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Sciences Corporation
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W-KK IN Califu!;;ja- Almond Tree Treatcd ron Leaf-blight.
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—Criminal Code, Si'ptiou 539.
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FOREST TREES
UNITED STATKSj CANADA, AND NOVA S(()TIA,
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PUJIFACK.
'I'm; l''Miii:sr 'I'hkcs nc Amiiuiia lninj; ,i miIijitI i«l' ■•iuli jjifui, I'xiiiil mill iiii|iiiri.iiiri', I I'l'll. ••ciii(<ci|Ur'ifly, wiy 'lilliilfiit ol' mnliT- tiikiiii; llii'ir .-Imlv, iil'tiT wiiiil lui- Iitm ulicaily ilniic i«> wi'll liv my |iriilc(csmir, M. MiiiiAi X. N'ct, ill otrcriii-r u in'W cililinii ol' tin: A.MriurAN Syi.va in Kiitrli"!!, it iil'l'<'!ii<'il ri'<|ui>it(', in koi'|iiiij( puru witli iIk: |ii(iL.'rrHS (if ilisiiivi'i'v. liiiil nil til'' liifisl trri's of tlio (.'x- tcmli'd il(pniiiii"n (if tlio Tnili'il Staler hlhiiijil, in idiiic way or iitlii'i', Ik' inciiiili'il ill till* pi'i'-icnt iiiililication ; uml. I (oiil'i's^i, tlii! )uaL'nitiiili> of tin' ta^k ii|i|icaricl, at lirnt, Hiiflicioiitly ii|i|iaHin;f, when wu rt'lli'i't un tlio vast ti'rritory now fiaiiiifcl I'v the I'liitfil Slatt'<. r«'L(iiiniin; witli tin' arctii: liniilH of ail arlMiri'sicnt vciro- talioii, ill tlic wiJilM of I'anaila, wliidi wi! caiiiiot witli |ini|irii'ly (•xi-iiicli, foiiiMMi,' ii> it tlocs llic lioival Ipiiundni'y of ihi' Nuilli Aiik'- liiiiii forcMt, \vi! then follow tlio cxti'inlcil sIkuch ol' ilu- Aihiniii , until, towanl the vxtri'niity of Ka>t Kloridn, ami it-. ki\s nr islands, wu liavi' allaiiiud tliu wry conlini'H ol llu,' li(i|iiial liidc, and niaki! ii m'lir a|>|ii'oarli to tlif ishiiHl of C'iil<a and the Maliu- mas. Tiii'nini; westward, wo jmss owr tlm wide foiesl-s of tlu' Mi>sissi|i|ii, |iiirsui! the Western streams, throiii;li vast woodless jiiains, nniil we attain tiie loiij^ tresis of the Koeky .N'oiinlains or Northern Andes. Here, in these iiliiine re>,'ions, \w meet with 11 total ehanire in the features of the forest: rosiniferoiis everffreeiis, of the family of the I'ines, now iiredominalc-, and attain the niont jciiCanlic diiiieiisiunn. All the spucicH (and they are numerous) iiave lieciiliar traits, and foini no many eiirioiis and distiiiet s|ieeie.u, of which litllc IS yet known more than their holanieal desiirnation. Other rc'inarkahle forest trees, also iinperfoetly known, inhahit this ;:riat ranjre of inoiinlains, which eoiitinues uninterriilittdly into the interior of Mexico in its southern course; while on the north, follow- iujf the sources of fhe Missouri and the Orcfron, and after thus dividiiiij the waters whi<li How into the Atlantic anil I'acilic, it is at leiii^tK
« r 11 E F A C E.
iii('i'i;t'(l ill tlic "Sliiiiiiig Mimiitaiiis," wirK-li soml oil" their distiwil triliiitiU'ii's to till! Arctif (Iciaii.
The plains of tlio UppcT I'lattt', those of the Oirgoii anil ot'North- t'l'ii California, a region bereft of snninier raiii.s, foniiing extensive tiarren Htejijies, like those of tiiheria, present no forests, seari;e!y an alluvial belt along the larger streams of suflieient niagnituilc to atl'ord even fuel for the eiuiip-tire of the wandering hunter or the erratie savage. The scanty drit'twood borne down from the moun- tains, the low bitter bushi's of the arid plain, even tlii' dry ordure of the bison, is eollected for fuel, and barely sufliees to prepare a, hasty Tneal for the passing traveller, who, urged by hunger and thirst, hurries over the desert, a region doomed to desolation, and, amid privations the most appalling, lives in the hope of again see- ing forests and green fields in lieu of arid plains and bitter weeds, whieh tantalized our famished animals with the fallaeioiis appear- ance of food, like the east-away mariner raging with thirst, though surrounded with water as fatal to the longing ajipetite as poison.
Toward the slion^s of the Pacific, and ou the banks of the Oregon, wc ajiain meet with •''■■ as,'roeable features of the forest: —
" M;tjt'-tic woO'l!*, of every vigorous green, StM^e nljovc stage, high waving o'er the bills, Or to tho far horizon wide diffused, A binuiillcs?, deep immensity of shidc."
Tiaiisjiorted in idea to tho border of the Ilu'lson or the J Dela- ware, we recline beneath the shade of venerable Oaks and siircadiiig Maples ; wc see, as it were, fringing the streams, the familiar ('ottoii- wood and Bprcading Willows. On tho higher jilains, and ascending the hills and niountnins to their summits, wo see a dark forest of lofty Pines ; we hear the light breeze sigh and mnrmnr through their branches as it did to the jxiets of old. I?ut the botanist, in ail this array, fails to recognise one solitary acquaintance of his former scenes: he is emiihatically in a strange land; a new crea- tion, even of forest trees, is spread around him, and the tall Andes and wide deserts rise as a barrier betwixt him and his distant homo.
My indulgent reader will then excise mo, if I, on this ocoasiop, ajipear liefore him only as a botanist ; culling those objects which have given him so much delight, he wishes to present them to tho
''!''''! A
r 11 E V A C E.
ciinons jMililif, alive to tlio Ijeuutios and syinmctry of natiufV woiks. ^\■llut(■VL'l■ is yot known of their uses anil liistory is also i,nven ; ami, ihiit tlio ta>k inij;lit lie more eoniiiletc, wo have ranihleil a little be- yond, rather than fallen short of, the exact liiuits of the Ueinihlie. We ha\e thus added, as our friends Toiuu:v and (iuAY have doi:e, in their treneral Flora, a collection of the trees of Upper California, extending our ramble iis far as the vieinity of t^anta JJarbara, in about the ;i4tli dcj;roo of north latitude. "We here met with several Oaks, Pines, a I'lane Tree, a Horse-chestnut, and a Box Elder, which have not yet been found within the limits of the Territory of O re 1,^0 n.
While the work was in progress, Professor ToiiUKV infornie<l me of the arrival of a largo collection of dried plants from Key West, in East Florida, made by Doctor Blohsett, of the United States army. All the trees in this herbarium — at least forty species — were in the most generous manner given up to me for publiealion by the jiro- fessor. Must of them form distinguishing features in the tropical landscape of the West India Islands. Amcng them were the Ma- hogany, Siiivii-tilni, the (iiiaiacum or J/ignuni-A'ita', the poisonous Manchineel, several trees of the family of the Myrtles, {l\n;iiiil'i,) three or four species of Fig Trees, the Calabash, and Papaw or Me- lon Tree, the Mangrove, two species of Cordia, the West Imlia IJircli, (P>iirs,ra i/'iiiiiiufirii,) and many other arborescent plants which art; n<i\v lV)r the lirst time added to the Flora of the United Statis, and thus in a measure resolving the problem of the geographical limits of the Caribbean Flora. The island of Key AVest lies about eighty- five miles from East Florida, and is the same distance from Cuba. It is abiiut nini' miles long and three broad, containing a popula- tion of about four hun<lred pcojilo, chietly engaged as wreckers.
Besides the trees we have noticed, I have been recently informed of the existence of thickets of Cdfiiiscs on the island, one of wliirli. with an erect, cylindric, and divided stem, attains the height of thirty or more feet.
In the islands of the I'^verglades, considerably inland in East Flo- rida, we have been informed that a Palm about ninety feet high, forming a magnilicent tree, has been seen ; but of this plant we have been unable to obtain, as yi>t, any further account.
The haste with which I have iiccn oliligcd lo pr-.icccd with the
8
P 11 K V A C E.
piililiciition lias jn'fvontcil inu from rccciviii!; miicli ailvaiitiiifo from cdiTusiioiidoiits. Such lis liiivc lionorod me with llicii' rcmiiiks aro iiu'iitioiicd undor tlio apimipriati! articles as tlicy occur in tlio work ; iiml I take tliis oiiiiortiiiiity of tendering tlicni my sincere thanks for ail such assistani'o.
As fast as new materials may ho discovered, we intend to pive tlieni to the world in tlie form of a HupjilenK'Ht ; and we shall tlicn also liave <in additional oiijiortunity for correcting any errors which may have occurred cither in reganl to information or in the pro- gress of printing, as well us of making sucli additions as a moro tliorongli cxamiinition of the suliject may suggest, particularly the characters of tlie ditl'ercnt kinds of wood indigenous to the most extended limits of the Hepuhlic.
Tliirty-four years ago, I left I'^ngland to explore the natural liis- tory of the fnited States. In the ship Ifalcyon I arriveil at tlie shores of the Xcw "World; and, after a lioistcrons and dangerous jiassage, our dismasted vessel entered the Capes of the Delaware in the month of April. The heautiful robing of forest scenery, now bursting into vernal lite, was exchanged for the monotony of the dreary ocean, an( the sad sickness of the sea. As wo sailed up the l)claware, my eyes were riveted on the landscape with intense a<l- iiiiratiou. All was new; and life, like that season, was then full of hope and enthusiasm. The forests, apparently unbroken in their iirimeval solitude and repose, spread thcTuselves on either hand as wo passed placidly along. The extending vista of dark I'ines gave an air of deep sadness to the wilderness: —
" ThcMC Idiiply regions, wliorc, rotiretl Krnm litllo scenes of i\rt, prcat Niituic ilwcll" In Hwrnl srilituile, nnil niuiKht is seen but the wiM lierJa tbit own no niastcr'a stall. "
The deer lirought to ha^-, or plunging into the llooil from the ]iur- suit of the Indian armed with bow and arrow, alone seemed want- ing to realize the savage landscape as it appeared to the first settlers of the country.
{Scenes like iliese have little attraction for ordinary lite. But to
But t(i
1' R E F A C K. !'
thu ii;itiir:ilist it is Imp dthonvisr ; i>nviitions to liiiii arc clicaiily ]iiir- cliascd it' lie may but roam (iscr tlie wild (louiaiii of i.i'iniuval lui- ttire, and lit'liold
" Ani'lhi'i' Flora there, of bottler hues Anil riohcr swecl", lieymiil our gunlen's iiri'lo."
Ifow often liave I realized the poet'n buoyant liopes aniid these solitary rambles thron,i?h interminable forests! For thousands of miles niv eliief eonverso iian been in tiio wilderness with the spou- taueous jiroduetions of nature; and the study of th<'se objeets and tln'ir eontemiilalion has been to me a source of constant delii^ht.
'Phis fervid curiosity led mo to the banks of the Ohio, throU';' the dark forests and brakes of tlu' Mississiiipi, to the distant lakes of the northern frontier; throu,i,di the wilds of Florida; far \\\> the lii'd Uiver tuid the Missouri, and throu,i;;h the territory of Arkansas; at last over the
*' Vast s;ivinitm-. wlii've the W'tiiii'Ting eve, l.'iifix'il, is ill II vei'hiiit 'icejiti lust ;"
And MOW across the arid plains of the Far West, beyond the stc]iii.>s of the Uocky Mountains, down the Ore^'on to the extended shores of the Paeiiic, across tlie distiint oeeaii to that famous .u'loup, the Sandwieh Islands, where Cook tit leui^th fell ii sacrifice to his tcnuv rity. And hero for the first time I beheld the beauties of a tro- jiical vofretation ; a season tluit knowa no elianire, but that of a ]ier- pctual sprini; and summer; an elysiau httid, where nature otfcrs s]iontanci)Us food to man. The rcjrion ef the liread-lVuil ; the Tar- row, (Ci_ili)cii.-iiii c.sculiDtn,) which feeds the indiirent mass of tlie ])opu- latiou ; tlio Kroussoiietia, ii kind of Mulberry Tree, wliose inner riml, called /"/»", atl'onls a universal clothing. The low groves ]iroduco the liaiiana, the (iingcr, the Turmcrie, the inebriating Kitnt, (/V/nc ii\itliiislii-iiiii,) a kind of Arrowroot, resembling the potato, (7%rV((,) and the Saccliariue Tee root, (Drarttna tii-mlii'ih'.-:,) at the same time the best (d' p(U'table fodder. The coniinon timber f^r constructing houses, boats, various inipleinents, iuid the best of fuel, is here the [iroduee of a Mimosa, {Afncia Ititcnipli'/ll".) For lights and oil, the A)o 1,101' kernels {Alcnn'tcs trlliilin) protbice m\ excellent and inexhaust- ible sui'l'ly; the cocoanut ami the fragni'.t I'liiiiI'dins idl'ord dcli- IV 1*
10
1' R E F A C E.
ciDiH fooil, conliiiT*'. iiiid iiiiits; anil tlio vurv ivi'ds, rccliicccl in nize, wliicli lionltT llif riviilots, iiix' no otlior tliun tlio jn'icious migiir- I'iiiK' ul' ('(iiiinnTin'.
Lt'a\ iiiir this liivonul region of perpetual inililness, I now anivi'il on tin; shoi-is of ("alifornia, at Monterey. The early spring (March) had aiivady s)iread out its vai'ied earpct of ilowers; all of them had to me the eharin of n<jvelty, and many were adorned with the nmst hrilliant and varied hues. The forest tree.s wore new to my view. A magpie, almost like that of Europe, (hut with u yellow hill.) ehattered from the hranehe-s of an Oak with leaven like those ol' the Holly, {(,hii mi.s 0(/cij'(Jiit.) A thorny (ioosebcrry, forming a small tree, apin-ared elad with jiendulous llowcrs a.s hrilliant as those of u l''urhsia. .V new I'lane Tree .«]iread its wide arms over tlie <Iric(l rivulets. .\ Ceanothus, attaining the magnilinle of a small tree. loade<l with sky-hlue withered ilowers, lay on the rutle wood-pile, eonsigned to the menial odiec of atlbnli)ig fuel. Already the cheer- ful nnicking-hird sent lortii his varied melody, witli rapture imi- tating the nceel notes of his neighboring songsters. The scenery was mouuta.nous and varied, one vast wilderness, neglected and uncultivated ; the very < attle appeared as wild as the hison of ihe ](rairies, and the i)i'owling wolves, (f 'oyo/i.v,) well ted, were as tann; as dogs, and every night yelled familiarly through the village. In this legion the Olive and the Vine throve with luxuriiiice and teemed with fruit; the I'riekly I'ears {Cdclii.i) became small trees, and the rare blooming Aloe {A(/'trc Aiiiiricniiii) ajipeared eonsigned without care to the hedgerow of the garden.
After a perilous passage around Cape Horn, the dreary eMicmity of South America, amitl niountains of ico which opposed our [>ro- gress ill unusual array, we arrived again at the Hhore.s of the At- lantic. Onec more I hailed those delightful scenes of nature with which I had been so long associated. I rambled again through the >hade of the Atlantic forests, or culled some rare productions of Flora in their native wilds. ]!ut the "oft-told tale" approaches to its close, und 1 must now bid ii long adieu to the "\ew World," its sylvan Beenes, its mountains, wilds, and ;!ains; and heneef(M'th, in tin; evening of my career, 1 return, almost an e.xile, to tlio lanil of my nativity.
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I)im;.'!as Oak Qi-itYHfl Dmu/las;! 'JK
I )fiise-Flc)wi'rf il Oak Q"' reus dnis[thir<i -1
Leu's Oak Qiiirrns Lriim -ir,
Dwarf Clifr-tmit Ca-^tuitni uliiif-iUa oU
Woslcni liinli B<l<d>i ()r.u,/uit,ii;.^ 40
Oval-Leaved Birch Ji' Inlu rlioinhiJoUa 41
OreL'ou Attlor Atom Ori';/(in<( 44
Thill-Leaved Alder Aliws hwofoUd 48
Sea-Siilc Alder Abuts murtCtina ("iO
O|iaiiuo-Leaved Elm U I nuts iquica .Ol
TliDiiias's Elm Vbaiis nteciiwsa A:!
Sniall-FniiteJ lliekory (jin/a mierocitrp't T).")
Tnodornus Candle 'L'rec Jfi/rica uwdora Tiit
('alifiirnia Buttunwdud J'liitanus raccmosn M
Narrow-Leaved lialsaiu I'opUir I'lipidits niujitstifilln (58
l,iin;:-Leaved Wilkiw .S'('/(> spcciusn 74
Lcinjr-Leaved Bay Willnw •Sulix ptnlttndra 77
Western Yellow \V illow Salix lutca 7H
Silver-Leaved Willow tiidix: artinphijlbt 87
Uusky Willow StiUx: mdamqms !•■!
California Bay Tree DriiiKiidii/lhitn piwcijliniiit 10:2
Larj^o-Leaved Linden Td.in liilcroplo/dd 107
A nierican JLiiigle lihizophom A tihrhviiii 11-
Florida Guava P.^'idhtm Im.iif'ilhun 1 lA
II
12
C 0 N T !• N T S.
I 'i ii-k cil Ciilyiitrantlips Oi';/i>trinithcs llii/lnirulin 117
Siiiiill-Le!ivi'(l Eiigciiia Eni/i iiia ilii'lmlDma 120
Tall Eu;^i'iiiii Eidii Ilia pmnra 122
15i)X-Lcaveil Eugenia Eii(/iiii't hii.r[fiiliii 1 J^i
Indian Aliuonil Ti rnuHuVa (■(tliipjni 1 25
I! lit ton Ticp ( 'oiHtciirpii.t mrln 1 2M
AVliitc Mangrovf Lui/Kitculiriit ruriiiiii.^n 1;!2
Itabliit lleny s'Ai/i/d nlin an/i ii/m I:'i4
Mountain I'luni Xinuaia Ainrrii-mm 138
( )sa jrc ( )rango M/irliirn aiiraiilincd 140
Sniall-Lcavod Xottlo Tree C'.Yfe irlhrnhitu 147
Long-Lcavcd Nottle Treo d'tts liifi(/ifiillii 14S
( 'licrry Fi^ Ticc Fii'"-: jk tlnDfiildtn 1/Jl
Sliovt-Lfavi'il Fig Trt'i' Ficus liririfilin I'lS
Small-Fruited Fig Tree B''Ciis awni 1 ')4
Ked Thorn Chittrgit-'^ mixjuinm 1 ")7
Lant'o-Leaved llaw thorn Crahrr/iis (irhorc.^rcns 1 1 ii)
Soft-Lea vid Cherry (,c/V(m« mutUs 1(14
1 lolly-Leaved Cherry t' m.^iia iUcifoini 1 iI.j
Wild 1'luni I'rniMS Anurwuii" lO'.t
Hiver Crab Ajiple J';/rus riciiU(ris 172
American Mountain Abli Pijriis Americana 17")
Feather IJush Carocarpit^ Udifuliti^^- 178
Jamaica Dogwood Pi.scidin tri/thrim 1 80
Jiroad-l'oddud Acacia Ai'iirui hdislUijiia 1 8:{
IJlunt-Leaved Inga IiKj't iiiii/nk-niti 181!
Guadaloupe 1 nga Jiii/a (iHudaliiinnis 188
Jamaica IJoxwood Sch<rj)\ ra l)i(.ri/olia 190
Tree Ceanothus Ganothu.i tlii/r.sijhiriis 193
Snake-Wood Cotubrina Amcricann 1 i^r)
Carolina Buckthorn lihamtuis C'lrollniiiiiiis I'.tH
Manchinccl Hqtpomane mancincUa 202
PAnr
117
120
122
123
125
,12H
,l:V2
.134
.138
.140
.147
.148
.1.^)1
.1.-.4 .1-.7 .11)0 .104
..n;.') ..if.'.t
..172 ..17.')
..178 ..ISO ..18:5 ..ISO ..188 ..100 ..lit:?
..v.^r,
...r.ts
...202
T II E
NORTH AMERICAN
SYLYA.
OAKS.
Xa/iinil Orilii; Ci-iti.hth.t:. Hiiinniii r7"--'>''"'''>"i. Mi)N(i:ii\.
l'(II,Y.\N'l)KI.\.
(JUEKCUS. (ToruNEFORT.)
.MdNO-.iTors. M.M.K flower.-) in l(io.-;e ratkins or raocnios. Oih/.r inoiio- liliyllous, nioi-o or less deeply .O-eleft. Sl<tmnt.«, five to ten with short liliinicntri, tlic luitliers oval and 2-eelled.
J''i;M.u.i-: flower solitary, witli a cup-shaiicd, umlivided, lieniisiilieiieal involueruni formed of ag,i!;lutiiiated inil)rieatc scales, sometimes free at the summit. ]\naiilli minute, superior. Ovary terminated l)y two to three sti.i^mas, :5-(!elle)l, \vitlj two ovule.s. Nul or 'jhtiiil ovate-eylindrie, eoriaeeou^, aial'.ijtiiooih, l-eclled; albumen none, <,'erni erect, with thiek'ajiir fleshy: cotyl .lon.s.
Trees or slirubs.' priuiciirjfij-';o^' tetnpera.'.c rej;ioi's. Loaves alter- nate, stipulate, simple. Flowers green and inconspicuous, appearing hefore the complete expansion of the leaves. Nearly allied to tho
Chestnuts, ( ('aalnma.)
18
WESTERN OAK.
QiEitcrs (j.MUiYAXA, (null!.'!. Mss.) Ftilii-i iiiUdIiiH.i, ciliitrnli.-; iilrim/iif iilitii.sis si'iiniiti.'! siililiis j)iili(sniiHliUS, lulllllis t<((lii/lilliri>; lnln.s iilililsis ,ii(li- (ii/iiitliliii.i .•■iiiuriorili'i.f fnhbUohis, fnictiljus ncssillhus, I'liimla .■hiIjIh mi- Kjiltii riifi (/(/»< sifiiiiiiKi.'id, ."1/1(11 mis lu-iiniimilis pniicsn utilnts, (/luiidf ui'nlit.
(Ji Kill r.s (i'irrj"i"i, lIooKKii, Kliir. Bor. Amor., vol. ii. y. la'J.
Ix our \s"i'st('rM tonr across tlie contiiii'iit. no ('cutiiri' of (Ik; landsi'MpL' a|ijii'arc'(l iii<mv roniarkabk', vl'Uw passing tlii' Mis- sissippi to till- w'lle alluvial bortlerrt of tliL- Platte, tliau tin- almost total absoncc of our most characteristic forest trees, tlie Oaks. When at lensitli we approached the IJocky Mountains, or Xortliern Amies, wi' looked in vain for any species of this important L'enus; and. as far as the eye could trace, we com- monly saw nothiuL' hut a dark, unbroken mass of gijiantic Firs anil I'iiies. It was not till we had nearly reached the shores of the I'acillc. that we a,i:ain beheld any of the? Ikmiliar fi'atures of the Atlantic forest. At the confluence of the (-'olinnbia and the Wahlamet we pitched our tents and moored our vessel, which had passed Cape Horn, beneath the spreading shade of majestic Oaks. With the first appearance of extended alluvial jilains, immediately below the .singular falls of tlie Oregon, called the Dalles, or Dykes, we observed, for the first time, this Western Oak loaded with it.s fruit.
The strong rosembl'.ihce/ of the leaf of this species tt) that
of the Post Oak' {Quercih 'skUahi) is almost a libel upon our
gigantic jilant. which may w'eU rank among the largest of its
species. It at'i.iiis the lieigut of ninety or one hundred feet,
if not more, with a diameter of from three to six feet; indeed,
amidst a forest the most remarkable in the world for its ex-
ti'cme elevation, our Oak still lH)re a strict comparison with the 14
„.■.■#-*•■
i
. ri I
/(',.,/,/•„ (I„K
Oin-rnis (i;iiTv;iii,i
f'fu'/n tn''ii/:''t(ttf ,
W i: S T i; K N OAK.
IS
i
ivsl. Il> .liiiiiicl.T. ill iic;iiiv all ivsiuM'ts, ciiials llir liiiii.Mis
();lk (if Nnlllli'lll Kliropc. {(,). lH.I,Ui'„/,ll,l ;} it.-< Idl'lV MUlllllit,
iiiiil fiitinnoiis hniiiilii'.s s|iiva(l mit I'ar uml widi", all'tiidiii;^ tin' iiinst |)crr«'ct .shade; and. a>< a iii(tmvs(|ii»! tree, it is mucii tin- must .sirikiii'T in llif Western iaiiilsfaiii-. As an (itijeel of ecDiiuiiiy, wi- foiiiid it of tlie last iiiii"prtaiiee, i sel'iii tiiiil>er lives lieiii^' scaree aldiiL' tile Ore^iiii; iiidei'd. i ii other Oak exists aluiiir the enast of the I'aiilic Imt the iireseiit, till wi; iiiiive at the alisohiti' lioniidary of ('■ .l(>v:::.i. Ilnw far it extends to the iinrtli 1 am mialile to sa . , Imt prohalily as I'ai as Noutka Sound. In V\>\)vv ('alilornia it is .scaively lomid hevond .Monterey; its limit is prohalply somewheie heiwi'eii the o.sth and "lOth de^^ivo.
The wood is nMiiarkahly white lor an Oak, lianl and lliu'- LTained. and well suited lor almost every kind of constrnelion I'or wliieh the White Oak or En-lisli 0;ik is employed. It was used hv onr trading; jiarty as lianel--taves. ami was loiind no- wav inl'erior to White Oak. Lofrs ui' it hron.irht a iiood price at the Saiidwieh Islands; and, in short, there is .scaively any lliiiii: in which streiiL^th or diirahility are ri'iiuisito, Cor whicii tills timlier is not suited. Tiie acorns, heinu- sweet and a,L'ree- aliie. i'onn an oxcfllent mast lor hogs; and even the ahorijiines of tiiis ivfjioii, who ncvr cnltivate the .soil, employed them lor food, lirst preparinii- them \>y stoving and ai'lerward laying them away iindi'r ground i'or future use.
Tlie acorns are innch larger than tlio-e of tlie Post Oak, as well IIS loniider. The leaf hears a considerable vesemblance to that species, but is smaller, and, in fact, intermediate in form between it and the Eiiroiiean species, ((^). jxihiiKiilntd.) It dilVers Irom Iv tli in tlie wliiteness ol" its wood. Tiie bark is whitish and si y, almost similar to that of the White Oak. The leaves i'r n the first are not pubescent above, or only .slightly so along the midrib; the hairs, more numerous beneath, are, as in many other species, collected into stellated clusters;
4
(Miciciis Aoi'il'dliti
i
HOT. L Y-1,K A V K D (» A K.
17
liitioii of this remote and .singular pa"t of the Western world. It ajipear.s more sparingly aromid ^^onterey, and scarcely ex- tends on the north as I'ar as the line of tin; Oregon Territory. It attains the height of ahoiit forty or fifty feet, with a diameter rarely exceeding eighteen inches. The hark is nearly as rough as in tiie Kvd Oak; the wood, hard, jjrittle, and reddish, is ns.'d only for the purposes of fuel or the coar.se con.structiou of a log
cahni.
As an ornamental tree, for the South of Europe or the wiirmer States of the Union, we may recommend this species. It forms a roundish summit, and spreads hut little till it attains a considerahle age ; as a hedge, it would form a very clo.«o sheltei, and the leaves, evergreen and nearly as prickly as a, holly, would render it almost impervious to most animals.
The leaves vary from roundish ovate to elliptic, and are of u thick, rigid consistence, the serratures rpiite sharp; the yoniiL;' siioots are covei'cd more or less with stellate hairs, and, for .some time, tufls of this kind of down remain on the under side* of the midi'it) of the leaves, which are, however, at length i)er- fectly smooth and of a dark green ahovo, often tinged with hrownish-jellow heneath. The staminiferons tlowers are very ahuiiihint and lather conspicuous, the racemes the length of tiiree or four inciics, the lloweir with a conspicuous calyx am' eight to ten stamens. The fennile or fruit-hearing liowers are usually in pairs in the axils, or juncture of tlie leaf wilh the Mom, and .sessile, or witiiout stalks. The cup of tiie acoi'ii is lirmispheri<'ai, and furnished witii loose, lirownish scales: the acorn, nnicii longer than the cup. is ovate and jiointcd.
We ilo not recollect to have seen this tree pnt[)erly associated with any other, except, occasionalh', the f'/n/innis riti-i kxish^ ; their shade is also hostile to almost every kind of undergrowth.
B}' I'ersooii, this species is said to iia\-e lieeu louiid on the
Ciustern coast of North .Vmcrii'a. while Pursh attrihutcs it to
the northwest coast, ahout Nootka .Siund. It does not, how- v.. I,, iv.-u
18
SM A I-L-L K A VEI) o A K.
over, pxteiid cvon to the torritoiy of Oregon. a.s far as my ob- wrvatioiis go. Net- says, '• I Iiave (tiily wen hranelies eollected at Monterey and Nootka." The leaves of the young [yhints (if 1 am not mistaken) are [jerfectiy smootli wlien fn-st deveh)ped, of a tliin eoiisistenee, witii niimerous slender, sliarp di'ntures; beneath tlay are of a brownish-yellow color, and appear smootii and shining.
PLATE II.
A >/(iii/ii/ lirmirli ir'illi litirnii niiii iils. <i, A lirinicli irilli kcodis.
SQUALL-LEAVED OAK.
QrKlU'Us DVMnsA. linDiisi /iriii'iJi'lm.'i piihrsmilifiiis: ; faliis riiliiti(liiiii-oraU- bits subxc.ssiUlius fjiliioso-dchlnlls tjIiihriHsculis, fmbtus rildisis com-uhiribm.
I ORSKRVED this species to form entangled thickets over tlie base of the hills which Hank tiie village of Santa IJarbara, in I'jjper California. It attains the height of four to six feet, is of a very unsightly iippeai';ince, forming what we should call Scrul) Oak thickets, of considerable extent, over a l)arreu and rocky soil, which denies sustenance to almost every thing else: the branches di\i(le into man}- irregular, straggling, and almost naked, .slender twigs, clothed with a whitish, smooth bark. The leaves are evergri'en, .'^iiiall, and wholly ri'si'mble tliose of tiie Did mix vociifi ni.\m\ are son;ewhat pidx'scent aliove and softly ,so lieneath ; the young twigs are also Iniiry, with a iiei- si.sting pubescence. IJeiiig unable to discover upon it at tlie season I visited that country (in tiie month of April) eitiicr llowers or fruit. I am not able to "ive a liLiiire of it that would ^(? at all intcrcstiii'j.
I
I
,1
^
I'MII.
itiii'iTiis riidiii.'ii.'i
/,. ..'. 1 Miiiinliiiii l>iil, I'liiiii iiiiiIhIi
ROCKY ]\IOUXTAIX OAK.
(2ii:i;ris rxiiii.ATA. Friilirii.^ii ;v^/((i/.v;.N.,,'„(,.' ,• /',,/,7.v jh I'l iwiiil'liii.1 liri ri- jM linliitl.-i (jliloiii/is tii'Hd.s ^ti»ii((,l(,.,ii tii'dis ilcniiliiis iicntis, hd.^i i-niiuitii, siihln.t iiiilr.yiilntki-tuiiK idusif, sH[mi iiiliills ; J'riirllliiis !<itlj!-<ilil<irii.s scs-
v/7,7/»X, flljllllil li( Hli-^llll'iri'-'l .^Ijll'lllli-: (//l/z/l.^xV, (jIllKlh (ll-lltll ll'.'lilll. —
ToiiKDV, ill tlio Aimiils dl' llu' Lyi't'um of Xcw Yurk, vol. ii. II. 24S.
This (hviuf Oiik, considoniblv iiUiod to our small-lcavcd lircccdiiig species, was (liseovcrcil liy Dr. James, in Long's Ex- jiedition, toward tlic soiirees ol' tlie Canadian, a brancli of tiic Arkiuisas, and likewise in tlie I'oeky Mountains. It is said to lie a small, stragiiliiig sliriib. witli the under surface of the leaves clothed with a close, whitish tomentum or down, more or less spread, thouuh UKjre thinly, also, on the upper surface, with the hairs stellated. The leaves are small, and ,<omewliat resenihle tho.se of the Holly, ahoiit an inch and a half or two iiiiiies loni;'. rather narrowed at the base, of a thick and rigiil consistence, as in all the sempervirent Oaks, retieulately veined beneath, with the margin sinuately tootlied, but not. tliat I can perceive, waved, as tlie specific name implies; the teeth sharp and acute at the points; above somewhat shining and minutely puliescent. Tlie acorns are large, and strongly resemble those of the r/ive Oak; tliey are, however, without stalks, and grow alone or in pairs; the cup is deep and hemispherical, with the scales pointed.
It is so nearly allied to tlie Holly Oak of the Sjiith of
Europe [(^hivri-Ns I/t.r) that it is necessary to distinguish them.
In our plant the ba.se of the leaf is weilge-foniie<l ; in tlii' Ilex
it is usually rounded, the bonier less dee|)ly tot)thed, and not in
I'.i
;.i«
'JO
Do I' (i LAS OAK.
tlu! least siniiiitcil. Tin- i'ii[) find iK'oni aiv wlioll} .similai', Imt ill our plant a little laiycr ami less poiiitfil.
PLATE III.
A liniiit'li I J lite nalitfal size, ifillt llw uajni.
DOUGLAS OAK.
(jriacri s l)ii\'(;i,.\sil. l-'ulii^- iiii/Klirnii/ial'i ubliiii</ii-iiriili'ln(,-- hut'i tutd'ts lidhAiili'! .'•iiiiiiil'i-piini"iijiili-s .^irclliitc Idiiiil iii</rcsiu'niiliiis, .yiipru iilidiris, i<tihlii.s piil)cri<lf<; hibi-' brccilnta aeiiihiscnU.'i, jictinli.s rtniKdi.-'tjiit' jiiiituriliiis il(iiy(J'iilr(i-p(ih(fcittllliiis; friicllliiis si'.w/WyfM Siilitiin'is hiiiisrr, oipiila In iiii.-'pltimca iknsc sqiuoHusa sijihuiiis oratis connxis in (ippcinlicini ^iihnuinlmmaccam fulvuin (ipprcssuin Uncarcm ubliimm j^ndiictl'i jiiibm- ciiilibns; (jlitudc ovala cupuJnm triplo siipn-aiitc obtiim cum innboni' coniiv. — llooK. Icon. inod. IIudk. iuid AhMit, ISot. lioechy, \'. -VM.
This curious sju'eies. of wliieh we have seen only u dried s[ieeiuieii, was collected in I'^jper Caliloruia, and hears souu; afllnity to the (^. Gtirri/ciia. According' to Hooker and Arnot, the leaves and wli'le appearance of tin- plant closely resendtle Q. dc^'siUjloi-a, hut with dillerent scales to the cup ol" the acorn. The leaves appear to l)o sinalliT, narrower, and less deeply divided than in (,). (iiirn/umi. The young leaves are covered with down on both sides, and the lobes tipped with short, soft, acute points.
To n.s, the branch whicli we have seen bears some resem- blance, though vague, to the l\)st Oak, {Q. fitdhifii.) The cni) and acorn is also somewhat similar, but larger, while the leaf ir. smaller and scarcely dilated aljove. The under surface is
3j
I'l l\
A ii.jliis.ii'iil,
()iicr(iis hdiKiliisii
(7i.,„ ,1, ll.'iiiilus
■I
1
^
1
MS
flw?
Itriixr IhmriYil On/,-
(^ii('r<'ii.s Dcnsinoiii
t'hntt' n th'niw'thitx^A'
1) EN SE-F LOWER K ') <»A K.
21
covi'ivil witii thu f^aiiiu stfllatfd pulK'St'uiicv. The .stiLruKif> uf lliu Ibrtilo llu" _■,' are from tlim; to five in luiinber.
PLATE IV.
.1 bruia-li vf Ihi iialiinil si:,, iri/h iir„riis. n. Tin iifid r.ilhil ((I'd H'.diKj till/. //. Tin: .-<hiin(iilj'( rolls jl'iiCi r ninjii'ijluL
("a- voi'Si.-;. Amoiits oloii^-ati'd uiid porsistuiil, poriaiitli lauugiiums, dividcil l„ ;'ii' liaso; scalfs of tlio siavailiii^i^ cup loose and snuar- rose; slaiiioiir, cxsorU'd ; nut soniewhat aiiii'ulai- ami downy; sti,^- nias sovoral, lUilbrni, and dc'ciduous.
Troos of ()reij;oii, Caliloniia. and flie Hinia' .ya Mountains in Tudia, willi the asiieet ol' the Cliostnut. lieaves . ntiiv, peiinateiy nerved, ^I'liipei'virent. Anieiits eh>n,i;-ated, erect, the llower-; eoiiji'lonu'rati'd. I'Vnile llowers . . . . i To tiiis seition, or raljier j;-eMUs, lu'louir also, as t'ai' as tlie nude spueiniens are eoneerned, the (^na-iiis ijhiincnda and (hi( rcis sjiif(i/ii ol' l)r. W'aliirh.
DENSE-FLOAVEIIED OAK
(ilKKL'ljrj UliN.Sin.OKA. 7''//(V.v pen DtnOlliliUs ciin'tlnis int'iiibilis ulilniii/n
liiiifiiilaflii Ijiisl oljlum Imritir naiiiiiniilis piniUck vcnum iiilii/i rrlini.i iiHiri/iii- rii'iiliilis jiininriliiis julrii-fiii-fiiriirni-liiiiii iitus'is suhtiis juill'ilinri- Liis ihiiMin ijdiliris, aiiifiili^ imisriiliii (Imiijatis J'ulia sKpcmiifiliKs ilaisi- Jhin's nilik liiiiioitosis viuic <id basin Jhris jiKiirofi fcinimos (/cniifibKn, j'ri(rl',biis scs.silibiis, ciiimbi birci hiiiiisplui rira (liiisc sqiiiiinosii, sijuniiii- biis cbiiii/aki-linmribwi buin scrici is, i/Uimk onUo-ijbilmsa sn-iccu. — IliKnc. Icon. JM. ined. Hook, and AuxdT, Hot. Beeihy, p. 301.
This rennirkahle tree, .scarcely a true Oak, luil conwneric with siK'eies in the llinuilayii Mountains, in India, is a native of
■11 oi'.si: j; V ATiuNs on the oaks.
rppcr Ciilironii;!. It has so iiiucli llie apiicuranco of a Clicst- iiiit, tliat tlio cup of tlio IVuit alonu attests wliat it ivalh' is. Tlio leaves are overgroeii, and of tlie same lancoolato outline witli tile ('oiiiniou Clicstiuit, ]iavin,n' similar pemiato '.erves, l)iit I'lilire, or nearly so, on tiie marj;in; at first they are softly clotlied heneath with dense, stt'llate, Ijrownish hairs, but at leiijitli Iieeome smooth: they are about four inches long and one to one and a (|uarter wide. The catkins arc erect, about l()ur inciii's long, jireseiiting the ai)i)earancc of cylindric, woolly si)ikes, beset with numerous o.x.serted stamens with, long, sleniler fdaments, as in thi' Chestnut. The cup is shallow and patulous, within and without softly sericeous, the scales numerous and aciuninate. very loose, somewhat s|)reading, and two and a half to three lines long. The acoi-n is large, evidently angular, and mori' convt'X on one side, covered with whitish down, and teiiuiuated with several (iliform, hi.uuginous, and deciduous stigmas.
The C'lixt'iiiiii i-hnisiiiiJiiilhi of Douglas, if not the same plant, a[)[i('ars to be another species of tills section or genus.
I'LATK V.
,1 lir(iiir]i 1,1' till iiiiliiriil .--izf. a. Tin' (imni.
OnSKUVATlOXS ox TllK OAKS.
QuKKCts MAKiTiMV, (l/ii' MiiriliiiK Oil/,'.) 'I'lie fruit of this species, and sometimes the leaves, ajiproacli to the Willow Oak; Ijiit tliis is a low, shrubby plant of the Southern States, with sempervirent leaves, which are very often deeply and distinctly sinuated, rigid, with ihe lobes often obtuse and uiuci'onate.
i
«.4iii»
r'^ms^
O I>. S E I! ^■ A T I () N S (> N T 1 1 E < ) A K S. 'I-',
Qn-iirLS MVHTiroi.iA, {Murlk-Lnnxl Ocl:) 01' this ek';i;..it and cui-ious species, w(! liiue yet no materials deserving of a
ti'itire.
QrERCl'S STEI.LATA. Q. OliTrSII.OIlA, Mlf'H. {I'us/ (hil\) The variety which 1 iiientioned in the flenera of Nortii American plants, vol. ii. p. 215, under the name of ,3. (hjm'»s<i, rarely exceeds three feet in height, and hears acorns at the heiirht of twelve to eijihteen inches from the ground. I lirst ohserved it on the hills of the Missouri, up to its conliuence with the river Platte, and it is also almost the last sjjecies which we find to the westward. I have since met with apparently the same low variety on the gravelly poor hill.' of the island of Martha's A'ineyard, near Massachusetts Bay: it is this scruljljy growth of Oalv which still ailbrds shelter to the grouse on that island. In some parts of Massachusetts, (according to Enun-son.) the usual largo growth of this tree is occasionally met witli. The species (if ttuercns wliicli I call Q. MI'JuiK.rii is. T now believe, notiiing more than a mer<' variety of Q. iir!iiii-'<.
SwAMi' Wiini-: Oak, (Qm r<'iix hlctihn-.) Of this species 1 first (iliserved a curinus variety, which 1 called ■■}. iimUis or Snj't- lidriil iSiriiiiij) <hil\ in the swampy elevateil fort'sts of tiie Hudson, near New York; it occurs likewise near riiiladelphia and I'oslon. The leaves. 1 find, are of the same form as in V- Iwiildi: hut the under side is not white, hut partly ferruginous or green, and softly pul)esct'nt. The (piantity of this clothing, how- I'ver. varii's, and in hu'ge leaves it becomes very thin. It forms a soinewhat-jiyramidal tree, sixty or seventy feet high, hranched nearly from the base, the branches detlected and intricately ramified. The leaves are narrowed at the liase. and abru|itly dilated toward the smiimit; the dentures are few and sonietiines almost waidiug; the breadth is about twotiiirds of tiu' length; the fruit-f-talk or pcduiu'le filiform, two or three inches long.
■2\
( ti; S I-: I! \' A T K I X S < » N 'I' HE () A K S.
Ix'iiriug iihout ouv to tliri'c iioorns (in each. It iiiiiy porluips bo Qiwfcus Jili/ui-mls of Muhlenberg's Catahjgue, page 87.
MossY-CiT Oak, (Qiiirrm oUrofoniu'i.) Tliis rare Oak, (wliii'h Michaux t'oiiml only above Albany and in Gi'nesce.) or at least a variety of it witli less attenuated cups, is met with in Orange county, New York, where it was observed by Dr. Ilorton; and it al.«o grows near Vernon, in Sussex county, New Jersey. It has nuich the aspect of the Water White Oak, {(,). itlsfiilor.) but the leaves are sinuated.
White Oak. {Qn'i-cns hIIhi.) According to Emerson, the roots of the White Oak make very beautiful furniture. In England, five jioimds sterling have been given for the roots of a Wiiite Oak. The pieces hiivc lieen taken out, and, when sawed and planed, present a wood of extraordinar}' biSiuty. A cal)ine|. and table maile from the forked branches of this Oak. now in tiie possession of Mr. ('. J. Wister, in Gerinantown, Pa., may well vie with the fniest woods known: it is of a clear, pide yellow, iuidining to olive, and feathered in the most beautiful manner; the polish is also er^ual to that of the finest nudiogany.
I)A1!TI!Am's Oak. (QmrinK Inii niplnjlhi, Micu. vol. i. ])1. Ifi.) Tliis cui'ions tree, whicii, in LSoT, had attained the height ol' (ifty feet and a circund'erenco of three feet nine iu<'hes, was inadvertently cut down, and with it the species, if such it was, appeared to be annihilated; but Thonnis (I. Lea, Ks(|., of Cin- cinnati, informs me ■•that several year.s ago he discovered an Oak between two and thn"' miles north of that cit_>. the leaves and Iruit of which accord witli Michaux's figure. The leaves are sometimes larger than those represented, but with the same outline, irregularly and coarsely toothed, or subdobed, and on !ongish petioles: tiie margin is very randy entire. The tree is about twenty-five feet high, and in a vigorous state of growtli.
m
/.,,..'■ link (■'""• •'' '-'
So w 111 wi in
IK
I'ii
'M IV in
LKA'S OAK.
25
Soino snuttiTiiig Oiiks of other npt'cics iiru in its iniineiliiitc- iici-iilmilioo'l. 1 tiiink it is not a variety of V- imhnr„n,u many trees of which I liiive exiiiniucl, l)iit never I'oinid them with loiivcH the least indeuteil. The Q. iilt'llos" to wiiieii it niijiht he allied, "does not grow in the vicinity of Cincinnati, nor, that I know of, in any part of Oliio: this tive, therefore, cannot he a variety of that Hpecies." Its nearest aninity appears to nie to he to the QiKnux (imhiipin of Michaux, Ji'., from which it is prineipiilly distinguished Ky the luirrower and more simi)le divisions oi its leaves.
LEA'S OAK.
Qtn;nrrs Lkana. F"l<i^ mnnhnnmcrls, lom/i.^.^onr prUahtH.^, ohlom/o- orullhiis, ba.-<i rotuhdiilk; .•^iilnvnl'ili'-'^, ^hiiiiiUi-pinmdlfuli.-; dnnnw f/hilin.^; loh'is lulls inlrgris sdacco-acumlmiUs ; fntrlllni.t hirri-iiKlinl/nli's ; ,s■.,///.//v/,^■ lihilm; oipiih !(cmi'>phcci'k% sipiamis oralis ohtum, r/lnmlc xnlijlohosa viltitla siibsniii-iiiintntsir, rum vmhone birvi comco.
Or this remarkahly-amhignons Oak I ha^e already spoken, in
a note on Q. htfnijJii/lln, having at that time, in concert with
Mr. Tliomas G. Lea, its discoverer, considered it as a variety of
that rare species, or some analogous hyhrid. Other specimens,
accompanied with the ripe gland.s, have now convinced me that
it is cither a distinct .species or another strange hyhrid; hut, as I
am hy no means satisfied of the existence of such spontaneous
mixed races among our Oaks, I have taken tlie liherty of giving
it as a species, and dedicating it to its discoverer, an ardent and
successful hotanist. I shall also tiike the liherty of adding a
quotation from Mr. Lea's notes, made on this plant and sent to
me with the specimens. iv.-'J*
2G
LEA'S OAK.
"The fruit rosoniblcs IMicIiMux's flu'iirc of Q. hiUroplniVa, hut difli'vs in heiii.o; more ilopn'sscd and ol)tiiso at thi .«uininit. I'lu; cups, I thiuk. arc alike. Tho loaves arc on loiiiivr petioles, imt accord in being inclined to lie cordate at base. If it is a h\ brid, it may have come from the Q. Iinhn'rarla, or (,K /lii'lurin, or (J. (■iicc'nim. Tho fruit is too widely dillercnt from Q. ruhra. Tho xdmiclcfi arc about the same leniith as in mv specimens of
;
^^pecnncns of (^. ihrifiirlii ; in Michaux's fi,^urc of tliat species, the fruit is
represi'nted as nis)<i
i/f, which I think is wrong. The iict'mJi
1-1 an;
much lonucr than ui
0.
uiiiincdrni.
the leaves laruer and nion
obtuse at base. These modilications (if it is a hybrid) may Iw derived from the long petioles and larger leaves of the Black and Scarlet OaL-.s. 1 thiidt it does not partake of Qiirrcii-t 'jilnlloi, (Willow Oak.) a specieH that doc's not grow, to my knowledge, within several hundred miles uf this plaei^, ((Jin- cinnati.)
•I saw two individuals of (J. j>Jif/l(j-i in the IJartram ganl
en.
vhich Colitnel CaiT assured me were propagated from the seed (if the original IJartram ( »:,k. Certainly our plant is vci'v like Michanx's ligure; liiit. as that apjiears to be a hylirid of f,l. jihilhis, I think they nnist be considered distinct. If uur.s be a .ely comes I'rom Q. iinliricarl<( and ^i'. /iin/nrin,
livhrn
lit
nios
or '■'/•:cui( a.
1 have liiund b.it a sinule stoelv of thi>. (about five yeai's
It <;
rows three miles IK
ortli
(.'inciiniati."'
1 confess 1 .«je too little reseiid
ilanee i
n our plant with Q.
■iitihf'nnria to n,rree with ni}' friend, Mr. T. (i. I^ea, as to any hy- bri(i c nuKH'tion with that remotely-allied species, lietwixt tlu^ Gray Oak (V. <(iiihi<jit<i, Mien.) and y. liiKforin I peret'lve a nearer resemlilance. The fruit apj)ears to be wholly that of the firay Oalc. Tho gland in iioth is striated, ami Avitb a small conic proji'ction. In ou'. jilant. however, flic base of the gland and that of the i-up are yellou', indicating its alliance to (,i.
tinclufiii.
Th
•rs wiiollv fnaii lioth in its simple uii-
'■'^
LEA'S OAK.
27
tlividod lobes, though tho long petiole and rounded Ijaso is that oi'ttiir/orio. Scarce as tliis species yet appears to be, under tiio ])resent circumstances, I am inclined to believe it of a distinct race, with features as distinct ns any species in the genus; for tlie (mi y Oalc, being, 1 believe, unknown in Ohio, is again out of the r(uestion. 1 suspect it is in all physical respects allied to tiii'lorln, and would eciually aflin-d a yellow dyelng-niaterial.
Tiie full-grown leaves are from live to five and a half inches long iiy three to three and a half wide, sniootli and shining above, with a snudl liui'utity of deciduous stellate pubescence beneath. The lobes are ab-ut a single pair on a side: tiie central lolie only' sometimes again subdivided into three lesser lobes, all of tlieui endiiig ill bristles. Tlie base is rounded, and ufU'ii hollowed out. o; somwhat siiuuiteil Tlie buds .ire small am! brown. The fertile llower often by tlirees, ou a short, thick, eonnnon pedicle, the nr 'die ll.iwer abortive. .Male liowers .... not seen. Ciiiis raUier deep, as in Q. (iurfdnn, with the scales ovate, o])tuse, and closely imbricated. The acorn roundish, somewhat ovate, bi'oadly striate, with a short roundish conic point or umbo about half-way, or nearly so, ininiei'sed in the en[).
]M,.\T1:: Y. (/-;.<.) A lifdiirhitf (hx iwtiinilxizc ii-'tlh J'fiiit. (I. .."<■ ciqi. Ii. Th: ijl'iml.
Tiie Wu.Low Oak appears to he very nearly allied to the ('lu>ter-K'aved Oak of New Spain, {<Jii< itii^ rui,f< ilijlom.) liginvd and deserihed by Uiiiuiioldt and IJoniiland; but in that. lhoiii;h otherwise so very (similar, the leaves are hairy beneath, while ours are pcrlecti_\' smooth.
The Wu.i.ow O.VK i.-. found as far west as (he hanks of the Arkansas and several of its branches.
28
OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS.
Live Oak, {Qncnm/i v!n)if>.) Tret'H ncir Mrignolia, in West Florida, occur of eight to nine feet diameter: it consequently aflbrds large tindxn". Great quantities of this -wood are now brought from the coast of West Florida. According to Wm. Eartram, the Live Oaks on the St. Jolm's in East Florida arc from twelve to eighteen feet in circumference; the trunk there rises only from twelve to twenty feet, when it throws out three to five large limbs, which continue to grow in nearly a horizontal direction, each limb forming a gentle curve from its base to its extremity, [Biiiiramfi Tnirdu, p. 8');) and he adds, '•! have stepped above fifty paces on a line from the trunk of one of +hese trees to the extremity of the branches." The wood is almost incorruptible, even in the open air. The acorn is small, agreeable to the taste when roasted, and in this state they are eaten by the aborigines as we do chestnuts.
Stately avenues are formed of the Live Oak in South Carolina and Georgia, which, robed in Long JIoss, put on an air of sombre grandeur and M-ildnes.s.
