifoRliine 1 89 Palencia 336 Paleo Fatra 45**] Palermo 302 Palcftrina aS'-, Palma 268 — MAndalufia 342 Palmela 358 , Palo Care 267 I Palus Maotis 482 il'amiez 1J4 L'ampelona Tirrit- 320 City ibid. St. Papoul 1 1 3 Parenzo 267 , P .\ R I S 8 1 ' Parma Dutciy 262. City j iifid t{iver ibid. I Parnaffu, aiouiit 456 ' Parnaw Town (S /{her 394 , Palky s I I PalTaw BijI,. 198 ' Patra- 458 I Patrick's Pugilory 56 1 Patrimony cf Jt, Peter 286 Patti 303 Pau no Pivia 361 St. Paul ('« Provencr • 3' /»Art(ii. Ui Si. Paul de Leoii i,l. Irois Chateaux 124 Peak of Darby 29 Pediiii',ao 358 Pedt 479 Peebles 7« Peel 4i Peibu, LHe 424 Peina 219 Pella 45' Pembroke County 42 Penamacor 356 Pendinai tort 8 tcnkridge 3» Pen-nuen-maur /{_wt 44 Penrith 38 Pera 47i I'erche Prov. 93 Perga 45« Perigord Pipv, 108 Pengueux ibid. Perillaw 421 Petith 38 Permia Prov. 426 Tonn ib. | Pe tonne 74) I'erpignaii -.41 Perth toHwry 51. town ib. | Perthois Tarit. 7M Perug'3 Prov. 28S. Ciiy ; ibid. ' .Vrufa Vdlley 2^4. Totvn i ibid. ; Pd'aro 2^0 I'cltara l{ivcr :99. Tor»>t ibid. Pcft 43* i Peterborough 261 St. Peter's /« i-atn.(sy 50 Petersburg 396 Peter-waradin 444 Petrikow 403 Pettaw 203- Petzota Prov. 426. Town .iwJ J(ivi:r ibid. Pezenas •>5 Pfaltz (,V/.(ci) 189 Pfirt 192 Ptott2hcin\ iy4 Phailalus 4V3 Pbilippi 45 > Philippine Fort 137 I'hilippoiwli 471 Philipville «44 Philipsburg 190 Philiplbilt 39J Piacenza 163 Picardy Prov. 73 Pifts-Wall 38 PIEDMONT 253, e?/f^"».| Pienza 279 it. Pierre le Moutier 97 Pignerol 25 + Pila Town (i I^vtr 386 Pilfcn 208 Piltyn 406 Pinhel 356 Pinnenbcrg Co. 370 Tomi ibid. 410 Pinks Piombino 280 Pifa 279 Piftoia 178 Pitha-Lapmark C«v 392 l>Ui.:nt'iiOuiJy in Ualysfij ;r.:iiii Tjwn Plalcncia in I'ljtfa i'liwcn Pleskow /'utW^ 4:2 Plimnutli Ploczko P'l-t. :,oi Plowen Town o i Pludentz 1'odolia Prov. Puhcm Poiftiers Poiftoii Prov. Poiffy S. Pol de Leon Pola Polachia P'ov. POLAND Projifr lorvtr 397 ibid. 137 454 2>5 c/iy ibid. 9 . City ib. ■■ki 370 aof 4i» 428 94 ibid. 85 90 267 4oy 401 402 43« 40^ '8. Pole Prov. Polefia Prov ^_^ 11 Polefine di Adiiano 291 Ui Kerrara ibid. Li St. lieorgio li/H. bi Ro- vigno Policandro /. Policaftro Poligny Poll=t Fort Poloczko PjIji. 4 un.i l{iver Pomerania Dutch Pomeralia Prjv. Sr. Pons de Tom ieres Poiifa-MouflTon Pontdel'Arche PontdtsVtaux Pont-F.k3rd Pontfiatl Pontliifu Ej'ld. Pontico Poni-l'Kveque Pontoife t ont-Orron Pont5( Kfprit Pont-Iuv-Seine Pont-fur Vonne PontedeLinia Pontico Ponttieux Pon/a Ifle Poole's Hile Thi pope's 27* 464 297 lOS 7* Tomt ibid. ■ 212 404 'IS 126 69 101 ,9 H IS 48* 70 8< 7« iitf. 71S 79 354 482 89 305 DominitMt »34 464 347 34« 359 360 10 9« 354 3 Poperingue Poras /. Port Mahon Port St. Mary Porta Icgie Poitel Portland //I; Port-Louis Q I'orto Pertfrnouth PORTUGAL 349 CS/<-^«. Poliia 402 PoTnania P jl- AlLf'lii^ u , M ^,..-, .../jLi^At^ ^ m EUROPE. rrwbri'' \ )2 Wesbiiii', 4U Preliof iTi i'reftoii ■it Pre\T/a 412 Propontii I'roUoviza 472 470 I'rovente i'7 Provmb 80 PruLk and"n mur 302 PRUSSIA 4*5 Ptzecop 4«" I'tzccoivlartary ibid. rriemillaw 410 Pliloriti ■Mourn. 4S4 Puggamz 43 5 Puotal Fori J40 I-urbeck Ifli 10 liormer h-nit. «'i9 Purmerent ibid. PufteOzoro 426 Piitcoli ■95 Puy en Vtlay 116 Poyccrda 325 Puzzoli 29s rytenean Moiiiit. 111,308 0.- QUeidling,burg Talonli.hi SaltaOi Saltzberg 32? •7? 426 118 450 » 379 Salc/biirg/» Germany 199. In 'I'ranfilv. Saluces Mar^uif. Saluzzu Samandrachi ijk Samara Samo^itia Proi;. ■lamoicda Prov. Samloe IJle Sandecz Sandwich San Rcnio San Scverino Santa Santa Fe Santander Santarcn Santen Santerrc Ttrr. Santia Sant Illana Santorini /. Sapienza Ijli 464, Saracola Saragofla Sarazana Sarburg Sardam Sardinia Jfli Sar-I.oiib Sargan djuniy Sarlat Sarno Sarum Sas van Gandt Saffari Save Fluu, Saverne Savillanu Saumur 'Savolaia Piov. Savon a SAVOY 542, e?/f^ I Sax-Altemburg si^ Sax-Hall £>ut(hy Sax-Lawenburg Sax-Mersburg Sax Nauni burg Saxenhagen Saxon Heptarchy — I-.letlorate Saxons /Vcp. Saxony Circle 213 441 2<6 ibid. HM 430 406 427 i7<5 401 •7 257 289 255 344 334 35* 226 74 255 317 464 Set ib. 3t» 331 lit >59 303 12^ 240 109 297 12 136 303 432 191 254 9» 3512 251 SAhina Prov, Saccania Pro-, Sacliingeri Sadao FIuv, Saenredam Sagan/'Ktiij' 2C9. Saintes Saintonge Prov. Saitina Salamanca Salankament Salerno Tovm Mi Salins Salisbury Salland Tenit. i 2 587 >■ 458 481 352 >59 7ovn ib. 109 ibid. 454 • 335 444 Biy 497 102 12 166 ibid. 222 214 ibid. 2S5 5 217 213 tS fe(pi, lovar 417. upper 214 Scagen "fovin tf Cupe 373 Scager-Riff Scala SCANDANAVIA Scardona Scauoiberg Ctflle County SchafFhaufen Canton Town Schedlowiti Scheld Fluv. Schellenberg CMIt Schelling Ifle Schtmnitz Schenckenrcance Sthening Schermer territ. 372 J97 363 4«7 22$ ibid. 235 ibid. 40 1 128 199 i6g 435 »65 393 >59 m^ 'ii • ' m h «l 11 11 Jchesburg 7fo INDEX of Phcc! V ?1 I >di«sbur^ 4*J Sewuld 3«'S Jourc !58 Siinderl'.opir'J ^tl SdiftUnd Iftf 3S. Stachia 464 i'orrenio r57 Sliepcy lllf >7 joflbna 325 Sully v-i Scliinta 434 Sherwo(xl-fo(i'// 29 iuuabr Proi, • 93 Sulni.ma igS Schleftadt I9» Sliirburn \n Voule Tert. 110 Sulzii'Uh Schonen 3»V Jhrewsbury ii lteSomAsi,ii,4t 2^- .}«3 Sundcrniirg 37» Schoonhoven tss Shroplhire ihU. Joutlijmpion 13 ' Sundt Sirjif^h 3Ti Schonwfn Ifli 161 Shugbuiv 3" iotitliwaik M jSunpael 580 SthwabcnOVir/eijr, »/"'■'?• Siberia Aj«/?J. mRulT a 42S .toulliucti 29 Siinrgaw l^irit. 191 Sthwalbach 186 Temi III I'uland 401 Joiitrliet 140 Simtia i«< Sthwartihurg Counn 21(5 Sicheni M9 .vpa or .ipaw 14S Suntra «85 Sthwafticnburg Hiil, ?4i Sicily Ifl; 3" vpalatM 274 Sura Motzl IjU 48a 7,TIVtl ibid. Siculi Pcdf. 440 •Vpliamlifiiii 100 Surgut 429 Scliwk'iifurt Viii'hji 209 Sidagoy 482 SPAIN 307, K />i)u. Surrey CuHwif '5 Schwtinfott 189 Sidercuapfa 450 La jptzzaToivw, J58. Uulph Surlee 232 Schwiiibiiri; ."* Siebenburgen 440 ibid. Sula Mjr^ii- 1 ^^» .'.'i'' Sihwitz cjwr. 211. JOBIIJ. Siena 279 .fpina I onga ^(\■^ < lomi ibkl. ibid. Siffano/y?!' 4*4. Uvi ibid. ipinliam-lands 14 Surri,\l Piov. mrd Te1*» 42* Sclav! Peep. 441 Sigen County mi Torun 1S6 .fpire Uijk 190 City ibid. Slilfox Coiiniy •S Stla»oni.i Piov, 44') Sigeth 439 SfiiUtol-iitihyiS Cit) 287. Swabia «9i ScociHali: 3 So Silcefter in IJimp, i ). In Mount ibid. SVVKUFN 382 Scopia 469 S'ontunk 39 Spurnhead 35 Proper 3H« Scopulo //?• 466 Sildla Vuiihy 207 Squillaii 298 jwariliys 187 SCOri.AND 4(5,0 /""?«• Siliftria 470 Stade 220 Jwerin 322 Scots Vcop. 2. 4 Silvcs 361 Stafrordt.-(;Hny 5 1 T y. Scbafti.iti ?i8 Sirad P.iUt. dS Tonn 403 Stain 2(.2j rj. T'lfn ! * • Vbcnico 274 Sirk (11 Sirques 125 Stalimene Ifl: 466 Scckaw CuflU' 2j2 Sirmich CoiD^iy^ Tom I 444 ibid. Scden . 78 Sirmiuni 444 Stamboul 472 'TpAbor 28 J U.uader 2=3 Seeby 57? Silt- 445 Stamtord 3+ Set-land Ifli 374 Sirternon 1 10 , 120 Stanion-ilrcw 1 1 'r.-.r,!!.! 320 Sccz 71 Skelskor 375 £tanz 23; 1 J,.. jrTagusiVi I'. 308 Sfgchcrt^ 370 Skie //!,■ 5' Stara Riiflia 425 Taiaviiud'claReyoa 330 Sfgedin 43ft Slaboda 426 Stargard 4'.^ Taine-i/ni'. iH .Sc-gefwjr 442 Slavi I'eop. 443 Siaveren 1' Famerton H Sfgna 448 Senigaglia 290 Jolikamskoy 427 Storniar P .?evil 339 5oria 334 Suchana tlu-j- 414426 1 Ter-Tolcii 162 let- m 'if; m EUROPE. Trr-VCTB »6i TergnwHch 47* rerm aSg Ternuva 47» Tetrouanne tiy Ttfrracina as 5 rerraHrtna f «»• "i*- Terfaick 4»o Terskoy Leporie 41^ Tetul 4JO Tewel iiJ Tewkibury >8 Texel //;< 16'^ TeylTe F!uv. 4J' Thamei /-/uv. 2, 14, 18 Thanet/yJe »7 Thrbes 4U Tlieonville 145 Then Ifle 4*5 Thcff;Ionica 4^0 Theflaly Vrov. 45^ Thctford 84, as Thiers ic s Thiva 456 Thonawf/MV. I7i(432 Tliunawerc 199 Thorn 40^ Thorncy aj Thorda 44? Thouloufe »I2 Thracf Prov. 471 Thuringen Latidgrive 214 Tibiltus f/Mv. 4ja Ticl • I '55 Tisler-Waert Ttrrif. 165 Tienen 139 Tierache Putchy yj Tilbury Civtms 23 Tellen 435 •lilliget aa* Tilmont «39 Timerais 93 Tine//;; 4«5 Tingoefia Prov. 428 Tinmouth 39 Tinna 4^8 Tiverton 9 Toboolsk 429 ""ockay 437 Voderiillas 33* Todi a88 Toledo Kii^gi' W City 329 T oka IJU ttid lovm 161 Torfilia 388 Tortona aSi Torrora 334 loCcandla aSd TotnrfTe >) Tuul m France i:i. /« Rulfia 4aa i Toulon lur A rroux ii>o I En I'rovencc 119 'Touloufe iia I'ournay 134 Tour? 9<^ Tra los Montes Prov. jh Trajanople 47 1 Trani 300 TranfthinCewwy 434 "fonn ibid. TRANSILVANIA 440 Trapano Torni jua. Mount ibid. Traw 374 Trawenfeld 34 > Trabigna 4*7 Treguier 89 Ttmt Dioc.tniCiij 205 Trcchimiiow 411 Treves i8a Trevi^iana Prov, 268 Treviio, li ibid. Trevoux 101 Triano 236 Tricala 453 Triaftin Prov. 1 24 Trier Elei}. i8a Chy ibid. Trifte 204 Trivcnto 300 Troja ibid. Troki PtUt, 408 Town ibid Tolencino Tolofa Tolsburg Tomar Tomi Tomskoy Tongres Tcnnerre Tonningen Tonnon Tonsberg , Toom TopelTiam Topetargkei. Torbay Torcello Torcefter Tordefillas Torgaw Torigny Tome 289 319 39+ 358 470 429 «47 79 37« 244 379 428 9 48. 9 270 27 336 215 70 388 Tome-Lapmark Prov. 392 Tornus 100 Di Toro Ifle 33* Torresnovas 358 .Tt.Tron Truii^w jjuittj St. Troppez Trofa Troyes Troytza Truntheim Truro Truxillo St. Truyen Tubingen 148 2uy 119 38* 76 421 380 8 338 148 194 Tudela lerrit: ■iioftWH ib. Tulle 108 Tuin l{iver and Town 202 Tumen 428 Tuna 38S Tunbridge-Wells 17 Tunderen 371 Turgow Territ. 24c TURIN a^3 Turi&k Fluv. 410 TURKEY ;■« Europe 446 iS f(qu, TurcanyPrflv.27fi, ^ fetju. Tuy 316 Tweed Fluv, 38 TwentcTVn/t 166 Twtr Prov lUid form 420 Tweta 390 TyrasT/MV. •98 Tyrnaw Tor»» 434 RiV. ib. Tyrol County auiCtjUe 204, Tyfted 373 Tzaritza 430 Tzas van Ghent 136 TzornoBar 430 u. VAbrej io3 Vadiines Pcof. 423 Vailiin 110 Valdc Terra 333 Valadolid 333 Valagc County 78 ValaisCouni/ 338 Valence 134 Valenca Prov. 33d Ciy ib. Valenrien -j 144 Valcncoui't 146 Vi\enuno\\Dutchf 134 Valenza Ac Minho 154 St. Valeri 69 Valkenberg 146 Valladolid 333 Vallais 238 Valognci 71 Valois Duttly 86 La Valona 45a Valtelinc Prov. 1^6 Vannes ,, \,^-., 91 Vaina . , 470 Vafloye 479 Vaudemont 135 Vaudoij VtUtyi 356 Pecf. ibid. Vaudrevonge 125 Vange JAount, 115 terr. ib. Ubeda 341 Uberlingea , 196 St. Ubes 358 Udino , , 268 Vecht 214 Vcgia, Iia, IfU 374 VcUly S« St. Veit 203 Velay 1 \t Veletri a86 VeleiMalaga 345 VeliUa 332 Veluwe/irm. 164 Venafro 296 Venaifin Co«»f/ 120 Vence 119 Vendomc 94 Vendomois Tenit. ibid. Vendulme 94 VENICE S^fttbl. 365, C? feiu. City 268 Venloo i;.li,(i •** Vera '" 34'; Vcrceillc Lori^,i<,t,. Town ibid. Vetden Prhicip. 220 Verdun in Burgundy 99 In Garcojgne 109. M Lorraine 126 Vergateria . ^,426 Vermandois . ■ rjj?; 74 Vernon ,.>,,' 73 Verona ,("^^.^'973 Veronecz 432 Virfailles 83 Verua 255 Vcrvins 73 Vefoul 101 Vefprin 438 Vexin Francois 85 Normand. 68 Uglitz 421 Viana 320, 360 Viana de Foz de Lima 354 Viandcn 145 Vijnen m3 Virrnrir..' frov. 37» Vicenza ibid. Viiq Viddin VIS 49« VIENNA r-yr> Vjenne 131 Viennois T.rr/i. 122 St- VietamHaum 304 Vifo 317 VUladeConde 354 Real ibid. •158 I lor. Vizola 359 V'illgch 303 Ville-l ranche en Beai joloi* 104. De Conflent 114. £n <409 Vilvorden 119 J. Vincent delaRriquera334 Vintimiglia 257 lie Viplcys - S$ Vire 70 Virovitz Vifi-o !tt ViHiila Fluv. 39« .VI. Vit '45 Vitettw «86 Vitona Vitrey HI Vitry-le-Francois 78 vivarais lerrit. u6 Vivcgano 301 Viviers 116 Ukrain Prov. Pol i(h 411 KUilian 423 Ula 393. idkc 383 1 39' UlalwrK 393 VhclanS /Jle i»6o Vlyflingen i6t Mlm 19^ Ulftrr Prov. 54 Ultzen 219 \lmi torvM Md Kiver 388 Unia-Lapmark Prov. 392 Underwald Cunon 233 Ungwar 437 Unna iy^J^i. 227 VclgtUnd rerrit. 214 Vslaterra 379 VolhlniaPro-j. 411 VoHenhoven Territ. 167 Town ibid:. Volo or Pagofa 431 Vouga fluv. 352 Upland ia Prov. 386 Uppingham 28 Upfal 387 Uraniburg Ctdk 377 Urbino Dutchy 290 Towu ibid. Urgel Tomi aid Plain 335 UriCwtow 232 Ufcokcs Peep. 445 Uli:opia 469 Ufedom 7/^213. Tnfit ib. UQiant Ifle 90 Uihach Bail. 240 Utka 429 Utrecht Prov. 162. City 163 Vuerne >35 Uxbridge 23 Uzes ii« ,,j'i \y>Sh :'M:!;: Waag The I N D E'X of Places, Sid w. t i/Aag. FJhv. 452 *'* Waal f/Htf. 128 Wachtciidontk' 166 Wadfbridge • Warl f/uv. 1 2S Wa«r.'(irm»rj' 157 Wageningen 164 Uageren Pi-ov; 370 Wagvl Feof, Ibid. Wakefield 34 Walachia Prov. 478 Walcheren .y?e 161 W=lcoiirt 146 Wako^ar 444 WalHb'urg 8;/ro>y 196 W.ildec C"9i(«fy i86 Waldtnfes Ff op. 113 WALES 40 Walfleet 23 Waikowiska 408 Wall 3» Wallingford 14 WallilTcrUnd Coumy 43^ WaljX) Toww iiHii River 443 Walfingham ^ i^ Walftrode '219 Wanfdike \ ; '^ V/aradln '"''•437 WaradinGrelt ibid. Warbeck 39 S Warberg 39* Warburg 225 WardhuyrePfff . 381 T"(i«^ ibid. Ware 11 Warienburg 375 Warneton 134 WARSAW 4«9 Wnrfovia rrov. 409 Wartemburg 405 Warwick CoMWty 30. Tomt ibid. Warwyck/n Flanders 134 Waler-HL-ley 443 Wafilcgorod 421 Warcht«idonk ii6 Waterford 55 Watling-cheltcr 21 Watling-ftreet-way 17 Waygats Strtigits 4271* 3 3» Wedlecz 41* Wcdftena 'f^^^ 390 V/eenlJk f 177 tVeert ' ""' 143 Weil 372 Weiiburg CouKty 187 V!e\mit Dutitj) 210 Wisbaden 184 Weisbum 438 Wcisford ~ •)•) WeiffemburgStuhl 1 92 ,442 Weiffenburg 192 VYakeljpc 3jB3 Weill II Wels 202 Wenfyflcl Territ. 371. Town ibid. Wergini Mendorv 33 Werle 182 VVermcland Pror. J89 Werminftcc »2 Wertheim Coumj> 't 89 Wcfel 22« Wefenburg 39* Werep J59 Wefer f/«v. 171 Weflinburg 369 Wefteras 388 Wtfftergoe Terrir. 168 V.'efterrich Prov. «i Wefterwick 390 W^'fterfold Territ. 169 Weft I'rizeland Prov. 1^3 Weftmania JVov. 386 Weftminfter »2 Weftmoreland Ctunty 37 Weftphalia Circle 222. iJ Weft-velden Weterow i'r«v. V^etllar Wexico White-hart Fortfl White Sea Wipdka Fluv. Wiadski Dutchy, Wiborg Wiburg Dioctfs 373 Wicia Territ, Wickham Wicklow Prov. Widlim Wien I^v. 17. Wiering? Ifle Wiggin ; Wight me Wihiti Wildungen Wilkomitz Willemftadt City 243 i8(J 185 390 10 427 426 426 393 aty ibid. 594 20 403 200 160 36 13 186 408 1,8 Wilna P*Ut. 407. form mi Hlver ibid. WilfterllJiwiiwiJl/v. 369 Wihon 12 Wilcsfhire ihii. Winburne 10 Winchefter 1 3 Windaw 406 Windermere 37 Windilhmarch Territ. 203 Windfor 14 Windford-Eagle 10 Winnicza '411 Winoxbergen 135 WinTchoten 169 Wintiheim 189 Winwick 36 Wirchatoura 426 Witia Ttrrit. ^94 Wirobitlza 444 Wisbaden Co. 1 87 Totm^Qb Wisburg 356 Wisby ihii. Wifchgrod 409 Wifciffa '"■' ' 408 Wifmar 322 Witepsk ttUt. 408. Tttnn ibid. Withicombe 9 Witmund 224 Wittemburg 214 Wittetifteift 394 Wittham 23 Witzenhaufen 1 85 Wizagns 44 1 VVladiflawr4U..4D3 fovm 7 Wodenfdilc'e - li Wclaw ^'^' 209 Wolfembuttle 218 Wolfendyck Ifle 161 Wcdfersdyck ifia Wolga fluv. 414 Wolgaft TirrVr. 212. Tovm ibid. \Vollin//Jf 213 Wollofturgy 426 Wolmer 395 Woloczk 420 Wolodomir Pron. 421. Tovon 422 Wologda Pm. 425. City tni Xiver ibid. Woloska Zcmla Pm. 47? Wolmer 39? Womer Fluv. ai Woodftock 19 Worcefter Coumy ^oCity ib. Wnrnim m Hnlbntt 15S- Jn Frizeland 16S Worms 191 Worotin liiiti-iji 420. Totttt ibid. Woronitz 422 Wotton I $ Wting-cheefe Stone 8 Wurtimburg />Mf*x 19+ Wurtzburg B/(l)0fr. i83 Wyck teDuerfterde 163 Wyke 394 Wyckel ^ ^ 394 folk 24, in //JiW'stit Ij Ye«lam i^tj Yojihall ^'^ YORK Comity 33. CVr>ibia. Yorkfhire, FM-Kiiinn 34, -^-^Nor.h-I^Mngy., n^fft. lililhfg Yprts Yfendrick Yverdun Yvetot 33 z. .1? I X. •;'■ ■• XAintes 109 XatiraTiiWM <» ib. Zara Count. 274. Town ib« Zaragoza 310 Zarnata 460 Zatwar . ' 4J7 Zawidioft 40t Zbaias 411 Zea i/le - 465 Zcalatul, Lotd 0)ii»>r, 160 Zeben ' 441 Zeingenheim 18^ Zeigan 2^9 Zeitton 45 J Zealand Ifle In Der.Dirfrlc 374- ZelJ Dunhy 219, Tom ibid. XEWILA NOVA 427 ^*"^„ '". 45<' Zcrgolt 428 Zezere FImv. j^a Zezimbra 35S Zirmia /j7e 46^. Zirczee i$a Zirknitz TViicm 204, itU ibid* Zitton , ^jj Znaim ~ 2o8 Zockzow 479 Zolnock Co. 4-! 7. Toitn ib. IZOBS ,8a ZiigCamon 223. Town ib. Zu rich Cwjeo 231, ciiy ib. Zutpheni'roi,i6^./,„v, ,5 Zuyder-zee ijo : Zweybrucken /?«»(*/ 191 Zwickow ' ■ ' sU ZwoH li; Zygeth 439 Zype Territ. 159 Zytomeriez 411 .). ■. 9,!- (5ia{Ti;£i'i J[./£ > »:.§!% ■■>■■■■< Ik.'' ^'. AN INTRO- i ■ A N INTRODUCTION To the Study of GEOGRAPHY. T\ H E Word GEOG RJP HT, whicli is a Coinpofition of tlic Two Greek Words r^ and V^pri, the former fignifying Terra tlie Earth, and the httcr Scriptfiraov Scriptio a Writing, Implies a Defcription of the Farth ; in whicli large Senfe I tliink t!ie internal and conftituent as well as tlic External Parts are included, and therefore it may not be improper to fay, that Geography Confilts of thefe Two Parts, l^iz. I. A N account of the Elements or Conltituent Parts, Namely Earth, Water, Fire and Air. II. A V I E w of the Surflice of the Land and Sea, or Terraqueous Globe. The Latter of thefe, which is the Whole in the Common Books ofGE o g r a p ii v, Confifts of thefe Parts. I. Ch ") ROGR A P H Y. 2. To PO G R A P HY. And J. H Y D R O G R A P H Y. I. Chorography, (from X-jSpo-. Rrq/'/) is the Defcription of the refpeftive Di- vlfionsor large Parts of the Earth, which bear the general Name of Countreys or Regions ; And this may be confider'il four-told. i. Cuvmftric.illy, as it relates to the Extent and Boundaries of Countries ; to which ought to be added the Subdivi- fioiis into Provinces or Shire:;. 2. y\Wwr,i//y, wherein the Situation (with refpeft to tlu Ikavens") the Climate, Soil ant' Produfts, ought to be declar'd. j. Politicilly^ \vherein the Government and Hiilory is to be conlider'd. And 4. Humanely, with reiatio.i to the Inhabitants of them, their Religion, Manners, Cuftoms, o'c. ■.\ To I'OGRAP II y , ( ti"om T.V^u Loc»s) is the Defcription of Cities and Towns, wherein the Situation, Magnitude, Government, Trade, Opulency, Pub- lick Structures, together with the various Changes, Improvements or Decrements they have at fevcral times uiidcrgon, ought to be told. ^. Hydrography, (irom ' Tci"*'?, /iqua) is the Defcription of Rivers and Seas ; wherein the Rifeand Courfeof K/Trrj with all the peculiarities belonging to them, fifch as Rapidity, Catarads, Overflowings and the like ought to be declared. The Extent of Seas ; The Tflands featcd in them ; 'l"hc Shoars they Wafb ;, The Havens, Bays, Capes, Rocks; Asalfo, the Depths and Shoals. But this being a Work as large almoft as the Defcription of the Earth, it is ufually perform'd fepa- rate for the Ufe of Navigators. Thksu are the Parts of G k ogk aphy as generally underftood ; and thefe arc the Heads which \\c have all along Treated on in this Volume, and Ivuc been as p.irticuLir in, aswciuJg'd necelfary for the Reader's Information and Delight, ov as Nvc could \vit!\ ailurance of Truth. (b; Th: 11 I'f INtKODVCTlON The other Part of G e o c r a p h y we mentioned, namely that wliich relates to the Internal Conftitucnt Parts of the Terraqueous Globe, their Natures and ElTcfts, is reckon'd to be more properly the bufinefs of the Natural Philofophcr, and is therefore omitted by Geographers, or at leaft not compleatly handled. But fince that part of Natural Philofophy is in reality necelTary to one that dell res a lull Knowledge of the Earth, We have taken the Liberty to enlarge upon that Subicft, There is yet another Science which is necefTary to a Geographical Student, for without a competent knowledge thereof he cannot have a full Idea of our Sub- lunary World ; I mean COSMOG RJPHT, or the Defcription of the whole Univerfe, which acquaints us with the other parts of the World, and fhews us the Situation of Our Earth with refpeft to the Celeftial Bodies, and the Di (lance, Mag- nitude, and Motion of thofe Bodies. AndLaftly, The DOCTRINE of the SPREnE, that is, the Technical or Artificial Part of Cosmography, wherein the World is divided by Circles, for the better underftanding the Motions of the Heavenly Bodies; and the Seafons, and Climates in the Several Parts of the Earth ; muft be Learnt before you enter upon the Study of G eo g r a p h y. To Render therefore our Wo rk Compleat ; We fliall, by way of Introduftion, give our Reader, LA General View of Cosmography, wherein the Two Hypo- thecs of Ptolemy and Copernicus are explain'd, arH the Magnitude, Distance and Revolutions of the Planets declared. II. The Sphere defcrib'd, in a plain aid eafy manner. III. The Inhabitants of the Earth confider'd , with refpeft to Zones, Climates, Shadows, &c. IV. The Figure, Motion and Magnitude of the E a r t k. V. A N Explication of Terms of A r t ufed in Geography. Together with fliort and neceflary Instructions to Beginners for the Underftanding of Maps. T o this, which may properly be called an Introduction to Geography, We Ihall Subjoyn, Two Books of Natural Philofophy, Fiz. Book L Of the E J RTH and SEA Book IL Of the JIR and METEORS. The Former in Eight Chapters, under thefe Heads. 1. Of the Earth confider'd in its felf. 2. O 1 Subterraneous Things in general ; and Firft of Sulphur and Bitumen. J. O F Fire in general, and more efpecially of Subterraneous Fires, and Earth- qja;V.i'ro thatof theSun,as j to 11 that of Mart, as i to 166 — — - '—that of the Ei>rth,3S 1 to 1 1 1 that of yenui, as 1 to 84 ■ — tint: of Mercury, iS i 10190 The Periodical Revolutions of the Planets round the Sun, is thus : /'a. Sat- moves round the Sun in 5.9 yeais, 1 74 days, 5 hours 'Jupiter — — ■ 1 ' y. 3 ' 7 d. 1 5 h. M.in I y. 3ijd. oh. The Earth 1 y. or 365 d. 6 h. Mercury — ._ 88 d. This is ths Sum of the Cofernican Syjlem, which is found fo agreeable to all the Appearances in the Hea- vens, ,iiid all ObjeiHons to it have been fo well an- fwer'd by s.tUiUo, Gajfendus, Kepler, and others, that the generality of Aftronomers now-a-days concur in it. By thefe Syftems we are inform'd of the Situation, Magnitude and Revolutions of the Planets ; but of whar Subftancc tliey are, is another Lnquiry, and what wc Ihall not pretend to meddle with. We have faid alic.ii'y, that Aftronomers judge them to be Opaque, or U.irk Bodies ; but whether they are inhabited or not. we fliall leave to others to difpute : To wliich purpofe, they tiiat are minded to hear what is faid upon rliaf Argument , may confult Mr. Fontinel\ Plurality tf Worlds, and Mr. Hiiygens Celeflial Worlds difcoverd. As to the innumerable Number 'of thofe we call "/>'.• Fix'd Stars, the Reader muft not expeft a Theory of ^"'' them ; tis fufficient to fay, that their Diftance is fo ^IZ'' great, that, accp.umg to Mr. Huygen s Computation, a f,^,,,, „, Cannon-Bullet, in as quick a progrcffive Motion as is common on Earth, (that is, according to Merfennus, One hundred Eathom in the Pulfe of an Artery ) would fpend almoft 700000 Years in its Journey between us and them. The Experiment, by which he made this Calculation, is fet down in the Traft above-mention'd ; but whether he be near the Truth, or no, 1 know not. 'Tis certain they are at too vaft a Diftance for Us to be well inform'd of 'em. The fame Mr. H«/fc>.' fup- Hny. pofes them to be Suns, and probably ro have Pl.inets .>-''' belonging to 'em, as our Sun hath ; whereby he una- '""J"'- giiics an Infinity of Inhabitable Worlds. But whetlier '"J',,',"" there be any Truth in his Conjeftures, do's not belong i,..-r.i "'^ to us to determine. All the V(c that has been hitherto made of the Fix'd Stars by Aftronomers, has been only to make a kind of Map of the Heavens ; for as the ieveral Pairs of the Heavens are fhewn to us by the Motion of the Earth, it is very ufeful to us in Navigation, and m.my neceiliiry Operations inAftronomy to be able to diftin- guifli txaftly, and exprcfs by writing the particular Parrs. Now to do this, Aftronomers have fill'd the Heavens with imaginary Images ; that is, fuch a Con- Conilet- ftellarion or Collection of Stars is call'd the Lion, ano- '■""■'"• ther the Bear, ire. as may be feen on a Ccicftial Globe : A particular account of them belongs to Aftronomy, and ftiould not be mention'd here at all, but for the fake of the Twelve Conftcllations that compoll- the Zodiack, thefe being ufeful to our prefent purpol'e • fie 7a- for thefe Twl.,w Conftelhtions, commonly call'd Signs, ■''"''• are ranged one by another quite round the Heavens' and ferve very aptly to exprefs the Courfe of the Pla- nets ; for when we are told Jupiter is in, that is, over, againft Aries, Mart in Libra, Saturn in Scorpio, or the like, we immediately underftand in what part of the Heavens thofe Planets are. The Zodiack alio denotes to us the Seafons ; for when the Sun is in the Afcend- ing Signs, our Summer approaches j as on the contrary, the Winter comes on when he is in the Defcending Signs : But of the Zodiack more hereafter. We (hall now finlfh this Chapter, having, we hope, given the Learner a tolerable Idea of the Univerfe. m.\ .1 '■! I(»i,i;f>i compum ihc Dillaiice between ilic Eirtli and Uie Sun to lie a: lead 10000 ol its Diiineters, H A P. I to GEOGRAPHY. Vlt Chap. II. Of the SPHERE. The ARTiriC^r-S^'^-^AL 5pHERL Jxii, Ml!. fir./,.. THE Sphere Is an Aitificl.il Tiiftrument, confift- ing of Circles which Aftronomeis have imagi- ned in the Heavens, and invented for the more cer- tain and eafic exprefllnu the Motion of the Planets, &c. The Plclure of it we have here exhibited, and the Defcripticn of it is as follows. An jixis pafTes Diametrically thro' it, upon which the whole is fuppos'd to Turn, exprefs'd in the Cut by a fingle Line. The two extream Points thro' which the /4xis pafles are the two PaUs, tlie one North, and the other South, the former call'd the Arctici. from the Gretk Word 'Af»1®-, a Bear, becaufe it is plac'd near that Conftel- lation in the Heavens, and the latter jlmantick, at be- ing oppofite to it. The Circles are Eleven in number, whereof feven are call'd the Larger, the other four are Smaller. The Larger are the Mfuator, the Meridian, the ZoHi- ack, the Edipticit, the Two Colures, and the Horizon ; thefe are of the Circumference of the whole Globe. The fmaller ate the Two Tropieki, and tlie Two PtUr Gircltt. The /Equator divides the Sphere into Two Equal ^1'""": Parts, call'd the Northern and Southern Hemifoheres. Zolh'S^''' ' Tis alio call'd the Equinoftial Line, becaufe when the Lin:. Sun (or rather the Earth) pafles under it, the Day and Night is equally long all over the Earth . Which comes to pafs twice a Year, vit. Mur. ii. and Sept. ii. On this Line are computed the Degrees of Longitude, whereof the Number is 360 from We^ to E»fi quite round the Earth. The Meridian divides the Sphere Into two Equal Ueridi^in Parts, call'd theEaftern and the Weftern Hemifpheres. The Meridian is mutable, being properly that part of the He.wens where the Sun is at Noon, wherefore eve- ry diiFerent Part of the Earth has a difftrent Meridian ; for fiiice the Sun is always moving, the Meridian va- ries as you remove either Eaftward or Weftward : But in pafling North or South it continues the fame. Upon the great or brazen Meridian on Globes, the Degrees of Latitude are mark'd; being reckon'd from the /Equa- tor to the Pole, both Northward and Southward. The Zodiack is a Circle i(S Degrees Broad, that lies ^•^««'v obliquely crofs the Equator, eiwliniiig on the Eafl abouc Vlll INTRO D V C T I 0 N •■ .IS iii.uiy I'oiiits to rlie Soathwar fiom the c;>-f.-* VVoul 7''"rrhward :.iul Southward, which makes the Cli.i ;:!»,'.• of salons. Tlie Sun never advances farther thaii tlie licliptirk, hut th.' C'ourl'e of the Moon and tlie ()t!xr Planers lies 8 Degrees farther oji both fides, \ihich is the Rcafon lint the Zodiack, as we faid above, is irt Degrees broad. 'The 'I'vvo Colures cut the Sphere Into Four Eqri.il Pirrs. The Colureof the S')10-ites parting thro' the Voles, cuts the Zod'jck at the firft Degree of Cancir and Cijii/.o™. '['he Colurc of the Equinoxes in like mamier pa 'es thro' the Poles, but cuts the Zpdiack at rhe beginning of ytr'a and Liha. They fhew the Sea- Ibns, tor when the Earth In it's Annual Courfe partes under rhe Solftitial Colures the Winter and Summer bi'giri. And when it partes under the Equinoctial Colures, the Spring and Autumn QBmmence. The Ilori/on has its Name from the Greek word tf '^iir, to Terminate or Bound ; beciuf; the Horizon dirterminates the fecn Part of the World from the un- feen. It is conllder'd Twofold, -viz. the Ratitid the An- CucUs. tar^ick or Southern. They arcboth Parallel to the Tropicks, the former 23 Degrees, 3/ Minutes from the North-Pole, and ijil latter the fame Diftance from the South-Pole. Tb«y ferve to Bound the two Temperate Zones, beyond them being the Frigid Zones. So much for the Circles of the Spliere ; we muft next mention the^ Points , and then conclude this Chapter. ' '. 'he Points are the Ftrtical, Cardinal, and Collateral, j,^-,^,^ , ■ .^H.yertical Points are the Zenith and N.idir ; the, ".V Former being that part of the Heavens direiHy over ,„°"'n». out Heads ; and the Latter the Point of the Heavens, djt. ' direftly oppofite to it. Therefore thefe Points are mutable, for every Man by removing his Place, changes both his Zenith and }^adir. The Cardinal Points are the four Quarters of the World , vi/,. Eafl, H\f, Nortlj and South. The £.1/? is that part of the World where the Sun rifes, the IVcft where it lets, the Scuih liere it is at Noon, and the North oppollte to it ^. So rhat thefe Points are immu- table, and the fame to all the World ; except with this difference. That in the Southern Hemifphere the Sun is full North with them at Noon. The ColiateralVoints are the Divlrtons and Subdivifi. ff ens of thefe, invented for the more exafl exprertion Pomti of Situations and Bearings ; they are thofe that com- ''I ''" pofe the Mariner's Compafs, and are commonly call'd '^""'t'f'- Rhombs, or the Points of the Wind. They were firft divided into Eight, then into Sixr.en, and laftly, into Thirty-two. "The Names whereof are thus : Fiz,. "The four Cardinal Points , EAST, WEST, NORTH, SOUTH. • This DcS^iiiion may perhlps bo carp'd at, becaufe m the Winter-time tlie Sun riles much Southwud of the Eift Point, and fc:-, .is much (Ivjv 01 the Well ■ ai ailii, that when the Sun is jniich e'.evaiej above ihc lionzon, as in the Tuind Z inc, and even wiih v.i i.i ilie miilll ot s"u-nuie'r, ir can't be I'aid to be in the S^uth . hjv.-.ver, the Exceptions will be eahly cnncciv'd, ai:d m the i;e:;erjl I am (uic this (!;»c'» a 1 i'injran:'l."itnei the bcil Idea of the lour Qi.aitets ot the Woii,i. And if the Laun Kamei el thele Points bo remcmbei'J, rl.i; Ueri- 11111)11 will need no Apc!'jg>. Be- to GEOGRAPHY. IX Between each of \»l)icli are the Principals , fit. North. Eaft, North. Weft, South-l'ift, and South-Weft. Each of thife Eight have two Collaterals ; which retaining the Name of their Principals, I acquire alfo a Sir-name from tlic Cardinal ; /'/j. Noith by VVi-ft, North by Eaft, North-Eaft by North, North-Eaft by Eaft, Eaft by North ; Eaft by South, South-Eaft by Eaft, South-Eaft by South, ' South by Eaft ; South by Weft, South-Weft by South, South-Weft by Weft, Weft by South ; Weft by North, North-Weft by Weft, North-Weft by Nortji. Thefe Coll.ueral Points are Sixteen in Number, which together with the Eight Principal make 54> befiJfS the lour Cardiaal. LfJIly, Between the Ei^lit Principal, Eight others are fltuated exaJlly in the midft, viz. North-North-Laft. Eaft-North-Eaft. Eaft-South-Eaft. South-South-Eaft. South-South-Weft. Weft-South-Weft. Weft-North-Weft, North-North-Weft. All which are particuJarly ftewn in the SCHEME annex'd. c much ■ il)e miiO. Kthis give* I.'l., Uert- C^) Chap. >i INTRODVCTION I* !( S'Ifp .1 The /cm s. T.rii'l A'. Ttm f.ijte S Trm- Chap. III. Of the InhithitMts of the Earth with Refpelt , to C L i M A S I -f u A T I o N, 8fc. J»d alfo a Definition of the Terms T A T I T II 1^ i: L A T I T U U t. Climates, Shadows, Longitude and 5. I. 0/ Z o N E s, Climates, and Parallels. As the Sphere is divided into Five Parts by the Two Tropicks and the Polar Circles, lo the Ancients divided the Earth into Five Zones anfwerable to thole Lines, iiix.. The TurriVi Zone, Two Temferatt Zones, and Two Frigid ZoneJ. The Torrid Zone is tlie Space between the two Tro- picks, which are always mark'd on the Globes and Maps anfwerable to thcfe in the Heavens, and by confulting a Map of the whole World, will be feeii to contain the greateft Part of Africa, jiraHa, Part of India and Chinj, the Illands in the Indian Ocean ; The Kingdoms of Pern and Mixico, Brazil, &c. This Zone being conftantly vifited by the Sun, was by the Anci- ents efleem'd uninhabitable, but the Experience of Modern Navigators has convinc'd us of the contrary. On each fide of the Torrid, lie the Two Temperate Zones ; That is to fay, The Northern Tet/iperitt^Zont, is ths Space inclu- ded between the Tropick of Cancer, and the Northern Polar Circle, which comprehends all Eurtft, a good Pal t of /Ifia, and North JmericH. The Souliiern Tcinftrme Zor\e, is on the contrary the Space between the Tropick of Cafricoru, and the Southern Polar Circle; this contains little Land, the South Part of ylfr-.ca, and the South Part of jimerica, vi/. Chili, j1max.iinia, arwl Magtiltnic* being all the Farts of it, we are acquainted with. The Northern Frigid Zone, is that Part of the Earth ,y.f,j,,j conraia'd within the Arctick Circle all round the /»«. ' N ith-PoIe ; and here IJland, tJtrway, Lafland, Fin- nMrtk, Samtitdia and Grttntand, included in it are found to be ir>habited, and even tJvxia ZemkU, and Spitilicri or GrtinlanJ, are frequently vifited by Eurtpt- ant, altno' the Ancients fuppos'd this Zone uninhabi- table for it'i extream Coldnefs. The Southern Frigid Zone, is that Part round the S. tn^., oppofjte or Southern Pole, included in the Antartick ^o*" or Southern Polar Circle. But what that is, whether Land or Water we are not inform'd, Thefe large Zmn are agiin divided into Clim»ttt,ciiiinii: , that i(,certain Lines drawn round the Globe Paralltl to the Equator, to ihe w the difierence of the Days lengths in the feveral Parts of the Earth. Each Climate being fo moeh, as to make the Diiference of half an Hour in the tongeft Day of the preceding Climate. The ClimaKfttt fubdivided into ParalliU, or halffj^^,;,, CNmate». The Ancients recton'd but ftven Climates, but the ilifcovery of the rtft of the World to the Moderns, has oceafionM the extending the number to Tatntj Fdur, befides tho& of tlie Frigid Zone. A l 'it' ,>, ■ti to GEOGRAPHY. XI A Table of the Breadth of each Climate. Climates. Pvalleli. The Fiid Climate. The Second. Ill beginning. It) MitU:e. Tli; end oi ilie fir.l and ihc bc{^miu'ig 1 nf the forond I "The MiTdleT" The End, The longed Diy^ Hnuri. Min. II ou • 5 30 It 1;. The Elev.ition of the I'olc. Deg. JVIin. 4 H 8 ij The Breadth o£ the Climates. The Thinl. 'The Fourth^ "The Fifth. ■~Tbe~ Sixth. The Seven^i^ The Ei(;hth. Th<- Ninth. The IMiddle. Tji^e End._ "The Middle. The t;nd._ 'The Middle. The End. "The Middle." The End. 11 J±. 4» 00 II \6 The Middle. The End._ The Middle. The End._ 'The Middle. The End. J3_ »4 '4 'J JS_ 'J 16 'J J-°_ 45 00 ~M~ 30 4J 00 15 45 00 JO 37 35 3ays lengths limate being ilf an Hour Uelt, or half Pj; 4,7, The Sixteenth. The .Middle. Th_e Ewui._ "The JViiddle. The End. 18 _L2_ 45 CO 6j 61 '9 '9 10 15 •;5 CO 61 61 The Seventeenth. The Eighteenth. The Middle. The End. 10 10 30 (5i 64 The Nineteenth. The Twentieth. Deg. '5 55 15 50 4J 10 43 28 i _aj_ 3J :o 01 35 "7 34 37 31 _»9_ '4 58 43 18 55 i5 54 43 6 Min. aj = 5 y4 57 ^?_ 51 jt) °7. J-L, 44 The Middle. The End. 10 If 45 00 «4 64 30 49 43 "*rhe Middle. The End. 31 31 30 65 ofi 21 j2 The Middle. The End. 21 22 45 00 1 65 1 6, 35 47 2fi The Twenty Firft. The Middle. . The End, 1 21 '5 65 66 57 06 '9 The Twenty Second. 1 The Middle. 1 Th« End. 22 25 *' 1 00 ' 66 66 »4 20 14 The Twenty Third. The Middle. The End. 13 '5 30 66 66 55 28 8 The Twenty Fourth. 1 The Middle. 1 The End. J3 54 45 00 66 66 3» 3' 3 Climates of the Ftuci d Zone, rvhere the longefl Day increafeth hy Months. Months. 'Latitude of the Places, or Pa- rallels.. Deg. «7. Mia Deg. Min.jDeg. 30 I 73 Min.'.Deg. 20 I 78 Min _ i Deg. Deg. _?2_ 5. 2. Of different Shadows. The Ancients ufed to divide the Inhaliit.ints of the Earth, aecoidliig to the dift'crer.t Shadows v. hichtheir Bodies call, when the Sun was in it's Meridional hcighth, into Amphifcij, Hetcrcfc.'j and Pmfcij. Tlic yiinphifcij are the Inhabitants of the Torrid ^mflw Zone, whofc Noon-Shadows at different Times of the Aii- Year Xll t N T K 0 D V C 1 I a N hll.nC- f,.,- Yf ji Ml (liftcitnt Ways, that is to fay, in one put of the Vt-ar, wlieii the Sun approaches the Northern Tro- pick their Shallow fills Southward, as on the contrary it falls Northward, when the Sun arrives at thr Souths ern rronick. And becaufe twice in the Year the Sun padinn dirtaly over their Heads, their Uodies make no Shadow at all, they arc alfo on that Account call'J jfcih The HtttrifJi aie thofe that inhabit the Temperate 7ones, whole Noon Shadows always fall one way, that is, in the Northern Temperate Zone the Shadow al- ways lies Nirth, as on the contrary in the Southern Temperate '/one the Shadow always falls Smth. The Ptriftii are the Inhabitants under or near the Kanh and Smiili Poles, if any fuch there be, whole Sha- dow turns quite round 'em every 14, Hours, when the Sun is above their Horizon. §. 7^. Of different Situations. The Inhabitants of the Tartli are alfo divided, ac- cording to their different Situation, into Veriteci, Aati- dci anJ Antifoiin. fnii.i. The Ptn'gci are thofe that live in the fame Paralell, but oppofite Meridians, and confequcntly muft have the fame Climate, Seaibns and Latitude; but when 'tis Noon with one, 'tis Midnight with the other. ^.,iM./. The W«f;>£/ arc thofe that live under the fame Me- ridian, but oppofite Parallel^. They have the fame Longitude, and confequemly Day and Night alike. They arc alfo equally diftant from the Lquator, but on different fides of it, and have therefore different Scafons, fo that 'tis Summer with one, when 'tis Win- ter with the other; And alfo the length of the Days in the one, is equal to the length of the Nights of the other. The /tiitipoMi are thofe that live under both oppo- fite Meridians, and oppofite Parallels: Are dilVant from one another, the whole length of the Earths Dia- meter, and go with their Feet oppofite to each other. And have therefore their Winter and Summer, their Noon and Midnight diretHy oppofite to one ajiother. §. 4. Of (lifftirch't Spheres. The Inhabitants of the I'arth are alfo difUnguidi'd, with refpeft to the various Pofition of the Horizon to the Equator Threefold ; That is to fay, as they Live in a R.'ghr, Oblique, or Para/Jel Sphere. A Righ: Sphcr; is that Politioii of the Globe, which hath thefc Properties, viz. I. lioth the Poles in the Horizon. 1. The Equa- tor palTmg thro' the Ze- nith and Nadir. And , 3 . The Parallel Circles Perpendicular to the Ho- rizon, as by 'Ke Cut in the Margin. Tin; I'.'iabi- tants of this Spliei. are thofe that Live und'.c the Equinoflial Li",- A Parallel Sphere is on the contrary, du? Pofition of the Gloije which hath thefe Peculiarities , viz. I . The Poles in the Zenith and Nadir. 1. The Equa- tor in the Horizon. 3. The Parallel Circles Parallel to the Horizon, as in this Scheme. And this Pofiti- on belongs only to thofe that Live under the Two Poles, if any fuch Inhabi- tants there be. thefe PropertieJ, vlt.^;'iM Sf-x,, ,A,„••' in the ;■>«/,,. ones, nn fh. Si. nn lec Al »'. for Da if n^i, the HiUil (!■" 1 lUii- the tha y.:^t. It 1 COI a P Ih, il I 1"n'* wit l.:.l« Un i^n'Di^b) H'- Ti. tItJI tj Time. to G IL O G Pv A PHY. Xlll If If umt if f ■". i Ai liil 1/ I f.:.»it. I tu.'e rni,tof Timt, nne?, f!-.- in wliiili C.ifc Z.«f>(;.7«(/i'isrfcknn'J fwo-tbl.l, tluc \\ W cflwaiil as well j-. I'allw.u I, Ai jllo in Sij-Cli.iitstiK' l.ciru'iiitii' isufually ccinijiutcd tVdin (nine nnrcil I'dir, C.ipe. or the like. 'I Ims flio E>i/i jh (.'fvuiv iccLoii tiuni the l.n.v.i- Point on tlic Oojll (ifCVJiwrf//.- And hcic alio the tm/j. i ■(./« is recWii'J bijth >..i/? and The Lon(;itui!« ot a Place being lt\owii, v,'t are in- ffinnM wli.it Jiftl'itnce there is in 'he \lc>ur of the Day between that I'li^e anu Us.- loi in rejiliJlhat the Sun gnes round ilic whole Marth in ■+ Hours, he gains 15 Degrees upon it in every Hour (that being the 54th of j6j) or one Degree in 4 Minutes. So that ofConl'equence at a Place_ 1 s Deg. EtJ} frona us, it is Noon an Hour before it is fo with us ; and on the contrary, it is Noon an Hour later than with us at a Placi; 15 Deg IVell from us. Thus for Example, Con. /fjiir/Bi),'.'!' being 31 Ueg. 10 Min. EaJI from Lnitlon, it is 1 H. (5 M. pall Noon there, when it is exatl Noon with us. And DMiu in /ri7j».aule that is im- rollible. Modern Aftronomers ha\ethou(;ht it as ef- reilual to obfcivc jimte rein>'\.\hte I'htmitumii in the Heavens; as m\ EJipft for Fvjmpic ; which being al- ways calculated, and its iiipearance with us cxaiUy known, if tlie time of s bemg fecii in any other Pare of the World be olWivd, the dilferencc of that time by allovvMig if lAg to an Hour, Ihews the dilTcrence oi Un/^ituile. I'ui we ihall have occalion to fpeak more particularly - i this hereafter. Sote, Degrees of Longitmie are of dlfTerent Extent in different Latituiti, becaufe the Meridians joyning to- gether in a Point at each Pole, do neceilarily grow narrower as they approach the Poles. So that altho' a Degree of LdHgifu./i; on the Eiju.ittr be of fia Miles ex- lent (or more exatHy (5y Miles, as we fliall (hew in the next Chapter) yet they diminilh in every Laiitutie ; as is (hewn in this Table. JT MM- E of the LiKgt/j of a Decree of Longitude in every Latitutle. ii i\ f1 Latitude. Miles. Minutej ^Equator «So 00 Parallel i 59 59 5« 44 50 5<5 H 11 5 00 48 40 8 49 39 31 50 38 33 5« 37 44 51 37 Ul> 53 3<5 qS 54 35 16 $5 34 34 5y (as we have faid) to Excommunicate and Uepolc yi^iliM B''. oiStrnikurg for aflerting the Antifodes. And many of the Philofophers believ'd it to be a Cone or high Mountain, by which they infwer'd for the di(- appearance of the Sun at Nicht. But better Philofo- phers have found rhar the Body of the Earth and Wa- ter is a Globe .- Which will be illuftrated by thefc plain and undeniable Arguments. 1. That the Gaitb is Globular, does plainly appear ■ t'X»- from the Eclipfes of the Moon ; for thole being al- ""■"" ,'° ways round, the Eairh which is the Body that inter- {•ul'Ju'r '^'^I'fs fhe Beams of the Sun, and is the umlifputed Vmm'iu caufe of fuchEclipfe, mufttiecedarily be of a round il'rE,i,ih I'orni. 2. The nearer one approaches to either of the Poles, the Stars nerreft to the Pole are the more elevated from the Hori/.on toward rhis Zenith ; as on the con- trary, the farther one mows from the Poles the lame Stars icem to withdraw fitmi hira, till at lal> they quire difappcar. A'gain, the Stars Rife snd Set Iboner to One that travels towards the £«/?, than they do to One that travels towards the Wy/; infomuch, th.it if one Diould Ipciid a «irhole Year in marching round the E'arth towards the Eall, he would ■gain a Uay ; as on the contrary, in making the fame^urney WcOuard, he would lofc one. And this is aJhially ken between the rortugiiizc in A/.ifJo, an Illaml on the Souih of C/.'