In addition to the geographical limits of the Oaks, I niiiy add that, according to the oljservations of Emerson, the liui-l- Chrst- Hiit Onk [Q}iernis montuna, Wii.i.D.) occurs in many parts of jMa,«sachusetts; he lias also found the Yclloin Oak (Q. ntsldnni, Wii.i.D.) about Agameuticus JVIountain in York, i'NIaine. "It is also found at Saco, in Maine, twenty-five miles farther north."' The Black Oul- {Q. t:n<-t<iri<i) "is found in York county, Maine. Q. pdJii-sfrls (Pin Onk) is ven/ rare in Massachusetts.'' Mr. Emerson also corroborates my own observations concerning the prevalence of the Ihsl Oak on the islantl of Martha's \'ineyard, and adds that '"it hardly exceeds twenty inches in diameter and thirty feet in height," which is a (.'ircumstance I had over- looked, its prevailing character there being that of a shrub.
The Oakx, though a very extensive genus, are confined to the Northern Lcmi.sphere. Besides the numerous species which
OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS. iiO
l)orviHlo tlic United States, (sixteen were discovered by Nee in Me.\ico and New Spiiiii, one of wliicli, the Q. (ir/r!/ijli'ii, is found in iJjJiR-. Ctdifoniia; twei'ty-oiie species were added to the Flora of North America 1)y Ilnndjoldt and r.onphind, found also in New Spain; four species were discovered in Japan by Thunberg; two in China by Bunge; one in Cochin China, and one in the island of Formosa; two very reniarl^able species, with lanceolate entire leaves and very long spikes of llowers, lilce those of a Chestnnt, were met with in Nei)aul by Wallii'h; six other species likewise exist in that portion of India; Europe, chiefly the southern part, Northern Africa, and Armenia, aflbnl about twenty-! ight species and several varieties; Java, Sumatra, and the Molucca Islands, also produce ninetiiii sjiecies. Thus it ajipears, of the whole nuinl)er, according to the eiunneratiou of Willdenow and more recent il' ivories, the Old Worhl contains sixty-three species, and Nortu Aiii-rica, including New Spain, about seventy-four. Of these the United Stati.s posse.ss about thirty-seven, and New Spain the same numbi r. To these I may also add an additional species fnim the ishiml 'I" Cuba, nearly allied to our Southern Gray Oak, {Q.flin rai :) this 1 pro- pose to call, after its discoverer, M. La Sagra,
QuKiiCus Sagk.kaxa. FiiVn-i ]>crcnnantiljii.s ohl<iii</(H:Uijitlvi^ <,lHvnlin(jU(', 'uifci/r!>i h. mihlohnt'iH hrccl jK'Hohdw ohtitma nlthlis inuniine trmliitis niihliis totiu nloxi-i iifrrdni.s nu/ialliii/lx, fiiutiliiit liiiiis prdiir//is Incro-ssdtix, ciijnihi Ju inl-^iilio rira. srjHinins (iji/in.>i>^hi, wr (irala.
This species apparently liu'ms a tree. The b>aves are broadn than those of the Gray Oak, of a thick and rigid textmv. an<l are strongly veined both above and beneath ; they are al)out two and one-third inches lon^;- and about one inch wide.
Atl'tit'iiiiKi' Ohsirrnlidtts. In density and hardness tlit> Live Oak nuich exceeds every other species of the genus hitherto examined. At first glance, and aided by its great weight, it
;.(
.'10
A I) ]) I T I O N A L () B S E 11 V A T T 0 N S.
aj)pears almost like Li,i;iuiin-\'it:v. Tlio sap-wood is ui' a pah; lirowiiisli-yi'llow, the perluot wood of a pale cliestmU-hrdwii, and till' fxtreinely ilnc sawdtif^l almost as bright a brown ns tiiiit I'rom mahogany. Growing in a climate .subject to small c' Migcs ol' teiiijicrature. and licing evergreen, the woody circles of a. '.ual inerenienl aie very I'aint and obscurely marked, wliieh adds to tlie common density of the fibres. These rings, on young trees, ^■ary from one to two lines in wiil'i, but in the older wood they are much narrower. One of the most striking features of thi.s wood, however, is the distinctness of the medullary rays, which traverse in strong and i)ale lines the faint waves of the annual incriiiunts. For the first forty (;'.' fifty years, tiie Live (lak appears to increase! in the bullc of its trunk as fast as our AVhite <):ik ; Ijiit after that jieriod the growth is nuicli more slow; still, t'.ie densit}- oi' its wood is so great, that, thrcugh a strong mag- nifier, the pores and vessels are barely visible. In the ruited States Navy Yard, in this place, I have measured a squared log of Live Oak, thirty-two fe(>t long, which -probalily li rmed the trunk of a tree not less than llfty to sixty feet in height. The present \alue of moulded Live Oak varies from $1.'JII to SI., 'Id and .^l.l I [)er cuiiic foot. Promiscuous unprefiared logs sell from !?L-U to 9S cnits an<l SI the cubic foot. Some very choice; tiudicr sells as high as ijl.n."). This valuable timber has l>een em[)loyed in the United States na\y between fifty and sixty jears.
Little is jet known respecting tlie southern limits of Ibis species of Oak, though there can be little doubt that it con- (iinu's along the borders of the Mexican Oidf to Yucatan. Dr. liurrnughs inliirms me that it ■- said to Ih' llauid growing on the banks of the Alvarado Iviver, about seventy-five miles south of A'era Cruz. 1 am also infoiiued of the existence of tlie Tave Oak near Matagoi-da in Texas.
It is stated in a late Texiiu pM[)er that an i'luglisb company have recently landed on the IJrazos, in the neighborhood of
ADDITIONAL 0 I! S E R V A T IONS.
]5ra/oria, for tlio iiurpnsc of gcttiiijr out Live Oak. TIk^j iU'o 8aiil to liave contracted witli the English Governniont to tlcliver two millions of ciiliic feet. Th« country about IJra/oria i:^ luadcil with enormous trees, some of them castin,;^ a shade of one Iiundred and fd'ty feet in diameter. The Live Oak extends into Texas at least one hundred and lll'ty miles, according U) the ol)servations of Dr. Casper Wister, Jr., of Germantown, Pa.
John Lenthall, Es(j., United States Naval C'onstruLtor, ha. favored mo with the following remarlvs concerning the timber used in the United States navy.
The frames and principal [)ieces are all of Live Oak; and tiu^ frames of several of our .ships that were cut I'rom the islands of Georgia and on the coast, thirty years since, are still in an excellent condition, though in some ships, in \vhieh the timlxu' was cut inland, the result i.s not so favoraljle. The weight of a cubic loot varies from seventy-three to seventy-eight pounds. This timber is peculiarly adapted to ship-building, and is scarcely lit ibr any thing else, being short and eroola'd, so that the timbers are rarely grain-cut.
The White Oak, usi'd almost exclusively for plaids, is cut froi.' the seabiKird of the Middle States, and is e<(u;d to the be^ c English or foreign tindjer. Tin- Ued Oak is never useil. The Oak from Canada is tliat wiiieh ha: , 'uerally been irtrodiiced into Englan<l, and from it a very erroneous opinion has been fornu'd with regard to the Oak timl)er of the United States, for the Northern tindjor is nuich ini'erior to that from the Soutliern States, and is never usi'd. A cubic foot of unseasoned White; Oak weighs from lifty-eight to sixty pounds, and when wasoned, forty-seven to forty-nine iiounds. White Oak tind)er is often brought from the Lakes and used for keels and bottom-planks; but for upper works that from thi' Delaware and Chesapeake I5ay is preferred, bein ■ inueli stronger and mow durable. Tliiti Lake tiudjer is princi) ..ly to 1k' founil at New York.
From the l)ebi,,.ii'<' River and Ciiesapeake Hay large ipiini-
i'
'.VI A D D I T H) N A L OBSERVATION S.
titles of White Oiiiv iiro liivowiso shipped for the Eiistern States, of which tlie hetter class of ships arc built. A great deal of I'iiie tiiuher is also shipped from thence for the same purpose.
The Quercitron is the hark of the Qiirrcu-i tlnr'-triu, h'ccd from the ei)idcrmis. Besides tannin, it contains a yellow coloring- matter, which nui}' l)e extracted by water, and which, on evapo- ration, yields a pecvdiar extract to the amount of eight per cent, of the hark employed. The tannin belongs to that variety which ])recipitates iron of a green color. This tannin is very injurious to the color, because it is precipitated by the same reagents with the color, and imparts to it a brownish tint. To obtain the coloring-matter free from it, a bladder softened in water, and cut into small pieces, freed from all the parts which are solulile in water, is api)lied to the infusion of the Quercitron bark, which takes up the tannin; or it may be precipitated by a solution of isinglass.
According to Chevreul, the coloilng-nuitter wiiich he calls ((uercltrin, although not a slmi)le sul)stance, is obtained by cau- tiously concentrating an infusion of (iuercltron. A crystalline substance then precl[)ltates, which, while yet in suspension iu the li(piid, imparts to it a pearly a})[)earance. It exhibits a. slight acid reaction by curcuma-paper. It is slightly soluble in t'ther, but more comi)letely so in alcohol. Water dissolves it; and lli(> solutupn becomes orange-yellow by the addition of alkali. The acetate of U'ad and of copper, as well as the protochlorid(! of tin, precipitate it in yellow Hakes. Sul[)liate of the peroxide of iron colors it at f'" a olive-green, and then causes a precipitate. .Suli)liuric acid dissolves (jnercitrin, and the greenish-orange colored solution becouies cloudy by the aildltion of water. By dry distillation it yields, among other products, a liquid which soon crystallizes, the crystals possessuig all the properties of (piercitrin.
In the dyeing-establishments the clear yellow color is obtained
A I) I) I T I < ) N A L < ) 1! S R R V A T I 0 N S. '■)'■'<
by proripitating tlic tannin by meuns of a soliiti'm oC gluo or biittcrniilk; tlio coloring-matter then .vmaining in the solution is mixed with the solution of alum anil i.avbonato of potash, by which it is precipitated of a yellow eolo)' in combination with the alumina. Protochloride ol' tin also pMxluces with it a strong yellow precipitate.
QuEUCUS RUI3U.V? The largest Ued Oak in North America, say.s a correspondent of the Natchitoches Herald, can be seen on the plantation of W. Smith, Esq., eightee i miles from Natchi- toches, on the roiul loading to Opelousas. Thi.s majestic Oak stands in the midst of a ricii and lieavy bottom, on the Biiyou St. Barb. Two feet from the ground it measures /"fl,'/-/'""' feet in circumference, and at six feet, /fiirf;/-fin, feet. The trunk api)ears sound and healthy, and its height, fu //n hnui(li<-'', is from fifty to sixty feet.
From Dr. G. Engelmann, of St. Louis, I learn that the Wlilte Oak [lliilhii) and the Uock Chestnut Oak {Q. iiion/'UKi. Wim.d.) ■ grow in that vicinity, where there are two varieties of (.ich with sessile and with pedunculated fruit, in thi.. respect agreeing with the iiro varieties of the English Oak, {Q. rul,iir.) which have been considered as two species, lie also iulurms me that the Chimpiepin Oak ((.A j)ri,'nlth>% Wii.i.i). ; Q. prhmy rlinicijihi. Mich. Sylva, t. 11) grows connnonly in Southwestern Missouri. lie also adds, that the Spanish Oak {Q. fulnifd) he has only seen in the southern extremity of Missouri; and that t lO Water Oak {Q- iK/iiiilii'ii) grows no nearer to him than the banks of the Arkansas.
The Sweet Onm Tree {Lii/iiiildmlxir ■'<ti/nif!jfna) he saw on
the borders of the Wabash ; it grows also ir Southern Missouri.
and all through Arkansas to the province of Texas; but lu' has
not seen it throngli the greater |)art of Missouri and Illinois.
The Black flum Tree. {A>.s., ,inill!jl,>,;i, Walt. N., Sijlml'ini,
Vol.. IV.-:!
84
ADDITION A L O B S E R V A T IONS.
Micii. Sylva, t. 110,) acconling to Dr. Engeliuann, is common in tlie souiliern piu•t^ of Mis.souri.
The Wiilioo Elm {Ulinm ahda) I'r. Engelmann finds as far north in Missouri as the vicinity of Herculaneum.
Aroimd Cape Girardeau, one hundred and fifty miles south of St. Louis, he also observes the Tulip Tree, {Llrld'kndron.)
Ik'cch Trees, the doctor informs me, he has not seen west of the Wal)ash, except near Cape Girardeau : they grow associated with Pines in Western Louisiana, and I have seen them in the forests which border the Arkansas.
CHESTNUT.
Natural Order, Amkxtack.K, (.Tuss.) L'ninaan Cla^^iJkntUm,
M0N(ECIA, l*(lI,VANI)lilA.
CASTAXEA.* (Toi-iiNKFoRT.)
PoLYdAJirs. Tlic rmlc amoiit doiii^'iitcd, coiiiim-ed of numorous iiitcrniptea clusters of flowers, with a iivo or six-parted iH'riiiiitli. Stamens ten to twenty. Fcni'dc flowers iibout three in an ovoid murieate valvular involucrum. Perianth nrceolate, 5 or G-eleft, havin,!,' rudiments of abortive stamens. The ovary ineorpcirated witli the perianth, the stii^nia pi'iieillate, exserted, its divisions rigid and pungent. Nuts one to three, inehuled in the enlarging ecliinate, 4-cleft involucrum.
Tliesc arc trees or shrubs of temiterate Europe and Xortli Ame- rica, with alternate, stiiiulate, nmcroiialeiy-serraled leaves, and very long, axilhuy ainents. Xuts farimiceous, edil^le.
* Si) iiumoil from Cushiiicn, a town of Tho^siily, near llie rivur fcni-us, wIuto lar'u Cliostnut Troos are still louml.
85
DWARF CITESTXUT.
Castaxka Ai.N'iroijA. Dijirr.^sii, fuliis ulinvitlis sHhaenlin, nini'i'iiiinlii.
Si ri'dlis snhciHitlis jiiiiiurlhii.-i siili/iis iiahisiuntiliits, innculis JiliJ'iinnil/K"
suliliin'i" liynH'i)to!<is, fl I'uiiK.scKXS. FoU'is liri riiiriliiis, kiIhIiI^ suliins pKUscais, Ciialuiica nlnlfuliit, Nutt., (ion. Am., vnl. ii. ]i. 217. C'lisi'dua iiiiiui, Elliott, Kk.. vd. ii. i>. til"i, (not of Mulil.) I'(ii/i(s j}aiii'l(i, \ar. prdi'ii.r, AVaitur, CaiMliii., ]>. •S->-'>.
A SPECIKS roiniirkaijlc liir its (Iwurl' jiniwtli, aiul iiisorttit only to coiiiiik'te the history ol" the gLMiiis. It nu'uly oxcced.s ii iiioL in hi'iglit, gi'owiug in >iinM patches, with civcpiiig routs. 1 th'st met with the variet}- ,:; in the vicinity ofMJhaileston, South Cai'oHna; al'lerwaid the suKjother l\ind, much more ahimilaiit.
II
UKl 111 lluwer 111 llie iikji
th.
nth of March, round Talhihassee, in
West FU)rida.
Tiie FloriiUaii plant is scarcely a loot in height, with siiiooth, l)ur[)lisli-gray branchlets; the leaves obovate, on very short petioles, deeply serrate, obtuse or acute, elliiitic-ol)ovate; wiicn }ouiig, whitish })ubesceiit; the adult almost perl'ectly smooth on both surl'aces; about three inches long by one inch or more wide. Stipules subulate, rather persistent. Mule ameiits soli- tary, long, and liliibrnv, tomento.se. The fruit I have not seen.
The Charleston jjlant grows in sandy pine-barrens, and the nut, which is solitary, is said by Elliott to be much larger, but less abundant, than in the other native species. This plant rarely exceeils two feet in height. Its leaves are glossy above, pubescent, but not tomentosc, beneath. Fertile llowers one to three ir an iiivolucrum, only one i)erfected.
The wood of the Chiiirpiepin, (C. pniiiHn,) whenever it can be obtained large enough for ])osts, is much valued, as it is sup-
■
uu
r.'istnncii alitilolwi.
(iO L D E N - L E A V E I) CUEii T >.' U T.
87
posfd to ln! moru tluniliU' wlicii (.■xpo.seJ to tliu \V(.'ather lluui any ollii r timljur (.'.\oc[)t the lied Ccdtir. — Eli.iott.
I'LATE VI.
A linuirh vf (lic. iiutund !•(<•'.
GOLDEX-LEAYED CHESTNUT.
Ca.^tanea CHUYSoniYLLA, (Doiigl. Mss.) Fol'ds senqtcrcircntil'ii-s lalo- bnifiiilaUs ariimtmil-i firm-tis lulifiirrhiik (jlabrts sul)lus aurco-farinosi^. Hook., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. I'V.t.
ArcoRDiXG to Douglas, tliis is a splendid cvorgivon troo, viiryiiig ill height from twenty to seventy I'eet, with leave.s lour to five inches long, deep green iilwve, (iml Ijelow ol' a lich golden yellow. These leaves are. also, U'ery diHereiic iVom all the rest of the genus) (piite entire. 'J'lie spikes or catkins of llie llowers searoely exceed an incii in length, including the peduncle, and they are solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. Sonietinies all the llowers on a catkin are nnile; soiiietiines tiie two or three lower llowers are feiiiaL-. Tl:e fruits are two or three, crowded ov densely covered with acicular prickles. Said to he common at tiie (hand Rapids of the Coluiuhia, ("ai)e Orfoid, and near Mount Hood; constantly allccting the hills. Tills siiecies rests wholly on the authority of Douglas, I did not meet witii it, nor does it apiiear tliat any specimens were sent to Knghmd. It will ])rohalily prove to he bonie very dif- ferent genus to tlnvt oi' the present.
Aihlitiiiinil ()/)■« n-dli^'iix. In regard to the Western range of our forest trees. Dr. KngeliDann iulbrms me, hy letter, that.
88
A D D 1 T 1 0 N A L 0 B S E R V A T I 0 X S.
tliougli the Chostnnt {Caxtanca Atncrimna) does not grow in the imiueiliate vallev of tlic Mii^slssippi, it still reappears again in Southwestorri Missouri and the northwestern portion of Ar- kansas, where is also found the Loeust Tree, [lioblnia pwu<l- ocacia.)
Chestnut Tkee, [Castanca Amcrlmim.) The wood of this tree is capable of receiving a fine polish, and well-selected pieces present waves and feathered figures of considerable beauty and variety, the more striking as they are s(;en with great distinctness through a pale and light ground. Furniture of this kind may be seen at Mr. Grout's cabinet-warehouse in riiiladelphia.
X
M
1)1
B I R C II.
Xi'lnnil Onhr, Betuline.t:, (Richard.) Lhimmn Clasnifitxdloii,
MONCECIA, POLYAXDIUA.
BETULA.* (Linn.)
Mule ilmvors in Ioiiet, oyliiulric lunonts. BcaloH in a double siorios, the inner liy tlireos, l-floworod ; stnrnons six tn twolvo. Fciiidh: flowers witli ovoid or oval aments; tlio scales trilid, 1 to ;!- flowered. Sli/lcs two. Nulfi minnte, cmnpressed, 1-secdcd, edged with ail ahited, tliiii margin.
Trees or slirnlts of the colder parts of the northern heinisiihero on holh continents, with the hark often exfoliating in thin, cin'ular j.hiles. Leaves alternate, ovate, or deltoid, serrated; iirodm-ing sti- jmles; aments axillary.
* Supposed to bo Jciivrcl frum H'ln, llio Cultie nuiiu; I'lr tlio liiich
no
WESTERN BIRCH.
iliTULA OCrilJKNTALIS
7i
('ii)iix ri'-^'no.'<ii-ir)'r>ii'o.-'is
fnli'i.-i htio rh'iiiihic-
rolis siibl(>liiiti.<i vicm-serrnl'S hh:^iilid).-i, suhfu-t pullnli'itriln'.'' imufhith
vcrv'tx rrni'ilii, mm ulis fiiiiliH'if' hiln-i-ijliiiilnic
?'/'/
lnh'is IdhrilU'
')i(s oralis iiili n/indo hnKjcirL
Betula oirldathilU. IIuOK., Flor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. }>. l')'>.
This low species of Bircli, only six to ten feet liiiili, was first observed westward near the sources of the Sweet Water, a northern branch of the Platte, and where it penetrates into the first range of the Roeky Mountains. On the h(jrders of this clear stream, diminished to a small, purling brook, and accom- panied by clumps of willows, we first saw it growing. Accord- ing to Dnnnmond, it occurs on the east side of the Kocky Mountains down to Edmonton House. Douglas fotnid it near springs on the west side of the lioeky Mountains; and Dr. Scouler met with it in Oregon, near to the Straits of Juan do Fuca; it also grows near Walla- Walla, and continues up the Oregon to the country of the Flatheads.
The principal branches are erect and somewhat virgate, clothed with a bright brown bark, copiously sjirinkled with small resinous warts, so as to render the branches rough to the touch. The leaves are somewhat deltoid, or rho.nboidly-ovate, on siiortish petioles, in my si)ecimens acute, but not acuminate, sharply and somewhat uuecpially serrated, r.nd very !-iiglitly lobcd; above, .somewhat glutinous, with vcy few iiinuatcd nerves; lielow, paler; the midrib and nerves sprinkled with a few long hiisute hairs, which are also seen aix)ve, on, and near the petiole. The leaves, in (lowering specimens, are only about one and a half inches long by an inch wide. (The adult leaves described by Hooker are much larger, two to two and a, 40
//-
li-
te.
itii
"y lilt
I'lAII.
Ill >l till Hi nil
I'li-I iil.'i .icciilciitiili."
Ii,.nl,„n ,.,, I, /././„/
i
ri.viii.
Iit'lnla rlh)inl)iliili;i .
"iiil l,;niil Hirrli. li,iiili:Vi .i I'lilll, ■ •■\iil<
ovat.-i.i:avki) niii(;ii.
41
l,;,lf inclK'S l..n^'.) The aiuoi.ts are .■ylindric, in tlio Btami- luferous plant, .•..nu...s.Ml ..f a .loul.le scries of scales. Female an.ents iH-.lunoulate.l, eylin.lrie, at le.i-th .Iroopinj:, often ae- cou.paniea l.y a very small leaf at tl>e base; the scales tr.lwl a.,.1 .lilate.1, stron^ily ciliated, tl>c lateral lobes ovat.-, the central one nearly linear an.l lon-er; three g.^rn^s beneath each scale. Nnts broadly winged. Styles two, very long an.l Mibidate; snnnnit ol" the germ iiubescent.
Th.' trnnk of this species is only a few inches in diameter, so that it scarcely ranks with proper trees. The leaves are bitter to the taste.
PLATE VII. A bruwh '/ tk naluml .•)!:<: c Th: .'-■cal-ir.w.l.
OYAL-LEAAa^D BIRCH.
,.,;,i;i.ns, rir .n-.th, '/ro.x,. .nrali^, sM,s ,>.,li;d;.nh><s ci„wrMls; rnu.-< julosivsmlii a„uvi;, Jnnhuis n/Undrucd,, sqnmnl^ MparlUls ylabnu.- cidia I'jbis ucatiy, latcrulibus bnribiis.
Tins is a still more Innnble shrnl) than the preceding, which it somewhat resend.les. It grows in the c.'utral Kocky Moun- tain range, and continnes more or less to the banks o)" the Orcffoii. It is spreading and somewhat decnmbenl. with slender brown twigs, wdiich, when young, are more or less covered with resinous atoms. The leaves, with their pi'tioles, which are tw., or three lines, are not more than an inch long by half an inch wide, oval, and somewhat rhombic, deeply, sharply, and almost eciually serrate, rounded, but still generally acute, smooth
IV.— ^j*
1:2 OBSEl! V A 'I' I(»N t^ oN T 11 F, 15 I K (' H.
iibovi", pnlcr lu'ncatli. with ii wry ll'W distant ncrvos, noinowliiit hairy along thtir margins Ijenfutli. External .scalu8 of tliu uial',' anu'nt.-; ovatu ami ciliatc ^'tanicns abont six. Female anicnts witli nearly smooth, dt'oply ;!-)mrte<l .soales. of wliicli llic criura! division is tliu longest. 1 have not .H'en the rijie fruit.
l'L.\TE VI II.
A I, raiir/i </ ll':iiiiliiral .-'':, . c. 77m ,-t'((/-r(.w/.
Oljticn-iif'cjii!^. On the snniinit n the White .Moinitains of New Ilfinipshire grows the Iktnlu I'lti^a of Europe, fouml there hy Jlr. ()akes as well as myself.
Dr. Charles richeruig also collected u specimen on tho.fe mountains, which appears to he the Ji/ii/<i fniliamt of Pallas, first found in Siiieria.
In the Kocky Mountains, besides the .'wo species now de- scribed, we met with the Jy/n'" <jl<nn/iiln.:<(i, whicli is also I'ouud on the higii mountains of the United .^latcs.
CuNoE Ijiiicit, or rAi'Kic ]^Ulcn. (B lulu jin/ii/rann.) Tl is very useful species of Dirch t(.i the aborigines of the North is found, .'..cording to the obsfrvatioiis uf Dr. Kichurd.son, as far as tli'' O-Jth degree- of latitude.
Whiti: i'litrn, {Iklnln ji',j:'ili/<>/iti.) Hooker very justly re- marks the near allinily which this species kvtrs to the conniioi! Eurojiean Ulrcli, (/>*. (il/m.) The general aspect i.-^ the same. In our plant, liowevi'r, the haves have hinger acuminated points and smaller fertile catkins. The scale of the same catkin in our.s in also comjjaratively smaller .and shorter-clawed, with the miildlc lobe acuti' and much smallei' than the lateral lobes; whereas, in the Euro[iean Birch, the lubes ai'e nearly all ecpial :ind o]]t\ise.
.liicli ; ripe
V- ,!,
A L D E 11 S.
Nidiinti OiiJ'i; Ami:ntac?;.K, (Jiiss.) JJnHfinii CI(IkkIj'u<(Iioii, Moxijxi.v, Tktka ndui a.
(Jiixi's AIA'L'S. (TouKNKniKT, 1)i:candoli,k.)
CiiAUACTKii. The flowers arc mnim:cious, (or of two dilU'roiit kinds on tlic sanie pliuit,) disposeil in catkins, (or cylindrio spikes ot' shiii't <liiration ;) tlioso prodm-ini; tlio stamens aru loni; and cyliii- di'lc; lliiwe of tiic frnit or seed arc ovoid or i^lobular, prodnceil upon liraiM-liinii; peduncles. The scales of the mak flower are pedi- I rllateii, and in the form of an inverted heart, bearing beneatii ea<h three lesser scales; the proper flowers are situated at the base, of each of these, and are composed of a cn]i with four lolics and four stair.ens. The scales of the fruitini;' catkins are wcdi^e-shaped, lianl, and jiersistent. The o\'ury is co!n[ircs^(Ml, and bears two lonj; stiunias. The envelop of the seed is hard, with a border which is either thick or meinbramiceous, and jiresents two celLs w it); two seeds: the ovules in the iccrni arc about four, or two in ti cell, three of them usually ahnrlive.
The jihiiits ol" tliis small ifcnus, conline<l to the ti^mperate or colder parts of Kurojie and North America, are eillicr shrubs (ir trei s, with deciduous leaves, ifencrally growinjr i>y streams, or in cool and humid jilaces. As trees, they neldoni attain a greater elevation than thirty to forty feet; the wood is hard and yellowish, becoming of a brown- isli red, nearly like mahogany, when exposed to the air, and capable of acijuiring a line poli.-h. Wlien stiiined Idack, it resembles ebony; and it is capable of enduring moisture for a great length of time.
41 ORE GUN ALDER.
The Aldi'i-s may lie (li\iilt'(l info tlic two followiiig soi'lioiis: in Imth llio [ludunclos arc siiliiliviili'd.
§ I. The niLil-ri.ssd furni.-ihid with a in< iidirdiKUYouH iriiif/d ii'unj'ii, and ictlh the «•((/( ,s of Iht JlrHli: umad nlaac or vb.'-vunlj IuIh<I.
'J'lie Wliito AWor, {Ahins iiiraiin.) Thu Oivgou Alder, {Alnii.i Orajuim.) The lleart-loavud Alde'r, (Alnii.s nifdalii.) Mountain Alder, {Alnus riridis.)
^ LI. 'J'ht iiMi'ijiii iif llic dccd-i'cssit Ihiek uml n/i'i'iid, <iiid icith tlu 6iuLd fj Ihi: fruiting umcnt dislindlj lubid.
Common Alder, [Alnns </l>itinom.) Fine-toothed Alder, [AlniLs acrndaln.) iSea-side Alder, [Alinis iiKiritliiKi.) Oljlon^'-leavi'il Alder, [Alini.^ ohloiii/'tln.j yiiort-leaved Alder, {AhuL-i hnrijuliti.) Khundiie-lea\ed Alder, {Alnii.s rhuidiifvliit.)
§ I. Frnii (.tliili.il.
OREGON ALDER.
Ai.N'ts ()iu:iiuXA. Fuliis hilii-orali.i iilriiiijUi firni;.--, ihiptii-nlu-n, rr<itix jmil- m-itiiix iiliil(i,iisi.~\ roii.s i<Hh/)iS j)iil)(.<i\n(iliii-^ jiid/iili.s ; .^lijudi.s olil'iinjis iliriililis i/ldliifixi.", riiliiilUs f/ldhris.
Alnus //^(?(»'..SY/. 1'l'R.sii, Flor. J5or. Am., vul. ii. p. (ij:!, (in jiari.)
This tree, liko the Coimmm Aider of Europo. attains tin- Iiei;^lit of tljjrty or I'orty I'ec't. with an oroct, i^mooth trunk of Hinall (liaiiK^ter, Hiif' nxMi o',' wliicli is very Hiniilar to tiiat oftlie Kwojjcau spooios, uu6 »«;iglit. no donljl. he (nnployed liii' the saine purpow-'H : it if, IwWf**'', lijiliter in color, but of a elose -'-uiu.
1
I'l. IK
ihrtfiift JfJi*
AlllllK (l|'ruu||;i
inHi (/.' / ('nyi'tt
4^
urti:G()N ALDER.
45
As nil oi'iiiuiu'iitiil tree, it is wci! wortii iitlciiiioii, jiroducing ail clcjiiiiit orect top. mid Mlloniiiii;- coiisiilerablo t^liadt' by tlio Uiryenoss of its leaves, wiiioli arc about three iiiclios long by two and a half wide. AVe I'ound it, as usual with the jilaiit.s of this geiiu.s, growing along tiu' liorders of small, clear brooks, near the conllueiice of the Walihiniel. but seldoiii, if ever, on llic Icmks ol'tlio larger streams which are siiliject to inundation. Ill (jur progress to the West, wo first observed this tree on the borders of the rivers IJoisee and Hrulee, which pass into tlie Shoshonee not far from Walla- Walla, and at intervals it con- tinues more or less coniiiion to I'oint Chinhook, near the shores of the Pacific.
The twigs arc smooth and of a brown color, and the young buds of every kind resinous, as well as the upinn' surface of the yt)iinger leaves; beneath, the leaves arc more or less pubescent, particularly along the veins, and jialcr and often somewhat ferruginous. The veins are very strongly marked and pro niinent beneath, the tei'th large, but the denticulatioiis luiiiiite and glandular at the points. Sometimes the leaves are elli])tic- ovate, the stalks about the third of an inch long. The stipules are resinous, and dis;ip[)ear with the evolution of the bud. The fruiting anient is romidisli-ovoid, and very similar to th.it of the Common Alder.
This species is nearly allied to the Wiiitc Alder {Afini.'< in- (■(iiKi.) Iiut diifers sullicieiitly in its buds. ])ranc'lilets. sti]iul('s. and li'aves; in both the fruit is jirovidtd, as in the IJiich. with a translucent, meiubranous wing. It ajipears, likewise, to ha\e a consideraiilc alllnity to A. anntiimtUt of llumljoldt and IJonpland, a tree of Peru, discovered by Dombey, but in tluit species the lea\'es are more lanceolate than ovate and acuminate,
Ik'sides the other economical uses for which tlic wood of tlie Alder is employed, the knots furnish a iieaulifiilly-\cined wood for cabinets; handsome chairs have been made of it, which acijuire the color of mahogany. |ii France it is used in making
■1(J
WHITE ALDEU.
xaliots, or woodon sliues, and in the North of Hiinbind it is (■niployi'd for the tliiolv soles of ii Idiul of shoos called elogs, and is prefcrri'd for tlieso uses, in consideration of its durability and lif-htness. The chips, boiled witli copperas, give a black dye U) wool, and the leaves have been used in tanning; sheep will browse on tlieni and on tiie smaller branches.
PLATE IX.
.1 hi'tiiirli tif Ihc iMlarnl i-ize. a. Tin: itttZ-fiwiY.
WHITE ALDER.
Al.NTS INl'AXA.
Pni::.-t iihhiiiiii:
nruli.-
tllitHS
jiiil)iA'i.ii
lihi's, aj'tllis CiiM-
At,.
niiil'-^, .yfij)i)U< liipi'uifiiij'.'. AVii.i.ii. Sp. ]']. uiiihthilii, AViLLD., Sp. pi., viil. i\'. ]i. ;!oG.
BIulIc Alder, {Abuts (jhiKca,) Micu., SvKa, vdl. i. ]i. -STS. IMiilii Aliiiix. crispii, ^ficir., Klor. Bor. Am., vol. ii. p. I'^l.
Bi lilhi
AiTiix, Ki'w., v( ft. Linn., Sp. pi
!'■
:!9.
Tins
K'Cies lorms a mueli smaller
tree than the (\)i
nmon
Alder. Ijeing only twelve to eighti'en feet high, and sometimes indeed a mere shrub, as in the Alleghany Mt)untains in Penn- sylvania. In Massachusetts and Maine it attains its greatest
■<r/e
Its bark is
rray oi' einereous
the 1
eaves are sometnars
villous beneath, and the stipules persistent after the develop-
men
t of the leaves, which are
noway glutinous; those o
)f tlr
}()mig plants ai'e smooth and glaucous beneath. It is conniiou to the mountainous parts of Europe not less than to the north- ern ))arts of the United States. It occurs likewi.se in this vicinity.
3i[0UXTAIX ALDER.
Ai.N'fs viiuiiis, (l)MnAViini.i.i:.) /■'<//'/'■; rohiiiiliitii-urnlix In'Kjul'O'ihr (iri/nfr .^( n'lili'-' </l'ilir''(.^riil!.i, slijitili.s' iii'iili-s nil iiiliniiinci !s iln'iilnis ; ffiii'lilms lnli
llldlis.
Abi'is riri(li<, I)i:(\\NiMii,i,i:. l''li)ri' l''raii(;:iisc, vol, iii. \\. :'.ii(.
Bdiihi ?■/)•/(//.<, A'liJ.AUS, ]1iiuiiliin, vol. i/. \i. 's'.).
Ililiila iiratii, Sciiuank, Salish., ji. 'J'l.
Itilidd iiu'iiiw, ,9. Lamaki'K, Diet., veil. i. ]i. -)").').
Ahms Aljiiii'i iiiiiKii; IIai'minV I'inax, \i. 4JM.
TiAiuiADnii, tlu' clcviitoil smmiiits of tin- Wliito Moiiiitiiiiis oC Now Iluniiisliiro,''' and tlic tops of the liij:h iiiouiitiiins of Noitli ('iiroliiia,-j- an; tlu' only localities on this (.'ontiiR'nt wluTe the Mountain Aldci' has yut h<"'n iiuiml. It oceurs likewise in the Alps of iSwit/erland, at an elevation of between fotiv anil livi' thonsanil feet above the level of the sea, whore it freiinently forms a small tree about six feet in hei;.;ht. In the While Mountains its stature is much more (le[iresse(l. and it is of rare occurrence. It grows likewise iu tlie barren and cold cliuuite of Kamtschatka.
The wood is white, and tiie branches are covered with a cinereous smooth bark. The leaf is near two inches long and one and a hidf wide, nearly smooth on luilh sides, but generally somewhat hairy along the ^eins beneath, rather acute, \\ith numerous shar[), small, and irregular serratures, but not doubly serrate. The male catkins are long, and grow, two or three
* A spcciiiR'ii ill till-' liorb.iiiuiii of tlio Acinli'iiiv of N:itiintl Sciences in I'liilii- (kliiliiu w;i.'< Ji.scovci'cil on tlic AVliiti' Mouiihiiiis l^y my friciul. |lr. I'liailcs I'iukcr- iug, at an elevation of four tliousaiul feet aljovo tlie level of (lie se,i,
■j- Iteeciitlv iliscovere.l liv 1>1'. (iniv am] Mr. Curtis.
47
4S
Til I N-LK A V V. I) A LDKK.
Idirctlicr. at tlic cxtrciiiilii's ol' llic t\vi,:^s; cin li sralc CDiiliiiii? tliri'c tctriiiiilrniis llowiTs. as usual iu tin- jicnus. 'I'lic Irrlilc auicnts aiv roundish and elliptic, ahont tlii'ci' tiii^ctlicr, and tcr- niinal; llic scairs arc truncated and oliscurcly lolicd at. tlio I'xtrcmitics; tlii' IVnit. like that of tiie JJirch, m runusht'd with a broad, thin, conspicuous wingeil niar;^in.
§ 11. Friiil iKit iihiti il ; llii )i)iiri/!ii n/intjiif
TIIIX-LEAVEI) ALDER.
Al.NI'S TKNUiniMA. Juiliis hlln-iirntix Sillidi'il/is ililiiliriilii-i-n iKlUs i/I'l/iris liiisi rdlitiidiilia hiiiijc jii tiuhttls, stqudls ikcidtm, jialillicidi.s jViilJiHi.i (liijilii'<ilii-riiiiiii!<i.i.
Thi.s wvy distinct spi 'ics of Alder, wiiicli arraiiues with our connnon s[iecies, (,t. si rrnla/ti.) was iin't wilii on the hoi'diM's of small streams within the ranjic of the JtoclvV Moinitains, ami afterward in tlic valleys of the Blue Mountains of Oregon, a chain whicli may he called, as it were, in comparisuii ol' their elevation, tiie AllcLrhanics of the West.
This species falls vhort of the character of a tree; hut yet it is .scarcely inferior in size with our connnon species, growing to about the liei;.!lit of a man, with numerous short blanches covered with a smooth iiray bark. The leaves are about two inches lont.'; by one ami a halt wide, with slender jietioles. from a half to three-(piarters of an inch in lenjitli; they ai-e of a thin consistence, .and usually smooth, with obtusc! di'iiticadations. The fruiting-bran(dies are often suhdivi'lcd, each bi'anch hearing); IVom three to live f-niall, roundish, o\ ate amcnts, of wdiieh the
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u
i
Allllis h'liiiiriill:! Till,, /r„i;,f ■ //.In- ii'K, .'i^ni, I'.,,,/!,
8C
ill
a
ti t!
ill
t\
!l{ II
It II OM I? I (' I.K A V !•: I) A I.DKH. 40
HciiloH iiro vi'iy (list'uictly lolx-il. Tlic fruit is uniisiiiilly siiiull and elliptic, tcniiiimtiMl liy tlic two reiiiiiiniiig stylcH, luid liiiviiig a tliin, opiKjue niiir^iii.
l'I,ATK X.
A tiriiurh iij' till iiiiliii'iil .size. (I. I'lii fiuil.
RTIO^IBIC-LEAVEl) ALDER.
Al.XfS niloMIlIKiiI.IA. /'i/iV.s' .yiihrliomhfmliD-ofillis (ililii.ililsriili.i (/liifiiiit.v'lf Iji.ifl (/(•///(\, ,'<iiliiliiiilli'iilii..s(rriiliilfs Si milurl.s cri /()•(.« unilis, miIiIus puhc- rulis luHll.i riiiiiniiii iukHx, sli/mli.i uliluiiijis niniiliriiiuui is ilin'ilul.i,
I oHSKKVEi) this spocifs, a lurf^o (slinih, in tlu- vicinity of Mon- teroy, in Upper Calil'uniiu. It.s neiu'cst rcliitioii npiKsirs to Im- to t!u' Kuro[)L'an Akler, (.1. ;//ii/iiii>n(i,) from wliicli, however, it i.s alinndantly distinct. The fruit I have not seen.
The leaves are alxjut two inches long and one and a half wide, glutinous, heiioath nearly the name color as al)ovo, and puhosceut along the veins; the petioles arc not more tlian atiout two lines long. The twigs are smooth and hrownish. It appears to he allied to the ohlong-lcaved Alder (A.o/i/iini/iiln) ,)f the .South of Europe.
V(ii. w -i
1 W-
SEA-STDE ALDER.
Ai.Ni's .MAnn'i.M\. /'•.//-'.-■ ,ii;il'.l,ii.-< i/liihri'^ sfrnilis iilifi(.ils rrl (icumiim/is, 4(i.«/ (/(•((//>, y'//i/'/,v j'l rnii/iini.^: ; aiiuiil!.^ friii>nri.<> ina.nnii.'', si/iiiiniis
<liljilinl/ii-l'J,illi'.'\ ^\l.NI'S M.MUTIMA. /•'.///>■ onit,\ Sil'l-'l/ls, Ims! (tr(ii:.<. — MllII,., Mss.
(Uixrviitioiics I'.iitaiiir!!' dc l*l:iiitis Am. Sp|itc'iit., p. l!i:i, (in tlio Lilmirv (if till' Ai'ad. \at. Sc I'liiliul.) ami IIiTl)anmii.
A SPKriMKN of tliis very ilistiiict species of Alder was eolleeted on tlie Kasti'in SiiDie of Maryland. l>y iiiv IVieiiil, Cliarles Pieker- ini;. It lias tlu; ajipearain'e of Iji'iiij; a low siirnh, witii slender, sniodtli iiranclies. Tlio leaves are two and a halt" to three ineiies loii'i- liy one and a half or more wi<le. of an ele^'ant, well- deliiied, oval mitiiiie. and supported upon loiij^ish petioles; the yoiinir hnds and leiives, after the manner of the ^eiiiis, are sliirlitly lilntinoiis; the nervings very slender, serratnres shallow, and in the larjier leaves rather remote; the ni)perniost leaves on the iiifeitile shoots are aoiiminated. and. at first j;ianee, look almost like the leaves of a ('amellia. The male catkins are unknown, as are the stijiules, which are proliahly small. The fertile anient, in size and jicneral appearance, iniuht I)e taken for the stroliile or cone of a Spruce; it is ahout the size of a Hop- clnster, nearly hlack, with the scales very thick and dci |)ly and obviously lohed. Tiie caipel is small in proportion, and with a- thick, opacpie. and olisciirt' niarjiin, as in -1. xd-ni/nln.
PLATK X.
A irnihli of /In luiliirnl si:i\ n. Tin' f<c(<l-rrs-S''L
60
I'l \ (In
.Miiim m:iriliiii:i
Sfti sitff .ffiliT .tun* /*itirtfimi
1
I'l XI.
riiiiiiK cijiacii
ELMS.
yahtrn/ Onhr, l? L.MACK.K, (.Mirl)L'l.) JJimoaii, Cla>it<{jicut'u)ii , Pkntanokia, UiuyxiA.
UL.MU8. (LiN.N.)
OrAQUE-LEAYED EL^I.
iri.MI'S OI'ATA. Fiiliis jxieris! (ililmiiid-iiriili.'; ulililsi.s mv//i/'/.v, .siiliiliijilirdio dilllirllhltix, hiisi ODU'dli.t ohinjHtS .SUlltllS ^*((4('«a')(^(/*(/.«, _//(*r(V((M /</.<(•/(•«-
Ill/is^ frni'tiliits Jticftitis.
In tlio siinimci- of 1818, on my joiinioy into llio interior of the territory of Arkannas and on the plains of Ecd Kivor, near its conllni'iicc with tho Kianioslia. 1100 niilrs up the foriiuT stream. I liad the satisfaction of discovering tliis curious Ehn, which, like our other species, forms a majestic, and spreading forest tree of t!ie dimensions of an ordinary Oak. In those dry and open si'.vanuas, tlie shade of this densely- verdant tree ])r(>ved more tl m usually aoceptahlc. It is rennirkahle for tho sniallness and tliickness of its ohlicpio and usually hlunt leaves, wl'icii. with tlicir short stalks, are only ahout an inch in length hy half tiiat dimension ii) InvivJtJi; .they are also very nume- rous, close together, ;>t;idJ4i>ti.«."'.w'l]i '^niliMty. papilla^ of a deep green above, and si)lne\vha(- t'lon'ing, olrfdng-ovato, mostly ob- tuse, the margin )vrtji: shallo\r. ^?ujJti diinttvtjlittions; beneath,
tho l"af is paler,- ft 'liUle'lmnviiislvwi'Vh' .strong' pennate, simple,
51
&2 Ol'AQri'M-I^AVKl) ELM.
or lorkod norvoH; the base of tlie leiil" is oliluiue, iis well as tlie whole Dili line, ami one hull" of the leaf is nuieh narrower than the other; the nerves are imbeseent. The young branehes are smooth and brownisli. The leaves, before complete develop- ment, are canescently toinentose and attended by large, oLlo!'g, membranous, brown stipules. The taste of the plant is astrin- gent, but noway mucilaginous.
This renuirkable species appears to be nearly allied to Ulmm (/////( //s/s judging from the short de.sc.'iption in Persoon and Duhamel. The llowers are fasciculated in small nunil)ers and on short peduncles. The samara is ellii)tie, rather deeply biCd at the sunnuit, covered with a dense and somewhat ferruginous pubescence even when ripe.
Of the uses and uality of the timber of this species I am unable to speak from experience, as it grew remote from the settlements at that time established in the territory. The den- sity of shade produced by it, so crowded with rigid leaves, and the peculiarity of its appearance, entitle it to a place in the nurseries of the curious, and it is probably (piite hardy enough for all temperate climates. To this species Virgil's epithet —
" I'Vcimilic froiiiiilnis iiliiii" — might more justly be applied than to any other.
TLATE XI.
A braiuli (if (he nalnral skc.
i
I'l Vll
rillillN rilrrilloHtl .
I'liointiss ^'htt ■
'),:
■tnf u y/vyyv
THOMAS'S ELM.
Ulmi'S uacemosa, (Thomas.) Fuliis oralis afuminalis (biplkaio-scrralis f/hihris yiilitiiti jiiihrscenlihu-i; f'iribns rwrmofiis fafch'idali/i.
I'l.Mts itAt'KMDSA, flowers 111 nicciui s ; podiulcs in (lirttiiict fa.sciclos, uniti'd at tlR'ir liases r loaves ovate, aeiimiiiatc, ilouhly serrate, •rlalirnus above, [iiiiiiutely] jmlioseent bciicatti ; stii;mas recurved. Eaton's Xorth Am. 15ot., (ed. 8..) y>. 4(14. Thomas, in Sillimau's Journ. Sei., vol. xix. p. 170, with a Plate.
This species, conibuiuled with our other Elms, is, accordiiu; t(j Professor Torrey, an abundant species in the western part of the State of New York, and, probably, of the Western States generally. Mr. Thomas, its discoverer, found it in Ca- yuga county, in the State of New York, and in the adjacent country. According to Emerson, he believes Mr. Oakes has obtained specimens from Vermont, collected by Dr. bobbins, so that it is probably a Northern and Western species.
The lower, stout branches, according to Mr. Thomas, produce corky excrescences like the Wahoo Elm. Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, obliiiuoly aurieulatcd on one side, doubly serrate, smooth, and somewhat shining above, with the under surface and ribs minutely pubescent. The (lowers, unlike any other Elm, are disposed in racemes, comj)osed of .several clusters of two to four together, and extending to the length of one to two and a half inches, often furnished with one or two small but perl'eet leaves before the terminal buds are open; the ilowers distinctly pedicellate. Calyx 7 to 8-cleft. Stamens seven to ten. Stigmas twf), recurved. Samara elliptic, large, and very pubescent, witli the margin thickly fringed, and the membra)".) more extended on one side .as indicative of a second but abor- tive cell.
PLATE XII.
.1 branch oflhc iMtund ii:c. a, Thcjlutca: b. A branch icilh the carhij bark.
II I C K 0 It Y.
Siilnnil Oiilii; .Ti(;i.aniii;.i;, (Dt'ciiiid.) Linuoini Cln.-^.'^i/tiHiioii,
MoNCECIA. I'dl.VANDKlA.
CARTA.* (N' ITT., (ion. Am.)
SliDiniiiili- flowi'i's ill Very loiiir iiml loiiso, ti'i'imti' uincnts, scaler ini- ln'iciitcil, 3-iiartccl. Siiinicn.s tlii'vc tu six, wiili piidso iiiitlicrs. Fo'/ili llowiT witli ii siiitrle 4-c'icrt Hn|ierior, liL'i'liiU'i'oiin lu'iiinitli. Slvle none; stii^iiia partly di.^coid, iJ-lobuil, tlio soLTiiii'iits biliil. Pi'i'ii'arp woody, 4-valvud. Xut mostly Homcwliiit quadruiiijiilar, with ail oven surface.
Lai'i^e trcen of Xortli Amerioa, confined to the eastern side of tiie IJocky Mountains, and extondinj; from rpper Canada to Fhnida. Leaves idternate, unei|nally iiinnate, without stipules. Flowers i"ily- f^amous, in compound, jiendulous, jiodiiiKnilated aments appearing; Avitli tlie leaves; female flowers terminal; the periearji openinjr hy four valves. Xuts edihle or hitter, usually more or less <|iiadraii- ^ular; in the /'<//,'0(, even. I'uheseence tufted or stellati'. I'crsoon, as far ba<k as ]S07, divided tlie genus .riiglans into the two natural sections whirli it presented: his second division included the Hicko- ries only. "* * Ameitlis nm.sridti compusiiis, tclrandris."
* From xdjiuii, tlio aiieiciit (jri;uk naiiio of the Walnut, lliihnri/ is an Imlian iianio for sumc of tlic species of tliis genus; one of them was known to tlic Indians by the name of I'lran or IMkan. llaline.sque applied tlie barbarous name Hiilcorin to this genus, without deseribing or limiting it; in so doing ho has no higher claims for the adoption of the name than our wood.smcTi and the aborigines. 51
I'l \III
It
Carya Mirrorarija
§ I. Xiils tihin or I1H.S ijiiiii/r<ni;/ii/iir. IIicKiniv, proptTly ."iociillL'tl.
8MALL-FPJlTi:i) IIKKOIJY.
C'.MtVA .MHIincAlll'A. Fflinli's i/in'iiix till .•ijilnii-; uhln„;lii-lai'i;ul,ilis m mills prniiii.'c.ie iiriimiiiiilis i/lnhris siilihi.s (iliii,ilidi,,sii ; aiiKnli.i ijltilirU, mnr silhf/liJiiMI ,sillii/ilfii/riiih/iilii/ii. It sill It II tit'.
Ctii-tjti ntltrtifiirjtti.—'Sin., (;,.|i. Am., vol. ii. [.. l'l'I. DAiiMMiTox,
Fl, nil ('.■.-I lieu. [Kil. iilt.] p. .)»,').
Jtit/ltiiis ri,wjiir.-:-ti. a. mltrufiii-jiti. — Mini.., ("utal., \i. ss. Maut., I'lur.
I'liiliiil.. v.pI. ii. p. 17!i. Jiiijltiits lui ijihiniUi. Uiilsaiii lliikoiv. — Mausiiam,, n. (!,><.
Tiii.s sju'cii's, allicil to C. Iimniilnfiii, or tla- (.'oiiii-uii Ilickorv, biToiiio.s ii (iiio, lolU-, t^prc'iuliiif,' troe .sixty to civility fl'ot lii.Ltli, liiivin^f a (iiiuiU'tcr of oifrlitci'ii inclics to two lirt or more, with ail even barlv. I (irst oii.H'rvcil it on tiic liaiiks of tlio Sfliiiyi- kill, ill tli(! vicinity of I'iiiladclpliia; iiinl my friciKl Dr. Diir- linjrton rciiiark.s tliat it i.s fi'i(|Mi'nt in nioi.st woodland.^ in tlio vicinity of West Clicstor. Tlio nut is of tlic sainc form nearly as tlial of <'. lttiiiiiiit,st(,iA' a pleasant tuHte. witli a tliiii siiell, lint usually small, not miicli exceedinj; tlie si/.e of a nutmef,'. It grows. I believe, alno in Ma.ssacliiisetts. wliere I have seen these peculiar nuts. The wood i.s white and touyh, and po.s.se.ssed of most of the good ([ivilities which recommend tiie ordinary Hickory. This s[)ecies is remarkable for t lie .smoothness of il.s leatlet.s, which, in that resi)cct, approach C. ij/nhni or the Pig Nut, hut tluy are everyway larger and less deeply serrate; two or three pairs with a terminal odd one, four to eight or nine inches long and two to three and a half iiiclios wide, ohloiig- lanceoliite, with shallow .serrula <ns, smooth on hotli sides when fully expanded, except a .slight ; ift in the axils of the nerve.s heneath; the under surface spri.ikled with minute resinous par- ticles; the lateral leatlet.s subsessile and rather obtuse at ba.-e,
56
COMMON ITIOKOIJY.
till' terminal one witli a nl.v,rt petiole and attenuated below. Aments thvee together, upon a common peduncle, (^lender, nearly quite smooth, scales trifid, the lateral segments ovate, the middle one long and linear; anthers hairy, mostly four, sometimes tliree or five. Female flowers two or three together, sessile, on a common peduncle; segments of the perianth very long i<nd somewhat foliaceous. Stigma discoid, four-ivj'x'd; fruit globose- ovoid, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter; the pericarp thin, with the sutures rather prominent. Nut somewhat quad- rangular, with the shell thin.
15y the leaves it appears to be allied to C.glahm; but the nut, on a small scale, is that of C. tuniciitma, or the Common Ilicliory.
PLATE Xin.
A stiuill birnich, ndarcd about onc-tliird. a. The nut.
Common IIickoky, {Curya tomci»to>^a, ,9. muxlmu) Tiiis is a remarkable variety for the great size of its fruit, which are a? large as a moderate apple. It grows a few miles fnjm Piiila- delphia. Mr. 3l]lliott also observed it on the sea-islands of South Carolina.
Canja (jhihm, {Jwjluns r/lahm, Du Roi, Ilarbk., vol. i. p. o'-V). J. p(,rdna, Micii., North. Am. Sylva, vol. i. pi. 08.) Of this there arc two varieties, one with globose and the other with ttn'binate fruit: intermediate forms are also met with, proving them to Ik no more than varieties.
II. Niilii cri'ii, vilJioiit pnmhwnt <t)i(/kfi. Lcaflits oftrn nitmc-
Onyi nnr/mfif )!!<(. Jinjlnns (uif/mtl/oJla, AiT. Kcw., vol. iii. p. .301. /. I\r<in, MuHL. in Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Scrnt. Berolin., vol. iii. p. ->92. J. <>l'n;vfiirinl% WiM.i)., Sp. PI. 4, p. 4 'u. A Hue,
B L A C K W A L N U T. 57
stately tree, formerly cvt down for the .sake of obtaining a single erop of nuts; renuirkaljle for its numerous leallets and their almost falcate form. In Massacliusctts, where it has been suIh inittcd to cultivation, it never grows beyond the si/.e of a shrulj, being every year more or less cut down by the cllects of the severe frosts.
Ciiri/a rem I). Jiii/J<nis Pa(i)i, WALTER. /. mi/rl'<t!(n\fi,rmln? Mich., Sylva, vol. i. pi. o9. This obscure plant of Walter may, perhaps, be nothing more than C. <jlnhru. Michaux's plant was unlaiown to P^Uiott.
Carija antara. Jinjlunfi amani, Micit., Sylva, vol. i. pi. 3.3.
Ohxrrvitttoits. According to an experiment published in the '•.Massachusetts Agricultural Journal," the sap of the Butternut 'J'ree [Jiiij/aus cincna) is capable of producing as much sugar as that of the Maple. Four of the trees yielded in one day nine quarts of sap. tvhich produced one a'ld a quarter pounds of susar.
TiiK Bi.ACK W.\L\UT {Ji"/l,ii/s iiii/ni) is mot with as far north as Ma,ssacluisettSi particularly in the western part of the State, as around Northampton. Mr. Emerson says, '■•JikjIhiix nli/ni I liave Ibund rei)catediy as far north as IJoston. It is in Middle- sex, A7orcester, and Norfolk counties, Massachusetts."
On the banks of the' Scioto, in Ohio, I have seen a tree of six feet in diameter.
IV.— 4*
C ANDLEBEIUI Y MY Ri LK.
Xiittinil On/cr, MymcK.E, (Rii'lianl.) Li./iKinn C/u-s'iljinitii,
DkKCI.V. TkTKAXDHIA to OCTAXDKI.V.
MYRR'A. Li.N.v., (in imrt.)
Flowers (iiiisoxnal ; tlioso of tlie two sexes upon tlio saino or inoro eiiiimio. ly iijioii (litKereiit jilants. Jfah Hdw s in eyliiidriral sessile ealkiiis; eaeli fluwer witli ioiir 1o eiu'lit stamens, with tlie tilanieiils cloiiijaled and more or less united at the base ; tlio stamens exsei'ted beyond the borders of tlio dilated .short seale, many stamens in braneliini; clusters nearly without scales at the summit of the catkin ; bracteoles na/K in I'ither sex. Faimh- tlowers in loose, soni''tlnies fdiform catkins, with many of the lower scales abortive; scales 1-llowered, the germ nake(h Styles two, very lonir, linear, and ac'uniinat"; ovary villous. Hrujie l-see(U'(l, sjilierical, coatiMl with u jfrumose waxy puli). Xut very jiard; seed erect; embryo with- out alliumcn, the radicle sujierior. Cotyledons thick and oily.
A genus wholly distinct from Jfi/rii'n (laic, which is common to Xorthci'n Kurope and Xorth Aniei'ica. The character of lunate scales ^iven to Myrica by J,inna'U< applies only to the (!.\i.i;, whii'li tlicris forc constitutes a genus ])y that name. Tlio rest of our s[)ecies belong to Myrica. In the Gale, the fruit is a small, ovate, (by nut, with an indurated bractc on cither side of it, giving it the appearance of being :i-lohed.
The species of this genus are few, luitives of the warmer anil colder zones of both hemispheres, growing generally near the sea- coast, and are ehielly shrubs, with alternate, jiersistent, or annual simple leaves, usually mmv or less serrated or iiinnaiitid, and be- 58
ilV
ile iitu \vd ill ill ;
IR'S ill's
mil ■ill I ilh-
to
ilU'S
i.'1'i'- cies nut, .iicv
anil
iiial be-
J
I 'I \IV
Mvnc'll lllinliiiji
INODOROUS CANDLE T 11 E R.
59
s]iriiikliHl witli ai'otiKitie rc.~iiions sciilcri, as arc also tlio scales of llio IhkIs. ("atkiiis axilian-. cxiiaiiiliii;,' early in tlio yciir. Then; nrv. sc\i'ral sjH'cics in Xt'[ia;il in India, and at tlio C'ajio of (Jooil Hopo. The Jl. F'i;i(i, with a 4-cellod drnin', and ahout tun stamens in loose catkins, will, no donbt, constitute a ditlerent genus, which I lu'oiioso to call Fava Azuiuca.
INODOROUS CANDLE TREE.
MviiirA ixoDonA. Arhorca, fuliis lanccolaio-cUipflcis inliqri.i oljlii.ii.<! nhir- (jinc rcnilnlis Ikh^I ciincatis suhtus r!x fy'innmoda iilcrlsqur midis, Imci'i.i
-MvitiCA i'/iinliii-'i, I?art!iam'.s Travels in Florida, &e., p. 40;"). Myuica iihunilii, Chapman, MSS.
Ix tho month of March, IS-'iO, on the borders of the E.scaiul)ia, in We.st Florida, I had the fortune to rodiscovor tliis fnu- species of M^'rica, so long since descriljed by the amiable and excellent Wm. Bartrani, near Taensa Blnft', on the Mobile River, when' he I'emarks, August 5, 17TG, ''In my excursions idjout tills place, I observed many curious vegetable productions, pin'ticularly a species of Myrica. {Mjiricn i'iioJodl) This very beautiful evergreen shrub, which the French inhabitants call the Wax Tree, grows in wet, sandy ground, about tlie edges of swamps; it risi's erect nine or ten leet, dividing itself into a nudtitude of nearly erect branches, wliich arc garnished with nuinv shining deep-green entire leaves of a lanceolate figure. The uranches produce abundance of large round berries, which are covered with a scale or coat of white wa.x: no part of this plant possesses any degree of fragrance. It is in high estima- tion with the inhabitants for the production of wax for candles, for wliich pui'iiose it answers erpially well with beeswax, or
fiO
INODOROUS C A N I) L E T P. E R.
prefc'i'iiblo, as it is liiinlur and more lasting in hurniiig." — 15au- tram's rrarih, p. 405-100.
Wc found it ('xat:tly in similar situations as tlioso described by Bartram; and it has also been found in Alabama by Dr. Juet, iVom whom I have been favored with specimens. It may with propriety be called a tree, though never so large a one as the Mi/ricd Fajjd, or Fayal Myrtle. The stem sometimes attains the thickness of a man's arm, and, like the rest of the genus, it is gregarious and forms stout thickets on the margins of small streams and swamps. The berries are twice as large as those of the connnon Wax Mjrtle. Though the leaves have no jjcr- ceptible scent, they arc not always entirely Avithout the usual scaly resinous glands; they have no serratures, and arc about three to three and a half inches long by one to one and a half wide. The l)ark is of a gray color, inclining to brown. The male catkins are unusually large, as well as the berries, and the leaves, when c^d, are as stiff as in the laurel. The stamens beneath each scale of the anient arc eight, with distinct filaments and monadelphous at base; the sunnnit of the catkin is nearly without scales, and terminates in monadelphous branchlets of stamens, each bearing three or four anthers. The female catkin is loose, and the lower scales empty; the germ is pilose. The wood appears compact, fine-grained, and nearly wtiite. The candles formed of the myrtle wax I)urn long, yield a grateful smell, and are destitute of the disagreeable scent pro- duced on extinguishing tallow candles. In Carolina, a kind of sealing wax has been made of it, and the root has been accounted a specific in toothache. In Prussia it has been culti- vated for the wax.
The Fayal Myrtij; (. .'. Faija) is in Fayal the principal article of fuel; it there attains the ordinary height of a peach- tree, with a more erect stem: it produces a considerable
INODOROUS CANDLE TREE.
61
(|iiiintity of compact, reddish wood. It is iilso ciiltivatod in rows liotwc'on and around tiio orange trees for tlie puri/oso ol' slielter from the cutting sea-ljrei'zes, -wiiicli -would otherwise al)ridgo Uieir height and retard tlieir growtii. .Ml the gardens of the i^■land reciuire the same shelter for which the evergreen Faya is so well calculated, hcing perfectly hardy and indigenous to the Azores.
PLATE XIV.
A brunch of the imlund .si:c. n. Tin' hrrnj.
PLANE THEE.
Xiiiu-ril Onkr, rLATAXK.i;. Liiuicaii Cfa.isifwatl<»i, MoN(i;riA,
I'uLYANDIilA.
PLATANUS.* (TouuNi:i-iJUT.)
Flowers of one sex, those of tlie two kinds situated uiuin the nanio plant, and eaeli of tliem disposed in sphiTical anients on iiendnlons • stalks, produein,!,' from two to five npon each. M.m.h Ihiucrs iornu'd of minute thickish braetes; the iilamcnts very short, situ- ated ln'tween tlic liracles. Aii/hcrs '2-celled, attaehed to iv connec- livuni broader than the filament, with a peltate summit. Fkmai.k. I'istils, numerous, in pairs. Oi-'(i\>/ of 1-ecll, ineliuliiiu' one to two pendulous ovules. .Slijnms 2, long and llliliirni. Fnol, a earpel seated in a tuft of artieuhUed hairs, ineluding one pendulous oblong seed, destitute of albumen.
Lofty, (loeichions-loaved trees, with widely-spri'uding braiiehes inul a dense, broad foliage having n pentangular ontline. Natives of Europe, Asia, Northern Afri<a, and tlie teinjieratt! parts of Nortli America. The species about three. Leaves alternate, palmate; the bud concealed beneath a conical envelop and immersed in the base of the petiole. The young shoots and leaves covered with a deciduous down. The old bark at length scaling off in extensive patches, leaving the trunk smooth.
* Tho ninuc is from the CIreek wuni ^^/-i','/.-, hw.td, in allusion to its wido-siireiiJ leaves ami braiielies.
ml
L
I'l.W
rl:ll:inilll I'Jirrllllisil
CALIFORNIA BUTTOXWOOD,or PLANE.
al'is siihtii.s /,o^ »'/''•'"'■*" /"'""'''s hiiirhian hnii-aihil'is ,iri/iiiiiiiili,s iiifii/ri.-; ,v///»//;x <n,,/iil'iii.< fnirlih'i.-' jv/i.r//*'-.-;.--.— XiTTALL, .Msi^. ill Aiululii.n's i5ii''.!s of Aiiioru-'ii, tai). o&2.
Tins ri'innrktilily distinci spocios of riatrmus is a native of Upiior California, in the vicinity of Santa Barbara, wlicro it jmts on very nuioli the appearance of our eoininon IJi.ittonwooil, {Pl((ta ».s Ovfhhnhdls.) As far as I yet know, it is iW only siiecies on tlie western coast of America. It grows iiroljably farther north, out T did not meet with it in the territory of Oregon. It docs not appear in this unfriendly cli-natc to arrive at the gigantic magnitude of its Eastern prototype, though it eiiualb- a^'ects rich hottom-lands and the borders of streams; l)ut the scarcity of rain, in this climate, -ivliich lia<l not for three years been sullicient to encourage the raising of crops, and the coiise(|ueiit disappearance of water in most of the brooks, prevented, no doubt, tlii.-; subaquatic tixo from assuming its proper character in a .ii'-re favorable soil. At first view it would be taken for die ordinary species, spreading out the same serpentine picturesrpio limbs, occasionally denuded of their old coat of bark, and producing the same wide and gigan- tic trunk; but a glance .-'- 1 lie leaves, no less than the fruit, would remind the Easter'- traveller that he sojourned in a new region of vegetation, and objects apparently the mo,-t familiar he met around him, associate them as h<' would, were stdl wholly
strangers.
The leaves not fully exinuided were about four inches wide and the same in len;vth. divided more than half-way down into ti e shar|i-pointed, lanceolate portions, of which the two lower are the smallest: all the divisions are ((uite entire, two of them
64
O II I E N T A L r Ti A X E T R E E.
in small leavt's .t'i' suppressed, thus producing a leaf of only three parts. Above, as usual, the surface is at first clad with a yellowish copious down formed of ramified hairs, which cpiickly falls off and spreads itself in the atmosphei'e. The under sur- face of the leaves are, however, always copiously clad with a coat of whitish wool, which remains. Tiie young leaves, chu' in their brown pilose clothing, have a voiy uncommon appear- ance, and feel exactly like a, piece of stout, thick woollen cloth. The branchlets, petioles, and peduncles arc equally villous. The nude catkins are small, less in size than peas, full of long-haired scales, and with unusually small anthers. The fi mala catkins are in racmnes of three to five in luunlier, with remarkably long styles, being between twt) and three-tenths of an inch in length, and persistent on the rii)e Ijalls. The raceme with the full- grown balls measures nine inches. The tree has, therefore, a very unusual appearance, filled with these very long pendulous racemes, each Ijcaring from three to four or even iive balls, at tiie distance of aliont an inch from each other. The stignuis are at first of a deep and bright brown.
The wood of this s[)ecies, as far as I could learn from the American i-esidents at Santa Barbara, is far i)referable to that of tlie common Buttonwood, being much harder, more durable, less lialjje to warp, and capable of receiving a good polish: it is of a pale yellowish color, like the young wood of the Oriental Plane, and bears some resembhiuce to beech wood in its texture. In the radiation of its medullary vessels, it resembles the wood of the eou;mou species.
PLATE XV.
A branch af Ihc natarai nizc. a. The carjn'J.
The OliiKNTAl, Pl.AMO {PItifonHX Orii'iihilis) deserves to Ix; planted in the Unite<l States as an orniiuiental tree. If grows
ORIENTAL PLANE TREE.
to tlie liL'ight of from .sevonty to niuoty feet, with wiilely-spiviul- iiig brandies and a massive trunk, forming altogether a ma^ je.stic object. The leaves are more deeply divided and indented than in our common .species. A iniiv.: cf the East, where shady trees are not so abundant as in North America, it was celebrated in the earliest records of (Ireciuii history. Xerxes, it 8eem.s, (according to Herodotus,) was so fascinated witli a beautiful Plane Tree which he found growing in Lycia, that he encircled it with a ring of gold, and confided the charge of it to one of the Ten Thousand. lie passed an entire day under its shade, encamping with his whole army in its vicinity ; and the delay so occasioned was believed to be one of the causes of his defeat. Pausanius (a. I). 170) mentions a Plane Tree of extraordinary size and beauty in Arcadia, which was said to have been planted by Menelaus, the husband of Helen, and to have been, at the time he saw it, loUO years old.
Plane Trees were j)lanted near all the public schools in Atlu'us. The groves of Epicurus, in which Aristotle taught his peripat 'tic disciples, the shady walks planted near the (lymnasia and other pul)lic bui'dings of Athens, and the groves of Aco;ienms, in which Plato delivered his celebrated I'iscourses, vere all formed of this tree.
Tlie re u ark able Plane Tree at Buyukdere, or the Great Valley, mentioned b}' Olivier, the naturalist, an 1 after him by Poucqueville, '' .," -(u.so, and various other writirs, has a trunk that presents ti ■ ■ cpoarancc of fcan or eight trees having a common origin, which Olivier suppose,, ^c be the stool of a decayed tree, and which were all connected at their base. Dr. Walsh, who measured the tree in 1831, foinid the trunk one hundred and forty-one feet in circumference at the base, and its branches covered a space of one hundred and thirty feet in diameter. The trunk divides into fourteen branches, some of which issue from below the present surface of the soil, and some do not divide till they rise seven or eight feet above it ;
»UL. IV. -&
C(j
ORIENTAL PLANE TREE.
one of tlie Inrgost is hollowed out by fire, luul aflbrds a cabin to shelter a husbanclman. The tree, if it can be considered a sing' )>lnxit, is certainly the largest in the world. But what rende/,'- object of more than usual interest is, that IvI. D'»-
candoUe v ctnres it must be more than 2000 years old.
The wood of the Oriental Plane, in the Levant and in Asia, is used in carpentry, joinery, and cabinet-making. It is said to make beautiful furniture, on account of the smoothness of its grain and its suscejitibility of receiving a high polish.
Concerning our common Plane Tree or Buttonwood, {Pla/a- nwi Occidental is,) Dr. Darlington remarks, in Ills " Flora Ces- trica," l)age 542, " It makes a noble shade in front of houses where it has room to develop itself:" and he further remarks, that " the icood is not much esteemed, but is occasionally sawed into joists and other hnuber." It is beginning to be con- siderably planted i-.i a shade-tree ou the side-walks of the streets in several of the large towns of the United States, and, being seldom attacked by insects, and rarely elevating the pavements, it is exceedingly well calculated for this useful iiurposo in a climate subject to such ardent summer boats ; but, if the Orien- tal Plane would answer lUe same purpose, and it is easily pro- pagated, we should not only possess an ornamental but also a useful tree, as it regards the wood. The finest specimens of trees of this species, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, are those round the Pennsylvania Hospital, which were i)lauted about the year 17G0.
POPLARS.
Xatund Onlir, Amkxtace.e, (Juss.) Suhunlcr, Saucine^e. lAmuraii ClaKi miil Order, DiUiCiA, Octandkia.
roruLUs.* (Lixn.)
DliKCiots. Anicnts cyli, 'Iric, with the scales deeply cleft. Fcrianlh cuii-shajied, ohluiue, and entire. Slaiiwiis about eij^jht, (or I'roiu thirty to one hundred or more,) inserted on the scale or iierianth. Fi;iiTii,E Fi.oKKTS with the scales and jierianth a in the male. Slii/ma.^ three or four. Oipsiilc 1-celled, 2 to 4 salved. /SVu/i luinicrons, couiose, with long, soft hairs like wool.
Trees of the temperate and colder parts of Kuropo and Xorth America, with one spi'cies in Asia. The leaves are alternate, nnind- ish, or deltoidly conlute, the petiole, for the most ]>art, vertical!'' coin|iressed toward the summit, and often sjiandular at the base; the llowers (as m the AVillows, to which they are intimately allied) ap- pearintr before the leaves.
The 1 oplars are divisible into two set^tions or subijenera.
§ I. Those properly so called, with about eight stamens, and, Usually, tiliform stiinuas.
S 2. Those with from thirty to one hundred or uiore stamens, and with broad, ililated, rcniliirm stigmas. J'ota.mkhia. These are mostly large trees, which atl'ect the banks of rivers, and includes I'lijniliis l<ii-li/iil(t, (/'. Ciiiiiii/nisis, Mich, li!.,) ./'. <ii)ipihiUi, l\ nioiiilifcrtt, I'. Iidr- niiilii/ll", (/'. (injailiv, Mwu. til.,) and firobably 1'. riaulirai(.^; J'. b<d- fdiiiifira, and our /'. (iiif/iislifuliii.
* An "111 Latin tuinio of uiicortiiin dorivation.
ti7
NARROW-LEAVED BALSAM POPLAR.
Porri.vs A\<irsTiFOLiA. Foliis oriiMou'Cdlnlin Innnrihiilsrc wiitis, mi- /icrnr iiltiiiiiiilis pcmiincn'iis coiu'dhirihiis (jlnbrls adpri'.isii-itemilis ; rm.iiih's ^ /■( 7/7;i/,v r/l<ilirl.<!, geminw rrsinnsis.
J\ (inriiislifiiliii, Toiiur.v, Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. York. vol. ii. p. 24It.
JS'tirnjir-harcil Ojtl'inirun,/, of Lkwis and Claukk.
As we ascended the banks of tlie river Platte, in our ex- tended journey to tlie West, about Laramie's Fork, a nortliern branch of that extensive stream, we observed searciy any otlier tree along the alluvial plains but the pre.seat and the Cottonwood; and those were chielly confined to the islands, a eircumsti> CO accounted for by the annual burning of the prai- ries, which wholly .-trips the streams of their margin of lorest. so that we behold, far and wide, nothing but a vast plain, a sea of grass undulating before the breeze; and the illusion api)ears more sensible by the fact that the only variation to the scene is produced by the scattered islands of the lofty Poplar, which gives life and variety to the wild and boundless landscape.
The height of this species, which so nearly resembles the IJalsam Poplar, may be about sixty to one hundred feet, having a trunk of proportionate diameter, clad, like the Cottonwood, with a rough, grayish bark. Although a brittle and p(jor wood for almost every purpose, it will, like tiie Cottonwood of the Mississippi, {Bi/>i(7i(.s <ni;/ii/<(/(i,) become, of necessity, important for fence and fuel, whenever this country shall become settled, as scai'cely any other timber exists in sufficient quantity for economical purposes. When dry, it burns well, but is quickly reduced to ashes.
Whatever may be the immediate uses of the Narrow-leaved
Poplar, we must say that, in a country so exi)osed and arid as
the Rocky Mountain region, we felt grateful for the shade and 08
^
nxs'i.
Pdjmlus AiiqtiNiirdlia
f'fUftltfr InittrHi^ftt /eut/^rjf ftiviifS i.trniu //v//--^*/ /////•'//», /J////,*/-
n 1
)l
a
V
t
t 1 1
NARROW-LEAVED HALSAM POPLAR.
01)
slH'ltiT it .x() orton oxclusively afTimk'd uh, with tlie cxcciitioii (if ii few insifriiilicant Willows, that frerniently asTOciate with it. Ill nhovt, wo rarely lost .Hif5ht of this tree, which arcoiiipanied us to tlu' iiortliiTii soinroH of the Platte, invsciited itself, as usual, on the alluvial hanks of the Colorado of the West, aloufr Lewis Kiver, of the Shoshonce, the hanks of the ()re<;-on from the Walla-Walla to its estuary, attaining along the hanks of this nohle stream, and its southern trihutary the Wahlamet, an uugmeution so great as to vie in miignitude with the tall Cotton- wood of the Mississippi, and to pass amidst the mighty forests of the West as one of the largest deeiduous-leaved trees of the eouutry. We (lud this speeies of Poplar also on the hanks of the Missouri, on the upper part of the river, from whenee it eontinues nuinterriiptedly to the valleys of the Eoeky Moun- tains. In the severity of winter, the houghs arc collected by tlie aborigines to support their horses; the heaver likewise feeds upon them hy choice'.
Early in the spring the balsamic odor of its resinous buds may be perceived far and wide, and the shade of its tidl, rouid, and spreading sunnnit invited hosts of birds to its Ijranches, particularly the large and tine IJand-tailed Pigeon, .'hich feeds with avidity on its seed-buds in tiie spring, allbrding them an al)uudaut article of food.
The lesser branches are rather tough than brittle, covered with a smooth, yellowish bark. The leaves vary on the same branch, iu this respect, that the earliest brought out are tlie widest; these are generally ovate and acute, (not acuminated as in the Balsam Poplar,) rounded below; afterward come out a set of lauceuhite leaves, much longer than the others, often three inches by only one inch wide: these are acute at both ends, and would pass very well for those of a Willow; they are all nuvrgiued with line, bluntish, appressed serratures, and beneath they are nearly the same color as above. The foot- stalks of the leaves or petioles are about three-cpuirters to an
10
C i) T T 0 N W 0 0 D— A M E II I C A N ASPEN.
inch ill k'lifrtii. Tiii' lu'rvL'M arc all liiint bi'iicatli and pi'iiiiati', with no a|)[)t'ai'aiice of Ix-'ing .'j-nei'ved at tlic base; the iimiilKT of tliL'HO nerves or lateral vewsels are twelvi; to fil'toeii on a side, at least double the miinber they are in the Balsam Poplar. The raehis of the female anient is smooth, the ;^erms miieh eor- rii,!rated in dryiiifr, and the scaly cup of the frerni very shallow, not more than half the size of that of tlu! species to wliii'h it is so closely allied. Upon the whole eoniiiarison, we are .satisfied that this is iis distiiit^t a sjiecics as ati}' in the genus. In the Fi.oii.v IiossicA. vol. i. p. 07, t. 41. 15., a leaf is given as a variety ol' the Halsaiii Poplar from Altai, very similar to oui' present species.
PLATE XVI.
^l lirniirli vf //«■ HiiUu'iil xi:r. <i. The cnjisuh:
('oTTONWoon, Poi'ui.rs i,.i;vi(!.vtv, ]Vi!l</. [R <"<(«'«/' /<.s7.v, Mini., 8ylva, vol. ii. pi. '.)'}.)
This species, more hardy than the Mississippi Cottonwood, is found on the banks of most of the Western rivers I'or a consider- able distance toward the Koclcy Mountains. It is abundant on the l)orders of the Arkansa.s, but is nowhere met with in Oregon Territory.
IJ.vi.sAM Poi'LAU, {Pijtidit-s hdlsmni/ini.) In F/nni Roxsica, vol. i. pp. fiT and 41, is given a figure of a Poplar from Daoiiria, called the IJalsani Poplar, wliicli does not tippear to be our plant. The leaves are wider, with shorter petioles. This spe- cies stretches into Eastern Siberia, along the river-banks, to the peninsula of Kamtschatka.
A.MERiCA\ Asi'EX, {BipiiJii-1 frcmuh!(?c.t, Mini., Fl. Bor. Am., vol. ii.p. 243. P. fniiiiJa, Wji.i.d.) This elegant species, of which
WHITE I'ol'LAI!.
71
till! loaves, like tlie Eiiropoiin Aspon, trcinhlc and vilinitc in tlic faintent hrcozo, is nu't with west of" tlio Mississippi, in scattcr- inj^ groups, cliii'lly in the viivircs of the mountains, wlicro sjirings issuf out, and in narrow valleys, -vvlu're consideralilo firoups of this trco may l>o scon, into the centre of the lioiky Mountain chain ; l)ut tliey hero attain a very inconsiderablo magnitude, being seldom thicker than a man's arm.
WiiiTF, Poi'LAH, (/'. (dhti,) now commonly cult \ated with us lor ornament, soon attains the nnignitiido of an Oak. This wood, remarkable for its whiteness, is generally used in the South of Franco for wainscoting and tlooring houses, and in Knghind it is I'mploycd by turners for a host of small articles and utensils of housekeeping.
The wood of various species of Poplar has been emi)loyed for dyeing: tliat of the Lombardy or Italian PopLar boiled in water with wool communicates a very permanent golden-yi'llow color; other species, as the IMack, Yii'ginia Pofjlar, and Cottonwood, give, according to the length of time employed and the (juantity of the wood boiled, various shades of color, as that of nankeen, nuisc, the color of the Vicunga, with other shado.><, and answer convi'niontly for the ground of other colors.
■J
WILLOWS.
Ndtni-dl Onli'i; AMF.XTArK.T:, (Jussiou.) SuTm-dir, Sai.icixk.k. Liiiiiinni C/iiK'.ijIiiitiioi, Di'KtiA. DiAMiiiiA, &c.
SALLX.* (TouiiMiFouT, Li.wv.)
Tlio fldw^i's ai'o iiiiixroTsf ov vory riiroly .Moxoxioirs, disjioscd in ovuid or cyliiidrie ciitkiiis. coiiiiinsLMl of undivided Roiilt's wliicli ai'c iin- In'ifrttcd ovi'i' ciicli (itlar, iind oacli willi flic ]iistil-< or stiiiiiotis toriu a flowi'r; at tlio liase oi' those scales exists a stiiail c;linidiilar body, wliieh is cither siinjile or hifid, and surrounds tho inierior organs of reproduction. In the mate flowers there exist from four to iive, or oven sc\en to nine stamens; (ordinarily there are only t' i.) Tti the j'l male tlowers the ovary is sinirle, teriiiinatcd liy a liitid style, havintr usually four stiLtnuis. The capsule or foITu !e eonsi.ts of one cell with two valves. The seeds are very inunerous and minute, each terminated hy a lonij; tuft ol' hairs or j.appns; the radicle is inferior, or in an inverse position to that of the I'oplars, to whicli they are so intimately allied
The Willows, uunuTous in species, are all (witii two L'xee[)- tions in the Straits of Magellan and Peru) natives of the iiorlli- ern hemisphere, up. I all of tin-ni shrubs or trees, sonic not more than an inch in height above the ground, couhncd to tho high- est sunnnits of lofty mountains, others attaining an elevation of
* Paid to be derived from llio Cihie .«(/, iieiir, and !i», wiitcr.
f A term usi'd by Ijimia'us td cl('sii.'iia*e a cliiss iif jilaiits wliich have flowers of different sexes on two different iiidivijuals, moiuuin, witli two .scirt.s of flowers oil diffi rent parts of the same plant.
I
ssam
WILL 0 W S.
73
iift^'or sixty foot. The wood is usually light and c'loso-graiiiod : the twigs of several species, used by baskot-uiakors, arc roinark- ahlo for thoir pliability. The bark of iiiost of the species con- tains a peculiar vegetable principle, called saUcine, which, for intonnittont fevers, is nearly as servieeal)lo as Peruvian bark; and the down of tlio seeds has l)oen nianufuotured into a coarse paper. Most of the species aflc'ct wet or humid situations, being common on the immediate ])orders of bnjoks and rivers, which they fringe with a luxuriant and agreeable vegetation. Tiie llowers generally pre;'e le the apjiearance of the leaves, and, tiiough not beautiful, they are scon with delight, as the earliest liarbingers of our northern spring. '"he species, more than two hundred in number, present nearly the same general form of foliage, with the margin encire or serrated; the catkins are lateral or terminal, and the strmens are too variaLiJ in number to admit of a classification by them; there are some with only one, a good many with two, others with tl "o, four, live, or even nine or leu. Tiie capsules, though small, ailb'- 1 the best traits of specitie distiuctitin. The leaves put on various a])pearances, anil even outlines, in the progress of their growth, and the Willows justly rank among botanists as the most protean and diilicult liimily of plants to di>criminate in the northern hemi- sjiiiere. In oui' tour across tiie continent we have met with some remarkable six'cies, four or live of which b'^come trees : we shall oiler descriptions of the whole, but only give figures of those which rank amojig arborescent species.
iv.
LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.
Samx spkciosa. /''i/Z/s liiiii/iysiiiii'.-i l(i)ifcohtlis .nrriiliili.-i promhfic ariioi - natift (jlaliris shIjIus (jlnxcis jntnorihus pilaais ; timciitis si-rolinl'i C>-',)-'iii- (Irts, iitrntinihus pcdkxUuUs lunccoltitis acunmatis ylahrls, squamin lan- veolato-iihlongis scrkcts, sth/mntis Miis Itijiilif,
8.M.IX nciDA, Hook, (as it ro^iird.s the Ori'u;oii phuit.) — Fltir. Bor. Am., viil. ii. \i. 14S.
No Willow on the Ainericivn continent presents so remurkable and sjili'ndid an appeiiraneo as the jnvsont; the cflect of which is produced no U'ss by its magnitude than the size and beauty of its tbliaire. Its aspect is that of a large Peach Tree, with the leaves and tJieir stalks fi-oni live to eight inches long by an inch to an inch and a half wide; beneath, wlien adult, tlu'y ai'e glaucous. lil\e thosi' of the River Maple. The sununit is tufted and spreading, and the tree attains the elevation of about twcnity to thirty I'eel, with a trunk of twelve; to eighteen inches in diameter. When in full bloom, which is with the lirst ex- pansion of the leaves, in May, the numerous and large briglit- yidlow catkins, loading the branches, enndate the finest Acacia of New Holland; they are also agreeal)l}' fragrant, and attract swarms of wild bees and other insects, in continual motion among their waving branches. We have seen this noblj s[)e- cies nowhere in such [icrfection as along the banks of the deep
iddamet and the wide Oregon, whose mnnerous islands are
W^
almost exclusively decked with this imposing Willow, which continues to the Blue Mountains, and along the neighboring streams as far ciist as the rivor Boisee. As we sailed along th(( smooth bosom of these extensixc streams, for many nnles we never lost sight of the liongdeavetl Willow, which seemed to dispute tlie domain of the sweeping ilood, fringing the banks of tiie streams anil concealing liie marshes entirely IVom view; at every instant,
I
I
/..'«,/ I,;i,,',/ 11,//,.
SllliX S|I<>('I<IK
■ Km/e (//•(/(■/,-,■
of
1.1
ill: be 1<>
Pi ()
ill ii: hi
'1
a o
1; (.1 1 ^ ( (
1
LONG-LEAVED WILLOW.
75
Avlu«n toudied by the breeze, displaying the contrasted surfa.-o of tlieir leaves, above of a deep and lucid green, beneath tlie l.luish-wiiite of silver: the whole scene, rctlected by the water and in constant motion, presented a silent picture of ex.inisite benuty. Inunediately behind this foreground of spreading Wil- lows arose, in the first rank of the legitimate forest, the lofty Toplars we have already described, succeeded by the i::;ij'>«tic Oaks and Maples, while the distant hills to their summits were impenetrably hid by the vast towering Tines and Firs, which, mingling as it were with the clouds, close in the re-t of the landscape with funereal grandeur.
This species is related to the TAicid nnd Bay Willow.-, and the buds have something of the same aromatic exudation; the -errulations and the base of the leaf are also equally glandular. The Ijark of the trunk is rough and divided, the twigs smooth and shining, of a yellowish brown. The leaves, at first green on both surfaces, arc, before expansion, clothed with long, brown, loose, parallel hairs, which disappear with the progress of their growth ; at length they become silvery and glaucous beneath : they are finely serrulated, acute at l)oth tremities, witli the points very nmch attenuated. The stipules are semi- circular and broad, serrulated on the margin. The llowers come out with the expandii'g leaves from lateral buds, con- taining, in the male, also two or three leaves, so that the cat- kin appears as a peduncuhvted spike. The stamens are very long, from five to nine in a scale, with filaments which are hairy toward the base, and, as well as the hairy, broad, cuneate, serrated scales, are of a bright, golden yellow.
The fennde plant, at tlie time of llowering, appears to have smaller leaves than the male, and those on the branches which liear the catkin are green on both surfiices for a considerable time; they are also but little acuminated; five or six leaves, with tlieir appropriate stipules, grow out on tlie same branch, which terminates in a female spike. The scales hi liit catkin
7 (5 L o N (} - 1. K A V E D W I L L 0 W.
„r spiko are oblong or lauce-obloug, and less hairy than in tho Htaniiniforons catkin. The germ is laneeola'e. i.e.lieellate, and smooth, acuminated, and terminate.l by a short, bifi.l style, with two pubescent, billd stigmas. The capsule is likewise smooth, and contains seeds with a very l.mg pappus, as abundant almost lis on a seed of cotton.
The wood is whitish and close-grained, and might i)robal)ly be employed for the same purposes as that of tlie White Poplar, but the nearly uninhal/ited state of the country in Oregon prevents the possiljility of making any useful experiments. As an ornamental and hardy tree, however, it stands pre-eminent among all its fraternity, and well deserves to be introduced into pleasure-grounds, where it would be perfectly hardy as far ;iorth as New York, or in any part of Great Britain.
PLATE XVII.
•1 /.•;,/ .,nl In.f of (l.r >,nl,md .izr. a. Thr J, mak r.fl.in. h. The male r.,ikn,. r. The male jloarr ami 6ralc uf the calkin, d. The o^,ni cap- mde.
> ':!>
N
>
S:ili\ |iciit:iiulfa .
I
I.OXa-LEAYED BAY WILLOW.
SaI.IX l'i:\'l',\Milt.A. /•m//V.< I //<'yi//i'/x (trilinilnilis srrrit/i.-J iilolin!<, julnJi^ .■<(iiii rue ill'tiiililhisi.1, (lllliiili.1 .'<i ralilii.'! jiciil'liKlri-i, f/triniliiliils liinrKilnl'S
ill,il,i-:s. — Wii.i.i)., Sp. \<\. I. c. Aaiii.., ill Kldiii Diiiiicu, tall. lU:?.
lldST., Sal. Austr. 1, t. 1, f. 2. Kiij,'. lint., t. ISO.l Sai.ix rKN'i'ANiiiiA. Fdliis srtrdli-i (/I'llirln, JlnriliHs jiiiiliniiln.i. — Linn.,
Unit. ClillniM., II. WA, ct Sp. jil., ji. 144. Floni Laiiimnica, \>. :!TI),
t. H, I'lii. 3. Omki.in, Flora Siiiiiiia, vol. i., \). l.Vi, t. :i4, lii?. 1. Siilix J'ldii.^ (/Idhri.i, onilo-laiirctihill.s ; piliuHs f/lmHlidiji-is ; jlorihii.i /i.'.iv/.v/c-
vfiiii'hii.i. — IIali.ku, Flora llolvetiea, No. 1G:]I). S'llir w,id,ii,a w'ljor; foUi^ X(/»c;/(/n.— ToruxKi'ouT, InstitntL'n Kci.
llcll.., p. 5111.
Sdli.r J'ljn.s liimro .<-Vc (ah ;/!'ihro ndnr'tlu. — Rail, Hist., p. HM. Sam.k 1'i;.\tanii'!A, ,5 caiuata. Folil.s hnKjisslnw arainiiKilin (ttlcnidilis; roiiinli.'<jUdh)viliii.-< hii\-<(di-<; cdjisidl-i rdijnliKsi.s ojidci
"We mot with this spuoios, hitherto ^vliolly European, in the very centre oi' the N(jrth Aniericiin Continent, liy streams in tlie valle\s of the Eocky Mountains, toward their westi'rn sloi)e, in Ore.ijon, and also the Bhio Mountains of the same territory. It is true, the present variety is a ronuirkahle one. The npi)ermost leavi's on the adult branches are ahout live or six inehes lon.^;', one-iualf of which distance, or about two and a lialf to three inelii's, nniy be considered as the slope of the snnnnitand the point of the leaf; the buds and last-developed lirauches are also hirsute. This variety, like its prototype, becomes a tree lifleeu to twenty feet hii;h, of a bright, but )iot deep, and rich green. The llowers are fragrant, produced after the appearance of the leaves, and the capsules in our plant arc slightly corrugated, even when ripe and open, and do not .shine as in the connnon Bay Willow. The leaves have the same odorous glands, and the bark of the branches is smooth, shining, and of a brownish-yellow color. This tree is
78 W E S T E R N Y E I, L 0 \V W 1 L L O W.
met with .»! inoimtaiiious situiitions by stroams, in all tli iiortlierii parts of J{ Swodcn, Lanland
lU'opc,
-ill IJritain, France, Swit/.(;rlaiiil,
am
1 tliroiidiout Siberia and Rii:^sia. Itr-
branches arc too fragile to b;" employed iiir any ecoiiouiical i)uri)ose, and the wood decrepitates in the fire. The lea\es, which are fragrant I'roi.i the resinous glands of their niargin, however, I'nrnish a yellow dye, and the abundant down of its seeds, in some of the northern countries, is used with success as a substitute for <M)tton, mixed with a tiiii'd part of tlu; true material.
Accordiiiji to Loudon, it is one -jf the most desirable species of the genus fur planting in iileasure-grounds, on account of the fine disiday made I)}' the blossoms, their abundant fragrance, the shilling, rich, deep green of the leaves, and tiie compara- tively slow growth and compact habit of the tree. It is also one of the lates*, ilowering Willows, the blossoms ^ehloin ex- l)anding till the beginning of Juno.
PLATE XVIir.
A hrtiiifli of the na/nnd ace. a. The ni/'sul:.
WESTERN YEf.LOW AVILI.OW.
RaI.IX I.ITKA. F'lln'y iii-iilo-hiihrnhii:.^- iiciitis lir'ilcf :<irn(l<llis i/l'iliri.<, .■<Hjiii/i.i hiiinlis. iiiihiilii prufiii-iliii.s linriliH-'' i-i/liiif/nifci.-; i/rniiiiiili'(.''
Tui:-; i.^ a sninllisii arlioivsce"* .-pecies of Willow, which in- Jiabits tiie Rock}' Mountain region, nmi jiroceeds westward to the liiinks of the Oregon, but is llo^vllere ci>mnii>ii. It attains to tlu^ magnitude of a suiail true, ami at first glanco appears
^
St'ilix liiira .
It'i'S/i'/'f/ \ vV//'H WlltoH
■ V/i-z/r' Jiiitnr
no
///, ev til of
Cll
ar Ik
re
Vi
tl 111 ii II )i y tl
WESTERN YELLOW WILLOW.
79
iioarly iillicd to tho common yellow-twiggi'd Willow (.V. ritiJ- limi,) but it nevor grows so liirgc, and is, after tho very first evolution of the leaf-buds, perfectly smooth, with none of those tnfis of hairs which in that species appear at the interior base of the bud; it likewise possesses stipules, and bears short, close catkins, with smooth capsules, and the serrulations of the leaves are not glandular, indeed scarcely visible, the leaf appearing to have a thin and often almost entire diaphanous margin.
It is at the same time a very elegant and distinct species, remarkable f(jr its smooth bright-yellow branches, and pale green, rather small, lucid leaves. It is well deserving of culti- vation for the sake of variety, and is undoubtedly hardy from the climate it inhabits. The leaves are rather narrow, more lanceolate than ovate, acute, or somewhat acuminate, about an inch and a quarter long, and less than half an inch wide. The minute serratures or serrulations are rather crowded, but very minute and shallow, aiid not in the least cartilaginous. The voung leaves before evolution are silky and white beneath, ..at the i)ul)escence wholly disappears with their expansion.
PLATE XIX.
A branch of the mtural si:e uulh faille catldns. a. The eapsule.
HOOKER'S WILLOW.
Sm.ix IIookehiana, (Barriitt, Mss.) /{,
'thh'. rolnifilts inihcurenlilms,
jiiiiiiiril)H!i <htit>c Idiiiciiliisii-liiiiiili.i, foia.s Idle ohomtis fere suhrotundatis rii/iil!iisriilis .vi rroli.s ninri/iiie jilniiis fiijira ('tdiilli.'') nudlHSculls sulitiia (')nitnhi.'io-liii(((li.-', slijiiilii [.v(«//roc(/((^'.v,] anifiill.'i ci/l/iulracciii crassis, f '11.(11 iiiiy hiiii/c (kitsiadiiii' laiinli.% oriiriiv laitijc !<lljjit<(tis lawaihitis ijhilKr- riiiiif', ■■'I'lhi hriciii.'iciilo, t!li(/m(ilcs lubis Intfym. — lluoic, Flor. Vnn: Am., vol. ii. p. 145, t. 180.
Tins .small true, nourly allied to S. cincrca, wo found of" (?om- mon occurrence in the lower i)art of the territory of Oregon toward the .sea, particularly fre(|U('nt on the niar^^in.s of ponds and in wet place-s near the outlet of the Wahlaniet, where it attained the hei;:ht of eight or ten I'eet. It was also found in the territoi'y of Hudson".-* Bay, near the Grand IJajiids of the Saskatcdiewan, hy Dou<rlas. The leaves arc remarkably ])rotean in their form, sometimes wholly- soft and villous on both sides, more connnonly so beneath, the nature of the pubescence also varying till it at times reseud)h's in appearance and to the touch the most Ijrilliant velvet; the old leaves are generally obovate, smooth and sliining above, often nearly .so beneath, and tiien of
a bluish-"reen or glaucous In
tl
lev are, moreover, lioih acute
and olituse, sometimes even rianided at the extremit\
uid are
icnerallv anion
ir the larirest. or at least widt'st, oi" Willow leave
The sti])u]es on some branches are very conspiciKais, circular,
nts are extremely jiilose in an
iiid serrated
'J"i
ih
le mal(> ame
early stage, as in our A', cuii'ifi ni, to which this species m;ikes some approach; the stamens are two to each scale. The cap- sule is ovate-lanceolate iind veiy smooth, the style elongated, and tlie stigmas two and imlivided.
The twigs of this species are llexible, but the wood is too 80
15 L U X T-L E A V E D W I h L 0 W.
81
Kiiiiill for almost any oconoinioal cmplojnicnt. TIic old wood of th<! trunk oC S. aiprea or the Sallow, so much liko tliu present species, is much esteemed by wood-turners.
BLUXT-LEAVED WILLOW.
8aI.IX FLAVKSCKXS. JuiIUs (iIkiI-hI!.^ ."Illilnncfuhtlifi Jl(ir(sfin(c lunli^ihu'ix iiiliiji-iii diiiiiiiii (jhdiris, .k/IjiiiIi's j)iirnili.s giil/i<iiiiir(inl((/:s dt n/ii-nliilis, aiihiili/i prcLcodbiu^, iVjiaidiii lunwAatis scriciv-piiliisccitliljas, .ylii/iiKilibii.'i
We mot with this shrnijhy species in the range of tlie Eocky Mountains, and we are doul)tl'ul if it is not also an inhahitant of Europe. It agri'os \fry ncai'ly with the Obtuse-leaved AVillow of Willdenow, {S. (jhtusi/olia,) of which we have seen no specimens, and which is apparently a very obscure species, said to be a native of the Lapland AIjjs. Ours is a large shrub, with much of the aspect and general character of the firay Will Will
ow, wliich is indeed the typo of a group of kindred ows. For a good while the leaves still ronniin downy, pai-- tii'ularly on the under surface, which is tinged also with jjalo yellow. The leaves, wlien old, are about one and a half inches long, three-rpiartors of an imdi wide or more, wedge-shaped at
lanceolate, quite smooth, entire ap-
t!ie base, obovato or ol)
parently, yet the stipules are denticulate. The branches an
br
own
or dark puride. The catkins are short and cylindric, the scales blackish, hairy, and obtuse, the capsules white and silky; the stylo is distinct, and the four stignuis long and pubescent.
V.ii,. IV.— c
POXD WILLOW.
S.\r,ix STAfiNALis. FdVls ohhni'in-hi'nccuhUs ohtiisia ink(in-rmns han ciiiiKttis siililds jmhcsccnlihus, stipuUs milUs, amtnlis cuahituli, cdpaalis lanccolali.s wuhiiiiatis saiccis, squamis sublanccohitis.
This is another sjiccios iiidiiicnoiis to tho hanks of tlio Oregon, related to the same section ^vitil the hist. The twigs are dark brown and sk'nih-r, and tlie leaves scattered beneath vitii a niinnto brown ])iil)eseence, which oonnmniicates a somewhat rusty appearance to tlie k-aves; they are about one and a Indf inelies long and one-half to three-quarters of an inch wide; in the bud tlie}' ai'(? covered with long silky hairs. The capsules are remarkable for their great attenuat' m and length; the scales of the anient are oljlong-laneeolate • d hairy. We have not seen the male plant, and our account is therefore iinperHjct.
VELVET WILLOW.
Salix cuxdata. Fiili'is hinciuhilix chhnujisrc apicc .vihucrrtihids arnlin, hasi enncatis rjlnhris .vthlns hnlnacrlnin, slipiiUn wbiutis yhrixqiir )»illis\ nmcvtiK cowhtncis dongalis, capsulis ovatts scriccis, stiyiiiiililnis hm-^lmf!
This l)eautiful Willow wo found growing in clumps near the rocky margin of the Oregon nt its confluence witli the Wahia- met, attaining the height of six or eight feet. The branches are slender, and, according to their age, vary much in appear- aiKie, at first villous and down}-, but at a later period bit)wn, and sometimes ipiite blue, with a glaucous bloom. Tiu; leaves.
WESTERN roNl) WILLOW.
83
with tlicir .sliort iK'tiolos, mciiHiire about two iiiclK>s, ami arc about liull" an iucli wide, pubescont abovo, at Icniitli nearly suiootb, and deep groon, but always clad boiu'atii with a whitifih closo tomoatum, producing all the brilliant display of the finest velvet. The male flowers we have not seen. The fennde cat- kins are rather long, loose, and subcylindric, often accompanied at the base by two or three leaves, and come out when the leaves are considerably grown. Tlie capsules are silky, short, ovate, and acute; the style short, and the stigmas four and smooth. The scales of the catkin are brown and oval, some- what hairy, and nuich shoiter than the capsules. In the narrow-leaved varieties, the leaves ai)pear almost wholly entire. The broader-leaved i)lants bear some resemblance to the CJrav AVillow, but the serrulations are minute and the stipules very small, or wliolly wanting.
WESTERN POND WILLOAV.
Salix MACiiocAiu'A. Fuliis lanccohdii amjushdis ftihinliijirriniis iilrimjitc anit'iti fidnirmiiinalifs dcnnnn r/lnbri--^ .sithliis (jhaicis, .slipidi.i uh.^dhlis, aiiicidis fiKiliincis (liaiulris, atpsull.s rr.nlru'u.'^ifi caiidali^ ifhibritifcidis jicdiccUutis, fli(/iii(itd)iis fiditicfiillliitii 'jH'idrijidid.
This species, like our Pond Willow {S. i/risai.) to which it is closely related, is found forming cluui[)s in wet jilaces where the water is stagiuiut, — situations which it always .'icems to prefer to the banks of running streams. It attains the height of three or four feet. Tlie branches are smootii and brownish black, sometimes glaucous or whitish. The leaves (about two to three inches long and half an inch wide) are at first covered with a browni.sh silky down which disappears with age, when
84
SOFT-IiK AV K 1) W 1 L I. () W.
they bei'oiiio dnrk jirccii aiic] bluisli white, of j'liiiii'oiis he- iii'utli; (hey iirc iisimlly very aciitc, and mostly ciitiiv. The catkiiiH are small and oMon;.'. with two or thi'ee li'uves at the base of the iietliocl ; the scales of the stamens an; small and hlaekish, oval and obtnse, somewhat hairy. The female aments havo very short pedicels, and ]irodneo at the li:'-o about two li'aves; the scales are narrow d linear; the cajisnles pi'diuid- lated, somewhat villous, but at k'ngtli nearly smooth, ventricosu- lanceolate, with long i)oints, and nearly sessile stigmas.
SOFT-LEAYED WILLOW.
SaMX SKSSIT.IFOr.IA. F<iU(S hi
nliifi:
i.s .ycssililiHs in'iili.t.siiiii.s niiii'c .v^/y.vcc-
ridnfis (vV/i/.v/.v iiudli/jii.^; !</iimll.'i nidll.s, aiiniiUs sirnlinls iliandr
"I
Hhlirt h
,lu
'annllt
nip.
'ills III
i/'iH.s kniiiiuililjKs ; f/rniiii)i
ijldbrk, ffli/lo jimfdndc bipur/ila iftli/inatdjit.i b'Jidls
'thills ihiicnn fidi-
Tiiis beautiful and very distinct species of Willow 1
lormei
1
dense tufts on the rocUy Ijorders of the Ori'gon, at the eon- fluence of the Wahhunet. attaining to the heiglit of about six
to eight feet, and win
11
n HI llower appeared as sliowy as a
sir
Mi-
mosa. It is remarkably leafy, and the leaves ai'e hoary, with a rather long and somewhat copious jmbescenee, which eonuiui- nicates a softness to the touch euual to that of velvet ; whether
the 1(
d'terward Ijeconii' more smooth or not 1 canufit say.
but think it probable. Ditlerent from almost every other Wil- low I havi^ sce)i, the catkins each terminate so many small, lealy branches about two inches long, exclusive of the catkin or spike, which is itself about one and a half inches, in both sexes attenuated at the base; these brancldets, as well as the leaves, are whitish, with soft hairs, particularly the former, but
IMIOSTU ATE AY I L LOW.