/- Hj,aiul tlie SpaiiUriis in the PhiUpfine Iflands. I'he inw- lUy vi i\\e former being rlieSa.'iirii'.oof the latter ;occa- tion'J liy what we have faid. lor Ae Poruigunc palling Ironi ILuropi to the Ea1t-lndies.,dinA tlience to Hacac; and Spnitiards p-idiiig Heftward from Eunpc to /tmiridi, and the.Mc to ihe r/j;.'i7'/>/Me-), bet\V^n 'cm both, they have Travcl'd round the Earth. •). Laniy, That the Earth is round, is demonllrated by the Voyaj'cs that have been itwdc quite round it ; for if a Ship letting out from EngtavJ, and failing con- finiially Wcllward, fliall come at }»fl to the Enjl-lndiis, and fo home ajviiii, 'tis a tHain aRlirance that it is a (ilol'c, not a Mat, a CuOe, a f!6ne, or any other Eorm Thefc Navigations are fo frequently made, and afford fuch a Demonftration, that there is no room to doubt, and makes it loft labour to ar^ue any fur- ther. The Rotundity of theGlobe in general, isnot to be difputed on account of Mountains, Valleys, Seas, of the like ; lince little Excrefcejiccs or Caverns, as tliofe are in comparifon of the whole Body of the Earth, do not alter the main Eorm of the whole, any_ more than a Wart or a Scar on a Man's Hand may be faid to alter its Ihape, 'Tis true, Modern Obfcrvations have difcover'J to us, that the Earth is a little deprefs'd at the Poles, which alters its Figure from an exa£l Globe, to an ob- late Spheioid j fuch as a Ball of Wax would be after it had been gently prefsd between two parallel Boards. riie meafure of the Earth comes next to be conli- der'd J tliat is to fay, i. ItsC/Vw/f. i.Diamiter. And 5. Surface. Becaufe it ti impoflible to iieafure the whole Circuit of the Earth, it has been judg'd fuflfkient to mcafuie a part, from whence the length of the whole might be concluded: This Partis that we call a Degree, or the rim, j jfi.th part of the whole Circumference. But how /iif 1. much of theEarthanfwersto a Degree in the Heavens, ^''i" has been much queftion'd of late. A Degree has been always divided into 60 parts, call'd Minutes, each of which, was reckon'd equivalent to a common Mile; but Modern Experiments have thcwn that 69 J , Englilli Statute Miles, are coijtain'd in a Degree. Among the te- veral Obfervations in order to difcover this, that of Mr. Kirmod's'm E:)gUnifinCi that of the Academy of Sciences at Pans M Fraucf, ate judg'3 to be the moll cxaiV. The former in the Vear 1635. made an Experiment in mea- furing the diftance -between Lmdon and Tork ; svhcrc by taking the exatl Latitude at both Places, he found a Degice to contain 69?, dfSatute Englilh Miles, each containing ?i8oEoot. The Gentlemen .)f the Acade- my, a few Years ago, made a new •■xperiment, where- in they obferv'd with great Exaflnels, and found that s-7o6o Toilijs were the length of a Degree. The Toiler, or E'athom, is 6 Ptiris Eoot ; the Pjris loot is fomc- what larger tlun our Englilh one, fo as that if of that make 16 Londtn Eoot : This Proportion being known, 'tis very eafy by Arithmetical Operations to difcover that a Degree contains (J9 Statute Englifli Miles (of jifla foot in each) and 8(5+ Foot. Ihis being premis'd, and the Keader intbrm'd by what means to c(»rrctt the common Cr.mputarion ; it will not perhaps be amifs to continue tlie old way of.do Miles to a Oogree, and the rather in regard that in all Journeys we reckon much frequenter by the large Computed Miles, than by tlic Statute ones. The Circumference of die vvliolc Globe of the Earth is 2629;! Enyjlifli Milci. 'llic DinmetCr of the Earth is S>*l9 Eiiglil!) Miles. '1 lie .Surface of thcT.artli contains 210048. 09! Siiuarc laiii Miles. The Solidity of the Earth is 3o69;o^i6ofyjl Cubick Miles. It being vcry'condiKivf 'to the true Knowledge of Gco^r.iph/, to be acquainted witii the tiifleieuc Computation of Mcaliires in Eori.ii;n Countries we have added t!ii> l.ible. to GEOGRAPHY. XV. ^ T A n I, u of the Length ofM. i r. f. s it) foreiii^n Countries in proportion to 4 Degrea of the great Circle. fttrts. is not to be ys, Seas, or is, .IS thole liaitli, do moic tijan laid to alter il'cover'J to the Poles, , to an ob- uM be jfier wo paraJJel to be confi- inteter. AiiJ hole Circuit t to mcaluie )le might he giee, 01 the r rn; But how luir I he Heavens, ^''l" lee has been ites, each of imon Mile ; ^9 ; , liiiRlifh nong the «l- i.tliat ol'Mr. y of Sciences \ exadh The lent in niea- ~ork ; where s, he found 1 Miles, each f the Acade- tent, where- J found that . The Toilc, oot is fomc- ; that 15 of irtion being pcrations to ute Lnglifli Foot, rhis 'd by what an J it will way of. (Jo J that in all y the large /lilch. 4ilcs. 1)1^ Miles. iilc.. with tiic There arc contain'd in :i Degree, Of nicafurV. Statute rnglifli Miles, C)f common Computed Miles ()t Italian Miles ol 1000 Geometrical Paces each, Of ordinary Coimtry leagues vi Fruncr e ;h ';ontaining 2282 Toifcs or rachoms, Of ^panidi Miles, according to common Computation Of large Marine I.cagues oi' EngLiml .md France, Of German Leagues, Of Low-Dutch' Hoius Travelling, Of Danilh and Polonian great Leagues, Of Sweedifh Miles, Of Hungarian Miles, Of V< -(Is of Mnfcovy, The common Turkilh Mile is equal to the comnioi. hali;m Miles, Of Perfian, Arabian and l.gyptian Paralanga, Of Indian Cos or Crow, 01 Chincie Li s. 69 and 864 Foot. 60 'h 171 20 If 20 If 12 10 80 60 20 24 2 Jo C H A V. V. Of T I. K M s of Art ujcd li* G r. o ci k \ i* u y. §■. I, Of Land. ACtnttHiHt, is .1 larpe fpace of Dry-Land compre- liending many Countries, all joyn'd together without any (iiparation Ivy Water. T^^us Eurtpe, ytfin, and /Ijlin, is one great ■Continent. As ^uerua is an- other. An I'lmJ, is a Part of Dry-Land incompafs'd with Water : As Kk^Awi/ and Siftlmui for l.xainple, is one Itknd, lrcUniiAnM\\c\,&i. \ii Jnhipcli^y, is a (.'liiflcr of rmall Illiiids lying rear together ; as fliolc iii'tliL-i'^iMw^lioa, between tlie Coafts of Crtffe unA /iT/m. A PminfuU (<}U4li'-p,-rit i<.',^l.i,iMf. orothttrwile C/ur- fmeuj, Gr. from x«C»l.®' Ttn», andiiiifC^ liifuUi) is .i Part of Diy-Land inconij'afs'd with Water, except on one narrow (ide whirh joyns it to the Land, as tlie Mtrc in Cruet, &c. An Ifibtmu , is rh«t narrow Neck of Ijud wliich joyns a Peni;tii''i to the Continent. A Prtmmttry, K a high Part of Dry-Land ftretcliing itlclf out into the Sea A C4?i', is the extream Part of a Promontory, the mn(V ails'anc'd into the Sea. A AfouH.'J.'-, i' a rilini; Part of Dr.yJ.jud ovor.tup- piiij; ihe adjacent Counuy .\ r.i/i.iiD, is a Mountain that burns continually ; many whereof at lomc tunes make violent Iiruptioas of Fire, as ('tj'uvius,A:ini, &c. §. IL O/W A Tl- R. The Octm, is t'.Mr (ireat .Sea whith funoiinds the ^whnle Lirtii, and hath dilFercnt Nanus i;i\cii lo ii m diflerent Parts of the World, as the Noiilurn Ohmh is call'd the llypokra'i. 1 lie Wcdcrn, between the Coi&%oi /ijlxa M\iX Amir, .J, (hi: .j'ljiiii.t That be- tween the Coafts of yjmnUii and tlie Kjft-lMUi, tlij I'acifiii, or the A'««»/)-Sea Otherwife, for more particular!'- 'tis call'd Sea only, and denoiiiinatcd from the Sh it wallies, .is the o"e.>, the /i./)j-.Sca, civ. Some I'aits of the Ocean run up into the Land, ei- ther thro' narrow Palles, or wide Moutlis; the former arc call'd ii-.i/, as the A/i./;ViiTjw.-.i«-Sea, the L',>//.ii-Sea, the lied S'ea, &1-. But the latter are call'd Uilfus, as the Gulf of I'tn^ie, the Gulfs of B«.'/j«..r, .iiid Firtliiiii, &:c. .UuiUedsuf Water are call'd Seas.altho' they lye be- tween Lands, and communicate with ntlier Seas thro' a iiaruiw .Stiaight, it they are esncun lari;e, as t!ie fu.vjK.^Sea, the Kirf-Sca, o'r. Nay, and foiaetmu'*, altho' they hase no communication, as the (:,ij},.i-i. Sua. A Oj), is a Part of the Sea that is half furrounjcd by the Land, oi at leaft bounded by two I'romontori. s ; as the Hay of B./.vi, the Uay of Bm^^!.-, the !>■} of Mi/XiiJy ^C. A Siruf/tt is a narrow Arm of tlie Sea. havii!/ I and on both lidcs of it. A Strai^lit, is either L.-- twren one Great Soa and another ; between the Ocean andad'iilt; or between one Gull and another. Astir txample : i. I'heStaightof .U/iXsy/j/i lies between ^li;; ^:la,itickind tlK Pacfji.k Oceans. 2. The Srrai;4'ir of liitr.t'tar, thro" which the y^r/.m/.ti Ocean llosssiiuo the MtJiitriMKitti-SKi: Or, j. The ll:!hl'p«'i' i the Straight of (.'(.•i//,iH,-'»ii/)/<' J tlie forme.' of \v!i'..!i n'vns tlie iCfi-.iii-Sea to the Pm/'iiMr/j, and the larrei continc.s that to the i"ii.v.M,-S'ea : As again, tlie Stiain'it u( C.tf,\ Uiis berssceii the i.'i.vini'-Sea and the /'j/». SUen'/. A lUrliir, is generally tlie Bottom of a Hay, or the .Mouth of i U:ge Piiver, lo call'd as being a conve- nient f ; NVl 1 N T R 0 D V C r I 0 N ir.eiit Pl.ue for SMppir.g ro lye- il-c'.n'e i'lom Sr(^nv.'i We call thi bottom nt'a li.iy, tli; iiiiicrmoll part ol' it tuwaiJ'i Land. A H.j.t IS a I'lace in tlic Vi'.iter where U lintli con- venient llar'.-c'r, aiiil gr,cjj Ancho.rige f )!■ Sliips. A V,!.'.iimcl, is a:i i\'m ot tl'.s Sea I'lninin}; between two Silioni's wii'.er tli.'ii wluir we call a i'.-ivi/i^/j.' ; a-, tlie ?-U)de>ft Ohjerz:itions. THe Art of m.iking A/ ^/PS and Sca-Charts, is an Invention oK i'acli vaft ufc to Manl;ind, tliac pciliaiis tiieic is nor'jing for wliicli tlie WoiM is more cnJclitcJ to tl't lliiJious Labours of Ingenious ATen. lor by tiie help of thcni Geography is iiiaJe plain and ealic, the Mariners are direiteJ in fetcliing us the Commodities of tlie mod diftant Parts. And by the hcl|j of tliem, we may at liome, with Plcafure, furvey tlic fevcral Countries of the VV'orld, and be inforni'J of the Situation, l^illance, Provinces, Cities and re- markable Places of every Nation. I'o do this w ith Exattnefs, was an Art (to be lure) not eaiily atrain'd; it was not or.e Man, nor one Generation of M;n, that could bring it to any reafonabJe Pcrfeftion ; a id accordiiigly, tho' it was very T.arly begun, it is but no* in our Days that a Aletliod is found out, whereby AI.ips nuy be truly Corrected. Lvcn lo early as /liiaxitnaii.icr the Difciple and Suc- celfor of Th.ilc! Gcogiapliick Tabic;, or Maps have had a Ceir.g: A plain IJenionrtration of the Value of tins Science; fince it began with the beginning of Li- terature. We nie told j^Uxaiidcr ci'.ricd Cullijlhoie! with him to B.ibylon, to make a Map of his Conquefts; and Uiuloubteuly tlie Greeks as well as the Romans had Geographical Tables of all their Countries, tho' nojie of'ein lijve been prefeiv'd to our Days, e.\cept that which thews thi Unskilfulnefs of the Ancients in m.i- l;iiig them, I mean the Ancient Mop "f the Rotnan Emi'ire ftiil extant, under tlie Name of the Pcutiiigcri- an Tables, f oni Com. IKut.n^tr, a Learned Gentleman of /iiigslmri, re wlu,;'i we are ueholJeii for the Publica- tion of tiieni. Thoic Tables contain an Itinerary of the v.hui; Liiipiie from Ilcjr ■, u Zif>, with the dillance of 1 owns by Menfuration ; but the.'' the Seas, Defarts or loreit.'., teing not i ravellM througn, or Meafur'd, are not lt;t down in their true lorin, the Latitude or Breadth from Nirih to So:i:h, being not at all regarded. This to be fi re muft have been the general r.juit, be- fore Aftronomy was made to aflill Geography, which had been faintly attem[)tcJ by divers, but never effe- fted by any before I'toUniy. Clauiiiiis Ptoleviitus a very Learned Aftronomer, who flourllhcd at yl!cxiinrlr:a under the Reign of ylnTcninus the Philofopher, making life of all preceding Difco- veries, and joining the Obferv.irions of H:ppar-cnns, Timuli.iris and the B.iiylotr'imi, witli thole of his own, formed the Syllem of the Uaiverle, ftill known by his Name ; and prefcrib'd the Methods of difcovering Longitude and Latitude, by Obl'crvation of the fix'd Stars, and the Ccurfe of the Planets ; inventing aUbthe Meridians and Parallels, the better to direit the cxa^t placing of Towns on the Map ; and himfelf publilh'd a Sett of Maps, which were made ufe of for many Ages. But fince the Invention of the Mariner's Compels, and the great encreafe of Navigation by the help of it, we have been ible to vilit all thole nioft dil!ant Pla- ces that Pfo/.m/ had but impetfetl Accounts of; have efpecially diltover'd that he was very much millaken in his Accounts of A.o»^./n(/f, and that all Maps lii- therto extant are valHy erroneous in the Situation of Places Laflward. The I auk in General was compu- ting the Degrees on the Larth fafter th.in would an- fwer to tholi; in the Heavens, and thereby making i'laces to I'eem farther diftint from the firft Meridian tiian they really are: Ihiis Frame, li.il)', Cr:ae, &c. were by little and little fo exteiulcd, and the Meditct- vanean Sea thereby fo much lengthned, th.it upon Oiavt Obfervation it is found, at Stmilirosn, no Ids than ij Degrees were gain'd, and the Voyage thither repre- lentad as i.o Leagues longer Uuii it is. And the far- ther we go raftw.ird, the gteater is the 1-rror, the Coafts of hUi.i being laid i:- Degrees too far f'afV, and Cfiiii.i 27 Degrees beyo:;d its true Situation. This fauJc lud like to have piov'd fatal to Mr. Datr.picy and his Company : I'oi when iliey flood oiV fronr the South- Sea to the F..i]}-ltijl:s , they found the Voyage jco Leagues longer than the Maps rej>rcli;nted it, and themfelves ainioft flarv'd by trufting to 'cm. IJun as by Af-ronomy, Geography was at firft Correftcd ; lo trie Amendment of thefe Errors is owing to the gieat Improvement now made ro that Science, and tl;c ex- quillte Ingenuity and Indiift"y of ir.oJcrn Ailrcno- niers ; who by the alfiftancc of excellent Tclcfcopes and other Inftruments of modern InveTition, have made very confiderable Difcoverics in the Heavens, and thereby found out a v/ay of afccrrainiiig Loii^j- tude as well as Latitude at Land, and correcting tiie Maps to a perfefl exaftnefs. Ihis method is by Obfervation of Eclipfcs ; whoCe beginning at London or Paris being exactly calcjiated, and thereby rcrninly prcdiited, and the beginning of the fuue Ecliplc being obferv'd at any diflant Place, the difference of Time is certainly k;.own, and i ? ff Cttii Ikpt P. Tichiir.i made an Obfcrvar. by tlie Satet- (:tcs, Tunc \6iK, anJ found it to be 14 D. 30 M. Kajf t'loni PKris. [ l-'ij-Vt ' ^••'-' /(/V on the Coaft of fin//;/, being jjU. fi'tj} fn rwithftandini; a late Author lays it down ii, nd Cape- Fno on the fame Coaft (under the 1 ^ > 'S 4- ^- 30 M. H',JI from Lm- diin. 'Twould be tedious to en'' .icrate all the Obferv.iri- ons that have been made ; tlieli we have mention'd ate at fucli diftant Parts, that almoft all our Maps may be examin'd by 'em, and IhiU trouble the Reader with only thefe two more, i;,t. Franci: m the former Maps of it had been extended True Lonuitude. Longitude from Ltniicn by Ob- From Temrif. Frnn Fcrra. fervation D. M. D. M. D. M. Paris. I- i5 Eaft. 19. f?- 22. 2;. Madrid. 3- 37. Wcl> 13. '3- 16. -3- Rome. '3 - E. 30. 32- 33- Copenhagen. 12. S3. E. 30. 23- 32- 53' Dant/ick. 19. — E., 3«. 3'J- 39 Conftaiitinople. 31. 30. — 49. 5'. 30. Mofcow'. •,8. 45. E. 16. If- : 58. 4y- Aleppo. 38. 4?. E. s I Ji. jy. J 04. — 121. 30. 124, Nimpo in China. 110. 23. '37- 53. 140. 33- Pekim. "7- 4?. '}'!■ >5- '37- 4?. Cape AuguftininflM//. 35. — W. 341. 30. 345- Cape Fno. 45. 3'J- W 354- 30. 337. — - feveral Degrees on e ery fide, fo that the Kingdom was made to feem exceed inyly larger than it Is, bu: this has been corretted by many Years labour of t/,e Academy of Sciences at P.iris, „iid now very lately a New Map correctly made, according fo their Obfer- vations, was publilh'd at Paris, from which this in our Collcdion is copied. Hiifcovy on the other hand, had been contrafted in its Southern Part near iju Miles ; for the p.ilns Mentis was made to rife up to the 51 De;; of Latitude, and the City of jiztph, is pl.ic'd in ?i D. N. 1 at . by San- fon and the Duuh Maps But lince the Conqueft of rhat Place, the Czar has caufed an attual Survey to be made of the Country South from Mofiov>, and of the Courfe of the River Don, whereby it appears that ji- zoph Lies in 47 O. and that the Courfe of that River is very much d.lFcrent from wliat was formerly repre- fented, as may be feen in comparijig the old .Maps w ith that in this Book, which is Copied from that Survey. Abundance of other gvofs I'rrors informer Maps, cor.efted in this Sett, might be mention'd, I'ucli as the Head if the River Nile laid down if Deg. that is, 900 Miles more South than it really is; the Cajpian- Sta, being made of Oval form from E,ijl to IVtj}, whereas in Truth 'tis almoft an oblong Square from North to South ; and many more, which to avoid Tirin" the Reader, we omit, and leave it to his own Oblei" vat'on to difcover. But now to apply thefe Obfervations to our Maps it muft be remembred that the Degrees of Longitude in tliem are computed from the firft Meridian, which was fix'd at Ttnerife, before the French remov'd it to the Illand Ferrt 1 D. 30 M. more Wtjl ; but the Obfcr- vations we here fet down being deduc'd from Londim which is 17 D. 30 M Eaji from Tenirife, or 20 from' Ftrro, an Additio.i muft he made of fo many Degrees in places Eaftward, or Subrrartion proportionate for places Wefiward ; and then the true Longitude of thele Places as they ought to (land ,1; the Maps will .appear thus, viz. Erronioufly Plac'd in the com- mon Maps. Sanfon. Dutch Maps. D. M. D. M By this Table may be feen the difference between the New Obfervations, which are according to the Truth, and the Ofd Maps. And theieby it appears, that Jnd.a was laid almoft 400 Leagues farther oft^ than it really is, and China no lefs than 500 Leagues too far to the E.i/I. Nay, to go no faitlu-r than Heme the fault is t'.iere io great, as to lay that City 1 ; 5 Miles too far oif, and the Jiftance between Genoa and Rotne, mejfur'd on aa Old Map leems at kaft 40 Miles more than it is. J3- I?. 3«. 3J- 4J- peat here. But fhall now proceed to inrpef^ the Bull of the Earth, and the Materials which are digged out ot* its Bowels. a. And the firft Thing that prefents it felf to our View, is that huge, mafly Subftance, the Globe of the Earth, confifting of many folid Materials, as well as great Quantities of fait and frelh Water ; for which rcainn the Philofophers commonly call ir, the T,rra. tjutoui Ctibi. And tho' the folid Matter may perhaps be more (faking it all together) than the fluid, yet the Water takes up the greater Part of the Surface of the Globe, as it is plain to any one that looks upon a Map of the Earth. For belides the Rivers, and Lakes, and Pools, and Fountains which water the Earth in various ^fe XX A Nat::rd Hijlory Book I, iV i tli 1 1 ., i V..1I .us I'l;i:is, tlie 0-f,:ii :\ml it's particular Sfis .tit iiiufli iiioic exteiiilcil than rln- dry Land. \Vlii:ii iJ()u'jrlgr.> v\n onlcr'J by the Maker of all 'fiiliigs, lia- tlie yoL'd nf ,M.i:ikinJ ; tlieie lieiiit; I'ucli grc.it ucc.iii- my, for W-r.-r to nuiiOcn the Lartli, ami fupj-ly us u uli Filh, Mid f.iCilitaLc Commerce by N,ivig.it:oii. 5. !!ut til refer wh.it we l-..i\c to fay abf>ur the \Va- tciN, toaarth?! Place, if we coiillJer the Ljith propei- ly (b c^H'J, we fliall find it to be a Ilea:) of v.iri;)ii,s lioiiiev. 1 (n tlicreiu arc difcovcrd SauJ, Ciay, Mould «)f various rnloiirs, levcrai Ibris of StOiies, nijiiy Salts, .Suip'iur, Diturucu, Minerals and Metals without •lumber. K'or is it necelfaiy to dig to the Center ot il'c faith, whiiher humane fnduftry can never pene- tr.i'e, for the tlifcovery of thcfe ihings; they are iVmetimes met with in great abundance, not many leet ileip. t'ut in the Mines of llunr,»ry .m<\ Pim, \vhic!i are laid to be deeper than ordinary, gicat ftore liffucli '1 lungs appear. 4. 'Ihe Ancient I'iiilofopliers , (and Schoolmen who fuilow'd their Opmion, .nnd maintainVl that the Tanli is one of thole four lilements whereof all Thint;s coiiiifV, ) obferving fuch a medly of Iliings to lie under the furface of the Earth, they laid this was not rlie puie L'emcnt tlicy meant, but that it was fonie- where about tlis Center. But fince no Man could ever yet con-.e at thole Parts near the Center of the Larth, tliis Cu.ijecHure of theirs is good for iiothin;;. s. if Di! Cirus his llypothelis were but wtll pror.nded, That the Planets were once of the lil.e Naruie witli the fixed .Stars, conliftin[5 of a fiery Siib- ihnce, and came afterwards to be crufted over with thick and Inliil Matter; tlicre might be IVill at this )yay a i,rear Fire in the Center of the Larth, ns foine Pecpiei nagine. l!i.t llncc tile jjiounds on which that treat Man fuppofe.l the Planets to be derived, may be ieckon'd among thole Things which are every way doubtful, and only fcem not impofliMe, tho' perhaps as far from being true as real impodlbilities ; it is a rafli.iefs in bis too (;rcar Admircr.s, to take this ini.igi- iisry Lire at tlie Cearer of ;hc Larth tor a certain Tr..tli. 6. If thcfe Parts which now make up the Earth, were once loofe, and earned round the \'.\mi: Center in a circular .Motion, wc could then gather from moft terrain Lxpeiimcnts, that rlie grollefr of all the Parts I'ell down to the Center of the Larth. Now fmce we know noihing hc.ivler than Metals, it would not be abfurd to iunpofe, tli.it the iiimoft Bowels of tiie Larth were hll'd w: ' a prodigious ftore of various Metals. Ami this being prefum'd, our Opinion would receive Confirmation fiom inagnetick l:.\periiiients, by which it generally appears, 'Lliat the Larth is of the Nature of a great Loadftone. 'Lhcret'ore we might with good Keafon fulpeif, that at the Heart of the Earrli, there is Iron and Loadftoiie in great iibundance ; which would be juft contrary to their Opinion, who hold a liery Center o( the 1 arth. Hut this our llypothelis is built upon no manifell Keafon, and theiefore for the avoiding of Error, it is much the lafeft way 10 fufpend our alfent in this ('ale. 7. However this is obfeivable, that the deeper we ilig into tlie Ground, the heavier the Matter is; and tho' there be no coming near the Center of the Earth, yet fuch Metals arc digged out of the deepeft Mines, as aie rarely found in the Surface: And if inftead of digging Mines a Mile and a half Deep, (which yet is hardly ever done ) we could go fomc Miles down- ward, perhaps the Matter would (fill be clofer and hcaviei . 8. But be this as it will, thus much we are fure of, as to the Parts about the furface of the Earth, that they nre under a continual Change and Alteration ; which may proceed from various Caules. Among thofe Cflufes ^^■e will not leckon human Labours : But this we fee, that the hardell Bodies in the VVoild, the very Adamant it felf not excepted, being expofed to the open Air, do wear and wailc in Time, and un- deri;o various Alterations without the Hand of Man ; and theiefoic the whole furface of the Earth, whereon the Air perpetually preffes, muft needs be fubjeff to fuch Alterations. 9. liefide'., the perpetual changing of the Scafons, Heat and Cold, K.iins and Wind'., Eartlicjuakes and runiiinjj Waters, &c. are always making a wonderful C'uage in that Part of the Earth, which is ne.vt tliir fuiface. y\nd if we take in the d.iily Mutations of innumerable Animals and Plants, which are ild by the iruit.s or Moifture of the Earth ; and after a Ibon: 'l'im« putriiie, and icturn to Earth iga^n : U'e lliall have real'on to believe, That this Suriace on which we tread, cfpecially iti Countries that have been long inh.ibited, is for the moft part compofed of liie Bodies of Men and Bealls, or rather of a Matter wliicii is every Day putting on new Lornis. 10. And by fuch perpetual \'ariations of Matter, there muft needs happen an encrcafe of dry Earth, Biid a decay of Moifture ; for it does not appear, that: the parts of fluid Bodies, which have been once blend- ed with Solids, and have been lb impregnated with Salts as to lolc their Huidnefs, do ever retrieve it again. This is evident in Plants and Animals, which grow bigger lb long as they receive Spirit and Nou- iilhnicnt fiom Liquors, but afterwards turn to Cor- luption. Some conclude from hence, that in order to prevent too great a decay, or total failure of moi- fture in the Planets, God created Comets ; that fo their Fumes difFuling themfelves thio' the Vortex of the Sun, might fall into the lelfer Vortices of the Pla- nets, and augment their Liquors. 11. fvToreover, there mult needs be a v.-.ft Change made in the Earth, by means of the many Eircs which prey upon its Entrails; concerning which we Ihall fay more in the III. Chapter. 12. We have hinted before, 5 ff. tf. That Pliilofo- phers fometimes conlider the Earth as a huge I oad- Itone, wliicli when wc come to Ipeak of the Load- ftoue ; we lliall have opportuniry to enlarge upon. Mean while we may here obferve, that in this relpeit alio the Larth is much altered ; as appears from the \ ariations of the Magnetical Needle, which fome- times Points direftly at the Pole, fometimes declines feveral Degrees towards the R.,Jl or li'.ft. Cut this cannot be, without an Alteration in the pores of that inagnetick Matter which Hows out of the Earth, and which feems to come at one Time diretHy from tlic Pole, and at another Time from thofe Parts which are on the right or left (ide of the Pole. And whe- ther this Variation proceeds from the Fires under ground, which ma;' fpoil here and there a Mine of Loadflone ( yet lb as that it may afterwards recover 'f'^ yirtue again ) or whether it be from fome other Caufe, is what no Man certainly knows. CHAP. II. Of Subterraneous Things in gcfienl; and fir H y/ S u L p II u R nnd Bitumen. '■VVT^E told you in the foregoing Chapter, that W the Bulk of this our Larth is not one fort of Matter, but confifts of innumerable Bodies of va- rious kinds. Concerning the chief of which we will be as particular, as the Brevity we hive prefcribed to our Iclves, will permit. Proceed we therefore be- yond the outward Craft, to fee what we can find in the recelfes of the Earth. a. We don't pretend lb accurately to divi. for i firef m Chap. IL Plini'lib. XXXA'. de allFof- leads, tha: by by their Definitions might be underftooil every thing wherein the inferior Sjiecies agree, or the neneral Heads diftcr one from another. To do rlii';, it would be necefljry for us to have (\vh:it we arevcry far from having.) a perfeft inlight into all their Natures. How- ever, to obferve fome JVlerhod, we will divide 5II the hidden Stores of the liarth, into three Ranks. The ift, are fuch as are apt to burn. The 2d, luch as are apt to melt in the I ire. The ;d, fuch as are lediici- ble to Calx. The chief of thefe fevcral Sorts, we fliall confider in their Order. 3. Of thole Things which are apt to burn, and ea- fily take lire ; the principal are Hidplmr and Uinuncn, and th^-ir various Kinds, or their difi'erent Mixtures, which we ftiall not cfuimerate. As tor Sulphur and Bitumen, thty are jM-oduc'd in abundance of Places, and\arymi.cli in their pin-ity, rc(]uiring more or lefs refininr to fit rliem for ilitTerent Ules. 4. .Sa//'/'.'«>' then, accordin;; to the belt Difcoveryof its Nature, is a Tollil of a Yellow Colour mix'd with a faint Green, very brittle, and reducible into the fincll: Powder, and is very apt to take fire. It has a rtrongfmell, wlii^h quickly fccnts the Air, where but a fmaTl quantity of it is burnt ; but if a good deal of it be burnt in a dole place, it is enough to choak thole in the Room, ei'pecially ihi)ir-bre.irh'd People. It is fonierhing more compact and heavier than Wood ; but it don't weigh fo heavy, nor prove fo folid as Metals. ;. " It grows, fays PUny, m the A^tUan Iflands, " between Sicily and Italy j but the bell is in the Ifland " Mchs. It is found likewile in Italy, about binpUs, " and inCampiitiiit, in the Hills call'd Liicorai. There " it is dig'd out of Mmes, and refin'd by lire. There " are four Sorts of it. \. Suhjhur liviini, call'd by the " Cnciis i-rrvnv, becaufe it is fo mire, that it needs " no lefining by Fire. This grows in a hard Lump, " and is the only .Sa/f/'^r that is fit for \^\e, and is " Tranfparcnt and Green as foon as it comes out of " the Ground ; whereas other Snlprm-s want to be '< prepar'd with Liquors and Oyls The ;d Sort, they " call gWi-i and is us'd only in Puller's Shops, 'ihe '• 3d Sort alio, call'd Egnla, is only good for working " Woollen-Cloth, becaufe it makes it white and loft. " The 4th Set is moil proper to be us'd in Lamps. 6. " The firft fort ot S'.:tphttr, is good for all fuch " Difeafei anuPains, as are inrag'd by Cold, and allayd " by Heat ; and therefore the Virtue of it is very " feafible in hot Sprin'^!": and Baths whither People " refort for the Cure of Pains in their Limbs : No- " thing takes fire fooncr than this i'K/f/;Hr ; by which " itappearsto be inucii impregnated with fiery Parti- " cles. 1 here is a imell of Sulphur often i^oes along " with Thunder and Lightning; and the Llalhes are " of a fulphureous colour. y. " As fur B/fH?nf», it is much of the fame Nature; " in fome Places it is Slime, in others Earth. It is " Slime in (f/jfDf/T./Sfrt) a Lake of JuiJ^a; it is Larth " about SiWo'i, a Maritime Town of 5;r;«. Both thefe " forts of Bitumen are thicken'd and dry'd. There is " befides, a Liquid Bitumni brought from Babyhn, like " that from Zaiyuthin, and is o{ a White Colour, (/or " Bitumen is ufaaliy Bhuk.) And a Liquid fort is " brought from yipolloiiia. " All thefe Sorts, the Graks call T/iro-j.iria/Tor, " as being a fit Compolition of Pitch and Bitnmm *' together. Ther. is yet another fort of an Oily Na- " ture, in a loi ntain of ^grigcntmn in Sicily, which " tinges the Strc im of the Riser it runs into. The " People of the Place gather it upon Heads of Reeds, " to which it eafily clings; and ufe it in their I amps " inftead of Oyl. As lor the r^ft of its Ufes, they " are much the fame with thole of Sulphur. o. Niip hi ha Kooin^y be reckon'd a kind of Bitumen; for it is liquid, and only diifcr» in this, that it takes fire fooner, and is harder to be quench' J. " Put it Co OfSukenafieoits Things m GchomI. XXI " the Fire, and it catches immedi.itely ; or hold a- " ny thing to the Fire that is fmear'd over w^tli it, " and prelentiy it is .ill over in a ll.;iv.e : "ih^jrc's no " putting it out wi'h Water ; for it make ir burn but " lb much the more, unlcis you pour on a vaft quai.ti- '' ty indeed. But tlie belt v/ay is to throw iMire or " \'incg.ir or Allum, or any gummy .Marter up-- ir, " which fiilles it, and puts it Cut. 'I here gnei a Story of yjlc>:aiiiicr the Great, That being difpo. d to try the Fxpeiiment, he oider'd a Bey in a Bjtli " to be daub'ii over with Naphtha, and the Candle to " be put to liim ; in a Moment the Bey was all in a " flame, and had perlfh'd, if the Standers by had not " beflird themfelvcs to put it out. Pi)/j.i'i,(,'.,vr writes, " That in Babylon, where are I'ounraiiis of Kaphtha, ■' fome produce Black, fome White }\\iph.'!.'.i ; that " the Fountains of White Kaphth.i llow'with l.inuiJ " Sulphur, and are good for M.itches .■ But tliof,; ti:.ic " flow with Black Bitumen, furnilh the Lamns inflctd " of Oyl. 9. " Maltha, feems to be a kind of K.iphtha; it is " an inflammable Slime found in a Pool of S,7w-),'ii.'/j, " a City oiCommagenc. If ir touches any folid iiii/ig, " it fticks to ir, fu that 'tis iiard to diungage one's felf " from ir. With this, the Citi/.cns dctended i.'ieir " Walls, when Luculliu lefieg'd them, and tiie S.ddicrs " Armour coi;ld not preferve them from l-einc; burnt. Water (In mn.ierntc nuavritin) does but iiiilame it; and F,ar, li aJone is found pro[ier to qucn.ch it. ir. The I'it-Coal which is found in Scoti.ind anJ the Korth of Englanii, fcenis to be a Compolition of Farth, Bitumen and Sulphur; and therefore it eiillly takes fire, and keeps burning till it is all fpenf. 1 hi; Smoke ot it Imells Itrong of Sulphur and Bitumen ; to that th-y who Work in Coal-pits, are iVmerimes kiU'J wiih the iJamp, if there happen to be 1 ire in the Mine, Thus the Vapours of l-'cfuviiis , ftruck them dead, who c.ime too near, or were troubled with ihort- nefs of Breath, as it happen'd 10 ftiny, the Famous NaturalilL II. Having now reckon'd up the Fofiils that are mod ufcful for Fire, with their chief Properties, fo far as they are known to us; we are next to fearch into their Internal Nature, from whence the tfieits aforelaid do arife. But fince our Eyes cannot pierce into the hidden Nature of thefe Things, we are lefc only to guefs at it by the Effijfts ; and therefore we will not be over-pofitive about it. I J.. We fee that all Bodies, as they liave fome ge- neral Properties in common one with another ; fi> they have many peculiar Qualities, which mull needs flow from peculiar Caufes. Some People talk of I know not what fubftantial Forms, which make every particular Body to be what it is : But fince they don t tell us what the Nature of thofe Forms is, it is juft ass much as if they had faid nothing ; nor are they a whit more Learned herein than the Vulgar, except ic be in the ufe of hard Words. So that we niuft go an- other way to work, if we would make any good gueft at the Caufesof thofe Effefts, which depend on the Nature of particular Bodies. 13. If we had but the Ait to fee thro' the Texture of Sulphur and Bitumen, we Ihould probably find them toconfiftof the fineft Parts imaginable, bending and branched, and full of Pores, 'lis certa'n, fuch Bo- dies appear apter to take fire than any other, and to produce fuch Effeth as we fee are pioduc'd by Sulphur and Bitumen, and fuch like things. 14. For, Fiift, fmce the whole ftrength of Fire con- fifts in diflblving the union and cohefion of the Parts, as plainly appears in things that are burnt, and as we fliall Ihew more at large in the next Chapter ; 'I hat which is cafy to burn, oughr to have fine flexible paits, which will eafiiy come afunder. Secondly, In tholi; parts there mufl: be Pores, whicli the Particles of Fire may prel'ently enter, and lb dilate them, as to (G ) break ^ i. m ti 1 ^!;' '"I 1 XXll y^ Nat Hi- id Hi I lory Book 1 break tlia Texture of EoJies, Jiid bring them to pieces n. TliiriUy, We fuppofe the part? of Sn//>Ai»r .mj B:!i!>ntu to Lie branched, bccaufcthofe Bodiev, whether Liquid of rheinfelves, or made !'o by Fire, appear to be X'ifcid, aid ftitk faft to the Bodies dipd in ihem j w hioh \\ peculiarly obfervable in Bitunut:. Now they would not be fo clammy and rojiy, were not the parrs tonneilcd by fmall Branchc ; neither would they i-lii'g ro the Uodiev they touch, except tliol'e fmall Branches enter'd the I'orcs and rugged furface of c- ther Bodies. i6. fourthly, A moderate tiuantity ofWurercan- not qjench burning Bitiimai and t^aphth^, l^ccaufe their branchy parts, tho vthemcnrly agitated by the force of the Fire, yet are nor loon difiinited, but continue intangled in one another , for fome time after they have taken fire; whence their flame comes to be gro.'I<:r, and of a dilfercnt colour from the flame a- riling from o.her Bodies.^ Now Water pour"d upon this giofs riair.;, cannot fmk into it, and pui it out, becaul'e the Mame is very near as grofs as the Water. But it muft be extinguilh'd either by watering it very plentifully, or elfe by tlnowing fome groflcr Body, fucli asliarth, uponit.ind fo (mothering the Uamc with its weight. 17. This is the reafon why Workmen in Forges, uf- tttn throw a daOi of Water upon their Fires to keip their Coals from burning away too fafl ; not to nus;- nient tlie vehemence of tneir Fire, as fome imagine ; but by quenching fome of its parts, to keep it from fpenduig its force too foon. And for the lame reafon, burning N^ifhtha Teems to be more inflam'd by a lelfer quantity of Water, becaule fucli a quantity hinders its fudden confuniption, and keeps it burning the ]on;.',er. i"*;. Thus much in fliort, of the Nature of thofe FofTils whicli eafily take fire; as for their dilFerences our ConieiHures cannot go tar enough to dileover them 'I his one thing perhaps may be properly ad- ded i Thar in fmie I'oflils, tliol'c branchy parts are finer and fuller of Pores than in oihers. N.'phtha which takes fire at rlie firft touch, diff.fes a ftrorig fmell, which is nothing but efiluvia of rhc finefl Parts, en- trinf; Ike Smoke into the NoflriK of tliol'e that are prclii.t. Now tills Smoke being vilcid, ajid impreg- nated with the Body of rh- Naph'!-.! itfelf, imniedi- ately upon to ichi'ig the Flin;e, it tills a flamnig with a fal.it Light, and carries back the Flame even to the f!avh''h%. i./f this, an Fxample fhall be given in the following Chapter. 19. From thefe Explications, we may perceive how little reafon we have to wonder that fo ftrong a fmell attends the burning of Sulphur, Bi!u»ii-n inii Naphtha ; for tho' the Smell be not vifililc, like the Flame, yet it IS grofs in proportion to the grofnefs of the Flame. The Flame indeed breaks the parts of thefe Bodies into different Pie es, and cuts the Biajuhes of thofe Parts into vaiions Sizes ; but fince the Branches may be finaller and fmaller in Infniram, it is poflible for the Particles that fly in the Smoke thro' the Air, to be ftill branched, tho' the moft and greatefl: Branches are broken. And for this Reafon the very Smell may fuf- focate i as it happen'd to Pl.'tiy, at his making too near an approach to burning A'./a-jna; for when the reft of his Company upon frnelling the Sulphur, pre- fervcd themfelves by out-running it ; Pliny, who was fitting on the Shore, got up, and lean'd on his two Servants, and prelt:ntly funk down again, not being able to breath in that grofs Smoke, as his Nephew rightly conjcftiir'd. ic. To explain thefe F.ffefts, foniething fliould have been f.'id by the way, about the means and manner of raifiiig llame ; but this is a thing which dcfcrves to be confider'd more at large, as preparatory to our right uaderftaiiding of Subterraneous Fires. C H A P. III. Of F T F. E in general, and more cfpccinlly of Siibtcrvaneous Fires, and Earthquake?* occafon''d by tbew. ■ ."OLfore we come to fpeak of the Nature ofSukcr- IJ rmcfd Firn, we miift fay lumerliing of Fire in general. I'or we cannot II, ew how the Matter which maintains them is kindled, unlel's we fii ft dii'.uver the way of producing f/iv. Therefore we w. 11 bet;l!i di- rectly to tell the various Fifeils of^';iv; and then we will endeavour to find out their Caules : U hicli v.herj we have peiform'd, we will Uilcourle oi Suktcrranci.-ii Firn. 1. Now for the Effefts of lire, they are as var'ous as the Matter which feeds it. Flic nioft notble are thefe: i. If Fire be fct to Wood, or to loafer Mate- rials, they begin to flame. ;. But for excitiiig a ilame both the Fire and the combuftiule Matter j.iuft have the advantage of a leafonable free Air; for elfe, the f/.fis choked, and goes out. 3. Tho' a dole Place is not wholly without Air, yet if that Air have no com- munication with the open Air, lb as to go backward and foiwardthro' fome pafl'age , the Materials which were fet on fire will go out; whereas f.W in an open place, will continue to burn till all the Fuel is fpenr, as it is well known to do in the bituminous 'J'urfs whieh they burn in HoUnn.i. So a lighted Candle quick- ly goes out in a(,lafs5o well flop'd, th.it no Air can come into it. 4. When ^Bodies have once taken lire, if we ply them with Fire while they are fmoking and flaming, they are confum'd fafter or flower, according as the Texture of the Parts happen to be dole or flight; and nothing remains at laft but Aflies. If Li- quors are oily, or much of the Nature of Wine, they eafily take fire, and are confum'd like other things ; but if they be of a warerifli Narure, and are put in fuch a Vellel as will hold out againft the f.Vcjthey only boil and vanilh into Air by degrees, the heat of the Fire fending them out in perpetual Vapor s. 5. Bo- dies of a clofer Contexture, fuch as thole we call Metals, ^.^, Gold, Silver, Brafs, Iron Tin, Lead, and their fevcial Mixtures, are melted by the heat of the Fire tho' not in the fame fpace of time, nor with the fame facility .Quickfilver, which is Iiquid,\vill wafte all away in exhalations. 6. Metals when melted, lofe much of their weight, and if always kept in the Fire, are at length wafted quite away, io as to have nothing remain but Drofs ; which may becalcin'd itfelf by a violent Fire, and at laft reduc'd to nothing. But Cold, the finer it is, the longer ir endures the Fire without lofing its weight like other .Metals. 7. Stones, and Bodies of a ftony Nature, may be either melted in- to a glalfy tranfparent Subllance, or elfe be cakin'd, and reduc'd into Duft. 3 . We don't reckon that elFeft of Fire which we feel in our Bodies, as diftinft from the reft we luave alrea- dy fpoken of. For it afts upon our FIcfh after the fame manner as it does upon any other Flelh ; Firft it affeih it gently, if it be at fome diftance ; but if it be put to it, it excites a fervent Fleat in the fat and jucy Parts, which running out catch the Flame and vanifli in the Air, while the groller parts are reduc'd into Alhes. 4. Thefe « . fome of the Effefts of Fire ; but we muft further obferve how it is lighted, kept in, and put out, if we would be well acquainted with the Nature of it. Now that Fire is propagated by Fire, fuf- liciently appears from the fore-going Obfcrvations. But where there is none, it may be generated feveral ways i. By collefling the Sun's Rays in a Concave- :hap. III. Of FIK E. xxiii but we j[)C in, and Concave-glaf?, w liicli will fct fire to tint Point on which the Rays fill, provjJcil it be a conibuftible Ma- ter, fiich as Vvooii, Paper, or the like. :. By ftrik- ing Hints foundly one agaiiift another, or with a piece of Steel, the Sparks will fly out, a. id lighting on Sulphureous, or other fine combuftible Matter, pre- fently give fire to if. ;. If Wood be rub'd againfl: VVoo.l, or Iron,many r:hcr Iblid UoJy, a great while together, and very hard, at lift it wilJtakc fire, as is obl'crvable in Coacli-Whccls, which are hard wrought in a dry Seaton. 5. Firi- is kept in by adding to it the fiime Matter wherein it was firfl: lighrcil, or fonie other proper luel. But there are Tome Materials, which tho' they will take fire, yet will ^o out again of themfelvev, unlefs you ply theni with more of the fame fort, or with a llrong bl.ift ot the Ucllows. Tluis Woodea- fily kindles and (lames; but a piece byitl'elf goes out; fo that you muft be often hying on more to it, to burn along with it, if you would fairly burn it out to Arties. But Sulphur and Biiutncn, and other Bodies, which have an allay of them both.as bituminous 'I'uifs, and Pit-Coals, don't want to be recruited ; but when they are once well lighted, they keep in till they are quite confumd. 6. There are feveral ways to put out Fire: i By letting it want Fuel. 1. For wa;ir of Air. 3. By pouring Water, or fuch kind of Liquor upon it. 4. By covering it with Duft, or any fuch thing as is proper to choke it. 7* Now in order to difcover the Caufe of all thefe FfFeiVs, as far as we can : We will begin with the (jcneration of Fii-t, which will open us a way to the knowledge of its Nature. I. In lighting r/re by the help of a Concave-glafs, the Rays of the Sun, which is of a fiery Nature, are taken in; whence it is no wonder that Fire is lighted by Fir;: All the dif- ficulty is, how the Rays come to burn thro' a Con- cave-glal's, and not thro' any thing elfe, or direiHy from the Sun without any medium ? Now this is be- caufe they are fcatter'd and divided as they ilioot thro' the Air, and arc relieved very near alike, from a plain or unequally rcigh Superficies i fo that in this difpolition, they have not power enough to btjrn. But when a Concave-glafs is held to the Sun, all the Rays falling upo.i it, are united at a certain diftance from its Center, and by their coiijunifion have force enough to bjrn. So we fee the Fire in a Furnace that is open on every lide, docs not fend up fuch a brisk Vapour as one that is clofer, and has bur a narrow vent. From whence 'tis eafy to conclude, that f;>« is a Very thin, fluid Matter varioufly agitated, as that in the Rays of the Sun, which muft be brought together into one Point, to I'et any thing on fire. 8. H. When Flint is ftruck with a Steel, or two Flints one againll another, there darts out a Particle into the Air, which whirling round in a moment, throws off the grofier Matter, and fubfifts in th^ •■ry fineft which is contain'd in the Interftices ana Pores of the Particles of the Air ; which makes it refleft Light towards our Eyes, (as we fliall Jliew when we come to treat of Light) and give Fire to a Body of a loofe con- texture. 