85
Htill the ;,'rcpii color of tlic k'iif prcdoniiiiatas; (ho points of tlu- k'iivi's lire .sonii-wliiit ri>;iil, sliiirply ucuto, and, uiilik(! nio.xt
otluT species, they uve
destitute of petioU's or footstalks; the
S{
ales of the anient are oval and unusually conspicuous, nion
() to
hairy in the staminifcrous flower. The stamens ii-- ii scale. The capsule is pul)escent and lanceolate, at Iciifjth nearly smooth; the stigmas four, and ratlier long. No ves- tiges of stipules ajjpcar in any of our numerous specimens; the older hranches are dark hrown.
It is dillicult to decide on the afTinitirs of this very distinct hich at a little distance rescmhles a Piulni or hiifi>-
les, ^v
spec
ilnidfoii, the leaves heing e(iually gray and silvery, w itli soft hairs, which are so eciually distrihutcd on either surface as to ohliterate the presence of the veins and render lioth surfaces almost similar. It a])pears, in some respects, to reseinl)h! ,S'. ,trrwn-iii, the Sand Willow, hut thi; late appearance of the uments and their remarkahle disproportion are almost without a parallel.
rilOSTRATE WILLOW.
SaI.IX IIHACIIVCAUI'A. F'><''i>: (irnli.< hnirinhit'iard iWllH-i sillisi.--.--i'l!/ii/-i llllc- qiirimis (•(■;i('rco-/)/if/)i'wv/(///<".v .■^ulilns iiicdiinrHhisIs, sllpiili'' iinlli'.-\ anii-ii- lis coivtiiiKls ///•, (■/7»^^■ i/l.iiihnili'.^, i;iji.<iili.i uruli-- ulihiri-hitis tit)iuiiii>si<, .•^■lii/iii'ililiiis .v((/y.sc,v.>' ////<"■•■■.
This singular prostrate and dwarf Willow we nu^f witli in (he Kocky Mountain range, on tlie horders of ]?ear lliver. a .•lear. rapid Iirook cutting ils way through hasaltic dikes to tiie curious lake of Timpanogos. in New Mexico. This locality is likewise famous for the numerous selt/er s])rings, so strongly impregnated with carbonic acid as to sparkle and ellervesce
Si!
riloSTK ATE WILLOW.
lil<(' clifinii)nj:ni'. Oiii' ImiilorH (uilled tliciu tlif '■ Mccr Spring
tllK
I. r<
il (l:i\' ill)
il a liiilC that we
it at this iiioiiKiiiili
lilac.'i', tilt' watci's all'onU'd us a most tlclicious tivat (liirin;^ tlio
warm wcatlicr, in
th
th
I
ind plains. In an open, niar>]iy situa-
tion, (lu the margin of tlu; rivor-lori'st, jjrew an ahiiiKlancc of tiiis cMiri(jiis, (k'prc'SSL'd, and hoary shrub, wliicli has soiiicwhat till' aspect ul" the European Sand Willow, (.V. niriinriK ;) Imt il is much molt' dwarf, with the leaves smaller and alwa\s hoaiy with puhesceiice. The .stem hraiiehes Irom the base, only rising four or five inches above the surface of the earth, but with many diffuse, tough, woody branches, which spread out into a circle of a foot or more. The root-stock is woody and thick; the branches full of cicatrices, pubescent, but brown beneath, thickly covered with small leaves, which in some phints are elliptic-ovate, in others oblong-hmceohite, all very entire, nearly
ite, from half an iiicli to
sessile, and acute, iroiii liall an null to an inch long, about three lines \vide; above always gray with pubescence, but beneath rather whitely villous ; some t)f tlie lowest small leaves are smooth on the ujiper suil'aci'. There are no stipules in any of my specimens. The male llowers I have n(^t seen. Tiio fertile catkins are short and somewdiat clustered, not eylindric, few-flowered, the capsules oldong-lanceolate, and short, villou.s, with apprcssed hairs, not densely h
uuiinious,
as m is. (irciiiu'ui^ short stignnis.
ternrnated by a short, slender style and four
I',
I'O
ly lit
lit
ill
cs 11.
ot
id
IS,
ur
SILVI
S.AI.IX AiuiornYLLA.
r/;/(/< ulriiiijiic oryt (Iris, {•(ipsiiVs c'dlost
l.v uiir dcvimis )
Olio of the, briinc!
its juiK'tion witli
\vitli ii licit (if fori
iiiliivi:il iKitinv, t
apiicinvd no brcal
sliot thronirh n <1«''
rocks. Wc 'Ic-.
nioiig its iubstnic
iiIohl; tiic m!ir;riiii
without any ct'Si-
iKiilftl with siitis:
almost cov«?5K'd b;
uiicf. which provi
tidii. a very enr-.j
Mock OraiiL'o, (i
spiciioiis vejictalli
Ahiiis. (-1. Ori'(io.
the Long-leaved
villi ])hiin and the
This sjiecioH b(
in heidit. as silve
the branches are
hairs. Tiie leave
shining, silk}' do
hide the > eins a
without luoi-italk
SILYER-LEAYED WILLOW.
S.M.ix AKii'irn\Li.A. FiiUls Uhiiiri-mhhtnrcijIiiUft aoulls S('.-<!<(ll/)i(.s inlcf/ir riiii's iilrliiqiit' arijcnko-xcriceis, M'qndis ol/soldi^, amcnils scrolini.^ d'uiti-
iln^, riipsilli'i villiisis Idllt'Ojldlis.
In our (Ic'vidiis pnigvcss tn llir West, we at loii.titli niiproachod one of the liianclu's lA' tin' Orc.iioii, tlie rivci' Boisi'o, tiiwaril ils jiiiH-tioii with tlie Slioshoncc ; its Iwiik.s wore imt IViiigcd with 11 helt of forest, Init >o stripped oi' every chiinicter of tin iiihivial nature, tiiat when we suddenly approached it there appeared no hreak in the phiin, and tlu; clear and rapid flood shot throuirh a deep, p.rpendicidar cluism of rolunniiir hasaltic ro-'ks. We dex-i-nded toward its Iti'ink and pursued our jiatli along its «»I>trncted hanks, clind)ing ov<'r fearful rocks and along tliC mjirgins t)f impending precipices : night approached without any cvsKation of our incessant toil. At length we hailed with siitisfartion a small portion of the river-huttoni, almost covieu'd by hJA Ijushes of a reniarkahle. silvery appear- ance, which proved t,( }je the suhject of our pn'seiit exaniiniv- ti(m, a very ciiri^iu:! species ot Willow, which, with a kind of Mock Orange, {PhntHMplms.) conijiosed nearly all the con- sjiicuous vcLii-tation ut' till- stei'iie cliasni. At length our new Alnus. (.1. Ofi'i/niKi.) the 5f arrow-leaved IJalsiun Poplar, and the Long-leaved tree Willow, gave oviden(;e of an ample, allu- vial plain and the pro^^inlit_^ "i' the Great Shosiiont'c.
This spi'cies lieco«m»»^ a i«i«rtil t»>(> from twdxc to fifteen I'cet in height, as sii\i-rv aH«* white as tlii' /(»'.,</,/,///■,,„ nn/i nf' nm ; the branches are brown, but tlie twigs are hoary with vil!.)Us hairs. Tiie leaves are very much crowded, soft, with wliitish, fihining. silky down, so almiuiant on I'ither side as wholl}* to liide tlie 'ins and iieail_\ (he midrib; thiy are also nearly without li)ni-<taiks, entire on tli** nu»r;rin. vi' a narrow, linear
87
88 LONMf-Sl'l KE 1) WILLOW.
outline and sliiirply aciito, with a distinct, bri.^tly point, ono and a liali" to two inclifs loni^-. and only aljout tln'ce lini'.s wide. Stipules small and linear, seldom seen. The ament.s come out late with the leaves, and the liower-hrunches pi"oduco from four to seven leaves. The male anient is small and narrow, with the scales hmceolate and villous; the leniale aments are oblong, tiie capsules hmceolate and villous.
The wood of this s[)ecies, tliougli .small, js very white, sniootli, an :' close-grained : the species nuist .also he hardy, well worth cultivatiuii', and would then proljahly grow to a considerable size. We jierceivc no allinity tliat this species bears, I'xcept perhaps to the S. (iii'jaxlij'iliii of the borders of the Caspian, from which at the si'me time it is probably very distinct.
rL.VTK .\.\.
A hi-iiiK-h (;/' //((' iiiiini'al a/ci'. a. Tlic male cidkin. Ii. Tin: ciiii.'<idc.
L(L\(.l-SlMlvKD WILLOW
iSai.ix riiACRosTAi'HYA. F"lits loioiri-.i'iid'nx', (liih's ilom/iilis rrmnfr sirrn- liili^ iiiiifi.i >tiriiiijiii tir'iiii/ii-sirli'i!.i,i<llj>iilts !>^miuriili,-< ifuri(ftii.<i, ununfi.^
/'///(//.v.>7';/(<V ylCir''"v7M«s. Ciljisilli.-' Iilli'iiilfllls iltmitlll (/IHAf^'l.'^i'llis,
Wk met w:rh mis species spiriiiily 'n Hk* hanks of tin' Oregon. It l«'ars strong rcAMublftncf ro th«' hi.Nt. without, liowover. Ijein-: any waj> iniiraately wWit'ii to it. It forms a .slender Inish. reiuarkiible tin its -^iyilh an»l silvery pubescence, which apiH'ars as soft and glo.ss^ Ji?ivel\el: the twigs are i»>so ])nl)escent. The li'aves are two to tiuve inches lorn:, two or three lim - wiiii'. distiiuth- .>;> rruliitrd. and neai'h sessile, witU
R I \ E H W 1 T. T, O W,
81)
till' \oiiis ronsiiii'iioiis tlir n,u'li tlu' ])iil)t'S('ciic('. Tlic fcinalc I'utkiiis, with tlu'ir jK'diiiiclcs, are tliive or iuiir iiiclies in Icnj^tli; till- (Mpsiili's iiro nearly sessile, and at lengtli hnt slifihtly [)ni)es- ( rnt. In this species tiiere are distinet stipnle.s on the younj^' Inanclies.
KIYEll A\ ILLOW.
S.M.IX FLIIVIATIMS. Fo/(V.v /('/ii i/W/xM tdri)li/IIC iicidiliicilis, KillildHi'i'iildli-'
xjiiindo.so-si rnifin ihiiunn f/lnltri-i foiii-nloriliii.^, sli/ndi.s niillis, tiiiuii/i.i
Hi rulillfS j){(/llllcil((lli.'< I'illiisi.i lUdllllri-^, ■■<i/lliliiii.s ol/lniiijl-^, JfU'til/llfi luiirCn- luli.^- i/ldl/ris paUi'tUdtis, .■i/liJIiKlliliiis .^i..^\^(t!li(ls.
This s[)ecies lines the innnediate linnier of the ()rei;i)n, a little l;eln\v its coniliience with the Wahlaniet, attaininii' the hei,Liht. of ahont six I'eet or more. We helieve this i.s also the same Willow that wc mistook I'or the Long-leaved species of Pnrsh and Mnhlenberg, {Solii- /(nii/i/n/io,) which so commonly lines the hanks of the Missonri and Misslssijipi, and whicii often Ibi'ms the exclusive growth of the suuili islands and sandbars, prepar- ing these waters, recovered from the ll(W)d, I'or a superior growth of trees; and they are also aecompanii'd and succeeded commonly liy the Cottonwood (Pnj>iihi.s f'<ni'ii/i nsi.i.) We met with tiiis species likewise on the hanks of Lewis IJiver of the Shoshonce, acconn)anying our Long-leaved Willow, both of whicli eontinnt^ almost uninterruj)tedly to occupy the banks and liars of all the Western streams to the Oregon, and proceed along that river to the bordfi-s of the I'acifii'.
In this ri'iuarkably llu\iatile species, the leaves of the very young plants are somewhat j)innatilid, and at all times the seriiituri's. rather distant, are sinuated and very sharp or spinu- losely acute. The bi'anches are brownish and very full of lea\-es. 'I'hi' leaves, two to three inehi's long. n\v seldom moi'e than two
IV li'
00
SLENDER W ILLO \V.
linos wide, except in the youn,!;' slioots, ^vlicn tlicy iiiv t\vic(! that l)roiultli. 'i'iic In'iuiciii's producinj;- tlii' mule llowers are as (<liurt as usnal, hearing only three or I'onr small leaves; the cat- kins are narrow, solitary, and rather sliort. aiid come ont with the opening of the leaves. In the I'ennde plant the inllorescencu is similar with that of the male; hnt there is also produced a later growth t)f catkins, which terminate proper divided liranch- lets. The scales of the f(.'nKde catkin are oblong and densely heardeil lielow; the germ is smooth, with 11 im' sessile stigmas as in iS. luiiiji/iiltii. The young leaves are at Hrst somewhat hoary and pnhescent, with minute hairs; the young plants have also often (luhi'scent Hiliage.
AVe havi' met with the ,S'<i/Ij- loiK/i/o/iK on the banks of the Arkansas, and it greatly I'esemlijes tlie present specii'S, but differs in j)rodueing distinct stipules, in the minute serratures, and above all in the pidiescent capsule and elongation of the catkin. The leaves are also generally broader, and it is said to grow oidy about two feet high.
SLEXDEll WILLOW.
Sai.tx K.Niin'A. Fflii's liihitriliiifi iilriii'i>ic nrtitis si()iiitliijirrii»ix nrricii--',
^fijiiillx itillli.'-, aim litis Sil'iilini'f tluili/dlis, ctijisiil's Idnnnldlis Si'Si^ilihils^
li iiiiiiii iiiiJiiiscidi.-i.
This species is also a nati\(' of the Territory- of Oregnn. and grew with th(> preceding, which it strongly resendjles: it is, however, a smaller species; with still narrower leaves, at all times more or less gray and silky; the serrulations are mostly wanting, though very minute ones are sometimes seen : (lie cai)snles are smaller, and not pedicellated. The mali' [ihuit I have not seen. The branches are reddish brown and snuioth.
I{0UX1)-lkam:i) amllow.
4
1
S.\Lix U()TUM)iriii,i.\. luJii.t i<iilir()>iiiiiliM or(ilif--rc laiiiiilissinii' utrrnluli'*
I'll iii/it/ri'ilsciili': iilrili'/in (/liilir>-i CnUfdhn'iliUS, jtilinHs i-iiilillliniilijiil'i.'<is, .-tl^liiilis iiiti.riiiii.-: ililiiliitn-i iii'(litti.i nil iiilir'liiare'''i//iiiiiliilii.<{/-.--i n'lili'', min iihs ii'ii/iiiidd iliiuidrts Idnuijiii'ixl-t, (■iijitiiili.t </liiliri-- Iniiixuliitis, .-ili/lis i /.,((//')//.<. ^i OVATA. J-'u(i'is orali.'i (irilli.i ilctisi' wrrnl'ili.^.
This (l\v;ii-faii(l ri'innrkiil)k> ."pocicn of Willnw, attaiiiiiii;' iilMnit two I'cct ill liciijlit, was obtained in tlio gorjic of a \<>i\y aljiinu rasiiir. tliri)ii;;li wliich we fruitlessly cndeavoivd to jiass. It was ill till' moll til of. I Illy, anil the [lerpetual snows wliirli still cox en 'd tiie iiiouiitains niii!L:leil tlieiroutliiie with the slvies. On tiie skirt ul' this iivliil reiiioii j;i'ew our present snhjeet. AVo named this S'-ene of (oil and (lisa|iiiointnieiit TliornlMiiyhs Pass, (or ratliei' lasini'. as no passajro was [iracticahle,) from tin. man who iindei- foolv to he our iiuiile. It was ill the eeiilral ehaill of (he IJoclxV Mouiilaiiis. and near (o the ]iass of the .Shoslionei'S. whieii the li>I!owinii' day we a(tained.
AVe know of no s|)ecies with whieh we ean eoni|iare (Ids A\'illow. The older hranelies are hi'own. smooth, and full of ciead'iees left hy i'aves that have ^rown near toi^cther. tiisiny; the jilant a stunted appearance; the petioles arc ahon( hall' an iiieh long, with the yonni:er hranelies hairy; (he yoniificr leaves are also somewhat so on the niidiih. The leaves are near!}' round. I'roni one ;nid a half (o three inelies wide, and ahoiU (he same in leiinlh. (liouLih some of the latei-prodiieed leaves are o\aIe and someliinis e\en aeii:- ; ho(h sides are eipially ureeii, the marjiin in the ovale haves elegantly and very closely .serrulated, hut in (he round leaves tlu' serrnlations are olteii nearls ol)li(ei'a(ed. Tlu' sdiades are \ei'y laiye. wide, and heart- shaped, linely serrated with ,i;Iandidar points; at len;;(li they become inembranaeeons and tlecidiions. The male aineiits are ubloiiL', lai'i^c. and sessile, the scales blackish and mate, piodiic-
!i|
02
MIM'TH W[Ll,(iW,
iiiLr pnpioiis wliitc Iiiiirs loiijicr tliiiii tlicir wIkiIc k'liLi'tli; tlic fila- iiiciits iuv very loiii;'. Tlio ruiiiMlc aiiiciits jii-ow on tliick istiilUs, 1111(1 liiivo tliL' scales also very woully; tlic capsiiU's arc siiiootli ami Dvato-acumiiiato; tlic style is loii^', tcnniiiati'd by lutir sti,!j,'mas. The nnilr-lmru/ vsivicly was collected by the lute Dr. Gairdiicr, uu tbe hills of tlu' Wahlamct.
MIXUTE WILLOW.
S.M.IX NIVALIS. I'Wiis oriililiii.-i .^>il,.-.ji(ll/,iilii/i.< iiili iji rrhiiis (/hif,ris iilitii>!.^',
,^iili/iis ciii/ruliiriliii.-: nliC'd'iti-'', (iiiii III!'' si ml/'nis /n dici Ihiiis jimirijluri!', I/I niiiiiiljKs iirnl.i.i Kiriiu'i.i .^1/111111111: ijlulinr ,v/'/Mr hiiKjinriJiiis, .^lii/iiinli/iiif
Sdhsi-s.-'illhltS'.
Salix iiiriii:.<. — II()OKi:ii. Fliii'. [5i)r. Am., aoI. ii.
This clc^iaiit and Ncry diiiiiinitiNc shrub, iiicrcl}- ab.-ut Iwu inches lii.iih. Mas obtaiiU'd in the same al[iine raviiu' as the roi'iiicr, but on a })laiii eleviitcd to the \<'ry line of jicr[ieliial snow, at the hcijiht of about llt,OU() feet abo\e the ocean-K'vel. 'I'lie stems are smooth, brown, and woody, sending out \('i'y few short branches terminated by scanty tufts of smooth coriaceous leaves, two or three lines wide and about four liin's long. 'J'lie male plant we have not seen; the female catkin is jirodiiei'd njioii ii pubescent jiedicel nearly its length; the llowcrs are about si.\-, sessile, and the sulitcndiiiu- scales smooth, rctiisc, and
iiersiMl
The germ is short-o\ate and silks', ti
ited
essile or almost sessile tjuadrilid stigma,
'i'his s[)ecies is allied to the tSnlix iiii/ziil/oii/is^ but at tl ime perfectly distinct.
le same
I'LATE .MX.
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DUSKY WILLOW
S.U.IX MKI.A.NiirslS. l-'i,li(s lii((iiri-l'tl(Ciiiliili.^ ,<(/•/•"/'/''.>' (jhibfis lift.-l iilliiiii- iili.< n'.r jidioUUi-; ,'i/ijii/lls imllis, unii nti-i i-iiiiliiinis iliiiiidri-^, .^iiiiiiiiiis alri'lli.S olilil.fl.-:, I'lipsilUs ijlillif'is liliiriiililti.i .silll-ii .^siHIiil.':.
Tins spi'i'irs, which I havt- called Dusky Williiw IVuiii the dark ai)[)caraiicc it assaim-s Ui drying, wo met witli at our station called Fort Hall, in the jilains of the liocky 31o\intains, on tiie alluvial lands of Lewis Itiver of tlu' Slioshonee, not growing in masses, hut scattered over the hanks of the river in tiie more elevated situations, and tiiere attaining the magnitude of a small tree twelve to fd'teen feet high, with a spreading snnniiit, and when in llower forming a very elegant object. It is closely ndated to the Triitiiilnniy Willnir of Kuroiie, {Sii/i.c tfiiiiiilni.) hnt still sullicieutly distinct. It ne\er, like that species, hi't'omes a coiisidertihle tree, hut more resembles in its nnignitndf and mode of growtii (un* conntion Hlack ^Villow, (,S'. iiiijrd.) The wood is white and dose-graineil as in that species: the 3(nuig branches ajipear blackish-brown in a dead state, and the young leaves appear also wvy dark; they are aliout an in<'h and a half lung, and about three lines wide, attenuated at the base, so as to present no distinct ])etiol(', acute above, with minute serratures; thert! are no hairs at 'he ba.sc of the bud. as in .V. Iriiiiii/ni. The male tlowering brancli- lels are provided with live or six leaves; the catl.iiis linear and elongated, witii dusky |)ubesci'nt scales, marked each with about live striatures. The female catkins are railicr short, and the fruit smooth, with sessile stignnis, as in other species of this paii-icul.ir grouj).
PLATE .\XI.
A hniifli iif llii' iiitliinil ■■<uc. «. Tin: .^ci ill-. Ii. Tlnslniiuii. r, Thi (/ini).
!)4
IJLACK WILLOW.
Tlic Sai.ix THiANKitA ,«i) Dearly all'iL'd to tlio prosont spocics, lu'Cdiius ii tri'f tliii'ty ii'ct liiiili, ami is rr('(jiu'iitl\- iilaiitod in osier jii'oiinds lor tlie liasket-iiiaker; but tlie Lest kind ])laiited fur tills |)iirp(>se is tlie (Is'n r. properly so called, (A', rim inn lis,) uliicli iiiiiilit Li' propagated in almost evei'y part of the United States.
BLACK AVILLOW.
Sai.ix .mcisa, Mii/i.. Arli.. vol. ii. plate I'J'i, (iu;. 1. A variety ol' tliis tree oeeiirs ill Soiilli Carolina ami I''l<aida. in uliieli the leaves lire \illoiis and llii' scales of the anient deiiseh' laiinuiii- oiis. Ill the heiliaiiiim of .Mr. Schweinil/ it was marked, on the authority ol' Klliott, as a spi'eies A'. Kiil>rilliis,i.
This tree, a native of all the States from New Knjiland to Florida, and west nearly to the loot of the Ilocky .Monnliiiiis, is one of the few iiati\i' spi'eies which Lecomes a tree, attaiiiiiii^ tli<' heisiht of lifleeii to twenty-live feet, with a diameter of tea to fifteen inches. It alVecIs the hanks of rivers and lakes, and j2-enerally j;ro\\s near to the water, in iiioisi. occasionally over- llowed. situations. In the wanner jiarts of the States it puts on a handsome apiicarance. partieulaily wlu'ii in flower, but has (he delect of bianchiiiir almost from the base, and leaning;- in a posture mo," wild and pictiiresipie than beautiful. It has ii dark-colored roiiLili bark, and the braiK'lics iiri' lirittle at tlit; base; the male calkins coniini; out with the leaves are very eleuant, and attractive and nsefiil to bees. In the soulliern parts of the I'liion, accordinjr to Mr. Klliott, the stems when Ibnnd si 'licieiitly large are employed for the timbers of boats, and are found to bo light and durable.
■■
WHITE WILLOW.
Ofi
The WniTK Willow {S„t!.r nih,, I-iw.) ai.i).'urs almost iiiitu- ,r the rnitfil Stales. It is iiarticula.ly
ra1i/t'(l in many parts (
al)unilant iKirdc'i's oi"
tl
K' we
stern intenitr o
f New Jersey almi^' tli
tho Walllvill. It Ji-n.ws rapi-lly, Lecoming a st..ut
tree ni a lew years
va
unil in Knrope it is I'oii li
sidered the most
hiahh- timher tn'e, of tlie «renns; it i)ro«liices
a white, eh
rrained wood, ea[)al)h' of reeeiviii,i:
a polisli; it ilso alVords lence-
vo<
)d, fuel, and hark Ibr the tanni'r nearly as ;;.)(k
i as that of
the Oak.
Tl
le uses o:
numerous.
It
1' WillowH and Willow-wood in Europe are \ery
le-irrained, white wood,
dl
enerally a eiosi
capable of takin;j a smoo li-ht withal. Tl
th and e(iual jiolish, and remarkably
le OS
lelS are verv e.xteusive
ly used
of basket-work;
its shade, while it allbr
(loek, and honey for the bee,-
uitl, as \'iriiil remarks, the shepherd sits beneath
lis fence for his field, browsing fur his
lin's, liuiiiili'Miiii' i;c'ie t:i!
Aut illit iHCciri tViinili'iii, iiia [ki:
■liiril
11- uiuliraiii
Sufliciuiit, sopuiii'iut' suti.s ft piiliiia im Hi.'
(iKnItlMCON, II.
M A G N () L I A.
Xihiiui/ Oiih r. MacVoI.I ACi: K. (.russicil.) Liinnrtiii C/ilMx!Jir((t''un, I'ol.VANDIilA. I'dl.VdYXlA.
('ii{'/j' (if lliiro (lociiluiiMs jii't;iluiil s('1i:i1h. Curnllii of iVoin six to twelve infills. Sliiiiuii.s iiimu'rims a.s well ns tlie |pistils. ('iir/iils dispiisecl ill :in ilii1il'ie:iteil eoiie, 1 to li-seedeil, opeliiim liy tlio (loi'siil siitiiie. Si, lis \iu]\'\. icil, siispeiiileil, « lieii ripe liaiiL'iii.lC (lilt cit' till' ciiiiicl liy a loiiLT iimlMrK-al tlii'eail cuinposed ol' spiral vessels.
Trees and .--lirulis willi hiri;i\ entire, alternate, deeidnoiis leaves, anil solitarv, terminal, lart,'e, and nsuallv odoril'erons llowers. Cliiefly natives of .North Ainerii'a, ("liina, and .laimn.
LAUGE-FLO VrEREl) ^I AG NOLI A.
MA(IX0I.Ia iil!AMilFt.olt.\, rimi. | .Mlcil., Syl v:!, ]ilate ol .)
I.\ tiic iieiglilnirliood of Suvaiiiiiili. in Gt'orgiti, and near New Orlcnns, this hi|)leii(li(l tree often ])resents an almo.xt e(|iiiil, Mnootli. colnnniar shal't of sixty to eij;lity feet elevation, and
* Naiiiiil tiv I.iiiiia'iis III liiiiiiir ul' I'icrrc Minjuul, a l)iit:iiii>t ul' Munliiulliir. !I0
LA I!(i I'M- I. (iW !■; i: K I) M A (i No I, 1 A.
iittains llic ii('i;zlit dI' oiii' iiiiiKlrcd Irct or iipwanl. willi a j^iiut- I'lil, lii^li. ami sprcinliiifr siiiniiiit. On tlic trunk iil' this sprcii's, iii'iir Saviiiiiiali, I oliscrvcil lar;;i' ijiiaiititics nl" ilic paiasilic aii- |ilaMl. Ejiiili nil nnn ruiiupsi inn. and it a|i|i('arf(l tluTc in ^ruw on no utiicr Iri'c. Ace irdin:^' to Wm. Martrani, wiio ,><a\v tlic .s|ircics .•^n ahumiant in liis tunr in Floiiiia, its .■^nniinit liirnis a iiorlril (■(inc. I'isinjr IVoni ii fitrai^^Iit cli'ar tiunk. rcscniliiinj^ a hcantirnl coliinni; anil. IVoni its dark loliaiii' '•.-iivcicd uwv witii inilk- wliiti' llowi'i'.s,"' it M si't'ii at a jiicat distance. Tlic sncccssion (if tlowcrs is also Ion;.' continued; in i'avoraijle sitnations IVoni May to Angnst. Tlionj^h conllned very inncii to the neiiilihor- li(«>d of the wa-const, It oxtunds westward in Georfria as fur as .MiliedgeviUe; and I met with it in Ahil)anni, on the lianks of Utciiee Creek, aljonl twelve miles from ('olnmlius in (ieor^iia, and afterward in other parts of that State down to West I'Morida. It is known to the Creeks hy the native name of
TiKl/ll.
In the new edition of Duhamel, we have the followinjr ac-
»:onnt of its introduction into France. There is at Maillardiere,
ahont live miles from Nantes, a line Maj:nolia, which was
jjrouiiht from the hanks of the Mississip[ii, in IT.'l'J, and planted
in a poor soil. It grew there neglected for more than thirty
years, till M. ]{(inami, a physician of Nantes and [irofessor of
hotany there, recognised this heautiful tree to he th" Miiijiiuliii
t/niiii/ijlnni ; and at the meeting of the States of Bi'etagne in
Si'iitenilier, 17(j(), in Nantes, lie i)resented to the Princess of
llohan-Chahet a line hraiich of this Magnolia in llower, which
hecame a siiliject of conversation and inti'rest to all assi^mhlcd.
fiOiii.s XV. possessed several small plants of this species in his
garden at the Petit Trianon, hut they did not thrive ) and,
liaving heard of a Magnolia thirty-live to forty feet high,
which every year was covered with line flowers of a delieiou.s
[lerfmne, he sent two of his gardeners to ascertain if it was
possilile to transport this tree to Versailles, and. ahove all. V"i. IV.-7
(•H
I, A ik; \:v i.(» u k ii i: n m a (; n <» i, i \.
sliniilil llicy do xi. if it wulllil lii' ccl-tMill ti) >S\\t\y. Tlli'V Miw
the Iri'c, iiiicl. Ix'iiit: oi' i)|iiiii()ii tliat it wmild nut Mii'vivc ic- iiioviil. il ^Viis siitl'iTcil to rnniiiii in its place. It was at tliat tiiiii' IVniii lliir!v-lisc to liiitv Ici'l liii;li; Imt. ilmiiii; tlii' Irniililis 111' the civil war <il' I-a Ni'iidi'i'. it was inutilatcii. ami lust iiicot tif its liiaiiclifs. Aricrwaici. tlic Imrniii;.' nl' tla- lidtisc near wliicli il was |ilaiiteil liaviii^ (lainaucil its licad, tlie liraiiclies Were ('i'<i|i|)e(l dowii to tiif trunk, and it a^^'ain shut out with viuiir. Iiiit llie vdiniL! >liiMit<. nut liaviiiu had lime to ri|ieM. wci'e (|r>triiu(l l)v the lr(i>t; nutwithstandiu;^ this i<i'Sere cheik, it a;^ain recovered, and al'lerward iK'canie a fine tret-, l-vtween twenty-li\e and thiily I'eet hij;h. with a lar^c. well-|ii'o|iortioni'd head, and a trunk of four Hct in circui iference, the lower liianches sweepini; the ^;ripund, and the whole ti'ee prodiicina annually from three himdred and lii'iy to four hundred lar^v, eli';.:ant. and fragrant llowcrs. The si'cds, liowe\er. never arrive at pei'lecl maturity, allliiiui:h the fruit attains its full si/e and renniins upon the tree till the I'ollowinix sprinjjr. Tliis tr( e still esists. anil is now Ujiward of thirty I'eet lii,i:li and more than one hundred years of aiie.
At Caserta, in the neiiihhorhood of Naples, this tree has nttained the hei;:hl of nearly si.\ty feet. In this cliunite they also ripen seeds freely.
U)X(i-I.KAVKl) MA(JX()LIA.
Mai;Nii1 lA MALIUJ
I'liM.i.A. Mninix. Fliii
ir. Am., vi
1. i.
Mini
I'l
Tin; princiiml liicalitv dI' tliis Hue
spfcics liiis Ix't'ii llir many
M'lirs .•oiiriiic.l to 111.' vi.iiiity of !-iii.' 'iil"ii. N"'tli Ciin.linii, ten niilcs M.utlira«l ol' IIk' town, lu'ui- or on tli.' fstnt.- of a imm
naiiicil Smitli. Tlu^ tivcs occuiiy
till' bunks of 11 .MiiiiU i^trcuiiu
iUK
111 'IViuu'^si'c. ni'iir
loMiiiy M)il. til.' Ciiiihi'iliinil liiv.T, I iillcrwanl .siw ii
1 iuv iiru'tly .li.-^|>(iM'il imT it.s airlivitii'S, in a ri'li
lew Mil
;i trcc.x of tlii.-< ^1
iri'ics;
liiit ill the winter of l^'l". i"
Mil (■\tcll>lVC
S-iiillii'iii Stali'i
tour wliii'h 1 nia.lc tliionpli tli'' int.'rior
■r til
I nii't with al.uiKlaiifi' of the Micjnni;,! t,i,i<
lilnlllil, scvciiiy CcMPsa ill l>itil> foiiii
tv mill's iVom Tuscaloosa, on tlif ban
.f th
It v. Alabama, iirowiiii.
itloin-laiKls as tlif ///*
'liiriilt
ndiiiii'iii.
()(' till' ma.iiiii
raniicr tolil inc .-^oiiu'
tu.li' of till' Ma-iiolias -Towiiiu- in tins vuiiiily
;■ often ill till' same To ^'ivi' nil' some iilea
til
trunks iirodiK'eil sixteen
tliat till' trees were two feet in diaiiiet.
/■((//.s In llli rill.
but as timber it
was little esleenieil, no
I eiidiirinir Ihiil; in
the air. 'i'o the town
,f Ca
lllimei
hauba. 1 still saw th.' Ma-nolia; aii.l afterward, in the liale vicinity of Tuscaloosa, on
the road down the ban
)f till' J>liick Warrior
toward Florida. I ubservi'd this >\»
till' "roati'st iihiindaiii'c, o
flell as nincli as sin
tv feet in hei.Liht ;
but. beillir the .U'l.th of winter. I of course CO
uld lorm no aiie-
(luate coliceptioli o viiiorons vcLivtation.
f the siileiidoi- of its ai>|iearaiice when in
K.\it-l,l.AVi;i)
.Ma(;n(ii,ia, (Mii'jiiolld luiricn
,1 Ciiriiiiihri- Till. Mien., Sylva. p
• It).
den, at Ki
in;:', in this vicini
tv. tlr
/.(/(/, liAM. L'lii'l-
In Martruin's (Jar- is a tree of this
KM)
iMitiiKi.T. A \ M> Ti i.ir tim; i;s.
hpccifS Si'VflltV nr IlKilr Ircl liiu'll. lIMil willl il tlllllk nf lli( iliilllirlir III' two 111 llilii' ti'ft.
I'MiiHiiiA 'I'lMi:. ^Miii/iidliii fri/Hfiilii.) Ai'<'(iriliii;_' In I'mrrssiir Tiirivv. nil |»THm ^inc!- Midiaux lias ruiiiiil liiis tree in iiiiy |iail nl' llic Slate nl' New Yolk.
'I"i i.U' 'I'lir.i;, {Liri'il' I'llioii /iilipi/' r<i. liiNN.) l!('s|ii'i'tiiiL' tin' iioitliiTii limit- 111" tliis tree, (1. 15. KiniTsiiii. Ks(|., iiit'nrnis ini'. ••I liavi' rumiil a >iii,irl'' In r nl l.iriiHlt'iulri'ii in Nurftilk coMiity, Miu^siicliusctt.x. It is iilciilil'iil on Wcstli.'lil Kivcr."
1)U 1 MO IM! VL LI) M.
K.NMA.M'lilA, MdMHiVMA.
l-'l.iwi'iN iii;ii.MAriiui-'iirn;,
.l\nr
riiicii'-* h|iiillniliit<' liniiir, c'li
,1, .I.MicliKiii^, til.' liasc jKT.VlsU'iil.
Shiiiiiiiii iiiiii', 111 tliri'f ticrifH,
lifH, all r«itll<'. Iiliiniciil:- -iKii'
t, {\\f tllllM' 111'
itn' illlll'l' Allies
111.' )•
\VI
til a ]
lair •'
f n'liiiilir'li, lai-,i;<',
<h1i' ■.riamh, ii'mi-
,r,.adi. .!/.//"/•>■ flliptir-uval.' an.l ^il^ihM•, all nycuuvj: m,
ihc iiiiu'l' >IM>'.
1.,.,.11,m1, 111.' .■••lis •■Uii:'l •""• l''""'"'
1, uilh all ll
vnlvi'S iiHi'i
iiiliiii'. Uiiifiiiiii
l-.'flK'<l, with oiu! uvul.'. .vy. .-lii'il;
utiiinin KiiiiH'W
lial (l.'in'xsi'd, .niiilato. Hnrn l-s.'O.K'd.
A sciiiju'i'viri'ii
t Kiiiall trt'i' "I' I'lil"'- Calil'iinia,
laiK'cohitc, iiiiMii
tclv riticiilati'il. iiiiiii;fii
iwiTs siiia
I, M'lli.W, >lll."
■til, ill ^11
with altfi-iiati
Is- arninalii', t^iiionlli leave-, ill tcriiiiual iiakod rhl^-ti'i's.
(Ni'arly uHictl to Oi«'<
similar and iinit'oriiily iiitmrso anlln'i'S an naked, williiiiit lu'iniato ii
Aul.K't. lull with iL'tiiiaphiodile llnwcix, ll aihiidiioiis lu'i-iaiith. Tin;
leaves are also licit ill iiaiiiiliv
with
(lowers (if a very
•rves, and the inlloreseeliel!
I, is also nearly allied to . I/. , ■->/.<•'(.+'. <>l' N«'^''*. '"'t
dillereiit hahit, and, witli those genera, helongs
to the trilie Oui:iii>Ai'iiNi:.i;.)
Kmiii Ckji
it'itj^. iii'it
I III till- M."'' I '.Hill !,■"'■'•'"'! " '"'/•
101
CALIFOIIXIAX r.AY TIJKK.
I »I!I.M"I'IIVI.I.IM I'M I U r.nlll M.
(>niTi;A .<M,ii ii'iii.iv? KiMir, Sv.Niii's.. vol. i. \<. 4")H.
Tins is a very oli',::init cvcrvnvcn tifc ul' l'|i|"'r ('ulil'tiniiti. •rniwiiiir nmiiil Santa IJarlmrii. twcntv In twfiily-livc or tliirty I'nl lii,;:li. witii crfft, Ififtt', iiml siiuintli liranclics. Tlie wnoA is \\\i'\U' ami i-ailifr soft. Tlio leaves arc alternate, eveijifeen. (•(iriaeeoiis, ))eri'ectly snioolli. three to lour inches Ion;: and tliive-(|uartcrs to one anil a (inarter inches wiile, lanceohite- pointeil, lint olitusc, entire, witii very intii>tiMct slcndiT lateral nerves, anil stmnj^iy lait minutely reticulatcil almvc; the jiint- stalUs are ahitnt two to three lines lunii. 'I'lic oilor ami taste of tho h'ave.H are very aromatic, the lattei so nuieli so as to he <|nite pnnjicnt, even more so than the leaves of the Hay; ami tliev are eniploycil as cnniliments hy the inlialpitants. The llitwcrs are in small contraitc'l clusters, at lirst surroumlcil with linil scales, which iire eailucons. hut not in the tl)rm of an invo- lucrnm. 'I'he Ijowcrs ari' ahout limr or li\e tn'jcthcr. on jicdicels nt'arly as Ion;: as themselves. The perianth is yellowish, lun- ncl-formed. and somewhat s|ircailimr. deeply (I-clci'l. the sci;menls liucar-spathidate mid smooth, a little piihesceiit within toward the hase. Stamens nine, with short and hroad lilamcnts. the
It hen
ih
1.
celleil, all olicu
ill'.;- Iriiiii within, the cc
paralli
\ and nearly all cipial. with the valvt's aseeiidinjr. the
iree innermost each tinnis
heil t
owaii
I the hase of the tllament
wn
h two laiyc rcnil'orm, sessile <;laiids. The perianth is deci-
duons. the hase alone hein.ir persistent, and eiili 1 -seeded In-rry. The pe
ir'jmi: \vi
th th
•rfect iVuit I have not seen.
PL, ATE .Wll.
.1 /„•.//„•/, .,/•//,. ;„//-/,■'// .
77- M
»•(■(• ciiiiirii'
Itiriidt
lii-j
II.
.1
ri.
M.I
ti-
nil
nl-
lie ikI
lie ilil \ li- ds Hi- nts ml 111.'
111.' ■lit •ci- llir
A
h
Mgj
IM.XMI
npiinophylliim jmiiciriiiruni .
(\//iliiniiiiti till 1/ In; /)r/mt)/>lii/A iiiiuriiliii
Nal
Flc t t
Ti til
UMinVLLULAllIA,
(•'
\\:v.>. 111) F.^oiib.)
A'((/
((/•'(
/ Oi-'lii; LAiiiiNr..i:. Llini",i,i
Vhmfjlaitioii,
Ennv.an-
\m\
,\. MtiMiCYNIA.
IlKKMAl'llUiilUTi:
.— Tl
10 IH
,lh (U'fply t',-p;irteil lunl sl,<irtl
tuinpiiniiUi
to, tho Mo^nio'.its 0(1
u;il iiii'l ilooiiliiou;)
Stamina
twolv
ll
10 11 1110
oxloiinr tortilo, in
torior sler
ilo, tlio throe tortile iiuioniuist
OllO;*
liliiiiiou
Ciioli ^vltll 11 1
liiir I'
t' iarL'c
gliinils
cuvoriiiL
llio 1.
,[' tho
UJ>\H T Ot
t. ,l/-//((7-.-' 4-collo(l, thos lis iiitroivoly oiioiiin
the tliinl sorio
with tho two
, tho lower extrorsely an
ll lateral; the
i-ton 1-so
\f lilaineiits
tlii-oaa-<hai.otl. .S7.}//-('i 1
•Itato, sdliri'pantl. B^rrj
(1, seated on the euii-sliai
1 base of tlie iieriaiith.
A tree ol' Ul>l>or Calilbrnia,
with altoriiato poi
itolv-norvod loaves.
The ilowors a.u the iiivoliioruni;
rrewitetl in axillary nniiioua
th
ilis ol' tho iiivi
led olilstors, oiiolosod liy lish.altornalo, and
lucrniii hi'oai
»l'l
roxiinato; after the op<
if th
lower, e
iduoous
lo;}
CALTFOPvXIAX U:\LCELLULAKrA.
rMllKl.M'I.AllIA ('A1.I1-0I!NIC.\. l/inin'j'lifnilUd.l'nfiis /ii n Ulinifli'lills nli- iiliiliiJiliii'Cnl(tli.\ fix (Irllll.s jii iniilii I'i'ii.-' I'tlii "■■ll'l-l'' llii-'l« l/llllll'IS. jitihlll-
cidiK iijiUdriliii.i fiiii/il'iiliii': jliirlliii-' iilni'ilms, iinilnl/d . ithi-iijiilnUi, /ntlKn- riilii fiilid lift finl'iliil-i. TkTKANTIIKIIA ? C'aMI iilSNRA, IlndKIMl it All\.. il, liiil. I'.ll'lll. Voy.,
1'
l.-.s. II,
;i:i!.
l!..r. Ai
II., vol. n
1'
l:
Laiius i;i:i;i;
Vol. II.
I)ni-,;l..
oliriKll, III
Hook. ('oiiiip;iii. l>ot. Mug.,
Tir .«|ilt"iiiliil I'vci'jii'c'cn trco \v:is (li.-icovcn'd. mi tlic iKirlliwcsl coast, ill I'luicr Ciilitoniia. liv Mr. Mcii/ics. wlio lir.-^t iniulo kiiiiwii til li(itiiiii.<ts tlic \i'i;i'tiililc tii'iisiiri's ul' tliiit iutfi'i'stiiii; and tlicii iiiK'Xlildicil iH'uioii. Dmiijilas al'lciwaiil tiMiiid it in iicai'ly tlio saiiio I'omitry, soiitli ol' tlio ('oliiiiiliiii or Orcjion, and mUh, that it attains the lii'iglit ol' IVoin forty to oni- liiindivd anil twonty I'cDt, with a dianictcr of loin two to four foct. It oointncnci's at thi' .soiitliiTn limit of the pi'i'vailini:- I'iiu' and Fir fori'sts which linr tlio wastes of Oregon. The foliage gives out. when hruised, a most ])owerfid campiiorated odor, whii'li from its jmngeiicy is capable of exciting sneezing. Flowi'ring s])eeimeiis of this interesting tree were iri Donglas's eollectioii from Cali- liiniia. Il is to lie regretted, however, that im deliiiled il>'scri|i- tiim nor lignre is gi\i.'n; and 1 had not the good tortiine to meet with it nivself
8.\ss.\Fl?.\S. (Lintriis stiss;i/r(i\. Liw.) The Inliahitants of
Niirth and South Carolina distinguish two kinds ol' Sassafras.
till- Jied and the White. The Ked or true A, .m/.v.m/Z/i/.v I referred
(in the "(ienera of North Ameiican I'lant.s," vol. i. pp. '_'"in. 1^(1(1.)
to a suh-geniis /ui<isniii>i, embracing also the following vai'iety.
which 1 then eoiisidered as a species, by thi' mime of /,. (Kua.-i- Uit
T! E M A R K P O N T II F. L A F H I N /V..
1(1.1
mm) itlhiihi. It is distinguishable from the Red liy having th(^ buds and twigs smooth and ghiucous; its loaves are also smooth and thin, and the veins almost obsolete beneath; the petiole is apiiarently longer. The root is much more strongly camphor- ated than that of the Red sort, and is nearly white. It is better calculated to answer as a substitute ibr ochra {IHIilicuscHcuJcidufi) than the conunon kind, as the buds and young branchvs are much more mucilaginous. It is abundant in North and South Carolina, from the Catawl)a ISIountains to the oast bank (jI' the Santee, growing with the common kinds.
From the present order of plants wc derive the Cinnamon, Cassia, and the Camphor. Several species afford the cinnamon of commerce, and the Liurns Quixm produces that of Peru. The cinnamon of Santa Fc de Bogota is aflbrded by Luinix fuimmumoidcs. A great deal of the finest camphor of India, however, is the product of the Dn/Dliiilitnn^is riuiiji/inra. The volatile oil obtained from .some species of Laurus ibund in tlie vast foiests between the Orinoco and the Parime is produced in great abundance by merely nnddng an incision into the bark with an axe, as deep as the liber or young wood. It gushes out in such 'piantities that several (piarts nu\y be olitained by a single incision. It has the reputation of being a powerful dis- cutieiit.
IV -7
THE LINDEN, on LIME TREE.
X.ilnnil Onhr, Til.iAri;.>;, iTussioii.) Lhuunn, f'hixsJfiralix),,
PiiI.VANmUA. MoNOGYNIA.
TILIA.* (Linn.)
N/w/n live. P< hil^ livp. SliiiDni.-' luiiiuTons, tlispnsod more or less in iivu rliistvrs, tla> ccntnil tiifl (rliu'lly in the imtivc species) tnnisioriue.l into ;i i<v\-A. The unny ,u;loliular, villous, ami r).eelle(l, eaeh of the (■.•Us hearin.ir two ovules. C'l]"^"!'- ligneous, glohular, by ahortion only 1-eelle.l, with one or two seeds. Cul^jkduHs sinuate.
Trees of Europe an.l North Anieriea, with alternate dilated or eordate leaves, ohli-iue at the base, serrated on the margin, and with n tough and fihrous bark; stipules eadueous. The flowers dispose.l in flaltish peduneulated clusters, (or eynies,) and with the peduncle curiously adnate for a great part of its length to a large n.cnibra- naeeous, linear bracte. The rest of this family of plants are nearly all trfipical produriions.
* All aiioitnit Latin uauie, probably tiuin llio (ovck znh.i, tlir I'.I.M.
lOG
livu
lU'll tlic tioii
1 Of
ivitli
DSCcl
nclo l.ni- •arly
1.,/rifi' hiivrii t.ifitii-t
Tiliii hdcrdplivJIii
■nilrni h,-trr„f,liyll,
Til,
Til
sf
'l\
M
IV () tl
LAIiGK-LEAVKl) LIXDKX, on MMR
Tll.lA III;T):IIii1'I|\ l.l.\. /•'(.///,< urn/Is, nri/nl, .^(frillis, Im.si ininr mnlulis, iiiiiii- iil'liijiii mil ii ijiiidiltr tr'iiii-iiUs; sulihi.^ Imni iitn.^i^ ; ii'ta jii-^'l'"riiii, —
\'i:.\Ti;.SAT, Mi'iii. iU- rin-^lii.it., tdui. 4, |i. U'l, ]<\. •'>. I'l ii>ii, Fl"i-. B'ir. Am., vnl. ii. p. ■)>>'■'>. Xui vi:au Dluami;!,, sul. i. [>. -".>.
l)|rAM)ul,l,i:, I'idil., Viil. i. p. tlia. 'I'l I.I \ jli:i l;lin|'in I.I.A. Lcjivrs i,'l;lli|Mll.'< mill ilcrp irlii'll nliovi', Vrrv
white iiiiil volvL'ty-tdiiicMlnso luiiciitli, tlic vriiis (liiik-ciildrcil Mini lu'iu'ly L'liilii'niis, willi cojirsi' iiiiicniniitL' r^iiniturcs ; |i(tiils oliliisc, crcimlati' ; siainiiiDiliii (inMiT ]ictiils) .■iini'iilalc, cntirr, ^tylc liairy at till! liase. — 'I'liiiitKY and (iiiAY, Klof. North Aiiii'i'., vnl. i. p. i;:',li. 'I'li.iA Ai.iiA. — Sniilli'fi Iii.-ifcts of Gi.'dp.Ma, vol. i. p. '21, t. 11'.
Tlii.s i.>i oin' of tlic riifcst ainl most uniaiiiciital tivos of tlic wlioh' L'l'Miis; and, as I'af as my own ulisi-i'vatioiis ^-^o, it is almost wliolly conrniiMl to tlu' shady forests of tlic Ohio and its triluitaiy sti'eams, to whieli I'uish also adds the hanks of the .Mississip[ii. Tonvy and (Iriiy rt'ct-ived it likewise IVoiii the lU'iirliliorlKMjd of Alacon, ill f!eori;ia, wliei'c it was oolli'cted by oiir late mutual fiieiid aiul twcellent oljserver, Dr. lioomis. In deseeiidiii lie Ohio, late in luitmnn, (ahoiit the year ISIO.) I got out of tile lioat in which 1 was do.scendiiiijf, to walk round Ia' Tart's IJapids above Cincinnati. Here I ob.scrved almost an exeliisivu forest of this line r/mdcn.on a rather-elevated alluvial platform, in a li>;iit, rich, calcareous soil. Most of tiie trei's were tall and rather slender, sixty to eighty feet in lieijilit. and tiie i^roimil was thickly strewed witii their hu'j^e and singular leaves, almost as white as snow beneatlj. According to the lierhariinn of Mr. Schweinitz. it exists also in Virginia, lU'obaWy on the borders of tiie streams which liow into the Ohio near rittsbiirg; ami according to Dr. Short, of Ijcxington, Keiitiiekv', it forms in his vieinit}- one oi' tiie largest forest trees in the rich lalld.^ there. DecaiiduUe speaks of having leceiveil a specimen of
108 L A 1! (I I'M, i;.\ V i; l> I, INDKN, (> i; I, 1 M M.
i<i)iii(' wry similar hiiccics I'ldiii McNicu. It ilncs iicit \rt appear to liavL' lit'cn iiitniiliiccd iiitu Kiinipc. |1i(iii,l;Ii it is pnipi'iiy (tcsfi'ilicd ill tlic New l)iiliaiii(l. pinliaMy I'nnii W'ulcnat's t'ssay, as llic IcMM's ail' saiil In !«• MKiw-wliilc ln'iicatli.
Tia- ytniiij;' hraiiclics an- piirpli>ii and sniiicwliat jilaiicuiis. Tlif larj:cst k'uvos 1 have wfcn aiv alxiiit six or seven iiiclics ioiii,' and tlii'i'o to lisi' liroad. In tin; yoiinii' stati', tln' wliiti.- jpuIpcsccik'c liciR'atli is most consiiiciions wlicn tlio leaves aiv thinly cosficd; the iiaiis arc stellate, the seiratnres are stron;^ and sharp, with aenniinated I'i^id points; the upper siirl'aee is dark green: the liasi' of llii- leaf varies eonsiderabl}'; sonietiines it is slunatud, at other times perfeetly Hat and trnneated; the leaves are always very ohliipie at the liase. The liowers aie soiiicwhat lar;;('r (Inn those of '/'. Am' liiiiini. nud the triiit is villous, nearly siiheriual, ami et'itainly always without any rihs.
I
The Tir.i\ Ai.iiA. White liiiiie of Michaux, plate l;!2, not heiiij;- the T. <iIImi oI" Kitailu'l and Alton, (Mort. Kew. 1. c..) which is ii native of llniigary, it is necessary to change its name, and we prop(jse to call it Tll.iA Mhiialxu, (Michanx's liiiiie.) it' liis plant should indeed jn'ove to he any thing more than a snio(jther variety ol" our T. Ik ttnij^ihijKd.