9. III. The Cafe is much the fame in Wood, which ii fet on fire by much rubbing and fretting. For the Particles of the Wood in fuch violent aftlon, are cer- tainly loofen'd and divided, and drive the Air with incredible fwiftnefs about the Superficies of the Wood, juft as the Particles of Flint do, by which means Fire is generated. But becaufe Wood is a fofter kind of Matter, the Particles of it don't fly out fo foon - norfofar,but hang about theSurface,and theWood re- quires much chafing to put its Particles in motion, and heat it to that degree as to make the Flame burft out. Befides,Wood while it grew in the Ground, was iiou- rifli'd with Sap deriv'd from the Eartli, wherein there is always a mixture of Sulphureous Particles ; now tliu S.ip does not only turn into the Subflance of the Wood, but after the watry Particles are po:'.i" oiF in- to Vapours, Leconies diy and lodges in tiiel'orcsof the Wood like a kind of Kofiii ; wliith niak-s it the eaficr to take fire. And perhaps in Flint ; too there are fulphuitO'js Particles, as may be difccvci'd by the line II : lor if you fliike one Flint ii^,i,n,> another .1 great many times till the Spriks lly in abundance, you'll perceive a fniell ul' i,iilpl;u-. 10. Fin once lighted, mull be fupply'd with M.ittcr fit for burning, otheiwifc it quickly i,ol'S our. ']"he reafon is, becaufe the I'lanie dues not only coiifii'V of the fineft Matter, which Is diffufs'd thro' the Poies of the Air, and is extreamly fluid; but likewil'e of a grolfer Subfl^ancc, which Works out of the buiniii^ Materials with fulphureous or bituminous Pnrricl'-s, and whofe force removes the prelfure of the Air on e- very fiJe. Now the f.iid grollcr Particles, as lijon as they are broken by the violent motion of the Flame, difperfe themfelves abidd ; and fo failing at lal>, can- not withfland the Air any longer, which by virrue of its weight and elaflick force, which by many Expe- riments is found to be in if, prevails upon the tineft Matter, and takes it into its Pores again. 11. But howes'er there is fome ditl'erence in com- buflible Matters ; for fome go out unlefi perperuallv and plentifully renew'd ; others there are which if the Fire once take hold of, it never leaves them till ir has quite confum'd them. Such are fulpliureoas or bi- tuminous Matters, confiftinj of Parts that are branchy and wonderfully entangled one in anotlier, tho' other- wife of a flight contexture. And when once one h.is taken fire, it prcl'ently communicates its motion to the reft with which 'tis ingag'd, and that motion runs thro' the whole Mai's, till it be all co.ifum'd. But in other Mattel s which are little or nothing vifcniis, the Parts feparating and flying off by the force of the Fire don't ftir tholg that remain, unlcfs the Matter be ftill thruft forward into a Place where the Heat is ftronger. One part of a Stick is burnt, and the other rcmains whole ; bur tlicn, iftliere be a greater Flame, and confequently a greater quantity of Matter, it fprcaJs abroad and burns all that may be burnt. 12. We could not well Ihew bow Fire is kept in, without giving a hint by the way how it is put out - fo that we Ihall fay the lefs here upon this laft Head. I. Fire goes out for want of Fuel, as we obferv'd Secti- on 10. II. For want of Air, as we fee every Day in the choked Embers of Peat ; for beliJes the I'uel, there feems to be fomething o( Sulphur and Ni:re in the Air, which yields a more fubtile Aliment to llaiiie and Fire; and which if it be wanting, the grolfer parts are not fufl^cicnt to continue the rapid morion and fo the Fire or Flame muft needs go out. Thus i.-i any Pan or VelTel where Live-coals are clofe pent up, after the nitrous and fulphureous Matter of the Air is fpent, which is foon done, the Coals go out. As for the Matter which is diffus'd through the Air, we'll fay more of it when we come to Dilcourfe of the Air. III. It is very eafy to underftand how Water or Dull caft upon Flame, puts it out ; for they being thicker and heavier than Air, do with their weight foon diffi- pate the fineft Pai tides collected out of the Air, unlels the force of the Fire be very great indeed. 13. And here I muft fay a Word or two of Smoke which is the firft and laft effeft of Fire. The produ- aionofit feems to be after this manner. When the parts of the Fuel are not yet put into fuch a motion as to crack and fly in pieces, and afFeft the ambient Air till it yields them out of its Pores a very fine fulphu- reous Matter, which breaks our into a 1 lame ; yet: thole parts are mov'd enough to fly out in good ftore and by their motion grow light enough to afcend up- wards. So likewife when the Flame goes out, there is ftill motion enough left, tho' not to agitate the Air, yet --<5» 1 . XXIV A Njlurd Hiflory Vet to ciriy tlic V.uuda Inofeii'd by the heat, upwards Heme jlfo Wf iL.iiti, wliy wjtry liquors dun't taki. fire, I'ut yo cfi" in N'jpouts, as we (hall flicw licie- nluT. \.^. Vtom vvliit Ii.is !cca I'tiJ, it is eafy to give an Account lit tile I'rojicities and Lli'eds o( Firt. I. ll.ime catclii'ij; IioUloii W ood, agitates its parts with a ninft violent M(..-ion, and by that means lool'ens and breaks it. 1 h'? iTioa- (ubtilt- paits.aiid more ealy to be reduc'd Wf) I'ln-ill, do with the Smoke vaiiidi into Air, and ex- cite that hut V'ajiour which we feci wii-jii we approach ll'.c F:r;; bur the gro!rer fovt, whole ("ontcxture was not quite Jill'ilvabic by the f.rc, turntoAlhcs, wliolL* Particles arc very porous, as being thoiouijhly cx- hauiled of every thing that could be dcvour'd by the rirf And this is the reafon why Allies drink up a Hreat df.il ui" VV:',ter, btcaiil'c it links into their wide Pores. I'here is allli in Allies a ^oi.d iiuantity tit' Salt ; Lcca'ile the faline r.,rticles, wh:ch were iiiiii- c'ed Willi themoifture of the Earth tliat alcendcd in- to the 'lice by its Roots, are too coarl'e and hard to lie exhaled with other parts; yet there are Volatile Sa'rs, which pal's into the Air, while fix'd Salt re- iiuins, as appears by ('hiniical Diftlllatiuns. 15, II. We have told you, why Hame rcijuiies Air, And in. Why it t'oes out whfii 'tis Hilled. IV. We have given the Uealt .is, wiiy things that are burnt, walie away in Smoke and Allies. V, Liquors arc of two So.fs i foiuc jre watry, that is, thin, and nlinoll: free from any i!ii:ig vifcous: Others are oily, fat and villous. Water ai.d I'uch Liquors, being put into a Kettli', i.ul lit over the f.iv, are preli:iirly in a quick- er nioticii tli.1.1 it is natural for them to be In (tlio' all lluidiry is alicmicd with motion) and at lall boil up, in which 'd.i:e sse plainly fee that llicyare in a Very vclieine:u Agitation. At the fame time lunies or Va- i-ni:is aie always liling out of ilie Liquors, till they are quite f| cut; uecaule tiie j^arts in the briskeft Agi- latic.n, are (;radi'ally lVl>aiated from the itll,and being fo fct aratid, and bcooniing li;;liter by their motion, dil.'cM'e thenirdves thro' the Air. They aie too yiclvliiig to dil'i'd tlie Air in which they roul, and draw forth the more fubiile Mattel our of the Inter- I'ticesa.'.l i'orcs of the tondcns'o ami lent Air, lb as to lie intl.ur.cd ly it; a, id therefore they c.iniiot turn to 1 i.iuv.'. i!ur the oily ami f..: Liquor., whole; parts are like tliofe of i«/;i/.i.i' a.id D.:iitthii, fometiiing yic-l.i- ing, but vei ruuh ftr ng.r th.iii watry Partis l-.-s, do c.iiiy foiiu tlii-niklvc:. i 1:0 l!ame; which flatters tlieir niier parts varioufly lliafter'd and broken, and vioieiirly di'Vcii about in the Air, but Icives the trcller and !i.ir 'cr, wh^ch in all iiillamniablc Matters are ir.u h the fewer. 16 VL Here we niiglit fliew how Metals are mel- ted, ai.-i how Qiii;l;-lilver evapoiates; but this we Ihr.ll refer to the Chapter of Metals; where likewife, we will ihew how they a.c confum'd by fin\ Vll. Af- ter which, we will lay fomething of the Calcination of Stones. 17. What has been faid, may fatisfy us as to the Nntiire of Fire, which produces fo many Effefts, viz, Thnt it is a very thin Matter, forc'd in great quantity out of the I'ores and Interftices of the Air, ai;d ga- ther'd in a place which is rarify'd by ilie Vehement commotion of the Paiticles offcvcral forts of Matter. Hence it is, that all the EfTefts of f.iv depend upon Motion, as plainly appears from the foregoing Dif- cuurfe. i3. So that when we fiy. Fin is hot ; it is as much as to fay, the Particles of it are mofl vehemently niov'd every way ; the heat of Fire being nothing elle but an extraordinary Agitation of invilible Particles. But, to avoid Miftakes, we nvjfl t.ike notice that Hot and Ilea; have a two-fol-i fenfe ; lor when we I'peak of niercUodies, rhey lignify no more than we laid jaft now: But v.hcii we fpeak of ourfelves, who confift of Body and Mind, Heat is moft commonly taken liir .t Senfation in the Mind, and we fay, we arcilot when we are alFeited with thatSciifation. 1 or tho' we h.ive not that S'enliition nil after our Bodies are put in foiiic commotion by the Fire, or fnme other Cjufe ; yet we don't ufe to tiiink of that (Commotion, when we fay we ate hot. Hut enough of this. Let us now pro- ceed to the Conliderationof Subtemniotn Fires. 19. And it's plain from the Places where they break our, that they are very numerous. ■' yHtua (lays " Pliiiy) is fecii burning every Night, after fo many ' ■ " Ages, tho' in Winter the Snow lies on its lop, "' " and Its All.es are cover'd with the Iiolt. So Chi- ' " w.tr.t, a Mountain in Pirf/i/H, flames Day and Night " without intermillion. And fo the Wfii/irf/J/.iwMoun- " tains in Z.n/« (being touch'd with a flaming Torch) " burn v.ith that fury, that the Stones and Sands in " the Wateis thereabouts are burning hot. It is rr- " ported, 1 hat if one light a Stick at theil; Hills, and " draw Strokes with it on the Ciour.d, a Stieani oi* " I'irc will follow it. '1 he top of Csp/.Ktmrii in B.xdria " is feeii on fire in the N'iglit. In M.Ji.i, Sitt.iccnt " burns on the Confines of Pir/.'.j ; and at Snf.t near the " White-Tower there are Eruptions in llfrecii places, " the greatefl of which is vifible in the Uay-time. " In tile Eield of flay/nn, there is about an Acre of " lurning (jround, lomev hat like a I ilh-poiid. .So " likewile the /Etl.nopi,in fields about Mount Uejjariiu " lliine in the Night like the twinkling of the Stars. " 'Lhcre \%Firelao in the field of the t^l.y.iltpoUtM!, " tho' it don't break out to fpoil a thick ilojrill-iing " Wood that grows in the fame place. Njviphxi Crater, " not far from /IpollimiJ, is continually burnini', tlio' " a very cold Eountain isdofe by it : The Rams cn- " llame it, and it tiirows out Bitumen, more liquid " than is found any where elfe, but is ea.!'- qualify'd " by that very cold Eountain. Hut what need we " wonder .\t thcfe Things? fince Hier.t an /Koltanl. " fland in the middle of the Sea, buint, and the Sea " burnt with it for fome Days together, in the Sni*l " War. But the greateft Eire of'all, is in a Hill of " the /£f/..;(i;,>M; call'd fj pro- ceed ? That's ealily anfwerd, by reniembring that Sb/- phur or Bitumen is ufually gor in molV of thole burning Grounds, and they fmell very flrong a great way a- bout, efpecially a little before an extraordinary Erup- tion ; fo that having found the Matter for the Firt, let us next fee how it comes to be kindled. And this may be done feveral ways, but we will not examine them all, but content ourfelves with one. Nowr fince the Earth contains fuch different Matters wit/iin it, ic may eafily be imagin'd, that there arc CavernJ in fome Places, which arc fiU'd with no other Matter but grofs Air, and fulphureous or bituminous "Vapours. And it may fo happen that a Flint fliall drop from the Arch of the Cavern upon another Flint belowf, and flrike fire out of it, which fliall either inflame the Va- pour, or the fulphureous and bituminous Matter thereabouts ; which when they have once taken fire, keep it in very long, and communicate it to other Bodies of a like Nature ; and when thefe get vent, they buift out ia very violent Eruptions, a» 0/ M E T A L S. XXV ti we fea ill jtMi uid l^fVoki, ini other Places ». fbrefaid. 11. But thefe Eniptionr tro notililce conftant ind violent, beciuft tbe Miitu which feeds them is con- {\im'd, end CMiooc bnak «it again till it it recruited. Befidrs, it leouircf time fi>r the fin to creep thro' th* Veina of Su^hmr and Bitumm into new Mines which ha « nMW'lifilrtba Name. The various Wa. ten whicb rtw^tfaro' tbt loweh of the Earth, do fomwimn ■ ofn'f$&ifl^ HiA fomctimes llop them up, whielieith#'Arli]r< of htften the burning of I'uch Materialr. 'AMNrlwes «c« tlinoft continually in a flame; ctf^Ufin |trt l^igkt, or in Cloudy Wea-' iher, or I Istli'bcfBW* Rain; becaufe'in the Day- time, and indiirWmtbec^ the Vapours are difpell'd before they tw Iba ; k«t in a cold Night, or clou. dy Air, t&»jB0mmi»im an condens'd and eafily in- iam'd. • i-jf . t), But ^|ri|||tA( 0> liappeiu,that in vafl Caverns the Vapours tiiwlMl*' Matter take fire all ac once, the Air in ruch..innvimt Commotion cannot rarif}' and difperfe, bot' ||t Auft giw a fudden concuflion to the upper parf^tkv Civeras,'and make all the Ground above it to't^emble ; ami then we are fure to feel an £]rthquatte. :*V itn^ without any Proof or Experiment; Ibtjtie gtM^'Eniptions of the famous burning Moun- taimaicejd^ays attended with an Earthquake in the : jfeigw>umi|od. Some Years ago, when yifuvius burn'd ^wflively, tftcre was felt in Haplis and the Farts ad- %icetiti a Vfiy Eteat Earthquake. At that memorable 'jpnU>tion ^ViJ»uim, wherein Pliny perilh'd, the Htufit ^^fii»litititTd'»ith thevMtnt attd fitijmnt jlxeks , and ^wili t* !>m' flli* "J' ""^ that, »s tha' thiy had bitn ra>tjrrm:ifli(i^ Fnmdatimi, as his Nephew, who (lood ■t no gr4¥i)i(lance, alTures us. ' Sp^^'luvc other common Experiments to "^'"rfllSii' We fee when Mines are fprung and ^, the hardeft Rocks, the Train of Gun* r up whole Caflles, and (hatters the vafl;. vieces. And this Powder is chiefly com* ^hur and Uitri, which when fir'd, in a J^ firike the Walls with inconceivable (^^w up or Ihock the heavieft Weights. CHAP. IV. Of Metals. |^.T A L S are fuch Foflils as may be melt- tiby Fire, and beaten out with the Ham- id of this Kind, there are Seven principal GviA, Silver, Copper, Iron, Tin, Lead, and ' ofcjQaickfilver ; which may be varioufly aadietung'd into fomething like a new Si>e. of Matals. But as to thefe Mixtures, we fhall COitt«ni qurfelves with them in tiiij f Uce i but ' (Sir. the Native mttk. a. There arc fome Properties commnr> to all W^. tab, and fome peculitr to each One by itft'f '1 lie chief of them wc_ will Exp'an in few Words, and give the beft ReaToii we can for them. The 1 « mmon Properties aie I liiee. 1. Liq cfadioii. 1 Litfility or Malleability. 3. Gravity greater than is foui.d in other Bodies tnat are known to us. ]. I. 1 hole Bodies are Liquid, whofe Part', dcn'c refid the louch, but are ealily Icparattii ; and are perpetually (lirring up and down one .imoiig another ; fo that they would run abort, uu/els they were contain'd and held in by the Sices of a folid Body. Thus MetaJs which belfjic were Solid, run about when thty aie melted, and require fome otiier I'olid Body to keep their Pints together. 4 Here we may obferve how Fiie diflblves HUtah, •wi'^. the Particles of the Tire penetrating the I'ores of die Metals, fever their Particles and drive them a- bout, fo that thev run to every fide, and would be gone prefently,did not fome folia Body withftand tlieir motion. But (ince the parti of U/tals are very iolid and heavy, the Fire does not eafily diflblve them ; nor are they put into a motion violent enough to eva* porate, till they have run long indeed, and that in a inofl exceflivc hot Fire. By the fame I'.Lalbn, when the force of the Fire is abated, they quickly recover their former Solidity ; for the caufe of the Fluidity teaf- ing, the Fluidity iticlf ftops upon it. The Particles of Metali falling back one upon another by virtue of their own Wei)^ht do prefs out and' exclude ihe Par* tides of Fire, except ticQi ones are.ftill pouring in to keep the Metallick parts loole and in motion by their incelFant pufhing upon them. ;. So that the Particles in all Metals muft be very heavy, that they may not be fo huiry'd about by the force of the Fire, as to agitate the Air, and break out in a Flame; nor fo foft as to be eafily turn'd into Va- pours like the Particles of Water; whence it follows, that Metalt are neither inflam'd like Wood, not ex- haled and wafted like Water, tho' the force of the Fire makes them as liquid as Water. 6. Yet this is obfervable. That there muft needs be in Metals fome finer Particles, perhaps of Sulphur, or fomething like it, becaufe after they have been in the Fire for fome time, they loofe of their Weight, tho' tome fooner than others; as Lead, which loolesa great deal of Weight every time 'tis melted. But the very heavieft of them. Gold itfelfnot excepted, loofe fome of their bulk by a long continuance in the Fire, and an inttnie Heat: Whence we may conclude, that the moft folid parts are at length broken by a long continu'd motion, and reduc'd to the fame finenefs and rarity which is in the lighteft Particles that fly in the Air, and that therefore they pafs into V.ipours. 7. II. The fecond common Property of Metals is Du£lility, that is, a pliablenefs to the Hammer, to be beaten out into Bars and Plates, tho' in this too they diifisr as we fliall fee hereafter ; for Gold is more du£lil,as well as more ponderous, than any other Metal, 8. Duftility confifts in this. That th; bulk oi Metal may by the beat of the Hammer, be drawn out to a longer and broader extent, and that witlio'it diflblving the Continuity. Wh -tfore Things t-iav ar; duttii, muft have fuch par^ j 1 a eafily lie one :\v the fide of another, and yec - ' '.onjunetion be ftill him and entire. So then, the A^elVion is, What Figure is moft apt to produce this Effeit, fo as to be confiftent with other Properties ; for while we explain one Pro* perry, we muft take care not to overthrow another. 9. If Metals confift of Oblong and Quadrangular Particles, tho' every Metal has fomething fingular in it, that Figure looks likelieft to produce thofe Efleftj, which we find common to all Metali. For fuch Parts may eafily be fever'd one from another, fo as to be* corae fluid by the operation of a vehament Fire: H which ■< ■ 'S 1 1'-,- m IV.J-! •< '.-■^l ..e XXVI A Natural HiJIory Boo^ flin. 1,1 aijcxi . which wlien it remlti its foret, tlity arc too heavy to inaiiuaiii th.u Motion, and fo return to be Solid Mitth again But what we chiefly lonlidcr here, is this, 1 hat the jLirts oj thi> I'ijjure when beaten upon an An- vil, can eatily fuit their lidcs one to another, to ai to runout i.ito long and broad Leaves, wiihout falling in pieces one from anotiier. We don't ftand now to en- quire, what u the Caufe of Solidity, or Cohefion of the Parts, 'li: fuiticienr for our purpofe, if we find by i,xperience, that Solid Bodies become Liquid, and again recover their former Solidity, and prefervc it intiie, while they yield to b« ex nued by the Ham- mer. to. Therefore w« may fuppofe, that the Partielciof Htflttic quadrangulai and oblong : And thjs Siippon- tion is confirm'd by an Experiment. If a Plate of M«- m/ be heated red hot, and hammer'd upon an Anvil, and drawn out into a length, it is harder to break or Iplit it where it \i fo drawn out, than in any other part ; for which there feems no other Realbn but this, That the oblong parts run ont longer according tothc length of the Plate, and for that reafon are more clolely united. But in Plates of M(/«/ which are not hammcr'd, it isotherwife; for they may be fplit or broken every way with the fame eafe. 11. l\\ Sincn Mtttlt are the heaviell of all Bodies that are Itnowr to us, and Gravity is found by Experi- ence to be to i.iuch greater, as there is a greater quanti- ty of homogeneous Matter contain'd under a lefs cir- cumference i the Gravity which is proper to Mttult, feems to arile from one of thefe two Caufes : Either the particular Particles confider'd by themfelves, are extreamly compaft, and have no Pores but what are the fmalleft that can be ; or elfc in a Lump conlifting of .iiany Particles, the Pores between thole Particles are few and fine. And perhaps, both thefe Caufes may meet together in Mitali. Likewite the figure of the Par. tides in UetAli, of which we fpoke Icfore, helps this. For tnere is no Figure fitter to make a Uody compaft, ami Icavtf lefs Pores in if, than the quadiangular. 12. Having thus Explain'd what concerns the com- mnn Nature of Metals ; we will next examine them Oie Ly One, beginning with Gold, as firft in order. This Mital '■■• of a Colour between Red and Yello*. thr hcavielt i)f th^m all, the moft duiiil of all, a i th.: 'caft wafted ui the File of .ill. However, rho' .'c b'' 'he moll comp.i^i, it is not tile hardciV of Met 'j-; iior Iron is mucu harder, and more difliculc to'uc melted. If " There are, hys Pliny, three ways of ger ng " ':n\S. I O It of the SanJs of Riveis, fich as the " Ti-ai ofSf.iiti. rlic P»tlMt of Italy, the Htltaj of " Thraci, the P»:Uluj oi J/it, tht Gangei oi luetic, nd " this IS thi.- iiiKlV fort o"- jold ; for 'tis po!i 'd by " rolling about in the Stream, a. Out of > ;s and '' ruinous parts of Mountains i where it isuilovei'd •' by a fort of fkining Mould lying on the furface. •' Here they nvikc a Drain, and after the Wjter has " well walh'd tlie Sand, they obferve what !s left at " bottiiin, and proceed accordingly. Sometimes, by " rare goijd fortune, Gold is found juA under the fur- " facr,ab lately in Dalmanm,\n W(«'s time, where they " got Fifty Pound weight a Day. In this Cafe, there it " .-I Ihining Gum appears upon the Turf. The dry and " barren MountaiiLs of S/>*/», which produce nothing " elfe, are plentifully ftor'd with Gold. That which •' is got out of Pits, they call Aurum CunaUcium or " dnnliinfi, Chtnnel G>U : It grows to the Cruft of <■ Ma ble, and does not fparkle as it is found to do in " Saphirs, and other precious Stones in the Eaftern " Countries. They work their Channels along the " Veins thro' the fides of the Pits, (this gives it the " Name afnrefaid) and prop up the Ground over " them with grcjt Pofti. VVhen they have brought " up the Ore, they hammer it, v.afh it and burn it, '' *ud iucerwaidt pound it in Mernri «< Cac as Flosr, " That which rtini front St in the melting (propei iy " call'd Drofs in all Mttjli) they call Silver. This is " hammered and melred o'er again, llieir Fining- " Pots are made of Tuftny, a fort of white Earth like " Chalk i it bcinu the only Earth that endures the " blaO of the Bellows, ind neat of the Fire and run* " iiing Htt»l- 14. " 1 he third way of getting Gold, is a Work " of more than Gigantick Pains. Tlity, Undermine " the Mountains by Candle-light, &t. leaving Arches " and Pilbrs as they go along, tofuppoitthem. Siome- " times they meet in their way witti Rocks of I lint ) " thro' which they open a paflage with Fire and Vine* " gar. But becaule the Workers in thelis Mines would " be (lifled, with the Damp and Smoke ariling ti ..m " hence, their more uCual way is to cut tjiem out in " pieces of a hundred and fifty pound v(|iiil>(, and carry " them on their Backs from one to another in the dark, " till they come to the Handi^ of thofe th(t ate to lift " them quite out, who are the only Men of them that '• fee Day-light. If the Flint ap^iear to b«:pictty long, " they go as much by the fido of it as they, can. But '' this working thro' Flirt, is none of tbeii liardtft " Task : They fometimes meet with afoit of wliite '' Earth fo firmly cemcnteti with Sand and Giavel, " that it ii alnioft impenetraMe. This they attack " with Iron-wedges and Sledges, and fi.-.d it harder to " be conquer'd than any thinj; but the Love of Gold. •' When they have finilh'd tlieir inline, they fall to " beat down the Pi ops of the Arches, beginning at " thehindi -oft. Mean while there Hands One on the " higheft pait of the Mountain to watcli when the " Ground begins to fink; whitii as. foon as ever he '■ per'cnVes, lie gives notice to others to tall out the " workmen, and gets away hiinlelf as taft as he " can: The Mountain cracks, and fall's alunder with " ■. n incredible nolle and blaft. 1 he Mintr^ (land Ly " and fee the Ruin of Nature, but no Gold is to be *' found as yet. M. " Bctore that comes, there's another Task as fix. To bring li.undied Miles ere, above all heighth of oni the highcft " hard, and fomething iiioie cxpt " a River, and that many times *' '• diltance, to wafli thcl'e Kuins. " things, it. is necelfary to o'.i' " Places, and to bring ilie Water " Parts, that it may full in upon the Work with a ra. " .pid Current. To this end. Troughs are laid a-crols " Valleys and lowGioumls, and ifl Itk -. . K ' „% ,e Chap. IV. 0/ M E T A L S. XXV u Ifj r I. 1,9 nil. flck Nature, we will give in Experimental proof of its DuiHlify nut of Rik»tl. The Weights of two equ.il BulltJ of Gold and Water »rc one to another as 19 to I • fo that if a cubick Foot of Water weigh 71 Pounds, a cubick foot of Gold muft confequently weigh 1^49 Pounds, or aijS+Ouncei. Nowacubitlr Foct contains 598598+ cubic Lines ; therefore an Ounce of Gold containi 1 >« ,M ,' 7 c'lbic Lines. It then ui Ounce of Gold were beaten into a cubic Figure, its height would be j r Lines, and its balls »ince of Gold ; and that 5 V Lines are drawn our into 6s . 593 equal parts. 11. liaviiii; .'aid thus mncli about Gold, I (hall take noticeof t!iat ufual Qucftion concerning it, as well as other Mettli, Whether it be generated at this Day in the Rowels of rhe Ejirtli ? And how it is gene- rated ? For fali.fylng which Queftions, more things ought to be known, than were ever known yet. In the firft place it ought to ''e known. Whether after all the Gold wjs dean dig'd out of any Pit, there war ever found a new increafe afterwards, when the Pit has bcc.i dig'd again. Which is a Secret to us ; and if fuch a thing might be, yet it requires too many Years to make any certain Experiment. And perhaps »fter all, tlw whole quantity of Gold and of other Me- tals ill the Bowels of rhe Earth, is as old as the Crea- tion, and has receiv'd no augmentation fince. Se- condly, If Gold and orhrr Metali were now generated, in Older to know what they mx made of, it would be neccfl'ary to ranfack the Mines, and examine every thing in them, or near them, by various Experiments. This might pofUbly bring us, aifter a laborious Search, -r^?»:.■ ♦ ., to difcover the Seeds of SUtsti, and how they ,rc mingled and united topethei by the help q( :iulttrr»ni- •«;lieat. But there is reafon to fear, ue C oLld fit down at laft wiih the Ids of our 'lime a.id Pains, without finding what we fought for. 11. And here we will touch upon another famous Queftion, Whether it be poiTible for the Art of Man to turn Silver, or other W*;*// into Gold, or Cop,txx'U' " glittering figns as are found about the place where '• ♦" " Gold grows. The Earth about it is Ibmetimes Red, " fometimes Alh-colour'd. It cannot be melted down " without a quantity of Lead. Near the Veins of it " is commonly found a Matter calfd G«/ ! ;■ I 1^ 'ir 1 XXVIU 9 « A Natural Hifiory Book I. " higlieft, iJ CairJ Cruiisn'd. The Ancients in digging " for Silver, were ufed to ftop wlien they came to a " Ded of Allum, expetHng to find nothing below that. " But of late, they have difcover'd jl Vein of Copper " below Allum, which is now their finiOiing ftroke. 17. Silver and Gold are refin'd the fame way, as Pli~ ny oblcrves. The Way which the SptnmrJt now ufe in ^mirictt, is fail! to be this ; Firlt they pound their Ore in a Mortar juft as it comes out of the Mine ; next, they pour Water info it, which makes « confift- ence 1 ke a Lump of Clay. After this, they throw in Salt and Quickdiver, and beat them all together for a good while, pouring Water upon the Lump, to take off the Dirt; then they put this foft Corapofition of Gold, Silver and Mercury into a Fi.ung-pot, where, by rhe help of a gentle Fire, the Mercury evaporates, jnd the Lump is reduc'd to a kind of Cinder, which afterwards a 'qtiir ker Fire melts down into [Piggs or] Plates. a8. We told you, that /iqua^ Regtlit only diflolves Gold, whereas all othtr Metah are diflblvable by yf^M- Ftrti:. But it is further to be obli:rv'd, that jtqueRtga- lii iias no efteft upon other hlitittt; the r»afon of which defervts to be conlider'd. Now, lirft of all, we muft take notice, that jlqua Ftrtit is made by a Dilhllation of Vitriol, Allum and Nitre ; but Aqu* KtgsUs, over and above all this, has a mixture of Sal Ammoniac. And this Mixture of fo many Salts makes the parts of A^ut Rigalii very fubtilc, and apt to penetrate the fmallefi Pores, and fever the fineft Parts, between which they are driven like fo many Wedges, by the motion of the Water -vherein they float; but in wider Pores they loofe their efFetV, juft as Wedges cannot fplit, except they be driven into fiflures nai ^wer than themlelves. Since therefoie. the Fores of Gold are the fmalleft of all Metallick Poies. they can only take in the Particles of Ajus R/gnlii, thole of the Aqua Ftrtis being too grofs to en- ter Bbt the fame Particles of Ajut Rigtlii prove too fnull ro hll up the Pores of any other U ftance in it, which makes it more rigid; and rough Parts are more entangled one with another than fmooth ones ; tho' fmooth Parts of a fuicable Figure, render a Body more Compact, as we have obiisfved in Silver and Gold. 5j. " The next Metal we are to fpeab of, Is Lead fXm.Vt] " whereof there are two Sorts, Black and White. The xxxiv, " White Is the beft, call'd by the G)-«/t/ic«iro-»Ti<>,ii' (/S;''"' " the LstittJ Stannum ) which is iibulotlfty reported to " grow in the illes of the Atlantick Ocean, and to be " brought from thence in Wicker Velfels cover'd " round with Hides. ( EngUnd and the ntighbiuring Ijlet apliur tt bsve hten call'd KavriTtfiJ'ts, and tht tim ftrt nst »« F'ble. ) " Now it is known to grow in " Lufiimi* and CaUtieiM, iii a fandy black Soil ; Which " is judged of only by the Weight. There are fmall " Stones of the fame Nature, to be found in the " Brooks when they are diy- The Workmen walh " the Sands, and that which proves heavieft they melt " in their Furnaces. In the fame Place wliere they " find Gold, there are fometimes little black Stones " fpeckled with White, which remain in the walhing " of Gold, being of the fame Weiglit. Thefe feparatc " and diflblve in the Fire, and turn to white Lead. " There is no black Lead made in Gal/ttiia, tho' Cants- " hria which joins to it, abounds with Black alone ; " nor does the White yield Silver, whereas the Black " does. 34. " Black Lead it found two Ways; either in a " Mine by it felf; er mingled in the fame Veins " with Silver. The fitft running of the Furnace is " call'd Tin ; the fecond Silver; the remainder which " tarries behind in the Furnace ( about a third Part " of the Ore ; is melted again, id the third Pare of " it turns to black Lead. 3f. Here we fee i»//iir reckons Lead and Tin to b« much the fame fiirt of Metal ; and indeed the only Difference between them is this, that Tin ij mote re- fined, hard and light; Lead more foft, heavy, and mixt with Sulphur, or fome other Foftil. 1 . The rea- I'on why Lead is heavier, feems to be this, that the me- tnllick Pores are full of heterogeneous and thinner Mat- ter juft now mentioi.'d; whereas the Pores of Tin coatain nothing but Air, or fcunethLng more lubtil ■s?. %- W: n '*.;. ♦ ^ ^^ Chap. IV. Of MET A L S. 1 7Iiny Ub, ■ (>■ Ir.'iny / hi fubti! than thaf . i. Lead isfofter, bccaure it's metallick Particles, as well as the acceirory Parts of Sulphur and the like Matter, are very flexible. For this rtafop ic rnelcs Iboner than Tin, and waives more in ihe melt- ing ; there being more of it's Parts that evapciratc, or turn into drofs. ^ The great ftore of Drofs which Lead yields, ?nd tiie Ruft it contrafts, fhew what a jnixt Matter ic is. 3(5. Our laft Metal is Mercury or Sluickfilvtr, which in fome Tilings agrees with, in others diliers from the aforclaid Metals. Ii: differs, in that it is Liquid, and when fet over the Fire, eali'.y evaporates. It agrees, in that it becomes iolid and dutlil by tempering Lead with it, &c. and then it is the '. "aviefl: of all liquors. VVe Hull enquire into the Caufes of thefe Things, af- ter we have given you Pliti/s Method for difcovering and making it. 37. " There is a Stone found in the Silver-mines, " which yields a refilefs Liquor call'd ^ickji/ver, an " univerl'al Poyfon. ft cats through Things, and " works thro' the VelFels wherein tis Ihuc. Every " Thing fwims in it but Gold, and that (inks, and is " very well purged by it : For which purpofe they " put them together in earthen Velfels. After the " Scum is workt off, they pour the Quickfilver into " Leathern Bags, through which it IVveats, and leaves " the pure Gold bthind. 38. Bc)ides the native Minium, which is found in Silver Alines, " There is another Ibrt extraf ted from " a Stone found among the Veins, of a diiftrent fore " from that fpolcen of in tlie laft Seflion. Of this fe- " cond fort of Minium they make Hydrargyrum, " which is ufed iniVead of Quickfilver. There are " two Ways of making it; either by pounding the " Minium with Vineg.ir in a Mortar ; or putting ic " . n earthen Platters, and covering them with a hol- " low Iron Cover, doled round abour with Clay ; " Hen lighting a I'ire under the Platters, and blowing " it continually with a pair of Bellows, till the Iron- " cdver is ib well bedew'd, that you may fweep it off. " Tliis Dew having the colour of Silver, and the flu- " id.iefs of Water, it caltd HyHrai-!,yrum. 39 Now if the Rk-afons of all thefe Things {hould be askt, we can offer no more buc bare Conjeftures j yet f ich as, if they be pgieeable to the Principles we have laid down, ought net wholly to be rejefted ; tho' theynre not clear enough to deferve our Alliint. I. The Rcafon why Qi ickfilver is liquid feeins to be t'lis, that it's Particles are lefs figur'd like a right- angled Parallelogram, than thofe of any other Metals, ana probably they are cylindrical. Fhe Angles of Square Particles hinder the Bodies which confift of them from being fluid; but if thole Particles loft their Angles, "r;d became cylindrical, the Bodies would be in a much greater Difpofition to flow, If befides this, we conlder how extreamly fmooth the Surface of fuch cylindrical Particles are, of whicn we fuppofe Quick- filver to confift, we muft allow this to Conduce very much to it's (iuidity. 40. IL Since Quickfilver is fo very heavy, 'tis hard to conceive how its Parts come to ev.porate fo ibon, and with fo little Fire. But firft, if there be neither Branches nor Angles in tholi; Parts, they muft needs fly afunder iboner than the Particles of other .Metals. In the next Place, 'tis polTible thofc little Cy- linders may confift of finer Particles, which while they are join'd,' make ther.i Compaft enough ; but yet jy Reafon of their extream fmoochnefs, are eallly dil- join'd ; fo that Quickfilver does not only evaporate over a Fire, but thofe Vapours, receiv'd in a clofe Veflel, appear like whit^ Duft; whereby 'tis plain the Figures of the Particles are changed : Juft u we iee watry Vapoars coagulated, make Snow. 41. III. Qulckfulvcr tho' naturally Liquid, yet mixt with Lead, it becomes folid and luilile, becaufe ilie loiter fares of Lead, embracing the cylindrical aiid folid Parrs of Quickfilver, ftop their fluidity ; and ht- ing du{HIe thcinreives, make the whole (xiuiftciite In too ; thn" not altogether like other Metals, Oo buc releafc Quickfilver of its leaden Fetters, which is done, feveral wjy.s, and ir recovers its former iluidky. 4;. IV. Quickfilver is very Iv.avy, becaufe the parrs of which its Cylinders conlift, are fo well Ce- mented together, as to leave no IiiterlVices, but nul.e the Bulk every way folid. Perhaps they are Orbicu- lar, and join their plain fides vciy dole together. And ill this Poficion, they m.iy m.il.c a v y lie.ivy Cylin- der, and yet leave it extream fluid, tlio' of tiieiiilelvc; they are light enough tn evaporate. To make this plainer by a tamili.ir liillancc; luppoli- you r.ike the Ladies in Chefs, and join their plain fides together, they will make a heavy Cylinder, tho' taken iingly they arc but light. This Cylinder rolls ealily upon a Plane, while the £.«.//;lcs have one of ^notiier. Hut at laft the violence of lire, which cuiiquers every riii-ig, blunts and breaks thofe Ancles, inlbm;;ch that they run to Liquor, while the vehement heat lafts. But when it is taken offthe lire, the Liquor fettles to a folid Subftance like Glafs ; for which reafon Glafs- makers ufe a great deal of Salt and Nitre in their Trade. ly. VI. This feems to be the Nature of Salt, and this is all that we fliall fay of it at prefciit; only take notice, That as there is a variety in the Talle and Acrimony of Salts, lb muft the A.iglcs at the ends of the Prifins be various, more or fewer; iliaiper or blunter; as our naked Eyes may almoft difcein; but a Microfcope makes it plain. Hence it is that Salts put tc the Tongue, and varioully pricking its Fibres, according to the variety of their Points, excite in us a fenfe of more than one fort of Tafte. 16. To Salt, we will add three other forts of Fof- fils. Nitre, Vitriol and Alum; whofe Properties and Nature we will briefly explain, as well as we can. To begin with Nitre; there's one fort which grows of it- felf, and another fort which is made. " There is but p;;„./,t. " little (fays Plinyy in UiAia, in their hoary dry Val- xxx. " leys ; they call it Halmyraga. But in Thrgce there is "•• ■* " lels; they call it Jgrium , 'tis found near PInhppi. " There are a great many nitrous Waters, bur they are " not ftiong eiiough to condenfe. The moft and beft " Nitre is to be had at Lita in Mactdtniii; the People " call it ChahiJlricHtn; 'tis white and fine, and very like ' Salt. There is a nitrous Lake, with a Founti^in of " fwect Water in the middle, &c. And this is what " grows of itlelf In Mgyft they make a great de.il " of it, but it is not good ; for it is dusky, and full " of k.iots and ftones. It is made almoll as Salt is ; " only rhey ufe Sea-watet in their Salt-woiks; and the " Water of Uih about their Nitre. When the MV* " retires, their Nitre-pits rtand foaking for forty Days " together ; but as foon as the Nitre is grown firm, '' they are in hafte to carry it ofl^,Ie{l it fhould melt a- ' gain in the Pits. They pile it upin Heaps and it keeps ' \cry well .The Nitre-pits of ^gypt were iis'd to be " only about KtUiViii and Memphit ; and the firmer '' had the pn *rrcnce ; for the A/im;>i((i« Nitre grows '' fVrongasir '':.\iids ; for which reafon there are Ic- " veral Pile, of Stone thereabout Out of thefe they " make Vefiels, and fome they mt down with Sul- " phur among their Coals. This lame Nitre they ufe " alio about tuch Uiings as they would hive laft a " longtime. Thire are fome Pits of le'lifh Nitre, " according to the Colour of rhe Earth. In ^/it th» " j1phnnilr«m is reported to tc gotten fiorn the di- " ftjllation of Caverns ; whi- is gather'd and laid to " dry in the Sun. But that trom Lydi* is reckon'd " the beft The proof of its gcodnefs is, that it be " very light, very friable, ana very near of a pur- " pie Colour. 17. There is but this difference between the Natu- ral and Artificial Nitre, That the me refines itfelf, the other is refin'd by the Art of Man, as we faid be- fore of Sale. And indeed, ah Nitre is a kind of Salt, and hardly dift'ers from Salt, properly fo call'd, fur- ther than ill thefe three relpetts, That well re- fined Nitre is more acid, and lighter than Salt, and ea- fily takes fire. 8. If the ground of this difference be requir'd, it fcems to be only this; 1. Th.it the Angles at both fjids of the obloiip Particles uf Nitre, are fharperthan tlie Angles of the laline Particles; which makes them prick the Tongue more vehemently, and excite ( greater I'uUe of Acidity. 2. Tha; tke Particles of Nltr« 1?! xxxu A Natural Hiftory Book I.I Mill. Ill VX.TlV. iN" Nitre are finer ind fuller of Pores, *hich when ti.e Par- ticles of Fire get in, they foon put the nitrous- Parti- cles in a hurry, till they break to pieces, and turn to Flame, as we fhcw'd before. Nitre exceeds Salt in lightnefs, becaufe tlie faline Paitrcles contain more homogeneous Matter in the fame compafs, than the nitrous do. Thofe that would know more of Nitre, may perufe the accurate Natural Hiftory of it, prin- ted at Lmdm, an. ifi^o. by Williatr.CLnkt . Dr. Lificr has view'd the Particles of Nitre thio' a Microfcopc, and found them to have fix Angles,parallelogram fides, and pointed like a Pyramid at one end. 19. Vitriol, as we now call it, was by the Ancients cM'iChiihanthus ; there are feveral forts of it, which we willdeicribe out oi Pliny. " The Greeks (faith he) " have compounded the Name of two Words, lig- " nifying Copper and Shoemakers Biack, for they call " it Clmlcanthus. It is made in the Pits and Pools dV " of Sp*!n, which have that fort of Water. It is boil'd " together with an equal mixture of frefti Water, and '• is pour'd into wooden Troughs; a-crofs thefe are " faften'd certain pieces of Wood, from which Ropes " hang down with Stones ty'd at their lower ends. " About thefe Stones the Mud gathers, and glazes " them fo as to make them looK like Bunches of " Grapes. Then they rake them out, and keep them " Thirty Days a drying. The Colour of this Matter " becomes fo (hining, that one might niiftake it for " Glafs. [iVhcnce it cmetohtcnlCityitrtol.] When it is " diluted, 'tis as black as Ink; [ftr which reafon they call It Shoemakers Black.]" Tliere are many ways of mak- " ing it; As by digging Pits in the Ground aforefaid, " the diftillations of whofe fides are frozen in Winter to " Ice-ikles, and make the finefl fort. That of a white " violet colour, they call Lonchotm. 'Tis likcwife made " in Cifterns where the Rain-water and Mud is ga- " ther'd together and fuffer'd to freeze. And fometimei " they make it as they do Salt, by thickening it in the " hot Sun. For thefe Reafons they diftinguifh it by two " Names, fii£!l and Ftihtitus. I'he paler it looks, the " worfe it is. JO. Befides thisC l;s whereof it confifts, feem to be fcmething fingiiL^r in this, that they are thicker, rougher, ana have Hlunter points than the Particles of other Salts. It w ''lid require a great many Experiments tobeac« curate on this Subject. Dr, Lijitr {las IhewHj by the help :hap. V. Of the LOADSTONE. xxiu help of a Microfcope, that tlic Figure of Alum is Ibmetliing flat, and Ins on tlut pjrt uliich may be call'd the top or Ufad, a Plane ot (' Angles, aiid a like Plane on the oppofitc part ; between which are comain'd two other Planes of four Angles a-piece ; fo that the wiiole conlifts of ekvcn Planes, ■v/i. Five of fix Ande?, and fix of four A igles. 30. Thus we have given fame Account of Salts, which may furnilli fome Hints for further tnquiries. We are next to fay fomething of Stones; not of all, or moft fortP t f Stones, for that would be Work c- nough for a great ^'olume ; but Ibmething of them in general. Now Stones are fuch Fojiilt as are hard and rigid, cafily beaten to Duft with the Hammer, and reduc'd to t alx by ihe Fire, and without any manner of Tafte. 31, Thefe common Properties of Stones may b^thus accounted for, from Principles already laid down. I. The whole Subft;ince of Stones is hard and rigid, becaufe ic conlifl-s of Particles which are fo. H. The Hammii beats Stones to Powder, becaufe the rigid .Particles cannot bend, or yield to the ftroke, and How down by one anothers fides ; and therefore a violent blow makes them fly, and diflblves their continuity. III. Stones don't ihme in the Fire, nor evaporate, by realbnof the weight and ligidnefs of their Particles. But fince all parts of Stones are not equally hard, a continual Fire i;.its through the foftcr places, and often reduces Stones to a piotty light fort ot Dull. Which Duft or Lumps of Stone left by the Fire, are call'd Calx. 31. Before we proceed with what we have to fay about Stpnes, we will explain a principal and very remarkable Property of Calx. Now we fee that Calx •viva, or unflak'd Lime, when cold Water is thrown upon it, prefently hizzes and grows hot ; the Natural Realbn of which, is a Queftion that deferves to be confider'd. In the firrt place it may be remember'd, that a vehement Fire wartes the fofcer parts of Stones, and empties the Pores which were before full of fine Matter. Now thefe Pores are not only wider and lar- ger for the Air to come in and fill them; but there arc belldes very narrow recclfes and various windings, which cannot admit any Air, but arc full of fubtiler Matter. So long as the Calx is expos'd to the Air, it conti.nucs in one ftate without any hi/.r.ing ; becaufe the Air don't prefs upon itsfurface with more than ordinary weight, nor is the fubtile Matter forc'd on a fudden out of its Pores. 33. But when a pretty large quantity of Water is thrown upon the Calx, tiie watiy Particles prefs and ftrike its lurface with their weight, and various Moti- on common to all Liquids^ fo as to enter the Pores, and diflblve the Texture of the Calx ; at which time that fubtileMatter contaln'd in the minuteft Pores of the Cth, fuddenly burfts out with a great force, and makes a ferment in the Water. For as Water over a Fire is made to boil by innumerable Particles of Fire riling up to-it to put it mtnotion; fo the bubling of the Water thrown upon Lime is caus'd by an Erupti- on of the fined Particles in it. But.fter the Water has bubled a little while, thofe Particles (ly out of the Pores, and difperfe themfelves thro' the Air, and then the hizzing ccafes ; juft as it does in Water fet over the Fire, when the Fire is decay'd. 34. IV. Stones, and particularly the harder fort of Stones, have no Taiie ; becaufe their Particles cannot be moiften'd fo thoroughly, as to make a feparation of what Salt they have, from the other parts, that it may enter the Pores and prick the Nerves of the Tongue ; which is the only way wheieby this Senfation, r/a. the Taking any thing, is excited in us ; as was Ihewii before. 35. Stones are of two Sorts, the Common or Vul- gar, and the Precious: But fince this Uividoji don't help to explain their Nature, 'tis better to divide them into Dark and Tranfparcnt. Of the firft i'ovc arc Flints, and that great variety of Stones Us'd in Build- ings and Statues. For the Light which is co'nvey'd tr» us thro' right Lines falling upon thole Stones, cither finds no entrance into them, or ifirdoes, it fellows fucii crookod windings as can bring nothing of it xu US. For the fame Reafon many Precious Stones, tho' Ihining on the outfide, yet are very near dark, be- caufe they aretinftur'd with deep Colours. 36. Cryftal is tranfparcnt; fo is Adimaiit, and ma- ny Grains of Sand ; becaufe the Kays of Light pnfs thro' their Pores in right Lines : But we cannot iiillft on this, it requiring a large explication of the Nature of Light to underHand it well. Moft Precious Stones are either tranfparei>t, tho' in alefs degree than the Adamant, or glittering and almoft tranfparcnt. 37. Jt is a Queftion among the Philofophers, Whe- ther Salts and Stones are generated in ihe Bowels of the E;nth ? Some hold the Negative, and fome the Affirmative ; which fide is in tlie right, is uncertain. Thofe that are for their being generate'!, fuppol'c thcin to be originally Liquors which grow to a himiief's in time ; and they imagine that the Subterraneous Fires boil a medley of Things together in the Earth, which afterwards difperle thro' the Veins, where they grow firm as they are found by us. This Conjefture of theirs is lupported by an Obfervarion upon the ma- king of Glafs, which is compounded of Sand and Stones reduc'd to Calx, and run together by a violent Fire, with a mixture of Nitre; as alio byobfeiving the various Mixtures made by the Art of Man, and lb order'd as to refemble Precious Stones of divers Co- lours. But the' this may polTibly be fo, yet it may be quite otherways : We don't know the Uowels of the Earth well enough to determine the Matter pofi- tively either way. 38. Among Stones, the Magnet is reckon'd for one ; which becaufe of its particular Nature, Ihall be accurately confider'd in the following Chapter. CHAP. VI. Of the Magnet or L o a d s t o n £, and its Properties. I. TT is not my Defign to enquire when the Laadjlmi J. came firft to be known, and how ufcful it is to fhew ihe Poles of the World. Ourprefent Bulinefsit Only to give the Natural Hiftory of it. Firft then. We will obferve its various Properties which Experience has made known: And in the next place, we will pro- pofc the moft famous Opinions of^ Philofophers con- cerning its internal Nature and Difpofirion. XL But firft of all, it is obfervable. That the Ltiid- flone is found in Iron-Mines, and is much of a Colour and Weight with Iron. However, it is not to be melted and hammer'd out like Iron ; but: flies to pieces under the Hammer, and turns to a Co/* in the Fire ; which Ihews that its Parts exceed thole of Iron for hardnefs, rigidnefs, and an intricate combination one with another : This was worth obferving, becaufe it will be of VSfc in the following Difcourfe. III. Let us now enter upon the known Properties of the Uadftmt. And ift. When it moves freely and witiiout any obftade, ir points Ntrth and Siuth, (o as that part ot it which ftands to one Pole, never turns to the other. The way to give it a free motion, is to fwiin 1: m tiie Water, upon a piece of Wood. 2. Secondly, Philofophers have obferv'd. That the LeaJJltn,' dnn t always point fjll K4rt!} and Siiiih, but; fometimes incU'ics to the £4/? or IVefi, without any conftant Rule. 3, Thirdly.Two Ltaijlinn plac'd at a certain diftance from one another, do mutually approach or receda, {, K) according 1 Jl 'i J! iif,i XXXIV A NutiH-al Hiflory Book sccordi'ng to their various Pnfitlons. Their parrs which (land Ntrth, being oppos'd go oft" to a diA,>iice from each orhcr ; but the Stuth-zndi of one draws to the Korih-enA of rhe other ; and fo njict virsi. 'Ihele Parts ot the Ltadft.'nei we fhall, for brevity's fake, call their Poles, and for a Reafon which will appear here- after, we fhall call that the South-Vole which turns lo the i^trth, and that the A'ur/A-Pole which points to the Smth. 4. Fourthly, Two Liadjmct will hold up one ano- ther in the Air by ruriis, if the NoT/j-Pole of the one be put to the Siutb- Pole Oi' the other, and njice versd ; fometimes a lighter Loaiijlone will hold up a heavier, when the heavier will not hold up the lighter. ?. Fifthly, It is nbfervable, that all Ltntlftmit are not equally brisk and nimble in turning ro the Poles of tht. World J nor is their Virtue all alike in attrail- ing or holding up Weights. 6. Sixthly, Tho' a Limitjlonc for the moft part has two Poles pointing North MidSouth, as we faid before ; vet there are fome irregular ones, which feem to liave more Poles. 7. Seventhly, As one iw^oMe holds up another, fo it does Iron of greater oriel's weight than itlclf 8. Eighthly, If Iron-duft be ftrew'd vpon a UaJ' flint, the Particles will difpofe themfelves divetUy be- tween the Poles and then by degrees incline t^^ an or- bicular Figure, fo asto lie parallel with the Axis of the Lmijlmt, unlefs it be one of the irregular ion before tnention'd. See the Figure, where A, is the Loailftme, B, the Region oppolite to its Poles ; C, the Dull, A like Obfervation is that of Iron-filings upon coarfePa- ' per, or a thin Board, th.it if the Lii«;//7o«f be held under the Paper or Board, it moves the Filings juft as it mov'd itfelf, provided it be not held at too great a diftance. 9. Ninthly, The i.Miyj?ii»f imparts its Virtue to Iron fo effeftually, that Iroi; touch'd with a Loiiilfione, ap- pears to have all the Properties aforelaid, tlio' not in an equal degree. The great life of this communica- tion is expeiienc'd in the M.\riiicr's Needle, by the hfl,; whereof they readily find the timtb and South, and all other Parts of the World. 10. Teiuhly, 'Tis obfcrva'.'Ie, that on this fide the Line, the ,Vi>i7/;-point of the Needle is more deprefs'd than that which ftaads to the South; on rhe further fide the AV/A-point is elevated, and the South deprefs'd; but under the Line it keeps no fituation, nor is of any life. ir. Eleventhly, As the LoaJjlone communicates its Virtue to Ii;on ; lb when 'tis fet in Iron, it attrafts a greater weight of it, than it does by itfelf I J. Twelfrhly, Lta.iftoneiixe fpoil'd if they are fuf- fer'd to lie long near one another with the North or i'««f*-Pole of the one oppos'd to the fame Pole of the other. Or if they are thorougly heated inthel'irej which likewife fpoils the Magnetick Virtue in Iron : And this Virtue is much impair'd in Iron by its Ruft, to which the Loadftone is not fo obnoxious. 13. Liftly, Iron plac'd long-ways between North and South, and continuing fo for a long time without alteration, has often acquir'd a Magnetick Virtue ; as the old Crofles upon Churclies are found ro do. IV. Thefe are the chief Properties which t!.e Load, flmt is by Experience found to have ; and they have put the Philofophers very hard to it, to aflign a pro- bable Reafon for fuch wonderful ElFefts. flowever, they have attempted three ways to find it out. I. Some have alilrm'd, That there i.s a certain Sym- pathy between the North-po\e of one UadJ}onc, and th; i'o«f/j-pole of another J but ail Antipathj* between the AV fpiinkJed upon the Loadftone, a. id difpofed into j Cucle about ir, the Motion of the magnetick Matter may bo di'covcrcd, as it 'A'as explaiu'd, ifumi IV. §. 4 lor the ni.igiic- tick Matter difpofes and moves the Duft, according to its own Motion. 9. Ninthly, Iron acquires a magnetick Virtue for tlie Reafon aJhgn'd, (». 7. And yet the Magnet do.i'i li li; any Virtue, becaufe it don't dei'cnd on the fubp jicc of the Stone, whii:h communicates it fcif to the lion ; but on the external Matter befoie fpoken of, wlrch opens the Pores of the Iron, fo that it circulates l.Iiouc it, as freely as it does about the Stone. Andif fome Particles which belonged to the Stone, remain with the Iron, the Stone is fupplied with others from the Poles of the Earth. 10. Tnthly, The magnetick Needle is more depreft on this fide the Line, becaufe the magnetick Matter of the Earth flows out in great abundance, not only from the Poles, but alfo from Countreys remote e- nougli from the Poles, by reafon of the Earth's thick- nefs, thro' which it reciprocates from both Hemi- fpheres. Which will be better underftood, when 'tis confider'd that the Earth is not Spherical, but Ellipti- cal, or very like tliat Eigurc. ior the fame realon, the South Point of the Needle is depreft beyond the Line. But under the Line, the Needle don't Point North and South iny longer, becauft the Circles of th.e magnetick .vlstirr of the Earth are hii^litr than its Sur- face thticaboutj, fo that the NcfJie ismuchbe'ow the magnetick Matter, wliith therefore duii't pafs thro' it, nor direiit it any longer. This Scheme gives a view of this. A and B are the Poles of the Earth, thro' which the magnetick Matter illites in a right Line. CCCC denotes the m.agnetick Mat- ter, flowing out of both He- mifpheres, which brings it into a Circuli - Motion. D is the place v i: "re the mag- netick Needle is fuppofed to be ; whence it appears plain enough, that it cannot be toucht with the aforefaid winged or cochlear Matter. 11. Elevtnthly, Tlie force of the Loadftone will be augmented, if both Poles are tipt with Iron, becaufe when the magnetick Matter is im?jr:ej to the Iron, its Pores are opened, and it becomes l-Ke the Stone ; by this means a greater quantity of magnetick M.'tter gathers about tbe Ixiaditpne, lo that greater WeigV ts may be taken up by it. I J. Twelfthly, Loadftones are fpoil'd, if they are Co fet one againft another, that cho Matter *" "'s upon thole Poies where it cannot enver, becaufe it either breaks theiu, or flops them up. So Ifkewife the Tex- ture of the Stone is difurder'd by lying in the Fire, fo as to lole its Virtue, becaafe its Pores are thetchy corrupted. By the fame way doth Iron lofe its mag- netick Power, at aifo bv iluA which corrodes or fills up its Pores. 1 3 . Lafily, Since the magnetick Matter it always flying about the Earth, no wonder if it fettles upon fuch Iron as conftantiy ftands tbe fame way, and opens it lelf a free palDge through its Pores. V. This account of tke winged or codileai Matter flowing through the Pores of the Load.^ooe, w.'l , vehement bout every I Matter i» :r congeali y, or there of the Air the watry iich as we tion of the the Pores xible Pnrti- them their en mid fee vaniUi and xs a^'^'n. if Ajiil liere lieu i^ no- tion of the ZcM is no- mdly, 'Ihat ivc I crnis { 'd more vc- >rt of CUB ^olil, whula BuUies. He :old, which :ool. heat of the ly ieparnfed articles ea/i- them. Of ;n we come xperimenfi, ','■'' : where we ,,„,,■' >, or Ibme- t,J<(i- ht hundred i'io»i(s| ve fee that a ''"^'o-] r, can hard- f^.^/' ) make Air *' which (hall h as that of fomething ts Wood, Cargo ; for unlefs the •eight ex- worth ob- Frefh, fo fomithing wirh Air, Water, as go down quicker, as the fame :he Surface, between Carcafes of exile Parts arp enough But here roid of all ^rdiftill'd; Ifom I'oun- 1 the Earth, lins, whofc is nfually ell it has ; prick the lon't affeft fuch, that Fountain - watfr water has indeed fome fmell, but then this is a llgn that luch Water is not pure. II. VII. However, Water is apt to putrify, that is, it grows thick and ftinking through heat and rell ; as we find it docs in Ponds and Marlhes, and in clofe VefTels. It mud be rcniember'd that what we laid before of Water, is meant of luch as Is pure; for fo we alTirni that unmix'd Water cannot putrify : Which we prove, i.By the Experiment of dlftill'd Water, which is kept very long withoi.t putrefaf^'. .. ;. By Rain-water, which being caught in clean VelTels, and prefently ftop'd up dole, and bury"d Under-ground, is kept many Years in Countries where they want Fountains. This fliews that the caufe of Purrcfailion is not in the Water it!clf, but in other things which are mingled with It ; becaufe pure Water, fuch as is diHiirJ, or comes out of the Clouds, keeps fweet for a v.ift while. But care niuft be taken that the VelTels in which fuch Water is kept, be ftop'd fo well that not the ItalV Ily may get into them; and that they be made of fuch Stuft' as will not corrupt, fuch as Glafs or Clay • II. Now for Standing water in Ponds or Marlhes, it is corrupted two ways ; i.By the nature of the Soil, which often abounds with noifom Sulphur, whereby the Water is impregnated and comes to fmcl! in warm Weather ; as it does at jimfierdam, not only in the Ditches, but wherever the Ground is opcn'd for the Foundations of I loufes. This Putrefaction is owing to the Soil, and not to the Water. 2. By the nafly things which are thrown into it, or Bodies of Infetts which dye in it ; as alfo by the Eggs of Flies which are drop'd about whereever they go, and breed Worms. 13. Water is corrupted in wooden VelTels, efpecial- ly at Sea, by the fulphiireous parts of the Wood ■, and by uncleanly Things, as- Mies-eggs, ct*;. i+. VIII. Water penetrates the Pores of certain Bodies, which are wide enough to receive its Parti- cles. Thus it enters the Pores of Sugar and Salts, fo as to feparate and quite dilTolve its Particles. But it cannot get into the Pores of Stones, or but a very little way ; fo that it only wets thf ir Surface, with- out diluting them. It hangs on their outfides becaule they are rough, and becaule the Extremities of their Pores are open a little way. But fuch Bodies when wet, are foon dry'd in the Air, becaufe the motion of the airy Particles carries off the foft and fmooth Par- tides of the Water. Here it is obfervablc, that if Bo- dies rub'd over with Oyl or Fat, be dip'd in the Wa- ter, they get very little wet ; becaufe the roughnefs of their Surface whereon the Water (hould hang, is fmooth'd and made even by the Fat, and the Mouths of the Pores are clos'd up, fo that there is nothing left for the watry Particles to hold by, and therefore they muil needs llide off. I J. It maybe demanded, How the Drops of falling Water come to be round, as in Rain, and other Cafes, &c. Some anfwer, This don't happen by any Difpolition peculiar to Water, but becaule the Drops are equally prefs'd by the Air on every fide, and there- by forc'd into a round Figure, the refiftance of the Particles as well as the prclTure of the Air, being e- qual every way. This we find in all other Liquors which are let fall by Drops. 1- iS. But others, who will not allow the Particles of I'^j Water to be oblong and Hexile, according to Cort^y/i/;, y,,|. but round and fmooth, and mix'd with a kind of vif- fNi- cid Matter, affirm, That that vifcid Matter which •' contains many round Particles, falling slcng with the i.'-'f. Drops of Rain, makes them round too. For the fame reafon they will have it, i. That the Drops of Water hang on the Leaves of Trees, and Sides of Veflels. J. That Water may bt condens'd, becaufe the vifcid Particles are flexile, and may be contrafted into lefs room i which they prove by an Experiment made at flerttitt, in the jlcaJitny of Exfcriinnti there. A I'ol- low (jlobe cf Sil\cr was liil'ii with Water thro' 3 lit- tle Hole made in it for '.hat purpofe ; which Hole was afterwards ftop'd cic!".- wirii Silver md^td ii ro if. This done, they fell tobeatiiig the Glole with allam- nicr, which rcduc'd it Ly degrees to a Figure Ids fplierical ; By this they knew that vlic Vi'ater was con* deni'd, lecatfe a fphciical I ii;ure is the ivc'> capacii ous of all others. But prorieding ro h.\n;r.ier the Globe, they obferv'd after awhila little Drops of Wa- ter IH'uing like Sweat thro' the I'orcs of tlie Silver ; and at laft, upon opening tiie Globe, the Water burft out with great force. 17. 3. They aHert, that round Drops of Water have hung on the fides of VelTels, after the /Mr has been all punip'd out of them ; which is a C\-i\\ that the roundnefs of the Drops is not owing to ilie force of the Air. 4. If a Quil, or tleiiiler Glafs-pipe be dip'd perpendicularly into the Water ftvtral times, the Water Ihall rife higher in it the feco;id time, than it did thefirft; jiift as aStaffput into vilcid Matter, brings not up fo much of it at the firft time, as ic will the fecond. 5. From the fame Caufe they think it is, that when fuch a Quil or nariow Pipe is held up ill the Air, the prelTure of the Air don't force the Water out of it ; becaufe the vifcous Matter of the Water fpreads itlelf like a Net over the Hole of the Pipe, and lb hinders the round Drops from ful- ling. 1 8 We will not take upon us to determine whc- ther of thefc Opinions has the advantage, becaufe this would require a great many accurate Experiments, which we have not leifure nor conveniencies to make. We fliall only remark upon the latter. That it does not furnilh us with a Reafon, why Water will not hang upon a grcafy Staff; for greafy vifcid things ftick one to another eafily enough. However, this Hypothefis feems to explain the fufjienfion of watry Drops better than the former. 19. Having now finilh'd our ftiort DilTertation up- on Water, we are next to fay fomething about Foun- tains. Fountains are commonly divided into fuch as dry up in Summer, and fuch as flow always. Moll are ot Opinion, that the former are produc'd by Rain- water ; but that the latter are continually fupply'd fome other way ; as we ihall fee hereafter. But for the prefcnt we Ihall confine our Difcourfe to the per- petual Springs, which may be defin'd to be, CoUeilimt of Wattrs running dcvn frcm the higher ts the Iswer Psrtt of the Earth. Out of a great number of fuch Foun- tains, Rivers are gathet'd, which carry the Waters in- to the Sea. 10. Before we proceed to enquire into the Original of Fountains, we may obferve, That by all Experiments in Hydroftaticks, it appears, that the Surface of Water contain'd in any Velfel always lies even, fo that 'tis impoflible for any one part of the Surface to be high- er than another, except it be made fo by fome exter- nal force. The reafon of which is the equal preflure of the incumbent Air on every part of the Water ; againrt which all the watry Particles bear up with e ,ual ftrength ; whence it follows that the Surface is level and even throughout. And it is a further con- fequence of this, that pipes cannot convey the Water of a Fountain to a place t'.iat is higher than the Foun< tainitfelf; becaufe then it would be rais'd above the Line of its Level; which cannot be, for the Reafon aforefaid. 11. Now fince there are many perpetual Springs which never fail in Summer, fome Learned Men have thought their Waters were deriv'd from the never- failing Treafures of the Sea. They fay, there are Sub. terraneous Tubes, thro' which the Sea-water is con^ vey'd to the Fountains ; in which Doftrine there are two Difficulties, which they think cafy to be folv'd. I. How is it poiTible for the Sea- water to be carry 'd (L) up A XXXVIU A Natural 'Hiflory Fook I, " r i1 il 11! 'I J np to the Tops ef the higticft Mountains ? i. How comes it to pii's that 1 ouiitain-water is not fait ? 15. I. Taking ir for granted, tliat there are Tubes in the r.arth, tliro'whicli the Water by the Iielp of its ■weight -.iul cirtncfs to flow, nuy be carrv'd a great way from the Se:i, they conceive the Vvarer Ihall maich tliro' the Coafbs ot Subterraneous Firos, fuch as wc fpolie of Chap. IIF. Whereby 'tis rarify'd and turn'd into Vapours ; which being violently agitated, and fteaming thro' the fmeft Paffages of the Harth, come at laft to rts Surface, and fo to the tops of the Moun- tains if thi.re be Tubes to convey them tliirher, and fomtrimts Hy up into the Air ; of which we fhall fay more when wc come to IpeaU of IVIeteors. And when thefc Vapours fettle about the colder paits of the Earth's Surface, they condenfc into Water again, and drop from tlie Brows of Mountains and Hills into the Caverns below, and fo run along the Crannies, till they find a place to break out it, and form themlclves into Springs. 13. IF. 'I hey fay that Fountains, tho' deriv'J thus from the Se,i, yet cannot be fait, both becaufe the la- line Particles mixt with the Sea-water, being long and rigid, arc ftrain'd off in the narrow pallages of the £.-rrh J and alio becaufe thcfe Particles never rife in V?pours, as wc formerly obferv'd. There are indeed fo.iic fait Springs, but tlicir Salrnefv is not from the jea, but fiom fair Mines thro' whirl) they pals, lor the Vein of a Fountain in fuch a paifage muft ncc.U dilute and carry along with it fome ot the fait Parti- cles. Thus we find in many Places, Waters impreg- nated with other Minerals; becacfe tiiey run thio' fuch Places where thole Mineral: grow. 34. But there are others, who cannot digell this Ily- pothells, and that for feveral Realbns, two of which we will mention. Firft, It can hardly be iinagin'd Iiow fuch a vaft qfcintity of Water fliould run tiuo' Subterraneous palfsjes to Places fo very remote from the Sea, fo as to pioducc Springs in thofe Places, and in the hightft Mountains too, lufiicient to fiMi.ilh the greateft Rivers continually, fuch as the Rhmi, the Rhine, the Danube, &c. And whereas Sul-tcirancoLS I'ires make great and frequent alterations in the Bowels of the Earth, thole palTages would be often cho.ik'd up, and many of the never-tailing Springs mL'ft become dry. Secondly, If the Hypo'.helis were true, thole Places that arc neareft the Sea, whether Moun- tainous or Champain, would be mod water 'd with Fountains ; and tliofe that are fartheft off would be mofl: without them, becaufe moft of the Water would be intercepted, before it arriv'd fo f.ir. But Fxpe- rience teaches us the contrary, w'z.. That on the Sea- coatls. cfpccially where they are low, there is fcarce a Spring to be found ; while the grcaceft Rivers come from the remotcft Parts. IK. Others therefore chulc rather to iflign Rain for the Origin of Fountains; but their Opinion is liable to thisObjeition, That if Rain alone is the Caufe of Fountains, 'tis hard to conceive how any of them ihould flow perpetually ; lince there happens fome- times very great Droughts whereby many are indeed ilry'd up, but yet many continue ftill to flow, lelli:n'd perhaps in their Streams, but never quite exhaufled. 26. Upon a di;c ConliJeration of all thefe 7 hings, it has fcem'd necellary to many Learned Men to ac- count for the Origin of Springs another w.'y. It is well known by Fxpcrience that the heat of the Sun exhales a prodigioiis quantity of Vapours out of all forts of Water, frefli or fait, as we Ihall fee further when we tome to fpeak of the Sea. Let it fuffice at prefent to have hinted a thing well known to all. Of thefe V.ipour ;, belides thofe that turn to Rain, n.any defcend in Dew every Day. And in places remote from the j'iirj'iaror abundance of Snow fulls every Winter, wliidr continues upon many high Mountains till the Heat of Summer, and then for tiie molV part diflblves. Thefe Confiderations taken together will m.ike out the Origin of 1 ountains wirhont our hav- ing recoiirle to tnofe Subterraneous Tubes befoic fpiii.en of. 27. ' Since then a prodigious quantity of Vapours is • - rais'd our of the Ocean by the Sen's heat, elpecially 1 between the liopicks, and difpers'd abroad by tlie ' Winds, they mult needs light upon the high Moun- ^ tains in all the Countries about which rhey are driven ; .\ Such as the Pyrenean, the jlJpi, the yfptnn^iit, the Cn,-- l fatkitn in Eiinpt : Timrui, Cauc.tliii, Imsiii, and feveral 1 . others in jlji* ; yttlm and the Mtntti Luna, with other ^ ujiknown liiJges in ^V/fn, whence coine the K//^ the Ni/^ir, and the Zf, ; and in ^mericti, the yY>;,/f/and the y/j alaiean Mountains; each of u.'iich f.ir fur- pafs the ul'ual height to which the aqueous Va- pours of tliemlelves afccnd, and on the 'ops tf which the Air is fo cold and rarefy'd, as to retain but ,1 fniall part of thole Vapours that Ihall be brought thither by Winds, i hofe Vapours tlierefore that are raii'd co- pioudy in the Sea, and by the Wind are cany'd over the low Land to thole Ridges of Mountains, are thete compell'd by the Stream of the Air to mount up with it to the 1 ops of the Mountains, where the Water prefciitly precipitates, gleeting down by the Crannies of theSione; and part of the Vapour entering into the Caverns of tlie Hills, the Water thereof gathers as in anAlemlick intf the bafoiis of the Stone it llnds; which being once fill'd, all the overplus of Water that conres tliitlier runs Oicr by the loweft place, and breaking out by the liiics of the Mills, forms fingle Springs. Many of tbtfe running do'vji by the Valleys between theln ttal), which being lock'd up in the Mountains, and ha\ing no vilible out-let, yet does not fuel! immtnlcly, but either leaks out by iubterrancoui palLi'ies, fuch as the ' O/ 1 ittnium is *''■ prov'd to be, or c'le ijccs ofFin Vjpours. And thusf' the CaJJ'iiin-Se^, much larger than this or any other ,u„' fuel) I akes, is form'd without growing bigger or lefs, Uii as wc ftia!I lee hei'rff-'.T. fi.„; 59. No body will wonder at fuch plentiful CoIIe- * "' ftions of Vapours in the Mountains, except thofe who '"' have never been there to o'jferve them. All who have i'pent any time in fuch Places, have felt the Cold much l!i:irper than in the low Grounds: So Iharp even in the midft of Summer are the Nights in thofe high Ridges, that they are hardly to be cndur'd without a Fire. And while the Sun Ihines clear in the Plains, 'tis common to fee the Hills cover'd with Clouds, which the Country People take for a lign of approach- ing Rain. And hence it is that there is Snow lies at MidfiHnmer in the cavities between the Mountain-tops, as all HiritUnders know very well. 30. Nor docs this Obfervation hold only in our Part of the World on this fide the Tropick. f For 1 j,,| Mr. Ihillcy aflures us. That during his abode >t St. He- v., ' lam, in the Night-time, on the tops of the Hills about '' ' 8 JO Yards above the Sea , there was fo Arange a Con- '? ' denfation, or rather Precipitation of the Vapours, that ^ \ it was a great impediment to his Celeftial Obfervati- 1, ons; for in the clear Sky the Dew would fall fo fafl, as y * to cover each half quarter of an Hour, liis Glalfes with little drops, fo that he was necellitatcd to wipe them ofrcii ; and his Paper on which he wrote his Oblci- vations would immediately be fo wet with Dew, that it would not bear Ink, By which it may be fuppos'd htiw faft the Water gathers in t^ofe mighty high Kiiiges. },. If Book iBchap. VIII. )i I iltnium IS Of the SEA. XXXIX 5 r. If witli tliefe Vapoun we r»ke in the Ra'iu and melted Snows, tliere is no doubt, bur tlicy will prove fullicieiif 10 furniili all the Rivers .ijjd perpetual Springs. It is apparent enough, that the grearcft Uiver'^ aie (Vcll'd by the Rains. Nay, there aic many Countries, where the Rivers run higlieft in tlit hotrcft Part of Summer, when there f.ills net the Icall Rain ; fuch av the Sih' i" -E^j;". "iJ ''•<= W'Jf"' ''* ^''"•'>p'»< which overflow ar a '1 ime of Year, wlicu the Sealon in thole Parts is prrfcfHy diy: The Rcalon is, becaule in A- tjPnia from whence thcfe Rivers come, there are proJi- uioui Rains a."ut that Time for fcvcral Weeks toge- ther. So likewilc the Snows whii h melt in Surnnicr, and run down from the Tops of the Mountains, do very much rall'e the neighbouring Rivers at the lame Time J s^hich makes the Rhcnt and the Lake olGtiitva big-er in Si'mnier, than in Winter. 3^. So that if we take the condenfeJ Vapours, R.i;n.s and Snows all toccther, we Ihall have Liquor enough and to fpne for all the Springs; and there will beno need of fubterrancous Pipes for deriving Water from the Sea to the leniotcft P«rts of the Earth. pregnarcd with various Salts; and the Ra!nf, Dews and Mlfts as Water falling upon this Sponge, from which ir ihould pals into a \edi:l ftanding under it. Now in a very tranfient Pairagi! indeed, rhe Water would not carry Salt enough along with it to maku the whole Vellel Kke Rrine, butyet every drop would contribute foniething to the I'dtJiefs of the whole. Let us fuppnfj a Fire to be made under the faid Vcf- fcl; this w:!l make the frelh Water evipoiate, an J the Remainder ftill more Salt But if again thole Va- pours be received in an Alcmbick, and let run upon the Sponge, ai\d fo into the Velfcl, tliey will quaiifi.: the faltnels of the Wan-r, provided they contjin a greater (quantity of frcfli Water, than of Salt Particles. All this IS eafily applied to the Matter in hand. J. Heric- we may like wife be latisfied, why the faltnefsof the Sea is neither augmented nor diminifh. IS ijot augt CHAP. vin. Of the Sea. J. A Fter the Confidcration of Fountains and Rivers, ' /^ it is proper in the next Phi> e to view the common Receptacle of them all, the Sea. Which is that vaft quantity of Salr-watcr extending fiom Ktnh to South, and from mjl to £jfl, and Krioui.dlig the dry Land on every fiJe, into which all Srieams dif- 4. II. To help us in finding out the Reafon, why charge themfelves, and out of which mighty Gulfs the VVater of the Sea is not augmented, let us ley?, Ir in1"ei;arable S.ilrnefs ; 4ir the Caulc of them. 3. I. Our firft Enquiry is How the Sea times to be Salt; and in the next Place, why it rctiins tins Property always in the fame Degree ; nonvirhlLi id- ing the huge heaps of Salt which are d.iily got out of it, and the innumerable Streams of frelh \Vater con- tinually running into it. Now the filtnefs Dftiif Sea- water •' .ms to proceed from the lame Canle, as that of fevera Fountains of like tafle, by the boiling of ■whofe Waters Salt is protlui-ed, as was flicw'd before For fince the bottom of the Sea =s a TraU of fucli v.dV Extent, 'tis reafonable to think, that there are very large Mines of Sat in many Places of it. Which be- ing diluted, fpreads its Particles throughout the Sea. And there is lomerhing even in the River-water which helps to encreafe this Salrnefs. For the Rivers carry down with them an incredible multitude of faline Particles, which they walh off their Banki as they run ateng. Thele Particles are not indeed Co condderable, as to Salt rheir particular Streams; but v.hen they all meet tonethcr and fettle in one Bottom, they may well te allo\^d to change the tafte of the Water fullicicnt- Jy. We took notice before, that Salts don't evaporate; lo that all the Salts carried into the Sea, remain there, while abundance of frefli Water is always exhal'd by the Sun. Therefore thefe lilinc Particles may in- creafe tli; Saltnels of the Ocean. Let us here conlider the Farth as a huge Sjionge ( tlio' more Compaft) im- ed, at leaft not in a fenfible manner. It mented by the influx rf Salt Particles 1, Becaule "a World of faline Paiticles are continually thiown oif by the Sea upon its Shores, where they pe'rific, and come no more into the Water. 1. Becaufe People make Salt \\[nm the Sea-coafts, where-cver they have heat enough, for common ufes. 3. Water can be im- pregnarcd with Salt only to a certain Degree, at whicU it ffands and rejects the overplus. In the next Place, t.'ie faltnels of the Sea is not diminifhed, becaufe as much is imported or diluted from it's own Mines, as is got out of it. 'lis pofllble that in thofe Mines, from whence certain Parts are daily waftit off, and dif- ful<;d through the Sea, other Parts may grow to them again ; while the fineft Particles in the oblong and pointed Pores of the Larrh, grow into a Lump. Buc this Cafe would be well worth their Dilquificicn, who make it their Bufmefs to pry into the Bowels of thj Larth the Wat. whether there be not a way for it, daily Diminution, as Well as increafe. This we have aiready hinted at: ill our Difcourfe about the Origin of Fountains, buc now we fliall give it a more accurate Conlideration. Ir is (dain enough, that there is a vaft quantity of Va- pours in the Air, from the abundance of Snow and Kai.i, wliicli (as we fliall ftiew more particularly here- after ) are form'd of condenfcd Vapours. But how" to eftiniate the quantity of the Lvapoiations of Water by fome certain Kule, is the material Point; which the Learned Mr. Halify has happily attempted in the fol- lowing Manner. 5. He took a Pan of Water about Four Inches deep, and 7 Inckti ,t Diamatr, falted to the fame Degree as is the common Sea-water, by the Solution of about a +.)th Pait of Salt, in which he placed a Thermnxe-l tcr, and by means of a Pan of Coals, he brought the Water to the lame Degree of Heat, which is obferved to be that of our Air in the liotteft Summer, the '1 hermometer nicely fliewing it. This done, he affx. cd the Pan of Water with the Thermometer in it, to one end ot the Beam of a Pair of Scales, and exaitly counterpoifed it with weights in the other Scale ; and by the Application or removal of the Pan of Coals, lie found ir very eafis to maintain the Water in the fame Degree of Heat precifely. Doing this he found the weight of the Water fenfibly to decreafe ; and at the end of two Hours, !'<■ obferved that there wanted half an Ounce Troy ail but ieven Grain}, or jji Grains of Water, which in that Time had gone ofFin Vapour ; the' one could hardly perceive it fmoke, ,nu'i the VVater were not fenfibly warm. This Quan- tity in fo fliort a Time, (eem'd very cnrJiderable, be- ing little lei's than 6 Ounces in 14 Hour.s, from ib fmall a Surface as a Circle of 8 Inches Diameter. 6. To reduce this Experiment to an ex?'' GalcuUt, and determine the thicknefs of the skin of •v'ater, that had io evaporated, ho afTuiues the Ejtperiment ajlcdged by Set Phu lihons ff Sepr. 4iid O- \\ r! :■! ;' !1 i:l\ U ■ \ I* A NjtiiKjl H/Jhyy Book I hy Dr. ttlwtni Bt'nmM tn have been nude in the Ox- i'srj Society, vir. Thit the Cuhe-foot Fnflifli of W«- tcr, weigh? exJtUy 76 I'nunds Trtj ; this divided by i-i«, tlie Nuniber of Inches in a Foot, will give 15 }| Grains, or ♦ Ounce ij! l.iains for the weight of a Tube-inch of Water: Wherefore the weight of i)) r;raini it ',\\, or jj Parti of j3 of a Cute-inch of Water. Now the Area of the Circle whole Dia-neter ii 7 r Indies, is 49 Square Inches; ly which divi- ding the Quantity of Water evsiioratcd, vix.. \ ' of an Inch, theQi!Cte !{*,or i, Ibews, that the thi'.kntfs of the Water evaporated wa> the 5id Part of an Inch ; but we will fuj'pofc it only the (Soth Part, for the fa- cility of CalcuUtinn. 7. If therefore Water a* warm aJ the Air in Sum- mer, exhales the thickncis of a (Scth part of an Inch ill two Hours from its wliole Surface, in i;. Hours it will exhale the -^. of an Inch ; which Quantity will be found abundantly fufficient to fcrvc for all the Kains, Spriiigs and Dews ; and account for the C*J'fi- »n Sea heiii^ always at a (land, neithc-r wafting nor overflowing; as likewife for the Current laid to ftt always in at the Straights of GitraUer, tlio' thofe Me- diterranean Seas receive fo many, and lo conliderabic Rivers. 8. To eftimate the Quantity of Water arifing i-i Vapours out of the Sea, lie thinks he ought to conii- Jer ir only for the Time the Sun is up, for that the Dews return in the Night, as much if not more Va- pours than are then emitted ; and in Summer the Days being longer than i j Hours, this Excefs is balanced by the weaker Aftion of the Sun, efpecially when riling before the Water be warmed : So that if we allow : ,- of an Inch of the Surface of the Sea to be raifcd frr ditm in Vapours, it may not W an improbable C'oiije- fture. ^ . ^. , , 9 Upon this Suppofition, every 10 Square Inches of the Surface of the Water, yields in Vapour ptr ditm a Cube-inch of Water; and each Square I'oot half a Wine-pint ; every fpace of 4 Foot Square, a (iailon ; a Mile Square, 6914 Tons; a Square Degree fuppofo of 69 EngUjh Miles, will evaporate 3} Millions of Tons. 10. And if the Mediterranean be eftimated at 40 Degrees long and 4 broad, allowances being made for the Places where it is broader by thofe where it is narrower, (ard he fays he is fure, he guefles ^'. th: ieaft ) there will be \6o Squats Degrees of Sea ; and confequently the whole Mediterranean muft loli; in Vapour in a Summers Day, at Ieaft sj8o Millions of Tons. And this Quantity of Vapour, tho' very gre.n, is as little as can be co.iduded trom the F.xperiment produced. And yet there remains another Caufe, which cannot be reduced to Rule, viz. the Winds, whereby the Surface of the Water is licked up fome- times fafter than it exhales by the heat of the Sun ; as is well known to thofe that have confidered thofe dry- ing Winds which blow fometimes. 11. To cftimate the Quantity of Water the Medi- terranean Sea receives from the Rivers that fall into ir, is a very hard Task, unleis one had the opportunity to meafure their Chancls and Velocity ; and therefore we can only do it by allowing more than enough, that is, by airuming thelc Rivers greater than in all proba- bility they be, and then comparing the Quantity of Water voided by the Thames, with that of thofe Ri- vers whofe Waters we defite to compute. n. The Mediterranean receives thefe confiderable Rivers, the Ihtrut, the Rhme, the Til/er, the Po, the Dunuie, the Neijier, the Buryjibencs, the Tmaii, and the tiilf ; all the reft being of no great Note, and thtir Quantity of Water inconfiderable. Thefe Nine Ri- vers he fuppoles, each of them, to bring down Ten Times as much Water as the River Thames ; not that any of them is fo great in reality, but to comprehend with them all the fmall Rivulets that fall into the Sea, which ntherwilc h« knewf not how to allow «oi. 1). To calculate the Water of the rA«w//, healTumei that at Ki'niJIoH Bridge where the Hood never reachet, and the Water always runs down, the lireadth of the Chanel i] 100 Yarns, and its depth 3, it leinjj redu- ced to an F.quality ( in both which Supnofitions, he is fure he takes with the moll) hence the Prolile of the Water in this Pl.'cc is 100 Square Yards: This multi- plied by ^8 Mik'S (which he allows the Waicr to run in 14 llours, at 1 Miles an Hour) or 8.{«Ko Yards, gives ij-,44000 Cubick-yardf of Water to be evacua- ted eveiy Day; that is, 30300000 Tons fer ditm ; and he doubts not, but in the Fxcefj of his Mcafures of the Chanel of the River, he has made moic than fufli- cient allowance for the Waters of the Bntit, the Wan- dfl, the Lt0, and the Danaint, which are all woith no- tice, that fall into the Thamts below KiiigJIcn. 14. Now if each of thcaforefaid Nine Riven yield Ten I imes as much Water as the Thamts doth, 'twill follow that each of them yields but 10) Millions of Tons per diim, and the whole Nine but 1827 Millions of Tons in a Day ; which is but little more than ', of what is proved to be raifed in Vapour out of the Mc- diterranenn in 11 Hours Time. Thus has this Learn- ed Man made it appear, that the bulk of the Sea can- not be augmented by the Rivers that ran into ir. 15. III. We are now in the laft I'Jace, to enquire into tiie icafon of the Ti'le, and fliil! l.ti>in with ■ - [ilaining all the Plnemmaia. Now the Tide is .■ wl known to mean the (lowing and ebbing of the Sea; crncerning which we may oblcrve, 1. I'hat the Wa- ters in thefe Parts are found at certain Times to rua ifom Stutli to A'or/ /.I for Six Hours toEctlicr; this w« call the Ftux or Flowing ; becaufc the Sea advances upon the Shores, runs up into the Mouths of Rivers, and forces their Streams to go backward, a. At the end of fix Hours, the Water fcems to continue in the fame heighth for aboui. a quarter of an Hour; and then it runs back again for 6 Hou.