I'LATE Will.
A lintiirli uf lid iiiiOiivl Ktzc. <i. Till j'niil. h. 'J'lu jlninr.
Gnu ml Ohsirnilionn. The Lime has long hecn a favorite tree for aveiuies and public walks; it is [ilanti'd in the streets of some of the principal tcjwns of France, Holland, and Ger- Hiiuiy, and it is used for forming avenues both on tiie continent of l']ui'o[)e anil in (Ireat l>ritain. It has of late years been
LA It (I IM, i:.\ V !■; i» 1,1 N I) i: n, o ii i, i m k.
109
is
iiiiicli |p1iiiiIc(1 iilciii'j till' streets ill Mevei'iil to\vii-< ami eities of llu' I'nited Stille>, l)iit ill l'liilililel|iliiii it is m> iiiiuli :itt;i<kiil l)y IllMi'ctM tllilt it JiniliaMv will iml Inn;:; Hlirvive. 'I'iie .-pefit'M elii|)liiye(l I'm- tiii.'^ i)iir|iii,<e ii|i|";il's to lie |ililiei|ially the Klin*. [le.iii, while tiie nativi! kinds, heiii;: iiiore lianly and vi^'oroiis, tpiii^hl to have the inrrereiice, iiiirtieiilarly the pi-esciit species, ( '/'. Ill I' i-iijiliiillti.) wiiicli ill a L;o(id .>.(>il hei'dliies a lar e tree, aiid is at the same time splendidly ornamental. 'I'lie insect that devdiirs the leaves of tlic Fjiiideii a]ipears to Ik- a molli,'' which suspends its c "oons at the ends of the twi"; of the trees it has strippeil; tliesL- on.uht carel'iilly to he reiii.)\,'d and destroyed, by which means the evil, il" not wholly cnred, wiaild Ije ile- fidedly initijiated.
Tiie Diitcli plant the Lime in towns, along their widest stivetM, mid hy the sides of their canals; and the whole country is thus pcrfuiiKMl liy their tlowcis dnrinu' ?lie months of July and August: they likewise iill'ord an ample repast for the hees.
The wood of the European Lime Tree is of a i)ale Vidlow
or
white, close-L'rained, soft, liiilit. mid smooth, and not liahle to ))0 attacked hy insects. It is used hy pianol'orte-makeis li)r
sonndiii'i-boarils. and hv
liiiel-makers lor
variety of pnr-
post's. It is turned into domestic utensils (jf various kiiid.s, carved into toys, &c. The most eli^ganl ii.se t(i which it lia.s been applied is for curviiifr. for which it is sui)erior to any other wood. Many of the line carvings in Windsor Castle, St. Panrs. Trinity College Library at Cambridge, and in the Duke of Devonshire's mansion iit Chatsworth, from the hand of the celebrated Cibbons, are of this wood. It makes excellent char- coal for gunpowder. IJaskets and cradles were formerly made
from
the I
\\\'.
The I
eaves are also emnlovi
il(
odder lijr
cattle ill Enropi ll is in lUissia and soiiie parts of Sweden
* A Kpecius uf Oilcttwus.
110 LARGE-LEAVED LINDEN, OR LIME.
tliiit the wt'll-kii.AVii bass niiits arc furmod fn<m the imu'i' hark (.)!' tliis tivc. Till' liark ftrippi'd IVuiii young trees of six iiielies to 11 I'uot ill (lianieter is soloctcd for this purpose. Tiiesc strips are steeped in water till the bark .separates freely into layers; it is then taiveii out and separated into stran<ls, whieh an- dried in the shade, and afterward manufactured into the mats so mueh used l)y gardeners ann uuholsterer.-f, iind for euvi'riiig paekagi'S. Tiie iislieriuen of Sweden make lishing-nets of the filu'es of till' inner bark, formed into a kind of llax; and the sli''piierds of Carniola even '.veave a coarse cloth of it, which serves them for their ordinary clothing. The whole plant abounds with mucilage, the sap, like that of the Maple, allbrds a eoiisideralile (piantity of sugar, and tiie honey [U'oduced by the tlowers is considered .superior to all other kinds for its deli- cacy, selling at three or four times the price ol' coniiiioii honey; in Europe, it is used exclusively in medicine, and for making some particular kinds oi liqiicv rs, especially rosolio. This Lime Tree honey is only to be jirocured at the little town of Kowno, on the river Niemen, in Tjithuaiiia, which is surrounded by an extensive forest of Lime Trees. The triturated fruit i)ro(Iuces also a paste very similar to that of cocoa. During the taste for grotesque decorations, the Lime, like the Yew, was cut into various imitative forms, and in some of the public gardens of recreation round Paris and Amsterdam then.' are very impcjsing colonnades, arcades, walls, pyramids, and other architt'ctural- looking masses formed of this tree.
The European liin.k'ii attains a height of upward of one hundred icet, and grows with vigor lor .^^everal centuries, lii Switzerland there an; some very large and ancient Tiime Trees : one, mentioned by DecandoUe the younger, near Jlorges, has a trunk of twenty-four feet four inches in circumrerence ; anothe., near the great church at 15i>rne, which was planted bel'ore the year lllU, is thirty-si.v feet in girth.
3
M A N G L E.
Xiihiiiil Onhr, RiiiziiriiOKE,!:, (R. Brown.) LlniKinn Chimfwu-
tion, DuDECAXDlilA, MoXOGY.
RIIIZOrnORA.* (LiNv.)
Tiibo of ilic ciifijx oboviito, coherent \vi,.i tlic ovary, the horder diviiled into i'onr ol)long, pernistent sei^niciii.s. I'dnls tour, ob- long, cniurginato, coriaceous, conihiplicato, bct'orc expansion em- bracing the alternate stamens, tlie margiuti eaeli with a double row of long, woolly hairij. .SV«//;tvw twice as many as the petals ; twthcrs nearly sessile, largo, linear-oblong. Ocari/ 2-ccllcd, with two ovules in each cell. Sliilf conical, short, 2-furrowcd; slii/ma 2-to()thed or bifid. Fruit O'Tiie or oblong, crowned near the b;is(! with the persistent segments of the calyx, longer than the tube, at length perforated at the apex by the radicle of the germinating embryo.
Maritime trees of the tropics, with entire opposite leaves and axillary ilowers.
* TIic niimo, fniiii />;;«, a fnul, ifc/im, In lunr, in !illii>ii)ii to tlio pcoil f;er- luinatiii" hafiiro it f;il!s from tlio lir;iiK:lios.
lit
AMERICAN MANGLE, or MANGROVE.
FIlirZOI'IIiiKA A.MKIUCANA. FnHis iiliiiVido-ohhtlKjis oliliisi.'t; jHililiicnli's
Irkhotumis pdiulo lunijlonbu.^, nljll-i Kubidalln biJidis^ji-uiiiliHs titilmliilu-
chtfutls ohtiisis. liiiiZdi'iioitA iii'iiii/lc. — JaciH'in, Amor., ji. 141, t. SI*. 15u(i\vn, Jam.,
p. :211. DiU'A.M)., I'nid., vol. iii. \>. '-Vl. Xltt., Floriil., pi. Hill. :">,
p. -y.^i). Ton. iuul (iiiAY, vol. i. p. 4S4, (not of Lixx.) Ciiinhla AiiariiMku fuliis laar'uus. — CAiicsBY'ri Carol., vol. ii. p. (l^j,
t. 0:j. Mdiiijlc iiqualiiv, j'lilUs siihriilHiKi'is d piDii-ldli,^. — I'u .Mn:ii, (ieii., p. 1:5.
Sloani;, Jam., p. 1.")"), Hist., vol. ii. p. ti3. Manjid: (Ja/qjurilju. — I'lso's liru/.il, 1. 4, c. 87, Ii.
This tree is found in the ..laritiino swanip.s jC Loui.'^iaii.a .iml East Florida, and along the coast ol' Texas is not unconiiiiou. The Mangrove, like the famous IJanyun Fig, sends out innu- merahle roots into the surrounding nuirshcs from the lusi- forni fruits wiiich terminate its branches, so lliat after a while a single tree becomes, as it were, the parent of a whole forest of several miles in extent; and, growing well even into the salt water, it is not nnfn'(|uent to see their branches loaded with oyster! (the Ostfii /n/imt)) of an excpiisite llavor. Those thickets likewise aflord a resort for various kinds of sea-fowl, and, fringing tiie margin of the ocean ami the salt-))ools with their spreading summits, they give a peculiar feature to tlie tropical landscape, but at the same time afford shelter to clouds of mosquitos. Tiie bark and IVuit are useful foi' tanning: the lluwer, according to Loureint, dyes a very durable black, and, according to Sloaue, all'ords a nuiterial for ink.
The Mangrove of the West Indies and Tropical America
becomes a tree idwut forty to fd'ty feet high anil two to three
feet in diameter, with a ferruuinous bark and white wood of no
great value t'xcept for fuel ; yet. according to Sloa-ie. the wood IIJ
Klir/,i)it|iiir.i Anirrii'iMiii
/ntiri^mi . 'fit
/: /,,x. ■/>/,. >r.- ,/ /,
y.//,.,-.- ,/ t„. ,;,/„
AMERICAN MANGLE.
118
is good for building and for shinglos. Tiie wood of tliat of [ndin, as dc>scvilj(,.d hy IJoxhiirgh in his '• Flora Indica," is of a dark- roddish color, hard, and diirahlo.
The Mangrove is not very tall, hut very branching; the branches, almost always opposite, elongated and pendant. When touching the soil, they striifo root and become new trees, which remultiply themselves in the same maimer, thus forming an almost impenetrable l)ai r on the borders of the sea.
Tlio leaves are opposite, entire, coriaceous, at first folded in- ward, with caducous stipules between the petioles. The flowers are pale yellow, the segments of the calyx lanceolate. The anthers are subulate; the margin of the petals pilose; the style bifid, with the divisions rather long and subulate. The verdure of the Mangrove is dark and gloomy, and the whole tree, inhabiting a region of desolation, presents an aspect of sadness.
The most extraordinary plant of this, or rather a nearly-allied genus, is the lilil::oi,h>m i/j/tniiorlihaonAmnvu)', (now Jinn/lrni.) This tree gnjws conmion'.y in the maritime marshes of India; and the branches of its numerous roots, ascending into tlie air, produce the appearance of a large umI)rageous tree, as it were, on stilts, or, as Koxliurgh sa3s, sujiported in the air on a circle of converging hop-poles. The fruit, the leaves, and the bark ol tiiis species are also said to alKird food to the native inhabitants. A figure of it is given l)y Rumpliius, wi. iii. t. (iS, and by Rheede, in tiie "Flora Malribarica," vol. vi. tab. ol, ;!2.
PLATE X.XIV.
A lintiirh uf llir iHititrtil Hi:r. a. Thr fruit.
V.ip,. IV.
G U A V A.
XniKi-dl (Inh r. Mvin'Acr.T:. Liinimni ('/nxxijlni/inii, Tcds.WDHiA.
]\I(INi)(iV.\"I.\.
rslDII'M.* (Link.)
((■//'/.'■-till If (or external germ) ('llipsoid or oliovatf, of'toii contrnolod iit tlio sminiiit; \]io border at first nii(li\iilc(l and ovalo wliile in flowor, af'teTward 1 to S-nlcl't. Pilal.9,iW(}. ^/((iiiiiik very iiiiinerouH, distinct. iSV'//(' filifoi'in ; sI'Kjma oajiitato. Tlic orurii witli iVoin live to twenty rolls, some of tliciii alioi'tivc, cacli coll snlidividod by tlio intorpiisitiim of a placenta rosoniblinLr a disscjiinicnt. Oenhs muno- I'ous, hiiri/.ontal. Frihl a many-soodod biTiy, coalod ^\itll tlio adlioriiiL!; tiii'O of tlio calyx and oniwiiod by its jiorsisting lolu's. The .«<■('/.'!' pcattorcd tlirdiigli the pulp in tlio vi]io berry, liaviiiir a lioiiy or hard sliell. Tlio cniliri/o curved in a lialt'-oirelc round tlio protruded base of tlie testa. Oilj/htlunx minute; tlio radicle ratlicr long.
Trees or sbnibs eliielly indigenous to tlio intortro[iioa! regions of America, ■\vitli ojiposito, entire, inipunetato, featlier-nerveil loaves, reiliinclcs axillary, 1 to :!-llo\vored, each tlowcr with a pair of bractos. The llowors wiiito.
* One of till' (irccl< niiiiifs I'lir tlic Priim'L'r:m;ilc. (•'mini is a eiirni[itiiin iif llic AliiC'i'ic:iM ;ilii'ri;.;iMiil iiiiiiii' cf (! iiiii/iiIhi.
Ill
;IA,
0 ill oils, fivo ■ the nne-
tlic
iii.i; a
1 llio iithcr
IIS ot .'ilVOS.
actes.
tion iM
I'l XXV.
I'lHiilhiiH biixilblitiiu.
Fh>ritfa (iuartt
Ctmrier d» la. k'ltirutt
Ill ill fU wi w
til i; tt
n
is w u
\'
(i
;i r( I'l ii
V
FLOUIDA (UlAVA.
I'.-iMi M in.NiMii.ir.M. 'lliil'i-iiiii, raiii'il!'' t. nl'ili'is f'<'''-^ /»/,•(■'(/;>•.•../•»/.■,/< •Mmato-obiimUs ulitmin iiul»ii'.i,nHli" <■ iii<ii-i)uic nfnlidls, y>. J'/m-nhf .~„hl(ini.s ini-/.v47'/;i/.s iiiiijtiid'-; J'nirtu jii/rij't>niii.
l-'or a ! -lowU'ilge oi' this intuivsting tree or s^linib wo arc
iiiilclitiMl to till' late iiulcfatifiahle Ur. UaUlwiii, who met with it
ill soiiio part of Kast Flori(hi lu-ar the river St. .loinis. To
i<how liow very iiiiliki" tliis siiirirs is to all tia> oliuTs krowu. it
was hastily marked hy Mr, Sciiweiiiit/, in his lievhariiiiii. (of
wiiieli tho specimen lonns a jiart.) ••ijinrciis v'nrii'<" and at tiie
first hasty ghince some resendjlaiice may liu traced witli tho
Live Oak in tia- U'af and twig; Init, of conrse, tho presonco of
tlie fruit at onoe dispels the illu.-i<in.
1 have seen hut tho sinjilo spocimon now figured, and would
roeommond its examination to some future traveller. The twig
is round, covered with a gray bark, and at nean'.istances marked
with tho cicatrices of opposite fallen leaves. The li'aves on the
uiijier hranchlets are crowded together in opposite pairs, of a
very thick, opa(pio, rigid consistence, and appear to he seinpcr-
virent; they arc perfectly smooth on both sides, paler beiieatli,
dark-green above, cuneate-t)bovate, olituso, sometimes with an
attempt at a very sliort and blunt acumination. with the margin
rellccted, and beneath marked with numerous approxiinatin-^
foathored nerves; thoy are I'roin one inch to one and a half
inches long by one-half to threo-ipiarlers of an inch wide. Tho
peduncles are axillary and solitary, very thick in the IVuit-stalk,
and scarcely two lines long. Tho llowers 1 have not seen. The
berry is blaekish-pnrple, pear-shai)ed, about the si/e of a cherry.
and appears to have boon succulent, as us lal; internally it is
filled with horizontal rows of tlat, sulironiforin, pale-brownish,
bouy seod.s, with a narrow embryo curved into tho form of a
11.-)
no
FLO 11 1 D A G U A V A.
liorsi'shoe. Tlic cotjlcdoiis an; very siniill, and in the (^eed aro of a bright waxy yoUow. Tliis species is very nearly allied to the Piiqile-lVuited Guava, (P. Cutllcianum,) scarcely dill'ering in any thing but the sniallness oi' the leaves and the pyrifunn fruit, though the leaves of the Purple Guava, In'sides being much larger, are also pubescent when you'.:;^. Most of the species of this genus are cultivated in the tropics for thei". fruit. The P. ji//ri/cniiii, or Common Gnava, bears a fruit aljout the size of a hen's egg, yellowish, with a pecidiar odor; the pu'p is rather firm, ilesh-colored, sweet, agreeable, and aromatic. In the West Indies it is highly esteemed by all classes, Ijeing eaten raw, as a dessert, or formed into an excellent sweetmeat and jelly.
'?f the fruit of the Purple Guava, to which ours is so closely related, Lindlty remarks, "The excellent flavor of its fruit, which is vei'y like that of strawberries and cream, is far supe- ri(jr to either I', pur'ifcntin, /Kimi/uniiii, or jjo/i/cdr/ti//!." JMr. Sabine remarks of the IVuit of this species, "that it is juicy, of ii consistence much like that of a strawberry, to which it bears some resemblance in flavor."
What the present species may become, when cultivated, re- mains to be proved; but in a genus so genenilly interesting for their fruit, the exiieriment is worth making when an oppor- tunity may oiler. Probably Dr. Baldwin I'ound it growing near or above New ►Smyrna, as ho did not go nnich farther into the interior (;f East Florida.
PLATE XXV.
A lir<i.iii:h (if the nalund aizc in fntil.
I
! Oi the uiy uit, uch sof i /'.
I ol'
hfl-
/'est LIS a
M-ly niit,
II po- xMr.
',0f
ears
, re ; for jpor- near tho
4
I'l.XX'Vl
M
fUrlinl i;i/,/i''ilf//„
<'!ily|ilr;iiillies tliylrjiciilui
t/t it/iuiii/Ji,' ,/n /rt/ftt/l
C A L Y r T RANT II E S. ^
(SwAurz.)
Niihintl Or<h:r, MyktACK.K. Linwran Chmsifiralioii, TcoSANDKlA,
jSIoNdGYNIA.
Tiilic of tlic ('"/(/.)• oliovntp, with tlic Ijordor entire; wlion llowcniig, liiirstiiij^ cirei-liirly in tlio iorni of ii luteral, and nt length deei- (hious, lid. I'dnl ■ none, or two or throe iind minute. Slamcns many. Sh/h' one; stli/ma ;innilc. Onin/ 2 or 3-cellcd, the colls 2-seeded. The /((/•/■// liy ahortion 1-celled, 1 to 4-seeded.
Small trees of the We.st India Irtlaudd and •.; IJrazil, the leaves with pinnated veins. Flowers small and uiimeroiis, usually in axillary or terminal panieles.
FORKED CALYPTRANTIIES.
Calyi'Thaxtiies ciiYTKAcri.iA. Arkinn, fnUh omlis apirc atlciitialis riijuliiiscidl; (tcinuiii tjldliri-'^, pcdiuuidls a.rillnri-la-,n!ii(dil>tis tr!c/'ul<,iitis panictdtilis Jforilim/uc rufo-vdulinis.—DECA^o., Trod., vol. iii. p. -JaT.
C. cuYTiiAC'iLiA. Arborca, jpcduncuUs tcrminalibits (richolomis tomaitosis, JiiUis orafi-s npiir nthnwdi'^.—iiviARTi, Prod., p. 711; Flor. Ind. Occid., vol. ii. p. !t21.
*Tlio nuiiii' fnim xiunrrT/iu, a rnl, and uvfti?, " Jlmnr, in ullusion to tlic opor- I'ullJ fonu of tlif c;ilyx.
117
118
F (J H K E 1) C .\ 1. Y 1' T ]{ A N T II E S.
MVUTTS CIIYTnArn.IA. Polil)iriii:.<i iVrJiotmilis p/lili'riil,i/:.i fiiiimi/iisix,
fiiliii f/rriihii.t siilidi-tith UrmiiKtVJi'lfi. — Lix.v,, Aiikpii. Aciidoiii., vol. v. p. StiS. SwAHTZ, Olisorv.. ].. 202. Clii/frdi'iilifi. urbdirn, fullis urutis f/hibris oppositi.'', I'arnnis Irrmivililius. — Bkowx, Jamaic, p. 2^9, t. 37, li,?. 2.
EniKXIA TALMCNS? I'OIUKT, Slljipl., Vol. ill. ]i. 122.
Tins plant forms an oloiraiit ami cnrions small troi', witli Iiavd woikI, and in Janiaicu is ad'onntod an oxcfUent timlicr; but tlu' trunks siddiini fxci'cd'fourtiH'n or fifteen inelies in diameter, in Jamaica it is found in the dry nionntaiu-lands ; it is also indigenous to the islands of St. Tlujnnis and riuadalou[)e. and it has now also lieen found on Key West by Dr. I'lodirett.
The hranches ajjpear to he poveri'd wiili a gray and smooth hark. The leaves, when in hud, as well as tiie j'oriug hranches, llower-stalks, and calyx, are clad with a slujrt, soft, ferruginous down, Avhicli wholly disa[)pears from the Iciives as they advance in thi'ir deveIo])ineut ; they are of a lanceolate-ovate form, mirrowed into a short petiole helow; above, acuminate but obtuse; beneath they are distinctly jiennate-nerved, and too opaque to admit the light through the resinous glands with which they are nevertheless provided : they are about two inches long by an inch in width. The llowering panicles are trichotomous, usually ti.'rininal, and c(msiderably ramified. The llowers are small and whitish, from the color of the stamens. The cal\x is ferruginous and tomentose, formed of a small obovate I'vt'u cup; the whole border, separating in a circular manner. Hies over to one side, in the foi'm of a rouudt'd petal, from whence issue the numerous liliforni stauu'us with small whitish anthers. Tlie germinal fruit api)ears small, dry, and tomentose; but I am unacquainted with it in a ripe state.
PLATE XXVI.
A linuii-h I'f the tmlnnil .'-Ci'. u. A Jhin r iniKjtiiJhil, .■^liuirin;/ the latcnil
lulltil'LldX of the lid of (hi: rilli/.r.
E U G E N I A.
(MiCllKLI, LiXN.)
Nulnml Order, MyrtACE.E. Linwran Chiss'ifiaitlun, ItOSANDRiA,
MONOCVNIA.
Thf tube of tlio cahir roimaisli, with the border ileejily 4-parteil. ]\hls four. SUniicna many, frco. Onirn 2 to H-ccUed, tbo eell^^ containiu,!; soveviil ovules. Bonn sub-irlobone, crowned will, the Iicrsistin.LT cmIvx; when mature, 1 or rarely 2-cellcd. Sccb (uie or tw,^ roundish and lariro. The embryo pseudo-monocotyledonous, {\xa\oUiUd„uH very thiek an,l wholly blended together, the rndick more or less distinct and very short.
These are trees or shrubs mostly indigenous to the Caribbean Is- lands, or the warmer parts of America. The leaves and intlores- eenco arc verv similar to those of the i^fyrtles.
* Po iKmUMl in lumor ..f Princo Eugene of Savoy, who was a pvoteeler an,l eiieoura-er of botany, ami possessed a botanic jrardeu.
llil
S^LVLL-LEAYED EUGEXIA.
El.'dEN'IA DICIIOTOJIA. J'i'ilmir(ilj,s (i.rilliniljiis opposHi.'; d siilitrnnin/ilihils folio bmijinrihiis liifulis ant liis liijhlin, Jlorihiis in (lichntoiniis fisaililms cdlcris 'pcdiedhitis, fuUii dliplico-l'incculdtis ianl uUtnuaUs jxlldrldo- 2>Hnctati!<, cuhdlis (jlahris, juniiirlhiis ttlrinfjHc rnnudis calycibuf^quc i^ubcit- ccnWous. — Decand., I'rod., vol. iii. p. 278.
Myrtus (liiholomn. — Vahl ! ^IS8., Poiret, Supiilcni., vol. iv. p. 5:]?
/9 FUAIillAN;^, foliiS oralis f/l'ihrix. EutiEXIA FKA(iUA.VS. WiLM)., Sp.
ri., vol. ii. p. 9G4. Bot. Magaz., t. 1242. U. munkua, Auul., Guian., vol. i. p. 41t.3, t. IDo ? EuiiENiA ilintrlcal'-i, Lam., Encyu., p. 202.
Tins elegant and fragrant species of Eugenia, resembling a, Myrtle, becomes, at Key West, according to Dr. Blodgott, a tree. It is also indigenous to the islands of St. Domingo and Cuba, where specimens have been collected by I'oiteau and La Sagra. The variety /ivijraiw (for such I must consider it) is a native of the high mountains in the southern part of Jam.aica and Martinique, and, if the same with Aublet's K nioiifana, is also a native of Guiana. The K. fi-<i(/r>iiis has many years since been collected by Dr. Baldwin, in the vicinity of New Smyrna, in Enrt Florida.
The wood of Jl dlairimta, according to Lamarck, is hard, olose-grr.ined, and reddish, .and is much esteemed for articles of furniture. The wood of the Florida Tree is exactly similar; while that of E. moatana, according to Aublet, is hard, com- pact, and white.
The branches of the plant now figured are covered with a smooth, light-gray or silvery bark, and at the summits are crowded witli small, shining, almost oparpie, leaves, but yet interspersed with the usual i-esiuous vesicles of tlie genus ; they are from an inch to an inch and a half in length, and about three-ijuarters of an inch in breadth, Tiiostly elli[)ti(' or elliptic-
f-J
■i
:l
I'l WVII
<■/«//// Irarrt/ f.'rtt/cma I'mtn / i/irA, ■/,'///,
SM A liL-hH A V Kl) K I' <i M N I A.
liil
oMoiijr. and alwiiys iiiirrowtMl holow; sometimes tliey iire iieurly
limceoliite and ohtiise at the point ; scarcely any veins are visi-
bif on citlici' side, but tiie iiiidril) is iiromincnt bciiciitb. The
young leaves, Imds, peduncles, ami calyx are clothed with a
close, short, hoary pubescence, wliieh in the variety /rtujriuis
is nuicli less distinct or almost wanting. Tlu' peduncles are
axiihny, coming out toward the sinnmits oi" the branches, and
are of various lengths, sonu'times only a little longer than the
leaves, at otiier times crowded into tricliotomous branchlets
two or three times longer tlian the leaves , in their most simjile
form, except by the al'orlion of tiie lateial buds, tiny ternunate
in three llowers, the central one sessile in the fori\, and the
lateral ones on longisli, diverging pedicels; al otiier times the
peduncles are twice trifid, or even more ramified, and lengthened
out ver}' much in the progressive ripening of the fruit. The
segments of the calyx are always fo\ir. broad and rounded,
covered with resinous cists or vesicles, and pubescent or ciliate
on the margins. The pt'tals arc likewise rounded or concave,
whitish, witli a tingo of red. The stamens are lunnerous.
Style simple and sul)ulate. Tin; berry at length only l-.seedcd.
There arc a pair of miinite, subulate bractes under the base of
each l!ower-l)ud, but .so deciduous that they are seldom to be
seen.
One of the specimens of the variety //v(_(//vo/.s from New Smvrna, has very slender twigs; and on the same specimen there are obtuse and very K/iiifiili/-wii/i; leaves. In this also tin' peduncles are chieliy axillary. This plant is nearly as fragrant as the connnon Myrtle.
PLATE X.WII.
A hnnirli nj' lltr tinliirdl si:,\ a. Tin jh'iri r 'i lilllf , iilnn/fl. It. '/'I'f //.)•/■//, iij' llic mitiii'iil stZi'.
IV.— H*
TALL EUGENLV.
EriiF.XIA I'llOCKHA. I'oliirllis iliiljlnri.^ uj-illdrilidf: ^-\-f<)iifi rlis fi'tii)
hrcviorlbiis sub Jhirc liilirdchtihiti!', fAiis ovilis ol/lnxc iicdniiiintls rn- iimqiie. (jhibris. — Poiisct, Siiinil. P^iK-yc, vol. ii. p. l'2!l. Dkcand., Trort., vol. iii. p. 208. ^^vu■n•s ruocEUA. rtildiifulis rudfirds (mllaribns vmjlurh^fulds uniiix acuinmalis: phidi" f/fd.hri's, rddii.^ finjdHs, rdulc urlmrro. — Swaktz, Ti'od., p. 77. Flor. Iiul. Occident., vol. ii. p. 887. W'ili.u., Sp. pi., vol. iv. p. itiJS.
Tins is aiiutluT plunt witli tlie aspi'ct ui' ii Myrtle, wiiicli becomes a tri'e and attains an i'l('\ati()n of twciiiy to tliirty fet't. It was discovered liy Swart/, in tiie linests of the interior of Ilispaniola. It is likewise indii^iMKUis to the islands of Mar- tinique and Santa Cnr/,, and has now been Ibinid coinnion on Key West by the same gentleman who met with the pre- ceding .species.
The wood appcu's to be white and close-; i-iineJ. The twijjjs are clothed with a light gray, almost white and silvery, hark, and are spreading and sonn'tiines zigzag. The leaves ar(! on short jietioles or." and a half to two and a half inches long by an inch to an inch ami a half wid". ovate-acnniiuate, and ob- tuse, rather opaque, nearly scentless, though provided witii the usual resinous vesicles, and from the bud (hey are perfectly ,«mooth. The llowers are said to be fragrant, and come out ou separate axillary peduncles, from two to foui' logetlier; the pedui'i'les at first are not more than three or four lines long, but grow out at length to the extent of half an inch. Tiie seg- ments of the calyx are four, rounded and Ijroad, rough, with aromatic vesicle.', but smooth. Tin; p(,'tals, four, are rounded and concave, slightly ciii.'ited, and ap[ii'ai' to liave lireii reddisji white. iStameiis numerous, the anthers wliilish. The berry
spherical, brow lisli yellow, about tin' si/.e of a grain of Mack 122
<
r.iliitMii:! |ii(H'fr:i
A/// //
•t^etu
/,f/n/fi>:tttT f/fn
rngmm
i
Pl.XXIX
Htkf letivftl thtfft'tnti.
K"f^eiiiit iMixiroiia
ltiinhi*.firr It fhit 'h.v ilftnii.v.
pep Mild lir.sl l-se
IIOV
tllil
dill
.1 L
I I \
Nh
liii
I'Dl
he til
liUX- LEAVED EUdENlA.
\-l:i
\)v[)\n'r, stiuldinl over witli mmuToiis gliiiids or iiroiiiatic cists, and irowiu'd with tlio hroiid, persisting border of tiie eulyx ; at (irst 2-eelled, with several ovnles ; at length the berry is oidy l-seeded; the seed large, witli no distinct cotyledons. It liowers in April. The size of the leaves a[ipears to vary, .so that in some .specimens they are uniibrmly only about hall' the dimen.sions we have given.
PLATE XXVIII.
.1 hnoich of the v.atand aizr. and if /In hn/i-lnii-cl hind. a. A cliidlif </
tlic bcrric'".
BOX-LEAVED EUGEXIA.
EriM:NI.\ r.UXIKdl.I.V. I'ldniu-idifi nj-'dhdulina rniiin^i^ ii\(dlijh,ri-' In'i (■(.-■'«/;/('>■, ludirclh'.'! Sidl ll'ifC li:lil-'lr/,nl(ll!y,fiilJi--i ol/OVatO-ohllinrjis iilitilsj.l htl.'<: ,ll/i-
nu(iti-'< opftr(.< stili/iin pinirlntig m(ii-<i'iic sidirci-dbili-i. — Dkcanu., I'l-dd.,
vol. iii. p. 27'). Wii.i.D., Sp. pi., V..I. ii. p. HOO. MvuTC's juxiriii.iA. Ji'iiriindis linrisM'in!.'! niiifii'li>: nxiU'iriln'-', Jnlun
vuiicalis oliliiiKjiii iMiisis coiivcxiiiscidi-i.—^wwiTi, I'rod., p. VS. Fk)r.
Ind. Occid., vol ii. p. 8!)9. 31. imidimhi ? HwAiirz, Elor. Iiul. Occid.,
vol. ii. p. Hit.S. Mvicri-s AXILLARIS. I'oiKKT, Diet., vol. iv. [). 412, (lion Swarl/..) M.
I'lilnli, Spreng. Syst., vol. ii. p. 4S:1.
This pliint, also a native of Cuba, St. Domingo, and .Tamnica, hiis lieen observed at Key West hy Dr.Blodgett, where it is very coinmon in sterile places, aflecting the vicinity of the sea, and becoming a tree of about twenty feet in height, with a hard, white, close-grained wood. The bark is whitish-gray and even ; the twi'is are slender, and chiel'.y clothed with leaves toward
121
I! ( ) X - h K A \ E I) E U G E N I A.
tlicir smiiinits; [hoy aw wcd^o-obloiij;-, Honu'tiiiu'H alninst hinccch latf, ol)tiisL', and ahvajH iiariMwcd liidow into a luiiuiti' [it'tioli', ^io tliiit tlii'v ai)j)t'ai" to he nearly .^ess^ile, ahovt; of a daikisli f:reeii and .somewhat shiuinjx, beneath ihdl and jialci'. ^h iid( riy nerved heuealh, soniewliat opanne, pnnctate, and nli.ulitly i'e\(>- hite on the margin; they are abont one and a hall' ineiies long by
one-liair to tint
'•([ni
irters of an iiuli wide. The llower.s are vei
.'iniall, in axillary branching elnsters of three to seven together on tln^ minnte and \ory short bracteate raceme; tlii're are two niinnte liraeteoles nnder each llower; the calyx as well as the
than twice the leniith of the cdvx. The ealvx, racemes, and
tals are studded with resinous glands, and tiie latter are nion
twice the length of the calyx. The calyx, minute liranehlets iire covered with a close lirownish pubescence. Tile llowers are 2>f>fi/!/iuii<>iix, on many sjiecinu'ns sterile, though furnished witii the jiistilhun; and nuuiyof the llowering clusters are produced on the mdied branches where they have been pre- ceded by the former leaves. The berry is dark brown, covered with resinous glands or cists, about the si/e of a grain of black ])e[)[)er. and when mature C(jntains one or moie (rarely two) large seed.s in one or two colls, with blended, Inseparable c(jty- ledons.
PLATE XXIX.
A briuu-h of tin; naUiral size. (t. A Jlnu-cr iiil((ri/ul. h. Thckiri). r. A Inrri/ willt two cttln.
I A.WIl.
1^
N.
^
/m/itifi .f/fmnn/
Tci'iuiiuillU i-:Uj(|i|i:i
A\tiiti/.'/ifr </*' • /^'/'^,//ji//
INDIAN ALMOND.
ya/nral Onhr, CoMnuETArK.r, (H. r.ruwn.) L!,n>mm 6'm..v/>/nt- tij)i. Dkcaxdui.v, Mo.nugvma.
TEPvMIXALIA. (Linn. Dixanl.)
Klnw.is orteu roLY.iAMois lV„>u ul,o,h..n.-15onU.r of tlie r.h/.r a.'.i- auo.,s. ,.nui,anu!ulo, r.-d.fl, ihe .livi.U.ns a...t.. J>,f'rls mm.. :,.„„/„s lei,, in a .louble vow, long.. tLau the calyx. (Mn;>, %v.tU two (.r rlMTO ovalos. %/■' iilitornu so.n.wliat lu-ulr. i/nV- ""t
.,,ow I hx tlK' ralyx, cfi-.u .li-y, in.Ul.^ceuV. l-se..l.a. The .cal
i-oseniblinix an ahiuuia. C-'///.^/-/'- spirally .M.nvoh.te.
Trees of the largest si/.o or shruhs, >vltl, alternate or rarely opposho l^,,ve-^ crou-aea toward the extremities of the l.ranches, a.,.! henee ,l,e tjenerie name. Flowers in spikes: the spikes in r..eeines or pani'eles, l.isexual in the lower part, and male in t!,e n;.per.
S 1. Catappa, (C^erlner.) The drjpc co„q,ns.ol, v:llh the n.mjm u-mrjvd or ini-ii-h, (ilkiniatal.
CATAPrA, OR INDIAN ALMOND.
Ti-niM 1 n M.rA e vr.s ppa. 7'o///.s ohnvaU, km allnnmli^ ^»l>lir. moUllrr p>,hr.<.
DKrAM..', I'roa., vol. iii. p. H. Ltnn-, -M'^""^- V" ■'^'*- TniMINAl,.A CATAIM-A. Leaves uhont the extrennties of the hraneh- lets on slant petioles, ohovate, enneiite, and attennalea, at the same time slh^ditlv eordu'e at the base, a little repand, with a large
12G
CATAl'J'A, ()
IMJIA.X AL.MOMD.
oprc
(1 i;l;in(l lu'iicatli on each side tlic tiiiilrih iiciiv lljo l)iis
ili
Miliiai'v, siiiiplv
sliortc
or IliMii the loaves; (InqK!
i>\al, i'.iiiiih'c.-s(m1. i;Ialir'ius, « illi olcxatcd naxirular iiiarj;'iiis. cDiivr
liiitli r-i(lo:-. — Ai'.NnT, I'l'dd. Iiiil. (»ii( lit., vol. i. p. 813.
AClfllN S
J.-, w
I. i. tah. Ill"
Illiist. tah. 848, tiir. 1. A'I'i
liiiKKi), Flora Malaharica, vol. iv. talis. :] and t. Tuuuicv and Uuav,
F!or. X. A
HUT., vol. 1.
4S;1
"[>
A((iiiii)iNf; to Tonry and Gray, Dr. llaslor lias discovered this
rn Florida. A \arit'ty ol' it is known to
did t
roe ui >outlii.
I'.Mst ni
the C
iribiiean
Islands, which llinahoiilt and Knnth
iniaiiincd to hi> intro(hiced; hnt I'or tiiis supposition there is pro- bahly no snilicient uroinul, us Poitean euliectcd it in thi' forests t)f St. Doniinjio, < near eonjiener, il no Anblet, — iiis T<iiii/><
■il I
Kive a .xneennen now InMore me
ipe
t tl
le siune tliunr. was lounc
d in (
iniana h
'>■
; vet the favorite reuion of it.s e.\istence is
in tlie tro[)ieal l'or(>sts of India, on liie sandy and jirs .('lly coast;-
.f Malab;
ir, ai
id in tlie island of Java: it tl
injr to liheed. a very laru'e form, like that ol' a loftv S
K'l'e and splendid tree
ronies, accore
P.>'
pri
the leafy snnimit lieinii' eom-
jiosed of al!iiost-hori/,(jiital brandies disposed in circular sta.ucs. Its wood is white, wvy hard, e(nered witli a smooth gray bark
w
hicl
1 IS re I
1 witl
iin.
Tlie leaves, situated near to the extre
un-
ties of the branchlets, six or seven together, at intervals, form
lioiit si,\ 111 niiK'
or
circular clusters of great regularity; they are a inches long by three to five Mide, of an inver.sel}-ovoid cuneate-oval ligiiiv, widening towanl the summit, where they become almost round, with a short, abrupt, slanting ])oint in the centre, narrowed and somewhat cordate at the base, nearly entire, or obscurely though sometimes \cry distinctly erenulated on the border, green and snuiotli aixjve, slightly imbeseent beneath; the young leaves and shoots, as well as the peti(jles, ilothed with a brown and close tomentum. The llowers are
mall, without scent, of a whitish 'i
rccii. aie
1 di
III iireat
ibers ill se\'eral almost terminal a.\illary slender spikes; 'hey
C A T A r r A, ( » 1! I X I) I A N A L M ( » X D.
nre nearly sessile, with oadtieous, coiieiive, oval, [lointt'd braetes. The ealyx contains a small, ver^- hairy, u-toothed eup. The spikes are not as long as the leaves. The IVuit is an elliptic shell, a little compressed, glabrous, surromideil with an (devated margin, eon\ex on both sides, and reddish brown when mature. This druiie includes an oblong, very hard mit, of one cell, con-
el ry
taining a white kernel, of a taste appro;
filbort-nut. but more oily and soluble.
diing to that of the
In India it is also cultivated in gardens. The large al
mon(
like kernels of its nuts are eaten and served at the Ijest tables. An oil is obtained from the kernels by expression, similar to that of the olive, which is said never to become rancid. It is made
ii-t
o enudsions lilvc alniom
ds
The Indians
)U
the
leaves medicinally for indigestion, bilious allections, and other
ma
ladi
PLATE .\X.\ir.
tU I'linirli i,f IIh ii'iliinti .■^hr. </. Tla j/mn r. !•. ?}■■ mil.
TirmiiKiliii 11 ii::iiiii has a milky saji. and was believed to pro- duce the iien/.oic acid, which, however, is now doubted.
Anothei- of the species, Ti iiniiKtUn nnii.r. is said to afford the celebrated Chinese and .Iapane.-<e varnish used in their lacipier- ware. This tree grows on the mountains of sevei'al of the southern jirovinces of China, and in the Moluccas. It jiossesscH a lactescent Juice, which, as well as its exhidatious <'ven. are said to be deleterious; but the kernels of its fruits, like those of the Catappa. are perfectly hannless and agreeabU'. vVt Batavia, re'jular plantiitions are nuulcof th(> Tiniiiiiiilin Muhicrdiin.'m the gardens and places of public resort, for the sake of its agreesdili' shade.
CONOCARPUS.*
((i.iniiN'i-.r,.)
K,iliir.il 0,;hr. CoMBUF.TACK.K. Uininmi y.l„s.iJhvl!on, Pextan-
DlilA, MnXdCVNIA.
The flowors .l<'ns..lv M^tr.vir^.l' <1 i" irl"lmlar or oblo,.- s,.U<.-liko funents.-rulK' (.f tlie ,„/./,,■ :.boul the hni-lh <.f ihc ovary, pw- sist.nt; iho honh.r r.-.-h.lt. /'. /"/^ m-nc «,o»rv-.? five to ten. ox"- Rorte.1; tlie anthers heart-shape.l. Oran/ coinpresse.!, contannns two ovuh's. The fnnl.^ eoria.'e..ns, corky, and seah'-like. cU,sely inihrieatecl, an.l inaehiseent. (o/yuA-/-. spirally e.nuolute.
Sn.all .narUin>o trees or shrubs, with alternate, entire, somewhat coriaecous loaves. Tlea.U ui llowers peaunenlate,!, axillary, or ternu- nal, solitary or in panicles.
BUTTON TREE.
i;,<,nuh,h.;.. cnp;n,V. ,w.;,../-//..-I)i:.'AN„., rro,l., vol. n. p. K-. Ja<x,., An.er.. p. TS, t. oJ. ('ATiisuv's Carolina, i. :):i. «,/,7^o,w.— l)KeANl>., 1. e. -, , , , 1
C„ -. .. cr<rU,. Fruits retnnvely i.nhrieate.l in a suhglo.iose head,
somewhat hort-shape,l, serrcely ^vin^e,l; tube of the ealyx not ,,,,„lueed hevond the ovary; leaves oval-lanceolate, mostly acute or aeunnn.te at each en,l, usually with two d^'".ls at the base; heads panicled.-TouuKV and (iiiAV, Flor. K An,er., vol, .. p. 48...
'^V^^^^^^r^ -"/"^"M » /'■"'"'. ''" ff"" rmiubUug lUo cone of ua Vix,
not
48;'
ko
ii.it
im-
Ki
of ttU
4
I'l XXMll.
RITTOX THEE.
12!i
M<iii<jl«ihi iii-lmr CiiniKiarira f<illis .ialii/iii.<. — IfKiiM.. I'liriul. I'.at. Com-
MKi.iX, Ifdi-t. Auist., II. llf), uiiin. ic. Abiiis niiiri/iiiKi. iiiiirl'ij'iilid i-dnartuniin. — I'lik., Aliiiiiu;., 1'^, t. 'J40, t'. S. Ahii fructti laurifulia arlmr inaril'mta. — Si.uani:, Jiiiri. Hist., ii. ji. IS, t.
l(Jl, f. 2. Jiiiioiiiinnlii. — I'l.r.M., ic. 1:!.'), t. 144, f. 2.
This is iinutlu-r tropicul AWst Indiiin trco wliiuli Uk.' soiitlicrn cxtivinity of Ivist Florida liiis allurdcd. It liiis hccii oliscrvcd (111 tlic slioiv ()(' Key Wt'st, Suutliorn Floridii, iiiid iinmrid 'I'aiiipa Hay. Ill tiio AW'.st Indies, liko tlic MaiiiiTovc, with wliieli it urow.-^, and for a i<ind of wliicli it is taken by tiie Spaniards, wlio call it MiiiKjIc Sanii/OfKi, it aifects the low sand}' and niiidd}- shores near tlio sea, where it Iieeoines an erect tree aliowt thirt\' fi'et high, with the trunk a foot in diainetcr, having a sinootli, whitish-gray hark and angular branchlets. In South .\inerica it also e>:ists on the coast of f!naya(|uil, and in Ciiili. near \'al- paraiso. In a country where the finest kinds of wood arc so coinnion, that of the Button Tree is little esteemed, and it is. llierefore, only used for fuel; it is. however, line and close- grained, in the hranches brownish white, capable of a high ])olish. with scarci'ly any visible annual layers, and made uji almost wholly of dotted medullary rays. The general aspect of its inllorescence, and. indeed, its closely-imbricated inelegant beads of llowcrs, K'ad us almost to compare it with some of the Amciihirca; particularly the .\lder, while its real relations are t(j the ])resent famil}', which includes in the C<niihnlinii itself, and the singularly-splendid Cdconrla of Aublet, some of the most elegant and beantil'ul of plants.
The bark is gray, liitterish, and astringent, and no doubt medicinal. The leaves, of a yellowish green, are from two to three inches long, three-quarters to an inch broad, acute at each end, very smooth, and on short jietioles, which have fre((iiently two glands at the base. The llowcrs, i'lr which buttertlies have a great predilection, are very incons licuous. grei'iiish yellow.
Vol.. IV.-'J
130
lU'TTON TI} !•:[•:.
small, and cnlU'ftcil into gluhoso heads, in axillary and terminal
I'ew-liowered panir
Udi.
les on iiedicels al)out tlie k'nutli of tlio ca
The heads at k'ni:tli liecdme reddish: th
ip;
pi- ades are
small and scale-like, cork}-, dilated elliptic, Internally concave, with bnjad, thin, carinated mar^^ins, smd are very ol'ten abortive, never more than 1-seeded, and imhesceiit at the sunnnit.
The island of Co
iflbrd;
s another illie(
1 hut
vi'ry distinct
iriii-iniilii iiK o
)f Jii
icipun, ]ait (iown
species, which may i the C. 2 as a variety of the ])resent by Decandolle; the cidyx, however, is almost entirely smooth, with very acute segments, and the leaves are sharply apiculated, and sometimes obtuse with a short ])oiiit. In this the wood appears to be ver}' hard, and m.< close-grained as mahogany, of a dull white, inclining to giny, with a delicate featheri'd appciirance, and a thick baik, gray externally and blackish within.
According to Prince Afaxiniilian, the liiirl< of tlie ('iniiKiirpiix run i/iif.'iii (one of the ]ilants called Mangrove in IJra/ii) is nuich used at liio .buu'iro f<ii' tainiing.
pL.\Ti; xxxirr.
A Irnnirh <j Ihr ),iiliii-'(l .w';r. n. Thr jh.ir.r. A. Tin- Jh-:i, of the iKiliirnl ■•<'ii . c. '/'In' smiK' iiiiii/iiiliiil.
«.
:«
I %
SILKY r.uTTox tui:e
t.'iiNiiCAlU'l.S i:IlF.l'TA.
)• sr.uii'KA, (Vin-^
{rr, 111 llil'l
rilrril.) /•''/('
llllbuKjix Itll'ilUlllC (lilllll,
iiill.i ad ntriiin'iiiy p'lij'di'dn it^nii a
hili;.
!"■'
i-.<.s't' fi'll<j.s(i-s-irii'it-s
— DlXA.M)., I'l'i
vol. 111. p
M,ii,i/lr fota.i ulihwiiin liiio/ri.t KliiwjiK: nxMl Imuh/n
luiljiiLI'liXd (Ji
•hdiiA'Ua. —
tSLUANli,
Hist. .J mil., vol. ii. 1). 07, talj. 1«7, lii,^ 2.
ACCOUDI.NT,
to SI
OIUH'
this tree is ivuown in Jiinmicii l)y the
iiiinio o
Irc't, liiiviiif^ w
r tlic! Wiiito Mimgvovo,
(I attiiiiis till' lu'i.uht of twenty
hitc wood with a vuiy .Mnull pitli; thu hnriv is
also snioo
)crn louiu
til and wiiitish. Tliis variety, or
•cies, nas
also
wi
til the above, at Key
1
Dr. Bloil'ielt. We do not see any
Key West, in Kiist Florida, hy
thni'i
distniLruisli
h it as a
separf
ito siiecies Ironi tiie vrcrla except the peenhar
ilkv,
be elothed
shinin,^' pubescence with which the leaves contunie to be clothei even in the adult state.
131
LAG UNCULAJUA.^
((j.i;ktni;i;.)
X((/iiiii/ Onlir, C(iMiiiii:TACi:.i;. LiniKiuu VliiKsljiialiuii, Dkcan- DiiiA, M(i.\o(;yxia.
OtIiiT l)t)i'(U'i' |iorsistiiiir, suhcmiiiiiuiulato, H-lobed. I\l<tl.-i live, iiii- 1111(0, s]ii'failiiii;, iiml cuihiudiis. Sliiinins tiv(! or ton, in two scries, ill(•lllll^■(l. iS7/y/r sill Ml Into ; sli(/)ii(t t'a)iit!ito. jV"< luai'ifiiiod, ooi'ia- ooDiis, valvoloss, 1 or li-soodod, orowuod witli llio calyx. C'uli/tc- liuiif! convolute; tlio nidiclo very long.
A troo of the Carililioau Inlands, with ojniosito, olliiitic, biuooth loaves. IJacoiiios oiipositc, niany-llowei'ed, tlie Howor.s sessile, fnr- iiisheil with dceidiioiis hraetes ; tin; calyx liilii'aoti'oiate at the siini- iiiit. The seed gcriiiinatiiig within the nut. A genus nearly allied
to LUMNITZEKA of Illdiil.
WHITE MAXGIIOVE.
I
l.,Aiiixcii,AurA iiACK.MosA. (iinii!(i\ lil. ('ar)iol., vol. iii. p. 20!), t. 217.
Dix'ANii., I'rod., vol. iii. ji. 17. C'uNuCAKi'i;s KACKMOSA. Ful.ii< huicaibtlii-nndis iihlii.siiisfiilis, J'n/i-ii/iiis
scf/nytdis. — Linn., >>ii. jil. Wii.i.u., vol. ii. p. Wo. iSwautz, Olw.,
!>. 7!3. Jacq., Anier., p. f<0, t. '>'-\.
* Fniin tiiijuiicuht, u little buttlu, iu alliLsiou to the form of the uut. 132
Ills
Pl.XWIV
lllul, M.n, Mi„^,^.->.;;r„pi„.,
tlbil.
Mump
V. 1
Siiioi Tr
CDUU'
I'uur by tl sent Flor: Tl {lino long oiitii and rait
or <
clou ^-iu;i as t silk
IIK'I SIUJ
oVIi
wit
wrnkk^tSi
W II I T F. M A N s; i; (I V E.
];«
i:Ihis siJiiih-Cs, — Uiiuw.Ni:, Jam.. \i. l.V.t. M"iii/lc Jiif'firn, fnliii (///yj/iV/.v ,./■ (i(/i-(r.yu misraililiii-i. — Si.oa.m:. .I;iiii.
].. l")i;. Hist., vol. ii. \>. (ill. tall. Is7, f. 1. Kui, Dciidr., [i. ll.'i. SciiiA'H'Aiii'r.-. — KiriiARii, Anal. Fr., \>. !':2. tSciiou.-fi!iiA r., iiniiiii'ii'i.- Sviiv.SiiEi., Syst. \'ogct., vol. ii. i>. '-V-'d.
This jiliint is u native ol" tlu' .sandy and iniuMy slioirs of tlu- Cariblx'iin l.slands and tliu ni'iszliborinjr eontiiii'nt, wliui'u it bc- (•<jn»i's a k»i'ty, branching tree, sonu'tinies dividin.ii' into throe or tour trunks dose to the .uronnd : it i.s called White Mangrove by tile English inhabilants of these islands. Dr. Blodgett ha.s sent speeinii'iis cil' this tree also i'rom Key AVest, in East Florida,
The III- iMciie- ire eylindrio and brownish, the tnigs ferru- ginon>; tlie hM\t~ are opposite and .smooth, about three inches long iiii!il an inch and a hall" wide, u})on short petioles, cpiite entire, thick, and somewhat coriaceou,s, elliptic or ovate, obtu.se, and sometimes emargiinite, with a pair of glands near the .sum- mit of the petiole, and, in most of the leaves, toward the edge a|i[)e:i;- a nutiJier of nii.sed glandular points, which are closed or open. TLk llowcrs are ilisijosed in a.xillary and terminal elongated nieemcs, the racemes sometimes trilid. Flowers simdl. se.ssile, greenish white; the germ pyrilbrm. and, as well as the short Ix-rder oil" the calyx, eovei-ed with a sh(jrt, whitisb. silky })ubesce!i«'^i». Fi*tnls five, very small and caducous Sta- mens live, not .'xseited. The germ at its sunnnit with two sm.ill. dentiforin bra'^ifoies. the bractes them.selves short, broad- ovate, and cartiK'oii*. Style, at length somewliat exserted, with a snmll, enij|t«tate stigma. Nut l-seeded.