-s more, from Ntrth to Siuth, the Waters (ink, and the Rivers recover their ufual Courfes ; This we call the Riflux or Ubb. And here likewife the Water is at a (land for about i quarter of an Hour, and then it begins to flow .'^ain. 3. From hence 'tis concluded, that the Sea rifes iv.ii.r and falls twice in Twenty-(our Hours; but yet the /■.'a.t and R oficions, lie olile of the rhis multi> atcr to run jKo Yards, be evaciii- ditm ; and ktcafures of : tli.in lurti- /, the Wi»- 1 wui th no- ttfM excepuons, |ther Places, But of this Irvable, that |he Tide ami comes in I the Moon's I Day as flia pproaches to ■ is down a- j. So that vary thro' lat this full pck, it will ^nd not be- loon, call'd ■ during the Ift. 5. 'Tis hquituliitl kr them, are rh« Chap. Mil. Of the S E A. xli th.. highfrt, and ilie Ncar-Tiile^ the loweft of all o- then at any time of the Year LeiiJes. 17. TlitVc Tliiiii;* Icing known of old, tiio' nor In perfetlly ai at prelfiif, the ancicnr I'hilolbiihers could not cluil'c but think tli:it the Mi on w.u the taulc of the Title. But if they were »sk\I, How this nnght be accounted for 'Ihiy aiilwei'd, It was by an tnuli Si«*Utj, or influence of the Mopn, the Nature of which il.ty did not ar all explain. I hercfore the Mo- derns have atrenij.fed a difterent Account ot the Tide J ail they allow the Moon to I'.- the Caufe of it, but as an Agent Mechanically opi:u.ing upon the 18 1. We have formerly obferv'd, That Bodies which move round their Center, do endeavour to re- ccdefioin that Center, and this C»n«fu/ cauf ' them to preli upon the liodies that are under tin i'. And we have taken notice, that the Moon has fuch a mo- tion lound the latth ; whence it follows, that the Moon prefles upon the Bodies that are under r, viz. the neighbouring Air, or Matter of like Nature. Now this prellure extends to the Center of the liarth, and by conl'ciiucnce mult needs affcit all tlieinternie- di.t: parts. 19. 11. This being fo ; it is plain that while the Moon is in the Meridian of any I'lace, the weight of the incumbent Air is greateftupon the Waterthat lies iuft under the Moon. Now the I'arrs over which the Moon hangs perpendiculaily, arc thofe between the 'Tropicks about the lidipticl;, in which Places there are very large Seas running round the liarth from Etfl t,nWift, as upon a view of the Globe, it will readily appear. Therefore when the Moon is in that Trait, the Water muft needs be prels'd there more than any whrc elle, and lb be thrown out upon the Shores that lie Nar/jfc and Sc«f A. And becaufe the Moon is twice a Day in the Meridian, w't. above and below the Ho- rizon ; the Water does as often rua out upon the Shores, and retire back again. This in (hort leems to be the reafon of the Tide, which may be apply'd to the feveral Phunmena in the following manner. ' 10 III. I. The S'ea in our Parts ought to run Northward at the time of its Tlux, becaule the Moon is always Stuth of us, who live on the North-Me of the Tropick of Canctr. And this Flux ought to lad for Six Hours, wlierein the Moon is either gaining or leaving the Meridian ; for then it prelFes hardeft upon the water between us and the Stuth. a. But when the Moon is pad on further, and the furface of the Water is come to an £ijuilil/rium, findigg no more re- finance from the Moon, it is carry'd back again by its own weight into its common receptacle. But there is a little ftand between the Flux and Re/lux, becaufe after the Water has been carry'd one way, that moti- on does for a time relift its gravity ; befides that the neighbouring Waves which are rais'd at the fame time, more toward the Wift, may ftop the Reflux a while. 3. The efFeils of the faiJ prelTure muft be perceiv'd Fifty Minutes later every time than other, becaufe the Moon comes lb much later to the Meridian. 4. The Tide is higher upon the moft Northern C-jfts, becaufe the whole bulk of the Sea whiclidows tow.uJs the I'oles, flops there j and later, bcciulc the motion of the Waters bciiij; I'ucicnive, it muft needs be per- ceiv'd laf! in thole I'lates which are fiirtliell olf fiom where it Lcgan, O.i the contr.iry, thr 7 ide is not very lenfible Within the rropicks, I ecaufe the Water enlily runs down fioni thence towardsihe Poles ; not Rithcring there, but oioviiig on further. ?. I he fij/. tick, Uttiitrrrjiir,in, and C;st, C H A P. I. - • f Of the Air. I. A I R M th.tt D:apbanc!!i Bciiy wkerclnlh Sarrh it in- jf\ clti'dandvmfd up, ami which is i'o neccllary for Life, that we cannot breath without it. The Pc rifattticks, following Enipediclis in this, reckon d it one of the Hlcments ; and maintain, That there is no floiiy, . which has not Air for a part if its Coimpofition. This is a Controvcrfy wk have tio defigu to meddle with ; WB ftiall for the prel'cnr only enquire iiito the undoubt- ed Projiert ies of jlir, and the Caufes of them. 1. A? for the Projven.iKS of /fir, tliey are found to be thefc : j. It is Lifjuid, and cannot L'C congoil'd like WatKr. !. It is much lighter than Water; hue yet is not without it> jvity. 3. It ii IJiaplunous. 1. e. it tranfmits the Lii;ht 4 It can ea ily be condcns'd and r.ifify'd. 5. It has an Ll.-.flick force. may eafily be condensed, but not Water. K. If it be enquirM, What the weight of the /lir !:; th.ic pitlR'S \f^'M* iipon us' This the Philofophrrs have er.dcavourd to demool>rate by various Lxpcri- n\onts, two of which we will litre let down. I. It i;ceit.iin, that Pu;!:;:; 31 beet long will raile Water to high, and that no Tubes csn carry it higher; V. hence they conclude, That a Cylinder of jlir as brnad av the Cylindti of Water contain'd in fuch a Tube, tho" it be t.iken from the bottom to the top of all rlicy^;'-, is not Iveavierthan the Cylinder of Water ,'. Itet high, beraufe it can bear Water no higher, tho' the Sucker be raii'd and piy'd never fo much. For tl'.tv don't qccftion but the Water in the Pump is t.Ui d by tl'.c forrc of the incumbent /jVi-, there bc- H'j! iKJ other Caiife to beaflign'd for it. For as for the fiti.t v.iiui of the Ancients, 'tis now univerl'ally citi'.'odsd, as it delcrves to be. <; II. Tlie other LxperinUTit is made with M.nurf m O.'aA-Ji'pe, thus • Tak» a Pipe 4>j Inches Ipng ; ftop one end ctqfc, and fill it with Mircury ; after- Wards turn down the open end in a Vtflcl of Mtnurj, and liold the Pipe perpendicular ; the Ai^i-iwr^wiJl de- fcend to the 90th Inch, or thereabouts Cfor there is forac Variety according to the Temperament of th« Air) and there it will (land fufpended. But if you unltop the uppar-end of the .Pipe for the Air to corns in, all the Mtrtury falls down dire(Uy into the Veflel aforefaid. Whence they juftly conclude, Thar th« W*rf(«7 is kept up by the weight of the Air, and that the weight of the Cylin^*r of .,*.>• from the bottom to thetop is equal to 30 Inches ot (^uicklUver, 7. From hence we may add fomething by way of Corollary concerning what we are to think ot the height of the whole Air. It appears by another I'x- pcriment, that the weight of Mercury is lo tharof Water as (3; to i, or thereabout ; (a that rbc weighs of Mercury to that of A-r (fuppofing Air to b* only 800 times lighter than Water) muft be as 1:180^ to I, or very near j and a Cylinder of Air ai io8co Inches, or 900 Fuet, will be equal to an Inch of Mer. cury. Therefore if the denfuy of the yftVw«reth« fame throughout, like that of Water, its hei|.'ltt would jiot much exceed 5 Miles. But lince the Air growj thinner as the weight of the A:>neffhiri decrcafej, and fo takes up more room, the upper parts of the Air ar« much more rarity'd and diffus'd than thofr bslow. ^o that every Space which is equal to an Inch of Afer«u- ry, increafes with the y^(»/(i^/)iyt!f Compais is .rsfiiovcd. And therefore the Water riiringJ cut of the Ve(7el we jufl; now de- fctibed with fc ftrongiMfiffK/, as foon as the uppei end of tlv; Tub? ii opened j beaanfe tiie Air which was •lent up in a nirrower Comrafs, dilates it leif agai.i, when the ititraif'.ng Power of folid M?.tter is rcino- ved. For tlic lame Reafon a wind-gtin, fill'J with «-■• Air, difchaxae>'a LeaJea Bull«, when 'tis opcn'd '. /'• And fuch a Gun, .whei> the Air is <]uice evacuated, ''- ',id (!.•; "external Air fuddenly let into it, flioots out .'.Vi'flullct very briskly. «!« 11. And here we mignt enter into a more curious Enquiry aboilt th« c^ufe of Khftick Mo- tions, or how it comes to pafs t'lat a Body forcibly prefTed ouc of its pofture, recovers it again of its owu accord, when the force is removed. Jjot let it fuf- • Ace at pveient to f«y, that this ElafViciry it apparent in many Bodies, but particularly in Air, 11. VI. We hnve fliew'd before, Book I. Cliap. HI. ?, II. That without Air, Flame and Fire go out, and that Air lijeius to have a nitrous or fuiphuieous Mat- ter in it, which ferves to feed the lire. And indeed it is impofilblc, but the Air which lies upon fo n>any Plants, Animals, and Minerals, upon which the Sun s heat continually operates, and exttafls a good Part of thi-m, mu(V needs carry away with it Minumerable Par- tides of Sulphur and Volatil Salt wherewith Things abound, as Chymical Experiments demonftrate. So that we laid down nothing in the Place above quoted, but what is agreeable to the Nature of Things. We will now produce an Experiment to prove ho v eafily ^" fuch Particles fly up into the Air. ' Mr. Bijflt ex- -^' trailed a Liquor crtc of humane BlooJ, whofo colour ', was as red as Blood. U nppear'd by the taftu and I,]., finell, that many iViirvo a. id fulphureo^js Paiticlcs of Blood wi-re in it. This Liqjor was put into a '^■'- Glafs-Vial, filling it about half full, and ftoou as fl:ill '■ in it a< any other Liquor, while it was fto;r up i but as foon as it was open'd, .'.nd the external Air let In, prefently a whitilh Vapour, nothing of which wa« I'een before, began to rile in great abui-.-hnce ; fo that it not only fill'd the upper half cf tht Vial, imt ([fw about in the Mr like Smoke : And had not the Vial been ftopt, it iiad quickly been emptied by that Lva- poratioii. And fo all Liquors of the lame tort would iboii flic out into thi: Air, if they were not kept in Vclfels carefully rtopt. I}. Wlieretore no Body ought to wonder at imr O- pinion, that the Air is full of I'uch Particles. Some Learned Men have thought this a good Reafon e- nough, why Animals «re lo refiedit with Refpiration, that they can't live without it. But they have made very contrary Explications of this Matter. For fome fancy that the nitrous Particles of the Air go into the Lungs, thro' whole Pores they pafs into the Blood, to allay the heat of it, left by its perpetual Motion, and the accitfs of fulphureous Particles it fhould be too much inflam'd. But others are of Opinion, that m the Air IS emitted by txpicatiim, it tarries nut with it the Iboty Paiticlcs of the liloud, contain'd in the K xliii Li:ng<; ; and fo the Blood is coo.l'J, not by the Adniil'- fion of niirous Pariidcs, tut by. the limiHion of ful- phureous Fiiincs w hich arc cjeOcd with the Air. This latter Accoujit is fnore agreeable to the Expetimenr pro,h:ced above, ahd Iccms lo us the n;orc probable of tJiL" two, rho' we don't care to be too Uoginatical either way. 14. Ni)W fince we have had occafion to fay fome- rhinp here about Ref; Irarion, for olir bdtrer exjilain- ing ti'.e Nature of Air; tho' this belongs to another Part of Philcfopliy which titars of Animals ) yet wo will add here a little more, which we hiive to fay of it. L That Air is nccellary for Refpiration, Is plain fiom many Expcrinnents, efpecially fioni this follow- ing. Mr. BiyI,' has found out a way of drawing the Air out of a GLiis-V'elTel, fo thnt lirtie or none lba!5 'oi! left ill it. Now if 3 live C'reatuic be put into th:.< Velltl, upon the drawing our of tlv Air it prefent- ly falls into Coiil-ullions, gafps fcr Brcitli. and drops Jo^vn Dead, unlefs the Air be let in, and that very quickly. I J. IL The Air which Animals brcjth, oughtnor ra be too Thin, becaole it would not fufTice ro dilate tht Lungs, and tear the plying of the Cheft i.t con- trafting them again. Therefore tliey that live in i thin Air niuft breath twice as faft as in a thicker, be- caufe all the loot of thi; Lungs is not de u'J oWby one faint Refpiration. This is txfierienccd by fiich is con- tinue for Ibine Time in the lops of very high Moun- tains, where the Air is fo nv-ch tii iiner a.s it is high- er than in the Ioat Ground';. For th.)' they ' fit down • a pretty wlnle to reft themfclve* uUcr th -y ^tr-.- got up, n they find their Bicirli fhorrcr rh.iii :t v.ji ..L-'.j\t'. Tli« ■ Cale is the Qme in Bsjih's lingiiia ; for if only fome of ' the Air be pumped .;'.;t, a livi Cre.r, ore !'j£,lv, 'u'~.'. breath harder and filler thin it did before Hut in a thick and fogpy Air wo breach moie ilo.vly ; hccaufj ■\.. the Vapours hiiuier the Air from pafiiiig to the fur- >-|ieft lieeellcs of the Lungs, and returning again (o t.'ft a It othcrw ife would do. n3. III. The Air which ferves fr r Rcfpiratioii muft be pure and open. An Experiment has been made up- on a .Moufe in a Glaf,-Vt!id hermetically S'eal'J, lb that no external Air could com« in ; that flic has quickly begun -o droop, and in lefs than thire Hours lus lain foi Dead. But by breakini» otF the Neck of the Veifel, and blowing in Air with J pair of Bellows, Ihe has by Degrees beeii brought to Life ag-iin; tho' had (he been let alone a little long«r. il.e had been part recovery The like lirperiinent was tiied upon a Bird in rlu: fame manner. Some think there are ni- trous Particles in the Air, which cool the Blood, as we laid before, and that when thofe Particles are fpent, the Air becomes improper for this Purpofe. But others fay, that in the Experimen' albrcfaid, the fir is 16 fill'd w'th the Soot of the Lings, that it can clear oIFno more, and fo can cool them no longer, becaufe it returns the fame Fumes into them whicn it had cariird out. 17. Whichever of thefe Opinions istrue, the Thing it felf is certain ; and hence it is, th.it the Air of a clofe Room when there is muchComp.iny in ir, grows hot and ftilling, and is bad for f.onfumptivc People. From the fame Caufe it is, that the Air of great Ci- ties is not fo wholefom even in di-ar Weather, as that of Countrey Towns and Vill.iges ; becaufe the Coun- trey Air u perpetually ventilated and renew'd ; whereas iti great Cities the multitude of Honfes hin- ders this, and by Confequence cauliis ;he Air to ftjg- nate and grow corrupt. xliv A Natural Hifmy ^^Bookl ''J ti 1 CHAP. II. f ( ' ■.■;.! y.U'-' . *l ,% •• ^-; S ('/ M E T F. o R s in general, and. Vapours Arifwg_ from the ]V*ter^ nheme tif^s, i'.loiiusy Deiviy RaiiiSy Smv and H^il tre jtrocluccd, ,' -.■",, , ; 'vtl :; jc . .. t.i'' ■ Ettott is a Grtek Word, ufeJ by Philofiiphers to lignifie *li fhtfc Thinf^t which t, :nt Hp in the j^ir, and cnitinae (uffcnded in it, Cucli as are menrloiiM in the Tirle of this Chapter. They arc divided^ into two Ranks ; for fhe Mcreors aforelaid are forin'd of aqueous Vapours ; and there arc fomc others wherein are found Exhalations derived from other Bodies, fuch as Thunder, Lightning, Thunderbolts, and other i,.- flam'd Matters in the Air. This Oivifion iliall be follow'd in this Compendium, and therefore we be- gin with Meteors of the firft fort. 2. Vapours are thofe watry Particles, which are fe- ver'd from others hy the Motion of the Air, and are carried about in it Icveral ways, accordineas the Wind or warmnefs of the Air fervcs. We Tiave already ihew'd in the Vlllth Chapter of the preceding Br.olc, how coploully they rife out of the Sea and other Wa- ters, and rhat all Rivers and Fountains are fed by them Now we will confider them as they hang in the Air. \. i. We many Times obfirrve in a hot Day, when there is no Wind ftirring, fuch a company of Vapours riil- out of moilt Ground, as make thick Foggs, which are fometimcs diigher, and fometimes lower, as the miilritude and motion of the Vapours happens to be. They are to be fecn on the high Grounds as well as the low, bi;t more efpecially about marftiy Places. Thevars eafily dilTspatcd by the Wind, and partitu- larly by a drying Wind. The Sun has rlie fame Effeft upon them; and we commonly fee when irltere are thick Foggs about Sun-riling, rhty difappear a little while after 'tis up 4. All this is eafie. For 'tis plain, that Foggs con- fift of aqueous Particles rarefied, becaufc they mighti- ly bedev every Thing that lies open to them. Thele Particles being foundly moved, mud needs fly up aloft in the Air; out if their Morion be Ibmething faint, they play about the Surface of the F.arth. For this is agreeable to the Laws of Motion, that fuch Things as ...V aV-out the Globe of the Earth, the mor? they are moved, the moie they recede from the Earth's Center. Again, thefe Foggs rife out of all Places, Mountainous or Champain, and continue till they be difpcH'd by Wind or Heat; bur their Continuai>ce is longed in the lowcft Grounds, becaufc thofe Places are fulleft of Moifture, and are not fo much cvpoicd to the Winds. But when the Wind rifes apon them, wherever they be, they are diflipatcd and driven about 'till we fee no more of them. So likewife the heat of the Sun pur- ting them into a brisker Motion, either dllTipates them by Rarefaftlon, or railes them higher, and Forms them into Clouds. 5 Sometimes the Foggs Aink, not bectufe they come from (linking Water, b-it becaufc the Vapours are mixt with fulphureous Exhalations which fmell lb. Thcfc Exhalations would perhaps fly up dircttly to the Clo'jds, If there were no Foggs to hold them, mid fo would not atftft our finell; but after they arc entangled and blended with the Fogg, they lad as long as it does. 6. 11 rii- Cloudsare higher than the Foggs: They ;iang in the Air, and are carried jbout in it by the Winds. They are alfo of "arions Figures, fometimcs fo thin, that the Sun's ra ^yji^i through them; but \>ftcn thick enough to intc 'xfi and obilrutt th«tn. They appear too of fcveral Colours, as White, Red, and ibinccimes very Dark. ,' 7. To begin wit.'i their fulourf, tiiey are varied sc- cordingto the Situation of t!;e Sun, ;n'J wy of rcfie- fting its Light with refpeP to us. This v Time. No Body can doubt, but the Rain drcf : -■'• of the Clouds, becaufe we find it don't Rain, except where we fee Clouds, and the fuirer the Weather is, the feldomor it Rains. The only Queftion is, how the Clou'Ls come to be condeivfcd, tnd difcharge them- tlves upon the Earth. i+. And there are fevcral Caufes, which may.fingly or jointly, protluce this effeft. I. Th? coldncfsof the ji!r may make the Partitlesof the Clouds to loie their morion, and become Jcfs able to refift the gravity of the incumbent jir, and confequently to yield to its pieiLie and fall to the Ground. II. The Wind may garher the Vapours in liich abundance, as firft to form very thick Clouds ; and then Iqueeie thole Clouds together till the watry Particles make Drops too big to hang any longer in the Air J 5. But here it is to be obfei-v'd, That all Winds don't prcnluce Rain, but only fuch as colleft a great quantity of Vapours. Thus in HMimd mfi-\y\nis arc u:ny, becaufe they come from the Ocean, and blow up the Vapours ; H/i^-Winds blow clear, be- caufe tliey come over large Traits of Land. Utrih- Wiids are Rainy becaufe they come from the Mc'rA- Se.i ; but not lb Rainv is the mfl, becaufe the cold iV»r;A don't yield fuch a quantity 'if Vapours, as the kinder Climarn of the Zriftnmtk Ocean. Smth Winds bring Rain too ; for ."hey co.ififting of Vapours rai.Vd by tne heat of the Sun in a hot C|uirter, and fo being elevated «bove others in the Air, feem to lie upon ou.' Clouds, and prefs tliem down towards the Earth. However there arc many Exceptions in thefe Cafes, according to the variety" of Caufes confpiring to the fame Effeft, many of which we know nothing of 16. III. Rain may further be produced thus ; if the Vapours rife in fo great abundance, ts to reach and mingle with the Clouds above them, then they oufe Ruin in very lari^e diops. And this may happen in ftill fuJtrv Weather j tor then the Clouds over our Heads hiWt no fenfible .Motion, and in the mean Time the heat fills the Air with Vapourj, which joining with th« Clouds, and Co b'.-ing ftopt in their progrefs, do open a Paflage for the Stores of ."he Clouds to de- fcend upon the Earth. 17. IV. Sometimes a!fo the warm Wiijd thaws the frozen Clouds into drops, as we fee Snow dill'nlved by heat. Now the thicker and looner any fuch Cloud Was gather'd, the larger the drops from it are; becaufe the greater ftore t)f Vapours wai condenfed together. Thus wo have many Times in Summer fudden Show- erj of Rain in evceirtvc great drops. 18. And here we ought to remember, that in thofe Countreys betwtxn the Tropicks, when they have the Sun vertical, the Rain pours down for fevcral Weeks together more like pail-fuls than drops. The Keafon probably is, becaufe at that Time the Sun dr.iws up abundaiicf. of Vapours, and rarefies ihem e«re»mly, w that they are clevattd as high as polTible, and then are precipitated as it were at once, being too copious and heavy to hang any longer in the Air. And befides, there may fomctimei be a Concurrence of .neighbouring Va. pours,wliich will be ready to croud into that Partofth.t Air, V hich is nioft rarefied by the heat of the Sun, and uniting with the Vapours rais'd in that Place, pro- duce very great Clouds and Rains. 19. V Some parts of the Cloud which fliould turn into Rain, are fometimes prevented by the Cold, and form'd into a ConliUmce which we call Snow ; which appears to be focm'd of watry Particles, from hence, that when it diifolves, it turns into Water. So that we may eafily conceive Snow to be made of wa- try Particle.s, harden'd by Cold, .ind gather'd into Flakes, in fuch a manner as to leave large interftices between one another. Which Snow is not tranfpa- rent. as the Water which produced it, was, becaufe its more rigid Particles, being hudled together by Chance, don't leave ftraight Pores between one ano- ther, and fo keep out the Matter of Light. 10. VI. But when it happens, that the Region of Air under the Cloud is very cold, the drop? of Rain are congcal'd as th^/ fall, and come down in Lumps which we c?.'A Mail. And thefe Lumps are greater or lefs, according 'co the bignefs of the Rain-d.ops, whereof they are form'd. Further, thefe Lumps of Hail are fometimes varioufly figur'd, which we fhaJl not Account for at prefcnt. This variety rnuft needs be occafion'd by the infinite Variations and Mixtures of Vapours, Winds, Heat and Cold of the Air, &c. CHAP. iir. Of the Rain-borvj HdiPsy And, Parhdii, OF all Meteors there is fcarce iny more wonderful than the Iris or Ruiti'hiw, v?hich therefore rhis Jtwi call the ^tv of GiJ, and the Gr.-rki Tkiummuis, • i. 0. the DfughttTif ^dmirAtifn. The Red, Blew, and Yellow Colours which appear mod lively in it, are fo pleafing to our Eyes, that we can hardly look and ad- mire enough. It is therefore well worth cur while to enquire into the Nature and Caufes of this Me- teor. 1. Firfl, We may take Notice, that the Rainhre ne. ver appears but in a Place oppoiite to the Sun, fo that when we look direftly at it, the Sun is alw.iys behind us. Smndly, It alw.iys Rains fomewhere, when tho Rainbow appears. Thirdly, This is the conftant Order oftlie Colours; the ."jutmoft is Red or SafFron-CoIour ; the next is Yellow ; the third is Green ; the fourth and inmoft is Violet or Blew : But thefe Colours are not always equally Bright. Fifthly, Sometimes two Rmn'owt appear together, of which one is higher and Israel than the other, and ftiews the Colours afore- faid, but in an inverted Order, and much Paler. Fif.bly, The Rtiithm is always cxaflly round, but don't always appear equally intite, the upper or low- er Parts being very often wanting. Sixthly, It's ap- parent Breadth is always the fame. Seventhly, Thofc that ftand upon the plain, low Ground, never fee a- bcve half its Grclc, and many Times net Co much. Eight biy. The higher the Sun is above the Horizon, the lefs of the Circle is feen, & wee 'jerfj, fo there be n'> Clouds to hinder. La^ly, When the Sun is above 41 Degrees ^6 Minutes iiign, never any Bow appears. 3. Thefe are the principal Pbdniment of this Mete- or, into the Reafons of which we will now enquire. And fince none of them afftft us fo much as the di- verfity of Colours, we have hopes given us from feve- lal Obfervations, tliat upon dilcovering the Reafon of (w; ihis. ■•* s xlvi A Njinral Hifiory Book II in i 1 1 ■ill fl', V f I!' •^.•■:il this, we ft»H get »n infight into the reft. And thij is done chiefly by the help of a Glars-Prifme, where- in the fame Colours are !een in the fame Order; as likewife in the Water fj.outed out of Fountains, by which placing your felf »s you ftand when you (ce a Rain-bow, you msy perceive a colour'd Bow in it. From thefe two txpeiiments we tnay learn by rlie ■way, That Colours are nothing elfe, but Senfatioiis arifing from the various ReHeitions of the Sun-beams to our Eyes ; lb that in a colour'd Body, the Colour it only a certain Difpofition of the Parrs, fo fuited for collecting or difpcrfing the Light of the Sun, that our Eyes aie varioully aireCkd widi it. Having pvfiiiiftd thus much, we liial) now proceed to a more accurate Uifquilition of the aforefaiJ I'lmuimma. 4. I. The Spef>ator mull always ftand between the Sun and the Raiu-bow, as he inuft between the Sun and the Spout of a Fountain, to fee the colour'd Bow there; becaule the Water refleftiiig the Light of the Sun towards us, that Light cannot come to our lijes as it ftould do, but in liich a Situation. If r!ic VVp. rer of the Fountain be between the Sun and us, rlic Rays are reflefted from it towatdr. the Sun, or the Pl.ice over agaiiift us, nor towards us; for which Reafon we fee no colours in Water, when we ftaijd fo as the Rays cannot come to us. J. n. As the colour'd Bow at a Fouiitain difappears fo loon as the Spout is flopt; fo when there is no Rain, there is no Rain-bow ; becaule thofe Rays which form its Colours, are refleiled to us by nothing but the watry-drops Therefore the drops of Rain are, if I n;ay fo call them, the Stat of the Rain-bow. and not the Clouds, as the PirifatctUki and others Thought. 6. in. Since Colours, as we faid, arife from the va- rious Ways which the Sun-beanis are coUeiHed and re- fleited to our Eyes, they convey the Light to us vari- cufly, according to the various Situation of the jq e- 0!is Drops wit 1 lefpcft to the Sun and us, and do therefore excite in us different Senfations of Colours. This plainly appears in the Glafs-Prifme, which if we hold lo as to look up at the Sky with it, it rcprefents.* the Colours in a contr»ty Order to what it docs when we hold it below our Eyes, and look down- ward. So likewife, as the drops of Rain are higher cr Jower, they exhibit various Coloiiis to us; as 'Jac Rchalt has nicely and accurately defcribed liicm,' Ph^f. Part III. Cap. ult. which we cannot take in to this Compendium. 7. IV. Befide- the brighteft Rainha, whofe Rays fliine rnoft direitly and nilly upon us, there is fome- times another on the outfide of it, in which the fame Colours appear in an inverted Order ; becaufc the drops of Rain having 1 different 'jituation with rrfpeit to us and the Sun, collcQ and reflcit the Rays to us in a diflerejit way. Which is ealily obfcrved in the Prifme varioufly placed. But bvciufc the Rays are not only refrafteJ, as they pafs thro' the Air into the aqueous drops, and out of the drops into the Airngain, Lut are alfo reflcrtcd by certain Parts of the Water or Clafs, therefoie the fuller fuch RefiefHon is, the live- lier arc the Colours. If then tlic upper Bow don't re- fleft the Sun's Rays to us fo fully as the lower does, the Colours form'd by fuch a weak RefleiUon, muft needs appear fainter. 8. V. The Form of the Rahi-iiw ought to be round, becaufe the llrops upon which the Rsys fall, are not all alike capable of reflcfting, fo as to produce Colours, bur only thofe we fee in -i Circle about the Place we look at. Now when there is no Obftrufti- nn, but that wo may li;e as far one way as another round about us, we Teem to be under the one half of a Concave Sphere ; thence it is that in that Pait of the Air over agauift us, if itbrfull of Rain, and no Cloud in our way, we fee a coloiw'd Bow in the Jrops which fall upon that Arch of the Air we look at. But as the Riin Is various, fometimes falling upon the whole Arch, fometimes only upon Part of it, and as the Clouds may interpofe, fo the Bow appear* f>cifctt: or impcrfe^l. 9. VI Bm the Arch always appears' as part of .in equally largn Circle, becaule, when there is nothing to hinder, that part of the Atmofphcrc to which we turn our lilvcs, feems equally fpacious at all Times ; and the drops which rcflcCb the Rays tq us, mud be at one ccrtjii\ IJiftance, neither nearer nor fuirher off- as Rtha.'i.lm iVtatl.cniatically demonftrated. lo Vll. When we ftand upon a Plain, that part of the Atinolpheie before us, tnuft appear bur as half a Circle, and thctetoie the Rtin-iim leen from uich a. Place, can be but half a Circle, with the two txtrc- mirits touching the Horizon. But if fe to the Horizop, which arc c.ipable of refletting tde Sun-beam(, k) as they ou_!it .-0 te refleittdin this Cafe j and therefore the lei. par. of the Circle, or flicrrcr Arch • - 1 J. 1/ B^t when the Sun is 41 Degrees hin:, then tlv S ri.u-ion of luch drops as Ihould niake r'lie Bow 1 ,■'■ .11 to lis, is 10 dcpreft, that they are all below the '.<■ '/on; this Rchult has exi<<:'y aemuHitrated ; we muft be content wirh the bare Mention of it. i 3. There is one Thing we may add to the forefaid Obfervarions, that as we j^o towards the RaMtw ic fecins 11/ retire from us ; tor there being a partictilar Diftaiice required to lire tl(e Colours, whenever the Spcaaror changes his Place, the Situation of the i?. e two Lxrre- om the Top 1 into a plain, t larger than liice CO Kail), ' the Rtinha • rays or drops : fenfe of Co* i, and certain ruatioii of the ht of tlie Sun. Horizon, the orizQo, which n, To as they therefore the h .'ppearj, thi "ees hi'!;, then [hake rhe Bow e all below the uuttrated ; we of it. to the forefaid the Rainhw, ic ng a particulitr whenever the )n of the Pjiin- i beyojid thac be. Hence. tinhm don't lince they are annot be con- the £xtremi> r upon fome -aret or fiir- fide of it. the Htlct, or appear abouc oper Place to it is obler- n the Center ation as they Borders, the he inner Red. Jly near the Air without appears but appear when we will here ion of a Huh ' '''"'H iri', May II. J"'';, the Mornnie j „j ■ imb of whicn > -• ^ler and lower h^.i lure of Pur. at the beginning of the Obfcrvation, was about 4S DeKiee?. There were thin white Clouds movnig a- boiit in the Air, whereby the Blew Colour was made more difcer.ia'jie, and the brightnefs of the Sun was obfcured, fo that it was not greater than at .an L- clipfe The Weather was fomething colder than ufu- al at rhat lime of Vear, and People faid it freezed the Night before. The Halo appear'd with the fame Colour and nrighioels from Nine a Clock till half an ;d was within ittle whitifli, ithin the Hah ut, clpecially t of tne Sun, at Hour paft Eleven ; at which Time the Colours began ro ftde and at Tuo a Cloclc in the Afternoon they quite vanilhed, after a (hort appearance of Recovery but juft before. , , ^ , irt Tn order to Account for tnete Ptttnimtna, learn- ed Men afrced, I That the Air at that Tin e was full cf icy Paific''^'i '^^ ''"' Ihape of a Ltni or fome- thing like it, cap.\ble of producing fuch Coljurs as Prifmes do, by rhe Refraftion of the Light, arid refle- ftine it td vis. H. That at fuch a Junfture th"? Sun or Moon muft fliinc, ihar fo thole frozen Particles may repair from all Quarters about the bright Luminaries. 17. l-'rom what has been faid we may conclude, 1. That the Luminary ought to be in the Center of tiie Halt, becaufe tr> make the Colours arifmg from the Refraftion and Reflection of Light, vilible, there muft not only be a certain Figure of the frozen Particles, but the fame Diftance of them all from the Luminary, whole Light is refratted and reflerted by them ; as we have obfetved in the drops of Rain which form the 18. li. The Colour of the Hah is of two Sorts, be- caufe there is made by it a double Refraftion of the Particles of Light, one when they enter into the icy Particles, and another when they are rcflefted back again. Bat becaufe to make a Variation of Colours, t.Me Rays muft be varioully collefted and reflefted, as we Jliew'd before; therefore 'tis ntcelfary that in the icy Piiticlcs there flionlil be fome Variety ; which .I'ome fcuh iFtom their Figii'e, as in the Rainhv ; o- thcts from the internal Uilpoiition of rheir Parts, which they will have to be Inch, that there is a kind of opaque Naclmr contain'd in them, and inclofed round with ffanfpavent Ice. Which if it be fo, the Rcfieition of Liyht from the Nncleui, and from the ex- tream Parts muft needs be ditferent. And fince a deep« Colour arifcv from the Keileition of a thicker Body, the inward Colour muft appear Red, and the outward Blew or Yellow; becaulc the Rajs coming from the flnchut, arc nearer the Center, than thole reflected from the tranfparcnt Parts. 19. in. The Space comprehencicd in the Hah, efpe- cially near the Ring, where thr- Colours are moft vi- vid, muft look fomething l)u^ky, becaufe there is the grcatcft quantity of opaque Particles, as we Ihew'd before. Therefore the Air muft needs be obfcured in thofe Places. Some fay the included Space is brighter than that without, becaufe the icy Particles refleft the Sun's rays upon it ; but this is contrary to Experience. 10. IV. 'Tis no wonder that Hah 1, confiftmg of icy Particles, don't appear when it Rains ; for then they muft melt and come down. So when the Lu- minary i» gone part the ColleHion of icy Particles which inrerpofed betwenn it and us, then the H»h is jt an end. 11. Befides thefc Hahs, there are a fort of nevv Suns fometimes feen about the oM One, call'd Parht- lii, becaufe they are T./t* t> Sa/oi', near the true Sun. I. There appears a great white Circle, parallel -1 the Horizon, and palling rhrough rhe Sun a. In feveral Parts of this Circle are letn the Parhelii, the' not all of a bignefs, nor equally viviJ. 3. Some re- prefent tlie Colours of the RaMiv ; others are Pah.r, and more like the Circle. 4 With thele Pa'htlii' there often appears a Hah, which touches lijme of them that arc neareft the true Sun. 5. Thefe Suns Of the RAINBOW, &c, xlvii don't keep to any certain Number, for fometimes there are Four of them, and fometirties Six. Gafm- t/ui in a Letter to Rtnirius has given an Account of lour tKat were feen at Rime, March 10. 1629. :a. To give a probable Reafon of thefe Ph^cmena, we may in the firft Place alTume, that they proceed from luch like Matter as produces Hah'j ; vix,. icy Particles, which fly about ill the Air between the Sun anl the Eyes of the Speftators, in which notwiihftan- d;ng there may be fome Divcrfity of Figure. 13. I. The white Circle is form'd by a Refleftion of the Sun Beams from the furface of the icy Matter, elevatea to a certain height about the Disk of the Sun. For nothing can reflett the Sun's rays to us as is requifite in this Cafe, bu-: fuch Things as are ele- vated above the Horizon to the fame Angle with the Sun's altitude. Whence it follows, that tiie Circle ought to appear every where as high as the Sun, and therefore Parallel to the Horizon. 24. II. The Rays falling unon certain Parts of the Circle are tranfmitted from the icy Matter to us with a double Refraftion and one Refleition ; for which Reafon they exhibite a Figure like that of the Sun, but colour d like the Rtinlim. Thefe Figures are un- equal, according as the Ray,; come to us more direft- ly or obliquely. aj. III. They are colour'd like the Ralnhtvt, for the Reafon alllgn'd before; or elfe are Pale, if the Rays arc only reflefled to us. For as when we look upoa a Glafs-prifme at fome Yards diftance, no Colour but that of the Glafs appears, becaufe it only reflefts the Light to US; lb in the icy Drops which give us the Light only by Refleftion, we muft expeft to fee no Colour but that of Ice alone. But as the fame Prifme when held before our Eyes, fo as not only to give us the Rays refle£led from its Surface, but twice rc« fra£led too, i/;'z. at going in, and coming back again upon uj from the oppofite Surface, reprelents the Co- lours of the Rii;>!i«» ; So likewife thofe icy Particles which are fo fituated between the Sun and our £yes, that the Rays are reflefted to us from the opaque Nu- clei with the like double RefraSion ; thofe Particles, I fay, muft needs appear of the Colour of the Rain- hw. 2(S. IV. 'Tis no wonder, that a Hah appears toge- ther with the Parhelii, becaufe, as we hinted before, they feem to confift of much the fame Matter. There is no need to repeat here what we faid before abouc Halts. 27. The Number of Parhelit is greater or lefs, ac- cording to the quantity of the icy Matter, which is elevated to the iame apparent Altitude with the Sun. There are other pecuhar Phtenomnit that belong to this Head, which we will not now inllft upon, but leave them to be read in fuch Authors, as have made .>t their fiuflnefs to explain this Meteor. iS. In order to confirm the aforefaid Conjeflure by ocular Demonftration, * a very ingenious Man caufed • Ur, a Glafs-cylinder to be made about a Foot long, and Huygonj inclofed in it a lefs Cylinder of Wood to ferve for '" "' a Undent ; and fiU'd up the ambient Space with W»-^"'°C' ter. Then he carried it into the Sun, and upon pern- ,ff"j,, ling it, all the forementioncd Refle(lions and Refraili- for mi/ ons appear'd to the Eyes of the Speftators. Whence •*?"■ we may conclude, that much lefs Cylinders are able ^""•^i- to pertorm as much. 19. It were to be wilbed that fjch icy Cylinders, upon their coming down after the appearance of the Par- helii, were lotieht for and wellinfpeued ; but fuppofing they may [/,«/$ Words. 3. * " I. There are fome fiery Meteors which are " n<3t fcen till they fall, fuch as that which Ihot by " the People at Noon-day, while they were at the (hew " of Gladiators exhibited by Gmnaniau Cccording as the Winds blow, and as the quantity of it is greater or lefs ; and according as it takes Fire, it aapears in that variety which we have heard out of PHny. If the Fire be- gins at one end, and burns bv Degrees, 'tis call'd a L»m» ; but if a long Exhalatioi take Fire at once, 'tis nam d a Dart. Now while t'lefe Exhalations are in a Flame, they are fometimes hurried by the Stream of the Air one way or other. But if they continue in the fame Place, as they do f)metimes, then they are call'd Bm»)/. At other Times the Clouds part, and the Skie teems to retire, whi :h may be occafion'd . by the Wind ; at this opening . Fl.ime flaflies out, and this they call a Chafme. Bur.iing Exhalations appear as Red as Blood, when they h.we lefs Sulpbvr in them, (which yields a paler Flame) tnan Kitrc, Tttrtur, or Bi- tumen. Such an Inflammation may appear by Night or Day ; but more plainly by Ni|;ht in the Sun s abience, whofe prevalent Light obfcires all others. -Shntiii^ Stars are improperly call'd Stsrs, becaufe they are but fmall Exhalations in our Air. Ignit fatui feem to con- fift of a more grcafie and gro'.s Exhalation; for we fee oily Subftances are eafily '.ighted, but not fo foon fpent, as thofe of Sulphur -.nd Nitre. g. III. Hence we learr., that all fuch inflamM Ex- halations muft loon r'.ifappear, becaufa the fabul Matter whereof they condtt, is quickly fpent. But fince the Pfacter is ncc all alike, their Continuance iu not exaftly the famj. Thus we fee a Flame rais'd out of various Materifis, lafts longer, or is out fooner, ac- cording as thr> are. Oil mixt with Sulphur or Bite- men, flames longer than it does with Nitre. 10. Hanng feen how Flame is fuddrnly kindled in rheAirivith a moderate heat, andilluftrated this by the Experiment of .rfwrroM riilmmunt ; it will next be ealie to conceive ihap- IV. Of Fiery Exiialations, Thunder, &c. xlix conceive how TiiuiiJcr Is produced. For firft it ap- ptirs by the Li iiciiuieiir, that ilame which throws off the Air witli i'-ax. Violence, does I'omctimrs oc- cailon a greiC Crack. Now liiice, as we have ob- (ervej, 'tis eafi;; tor heterogeneous P.irricles to mix in the upper Rci;io.i oftlie Air in great Quantities, and to take Fire wirh no cxrraordiiiary heat ; we need not have recourfe to any Thing elfc for explaining the Caufe of Thunder j bur may define it to be, » rum- hlitig tftift in the h.fhtjl Region of the Jir, ictafiond tj iht fuddtn InfitmiiiatioH of LxoaUtitns. II. We cannot Uand now to lay much about the Noife, but ftiall iuft take Notice liow all Experiments iatisfie us, th.it the Nolle Cannot be produced other- wife than by a fwii't and vehement lixplol'ion ot' the Air, which is forced every way, and its Motion be- ing continued to our Ears, ftrikes the Tympanum, and excites in our Mind the Senlation of found. This is (o plain, and fo conftantly experienced, that we may take it for granted without further Proof. I J. 'Til here proper to obferve, that the Noife of Thunder founds as if it part thro' Arches, and were varioufly broken. The reafon is, becaule the Flame is kindled among the Clouds, which han;; over oiie another, while the agitated Air flies between them. Thus we obferve, tint the Inequalities of the (jround make a Gun difchaiged at a good Uilhnce, ro i'uunJ to ul with feveral ci c'ei and broken Ueports. I). It further a;>[H.ai>, that the Mamc is the Caufe of the Thunder, '..ccaufe nu>l\ commonly we li:e the FlaQi before We rc.ir the Crack. There is not indeed fuch a Diftance 'ttwccn the tiring of the Exhalation and the Cone > ' uii of the Air, as there is between our feeing the I'lalh .imI hearing the Thunder. But becaufe we fee »../ ihinij almoftin inftant, but a Sound ii onv.j ,i to iis by a I'ucceflWe Motion of the Air, thcicloic nvnc Time is requited lo hear than to ite. 14. Seme think thi: the noife of ThunJetiscauled by the falling of a higher Cloud coridenfed ly fudden hear upon ano'hti Cloud undei it, fo tliar ihs Air be- tween tht.;i is difpeli'd with vaft impetuollty, and hatdly gets from berwcL-ji them, till the Cloud breaks. But 'tis fcarce credible, that n Cloud tho' lurn'd all at once into Water, flioulJ make any Noife only by tailing upon a thinner Cloud, thro' which the Air might eaftly m.ike its way. Bcfules, 'tis a Cafe with- out all Example It is better therefore to look upon the firing of an Exhalation to be the Caufe of Thun- der ; for tho' the Flalh is not always feen, it don't follow that there is none ; for the lower Clouds may eafily intercept it from our fight, tho' fome where or other 'tis generally feen. H. Thole that imagine an ripper Cloud to fall up- on one below, do at the fame '1 iine acknowledge, that the Exhalations between them may often take Fire ; but then their Notion of kindling Exhalations by Comprrflion, becaufe they are fo cTofe pent in be- tween the Clouds, that all the Air is crulht out from tfiem, and they remain alone in the moll (ubtil Mat- ter, this is utterly unintelligible. Certainly the Mat- ter of the Clouds is not of luch a Nature, as can pen up the Exhalations fo clofe : And as for Fire, it is much likelier tnbe put out than kindled in Clouds. 16. From what has been faid, 'tis eafie to define LiihtniMg, which is nothing elfe but «» infitm'd Exha- Itiin <««i^/'»/»/Sulphur cr Nitre, tr fomt fuch Matttr, irtft mimurt tf fivtral Strts tt^nhcr. The Inflamma- tion jj fometimes with a Noile, as in cloudy Wea- ther, fometimes without, as in clear, which makes fome virieiy in it. 17. We have already accounted for the Noife j but it may lighten v/ithout Noife, when the Exhalation confifts of M.urer fofter than ordinary, which is not fo fcon kindled. For Inflance, if it confift only of fulphuRous Particles, which are a fofcer fort, nut fo apt to Fire all at once, nor give the Air fuch « Con- cuflion as fhail maku us hear the Noife of it. But if with the Sulphur be mingled many Particles of Sitrt and T*rt»r, thefe lalt being harder, caufe the whole Exhalation to burft at once with liich impetuofity as rends the Air, and makes a vail Nolle. 18. In cloudy Weathei the Noife of Thunder is more diverfified, becaufe the Air is varioufly reverbe- rated from the Clouds to us: But if there be no Clouds, the Au flows more freely and evenly through the open Spaces to our Ears. In fuch Weather it of- ten Lightens without Thunder, bi-cjufe the Inflamma- tion is only of fulphureous i'.u tides ; as on the other Hand, it often 'ihunders in cloudy Weather without any apparent Lightning, becaufe, as we faid before, it is intercepted by the Clouds. 19. Thunder and Lightning is generally attended with Rain, either at the fame Inftant or foon after. Many Times after a Clap of Thunder it rains fafter, lb that the Rain feems to be the EfFeif of the Thun- der : Which the Allijrters of the Hypofhclis we juft now Confuted, Account for thus j u/t. That the up- per Clouds dilFolving and tailing upon tliofe below, precipitate them to the Earth. But there is no occafi- on for fuch a Ihift ; for the heat pf the iiiflam'd Exha- lation alone, and the violent Concullion of the Air, are fulficient to dillblve the Clouds and bring them down. 20. When it Thunders and Lighten?, fometimes there falls a Thunderbolt, i. t. A mtji rapid Flame whicit dart I out of the Clouds to the \Jround, and jlriiet thro' eve- T) [hin^ in its way. The peculiar Phtnomina obferv'd in it are thefe: 1. It flrikes upon high Places, as Mountains, Trees, Towers, drc. oftner than upon low ; 1. Sometimes it burns Mens Garments, with- out hurting their Bodies: 3. Sometimes it breaks their Bones, without hurting their Garments or Flcfh: 4- In likemanncr, it has niclt«d or broke a Sword with- out hurting the .Scabbard ; and on the contrary, has burnt the Scabbard all over, while no harm has beea done to the Sword. J 1 . Thefe arc the chief Phtemmin* of the Thun- der-bolt, for we will not here infiff on thole which are peculiar to Times and Places. From thefe wo conclude the Thunder-bolt to be fuch an Exhalation, as we have defcribed ; which is fuddenly kindled, and copious enough fur the Winds to hurry it down from the Clouds to us. Some fancy that by one Cloud's falling down upon another, the Exhalation between them is ftruck out at the Extremities of the Clouds. But we have oblerv'd already, that their moiflure would quench it, rather than inflame it, and flioor it to the Earth. Ic is more probable, that the Flame is beaten down by the Wind, and reaches the Ground before the Matter of ic .s quite fuent. Buc lince the Winds feldom or never blow downright, ■nod Thunder-bolts are darted allope through the Air. 21. I. For this Reafon they ftrike moH commonly upon high Places ; for as they fly obliquely thro' the Air, they meet with Mountains, Trees, Towers, &e. in tiieir Way. II. Since the Exhalations which form the Thundcr-bolt are as various, as there are kinds of fulphureous, bituminous, and faline Bodies firom which they are Colle£led ; 'tis ceitain that the force of its Flame mull be very different : So that fome- times it burns the Garments, and paflrs over the Body without hurting it. III. Sometimes it harmlefs- Iv penetrates the foft Flefh, and breaks the hard Bones: As we fee Gold and other Metals diflblved by Aein* Regalit and A<}u» Fords, while the Paper receives no Injury by them. For the fame Reafon the Sword is melted, the Scabbard remaining ntire ; jufl as ic would prove, if thev were laid together in jfnr^ I S well known that M^hJ is nothing elfe but J thi Strttm »/ the yitr, tcfethir with fuck ya- ftmrt as the Air earriti 'Itttg with it : But there are a . great many Ph^enimtitg of fVin-lr, the Reafons and Grounds of which are not fo ealily difcover'd, as will appear in this Chapter. Nor h their Ciule and Ori- fiii, obvious to be Pointed oi|t with due exaftnefs. iowever, to fee what may be done in this Cafe, we will Firjt, Conlider the ff/»(// in general, as they are conftant or variable : StctnJIy, We will particularly examine their various Phtnttntna ; L0fily, We will fay lomething of their firft Origin. a. The Wmdi may be divided into cnftimt ttiJ vtri- tiU : The former are up and down always at certain Times of the Year, and in certain Parts of the World ; but the latter wary fo much, that they can be reduced to no Rule. Now fince 'tis cafier to find out the Caufe of one regular Effcit, than of many irregular •nes, let us in the firft Place treat of conftant WiW/. And here we muft take Notice, that the ff/W/ are conftant and periodical only in the wideft Seas. Now * the univerfal Ocean may moft properly be divided into Three Parts, vit.. 1 . The Jthntick and jEthii- fick Sis. a. The Inditn Octin. 3. The Great Smth St*, or the Padfiik Oieati ; and tho' thefe Seas do all communicate by the Stuth, yet as to our prefent Pur- pofe of the PtritdicMl Winds, they are fufficiently fepa- rated by the Interpofition of great Trafts oi L»nd; the Firft lying between './*f;V-» and jtmerU*; the Se- cond between A/rict and the Inditn IJlands, and HtU Undim Ntva ; and the laft between the Philippine IJIct, China, Jafiin, and UoSiindi» iJuvn on the Wtfi, and the Coaft of Americt on the Esft. Now following this nitura) Dirifion of the Seas, fo will we divide our Hiftory of the mndi Into Three Parts in the lame Order. 3. In the Atlmtick wi A:thicpick Seas between the Tropicks, there is a general B'Jlerly Wind all the Year long, without any confiderable Variation, excepting that it is fubjeft to be deflefted there from fome few Points of the Compafs towards the Kirth or Stutb, «c- Mrding to the Ft>{icion of the Place. The Obfervati' Book HI ons which have been made of thcfe Defleolion^ are thefe following. Thatnear the Coaft of AjUet, as foon as you have paf/d the Canary IJIts, you are fure to meet a frelh Gale of AT. £. Wind about the Latitude of 18 Degrees Wir.'/j, which feldom comes to the fii/f. ■ward, of the £. N. £. or palfes the W, ti. E. This Wind accompanies thofe bound to the Hiulhmard, to the Latitude of Ten NiwM, and about a Hundred Leagues from the Guinea Coaft, where, till the Fourth Degree of i^mb Latitude, they fall into the Calms and Tornadoes. 4. That thole bound to the Cariih J/ltr, find, as they approach the American fide, that the aforefaid Ntrtb'Eaft Wind becomes ftill more and more Eajlerlj, fo as Ibmetimes to be E.ijf, fometimes Eafl by Siuii, but yet moft commonly to the Nun hmard of the Eajl a Point or Two, feldom more. 'Tis likcwife obferv'd, that the Strength of thefe Winds does gradually de- creafe, as you Sail to the WtJItmrds. y. That the Limits of the conftant and variable Winds in this Ocean, are farther extended on the Asm- rican lide than the African : For whereas you meet not with this certain Wind, till after you have palTed the Latitude of Twenty Eight Degrees on this lide; on the American fide it commonly holds to Thirty, Thir- ty one, or Thirty Two Degrees of Latitude ; and this is Verified likewili: to the Stuihwards of the EquinoiH- al i for near the Cane of Gttd-htpe, the Limits of the Trade Winds are Three or I our Degrees nearer the Line, than on the Coaft of Brazili. 6. That from the Latitude of l-our Degrees Ifirtb, to the aforefaid Limits on the Scuth of the itquator, the Winds are generally and perpetually between the Stuth and Eafl, and moft commonly between the Scuth- Eaft and Eajf, oblerving always this Rule, That on the African fide they are more Stutherly, on the BrafiUan more Eagerly , ft as to become alinoft due Eaft, the little Dcileftion they have being ftill to the Sauthwrrdt. In this Part of the Ocean, the yind has been nicely obferved for a full Year together, to keep conftantly about the Stuth taji, the moft ufual Point S. E. by t. When it is Eajlerty, it generally blows hard, and 'tis gloomy, dark, and fometimes rainy Weather j if it comes to the Stuthwards, it is generally ferene, and a fmall Gale next to a Calm, but this is not very common. 7. That the Seuibn of the Year has fome fmall Ef. feft on thefe conftant Winds, for that when the Sun is confiderable to the Northwards of the /Equator, the Stuth-Eafl Winds, efpccially in the Straiglit of this Ocean ( if I may fo call it ) between BrtjlU and the Coaft of Guima, do vary a Point or Two to the Stuth- wards, and the Ktrlh-Eajl become more Eaflerh ; and on the contrary, when the Sun is towards the Tropick of Capricorn, the Stuth-EaJI irly Winds become more Eafierly, and the Nirth-Eafieriy Winds on this fide the Line vere more to the Northwards. 8. That as there is no general Rule that admits not of fome Exception, lb there is in this Ocean a Traft of Sea, wherein the Southerly and South-WeJI Winds are perpetual, tiiz. All along the Coaft of Guima, for a- bcve Five Hundred League: together, from Sierrit Ltt- n» to the Ifle of St.' Thtmas; for the Siuth-EaJ} Trade Wind having pafs'd the Line, and approaching th* Coaft of Guinea within Eighty or a Hundred Leagues, in- clines towards the Shore and becomes s. S, E. and by degrees, as you come nearer, it ver.:s about to South, S. S. W.Jl, and in with the Land Siuth-Wefi, andfomctimet Wejl Siittth-Wifi. Which Variation is better expref]^ in t'le Map hereto annexed, than it can well be in Words. Thelc are the Winds wh.'ch are ob/ervei on this Coaft when it blows true; but there are fre- quent Calms, violent fudden Gufts call'd T>nuuU\ from all Points of the Compais, and ibmetime* uo- wholefom Foggy Eajterly Winds call'd Hermit aa by the Natives, wIiicK teo often infcft the Navisacioa of tkclii Parts. 9. That .J.. ■ .■ .. • -"* . - ^^l^** ' '• ■ *' -:wi.. « . I Book llj:hap. V. o. Th«r to Of WINDS. li and variable :J on the ^mi' you meet noc ave parted the 1 this fide ; on Thirty, Thir- tude ; and this the Lquinotti- Limits of the 'reas nearer the the NtrfhimrJi of the Line, between and fometimes for fevefal Ye»r$ together there being ■■vMteiaAllMiiitUile, and between die none at all. •- -niirf^' -»-—.», _^*u«..^(,.„ |jy..;, ,^1,. ».y4f^(Qpaijoi .the oft i«h Ulll .dN. lei's ha- ail ge. cal, o« tefe enc Sea, ives th« Stly n a ttn be hir. ndi» E IS ?ur. jdes lirth 1 to the hich I ten id of Litl- indj I and B of ir as lUtk- Gulf :hers up. year, i.»K. fitljo M- ;'t '«vfcc !ife 1^ m$, (rards there which as you ind more We- fteriy, fo at to tan iii witi> ini. 4^. Winds men- tion'd before in thofe Months of the Year to be certain to the Northward of the £tjuaur. What Winds blow in thefe Seas, for the other half Year, from OOtter to jfpril, I have not (fays Mt .HtUey) yet been able to ob- tain to my full fatiiiiflion ; tor that our Navigators always return from India without iUdttafcar, and fo ire little acquainted in this Matter : 1 he Account that has been given me, is only this. That she Winds are much Eaftcrly hereabouts, aaa u often to the Undthc^ifKis to be Variable; tho' the moft ordina- ry Winds in the Northern part of the JttlantUk Ocean, come from between the Smth and H'tft. I a. As to thofe furious Storms call'd HunUanei, which arc, as 'twere, peculiar to the Qaribit Ifles, and which lo dreadfully afflift them in the Month of ^h- l»fl, or not much before or after, they do not fo pro- perly belonj; to this Place, both by realon of their unali continuance and extent, as lilcewlfe becaufe they arc B«t Anniverliiry, fome Years having mere thjui One, •.•;,v.i6i;* ,i/t—'. / .V ) ill 11 4 A Natural Ihjiury Cook 11. Cliaji 1 J., *: 1* I ..... -w .. .tfcs in tlie fame C - 5. Ill the A'lantici and ^ihiopick Seaj between tlie Tropicks, rhere is a general Eajlir.'y H^ind all the Year long, without n.y confiJerable Variation, excepting that it is tubjcct to b« ilcflcfted there from fome few Points of the Coirpafs towards the Ktrth or South, »c- Mrding to the PoUtion of the Place. The Oblervati- , ,j. ■%, . -JOUt tU 0li.'/(«, i. „. ry.-jt, ana in witlithc Land Lmth-f/efi, and fometimes mp Si/urh-fV.jl. Which V.iriatloji is better cxprelfed in the Map hereto annexed, than it can well be in Words. Thefe are the fl'ini/t which are obierveil onthisCoaft when it blows true; but there are fre- (jueat Calms, violent fudden Gufts call'd TtrnMU'f, trom all Point: of the Compafs, and Ibmetime* lui- wholefom For,gy Etjltrlj Winds call'd Htrmila/i by tli« Natives, wlu'.h cuo ofcen infeft the Navig«Uoa of tkelii Fartj. g. That wlionn ire \i*, ti foon re fure to ,jtiriiil<' "f Of WINDS. li Lit tU iUHtU, S. InJ fometimes Ittcr cxprclfeil li wcU be in lare obrerved Itheie »re fie- lll'd ToraiuiD'f, Dmetime* »ui- trnnf<« by tli« Lationoftkel* 9. That 9 Thar fo tlie hUrihimrJ, of tlie Line, latwcen Four and Ten UeK'-"^ of 1 atiruJe, ar,.l between tlic Meridiani of C^i't I'trM, and ot the LillermoO I (binds that bear that Name, there is a Tiaa ct Scj, where- in it were improper to f.iy there is any 'I'uJe-wiaJ, ■||ci f ji- it leenjs coniieinii ' ■■ al ('alms, attended with terrible Thund: or yet a va rjicru- ul Lijjlir- „in« and Rains fo frciiueiit, that our Navi;;a'is ; l.ic little Winds that ari-. be only ron« ludJen uiiteuaui (jufts, of very little (,'ontinu.incc and Icfi li'itenti In that foimtinics each Hour you lliall have a dilKerciit dali*, which dies a'Ajy into t (lalni btfoie aaotlicr Succeed, ,i,d in a Meet of Ships in lii;ht of one anollier, eatli Hull hive the Wind tmm a kveral I'oint ot the (,'oin- njls With thele wcA Itriiti Sliii'S aie oMiy'd to inake the beft of their way to the iii«;/)i»,i»-./;hipart of the Sea between Uiiint.* und Br?i./f be about I'lve hundred Leagues over ; yi.t Sinus bound to the Southward fonietimes, efpecially in ilie Months of 711// and ^«^<.y», find a yiear dilbciilry 10 oafs it. This lijppens betaule of the ii)«(/j-i',>//-W inds, it that time of the Year commonly extendini; fomc ik- crees beyond the ordinary limit of four OciJiecs Nii<-(/j Latitude; and withal tiicy cume fo much Southerly, (S to be fomctinies Uutb, Ibmetimcs a Point or two to the U'rfl: There remains then only to ply to Windward, and if on the one fiJc they (land away W- i' W- they gain the Wind ilill more and iiioreLaft- eriy ; bur there is Jaiii:cr of not wcathciiiii; tlie Burl!. //4H-Shoie, or at leal> the Shoals upon thjt CuaiV llut if upon the other Taik, they go away ES.E. they fill into the Neighbourhood of the Ooaft of (Juim*, from wliich theie is no dej'aitini! without riiiiiimj', Ealierly as far as the Iflc o, S'r. Tlmn*i, s^'liich is tlic conftani I'raHice of all the<;<(;'«/-Ships, and which ni.iy feem very ftrange without the coiifideratioii of the (ixth Keiiiark, which Ihews the realbn ot it : lor beiii}; in with the (.'oal>, the Wind blows gciieraUy at S, ;»'. and W i (I', \vith which Winds they cjiiiioc go tu the Northward for the Land, and on the oihcr lack thty can lie no nearer the Wind than i'. 6' i. or Seit:h : With thefe Cojrfcs they run off the Slime ; luit in lb doing tlijy always find the Winds tnoie and moio i on- trary ; lb that wnen near the Shore they could lie Souih, at a greater diftanccthey ca.i riake thtir Way no bel- ter tnan S. E. and afterwards £. ,;. E. wirii which Courfes they fetch commonly the (He of St. Th.-wai and Cape /.(',')fi, where finding the Winds to tlu- Lad- ward of theie«(/>, they keep ihfr. lavoinable by riiii- ning away to the Wtftward in the Santh Latitml^; of ihret or four Degrees, where the i. E. Winds aie pcr- petuaL ri. For the fake of theff general Winds, all thofe that ufc the (l\!l-Iiidij T'ade, even tliofe bound to J^rj/mu count it their beTt Courfe to get as foon as they can to the Soiitliv ards, that fothcv may be tci- t»''n of 3 fail ind f'.'i.-lhljale to run bi-Vore it to the Weftwsrds, and tor the fame reafon, thofc homeward bound finm jImcrUa, endeavour to gain the Latitude of thirty Degrees, as foo;i as poflibfe, where they firll J5nd the Winds to be variable; tho' the moft ordina- ry Winds in the Northern pait of the ^daml.k Ocean, come frcm between the Sauih and H'r//. II. As to thofe furious Storms call'd Hufricnnet, which .ire, as 'twere, peculiar to the Coritiit llles, and which lb jicadfully atliiil them in the Month of w«- gufi, or r.o' much before or after, they do not lb pro- perly belong to this Place, both by reafon of their fmall continuance and extent, as likewife becaufe they are not Anaiverfary, fomc Years having inure tbjui One, an.l fumctimes fur Tcveral Yetri together there bc!n|{ nune at all. I]. What is here faid, it to be underllood of the S'ea-WiiiJs at fume diOance from the Land ; for upon and near the Shout, the Land and j^ca-Ori/iesarealmnll cveiy wheie lenlible ; and the great variety wyth happens In the r I'eiiods, lorcc and Uiicttion, Iioni the Situaton of the Mou.uaiii], Valleys and Woods, and from tli:: various Texture of tlie Soil, more or lets capable of retaining and lelleCting Ifear, and of exha- ling or condenluig V'apuuis, it luch, that it were ait enulcfsTask to endtavo.ir t tlie Native* tall it) areieitainly vei> li.,id to ilelcimiiic; but th« Diligence I have us'd (li>s S\i lUHj) to be rightly iiilbiin'il, and the (.'ale I liave taken therein, lias 'n a guat incalurr luinuiuiucd that I'lll.culty, and I ar.f jicifuaded that tiie following Paiti^ulais may be iciy'd upon. I ?. T hat between tiie Latitudes of Ten and Thir- ty iXg.LCS ioul'n, between M,i.h-_.iJ\.ir and HiiHimtiin t.'fj.t, tlic jeneral 1 radi-Wind a. .'..r the A' E by E n fuund to blo^vall the^car long to all Intents and I'ur- puks after the fame manner as in tlic lame Latitudes Ml the Latitude, of thiee and ten Degiees, being near the Meridian of tiie N«r>/j-end of hUiUr^ifiar, and between two and twelve Stuth-Liii- tuJc, being near iuww;)« and Vdvj, tho contrary Wind.s lioni the AT. W. or between the hltrth and t1^,jl let in and bl(nv for half the Year, i,.^. from tiie beginning of Di.^iiikr till Mt), and tins Mmjjsn is obfetv'd as far as tile A/,i.'«..j-lllc», of which more anon. !■■. '1 liat to tl;e Nortliward of three Degrees Sautti- L.ititude ovtrthe whole /Ir.ibmn or /wrf/on-Sca and (i' 'f of BitifiiU, fioin Suwatra to the Coalt of ^JiUi, there is another A/ii;/i»«, blowing from O.tetir to jfpril up- on the W6r//'-£j/? Points ; l.ut in the other half Year, fiom ^tpril tit utltlrr, upon tlie oppolite Points of S. W, and IV. a. IV. and that \siih r.'.ther more force than the other, accompany'd With dark rainy Weather, where- as the M £■ blows clear. 'Lis likewife to te noted, tiiatthe Winds are not lb conftant, either in S'trength or Point, in the Cjulf of BitirnU, as they are in the /«- J/a«-Sea, where a certain and iK-dJy Gale fcarce ever fails, ''i is alio remarkable, that the 5. fK. Winds in ilicfe Seas, aie generally 11. ore Southerly on the jflfi- (.1)1 liiic, more VS'ellerly on tlie Indian. 1 8. 1 liat as an Apixiidix to the laft defcrib'd Jft«- jtm, there is 1 Trait oi Sea to the Southwards of the yEqumur, fubjeit to the fame Clianges of the Winds, wi. ncarthey^.f««-Coaft,tet\vecn ii and the iflandA/a- dafajijr or Sr. Laurttict, and from thence Northwards asVar as the Line; wherein from Jpril to Oclibir there is found a conifant ficfti S.S (V Wind, which as you go more Northerly, becomes ftill more and more We- Iferly, fo as to fall in witii the fV i'. fK Winds men- tion'd before in riiofe Months of the Year to be certain to the Northward of the Ml 1 m i.i'i A Natural Hiflory Book >'.v.'0 01 the true £ii/J as to the Southwards thereof. 19. Th.ir to tlie liaftwatdof Sum.i/r/i .ii;d WiJ/ Latitudes, to the Southward thereof .' 6. Why, in the Seas of Chna there Ihould be fo great an In- clination from the Eaft to the North more than elfe- where ? ire. 16. Among the conftant Winds, we may reckon fuch as blow at certain times in fome particular Coun- tries. In Cret.e, Italy and the Parts thereabout, " Eight '"'"' " Days (fays Pliny) before the rifmg of the Dtg-ftar, "' ' " there blow North-EaJI Winds, which they call />r»- " ilronii. And two Days after 'tis iifen, the fame Winds " (but then call'd Eteji fets, and Winter begins, about the i'lld of " the ld:t of Nivcmkr. Now the Nortb-K^ Wind " blows :ha bill Voiige f«i: k l» mer du 3uJ, ca i:3(. ?i. R^^■9«e»a dl Lullrn. Book 11 very beft of :c iio danger c thought it China, to go o( iited-lltf< . :iJii.k-Sti at i dc chores ire . (K. blow;, I (laii"ctous i ut wiien the but juft be- i ii there had lie jltUnilA- iiJ has lain, the Shore, is is free from ;h ; whereas y I'mooth on -Sea. Winds, are '7.. about the lilies ; for the iillia'i, always iftttt, blowing ill up CO the 'Jsfi», before their Courfc crs that Uave ave found the he fame Lati- itlicr Analogy tiie Authitfiek, hey are always near the Shores ntain'd feveral eration of our :' the conftancy It thereof, near oncern'd. The hclc Winds are i and /Etbitfiik, w the Latitudes lid Winds ex- thc Latitudes . conftant Smth lad of Gwn<#? fiKM-Occan the lice with thofe le in the other polite Points; m follows the Js about S. £. ? Ids it Ihnuld be the ^cjtMtr it Eifi; and in )fr 6. Why, , great an In- [ore (tun clfe- le may reckon Irticuur Coun- \bout," Eight [J'^; If the Dtg-fior, I they call Pr»' lie fame Winds lig as before ; Iteru'ards thek« lig of Ar Burnt, \umnal tqmutx. ly u) lets in. Is reckon'd »- lellation call'd it the nid of ^(i^.f-^J» Wind " blows :ha]'>. V- Of WIND. liii blows ag ill, but very unlike that l-efore. Then " (l-iys PUr f, Lut ffrroncoiillyy a^ven O.'ys licfore, nnd " ,is niJ:iy afn r tlit. Winter SilJI'c; tiie Scj is c.ilm, to " fivoui rlie li.Hclii.'.g of rhc llnhyom; wlic-iicc they .ii'« " callM //.i/.)"" l^iy^ i till; ret aic U'iiWLilike. Uut Wi; iniy oLilcii'e tlrv dilF..-r?iKe lictwcci t'lc conOiiit WLids ' y Sea aiul Uvul. rli.it tho'L- 1-y S.-.i arc much niorc.ii.iltiiir rli.1.1 thr'll- by I.am!, a'lj {Veer (nay, in fonic I'lJCe-. alw.iy, f.wc) tinm Stoiill'i. ;t. A.f.'i'tlie I'.ir.iyj Wi ;Js, they arc felt mol> by I an J, ami in I'lich pa, t. o( tlic Sea as arc witlunir the lnnirs ot'ilieoonna.Tt Win.ls to tin- ,\'.,//janJ iciitl.', viz.. in t!ie col.'.eip:iit. cl't.'icO'.ca.i, ,: ri .lil over if. onrmofl )!.!>«, til.' jiiii-ii'jl (ifwiiicli are ilic Mi,i::trra..-,yn and B.i.'.'.Vi. • ; J iie An.icnfs (lays I'liiy) maae but lour '• Wimb, according to rlio To,;!' Cmlinal Foints, " (rliertluic ;/?i«ii- iiKM;tions no more ; ) tliis was " ii.:i(l;ly In.ik'J 0.1 a. 100 jjrcils a Divillcn. rli>: fol- " liv '!•■;:, A;;c aJiled r.i;',lir more to ihis Nnmbei ; " \v!ii Ii wii t!ioui;lir ti).') niinnre aiiJ nice a SuL-Ji- " s. ■.'..:.<. An;l theiclbrc tl;i.y rciluc'd tins !jit Nuni!'er " to I !-iir, taking every oriier, cr niiii>llc VV iiul, and " a.lJini; them to the<.!ii Account. Met our Sailers, w'n) ai- far biyo.ui t!'e Ancie.irs for t'.t:. Skill in f;,!Vi[;ition, have lilv.J. d tlic Kori/on .:." ,2 equal put-, aJJiiig :3 to t!ie four Caidinal \\ inJ> ; a tinng CA-etJing ni'eful in Navij;,ition, but of no great con- cein in Narural I'liilulbphy, except it 1/ to give us a lii:it tiiat the Wind How. Irom all parisot Hc.iven. ;y. Of VailableVV inds.romc are conimoii to all Coun- rrii',, otln rs are more peculiar 10 lomc particularl'arts. Of this la'ter fort, tlie moH: famous are the Hurricanes ; wliicli cliielly int'efl the Cai-ioU Illes, but are not An- niverlaiy, nor equally frequent. Their 1 ury is lb great, rhat they throw down all before them, tear up 'lices, oveiiurn lloufes, rols Ships prodigioully, and blow about things of vail weight, '1 hey are not even, CO itinn'd U inds ; but Mow in Gufts, whicii fuJdenly tonic and go ; neither do they extend very wide, bi c aie Ibmetimes conlin'd to a narrow toinpals, and at other times rake a larger Hope. As for their duration, it is but for a few Days, and lomctiniesonly a few Hours. '1 hey are more rinimonin ^)iic>u,i than. my where ell'e; but set E'lropanii Afi* are not altogether without thein ; as .4'pi.ai > from llillorics and Travels. ', ,. It iiiay be oM'erv'd of all Winds, wheflier con- ftant or variable, Thar Ibine are drying, others are moilT ; Ibiiie gather Clouds, (Jtliers dil'perle them ; fonie are warm, others told. But tlitir Inlhience is r.ot one and the fame in all Places: 1 or fnchU'inJ;, as are cold in one (.'ountry, are warm in another; Tiioli: which l.'rywithus, are Wet inotliei Natio.is ; & viit vcr:ii\ of which we will give fome Fnflances hereafter. 11. J'hefe ?r\. 'lie principal l'i.'.enomc>i.tro leobl(;rv'd in Winds; for to fxaminc every thing liclonging to this Sii' je';, would bethe Workof J large \'oliiine. lielldes, no .U-alons can be given for levcr.1l things, before the Ti. hof them is better alceitain'd. Wherefore we (hall at preleiu conli.ie ouifelvesto account for the I'remifcs only, heginniiig with the Caufes of conftant Winds. "' ]i. ' \V ind is mofVpro|>erly dcfiifd to be the Streain '" " or Current of the Air; and where liich a Current is perpetual and fix'd in its(.'ourle, 'tis nccellary tliat it priKced fioni a permanent unintcrniittingCaufe.Where- tiire I'l'iiic have been incliiiM to propofe the diurnal Kot.itio.r of the Larth upon the Aki;, by whicli, as the Globe turns liaftwards, the loole .\nd fluid Particles of the Air, being fo exceeding light as they be, are left behind ; fo that in refpeit: of the Tartli's Suif.ice, they move Welhvaid, and become a tonftaiit I-aflerlv Wind. This Opinion feeins conlirmM, for rhat thele Winds are fo.ind only near the t^/z/j/si/.j/, in rliole Parallels of I a:it iJe where the Dinrnal Motion is fwiftell. And ue lliotild rculily allent to ir, if the conllant Calinsinilie /i.'/.ri/.it-Sca near the /ZJ.fa.i.-cr ; th« VV'tller- ly W'indsnear the Coaft ofG.TD.j ; and the Periodical \\ tfterly Mevjavis under the Ai-juaKr in tl'.e /H.y/iiii-Seas, did not declare the infdPlciency of iha; Hypoiliefis. Brlldr-,, the Air being kept to i ,1 Lai'li ly tlie piincl- ple ol'diaviiy, would lequir. the fi'iie dri;rce of Ve. locity th.'.r tl:e larth',. ^^nrfioe mnvei ■vir,,, ,1. 'veil 111 relpecl uf the diurnal Ror.i.'/."/, as ot th" -S'lnual sboLt the Sun, svhicli is about thiiiy lime ,:;'.■.-. Ji. It remains tlierefjre tr. .'. ' ..',;'.e ,\mvi other C.-.iie, capable or" piodnciiv^ a 1 . co.il>ri: r(!(;''l, i.oc li.u''e to the fmie O'jjeihons, bur •(^;u..;. .'. to the kiv.'wri Proper: If s of the riemeiits ot' Air a.J Wa.cr, a.i.l the l.a.v, of the Motion I'f 1 I lid 111 its. Sucli « oi.e i ,' I con.eive, thcAUii'ii of th S ;:i-)C. ins upon the Air and Water, as he pan. e.;iy 1,'Myover the O.ejiis, ton.i.lerd togetliei with the ,\arcre of the Soil, and Situaiiin of the aujo)ni.ig Co irinei.ts : I fiy rhereforc, y.'rf!. '] hat accordi.ig to tne '.iv.s of .s'.'.t.';V«.', ilie .Air^is lei's rarify'd or expamled by i'jar, and con- /•■ " Icqueiuly mine ponderou', iiuill- ii.i\-.- a 'tot,)n to- waids thufe Parrs thereof, wi;ic!i are inoic rariiicd, and lels ponderous, to bring ir to ji .i'i.',i(, i'hat the pid'ence of the Sun conti- iiiKilly lliifting to the WtrtwoiJs, rhat part tosvard whicli the Air teiu's, by reaibn of tlie Karcfacti- 0:1 made by his greatcA MirUii,in llcat. is witii him c. Ocean, the p.nts impel one the other, and fo kee(> moving till tlie nest return of the Sun, whereby fo much of the Motion as wa . loft, is agiin re- flor'd , and thus xhtWtjh-y'.y \\ ind is liade perpetual. 3+. from the fame Principle it ftdlows, that this Faflerly Wind llionld.on the ,Vjif/.i !"ule of the A-'.-iuattr, be to the Nortluvards of the i'.r//, iiid in 6i;/(f/>Lati- tudes, to the Southward thereof; for near the Lin7 again. And it is undoubtedly from the fame Piinciple, that to the Sua//;, w.in/j of the /l-.quator, in part of the /vrt;:l(;j a .iour/j Wind, wliich P'iny oblcrves to fucceed tlie i;ri-//j' about the Autumnal iiEquinox. 4j. After this the Stream turns agaira thro' an o. verch.Trge of Air and N'apours croud^i u;' in the Korth Parts, which produces a ;.' IV. by N. Wi'iJ. This Stream, as Pliny lays, ccntiiiues all the yliitumti- and then through the Winter Scalbn, we have \WtIi- Eiijl Winds from S'ova 'Icmi.la, and tlie Nurihcm I'ai ts ot Mufto\y. Thel'e Winds coming over vaft Trarts of Land, cover'd with Snow and Ice, arc extream CoKl ; and tliey blow in this Sealbn, bccauli the Air on the left Hand, with refpe6> to the North, being cxha;,ft(.d, the Stream muft needs flow from that Part, where the CoKl is greatcft, and the Air thickeft But a N, W by N, Wind preceeds the N. E. becaule it comes frcni that Quarter, where there are very wide Seas, over which It finds a fmootlier Paffage, than over the uneven Trads of Land, which lie direiHy between us and rhe ^'. E. 44. And this is the Realbn, why the Winds are more regular and conftanr by Sea than by Land. I or the fmootli Surface of the VVatcr has norhing to re- tard their Current, or turn tlieni out of their way ; but by Land they meet with Mountains, Valleys, Woods, and other Obftacles, whereby they are re- tarded, and turn'd allde. Befidcs, the V^apours whicli rife out of the Sea, are nearly cpjal ; wherca-^ 1. "n from Land are more or lefs, accoiding as tlie » inoi fcrves, by which means the Stream of the Air may '•(! variov 'y altered. 4?. Irom the lame Caufe it is, that the Winds by Land vary lb much ; concerning which we cannot be nicely exaif, uni'^fs we knew how to defcribe tlie Si- tuation and Naturf of all Cjuntreys j which cannot be done, fince they were never yet fufficiently known. We muft be latisfied W'th this general hint, that the Mount.iiiis and Woods, the Heat and Cold, the Moi- fture or Drynefs of Cnuntreys create I'ucli eiulkTs vari- etiesin then, asCuonotbe reduced toany certain Rules. 46. If the caufes of Temjjefts and Hurricanes be demanded, they are hardly to be accounted for in all Particulars. However it may in rhe firft place be no- ted, that the ratio of all Liquids is much the fame, and therefore an extraordinary Motion may be ex';ited in the Air, by the fame way as it is in ti-.;. Water. Nosr if Water fall from a high Place, or if there be a Con- fluence of I'cveral Streams toge. her, this gives it a vio- lent Motion, and caufes ma ly Whirlings and Lddies in it. i his is apparent in the Torrents falling down from Rocks, and the Confliences of Rivers. Ifthere- fure Ibmethiiig Analogous to this may happen in the Air, tliere muft needs be fu.ious Tempelts of Wind rais'd in it. And fuch a Thing may happer,, if an ex- traordinary quantity of Vapoui; be dris-en by the Wind upon a certain place, which they cannot eafily get over by Realbn of Mountains or contrary Winds wliich oppofe tliem. I'or Lxample, fup; ole a Wind from Ibnu- Point between Kirth and f.aji , carry a vaft Collection of Vapours out ot /.'rii.a into the Caribht Illes ; this Wind lights upon the Continent of ^fwin- i.i ; no>v 'tis pndil.k', that nor only the Mountains and Woods ot Pa::.niia may rellft the Current of this Wind, and croud the \'apours togetlier tlicre ; but a contrary Wind from a Point betwedn Sou-i' and ll'ejl, may blow at the lame I ime on the il',JI,rn Shore of Atmrna, whicii thall force the Vapouis back again. When 3ook Il|4hap. V. Of WIND. Iv When fiich a rcncountsr lappens, there muft l.e ;i wild Upro.ir in tlie Air abn Jt the Cariiie liles, and in all that Trail bcrween Souii and l}i)rth-^viirica, and the Vapours in this circular Motion, muft needs be furious on all lldes, julV as it is in Water. I or we lie at the Confluence of two Rivers, if their CuriCiits be rjpid at the place where they fall in, they tauli: vio- lent Tddics, 'shich whirlabout 1 hings that are taft into them, (wallowing them for a 'lime, and then throv»i;i;; them up .\gxu\. ^~. '1 his Ihews us the Iteafon, why heavy Bodies are often tofl in the Air by the whirliiijjs of Hurri- canes, and then dalht to the d round again. I'or the Air lieiny in a circular Motion is with great lury toft b.icliwards >n.l forwards between the (jiound and the (;iouJs. 1 or as rlic Waters of the rowling Sea don't run to the Sho-i', in an even Stream, hut in fuch W.vcsas dalh by fts and turns; fo the Courfc of a violent W iiid is in broken and dillinft Ulalls; — Ui utijil impcllitiir lithl.t, (fi-7/tiirijiie ci.Yi'W vetiicnti-, w^^el'jut priorcm. junftion with tlie Vapours of our own Region, fill the Air On the oi her fide, thole Winds make fair Wea- ther, which bring little \'apour along withihem, and bear away tl .it which hangs over us. 5 j. W njs are warm or cold, as the Couiitreys are from whence they blow. And therefore when a brisk W ind blows from a cold Quaiter, it .illjvs the heat of Summer, which is very tirclcme in (t.ll Weather. 1 bus a ijuick Uljft of a pair of liellows will put out a Mame, which a gentle Blowing incrc.ifes, lor the quick lilafl iliives all the llanic to one (Ide, where, ex- cept it find extraordinary Store of Aliment, it is fti- iltd by the force of the incumbent Air: Uut a g»ntle Wind augments the Motion of the Mameevciy way, and inakt.s it ll-i/.e on more Parts of the I'ewel. ?4. Now bccaufe all the heat or cold of Wind, pro- ceeds from the heat or cold of the Countrey whence it blows ; therefore the lime Winds are not or cohi eve- ly where. Beyond the Line, they are juft the icverlb of what they are witli us. Their cold Winds are from theio«;,'>, as ours arelrom the Kutli. And a^ourij/i.-i- ^Si. Such I'cnipefts doa t extend very far, ( rho' their VVindsare warm, ior no other Iftalbn but bccauli: they vuuls arc uncertain) ! eciufi: as the Neighbouring bring us an Air heated by the Sun, for tl:e very fame •Lb 1 ! '.47. Bo ..... Air gives w.iy to thtni, they Ipciid theml'elves in the picgiclV of their Motion Thus when a great Stone IS call into the Water, we fee a great Agitation round aloiit tlie place wher:- '"■ fell ; bur rhe more the Waves retire from the Center of Motion, the (lower and lels fenfible they grow And as fuch Motions don't hft long in the Water, no more do they la the An, tor the l.ime Reafon. 49. Though there may be uiuifual Storms of Wind any where, when the Air and \'apour.^ are driven to- gctlier thereabout by contrary Winds; yet they are more frequent about the Cariiht KleS; e(pecially when the Sun is verticil there, in ;/«hi and ^ngujl; for their Air leiiiiJ rarided by the Sun's heat, the u("ual Winds bniig thither J vaft quantity of Air and Vapours, which being crouded together in the (jnlf of jltmrica, caufe 1 great /^(Tuation about the nei hbouiing Kles. When the Sun is v.i this llde the /tqjator, as we ('aid before, the Air is nore rarilied thereabout, and it may ("0 lup- tien, that the i'. 5 £. Wind, which conftanrly blows leyond the. Line, may fometimes rranlgrefs its Limits, and bring the Vapours of the .-Ethiopiik Sea to the fame place, where tholeof the Ailantick are already gathcr'd ; wh::!, being kept in by the Shores of ^mcrmi, illuftne- ced'arily '-e driven about the Carihhc llles. 50. Thei"- are plaufible ConjeUures, but they can- not be aflirm",' for certain Truths, till weaie ali'iii'd by good Obl'erva.'ons, that at the Time of the Hur- ricanes, tiiere is a Cincoutfe of all the Winds from the adjacent Seas, abo,;t the CanWt llles; which is an Obfervation not cadly made. 51. To come now to the common Ph^nomtna of Winds, I. The dry ones fcem to h'; fuch as carry few Vapours along with them and thr.refore lick off the inoift Particles from Bodies o're which they pafs. Thus ir Hal/ana the Nfrth ii\d Eaji V/iiul with the inter- mediate Points, are drying: Bccaufc the cold Northern Sea jiclds but few Vapours, in Comparilbn of tliole which come from warmer Parts of the Ocean : And from thence towards the E.ifl arc Vaft Trafts of Land, where the heat at Midfummir is but very fmall. Hut the other Winds, efpecially tiie U'efterly are moift, beraufe they ilFue fiom warm and lapoio^s Parts. TUcH'ijUrn Ocean (eldom fails to fend us rainy Winds. However this Property varies accordi/ig to the various Situation of Countreys. 'Pliny lays, that in ^Jiita the South ll'.nd Horns :U'»', aiij the'K. L // cku,iy ; bec.'.ulir the diy Uelt-rtot yi/riia don't emit \'apoi,is enough to pro- duce any conlidviable Rain.i; wherja» t\\t SUtlittmtnf «n, which lies tu the N. E of ^pim, yields Vapours in treat abundance. .M'!,l».l. INSUL/T. BUITANIC/E. LdFer jni UIA CUROP.I-A. or illSP ANI A, or SPAIN CELTlnriUA Divided into CCadera. Caiiix. Cflaml$ icf (l/"Allrtlia,^Vindi^cllnlar,:k,;/■l•l•,y/ of Corinthia,Carniola and Croatia. I Interior. Bofina, SJavonia, and Ji art d/ Hungary. r G A L L I A C I S A L P I N A wat the North Fart of Italy, which hat fnce lorn the S'aine o/"Lonibaidy. Inliibria. 7V.v prefent Mllanefe, &{. Liguria. The Genouefe. Ktriiria and Tnl'cia. Tiifcatiy, ', Unibria. The greatrj} P.iri of the State ,f thi Church, Pi;cni:in. The Marej-iifatc of Ancona. Latiuni. T/'f Camp.tc^na di lim^a. S.ii.inium. /ihiizto. Campania. Lavaro. Apulia. Capitania, &c. Calabria. Otranto. Lucania. Ba:7liea:e. V.Mayiia Grxcia. The frcfent Calabi'ia. Iflandsonic\'^.''^'l'^'^■■^''^"'■'"••'"■'''• Coarts. -^^^'J'"" ( Corlica. S A R M A T I A E U R O P .-V, A, .or.taind fo much or Poland as \y,i kyond the R , Wcifel, avd C, mueh tfVfn?- co\ y .' ~.j,r M.irae. nT«. C.ciit.V!:- Seine eu t,':< >Jtli, m./ ih: Uldy, liiilJiM, ^/.'i' Ctumrry ; rtH./ Occ.in. iuicniie. JO), D4t:if!.':>ir, Anuli, Frilif, s, "Cjtri, Si. .• c^.,i!!), j:, and Civarij, atiii Croatia. m:t Itrn tl:c GEOGRAPHY, OR, A Of all the Known Parts of the EARTH. an J, v'l: I-. «/ '.Tiirco- of Mufcc- V A V I A. in.) I 4 :n' sew DI X A VIA. rr,.- N'cr\v,,\-, ,■,„„■/■ -.■ r.u: ^/runl'.n, ,;.•; ,'•,.• i;,. ■!%■ f."..i re:;>:i,.r::. ( 1 Ai n i; 1 r A r M i k s o x f. s ;; ;,. .v n- - ,';,.■/:• :,■,>,■■ ;,'•. j\- -.i.,!".! i ,t\\ rh ui. i A VVAC.A V iitiisoxrsL :•;, ,r.vf i;(;si'ji()Ru.s (.i.mi.h hi us, ., v.. ">.• i .iiraiy. J .\ '/. V (.; '; S. HWc n PA'p!i cf Sm:ut'i.\. J A / Y C; n S ,M !■; T a \ a S T r , a^! ,■/•.■ Xortli.. n P./-r .,'" I Imic;nry ;..m-,-, v ^Tor.iv;,! o:j r!. lilvanij ai tic Laft : Iri^m tl:c I,«i.t:c:-.- i;,' I'l.l.iml, Id lb; I'roiiUr, i/' ■..-.ir /'.'v.- 1/ 1 lijiii;.uy, wh Da CI A, /.ly c« r/v Norrli/.i.' p/'.'/'l D.i:;v.Ih', hj.I .oi:/^ ih.i:.icii rh: pi-i''.ti; J'unlilv.uua, VV..I J",l () U S I A, n>/fj tkff.tr*^ diiiiiff,' Hf ifri South /./c of i S.iperior, TIr I'r.f.tii- SVivli- ibc Danube, vf.Ub wis Hividiii iito i iLttfior, B'i.'.yi-:.t and fl,>'?>,i»/.». ILLY K IC U AT, „•,.; :/:.• Coj'? i/ (Ac' A.lii.it'ck / V Liliiinii:i, .■■ ;., :' u; AI('i!.k!ua. .u,i, ii'/..i/; 1',' ij rf. ;..i'i.i .■';;/ii i^ iJ.iiir..'ti.i, li ,...,.' j:^./ k.i.i li. f.ji/.: T IJ K AC 1 A, iiM/ ihc f.ivic with t!.;- pref.nt Roin.igiii.i. ( Hfi;.\s \v! Cr.v.;.-, r.ri-ria. '^M.itfddiii.i. yililr'.is .1,7 Alb.iiii.i. CPtlcpoiitlus, ei- ti..- 1 -if.!!! Moica. ISLANDS III lie Iciiijii S-K, too iiuiiiy to ctiun'Cf.iu ,'ii .'/.;/ I'!.i.c. lii.fi;!^ e'r,'. . Cii.n W'cP., ,in.i T . ' ',. ha:i: l',i..' :. ... G R /li C I A, re/is di--:*:.l in!} ASIA. ./„, j\ig,-i,r„ jCoiitj.iicd iimxy S.i:iiiiis iiuH Kitigiioms, wl.,\!i me l.i-je fl:\:f::i ht t:ir } tf.r:-':.\>i cf t'-.u Ciiiiiny JATOLIA. 1 f/.-^' /-.iCU'.H^ llyrk. h fi Ctuiiti)! w: htivf ti!J .'« th; ll'e-k. ASIA Mlnov ( N ( C.ini.ipcn.i. ■J c V 1) I A l("ucl<)" «'"' Limits o^ i ( li.itaiiA.i. ) P H O t N 1 C I A \S.inuiu. / P A L n S T I N A.< r J'"!'""""' /-r/..,/, alfo m ha- . ;t.„.„ th.-rr /.Iiu!.ta. \ V. Iduni.va. J (, Pcriia 7 ARABIA. .;,' Dclcrta. \-ni f,imi. iVixVix. S SC YTIIIA. SARMATIA ASIATIC A COLCHIS. IBERIA ALBANIA. A R M L N I A, ASSYRIA. MESOPOTAMIA CrcHt Tiirtnry. Cirinfs and Z'lgiVhiiy, H."/fi-lij. 5 Iv'tritia. C Ceoyja. Tiii-coniaiii*. Di.irkcK CurJ.-Jljti, CHALDEA. ic/ BABYLONIA, r.r.uk. PERSIA. T''^- ^iiti"i^ Priviiicti, whereof tin fit firth in iht ff^tik. S Intra Cinjjrri. INDIA. 7Extia Gani;cm. Tapioli.ina /w/. C<->.Vii/. Auiea Cheifonefus. Tl'f Peninfuia of Malacca. S E R I C A. C.Ul.:,y. S I N i'E. China, little hii-xu to tin Ancinit!, t "^ /ri.r y>\ .;-et oiC./ti./y. But a little to palliate e, tlie I'oL'tical Part is t.ikeii away by otiiei «., and ■J Sloiy told, 'lliat one yljlir.'u a ('.■ 'jn Captain, nia- ' ', \\ ar well the Plitiiiii.iiis, carried away this cliaini- ;' I'liiicifs and I'ail'd with litr in a ''hi]' i all'd 7'.'..- /J«// t ...', wlme lie married licr, and had liiue A//»»/and '.: .0.1 ,i«'. ■■•;;, whom tlic Piicts make two ol'llieJudj;es . I i. II. 'I'lii-. Rare is l\ i lifh'i i.ms )ud|',ed to Ii.ne liap- r '.'w a' I'lK tlie \ car ot'tlie \'i Olid :fi6j. in thetiiueol" ■ ■. j;.ik'; oK/''.. / i.uL wlitil. ■; i.'iii la.iy, orp.iij otlicr particular Perfoii, or whether the fniall Province of Th.icc, callJ Ennf.r, gave Name to this part of the World, wenuiO co'itliulc with ll.roiijuit, is utterly unknown. l!ut whencefocver the Name was deiiv'd, it wascill'd fl.i'o/i.iby the Ri)i:iiii!, ana at tliis time f Europa by the l'a!,,v:! and ^p.iu:iV:is, r Europe \>y the P;, f!ie i:-r:'i:: or B.'.i.i!: .s';«. and tile P.i'.ui Mx- (i.';V, orSra of /.jl.iCf';i. and thenceiiya I. ins drav/n I'lom the River V'.iv.i 1 or Dm.', to the River t)', in '■! if. iKj, a:ij on the \\ ell- it is bniii. l.d by the .-? /.i/..'.. (• O.r.i/i. Hur:;'! is featsdl.e:v.ii.uthe j^thaiid 7; L\i;reesori a. S,^-;i - m\ ;.ri ^ E V R 0 P E. \VM i>ii'.-, aiiJ btrvVi";!! rlic UtliinJ lo 'Ii Decrees of I oii. i;r,.ilr, rvcl;o:-.in); tlic tiii! M-jirJi.m to | .:!'. tliioii;;li til;; llluiil ot'7' H. •.;! ; anJ in;it.iiiis ii! '.Mtuiili Fiom tiic Kn-//' dn- t.) r.i»,- A/ '(TMn ill the Mtrci, j! out ; j Milr,: A.uliil Ici i;tlitViijii C.^p,- H! r.in:i:: in tilt Wei}, to rlic MuJtli i)F ih; I'.iVer O V in the liall juout 5 ..0 Altlio" f:'/.vff Ir tli; If.il} (if tlic four Parts of the Vi crIJ it i> l;ow'i I'l-r iiioic toiiliJeial'le th.m .my of thiiii ; I'i-iii.; nu;. !i to 1 c piefci i\l for tlic Mililncfi of the Air, tlie I eitiliry of tlic S'l;! tlnouyh nit, tlie ni.iiiy K.iv!^,illi- I'liv..'!';, ihr r.ie^t I'lenry vi (,'iirn, Cittcl, Wiiit aiii! Oyl,3i,,l .'li 1 ln;i!;s iiecellai y.not only foi Sii- ftcn.iiicc . I'lir evc.i tcr the Luxury of I limiaii Life ; but tfi>eci.:ny fi'i'the IK-niiry, Srrcni;th, (.'ourajje, Inf;cmji. ty niiJ W'ifi' :n of its liih.ihir.inr* ; the l-.xcclleiuy of their (.'ovenimenr', t'lc I (");'iry ofthclr Laws, the liee- il'im of theirSllbil■C^s, and which fuipallcs all, the San- itiry of their ndigicii. fivv.