PLATE XXXIV,
A linnnli iif ll„ iiiitiin/l .'<;»■. ". Tin' iml in ^m idi'l;/ sluj,
'W%
11 A B HIT IJKKilY.
Xii/iini/ On/ii; Ki..i:A(i.\i:.i:, (JiissIlhi.) Ll/nntaii Chi'-sijiiitliiiii,
Dl(i:(lA, OlTANDKIA.
yili:riIKUI)IA,*(NrrrAu..) IllI'l'oPIlAr: (I'l i;sii.)
Fliiwurs DiiKi'iiii s. — Mali-; adj.r, 4-i!i'ri, iuirIi hir^cr tluiii tliiil uf tin; I'l'iMulo. C'lfiM'i, iiiiiu'. Slaniiiia ci^^lit, iilti'i'iiatiiii;; with :i tiUMis ot' I'iirlit .u'laiiils. Fi:.MAi.i: llnwcr with a siiiali l-i-lrlt, siiprrinr, caiiiiia- iiuiatu (■('///.;■, imd C'ii;-ht liiaiids. .S/y/i one; si:<iiiui dhiiijiR', siiiicapi- tute. 7)i('ry juioy, l-seoilcd, globosi.', iiivi'ritc'il with the llushy calyx.
iSmall trees, spiiiesreiit or iiiinriiied, \\itli tlie general a-^jieet ul" J'JliiO(jiiiix. Jjeaves t'lilire, ()]Hl(l^ite, elothed witli silvery ami t'erni- u'iiums scale.-:. Flowers small, in axillary elii>ters, cr in s[iikes. Berries pulpy, diaphanous, searlet, suhaeid.
RABBIT BEUllY,
|
OH |
||||||
|
WESTERN SlIEPH^llDIA. |
||||||
|
8iii:i'iii:i;i»r |
. .vmii:N-TEA |
S'lilUs i''Jiiiiijfi- |
'^■»»ftts. t/llllXI |
s i/liihris, |
III, |
■'iiijili' |
|
nr<fin"!'i-l |
\mti;t!s, Jlnrlhiis 'ill III), ml ix. |
-Mj'n.. tie |
1. Aiuer. |
> Vi |
A. ii. |
|
|
y. -2*0. |
Loi don's |
Ene,<e. lM(»ii.F>. J. |
. >:>: \v\n |
relUM et |
l-rutie., |
|
|
p. l:>:21, |
fii;. 12US. |
lIooKHK, >1<>P. |
B..1-. Am. |
, vol. ii. |
P- |
V,]x, |
|
t«h. 178, |
(well ilhist |
•aled.) |
||||
|
rillM'Ol'H^K |
art/diliiu — |
'i u^iJk b^Vior. Bi.r. |
Am., p. 11 |
"). |
||
|
* Xiiincd |
ill honor uf |
U' Itiii' Mt. Win. SL |
i-Jitlcrd, llleli |
iwratcir of |
the |
l.ivir- |
|
f^iril ISulanii: |
(larilin. A |
lUO.lt !^.ioUlili(' L'ilTJc |
iior ami skill'ii |
cuUivatur |
||
|
1:5 |
t |
i . :*
I
I'lX.V.W
sill pill ri|ii( iMLii'llli';!
l! 1 1 /ill I / /Sfri'i
hy''it\
Till ii;itivc J)r. l!i hctwi'i of .",4< of I!a soiiri, hut it Miui.l tl.(j It I'i.uhtc
tlio 1. witli
USt'l'lll
ami II All
(lill'cn on till from with lliclni
llfS I
and t
it r.n
\\w I).
pOlllK
In r.anl kill.'.
flftC'O
Mas^
of til im;, I
I! A I! I! 1 T r. I", I! I! Y.
IM
This very uhcI'iiI, Imnly, iind (iniiiiiiciitiil tn'c is wliolly ii iiMtivr (iT tlic uorllirni and \M'>tiTii ivvions of Ndrtli Aiiu'i'ica. Dr. liiclianlsijii ohscrvi'd it on tlit- haidis of tiio .SasUatcliawaii, hctwt'cii Carlton and Edmonton Ilonso Forts, in tlio latitude ol' •")!'. and Major rA)n;:;"s party I'oinid it firowinix on tlic borders ol' llainy I,iike, alioiit latilude r.)\ On the lianks of tiie Mis- souri, tlie limit of its ^oiitliern ranj^e is tlie borders of tlie Platte, lint it a|)[ieared to In' most abundant and fertile around Fort Mandaii. or tlie (Ireat Northern Heiid ol' the Missouri, in about thi; latitude of IS'; here it becomes a small tree twelve to ei,i:hteen feet in lieii;ht. ami when adorned with its brilliant scarlet berries, jiroduced in thick (dusters so as almost to conceal tlu! branches, lew obji^cts arc; more ornamental. ('ontrastiMl also with the silvery hue of the leaves, which I'eminds one of the useful ()li\c: it presents at once an iippearance both strikiiii;' and novel.
Amonjj,' the natives and Canadian vtnairenrs it has several dilleri'ut names. According to Lewis and Clarke, it was known on the .Missouri, to the natives, by the name of the I'abbit IJerry, from lieiu!.;' fed on, probably. In' tlioM' animals, and it was met with by their party in the gorges of the Itocky Mountains, liichardson says the (,'rei'k Indiiin.s give it a name which signi- fii's Fdoody Ilerry, (Metheoo-nieeva,) from the singular redness iind transparency of its fruit. The Canadian voyageurs called it (iniif'sf iJi' /id ii/\ or l>ull'alo-fat. from (he imaginary relish of the berries, or from the practice of mixing them with their fat j)ounded meat or penunican.
In 1S|.") 1 introduced a plant into the lji\eipool I'otanii^ flardeii; but. being kejit in the greenhouse, it was, 1 presume, killed with kindiu'ss, and was soon lost. About twelve or lifleen years ago, my friends Messrs. Windships, of Brighton, in Massachust'tts, in the vicinity of Pxiston. obtained a few seeds (if the iS/ii/Jni-</iii from the banks of the ]\rissonri. which, grow- ing, giive origin to all the [ilants now in the luited States and
!:!(!
I! A li I! 1 T
K I! II V.
ill ]•:
niii"s(
iinipt'.
A .stiiiulard live iit tliis tiiiu' jirowiii''' in tlici
■ry is r(iiit(' us largo as an onliiiary Applo Tree dI" llie same
age, ami it is ^ct very vigorous and mcreasuig in si/,(
It
1
lu'iieve, aliont twenty I'eet liigli, with a liandsoine, erect triinl<. clothed with a somewhat smootii hark, and jireseiils an ajipear-
am
V of the most vigorous health. Its resemhlanee to the Oi
i\c
is vi'i'v striking; it has a rounded, niiil'onn, elegant siiinmit, and wiieii ill fruit, wiiicii is at tiie (.'lose of summer, scaivels' ini\
tl
ling cm
1 he more I)riiliai'.t, from
load of iH'iries with wiiich
it is e\ery where clad; these are aiiout the size of small red currants, Juicy, hut not watery, of a pleasant suhacid taste, mixed witli a sweetness whicii renders them generally agree-
dih
.Maiie into sweet iellw in tiie manner of currant-^. liir\'
are tiiought pi'iieralile hy most who have tasted them. Jiiit
the great use of the Sheiiheril
la wi
11 be for coiistructinu' heih.
or live leiices, at least in the Northern Stati'S where it thiiscs well. Kept down l)y cutting, it hccomes suHlcientiy close, and has alst) tiie advantage of ijcing tiuirny, green, or ratiier silvery, ate in autumn, and it is attacked 1)\' no insect, nor siiliject
til
to iiiiy (
lisease or h]i'.iiit.
Tl
le iH'rries ai
V iireediiv de\'oured
WllO IIIK
ill tlie autumnal hirds, k rounil the trei- in
particularly robins and hhiciiirds
tiirongs wliile any thing remains to lie had.
in its native state it is u small, nitlier nnrrow-toppe<l tree, with the branches ending in stout sjiincs. The leaves are ol)long-ovato, obtuse, shortly petiolati
liotli sides I
ree irom
lanv
(tl
iti
lilt covered with peltate (U- roiiiu
led
lie
irou!
di a 1
ens
ip[ieai' to be ciliated
iiiii! out as earlv as in Mm
are III (
Th: lust
.iiicll
er-
Tl
le ('al\.\
Ih
l/r tic
I'onsideralil V larucr tli
that of the
female, and divided down to the base into lour snbovate. obtuse divisions, internalh' \filo\\i>h, but outside scalv liki
tiie
lior
leaves.
T
le stamens are eiLiiit, witii oftentimes rath
t, jnibesceiit (ilami'iity ; tlic aiillicrs are oblong and 'J-celird.
C A N A I) IAN S II K I'll M I! I» I A.
1:'.7
'I'lic / ///"/' llowcrs iii'c .siiiiilli'i' ;iii(l slioitly |iciluMciiIat('. \villi- uiil liny \('>tii;cs of sImiiicms. Tlit'i'c is one stvic, iiiid a tliii'k- isli, i)l)li(iiic', siiliilli|ili:; stiuiiiii. Tlic ucrni iipiiciirs inrci-ioi', liiit is. ill liict. (iiil_> iiiM'stcil \>y tlic tiiln' of tliL- culyx. Tlu' hcnics arc ('(ilici'ti'd into cliistci's. and ari' spariiiiily scattered uilli si'aics. Init liri,L:]it anil [(clincid. 'J'lic sccil, nr ratlicr nut. Avitli a cartilai^iniiiis sludl, is suboviitc and sliiiiinj;-, iiincli like tiiat III' Jf>/i/i<i/i/iiii : it is also scored fxtrrnaily, as if partly 'J-li)lii'd. ^^ilil a small pinji'i'tiuii at the hasr. The I'lnla'yi) is sti'ai;:lit and Hal, uitiioiit ailimncn. and tin' radii'lo iiifrrior. Tlio ('(ilyli'diiiis are larf;i', liiielc, and i)\al. Mr. Wyetii. in the Kiicky .Miiiintaiiis, ohser\i'd a \ariety itf this species witli yelliiw berries.
I'LATE .\.\.\V.
A liraiii-h ■)/■ //.r iiiiliii-'il .«CC
A secniid species iif (his ^'eiuis is the
SlIKl'llKKlJl.V CANAnK.VSIS, nv ('.\.\AnJ.VX SlIKl'IIKIfDlA, witil
elliptic-uvato leaves, nearly smooth above and iiaki'd beneath, clothed with stellate hairs and fcrni^diioiis scales: the llowcrs are also in axillary spikes. This specii's, it appears iVoni Hooker, ran.u'cs far to the nortii. throiiiiliont Canada to l-'ort l-'rankiin. on Mackenzie Jiiver. and Iroin Newtbiindland and Hudson's Bay to tiie Kocky Mountains. In the State of New ^ 'ik I have met with it on the borders of the smaller inland l.ike-. I •! well as on the shores of liidvc V.v'w; but tiiis speci'/s .^ca'Cei becoincs a tree, is without tiiorus, and thi' berries, ti'oiiuh eqiiiiUy brilliant (vith tiie preceding, are ratin'r un- li'easant to the taste. On the authority oi" Men/.ii,'s, it is said abo to exist on the northwest coast; but I luue not seen it there.
IV.— !i»
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PhotDg?apliic
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Corporation
23 WEST ^AAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. HSBO
(71«) 872-4503
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X,lhini/ Oiilri: Ol.ACINK.K. Liinnnui ('hts.s'ijhutl,,!!, ()( lA.MUMA,
MoXOUVXlA.
Cc'.v-'- 4-t'xitlKMl, iiiiiiiitc, ]H'rsi.^lciit, not .MilMrtriii.Lr- Z'''"''^' f'""'' (li'Msclv jiilo.-o wilirni, (■(ini'iviiit, :i1mivc ri'Vuliitc. ,SV.//;ii /-.v i'i.i,'lit, tlif liliiiiiciits .■;iiiilliiry. iinlluT^ ii.luuti', innir, i""'! liiK'iir, not oxmtI.mI. (h;n-;i J-fcllril. l-s,',.,!..,!. N////.' one. Dmi',- m-.\W, l-sfiilcil. — DuANH., Vol. i. p. •'>•!:!.
Ti-opicMl tivos or slinil.s Willi smoolli, iiltri-n:it.', .Mitir.', ollip- ticiil or oviito, I'xstipuhito K'iivos; llowors mostly in sniiill, iixillary
llMllu'lrJ.
MOUNT AIX PLUM.
XlMllMA AMi:iUr,\NA. S,,:ii.,.«t, j\r,;.< „l,lnii,,;.-; ;.,,/»»(■»/;,< millUforis.—
LiNX., Sp. i-l. lloH. Cliir., 11'.':'.. Swart/., Ol.s., p. ^V^. Ddcani.., I'roii., vol. i. p. o;!:'..
a unihi, foliis ovalis. .1'. //^'//;//../v:.-- I A-'iji IN, Auic-r.. p. I'l'i. t. -JTT,
liir. .-il. Lamauck, Uhist.. tal). •J'.t", iiu'- "!•
XlMIA'tA /»'
/„„„. — MAcrAiiVKN, Flora ol' .laniaii
liil ; a varii'tv,
liowcvor, witlioiit tlioriis.
Xi.>'i;ma
:ir>ih,il,i, ih>i-c ivV/./M), fnirlii /»/m..— I 'i.!' M int. Ccncr., p,
le. 201, tij--. 1.
* Niiliii'il in Ih.iinr nl' 1-'niti(i> Xiiinu s, !i ^\y.m\A\ iiatumlist iiii.l niissi ry.
l:!H
I
^
4
I'lXXXVI
.; W. r„.i .1.1
Ximniiii AMit'i'i<-:iii:i
u..„„/„,„ n„
I////* *//. //nit'f tn
'I
ill,!!', .li-. will
til.'
_\ca .lul
Ircl it i
1
vh
rill illl
llM
\\n
Tl 1"
re
tu ol t\ T
\>
ii 1. II t i
MAINTAIN I' MM. 1:!'.t
'I'liis ]ilimt luniis a small tree, witli an creel stem ami .-[Head- in;i'. uray, vemii'cise. ami soiiiewliiit angular livaiielies. It is in- digenous ti) tlie muuntains ol' Jamaica, Key \Ve>l in l^'iorida, wliere it was I'dmid liy Dr. IJIod^^ett. and is also met witli in the neiiildiiirliDiiil ol' Cartliaiicna. in llis|)ani<>la, and nnin\' years n\ii> it was edlleeted iii tlie interim' ol' Kast Florida hy .lolin liartram. iis Mr. \. (Iray ."^aw sjieeimens of it in liis eol- leelion still extant. Aeeordinu' to Drs. \Vi;.:lit. and IJo.\!)nriili, it is also iiidigenons to the coast ol' India.
It bears a drnpe the size of the plnm of iMiropc. or of a liiiicon's CL'!-'. ji'llow. smooth, ami shininjr, l-seedcd. with a thin rind and watery |inl|) of a pleasant sweet snhaiid taste. The seed is laruf and while. Ihis |iliim is of an a^i'ee.ilile lhi\iir. ami not inferior to the conimon varieties of that of Kin'ope; it has a slijiht dej;ree of astrin.ufiiey, with a jileasant acidity. The llower: lia\c a frajirant odor said to he like that of franl<incinse. The wood is as yellow as that of the .'"^andal. and. in India, its ])o\\(ler is often snlisliluted for it hy the Brahmins in their ndiiiious ceremonies.
The leaves i;row two or three to.iicther. cm short, lateral, tnhercnloid hranchlets; tiiey are jietiolate. ohlonn-huK'eolate, oiitnse, ami narrowed helow. smooth, ohseurcdy veined, aliont two or two and a half inelies lorn;-, ami less than an inch hroad. The llowers are disposed in small iieduncnlateil axillary and snhterminal niidiels. the nmliels three or 1-lloweri'd. The calyx is minnte and l-toothed. IV'tals four, lincar-ohloiiir. connivinj;' into a tnlie helow. recurved at tln' apex, and co\-ered with rather Ioii.l;' and dense lirow iiisli-yellow hairs within. Stamens ei,L;ht, as loiii;' as the petals, the (ilaments like the most delicate thri'ads, tli< anthers loiiu: and liiii'ar, ovary .S-anyled at the h;.se, conical mid swhnlate, with the st_\le as long as the .stiuueus.
I'L.VTf; .W.WI.
..I liiiiiirh '■!' i/„ iiidtiiid .v/;(. ((. 7'Ai finit.
JNIACLL JIA
(Nt n.M.i..)
S.ilinvl Onhi; AimucaijI'i:.!:. (K. I'.n.wii.) L!,u><ia„ Chissiji, tltjii, l)iii;( lA. Tf,ti;am'1!IA.
(iWcls liM'.rldf
lour, ('XSfl'l<
-Mai.i;
IWCIS Wltll
tli.' -■.//././■ 4-clctt. Sl'iitiins
il. Ki;.MAi,i; lluwns in irli'lml;
ir iiiii'-ii
Is ; llif r,ili/.r
t-blirl.d, Wilh tlir l>il>US illtf.MrUMl to.iri'tlKT. t'"/'..//" IM.II-
Sl;/h olif, tililoi-m, villous. (>n-ni.- imiiicniiis. .'ir
I'SfiiiLT into
1-sci'ili'il. S(t'l clioviile'.
•ll 1-Sl'Cllfll, COill-
ii ci.iniiimiul globiilui- lii-Ti-y ol' iiiuiiy I'llls, tlif cilU
A hicli'si'cnt tr>'<', r
L'llilW WciiM
■hih'il to till' l''n.-tir .-;i
1 with iii'iii-lv siiiiihir
1. Loiivi's iillcnial.', ontiiv, witlioiit stii.iilos. jin.ilnciiii,' Miilo lldwors ill iicdmii-uliitid mnliuls.
ipci-iixilliiry simiilo sjn
Aiiu'iits iixillary :it tirst lactcsi'iMit, irrci' ■.,,111 Ini, l>ut (listiiiL:-ui' iiofuliar lialiit.
llarv. lii'iTV vi'iriicosc ami lai'iri', ivsu
.■iiililiip.'' an d'aniT''.
lush-vfin
i\v 111' \cllou'.
Xcarly alliiil to /lr,,ii-i- .hcil 1)V llie coaK'M-i'iKi.' of till' ltciiiiS and a
OSAGE OKAXGE, on YELLOW WOOD.
Ma.miia AiiiANTiACA.— Xirr.,(icM. AiiKr.,vol.ii. 1.. -J^U. l.oi ih.n's Kn.v.l. <.f riaiits, p. THl. ti.ir. l.-l-J.M!. Arl.oivtmii ot Fniti.', vol. iii.
VV
i:U-2, 1-'lii2, fijis. 1-22I!, 1:2-27. V2-2H. Lamiii.ht's f^u\'[>
■nK'iil to
I'inus 1. <■. Katon's Miimial, (Hd. 8,) p. 311.
* In honor ul
f ho fcluhnit.-a K™l"t:'-'- I'hiK'>'tlKT, »nd i.Mtn.u ,.( .K,t»n,l
Win. Macluio.
I'l WW I
Nhit'liii':! Aiir;Milt:i)':i ^'itiife i'ndii/e /'mis ,/ . /r
T tlif ixl<
Ml
mil
r.f!
CVI
t^in
!l \
.-11
r.)i
til til
g'' III
Ik W V
\\
I'
\
I
■
<is.\<;i: <i I! A .N •; i:, oi; ^ki.i.ow uihih. hi
Tins r<'iii!irk;il>lt' tici', lli(iiii:li pi rt'crti} tliriviiiL' ami liaril\ in tlie c-liiiiiii<- (if i*iiilaili'l|iliia. raini'il t'niiri .xci-il^, i|im-h not iiahinilly i'\li'iiil lu the iiiirtli III' llif Arkaii^a-i llivi'i'; it is cmmi llicir nl' rai'' (KTiirii'iins tiiid m'licrally ilcHliliitc of t'liiii. We ^aw a li'w oM ill-;;rii\vii trif:* on tlic lianks of tin- I'oii. i Irw miles I'lum l''uil Siiiilli. it wan niil\ un lln' rich ln\v Imltim-lamls nl" \Ut\
llisfi', nriir tin nlliicmc of ilic Kiann'sliu, iIimI wr lirlnlil tin-
Maclnra in |)crrcrliiiii. liirminv a ;.'r part m tiif pn'\aiiim: iMiibra'jt'ons ftni'.st, ami attainintr an i-lfvatinn nl" lil'tv <»r sixty
II iw-
li-rl In a iliaimtiT i>( intwi'i'ii iwn ami •'nri' lirl. It is I'ViT. iiiiiili iiiclini'ij. wlii'ii riill-;;iiiwii. Id tju'uw lint irri'iriiiai- cprcailin;; liinlt.siif cinisiilcraldc cNti'iit, lli<)iii:li :it llr.-t it prfsmtH a very <'ic;:aiit runnilisli .-jni'MiiiiiLr .siniiiiiit. Mm at all lipids it >trikr.s tin- hrliulilrr as .sitim'tliin;^ rt'inarkalilr in 'In- Nipillii'ni I'liii'sl liy till' liraiit}- ami ^ipl(•luloI• (tf ilM dark ami sliiniiiv' liiliaj;*', wliifli ill apiii-arance str(ai,::ly n'si'mlilrs that ui'llir Oranirc; ami llir iiiiiiK'rou.s spines wliicli tlir luamlifs pri'M'nt m'Iii tn iniilinii
tlic ciitniianson
Til
iiiit is aliki- .-iii'jiilar. I'l'sc'inlilin'' I'lil
^ri'tiwn ycllM\visli-;.'r('('n oraiip's. Imt, lillnl with a milky jniii', ami, as they ripen at intervals, ur lieemne aliurtive. the l;i'i)iiiiiI iM-neath. like an nrclianl, is strewn with this eiirinus rniil, wliiih, wlion lil>t iliM'overeil lyili;^ lie;;leitiil Ipi'IIimiIi tlie (ree. liil the voyagers to tear ami report it as a |i(iiMiii; ImiI the I'amily to
whieh it appertains, ami its relation to the .Miilherr; pivsiiinptive sanetion lor its harmless ipialities.
illiail
The Maclnni was lii'sl noticeil hv Unnter ami !huiliar in liieir
lleil lliver, on the hanks of tiie IJllle .MissiMir,. of near Nateliiloilies, ami upon the hanks
vo3a.i:e
the Washita Iviver;
of the Arkansas. ll was likewise ohserveil liy Dr. .lames, in
.Major Long's e.spetlition, along the hanks of the Arkansas nnil
the Canailian.
vear 1^1". ill the i^anleii oC .^lr. ''I. 'uteaii. at St. Loiii-;, whieh
1 lirst saw living plants, Ix'uring fruit, ahoiit tin
'I'e raiseil from seeds eolieeteil in the countrvof the ( )s
It was afterward introdiieed into lit
irden ol' the late Ml
1 IJ < I S A (i K ( » I! A N ( ; K. ( » I! Y i: 1, L ( t W Wool).
McAralinn. Ill' I'liiliidclpliia. IVoiii seeds collected \ty (luvcnii)r Lewis. The lai't'cst ti'oo 1 liii\e st'cii ill cnlti\uti()ii is in iIk; ,i:;irdeii (if Mr. 'riioiiuis (now Daviil) liamlretli, in Fi'deral Sti-i'et. l'iiilailei[iliiii. It is iiliDUt twentv leet liii;ii and live and a iiaif in I'ii'cnniii rence. 'I'liis tree lias I'oi' many years lidiiie IVnil; Imt tin.' seeds lia\c only nl' late been perrecled. in C()nse([nence uT the ahseni'c ol' the staniinil'erons iniiividual. on the accession of wiiich, iio\ve\cT. il |ir(idnce(l ahnndance of seeds nearly as larw as tliose (if tiic Oiani^e. and inucji of tin' same form: these wero indii aleil in the I'liiit ly an nnnsnal projection of tlie external tidicrcles.
'I'iie wood of tlie Maclura is solid. hea\y. and elastic, of a fnu! \e]l(i\v cdloi-, wiiicii. lil^c tile Knstic. it i'ea(iily c(anninnicates to ^^aler. anil it miLilit consei|nently be nsed as a dye. It is also cajialile of recei\injr a line ]ioli>h. and resendiles satin-wood liy its brilliant jzloss. The cdasticity and din'ability of its wood haws long lu'cn ('(debrated I)y the Indians, who. from its nse, have bestowed n|ion il the name of Iiow-wood. and tlie ( 'unadian.'^, wild tra\('rsed tliese i'( ii.- in (|nest of fill's, loiew it loiiii' by tlie name of the Hiis il'uri-. The bark, as in /irnn^noni /iii. alfoi'ds a line white lia\. Anothei' important nse of the Maidnra, in this climate, is tliat of liirinini!' live I'ence.s or lied,L;'es. for wliieh imrpo.se it is well adapted, as it bears cnttini:. grows (dose, and is very thorny, as wtdl as free from tiie atta(dss of iiligiit and insects: it lias all tlu> advantage of l<ee[)ing for a long tinu; green, and a]ipears. in all respects, as (degaut a fence as that of the Wild Orange in the South. It has besides an additional recommendation in its nse I'or lce(liiig sill\-W(a'ins. for whi(di purpose it is scarcely inli'rioi' to the I'amons Munis luii/ll- (■(1)1 1 it.'''
* IlilliTi'iit iijiiiiiiiiis lire now cnlirliiiiii'il iif tlio viilin' nt' llir Iciivrs nl' ilii" Marluru a.s a I'uml I'nr .-ilk-wiiniis, muuo appruviiiir ami nilurs clr-cnura^iiif; lluir u.sL'.
I'l. XX.WIll
.\h«'liii-!i .\lirii,iti;tr,i .
frra a;e
iUV
1.11-
1'" itsi
\vi
do
in
SI
mi
'2h fill Ic 111 t't ir tl a a 1: li ('
V
OS
A (IK OUANliK, OK Y E M- O W WOOD.
It:
'I'hv 1
iriiuc
■lios ;uv lloxiiotis HU.l round, clothed with ii siiiootli
L;r;i\' bur
il.O usiiu
■k. Thi' k'iives nro idt.Tiiiit.'. iipt
llv oviil iUid acuiniiiMti'd; on tlir iH'urni
in lon'i I'oot-f^tiilks. mid
bnintdu's they
however, o
hase, vei
liciit; tlie U[)[K-
AV-n fousidei-iihly hir-.T, and hcavt-shiiptd at the
it iiuieronatcd and a litth^ pun-
tli ami shiniiii!. hut the petiole
V entire, with tlie poi
r surliiee ih suioo
;nid nerves o
11 I lie under .'^ide ol' the leaf are
;c)liie\vhat hirsutelv
puhes('ent. The petiole is ol'leii an iiieh itsell' two to I'our iuehes, and one an
or more U)ii'
the 1
.eal'
d a hair to three iiiel
widi
Tl
R' ntlllltillill ruiiii
plant appears uniforinly weaker, more
delicate, and smaller
•-leaved, than the lertile plant. The ll
lowers
111
it are axillary, in peduncu
dated smal
,ds, each umhel
coiitainui'
about lil'teeu to twenty flowers, consisting i
lu'ri
ly of
a sum
mens, on
U -l-clel't calyx, wit., oval liairy segment
ant
1 lour sta-
Icmilheiied and exserted iilaments. The anther
's are
:i-celle(
1,1
WV'SC
and oval, openi
nil
lengthwise. In both plant;-
SI
ngle, undivided thorns
come out in the upper axils of the
leav(
Tlie yl/mf/t; capituluni eon
SI
-ts of
a eon
iieries ol' llowers
mil
ted into a
globul
form, about tin si/e ol" a cherry; tl
iiese
con
sisl also in a calyx of four divisions, hut less regular tl
laii
in the male, three-fourths
an luc
a nee o
,f a tuft of long pubescent threads. The lierry
The styles and stigmas, one to each germ, are h long, giving to the anient the appear-
(iUed with a milky juice, becomes about the .size of a moderate hut not large orange, having an irregular tes.-<ellated appearance, almost like that of the Bread-fruit: these tes.-*ellations are the ""''"'.V" enlarged llesliy summ
its of the segments of the calyx. The
khole of the calvces, a
surhice
t a short distance below the immedia
and
become partly ingrafted together into one ma^
transverse
rtioii of the fruit, therefore, presents a serie;
radiating and woody fib 1-sceded germs.
res, ai
luong which are i
mmersed the
The seeds are obovate, compressed, and nearly
as large as those of the or
•ange. The testa is ye
llowish white
1H OSACi: <>!!AN<ir:, OIJ YELLOW WOOD.
and ca
l-til:
iLiiiiiiiis;
tlici
(' IS no iUlMuncn. (UK
1 tl
IC l^l't'll IS ()
.r
vcUowisli brown. ikmhImIdii
liiiis. witli ili(> Viidicli' iiivfitcil IVoni llio
iixis of the IVuit, and curved partly over the inar;;in of tlic thick and llcsliv cotyledons toward tlic point occupie(l hy the liyluni.
'I'lic I'riiit. wlicn ripi
nccnlcnt.
swcctisli lait insipid
taste, and is soniewliat acrid. As i'ar as we know, it is not
iten 1
)V anv annna
It is readily propaizated l>y sowin.ij- the seeds, and also Ly tini;s of the root. v. niidi ,i;row much more readily than cnt-
cu
tiniis ol
th
iinch
Althoimii several male plants were
rai.sed in this vicinity, it is sin.uiilar to remark, that while the fertile plant is in its utmost vigor, very lew of the lormer sur- 1, as their presence is necessary I'or fertility, it jirohaljly
the
an(
wou
Id be the liest way to iu.ural't the male on some one
branches of the bcarini;' plant.
A h
PLATE XXXVIL
rh of Ihi iiiiilf phiiil (if llii iiiiliirnl .'•■izf.
n>
,I,JI,.
(ink
cnlaiyal. h. Tla J'l muh' cqiili'-l'i
PLATE XXXVIIL
7V» fr'iil fif till- li'itiii-'il si:(\ (I. A triniz-vrrRc ."irlioii of Ihr ftrmic. h. T/n
"I'l""
// :rh view of the
:,f Ihr iilinr/irc t/inns in tin' m/7
77./
(/. 77ir sniiu: ilirishd if the teslit. c. Tin iiiil'i\'/o.
il trill, Ihr f The
Besides the Fi'-'. we have, in
this interestinu- faniilv of plant-
the famous Bread-fruit of India and the islands of tlu' Pacilli'; the (.'ow Tree, or Talo de Vaca of Smtli America, which is
pply of rich
tai'p
d like a fountain
111 vields a
copious su
and wholesome milk. The nuts of the liroximinn (ilnnixlrmn, when roustud, are used in the place of bread, in the West Indies,
(.SACK 01! AN (IK, <> U YELLOW WOOD. 1 1-
au.l l.avo a ta.tc similar to that of ha/ol-unts: th.> juice of all tl.o plants of this family also contains more or less ol ea<.ul- ,.houc. Amidst this generally harmless group of plants, it is .i„,n,lar to find the deadly Upas of Java, {AuUarl.-< lo.nn,na.) ^vhose inspissated juice is found to contain that most virulent of all poisonous prin.^iples, strychnia. It is, however, some- what doul)tful what the real alfinities of this plant are, as it is iicknowledged to he an anomaly in the family.
Vol IV. -10
NETTLE TREE.
Xiihinil Onln; UlmacK/K, (Mirl)cl.) Lliiiiiiuii (Uiisxifiintlnii, I'OLYGAMIA, DiaXIA.
CELTI8.* (Lix.v.)
Flowers rni.YdAMOi's. — S/iiiiu'dii/i- lldwcr witli tlio fiilyx S or (J-pnrtiMl. (%rollii iioiic. <S7(/;;irt(.s four to scvoii. J\rJ'irl p.- rn- witli tin' ciilvx ilc('[ily il-inirtcd. Xo curnUa. Ofitviuin l-ci'lK'd; '.he unilis t^uWUivy and j>t'ii(liilinis. Sl^'/kxcry sliort; i<li'i/iii(i.'< two, (liickisli, sulmlalt', iiiid sjircadiiitf. Jhii/ir j^Holiiilar, l-.-JociU'd, thinly coalid with a r-woilish imliL J'Jiiiliiyii invfi'ti'd. ('uli/ldlijiin loldcd.
The troniis within its jiroiicr hounds includes <lo<idnons-loavod trees ot' South I'-urope, tin; Levant, the mountains of Xopaul and ('ul)iv, and the torosts of the United States. The true Celtides have alternate, entire, iletiduous, and mostly eordate leaves, generally ohliquc at the base, o-nerved, entire, hut mostly serrated on tlie margin. The sti|iule8 are inemhranaeeoii.s and deciduous. The llowers are precocious, or npiiear before the expansion of the leaves, with alilm-like irrei,ailarly-torn membranous perianth, the stamiuifer- ous ones near the base of the branchlet iieilicellate, and three or four toircther. The fertile llowers are solitary and axillary, on shoi-t peiluneles. The drupes brownish yellow, rather sweet, insipid, and nearly jiiiceless.
For the tropical spceies with axillary cymes coeval with the leaves, two distinct styles, and an ovary with two ovules, I propose Jie mime of TuACiiv:ii:NDito.\, (in allusion to their rouj^di ludiescent leaves and twigs.) .Most of these species have a tough librous bark of the nature of hemp.
I'l.XiLVIX.
I
I'l'llisi i-ftii'iihili
.»■„,„// /„„vv/ Ir///, /,;
,/,,„/.■
Cki.'
,1,
e'i:i.
'1 Dr. wit
I''"-
iiit(
it, 1
IIIK-
ri-i wii liir in;i fac aid
k-a
is
tli(
\
SilALL-LK.VVED XETTLE TURK.
Ci;l.riS lU.TKll.ATA. Fi'lii-' //(•(.*•//< -/.y, liihi-iunliilis siilirnriiiri !.y, r!.r ,1
(hi-iiiis i-ttii-iiliit.i, jhiliiiifiili.s j'rwli/d-i.i iiii{ll'>n.<. Ciii.Ti.-i i(KriiLi.ATA.— TouuEV, ill AiinuU of Lycoiiiii, X. Y., vol. ii. \K 247.
This l.iW--n)\viii-' siiocics of Nctllc I'f was iliscovciv.l liy Dr. .lames near tlio l.ascof thv IW-ky Moiiii.aiiis; 1 liUcsviso met witli it in the .simt- mnmitain raiijic, l>y small streams, and also aloii- the borders of tiie Urepoii, toward the Jihie .Moiiiitaiiis, lai-ticularly aioii- tlie banks of tiie Urulee, a small stream fallin;. into that river. It does not, in tiio situations where wo observed it, become a tiud)er tree, but rather a tall shrub, full of .slender, and at lengtli smooth, branches. The leaves become thick and ri-id, and are aln.ut an inch and a half long by k-.ss than an inch svid.-. acute, but scarcely acuminate, witli a few irreuular serra- lures toward the j)oint of the leaf, thou-h a inimber of the leaves may W observed possessin- no serratun'S at all; the upp-'r sur- face is .sinning and .scabrous; beneath the leaves are pubescent along the nerves, though at length nearly (luiti; smootii; the l>etioles art" one or two lines long and pubescent; the base of the leaf is very obli(ine, rounded, and slightly sinuate.!. The drupe is gblK..<e, s(.litary, brownish yellow, on a short peduncle. Of the wood of this «pccies nothing is yet known.
I'LATE XXXIX.
.1 braiuh I'f tin luiOiriil. si;c.
LOXG-LEAVED NETTLE TREE.
Ckltis i.oxiiiroi.iA. /')//(
ii,i of(ilo-lii/i('t(il'ilis jiro)iiii.'<i: ucuiiiiiiiilis ni/ri/rrri-
//.>■ (A
iiii.s Id rii^ii!i.-< III nniiii I,
'ihris liiisi rotmidalis obliiniis snbvimadl
■ 1"-
•IkIi
ilisfrui'lifi
( (v^- (;/(',
finlilir
Cki.tis Ori'iilnilidi.-; fi iiitii/ri/u/jn. — XiTT., (ion. Am., vol. i. j). 202, (not of Lamauck.)
This troo, finjwiiiir to tlio lioi.ulit of sixty or seventy feet, iuliiihlts the deep sluuly fore.st.s wliicli Ixjnler tlie Missi.'<sip[)i from St. liouis to the vieiiiity of tlie sea. Its even iuid not (K'eply cleft Iji'i'k, in tlie ahsenee of its as[)iring summit, iit once distinguishes this species from the Common Hack Berry. Like all the rest of the genus, (conlined within its proper limits,) the insignilica)it lihiiy llowers ap}>ear early in the s[)ring, hefore the f the leaves. The small branches are smooth ami
expansion o \ elldwisii hrowi
The leaves are smooth, of a thin consist
(.'lice,
and remarkable for the great length of their acuminated points,
of an ovate or ovate-lanceolate form, subteiuled by deciduous
stiimles, and at (irst pubescent lieneath, particularly along the
large vessels or veins; at length almost absolutely smooth, at no
time scabrous either aliove or beneath, and wiiolly entire on tia,'
margin. The length is about Iroiu three to three and a lialf
inches by one to one and a half wiiie. 'I'lie obli(piity of the base
varies accca'ding' to the position of the h'af on the liranch: those
(irst developeil are nearly e(pial at b;!se. andofa lanceolate form;
the later ones are larger, wider, and more oblique. The llowers
are as usual; the males about three together toward the base of
the brancli, the females solitary and axillary, coming out with
the opening leaves. The stiimens are from five to seven. The
margin of the calyx-segments is pubescent, but smooth, nari'ower,
and more deeply divided in f. OriiihiitnUs. to wliicli this species Its
t,
)i .1. ;o
LC
10 10
1.1
us
lit'
no lu; ilf ISO
ISO
in;
IM'S
of ith ;iio ,i'i\
s
|
IM.NI, |
||
|
1 |
||
|
1 |
/jM |
|
|
IMk w ,mM |
Awi |
p-\
I't'lllH llllltlll'llllil
l.iintf Inltvd \\lt/r Inr ■ {finrii/ni ,1 fi'itipl'.' CiiiZ/v
sliu
Ci
c
TIIIN-LEAVEI) NETTLE T U E K. U'>
hoars u du.c ullinity. Tho berry i. or a bruwni.h yellow, ua a sliurt peduncle.
I'LATE XL.
A bnuich of llic wdnnd size.
TIIIN-LEAYEl) NETTLE TREE.
C.LTI. TKNoroLU. FUli. I'do-ondi. ar.uni.atis ..U,aaUUr .en-uli.
,j,s, cnl>,.'lhas ladalk caadlalls cr<ms aliud,, fmdlbm soUara^:-^ .. u .,
({en. Am., i. p. 202. C,:,,,,. 0.r;,l,.l'd:s, ;i'i laaOf^iu.-\.^^., Euoyc. Lot., W l-> 1-
I'lnir^oox, SynopH., i. !>. 2112. CrtTis 0.r;,/...A-';.v.-l)AULix,iTuN, Flcni C;estnra, p. 1M>. Ckltis ^...//..-ruusH, Flor. Bur. An,., i. v ^'^'^ '""^ ""l-
T,„s specie., nearly allied to C. Ckridn.lulU. is utten ratlier a .,,n.l/than a tree. Near HarperV IW iu Vn.ini. on tl. .unnuits of the nei,hhorin,, nu.untains ol the Line hul.c ,t, ,„.v.rs at the height or two leet, with low spreadh., hranehes. In other situations it beeou^es a tree, as in the vunn.ty o Let de- 1,,,,,, in IVnnsylvania. and other places in that State. It ,s best aistin..uished by its broad, rather sh.,rt, and sn.ooth leaves when .,.l,.lt,' and which are not scabrous on the upp..' surface : the n.ar- ,..in is now and then without serratures; their fonn is cordate^ ovate, very little a<.un,inated. The berries are solitary, brown, and glaucous. It is, perhaps, little more than a var.ety ol (. Orvkhntnlls.
The Amku.c.vx Nf,tt..e Tukk {^^CMs (Whh .talis) occurs in ,hnost every part of Massachusetts, and I know a tree ot .t, east
1.00 THICK-LEAVED NETTLE TREE.
of tlic Connecticut River, nciirly five icct in diiunctor." — G. 13. Emkusox, Esq.
TincK-u:Avi:» Nf.ttlk Tp.kf. or Hack Bkkuv, {CcHis crmsl/oHti.) This species is reauily distinguished by the large size, thickne.><s, and roughness of tlie leaves; tlicy are often full six inches long hy more than three inches Avide. The llowers, which arc very inunerous, (in the trees of the forests of Kentucky,) appear long before the development of the leaves, and are subtended by broad caducous bractes. The divisions of the calyx are spathulate, cucullate, scarcely torn, and not ciliate. The fruit, as well as the llowers, from the falling of the small leaves which acccjm- pany it, often appears disiujsed in racemes. The dru[)es are dark brown, nearly black. This species also admits of .some variety. In some the leaves are larger and more pubescent or even hirsute, while others arc nearly smooth when adult.
The wooil of the Nettle Tree of Europe is Iilackish, hard, and compact, heavy and without sap-,vood. It is so pliable and tenacious, that it will bend nnich without breaking; it therefore makes a good wood for the ,<hafts of carriages and other uses of the wheelwright. It forms hoops which are very durable; and it is said that, after ebony and box, it surpasses all otliers in durability, strength, and beauty. It is likewise unattacked by worms; and is esteemed fa- works of sculpture, as it neither con- tracts nor cracks. The roots serve as a dye Ibr linen stuffs; and an oil has been obtained from the seeds very similar to that of sweet almonds.
I'l Zl.l.
Ill, I If 1 1,1 1 1
Fit lis |K' iliiri('ul;il;i
I Hfinir ijnhih, itll
N,
r»
ii li
FIG THE E S.
Xatnntl Onhi; Aktocarpk.t;, (R. Brown.) Llnnmin Chi^.'^ifi'i,- dnn, I'OI.VGAMIA, DkECIA.
FICUS.* (TouRN. Linn.)
l„,v,,.TOUS.— Tlio common recoi.tiU'lo sphcriciil or pyrifomi, rcsoinliliii.; ii berry, ilosliy iind closed, inclnaiiii!; numoroiis iVistinrt aiul iiiinut.' H.iwHMv. iV"'>; calyx S-i.arted. CuroUa none. Stamn>.<! one to tlirco. FrnUi with tlio calyx i5 to n-partod, and no corolla. 7Vv- lllliim one; stylo one, suluilate ; tlic stigma simple or bifid and un- equal. &rd one, covered by the persistent subcarnose calyx.
Lactescent trees or shrubs, chiefly of Tropical America, Africa, a,i,l India; leaves alternate, stipulate, stipules terminal, conical, r,,nv.iiu1.'. Kecepta.les mostly axillary, solif.iry, or crowded, rarely disp,,sed in terminal racemes, often bracteolato at base.
CIIERUY FIG TREE.
Frcus I'KnrNCUi.ATA. Foi;:.'^ onilo-uhhwi/is ailriinrlmis acHwiuoH.'^ ohtiisis, /,,,..; ohsol.tr r,n;l„lh, rarpl,iriii;.< ;/h,hos!s sulH/n,iin<iti-i caluculatis jn'dun- ,,,/„/;,,._Wn.U)., Sp. pi., AiToN., TTort. Tvesven., vol. iii. p. Ar,0.
i7,w/.v ,n-hor AnirriraiK', avhtill follis von sar'ita,fn'rh< pis!, w.n/mlwlhu;
* A Latin word of uiiciTtaiii derivation.
151
1.-2
CIIi; l!I!Y FIC TKKF':.
fiiinriii;.^ e rfiiiii.1 (III iiiTniii iliiiitsnis prolifd-d. — l'i,rKi:N., Aliiiiifj., y. lit, till.. 17H, iij;. 4.?
Tins species of Fig Tree wiis (liscovercd hy Jii(((ii!ii in tiic islaml of Miirliiiiiitie; it is also imligenous to suiiie other nl' tiie We.st Iiidiii I.-lamls, as well us to the iieij;hl)i)riii:x coiitiiitiit of Tropical AiinTica. At Key West, aeeonliiij; to Dr. IJlodgett, it heeoiiies a large spremling tree fifty feet in lieiglit, and, like some otlier siH-'cies, particularly tlie famous nauyau Tree, (/'. IikIIki.) it sends down rwjts from its lofty branches resembling roi)es, which, on reaching the soil, at length become so niaiiy indejien- (Iciit trunlss, in turn producing others; and,spreailing themselves on all sides without interruption, they present a united summit of prodigious extent, which, reposing on a multitude of trunks of dilferent dimensions, .seems like the airy vault of some vast edifii'e sustained by iumnneralde columns.
The bark ol' the branches ai)])ears to be gray and even; the leaves are very .-mooth on botli sides, luit covered with innumer- able minute dots on the ujpcr .surface. They are three to four inchet lo;ig, one and a half U) two inclies wide, witii a peduncle fi'rtjiii one and a half inches long. They have a few distant penn ^tc' nerves inosculating toward the nuirgin of the leaf, with !;. numerable intermediate slender reticulations of vessels; they arc generally of an ovate form, roimded or almost cordate at the base, with a short and blunt acnnuination; from their a.xils ari.'^e one or two pcdinicli's about three-quarters of an inch long, each tenninated by u bifid involucel, improperly called a caly.K. The figs themselves are nearly globose, but sensibly wider at the sinumit, about tlu' magnitude of small cherries, greenish-yellow and purple at the summit, (as they iippear in a withered state.) with a few purplish pale spots.
Of thi.s species there appears to be a distinct variety, if not a species, which I shall for the present call /i nvntu ; the leaf is
PIXLU.
I'iiUN til I'vildlii
.Sliiiil iiilliil till llff.
I'HIiir.tr II liiillhy i riir/r.t.
oiiir
bom size
Fk
W
in; nil iii
I..
Vv 1. SI
ii!
ti
SIIORT-LEAVED FIG THEE.
153
elliptic, shortly acuminate, acute at base, and faintly nerved beneath. It also becomes a large tree, producing a fig about the .size of a cherry, which is yellow when ripe.
PLATE XLT.
A bnwrh of the ndurul. .•<!:,:. a. '!%• frnil.
SIIORT-LEAVED FIG THEE.
Fi,TS r.KKViKOi.iA. Folds conlalo-orat:.^ hdcfjm-l •/>■, vhUtsU aU„;rh:lk l„;rli,.i;olal/s;/M,ns, ra,!.^ hnmcisL^, rarptaMC^ ;ihho,i^ d. preset, am- IdUralis ^oWards hird pahuirukti^, mrolucdlis hijidis.
Tins is also a species of arborescent Fig, indigenous to Key Wi'st, in East Florida, but by no means common, and, accord- in- tc' I>r. lilodgett. its discoverer, it forms a tree with a, sUMidcr, rdmost hori/ontal, stem, which in its progress tlirows oiV funicu- lar roots, that serve as props to prevent the main trunk Iro.u iK'coming entirely prostrate.
The branches are covered vith a light gray bark, il.e -..aves arc about two i aches loig by one and a h;ilf uk:1;cs xvi..', perfectly smooth on both surfaces, on peti.^les from one- . .1 t.. thrce-fourihs ,/ an inch lung. The veins on the under surface are so fir immersed as to be scarcely visible. The ligs, about the size of small cherries, are of a llatlened, spheroidal form, at first, as well as the bilid involucrum, slenderly villous; they grow out chielly at the extremities of the twigs, on thick pclieels, about two or three lines long, and when ripe are ol a bright ish purple red. We do not iind any species with which the present agrees. From the description and spccitic name, IV.— ui*
154
8 M A L L - F R i: I T E D F I< i 1 R E ]■].
wo should suppose tlie present species allied to the F. junTi/d/i'd of IIuuil)i)ldt iiud Bonphmd, hut it dilTers too much to be f-- IciTcd to that species.
TLATE XLII.
A bruitrli (if llu' lidhiml size.
SMALL-FRUITED FIG TREE.
Ficfs AUREA. Ghihm,fiili<s inlri/irriiiii.'! dlijiliri.^s siilifiniDiimlis nrulins- cidis hasi jilcrisipie anyaxkilis pomliicrriis brcci-pcthilatix,fru('lihus (jlo- bosis gcmmatls semlihus inrolucratis, involucris subtrifulis majusculis.
fi i,ATii'OLiA. Fuliis hilo-ovalis subcUiptms.
This species, according to its discoverer. Dr. Blodgett, he- comes, at Key ^Vest, in East Fh)rida, ;i large tree, at first parasitical on other trees, l)ut, destroying its supporter, it at length reaches the ground and forms an independent trunk of lar-.e dimensions. It hears, however, a very insignificant fruit, only ahout the size of a pea, an<l orange-yellow when ripe.
The branches are covered with a whitish Ijark. The leaves, three to four and a half inches long, are from one and a half to two and a half broad ; the ])eduncles are about an inch in lentith. The form of the leaves is almost similar with those of the Orange, elliptic au<l narrower below, with a rounded summit, and a very short, rather acute, projecting point or acnmination ; they are dark green above, paler beneath, with conspicuous feathered nerves which run together witiiin the margin. The ligs are sessile, clustered by pairs, with a snnili, valvular orifice, and are nearly half embraced by the sheathing, liidd or trilld. one-sided iuvolucrum.
I'l Xlilll.
'"^'ni't// l'nf/7tf^ /tff tt
I'll MS AltlCa
lii{mtr f/off
tint CiUl
t. 2 or 1 ill luiv Uk
th
T
in
h a
V
ti () { V
BANYAN TREE. '•'"'
This sp'olos appears to be very nearly allied to tl.e F. Mar- l!uicc„.U of Willdenow, (the F. hnmfuUa of Lamarck;) but we can by no means reconcile it to Sluane's figure, (liist. Jam, t '>-'3 ) for in that species the leaves are lanceolate, and eight or""niue inches long by two .vide, on petioles two inches or more iu length; the fruit is also said to be scarlet, of the size of a ha/.el-mit, and sweetish and not unpleasant. In our variety [i the leaves are wholly oval and not narrowed at the base.
PLATE XLIII.
A bmwii uj Ihf imlnml size.
The milkv juice of the Fig Tree is more or less acrid and fcti.l, however sweet and wholesome the fruit may be, and that 'of the Firm toximna of Sumatra is accounted poisonous. The sap of several of the South American and Mexican species, inspissated, affords caoutchouc.
The cultivated Fig, [Flais mrim,) in its wild state, is an lu.mMe and distorted shrul), aflbcting rocks and ruins, bearing •v rvnit of inferior flavor, but with the parts of fructification very perfect. Such figs as seem to drop off before maturity arc commonly those in which the stamens are most numerous or effective. These are carefully collected in the Levant to fer- tilize the female blossoms of the cultivated Fig, which will ex- plain the mystery of caprljkailon. Iu these countries the fruit fresh, or dried in the sun, forms an important part of the fo..d of the inhabitants.
The B.VNVAN- Tree, (F/rz/v Twlha.) nearly allied to our F mura, becomes in India an iiuiiieuso tree, spreading v.mt wide, and throwing down rope-like roots into the soil. M.rs-
160
BANYAN TREE.
dvu moutions one of those growing near Menijroe, twenty miles west of Patiui, in 15en-iil, whieli gave the enormous (liameter of :!70 feet ; the cireinnferencc of the shiulow, at noon, was 11 IG feet, and there were fifty or sixty stems. It is called the Priests' Tree, and is held in sneh veneration hy the Gentoos, that if any one c-ts olf a hrancli, he is looked ui)on as sacrile- gious, and held in the greatest abhorrence.
r^
J
I'l.XI.IV
I'rntii'iiiis Kitii'jimiciis
/!•-,/ 7Vl<:
fft\tvf i-imiu
'mM
II AWT HORN.
Nalaral Order, RosACE.E, {suborder, PoME.K, Jus/icii.) Lin- vmui Cln-ssifwatiun, ICOSANDUIA, Dl rENTACiVXIA.
CRATAEGUS. (Linn., cxclndin,!? some species.)
Adiiafo rv;(,/.,-.tu"nc un-colate, with a rt-elel't lionler. l\l<iU five, or- l)i(Miliir. Si'imrns fiftoeii ■ :• iJioro. f^h/'r.s three to five, (rar«;ly one.) J'umc or apple fleshy, ovate or jrlobosc, closed and crowned with the persisting tecth of the calyx, and containing two to five hard 1-seeded nuts.
These are spiny shrubs or small trees, almost exclusively indige- nous to Euroiie and tin United rtates of America, with simple, angn hnly-h-.hed, incised, or toothed lo;.,es, furnished with stipules of somewluit di tlcrent forms on the fertile or infertile branches. FIowims white, in terminal corymbs, sometimes solitary. Bractcd subulate, deci<luous. The fruit rather small, sweet, or agreeably acidulous.
RED TllOIlX, OR STBEillAN HAWTHORN.
(hiAT.Kiii'S SANfiuiNKA. Spomsii, fiiliif: scptangiiUs srrrnti.i lio.-ii imidnclis pifloli^ s'lliMdiyii'idi-: — J'ai.i.as, Flora Rossica, vol. i. p. 'J;">, tub. 11, (very good.)
CuAT.v.iiis SVMJUINEA. Lcavcs broa<lly obovate, somewhat cunea*'^ at the base, incised and serrate, often slightly T) to 7-lobcd, a little pubescent wdieii young, on short petioles, at length coriaceous and shining; corymbs glabrous or somewhat pubescent; segments of
1.57
ir.M 11 El) TIIOIJN, on sir. EI! 1 AX 11 AW TIM) I! N.
tlic calyx entire, 3—1: I'ruit irloi)
iiiul, iifi wel
icdict'ls, not srlaiuliil
,ir: sl\le.-*
.— T
oititEV and GiiAV, Fh
X. Ai
11. 404.
[i DiAKjluaii opines short and stcmt, (loi
cultivation, Lintdmi ;)
fruit small, dark puriilc. CiiAT.i'.uus punrktio, ,9 hrcri.'<]>i)ia. — Doi'iii,., in JIohk. Flor. ISor. Am.,
vol i. p. -201. CR.STAGUS glamlulosa. — Puiisii, vol. i. [>. .'joT, (as it regards the plant
collected by Ca^it. Lewis in the Ivoeky Mountains.) Cua;ta(1us JJfi/ii/l'i.-ii. — LiXDL., 15ot. liegist., tab. liSlO. Louno.v, Arbor.
Brit., vol. iii. p. «-';].
TiiLS .'specios of Hawthorn, whicli becomes a tree eighteen to tweiity-five feet in lieiglit, is lirst met witli to the West, on liie borders of rivulets, in tiie range of the Hooky Mountains, par- ticularly on their nestern declivity, from whence it continues along the banks of the Oregon, and partictdarly its triliuturies, down to the shores of the Pacific. We foinid it also, in great pt'rfectioii, loaded with its sweet, nearly black, and pleasant fruit, on tlie banks of tlie Wahlam(>t. The stem attains to aliout the diameter of three to six inches, with a whitish, compact, close- grained wood, of which, in common with the Cralj Apiile of that comdry, the natives make their wedges for splitting trees.
The Siberian plant, according to Pallas, b(\iiins to be found to
the south of the Ui'alian Mouidaius. and continues 1
M'voni
1 11
Obi through all the southern tract of Sll)eria. in dry mountainous situations, and in the thickets which border the iiigiier rivulets; exactly the sort of situations afTected by the American plant in tlie aljiine region where it commences. It also, like ours, liecomes a (fee twelve to eiiihteeii feet in heiiiht.
id Vh
■nk of lin<liiig haws, prolialily of tills
the following species, on Flat Head I'iver. which heads the sources of the Missouri.
aiiaiiist
Almost entirely deprived of vegetable lliod. every accession of
I'ruit. however mea'jre, was hailed with delii;ht b\ our fan
ilslieil
11 ED TIKI UN, OR SinEllIAN II A^Y T II 0 R N. iry.t
party, iiud the ripo barrios of lliis Ihie Hawthorn vviv colU'cti'd will! avidity. The bu.slies, or rather trees, were, however, so liiiiii that we eould only come at the fruit on horseback, or after ascend- ing the trunk, which often appeared ecpial to that of an ordinary
Apple Tri'c.
The summit of the tree is round and spreading, and the thorns vary in size, though they are often short, and in no case nume- rous. Tlie leaves arc broad and somewhat rounded aljove, euneate at the ba.sc, smooth on the upper suriace, and always more or less puljescent beneath; the margin is inci.se and serrate, and divided often into five to seven shallow lol)es. The tlowers are white, rather large, and numerous, disposed in a corymb, with the peduncles and ba.se of the calyx more or less pilose and glandular. The styles, three or four, are occasionally as many as live. The segments of the calyx are rather long and acuminated, menibrn eons on the margin, and appressed to the llower. The berries uiv 4iortly elliptic or oval, and ncarb black or dark purple when ripe. In the Siberian plant, dese.ili.'.l by I'aUa.s, they are scarlet; but he ni.i.u ks that, according to Steller, the haws of Kamischatka are both red ind l)lack, a;,d tinit there tlu'y are not only used as agreeable fruits, init are also collected for the purpose of distillation into s[.irit.-.. A good spirit s liki- wise obtained by the fermentation and distillat.uu of the fnnt of the connnon Hawthorn, {C.o.n/(UiiiilJi<i.)
This species is very nearly allied to C.ri„'r!i<'.i, with which indeed Tallas compares it; but in f. nn'rina, the 1. ives have longer petioles it luars nuicli larger llowers, wilhl;>>"ivr. segments to the calyx. The fruit is also (in our plant nailer, and the plant more decidedly arborescent.
I'L.VTE XLIV.
^l bi-iwh i]f the V'lli.md ,sui'. a. 'J'hejnnt.
RIVER HAWTHORN.
CuAT.Ecus itivri.Aui.s. FoUis ovalis rd ohomt'i .. ohla.sis aciiti.irc. inei.so- :<rrr((tis bd.^i (ill()ii(itl!.'> brcri-prHnliili.^-; ctin/ndii.i i,,..':jliiri.< (/luliri-'-; ihiri- bus ■parculifi, rahiris laciniis obltisii bncis.\-!nil.s iiilin''lidii.-'i.t ; fniclibiis m'l/ri)). — Xltt., ill ToiuiEY and Gray, Flor. 'N. Am., vol, i. p. 'Mi.
(9 CUNKATA. Spiiiis brtfibu.i, foUis cuncalis oblim-'^, inchi.^.
Along the shady hordors of the rivulets of the Roc'x-y Momi- taius we ol)sei'ved this speeies hk'iided with tiie f()riiu'r, Ix'eoiiiiiij;- e(|ually a tree and produciiif:!; the same kind of 'jleasant daric fruit. It was also oijS'>rved 1)V i)on,t;las in tiie interior of Oregon, wlierc we likewise met witli it. It is, in all prohahility, the smoother, supposed variety of C. pHndatit, mentioned hy Hooker in his Flora.
The branches arc reddish brown, tlie leaves n^ai'ly as entire as those of tlie Ai)i)le Tree, exee;'t in li, whiTe tliey are sli :litly lobed; l)eneath very smooth, sliglitly pulx'scent above, ataite and rather sharply serrate, with long spines. Tli" peduncles and calyx jierfeetly smooth, the segments of the latter mere broad, obtuse dehtiiiis. Tlu^ flowers are wliite and smaller than in the |)re- ccdihL The berries are also Ijhiek, and possess nearly the same sweet and ratlu'r insipid tasteoftheConnnon Haw, {C.<i.ri/iiiii;:'b(i.)
LANCE-LEAYED ITAWTIIORX.
CuATyHiii'S AiUiiiiiKsi \s. /ill niii.-',fuliifi bniiYiiliilis iiiri.-'ii-.'-irriili.t iifviii- tjiic (icntl.s rur'tUr sidibibntis ()Jiihri--< fiiihtiis ail rniis jinln riili-", rnn/inbis ■niiil/ijiuris; mUcibiis i)llv-fis birliiii'^ subiilnlis iii/ii/ri^^Jluribii.s pi iitiiifi/ni".
CuAT/Kors arbori 'irn-1. — P^i.mott, tSkutcb., vol. i. p. TjoO. Touk. uiid
<;iiAV. Flor. N. Am., vol. i. [>. tiiij. Kill
II-
^'A •k
11, er
us
l>' 111
ISO
ri'- ii(^
nii-
,!,;.-■
'its. ,111(1
v\wx.
rralu'yiiK ^pbon'sriMiK
IdftiY /rumf A^IH'Mi^ ft
.iitxter orhi'if^u'ni .
L A X C E - L !•: A ^• i: D 11 A AV T HORN.
1(11
AccoiiDiXG to Klliott, tliis s^pocii's IiocoiiU's ii tivc of twi'ut}- to thirty I'wt in lifii^lit, with spiviuliii-- liniiichcs. The IViiit is oU)h(isc', quite small, and rcil. Ol'tiic ((iiaiity of the wood uothin;'; is yet known; lint nearly all tlie arliorescent sjieeief are of slow growth, and have whitish, close-grained, very hard, and durable Mood; that of the Connnon Hawthorn {C. oj-i/'ic(tii//i<i) is tough, iind in England is used oceasiunuUy for axle-trees and handles of tools.
Tiie Lance-leaved Thorn of Mr. Elliott was found on the borders of thi- Ogeechee l!i\-er, in Georgia, near Fort ArgyU , and near New Orleans, and in Texas by Drumniond and Uerlandier. It is without armature. The leaves are lanceolate, acute at eacii end, deeply serrated, smootii both above and beneath, exceiit .some small tufts of hairs at the (hvisions of tlie veins, sometimes slightly lo1)ed toward the sunnnit, (tliough not at all in our speci- men.) The llowers are small, the calyx hairy at the base, with the segments snudl and subulate.
To .show the great age to which the Common Hawthorn attains. Witliering states of tlie variety called the Clastonbury Thorn, existing in his time, in a lane by the churchyard of tiie aliliey, (ISdl,) "It appears to be a very old tree. An old woman of ninety never rememl)ers it otiierwise tiian as it now ajijiears. ll blossoms twice a year: the wint'H' l)lossoms, which are almost the si/.e of a sixpence, ai)i)ear abiait (.'hri.stmas, and sooner, if the winter be severe. These produce no fruit." Tlie summer llowers bore berries containing only a single seed, which, when sown, pro- duced plants nowi.'^e din'ering from the (ommon kind.
The Common Hawthorn, though so lunnble in the hedgerow beneath the cropping of the shears, when suflered to grow uj) and stand alone attains the ordinary size of an Apple Tree; and. occupying the village green for a long series of years, it beconu's connected with our earliest recollections of the joyful arrival of s[)ring. The n/d TLiirt]t<irii. again white with its fra- grant blossoms, and their falling on the gro\uid like a shower of
Vdi.. IV.— 11
it;2
N A K E I> - F L (> W K RED 11 A W T 1 1 0 I! N.
wiiow, iiuirks a deliglitl'iil itii in tlio tlistiiiit rcmini.scenci'.s of ^\n^ writer, when yet the simplest Ijikjii oi" niitiire gave deiiglit. With these pleasing recollections of the past, how toiiciiinj; iiiid fiTiiphic are those beautiful lines of Goldsmith descriptive of tlie "Deserted Village:"—
"Tlio Iliiwtliiiin Ijiisli, with swits ln'iu'iitli tlw s1i;h1i>, ]'\ir tiilkinj; ml'i' anil jmilliful ciiiivi'i'so iiiiiilc! IIiiw cil'ti'ii liiivo I Ijli'ss'il llu' comiii}; (liiy, When toil ri'miltiiij;- lent its luni to Jilny, AikI ;i11 tlic villn^c tniiii, fniiii liilmr I'no, lii'il up tlK'ir spurts Ijeiicatb tlio sjiroadinj; Irco,"
PLATE XLV.
A liraw-h (if III' luitiiriil si:i'. n. Tin' (jcvm (ii)il s/i/lrn.
NAKED-rLOWEIlED IIAWTIIORX, APPLE HAW.
('UAT.TliiTIS jT.STTVATJS. SnlisiiiiiiiSH, jlurilmfi pViTnifilnis, fulus rilihuii/n- ciinrifortinhiis rcl dlipllcls hrcri-jiiliiihitis opicr siilisitiiKitn-dcnhili.i inii/n- Intis vrl inr-ifio-rremitis rariim Iriluhatis, jnmorHnin iniiHudis'is, ihniiiin flliihrho, .mhtti.'^ (id ?•(•))/.« pidicfccndbus ; ciin/iiifu's :] tid I't-Jlnri.'t ijUiliris, I iihiiididiisix ; .■>fi/li.'i 4-5, fri(rl!liiis nKixiiiiis i/loliu.^is ruhrix.
CuAT.TitiUS ((.'■■tiridi.'!. — TiiKKKY and Orav, Flor., i. p. 4GS.
CuAT.KtiUS cUiplic'i. — iM,Lii>rr, f>ketch., i. p. .041).
CuATiEaus opaca. — IlouK and AiiNoTT, Compaii. Botaii. Magaz., vol. i. p. L'5.
Mispibis (I'sUcalis. — Wai.tku, Flor. Caroliiiiana, p. 14S,
Triis is another iU'boresceiit species of Hawthorn confined to the Southern States of the Union, growing along the low, wet
N A K K l)-V 1, 1) W E 11 K D 11 A W T 11 U 1! N.
IC,:',
Ijiiiiks of rivers and ponds, from South Carolinii and Gi'or^ia to Florida: it grows also in Louisiana and Arl<ansas. In Florida, it is already in llower in the early part of the month oC Mareh,
and presents a \i'ry uuu> )!• 1
il
i|ipeai'anee, as yet nearly destitute
of leaves, or presenting oidy llieir unfolding silky huds. The {lowers are nearly as large as aiiple-lilossonis
,liitt
md pure wliite.
It becomes at length a true of twenty or tliirty feet in lieiglit, branching from the base. The leaves are elli|)tical or oblong wedge-sha|)ed, on tlu' infertile branches often obovate, on .-Iiort petioles, toward the summit sinuately toothed, angled, or irregu- larly crenate, rai'ely three-loljed or cleft, (piite whitely tonientose when young before expansion, at length glabrous, but clothed along the veins beneath with a brownish pubescence. The
cory
nibs are o to 5-llowered, and smooth. The divisions of
the calyx are short, triangular, smooth, and without glands; tlio styles are four or I'lw. The fruit, which becomes red, is very large and round, rii)ening in May or June, and is one-half or three-fourths of an inch in diameter, juicy, fragrant, of an agreeable subacid taste, and is nuich esteemed for tiirts, jellies, and other articles of the dessert.
Oth
spc
cies of Hawthorn, indigenous to the I'nited States
might Ije adduced as attaining the si/e of tret's from ten to twenty-li\e feet in height; but, as we have little or no notice of their use and economy, we shall at present omit tlu'Ui.
c II i: 11 11 Y T II v: i:.
X,il,n;il Onl'i: Hosack.k, {.sii/innh i\ Amv(;i>ai.i; k. .Iiissicii.) /.in-
iKIilu Clilss'ijiinruiii, ICOSANDItlA, MoNdCVMA.
CEHASUS. (Ji-ssiKU.)
r„///r nivcoIalr-liciiiisplK'nciil; tlio iHirdcr tivo-fv •> '.■cidiKms. I'll.ils -inviidiii^-. St'dit,!!^ lifliTii til tliirly. O'W/',/ uhihiMiis, Willi two (MillatlTill I'didllldlis ovul''^. />/•"/"' .H'lol'osc!, fleshy, ilrstilllio of bloom; tliu ?'"/ imnl mid liony, mostly globoso and ovon.
Trcos or slinih.s (dricfly of tli.' tmiiHTuti' imrts of Kiiropo iiiid North Amrrifii, foriiiin,';' scvurul natural sections. Leaves serrated, deekluous or suiniiorviroiit.
§ I. Floinrs corymlmo or rhixkral. Lnivcs (held units. True
CUEKUIKS.
SOFT-LEAYED CIIERIIY.
Ckhascs mollis. Foliis oblongis nvalkrc phrisqiw ohln.-i.'i sm-nhills suliins toiiiiiilo.^o-iiubcf!ccntihHs, corymbi'i rdArmo.sis 5 ad G-Jluri'i l<imnifii.--is, bmiiiis culjicimx Muxk rcfexis Inho piihcsiviitc brcrhvlh'i.^, dropa oroiilci.
Oerasus wioWs.— Dololas, in Hooker, Flor. ]ior. Am., vol. i. p. Wit. ToKKF-Y and Gray, Flor. X. Amor., i. p. 410.
This species of Clierry, growing twelve to twenty-five fei-t high, is confined to the Oregon Territory, and partienhirly to tlie borders of the Oregon lliver and its tributaries as far 104
T
his
ll'.i.
•ct
far
■
Cci-Msiis iinillis
Soft UamI Itltriy Ifmirra /ruiilric mtillf
1
//-/,
PI . y.ixw .
I'l-r.-iMis lliciriiliii .
//<//l /fru >ii I /irirr
/'frij-lir tr f'litf/tfi' '/f llt<il-v
MS
W;
l.n sol
IIH iUl' Sill
fill'
fill
(il
CO
dil
J"
(I
Ci
1 1 C) L L Y - h E A V E I) CII E R R Y.
lijo
MS its sources. Wo met witli it in thickets on liills, near the Wiihliiiiiet, iii)\vering iibout tlie niontli of -May. The yoimg liranciies are dariv ;ira\- ami sdinewhat ilowiiy. The leaves are sol'tly downy lieneatli, on i-iiurt petioles, oblong, or oljlong-ovate, mostly obtuse, sometimes acute, minutely .serrulate, two to two and a half inches long by about an inch in width; stipules small and deei)ly oiliate, as well as the lirarles. Flowers small and white, the petals rounded and concave. Segments of the calyx ovate, short, and obtn.se. >Stiguni clavate, petioles and calyx tomentose. Fruit ovate, astringent, and uu[)leasant.
PLATE XLVI.
A liniitcli (if Ihc nntural s'uc, (ciih ijiimii/ fruil. a. Tin jhurn-.
Bki) or NoRTiiKiix riiF.UKV. (Ccrdi^iifi Pi'niiKiilrniii'd, Tor., and (Ihav. (\ l)iiriiilix,^hv\i.i\w\ Mich., i\vlva,p. l-")li.) According to Macmin. of West (,'hester, this tree in the Beech woods of Tioga county, IVnnsylvania. attains the height of sixty feet, with a diameter of eii;liteen inches.
i^ II. F/iDi-rrx ill riKi tii'x. a,ril/(iri/. Ijurix m iiii'i rrin iil <,r jiirsisltiil. — rj.\ri!o-r'i:i!Asis, Tourn.. IX'cand.. Limnl ('In rrhs.
HOLLY-LEAYED CHERRY.
CiasAsrs iltcifoua. Fuliis Idln-ornliliiis xuhconlalix hrcri-pclioln/ix spinoxti- f:iiiiiiilii-(l< iii/iti" rilicuhtfi.'i coriaciia i>iti(li--<, niirmis cnrti.'i fuli/.i siilxiyniin- (.■'.. /o ,li-''iiii ii'ijira ovouhn acumiimta.
Ckm.asis il'ii-:/,,'!:,!. — NvTT., ill Toun. and OitAY, FKira X. Anirr., vol. i. p. 411. IIouK aiul AuxoTT, Bot. ISeccliy, Suppl., p. .'itO, t. 83.
II U LL Y-LK A V V. \> (,' 11 K 1! H Y.
This is a siiuiU tree of Upjior Ciililoniiii. round Siinta Biirlifini attaining tlio height of twelve to twenty feet, and eiiielly alleel- ing dry and elevated hill-sides -within the mountain range. The hiirk is ura\- and sonicwhat rounh ; the wood is reddisli. touuh,
d el(ise-L;i
■d. Tl
I'ave^
ihieh are ri''id, shinii
md
evergrt'cn. looic entindy lii\e those of the Holly; they are hroadly oval, ])ointed, somewhat heart-sha[)ed at tl..; hase, very smooth and shining ahove and elegantly retieuhited, ofti'u undulated, and willi sharp jiungent serratui'es. Tiie raeeuies ol' liowi'rs are ereet, somewhat crowded; the llowers whitt' and small, on short ])etiok's; the petals rounded and short; the calyx hemisplierieal, with short triangular teeth. The stanuuis seated near to the summit of the calyx; the stigma simple and ohtuse.
This trei". from its remarkahle and elegant api)earance, is well
wortl tl
le true
I cultiv .ting as an ornament, and in its (pialities raid\.s with L; I'els. The fruit is rather hirgc, dark purple, hitter,
and astringent.
PLATE XLVII.
A hnnirk of the ihddral >:l:c. <i. Tl'f i-/arn/. ti. T/ir ttmnr.
Tiie liAfitKi,, [Pruiiia. Ln II r(h('tr(ixi (■'<,) now so generally ciilti- \ated in Euro[)e, was hrouglit from .\sia Minor. Liicullus, alter con(|ui'ring tiie King of Pontus, with wliom the liomans had warred for forty years, jtmorig his otiier trophies, hrouglit the Cherry from the fields of Cerasonte, and, in transplanting it into Italy, secured a monument of his triumph far more duralilo than that which the senate aiK^. the people decreed him. The Laurel, transplanted at first from Trehizond to Constantinople, had not so brilliant a destiny; an envoy from the Kmperor of German}-, David Ungnad, whose name is i.'",v scarcely known, two iiiindred and sixty-two years ago brought a living plant to Clusiu.s, at ^'il'nlla. The name of LaiinhCi ra-siin was gi\en to it by Belon,
ALMOND CIIEIfFtV.
167
ir;l
•t-
11!
ly ii
I,
l'(! lit
wlio had seen it in its iiiitivo cmiiitrj, Iroiu its Iciivi-'S Ijuiiig liivu liiosc of tiic Buy iiml its iVnit similar to clR'niL's.
Tlic leaves all'ord liy (lisliiiatioii a li(|iior which jirovcs a violent poison to men and animals. Aecjofdiiig to Didiamel, a s])oonl'nl of this water given to a dog killed him instanta- neously. \'arions experiments and aeeiilents tend to eonlirm the fact of the poweil'nlly-poisonous nature of Laurel water. Fontana found that a singU' drop of the essential oil of this plant, ai)plit'd to a wound on a dog, proved ecpially as fatal as the venom of the vii)or, and was attended with the same .synqitoins.
Tho emanations from the Laurel being, in fact, the diluted but volatile prussie or hydrocyanic acid, are not without their inconveniences; lor, after reposing beneath it.s shade on a warm <lay, a headache and tendency to vomit are said sometimes to occur. Considerable use was formerly made of Laui'el-water i'or the sake of tlie ]5itter Almond llavor which it connuunicales to various articles of the dessert, lint from its dangerous ellects it is now lint little used.
The ell'ect of this poison is so extremely rapid and violent, attacking the V(M'y seat of vitality, the ner\()ns .system, that no remedies have any lime to opei'ate. In the hand of the skilful physician, however, this volatile poison proves sometimes a powerfid I'euu'dy.
Ai.MoN'i) cur.iJKV. [Crni/nin CuroVtiiiKii'i. Mu^ii.. Flor.. mA. i. p. 'JS.'). Wild Orange Tree, Mini.. Sylva, vol. ii. pi. S'.l.) Tiiis elegant tree, nearly allied to ('. Iji-siln iii<(i . ■A\\yit.K\v>i to b(! common along the baidcs of the Mississippi from New Orleans to Natchez. It is also indigenous to South Carolina, Florida, and Arkansas. It forms a Hue evergreen tree forty to fifty feet high, iloweiiug in March and April. The leaves, acc(jrding to Elliott, are \-ery ])oisoiK)iis, frequently destroying cattle that are tempted to browse on them early in the spring. It is known to the French
108
ALMOM) rilKHHY.
iiilialiitaiits ()
r I.
lOUlslilUll
l.v tl
11' .siiiiie iiiiiiu' lis
tlic LaiiiL'l of
EiimiM', Jjiiirl' r-Aiinnii/.
Till! IVuit ol' this siiccics is a small, black, bittor clifrry, witli vi'iy little pulp fuul a sliull so tliiu as to crack between the
(infers cii's of teau, 1
A second {f. On-id, utitli.'^) anil proliably a third
t. Domiinro, in the collections of I'
lis section Iroiii
aine
hill.
separ Laii
thii
iVagile shell. These seenx to i'orni u ite j;enns from the true Cherries, no less than from the be called Lki'Tocakva, in consideration of the
In
id
rels. and mav ne
1 am
1 I'raiiile, merely cartilaginous, shell of the dr
much more inr.iortant distinc-
this resjicct the drupe alVor
tion than that which exists lietweeii rnnni-s and CvnisK.^.
fin.iaiff lff>
HI . JII.VIII
I'rimiis Aiuericoiia.
tfihf riiini
I'runier ./ .Inifriifue
\F-
^;a'
Sa;i
TLLM TREE.
Xh'unil (>/■'/' >; II(.is.\cK.E. (-sv/Z/'j/v/m-, Amvckam'.i:, Jiiss.) /.i,i-
nirmi. ('Itissll'icdlinii^ lidSANDltlA. M()N(i(J VM A. J'liCXrS. (TnrliNKriiKT.)
('.if'/.r lll'CCcil;itt'-liriili>lilu'l'i.-;il, the liol'ili^r "i-clv'ft, ili'ridlUJils. I'thils s|piv;iiliiijj. ,S>(iiiniis litU't'ii lo thirty, (inny uhiln'cMi^, willi Iwo i-iill;iti.'l'ill, lii'll(llllollri (ivulos. J)ii'j' nv:itc> nr (i\:il, lli'.-li\ , i;hilirc)US, usiKillv cdVfri'd with a lilciuiji : nut liai.! iiml hnny, moi'o or Ifsn coiiiiiri'ssccl, iieuti-' iiiid i:\'Lii, the inar,;^'ins jjunly LrroovL'il.
Trees or shriiiis of teiiijierale I'Hiiiiites in the Xdrtiieni hemisphere, with tile leaves serrated, ediivnhite in veriialinii, ((ir lietore exiiai'.sioii.) Tlie tidWeis eailii'r tlian the leaves, witli tlie pcdieels in uinliellaie clusters.
WILD PLUM.
I'ui'XfS A.MKltl.'AN'A. Arli"n yriDHj ruipi's .•■■/loirsiriil'lui'^, fnl:;.< ,,i;il,,. tililiinijis Vt'l (thin'ill''.< itt'ipilt <i t'l'iitl^ iii'iinmiiilh^ fntyi rii/ti'ifts, s't/i/f/.^ t'lift- ^is iliii'iltll lllilhii.1, pil'tili-- silli-l'i'/l'li"l'l^'i''-^, 'lil'liillis fiissiHliKs jKli/ri-
1'. A,\n:i!ieA.\A, — .M.Misii M.r,, Arhii^l.. p. 111. I»\i;i.i\iire\. Flora Ce-t.,
p. 'IX', mid ill ,\lllial. JjyeeUlM. X. ^'clli,, \nl. iii. p. S7, I. 1. T'lli-
ui;v and (Ikav, l''lcir. X. Aiiier., vol. i. \\. Id". r. xiciiA.— Aitmn, Kuw., (ed. 1.) Viil. ii. \\. lii."i. It.il. Mair-, I. MIT.
I'l Ksll, l-'liir. Aim., vol. i. \i. -V-W. Wll.l.n.. Sp. [.1., vol. iv. p. Wo. v. iiii:mai,is. — Mi.i.iurr. tSk.. voh i. p. ^Al.
IV. — 11-
lO'.t
170
WILD I'LC.M.
CkUASI'H NliillA, (L'li.^il.) — SlMilXiiK, ill ll|;c.\Mi.. I'|-ii(l., \m1. ii. \\. '\'\H.
HixiK., Flop. I!or. Am., vol. i. p. 1(>7.
Fi:\\' jilants in North Aiiicriru li;i\i" a luorc cxti'iisivc raiif^o IIkiii this s[)Ocii's of rimn: it i> met with IVoiii tlii' S;'.skiit('hil- \v;m toward IhidsoirH Day, and throiiyli all the iiitcniu'diatc cotiiitiy to (u'orgia, Loiii.-^iaiia, and Tcxa.s. In tho wi'stcni jiart 111' tiic .'^tato of New York it i« \t ry coiiinioii. and. in soinci instances, (as it appcari'd to nic in 1^)0,) it h,! ' i'; ;i t'ldtivatcd iiy the ahoriiiincs around their dweliin;;s in tho suiiie nianner aw the Chickasaw Piinii. Wiieii truly wild, it .sceni.s to allbct tho hanks of streams and rich hoitoin-hiiuls. In Now Jersey, near Franklin Furnace, (.'^ussex county.) I liave ohserveil tri'es tweiuy to thirty feet hiiih. and witii trunks from si.x to fourteen inches in diameter. Tlie ordinary heiphf. Imnevor. i.s from fd'teeii to twenty I'cet. The wood is hard and of a I'eddish cohjr, like that of tlie Wild Cherry, (f'niinis .■., i-<i/!ii<i.} The fruit, -vlien mature, whicii is in the iiiontii of Anjiust. is from half an inch to an iiicli in dianietei'. in some instances almost wholly \cllnw. hut comiiioidy vermilion-red on one side, wholly red. or a mixture of iiotii colors, and in all tlie varieties covered nioi-e or less with a ver_\' evident hlooiii. Wlieu ri])e. it contains : verv' sweet, thill iMiiii. with the disadvanta:;e however i4 havin.L;' a thick, liitterish. acerh >kiii; hut hy cultivation it is eoiiKick'raiily ini- pidved, and the fruit is sdmelimes. us Dr. Darlinnton remarks, as lariio as a common aiiricot In rppei' Canada, where it was formerly eultivaied. I ha\'e seen as iiiany as twelve distinct \ariities ill t!ie same orciiard. It is also free frmn thi' attacks 111" the insi'cts which have proved -i fatal io nearly all the cultivated IMums.
The stem sjireads out inti) a roundish head, \\ith many riiiid ■Mt4 sonx'whai thorny liranches. The leaves ne ohli.iiii-ovate •M\4 .«inetim4-s ohuvato. almost alwii\s narrowed lii"l<«n. witiii a
(lis vol sm so< or
WILD PL CM.
171
(lir-tiiu't abnipt point nv aciiiiiiiiiitiuii, sliarjily fori'aU'il. stiinuly M'incd, Mini uunv. or k-ss piihi'scciit Ijcnciitli. The ])c(li('i'ls arc siiioolli, two to five togctliL'i", in clusters. Calyx piihcsccnt. the scgniciits liuice-liiiear, serrulated at the apex; the petals u\al or obovate, and roimdcd.
Pr-ATE XIA'TIT.
A hfiinrh of l]ir V'lliir'il ■<rj in fi'iH. n. A rhi-t, r <if lluii;
CllAJJ APrLE.
Xdtunil Ofi/i r, ]!us\ci;.K, [xiilinrilir, I'oMK.i:, .Tiiss.) IJinniiin.
Cln'<x]jliilt'liiii, IcnSANIllMA, PkNTAC V.MA.
I'Vin'S. (Lixx.)
r'(('/./'-fiilM' iirr(><il:it<', iiclnatc to llic llrsliy oviiry, IVcuii wliicli it is iiiscii;iriiliic, \vil1i tlio lidi'di'i' ri-luhiMl. ]\Ui}.< live, roiniiii>li, coiicuvo, on shdi't flaws. N///A.N usually (ivt! (ir Irss, distinct or conjoinoil at the base. P'ihh- (nr .'ijiplo) tlc.-liy, ddscd, intiTiially .O-ccUi'd, tlio (H'lls cui'lilaginous and ■2-sccdc'd. The seeds with ii eharfaceous eoat.
Trees or slirul)s (in tlie ]ircseiit sei:tion) witli entire ni' pahnately- hihed, serrated leaves. Viewers in terminal llattish clusters or ooryinh.s. Fruit odihle when not too acerli or astrinjj;cnt.
RIVER CRAB ARPLE.
rVRUS EIVILAItlS. F,7/(,9 imHii •-.•iilis iiidirisis Jiliiidriliii-i trihihiilis ixfi.yin iirip'ir f'-irri'li" ~»»i/«.< /••iMt-s/*;.'//)//^, .v/////n (•■>-4) liiisi I'mili/i's i/liiliri.-; I'r'irlilius /'■ rimrris ^-i^fhinisisi •'ij, iii)i.hilii'<il><, lulii.^ culji-iids (Iciiikiii.
l/ir/illlis.
PyiiL'S riVw/rtJX- — ^i'«yiAS, in Ihn k. Flor. I!oi. Am.. \iil. i. p. 3(i:!, 1. Cs. ToKiiKV uiiii] iJai \Y, Flor. N. Am., voh i. i>. 4T1.
]'yiu::i '//Vct^/'mW. — ^E^iNUAitn, Vciret. Sitka., 1. c. [i. l-'i:!.
Tiii> olopsint species ol' l'yrn> in ooiimiikH throngliont all tlie
liiwt'i or niiritiii.e |iorti(in <ii ihi' < )ri"j"' Ti-rritory. ami it iiiii- 17J
i
-n
^
\
Sirtr/atrit
PI jn.L\ .
vi-n.s r-iMil HIS.
A'tv»r ('ni/'
it'iritr ftiiiAmr
T; I VK !! (' I! A P. A I'
\. i;.
1-
Innnly iilTccts the slnidf of rirli, iillii\-i;il forests ncfir tlic Irssrr .strciuiis iiiiil piJiids. It la'comcs a ticc ahoiit tlic size ol' the Siljcriiin Criili, to wliicli it lias i\ closi' aH'mity, nml grows IVoiii firtccri to twciitj-fivo fl'ct ill licii:lit. |ii'o(iiiciiig a Imnl wood, capalilc III' receiving a liigli polisii, and is eiiiployinl ly tiie natives lor iiialxiiig wedges. 'I'lie fruit grows in clnsters. and is i<iiiall and iiiirple, scarcely tlic size of a cherry, of an agieealile llavor. like that of sonic of our Maws: it has nothing of the aceriiity or acidity of the ('oiiiinoii (.'rah, Imt is sweetish and subacid wlieii ripe, 'i'iie natives near tlie .•~ea employ it, as they do many more berries of the country, for food, being all too indolent to cultivate the earth for any pnrpo.se whatever.
It extends, in all prijbability, from Tpper California to the Kiissian possessions in the Xortli, as far as latitude ")7°. Men- zies appears to have been its lirst discoverer, on what was then vagiudy termed the northwest coast.
■ The leaves, which iippear with the llowers, are ovate, obtuse or acute, entire, and more or le.ss serrated, pubescent beneath, villous in the bud. at li'iigth nearly smooth; the lafer-[ir(jdiice(l leaves are more or less incisidy lobed, sometimes distinctly tliree-lobed, tlu^ niiddk' lobe incise and sliari>ly serrate<l. The llowers conspicuous, wliit(> or tinged with red, in terminal corymbs, with the cal^x and [leduncles villous, or tomeiito.se, at other times with the exterior of the calyx smooth. The petals oval, 'i'lie germ is pear-shaped, with three or four styles. Apples very small, dark pur[ile, almost black when ripe, and somewhat translucent, globose-ovoid, scarcely tiinbilicate at base, and with the summit naked, the calyx, as in the Siberian Crab, being deciduous. Seeds like those of the a[i[)le. and two in :i cell, as usual.
I think it probable that the plants with ''smooth pedicels and with the calyx externally smooth" ought to constitute a distinct variety, which may be termed I'l/i'iCi rlnilurix ,3 Icrij)/.:. In these the jiedicels are also ;:lanilular.
17}
NA I! r.(>W-],K A VK D ( I! A I! A I'
!■;.
Wliilt tllis Jililllt IllM}' liccoiiic li_v (•illli\;itinii I'liiiiidt yet he (Ictci'iiiiiK'd. Till' iSihci'ian Cnili, (now so (iriiaiiiciitnl ami ficiu'- rally culliviiti'd.) wliii'li also aH'ccts the alliuial hdidcis cil" .streams uiid rivers nmiid Luke HaiUal, ami in Daouria, aeeord- in,L' to Pallas, in its native soil oidy attains tlie Iieiuht of tlirei- or fonr leet. ^'itli a trunk aliout as thick as a man's arm, and lull (iT toituoiis liranches. Tlie berries, also, in {'alias's liirui'e, (Flora Kossiea, vol. i.'tali. 1(1,) are not so larjic as ordinai'y jH'as, and jiyril'orm or attenuate at the basi' like a pear. All this ti'ihe of i)lants, so eminently sorvioeable both for (jrnament and use, deserve cultivation in a ])re-eniinent degree; and the present si)ecies has also the aiKiuUauc of l)ein,u' perfectly hardy in all tem[ierate and even cold climatt's, as it .stretches along the coast nearly to the vicinity of Eastern .Siberia.
All the plants of this section of P/jrii-s are nali\cs of Tem- pertiti^ Kurupe ami Xurthern Asia..
I'LATE XLI.X.
A branch of the wtliirnl si:^. n. Thr ap/ilr.
Nakkow-Lk.wkd CuAii Ai'I'm:, {I'l/ms tnii/iixtl/n/id, Aiton-.) This appears to he scarcely more than a variety of the I'l/ni.i '■(iroimrid ; distinjiuishable, indeed, by its narrower leaves, usuiilly entire, which are often acute lielow ; but. ,is the styles are neither perfectly distinct nor constantly glabrous, and that the 3oung leaves are also pubescent, no suflicient distini'tion remains. The fruit is likewise wholly similar.
IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Sciences Corporation
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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Amrnmn Mouxtnin .hh Xorhirr ,/' Jnie'rii/iif.
M 0 U N T A I N A S II.
>; 111. Li'ins imiiiiili (</• ji'i innllijiil ; .'.///As tin, In jiri, i/i.-<liii(/ ,
,//,,/„
M (//■ Inrliiiiiili
l>"h".l
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AMKIJK^VX MOUNTAIN ASIT.
I'VUIS AmkKH .\N.\. /'./;/.v i,:i,liiit'i< i/hiliri--, fiillul.'s iil,lui„;ii.l,iil''iul,ii;.t
tlf'iinontits //M7.^'o-.y( /■/''///.<, .<■(■/'/•<//'//
hi<-iii-iii'if I'll/Kill.'
-.'/"'
•nntli'i'^ihs
iiliijliii-!s, f,-)(ri:iiiis i/luljn.ti.i. — l)i;c\xi)., I'roil., viil. ii. ji. i;:!7. Ti
iiKV ami (iit.AY, Fliii'. X. Am., vul. i. |). i~-2.
iiiiir.-: A.Mi:iiii AN \. — Wii.i.ii., V
niiiii., vdl. I,
p. 'd*K I'l ii.<ii,
!'■
;!41.
Al iTI'AKIA. — .'i .Mirll., Flor. I
)or. .All!., Vol. I.
'.M).
TiiK MdWiitaiM Asli. (ir Kowaii Tire, of Xoitli Aiiu'rica. !,■< iiift with ^parinjily in sliady. moist wiiod.-^ in moimlaiiKiu.-^ situa- tions, from l/alirailoi- ami even (ircciiliml. tliroii-lioiil llu' New Kniiiaiid Stales. New York, l'(imsvi\ aiii.i ; ami tiic \aiii't\ mi- r,-iH,ir/i'i. willi sinailiT liiTrics. cxti'iids to tiic iii,L!ii iiioimtiuiis of \ iririiiia and Xortli Carol
ma.
It forms a .small tivc of .i:ii'at l)cuit\, rcmaikalilc lor it.s d(".^aiit fcatli(Mcil foliajic, in .Mav and .liiiu' clad with its white
and fraiirant hlossoms. and to the close of the year, even into winter, decorated with its lai'LH' dusters of liiiuhl herries. wliieh allord a favorite repast l()r thrnshe.s ai. I other frugivorons hirds. on their animal round to more genial climates, or during thi'ir liihurmil residcKce : —
" SMii^uini'i-i|iii- iiiriilt.i nilic'iit ;ui;iii:i liMici-." — \'lliiii|,.
Tbu K
nnipean s[iecies, which ilillors voiy little Imm the pre
th
170
A .M i: i: 1 (■ A N MoINTAlN ASH.
sent, liccoiiics, ill the Nnrtli III' Kiij^Imiil, S'litliiml, iiml \\';il(s. ■A Iri'i' (it t'liii-^idrnilili' t-'i/A'. SI) lis in'rasinnnUv In lie siiwii iiiln jiliiiiks mill liiiiinls. it iitliiiiis tin- lii'i,i:lil nl' Iwriitv -(l\i' to lliii'lv H'ct, witli a liiaiiictiT of twn fcft ; ami a tiiT in Scnllaini, ill Furfarsliiro, at Old .Mmitrnsi', sixty-livi' vcais njil. is (ITlv frrt liijili. willi ii (liaiiK'ttT of two I'fct tell iiiclii'S. Tlir wooil is said to III' hard and diiralilr. lit liir I'conoiiiii'al |iiii'|iiisi's. siicli as niiil-work. sfiTws liu- prfssrs. s|iiikrs for wlifids, ^^c. In aiwiiMit liiiirs it was also cstocnird Hn- hows nrxt In tin' Vcw. Tiic hi'irii's. dried and rcdiict'd to [lowdcr. have csfii Iktii iiiade into hrcad ; and an ardent spirit may he distilled IVoiii liieni of a line lla\or. hilt ill small i|naiitily. 'I'liiiiii:li atid and somewhat asdimjeiit, they are iieeniinled wholesome, and. in (lie IliLili- lands of Scotland, an- often eaten when perfeelly ripe; in the eold and sterile eliniate of Kamtsehatka. aeeordiiiL' to (Iinelin, tliey are used for the same purposes.
'I'liis tree was formerly iield saered. and in the .North of Mnu- laiid it is ealleil the Witi h-ila/el. In Wales, it was formerly planted in the ehnreli^ard as eomminily as tiie Yew. and, on a certain day of the year, everyhody reli^iioiisly wore a cross mado of the wood, as a oharin against fascinations and e\il spirits I
The .Vinerican s[iecies scarcely forms so larm' a tree as tiiat of Knrope, attaining only the height of lli'teeii to twenty feet. and the leaves are vt'i'y smooth, exet'iit hef u'e their complete ex[)ansion ; the leallets are alioiil from thirleeii to fifteen, oh- long-lanceolate, acuminated, with sliar]i and .1. .'p nnicronate seriatnres. The cymes or liower-cliisters are large and com- pound, and the fruit, like that ui' tiie Miiropean species, is of a hriglit light scarlet. Tiie herries of the variety luli iiKiir/m are also of the same color, hut smaller. Thi' seeds, (wo in a cell, apiiear to have the same cartilaginous coat as in the apple.
i'h.VTl'; L. A lii'tiiirli iif tlif iiiiini-'il Size. II. A rliisl, r iij'jliiircfs. I,. A Jlnin r inhiriji il.
C E n C O C A 11 V u s/
(111 Mil., Im'M-.., :iim1 Iu nth.)
n<nn, ('hissijhnlh.,,. IcnSANOKIA. MdNOdVNlA.
Ti'Ih. oftlu. o.l.ix cvlitHlri.'Ml, .■loiiirntr.l, tliv lowor i^irt j.-.i-l.triit, tin' ,,„,,lvr l,..n,i.i.lHMM.al, T.-lohcl, .K.ri.luo.H. 7'./.'/. .umu-. Si..n,.. ,„„.v. <.ulr.l ..n Ih- iM-nKT of tlK. ...Ivx. Or,,,./ .ohtMry; ./y.' ,„,.„;„„,. ,i,i,;,,,n. MM,1 vilh.MH. Arl.V.n. n.m.w. .■,.n.r..,ms, .■.,.- .h,1.'. with tli.' loti- iHTMst..nt una iMilai-in.u' I'lmno..^ style. Nh. liiicaf.
ShrnlH or sntnll troos ;vitl, alternat,. strai^ht-v.',-.,!. .oria us,
svn-at. or ontiiv Irav.s on slioft ,.-tinl,.s. Stipules snu.ll, a,hu,tr to „,„ 1,,.. .,f the petiole. Flowers Mnall, white, axillary or tenn,nutu,g short braiR'hlets, mostly elustere.l.
* 'n.o nan,,, aeriv-.l fr.m ..,..., a tuih a„d .a,....;, u fruit, in rclVnn.. tu .I,o iliann-tir 111' lliL' tVuii.
v.. I.. IV. -I'.;
177
FEATIIKll BUSH.
('KM'OcMM'rs i,i:iiU'iii,irs. h'nliix rrihi-i.i jk lu Dixatlilnix I'liifnJutis inlif/ris (liiuiiiii (iU(brix xiil/his liiiiiiiild.iis iiiiifi/iiic ririiliili.s ; Jlarihua m .<>''//'//'/< pilHi-'iK j\ir,-irilliil(.i ; i-iiiiilil riu'iiilnfuiti iiiiiiiisuiniiii IdrlilOSiiiii, — N i'l'TAI.I.,
in 'I'l'iatDY and (iiiAV, FKn'., Ami., i. p. 1'J7. IliM)i<i:it, Ic, pi., inli. ;;:^ t, (inuil.)
\\i: lii>l uli^crxcil this curious siiimU ti-ci' in llic Itnckv .Mnmi- t;iiii niiiLTi'. on llic lol'tv liills of IScar l!i\<'i' of 'riiii|i:ino;ios. nnir till' ('('IchratiMl ••JJccr Sprin^is." wliii'h iilMninii with ciulpoiiii' acid. We saw it aftcrwaid in the icntral cliiiiii. on cither side 'i'lionilK'r^''i< IJavinc. toward thi' suniniits of tlic hiiilicst ridiics, to whii'Ii. hy its cndiiiiiiL; and dari\ \(rdiu'c. it coiitiilnitcd to ;;ivc ii wild and .iiiooiny r(>l)inj:. contrasted liy the Lilitterini.; white of the iin|ieiid- inir elills of ■iMi'iss near which it i:iew. -'r the suniniits of tin- IJci'T S|)riiiL!' hills it lonned "\teiisi\c thickets, each tree spi'ead- in^'' out many liraiiclies at a few feet IVoiii the jiToiind w ith coii- sidcrahlc rcLinlarity. almost in the niaiiiier of a I'eacli Tree. TIm' stem was in some trees alioiit ii foot in diameter. an<l the Lrreatest heii;lit of tiie i>lant did not excei'd fifti'cii i\'v\. It iiad much iiie appeai'aiice of a stunted Olive Tree, and was Iiitteri>h to the taste.
The \voo(l is hard, toiij^h, whiti>Ii, and very close-iiraincd. soini'wiiat rescmliliiiL' thai of the Itirch. It a|i|iearcd to he of slow lirowth and scniiierx ireiit , the hark smooth andwhiti>ii, the hnuiclilets full of circular cicatrices, and the leaves clustereil at tlie I'xtreinities of tlio twi;.'s. The leaves are at lenj:th nearly smooth, at lirst hairy, with a short puliescence. heneath always softly \illoiis. with lirownish curled iiairs; their lc)rm is lanceo- late, uhout one ami a iiiiaiter inches lonii' .nid three or four lines wiile, flic iMirder entire and I'evolute; hi'iieath the liair.s on the under side we see the usual strai;:ht nerves. The older leaves
and other parts of thi' plant e.xude in small (piaiitities an aro- 178
■I I.I
CcM'CiH'jtrpiis l<'(lil"olius
Fr>ilhrr hiilh
Hiiisno't (I jtlninr.t
Ill: l-.i till \\\ 1)1' tin ,,li
.V
n\i
nil U\: \\f
is
1'"
r i; A T II i; i{ lusii.
17:»
liMlic II -ill. Iliuiliu tlic .'^cciit III" tliat luiiiid (111 Sdinc H|ircics (if I'lirdi, (nr /ihild.) 'I'lii' lluwci's arc ."iiiiill iiml wliitr, |i|(h1iiiti1 nt tlic cxlrfiniiics of tilt' t\\i;^.-<. iiiiij ar<' siicccc IimI Iiv the fiiiil. wliicli foniis one of tin- iiidst niiiaikaliU' am' 'iiijrnlar cliaracti'is <>r till- p'liii.-'; tlit'si' liavc a ^'h•Mll;f rofiiililiiii'C to tiic mtiIs of llic (<i'i'aiiiiiiii, t'ai'li Miiall cvliinlric i'ar|H'i sciidinjr iiiit a loiijr, |iluiin)sc, iDrliions tail, iicaily tv\o iii' '■ < in lcii.:lli. cir.i icil witli yt'llti\visii-\vliit(> silky liairs, wliicli. a|'|H'arinjjr -iiiiiiltaiicnu^ly all • iMT llic lnisli, ijivi' it I must rciiiarkaldc and um'oiniiiDii a|i|i(Mr- aiifc. It scciikmI to incrcr puor dry snils, and would U'ar the cli- iiiatc of Kiiro|i(' or the iiorllii'i'ii parts of flic riiilcd Slates very will, ri'iiiii till' al|iiiii' situations in wliirli wr iinilin'iiily saw it it is soiiirw lia* astriiiiivnl to IIr' ta>tr, and ajiircalily iliou^li not |io\vi'ilully aromatic.
I'l.ATK 1,1.
A l<i;i„ih >,f tlir i„il'i,-iil s',:,', Ifilli :i.<Jni:t. II. Th,jluii;v. //. I'lu l',;t:i.
WEST INDIA DOGWOOD.
Xiihinil Ordi i\ \A.V.V\\\Siy>.V.. IJiiiKidii riii.-isijiciiliiiii. DlA-
DKI.I'IIIA, DwANimiA.
I'lSClDr.V.^' (LiXN.)
Ciil'lj' caiiipimulato, .""i-tootlicil. Ciirnlhi pn]iili(>n:i<'coii-i. with llic keel (ilitusc. ,S7./, //,/(.<•• iniinaili'lpliiiiis, witli tlio triitli iVri' at thi' l>aso. Si'/li; tililorin, i-lalinuis. Luikihc iicduH'llati'il, linear, with t'dur liroad loiiiritiidiiial wiiii:;.-<, tho scuds s(>iianitod hy iMterriiplidiis in the pii(L Tin; .«r((/x oval and ('OiiipR'ssi'd, witli a latoral liyinni ; cmliryo cnrvi'd ; cotyUMlons tliick and cjliiitic: llic radiilc iii- tli'i'tc'd. — Wost India trocs, willi dociiiuoii?;, nni'(|nally-iiinnatrd loaves, prodiRcd after the dcvelopiueiit of the tlowers.
JAMAICA DOCaVOOI).
I'l.-l'tl>I,\ iMiVTIIlilNA. Ju,liiili.-: nrntis^ h JH minis sHiiilc l-aiji'C lililllil liill-
ifmrc, 'ili" iiilirviijitis. I'l-riniA Ih-i/lliriiKi. — LiXN., Sp. ]il. Jacq., 7\nier., p. 200. Swaistz,
Ohs., p. :i77. Maci'adyen, Flora of .lamaiea, vol. i. p. -'iX. Irlil/ii/iitnitlii't fdliis jtiiDioli.; (irnlis, ri('-i inis hrminnlilitis, .^iliijiiis fjiiiidn-
(thiiis. — liiiuWNi:, Jamaica, \\. i'.M). Ciind arlior ]i"{ifl'i/^^"- ii'Hl ."/"';">'/, fru.riii! fulin, t-iliiiiiii uli.'i fniiin'ris
r.r'<liitililiii-< rulif mail lidiiiiirid' jliiriiilili.< unilit. — Si.oAM", Jam., vol. ii.
p. :52, tall. ITfl, lij,'s. 4, '). JiAMAiicK, Illnsl., tali. (In,-,, lijr. A. JWiiild-inwiii, sllliiui.<i nlalix. — I'm'.mikr, lenii., '22!l, tah. 2:)3, fijtf. 2.
* Tlic iiiinif t'niiii jiis, h, n flsli, in ;illii>iciii tci il.s friipliiyiiicnt iiw ii ti.'^li-lmi-iiii
i*isrii|i.t ri'vlliiMiii
i.llll'H" /'.'./».'.'./
fi,i.-.tninl <h '•' liiiiiiiitffi,-
'0
^1
re
tv
I'.i
fit
si ll
01
ii
IT
V
JAMAICA DOC wool). 181
Till- Jitiiiiiicii Dogwood is ii nativo of tin; Antilk's as well as of the iR'iuiilioriii-,' coiitiiieiit of America, having heeii ol)serveil hv limiiholdt anil Hoiiidaiul in the niouutaiiious places in New- Spain, between Acai.uleo and Ma/.atlan. and we have now to reeord it as a native of Key Wi'st, in Kast Florida, where it was eolleeted hy Dr. ]51odgett. it heeonies a, tree of al>out twenty to twenlv-tive U^i in height, not reiiiarkal>le for the elegance of its form, the branches being straggling, l)nt yet heantiful in the season of tiowering, which i- abont April, when, with blo.ssoni.s similar to our favorite Wiiite Lounst, {llulnnhi imnthMuarla.) the whole snnnnit of the tree is profnseiy h)aded; they eome (.lit some time bclbre the leaves, in ninuerous panicles or spread- in- cln>ters. of a Nviiitish color, mixed with purple; the npper- niost petal or \e.\illnm in the centre tinged with green. The vexillnm, externally, as well as the calyx, is covered with a silky pubescence. The h'aves are uneipially pinnate, with about live leaflets, which are either bmad-ovaie or obovate, an.l slightly acuminate, entire, and beneath, as well as the foot- stalk, more or less pube.-^cent, particularly when young. The poll is large, stipitate, and villous, with four liroad undulated longitudinal wings.