-jV vry, I'eOjik-il .ifrcr the llooJ, ai is generally believ'il, L'y the l'ol><:iity ot [Upl.-:t, who came from tile Itfk-r^'f.'iovi-r the li.U.j'i'inil inroG-.-:-;'. 'I'lin'otlicrs fiy, that th.).e of i/i'w, pilling by l.aiuilicTwixt the C.il]''.v:-S..i .!:kI the i'j/;;/ .v,'."~vC- Wliether oi'tholl- rwoOpinioiis bcmol} to bo cieJircii, wc liiiow nor: Hut be that as it will, Act-.',-.' I.atli for iiuny Ai^es been c\"eeiliiig Populous, a 111 her Inha'jitanrs Illuflrioiis tor their Courage, W'if- d:i!M aiul N'eiriie; by wincli tlity ConquirM the (•rcat- cil;ait of ,-/'/.! an J W'.'.V.i, ami niaJethorc I'aits ful>|ect to the two l-nipires of Or.Ci'a'i! /;,»;,-, Ami in tl.di: latter Ayes, aliiioA one half of the 1-arth fh.-,t was for- merly iiiiknowii, hath been ililccvciM by Enmp.ans, ami [iOlTl-lleil I v the Coloniei, thev have U r.r thitliei 111.; CIIRISI I AN KM.If;i()\ is j.iofeft tliiouijlK'Ut all t'.vri)/)!-, except that I'arti.f it policMJ bv the 1 liks. Put by rcalb.i of the Innovations iiiaJe by the (Jiiirch ot Ruinc, the W'eftcni Church is divi- ileil ; /'j.'j, ii.i.i;, F'-iiiif, part of Gtfw.iH)', aiij the Nf- lUiliiiJ.!, with /'D.'.iH.y, ftill following the IJortrine of the Ohurcli of «fw;.', whereas EiiglituJ, Scs^UiiJ, Irclan.i, i).»;'..i)it, i'mcuw, iSji-it'.i) 1 great part of Gcrm.viy, the r.' /; ./ P,-:viiic:.', !>ii\-prf,vJ, &c. have en braced the l\'c.liinia!:ioii, andprotefs thePiotel^aiit Kclijion. And in A/../io-. )•, loine parts of I'il.iii J, in fC.iAii A,.i, Mnlti.i- a'/rt, Ptdol:.', / o/'.'.h/:!, and Ci-ecif, the Doihiiic of the Laftern or (jreek (Church is lollow'd. for I e.u'ninj; and Arts the Eriropciin have been nioft rchovvifd : All the Scholallick Sciences they have brouuht to a much greater Peifeft-ioii than either Wfia- t:,i- or .fi.'i.vii ever did : And the Invention and Im- piovvnitiit of many ulcful and iiiienious Aits, pai ti- tular') Navii;ario/i, is wholly osving to the (j'eniiis and Im'niliy of il;e Inhabitants of this part of the World. ■J he l-an[;i;aj;es of /;(V(i;ii' arc many, but are all de- liv'd from thefe llx Original ones, viz. The Creek, J.,u,'ti, TiUto^iiA or 0'..l U'n/.,i», Ctltnl:, Cmhitk and Sela- '^miil:; dilxreiit Dialcth whficof,witli accidental Adili- tions, bcini; ilie Languages ot all tiie conllderable Parts vf [Uiei'pr, except 7.1/ .'.07 and I ml:). 'Ilie (lOVernnieiits of Kiiiu/ie are m.irtly Monarcliical, but exceedingly more ealie and gentle than tlioleof W/fj and yi''ierour or CVar 01 M^f.oxy. i he (iraiid Seigneur or linperour ot llic 7';i/it/. ■| lie Queen n( Great Brim.n. 'I lie W\ \i\ I i 6/1,1/w. The King of r„rtu^M. ", ''c Kill;.; <'f Swcl.ti. '1 lie Kill, , 1 1 i')eii>ii.:r:. "he K 1114 of I'ol.iu.i. 'I he Ki ig of lliiur.try. The Pope. The King of PruJJia. Six Repuldicks, viz. 1. The State of ;',n;V/. 1. 7-j,g States Ocr.cral of the UiiiicJ >leihirUu,ii ; 3. The Can- tuns of S,r:(i:rl,i>i.i ; .^, The Grifoui ; K . The Hepub- liik ot (;.«.i,r. And rt. The Kepublick of /..„,-i Iheie are bciides rdefe, no lefs than Joo Subaltern Sovereign Princes in G rm.ii,), Itjh. &c . who tho they a-e Tributaries or 1 coliles to the Lmpeiour, or fome other Superiour Prince, hive Supicain Authnilry in their own Lftates : Of thefe theie arc both Spiritual and Temporal. Of the Spiritual tiie moll confidcrable are. The (irand Mafter o( Sl.ilra 'I he (;rund \Lilter of the Tfitimiei Order in Germany. The Three Spiritual Lleitors of tlic Lmpirc, viz The .Archbilhoiis ol .\/.«fi, TVar/ and Co/i.^,! The Archbilho]) oi ializiurg, and I weiity Two Bi- fliops In Germany. 1 he (j'rand Piior of i^talta, who is alio call'd, The Grand Prior of Genriaiiy Several Abbots, whereof the Abbct of fuUa in Cerw.'ti) hath the laigeft Territory. Sesiral Provoftics of the Cliurch, whereof the moft coufiderabic is that of Berc/jtelfga^ln. Of the Temporal Princes there are live F.lecHors of the Empire, viz. The L)uke of Ba- var/a, the Puke of .v.i.vo?^, the Mar'irif, It'.i-iar, &c. in Germany. Aud ' llie Duke of Co«,",'.i«,/ in PoUiiJ. 'I he Iv in^; ot I'raii.e, Several Marquides, viz. Of naMn, Diirlach, Ohnfpatli, and Cu/emiaeh in Gtf ma'iy Several in Italy, whofe Eftates are of fmall Eitent. The Landgrave of Ueffe Darmjlat. Several Princes, whereof the moft confider.iWe are The Princes of Orat.^e, yinhalt, Dimier, Mmaci, Sal- farin and Cajliglimt. Divers Counts, the principal whereof are The Counts h:\fiy. Empire, vit. »■ ity Two Bi- I cairj, The of Fuliia in eof the moft are Uuke of Brf- of lirandia- nd the Uuke liJera'jle are 1, Mtnact, Sol' Ireof are iFrizdiinii, Hf |(/«, Mtldavin, Rugufa. t Regions will llicm. BRIT- !{lTAi:\, an ItUiid largo, populous and be fo confiderable, that in their Writings they call'J ic fruitful, ■,., lalongitude, about 15 Degrees lii/ma Magna ; and Cj'ftr went yet higher, boalhng, and 5& ii.ru pics ; and in Latitude, in the That he had found another World. By the bell Eiti- North-; „;t 59 Degree, 40 Scruples; but mate that can be takci, 'tis computed at about' in the oiniiii abciic 50 Degrees and 10 1836 Miles in Compafs, lix- from Catbncji to the iSaujles. Amon;: '.iiv AiKieiitb it was look'd upon to Lnnd's-end, 911. trom the Land's-cnJ to the K."irijh' Ill i .' 1,1 ' 'V '^fll ml ENGL A N D. fmtliKul, jic. anil t'roin tlicm>' -ill -ili'iiK ''"^' li'l ni- lOift to Cathicfi, ai.dut 7'-4. '1 1"-' Amicui'. Jitlu ix- ccciimyly 111 liicir accounts or ilus Maiicr, I'liiilkir Autliuru', li nut iiiiii.li to Ic liciiloil : I'oi kw of thole WHti rs km w the Illaiid, ami tlioll iliai ilul, li.nl not );iioiiU'ia<, .\i\d iv..Xii\f, tlic ihicc C'uiiiLi.>. lr\ Biniiul, tlif Sim, l,avlV\i.ral Nanus aJapttJ to till k'Vtr.U Slwrc : On ilu. Koitli, 'tis called the Su.lk-rhjn; on the \\\l\, tilc lljb-pt; ou llic South, the Chnnnel ; ami, on the Lall, the Cermmi- Ocriin. 'Miis advantage of the Sea riiirouiuliii}! it, as 'tis a .Scciinty aitainll iMicnuc., lo allu.i};ain(k ilie vi- olent C'olils 10 whieli the Chinate vvouUl W other- wile es!'o>\l : It liii'plies us limli with I'enie, and HiMltli. I'oi- the I ides ap.d eonltanr Motion-.of the Sea lend us Ml a luftmng Ion ot Vapoui which >|ualihes ihe natui.il (liaii'iiels of ilie Aif, even to ihit depne, that in loiiKi'artsot /'/.I'lic and Un/y they teel more ot the WinitT ihan we m E>i^!/[nJ. The .SOU does, in .i great ineaUiri", owe its Fertilit\ to the lanio canle; the Vapouri. not only loft- nin^ the Air, and by that iiieaiis noiirilhiii}! every iliin^; thai prnws, but ah'o furnifhinp us with ealie ihowcis in their pro; er Seal'ons. Inloiiuich, that our Ancdlors had a fancy, that this mult nee.K he the Ivin.iiittc llhuhls, fo iiukli talk'il of by the Aik;hHs j as liaMiig of all others t Ik belt claim to ihole ai;ree- able I'lealiires and Delights, wiih winch they furnilli d that happy place. 1 know not wheihu- it was not more the C'oiirape and Vigour (oblerv'd to be in thele Wefter'.y Inhabiiants) than any natural Caule, which gave rile to that Opinion, That the fartlKT ■\Velt, "the Ccnih'utions were more lam and the Courage greater. ■J hai ran of the lilaiui whuh lies towanl tlio AVellern Ocean, is mountainous, aN in Coimml/, U'.u.-i, ,-ind alio many pans of 'iccili-.tui ; but the inner Tracks arepencr.ijy a plain, ehampivn Country, abounding wiihCorn and I'alhire. The iii(*ft remarkable MOl !N- TAlN, IS that commu'd Ridge which runs troiii Stauh to North, dividing, as it were, the whole llland into the iirt/f and Wiy/ parts, and is by Writers call'd the hnglilli Jp.-iiiiiiic. The ISL ANIJ.S henjund it m great numbers; Ibiiie lingle, as the IJlar U'hin; the ///.• cf Mtin, i\i . others as it were in CI'llk■r^, as the C/!ji;:V£'i/Jf/, the OnaJri, und other little- Slips that are I'cattcr'd all along the Coalf of Sidl^tiJ. It has on all lidcs very convenient tiarlnnrs, and is accununodared with navigable Rivers ni abiiiidaiief, which convey the Klcl■"c^of the !)i'a and of I'orrign Nations into the very heart of the Kingdom. Of .ill the rert, thele three arc by far the moll conliderable ; the 'I'lvmei, the Scieiii, and the Ilnniki, which cairy along with them lino the bea vait numbers ot Idler Kiu-rs. 'J'hcir couil'e, with ihe Towns and Cities they touch upon, arc better icpieleiiied m the Map, than tlicy As'niild be bv ,111 eiuimcranon of Particniars. Ihe INII A HI I .\N ) J> of the leveral Pans, IK ,»t .1 dillereiii original. Thole et Cmimul ami n.ilcs nw in a great meauirc il-.e Poiferity of ;lie ancienr Biitniiu, who, upon the in\alioiis lirlt of the t'ich and ihen of the S/t.\otis, betook themlelves to thole mountainous corners and om-skirts, and have eVer lincc maintained both themklves and their I.an- ciinge too, agaiiiit the mixture of Foreigners. Of i.ite'y-ears indeed, the Cootijh are come over to the r.nylijl.i modes .in-l v^ay■■ot Liwiig. and iiavi I" ci.;, to lay .ilidellu'ir ancieiu J'onciu , winch ciiinot pei li.ips be mule plaulibly aiiiib'iiid to any oiii tliii;i;, thaiulic great numbci ot Rcpreletitarno they reiuin to Pariiaiueiit ; for whom lis niiiir.il to carry lact Willi them ilu- Humoiir> iiul bicliiiaiion.-i of the Coiir , ttnd, at their reruiii, to leiile tli iiilehc in .imetlioj of J ivini; agreeable lo ihe I'lueininmeins they nicr with in their rime ot Art.-iulance. But thi.' //;/.' Iia\e no luch c I'ercoiirle with the poliie parts of thi Kin|',dom ; and fo k>ip on in the old Channel, fi. .!>. lu I ullom.s, 1 .iiiguaj c, and oilu r C iicumltaiiccii,; Lite. The .Vi-i-/i are ongiiialr- injh, but not vvul;. out a mixture of I'itli, who i.lio' iluy were lubdu,; by the torintr, and fell iiiuler their Governinu::, could not ut be entirely cm oH, any more i n ;1 , Coni]iier'(l ulually arc in other Kingdoms, t . v..i our othei Hillonaiis arc very clear and politne . li matter. That ihe Welt-parts ot i'i-3;/,iiwj indtd may wiih tome Reafoa value themlelves upon tli;;: defccnt from the Hpnutm, vriiU whom, in luch a u:t compals of Time, they could not but have frcqiicr.: Inter-marriages, And fo incorpuratt- themlelves a> i: were into one lVo|)le. 'lliis they may inlill ufuri, and by likli a Hep be carried to the Trcjitm, (whom ilicy are lb loiul ol) wirh more rcalon and ids vanity. But wl-.oever conddcrs. In iw the Foreign Warsuriiicr the later F'inperors clear'd ihis Itland ot the J^fnmm. anil how the prevailiiii^ power ot the i'.i.voHx Ivvti: olf the niilrrabie Brit/mis, will have bur a mean opi nioii of our Title to a Delcent trom either. 'Tis true we have inrre ol the l{i»i,iii Language to ftiew than the lirittiiiu, but we had it at lecond hand only from the Nniiii:)!! ; whereas, the Remains they produe- luve been deriv'd to them from Age to Age, eu; liiicc their mutual Correl|'ondence with that Peop.'., .So that the 'iaxcns, as tar a.s we can go with ,i:'v tolerable probability ; ami thev, along w;ih li. Diuici, (who for man} \ears ovtr-ian the wlioL- Kingdom) and the iV- ;««»;* (who conquer'd it) ar^; the great Ingredient.'- y ciiii- iKiu I'atiun.igi' to that, ilian b) the jix i;icIn ot ihs Aim>. Rill till) liavciliisaclv.iiuajji', tliatilitir Laii- tuagL las itul'J a U-ll in iii;<(t I'aits ot' l.urvpc, and iuii\cys the utniult cxiiiuot tlicir J.iainiii)', as tar as it ii'.ii'his. L'lmlil Imt our l.'i,^'i/h Tongue prui'agHie itlcit intoas many Corners oi the World, or wciild tho preat Men atnoiii; us make iliemlehes Malh r» ot llie I{omit>i Style, .im] U> pen their Dilcoiirles in a l.,.nniiapc uniieiiilly known, oiii B.ioks would in.- ii(jubiedly make their own way: 1 hey would carry Inlkiuctiuii abroad, and bruij; Rt; utation to our own Kingdom. Our IJnimty, [aituu ar.), as it is f;rave and lubllantial, to ii is mnui loiirted and adiiiiied by Foreigners ; inlbimich, thai ul late ) ear., we have had ^iriat numbers ol (icnnitt.!, Snctia, Due:, and oilier Nations, who haie travell'd in;i, /■,;.'^.'/i«J upon no o- ilierdelign, bu: to inh.rm ilitiiuelves in onrMeihods ot Preaehing, and b> learnnig'.he 1 anguage to be ta- rable ot' receiMug proh! b\ Mir Writings. TheStateul' RKI ICIDN, lo Car as wchaiea'iy light from Hiltor), is in limrt thus. Wlien Juiius L'..yS>' tame over, his (lion (lay and Iniall conelpon- dence with the Natiiesgaie Inn little, opportuiiirv ot intorming hiniUlt in iheir Aiiairs. But wluii he oblerves, that tiicli of the Cmili ns delired to be iiillru- etcd 111 the lines and Uileipiiiu of ihe Druids, eame o- \er into Hi it/tin for that pur|'(jli', 'tis plain tlu'. this was the Religion of the pLiec. Nor need we build only upon that hint, after he has told us how at that time 'twas a eurreiit Opinion, that tli«; Dit'eipline ot the DiHi'i// eame originally out u\tiiitni>i, and wasiheiice tranlplaiued into (j'.i/j/. 'I'liis was their Religion, till ihe plainaiion of Chriltianity ; lor which their old I'eifualion (which taught 'em to believe One VeJ, and \[k Imtiioriniit) ot the Sii:il) \\\.\) leein in tome mea- liire to have made way. How eailv ir was imroduc'd is a point which has been much dilputed amoiip the Learned. Some will have it, that Jef-ph of Ariwn. thcit lail'd t'rom Cmil, and puach'd Lhrilliaiiity a- nioiigthcm: But that, in feuial particulars, looks too like a piece of Ahmkilli borgery. The guieral 'rradition is, that, .a King i-in.'/u's requill, Pope iilfiithciiii' lent over l.tiithiniu) and Mcdur.iiut to preach Chnit ;aii Opinion which ishandi'd at large by Aiili- billio]' Z'Iha- and Dr. Sti/tor^jlfcr, '1 ho latter o|' ihele is enclin'dtohaie Chndiaiiii) very early in iliisl Hand, jroving it to have been plained by no lets Hand th.iii that of S. /'««/. 'The Kcal'ons alledg'd by the (amtular Panons of thele Cunjedurcs, are too ma- ny and tjo large tor this place : The Authors thcm- li'Ivcs have deliver'd "em ai large. Upon the Iiiiali on of the Sttxeus, Clirillianity w.is conliii'd to that poor corner wl.icli was the llielter of the Biitains and iioihmg bu: raganilm prcvail'd amonglt that warlike Crew ; till I'ope dr^oi^ lent oier Aujiin the Monk, who, by his indel'augable Indultry, laid Inch a foundanon for Ch'/iltianity, that Ir.s Succeliors g.un'd ground apace, and in fonie Years propagated it over ilie whole Nation. .Such was the pious Zeal ol thole times, that Religion quickly receiv'd cn- UHirsgement t.om all Hands, and Kines and Princes hi niHir'd it with i{clr.'i(:is ] leufci ind Chu>\l>cs in grca' minibcrs. Thus it went on without Imerrup- ;;uii, till the D.'.ncs broke in upin them ; who, from auiimr'.te barbarity and hatred to Religion, as well .^^a ihirlt alter the 'Wialih and Riches of iholcholv Plaics, Cpar'd none of t'lein lint liy in tli.ir way, bur Inirntandplimder'd wliateverihey caweiiear. Ijpun anatcommudation widi ih.it People, it reviv'd and gu-v iiiig.htily ; ib iUm l:n'.'/<:>i.l. tor number ,i. The fnit LANGUAGH in this Nation, was li.injh, whu h [asthe People an 1 R.-ligiun) w.isdnven I'll b> the Conquerors, ,ind lucceided by that of the .S.f.i../-j. By the /J '■f" .■:, the innru-r. H.iJ he Jrawn ihc In-lainlcrs from tlie lame Original as he did the Sca-coafts, he had hghr upon tha't by Conjcdure which after- Ages have found rcafon to advance into an ellal)li(h'd Opinion. The lirifilh I aiiguagc is fo much of a piece with the old Guiill/b (as near as we can judge by the broken remains chat arc left us of this latter ;) tlie Culfoms of both Nations were fo alike ; ami 'tis likcwife fo very natural to imagine, that alter the propagation of Mankind, in their progrcli; Wellward and tlieir queit after new Countries, out of (itiul they (hould come over into Britain, lying within Sight ; that an im- partial Judge cannot (tick ii. 'hi point. Ictit futticc here barclv to have recited the common Heads from which the .^rgument^ for this Opinion are fetched ; cfpccially lince the great Oracle of our Nation, Mr. dtmbdeii, has prov'd every Particular with luch a (trength of Reafon and Judgment as puts the matter beyond DUi utc. I know the Hiitnins are very proud of their original from the Tio/tiiis, and would rain have Bnitiis to have left his Name to the whole IHand ; but the lame Author has conlidcrcd the pre- tences to that Title fo exaiftly, and convmc'd them (b fiilly of their Mdfake, that if any thing could, nothing need to be added to what he has left us. Clnudius was the next Man that came among us, who by his own ConduCl: and that of Atilus I'Inutius, made his way into the more inward pans of the Ifland, by the defeat of the liriiniju. After thcli", VcfpKJ'mn, Vuhliiii Ojloriiis, and Pauliniu Suetonius, prov'd very troublcfom to the Inhabitants, who all the while omitted no opportunities of rcruming their kindnels, by furprizing the Roman Legions, en- tring into Confeder.icies agamil their new Gover- nors, and niorc than once breaking out into aOfual Rebellion. But it was Agticola, who under Vejpn- Jiitn, 'Titus and Domitinn, gave the tinillung ilroke to the C'onquclt of Brituiii ; not by the l.imc methods which his I'rcdeccllbrs had us'd, Hardllups and Seve- rities, ^utby the more gentle tics of an obliging Hu- mour. 'Tis true, he was almolf continually enga- j^ing one Party or other of them, for eight years to- gether ; but unlefs his good Temper had I'ccondcd this fucccfs of his Arms, though he might quell them for the prefent, yet he had left them in an en- tire hatred to the Roman Lords, and .1 full relblu- 1:011 to take up Arms upon the tirft opportunity. By which means, the Supplies nccellary to defend the Oarnfons, would have colt the /(liw^nj more than a\\ the Revenue of the I Hand was worth. But he oblerv'd, he had a Itubborn morofe People to deal with ; a Nation that wasimir'd to all kinds of Hard- fhip : and therefore inftead of Threatnings (which could not w'ork upon them) he betook himielf to artiticial Inlinuations and began to encourage the Hcinun Cnltoms and Modes of living. This Ibftii'd them by degrees, and melted them into Idlcnefs and Luxury : lo that in a lliort time, he h.td par'd ort' that averfion to the \omniis, and happy was the Man that could iinit.ate them moft. To the Roviniis l.icceeded the S/IXO\'!!, who came over upon this occalion. In the Reign ot Vnlentiniitn the Younger, the Neceinties of the Kmpirc abroad, had oblig'd the [{pmnits not only to recall moft of their own Forces out of Britnin, but .illb to deprive the Illand of her own native Strength by their fre- quent Levies, The Scots and Vitls (two Warlike People) laid hold of this opporrunity to plunder the Frontiers, and make in-roads into the Territories of the H'iiitiiis who by tins tiin: were quite dil- fpirited by Slavery, and Ii.id Uifiu'cd iheirold nativi; Courage to dwindle nito iiale and Cowardice. In this condition, all the rclugc they had, was to fli to the l\ii>nn>.s, v\ho had neither left them Forces to protect them, nor (which is worU'i a manly refo- lute Spine to itaiid upon their own Guard. The /((.- mniis were too warmly cngag'd nearer hfjnie, to re- lieve them ; upon which they lend the lame reqiicit to the Saxons, who had convmc'd them of their Cou- rage, by t' :ir frequent Piracies upon our CualU, even vvliile the l{r»ians continu'd among ns. So ilijt we find under the later Lmpcrors, the C'c/flfj Litoris Snxonici, or Count of the Saxot Shore, to have been aitanding Otlicci-, whole bulinels it was to guard the Sca-coalfs againll their In-roads and Depred.iu- ons. L'poii this aj'plication, ihey come ovtr, ripel the lintmy, and are migluily pleas'd uuh their new Qjiarters, efpccially being a little (fraiten'd at hiine. In iliort, they bc!;in to lay hold on all ocralions of a Qiiarrel with the Britaiiis, pretend they had not itood to their Terms ; and c.irr) \\ on their Dcligns Id fuccelshiljy, that they never delilted till rliey had Ba niliiM the old Inhabitants, and made tliemlelves Ala- Iters of the greatell part of the Illand. The £)//jN7;5 about the )ear Sco, though they had not fo fair a pntence of coming o\er, )et by mam force edg'd thenifelves in among tb^: Saxtns, and us'd them nuich at the fame rate as that People had done the hiitains. They robb'd and piunder'd, till they had forc'd them to a Compolition, and had Lands ailign'd them in fcvcral parts of the Kingdom. Nor would they be content with this j but made fre- quent Incurlions into their Neighbours Territories, which occalion'd the railing of that fort of Tax call'd Dancj^clt, a Bribe to keep them from ovcr.running the Kingdom. But neither did this do. Their Info- lence was fuel), that the lur^lijh could not long bear it; lb, ciitringmtoa I'ccret Plot, they made a gene- ral ha\oek of them in one lingle Nighr, putting rlicm all to the Sword. At this, Snentt, King of the Danes, was highly enrag'd, and to revenge the Injury, inva- ded En'^Uml wah .1 ftrong Army, ami poire(!l;d hinifclf of the Crown ; which was enjoy "d only by four Kings of that Race, and then return 'd to the Saxons. Scarce h.id the St:xciis recovcr'd their ancient Rights and ("invernmcnt, but rhey fell into a worl'e Confulion, upon the Death of Iu!ivfiri{ the Confellbr, He wnsanenlie Prince, and rather enclin'd to attend the Duties of Religion than the Secular Aftaii-s of his Kingtlom. Leaving no Iliiie behind him, thcTuleto the Crown came to be contefted by two very power- hil Parties, who yet had neither of 'em a right to it; t'oT l-:.{iar yUhclhrr wasiheonly Man then living Ci! the S/ixcti Line. But rianl.l L.irl Cclmin's Son took advantage of his tender years, and poffeffcd hinv fclf of ihe Throne. /r///;'«w Duke of A'cwmk.i), ;ii- terwards ftiled the Conqueror, took thefe proceedings very heinouOy, imagining that by his relation to thar Family, by virtue of the Confedbr's Promife when li: Was banilh'd into Ncnn/tndi, and alio ///ircWs obliga- tion to fee it difcharg'd, he had fairer pretcnfions tli.in any other. Whereupon he landed wiih a powerful Army, Conqu.-r'd the r.ti^lif in a let Battle fwhcr.- in /V./'o/.y wasiiain) and iinmcdrtrly took poITcffion ot' the Government. / SECT. ENGLAND, 5 SECT. IV. T/.'e Civil Government a/ B R I T A I N. Of the Adminiftration of the ancient Britniiis, wc ha\L' thefc two general Heads left iis by Julius Cfjhr, That in Times of Peace, the fl'H/V/j had the Condud: uf all Civil Affairs; and \\\ Times of War the) cholc fome one of remarkable Courage to be General cf their I'orces, upon that l-^xpedition. The I{ojiiaiis i;ovcrn'd it by their P^ojir.ctors, and other fubordinarc l)flieers, who were to adt according to Inftruiilions from li(»ic, and had lomc Legions ready for their Deleuce upon any emergent Occalion. But ihc Saxons as they gain'd Ground, fettl'd fo many dillindf King- doms ; which upon ihtir entire Conqucft, amounted to Seven, and have been linee Ihl'd the Saxai Heptitr- chy. The Karnes of them, with their Extent andju- nldiiifion, are as follows : But though ihcfe wrc uiilinft Kingdoms, yet ftilJ there was a I'ace of Monarchy in the Nation ; and the Prince thst was moil Powerful of the Seven, ge- nerally lorded it over the relt, as if they had been only lo many tributary Kings. For they were con- tinually ar War one wuh another, and the Conque- ror always taking the Dominions of the Enemy into his own Kingdom, they all came at Inlt into thai of the IS'ijlSnxons, under King I'.glct ; who by a publick Ldid, crdcr'd the whole Kingdom to be itil'il EiigU-lund, which wc have now contraiftcd into y.ti^l^lmJ. One ol his Succelfors, prefently upon this took the Title of Kj»Z'f Great Britain, and another thai of Monarch of alt Albion. the Succeffioit of our Englifh Monarchs from Egbert, is thus : fl. The l\i'igJi»i cfl I Kent atitnin'd S 2. The KJiioJct/i of the Souih-Saxoiis contain'd The COUH' c o V. 00 3. The Kiitgiium of'^ the Eaft-Angle coiiiain'd .'S > . ■If Cowl cs of Conn- of ■sKent. f Sudex I Surrey. S Norfolk Suffolk ^Cainbridgi ihcljleof Ely. 4. The Kingdom of'^ the Well-Saxons ( contain'd . 5. ThcKj'jgdcni r/ Northumberland contain'd f Cornwall \ Devon I , IDorfct >'^^'fC''''"--'somcrfe: tic: of I ('■T:''cKJ''gJomofly,,^Coun' the halt-Saxon contain'd •s^ tics of 7. T/jf KJngdom of Mercu con tain'U " Trhe Conn- ies of Wilts Hants Berks. Lancaftcr York Durham Cumberland Weltmorlaud Nortnumberland and Scotland, to the Fryth of Edcnburgh. \ Middlc.lx, and S Part of Hert- {, fordfljire. rCloccfter Hereford Worccfter Warwick l.eiceller Rutland Northampton Lincoln Huntingdon < Bedford Buckingham Oxford Stafford Derby Shioplhirc Nottingham Chcftcr, and the other Part of .Hertford llurc. Came to the Crown. EGlcrt 800 S. Hthelnelf, 837 Ethelbald, 857 r.thelhert, 858 lithclred, 86 J Alfred, 873 Edmard the Elder, 9°° Athclliatj, 915 Edmund, 940 Eldred, 94* Edwin, 95 5 Edgar, 959 S. Edvard, lAMtyr, 975 Ethelred, 978 Edmund Ironfjc, I o 1 6 The Danijh Race. Canutus, Harold, Hardicnute, 1017 10^7 1041 The Saxom Re-poirers'd. S. Edward, Harold, 1045 1 066 The Kormans. H 'illiam the Con- queror, William l{iifiis, Henry \. Stephen, iofi6 1087 1 100 1135 The Saxon Line Rcftor'd. Henry II. lijclmd I. 1154 1 189 John, Hc.ry in. Edtvaid I. Edward 11. Edward III, Richard II. 1 199 12I<> 1172 J307 1326 «377 The Line of Lancajlcr'. Henry IV. Henry V. Henry VI. 1399 14(2 1421 The Line of Torl(. Edward IV. Edward V. Rjchard III. 1460 i4Si i4Si The Families United. Henry VII. Henry VFU. Edward VI. Q.. Mary, Q.. Elizabeth, 148$ 1509 1546 '55? J558 Union of the two Crowns. James I. Charles I. Charles II. James II. WILLI AMlll.' and . MARjih : A N K E, l6oj 1625 1648 1685 ■1689 1702 Tb.. ENGLAND. i T-l !>:^Jit>id, ac- eor>liiig to its feveral liranches, was gcntrnd b. three forts of LA US, the ItiJt-Sn.xou'/i?,:; ih^ Dniielit^^e and the Menhiinln?^:: For as the Auihoritv, which the firlt and lalV of thele three bore in the fh- ptarchy, was fultieicnt to eitablilh their own I .ius m their Neighbouring Ct.untries ; lo the Pcwer to whxii the Dnnci arnv'd, ilid eii'eelually engage fuch P;aec^ as they over-ran inort, in the Ufe of their Cidkir.) and ways of I i\ing. But upon iViHinni the Con- queror's coming in, thefe Laws were in a great nu.i- lure laid alide. At firlt, he intended to have brtugL: in x\\cKc)»inv L'fagcs, and to have eitablilh'd tlKm here entire; till he found the Humour of the Lli^.jif,, were much fctupon their own Laws, and lb w' as in- duced, from a prudent Regard to his own Safety, ciiiy to Reform, A'ter, Add, dc but fi', th.it the old l\^. dy wa.s his Loundatinn. '1 ho' in his whoie m;.- nagmcnt of Affairs, he emitted no Oppominii;!. either of Force .:'JiJh, rather than from lih fair ^VoI•^b, Ccntracts r.no Prt.miles; whivh Ccn- c]uerors, when they find them ineonliftenc with tlmi Defigns, fcldom want eiihtr Inclination or Preuitus to break and call ctf. Bat the Juececding Kui};- (whetlier tor want of Policy, or, Courage, er bod ' found it liard to maintain themlehes in that .■.blolir.i manner ot Ciov eminent, and to complete what the. Predecellor had hegnii. For the People began tu infill upon their) ibeii:es (wheilier juftly cr iinjuftly. 1 lliail not determine ; 'tis a Conirovcrlie lias cell Pamsand Paper enough alreadvj oniitred no Ad\an- tagesof Wars abroad or Uiftiirbancesat home, where- by they miglir gain Ground and extort ne-w PriM- iegcs. More cfpccially m the Reigns ot King '.yo/.n and /?:■)»; III. they broke into open ^Vars, for ;l,; Kedrefs of ("JneNances ; and brought them to liiih Siraits, that ihey were glad to ccme oH' by admir- ling the Nobility and (I'entry into a nearer Share of the (iovernment. Whereiip'on, the Great Charter, call'd Mr;:^nn Ch/irtit, was granted, and Sinnites hr- gnn to be made aeeoniing to the Ncccffities of the Kingdom; by which, and the Ci»;men L/trv, or the common Ulages ot the Natit.n, our Law.Courts proceed ac this Day, in their Judgments and De- crees. SECT. IV. The Ecclefiajlicil Go-jcrnnteiit. The Church cf UugUnd is go\ern'd by two j^rth- liJ>:ofs and twenty ti\c Dijhtp. The Archbiihop of Citntcriuty \^ Primate of rdi Etigl/ind ; the Archhi- thop of Torli_ IS Pnmate of Lir^lniid, but not of tS E)i^Uiid: A Controverlie which caus'd many hot Dilputes and Quarrels, but v. as at Lift determin'd 111 favour of Citmeriuiy, agaiiiH all the Pleas and Ar- guments lirotight by the other to.- Independency and Freedom. '1 he AiehLnfliopricks .lud Bifhopricks, widi their Fxtcnt and JurikliCLoii, will belt appear irem the following Scheme. ll'i: ■e a u ^^^. ENGLAND. .5 Kuclicfta I.oiuioii Salislniry Bathe ."/./ WlIIs Gloclter WorcLltcr Hcrcl'orJ LichlKUl'!"'/ Co- ventry CanterLury, Lincoln Ely K Norwicli „'^ Oxtoril ^5 Pctciborrcw :; Bnlto! ""■C: Toti'efe t.l^l f''i'> s Bangor, iiid ^ J :! 'C ^ 1 Ch.ciia- ■^ .« ■« Vl I Ci o ~ fJ vi -^ ■;::; ct ^. *. ^a ri .^ ,^ ^ M ^ -^ :3 ° .° a is , Durli.im C.u-'iiilc S(;dor Cont.iiii<; lihc u. i'cr I'nrt of Kciir. ■ I-ircXiMidiik-rcx, A'M>it \mo' Hri:anniit pima, feeunda. Maxima C.rfarienfis, yalcntia, Via- via C.vjarienfu. 'I'he Bounds of tlicl'c feveral Branches arc very uncertain, and can only be gathered from Coniedurc. Britannia prima feeins to have been the South Part of Britain. Secunda probably was I i 'ales. Maxima C.cfarienfis and Valcmia fccm to have been thole Countries that lay upon the Frontiers of Scotland. And Flavia C.efarienjis was, likely enough the Heart of Hrii^lanJ. 2. I'hat of the Sa.xons, into fevcn Kingdoms j whereof we have v;ivcn an Account, under Seii. 3. concerning the Citiii Government. ■f. 'Ihat of King yllfred into Hundreds ('caUu in ioine Parts of I'.ngtand, iVafentakes) and Counties. Bclides rhclc, the Romans branch'd it into fo many levcral People, the Names whereof are generally of a Briudi Original, relating cither to the Figure of the Place, the Nature of the Soil, or the Dilpofition ot the Inhabitants. This Divifion cannot be more conveniently reprcfentcd, than in a Table along with the Counties ct I-jr^land, as- they Itarid at this Dav and fall wiihin the Boundsof the feveral Pecj^lc. D.inmcnii, Cornwall, ncvunlhirc. Ourotrlges'. Dorletdliiv. Bch^j:. Sonierletlhire, \Vilt(hire, Hanipfnirc, ille of Wight. Atrehates, Barkdiiiv. Regni. Surrey, Sulicx. Caiaiiini. Kent. Dohiini. Gloccftcrllure, Oxfordlhiic. Caitieuchlani. Bnckirigliamdiirc, Bedforddure, Hettforddiire. Tfinoiania, Middlellx, Elle.\-. Iceni. Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgdiirc,' Muntinpdonniiiv. Coritani. Northamptonrtm c, I.ciceftcrdiire, Rutlanddiirc, l.incol'ifliirc, Nottinghamdure, Derby Uiire. Cornr.'cii. Warwitkiliirc, Worcelterdiirc, Statfordlliirc, Shroplliire, Chediire. S .lure si. Hereforddure, H.adnorlhire, Brccknocklliire, Moruiioiithlhirc. (ilaniorgandiire. Dimet.c. Caermardhinihire, Pcnbrokefliire, Cardigandiire. Ordoziccsl Montgomerydiire, JVlcirionyddiire, Caernarvonniire,' Aiiglefcy, M,>M came thui into the enure rolfeiiion of it, when Athnjlmi nini'd out the Hrltn'.ns, who had not ti^l that Tunc lolely enjoy 'd it, but h.id the Liberty of Ln ing in cunimon with the Xrvr/zj. As the Kings of F.n.'l.vul have eudowM it v.-iili inan> Prui'eg'es, fo has it furter'd very much ficin Sicg:s : Kotwithltandini; all which, It might Ji.ive been more ronliderabh' than It IS at this .lay, it the ifm f of 1. ^ejlam ■ lid iKjt hii.Jr Miip'S of Burden trom coming un to the City, as ihey former. y did. On thcLalt^Sidi; ftands the Cathedral, built by King AthcilUri, and by lidvnnl IIL honoured wi;h the title of an F.pi- i'copal See. lUrufhp.'i; on the VipScn, is a neat Town, go- verii'd o, a iVla)(;r, two Alderiren, and a Common. Counci' ol .weniy four. "Tisa Place of good Trade, fo that the greaidt pan of the Inhabitants are Mer' chants ; antl is ;re.:. iininCMt for a Bridge builr by one Stttntril, a C itizi . ot i.,'ido>i, Tfr/I ■»!, a Towi near l:\etcr, iiail its Rile frniu the AUsil'i-tune of th,.t Place : for iip.-in ;ht Obllnidi- ons of the Riser £.v, inade l-y E:wr.i C.urtMey, liarl of Dcviinp.Htc, upon a Diipeafur- i nceiv'd agt'.iit the Citizens; this bej • t- be a i' are of Relorr where the Veilels ;..'ic!, .1, . ,J :Tuniuh-iiccthe L.aoing was carr;'d by Land t ''xcr-r. [: ■» the Time rjf Kiag CharU-: li. Inch cl-!'.i'lu.-.| I'mlcr'."- ,-3 were made towards the rcn ovn.i: ■ !,o '• u.ivi'is. ■■'aa now tl. ;, cari-y Li{,ht^!Sof .lie >;i-e.-> eit liut-'.. ;i up to the Citv-Key. Okehnmptov. fo call'd fr^.i'i ri ■ Hr, t Ock^. u.'on which It li.'iids, _is a '.\.,.;ideiab.e Mariat-TvWn, incorporated by King Jnincs I. rln^.ent rlticr. Ifif, niention'd by Ptolen.y, is fo pia'i, - iney'd 10 us in the prefent /:.v, call'd by ih.' i! tnins //e ; that there's no place of d( i.ibt, but :li;s 11 the lame River. //,-(? O/itinKricrinn, is our Exeter, Mr,ridi(K:,ni, tho' it has left nothing of the Name, lecms yet to ha\c' its Meaning prelerv'd in a Se.i- Coalt-l'own, eail'd at ihis Day ScUuu -. For Aiur is Mure, and Diimtm a Town. Iktfiilis I'romonton'tim is calily dilcovered by the prefent N.nnc llirtji.p'jiiit ; of which no to.erable Reaun can he given, unlels we allow u to oc a Cor- ruption from that old Name. 'i/.i/Hqj l^'mnrkjiblc. I tiy^well, is a Well near Torhny, which in the Com., pals of an Hour, ebbs and Hows fexeral Tin.es; bubbling up now and then like a boimig Pot. Thu neighbouring People look upon it to be Alcdicinal m fome fort of Fevers. At If'iihiiomlir, in a Storm of Thunder and Light- ning ( 14 Cti:: I. ) a Ball ot Fire came into tlic Church, while they were ar Uivine Service, which kiii'd three Perlons and wounded lixry two ; and belides, did Uani.ige 10 the Value of joo /. and upwards. And at r/fii'.'./V/('/.''rtir/, in the fime County, alike Storm liappen'd, which incited the Bells, Lead and (Jlals; and was lb violent, that it rent the Steeple •; This was in the Year 16S9. C Tie u ill r.i '\t ?i*,-ilf i 10 ENGLAND, The 0';;<»" in the C«t!iCiir.il at Excro is .n.coiintal the greatcftin UtiglnnJ, ilic lari;i'(l I'lpc iKMng 15 In- ches Diameter. At \'orth-'i'/tuiitm, thorc is a Pit of tfii Foot deep, out of which there- (dtnciimt's Irrm^'i up a little Brook, tha' continues for iniiiy Days togctlicr. The Ci mnioii People tell you, Th.it it prclapu fome I'liblick Calamity ; but wlierher the panim- lar TiiiKS at which it li.is been oblervedio rile, will jultihe that Imerprciation, 1 know hoi. ' I i I. \>iiii DORSETSHIRE. TH O' the County of Doifet lies much ui'on the ■■■ Sea, yet have they not thole AdvaiiMi;es tiom Navigation, or fucii Convenien-y of Harbours, as other Counties that have lets iica-Cualt Whitii pol- (Ibly may be owing, in foinc meafuiv, to ihe fruittul- ncls of tiieir Soil, which both employs ihe Inl'abitants, and fupplics them with all Necelfanes ot Lite ; whilft P.irts that are inorc barren fend the Ts'atives to Sea, both to employ their Timeand provide a Main- tenance. The mote conii- fLyme, •^ r5/M/, tleT.ibic '\o\^ni\ liorchcfltr, y^Hlnit in, J ^H'i>' are, \Shirl)u>t Shitftcsbiiry, it'orii, burn. Lyme, a Place of pood Trade and wcll-ftockcd with Merchants, lies upon the Sca-Coalt, near the Borders of Ds^'^f^iy. Navigation is that which has raifed it from a very mean Condition; for the Convenience whereof they liavc built a very remarkable Pen; whish requires a great Sum of Money yearly to main- tain it. This Advantage fuppiies it with Wealili at home ; but, that whuh has given it a Name abroad. was the Landing of the Duke of Monmouth, upon which occalion we frequently meet with i: in the Hillo- rics of thntc Times. Dorch'ftcr, the Place from which the whole Coun- ty had its Name, muft, for that Realon, have been formerly of much more note than it is at prefeut. Its Decay probably is owing to die Revolutions of Wars ; tor that it has been a Place of AAion, we learn boili from our Hiltories and the Remains of Antiquity they ftill meet with. Of late Years it feems to have reco- vered it felt ; being thought fit to have the Privilege of a Mayor and Aldermen bellow 'd upon u by King Chnrk! L Shirburn, upon the Edge of Somerfeipiirc, derives us ancient Glory from being an Epifcopal See ; and its prefent from Populoufnels, and their improvement of the Woollen Manufacture. Shaftesbury, leems to have been of confiderable Note in th' Times of the Siixons ; in whofc Hiftorics we find it frequently mention'd. That it was built by King ./4//»t(/, appears by a Stone dug up out of the old Ruins ; the Reading whereof Malnubmy has convey 'J to us, It grew io confidcrably, that about Ei- ward the Confclfor's Time it had no Icfs than 104 Houfes. Blnndfard (upon the itour) a pretty Market- Town, which owes its Beauty to a Fire that happen'd in it, and burnt it down ; a^ which it was neatly re- built. iV'.itburii, upon tlie lame River, is fe.iicd at the Foot ol a Hill ; being pretty large and populous. In the more e.iily tunes it w.is famous upon tlit account of Religion, and the Nunnery there ; But afterwards for being a Scat of War m the Dr.nijh Commotions. In this County, _ we muft alfo obferve PmlniiJ, an lllaiidof about fe\ en Miles Cireumfere-iee, guard- ed wiih a conrinual Ridge of Rocks running round ir, I'he Inhabitants are not many ; but the Soil atluruj good (tore of Corn and palturc. And ontiicLalt-lide of theCounty, is Puibcck^, wliidi is ot a contrary Nature, being nioitly Heath and Wood ; but well llock'd with Fallow-Deer. yliicioit iS'umcs. DouDwvau'n, meiitioii'il by /lutoitnus in thol; Parrs, can be no other than the prelent Dsrchcjlr, whether we rclpeCf the Name, the Diltaiiet s or'ihc Remains of Jiomnn Antiquity, which they luu out. yitulo^lnJirt, alfo difeovers 't felf in the prefer.: Name of H'hihuni ; the iirit Syllable vrhereof is iiuii- feltl) a Relick otihe old Denoiiiiuaiion : Xni the leconJ (vvliieh implies a l^inei) does very well anl'wer the G.'«- din, denv'd troir. xht: ll,u'/h Clc.linu, Swonls ; b) whiih Lxpreilion thej lometimes denoted then J^iris. 'Yhingi Hfm/irl^^Olc. In the Ifle of Portland, WootI is (o very fcarce that their common Fuel is Cow-Dung dried hard by the Heat of ihe Sun ; which being In order'd makes a clear Fnv, without any ollen(i\e Imell. Mitidcii-Cajiie, near Doichijlcr, is a iiioft (lately Piece ot Antiquity, and appears from the Form, Con- trivance, and other Ciieiimlfances, to have been i M .jik of the l^mans. llliite-Hnit-fijieJI, on the B(;rdcrs of Scmerfc/fiiri, has its Name from a H'iiitc-lUit, kill'd by a Gentle- man of this Country, againlf the cxprefsOrder of King Ilemy III. For which fad, there is yearly paid into the Exchequer a pecuniary Muld, cail'd U'hite-hiirt- Silver. It was a pleafant Humour, and a very lucky Dil- covery, that happen'd fome Years ago near lllnfotl lingk. Digging a yiijM(,ip or T«/flu/«/, the Workmen came to an Oven (with an Urn in ii) and one ct them putting forward his Hand, in hopes of Icme farther Dil'toveries, found it toi hot for him to hold it long there. 'Tis probably owing to fome Mmcral; % the fame natural Heat being cuiiimonly dillovcr'J b) the Miners, I from .. In fome affords SO- ENGLAND, II SOMERSETSHIRE. Hcith aiiJ us in tho'ic It Darchcjlt', aiiLC, or the 1 ilu'y uacc very fcarcc ioil \n\\\ by .liT'd makes noft ftatiiy ■onn, Cu;^ Ixi'U Scmcrfciji.'i'i. y a Gentle- rdcr of King , ly paid into ; ; 'hite-hn"- lucky Dil- car llniford- J Workmen and one ot pes of Ibmc liim to hold lie Mhicr/il; lillovcr'Jby SO. TH E County of Somtrfet is not fo well accom- modated with Harbours, as might be cxpcdted from .. Trad of Ground that lies fo much to the Sea. In ibmc Parts it is exceeding Marfliy ; but :ii others affords plenty of good Corn and Paiturc. The more conli- dcrable Towns are, BlilSTOL, B W 7 // /;, (J'liLLS, Bri.l^w/itcr, Sc>7ICitOH, 'liiitnlo'!. BI^lSTOl. IS parted by the River /hM.-, which divides this County, fur iome Miles toj;ctiKT, from ClcciJ}r>/)}i>e. It's Wealth and (ilory cannot be of any great Antiquity, became we tiiid little or no mention of it in the early Times ot the S/ixoiii. No, nor in the Danijh rU. ders nt-ithcr j which few Pla- ces cfcap'd, that liad Aichcs enough to cxpol'c them to the Dl redations of that People. But after the Convcnirncy of tlie Place for Trade with molt Parts of Europe, was obferv'd .nnd undcrffood ; tlie Inha- bitants feem ro have flotk'd thither, and by their good Succefs and Commerce to have iniprov'd it to that IJegree of W'ealtl and Ik-auty, it may jiillly glory of at this Uay. Their Buildings are fair, the Inhabitants numerous, and their Churches ind pub- lick I'diticcs very Beautiful. To thefc Advantage':, a new Honour w?.s added by King Henry Vlll. who made it a Bilhop's .See, upon the Suppreilion of the Monafterics, and gave it for its Drocels the City of Bn'jiol ( a County incorporate by it ielf ) and the County of DC'jW, formerly belonging lo Snlisbiiry. BATHE Itands upon the fame River, and has the fame Dignity of a Bilhop's Sec, but in other refpeds falls far lliort of Hrijhl. It lies low in the middle of a Range of Hills, wherewith it is very much fortified. "I'his natural Strength of the Place was, no doubt, the Reafon of all thofe Contetts, which the 5-on- courfe of two large Rivers, emptjing them.. ivcs in- to the Sea about the Stert-point. Ijchitlii, appears from the Coins and other M.,rks of Antiquity, that are dug up :^ilveUiej}er (a Town upon the River /tc/j to have been leated at that Place. yliju.c Solii, bv the Courfeof the Itinerary, and the Import of the Word, can be no other than >ur Blithe; cfpccially, if we add to thefc Evidences the Monuments mention'd to be found, in the De.crip- tion oi that Place. Things {{emnrkjible. Ochie-hcte, a remarkabic Cave m Mendip-hil's, of a vail length j whc-e they dilcover fcverai Wells and Springs. The Seipent-Stcncs are common at CninJlMm near Brijlol. Abundance of Diamonds are about the Rock near Bn'Jlo! ; being lodg'd very artificially in a hollow lort of Flint. A Monument of large Stones, not unlike that of Stcnc-Hcnge in Wiltjkirc, is at Stanton-dert in this County ; but being interrupted with Buildings and Enclol'ures, it is not fo much taken notice of as it might otherwil'e delervc. Cheddnr-a.-ccfa ( fo call'd from the Place near H'cits, where they are made) are fo large as lomc- timcs to require more than one Man to fct them upon the Table. The Elvers at Biijiol is a DiOi perhaps not to be met with ell'rwhere : 'Tis a fort of^ Eel, which at a certain Time of the Year, fwims upon the Surface of the Water in great Nuinlicrs. Thefe they skim up in fmall Nets, and by a peculiar way of Dref- fing, bake them into little Cakes ; and fo fry, and ferve them up. Amongft the Rarities of this County, Gltiflenhur^ may jr.lfly be rcckon'd ; which by the Remains of Religion and its venerable Afped, affords abundance of Picalure to a curious .'Vdmircr of Antiquities. C 1 W i L T- ti ■ ( i pi! IS E N G L A N D. W I T. T S H I R E. As the County of ftllis was for many ImndrcJs of Years almolt a conftanr Scene ot' Adion in the Wars between the Siixons and Biitnins, and af- terwards between the fcvcral Saxon Kings ; lo docs it aH'ord greater remains of Antiqmty ilian perhaps any County in V.w^land can pretend to. 'Tis divi- ded into North and Suutii ; and agreeable to this Divifion, is of a ditfcrtni Soil and Afpcift. Tiie Jirft abounds with little Hills, which are render'd very entertaining byihe CniallRivcii; gliding between jand naturally produees much Wood. 