In Jamaica, this is esteemed one of the best timber trees in the island; the wood is heavy, hard, and resinous, oar.se, cross- grained, and of a light brown color; it is very dm'able either in or out of water. It nndu's excellent piles for wharves; and the .■stakes ,M.(m form, in the tropical countvies it inhabits, a good live fence. The bark of the trunk is very astringent: it cures the niauLLC in dogs, and would probably answer well for the tan- ning of leather: it is best known, however, for its eflects as a iish-poison, for which purpose it is ])ounded and mixed with the water in some deep part of a river or creek, when the water soon aciiuires a reddish siiadc, and in a few minutes the iish begin to rise to the surface, where they float, as if they were dead; the larger ones, however, recover, but the smaller fry are
1S2 JAMAICA DOC woo I).
dostn.yrd. Tlio tincture of tlio biirk, indcMl, is loun.l to be nil intoiiso narcotic, and has been employed benelieiaily to relieve tlie pain prodiKvd \,y carious teeth. Jacjuin observes that tliis quality of inloxicatin- fish is found in many othi'r Anu'rican ]ilants. 7>pfu-n.-.;,i (,,.nnirh, of South America and T. plsndnria of India and the Soutli Sea Islands, both plants of the same family uitli the present, likewise possess tlie faculty of intoxi- cating fish.
I'L.VTK ur.
A liniiirh «/ the luditnil ../.-c. ,i. Tin- jloims- <ni</ i/.,iim/ /■ ■,/.■,■. /,. TIr
muir, pi ij'i rt j„,(l.
4
t
I'l Mil
Vi'iiciii l:ilitiil(i|ii:4 Hriiiiil podded . '/caa'ii • fi<i't<i •' I'lryr si/it/ur
X'<i
Fl.
'I or ' am wpc
1'"' v.'l
ACA( lA.*
(Xeckiik, \Vii.i,ii.)
X„hn:,l Onlir. Li;firMiN(is.K. Lhunnm ('l.t^.sijln,ti„„, I'l'iA-
(;AMIA, Md.MKClA.
Flowers roi.YdAMdUs, prifivt an.l t^tainiiiilViv.ii:^.— r.'/.v.': 1 to ,.- t.M.tli.a. /',^'/.< I'clll-to live, (lislili.'t.oi-UhitiMl iiit()iiln(.lio|M'tiil..ils, 4 to 5-clft'l .•..nillu. ShiuHi,.^; iVoiu cidit or t.'U to two lnni4iv,l. f.,,/.,w,- witl.oiit iiiinnii.fums hrtwcvn the .-onU, dry, (will, out jiiilji.) aiiil 1-viilviil.
Tlioso arc trcosaMil .slirubs prin.ipally of warm or luil.l tliiuatis, whli or witl.o.it slii>ulur or .cattcrr,! stilus. 'I'hc kavcs are usually siuall au.l variously iminat.'.l: soMi..funcs (parliruhuly ii. Hi- N-w iiolhn.d siRvic.-) 111.' tnu. Iravcs \u thr aaull M-r al.oilivr, ;nul llu- siniplo l-aly ,„.tiolcs, called i.liyllo.lcs, aloMc suitb' tl>cir place. Flowers oli.u yllow, more rarely white or red, disposed in si^heric' ' -ads or in sjiiki's.
BROAD-rODDEI) ACACIA.
Acacia i.ATisii.i.;tA. //,cn»;.v ///"/>/•-', /-/mmV ■,-J>':i:<, /-/"'''> 1 <>- 1. ">:/•";/'■>• , //;y,/;.-/,s ul>li(.--is, ."tipnlif hiwUifoniulMS iliwldl'ili^-n.ril'ili--', r'ifl"l'< pnlm^.-iihitis an/im/'ifii in pwu'iilani (miiirnhm w//»/;.v;)...s;/;.s InrnnUn- l,mf],' si:i,:i.it", phiio, iiU-rnqm- ,/-v(/-/.— Dkcand., I'rod., vol. ii. p. -tCT.
A.-A(''IA LATisiMciCA. Im:n„-,s f'li!^ /.>////-"/-• parlMihi'.i qiiwr'J":/'-'^ rami.^ f.ruosis, gcwmis fjluhosi.^.—Lia^., ^p. I'l- Vv.n^oos, Rynops..
* Am ;incicnt Civk name, from ,i^.>:n,, to /."/»/, or .«/Hir;r«, many "f t'"'' ''V c!.;s liein- tliurny. ^^^
I^l
II |[ () A D- I'o |» H i: li A (' A I' I A.
vol. ii. |i. -J";'!. W'li.i.ii.. Sji., vol. iv. |i. 10117. .\1 u i adui.n, Klur. .liiiii.. viij. i. \i. ;lix.
JiVrnI 1,1.11 yj,:,n,.<,l, siliq'l'.s I'lfi.- ,'„»l/<;V»/.v, //-/V -'Mm. — I'l.r M 1 Dll. ( Kll.
r.iiriii.,) f. 'i.
'I'liis siH'c'u'S. like iiKiiiydtli.Ts of tlic frciuiH, rciiiaiUal.l.' \<y its li-lil, \vilvillL^ rcMtlici-likc lnli;i;rc. is, airoriiinji to Dr. lUnd-ctt, riirc lit Kcv Wr.-t. wliciv it l.ccoiiH'.s a very lar-c and .spn-atling
tivr. Ildwcriii,- in the nmntii ul' .May. It is als lativc of tiic
^\'^•^t Indies and llir warmer parts dl' tlie nei;jhl«>rin,u ecinlinent, vlicre it was I'.Minil iy I'hnnicr and Anlilet. Accoidin;;,' to Mad'ailyen. it i> a enltivated plant in .laniaii'a. It hears a jiivat re.-enililance In tile .Vcaeia Tenured \>y Cate^hy, tali. I"-', wliirh is ipiuted as .1. <iliiiii;i. thoii-li liy no means the same plant as Plate :;r, (.1' 'i rew. wliirh hitler is the species most commoiily t'iilli\ated under that name.
The wood ol' this Acaeia is said to he white, hard, and ehwe- ^n-ained. The trunk, as de-erihed hy Cateshy. attains a diameter of three li'ct. and is aeeonited an exeidlent wood, next to the maho.iiany olMaiiiaiea. and is tin' hest to he i'oiind in the Uahanui Islands. Kor enrioiis cahinet-work it excels mahoj^any in its variahle shininji tints, which ajipear like watered satin. Several spe<'ies of the iicnns alllird very hard and dnrahle wooil.
The small hranches in this species are ^ray, slender, anil .-oinewliat ziiizajr. The leaves are hipinnate. on main petioles, a little more than an inch long; hetweeii the first pair of pinnules is usually seen on the petiole a projectiiig thouLih sometimes merely a depressed gland; the next pairs are without -.'lands to the summit of the leaf-stalk, where there is then another di'jiressed uland. The pinnules vary in our plant from two to four iiair; (we have not seen five.) The leaflets of the iiinimle are olilonji-elliiitic, nearly .smooth, ohtu.se, somewhat ohlique, and rounded at hase, in from eight to fifteen or sixteen pairs. From the axils of the two or three uppermost leaves come out finiple OY aggregati'd peduncles, u.sually hy threes, above,
1! ltd A Iil'<i I) h !■; Ii A <• A <' I A.
18.1
niMMin;: t.,^..tli.T s.. iis lo lunn a sini.H s|.i..-r-lluNV.Mvcl imnnl,.. «itl. .■arl. ..r tl... .li.st.TS sul.t.M.I.Ml l.y latlirr |,„-v. .l.ri.lu<ms. ai,iiflcxi<".Ml.-, scn.ic.nliitc mimI iunir.iimli" kiikdU. l>ra.'tcs. wl.i.li ivsrml.lc stipules. Tin" llowiTs aiv .lisposcd in siil.crical. rather MUMll liemls. on iieilnneles al.unl tiiiv.M|nailers of an inch Ion-: they appear whif IV-.tn tl.<> e..l..r of th- Inn-. t..rtn..us. i>;ii.-liUe stainenH. The ealyx is eaneseent. with a cose pnli.srenee. irnl fivo-cleft at tiu' summit. '!'!..■ enruUa is deeply llve-i'aited. and ..f a pumlish Immn. with ul.l..n-h"i<'e..late divisions. Tlie stamens an. ten or more, Nvith v.-ry Ion- liK . -..ts. and very snndl whitish rounded anthers. The le-nme (ae.ordin- to Dr. IMod-vtl) .s r.an- or live in. h.s Ion-, Ihit, thin, numy-seeded. and an inrh or more in ijreaiUii.
TLATK LIII.
iv.-ir
I N G A.
(I'l.UMIlllt, WlLl,I).)
Xiiliiml Orih r, Li:f;'.'Mi\ns.i^. LIiiiktkh r/,im!jliii/!o)t, Poly-
CAMIA, M()N(i;(IA.
Flowers I'OTA-dAMOi:?, peifccf, tiiiil niulc. — (.!////./■ o-tootlicd. Cornlli inono]ietiil(Mis, tulnilur-runncl-roniioil, excccdinstlio calyx in lotiLrtli, witli the Itonlin- ivu'ular and 4 or 5-uk'ft. S/'iiDuia iuuiutoih, oy- scrtod, (10 lo 20O,) with tlio caiiiliary lilanicnts iiioro or lusri iinitod intC' il tiibo. Lri/mnr Lroadly linear, eoniiiressed, ]-celk'il. ^V,v/^■ usually covorod with jmlp, uiore rarely with a pelliele or with fari- naceous matter.
Rhruhs or trees of warm or trojiical climates, chietly indi;;-i'nous to India and America, nsmilly uuarnu'd. Flowers in spikes or ulolmlar heads, red or white, rarely yellow.
BLUNT-LEAVED TXGA.
In'(1A r.\(ifis-rATi.t Sjiun'.^ .^/ipiihirlliiis irdi-; filHn r<i)>/iiii"l<'-fi('iiii'>'itis, fdlniVo: ^iihciiliinik-dVpUi'is siilKlhinili'ili'.s mcinhraiMccis ghihrix, qlnmlid'i.
* An Americiii iianio adopted by I'luiiiior.
f 'I'lic si«cilio iiiiimi (if uii:/iiis-niH. idludes to the slitirt and rather concealed thorns with wliieh this tree is providi'd. TSrowne calls it llie h/iirk-l„i„l >^hnili, and from (jthers in .Taniaiea, aeeonlin.L' to Maefadyen, il rcecivi'-' the timmhs oC I'lirhiir/i 'I'lnini and \' /ilirifii- 7'rii'.
[.y-
,11a ■til, oy-
t(Ml
iri-
: to llMl-
Ills,
hlht.
iilcd mil,
i
<
I,1V
<>tt>7<nri lith I'hil
lll'i.l I iiviiiN i'M\.
BL
U N T - L !•: AA' K I ' 1 ^' ' '
(licltdti
(lllKIl [II
lluli ijhtl'rUt inhrj'nni'l'ijh
(jriiiii '■iiji'
lal:.. ,/lnl„
1.^7
' //( r'i''r-
nram knnum ]i. 4:'>*i.
MiMnS.V IIIK/'I
1(1)1
disposHi^', U'jiiJiunc
/,„./„.— DixANi)., rrod., Vc
(/;,— Linn., ^\»
490. Wii.r.n.. ^1'- l''-. '^■"l- '^'- 1'
1000. Jacijuin,
•Flor.
Aiitil
vol. 1.
Ildi't. SclKHMiln-iuin, vol. ii.
t;ih. 11. SWAllTZ., Ol)S., p.
ti.b.
i^;',).
DllSCOl'llT.,
Ma( I'AinHN,
Flor. J:nii., vol. i. p.
30(J.
Ai-'K-ii-i 7"
'(Ir'I'iil'i
iliqai-
uimditi
rLUMU'.U.
(Ivl. 1!
iiniuiii,
ri.UKEX., till). 1, fig. 6.
Acacia
(irhorca mnjor sihuos'T, J'"'"''^ 'J
iiiiUtor, SI
Vquls
iiiloi'tis. —
Sloane, Hist. Jam., v
Ol. 11. p.
;j(i.
Miniom j'rid'icim, Ju'iis oni IJiiowNK, Jamaic, p. --
ills blnalo-hinatk, sciitiinbus <
dro-iii
Uulihilf. —
Tins very singv from ton to twenty R-L-t, is in
ilav-loavcd treo, attaining
abimt the lioi.^lit of
li^cnons to many <
,f the West Indi
Islaiuls, as wc
11 as to Cmnana and CayeniiP
on the ni'i.iililioriii.Li'
con
tinont, where it was ohsevvea by
1 by Humboldt and Bonplan
,d in the hitter phuv by Anblet. This is als.
ilso another ol" tli
Caribbean pro States, haviiif; Dr. Blod-ett.
,dnctions whieh extends to the limits of the Unit-.l . been recently Ibnnd in Key West by our iVie.ul
The wo<
and tl
le nr
d is
id to be V(
How. the sinnmit of the tree irregi
liar,
ranches stra
jxray, nu thorns are s
lininsr to brown, am
i:-linir. The smaller twi-s are round and I covered with minute warts. The
tipuli
ir, or
come out at the ,i
UIK
lion of the leaf with
b.'stem; they vary in si/e, but an
ilwavs siiort. and in some
,f the twigs wi
holly absent.
Tiie leaves are bipinnate. only
four
in numlier
the leallets on ea(
1, pinule being only a single pair,
,,,sile. oliovate, very obHise or subemargma
te and rounded above.
ihibrons
and of a thin texture, wi
th widelv-rcticu
lated
the petiole channelled above, with a liollow iunctiou of the secudarv ,ietiolcs. liaceni
circular iihiiu
iier\c! 1 at tl
terniiuai
llic peilice
loiiii' am
1 fasti'iiate. almost like a coryn
•rreeui
r-h \
cllow am
1 siiioolh, in
ilol
jose
heads. Calyx small,
thyrsoid. Flowers 11,
188
G U A D A L 0 r P E IN G A.
fivo-tdotlRMl. Corolla more lliaii twii'o the Iciijith of the ciilv.v,
fivc'-clcf't toward tlio siiiiiniit, the seirinents
acu
te. Fil;
iin('ut><
iimncrous. slender, anil ea|)illar\', ncIIow. tliri'c times tlie lenLitii
)!■ th
1)11 ri
e eor lie col
■ollii
I.
iC^'inne
toi'ulose, s[)irally t\vistt'(l.
redi
our
•(Is i
Ive or six, blaek, shinins', roundisl
1, eom-
pr
esscd, half covered with a white, tleshy, ai'ilhis-like pellicle
This plant has the credit oi" hein.i nephritic comjjlaints, for the stone an(
pel a sovereign remedy 11 )r 1 <;ravel, and also for ol)- i^trnctions of the liver. The hai'k is the part employed; and ISarham states (in his account of Jamaica, where this tree grows) tliat in his time it was in such general nso that it was rare to meet with a tree that had not been harked. The decoction, of a red coloi', is very asti'ingent, and acts as a diuretic. It has also been employed I'xternally' i s a lotion and injection, to i'emo\e tiic relaxation of the parts, ['[ion the whole, it would seem to be entitled to tlu; notice of [ihysicians, and descr\es ii further examhuition.
PLATE J.IV.
A lirniirli iif tin: liiiliiral ^-uc. d. 'I'/h jlmrir ^niiiiirluil (hIhi-i/k/.
GUADALOUPE IXGA.
Ini:A ( Ir.MiAI.CrilNSIS. Jui /-///'V', /o///.v riii,jil,/il/,,-i/i iil'liillis,l'<iliii/i.-; iiliiii-illis
niilirliiiiii/ii i,< iili/)i.'-i.i i-iiiii.<l.< iildlii rriiiiis. i//iiiiJiil'i. in iHrhiiliiiiiiii /idinli iji'lliri li iiiUr jUiiiih:, c<ijii(iili.\ ijluhiisis [inHi-illiilis /'(/'■iniu.^i.^, /((^niiiiin' tiiiio (/Idhro. — DucANii., I'rod., vol. ii. p. 4:)(i.
MlMiiSA (iUADAI.l 1'1;.\.<1S. i''i/'Vx liijiiijif /(///i.//.v (j)-iii:ii(is, ohl'iijiiis tinh-
cori<K'ti.<, ((iii'iliilis ciiri/iiilio.^i.''. — Pdrsuu.n, Syiio[is., vol. ii. [i. -*'rJ..
Tins species also becomes a tree of twelve to twenty feet ele- vation at Key West, according to the oljservation of tiie same
ir
V.I
? ■ H.i.Ul'l.
I'l. \x
'! n.i.„r.i;i/il1Ur~
/M,w ,Mi '
hn.ij.iltw/if llhjit
\\\ii\ (illilil;illl|ic'iiis
litiiti til- Li tUituli-liiufie
HCI
ilci
('('
\\] lit
bl
ill (Jl k'
Ix
til
"1 l»
ul li 111
VI VI CI Ml CI II ll SI h
G r.\ DA i,() r r !•: iN(iA.
180
^(•iitlciiiiui wlio (liM'i)V('rc(l till- iircccdiiii^-. The >i)cciiiicii dr- H'rihcd li\' Pcrsooii (■■.iiiic from the island of (luadidi)ii[ir. Dccaii- diillc Mi>i)Oct.s that it may lie ii inciv tlinrnlcss variety dftln' \nv- ct'diii^- species, (J. iinniUN-niti ;) Imt, iVoiii iniiiiiToiis s[M'ciiiii'iis Avhicli we liavc inspccti'd iVom Floiidii, tliore can remain very little ddulit of its distinction as a peculiar species.
Tlie spines appear to lie vvlioily wantinii'; the l)ar]< of thi; Ijranches is uray and rough with minute warts. The petioli'S arc aliout threo lines long, and of the same h'ugth with tiie partial ones; hoth nro strongly grooved nml distinctly articulated. The leavi'S are smooth iind coriaceous, shining ahovo, didl and paler heneath, delicately and reticulately veined, ([uite opaque from their thickness, cuneate-oblong or lanceolatoK)hlong, ohtuse, and sometimes rounded at the apex, at other times rather acute and apieulated. A depres.sed gland at the summit of the petiole lietween the stalks, and also one less distinct between the ]>airs of leallets. The tlowers are axillary and long-pedunculate; they likewise terminate the branches in corymbose racemes. The heads of tlowers aiv hemispherical, and ap[)ear to have been yeUo\vi,>^h green. The calyx is campaindate, with acute and vi'ry distinct teeth; the corolla is nionopetalons, more widely cMUipanulate at the suuniiit, twice as long as the calyx, with acute segments. The pods are dark iiurplish brown, much curved, three to four inches long, alfout half an inch wide, attenuateil at the base, torulose iuid irregularly narrowed between the seeds, but not interee|)te(l williiu. The seeds are deei) black, somewhat compressed, and at one extremity half covered by a bright rose-red lleshy and lobed arilli-;-.
PLATE LV.
A hnnirli "f llif iiiilnriii -"1:1: a. I'lic rii>i' pod. h. Tha ■^•><(.
S C 11 ^E F ¥ i: 11 A.
(.lACyUlN.)
Xuliirttl Order, (jKl.ASTniNK.K? Liiurvdn Cla-'isijicuHoii, DkkciA,
Tetisandhia.
])|ii;ciiir.-. — (jdii.r siiiiill, 4-iiiirtfil, jicrsistciit. 7' /"/.v foui', iiltcriiutin,i? with the scji;ils. Stuiiiiiiii. lour, (iiiinisitc to llii' pcliils. Onirliim L'-ci'IKmI. Sli(/)iiiis two. lirrrji dry, liiimrtiti', culls l-scedcd. t<(til civet, iiliuio-c'oiivex ; iilliumcii tk'sliy ; uiiiliryo central, straiglit, iiiul ihit.
Trcps of Trojiiciil Aiiici'lcM, willi iiltcnuitc, cntii'o, foriacooiiM loaves; stipules none; ilowers sevenil, axillary, small and pcdieellaled, white ol' "Tcen.
JAMAICA BOXWOOD.
Scii/iF.FFKUA nfxiroi.iA. FnJii.s hDicrdiilu-ovatls liii.ii (iltoiiKilis pkrisqHC
iicKtis rdiiiiilisijiic i/lnlirl.", ]Hi'ili,'< riri'lis dhlifsis. Sc'iiynrriuiiA ruLTKScKNS, hiij-ifiilia. Foliis latins ovatis niiicronatis.
— ])i:cAND., Trod., vol. ii. p. 41. Lam., lUust., 1. 80!). Jlii.ri fiiliu iDnjurr (ir)iiiiii}(iti), (irhitr buocij'cra, fructit. minorc crocco tUpjrcnu.
— Si.oANK, Hist. Janiai.'a, vol. ii. p. 10:2, tab. 200, lit;. 1.
AccniiDiXG lo Dr. Biudgctt, this plant, common at K03' West and on tlio adjoining keys of Ea.st Flo'-ida, hocomcH a tree of
* .\:iiiii'(l ill 1 or ul' .James Christiuii SclnulVer, ol' Iiutisljuii, author of several
botaiiieal works. VM
to
\
^
i
i
i
I'l I.VI
{.-"iiuiMMr- UhrkUa
ll/a,ftf<M*
Si h(i'ff<'i;i luixifoli;!
.hnv-uai H.'.y Hihhf Srhir/f/ni .( triuths ,1/ hum
th
Fi
of
P' gi
w
T w
tl h o o
JAMAICA BOXWOOD.
101
thirty feet in lu-ioht, and is an article of export from the Ba- hama Lshuuls, where it is valued at about forty dollars the ton. From Poiteau's " Herbarium," it appears to grow in the island of St. Domingo; it i= -1- npnarently identical with the Jamaica plant of Sloane. The wood is pale yellow, very close and fnie- grained, and might easily be mistaken for that of the true Box, which name it bears in the Bahamas.
The twigs are slender and covered with a light gray bark. The leaves^ are very smooth and shining on the upper surface, with slender branching veins, lanceolate and very acute, yet on the lower part of the same specimen blunt or even emargmate; but thev are always narrowed below. The i.ale flowers (the only ones I have seen) are small, on very sh:.rt peduncles, three or four to-'ether, witli a rather minute caly:<, and four broadish, green, oblong, obtuse petals. The stamens are usually four, shorter than the petals, sometimes more by the mgraftment ol two peduncles. The stigmas are two, and short. The berries rather flattened and two-lobed, about the size of a grain of cubebs, dry. but with a. thick integument, two-celled, two^eeded. and of a pale oran-e-yellow when ripe. Appearances of resin are visible on «ome of the bu.ls, and the berries have rather an acrid bitter taste, something like that of tobacco; yet, notwithstanding their disa-reealile taste, they are greedily devoured by birds.
Tlie white flowers of S./nil,sm>s, the S. comphta of Swart/, M„l it. humble stature, a]>pear to distinguish it from our plant.
T.i^Ai'E LVI.
A huwrh of the mdmil si:.: u. Thcvmkjhmr. h. Thfnnf.
C E A N O T H U S/
(Lixx., in pnrt.)
Natunil Order, Eiiamxk.t:, (Dccand.) Linnrrnn Clasmfimtion,
PKXTAXnUIA, MOXOGYNIA.
Cohjx campanulatc, shortly 5-clcft, with the horilor docichinus. rdnh live, nu'iillato, and arched, csscrtod, with long claws. Stamais ex- scrtod. JJi-^l; thickened at the margin surrounding the ovary. Sii/k'S three, uinted to the middle. Fruil dry and rigid, mostly 0-celled, ohtusely triangular, seated on the persistent tube of tho calyx, tricoccous, dehiscing by the inner sutures. .Vcu/.v obovate, even.
Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely smiUl trees, of tho temperate parts of America. Roots largo and ligneous. Leaves alternate, ovate or cUipti'ul, mostly serrate, sometimes entire, persistent or deciduous. Flowere white or blue, in umbel-liko clusters, aggregated at the extremities of the branches into thyrsoid corymbs. The taste of the root an<l most other parts of the plant more or less astringent. One of the species was formerly employed as a succedaneum for tea, and hence the name of "New Jcrsii/ Tea."
* .Vniiueient Greek name cuiiiluyeil by TheuplirarttUH fur a filaiit nuw unknown.
102
i
■1 LVll
TlHM* iVallDlllllK ainolluM i/nrxit'liiiutc Ccunolhf (hrrsiyJi'i'e ■
TREE CEAXOTIIUS.
CEAX'/riiis Tiiviii^iFi.onrs. Arhorca,mrl.i; ranm(wrliitls,f<,lilsonih. obhwjis iiilnllqitki^, ohUms mmmmdis, tjla,HMoi<o-.sirriiM;s siih- t/hhris, siihlii.^ siibclllosi': ; (h.i/rm nhloiif/o-oroUbus (kii.sijhris coyijm- 'inii;, ,'.nll<rr:i>^is trn,nH<M„s>i>ir, ranii'^ Jh.nj'cns folmis ; florihus nzuiri^.
Ckaxothus (!np:-;floms.—\^saiowi^, in Mom. Acad. St. rctorsl.., (1820.) IlnoKKii, Flor". Bor. Am., vol. i. p. 125. 11ooki:iv und AiiNorr, in IJot. 15ui!cliy, p. 131). TuiiiiKY and Guay, vol. i. p. 200.
Though .suveral .species of tlii.s ok-iint genus in California, Oregon, and along tlio northwest coa.st, become considerahliJ shrubs, this is the only one which can be classed among trees. It was somewhat abundant on dry, gravelly hills in the vicinity of Monterey, where I arrived in the month of March, about the time that it was bursting into llower. My attention was called to it in the wood-pile, where considerable stems, at least us thick as a man's leg. lay consigned to the ignoble but still imiH.rtant use of firewood. The wood appeared hard, tough, of a reddish clor, and it allbrded a durable fuel. The l)ranches were tortuous, spreading, and coveri'd with a rough Ijark; the branchlets green and angular. Leaves nearly elliptic, the uppermost ovate-oblong, all ghindularly serrulate ; al)ove smooth, beneath pubescent, particularly along the three strong nerves which traverse the leaf to the sunnnit ; the petioles very short ; the upper branchlets terminating in thyrsoid panicles of deep blue and very elegant tlowers, made up of numerous round, dense clusters, in small corymbs; the terminal mass oval, alxn.t three inches long by about an inch in wi.lth ; the clusters are subtended by ovate, acuminate, broad, villous, and deciduous bractes. Tlie calyx, petals, and peduncles, are of a deep sky- blue ; the segments of the calyx ovate; the petals, as usual, ungniculate and exserted, as well as the stamens; the anthers are v.'Uow. With the fruit 1 am wholly unacquainted.
Vuu lV.-l:i ^''•■'
1D4
T U E E C E A N U T II U S.
As this is a liartly and very ornamental i)lant, it well dcwrvcs cultivation. Tlie llower.s appear early in the spring, and tlic whole sunnuit ol" the tree appears of an intense blue.
The bark of the CciiiioI/iiih a7:tin-m, a plant allied to the pre- sent species, is esteemed in Mexico as a lebrifuge.
PLATE LVII.
^■1 lifiiiirli cf the iHiUifdl size. a. The Jhiirrr.
Ckanothl-s jiwcrociirpus. — Nutt., in Tnr.UKY iiiid Guay. As this is not tlio plant of Willdenow, I take; tliis opportunity of cormtini,' the orror, and propose to call it Cnmuthiis iiiqidciirpiif.
I'Eitsi.MMoN, (Dmptjrus Viri/nilnna.) ,9 pudkscicns. FuU'm litihlns vkiI- lilcr jiil'-isifi.
Of this reniarkalde variety, with the leaves softly pilose lieneath, I have seen specimens from Louisiana, collected l)y Mr. Teinturier; and a very similar but less pubescent variety was found in Georgia by tlie late Dr. Baldwin, (according to specimens in the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences in tliis place.)
cs
10
to
I lAllI
Snake Wood.
Coliihriiltl Anu't'inuui /iin.i (//■ ('(iiilriiyre
C O L U B 11 1 N A.
(HiCI'AKD.)
Na(,u;d Order, RiiAMNE.F.. Li>N,<ran a>u>Hifirafum, Pentaxdria,
MoNOOYNIA.
0,h,x spvcadinir, .Vcleft; the tube iKnuisplun-icnl. P>f'>h five, ol- oviite, involute, ,SV. • 'CVS live, ^vitl, ovate, -l-vAV'A atulinv. I>,.^h il.sliy, ratlier <'.at, slightly rj-anirletl. Ovm-n immerse.l in a.i.l ad- herini to the disk, ^^celled. %/c trifid. HHnmas throe. Fruil tapsular, de'iisc'ent, trieocoous, gir,^ at the base by the adiiate, per- ma.ient. entire tube of the ealyx. Sa:ds furnished with a sliort i<talk, the testa eoriaeeo--', very smooth.
Trees or shrubs of Trnpieal America and Asia. Leaves alternate, with pinnate .lerves, and retieuhUe.I witli transv.Tse veins. Flowers in short, axillary cymes.
SNAKG-WOOD.
CoLunniNA Ameiucana. FM.< nnitis suhrtcnminans mlr;ir;s, sHbln.' rmiu'U, Jbribus,,m farurjlnco-villosis, Jiorihus axillnribjis ,-or!/mb,m
iiiliirc()atii. CEANOTiins coM,rimn.~lMiMicK. Dixanl., Prod., vol. ii. p. :!l.
ri;Ksi)iiN, Svnops., vol. i. p. 244. liHAMNT- n-/;//,r/,M..-.lAC(iUiN', Amcr., 74, No, -J, Uort. Vindobon., vol. iii. tab. .-,(). V.V.K1,, Icon, rar., tab. lO,",. Linn., Sy^t., vol. i.
mo
SNA K E-WOOn.
IvilAMNUS arhorcH.i, fiilii.<! ohimili.'< vcno.<i.^, cnpati)/.-.' .ipharlri.'i, iitfi nic ad nudklaU'in caluptrati-^. — Buowne, .Taniaic, p. 172, Xo. 2.
]{hamnus fcrrwjhieus. — Ni'TT., in Touuey aii<l Gray, Flora X. Am., vol. i. p. 2i>!, and Jourii. At'ad. X;it. Sc, I'liilad., vol. vii. ji. 90.
Arhiir lHU\-iJ\ra iwllcn, foVli hvijorihus spkndadhus jhrc pcidaptialu. — CoM.M., ][ort., J). 4To, tal). HO.
A I'l.owKiiiXG si»ooiiiien of thirt tree was collectod at Key Wc'st, ill East Florida, by Mr. Titian Pualc. From this im- porfoct relic I conceived it to belong to a now species, which I honco called the lerriiginous Buckthorn ; hut on comparing it more attentively with, a line specimen of lihamnus cohihrlmm, collected in St. Domingo by I'oiteau, I felt satisfied of their identity. It is indigenous to the islands of St. Martin, tlic Bahamas. Jamaica, St. Domingo, and Cuba, whore, on the high niDinitains, it lioconies a tree of twenty feet in height; but on the borders of the sea, among the brushwood, it seldom attains a greater lieight than that of six or .seven foot. The branches s})road out luri/ontally and are tliickly covered with loaves. It is remarkable for thi' ferruginous d(jwn spread over the petioles and Noung U'aves, as well as upon the j)oduncles and calyx of tlie tiv)\vers. The bark is smooth and blackish, but the younger branches are gray and down}'. The leaves an' alternate, oval, somewhat acuminately and abruptly pointed, entire, smooth and shining almve, tomeritose beneath when young, afterward only so on the nerves, three to four inches long by about two inches widi-; the petioles from a (piarter to half an inch long. The llowers are small, disposed in sliort, axillary corymbs, ci)ntaining in each duster idjout seven to ton. 'J'lio calyx is \iilous and ferruginous, live-parted, the divisions ovate and somewhat acute; the |ietals, five in numlier, are nar- row, linear-oblong, about the length i)f the divisions of the calyx, unguiculate, concave, and partly endjracing the stamens, which are about the same length. FU'sliy disk of the germ conspicuous, broiidly live-lobod. 'J"h(> style is simple, termiiuiting
SNAKE-n'OOl).
197
i,; throe siiiipU", ol)tusc stigmas. The fruit, nearly hnlf-way embraced by the persistent base of the calyx, is a capsule of three lobes, with three valves and three elastic cells. The seeds are solitary, nearly round, and somewhat compres.sed, shining and black, remaining, often after the lapse of the cap- sule, attached to the base of the cells. With the wood of this tree or its economy I am unacquainted.
Another species of this genus, with smooth, elliptic, and some- what acuminated leaves on longish petioles, occurs, according to La Sagra, in Cuba. In this also the small axillary umbels are very few-llowered, smooth, and pedicelhited : this might Ijo called Co ithruia ijlabra.
PLATE LVIII.
A hnnirh of (he nntural size. a. The ,n„hd of jlowrr^. b. The flower n link enlarged, e. The I lYimumiig attached to the reeeplarle.
IJ U C K T H O P N.
Xii/in-iil Onlt i; RiiAMXK.E. Liinimm Clunnljlration, rKXTANOKlA,
MoNOGYNIA.
RIIAMXUS.* (Li.vN.)
(V///r nroooliito, witli the border 4 or 5-clet't. I'ltuJ.^ four or five, altoriKitiiijj witli tlio calyx, eiit'ro, cmargiiiato or i-loliod, riioru or less C'liivoluto, somctuiic;; ivantiiii;. Tunis tliiii, rmiiiic llio tulu' of the calyx. Stainitid situated before the petals. Onny free, and not irninersed in the torus or dii^'c, 2 to 4-eelled. S/i/l(S two to four, distinct, or eonibined. Fndt drupaceous, eoutaiuiiig two to four eartilaginou:i nuts.
The 15urkthorns are all shrubs or snuUI trees, with alternate and rarely opposite leaves, on short petioles, often pennatejy nerveil. The tlowers are snudl and ii;reenish, usnaily in short axiihiry (JMslers or small eorvndis.
CAROLINA BUCKTIIORX.
KuA.MXt-s CAitoi.ixiANrs, C^Vai.tkk, Flor. Carol., ]i. 101.) Enrtiis. fulii.i <iraV<-<jhhiiHj'ts iii/if/riusriilis (jhihris, iDiibillis iiuluiiciihiiis, Jliirlliii.-< licrmiiphrixUtci', fnirt' -is r/lnhosis. — MiniAux, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. i. ji. l")!!. Decand., Prod., vol. ii. p. 20.
KiiA.MXus Cauoliniani s. Erect, unanned; leaves oval-oblong, ob- scurely serrate, nearly glabrous, (or rarely pubescent lieneath ;)
* From llii' (cllic /■//», liiMiicliiiiL:' ; ;iim1 liriicr llic (Ircck /.uym^. IDS
to to
ll/IM
ob-
I'l. hlX
Carolina HucAthoni
J,%,iniiiis CirDldiifiiiis X,/;iriiii <^f In f'nrnlinr
ur tl( III 111 T
'J
iind LiU
i.r
Arl Tri
Mil
boi wii
tVli
ve lo(
Ui pii t\>
SII
\v
tl
al it
CAROLINA BUCKTHORN.
199
umlit'ls axillary, on pcdiiiiuh^s iniicli shorter than the jiotiok's; ilowors perfect, pciitandrous, (.sometimes tetrauilroii.s;) jictals mi- nute, embraciiii^ the very short stamens; styles united to the sum- mit; stigmas three; fruit globose, rather dry, 5i to 4-soedcd. — TouiiEV and (jUAY, Flora N. Anier., i. ji. 202.
Tins fuie Bucktlioni, though usually ii shruh in our Suutlieni iind Southwestern forests, on the borders of Palmetto Creek, Laurens county, in Georgia, the late Jlr. Crooni observed trees of this species thirty to forty feet high. In the forests of Arkansas, they attain the height of ordinary Peach or Ajjple Trees, and, congregated together, produce shady groves of con- siderable extent. The quality or uses of its wood remain a desideratum. The stems are, however, slender i()r their height, being not more than four to si.v inches in diameter.
The leaves are three to six inches long and one to two inches wide, oval-oblong and widening ti>ward the summit, the ex- tremity more or les.s briefly acuminate, tlie border slenderly serrulate, and sometimes irregularly waved; the lateral pennate veins are ten to twelve, and rather distant; the very young leaves before oxpansiim are somewhat ferruginously villous. Undtels on stout pedicids, from 10 to lo-llowered. The cal^x pubescent but not ferruginous, the segments laiu:e()late; petals two-lobed at the extremity. The fruit, black, as large as a small pea, is mostly three-seeded. Seeds black, plano-convex, without a groove.
This species begins to ajipear in North Carolina and extends through Georgi;' to Florida. West t)f tae Mississippi, it is abundant on the banks of the Arkansas, and Mr. Say collected it within the range of the Rocky Momitains.
In Bartram's Botanic Garden, at Kingsessing, where this species is perfectly hardy, it forms an elegant tree, and has attained the height of nearly twenty-five feet in twenty years. Colonel Carr,the late worthy proprietor of this interesting garden, tells me that for a ctnsiderable time the berries remain red. ami
200
IT 11 Sirs BUOKTHOUN.
arc very oniiniu'iitiil; at IcMifrtli towaril wIiiUt tlicy turn Mack, and remain so lor a lonu; time, until .some famislii'd Hock of robins liillrt upon anil strips tlicni nearly at onw.
PLATE LIX.
A branch <if titc nalural nl^c. a. Tlicjldim-dibirijul. /». The In rricis.
PURSirS BUCKTHORN.
IJiiAMM's I'nisiii.v.NTS, (Dt'caiid.) Jncnnis, nrr/u.^, J'nili.s ((ilo-iin/ili'ris mmulc drxticiildl'i-ficrrdli-^' .^hIiIhs jiiihisi'tHlilnis iurr!.< hitirulilnis aliliiinis Unmlis, pahmcuUs axiK'Tilmti iiiiihilliilisJlijrilni.^-'/iti- puhcdcotlihu.-; valji-e. H-filo, pdalis initudis cdcidhifi.i.—lhniK., Flor. I'.or. Am., vol. ii. \>.V2'), t. 43. Dkcaxi)., Trod., vol. ii. \<. ■2^>.
KiiA.MNUS a!ivj'oli(tti. — Vvii:'n, Flor. Am. Hv[<t., vol. i. p. lti<i, (iion L'lLrhkr.)
Tins is another species of Buckthorn which Ixn-onies a tree of ten to twenty I'eot elevation, with a trunk of nine inches in diameter. It was discovered within the liooky Mountain range, on the hanks of .Salmon Eiver, by Captain Lewis; and it is of common occurrence on the borders of the ()re;,'on, in tlie upland shady woods near the skirts of the prevailing Pine forests. Menzies also met witli this tree near Nootka. on the northwest coast of America. It bears a strong re.send)lance to the Ji. Oirulliilunws,- but the leaves are broader, shorter, and more decidedly serrated, and the Ijerry is strongly three-lobed.
The branches are round, dark brown, and pubescent. The loaves are three to live inches long, petiolate, deciduous, but at length somewhat coriaceous, broadly elliptic, rounded or rarely somewhat acute at the base, obtuse or sometimes very sliortl}
CAT II A I! T 10 lU'CKTII O 11 N.
201
i<>r
aciimiiiMto, tlio iniir;j,in niiiiiitcly siTriiliitc, the yoiiiiL' Iciuch inilicscciit at length, only (<o on tlio nerves Ijeiioiitli, the iierveH in olilique Hnes; petioles puhe.scent. Stipnles quickly deeidnons, jiiMJiincles solitary, an ineh or more lonjr, unihelhiteil; pedicels puhescent, elonjrated in the fruit. Calyx externally ptdiescent, six-cleft; the sejinients acute, internally cariiiate. Petals minute, cuculhite, hilid at the apex, shorter than the calyx, very concave, and cucullate. Stamens opposite the petals ami involved in them. Germ nmall, ovate. Style shorter than tin; jrerm; tiie stigma ohtuse and three-lohed. Berry wider ahove, three-ci'lled, three-seeded. The seed ohovate, hlack, very shining, convex cxteriiidly, internally with a central, elevated line at the hase, at the hyluni yellow.
The C.VTiiAUTic BucKTiioiLV {RhdiniiKs oi/Iiiirliriis) appears to he a native of the Northern States of the Union, as it occm's in the wildest situations. The berries and syrup of this species have long been employed in medicine. The juice of the berries, in a dose of ii\Q or six drachms, proves a strong cathartic; but it is generally made into a syrup. The bark has als(j an emetic qualify. The juice of the unripe berries with alum gives a yellow dye; that of the ripe fruit, concentrated by evaporation, and treated in the same maimer with a solution of alum, ^ives a green paste, — the sap-green employed by painters, — and, from the manner in which it is prepared for sale, is called, in France, rcrf tic rcmle.
In New England, particularly in the vieiniiV of Boston, this species is much employeil for useful and orna-nental hedges, ami, bearing well to be cut, growing thick, an<l remaining green till winter, it is strongly recommended for this useful purpose.
IV.— l:l»
MANCIIINEEL.
NiiiKnil O/v/c/', p]ci'lK)UlilACK/T;? Li'iinmni (Viissijlrd/inu, M()N(F,- CIA, MoNAnEUMllA.
lIirrOMANK.* (Linn.)
AfoxcKciors. — Mfilc flowers with a sulicinnpamiliito, omanonalo calyx and no corolla. A single columnar iilanient terniinatiiii; in four antliors. — In tlic fa-t'dc flower there is a 3-leaved caly.x and no corolla. .S7'//l" very short. Slii/nta ti or T-clel't. Fniit, a (Iriipe con- taining a six to seven or more celled nut; each cell witli one seed; the colls indchiseent.
A large poisonous tree of Trojiical America, with alternate, entire leaves ; the male flowers clustered in interruiitcd, terminal spikes. The fi'uit solitary and sessile, resemliling an apple.
MANCIIINEEL.
irrPPOMAXK MANCINEIJ.A. lAjliifl omtis SnTi'llix. — LlN"N'.,WlLl.n., Sp. ]il.
liAMAUcK, lUust., t. 703. 3 ACQ., Am., edit, pid., t. 2:!8. Aiui.ct,
(Juian., vol. ii. p. 885. flldhts Americana, lauroccrasi folio, venenata. Manrinello arbor sen Jlla.i-
.'^iiiilia dicta. — CoMMEL., Ilort., vol. i. p. 131, t. G8. Jiajlnndi affum arbor jtdifcra, lacicsrcns, venenata, ii'jrifoUn, Mancanillo
Jlispani'-- dicta. — Si.oani;, Jamaic. Hist., vol. ii. p. 3, t. 15!).
* I'rum l-zii;, a hor»'', luid /laviu, ma</iirsx. Tlio iiuiiio, lidwcvor, was a]i]ilii'(l by the Greeks to a very ditVereut jilaiit which grew in Areailia, said to render liiirses furicins. 2(12
N(K-
iilyx four
IK)
con- sul;
itiro ken.
i.rr.
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r^iM
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.VLmi'liiiHf
Hi/i/KHHiiitr ■ ff/iii<'li:<///i
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Hi
Vil
CO!
K(
to til ail ill lu
<rl'
n' ill III
M
al (\
III (i
II 1, ('I (I f(
M A N C II I N E K L.
20:J
M<>,ir,n,Hla ;»/,",/./,/('.— Plum iKii, Gc.i., p. 40, t. 3. MSS. vol. vi. t.
109. Cateshy's Carol., vol. ii. p. 05, t. 0.'). Ador Amn-Miita Muneincllo dklajructu pond vcnenalo, nudrls srpkm-i
el jilurHjiis, In ossicalo muricnlo, iotldem loftdis dispcrliti), iiwtusin.—l'LV-
KKN, Ahiiag., p. 44. riiytog., tub. 142, fig. 4. Ilippomanc urljorann. lactcscms, nimiditi tmiati-i ; petiidis ijlundidd imlah.i ;
jlorlbiis spiaiUs, mlxAis.—V,\w\s^v., Juiii., p. ^'-fjl.
The Mancliincol Tree atta'ns a great size on the sea-coast in various parts of the West India Islands and the neijihljoring continent. It lias also been found growing very conunon at Key West, in low places, wliere it attains the height of thirty to forty feet. It has nuich the aspect of a Pear Tree at a dis- lance, while the fruit resembles in appearance and scent a small api)le, and is produced in such abundance that the ground, when they fall, appears as if it weve paved with them; they possess, however, very little i)ulp, hei:.g internally occupied by a deeply- grooved nut as largo as a chestnut. No aniuuil, except goats and macaws, chooses to feed on them; and they become dry, brown, anil spongy, and as useless as they are deleterious. Tlu; wood, on the contrary, is in great esteem for tables, cabinets, and other articles of furniture, being close-grained, heavy, durable, finely variegated with brown, white, and snades of AvUow, and susceptible of a high polish. Tables made of it "almost resemble marble, and are e.pially smooth and shining. Creat caution, however, is necessary in felling the tree; and, before they begin, it is the usual i)ractico of the workmen, first to kindle a fire round the stem, by which means the milky sap becomes so nuK-h inspissated as not to follow the blow's of the axe. Tli.n- al.<o take the further precaution to cover the face with a net of gauze, to prevent the access both of the juice and the particles of sup-wood, which might be dele- terious.
All parts of tb<' Mauchineel Tree abound with a white, milky sap. which is very poisonous, and so ca\istic that a sinde <h\)p
M A N cm N E E L.
reci'ivt'il upon tlie back of the hand immediately ])rodiices the M'nsatioii of the toiicli of a coal oi" (ire, and soon raises a watery blister. The Indians, accordin;:; to Hawkins, used to jjoison tJK'ir arrows with this juice, which retained its venom tor a loii!^ time. Another and much more deadly jjoison was com- monly used for this })urpose, however, by the American savages of tlie warmer parts of America, — namely, the vnniri, chielly obtained fn)ni the juice of the t'ifn/i-Juioii; and this was distin- giiishal)le liy producing the efli-'ct of tihnnts or lockjaw, wbicii, mostly fatal, Avas sometimes protracted fcjr several days before producing di'atli. It is reported that man\- of the Kuropeans ■who iirsi landeil in Surinam died suddenly from slee[)ing uiulcr this tri'e; and there may probably be soTue foundation in truth for such reports, when we take into consideration the volatile nature of the poisonous principle of these pla.ics. As in the Acnonious species of Rhus or Sumach, also, while many in- dividuals arc- affected by the poison, others, for no evident reas(m, can touch or handle these ])lants with impunity. Ifence, though .Tacquin assei'ts that ho I'eposed under tlu' shade of the Manchineel for the space of three hours without eN[>cricncing any inconvenii'iice. it docs not follow that it would be er(ually hannless to all who should hazard tiu; e\i)eriment; and, \\i[\\ a laudable prudence, the inhabitants of Mai'tini((ue formerl}- burneil down whole wooils of the Manchiuetd in order to clear their country of so dangerous a ])esv.
fatesby acknowledges that h(> was not sudiciently satislicd of its poisonous (puilities "till, assisting in the cutting down a tree of this kind on Aii<lr<i^ Island, I paid for my incredulitj': sonu! of the milky jioisvuious juice s) irting in my eyes, I was two days totally deprived of sight, :,nd my eyes and face much swelled, and lelt u violent pi'ickiug pain the fii'st twenty-lour hoius. which from that time abated gradually with the suelling, and went oil' without any application or remedy, none in that
M A N C 11 1 N E E L.
•Mi,
uninhiiliitfd isliuid being to be had. It is no woudor that tlie sp-i) of this tree should be so vindcjit, when rain or dew lalliny from its leaves on the naked body causes blisters on the skin, and even the clUuvia of it arc so noxious as to ail'ect the senses of those which stand any time under its shade."
Oily substances are considered the best remedy fur this poison. Some also reeonunend a large glass of sea-water to be drank instantly as a preventive.
The branches of the Manchineel arc covered with a grayish, smooth bark. The leaves, which fall annually, are alternate, petiolate, numerous, oval, pointed, almost cordate at the base, slightly and distantly serrulate, dark green, rather thick, shining, veined, and transversely nerved, tliree to four incdies long l)y about two inches wide. Stipules oval and caducous. The llowers are small and of a yellow ctdor, mona'cious, and grow upon straight, terminal spikes, like catkins. The nude llowers are minute, collected togethc ■ in clusters of about thirty together, each cluster suljtended Ijy a concave, caducous scale. The calycini" scales are accompanied at their base Ijy two large, lateral, orbicular, depressed glands. The fertile flowers are sessile and solitary. The drupe, in color and odor, is so like a small apple that it might easily be mistaken for it; it is shining, and of a ycUowish-gree.i color, with a white and milky pulp. ' it c(mtains a thick, bony nut. full of angular crests which preject almost tlirough the skin; it has, ordinarily. si.K or seven, sometimes as many as fourteen? one-seeded cells, which have no spontaneous dehiscence or valves. The mair llowers have a very smal' onedruved, roundisli, 1)ifid calyx, witli a straight, slender lUament as long again as the calyx, beanng f.,ur ''roundish anthers. The J' male ilower, like the j-receding, has no corolla, and consists of a three-leaved calyx, with round- ish, obtuse, connivi'ut leallets. The ovary is oval, superior, as long as the calyx, surmounted liy a straight, short style, d.'ei)ly
20fi
A L E U HI T E S.
diviilc'd into six or seven long, siil)niute, jiuinted, inid rellected stiyniiis.
PLATE LX.
^■1 hranch of tlic nalural s'cc. a. Tlie maJc jliu\:\ h. 'J'hc (if/il<-li/.c drtipc of llic nataral 7)iaf/niladc. c. A Inaoin rsc scclloii of the (Inqte li'iriiif/ uLc cdl.s and one ahortive cdl. d. The. seed, of tin natural niag- niladc. c. 'The kernel, with the inverted cmhrjo of the natural size.
The poisonous Upas, [Aiitiaris toxkarUt,) bearing solitary, female flowers with two styles : d an unequal drupaceous fruit, thoujiii only of one cell, still ajiproaelies nearer to the anomalous Manehineel, iu this family, than to any plant of the Ar/iiiiirpKi; witli whicli it is so unnaturally associated.
Akuriku, by its fruit, a two-celled, two-seeded, indehiscent drupe, appears to bo almost intermediate with Antiaris jind Hippomane. Wo are unacipiainted witii tlie structure of the seed in Antiaris; Init tlic ()l)li([uity of the fruit, and its swelliuj^ out in(jre to one side, would seem to indicate tlie presence of two germs. Those poisonous phiiits, as well as the Aleurites, seem to form a natural group, wiiieh furtlier observation nuist decide; if so considered, they iiiight bear tlie name of Ilii'i'o- manEjE, from the well-kno^vn .Manehineel, and will be distin- guished cliielly Irom tlie Kn'iKiHiu.vrE.K by tiieir indeiiisceut, druiiaceous fruit of one or two to seven or more one-seeded cells, in place of three, the characteristic number in Euplior- biaceic.
The large oily kei'uels of the Aliiirilis fri/oki. known in the Sandwich and Friendly Islands by the name of Too-tooo, are employed by the natives, generally, for light:- pierced witii a skewer, they are lighted like a candle or a torch, and burn well and for ;x long time, giving out a Ijright llame and smoke. An excellent oil is obtained from these nuts by expression, wliicli
A L E U R I T E S.
21)7
i.s used for a variety of purposes, and answers well for piiiut. It constitutes, lil<ewise, one of tlio most ornnmental and cliarae- teristic trees of tlie forest, visible at a great distance l)y tlie paleness and whiteness of its verdure, and hence the name of Alcurites given to it hy Forster, from its mealy appearance. It grows rapidly and aiTords a fine shade, producing leaves which resemble those of the Plane Tree.
F.NI) HI' Vol.. 1. or NUTTAl.I,.
HTKnKtHTI'F.li HV I.. .iitllNSOS k CO. I'llll.AliKl.l'llH.
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T. 1 R. nnt U S Pop), nt Aj' ru'L.tc, 1»9:,
Plate III.
Assam Hybrid Tea Plants at Pinehurst. Three and a halk YLAUb Old and LEbb, SHOWING Variation in Size of Leaf and General Vigor of Growth.
I
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F.b«> R.'pofl, U S D-iM ilAg.cjIu'o. I8«.
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Plate V.
«!
BaWaTRiNG Hemp Plants.
%V; ■ *
ruar«'^ ^ X*.
' lt..»,-li.,.J>liiMI>^MliBiabi
t,- i
■i
Fig. 2. Routed Cuttings. LE-aves, and Roots.
•■sV