'I'lie latter is a Champain I'ruitful Country. f Salislntry, Places of grcatcft Note, itc J Devija, J Mnriboi otigh, i H'lltcn. Snlisbury is two-fold, the Old and Kev, Old Sa- rum was fcatcd upon a high Hill (as mod of our ancient Towns here in Britain arc oblcrved to have been) being a Place chiefly intended for Strength, and a defence againft the Enemy, but what was a fecurity againlt Foreigners, provM a Grievance to the Inhabitants ; who found the infolcnces of the Gari- fon Soldiers to be fuch, that they (cein'd Intolerable, To rcnj^dy this Evil, and to accommodate them- fcives with the convenience of Water (the want whcrco ' H.-,d been i great inconvenience in their old Quarter',) they began to remove into the lower Grounds in the time of BJchardl. where they laid the Foundariunsof Kf w Sarum. And immediately Bjcbard Pfl^.the Billiop,beganamoft ftatelyCathcdral Church which at this day has dcfcrvedly a name among the mortconfiderablc Strudhiresofthis Ifland.The Billiops Sec was rcmov'd to Snlisbuty, upon the uniting of Slur- lorn and H'ltton into one, by Uermamms, about the year 1051?. But though that may be of advantage to the pl.ice, and fet it loincwhat forward in its growing condition, yet it cnuid never have arriv'd to that De- gree of Winlth.Popnloiifnefs and Splendor,iftheWcft- crn Road had not been tnrn'd that way, by the Autho- riry of Ibme who was nearly concern'd for its Profpe- rity. Their want of Water was amply fupplied by their remove from the higher Grounds ; for now every Street has its little Rivulet runningthrough it. Mntn.sbury, th Life, left behind him a Scholar (///(/- helmus) a very eminent Man, who built a (lately Mo- naftery ; whereupon the place was cali'd Mcaldetmes- lyrigly, and bycontradlion Mrt/wjiwry ; which Name feenis to be a compound of Mnildulfhus and Aldhcl- niui, the Mafter and the Scholar. Dcvifis, anciently very famous for aftrongCaftle, ihc Government whereof has bccnihough': an Hono- rable Polt by Perfons of the beft Qjulity. But tiow that is quite DemolUh'd j and the advantage of Peace hath given it what is much inoa- valuable, a good Trade, a thriving People, and plenty of everything. It IS Govern'd by a Mayor, Recorder, GJe. and hath in It two great P.inllics. Mnrlborcugh, upon the River KJimer, runs along the fide of a Hill : It was formerly eminent for its C.iftle, and it is nicntion'd in our Law-books and Courts of Jiiftiee, upon account of the Statute made here for the liipprelfion of Riots, in 31 Hoiry III. cali'd to ihinh)- Si iitutum de Marllorough. The Keep of the old Caltle is figui'd into a Mount of curious contrivance, by his Grace the Duke of Some-fit, the Owner of it. f-yilton does not require a mention upon account of any Figure it makes at this Day, but may juftly call for that refpeiit, as being once the chief Town in the whole County. And it mij-ht have improv'd as well as its Neighbours, had it been allow a the advantage of the Weftern-Road, which at firft it en- joy'd. But when that was rurn'd through Snliihuyy, the rife of one was the rii.n of the other ; and this Place has ever fincc been dwindling by degrees into that low condition we fee it in at prelent, /Indent I'litces. Cunctio may very probably be fcttl'd at Mnrlhorougli] the Callic there appearing from Roman Coins to be of Roman Antiquity. Sorbiodumm is agrec'd upon by all Authors to be Old Sitrum. However they may differ about the original of the Name, they are unanimous in their Opinion of its Situation. Verlucio keeps fomething of its Name in the pre- fcnt li'erminflcr, (a Town lying upon the little Rivet Dcvcr-rll ;) for by changing the {v) into (vf) which without any (training may be done, and adding the Saxon 'i'crinination jn;>)/?tr, we have the Name com- pleat. Things K^markahle. Witmdiks, or Vi'odensdlkf, (fo cali'd from the Sax- on God M'odeii) is a wonderful Ditch croifing this Shire from Eaft to Weft. Whenever it was calt up, the dciign feems to have been a Boundary or Fence, other to diilinguifli Territories, or to be a guard a- gainft the Enemies in this Frontier Country. Stonc-hcnge, is a Monument fo remarkable, that it has engap'd many Learned Pens in conjcdturcs a- bout its Founder's Delign and Antiquity. The Opi- nions comain'd in three or four fcparate Books writ- ten upon that Subjedf, are drawn up, and the whole niattcr Stated in the new Edition of Camden's Bri- tannia, Page 1 08, whither I refer the Reader. The Barrerps upon Salisbury Plain, lying fcatter'd here and there, alfbrd good entertainment to a curi- ous Traveller i and the rather, becaufe they are of (cveral Forms and Figures, which perhaps in other places IS not fo corrjmun. HAM. EN 0 L A N a <9 H A M S H I R E. OF all the Counties which border ufoii tlii'Scj, there arc fcw that have the lAdvantagc of lb many Creeks and Havens, as Hamjhire. By which means the South part is ab'mdantly lupphed witli all the conveniences the Sea artords, I'hrough the whole they have good Store of Corn, and plenty of Wtxid in all Parts ; but what they arc molt remarkable for, is their B, to which it has probably given the tirlt Sellable of .hat name. Scgontiaci, mention'd by C.efar, by a'l the Circum- Itances mult have been thole People who liv'ei aU.ut ihe >'jrthern limits of this County, abcut the fiun- drcd of HoleJ1:ot. Vindonum, we call at this day Silccftc { though by the Britain! it was call'd Caer Srgonte, as b^mg the chief City of the Scgviitinci, jull now mcntioi.'d. Things I{cmn' k/iile. Arthur'^ Round- Table at H'inchcfter i% much talk'J of and aumii'd as a Relick of King Arthur's. But that Fancy is to be reckon 'd among thole many ri- diculous Errors which have been convey'd to ihc ig- norant Country People by Ballads and Romance s.and having pot llich footing that 'tis hard to undeceive tliem. This Table is probably as old a was its greatell Trade and tmploymcnti but the Advantage of ihe Situation upon the River has in i great mcafure drawn the Inhabitants from thit Rulaiefs, and turn'd them to the Mtilt-Trade, by which the Wealth of the Tow. is much improvd. The Streets and Buildings arc neat and hanafom j and foinetimes the Ailizes arc held here. H'aliinnfotd, upon the River of Thitmti, was alio famous for its Caltlccwhich was exceeding ftrong and attempted more than once b> King Siephen, in the civil Wars between him and Heurj II. 'Ihat which made /^Ww^gi/oH cliietiy flourilh, was thecaufe of th.i Town's decay, vi-{. the change of the High-Ru.id. 2Mt yet for all that, the Malt-Trade does no: cnly fupport It, but of late Years has alfo cncrcas'd i;> Wealth, Buildings, and Number of Inhabitants. hy'wbury carries its rife and original in the very Name, which implies a relation to fomc old Bu ^-J) near it ; and that was Spene, at a little diftance trom thrs wtii> Town. Tho' the Name deltroys all its Prcten- lions rj yjnttquiiy, yet it bears Figure in our modem Hiltones, upon account of Engagements here between the King and Parliament, in the late Civil Wars, T\k CUilj-Tiade, and the convenience of the River, have improv'd it into a handfom, pretty Town. Hungerford, upon the edge of H^iltp^ite, has been all along more coafiderable, upon account ot the Title It has for many Ages given to a very eminent Family, than for cither Wealth or Neatnefs. In all the Country round, it has a ^'articular Reputation for the belt Trouts. Alaidcnhead, conhdcring what time it has had for improvement, is grown Into a handfom Town. For its firlt encreafe was occallon'd by building a Woocicn Bridge over :hi;Thni>iei ; which before that, us'd w be Ferry 'd, at ilu hxpencc and Trouble of the Tra- veller. But the new Bridge, as it made the RoaJ this way much iiioic ealic and convenient, lb did i: induce the Inhabitants to build Inns and provide all Accommodations for the Entertainment of Strangers. /liicient Pinccs. Galieva was undoubtedly our IValiingfad, as ap. pears both from the Courfe of the Itinerary, the re. mains of the old Name in the prefcnr, and the anci- ent grandeur and Lvgcncfs of the Town. Spine is now an inconliderable Village, about a Mile from Kcmlmy ; which carries the old Name m irs prefent Spene, and has alfo left the remains of :: in a part of Kewbiny, (till call'd Spinham-Lands. Eibroci, alfo, a People in thole Parts, may feein to have left fomcthing of tho Natne in the prefent B'ay near Maidenhe.ul, SURREY *■ li Jhnme. what by oil Count: dorn'J Kuildii The ot Pkalaii More ( aro ENGLAND. ^ S U R R E V. THE County of Surrey, (as wc call it at tliisday; lies all a lotif; u|X)ii the Soiuh-licie of the River ot Thitmes ; fiom which I'olitioii, it has tlic Name. For, what our Ago has eoiitra(fled into Surry, was call'd by oiir tore-fathers Suthri^e. That part of the Country which borders upon the Thnmes, il fo a- dorn'J with a mixture of Woods, Meadows, and fair Buildings, that nothing can be more Entertaining : Ihe other lurts are Fruithil enough, though not It) I'lcafaiit. y ' Snuthvfarkj \Guilford, More corilidcrable Towns, <\.'''^y?«», arc, J^cbmond, * Lambeth. Southnitrkj (fo call'd from its Southerly Situation, with refpeCt tu l.on.lon) by its near intcrcourfe with that noble City, has improv'd it felf into a llouridiinR condition, not only beyond all other Places in this County, but equal to moll of our Cities in En^lmiil. Before the Building of the Bridge, their Commerce was maintain'd onJv by Ferrying ; but upon creding aWoodenrb' !r l IccinVi to be a fort of Suburbs to Loudon ; anO laitly, by the llately Stone-bridge vt 19 Arches, fupon which rh.- buildings arc continu'd liL . Areet) one would think it a Part of the City. Accordingly, in the Reign of Edward VI. it was an- next to London ; and by virtue thereof the Inhabi- tants had a Power granted thorn to ufeall fucli Laws within their Burrough, as the Citizens did within their City. Guilford, (for fo it is commonly pronounc'd, though Written Guldford and Giiiidfoid) is featcd upon the River H'jii; and is a [>opulous Market-Town ; I know not whether we may arinbutc its growth, in fomc mcafure at leaft, to the Benefaction of Sir Rjchard IVcjhn; by whole Induftry, principally, the' River upon which it Itands, was made Navig.-iblc. "Tis cer- tain chat all this part of the Country is very much en- gag J to the firft Coniiiveis, fince tlicy recei\c: fiicli conliderable advantage from it. Kju^lon upon Tliawcs, has its Nani'c from tin- So- lemn Coronation of thitM; Saxcm Kings, /lihrlftan, lidtvin, and Hfhrlred, in the UaniUl Wars. ' fis a Market-Town, not very large indeed, but populous and of good relort. HjchmoHd, hard by, has been particularly pitch'd upon by Ojveral of our Kings, for their Diveriion and Pleafure, whenever the Atfaiis of the Nation would give them leave to retire. Lambeth, over againlt H'eftminfler, upon the River of Thanirs, has all its Reputation from the Palace o£ the Archbidiop of Canterbury, which is very large and ftately. It hasbelong'd to thcmfucceiiively ever fince Arch-Bifliop Baldwin obtain'd a Manour in this Place by exchange . the Bilhopof Hschejicr, »\x>w the )Lar 1 i8j. \Ve meet with none of the old Stations in tliis County ; the \ovinmi!_ut, (which Mr. Camtdtn places at '' ; d:ot) bcu.^; more >:oiiveniently lt'ttl*4 m K^ent. Things t{.'n!itrk^blt. The Mole (a conlnler .' le River) in two fcotil places goes under p)..,iiil lor loniefpace; pariicularly for z miles togetlier, noai H'lijehilli Iroin whence the Place is call'd he SrvalLw. At -ilbui y the Hyfio^.cuin, or Pcrforaiiim, made tlirougK a mighty Hill, .ind deiign';! for a CoxcJi p.-illage, is Remarkable and Surprizing. Lpfcm-HMli have been in lb grea; rcquefl of Uie years fiir their Mineral-waters, as to raufe a conlide- rable incicale of Buildings, fjr the bnieiTainment of Gentlemen refoning thither, for their ilealth or Plea- fure. A Ski-'leton 9 Foot 3 Inches long, taken up iii the Church-yard of tP'oitun, and diiliinilly mcafur'd, may julfly be rcckon'd among the Remarkables of this County. SUSSEX. Ciyjf«, ("or as it i» n^o'c truly written, South-Sex) ^ derives its name from the ancient Inhabitants, the South-Saxons, v\'ho had that denomination with refpeiil to the Hii[i.Saxons. The EXjwns take up the Sca-coaft; the middle confills of Meadows, Paltures, and Corn- fields; and the more Northerly pnrc of it abounds with Wood. The Iron-works turn to good account ; asdid formerly the Glaji-Houjet ; but now the latter are quite laid alidc, rChicbefter, More confiderable Towns J Arundel, are, f Levies, KHie. Chlchejler, in its Saxon name Ci'Jfanceafl:r, difco- T«rs its firft Fuunder^ o/fl. Ci£ai Son of /Ella, who fettl'd the Kingdom of the South-Saxons. Notwitft- Handing which Antiquity, we do not find that it flou- rilli'd very much till the Conqueror's time, when the Bilhop's See was remov'd from Seljji to this Place; where it itill continues in a good conilitiori. The City had undoubtedly been much more Wealthy; Large and Populous, if the conveniency of tlie Har- bour had feconded the advantage of tlie Bilhop's See. Bu- 'he Haven is of it felf not vcrycominodiousj and is aiio at too great adiftance. Arundel, owes its Name and Reputation more to the Caftie and its iZai , than cither the populouinefs of the Town, or wealth of ih- Inhabitants. The Cartic was a place of great iticngth, and of conliderable moment in our Wai"s ; and the Earls, Perfons of great Worth and Honour, Bat tbough the conditiotl i1 1^ M 11 ^i^P {1^ 16' ENGLAND. of the place will not anfwcr cither the figure it makes in our Hiftories, or the reputation it has in the opi- nion of Strangers ; 'tis however a Market-Town, ai. J lends two Burgefles to Parliament. Lexfci, at a little diftance from the Sea, is featcd up. on a rili.ig groun : and is a Town ot good Note: Tho' anci.Mirly it fecnis to have been mort- confidcra- ble. For when King Athelflitn fcrtl'd Mints in the more eminent Towns of the Kingdom, hepitch'd up- on this place for one, and gave it two Minters. I^jc, upon the Sca-Conif, joyning to the County of l^ent, owes iis rile to the decay of its Neighbour H^incbtlfen. For the Sea, in thofe i>arts, does as it were difpofe of its wealth amotg the Coaltcrs, according to the feveral ages. So that by irs breaking in one while and retiring another, they enjoy the advantage of it in their turns. J^yc has flourilli'i! by iis kindnefs tliefe many ages, in Buildi.igs, Navigation, and Filli- inp; whilft ni.iny c'^^its Neighbours are ready to llarve, and are daily drawing towards ruine. Ancient Pl/icfi. Partus Adwni (the place where the Exfloratores kept watch againll the Saxon Pirats under the later Emperours} mulT: he upon this Coaft. And wc cannct pitch upon any part widi greater probability, than EJcri>i^:nn, a Liule VilLige, which fecms Itill to rcwm fomcilimg of the old Name ; and belidcs, is a very convenient place for Laiuhiig. Whiih indeed in our prekiit feari.h, is a circuucii.mcc of great monunt • (incerhole G«r»iiin too (if we may believe Tradition, which is not grounded upon much Evidence from Hiltory) had it particularly in his Eye ; and had us'd it as he did the reft of the Kingdom, but that they obtained the Con- tinuance of their Ancient Cuttoms and Uiages,' by a notable Stratagem. Nor could it well be otherwife : For as their Situ- ation cxpofes them to the immediate Attempts ot Fo- reigners i fo do the Riches and Fruitfulnefs of their Country invite them to a fettk ment there before any crher Part. The Soil is exceeding rich ; fo thatt.hcy abound with excellent Corn-Fields, Meadows, and Pafturcs. They have Apples alfo, and Cherries in great abundance ; which turn to better account here than in other places, by reafon of their nearncfs to Lon- don, whither they fell them by whole fale. Befidestliis Fruitfulnefs of the Soil, which furr'lhes them with moft Nccelfaries ; they are fupply'd with what con- veniences our foreign Trade brings in, by their Har- bours and noble Rivers. fC/interlHry,'\ fDeptford More Remarkable J i^oc/jf/?fr, /jMaidJhne, Places arc, J Dozer, ^fUpmney, KCrccnxtich, J \Chiitham, Citnterbury, upon the River Stour, as it is the prin- cipal City in thofe parts, fo is it the Metropolis of the whole Kingdom. For upon the converlion of the Saxons to the Chriftian Faith, Ethclbert King of l^ent gave this Place to Auftin the Mcril{_i who was made Arch-Bilhop of the Englijh, and fo fixt his Sec here. And Ucre ic has concinu'd cveriince ; favc that for a little while it was remov'dto London (the chief City of the Kingdom ;) but in honour and memory of Sam: Aiiftin, it v\'as return "d to Canterbuiy. The Churdi that is molt eminent, is Chrijl-Churcl'; for Si. AiiJHi's (built below theCity for a burying-pKicefor tiie Kingi ot K.™f and the Aivh-billiops, when it was not law- ful to bury in Cities) is laid ir. its own mines ; by which we may (till perceive what a (tately Fabnck it has once been. 'I'he City is populous and wealthy ; liav. iiigin It abundance of Walloons :ind Frcnci) ; the firll ot them I'eitl'd here in the time of Qiieen Eli^abah, .inJ brought along with them the Art of Weaving Silk; the lecoiul came over of late years, upon the perfecuti- on of / civ/V the XIV. i^chrjlcr is the other City in this County, bcinj made an Kpifcopal See b) ihe fame Athelbcrt that g.ivc Canterbury to St. Aujiin, upon his Converlion to ihc Chrilbian Faith. The Situation of it, is low, and the bounds narrow, but the Suburbs make it pretty larjjc, Anciently, it was of great note for its Caltle, whicli the nature of the place render'd exceeding ftrorg : bo that when Odo held it agaiiift /;',:'/.i>- .\ifi(.<, nothing could bring him toa furivnde- ' -ic v\:ir.- . f r.o\ ifioii«. The noble Stone-bridge (througti which the Medm, runs with a moil hideous noifc) was built, upon Simon Monifrrt'^i cutting down the. Wooden one, in his at- tempts upon this place. Diver, next thele two, m.,kes the grer.relt figure in our Hiftor:es ; not for its extent 01 riches, but the convenii-nt paifage it aHords imo France. Ir has alfo a Caltle of great Strength ; and \w,^s anciently ac- counted of fo much Importance as to bo comrtionly called the \.-y of lui^.'nv,', wi.licut vvhieh it was im- poUible for Foreign Eucmies lO inalte ::'eir way. With any .advantage, into this Nation. Upt,., I. . a-cimt, H'illifm the Conqueror ti>oK parrii nl.ir cart to h.ivc 11 well fortified and gtiardeil ; dittributed valt quamuics of Land to his Soliliers.purelyfor thai Service. I'lie iV,-r was bulk by HcmyV III. and repaired by Queen /•;.>.;■ Leth at vaft expencc, after the Sealiad began to break in upon it. f;reen«lil:, 'IS^. ENGLAND. id %ve cannot ibiliry, ihaii Itill to IXl.Ull cs, IS a very iiuiccd incur at niotivauj crc i'ct to li'm- conuqutncc, ,is ii.ijlk coif ■mds Lrr,'. of ,c;-ir<''s mc; ^,„ [->.,( J, by icquwi W their ivcs, in ihi; littli: well worth the icuiy rli'mglcfi. ms ilcrtroy'il :;, u Mr.CrtWiWfii's irititimiit, unda (the chief Cit)' mi-inory of Sain: 7. The Church p ; for St. AujHih iacL'for the Kingi it was not law- i0wn mines ; by (tatcJy habiick i: wealthy ; hav. cuch; the full n EH\nbeth, aiiJ Weaving Si'.k: on tlie ^erfccuti- County, being helbcrt iliat pave onvt-iiion to the IS low, and the It I'l-etty large, ts Caltle, which ding Itrorg: So .'"iifin, nothing ir. .!f r.-ovifiom. hii-h the Medvn )uik, upon Sinm one, in his at- ^rcr.tcft figure in riches, bnt the liicc. It has alfo y,it anciently ac- Ito be coiii'f.only Vhich ic was im- ,::-eir way, with ,;, '■; . criiunt, ;■ care to have it i vaft quantitici Icrvicc. I'll'' ''''■■' |iy Ujiecn/i/'v'" began to break Cceimkh, lying upon the Th.vrwi, is remarkable for Its /(.71/ Seat, built by Hkw/>(7 Duke ot Gicccjhr, nnd cnlarg'd by King IknryVU. and is a Place much celebrated in our Hiilories for giving Birth to that molt excellent Princefs, Q. EUs^nucth. , Dip'foi'i is at a little Diitaucc, and draws its Re[>u- tation from the noble Dock_, and other Accoinmoda- iions for building and repairing of Ships ; whereby It is of great Ufu and Importance to the Royal Navy of En^innd. MaUfione (lb call'd from the Meitwity upon which it lies) is a pleafant populous Town , and feenis to hive been formerly of greater Eminence than its Neighbours, as being the Shirc-Tomi, where the Af- fizes"^ are generally held. Unlets podlbly, the con- venience of its lituation, almoitin the middle ot the County, ma\ have been the principal means ol-' pro- curing that honour. l{o)ii>iiy, lying near thcSea-Cnaft to the South VM\, was formerly \erv conliderable both for its Harbour, and the Sca-Servitcs done by the Inhabirant,'; to the Crown. But when the Ocean overtiow'd rhefe parts, in the Reign of f.J'rr. d I. and rcmov'd the pallagc of the River another way, ir bcg.m to forfake the Town, and by conlequcncc to rob it by degrees ol its former glory. Chntijam, nutit R^ichcfler , is eminent for the ftation of the Navy-Royal ; and has been much more fo iincc the improvements ot DkI-j, Lniinch.'s, Stoic- houfcs, C?c, made by King Crmles li. and King 'Jumcs 11. 'Tis alfo remarkabie for its fund of Naval Charity, for the fupport of Pcrfons wounded in the Sea-Service; eftablillit in the Year 1588. under the Title of the Chcji /it Chatham. Ancient fiacn. Vngniact, by the courfc of the Itinerary, muft be Maidfirme, efpeciaiiy if Kcviomngus, the next Station on one Hand, may be lix'd at Hollo-mood hill, and not aiH'mdcot in Surrey (as Mr. C/tmden imagmes.) Diirctirovis isagrecd on all hands to be Rnchefter. l^guli}ium„ mention'd by the Sctitin, has lett the exprels Remains of its Name in our preieiit l{eculver ; which alio demonltrates its Antiquity by ihe J^mnn Coins dilcover'd tlicrcabouis. Oiiioteiiium IS beyond all dilpute to be fettl'd at Cnincrbiiyi', Dmoleiium fecms to fall in fas to the Sound) wi:h Lcnbam ; which yet is ton lar out of the Road, and has nothing to fupport ir, b'.lldes the bare (imiiituile of Names. Bitpchild lies dircAly m the way, and does not want either Antiquity or a due dillanceto oaiwer the Itinerary ; which h.'.s indue 'd a modern Author to remove the Station tluilier. Ciuitium Promontoriuni, is the l\rntijh-fjrci/i>id. Dnhis, by the prclent name and the circiimllances of the place, can be mother than Dsirr. .ludciida, mention' -i by rhe j\ofj/;/j, has been by fomc fix'd at Ncnenden, by others ar Hujlit.^s or I'cmfy in Siijjcx. Ino v'cd the names mention'd in that Book, wanting the artiftance of the DUIiDices; are very hard to find out ; having no other Direclions, but barely their Situation upon the Seacoalh ; which we uifcr fiom the ule of them, ti^. to be a Guard a- gainll die Invalion of P\ rates. ^7 l.cmanis is, by Mr. CnmdAi, plac'd at Stutfnl-Caftle near S-iithe, but by Mr. Sonmcr ZKRomney. ' K!Jvidini!^^iis,h)' tile DTfFaiu-es TnThcTtinei'ary, muft be brought much nearer hUidjtone than iVoodcot in Swr) IS, where Mr. Citimicn iixt it. The difcovery of a large Homnti C'ampupon the Kwci: l{nvcnshown (which empties it felf into the Thtimes ac.-ir Gr^en- wich) makes it probable enough that the old Novio' Junius onght not to be (ought in another place. liliiitujiix, is the fame as our HJchburrov ; whicli daily lliewsthc Marks of its Antiq(uity j vi:^. l^man Coins of Gold and Silver. To thcfe we may add the Idan^, wiiich Solim'it (according to different Copies,) calls Thanntos and Ath/tvntcs, from whence the prefcnt name of Thnnct is deriv'd. 'Tis made by a divifion of the Waters of the River Stour, near its entrance into the Sea, and IS about eight miles long and four broad. The Soil is a white Chalk, which produces Hay and Corn in great abundance. Tolinrii I>ij:il,-s is probably Shepcjt, TI'Ihts !{rnin> kjtble. The vaft Pits near Feic/httw, narrow at the top but within very large, are thought to be fome of thofe out of which the TJiiV/r/;./ us'd to dig C/Wi^ to manure their (irounds. Which feemsa more proba- ble Opinion, than that the Saxotis iliould contnv<5 them, in imitation of their Gcrinitn Anceftors, for a fort of Granary wherein to prote.;^ their Corn and Goods againll the violence of Cold and plunders ofan Enemy. ' Jk'low Greo.tvich, there is great plenty of Scwro^- Biomlry Ihfpitnl, builr by the right Reverend Fa- ther in God Dr. John ff rtrKfi, forthc niair.tenanceqf twenty poor Minifters Widovs, isamolinoble Foun- dation, and may well ferve for a pattern to Per- ("ons who are dilpos'd to fettle fuch Charities in other Pl.aces. The Royal Olfcrvntory &l Greenwich, furnilli'd with alt forts of Inftruments for AJrroncmiciil OhWvs'mon'i, and a Dry H'cll for difcovery of the Stars in the day- umc, is very curious. Tunbridge VVcll> have of late years been found fb ufeful for carrying off feveral Diftempers, that the gr.at rcfort of Gen'.ry has caus'd the building of & go. d number of Houfcs near the place ; and a Chapel, wherein Prayers are read twice a day during the Scafon. Gnrcl-kjnd is a Cuftoin peculiar to this County ; whereby all Lands are divided equally among the Males; and in default of ihcm, among the beinales. They would derive this and otluT Privileges from thi'ir Conipolitioii with I'l'illiuin the Conqueror ; which Opinion is yetiliffly oppos'd by their Learned Country-man iMr. Somner, in his excellent Treaiife upon that Subject. The Cinijue-Poits are a Connftitution not to be met with in other places, being five Ports under the Con- ftablc oi' Dover-C/iJtIc, eltablifht by Willir.m the Con- queror for the better fecurity of this Coaft. Th« Ports are HnjHiigs, Drier, Hithe, l{omney, and Snnd- wich ; which, upon account of their Sea-Services, en- joy feveral Immunities ; their Governor ir ttyi'd Lord l^Vitrden of the CinqiiePortt, D GLO- ^rtcHWirt', It; ( iB ENGLAND. GLOCESTERSHIRE. TH E County o{ GLOCESTEI{, according to its feveral parts, has a different Soil and Appear- ance. In the Eaft, 'tis hilly j in the Weft, woody ; and in the middle, a Iweet fruitful Vale. The mid- dle parts are much indebted to the Severn, which runs along for Forty Miles together, bringing in Nc- cefTaries from abroad,and conveying the Native Com- modities into Foreign Parts. Tlie \Veftern Tra(ft was one continu'd Wood, thick and unpalTable ; but the difcovcry of the Vcuis of Iron (which requires vaft quaritities of Wood to fupport them) has made it much thinner. tGloccJlcr, The more remarkable Towns, are GL0CiiST£7^, the principal place in this County, is a Town wcll-bmit, beautify "d with ma- ny fair Churches, and exceeding well provided with Hofpitals for the mamtcnance of their Poor. The Severn, along which it is ftretch'd, fecurctic on one fide, and it has Walls to defend it on others. About the time of 11-^lliam the Conqueror, firging of Iron feems to have been the Bufincfs of the Town ; fince Hoomefiiiy tells us, That the Tribute requir'd of them, was a certain quantity of IioM-bars. It has had its misfortunes both from H'an and Fire, but ftiU rofc again and flourifli'd, at length K.Henry VIII. made it an Epifcopal Seej which at this Day is its grcateft Glory. Tcffkesbury, fcatcd at» the meeting of the Severn the Avon, and .mother little River, is a large bcau- tifiil Town, the great Bufinefs whereof is (■f'o'/hn- cloth. In the Hiftorics of our Nation 'tis mcntion'd upon account of :lic Battel between thcHoufesofTi)^ and Ltincafter, wherein the latter Party was almoik entirely defeated. Cirencejler, caU'd commonly at this day Ciciter, was of good note both under the I{omani and SnxoiL'. Its eminence among the full: is difcover'd by ancient Coin, Pavements and Infcriftioiis ; and the frequent mention of it in the ,S«a:«« HifVorics makeit probable that it bore fomc confiderabie Figure a- mong the latter. Add to this , the extent of the Town, which has formerly been two iMiles round • but now not above a founh part of that compafs is inhabited. They have alfo had three PanlhChurchcs, of which only one is left, very fair indeed and large. Cnmden, in the North part of the County on the edge of H'orceflerjhirc, is a good Maikct-rown, famous cfpccially for the Stocking T/vn/c. The South Ifleof this Church is .idorn'd with feveral moft noble and curious Monuments of Marble. Ancient Places. Alone appears by its (ituation upon Severn, its di' ftance from the next Station, and moft of all from the prefent name, to be that which we call at this day Aventon. Trnjcfius, where they Ferry'd over the Stverv, was probably at Qldbuiy ; which both carries Ann- quity in its name, and is fituate over agaiiift Alone. Corinium, mention'd by Ptolemy, was our Cirtn. cefter. Glcvum is agreed by all to be the prefent Citvof Clocefter. ' Things ^mnrkiihle. The Mlufpering-pUce, in the Cathedral of elect'. fter, is a Curiofity much taJk'd of and admir'tl by "Travellers. 'Tis a Wall built fo in an Arch of the Church, that if you whifpcr never fo low at one end, another that lays his Ear to the other end fliail hear each diftind Syllable. Which yet the mor-: knowing Inhabitants affirm lo be purely accidental, and not the Effeifl of any curious Contrivance. Stones like Cockles and Oylkrs arc found abou- the Head of the River Avon, or the Hills near A:- derfey. in fomc Parts of the County, they had formcrlv a Cuftom very unaccountable, Ihat the Lands c condcmn'd Perfons fliould be forfeited to the Kmc only for a Year and a Day, ,ind after that return rJi the next Heirs j but 'tis now quite .oolilli'd. ■ ] )\: OXFORDSHIRE, 'T'HE County of OXFOI{D is accommodated •* with Three large Rivers, which anfwcr the Neceilifies of "itslcvcr.ii Parts. The Thames I'upphcn tie South and Weft, the Tow the Eaft, and the C/jcr- n>f//the middle. The two laft empty thcmfclvcs into the (irft, and arc carried with it in one Channel into the Ocean. The Bottoms of this Shire abound with Meadows and Corn-ground ; the Hills arc well ftor'd with Wood ; but were much more lb before the Civil W.irs between the King and Parliament. The morcconddcrableS ,',,„ oi .... ... <^yViioaJti Pi ici's .ire. CBanl/Hi ^ OXFO 1{_D, as it gives its Mame to the whole County, fo is it upon lever.il Accounts very eminent; The Air is fwcet and healthful, the Profpcd on all Hands very pleafant ; the private Buildings .w neat, and the publick fuinptuous. But th.it which gives ii a Reputation, not only above its Neighbours but above all other Places in the Kingdom, is, One of the moft noble Univcrlities in the whole World. The Conftitution whereof is fo regular ; the Dil'ci- plinc Ibftridt; the Endowments fo plentiful and con- Venient for Studies ; and, in a Word, every Thing fo agreeable to the Education of Youth, that we need not wonder it fliould daily (end abroad fuch Numbers of karncd Men, for the Service of Church ENGLAND, 19 bliftoriesmakcit :rablc Figure a- c extent of the /o Miles round ; : that compafs is ParilUChurch«, tair indeed and e County on tht kct-town, famous I'hc Soutli Ille of 1 molt noble and >on Sivtrn, its di- moil of all from we call at this day over the Sevra, :oth carries Ann. ate over agamft y, was our Cittn- ic prefent Cityof ;athcdral of Glccc- )f and admir'el by in an Arch of the ,er fo low at one the other end fliail nch yet the moK purely accidental, Contrivance. rs are found atou' ;hc Hills near .i'- thcy had former!, "hat the Lands c fcitcd to the Kii fter that return ; ' Dolilh'd. Church and Statf. O ' what Antiquity it is, 1 fiiall hot iretcnJ to dcrcnnmc : Whole Volumes ha\c been wnt upon that SubjeLt already. Let us thank Providence, thr.t'tis in Inch a Hourilhing Condition a: prclcnt, and leave the nice Uifquilition of what it' has been, to others. The following jcticme will artbrd thcbcft view of its State and Increale, in the fevcral Ages. King's Reigns. Colleges. Univcrlity, Baiiol, Mcrton, Oi-iel, Lxetcr, Queens, Kew-Collcge, Lincoln, All Souls, Migdalen, Bnzen-nole, C'oifUsChrifti, Chn It-Church, T.-inicy, S. John's ]clus, Wadham, Pembroke, Ime to the whole |nts very cimnenf the Profpcel oh |atc Buildings arc But that which ve its Neighbours, lingdoni, is, One |hc whole World. cular ; the Difci- fplentifulandcon- \nd, every Thing Youth, that vve lend abroad fucli the Service of Church Founders. King Alficil. Sir Jclm BrJli;'. " 1 1 'litter Met ton. E.hnr,l II. K'n/rrr St/iple.'cii. i{cbeir F.gleifieicl. mil. o^^ll'ickj-am. lijchitul Fleming. Ileii'y Ch'chky. Il':llii:iii fViiiiijl'O. VViltie.ni Smith, B^:ha,,t Vox. Ucmy VIII. Sir thomns Pofe. Sir Thomns FH'tc. Queen Eli:(iil>eth. KichoUs J ,nnd StVudhnm. Dtrothy ■* Thoinns Tif.lni. .Ilfre.i. Ueniy lU. Kdwnrii I. Edwnrd 11, l:d>v.-.rd II. JCdn-ru-d in. lUh-nrd III. I-le/iiy \L llemy VI. llaiiy VI. Ilniy VIII. Uemy Vlll. lleiny VIII. Queen Mr.ry. Queen AMm. Queen ;i//';;r!/'c-/'/f Javies I. All thclc are well cndow'd with Fellowfliips, Sr.ho- larlhips, C?c. The Halls (where Gentlemen live upon their own lixpences) are Seven, Clocefter, S. Edmund, M/igdtiLii, Hurt, /Hban, S. Maiy: Kerf. [ml. The Ditiiej, who were a rude unpolifli'd People, enemies to Lc.iin;ng, Religion, and every thing that was Honourable, lack'd and burn'd this place among others, in their Ravages through the Kingdom, And about the Reign of King ?"/)«, (at which time 'tis laid there were three Thoufand Students, wliolodg'd up and down in the Town,) the Scholars were heavily alHided with the rude carriage of the Citizens, and retir'd in great Numbers to treading, Cfiih'idge, Si-.liibury, And other places ; Bui about Uciiry the Third's Reign, and fo downward, Cas pious Perlons built Colleges and Ualls for the enter- tainment of Students) they began to be lefs depen- dent upon the Town ; cfpecially being fupportcd with good Revenues, as well as accommodated with convenient Lodgings. The chief of its publick Buildings arc, I. The Schools a noble ft.itely Pile of Building, wherein Excrcife for the fevcral Degrees are perfor- med, the publick Lcdures read, Gfc. :. The Library, buil-. by Sir TiMmm Bodley, and commonly call'd the Bodleian Library ; famous throughout Kwojic for its prodigious Stoc.-- of Books, both Printed and Mairufcript. i. The Theittci-A Magm^iccn'.: Work, and of ad- mirable Contrivance, Built by the Ki;>ht Reverend bather in God, GUbcit Sheldoji, Arch-Bulnp of Cnn- lerhwy. 4. T'hc Mrftitm, commonly call'd /ip:mo!c'% A/h/c- uni, is a neat Building; the lower part whereof is a Chymical FJaboMtory ; and the upper, a Repofitory of Natural and Artificial Rarities. H'ocdftock, diftant from O.\ford about 6 miles to the North, by its name implies a (ituation man-oi.// part of the Country j and accordingly us grea:elt Reputation has been the Pnr!i_, along with a Royal Seat built thereby King Ileiny I, who probably was iiiLinc'd to pitch upon this place for the con\en!encc of Hunting; a Diverlion muchus'dand admir'd by our Fore-tathers. At prefent the Town is not very populous, nor the Trade confiderable. Banbioy, on the ciigc of Konhnmpton-plrc, is a pretty large Town ; and is principally known upon account of its excellent Cheefe. Dorchejler lies upon the River Tame, at the otiiet end of the County ; and is a place of great Antiqui- ty and Dignity : For, as it fceras to have flouritli'd under the ]{omans, fo had it the honour of an Epi- fcoialSce under the 5 was theirchief Town ; cfpecially if it may be allow'd fo much An. tiquity asfoine are willing to grant it. Tilings l{emarkable. ^lie-rich flones, in the Wellcrnpart of this Coun- ty,are a number of hugeStones plac'd in a Circlc,which fomc have thought to be Moni-.nents of a Vidrory ; others, a Burying-place ; and again, others, a place for the Coronation of the Danilh Kings. See Plot'* O.vfordjhirc, p. 941. The Labyrintis made by King Henry XL at ffW- jlockj for his Fair Hpfamond, is much talk'd of; tho" now nothing is to be fecltofit. Aftrop.l'fells near Banbury, have been much rcfort- tcd CO of late years by tfcc Nobility and Gentry. D 2 BUCK- m m 20 ENGLAND. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. TH E County of Biick^inghum (lb call'd probably from great numbers of Buckj in this Woody Country; is for many miles together extended trom North to South. The Chiitem is one pare of the County ; which is a continued Ridge of Hills ; and below ihcm lies the other Branch cari'd the Krt/c, be- ing a plcaf.'.nt Champain Country, conlilting of Meadows, Failures and Corn-grounds. The more confiderablc Towns are. f Buckjtighnm, \ Aihbury, S {^ickjiniti, \Sccu)-StriitfDrd. Siickjnghum gives name to the whole County, and IS at prefent al'own of good Note; though aueiently irwaa notvcry conliderable, if we may gob) the com- mutation or Jlitks and Bur^rffci in Uomelday. I know not whether the ftrength ot the place, maynot be the realon why it made lo conlidcrab e a Figure, when the Houies were few, and the Inhabitants thui. *Tis certain the Caflle, now quite gone) was builr a good while before the Conquelt; and Nature too ha; in Ibmc ntfafure contributed towards its Safcy, by fnrrounding it on all lides but the Korth, with the Ri- ver 0«/c ; which mu(t needs make it a valuable Re- fuge in thofe troublclbme and warlike Times. Aihbury was alfo a place of Note, in the begin- ning of the Saxons ; being taken from the Britnins about the year 571. At prefent it is a large and po- pulous Market- Town, plcafantly featcd m the midft of Meadows and Failures, wherein arc fed prodigi- ous numbers of Sheep. IViikJ.'f.m, in the Road between Oxford and Lon- don, is a large and populous Corporation, well built, and of good Trade. It has a throng Corn-Market and the Woods all round bring in con/id<'rable Re. venues yearly by lupplies Icn: ro the neighbouring Counties; lome of which are haril enough put to it for Fuel. Sto>iy-Strti'f''d, in the Korth part of the Shire, takes Its name from the Stony-Ford that led over the River at ihat Piaec. 'Tis a pood large Town, in the middle whereof ihmds the Carols, erctiled by King Ecixtiid 1. to the iMemury of Queen Ulcnnor. yincicut Places, Pontes, by the courfe of the Itinerary, muft be fnmewheie about Cy2rt/they ftiil rrclerve the Hern, by the Li- very whereof that Hltaie was convey'd to higcUi Bo'ftnl in the timccf one of the VyHUams. Pen, and the Towns upon that Ridge, are obferv'd to be the highell Ground in all thefe parts ; there being afenlib'cAfcent thither all along from Londm, and as fenfibie aDel'eent when you are pa(t it. BEDFORDSHIRE. TH E County of Bedford in the South part is Bar- ren; in the middle Woody, and in the North Fruitful. As the Soil diftinguidies it into thefe three Parts, lb h»s Nature divided it into two other, by the Channel of the River Oufc, which is the princi- pal Ri\er of the County, and runs through u. Towns more remarkable ; Bedfiird, are, { Oiwjitibte. Bedford, the principal Townof the County, tho'ir can hardly pretend to Roman Antiquity, was yet of very good repute among the Saxens; and was one of thoic which futfer'd from the DuniJJ} Depredations. But its greatcit Milcnes weitoccalion'd by the Caftle built there after the Conqutd, which was a cenain refuge, to one Party or the other in all the Civil Wars that follow'd. The Town is parted by the River Otifi, and joyn'd l>y a Stone'-bridgc . The South-tide has two Churches, and the North three. The Site of the old Calllcisnow a fpacioiis B(m>//»/:;-G>cw, whither the Neighbouring Gentry refort for their Recreation. Dut.Jlnble, fo call'd from its high fituation, ftands, ■ upon tjbe end (a* it were) of the Chiitem, upon a dry chalky Sol'. Thisqua'ity of the Soil puts them to (omemccavcniencc for Water ; with which notwith- ftanding they arc fupplyed tolerably well with four publick Ponds, one in each .Street. It is pretty pop. lous, and well furnilh'd with Inns, having the advan- tage of lying upon the N"orthern-ro.id, from Luiiiv. The Crofs in the middle of the Town was eiedtd by lidwnrd, tothe Memory of his Qiieen Eieitnor. jlncieiit Places. Salimtmud in all pre)bability be the place now call'd Chcfiei field, near Tcmesfcrd , by the courle cl the Itinerary, the {{rnian Money, with other marks of Antiquity, difcover'd there. Magioiiiiw, need be lought at no other place than Oiiiifable, which Hands upon a Roman-way, and has the evidence of Roman Money to alfen ii< Antiquity. Thing: Rtrnarl^alle. At Harcmod, the Riur was obferv'd to ftandin the year 1399 ; and again in k';48 ; which have been look'd upon as Prognollicks : ti." firit cf the fml Wars that enfu'd ; the fecond of tl-e Death otKing Charles I. Fuller's-i-.i:;h is dug up in great abundance .about M'cbiirn. A Woman in b,^"f''l'L , liad nineteen Chi'drcnai five Births ; 5 at two fcveral ones , and three toge- ther ar J more. \ herT. % ENGLAND. 2E HERTFORDSHIRF. '% TH E County of Hertford fecms to owe its Hou- rilhing Condition more to itsliruation than Soil : For the many Thorow-fairs to and tiom London, h.n c mightily Enrich'd tlie particular Towns, by the ad- vantage of entertaining Travellers ; and its nearncfs to the City, (together with the Healthfulncfs of the Air) has indue 'd great numbers of the Nobility and Gentry to purchafc and build in ihofc Parts. The morTc-mark-. able Towns arc, ^Ikitfcrd, Qlio^Jlo)!. > ' Stont .H'ltrc, s\ Stor;fi'i d. S./lUmiis, (the old Vcrulnwium of ihc Hciiinin, and tlie IVntliiig-dicftcr of the Snxo/ii) was of fuch eon- liderable Note under the I{o)iiiii:i,:ii to be AM.niidpi- urn ; but in ithe famous lnlurredb';n ol Queen lico- diciit, wascntirely laid Wallc by the Brititins: How- ever it reeovcr'd it felf, and aiicrwarJs had the ho- nour of being the Birth-piaec of S. Alban (the Proto- martyrof Bn'tniii, in the time of D'.oclcjmn ;) .; Per- fon fo eminent for Piety and Goudncfs, that the J own afterwards took his Name, as the grearelt Honour it could do it lelf. For when Oj'a had buiit a large and fplcndid Monaltery, Dedicated to the Memory of S. Albf.n, the Town preiently llourllh'd, and was particularly ambitious of a Relation to that Saint. From time to time there have beendilcoveiM valt re. miins of Roman Antiquity, in the place where t!ic eld Ve'iiiitinl:^m flood, now turii'd into a Ccra- iit.ld. The Chi'.reh of the Alonaftery is (til! Itand- ir.p, .ind is a mod noble Pile of Building, At preicnr, 'tis a large flourifliing Town, hiving the •dvan:.\gc of being a Thorow-fair on the Northern R,\id tro;n Lou tin. IL' tfo'd, (foca-'d, as if one (liould fay a Tcrdaf tJn.t) ; for their Arms is a Unit cuditnt in the IVn- if) is a Town rather noted for giving name to the whole County, than any riches or beauty oficsown. The A/fizcs indeed are ftill kept here, a mark of its ancient Profixrity j but the Placets neither Populous nor of any tolerable Trade. ll'nrc, lo nam'd from the It'cnr in the River Leu) is a populous thriving Place, owing us rile to the de- cay of Ihitfoid; for aboiji Kin^ John's time, the High-Road was turn'd thi'; vva; ; and ever lince, U'ttrc lias been cncrealing, and li'e other dwindling away l)y little and little. lint field h more rcm.^rkable for the it.atcly Scat of the Earl of Suliibioy, than any thing the Town it felf can boait of bcfide. Hf^ftai, or /{^'>/"s Tow'i fon the Nortli-fideof the Count)) i:i fo cai.'d from.a certain J..idy nam'd l{oyfiii, who trecied a Crofs iniliis place. The Town (ever /ince l{icl/i>d I. grant'. tl it the privilege cf a Market^ has been iti.i growing ; and deals elpecialiy in Malt and Com. S: