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THE

MISCELLANEOUS DOCUMENTS

OK THK

SENATE OF THK UNITED STATES

FOR THE

SECOND SESSION OF THE FIFTY-THIRD CONGRESS.

1 893-94.

VOLUME H.

WASHINGTON:

OOVKBNMKNT IMilNTINO OPPTCE.

18 9 5.

53d

C(

2d Session.

53d Congress, ) SENATE. ( Mis. Doo.

■ ) \ No. 2(M>.

IN THE SENATE OP THE UNITED STATES,

REPORT

GW THS

COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES

J

L

OH

mSMTIONS i THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN

nr REQA^RO TO

THE SALMON FISHERIES.

PRESENTED BY THE VICE-PRESIDENT.

Hat 3t, 1894.— Laid on the table and ordered to be printed.

WASHINGTON:

OOYBBNMENT FBINTINO OPFIOB.

1894.

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THE SALMON FISHERIES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

By MARSHALL McDONALD,
VnUtd Siatn Commistiontr of Fish and Fishtritt.

n. S. OoMinssioii 09 Fish and Fishebibs,

Woihington, D. 0., May 31, 1894.
Hon. Adla.1 E. Stbvenson,

Fresident of the Senate:

SiB: In oompliance with inatractions conveyed in the provisions of the Sundry
Civil Bill, which became a law August 5, 1892, 1 have the honor to submit a report
of investigations in the Oolnmbia River Basin.

The first of the provisions above referred to authorized the expenditure from
the appropriation for inquiry respectiag food-fishes of $2,000, or so much thereof as
may be necessary, "In examining the Clarke's Fork of the Columbia liiver, with the
view to ascertain the obstructions which prevent the ascent of salmon up said river
to the Flathead Lake and adjacent waters."

The secoud provision directed an investigation and report respecting the advisa-
bility of establishing a fish-hatching station at some suitable point in the State of
Washington, and appropriated for the same "f 1,000, or as much thereof as may be
necessary."

It was not known whether the failure of the salmon to enter the Clarke Fork of the
Columbia was due to natural obstructions preventing their ascent, or was to be attrib-
uted to the extensive fishing operations prosecuted in the Lower Columbia, or possibly
to other causes to be disclosed by the proposed investigation. Again, the location of
the hatchery proposed for the State of Washington would be necessarily determined
by our ability to secure an adequate supply of spawning salmon within convenient
distance of the hatchery.

It appearing probable that the methods of the large fisheries pursued in the Lower
Columbia, if permitted to continue, would effectually intercept the run of salmon to
ihe headwaters, and thus defeat the object for which the hatchery is proposed, it
was thought proper and expedient to institute a general investigation covering the
entire Columbia Biver Basin, and if conditions were disclosed threatening disaster
to these valuable and productive fisheries, to bring the matter to the attention of
Congress and the States interested in their prosperity.

The direction of the field investigation was intrusted to Prof. B. W. Evermann,
assistant in the Division of Inquiry Respecting Food-Fishes, whose report is appended
to and constitutes an integral part of the report of the Oommisaioner of Fisheries.

.i""-

INVE8TiaA.T10N8 IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

A very complete statistical investigation into the history, methotla, apparatus,
present conditions, product, and annual value of the salmon fisheries of the Columbia
has also been made by Mr. VV. A. Wilcox, under the direction of Dr. II. M. Smith,
assistant in charge of the Division of Statistics and Methods of the Fisheiieis, the
results of which are embodied and discussed iu the report which is herewith respect)-
fuljy submitted.

OONDITIONS DBTEBUININO XHB SALMON PRODUOTION OF A BIVBB BASIN.

There are fundamental conditions determining the . .alraon production of a river
basin and the nature and extent of the fisheries which may be maintained without
overtaxing the productive capacity of the river. All the species of salmon which are
the object of the fisheries are alike under the constraint of a natural law, which com-
pels them to enter the fresh waters for the i>tt."poseof spawi.iiig. Some species ascend
to a relatively short distance above tidn water. Others, lil^e the chinook, push their
migrations to the remotest sources of the rivers and tributary streams when not pre-
vented by natural or artificial obstructions. Where the area of distributioti is con-
tracted by the erection of barriers, dams, or other obstructions which the salmon can
not surmount, the production of the river is diminished pro tanto, for the reason that
the young salmon remain for some mouths iu the waters in which they are hatched —
they must here find their food — and consequently the extent of the feeding-grounds
open to them will be the measure of nature's ability to repair the waste occiisioued by
natural casualties and the fishing operations. If there be no contraction of the
breeding area by artificial obstructions, but, on the other hand, the limes, methods,
and apparatus of the fisheries are such as to intercept or in a large measure prevent
the run of salmon into and up the rivers, then a serious decline in the fisheries is
inevitable.

It is possible by fish-oultiu-al operations pursued on an adequate scale, by hatching
and planting the fry in the head waters of the Columbia and its tributary streams,
to realize the full productive capacity of the river, so long as eggs can be obtained in
suuicient numbers to furnish a basis for the extensive operations required. This
would nut bo possible, however, if the fishing operations in the lower river practically
excluded the salmon trom the streams to which it would be necessary to have recourse
to obtain a supply of eggs. It is evident, therefore, that fish-cultural operations can
not be relied upon exclusively or chiefly to maintain the salmon supply in the Columbia.
The regulation of the times, methods, and apparatus of the fisneries should be such
as to assure the largest opportunity practicable for reproduction under natural condi-
tions. Artificial propagation should be invoked as an aid and not as a substitute for
reproduction under natural conditions.

THB LIMITS OP MIOBATION OF SALMON.

The limits of migration of salmon in the Columbia River basin, as determined by
impassable falls in the larger tributaries of the Columbia and their affluents, is shown
in the accompanying chart, there being no serious obstructions existing in the main
river within the limits of the United States.

The area of distribution is approximately 90,000 square miles. This immense tract
is drained by innumerable streams of clear cold water, into which the salmon enter
for the purpose of spawning and up which they ascend till their progress is stopped

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA HIVER BASIN. 0

by falls or other obstructions which tlipy cannot surmount. Tliese waters furniwh the
fec(lin<; grounds of the yuung salmon during their early lite, which is spent in tlit^ fresh
waters. Tlieir migration seaward does not begin until they are at least a year old and
have attained a length of from 8 to 10 inches. These streams are the nurseries of
the great salmon ilsheries of the lower Golumbia. From Oiich goes out every year a
colony, more or less numerous, to swell the aggregate of young salmon necessary to
repair the waste by natural casualty and by capture.

The area of natural distribution has not as yet been very niati;ii."v abridged.
Oertaiu streams, such as the Bruneau and the Boise, have been obstru(,N • by dams
near their mouths, but the vast exteut of waters still accessible t ; almon and
attbrding suitable brceiling ami feeding grounds, indicates that we iiist Ic )k toother
causes to explain any ascertained deterioration in the salmon fish( i. « of the Columbia.

DEOBEASB OF

tON IN THE HEAD WATERS OP THU OOLUMUr 1

fVEB.

Theli. 'stigations made by Prof. Bvermann and the parties ciider his directiou
establish conclusively the fiict that there has been a very great reduction in the num-
ber of salmon fre(iuenting the head waters of the Columbia liiver and its tributaries.
This decrease is more aotable in the main river. In the early history of the fishery
salmon were found in the head waters in marvelous abandaLce. According to the
information obtained by Prof. Evermann :

They were abundant in the Columbia Eiver at Kettle Falls as Inte as 1878. Since then there
has been a great decrease. They have been scarce since 1882. Since I'i'iK) therw have been scarcely
any at Kettle Falls. The Meyers Brothers say that thoy have been almost unable to buy any salmon
for their own table from the Indians for three years. Certain Indians with whom we talked at Kettle
Falls said salmon were onoe very abundant there, but that very few are seen now. Other persons
testified to the same effect. Essentially the same information was obtained ref^ardinj; the decrease of
salmon in other parts of the npper tributarieii of the Columbia, viz: at Spoknue, in both the Big and
Little Spokane rivers, and in the Snake River and its various tributaries.

Dr. O. P. Jenkins, an assistant of Prof. Evermann, makes the following report in
reference to the Takima River, Washington :

The Yakima Is the main stream of the valley. It receives many tributaries, the main ones being
Manistash and Wilson creeks. The river near the city (Ellensburg) is 160 feet wide, by an average
of 10 feet deep, and flows with a velocity of 1 foot per second. Temperature at 9:15 a.m., August
24, 1893, 60° F. ; water clear. Those acquainted with the facts state that formerly, up to about 1885,
Mlmon of three or four kinds, including the qninnat, ran np the stream to this valley and spawned in
the river in great numbers; at present very few make their appearance.

There is no reason to doubt — indeed, the fact is beyond question — that the number
of salmon now reaching the head waters of streams in the Columbia Biver basin is
insignificant in comparison with the number which some years ago annually visited
and spawned in these waters. It is farther apparent that this decrease is not to be
attributed either to the contraction of the area accessible to them or to changed con-
ditions in the waters which would deter the salmon from entering tbo'ja. We must
look to the great commercial fisheries prosecuted in the lower river lur an explanation
of this decrease, which portends inevitable disaster to these fisheries if the conditions
which have brought it about are permitted to contiivue.

The relations of the decreased number of salmon in the head waters to the devel-
opment of the commercial fisheries is brought out in a very instructive way by an
analysis of the following table:

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER HASIN.

Summary of the lalmon-canning industry of the Columbia Biter from it» origin to the present tim«.

Tear.

Groftii weight Niimlierof
of HaliiKin cnHCB
iitiliiod. 1 pouked.

Value.

Averai;e

value
per uaso.

Tear.

OroKH weight
of Hfthiion
utiliiuU.

Number of

cnnen

packed.

Valne.

Average

value
per case.

1866

1807

1808

18«»

1870

1»71

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

Pound*.

200, 000
1,170.000
1. 820, Olio
6. 600. 1100
9, 7.10, 000
13,0110,0(10
16. 250, OUO
18.2.50.000
22,750,000
24, 375, (KK)
29,250,000
24, 7110, 000
29,900 000
81.200,010
84,450,000

4,000

18, Olio
28, (100
1(H), OOO
150.000
200, 0(10
2.50, 000
25(1. 000
8.5(1, 000
875, 000
4,5(1, OOO
8811, 000
400, 000
480, (100
630,000

»64,000
288, 000
302 000

1, 350. (H)0
1,800,000
2,100,000

2, 325. UOO
2, 250. 000
2, 625. OIK)
2, 2.50, (100
2,475,000
2, 062. 0,10
2,300.000
2, 640, 000
2,050,000

«16.00

16. (N)

14.00

13. 50

12,00

10,50

9,30

9,0(1

7.50

6,00

6.60

6.40

6.00

6.60

6.00

1881

1883

1883

1884

1885

1S86

1887

1888

1889

IH'.KI

1891

1802

1893

Total.

Fountli.

35, 750. 000
35, 184. .'lOO
40,011.(100
40, ;100. 11(10
35. 007, OiK)
29,152.(1(10

23, 140, (1(10
24,211,005
20. 085, 495
28. 7HI.:i85
20, 4!iO 0:l5
32, 185,»'I5

24, 050, 000

650, OOO
641.300
029. 400
820, 000
653.800
448, 500
856, 000
372,477
309. 886
4:i5. 774
898, 9.5:1
487, .338
370.000

«2, 475. 000

2, em. 000

3, 147, (HJO
2.915,000
2,50(.>.0OO

2, i:i5, 000

2,124,000
2, 327, OS I
1,800,820
2, 407. 458
2.240.904
2, 079, 009
2, 107, 500

(4.60
4.80
6.00
4.70
4.51
4.76
6.07
6.25
6.81
6.52
6.62
6.60
6.70

638,424,515

10,098,427

69,029,790

6.86

Canning operations on the Columbia Kiver began in 1866, when 4,000 cases were
packed and sold at an average of $16 per case. As early as 1872 the total pack
rea4;hed 250,000 cases, the price per case having declined to $9. Each succeeding
year operations were extended and readied their culmination in 1883 and 1884, when
upwards of 600,000 cases were packed each season. From this time on the catch
declined, having reached its lowest ]ioiut in 1889, the number of cases packed that
season being 309,885, or less than half the number of cases packed in 1883 and 1884.

Up to 1888, practically the entire pack consisted of the king or chinook salmon,
and the fl.shing season did not extend beyond the first of August. In 1889 the packers
began canning bluebacks and steelheads to make up the deficiency in the supply, and
extended their operations to the first of September.

DETAILED STATISTICS OF THE SALMON INDUSTRY OF THE COLUMBIA EIVEB, 1889-82.

The following series of tables shows, in some detail, the extent of the salmon fishery
and canning Industry of the Columbia Kiver during the years 1889 to 1892, inclusive,
as determined by the inquiries conducted by this Commission.

The number of fishermen and shore employes connected with the salmon industry
in ea<'h of the years named is indicated in Table A:

A^— Table $howing the number of pertont employed <n the taJmon industry of the Columbia Iliver from

1S89 to 189t.

How engaged.

1889.

1890.

1891.

1892.

Ore^nt

I* Iflherrn en........ ■.•.....,.•..... •.•■•••...

1,606
870

1,«8
1,028

1,029
1,057

!,0«4
1,100

ToUl

4,476

2,712

2,986

8,164

WashlnKtoni

Flahernien..... •..•...........■...■•■.. .>>■..

1,636
694

1,510
802

1,676
861

1,677
704

Total

2,129

2,112

2,228

2,381

Total for riven

FtfllicrnieD •••••..••....

8,141
1,464

3,104
1,030

8,604
1,711

8,741
1.BU4

Total

4,6C5

4,824

6, Sit

ft,84S

IKYESTIOATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

The number and value of boats and apparatus and the value of shore property
and capital employed in the salmon fisheries of the Columbia Hiver in 1880, 18i)0, 1801
and 1892 is given in Table B.

B. — Kumbartmd value of boat* and apparattu, and thf valut of thor» property, and ea$h oapital employed in
the ealmon induitry of the Colntnbia Biver in 18S9, 1890, 1891, and 189t,

Appumtas uid ctpiUL

1RS9.

1800.

1891.

1891.

Ko.

Valna.

Ko.

Value.

No.

Value.

Ho.

Value.

Orefroni

751

21

102

8

7

757

81

85

(91), 850

fi,90t

72,300

1,600

4.800

152.000

120, ail

476

502.966

895,000

778
23
08

(104,400
8.300
78,600

878
80

140
1
19

790
80
60

$120,815

8.-<m

98,900

1.600

11,150

181,2115

108,162

300

455.205

520,000

998
29

147
2
12

861
40
60

$131,560

7.4UO

173,4410

1,600

5.60

190,100

132,862

230

607.805

814, 000

Pile driTers and soowi

SeiDM

6

780

19

86

1,700
169,450
107.562
426
486,355
681,000

OtUneU

'Wheels

Dip neU and squw neta ..

ChthrapltAl.'.

Xotol

1,364,932

1,524,682

1 1,605,687

1,764,607

Waahlngtom

Boata. ..••......

476

89

CI

8

83

486

9

16

80,840

r,06o

48.200
1,400
18,700
88,775
25,000
75
245,950
804,000

4«S

87

70

1

19

431
12
18

69,780

9,060

65,200

1,400

16,400

89,480

48,500

90

247,280

831,000

634

42
98
2
80
472
14
13

87,280
10,750
77,000
1,400
16,900
101,780
46,000
116
821,060
332,000

638
45

131

1

20

453
17
26

84.805

13.560

108,400

700

10,000

98,!30

49,100

125

282,800

830,000

Fi led rivers and acowa

Pound neta. ••■*•. •■•...••.

Seinea

Gill neta

Wheels

Dip neta and aqoawneta..
Shore property. ..•....••■•

Xotal

801,490

860,080

973,276

962,700

Total for rlTari

Boata ••■

1,828

60

184

4

40

1,103

40

110

160,190

14,960

120,600

8,000

23,600

240, 775

146,061

550

748,005

690,000

1,144

60
168
2
35
1,192
41
103

184,180

16,250

181,700

1,400

19,100

148,930

168,052

615

733,636

912,000

1,410

72

238

4

40

1,262

44

83

188,096

19,050

176,900

3,000

28.060

283.045

163,158

416

778,255

862. OU)

1,598
74
878
8
88
1,814
57
76

196,446

20.960

276,800

2,800

15,660

188,230

181, K62

375

790,606

944,000

PiladrlTera and soowa....

Seiuea

GUI neU..

Wheels

DIpneu and aquawneta..

Caah capital...

Total

2,156,422

1,883,762

1,478,868

1,717,307

Gomparing 1892 with 1889, we find increases or decreases in the number of the
difi'erent sorts of apparatus as follows :

Appsrutu*.

1889.

1888.

Increase.

Daoreaae.

184

40

1,193

40

110

878
88
1,814
57
76

114

1

Gill neta >

121
17

Wheels

it

8

iNVESTlaATlONB iN THE COLnMBtA RtVEB BASlK.

The following tables, 0, D, E, and P, show by apparatus tlie number, weight, and
value of each species of Sainton taken in the Columbia River in 1889, 1890, 1891, and
1892:

C. — Tablt tkoteiny by apparaUu th« number, weight, and value of each tpeoiee of ealmon taken in the

Columbia River in 1889.

Appanfcoi and speolM.

Oregon.

Washington,

TotaL

No.

Ponnda.

Value.

No.

Foonds.

Value.

No.

Fonnda.

Value.

Ponnd netat

88,777
83.372
87,958

3,189,426
166,860
379,646

8108,469
8,342
11,386

40,323
34,li)»
22,460

1,008,076
120.995
224,600

850,853
6,904
8,737

137,100
67, 671
60,418

8,177.600
287,866
804,146

8168,823
14,246
18,128

Blniibaolc.

Stcelbead

Total...

168,107

3,716,830

128,197

86,982

1,853,670

62,994

246,089

4,009.500

191,191

Trap net*:

710
440

17.750
4,400

887
132

2,276
803

66,876
8,U30

2.844
241

2,985
1,243

74.826
12,430

8,781

m

Steelhead

Total

1.160

22,160

1,010

8,078

84,906

8,085

4,228

87.055

4,104

Soines:

Chinook

24,762
8.600
16,720

618. POO
17,600
167,200

80,840

875
4,81U

63,782
2,444

43,078

1,591,650

12,225

439,780

79,727

611

13,193

88,534
6,944
60.608

2,213,850

29.725

6U6.980

110,887
1,486
18,009

Bluebaok

BtMlboad

Total

QtUnetat

Chinook

44,973

803,600

36,631

110,204

2,046,556

93,531

165, 176

2,860,066

180,163

252,044
27,«2;t
]«,472

8,301,326
139,116
164,730

812,663
4,751
6,090

226,053
17,218
16,970

5,759,060

86.090

169,700

281,470
3,044

4,785

478,097
44,841

32,442

12,060,375
225,205
324, 420

684,033
7,795
8,876

Blaobaok ..>...■■...

Btoeltaeod

Total

WhmU:

Chinook....

296,138

8,606,160

822.404

269,241

6,004.840

289,299

565,380

11,610,000

611,703

16, 182

140,090

6,328

4,600

879,660

700,460

63,290

81,600

12,867

23.090

2,043

630

8,876

61,064

1,480

2,540

171,900

230, 322

14,800

16,7IJ0

6 978

8,260

484

603

22.068

191, 164

7,809

7,040

651,460

830,772

78,090

48,280

18,846

82,360

3,527

1,133

Blnolwck

Bteelhead

BUrar

Total

166, 101

1,174,790

88,630

61,060

433.802

17,326

228,061

1,608,582

66,865

Dipneta and «aaawnetai
Chinook..;.

8,281
18,810
1,146
6,143

67,288
84,650
11.460
8^994

1,146

1,841

239

640

1,860

8,113

609

8,176

84,000
40,660
6.000
22,226

610

808

77

883

8,661

35,023

1,054

8,317

91,288

125,110

16,540

68,219

1,656

1,449

806

Bluebaok. •..■■■.■■-.

Bteelhead

gUver

Total

26,488

189,277

8,768

18,166

101.876

1,528

88.644

391, 152

6,284

All apparatnat

Chinook

881,768

221,496

78,064

9,843

8,644,133

1,108,476
790,605
67,494

488, 87i

88,899

33,696

1.170

840,669

103, OW

86,200

6,716

8,824,460

48U, 193

862,000

89.0G6

431.883

19,427

36,617

836

723,416

824.633

164,261

16,367

18,168,683

1,698,687

1,842, 606

108,498

888,764

68,828

48,318

3,008

Bluebaok

Bteelhead

BIlTer

Total

881,867

U, 610, 707

630,637

684,621

10,006,647

487,683

1,336,678

11,616,854

898,389

.

raVESTIGATIONP IN THK COLUMBIA JtlVEK BASIN.

9

D. — Tabl« ehowinji by apparatut tht number, weight, axd value •/ each tpt, '«* of tatmon taken in tk»

Columbia Sirer in 1890.

Apparatus ar.d species.

Oregon

Washington.

Total.

No.

Founds.

Volae.

No.

Pounds.

Value.

No.

Pounds.

Volno.

Pound nets;

Chinook

104, OM
60,403
51,600

2,802,475
252,465
616,000

«78,491
6,048
6,160

71,848
42,097
41,412

1,783, 660
310,486
414,120

>63,610
4,209
4.140

175,445
92.690
03,012

4,386,125
462,050
030,120

«1S2.001
9.257
9,300

Blaebook

Ste«Uiead

Total

206.192

3,370,040

88,699

154,856

3,408,255

61,850

361,047

5,779,106

180.558

Trap nets;

3,6»

803

2,970

90,725

1,515

29,700

2,721

SO

298

8,629

303

3,979

00,726

1,616

29.790

2,721

30

208

Bluebaok •••.•

Steelheod

Totol

6,911

122,080

8,049

6,911

122,480

8,040

Seines;

10,750
2,250
9,013

268,760
11,250
90,130

8,0*3
225
901

61,753
14,292
88,701

1,84.1,800
71,480
867,010

41,402
1,425
3. 080

64,603
16,542
46,714

1,812,560
82,710
457, 140

49,465
1,680
4,570

Bluebaok

Steelheod

Total

22,013

870, 130

9,189

104,743

1,782,270

46,496

126,758

2, 152. 400

65,685

aUlneU;

Chinook

869. 196
81,909
29.593

9,229.700
409.845
205. 935

288,730
8,440
3,819

211,875
25,718
18,835

6,366,675
138,500
186, 360

168, 167
2.884
2,467

580,871
107,827
48,228

14,508.375
5.18, 135
482,285

464,897

li, 324
6,286

Total

480,098

9,935,180

300,989

286,028

5,691,615

171,618

736,726

15.626,795

472,607

Wheals:

Chinook •••.••.

83,203

529,848

71,239

4,480

2,080,053

2,648,155

712,300

81,612

62.401

79,444

16,474

749

27,972

207,208

13,801

1.600

899,817

1, 0.16, 468

138.010

10,500

20,979

80,431

2,323

210

111,174

736,944

85,040

6,160

2,779,370

3, 084, 020

850,400

42. 112

83,880

109,876

18,706

059

Steelheod

SUver

Total

688,747

6,472,210

159,068

280,671

1,884,292

53,943

930,318

7,856,502

313,010

Dip nets ond sqoaw net* ;

6,021
82.748
11,000
10,180

126,634
103,740
110,000
71,260

1,9.18
2,4.'>0
1,660
1,068

3,242
7,717
1,402

4,600

56,088
88,685
14,028
81,600

841
679
210

472

7,263
40,466
12,4U2
14,680

181,602
202. 826
124,025
102, 700

3,799
8,029
1,860
1,640

Steelheod

Silver

Total

58,84«

470,584

7,128

16,861

140,178

2,102

74,810

610,712

9.328

AUoppoTotiur

Chinook

672,268

697,046

172,445

14,840

14.808,612

3,485,156

1,724.456

102,872

4.19,848

95,607

18,004

1,817

870,816

207,425

114,930

6,000

0,840,235

1,407,100

1,149,806

42,000

386.620

80,658

18,106

682

042,884
004,471
287,375
20,840

28,646,747

4,082,285

2,873,760

144,872

725,283

138, 166

41.110

2,499

Steelheod

surer

Total

1.456,6W

19,618,994

885,071

788,971

12,028,640

838, 88«

2,245,570

31,647,634

904.037

10

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

F..— Table ihowing by a^paratut the number, weight, and value of each ipeoiei of ealmon taken in the

Columbia Biver in 1891,

Apparatus and apecies.

Orrgon.

Waahlngton.

ToUL

Ko.

Founds.

Value.

Ko.

PouuiU.

Yslus.

No.

PouiiJa.

Value.

Fmind ncta:

Chinook

llllli'llBCk

108. 983

2'.', 088
54,080

2,724.575
114.1140
5tO,8UO

«108.083
2.208
7,020

94,824
52, 1U4
44.448

3,863.600
260,840
444, 464

(94, .m
6,336
6. 308

201,007

75,152
08,528

6, 000. 175
375,780
985,204

8203,577
7,634
13,337

Total

186, 031

8, 380, 315

118,310

191. 236

3, 070, 004

100,238

377,287

8,451,219

224,548

Trap nota:

CliimKik

«30
148
786

16,750

740

7,860

830
15
118

712

17,800

7ia

1,842
148

1,287

33,5.10

740

12.870

1,342

15

193

BUichat-k

601

6,010

76

1.584

24,350

763

1,213

22,810

787

2.777

47,160

1,6.10

SeincH:

Chinook

16,489
2,252

6, una

837

412,225
11,260
80,920
6,099

16,480
225
919
190

48,598

8,325

27,469

1.214.900

41.625

274.600

36.884
l,2-.'l
5,487

81,085

10,577

32.561

857

1,027,!25

52. 8X5

325. 610

5,089

63,373

1.448

6, 386

190

llhirbaok

Silver

Total

Gillnfita:

24,600

480,404

17.823

84,390

1,531.215

43 672

109, 080

2,011,610

61,303

448.500

25.879

17, 274

285

11,212,600

131, 395

172, 740

1,095

447,031

4, 102

3,541

60

208,833

15,268

20,581

694

5,341,525

70, 340

20.1, 815

4,868

208,593

2,089

8,468

145

857,133

40,047

87,855

970

16,554,025

207, 735

378, 5^5

3,863

8,16, 62J

6.601

7,009

205

lUueback

Steflhead

Silver

Total

491.738

11, 518, 6:io

454,734

245,176

5, 028, 638

214.705

736,914

17, 147, 108

6«9, 529 1

Wheels:

23,646
80, 004
27, 0.t3
4,020

591,163
400,020

270, b;io

34,440

17,735

12,000

8,873

933

0,821
86,675
11,538

2,730

240. 540

183, 375

115,360

10,110

7,216

6,5112

8,460

573

33,206

116, 079

38. .1K9

7,650

831,803
683, 395
385,890
63,650

24,051

17.602

10,135

1.506

Stt>«lhead

Silver

Total

Dipneta anilsqnawneta:
Chtnnok

135, 622

2.943

30, 436
7.4.19
10, 370

1, 200, 143

87.343

60,662

568, 3»5

16,751

108, 184

1,854,5':8

84,004

73,591
152, 182
74,690
72, 501

1,119

2,388
1,149
1,089

403
13.887
2.018
4,200

10. 083
60.918
20 104
2U. 820

151
914
802
447

3,348
44,323

9.475
14,030

83,674
213,100

94, 7f)4
102,411

1,270
8,302
1,451
1,638

Itiiiclmck

Silver

Total

61,208

372, 954

5,745

20,668

120. 986

1,814

71.774

493,0;j9

7,550

All apparatus:

601,100

101.. S07

111.744

16,432

15,029,794

810, 637

1,117,440

115,026

601,987
21,028
19, 431
2,272

362. .589

I'JB, 319

106 .V.1

7,681

», 190, 448

623, 008

1, 065. 503

53,788

84i.,lS0

16. 6(12

19, 080

1,165

963.779

287,826

218. 205

24,116

24,220,242

1,433,0:15

2,182.043

168,813

940, 137
88,590
38. 611
3,437

silver

Total

890,873

17.072,798

834,718

803,143

10,932,837

883,967

1,494,016

28,006,633

1,018,676

INVK8TIGATION8 IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

II

(alcoti in th»

aL

ids. Value.

).175
),780
>,264

1,219

3,550

740

2.870

»203, 577
7,634
13, 337

224,548

1.842
15
193

7,160 I

1,650

7,125

2. RcS
5, 610
5,999

1,619

>4,026
17, 735
«, 5.W
3,853

63,373

1.448

6, 386

190

61,305

«*. sai

6.691

7,009

2U5

17, 108 «», 629 1

31,693
ti3, 3U5
85,890
53,550

54, 628

13, 674

1,100

W. 7;i4

02,411

24,061 I
17. 5U2
10,135
1,506 I

93, 9:J9

20,242
I, o:i5

2. 1143
tl8. 813

06,633

64,004

1,270
8, 302
1,451
1,536

7,659

940, 137

86,690

88. 511

3,437

1,018,676

y. — Table ihowing by apparaitu the number, weight, and value of each tpeciet of aalmon taken in the

Columbia Rirer in 189t.

Apparatns and speciea.

Oregon.

Washington.

Total

No.

Founds.

Talua.

Ko.

Pounds.

Yalna.

Ko.

Toil nils.

Value.

ruundneUi

127, 627
99.002
112,001

3,191,676

498. UIO

1,120,010

»127,627
10,010
16,809

«„852
191,222
76,098

2,246,300
956,110
700,980

880,852
19,122
11,549

217,470
290,824
180, 659

6,537,075
1,454,120
1,89(1,500

*217,479
20, l:)2
28,448

lllueback

Total

339,890

4,816,295

151,536

358,072

3,972,390

120,523

697,962

8,788,685

275,059

TraDneta:

Chinook

630
210
879

13,250
1.200
8,790

630
24
132

20

600

20

650

240

1,029

13,760

1,200

10,290

650

24

282

Stealhewl

150

1,530

160

Total

1,649

23,240

686

170

2,000

170

1,819

25,240

856

Suinea:

Chinook......

27,707

48, .347

18,544

1,428

689,536

237, 736

185,352

10,000

20,686
7,132

8,707
300

27,682
76,031
34,843

689.550
375, 185
848,430

20,687
11,256
0,909

65,289

123, 378

63, 387

1,428

1,879,085

612,920

633,782

10,000

41,373

18.388

10,676

300

Bluebaok

Steelhuad

gUver

Total

96,026

1,122,622

81,825

137,466

1,413,166

38,912

233.482

2,635,787

70,737

GUlceU:

Chinook

355,716
94,141
37,043

8,892,870
470, 705
370,430

365,715
0,714
6,866

223, 197

21, 021

83,428

714

6,716,675

110, 106

834,280

6,000

223,167

3,303

6,090

150

678,912

115, 162

70,471

714

14,608,645

680,810

704,710

5,000

678,882

13,017

10,9.'>6

150

Bluelmck

Silver

Total

486,899

9,734,005

371,295

278,360

6,165,060

231,710

765,259

16,809,066

603,005

Wheels:

46,964

814,685

95.654

30,265

1, 149, 116

1,572,923

95«, 510

274,786

84,474

47, 187

28,099

8,234

19,706

145,766

46,056

4,872

417,630

728,832

450,660

34,104

12,620

21,865

13,517

1,023

32,669
460, .151
140,710

44,127

1.666,746

8,301,755

1,407,100

308,889

47,008

69,062

42,213

9,257

Bluebaok

Steelliead

gUver

Total

495,458

3,953,863

118,691

212,399

1,631,126

48,934

707,857

6,584,480

107,625

Dip neU and squaw neta :

1.356
69,023

6,780
12,386

33,900

295.100

67, 802

86,703

609
4,427
1,017

\ 301

678
16,880
2,8il0
4,850

14,450
76,900
28,000
33,950

217

1,164

434

610

1,034
74,403

9,670
17,236

48,350
372.000

90, 702
120. 65J

728
6,681
1,451
1,811

Btetlhead

gUver

Total

79,545

483, 514

7.254

23,698

164,200

2,815

103,213

837,714

0,669

All apparatus !

Cliluook

558,809

615,038

271,561

53,009

18,970,346

8,075,682

2,716,624

371,488

630, Sll

78,4-4

66,blf

0,835

857,934

448, 420

193,365

10,436

9,084,106

2,247,132

1,033,650

73,054

848,472

56,700

87,700

1,683

016.833

1,064,358

464.028

63.505

23,054,450

6,322.814

4,619,174

444, 542

886.013
135,194
04,026
11,518

SUver

Total ,...

1,499, 467

20,133,039

684, 187

1,010,166

13,337,941

442,664

2,609,622

83,470,980

1,126,761

The namber and location of the salmon canneries operated on the Columbia JEUver
in the years 1S89 to 1892 were as follows:

Location.

1888.

1890.

1891.

1892.

iKMatlOB.

1889.

1890.

1891.

1892.

Oregon 1

Astorta ••••.■■..•••...

8

1

1

1
1

8

8
1

1

1
1

Washington 1

llwaoo

1

1

Clifton

llaole Dell

Chinook

Pillar Rook

Sallea

Brookfleld

Celllo

Wat«rford

Portland* ...•

Baraka •.•■••••• ••

Xetal

llAthlatntift

12

12

12

14

Bay View...

KaglsOllir

T)t»l

0

1

) 10

Grand total

31

ii

i

r 44"

* Thla oannerj, on the Willamette River, rscalred lU flab from the Columbia Bivar.

.

12

INVE8TIGATION8 IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

The proportion of each species of salmon in the salmon pack of the Golnmbia
Kiver from 1889 to 1892 is shown in Table G:

O. — Table ahowinc by tptoiet the ealmon pack of the Columbia Siverfrom 1889 to 1899.

States and speciea.

1889.

18110.

len.

1892. j

Cusea.

Value.

Cases.

Value.

Coaea.

Value.

Cuaea.

Value.

Oregon :

Chinook . ......•■>

140, 741
15, U79
11,UJ2

$844,446

90,628
49,899

196,414

63, 351
26,008

»1, 138,787
2U8. 104
106, 432

222.(163
10. a59
15,584

$1,279,092
62, 2W

214, 631

61,106

46, 4»3

4,170

$1,244,600
287,084
181,612
20,880

Steelhead

silver

Tot4l

168,412

984,973

•76. 373

1,613,323

249.406

1,400,144

315,316

1.734.976

WMhlngtoni

126,956
1,818
13,699

755,736
10,423
68,688

139, 190
8,904
16, 217

807,300
21,966
84,868

130,944
4,623
13,980

759,474
2.'>,426
65,920

129,836
16,441
26,946

761,888
84,925
107,280

Hluehack

Silver

Total

141, 473

824,847

169,401

894, 133

149, 547

840,820

172,022

944,093

Total for ri vert

266,697
17,797
25,391

1,600,182
101,051
108,587

335, (104
67,345
42,825

1,940,087
290,069
171,300

353, 907
15,482
20 'Mt

2,038,666
84,242
118, 156

344,267
66, 647
72,348
4,176

1,996,388

372,909

288,892

20,N80

Bluebaok ...••■••>

Steelbead

Silver

Total

309,886

1,809,820

436,774

2,407,456

398.963

2,240,964

487,338

2,679,068

In 1893 the pack of chinonk aabnon >inonDted to 290,000 caaea.

The extent to which the different species of salmon enter into ibe pack, and
the variations in the proportions during the four years covered by the figures, are
shown in the following table. It appears that in 1892 the percentage of chinook sal-
mon canned was less and that of each of the other species great er than in any of the
preceding years.

F^etnlage of each tpeoiet of salmon in the lalmon pack of the Columbia River from 1889 to 1899,

Species.

1889.

1800.

1891.

1892.

86.06
5.74
8.20

77.01
13.16
0.83

88.71
8.88
7.41

70.64

13.65

14.85

.86

Blueback

Silver

Total

' ' "■

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

In discussing the data furnished by the foregoing tables and others which will
follow, I will conttue myself to the chinook salmon for the following reasons :

1. It is the most important species considered ecoiiomioally.

2. It is taken equally by ail forms of apparatus.

3. Active fishing operations continue practically during the entire period of its
sojourn in the river, and it is therefore the species which would be the first to feel the
iniluence of excessive fishing.

These considerations do not apply wi^.h equal force to the other species, viz, the
steelhead, the blueback, and the silverside, which are taken under similar conditions
and at present constitute about one-fourth of the entire pack.

The spawning run of the steelhead takes place before fishing operations have
began on the river.

,

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA BIVUR BASIN.

18

e Columbia

S9g.

1892.

m.

Value.

631
1U6
410
176

$1,244,600

2H7, 984

181,613

20,880

318

1.734,978

63«
Ml
946

761,888
84,925
107,280

022

944,093

267
547
348
17«

1,996,388

372,909

288,892

20,880

338

2,679,069

e pack, and

figures, are

Chinook sal-

n any of the

9 to 189M.

:a which will
}us:

jeriod of its
St to feel the

cies, viz, the
br conditions

irationa have

The spawning ruu of the silveraide takes place after canning oi>erationa are
concluded for the season, while the small size of the blneback gives it comparative
immunity from capture by the gill nets, which take much the larger part of the king
Rivlmon.

Referring to Table G we find thut the pack of the chinook or king salmon on the
Columbia Kiver in the years 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, and 1893 was as follows:

KO. or CMM.

1889 266,697

1890 335,604

1891 3.53,907

1892 344,267

1893 290,000

Or an average of 318,095 casM per aiiunm.

In the previous five years, beginning with 1884, the pack of salmon, consisting
almost entirely of cliiiiook, was as follows:

Nu. of caHes.

1881 620,000

1885 553,800

1886 448,500

1887 356,000

1888 372,477

Or an average of 470,155 cases per annam.

It will be seen that in the five years beginning in 1884, the average pack per
season was 152,060 cases in excess of the average pack of the flve-year period begin-
ning in 1889. During the latter period the amount of netting in use had been greatly
increased, the fishing season extended, and the movement of the salmon into and up
the river more completely intercepted.

Undoubtedly, for the reasons above stated, the proportion of the entire run of
salmon caught was larger in the latter than in the former period of five years, which
suggests that the decrease of salmon in the latter period compared is probably larger
than is indicated by the diflFerence in the average catch. Tiiere is no reason to doubt
that this decrease is due to and inherent in the conditions under which the salmon
fisheries of the river are now prosecuted, and that it will continue progressively so
long as these conditions continue.

The lower average of the pack during the five-year period ending with 1893 is
due to conditions interfering with and limiting natural reproduction during the period
of 1884 to 1888, when access to the head waters was not impeded to the extent it now
is by the fishing operations. Tlie influence of the more efi'ective exclusion of the
salmon from their breecling-grounds for the last five years ia yet to be disclosed.
The seed for the harvest of the present year was sown in 1888 or 1889. What the
extent of the harvest will be depends upon the opportnnity that was afibrded in these
years for the salmon to reach their spawning-grounds.

For the ensuing five years we are powerless to influence conditions. What the
I)roduction will be has been already determined, so far as we can influence it eitlier by
the regulation of the fisheries or by artificial propagation. There is every reason to
apprehend that for the five years to come the average production of 'ling salmon \i ill
be lower even than the average for the five years just passed. This is the penalty

14

INVESTIGATIONS IN THB COLUMBIA RIVEB BASIN.

that most be paid for the improvidence and total disregard of the conditious necessary
to maintain snpply whicli has characterized the operations of the salmon fishermen on
the Columbia Kiver.

AET:"7I0IAL PEOPAGATION op salmon on the COLUMBIA BIVEB.

In 1888 the U. S. Fish Commission, by direction of Congress, established a salmon-
hatching station on the Clackamas Biver, Oregon. The work done is given in the
following table :

Statement Bhowing the number of Quinnat talmon egg» eolUoted and fry di%trihuied from Claokamat Station
lince it* organization by the U. S. Fith Commiiiion to the close of thefiical year 1893,

Flaoal year—

Egga ooUeoted.

dlatrfbuted.

Pry
diatrlbntod.

1888-89

4,500,000
4,314,000
5, 88U. OUO
2, 036, 000
4,444,000

4,800,000
2,768,475
4,002,000
1,332.400
4,100,000

1889-00

1,000,000
700,000

1890 01

1891-92

X892-93

Xotol

21,154,000

1,700,000

17.600,875

KoTK The try were all dopoalted in the Clackamaa River, The 1,700,000 eega irere

ftarnisbed to the Oregon Sah commlaafon and the trj produced were deposited in the
Olacliainaa River.

This work was undertaken on the urgent solicitation of those concerned in the
salmon fisheries of the Columbia River, who realized that their fisheries were being
exhausted, and it was hoped that some compensation for the deficiency in natural
reproduction could be made by artificial stocking and breeding. It is certain that
this work has exercised some conservative influence upon the catch. It is doubtful,
however, whetlier it has been on a suflBciently extensive scale to compensate for the
damage resulting from the interference with natural reproduction by the operation of
the fisheries.

THB FISHING-OBOtmDS.

On the accompanying charts, the locations of the fishing-grounds resorted to by
tlie fishermen using difi'erent kinds of appartitus are indicated, and tlie number and
position of the fixed appliances operated in 1892 are shown.

The fishing-grounds of the Lower Columbia extend from the mouth of the river to
Ealama. Tlie apparatus employed consists of gill nets, pound nets, and haul seines.

The greater number of pound nets are located in Baker Bay, on the Washington
side of the river and on the outside of Sand Island. They are not, however, confined
to this region, but are located at every point of vantage on both sides of the river, from
the month up to Ealama, a distance of 80 miles.

The haul seines are located either on the shores or flats, wherever a desirable
locntion can be found.

The principal region of gill-net fishing extends from the mouth of the river to
Cathlamet Bay, and covers, practically, the entire river outside of the limits of the
pound nets. Other important areas of gill-net fishing are in Cordell channel, in the
channel and back of the islands opposite Pillar Eouk and Brookfield, and in the
long reach of river from Puget Island to Eagle Cliff. Minor fishing operations are

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

15

) necessary
jhermen on

SB.

d a salmon-
riven in the

jkamat StatUt*
393.

condacted between Kalaina and the CaHcades, both in the river and its tribntaries,
such as the Willamette, the Cowbtz, etc. The fishing operations on the Upper Colum-
bia, from the Cascades to the mouth of the Deschutes Biver, are conducted almost
exclusively witli salmon wheels, which are turned by the force of the current. These,
when properly located and operated, constitute most effective engines of capture.

A careful examination of the charts giving the uumbur and location of the
(liilerent fishing apparatus will show how eflectually the salmon are embarrassed or
intercepted in their attempts to reach their apawning-grounds. It is not a matter of
wonder that, under existing conditions, there has been a serious deterioration in the
value of these fisheries. It is, indeed, a matter of surprise that any salmon have
been able to elude the labyrinth of nets which bar their couise to the Upper Columbia.
It is hardly an exaggeration to state that the entire volume of this great river is
strained through the meshes of the innnmerable nets wuich occupy and obstruct
every passageway to the spawning-grounds. It is certain that the continuation of
these fisheries under present conditions will eventually result in rendering them
unremnnerative. It concerns alike the whole people of the State, as well as those
directly interested in the fisheries, tliat such regulations of the times, methods, and
apparatus of these fisheries should be established and enforced as are necessa y to
maintain supply.

erned in the
J were being
y in natural
certain that

is doubtful,
isate for the

operation of

isorted to by
number and

the river to

haul seines.

Washington

ver, confined

le river, from

a desirable

THE FISHINO SEASON.

It is a wise policy on the part of the State to encourage the largest catch that can
be permitted consistent with maintenance of supply; to impose no unnecessary embar-
rassments or restrictions upon the enterprise of the fishermen, yet at the same time
to insist upon such protective regulations and restraints as may be found necessary
to prevent the serious inipairment of an important industry by the operations of the
fishermen. The fishermen themselves, who have such important interests at stake
and the security and profit of whose large investments depend upon the maintenance
of the salmon supply, should be prompt to proirose and vigilant to enforce such regu-
lations as may be necessary to this end. The nature of the protective regulations
which can be enforced with the least restraint or embarrassment to tlie salmon fisheries
and the canning industries is indicated by reference to the following table, showing by
months the number and weight of each species of salmon taken for canning on the
Columbia Biver.

the river to
limits of the
anuel, in the
and in the
perationB are

16

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

TabU fhovinf by monthi the number and weight of mcA ipeciet of $almon ^itiUzed for canning ]>utj>otei
on th« Columbia liiver in 1889, 1890, 1891, and 1S9S.

Tears and monthi.

Chinook salmon.

Bluebaok salmon.

StPPlheail salmon.

Silver salmon.

Total.

Vumbor
of Hull.

Gross
weiglit.

Xunilwr
or tlali.

Gross
weight.

Number
of flah.

(trosa
weight.

Number
of dah.

Gross
weight.

Number
of Usb.

Gross
weight.

18e»— April

89.266
1.10. 117
168,969
301, 2:i4

rounds.
2. 231. 660

3,0(I2.9-J5
4,22:1,975
7, 636, 350

86,676
70.517
K. 453
30,717

Pound:
183.380

382. 585
412, 205
183,586

8,408

14, 709
62,695
76,166

Pounds.

94,080

147, 1190

626, 950

761,600

Pounds.

136,860
247. 343
314,107
414, 137

Pound:
2,608.110
4,4^12,600
8, 203, 190
8,480 595

Mav

July

Total

1890-April

Miv

715,606

17,893,900

232,303

1,161,816

162, 978

1,629,780

1,110,937

20,686,495

32,727
2;i6, 776
252, 764
887, 183

13,941

818, 176
6,919.400
6, 318. 8.10
8,932,676

348, 625

63, 180

niri Ban

11,006
22.983
87,507
139,506
15,636

110,060
220. 8:w
878.070
1,398,900
185,350

1(16. 912
402, 339
637. 566
647,078
81,883

1,244.126
7, 162, 130
8,680.600
11,080,030
614,410

202,580 1,012,900

297.234 1,486,170

150 299 751,495

22,107 ; 110,836

July

Augaat

Total

1891— April

893.381 i 22,337,626

735,400 3,677,000

276,686

2,766,860

1,908,467

28,781,386

82.413
184,000
223. 964
308. 247

68,870

2,060.325
4, 502 250
6. 599. 100
9, 91)6, 176
1,466,750

17, 437
85,229
83,743
32, 389
8,701

87,186
276. 146
418.715
161.945

18,805

8,178
13,314
62,676
97.900
21, 286

81,780
133,140
626.700
979. OlIU
21'i ilriO

1

105.028
232,633
360.383
628.536
83,667

2, 19:i. 290
4,911,5.15
6,844.575
11,097,120
1,698,115

May

July

Auguat

Total

1892— April

947,384

23,684,600

182,499

nA!L4BK

190,364 :I,003,64O

1,330,237

26,480,638

65,021
1H7, 492
2.19.408
343, 121

84,124

1. 375. 525
4. 687. 300
6, 98:, 450
8,686.526
2, 103, 100

86.449
308,946
330. 558
128,043

10, 110

432. 245
1,M4.7:I0
1,652,790

640.215
95,560

10, 5(13
32.796
141,194
109. 333
52.091
11,293
22,629

105.030
827, 950
1,411,940
1, 983, 330
629,010
112.930
226,290

161,973
820,233
711, 2.50
670.797
168,226
30,782
66,696

1,912,800
6.680,980
9, 052. 180
11,219,070
2,728,660
249,383
464,062

May

Juue

Julv

AugD.st

19,489 130,423
33, 966 237, 702

October

Total

809,666

22,738,900

873, 106

4,365,830

470,738

4,707,880

63,488 1 374,185

2,300,856

82,180,986

In 1889 the flsliing season extended from tlie 1st of April to tbe 31st of July.
The total catch of chinook salmon amounted to 17,893,900 pounds, 87 J per cent of
this amount being taken in May, June, and July, and 12^ per cent during the month
of April.

In 1890 the fishing extended from April 10 to August 10, inclusive, and yielded a
total product of 22,337,525 pounds of chinook salmon. Of this amount, 94J per cent
was taken in May, June, and July, and 1^ per cent during April and August.

In 1891 the fishing season extended trom April 10 to August 10, inclusive, the
total product of chinook salmon being 23,584,600 pounds, 85 per cent of which was
taken in May, June, and July, and 15 per cent in April and August.

In 1892 the total catch of chinook salmon amounted to 22,738,900 pounds, and the
fishing season extended from April 10 to August 10, and during September and
October; 85 per cent of the total catch was made in the months of May, June, and
July; 15 per cent in April and August; none in September or October.

It will be evident from the percentages given above, and by reference to the table,
that the most productive fishing operations for the pound-net and fill-net region of
the river are during the months of May, June, and July. The number of chinook salmon
taken in April and August is relatively small, and under conditions not so profitable,
either to the canneries or the fishermen, as those carried on during the months of May,
June, and July. The April run of this calmon, if allowed to pass without interruption
to the headwaters of the Columbia and its tributaries, would spawn iu those waters,
and the present productive capacity of the river would be increased to such an extent
as to much more than compensate for the restrictions imposed by the prohibition of
the fishery operations during the month of April.

IXVESTiaATIONS IN THE COLUMHIA KIVER BASIN.

17

ming purjmitt

Total.

icr
h.

Gross
weight.

960

m

107
137

PoundM.
2,609.110
4, 4:12. 600
6,21)3,100
8,480,605

037

20,685,406

012
130
565
078
583

1,244.126
7, 1B2. 130
8,680.690
11,080,030
614,410

467 28,781,386

028
633

636
667

3, 19:1. 200
4,911,535
6,644,575
11,007,120
1,608,116

237

073
233
'OO
707
225
782
506

26,450,636

1,012,800
6. 550, 980
0,062.180
11,219,070
2,728,660
240,353
464,063

865

82,18j,096

let of July.

per cent of

g the month

iid yielded a
MJ percent

list.

elusive, the
which was

Qds, and the
tember and
Y, June, and

to the table,
let region of
nook aaliuon
o profitable,
Qths of May,
interruption
hose waters,
jh an extent
rohibition of

The August run of chiuook salmon consists of gravid HhIi near their spawning

time. The Ihish for this reason has undergone deterioration, and if canned constitutes

ill! interior product, the sale of which will discredit the reputation which thuCVduinbia

Hiver salmon justly hold in public estimation. None of the August run of chinooks

probably ascends the Columbia above tlie Dalles. They spawn in the tributary

streams of the Lower Columbia and in the main stream between the Dalles and the

mouth of the river.

RIX'OMMENUATIONS,

Having in view the considerations above presented, there can be no doubt of the
necessity of restrictive regulations to maintain the salmon fisheries of the Columbia
River. The enactment and enforcement of such regulations as may be necessary
to this end is the prerogative of the States occujiying the Oolunibia Biver basin.
There is no prec-edent for the exercise by the General Government of control over
the fisheries of our interior waters, except in so far as the forms of apparatus in use
might be regarded as obstructions or impediments to navigation.

Whether the power to regulate the fisheries of interstate and bounding territo-
rial waters is vested in the General Government or in the States is a subject which
has provoked, and will continue to provoke, controversy until the respective rights
and powers of individual States and the General Government are duly ascertained and
defined by the courts of last resort. Having reference, however, to the interests of the
fisheries, there is no doubt that these interests would be best subserved by uniform
and concurrent regulations covering the entire region in which any special fishery is
prosecuted.

In the case of the Columbia, we find that the great market fisheries for the salmon
are prosecuted in the lower river, and tlie immediate evident advantage is to those
who are engaged in the capture of the salmon or in canning them for the market.
On the other hand, the i.urseries for the young salmon, upon the abundance of wl"
depend the productiveness and profit of the fisheries in the lower river, are in the
remote tributaries and sources of the river in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.

Regulations and restrictions of the net fisheries, so as to permit a reasonable
number of salmon to reach their spawning-ground in the upper rivers, and protection
of the salmon in these waters during their spawning season, in September and October,
present the conditions to be fulfilled to keep up supply, so far as this can be accom-
plished by legal restraints.

To ettectively restrain or regulate the net fisheries requires the concurrent action
of the States of Washington and Oregon. Effective protection to the salmon on their
spawning-grounds can be established only by concurrent action on the part of Wash-
ington, Oregon, and Idaho establishing a close season during the months of September
and October. Here a serious difidculty arises. On the one hand it will be urged by
the net fishermen of Washington and Oregon that any restraint on their operations
will be burdensome to them without any corresponding advantage, since the fish they
permit to escape their nets will be taken in the head waters to which they go before
they have had an opportunity to spawn, and so they will be subject to serious losses
and inconvenience without any compensating advantage. On the other hand, the
citizens of eastern Washington and Oregon and of remote Idaho will be reluctant to
impose any restraints on their own people in reference to the taking of salmon, for the
reason that any increase in the fishery arising thereby will inure solely to the benefit
of the fishermen between the Dalles and the mouth of the river.
S. Mis. 200 2

18

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

The necesflity of concurrent action on the part of the States occupying the Colum-
bia Ri^'e^ Basin, and of their cordial cooperation in incasurea neco88ary to maintain
the sahnon tlshery of the Columbia River and to improve it, is evident from a con-
Hideration of the facts presented. The investigations of the U. H. Fish Commission in
the Columbia River Basin made under the instructions of Congress dearly indicate
that there is a serious deterioration in the product and value of the salmon tishuries
of this river; that this deterioration is to bo attributed in large part, if not entirely, t«>
the exclusion of the salmon from their spawning-grounds by the operations of the net
fishermen, and that artificial propagation on an adequate scale to compensate for the
waste of the fisheries is no longer possible under existing conditions of the fisheries.

The initial step in attempting the restoration of the salmon fishery is to restrict
and regulate the net fishing. The restriction that may be put in force with the least
hardship to the fishermen is the shortening of the season of n<)t fishing.

The use of pounds, gill nets, traps, and seines in the lower river, from the Cascades
to the mouth, should be limited strictly to the months of May, June, and July. The
wheels should not be permitted to take salmtm prior to the middle of May, so as to
permit the salmon which have entered the river in April the opportunity to pass up
to the head waters. A further closed season for wheels should be established from
the 1st of August to the lUth of September, so as to provide for the uninterrupted
spawning of the August run of salmon. There does not at present appear sufiicient
reason to prohibit the wheel fishing during the balauoe of Septomber and during the
month of October. Protection for the salmon which have thus been enabled to reach
their spawning-grounds should be aflorded by a close season during the months of
September and October, covering the streams in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho to
which the salmon resort for breeding.

Should the policy above outlined be adopted by these States and the requisite
measures to carry it into effect be enacted and enforced, it will be possible for the U. S.
Fish Commission and the State commissions to greatly enlarge their fish-cultural
operations, and to prosecute them under much more satisfactory and economical con-
ditions than at the present time. Until the States interested adopt measures to
restrain net fishing, so as to permit a portion at least of the salmon entering the river
to pass up to their spawning-grounds, it is not deemed wise or expedient to attempt
to increase or extend the work of artificial propagation of the salmon.

All efforts will be disappointing, unprofitable, and nugatory so long as the fisheries
continue under existing conditions, and I would recommend, therefore, that no farther
steps be taken at present looking to the establishment of additional salmon-breeding
stations in the Columbia River Basin.

Marshall McDonald,
17. 8. CommUtioner <(f Msh and JV«A«r(<«.

^ the Oolnm-
' to maintain
; from a con-
imuHHsion in
arly indicate
lion fiHliurieH
)t entirely, t<)
nt* of the net
iisate for the
lie tlsheries.
is to rcHtrict
rith the least

the Cascades
i July. The
Vlay, so as to
y to pass up
iblished from
ninterrupted
ear sufficient
d during the
bled to reach
he months of
and Idaho to

the requisite
s for the U.S.
fish-uultaral
nomical con-
measures to
ng the river
to attempt

the fisheries
at no father
ion-breeding

'■ FigKerte$,

Pi *te II

A

imTTiission of FisJ
nUJVFDonald.C.

CHARTOF

:OLUM

NGTHE LOC,
iSAND SaLA

OPERATED

1892.

Scale or StAtate '.

NOTE
Fishinff fVfteels..

luverie-s

o

\

SMis S.CO 53 2

Salmon Fisheries of the Columbia River. (To face page 18. j

/■^- /\- C

M

[

\

U.S. Commission of Fish and FisTi
Marshall M^ Donald, C omi iii s s i <

CHARTOFTHE

UPPE R COLUMBIA]

SHOWINGTHE LOCATION (

PishAA^heelsaistd Salmon O

OPERATEID IN

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CHART OF THE

I COLUMBIA RIVER

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A REPORT UPON INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN. WITH
DESCRIFi'IONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES OF FISHES

BT
CHARLES H. GILBERT, Professor of Zoology, Liland Stanford Junior UniverHty^

AMD

BARTON W. EVERMANN, Ichlhyohgist of tht U. S. Fish Commission,

INTRODUCTION.

The investigations upon which this report is primarily based were provided for
by two items in the sundry civil bill, approved August 6, 1892. The first of these
items authorized the expenditure, from the appropriation for inquiry respecting food-
fishes, of the sum of $2,000, or so much thereof as may be nectasary, " in examining
the Clarke's Fork of the Columbia Biver, with the view to ascertain the obstructions
which prevent the ascent of salmon in said river to the Flathead Lake and adjacent
waters." The second item provided* "for investigation and report respecting the
advisability of establishing a hatching station at some suitable point in the State of
Washington, $1,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary."

The purposes of these two investigations were very intimately related. Any
inquiry regarding obstructions which might interfere with the movements of salmon
in any of the tributaries of the Columbia would have a bearing upon the advisa-
bility of establishing a salmon-hatchery at any point in that river basin. These two
inquiries were therefore conducted as one, and the results are presented in a single
report.

This work was begun in September, 1892, by Dr. Charles E. Oorham, engineer
and architect of the Commigsion, assisted by Mr. Barton A. Bean, of the U. S.
l^atioual Museum, and Mr. A. J. Woolman, teacher of science in the high school at
South Bend, Ind. Dr. Gorham died before the completion of the investigation, and
Prof, Evennann was instructed by the Commissioner to continue the work during the
summer of 1893. While carrying on these investigations he had the assistance of Drs.
Chaiies H. Gilbert, Oliver P. Jenkins, and W. W. Thoburn, and Mr. Cloud. Rutter, all
of Le.land Stanford Junior University. The work was taken up by us at Pocatello,
Idaho, August 2, it having been determined to include an examination of the obstruc-
tions in Snake River and a preliminary study of the natural-history features of the
upper waters of the Columbia basin, with special reference to the present or former
occurrence of salmon in those streams.

20

INVKSTIOATIONH IN THK COLUMBIA RIVEK HAHIN.

To expedite mattfirs as iniKih as possible in the liinit»!cl time which could be given
to the work, the force was divided into two parties at I'ocatclio. Oilbert, Tliobum,
and Uutter were instrncitcd to go down Snake liiver, exanune the various falls in that
stream, make investigatituis as to the ])hysical and natural history charai tcristics ot
as many of the tributary streams as possible, and then carry on similar inquiries along
the Coliunbia from Idaho to the Lower Cobunbia. Kvermann and Jenkins went uji
tiie Snake Kiver to Idaho Falls, where the rapids were examined, and then proceeded
t<) Sand Point, Idaho, where was begun tiie examination of Clarke Fork or the Pend
d'Oreille River, the latter being the name by which this river is generally known in
that region. The Pend d'Oreille River was examined throughout the entire distance
from Sand Point to within a few miles of the international boundary line. The two
parties came together at Spokane. From this point Evermaun returned east, and the
work was continued by Gilbert, Jenkins, Thoburu, and Rutter.

Investigations were made at various points in the Lower Oolumbia basin, chiefly
for the purpose of selecting a site for a salmou hatchery and fur gaining information
respecting the occurrence and abundance of salmon in the various streams tributary
to the Lower Columbia.

While carrying on the investigations regarding the obstructions to the free move-
ment of salmon in these rivers and the selection of a salmon-hatcliery site, considerable
opportunities occurred for a study of the natural history of the salmon and the general
natural-history features of the waters of the Columbia basin. Considerable valuable
information was obtained regarding the former as well as the present distribution of
salmon in this region.

Large collections of fishes were made at the various places where collecting wa*j
possible, and their study has greatly increased our knowledge of the variations in
and the geographic distribution of the fresh-water fishes of the northwestern United
States.

In this report we give (1) detailed descriploi;'- of the various streams visited by
the diflerent members of the party; (2) a list v.l' the species of fishes obtained in the
Columbia River basin, together with a discussion of their relatiouships and distribu-
tion; (3) notes on the breeding colors of i:h*i '.hiteflsh (Goregonus williamsoni), by
Barton A. Bean; and (4) an annotated list uf bhe reptiles and batrachiaus obtained.

The time which has been given to the study of the various problems pertaining
to the salmon question has been wholly inadequate to a satisfactory understanding of
the matter, and any views which we venture to give in this paper must be regarded
as tentative. An exhaustive study of the natural history of the various species of
salmon and trout of the Columbia has never been made. The investigations now in
progress will, it is confidently expected, lead to a much better understanding of the
questions involved.

INVE8TIOATION8 IN THE COLUMlilA KIVUH BAHIN.

21

LIST OP STREAMS EXAMINED.

The following is a claftsificd list of the atrcams examiued, together with the dates
upon which the various places were visited:

SMakt liher: Presidect Camp, Wyoming, Angast 14, 1H91 (Everninnn and Jeukins); Idaho Falls,

AnguHt 4 and 6 (Evermiinn and Jenkins); American Falls, Anifiigt 5 ((jilbert); hhnsliune

Falls, Angnst 6 (Uilbprt); Twin Falls, Angnst 6 (Ciilbert); Aiij,"!' Falls, AngnHt 7 (Gilbert);

Bine Lakes, August 7 (Clilbort); Upper and Lower Sulniou Fulls, August 7 ((iiibert); Mouib

of BoisH River, Caldwell, Idaho, August 8 (Gilbert, 'lUoburn, and Kutter); Payette, Idaho,

August 10, and Lewiston, Idaho, August 15 (Gilbert, Thobnrn, and Rutter),
Ross Forli of Snake River, near Pooatello, Idaho, August 4 (party).
Port Ncuf River, Pocntello, August 2 (Kvemianii and Ratter) and August 3 (party),
Uiiik Creek near I'oeatello, Ani,-.jt3 (party).
Little Wootl River near Shoshone, August 6 (Thobnrn and Ratter).
Boise River near Caldwell, August 8 (Gilbert, Thobnrn, and Rutter).
Payette River at Payette, August 9 (Gilbert, Thobnrn, and Rutter).
Clearwater River near Lewiston, August 15 and 16 (Gilbert, Thoburn, and Rutter).
Pollatch Creek near Lewiston, August 16 (Gilbert, Thoburn, and Rutter).
Palouse River near Colfax, Washington, August 17 (Gilbert, Thoburii, and Rutter).
Grande Ronde River near La Grande, August 11 (Thobnru).
Pataha River at Starbuck, August 14 (Gilbert, Thoburn, and Rutter).
Peni d'Oreill« Hiver: Throughout the entire distance from Albany Falls, Idaho, to Big Eddy CaJlcn,

near the international boundary line, August 9 to 16 (Kvermann and .lenkius), and from its

mouth to the international boundary, September 23 to 26, 1892 ((iorhnm and Bean).
Deer Lodge, Little Blackfoot, Big Blackfoot, Hell Gate, Bitter Root, Missoula, and Flathead rivers,

together with many of their tributary streams, July and August, 1891 (Evermaun and Jenkins).
Flathead Lake, August 1 to 4, 1891 (Evermaun and Jenkins), and September, 1892 (Gorham and

Woolman).
Thompson Falls, September, 1892 (Gorham, Bean, and Woolman).
Lake Pend d' Oreille at Sand Point, Idaho, August 7 (Evermann and .Jenkins).
Upper Columbia Siver: Kettle Falls, August 16 (Evcrmunu and Jenkins), and at the mouth of Pend

d'Oreille River, September 23, 1892 (Gorham and Bean).
Colville River from Meyers Falls to its month, August 16 (Evermann and Jenkins).
Spokane River in the vicinity of Spokane, September, 1892 (Gorham and Bean), and August 18

to 21 (Evermann and Jenkins).
Little Spokane River below Dart's Mill.. September, 1892 (Bean), and near Dart's Mill, August 18

(Evermann and Jenkins).
CoBUT d'Aleue River at Wardner, August 19, and Coenr d'AIene Lake at Coenr d'Alene, August 21

(Gilbert, Thoburn, and Rutter).
Hangman Creek near Spokane, September, 1892 (Bean), and at Tekoa, August 18 (Gilbert,

Thoburn, and Rutter).
Lower Columbia River: Pasco, Wallola, Umatilla, Dalles, Portland, and Astoria, August 11 to 27 (Butter

and Thoburn).
Watla Walla River near Wallola, August 23 (Thoburn and Ratter).
Mill Creek near Walla Walla, August 14 (Thoburn and Rutter).
Umatilla River near Pendleton, Oregon, August 12 (Gilbert, Thobnrn, and Rutter), and at

Umatilla, August Hand 23 (Thobnrn and Rutter).
Des Chutes River at its month, August 24 (Ratter),

Yakima River near North Yakima and Ellensbarg, Angnst 23 and 24 (Jenkioa).
NatcheM River near North Yakima, August 24 (Gilbert and Jenkins).
Cowlitz and Toutle rivers near Castle Book, August 28 and 29 (Gilbert and Jenkiju).
Newaaknm Biver near Chehalis, August 28 (Gilbert and Jenkins).
Skooknmchuck Biver near Centralia, Angust 27 (Gilbert and Jenkins).

Lake Washington at Seattle, June 25, 1892 (Evermann). '

Snoqaalmia Sir«r •( Bno^okimia Falls, Jon* 28 and 37, 1888 (Erarouum).

i.\

22

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMUIA KIVER BASIN.

INVESTIGATIONS WITH REFERENCE TO THE SELECTION OF A SITE FOR A
SALMON HATCHERY IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Every stream and every point visited was considered with regard to its fitness
for salmon-hatching purposes. Tlie majority of the places are, however, not suited
at all to such ends, and only such locations as seem to possess most or all the required
l)hysical and biological conditions need be treated in detail in this report.

LOWEE COLUMBIA.

There are several reasons why a salmon hatchery wonld be better located on some
tributary of the Lower Columbia rather than the Upper Columbia or the Snake. The
supply of salmon would be more certain and the condition of the salmon better. So
far as is known to us, salmon which enter the Columbia in the spring pass by the
mouths of the lower tributaries and press on higher up the stream. It is probably
these fish which arrive in the Upper Snake in the vicinity of Glen's Ferry and Salmon
Falls in the latter part of August and in September. All observers on the Upper
Snake agree that they arrive at this time and spawn from September 1 on to October
or November. The fish of the fall run enter the Columbia a short time only before
they are ready to spawn. So far as we now know, the most of these turn directly into
streams near the mouth of the river and spawn a short time after their entrance into
the Columbia.

A second point in favor of such a location for a hatchery would be, perhaps, that
the young fish when turned into the stream would stand a better chance of reaching
saltwater than they would if they had the whole course of the river to traverse, during
which time they are exposed to the attacks of all their fresh- water enemies.

A third point in favor of such a locPition is the accessibility of various points in
Washington along the lower course of the Columbia.

Two streams were selected for examination, the Yakima Eiver and the Cowlitz.
Both of these rise in the high mountain region of southwestern Washington, and
receive their waters largely from the snows of Mount Ranier, Mount Adams, and
Mount St. Jelen. They run through regions very different in their physical charac-
teristics and in their climate. The Yakima lies to the east of the Cascade range and
runs down through a dry valley covered with sagebrush and devoid of trees, except
along the immediate vicinity of the stream itself. The summer season is very hot and
the winter correspondingly cold. Bo far as the character of the stream itself is con-
cerned, it seems admirably ad.ipted for a hatchery. At North Yakima the stream is
perfectly clear, flosvs rapidly in an open valley over gravel and sand, and had a tem-
perature of 64'^ August 23. It receives an important tributary, the Natchess, 1
mile above the town. At its mouth this stream is about 75 feet wide with an average
depth of 2 feet, and with a current of IJ feet per second. The temperature '^ as 57i<-'
at 9:30 a. m. Were other conditions lavorable, no better stream could be ff and for a
hatchery than the Natchess.

While salmon nsed to ascend the Yakima and its tributaries in large numbers,
they have greatly fallen off of late years. It is now very doubtful whether a hatchery
located at any point on this stream could depend for spawn ou the fish which ascttud

Salmon Fisheries ni the Co umb-a R'ver (To face page ;2 )

Plate IV.

FOR A

INVESTIGATIONS IN THK COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

23

the stream itself. If it were considered desirable to ship spawn to such a hatchery,
the Natchess might be favorably cousidered.

Ill cousidering the possibility of establishing a hatchery on the Yakima or its
tributaries, it should be borne in mind that the stream Hows through a wide valley,
only partially under cultivation. Extensive canals are now being constructed with a
view to irrigating the entire valley. IJecent litigation seems to show that more water
has been claimed on behalf of these c<;'iala than the stream will be able to furnish.
It seems probable, therefore, that the entiit, «upi)ly will be withdrawn from the river
daring the summer and fall.

Toutle River. — The Toutle River is a tributary of the Cowlitz. Near its mouth,
near Oastle Rock, an excellent site for a salmon hatchery can be found. This is a
beautiful, clear, and coid stream, furnishing an abundance of water, which is never
likely to be required for other purposes. The tempei ature of the water at 11 a. m.
August 27 was 69,5°. The Toutle is a natural spawning-ground for the salmon, which
still come into it in large numbers. They could be taken in the deeper pools in gill
nets, and the character of the stream is such as to permit seining. The time at our
disposal could not permit us to make a very thorough investigation of this stream and
entirely prevented our visiting the Upper Cowlitz. From what we saw, l>owever, wo
are inclined to recommend the Toutle River aa being the best suited .or hatchery
purposes of any stream in Washington.

THE UPPER COLUMBIA.

Near Kettle Falls, Wash. — The Colville River flows into the Columbia at the town
of Ket M Falls, about 2 miles below the Kettle Falls of the Columbia. An abundance
of e^ .•« il :ht water can be obtained ♦rom the Colville River, and plenty of suitable land
'.'fi ■ j,ro^.''>ly be had for nothing, as ihe people there are much interested in securing
:h ■ . 1 ;v!iy. This site is about 2 miles from Meyers Falls, a station on the Spokane
. m; ■> ; iru Railroad. The only objection to it is the uncertainty of getting a "vifti-
cient r .Lb::* of spawning salmon conveniently near.

As . !f ly stated, salmon were abundant in the Columbia at Kettle Falls as late
as 1878. Since then there has been a great decrease. They have been scarce since about
18S2; since 1890 there have been scarcely any at Kettle Fa'ls. The Meyers brcther«
say they have been almost unable lo bu> any salmon for their own table from the
Indians for three years. Certain Indians with whom we talked at Kettle Falls said
salmou were once very abundant there, but thai TC'-y few are seen now. Other
persons testified to the same effect. Essentially the same information was obtained
regarding the decrease of salmou in other parts of the upper tributaries of the
Columbia, viz, at Spokane, in both the Big and Little Spokane rivers, and in the
s- 1 like River and its various tributaries.

^ ! *h: Little Spokane River, near Spokane, Wash. — This river, as elsewhere stated
'>. i^LMS I'uptirt, possesses all the natural conditions necessary for this purpose; and
it has the advantage of having excellent shipping facilities in the numerous railroads
centering at Spokane. The uncertainty of being able to obtain spawning salmon in
sufficient numbers is, however, a fatal objection to this point, unless shipping the
eggs &om the Lower Oolumbia might be regai'ded as feasible.

u

tNVE8TIGATI0NS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVEK BAStN.

SNAKE BIVEE IN SOUTHWESTEKN IDAHO.

If the station does not necessarily have to be in Wasliinpton, a very good site can
be found on Snake Itiver in Idaho near Sabnon Falls, ^filuion seem still to ascend to
tliat point ia considerable numbers. For detailed description of this place see portion
of this report pertiviuing to "le Snake lliver.

*«UMMARY.

In summing up the facts b. .t out by these investigations it may be aaid,
first, that the absence of salmon from tlie Tend d'Oreille River is not necessarilv due
to the presence of falls in that stream, but to other causes, chief among which is the
excessive catching of salmon in the Lower Columbia; second, that while it is true
tliat the salmon are shut out by falls and dams from a large area, especially in the
Upper Snake Kiver basin, and that these limitations are increasing as the streams
become useful for irrigation and mining purposes, it is nevertheless certain that the
decrease in the salmon has been even greater and that the accessible waters suitable
ior spawning purposes are still more than ample to meet present needs; and, third,
tliat the desirability of establishing another salmon hatchery at some point in the
(.'olumbia basin will depend largely upon the nature of the fishery legislation in the
States of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.

It must be understood, however, tliat our knowledge regarding the present abun-
dance of salmon, their relative abundance as compared with former years, and the
location and extent of their sp^-wninggrounds, is of the most general kind. While
valuable so far as it goes, the information which we now possess upon these important
questions is chiefly useful in indicating the nature of the investigations which must
be carried on for several seasons before a thorough understanding of the salmon ques-
tion can be reached.

DETAILED ACCOUNT OP THE VARIOUS WATERS EXAMINED.

SNAKE luvaa.

This river has been visited by as at the followiug points: President Camp, near the sontheru
boandary of the Yellowstone Park; Idaho Falls; Amorioan Falls; Shoshone Falls j Twin Falls; AugBr
Falls; Blue Lakes; Upper and Iiower Salmon Falls; at mouth of Boise River; at Caldwull, Payette,
und Lewiston. The observatiuus mitde at these various places are here given in order, beginning
with the point farthest upstream which was visited.

President Camp, — Snake River here flows through a wide meadow, grassy and open on the right side,
but covered with a heavy growth of ohapparal on the other. It is hero a buautiful river willi clear,
ould water and gravelly bottom. The banks in the immediate vicinity of the camp are low, not
exceeding 3 or 4 feet. lu the main stream the onrreut was pretty strong, but there are quiet nooks
und coves where there was considerable water ve^otatiou. The temperature of the water at 9 a. ni.,
August 14, was 62.5°. Fishes were found to be abundant here, the red-horse sucker {Catoitomui
ardent), dnoe {Rhiniohtkys oataraeta duloit), chubs (Eieuciseiu hydi-ophlox and Leuoiaoui lineatui), white-
flsh {Coregonvt tvil Ham >oni), ont-throiit trout (Salmo mykist), and the blob {Cottui bairdi pvnciulatuii'}
being the species thus far known f^om the Snake River at that point.*

Idaho Falli, Idilw, Augutt 4 and 5, 1S03. — At this point vho river has oat its channel throngh the
immense lava bed of that region. Thj banks of thostreaiii are abrupt or vertical but broken and
jagged Walls of lava, reaching in some places as many as 15 to 20 feet or more above the surface of the
water. Large, detached masses of Inva are frequent in the stream, and in the banks or bounding walls
are many immense potholus, by far the largnst and tinest wo have ever seen. The river is here con-
fined to a relatively narrow channel, through which it rushes in a series of foaming rapids. 'I'bera

o
m

o

c

* See Kveiuuum: £xplo»tiona In Montana and Wyoming, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1881, 33.

Salmon Fisheries of the Columbia River (To face page 24 i

Plate V.

nl

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA MVEB BASIN.

25

are many comparatively qiiiot nooks, however, in the broken, irregular walla, aud the water is very
deep, perhaps 20 to 50 feet. While these rapids are quite turbulent, trout and even other specio.H of
Qahes have no trouble iu aicending them. Trout (<SaImo m^Jtfia) are oomn.un here, and in a large
line which has been out through the lava for milling purposes we obtained many specimeuH of dace,
rhiibs, undsaokers (Catoitomm ardtn$).

AmeHoan Falli, Idaho.— Xt American Falls the Snake River is about 750 feet wide aud flows but
liille below the general surface of the eoiintry. The shores have no abrupt bauks, the northern shore
(inly being followed by a low, rounded bluff 100 to 200 feet high. This was apparently composed of
gravel, na no lava could be seen projecting from it. The outline of the American Falls is very irreg.
ular. Its position is determined by a boaaltio ledge orossing the river. The position of the edge of
this ledge is now marked by a series of islands, bstweau which the river flows aud below which it
falls. This same leilge can be traced for some distance along the edge of the caPon bvlow the falls
and is there seen to be underlaid by a layer of sandstone. At the falls, however, this seems not to be
the case, the rock being lava from top to bottom. The western end of the falls is probably 200 to 300
yards furthor upstream than the eastern end. The front of the falls is located, therefore, very
obliquely to the course of the stream. They show nowhere any great vertical height, 15 feet being
probably near the maximum. In several places the falls are so broken down aa to present only a
short streuib of steep rupids, with gentler rapids above and below. Below the falls the water becomes
immediately deep, but the rupids above are, at the stage of water seen, extremely shallow. On the
eastern side of the stream, especially, is a long stretch of these shallow rapids, in which the water
averages not more than 6 inches deep, and it is here that the greatest obstaoles to the asoent of Hsh
would be found. When water is high in the spring, troat are seen to pass over the falls in large
numbers, and it is probably true that even at a lower stage of wa^"', as in the fall, flsh can succeed
in passing this obstacle. A flshway oonid be made here at raiy little expense were it eonsidered
desirable.

The stream here, as elsewhere in Idaho, flows through a oonntry covered with sagebrush and the
usual desert vegetation, bordered more or less thickly with willows. In the rapids at American Falls
the rooks ikre thickly covered with green Alaiuoutous alg», and among the rooks are found very
numerously orawflsh, caddis worms, and other suitable food for fish. At American Fall* the river
descends abont 70 feet and enters a oatton, the surfaoe of the oonntry remaining abont the same level,
and firom this point to below Shoshone Falls the stream descends deeper and deeper into its canon by
a suocesHion of falls and rapids. It flows here through what is known as the " Lava Beds " of the
Snake River, and the walls of its oaHon ore oorapoaedof snooessive lava flows. But few streams find
their way into the Snake Blver from the monntaina of the north. As will be seen from the map, the
greater number of these on flowint; down from the mountains sink into the lava and are lost. Of this
kind are Birch Creek, Little Ijost K iver, and Big Lost Bi ver. There is thus a great stretch of country
bordering the river on the nortli e>\tirely without anrfaoe water. Towards the west the Malade or
Wood liiver la the first stream to find its way into the Snake from the north. The water which thus
sinks near the base of the mountains apparently reappears inside the canon of the Snake, coming out
lis great springs at the base of the olift's. The best-known of these lie between the Shoshone Falls
and Glen's Ferry. They emerge from the foot of the cliffs often as large streams and are used to
irrigate the bottom lands which border the river on the north at that point.

The witter of these streams i^ beautifully olear and cold; trout abound in them, and the smaller
iiiinnowB run np from the Snake into them. Crawfish (Ait&eni gambtUi) also ai-e very abundant.
The temperature of the streams averages abont 60°, and they would be admirably adapted for
hatchery purposes. The salmon visit this part of the river in sufficient numbers to furnish roe
for batching, and this is probably the most available point where suitable water and an abundance of
flsh can be found for saoh a station in Idaho.

Unnamtd Fall*. — ^The next falls in the course of the stream were not visited by any member of
the party, a^ nsthing was heard of them until we had passed that region. They seemed to be unnamed.
According to Mr. J. L. Fuller, of Bliss, Idaho, the river has a vertical fall of about 40 feet a short
distance above the month of Dry Creek, the latter a small stream coming in from the eoutii, nearly
midway between Amerioam and Shoshone Falls. Mr. Fuller worked a mining claim at the month of
Dry Creek at one time, and Is therefore well aoqnainted with the falls, which he states to be vertical
and impassable to any kind of flsh.

Sho*1u>u» »nd Twin I^Mt.-~'thi> great obstacles to the passage of salmon up the Snake are foiiiul
in Shoshone and Twin Falls, both of which are vertical and of great height. The erection of fish-

26

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA EIVEE BASIN.

ways to permit the paasage of salmon aeems wholly impracticable. Both Shoshone and Twin Falla
areformtxl by layers of more compiict and lifrhter oolored lava, which the stream wears away with
great difficulty. Shoshone Falls can be reached by a stage ride of 28 miles from the town of Shoshone,
on the Hue of the Union Pacitlc. The cafion at this point is high and composed of blacic colnmnar
basalt, which rises from the river's edge as vertical cliffs, estimated to be about 800 feet high. The
falls are said to be 210 feet high. The middle of the falls is higher upstream than either end, giving
it a somewhat hor8eHhoe-Bhape<l appearance, and the front of the falls is about 1,200 feet wide.

Twin Falls are 4 miles above Shoshone Falls and would be fully as serious an obstacle as the
latter, even if fish were able to roach their foot. An island div ides the stream here into two portions,
both of which, however, full nearly vertically a distance said to be 180 feet. On the north side of the
atream the vertical portion of the falls is somewhat lower, the upper portion having worn back to
form very strong rapids, through which no fish wjuld be able to pass. We wore not able to learn that
■almon reached the foot of Shoshone Falls, although it is very probable that they do so. The stream
Immediately below the fulls is deep and flows at the bottom of a very steep cuilon, and even if the
■almon were there unil sjiawned in the bed of the stream, it might be diffloult to detect them.

Four miles below Shoshone Falls is the first of the large springs already referred to. These rise
near the northern shore of the river in what are kuown as Blue Lakes (see p. 27), and one of these
springs forms a large river. The Snake River at this point has widened out and flows over a succes-
sion of shallows, and has a considerable expanse of bottom lands, which can be cultivated whenever
water can be put upon them.

Auger FalU. — A gentleman living at Blue Lakes is of the opinion that salmon do not oome above
Anger Falls, which is found 4 miles below Blue Lakes. This was found to consist of a stretch of
very strong rapids. At Auger Falls the river runs for a d istance of at least 250 yards, hemmed in
between basaltic walls, which vary in distance from 50 to 2.50 feet. As nearly as could be estimated,
the stream falls in this distiince about 50 feet, the last 20 feet of which is nearly vertical. In this
entire stretch of 250 yards there is no 'esting-place for a fish, and the water dashes th.'-ough it in
whirls and eddies in such a way as to make it doubtful whether a salmon could sustain the long-
continned effort necessary to pass the rapids. It is, however, certain that no single stretch of these
■o-oalled falls is insurmountable. Both salmon and sturgeon are frequently taken below Auger Falls,
but apparently not above them. At Auger Falls it was estimated that the current averaged 15 feet
a second. Marks on the rocks show that at high water the stream was at least 15 feet above the level
seen at this time.

Upper and Lower Salmon Falls. — From Auger Falls down to Salmon Falls the valley of the Snake
widens and the cliffs become broken down and more and more rounded, as though glaciated. On
each side of the stream are found in places extensive deposits of water-worn gravel, which are washed
for gold. At the Upper Falls the stream, flows over auothor lava ledge, the southern end of the fall
being farthest down stream, and is there broken down into rapids, which present no serious obstacle
to the ascent of the flsh. This is also the case at various points along the front of the falls. The
maximum vertical descent is about 20 to 25 feet. Salmon are known to go over these falls in large
numbers. ^~>dians encamp yearly on the island immediately below the falls, and spear the lish as
they pass ovor the ripples. Well-known spawning-beds are said to be in the river about 2 miles above
the fulls, and salmon are knowu to ascend Salmon Creek, a tributary entering 2 or 3 miles higher up.
A white man bus been in the habit of catching salmon with a seine ^ach year, and could obtain more
than he could find market for. It seems evident, then, that a hatchery located near this point and
drawing water from one of the many large spnug-fed streams which enter here would have no diffl-
onlty in securing t>h.

The Lower Salmon Falls are about 6 miles below the Upper. We are informed that a man can
descend this stretch of the stream in a small bout, although there are numerous shallow places and
short rapids. The Lower Falls are very similar to the Upper. The river at this point fulls over a
lava shelf, for the most part vertically, and with a total descent of about 20 feet. The front of the
falls is very wide, probably over a quarter of a mile, and runs obliquely, the northern end being farthest
upstream. By far the greater part of the water falls over the southern half of the falls, so little
coming over the northern part v to prevent the ascent of fish, except, perhaps, at one point. At the
extreme southern end the fulls are much lower. Here, and also near the center, the fish would
apparently have no ditflculty in ascending. To sum up what was learned abont the salmon in this
part of Snake River, it is certain that they visit Glen's Ferry and the stretch of the stream between

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

37

there and a poiut 2 or 3 mile* above Upper Salmon Falls in large numbers, and spawn mainly in the
bed of the stream, some of them entering Salmon Creek, as before said. It is not known to iis how
far they ascend towards Anger Falls from the Upper Salmon Falls They appejir late in Angnst, and
spawn in the bed of Snake River and the amiiller tributaries from September on to November.

Srakt Hiver beloio the vnrinuii falls. — A short distance below Shoshone Falls, as already indicated,
the valley of the Snake changes its character. The bluff recedes, leaving the valley several miles
wide in places, and becomes, at the same time, less abrupt, and the lava walls are often entirely
concealed by slopes of water- worn gravel and soil. The valley varies in width, but preserves this
general character as far as the town of Hnntington. It is along tlie upper part of this widened
valley that the extensive springs alrea<ly mentioned are found. The first of these are at Blue Lakes.
Here they nse in the bottom of a lake at the base of the basaltic cliffs which forms the canon wall.
The outlet of this lake, after rnnning a short distance, widens into a second very deep lake, in which
the wat«r again sinks into the lava. This water, together with a mnoh larger supply, reappears at »
lower level as a very large spring, f^om which flows a small river of beautifully clear bine water.
This finds its way among tbe lava bowlders down a rather gentle incline to the Snake. Farther down
the valley at intervals appear other similar springs. The streams that flow from these are used to
irrigate the bottom lands, which are naturally covered with sagebrush and other desert vegetation.
On the application of water they become very fertile, raising large crops of alfalfa and other hay, of
garden vegetables, and fruit. If the supply of salmon were assured, these springs would offer model
sites for a hatchery. They are located from 6 to 10 miles above Bliss, Idaho, and are reached by good
roads. The roost extensive of these springs empty into the lower course of the Malade or Wood River,
which empties into the Snake a short distance from Bliss. (See p. 26).

The long stretch of the Snake River which lies between Hnntington and Lewlston was not visited
by any member of the party. The stream was described to us as flowing for tbe greater part of this
stretch through a deep caDon in which were numerous rapids. A steamer once passed through this
canon at higli water, but arrived at Lewlston "o battered and broken that none has dared attempt
the passage since. No falls occur along this stretoh of the stream, and there is nothing that can be
considered an obstruction to salmon. But this part of the country is almost uninhabited and the
river is difficult of approach. At Lewlston and below, the stream flows again through a comparatively
open country, the caDon walls being rounded and the slopes covered for the most part by deposits of
water-worn gravel and soil. Mr. W. M. Stockton, of Glen's Ferry, Idaho, who has resided there
twenty-three years, says that the Snake River is usually highest in June, falls until the winter rains
jet in, and is lowest in October. Salmon caught in large numbers at Glen's Ferry; sjieared. The run
begins in September and lasts six weeks or two months. More numerous in former years than now,
but plenty were caught last year, 1892. Indians spear them, salt and dry them for winter use. They
spawn on the gravel beds in the river at and near Glen's Ferry in water so shallow that the dorsal
flns are out of the water. Knows of no obstrnotions in the river below Salmon Falls. Has heard that
Salmon Falls is an obstruction ; does not know so. The sturgeon are caught at all seasons of the year;
more numerous in summer. Has seen and caught salmon in Fayette River and has seen them spawning
there and in the Snake River on the ripples. The Boise is highest in June and lowest in October.
Knows nothing definite about the redUsh. Says they are a landlocked salmon. They are caught in
Payette Lake and shipped to Caldwell and sold aa food-flsh during September,

TRISnTARIES 07 SNAKB BIVXB.

Bou Fork of Snake 7iie«r.— This is a small stream flowing into the Snake above Focatello. It was
examined on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation about 12 miles north of Focatello. The stream there
was about 16 feet wide, 10 inches deep, and had a very slow current — not over 6 inches per second, but
somewhat swifter on the riffles. The water was somewhat muddy and the bottom of the stream was
ohiufly of mud, '^ith gravel in some places. There was an abundance of yoiloo and other algoid vege-
tation In the water, and the banks were well covered with willows and small Cottonwood bushes, but
no large bushes of any kind. Fishes, including trout, were abundant in this stream, and it was here
that the types of a new sucker ( Catottomui pocalello) were obtained, llie temperature of the water at
1 p. m., August 4, was 72.6°, when the air in the shade was 93°.

Port Net^f iitMr,— This stream has its rise in southeastern Idaho, on the low divide which now
■eparatee the Salt Lake Basin from that of the Upper Snake River, and flow into the Snake a few
mUM wwt of Pooatello. At Focatello this stream average* about SO feet wide, 6 inches deep, and

28

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVKR IIA8IN.

Mows about H feet per secuud. There are niaiiy deep holes or pools with mud bottom, while in the
shallower reaches the bottom is of gravel and the current is more swift. The banks are uBually low
and of clay, with occasional rocky places. The water is rather clear niid cool, the temperature being
70'^ at noon, Augusts, when that of the air in the abade was 90^. There appeared to be very little
algiB or other water vegetatii^L' i". tl.:: itream. The banki) were covered with a dense growth of willows,
while hack from the stream a short disiance on either oide are Hagebrunh ))lulns.

A few dead bivalves {Margaritana margariti/era) were found, bnt moUiiNcous life seems to be rare
in this stream. Crawiish {A$tacua gambelii) were found in consideralilo abundance. Not muny
species of flsh were found liere. By far the most abundant species is Leucinoui hydrophlox, the next
most coinniuu are the western dace (Rhiniohihyi cataracta diihit) and the chub (Leuciscui linealuti).
Suckers (Catoitomiu catn$tomn$) and blobs (Cottui pMlonipt) werr also found, the latter in consider-
able numbers. No tront were seen here, but we were informed thut they are sometimes taker in tlie
river near Pooatello, and that they are found rather plentifully further up the stream. The tempera-
ture and other characters of the water are fairly suitable for trout, and no doubt plants of such fish
would prove successful in this river.

Mink Creek. — This is a small stream flowing into the Port Nenf about 6 miles above Pooatello.
Near its mouth it averages about 6 to 8 feet wide, 2 feet doep, and has a 2-foot current. The water
at the time of our visit was pretty clear and the temperature C9° at noon, August 3, when that uf
the air in the shade was 92°. The bed of the stream wa« of mud and sand in the more quiet portions
and of gravel on the riffles. The banks wore overhung by a heavy growth of willows. This is a
typical trout stream, and we found the cut-throat trout to be quite common. About the same species
of minnows and suckers which wore found in the Port Keuf at Pocatello wero also found here.
Crawfish, toads, frogs, and mussels wore also obtained here.

The Port Neuf Uiver at the n'juth of Mink Creek is a clear, cool stream with gravel and lime-
deposit bottom in the shallower parts and rond and sand where deeper and more quiet. The same
species of fishes wero obtained here as elsewhere in this river.

Salmon Creek. — The uppermost tributary of Snake River to which salmon have access is Salmon
Creek, emptying into the river 3 or 4 miles above the Upper Salmon Falls. This was not visited by
ns, and little seems to be known about the general character of the stre.im. Mr. J. L. Fuller has seen
salmon in the lower 2 or 3 miles of the stream, but dues not know bow far they ascend.

italade Rirer, — The next stream is the Malade or Little Wood River, already mentioned. This
was fished near Shoshone by Messrs. Thobnrn and Rutter, August 5. Width, 26 feet; depth, 3 feet ;
current, 2 feet; temperature at 7 a. m. : air, 70° ; water, 62.5°. During dry seasons the Malade becomes
dry for the lower40 or 50 miles of its course and is prevented from being a salmon stream by inaccessilile
falls near its month. As seen by ns in its lower course, it runs on the surface of the country until a
point about 4 miler above its month. Here it leaves the surface and enters a narrow cleft in the rocks
by a succession of falls and rapids, two of which are designated the Upper and the Lower Falls. This
cleft in the rook soon deepens and widens into an extensive canon, which seemed tu be from 500 to
800 feet deep in its lower part. At the lower falls the stream descends vertically abont 40 feet, shooting
out of the cation, which is here a mere cleft 20 to 30 feet wide, and falling into a deep pool at the bottom.
As Mr. Fuller stated, it looks very much like the stream out of the spout of a teakettle. During
hi^h water the stream rises so as to obliterate these falls, and in the spring trout have no diffloulty in
ascending from the Snake into the Upper Malade. In autumn, however, these falls are an impassable
obstacle to the salmon. It is below these falls that the large springs already referred to enter the
Mulade. These increase the size of the stream many times, so that even during the lowest stage of
water in autumn the Lower Malade flows full — this even at timeswhenthe upperstreamis entirely dry.
According to Mr. Fuller, who based his statement upon the reports of engineers, the Lower Malade at
its lowest stage is a stream averaging 7 feet deep, 72 feet wide, having a current 15 miles an hour. It
descends rapidly in its lower course and wonld olTer a fine site for a hatchery. Salmon are seen at
far as the base of the Lower Falls, 1. e., 2 or 3 miles above its mouth.

Briineau River. — The next considerable tributary is the Bruueau, which enters from the south about
opposite the town of Mountain Home. This was not visited by any member of the party. A large
number of men were intervieweil who v/ere acquainted with the stream ; these all agreed that it was a
natural salmon stream. Mr. Ful ei has seen the salmon spawning in the headwaters of the Brunean,
in October. Recently a dam has bein placed in the lower course of the stream for irrigation puxpuse*
Tite dam is without flshway, and salmon are now absolutely prevented from ascending. , ^, , .;, .,

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

29

OwyhM Rieer. — The Owyhee River is s Urge stroam rising iu themonntalns of Nevada and flowing
into theSnalce at the boundary between Idulio und UreKon, sonth of HuiitiiiKton, Ore^. The aaluioii
are suid tu enter thta in quantity, anil are wvll known to the minors on the hendwatem of the itreuni.
This is a river of mncli importuntu. tu which nearly all the streams of northern Nevada are tributary.
Hoite liivcr. — Examined August, onomile west of Uuld well, Idaho. Width, i)00 to 400 feet ; depth,
2 to S feet; onrrent, 2 feet; temperature of water at 10 a, m., 66^. The bed of this stream is mostly
sandy, with occasional patches of gravel. There is a riprap dam about 2 miles above Caldwell,
liolonging to the Howard Sebree Company. The lower slope of this dam is about 6 feet, and there in
no Bshway.

Dr. J. B. Wright, of Caldwell, tells us that he caught salmon iu the Buise, near Caldwell, in 1864,
and that they were very numerous then. In 1865 placer mining began on the Upper Boise and but
few salmon have been oaught since. Occasionally he catches one in the upper waters of the Hoisn,
but they are very rare. He further says that salmon trout enter this river in the spring, when the
waters are high, and that he has caught them fnll of eggs in July in the Upper Boise. The dam
already mentioned has been in Ave years, but he does not think it has affected the run of iish. Dr.
Wright says that the salmon run up Snake River in September, the run laoting until the middle oi
October. He has not noticed any decrease iu recent years. We were also told that at Oleu's Ferry
there is a run of salmon trr 't in April and May.

Payette Kiver. — Examined August 9, three-fourths of a mile southeast of Payette, Idaho, near its
mouth. .Average width 360 feet; depth, 3 feet; current, 1^ feet; temperature of water, 63° at 6 p. m.
Water clear; bottom sand and gravel. The Fayette at this place is a rather shallow stream flowing
rapidly over numerous shallows and mnoh divided by gravelly islands. It flows over sand and coarse
waterwom gravel. The river seems to be suitable for salmon, bnt no one in the vioinity seemed
able to give ns any notes of value as to their occurrence.

Salmon River. — This is, except the Snake, the largest and most important and is certainly the
least known river of Idaho. It has its headwaters in the mountains forming the divide between
Montana and Idaho, and enters the Snake where the latter is passing through its deep canon, near the
northeast corner of Oregon. We were informed that the lower course of the Salmon River itself is
through a deep narrow caQon, which renders it difficult of access. It is claimed that salmon still
ascend this stream in large numbers, and spawn in all the little creeks high in the mountains. Little,
however, is known with certainty regarding the salmon or other fishes of this stream.

Clearwater River. — Examined August 15 and 16 at various points from its mouth to 6 to 7i miles
above liOwiston, Idaho, to the mouth of Potlatch Creek. It is there a clear, cold stream flowing over
very largo round bowlders. This kind of bottom makes it almost impossible to use a net, and salmon
could not be obtained by this meth'^d if the stream were otherwise suitable for » hatchery. The tem-
perature of the water was 83.6° when the air was 83.6° at4 p. m., and 63.6° when the air was 63° at 10
a. m. As in all of these larger, clear, cold streams, we found fishes very scarce. The smaller minnows
and suckers could be obtained only at the rate of two or three to a haul. Fish may be more abundant
iu the deeper part« of the stream, or the numbers may be kept down by the trout, which oonli^ easily
pursue the smaller fishes in the clear water.

Potlatch Creek.— Tbia is a small stream flowing into the Clearwater, near Lewisto. i ^bs
examined August 16 near its mouth.

Paloaee River. — This is a considerable stream rising in western Idaho and flowing westward
through sontheasterp Washington to the Snake River north of Walla Walla about 45 miles. It was
examined near Colfax, Wash., Angnst 17, At this place the stream was quite low, being reduced to
pools. Temperature of water 74°.

Granie Sonde River. — This river rises in eastern Oregon, flows northeast, and Joins Snake River
near the forty-sixth parallel. It was examined near La Grande August 11. According to Mr. J. B.
Foley, of La Grande, salmon are very numerous in this rirer in September and October, coming as far
as the dam 1 mile above La Grande. They try to jump this, bat do not succeed. They are speared
in large numbers by the Indians and boys, bat are so worn and oat up by their trip up the river that
they are of little value as food fish. The dam is of logs with two 4-foot steps on the lower side, and
has no fishway. There are no dams below— that is, between La Grande and the Snake Biver. Plenty
of salmon tiont come in the spring in April and May. These can get over the dam in high water.
Water lowest in Aagast and September. There is placer mining in the npper parts of the river, and
the water is milky. Tioat are plentiAil at Meaohain, in the appn Grando Bonde River, Hid in the
side streams.

80

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMIUA RIVER BASIN.

Palaha Hiver. — Tliia Htream wm oxumiued at Starbuck AugiiHt 14. Temperature at 4 p. m., 08'^;
•ir, 66^. Width, 50 fei>t; depth, 1 foot; current, 2 feet. The I'ataha Ih of voiue importance and iit
well gu|iplied with thu commiiii lighes of the region.

Pgnd d'Oreille Hiver, — There arw two important lakcH whi<'li Hri' dniiued hy this river — Flathead
Lake, in Montana, luid Luke Peud d'Oreille, which is in Idalio, near the WuHhington State line.
Examination* were made at Flt\tbHa4l Lake* in 1801 by Kvermuiin and Jeukiiia, and in 1892 by Qorham
•ud Woobuan, who found the "falls" in I'lathead Kiver near thu ontlet of Flathead Lake to consist
■imply of a series of ra)iidH, which do not interfere in the least with the free movements of (lab. From
this point down Flathead Kiver possesHes no falls or obstructions of any kind, und there is none in
Clarke Fork until near I^ake I'enil d'Oreille.)

Not fur above Lake I'end d'Oreille, iu Clarke Fork proper, and near a station on the Northern
Faoitlo called Thompson FuUh, are some small rapids which are no more serious than are those iu
Flathead Kiver. This is according to Dr. Gorhani and Mr. Woolman. We did not doem it necessary
to revisit these two places, as Or. Uorham's notes and the information which we gained through
oonvenatlous with a number nf persons who were familiar with that part of the river convinced us
that there are no obstructions of any importance above Lake I'end d'Kreille.

We examined this river pretty carefully from the outlet of Lake Peud d'Oreille to near its month,
or where it joins the Coiuml>ia just across the British Columbia line. While that portion of the river
above Lake Peud d'Oreille is still spoken of as Clarke Fork, the portion below Lake Peud d'Oreille
is, in that region, known only as the Peud d'Oreille Kiver. From Sand Point, J.dabo, which is at the
outlet of Lake Pend d'Oreille, to the Washington line is about 25 miles. In this portion of the river
there is only one fall or rapid, and that is Albauy I'alls, sometimes known as Villard Falls or
Seniaiiuoteeu Falls. These falls are about 1| mile^ above the little town of Newport, Idaho. The
falls are divided by a small, rocky island, npon which is built one of the piers of the railroad bridge
which is used by the Great Northern iu crossing the river at this place.

The relative position of the bridge and the falls is shown iu the above diagram.

These falls are scarcely more than pretty steep rapids and would not interfere at nil with the
•I cent of salmon. The part to the left of the islands (going down stream) is jnst above the bridge.

* For information concerning the npper waters of this system seeEvermaun, in Bull. U. 8. Fish
Commission for 1891, pp. 1-90.

tin 1883 Mr. Livingston Stone, under the direction of the U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fish-
eries, made an extended exploraticm of Clarke Foi'k and the Colnmbia Kiver with reference to the
selection of a suitable site for a salmou-breeding station. In Mr. Stone's interesting report (Report
U. S. FishComm. for 1883, 237-255) is given much valuable information regarding the upper portion
of Clarke Fork and the Big and Little Spokane rivers. He found, what our own inquiries confirm,
that salmon never reach Lake Pend d'Oreille. but thought they were jirobably kept back by the falla
at the mouth of the Pend d'Oreille.

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBU RIVER HA8IN.

81

At the time of onr viait (Auguit 9) tbs total descent waa probably 10 fe i . i>nt aa a rapid, not In • ver-
tical fall. During low water the deacont would he Homewbat greater. The fall on the right aide la of
the aame character and preitouta uo greater ditlicultiea.

Juat tielow Alliaii.v Falls the river ix perhaps 1,(XX) feet wide and 20 to 30 fret de«p in the channel.
The atream was up, however, at this time, uud would probably fall at least 10 feet before reiichiug low-
water marlc, accordiug to the captain of the Itora, a small ateamer which makes irregular trips between
Newport and the head of Box Cafiim. On August 9 we took tliia ateauier and went down the river
to Box Canon, a distance of about 60 inlle-i, nlthough the ateamer people call it 80 miles. Throughout
this distance the Pend d'Oreille is a beautiful, clear stream, with a good atrong current, and varying
in width from 500 to 1,000 feet.

Ilox Caiion is a narrow gorge al)OUt 1 1 miles long. The walla are quite close together and the river
rashes through the narrow pusiago wiMi » very strong current. There is, however, uo fall In the
caDon and small boats have on several ocoiiMious been taken through without ii\|nry. There is nothing
hete to atop the ascent of salmon.

Jlf«(aljii« Fall$. — Those falls are juat below the Metaline mining camp, or 7 miles below the foot ol
Box Cation. The river between Box CaHon and Metaline Falls baa a good strong current, but no falln
or rapida. The falla are over a ledge of limestone, through which the river ' s cut, and are the largest
and moat important of any found in this river. The total fall ia perhapu m much as 30 feet, but it
ia in a series of rapids, there being uo vertical drop ut all. The atream is here inclosed between high
rooky walls and is very turbalent for some distance. Salmon could probably ascend these falls with-
out much dilBculty. 4. little bluatiag near the left (west) wall would make it still easier for flsh to
get up. Just above Metaline Falls, Sullivan Creek flows into the Pend d'Oreille from the right bank.

From Metaline we walked down the river about 14 miles farther, on August 10, to the bead of
what is known as the Big Eddy Caiion. This caHon ia about 3 miles long and is quite narrow, the
limestone walla being so close together that in one place • fallen tree lies across from one wall to the
other. The river rushes through this caiion with great fury, but there are no falls, and we do not
believe that the ascent of salmou would be seriously interfered with. If it should be shown that
salmon can not swim against such a strong current for so groat a distance, wo see no easy way by
which it could be made less difficult. There are some relatively quiet nooks or eddies here and there,
however, in which salmon would bo able to rest and we therefore do not consider Big Eddy Canon
a serious obstacle to the ascent of flsh. Lime Creek, a small but fine trout stream, flows into the river
at the head of this canon.

The river between Metaline Falls and Big Eddy Caiion is quite swift, but contains no falls or
rapids worth mentioning. The lower end of Big Eddy CaBon is but a short distance from the British
Columbia line, just north of which the Pend d'Oreille turns abruptly westward and runs approxi-
mately parallel with the international boundary until it flows into the Columbia, a distance of about
27 miles from where it leaves the United States. We did not visit this part of the river for two
reasons: (1) Dr. Gorham's notes and Mr. Bean's report upon the obstructions were sufHciently full to
enable us to judge of its character; and (2) several persons familiar with it, and with whom we talked,
all agreed that there are no obstructions below Big Eddy CaDon which are nearly as serious as Big
Eddy Cafiou or Metaline Falls. All agree that Metaline Falls is the moat serious obstruction found
anywhere in tlie Pend d'Oreille.

From Mr. Bean's report and from our conversations with prospectors and others living along the
Fend d'Oreille, it appears that there is u series of rapids near the mouth of the river and another Jnat
above the mouth of Salmon River, which empties into the Pend d'Oreille juat abore the Waahlngton
lino. These are all said to be rapids rather than falls and probably would not interfere with the
ascent of salmon in the least. From the foregoing it therefore appears that there are no serious
obstrnctions ia Clarke Fork of the Columbia which would prevent salmon from reaching Lake Pend
d'Oreille and Flathead Lake, or other parts of that river basin.

The Pend d'Oreille River is one of the most beautiful and plotnresque In America. It is a magnifi-
cent river, probably averaging over 1,000 feet in width and being very deep throughout most of its
course. In most places there ia a good, strong current, becoming dangerous rapida in the narrower
places. The water is clear and pure and cold — an ideal trout stream. The depth varies greatly, high
water .■ccurring in July from melting snows. Late in August or September the water is many feet
lover thuu iu July. High mountain slopes ascend abruptly from the river'.! banks throughout most
of its ooorse, and these are covered with a heavy evergreen forest and » dense growth of underbrush .

82

INVKKnOATIONS IN THE COLUMUIA KIVEK IJAilN.

Ill other pliioits, ax at Usk, l.a Claires, and Metaline, the river bottom wider.H out and there are many
acres of excellent tanning land. D'lrinj; hij.h water large areas of this level land are covered by
water, but when the waters Hubside those tracts becon:d valuable meadow Ir.nds.

Trout are abundant in this river; salmon trout are also quite abundant, aL-d both bite readily.
We know of no stream whieh otfei* liner oppo'^unities for sport with the rod than the lower Pend
d'Oruille. Deer, wild geese, and ducks wereu oen in considerable numbers. I'rom the Big CaQon
below Metaline we were compelled to walk back to Newport, a distane e of abriit 75 miles. As thei^e
was no triil for the greater part of this distance, except a cattle trail, 'vhi' u w.as use<l by cattle only
later in the summer and which was now under watev, we found the tri;i a very ditltcult one, attended
by maiiv hardships. We reached Newimrt early in the morning of Angnst ^5, where we took the
tra' lor t'olvillu, Wushington.

TUE Ul'PER COIPMBIA KIVElt.

riie L'pper Coli<mbia River was visited only at Kettle Falls, AV^ashingtoii, but sijvoral ot its tril'U-
liiries were examines, uotes upon which are given in the ibllowing pages.

Ketllc Falh, about 9 miles from Colville, Washington, are the only falls in the Upper Columbia
tbiit need meutiiining in tUis connection. At this place the river cuts through a ledge of highly
(crystalline rock, the strata ot which have .i gentle dip upstream. A large island divides the river
iiitii iwii parts, as shown in the following diagi \m:

At the present stage of water we judged these falls to have a vertical fall of 12 *o 15 feet each, hut
cney are not i>f etjual height throughout their entire width. The upper falls (a) was at least 14 feet
vertical near the island and in the middle, but toward the right bunk it seemed to be lower audlosf<
vertical. The lower fall (b) is probably 15 feet high in its highest plnces, but at the right shore It,
too, is not so high nor so nearly vertical. At c is u seething whirlpool, the wat«'r couilii; around the
left side of tbe island, having to make an abrupt turn in order to get out. The upper fall is probably
not of great iiiiportanre in this con' - ..ion, for, w' bii salnior have once gotten B',ove tbe iowi:r falls
thry piin go around to the right (going npstream) of the island where there are no Herioui" obstruc-
ti<ms, but they are seen to swim up over the upper falls. George E. nud ,laeob A. Meyers are two
intelligent and well-infonned men who have livwl at Kettle Falls for 23 years, fln<'. are (|r':to familiar
with the falls and their relation to the salmon. From them wo o )taine(l the following information:
Tji to 187S salmon wore very abundant in this part of 'lie riiiunibiaj " niilliiuis were seen ascending
the falls every season." The run would be^;iu in .lu'.e mid continue until October, the biggest run
being in the last half of August. The run tcvard the and of ,Tnne was also large, but while there wiw

Salmon Fisherios of the Columbia River (To face page 32 )

Plate VI.

r,
O

' '

It

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBU EIVER BASIN.

88

a decrease in the number from then nntil late in the summer, some salmon were to be seen all along;
80 that there wore not two distluct rniis, but one continuous mu from June to November with two
periods of greut numbers — Juue and AuRust.

The salmon caught early in the season are regarded as the best. The salmon liavo no trouble
getting np Kettle F;vll8; indeed, they usually swim right up the current, seldom having to jrmp out
01 the water. The time when it is hardest for them to get up is during a medium stage of \/ater; it
is easy at high water, as the fall is then wiped out to some extent; it is also easy at low water, as
there are eddies and pools then in which the fish can rest.

Salmon formerly spawned in great numbers just below Kettle Falls. The spawning beds were
toward the right side of the river on gravel bottom, usually just above a riffie. A great many spawned
in the ColvUle River just below Meyers Falls.

The Colville flows into the Columbia from the east just below Kettle Falls a short distance.
Meyers Falls is in the Colville 2 or 3 mi .es above its mouth. The height of the lower Mayers Falls is
80 feet, that of the upper about 26; tb j total descent, including rapids, being abo<it 126 feet. The
wiCth of th", falls is about 150 feet. F;almon still enter Colville River and spawn on the gravel beds
below Meyers Falls, but tbey are YCi-y rare. A fishway could be placed here which would enable
salmon to ascend the ColvUle, which is, so far as the other features are concerned, an excellent stream
for salmon and trout.

The temparature of the water at the falls, August 16, was 62°,

While we think the evidence shows that salmon are able to ascend the Lower Kettle Falls, the
evidence that they have ever gone much, if any, farther, is not conclusive. Indeed, one of the earliest
accounts of these falls which we have seen, states positively that no salmon are i aken above these
falls. In volume iv of the Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes
we find the following :

"The Kettle Falls are one of the greatest ouriosities in this partoftbn nountry. They are formed
oy a tabular bed of quartz that crosses the river, and which, being har' uiu the rocks, either above

or below, has of course sutfered less by <tbrasion, and thus formed a bat>H, mki innd.rH the name appro-
priate. The total descent of the water is uO feet, though the perpeudicnlar il in u) place tivieeds 16
feet, which is, however, more than sufllc'ont to prevent the passage of boats. At the foot .>f the falls
the breadth of the river is 2,330 feet, and the rate of the current is 4 miles an hour. ' ' /< brea<lth is
somewhat narrowed by an island, about midway of which is the first fall, which is almost nntirely
nnbroken. Thence the river forces its way over a rooky bed until it reaches the main fall, n norn the
water is thrown into every variety of shape and form, resembling the boiling of a kettle, tiom which
the falls derive their name.

" There is an Indian village on the banks of the great falls, inhabited by a few families, who are
called "Qaiarlpi" (Basket People), from the oiroumstauce of their nsiug baskets to catch their fish
(salmon). The season for the salmon fishery had not yet [in June t] arrived, so that our gentlemei.
did not see the manner of taking the fish; but as described to them, the fishing apparatus consists of
a large wicker basket supported by long poles inserted into it and fixed in the rocks. The lower part,
which is of the basket form, is joined to a broad frame, spreading above, against which the fish, in
attempting to jump the falh, strike, and are thrown back into the basket. This basket, ''.uringthe
fishing season, is raised three times in the day (tweaty-fonr hours), and at each haul, not uni'requently,
contains 300 fine fish. A division of these takes place at sunset each day, nnder the direction of one
of the chief men of the village, and to each family is allotted the number it may be entitled to; not
only the resident Indians, but all who may be there fishing, or by accident, are equally included in
the disti'ibntion.

" At the lower end of the falls are large masses of quarts rock, on which the Indians dry their fish.
Few of the salmon, even U able to pass the lower fnll, ever got by the npper one, being generally
caught between the two falls ; consequently, above tbis place no salmon are taken, A short distance
below the Kettle Falls are the Thompson Rapids, which begin at the mouth of Mill River, and extend
for some distance be^ow that point."

This visit to Kettle Falls and eastern Washington was made by Captain Wilkes in 1841,*

Spokine Siter. — The Spokane River has Its source in CoBur d'Alene Lake, in Kootenai Connty,
Idaho, From the northern end of the lake the river flows approximately due west about 30 miles to

* Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition, during the years 1838, 18Se, 1840, 1841, and
1842 ; by Charles Wilkea, U. 8. Navy, coinnmnder of the expedition. In five volumes. Vol. IV, pp.
444 and 445. Pliiladvlphia, Lea &■ blauchard, 1845.

fl. Mis. 200 3

34

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMUIA KIV i BASIN.

the city of Spoknnp. where it turns to the northwest and flows into the Colnrabia, abont 45 or 50 miles
distant. Tlie total It'Tmth of tlio Rpokime Kiver prolialily txrceds 12") miles, as its rourso is extremely
\viuilinn. For a cousidoraldo pint of its coursii it Hows through vast fields of lava, into which it has
cut a doop and picturesque channel. The stream is large and in most places quite ilcop; the bed in
many places is strewn with large granite bowlders or large irregular masses of lava, which render
seining next to imi.ossiblc.

About 6 miles below Cienr il'Aleno Lake are Post Falls, which probably do not interfere with the
free movement of lisli.

In the ci' y of Spokane, where the river breaks through a lava flow, there are several very
beautiful falls and rapids, which have been modilicd in various ways in utilizing the water power for
milling purposes. These obstructions, natural and artificial, aro impassable to fish. Salmon find no
obstructions in the Lower Spokane and ascend as far as these falls. Formerly salmon were said to bo
abundant as far up as the falls," but now thny are seldom seen farther up than the month of the Little
Spokane. This strtiam was examined in and near the city of Spokane by Mr. B. A. Bean in October,
1892, and by Profs. Evermaiin and Jenkins August 19 and 20, 1893.

The water is clear, cold, and pure. The only contamination is that from the uity of Spokane, and
that does not seem to be at all si^rious as yet. An abundance of fish food, such as insects and their
:arve6, small moViiisks, and (crawfish, was noticed in this river.

Cceur d'Alene Lake. — This is one of the largest and most picturesque lakes in Idaho, It is very irreg-
<jlar in shape, occupying, as it does, a narrow mountain valley together with 'ts lateral ramifications.
Its greatest length from north to south is probalily not less than 22 miles, whi!e its average width is
less than 3 miles. The Ooeiir d'Alene, St, Josop'a, and other mountain streams are tributary to this
lake, the outlet of which is Spokane River, Trout are abundant and of excellent quality in the lake,
but salmon are not known to occur in it. The numerous falls in the Spokane Kiver in the city of
Spokane undoubtedly prevent the ascent of salmon to Coeur d'Alene Lake.t This lake was lished
August 21 near the outlet, IJ miles westofCuiur d'Alene. Temperature of water at 4 p.m., 75°; air, 86°.

Ilaiigman Creek. — This is an unimportant stream, tributary to the Spokane. It was examined in
the vicinity of Tekoa, Wash., where it was found to boa small, rather lilthy stream, not suitable for
trout or other food-tishes, but well supplied with minnows and suckers of several species.

•Regarding the salmon fishing at these falls in 1841, Capt. Wilkes ha-s the following:
"The number of Indians actually resident about the falls is 150; but during the height of the
fishing season there are often nearly 1,000, consisting of all the Spokane tribe, who are goneroUy
induiled under the name of the Flatheads. They subsist for the most part ou roots, fish, berries, and
game. At the opening of the spring, in March and Ajiril, or as soon ivs the snow disajipears, they begin
to searcli for a root resembling tlie oammass, wliWh they 'ill pox-pox. This lasts thorn till the
beginning of May, when it gives place to a bitter ni'it, tormeil spatylon. This is a slender and white
root, not unlike vermicelli iu appearance, and when lioiled it disholves into a white jolly, like arrow-
root. It has a bitter but not disagrcealdo llavor, and is re.hiarUable for growing in gravelly soils
where notliingelse will thrive. Iu June the il/wa, orcammass. comes in season, .and is found in greater
quantities than the others all over the country, particularly in the meadow grounds. This root was
thought by many of us to have the taste of boiled chestnuts. Before this fails the salmon make their
appearance, and during the summer months the Indians enjoy a very plentiful supply of food. While
the men are emplovcd fishing, the women are busy digging the cammass, which may be termed the
principal occupation of the two sexes. Thoy devote a portion of their time to the collection of berries,
a work which is principally the duty of the younger part of the tribes.

"In September and October the salmon still claim their attention, although they are, after having
deposited their rocs, ([uite exhausted and about to perish, yet these are dried fur their winter consump-
tion, and unless they had recourse to these much want would ensue, which is always the case if the
salmon shtmld bo scarce."

, iu that it shows that
le ascent of salmon to

♦ The Indian legend given in Wilkes' Niir^ative, vol. iv, p.449, is interestin
the falls at Spokane have always been regarded by the Indians as a barrier tc
(Jteur d'Alene Lake.

"Thoy have, in common with the other tribes, many traditions coniiecled with the rivers and
remarkable features of their country. In these the prairie wolf bears always runspicuous part. This
wolf was not an olijoct of worship, but was supposed to he endowed with Hii]iornatural powers, and
to exert them in many ways. On one occasion it is related that the wdH' wae, desirous of having a
wife, and visit«d the tribes on the Spokane for that purpose, demanding :i young woman in marriage.
This request being granted, he priuiiised ihat the salmon should be abumlaut, and for this purpose hu
rnised the rapids, that they might bo caught with facility. After he had been gratified iu this first
instance he made the same request of the others, among them of the Skotsiii (C'o>ur d'Alene) tribe,
who were the only ones to refuse. He thereupon termed the great falls of the Spokane, wblolt have
ever since prevented the fish from asoendlng to their territory.''

Salmon Fisheries of the Columb . ^ 'ci. (To face pagtj 3* I

Plate VII.

CANON OF SPOKANE, HiVER, THREE MILES BELOW bPOKANE WASHINGTON

1893.

Counl

its -w

borde

netw(

pines

inche

Augn

watei

veget

Unioi

dant,

as is

trout

at th<

theL

dam I

quite

Stone

are i
uneai
nnml
hem
andS

ofth
Falls
Ings
Line

civiV
thet
oft!
strea

Paso

bars

and

ermi

salm

and

pies

fort

side

saw

20th

last

not'

raib

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER HASIN.

85

TAIllt Spokang Riv«r. — This was visited by Mr. Barton A. Bean in 1892, and by n« Aiignst 18,
1893. Tlie Little Spokane riaes among tlie low hills in a system of small streams and lakes in Stcirens
Connty, Wash., only 4 or 5 miles from the Pend d'Oroillo River. Fed, as it ia, by niiuierous sprinfrg,
its water is very clear and oold. It flows through a narrow, fertile valley, the low meadows
bordering it having a black loamy soil. The immediatu banks are i'lr the most part oovored with a
network of brashes. High hills rise on either side of the valley and thoy are sparsely I'overed with
pines. Such trees as cottonwoo<l, maples, and alders are common along .''he banks.

At Dart's mill, where the Little Spokane was examined by us, it averi.(res about 40 feet wide, "20
inches deep (on the ripples), and had a current of 2i feet per second. Th( temperature at 2 p, m,,
August 18, was 63° . The bottom there was of coarse gravel in most places. Just above tlie dam the
water was, of course, deeper and the bottom is of sand and soft mud. Here we found such water
vegetation as Ranuitcului aqiiatilut triohophyllut, and Afiiriophiillum in abun(^ance. A single species of
Unionidie, Margaritana margaritifera was not nncommon at this place. Fishe.< were also rather abun-
dant, some 8 or 10 species being obtained. The Little Spokane is an excellent salmon nix^ trout stream,
as is fully evidenced by the great abni'dance of salmonoid fishes which we found. The cat-throat
trout was abundant, as were also young whitellsh. Large whitefish {Coregonut mlliamson'.) were seen
at the dam at the mill, where Indians were spearing them with Mr success. Salmon are said to enter
the Little Spokane in considerable nnmbers even yet, but much less abundantly than formerly. The
dam at Dart's mill interferes with their farther ascent and a flshway should be put in. Salmon were
quite abundant in this stream in 1882, as reported by Mr. Laue C. Qilliam, of Spokane, to Mr. Livingtton
Stone.*

Mr. Oilliam says :

"I have jnst sompleted my second trip to the Little Spokane, and as yet no salmon to speak of
are ranning. The Indians, who are encamped hero in great numbers, anticipating a large run, are
uneasy and fear the iish are not coming. Yesterday morning they caught eight, which was the largest
nnmber taken at any one time as yet. A white man living in the neighborhood told rae that last year
he made a rongh estimate of the salmon taken by the Indians. He thinks they had between 40,001)
and 50,000 drying at one time, about October 1. I will make another investigation about October 1."

In the same letter reporting this information to Prof. Baird, Mr. Stone says:

"Theresultof my researches on the Snake River are that no salmon ascend as high as the orossiag
of the Utah and Northern Railroad, and that there tire no salmon as high as the foot of the Ameriiian
Falls on the Oregon Short Line. The salmon probably can not get over Shoshone Falls. In the span n -
ing season there are a great many salmon at the foot of these falls, 27 raiioi from the Oregon Short
Line Railroad."

It should be added that the character pf thijB stream is being materially changed by the advent of
civilization, a fact which is, or has been, true of most streams of this country. The cutting away of
the timber and brush on the immediate banks and the cultivation of the land within the drainage area
of the stream have greatly increased the surface erosion and, in oonseqnence, the impurit'-~ -^f the
stream.

LOWER COLUMBIA RITKB.

Very little work was dons by as on the Lower Columbia. Some fishing was done Angnst 32 at
Pasco, near the railroad bridge 1 mile east of town, where we made twelve hauls on sand and gravel
bars on both sides of the river in water from 1 to 5 feet deep. Took very few fish. Water very clear
and oold. Rooks nearly free from algn. Mr. John E. Oantenheim, an educated and intelligent fish-
erman of Pasco, says that he fishes every year at the mouth of the Snake and Yakima rivers. The
salmon bite readily at a spoon and arr in good condition for eating. They are oanght by trolling only,
and bite greedily, even when full of eggs. Their stomachs are always empty. They spawn on the rip*
pies near the mouths of the Snake and the Yakima rivers. Mr. Oantenheim caught his first salmon
for this season on August 20. It was the first he knew of as being caught this year. It was a silver-
side (0. kUiitckl), aud he took it from the Columbia River near the mouth of the Yakima. We
saw three salmon while at the river. Mr. Oantenheim says that th^ salmon begin their run about the
20th of August, are at their best daring September, and last until the high water in October. The
last ones are spent and not good eating. He calls the ones he catches silversides and chinooks. Does
not know of other forms. Though nuiny fish are caught, none are shipped to the canneriea beoanse of
railroad charges. It is probable that some of the salmon which are caught by trolling are steelheada.

>I}uU. U. B. Fish Com. for 1883,

36

INVESTIGATIONS IN IHB COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

Walla Walla River. — This is a river of some iinportauce flowing into tbo (Jolumbin at the town of
Wallula, about 30 miles west of Walla Walla. It was exaiaiaed August 23, at Wallula, below the
railroad bridge. It is here a good-sized stream, 3 to 8 feet deep in tlie cliauuel, and has a velocity of
about one-half foot per second. Temperature at noon, 70° ; air, 80°. The bod of the stream was of
soft mad, with an abundance of Chara and other vegetation iu places, and the wat«r was rather
muddy. At this place Messrs. Thoburn and Ratter obtained the only spccimona of Columbia trana-
montana that were secured by any of us.

Mill Creek. — This is a small stream, tributary to the Walla Walla River near Walla Walla. It
was examined August 14 south of Walla Walla one half mile. Width, 12 feet; depth, 10 inches; cur-
rent, H feet. Temperature at 8:30 a. m., 56°; air, 73°. The bottom here is of coarse gravel. We
could not learn that salmon are ever taken iu this stream.

Umatilla liiver. — The Umatilla River was examined Angnst 23 near its mouth, and on August 12
near Pendleton, Oreg. At Pendleton it had an average width of 25 feet, depth of 14 inches, aud a
velocity of 1 foot. Temperature at 11 a. m., 70°. The bottom was of coarse gravel covered with algie,
and the water was clear. Mr. Smith, of the Commercial Stables at Pendleton, says that no saluioa come
as far up the river as Pendleton. He has never known any salmon to occur there. They probably
occur in the lower part of the stream, but we could get no reliable information upon the matter.

Dee Chutes liiver. — This is a aonthern tributary of the Columbia, into which it flows at a distance
of 10 or 15 miles above The Dalles. It was visited August 24. The falls of Des Chutes Kiver, located
near its mouth, are about 30 feet high iu low water; in high water a series of rapids. Id the Des
Chutes the ditterence between high and low water marks varies from 40 to 90 feet, according to the
width of the river. The highest water is about .June 20, the lowest during the coldest part of the
winter. Salmon usually find the falls no obstruction. Numerous salmon are said to ran up the John
Day River. They are caught in large numbers by the Indians, but we find no authentic information
concerning their spawning.

Takima River. — The Yakima is a good-sized stream, rising in numerous lakes near Snoqualmio
Pass, southeast of Seattle about 50 miles, and flowing southeast about 150 miles to Pasco, where it
joins the Columbia. At Ellensburg and North Yakiraa, where this river was visited by Dr. Jenkins,
it runs through a broad, fertile valley, and its waters are extensively used for irrigation purposes.
At EUenpburg the stream is about 160 feet wide and 10 feet deep, and flows about 1 foot per second.
The water is clear and cold; its temperature at 9 a. m., August 24, was 60°. At North Yakima the
stream is very clear aud flows with a rapid current through an open valley, over gravel and sand, and
had a temperature of 64°. The Yakima has many important tributaries, in all of which trout are said
to abound.

Wilson Creek near Ellensburg had an average width of about 18 feet, depth of 18 inches, and a
current of 2 feet per second.

Manistash Creek empties iu on the right bank of the Yakima near Ellensburg. For a few miles
above its mouth nearly all the water is taken out for irrigation purposes. Six miles from Ellensburg
it comos through a canon into the valley. At this point it is a fine stream, abounding in trout. It is
here 25 feet wide, with a velocity of about 3 feet per second. The water is clear and excellent.
The tempcature at 11 a. m. was 55°. Below this point, about 2 miles from its mouth, where most of
thjj water >d taken out for irrigation, tlie stream was about 6 feet wide, with an average depth of 6
inches and a velocity of one-half foot per second. Temperature, 58° at 9:45 a. m.

The Yakima was visited also at Prosscn, at which point there is a low fall of some 3 or 4 feet,
with a long gentle ripple above it. The fall would form no obstacle to the ascent of salmon unless at
time of very low water. The temperature was 70° at 10 a. m. At North Yakima the Yakima receives
one of its principal afiSuents from the west. This is the Natchess River, which takes its rise among
the gnowflelds of Mount Ranier and Cowlitz Pass. This is a clear, cold stream, admirably snited to
trout. In its lower course such common species aa the chisel-mouth {Aorocheiliu alutaceui), Jgoiia
Hubila, and Fantosieus jordani were found. Those acquainted with the facts state that formerly, up
to about 1885, salmon of three or four kinds, including the quinnat, ran up the Yakima Kiver to this
valley and spawned in the river in great numbers. At present very few make their appearance.

CotvliU liiver. — The Cowlitz River, made famous in Dr. Jordan's delightfully interesting "Story
of a Salmon," has its sources in the snowflelds on the west slopes of Mount Ranier, and flows through
the densely wooded country west of the Cascades for more than 100 miles before it Joins the Columbia.
This region is very moist and is little suited to agriculture, aud the stream will never be needed for
inigation. The Cowlitz was visited by us at Castle Rock. It is there a very deep, slnggish stream,

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

37

extensively nsed for rartiug lumber. It had a tomperuture of about G0°, August 25. Salmon ascend
the stream in large numbers to anil above Castle Rock. Tbey nmke tbt'ir appearuuce in the fall about
the first of September, and are caught by the ton at Castle Hnck nud at numerous points below. We
were Informed that two kinds of salmon are taken, quii uat and the silver salmon. The i|uinnat makes
its appearance first, and is, according to reports, obtained iu great numbers. We do not know how
jafely one may rely upon the reports of the flshormen, however.

Toutle River. — Toutle River is a tine, clear stream entering the Cowlitz fi om the east, about 4
miles above Castle Kock. It was visited by us 2 miles above its mouth, i t that point it was
about 100 feet wide, averaging perhaps 1 to IJ feet deep, and was llowing ra]iidly over rounded
bowlders and stones of email size. Its current was perhaps 1^ or 2 feet per second. At II a. ni. the
temperature was 69^°. The stream flows through a very sparsely inhabited country. A few miners
and a larger number of lumbermen live on its upper course. It flows everywhere through a dense <ir
forest, in which are some deciduous trees. All agree that the salmon ascend this stream yearly in
large numbers.

In addition to the investigations which were made in the Colnmbia River basin, some little work
was done on streams tributary to Puget Souud, or which flow directly into the Puciflc. Drs. Gilbert
and Jenkins examined Newaukum and Skookumchuck rivers, and in June, 1892, Prof. Evermanu spent
parts of two days examining Lake Washington at Seattle, and the Suoqualmie River In the vicinity
of Snoqualmie Falls.

NEWAUKUM KIVEB.

This stream is a small tributary of Chehalis River, into which it flows near the town of Chehalis.
It was visited near its mouth August 27.

SKOOKUMCHUCK KIVKB.

This river rises on the divide near the headwaters of the Newaukum, and, flowing to the north-
west, empties into an arm of Puget Sound near old Fort Steilacoom.

The Newaukum and the Skookumchuck are both interesting as having furnished us uiauy
specimens of young dog salmon. They were found in both of these streams iu abundance and were
evidently the young of the preceding year.

LAKE WASHINGTON.

This lake is a magnificent body of fresh water, extending for more than 20 miles north and
south. Just east of Seattle. Some collecting was done here on June 25, 1892. Nothing was found,
however, except two or three species of CypHnida and a nnmher of blobs,

, • SNOQUALMIB KTVER.

This river rises nearTakima and Snoqualmie passes and, flowing westward, joins .be Snohomish,
which in turn flows into the Sound. The Snoqualmie was visited June 26 and 27, 1892, and a small
oolleotiou of fishes obtained. At the falls this river was 150 to 200 feet wide aud about 6 feet deep,
entirely too deep for seining, only occasional shallow places being found where the seine could be
drawn. At Snoqualmie Falls the river descends 268 feet in a single plunge. Trout, however, are
abundant both above and below the falls. The only other species obtained were a few minnows and
suckers. We were unable to secure uuy reliable loformatioB M to the oooorieuce of salmon iu Sno-
qualmie Biver oi in Lak« Waakingtoaa

■*; i It,*'..'- ?, v-i

M\

38

INVESTIGATIONS IN THK COLl'MlilA RIVKR BASIN.

NOTES ON THE FISHES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN, WITH DESCRIPTIONS

OF FOUR NEW SPECIES.

In the following notes on the flshea of the Columbia River basin we have incliuUMl
not only those collected by us, but also the small collections made by Mcssia. Uoaii
and Wool man in 18'J2, and the few species obtained in Xcwaukum and Skookuin-
( liuck rivers by Drs. Gilbert and Jenkins, and in Lake Washington and Snoquahuie
Hiver in 1892.

The exact status of several of the species of Salmonida, as well as some of the
minnows and suckers and all the Gottidw of this region, is a matter which will require
much additional investigation to determine. Most of the forms which have been
regarded as good species are' but poorly differentiated. The range of variation seems
to be very great, and characters which are of undoubted specific value when applied
to Atlantic-drainage species, do not possess any such value for classification of Pacifl<'.
coast fishes. Each so-called species seems to be in a very unstable state of equilib-
rium, and not to have yet assumed or been able to retain with any degree of permanence
any set of specific characters. This is particularly true of the species of Agonia, Gatoa-
tomtis, Salmo, and, possibly, Oncorhynvhus.

In sequence of species in this paper we follow Jordan's Catalogue of Fishes of
North America, 1885.

1. BntosphenuB tridentatus (Gairdner). Three-toothed Lamprey,

Petromyzon tridentatus Gairdner MS., Richardaoii, Fauna Boreali- Americana, 293, 1836. Type
locality: Falls of Walamet (Willamette) Kiver.

Petromyzon lividui Girard, P. R. R. Survey, 379, 1858. Type locality: Wahlahmath (V.'Ulamette)
River, Oregon.

Petromyzon a$tori Girard, loo. cit., 380. Type locality: Astoria, Oregon.

This lamprey was iirst scon by us at Lower Salmon Falls, on Snake River, on Angnst 8.
Over 40 sipocimons were here found dead on a sand bar below the falls. They had probably
died the night before, and had been deposited on the spit, where buzzards were busily feasting
on them when we arrived. We were informed that the lampreys in their upward migration
reach this point in tlio river sometime during July, after the water has begun to go down.
They are said to make good sturgeon bait, aud can be best caught in the evening or in the
early morning, when they are found clinging to the rocks at the falls. On August 11, a large
number of decayed specimens was found on the banks of the Umatilla River at its month.
They were high up on the banks, and had apparently died and drifted ashore several weeks
before, at a time when the river was higher. They ascend the Umatilla, and are eaughtby the
Indians for food, Onedeadspecimon wasseenatPendleton. A number of larvu),!^ to 2 inches
long, were taken from debris in the bottom of a pool in the Natchess River at North Yakima.

The lampreys are well known to the owners of salmon-wheels on the Lower Snake and the
Columbia, and are universally called eels. At Lewiston, we learned that the lampre.vs
begin their run very early, being already in the stream when the salmon-wheel is first put in
place in the spring. They are occasionally caught by these wheels in such numbers as to fill
the boat, and are said to be valuable for the oil they contain. This lamprey waa seen also by
Dr, Eigenmann, at La Grande and Caldwell, in 1892,

2. Aolpenser transmontanus Richardson. Columbia Jiirer Sturgeon,

Aeiftnser tranemontanus Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, ill, 278, 1836. Type locality:
Columbia River at Fort Vancouver.

The sturgeon ascends the Snake River to above the Upper Salmon Falls, between which
and Anger Falls it is frequently taken. We were unable to learn that they passed the
Anger Falls, which apparently serve as a barrier to l .uu sturgeon and salmon. We are
Informed by numerous tisheriiien that the stnrgeon are in the river tlirongliout the year, and
oin be taken at any season. They are found at Glen's Ferry throughout the year, and we
were told of individuals taken ther4 weighing as much as 600 to 800 pounds. No definite
information 08 to their spawning season oould be secured.

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA KIVEU BASIN.

39

. PantoateuB Jordan! Evennauii.

Paiitoiteiu jurdani Kvermaiui, Bull. U. 8. Full. Comm. for 1892, January 27, 1893, 51. Type locality:

Red Kock liivor, Ked Rock, Moiitnim.
Pantotleui columbiantti Eigeumaiiu &. lOigenmanii, American Naturalist, February 4, 1893, 151.
Type locality: Boise Kiver, Caldwell, Idahu.

Keoeut explorations of the Fish Coiniuissiuii have shown this sucker to be an abundant
•pecies in the region about the Black Hills in South Dakota and Wyoming. Ur. Ki^eunianu
was the first to obtain it in the Columbia Basin, hu having found it at Caldwoll, Idaho, in
1892. During our investigations we found this to bo an ubuudaut .ind widoly distributed
•pecies in the Columbia Basin. Specimens wore obtained by us at the loUowing places:
Snake River at Idaho Falls, 1; Ross Fork near Pucatello, 49; Boise River at Caldwell, 4;
Payette River at Payette, 13; Umatilla River at Pendleton, 3; Columbia River at Umatilla,
1; Natchu.Hs River near North Yakima, 9. A comparison of these spooimuus with a largo
series from various places in the Missouri River Basin shows them to be speoitlRally identical.
Young examples from Payette, Caldwell, and elsewhere, agree perfuutly with Dr. Eigenmaun's
descriptiou of P. columbianut. The dorsal rays vary from 10 to 13; the scales from 82 to 107.
Catoatomus catostomuB (Forster).
Cyprinui oatoatomui Forster, Philos. Trans., 1773, 155, Type locality: Streams about Hudson Bay.

S]>eciment from Little Wood River, Shoshone, Idaho, 25 ; Ross Fork near Pooatullo, Idaho,
10; Payette River, Payette, Idaho, 2; Cusur d'Aleno Lake, Cusur d'Aleue, Idaho, 7; Umatilla
Biver, Pendleton, Oreg., 4; Columbia River, Umatilla, Greg., 1; Pataha River, Starbunk,
Wash., 3; Mill Cieek, Wulla Walla, 81; Creek at Sand Point, Idaho, 38.

D. 11 or 12; scales, 90 to 104.

This species diflfers from laiipinnis, griieui, and catoitomui (Evermann; Eigenmanu) in its
thin and rather narrow lower lip, which is incised for but little over half its dupth. 'I'wo well-
separated series of large papillse cross the lip between base of iucisiou and sheath.
Catostomus pocatello sp. nov. Moo-gad-ee of the Fort Hall Indians. (PI. ix.)

Type locality: Ross Fork of Snake River near Pocatello, Idaho, where 18 spncimi^ns were
collected August 4, 1893. Type, No. 45385, U. S. Nat. Mus. Co-types, No. 45386, U. 8. Nat.
Mns,, and Nos. 1135 to 1141, Museum Lnlaad Stanford Junior University.

Related to Catottomm catottomut (Forster).

Description: Head, 4; depth, 5; eye, 4J; snout, 2i; interorbital width, 2J; D. 10; A. 7;
■cales, 19-95-14, abont 50 before the dorsal. Body moderately stout; head heavy; snout not
very pointed; eye rather large — larger than in any related species, its diameter 2^ in snont
or 2^ in iuterorbital width; eye placed high; middle of pupil alittlo nearer posteriiiredgeo
opercle than to tip of snout. Mouth narrow; upper lip rather thick, but not pendent, with
three definite I'ows of papillie ; lower lip incised nearly to base, a single scries of small papillie
between sheath and b-ose of incision; lobes of lower lip short and rounded; cartilaginous
sheath of lips rather strongly developed. Scales small, crowded, and very much reduced in
size on anterior part of body; lateral line imperfect. Origin of dorsal fin midway between
tip of snout and base of oandal rays; greatest height of dorsal fin H in head, its free edge
very slightly concave. Height of anal a little greater than that of dorsal, If in head; pointed,
reaching base of caudal fin. Pectoral about equal to anal; ventral 1} in head. Peritoneum
silvery, with dark punctulations. Air-bladder large.

Color in alcohol, dark olivaceous above, and on sides to below lateral line somewhat
mottled with darker; under parts pale. Length, 150 millimeters.

An examination of the series of eighteen specimens shows some variation. Head, 3§ to 4 ;
: depth, 6 to 5^ ; eye, 4|to 5-4 in young; snout, 2^ to 2^2^ in young. The number of dorsal rays
. Is nsually 10, but in one example there are but 9. There is considerable variation in number
of scales in the lateral line, the number in eleven examples counted being 90, 93, 93, 95, 96, 9(i,
100, 101, 105, 106, 107, and 108, respectively ; the lateral line is frequently irregular and imper-
fectly developed.

f^om Catottomut catottomut, which this species resembles, it differs in its larger eye, fuller
lower lip, and somewhat larger head. These characters may all prove unreliable, however.
From C. griteut and C. latipinnit of the same size it differs in its narrower upper lip and larger
•ye, as well as in other minor characters.

40

INVEBTIUATION8 IN THE COLUMBIA KIVER BASIN.

TbiH npecieH wa8 I'uiiiiil only in lioitH h'ork Jiitit above tho Kort, Hull Indian Agency. It
dneH not Heem to be very comiiion, as a day's collisctiiif; in tliix Atrriirn roHiiltNd in taking
only 18 specimens of the specios. It apparently does not attain a length of more than 6 to
8 inrhes. The Indian name Moo-gad-ee moans iiicker, or that whioh tuclu.
CatoBtomus maorooheilus Qirard.

Catoitomiu macrocheiltu Oirard, Proo, Acad. Nat. Soi. Pbila. 18r)6, 175. Type locality : Astoria,
Oregon.

Specimens obtained from Payette River at Payette, 5; Boise River at Caldwell, 17;
Clearwater Creek at Lewiston, 2; Hnncman Creek at Tekoa, 6; Hangman Creek at Spo-
kane, 1; Pataha Kiver at Starbnuk, 7; Wtilla Walla Kivnr at VVallnIn, 5; Colville Kiver near
ColviUe, 10; Umatilla Kiver at Pendleton, 2; Snake liiver, at Payette, 2; Columbia River at
Umatilla, 1; Skooknmohnck River near Centralia, 7; Post Creek, St. Ignatius Mission, Mout.,
1; Pend d'Oreille River, Newport, Idaho, 19.

This is the common sucker of the Colnmbia and Lower Snake rivers, and large numbers
were flreqnently seen feeding in the shallow waters along shore. In 25 specimens the dorsal
rays were as follows: Thirteen rays in 1 specimen, 14 in 15, 15 in 8, 16 in 1. Scales 67 to 70.
The four specimens reported by Eigenmunu from Idaho Falls are more likely referable to C,
ardent; C. maerocheilut probably does not occur in the Upper Snake.
Catoatomus ardena Jordan & Gilbert.
Catoitomui ardent Jordan &, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1880, 464. Type locality; Utah Lake,
ProTO, Utah.

Six specimens from Mink Creek, near Pocatello, are identified with this species. No adults
of C. ardent were obtained, and the status of ardent and macrocheilut in the Columbia can not
be determined nntil a larger series is available for comparison. In all suckers of this type
thus far taken f^om Snake River above the falls, including those from President Camp and
trom Heart Lake, the dorsal fin is small, containing but 11, 12, or 13 rays; and tho caudal
peduncle is thicker than in specimens o{ macrocheilut of equal size. Monsuroments of our
■pecimens are given in the following table:

CoU.No.

Head.

Depth.

Eye.

Snoat.

Dorsal.

Anal.

Scales.

Lenicth
In inches.

a

8

20
31
S3
SS

11

11

6

e

21
21

13
13
12
i:i
12
12

7
7

10-67-8
10-67-8
71
70
66
66

10

1

1

8. Aorooheilna alntaoena Agassiz & Pickering. " Chiiel-mouth."

Aorocheiliu alataoeut Agassiz & Pickering, Amer. Joar. Soi. and Arts, 18.55, 99. Type localities:
Falls of the Willamette and in Walla Walla River.

Specimens obtained from Payette River at Payette, 53; Patnha Creek at Starbuck, 1;
Umatilla River at Pendleton, 15; Natchess River at North Yakima, 2; Walla Walla River at
Wallnla, Wash., 1; Columbia River at Umatilla, 26; Potlatoh Creek, 2 miles above mouth,
19; Snake River at Payette, 17; Boise River at Caldwell, 5.

So far as known this species is confined to the Columbia River basin, where it is one of
the most abundant and most widely distributed of the minnows. It has not yet been found
In Snake River above the falls, nor is it known from the Pend d'Oreille basin.

9. RhinichthyB oataraotaa dulois (Girard). Wetlern Dace; Mot-to-nut-ae of the Fort Hall Indians.

Argyreut duloit Girard, Proo. Aoad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 1856, 185. Type locality : Sweetwater River,
Nebraska.

^ This widely distributed species is represented in the collection by the following: Month
of Colville River, 1 ; Snake River at Idaho Falls, 2 ; Ross Fork near Pocatello, 64 ; Little Wood
Biver near Shoshone, 9; Coanr d'Alene Lake, 14; Colnmbia River at Pasco, 3; N^ktchess Elver
at North Takima, 11; Post Creek, St. Ignatius Mission, Mont., 6; Clarke Fork at Thompson
FaUa, Montana, 2.

INVESSTIOATIONS IN THE COI-UMUIA RIVER BASIN.

41

TlilHspncipN has hithorto been reported from the Columbia River biinin from but one
pbicc — Snalce Uiver, at President Ciinip;* It seetns, however, to l)e a pretty common fish
througlinnt that bnsin. It was obtiiined by Wonlmnn iind Beun in Post Creeic unil at Thomp-
son Falls, the only places in the Pnnd d'OreiUe system whera it has yet been fonnd. The
Indian nam« refers to the motion of the nose in eating,

10. AgoslB nublla (Girard).

ArgyreuB nubHua Qirard, Proo. Aoad, Nat. 8oi. Phila. 1856, 186. Type locality: Fort Stcllacoom,
Washini^ton

Since the original description of this species no specimens have nntil now been ta1<en
from near the type locality. The name hns been recently used by Jordan ond others for tiie
Agoiia inhal>iting the Upper Snake River and the Qreat Basin in Utah, being thus considered
■ynonymous with the numerous nominal species {carringlonii, vulnerata, rhinichthi/oideii, lien-
ihnvii, and novemradiata) described by Cope from streams tributary to Qreat Salt Laiie.
As this identification boa been based upon a comparison with the imperfectly preserved types
of nubila, the present collection is '>f great interest, containing, as it does, material from 16
localities, distributed between *\-<^ Newaakum River in western Washington and the trilxi-
taries of the Upper Snake River in southeastern Idaho. A study of this material has shown
the desirability of recognizing as a distinct subspecies Agoaia nubila oarringtonii, the form
found in the Great Basin and the Upper Snake River.

Examination of the annexed tabular statement will show the astonishing amount of
variation which this species exhibits. Thus, the crosswise series of scales varies from 47 to
70 in number; the barbel is present or absent; the pharyngeal teeth vary from 1, 4-4, 0 to
2, 4-4, 2; and tiie dorsal fin varies much iu position and somewhat in size. These characters
occur in various combinations, and with some of these are often correlated peculiarities of
physiognomy and gcueral appearance, all of which may serve to put a certain stamp upon the
individuals from a single stream, or even from one locality in a stream. Disregarding such
local variations, we find that our material, exclusive of the specimens of .J. nubila carrinntonii,
falls more or less clearly into three groups, distributed around certain geographical centers.
Whether we are here dealing with subspecies seems doubtful, and can be determined only by
more extensive and detailed exploration. The first of these forms, typical nubila, is represoiited
in our collection by a large number of specimens from the Newaukum and Skookumchuck rivers
in western Washington, very near the type locality of the species. These are all very dark
in coloration, and have a jet-black lateral band which extends along sides of head and encircles
the snout. This band is absent in our second and third groups, fonnd east of the Cascades,
or it Is at most only faintly indicated. The darker coloration of the coastwise form may be
dne to its ..ihabiting a densely forested area, possessing different climatic conditions from
those characterizing the dry semidesert of eastern Washington and western Idaho. Both
the typical nubila and the lighter interior form which centers about Umatilla are characterized
by their coarse scales (averaging 54 along the lateral line) and their peculiar markings. The
latter are due to the fact that numerous scattered scales along the ''laok and sides are of a
dark slate color, oontraating sharply with the lighter ground.

The third group centers in the Spokane region, and is characterized by smaller scales,
the less-marked peculiarities of coloration, and the almost uniform abseuce of the maxillary
barbel. The inconstancy of this important generic character within the limits of the species
has been heretofore noticed only by Cope, who in notes on Apocope vulnerata t calls attention
to its occasional absence. In our specimens from other than the Spokane district the barbel
is very rarely lacking.

The significance of the groups above outlined can be determined satisfactorily only by
the study of a much more extensive series than that on which this paper is based. An o\>en
waterway exists between them, and it is useless to attempt to indicate their vtclne while so
large a part of the Columbia and adjacent basins remain onexplored.

11. Agoaia nablla oaTingtonil (Cope). Mo-tha-pog-gee.

Apoeopt oarringtonH Cope, Hayden's Fifth Annaal Report, 1871 (1872), 472. Type locality: Warm
Springs, Utah.

* Evermann, Boll. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1891 (1892), 42.
S Cope, Zool. Wheeler's Survey W. 100th Merid., 847, 1876.

42

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMHIA KIVKK HA8/N.

We include uuder this uaiue the Agotia of the Oi'eat Salt Lake baHin (ezclnsive of the
Sevier River) and of the Upper Snake River. Our collectioti contains spt'iimena froui Port Ncuf
River, Mink Creek, and Rosa Fork near Pooatollo, and from Little Wood River at Shoiihoiie,
It differs from nubila in ito finer ' :alc8 (average about 6b) und in the absence of tlie sharply
marked black ish scales on the sices. The Fort Hall Indians, to whom we showed specimens
of this minnow, called it Mo-ska-pog-gee, a word which they say describes its eating habits.
12. Agosia Umatilla sp. no v. (PL ix.)

Type ' "ality: Columbia River at Umatilla, Oregon, where 15 specimens were colleote<l,
Augnst 11, 1893, by Messrs. Gilbert and Rutter. Type, No. 45390, U. 8. Nat. Mns. Co-typos, No.
45391, U. 8. Nat. Mns., and Nob. 1142 to 1147 (Umatilla) and 1148 to 1150 (Payette) Mnseuni
Lcland Stanford Junior TJnivorsity.

AHSOciate type locality : Payette River at Payette, Idaho, where 3 specimens were secured,
Augnst 9, 1893, by Messrs. Gilbert, Thobum, and Rutter.

Rel.'ntcd to Agosia j'lilcala and Agosia nuhila carringtonii.

Description: Head, 3J; depth, 4i; eye, 4; snout, S. D.i, 9; A. i, 7; scales, 14-68-8, about
30 before the dorsal. Teeth, 1, 4-4, 1 ho'-'^oti. The body is rather slender, tiit back somewhat
elevated; head pointed, narrow; mo»*a inferior, nearly liorizontal, narrow; caudal pecuncle
compressed, slender, its leaxt depth 2 in head. Origin of dorsal fin slightly behind insertion
of ventralo and about midway between base of middle caudal ra,v» c.id nostril; dorsal iin
falcate, the ant/crior rays nearly as long as head, theij tipn leiichina; well behind posterior
rays when deflexed ; rudimentary ray not ei>lar;^ed nor spinelike; anal strongly falcate, the
(interior rays much proriuced., about ati long »s head and more than twice the length of the
posterior rays; pectoral not quite reaching vontraU, IJ in head; ventraU reaching well
beyond fi'ojt of anal, 1^ in head; caudal deeply forkeil; no ventral stays. Barbel minute;
upper lip without frenum. Color in alcohol, olivaceous above, covered with obucnre patches
of darker; siuco with a distinct plnmbcouii baud following the course of the lateral line and
extending forward tlirough the eye and around snout; side with a number of dark blotches,
Ksualty imperfectly delined, partly covering the plnmhftcjus band ; a large dark blotch on base
of caudal peduncle, and one o\- two smaller ones on base of caudal rays. Length, 65 mm.

The range of variation, xa shown by the co-typen, ia wot great. Depth, t} to 5; eye, 3i to
4; scales, 13 or 14, 60 to 70-7 or 8; D. 8 or 9, There nre alight but unimportant color difter-
ences. (For variation in meastireraent-s, see table.)

This species is somewliat intermediate betv7eea Agosia falcata and A. nubHa cnrringtonii.
From the forr...-r it may bo distinguished by its not ibly smaller scales, al>8enc') of \< iitral stays,
and smaller eye; from the latter itdifl^rs if. its louder, moieslcndor snout and larger, strongly
falcate fins. Ah in A. falcata, the top of head and anterior portion of trunk are often covered
with minute unptial tubercles. From Agoxia adobe it differs in the larger -^yo. which is con-
tained IJ to 11 times in snout, while in A. atlobe it fa oontaiiind 2 to 2} timns; the 'ii;s are
higher and more falcatti, and the scalea balow 1 -teral line arc !:'.T^cr The 3 specimens oblai.^ed
from Payette River do not differ materially from thop" found at Umatilla.
13 Agosia 'alcata Eigenmann &■ Eigenniaun.

Aijosia falec a Eigenmann &. Eigenmann, AmeriMU Natr.ralist for February, 1893, 153. Typo
locality: Boise River, Caldwell, Idaho.

This interesting spootes was obtained by na at the following places: Boise Elver at,
Caldwell, 97; Payette River at Payett<i, 27; Siiiike River at Payette, 1; Mill Creek nesir
Walla Walla, I; Columbia River at Umatilla, 53; Columbia Riv^er at Pasco, 5.

In the following table we give mr<usurements of a number of specimens:

Bolite lliver at Caldwell.

Payetto Elver at Tayotte.

4
4t

3»

n

7
M

i

i

21

0

7

M

8|
6
3»

n

a

7

r.:.

8J

I

3
S
7

nn

4

s

H

B

10
7

4
S

n
n

3

33

S3

9

7

n
♦1

3
9

SI

31
B

4
8

g

7
56

3J
4

3i
21
S

7
55

3»
3i

H
2J
9
7
S9

H

8

St
5

*\
3

4
C

H
3

1
4 \i\
4J A

31

Depth

■y«..

Snout

Dorsal

An»l

3

B

]

1

i

C(,

1

Lit

J

Hi

Co

CI

(

B<

P(

Pi

■w

C(

s:

INVKSTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

43

One of the most obanictpiistio marks of this species is the presence of two or tiiiee mem-
branous stays couuectlng the inner vcr .ral rays with the skin of the body, thns forming pockets
under the ventral fins ami bo' ^'n' ihem down quite flrn^ly. Adnlts show an extraordinary
development of the nuptial tuborcies, which are present on top of head , and on back and sides of
body. On the body a single tubercle is located on the middle of the free edj^e of each scale, being
formed by a thickening of the integument. On the belly, this thickening involves the entire
surface of the scales, giving to this region a mosaic-like apiiearance. Beneath this thicknned
epidermis, the scales are often partially absorbed, especially on the breast. Tubercles are
'"lao present on the innc" (superior) surfaces of the pectoral fins, whore they follow the fin ruys
in single series, brancbi..g to conespond with the forking of the ray.

We find the origin of the dorsal fin in this species constantly behind the front insertion of the
ventrals. It varies from midway between base of median caudal rays and nostrils (its usual
position) to a point midway between caudal and posterior margin of pupil. The yariatiun
includes tlie position of the dorsal assigned aa a distinguishing feature in Agoiiu shutwap
Eigenmaun, this being the only character assigned as Jistinguishing $hiuwap from faloata."

Ichlu shoviing variation in ipecioi of Jgoaia.

LocalltT.

Anotia nuiOa.

Col V lUe Ei ver, Mersrs

FajlH.
LittU' Sp»li«ne Hiver,

Dan'fiMill.
Haiigmi n Cr.,T«koa .

CiDur d'Alone Like . .

Clearwater B., lewis-
tou.

BolM R.. Caldwell

f otlatcli Cr.jMvii.Uin,

PatA'an K..8liibue1c ..
Walla WrtlU E., Wal-

lul8.
MllU)r., Walla WalU
Umatilla R.,l>«ndlcu)n.
Cohiiubii. R. T.natllla.
Katolifflff KlTBr,Kortb

YHl.itn.i,
JSowBukiim River.Che.

hallH.
Skookiiinchiiok River,

Chehall*.

J.. ntUiila earringtcnU,

Port Nonf RItm-, Po-

catcllu.
Bona Fork, I'ccatello..
Mink Creek, Pwutnllo.
Port, Neiif Ulver, Po-

oatollo.

Idahu Fall^

Little tVood River....

Payette!!., Payotta...

A. fttlcata.

iloUe River, CaUwpll.
ViiyetteR., Pavette...
Cul'.'iublalc., UmutiUa.

J ■ umatiUa^

ColiwnblaU.lmatllla.

Payette R., Payette..

3M

I

4

4-4J

«M

*i

81-1
3{-4

i-4l

i

BM

4-4i

if

81-1

4.4^

4H1

<i

4

n

H-i 44-8
31 «M

^

4
4i-5

H

34 3J
4-ti 2i-3

4-4i

31-4

an
"i

4

J*

4
H-t

2|-8
2^-3

«-3t +

2t-35

8}

o
o

+ In .'

QlnSl
+ ln10

2t-8
8

»t

2J-41 1 -^

1.4-4,1

2,4-4,2

1,4-1,2
2,4-1,2
1,4-1,2

1,4-4,1
1,4-4,0
1.4-4,1
2,4-4,2

2.4-4,2

1,4-4,1

1.4-4,1

1,4-4,1

I

»

8 or 9

8 or 9

Sort

tota

8
8nr»

8 or 9

0<3

To eye

To precperde.

Bojond pro-

opercle.
Middle nf

pupil.

To eye

To preoiierole.

Topnpll

To preoperola.

.do.

8

i

9

8or9
9 or 10

8 or 10

»ot9
9 or 9

To eye

To front of eye.

To oyo

To pupil ..

Toflrontofoye.
To eye

To nostril .

To fi'ont of
pupil.

52-57
62-tB
51-«6
84-70

66
60-86

80-84
47-55

52-61
48-58
48-67
53-58

63-58

50-67

«8

63-72

66

61-67

62-63
63-79

60-65

63-69

53-68

7 83-70
7 I 60-85

69

64
65
64

821
71

84

58

id

E.2

'U

66

66
03

• JCigeumaiiu, American Niituraittt, February, 1893, 1D1«

44

INVESTIQATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA R:VKR BASIN.

14. Couesiua greeui Jorilau.

Coiietiiu greeni Jurdaii, I'roc. U. S. Nftt. Mus. 1893, 313. Type locality: Stnart Lake near Fort
St. Jain«8, British Coluuihia, (Type, No. 44154, U. S. Nat. Mus.)

In the collection made hy Messrs, Beau ami Woolman, September 20, 1892, in a small creek
at Sand Toint, Idaho, we find three examples of this spocios. In length they measure 2J, 3,
and 3J inches, respectively. Head in length of body, 4), 4!:, 4|; depth, 4}, 5, 5; eye, 4, 3i, 3^;
snout, 3i, 3i, 3i; intororbital width, 3i, 3i, 3; D. 8; A. 8; scales, 10-55-6, 11-60-5, 11-60-6;
34 before the dorsal. The origin of the dorsal fin is at a point midway between base of caudal
flu and the preorbital (not "prcopercle," as given iu the original description of G. greeni,
evidently a misprint for "preorbital"). These Sand Point specimens agree well with the
type of C. greeni with which we have compared them. This species seems to ditVer from the
Couetiut of the Upper Missouri basin ( CoueHut disaimilia) in the somewhat larger scales and in
having the scales less crowded on anterior part of body.

19. Cypiinua oarpio Linuo-us, Carp. The carp has been introduced into a number of ponds auc'
small lakes of the Columbia br.siu and from these has oscap«jd into the streams. We saw it in
Payette River at Payette and heard of it elsewhere,

16. MylocheiluB oaurinua (Eichardsor/). "Chub"; •' WUtefith."

Cyprinut (Leiiciscus) canrinus Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, ill, 304, 1836. Type locality :
Colambia River, at Fort Vancouver.

Speoimons obtained from Pend d'Oreille River at Newport, Idaho, 1 ; Boise River at Cald-
well, Idaho, 19; Payette River at Payette, Idaho, 7; Snake River at Payette, Idaho, 8;
Columbia River at Umatilla, Oreg., 16; Walla Walla River at WuUul.i, Oreg., 13; Blue
Lakes, Idaho, 8; UmatillaRiver at Pendleton, Oreg., 1. Kn :tl)uiidRTitand widely distributed
fish in the Lower Columbia basin ; not known from Snake River above the falls, and probably
does not occnr there. Observed to be very abundant in the Pend d'Oreille below Newport.

17. PtychocheilUB oregonensis (Richardson). " Sguatcjish."

Cyprinut (Leuciacus) oregonensii Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, ill, 305, 1836. Type
locality: Columbia River, at Fort Vancouver.

Specimens obtained from Payette River at Payette, Idaho, 27; Hangman Creek at Tekoa,
Wash.. 9; Clearwater Creek at Lewiston, Idaho, 2; Potlatch Creek near Lewiston, Idaho,
8; Snake River at Payette, Idaho, 2; Boise River (. Caldwell, Idaho, 28; Walla Walla River
at Wallula, Wash., 1; Columbia River at Pasco, Wash., 6; Columbia River at Umatilla,
Oreg., 4; Umatilla River at Pendleton, Oreg., 6; Natchess River at North Yakima, Wash., 4;
Skookumchuok River near Centralia, Wash., 28; Newaukum River near Chehalis, Wash., 8;
Mouth of ColviUe River, Col ville, Wash., 6; Spokane River below Spokane, Wash., 10; Lake
Pend d'Oreille at Sand Point, Idaho, 1; Pend d'Oreille River at Newport, Idaho, 7; Flathead
Lake, Mont., 28. In the Pend d'Oreille River the 8(]uawfish is even more abundant than .'f.
caurinui. No diflerences could be discovered between the above-mentioned specimens and
others from the Sacramento River basin in California.

18. LeuclscuB bydrophloz (Cope). Po-hs-wa.

Clinottomui hydrophlox Cope, Hayden's Fifth Annual Report, 1871 (1872), 475. Type locality :
Blackfoot Creek, Idaho.

Clinosiomui montanua Cope, 1. o., 475. Typo locality; Grass Creek, Idaho.

Clinoitomut Uenia Cope, Trans. Amor. Philos. Soc, Phila. 1874, 133. Type locality: Utah Lake.
NnmerouB spocinions of this species were collected in the Snake River at Idaho Falls, in
Ross Fork of Snake River (on tho Fort Hall Indian Reservation), and in Mink Creek and Port
Neuf River near Pocatello, Idaho. The Indian uanio I'o-he-wa means striped. The following
tabular statement shows the varial n in the number of anal fin rays among the example! ool«
lected at these places.

Locality.

Number of
apdi'imeiis
ooUeotetl.

t anal
raya.

10 annl
raja.

11 anal
raya.

IS anal
rajg.

ninnbor
<>r rays
In aiiaL

Idaho Falls

13

B2

6

118

i'

1
17

1
41

9

37

OS

8
«

ia'

11
U

Riiaa Fork

Mink Cri'ok

I'ortNeiif Kivcr

mVESTIQATIONS IN THE COLUMUIA KIVER BASIN.

45

Nnmerons specimens (83) obtiiiued ii; 1891 In the Sniiko River at President Cnmp and in a
Bmnll creek at the head of Jackson Lake, Wyoming, ' liavo 11 or 12 nnal rays, 12 being tlio number
in most of tbe examples counted. In 1892, Dr. Eigeumann obtained speuimons at Idaho FiiIIh, 2
of \vhic;h have 12, It have 13, and 4 have 14 anal rays each. Putting these witli tlie 13 col-
lected by us, gives nn average of 12J nnal rays for that locality. Tlils species was obtained
also by Jordan & Gilbert in 1889 in Heart Lake and Witch Creek, in Yellowstone Park.t The
specimens examined by tliem liad 13 anal rays. In speciiuons from Idaho Falls the scales of
lateral line range as follows: 52, 53, 53, 53, .55, 55, 57, 57, 58, 61; from PortNenf River, 51, 51,
61, 52, 53, 53, 5.5, 57. Head from 4 to 4* in length, eye 3| to 3Jt in head. The maxillary scarcely
reaches front of eye, and is 3 to 3 J times in head.

19. Leuciscus Uneatus (Girard).

Tigoma Hneata Girard, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 206. Type locality: Not definitely
known, but probably somewhere in the Utah basin.

Tigoma atraria Girard, 1. o., 208. Type locality : " A spring in the Utah district, near the desert."

Tigoma obesa Girard, Proo. Acad. Nat. 8oi. Phila. 1856, 206. Type locality : Suit Lake Valley.

Tigoma sqiiamaia Gill, Proc. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 42. Typo locality: Salt Lake Basin.

SguaJim cr«oreM» Jordan & Gilbert. Proo. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880,400. Type locality : Utah Lake;
young specimens.

Squaliug rhomaleua Jordan & Gilbert, 1. c, 461. Type locality: Utah Lake; large specimens.

£t<ioma atraria longiccpt Cope. Zool. Wheeler Surv., V, 667, 1876. Type locality : Suako Creek, Nev.
This species was obtained at the following places: Idaho Falls; Port Neuf River at
Pocatello; Payette River st Payette. Others wore seen at American Falls, in Snake Rivbr.
Besides the localities given in the above synonymy, this fish has been reported from the fol-
lowing additional points in the Snake River basin : Heart Lake and Witch Creek, in Yellow-
stone Park (Jordan & Gilbert, 1889); Snake River at President Camp; Jackson Lake »iid a
small creek at upper end of Jackson Lake, Wyoming, (Evermann & Jenkins, 1891); Snake
River at Idaho Falls, Idaho (Eigenmann). In the Columbia basin it seems to be entirely
confined to the Snake River, and in that stream its occurrence below the falls is exceptional.
It is an excessively abundant fish in the Great Salt Luke ba«in, particularly in Utah Lake.

In the canal at Idaho Falls we easily caught this and the preceding species by placing dough
inside a small dip net and allowing it to rest a short time on the bottom ; great numbers of the
two species, pi'.rticulorly of X. hydrophhx, would soon begin feeding on the dough, when they
could be easily secured by lifting the net. In all recent papers this species has been listed
nnder the name LeuoiMue atrariua, but it seems quite certain that itgoma lineata Girard is tbe
same fish ; and this, being the older name, must take the place of atrariun.

20, XjeuclBous alicise Jouy.

Tigoma gracilis Girard, Froc. Acad. Nat, Soi. Phila. 1866, 206; not Cyprinu$ (Leuciiout) gradlii

Richardson.
SquaHu$ copei Jordan & Gilbert, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 461; not LeiicUcm eopei Olinther.
Leticitcui alicia; Joiiy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 10. Type locality: Utah Lake.

This species was found very abundant in Little Wood River at Shoshone, where 86 speci-
mens were obtained, Slight difl'erences are found on compiirison of these specimens with
others from the Sevier River, Utah, but these differences are not likely to prove constant and
are not more extensive than are frequently found on comparing specimens from adjacent
trib\itarlos of the same stream. The eye is a trifie larger, the caudal peduncle rather more
Blender, the pectoral and ventral fins seem to average a little shorter, and the dorsal may be
a little more anterior in position.

This species has been previously known only from Sevier Rivor, Beaver River, and Provo
River in Utah. Its occurrouoo in the valley of the Upper Snake River is one more evidence of
the identity of the two faunas. At leasi 8 of the species of our collection from the Upper
Snake River are also found in the Great Salt Lake Basin of Utah. They are Catoitomun anient,
Bhiniehlhya diiltin, Agonia nubila can-ingtonii, LeuoiaouB hydrophlox, Leuciscut alioicB, Leuciiou*
Uneatua, Coregnnut williamanni, and Cottua punotulatua.

The followini; is a detailed description of our specimens from Little Wood River: Head,
4 (3} to 41); depth, 4 to 4i; eye, 31 to 4; snout, 31 to 4. D. 8; A. 8, In 52 spectuieus, 9 in 34.
Scales, 18-79 to 83-13. Body elongate, moderotely compressed; head short and heavy,

•Evermaun. IJuli. U. 8. FUh Comm. for ISfll, H. t Jordan, Bull. U. 8. Fish ComEaTfor 1880. 48.

46

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

interorbital width a little greater than snoat; snoat docnrved; mouth wide, ohliqne, lower
jaw very slightly projecting ; maxillary reaching to within front of orbit; caudal peduncle
long, the distance between anal fin and base of caudal about 1^ in head, least depth of caudal
peduncle 2| in head. Fins small; height uf dorsal 1^ in head, its free edge slightly convex;
origin of dorsal somewhat behind ventrals, a little nearer base of caudal than tip of snout;
anal about size of dorsal; length of pectoral equal to height of dorsal, their tips rarely
Teaching base of ventrals; ventrals short, equal to snout and eye. Lateral line somewhat
Interrupted, little decurved; scales crowded anteriorly.
21. Leuclsous balteatus (Richardson).

t'ypnnuB (Abramis) balteatus Richardson, Fauna Boreali- Americana, ni, 301, 1836. Type locality:
Columbia River, presumably at Fort Vancouver, Washington.

Kiohardaonius lateralis Qitari, Proo, Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 1856, 202. Type locality: Fort Steil-
acoom, Puget Sound.

Tliis is one of the most abundant species of the Columbia and Lower Snake River, bnt
appears not to occur In the Upper Snake, where it is replaced by L. hydrophlox. The accom-
panying table shows the stations at which this species was taken, together with the number of
individuals from each locality, and the number of rays in the anal fin. It will be seen that
the latter vary, in our specimens, from 11 to 22 in nnmber, the averages in the counts from
the different localities ranging from 13 to 18.

In a recent paper,* Dr. Eigenmann announces the discovery that in this species tbe
number of anal rays decreases with increasing altitude or that "the higher the altitude
the fewer the nnmber of rays and the narrower the limits of variation." To successfully
establish snoh a generalization a very large amount of evidence would be necessary. As a
contribution to this question we append the following table, which can not, we think, be
interpreted as showing the truth of the theory. In this table we give, (1) the localities from
which specimens were examined; (2) the range in variation in anal rays among the
individuals; (3) the total number examined firom each locality; (4) the average number of
anal rays for each locality, and (5) the approximate altitude of each place. Fractions of i or
more are included in the next higher number :

TiOOftllty.

Kninber of anal rkys.

Total
No. ex-
amined.

Aver-
age No.
anal
rays.

Approx-
imate
eleva-
tion in
feet.

11

13

IS

14

IS

16

17

M

19

20

21

22

23

24

l.ittio Spokane River, Dart'sMill

1

14

SO

i

"i'
s

16
1

•j-

IB
6
5

io'

10

11
1

8
19
6
2
8

6
6

1
1
1
B

13
6
7

36
1
6
1
3
4
7

10
1

29
6

70
21
11

1
14
29
47
U
14
05

8
11

8

8

6
18
65
18
154
23

4
68

6
34
16

3
12
10
10

18

14
14
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
IS
15

IS'
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18

in

IB
20i

1,850
1,200
1,910
1,475
6,344
1,070
1
8,100
1,990
2,100
2,000
1,910
1,078

2fat
8,100
3,550
2,872

20i
2,l.lu
2,786
1,200
1,800

326
2,373

760

376

300
2,150

300

1

1,158

2
8

1

1
....

Ur v( Ntoke. B. C. o

1
1
4
3
8
8
2
2
3
1
1
6

21
7

27

11
1

13
2
6
8

I'tnsitilla Kiver Pendleton .....

1

1

GrilHnlittke, U.C.o

Small Creek at Sand Point, Idaho

1
6

1

3

NfttilhoHn River. North Ynkima..

Post (j'reok Flathead Lake

1
4

12
2

28
4
1

28
2
7
6
1
3
1
1
7

Golden, H.C.a

Bnlite Itiver Caldwell .

■j-
2
3

1
6

2

1

8

1
25

a

8

2
8

"i'

4
1
2
4
5
13

SicanKniR, B. C. o

Wiilla Walla River, WalluU

....

1

8

5
2

25

1

2

2

ITmntithi River, Umatilla

1

1

1

1
1
2
18
1

TJmiUitIa River. UmatillAa....

1

Mlsninn. D.C.o

....

....

....

8

8

1

2

3

2

79

a

i

•Theae are tlialocalitiei ftom whicliapeuioiens wuro exaiumetl by Dr. Eigenmann. The data are those given by blm.
• Beaiilta at Bxpluratloa* in Weatern Ouada and the Northwestern United SUtes. Bull. V.S.V. 0. 1894, UL

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

47

In the above table we have arranged the data beginning with the lowest aveT<>ge nurabor of aniil
rays (13), and proceeded from that to the highest (20i). In the table which follows we have
arranged the localities in order of elevation, beginning with the lowest.

TabU ihowing the relalion of altitude to numler of anoX fln rayt in Leuciicue balteatUB,

Looalltlu.

Ii*ke Washington

Uissiona

Newaukiim Kivcr ,

Skookumcburk River

TTmatillaa

ITmatilla ,

Wallula

Pasco

I^ewiston

Pemlleton

Kaniloups a

Potlatch Cri ok at Lewlston

Meyers Falls

Sicamous a

Revels toko a

Dart's Mills

Griffin Lakea

Spokane Kiver, Spokane. ..
Hangman Creek, Spokann ..

Newport

Sand Point

i^nake Kiver, Fayette

Pavette River, Payel te . . . .

CaldwnUa

Caldwell

Golden a

La Grande a ,

Flathead Lake

FostUreek ,

Silver Bow

No. of

Approxi-
mate alti-

Averaee
No. o7

speci-
mens on

which
avorngea

tude.

anal rays.

ure based.

1

14

47

1

19

79

204

15

8

204

16

18

300

19

10

300

18

13

326

17

9

875

18

8

760

18

16

1,070

14

29

1,158

20|

3

1,200

17

4

1,200

14

21

1,300

17

58

1,475

14

1

1,B50

13

70

1,900

IS

14

1,B10

14

11

l,BIO

IS

11

2,000

IB

8

2,100

15

9S

2,150

18

10

2,130

IS

154

2,872

18

84

2.373

16

es

2,550

16

18

2,78«

IS

33

8,100

IS

11

8,100

1(H

6

t,844

14

U

a TbekC data are from Dr. Blgenmann's paper.

Comparing these with Eigenmann's results, it will be seen that the average nnmber of
rays from onr lowest elevation (14 at Lake Washington) is fewer by 2 than the average from
his highett elevation (16 at La Or.inde) and that car average for Newaukum River (204 feet
elevation) is fewer than any average found by him except at Revelstoke (1,475 feet), whore
his average is 11, and at Grifflu Lake (1,900 feet), where it is 15, The average found by us at
sea level (Lake Washington) is identical with that found at Silver Bow,* whose elevation is
5,344 feet, the greatcMt elevation from which specimens have been examined. When there Ih
absolutely no dift'erenoe between the averages for the lowest and the highest elevations it is
not possible for us to see any reason for the generalization, "the higher the altitude tlie fewer
the number of rays." If the figures show anything, they show that the number of anal (in
lays docs not decrease with increasing altitade. It is also stated that the greatest range of
variation is at the lowest altitudes, but further on it is stated that the "greatest variation
in this [the Columbia] system was not at the lowest altitude, but at an elevation of 2,372 feet. '
The range here was found by him to be through 9, or from 12 to 20. We And the same range
of variation (from 12 to 20) in our specimens from Payette (2,150 feet.) The range found at
the point nearest sea level in the Columbia basin (at Umatilla, 300 feet) was only through 6
(15 to 20), and the average for that place is nearly identical with that at Caldwell. The vari-
ation found by Eigeumann among his Mission specimens is through 0 (16 to 24), while that of
our Lake Washington specimens is through 7 (12 to 18). The averages for these two places,
both of whioli are at sea level, are 10 and 14, respectively.

We consider Leuciscuf lateralis (Qirard) a simple synonym of L, balteatue. Our material
covers well the type localities of both (Columbia River at Fort Vancouver and Fort Stoila-
oooni on Pnget Sound) and indicates but one form. We are certainly not prepared to consider
lateralis a subspecies of balteatue, occupying the same brook with its parent form, as indicated
by Eigcnmauu.

*Xr. pilii, probably a good ipeoias.

48

INVESTIOATIOISS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

22. Coregonns wlUlamBoni Girard. (Plate ix).

Coregonut williamsoni Giraril, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 136. Type locality: Des Chutes
River, Oregon.

Specimnns obtaii'td from the Payette Kiver at Paj stte, Idaho, 24 ; Clearwater River at
Lewiston, Idaho, 7; Columbia River at Umatilla, Oreg., 1; Natchess River at North Yakima,
Wash., 8; Newaukiim River at liehalis, VVasbingtoii, 4; Little Spokane River at Dart's
Mill, Wash., 6; Flathead Lake, Montana, 2; Post Creek, St. Ignatius Mission, Montana,9;
Clarke Fork at Thompson Foils, Mont., 1; Creek at Sand Point, Idaho, 5; Spokane River,
Spokane, Wash., 1.

Abundant and widely distributed throughout the Columbia and Upper Colorado and
Missouri basins. Specimens of this flsh were obtained by Mr. Bean which are of unusual
interest In that they show the breeding colors. Mr. Beau's report upon these specimens is
given at the end of this paper.

23. OiicorhynchusgorbuBclia(Walbaum). Bumpback Salmon. The humpback salmon was ruuning in

great abundance at the date of our visit to Puget Sound (August 26) and was the only species
then being handled at the canneries. We were informed that the humpbacks did not run last
year, and in corroboration of the fact that this species runs on the ^ id 11 alteraate years
only, it is recalled that it did not appear in 1880, when one of us vibi.od this region. As is
well known, tho female humpbacks are plump, symmetrical, silvery fishes of attractive appear-
ance and good flavor. Aside from the traditional requirements as to color of flesh, the species
is well adapted for^anuing purposes. No young of this species were found in the streams.

24. OucorhyncbuB keta (Walbaim). Dot/ Salmon. The young of the dog salmon were abundant

in the Newaukum and Skookumchuck rivers at Chehalis, Wash. They average slightly
smaller than young guinnats, and are readily distinguished by their larger eyes. They have

12 or 13 branchiostegal rays, 14 rays in the anal ftn, 130 to 135 scales in lateral linea, and 7 -f

13 gill-rakers. Llko the young quinnats, these were all nearly uniform in size, and were
I'vidently young of the preceding year.

25. Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum). Quinnat Salmon. Only the young of the Columbia

Itivor salmon were seen by us during our short investigation of the Columbia and the
Snake. It had not yet reached its spawning beds on the Snake at the time of our visit, and
the " close season " prevented its capture later in the lower river. Suoh facts as we weie
able to ascertain concerning its run and spawning-gruunds are therefore based on interviews
with fisbernien and others, a kind of testimony which must, in this case, be scrutinized
with more than usual care. On the upper river it was repeatedly found that no distinction
was seemingly made between the salmon and the steelhoad, aud of the two species of salmon
that almost certainly spawn in the upper course of these streams, no distinctive accounts could
be had. A " silver salmon" was, indeed, frequently mentioned, but we were unable to ascer-
tain whether the fish thus distinguished was the female quinnat or the Mueback (0. nerka).

As already indicated in our notes on the streams, salmon ascend the Snake River to and
above the Lower and Upper Salmon Falls, and have important spawuing-beds in the main
stream, botti above and below these falls. They are not known above the Auger Falls, and
probably do not even reach the foot of the Great Shoshone. Tliey appear first in this portion
of the river early in September, or occasionally in the latter part of August, at a time when
the streams are so low that falls or dams which would form no barrier earlier in the season
now keep tliem out from otherwise favorable spawning-beds. This fish is not much used for
food in the upper waters. The remnants of the various Indian tribes make yearly visits to
the spawning-beds and occasionally white men have tried to put them on the market, but
without success. Great numbers, are, however, annually killed through mere love of destruc-
tion. The advent of the salmon brings out from every town men and boys with pitchforks
or other weapons, curious to see how many of these lisb they can destroy. It is to be held in
mind that these localities in Idaho and in the eastern portions of Oregon and Wasliington are
so remote from the canneries that the people have no interest whatever in the preservation
of the salmon. We can not, therefore, depend upon public sentiment to enforce protective
legislation.

We give below such information as we possess coucuruiug the distribution of salmon in
the Snake and Upper Columbia rivers.

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

4!)

The principal tributaries of that jiortion of Snake River which is nccfvssihle to salnion are
the following: .Salmon I'alls liivor or Salmon Creek, Malado River, lirunenu River, Owyhee
Elver, Boise River, Payette River, Salmon River, Oraude Ronde River, Clearwater River,
and Palouse River.

Beyond the fact that the fish enter Salmon Crock and ascend it for a mile or more, we
irere able to ascertain nothing concerning the value of thia stream.

Malade River is efVectually shnt off by high falls near its mouth. Trout arc said to ascend
the stream during high water in the spring, but it becomes inipussablo later. The stream
often ^oes dry for a distance of many miles along the lower part of its course, and has also
other impassable falls iu its upper course.

Brnneau River was formerly an important stream for spawning salmon, which reached its
head waters iu October, according to the statement of Mr. J. L. Fuller, of Bliss, Idaho. We
»ro informed that a dam recently constructed iu the Lower Bruneau now wholly prevents the
ascent of fish.

The Owyhee River is still open to salmon, so far as oonld be learned ftom reports. Mr. J.
L. Fuller has seen them in the extreme head waters of the Owyhee in Nevoda.

Boise River, like the Brnneau, was formerly a salmon stream, but is now partly or entirely
closed by a dam near Caldwell, and is unsuitable by placer mining in the upper part of the
stream.

The Payette, Salmon, and Clearwater rivers are all available spawning-grounds for the
animon, and we learned of uo obstructions in these streams.

The Qrande Ronde River is ascended as far as La Grande, where a dam obstructs further
progress.

A high falls at the mouth of the Pulouse River prevents the ascent of salmon.

The principal streams and lakes tributary to the Columbia River above the month of the
Snake are: Yakima River, Wenatchee River, Chelan Lake, Okanagan River, Spokane River,
Little Spokane River, Coeur d'Alene Lake, Colville River, Kettle River, and Feud d'Oroi'^ ~
River and its numerous tributary streams and lakes.

Up to 1885 the Yakima River was visited by three or four species of salmon, including the
quinnat, in great numbers. Important ipawning-beds were located in the bed of the strram;
but In recent years but few salmon have made their appearance in this river. No artiticial
obstructions have been interposed, and the ileoline can hardly be due to any change in the
character of the stream.

We were not able to visit Chelan Lake and Wenatchee and Okanagan rivers, and do not
know to what extent salmon frequent these waters. Spokane River, below the falls, was
formerly an important salmon stream containing large spawning-beds, but salmon are nirely
seen there now. The steelhcad still occurs in considcrab)^ numbers iu the Spokane.

The Little Spokane, as alrcAdy stated elsewhere, was visited by salmou in great numbers
in 1882 and previous years, but since 3882 the number has been very few.

Salmon have never been able to roacli Cosurd'Alene Lake, Spokane Falls apparently having
proved an effective barrier to their ascent.

Only the few milc3 of Colville River below Meyers Falls can be reached by salmou, and
it is certain that this was formerly an important spawning-ground. The portion of Colville
River above the falls would prove excellent for salmon, but Meyers Fails form an absolute
barrier. Kettle River flows into the Columbia from the west, just above Kettle Falls. It was
not visited by us, and we were not able to get any reliable information regarding it.

The Pend d'Oreille River and the numerous important streams and lakes tributary to it
have been discussed elsewhere in this paper. The occurrence of salmon in Kettle River and
the lower part of the Peud d'Oreille is dependent upon their ability to ascend Kettle Falls.
That (.alniou formerly reached and ascended the Lower Kettle Foils seems pretty well estab-
lislied; but whether they have ever passed the Upper Kettle Falls is not so certain. The
Upper Falls, upon exomination, do not appear to be as formidable as the Lower. The fact
that so little evidence could be secured regarding the occurrence of salmon in any of these
waters renders it highly probalild tliat at no time have they ever ascended in any considerable
numbers above the Uppe*: Kettle Falls.
S. Mis. 200 i

•i

4

50

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA UIVEB BASIN.

il

While it is tnio that tliu salmou are sliut out by falls and dams from a large area of the
Cnliiiiibia and especially the Snake River l)aHins, and while it is also true that the limitations
are increasing as streams become useful for irrigation piirposes iind for mining, it is never-
theless cortiiin that the decrease in tlie numbers of salmon, due to ill-regulated tishing in the
lower Columbia, has so far outstripiied the deircase in area of spawniug-beds that the latter
are now more thim ample for all the fish that appear. We do not, therefore, believe that
increasing the spawning-grounds through the removal of obstructions would materially
benefit the salmon industry. In our judgment, the streams can be repopulatcd only by regu-
lating the fishing in the lower Columbia and at the same time increasing the output from the
hatcheries.

The young of this species wore taken iu aliundance at the mouth of the Natchess River,
near North Yakima, Wash., and in the Pataha Eivei at Starbuck, Wash. The largest indi-
vidual seen was 88 mm. long, the 8nuille.it 55 mm. ; the average is nliout 70 mm. These are
evidently the young of the previous year, and their uniformity in size indiciites clearly that all
pass out of the brooks to the sea, or at least to the deeper river channels, during the first and
second years. We count in these young specimens 1.S3 to 140 scales in the lateral line, 16 or
17 branchiostegal rays, 7 •^- 12 gill-rnkers, and 15 or 16 rays in the anal fin.
26. Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Steelhead. Tlie steelhciid is an abundant fieh iu the larger streams
of the Columbia basin, especially about Spokane and the mouth of tL'e Fend d'Oreille. Sev-
eral fine examples of This fish were taken with the sjioon by Mr. U. A. Beau in September,
1892, near Spokane. These were called "saluHm" by the residents, and Mr. Dean is of the
opinion that most, if not all, the "salmon" which they take by trolling are really not salmon,
but the steelhead. Mr. Bean was also told that the " salmon" about the mouth of the Pend
d'Oreille and Salmon rivers are taken by trolling, and it is quite likely that these also aro
steelheads,
37. Salmo mykisB (Walbaum). liocky Mountain Trout; "iSa-pcn-f/iie" of Fort Hall Indians.

A very large serie, i of trout from the Columbia basin has been examined and from widely
separated localities. Specimens were not preserved in every rase, but an examination was
made of trout from tlie following places: Snake River at Idaho Falls; Ross Fork and Mink
Creek near Poratello; Liftle Wood River at Shoshone; Pataha River at Starbuck; Little
^Bpokone silver at Dart's Mill; LakeCceurd'Alcne; Lake Pend d'dieille at Sand Point; Pend
d'Oreil'e Risfer at various places between Newpo"-*. and the mouth of Salmon River; month
of Criville River; Newaukum River at Chehalis; ' ■ ^en River at Hot Springs.

With every additional collection of black-':,<i>...ed trout it becomes increasingly difficult
to recognize any of the distinctions, speci'.ic or subspecific, which have been set up. Tht
present collection adds not a little to the Jiffleulty. We are now convinced that the greater
number of the "subspecies" of S. viykins have no sufficient foundation. We find our speci-
mens from the Upper Snake River (Ross Fork and Mink Creek at Pocatello) to be typical
mykiit, having small scales, in 176 to 180 transverse rows, aud a deep red dash on inner side
of mandible. The spots are most abundant posteriorly, ind the specimens ore scarcely to be
distinguished from th<: so-called Salmo mykiss pleuritiviia of the Colorado River. When taken
in the larger river channels the fish is lighter colored, with finer spots and fainter red mark
on lower jaw. Between such typical mykies and the form represented in our collection frort
such coastwise streams as the Newaukum River at Chehalis, Wash., there seems to be a widn
difference. The latter has conspicuously larger scales (in 120 to 130 cross rows) and nn
red streak on lower jaw. The sea-run individuals of this latter kind we believe to be the
■tcelhead (<8. gairdneri), and between it and the mykiii we are now unable to draw any sharp
line. Thus the Wood River specimens have fine scales (150 to 163 transverse rows) aud usually
no red dash under the jaw. Some specimens show traces of the latter, and in such it is usually
faint and irregular.

From the Umatilla River at Pendleton, the Natchess Elver at North Yakima, and the
Pataha River at Starbuck the scales are intermediate in size, ranging from 142 to 163 in
number, averaging perhaps 148. In these the lower jaw shows no red. Specimens from the
Cuiur d'Alene region have the red dashes usually very distinct, but vary greatly in size of
scales. Wardnor examples look much like typical mykiga, with 165 to 170 scales. From
Occur d'Alene Lake we find 130 to 106, with the average abont 145, while from the Little
Bpokane Biver at Dart's Mill specimens with conspicuous red dash o.:i mandibles have the

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER KA8IN.

51

■cales avoraRin^ 125 in nniiiber. Trout from the Green River at Hot Springs, Wash,, and
from the Newaiiltum River ut Ciiolmlis have also 123 to 130 Hralcs. Wo tliiiilt it not nnlikd.v
that the coastwise form xhoiilil be recopiizeil an Salmo mykiss ijairdneri, tlioiigh the qiiuHtiou
Ib sadly in need of systi'iiiatic, and tliorousli iiivcsti^ation.

The Fort Hall Indians call thetront Sa-pen-ijue, whicli, tlioy say, means good fith,

28. Salvelinus malma (Walbiiiim). Chm-r; "Salmon Trout;" "Bull Troiil."
Salmo malma Walbanin, Arti-di Pisciiiin, 66, 1792. Type locality: Kamnhntka.

Abundant in the Pend d'Oreille River. At La Clairns we siiw in the possession of an
Indian several flue specimens, the largest of which was 26 inolios long, 11 inches in greatest
circumference, and weighed 5 pounds and 1 ounce ; the length of the liead was 6 indies.
The people along the river know this flsh as the "charr," while in Montana, from Flatlicad
Lake to Missoula, it is called " salmon trout" or ''bull trout." One example was obtained by
Bean and Woolinan from Lake Pend d'Oreille. One specimen of 3 pounds weight was seen at
North Yakima, which liad been caught in ttie Natchess River. iSalreliiiui malma has not yet
been found in the Snake River, and it is doubtful if it occurs in that basin above the falls.
The only Salvelinut yet known in that basin is from Henry Lake, and was identiflcd by Ur.
Bean as S. namaycusk.

29. Columbia transmontana Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

Columbia transmontana Eigenmann & Eigenmann, Scieuce, October 21, 1892. Type locality \
Umatilla River, at Umatilla, Oregon.

Seventy-three specimens of this very interesting species were obtained in the Walla
Walla Klver at Walliila, Wash., August 23, 1893, by Messrs. Tlioburn and Rutter. Tlie
largest specimen measnres 3|^^ inches in total length. Diligent search was made lor this lish
at the locality where the t,vpe& were obtained, bnt none was found. The specimens taken at
Wallula were found in only one place, about 250 feet below tlie railroad bridge, on the edge
of a large patch of Chara and in water about 3 feet deep, wlu'ro the bottom was soiuewhat
muddy. The temperature of the water here was 70° at 11 :30 n. m., when the air was 80°.

Measurements of the larger specimens give the following results: Head, 3^ to 3}; depth,
8J to 3}; eye, 31; snout, 3. D. ii, 9; A. ii, 6; V. 8; P. 10 to 12. Scales 9-43-8.

Ground color pale straw-color, profusely covered with fine dark-brown specks which
form irregular blotches along the course of the lateral lino and on median line of back, there
being 1 at anterior base of dorsal and 3 or 4 on the cuudiil ))eduncle; head with fine dark
spots on sides; dorsal, anal, and caudal barred with dark, Dorsal and anal spines strong;
the first dorsal spine short, less than lengtli of eye, the second mucli longer, ns lung as from
tip of snout to middle of pupil; first anal spiue scarcely as long as first dorsal; secon'^. anal
spine about one-third length of head; longest dorsal rays about 11 in head ; those of anal
shorter.

30. Oasterosteus mlcrooephalus Qirard, Abundaut m the Walla Walla River at Wallula, in Lake

Washington, and in Skookumchuck River near Cliehalis, Wash.; not seen elsewhere by
ns. Specimers t.akon were found to be extremely variable in the extent to which lateral
shields are developed. In a considerable proportion the plates are developed along the entire
length of sides of body and the caudal peduncle is sharply keeled. Others have but 4 or 5
plates developed, the caudal peduncle being then without trace of carina. Between these
extremes are all possible intermediate conditions, thus establishing a series comjiarable with
that recently reported on by Dr. Q. A. Boulenger as occurring in the common European species.

31. Cottus asper (Richardson). A single specimen, 145 mm. long, from the Walla Walla River at

Wallula, Wash., aud two small specimens from Lake Washington. The dorsals contain 9
spines and 21 rays, aud are slightly connected at base. Soft dorsal high, the longest ray 21
' in length of head, the posterior rays reaching base of caudal. Anal fin with 17 rays; pec-
torals, 16. Interorbitttl space very wide, equaling diameter of eye, not concave. Prickles
coarser and less closolj crowded than In the Sacramento Rivor specimens, distinctly visible
without the aid of a lens, and directed upwards and backwards. The lateral line is complete,
without abrupt angle under last dorsal rays, and contains 38 pores. Anus separated from first
anal ray by a space equaling two-thirds diameter of orbit. Band of palatine teeth weak.
Anterior nostril in a short tube. The coarser prickles, more anterior position of vent, and
flatter interorbital space probably indicate that C. atper is separable, at least subspeolflcally,
from the Sacramento Birer form. Material is not now at hand to settle this point.

52

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMUIA BIVEB BASIN.

32. UottUB rbotheuB (Rosa Smith).

Thin NtronKly-marked species is abundant in the Spokane region, and was taken at the
following HtutionH: Little Spukauc Kiver at Uart's Mill near Siiukane, and lit C'huttaruy,
Wash. J Columbia Kiver at Colvillo, Wash; C<Bur d'Aleiie Lake near 0(Bur d'Alone, Idaho;
Clearwater Kiver near Lewiston, Idaho; Walla Walla Kiver nt Wnllulo, Oreg.; Ilaugniuu
Creek at Tekoa, Wash.; Natcliess Kiv«r at North Vakinia, Wash.; Newaukuui Kiver near
ChehalJB, Wash.; Snotinulinie Kiver at Snoquahiiie Falls, Wash.

The salient leatnres of this species are: (I) The |)ointed woilgeshaped pruHIe of head, as
viewed from above; this contrasting strongly with the iisuul broadly-rounded contour of other
species. (2) The wide horizontal niiiuth, quite at lower profile of head. (3) The noticeably
concave Interorbital and occipital regions. (4) The very broad and long palatine band of
teeth. (5) The rather slender body and the extremely slender caudal peduncle, the latter
expanding fan-like at base of caudal tin. (6) The dorsals usually separate; when united, at
extreme base only. (7) Lateral line comp'irte. (8) Sides usually well invested with prickles,
which are triangular and coarse, and lean closely placed tl In asper. They are arranged
more or less detinitely in oblique series. There is oonsideraLii variation in the oompleteness
of the investmeut, and in one specimen from Chehalis an axillary patch only is present.

The specimens from Chattaroy and from Suoqualmie Falls are referred to this species with
doubts as to their identity.

The following table will give an idea of the amount of variation in number of fin-rayt,
found in this species:

Locality.

SplDous dorsal.

Soft dorsiil.

A mil.

Pectonl.

vn.

VIII.

19 IT

11

12

13

16

19

Lateral
line.

LUtleSpokrtne Kiver

4

s
1

3

a
1
s

*
1

6
3
1
1

1
S
8

1

I

3

S

1

......

1
4
2
1

1

1
1

••••j-

10
2

32 to 34
32,33

1
2

1

Walla \Va\h\ Ri ver

1

3

ColvUle Kiver ,

......

1

1
1

1
2

1
8

&

1

33. Cottus punctnlatuB (Gill). Ah-we.

Cotiojifis semiscaber Coj)e. Haydpn's 5th Report, 1871, 476. Type locality: Fort Hall, Idaho.

Numerous specimens from Qreen River, Wyoming. Comparing these with typical lemii-
eaber from the vicinity of Pocatello, Idaho, we can appreciate no difference whatever, except
in the matter of armature. None of our Green Kiver specimens show any prickles whatever.
About half the Pocatello specimens are also naked and are indistinguishable from typical
punclulalus; in the others more or less prickles are developed, varying from a few in axil of
pectorals to a baud covering more than hall' of the sides. As this is not an unusual amount
of variation, we do not consider C. leviiacaber worthy of recognition. The relations of C.
punotulatui with the eastern species have not bueu carefully worked out, and it seems best
to recognize it for the present as distinct. Specimens from Greeu Kiver, Wyoming, and from
Mink Creek, Ross l-'ork, and Port Neuf Kiver, Pocatello, Idaho. The collection contains also
two specimens from Thompson Falls and three from Flathead Lake, which seem to be this
species. By the Fort Hall Indians this fish is called ah-xoe, a word meaning homt. ,

34 Cottua perplezus, sp. nov, (Plate viii.)

Type locality : Skookumchuok River, near Cheholis, Wash., where 13 specimens were col-
lected, August 28, 18'J3, by Drs. Gilbert and Jenkins. Associate type locality: Newaukum
River near Chehalis, Wash. ; 26 specimens, collected by Drs. Gilbert and Jenkins, August 28,
1893. Type, No. 45387, U. 8. Nat. Miis. Co-types, No. 4538<i (Newaukum River), U. S. Nat.
Mus. ; and Nos. 1324 to 1343 (Skookumchuok Kiver), Museum Lelaud Stanford Junior Uai-
Tersitj. Belated to Cot(iMj)uttc(u2a(t(«.

^

*■*>:

Sdimijri Fnhertt-s uf \t\v Cuiunium Rivbj, i T u tatu page 6.V]

PUATt VIII.

__ ^^J^^M^,

F,g I. COTTUS PERPLEXUS, ip. nov, iTy|KM skii,,kiiini-ljiii'k liivfi-, ('hiMiiilis. WasliiiiKliM],

Fig. 2. COTTUS LEIOPOMUS, sp "'>v. lTy|)C.i I.ittlii W 1 Riv.T. Slmshnnn. lc',ahii

If

18

INVKbTlUATlUNH IN THE COLUMBIA RIVKK BAHIN.

53

i

DoHcriptioii : Uoad, Z\ ; i1e|itb,4i; uve,4; tDoat,4; iuterorliital width, 6^. D. vii,21; A. ir>;
P. 16; V. I, 4. Least depth of caudal peduncle greater than luout, 3| In head; interorbltnl
■pace rather broad, about 1^ in eye.

The body in deeper and Diore comprewed than in any other apecioa known to ns, thin being
Mpecially noticeable posteriorly; the caudal peduncle is very bhort and deep, and Ih entirely
overlapped by the poxterior dorHal rays which extend beyond base of caiidiil tin. Length of
caudal peduncle from base of last dorsiil ray about ( depth of same. Depth of boily at origin of
anal fln } length of head. Interorbital space slightly concave; occiput flat or tranHvcrsiOy
oonves. Mouth obliixue, the maxillary reaching vertical fVom posterior margin of pupil, 2| in
bead. Teeth in a very narrow crescentio band on vomer, none on palatines. Upper prooper-
ealar spine short and broad, curved or itimply directed upward; below this two stout, blunt
■pines directed downward. Body, in the type specimen, entirely naked; lateral line incom-
plete, not reaching end of soft dorsal.

Spinous dorsal low, the longest spinea not greater than length of snout; soft flna all high,
the 15th dorsal ray equal to suout and eye ; a broad membraiie always connecting the two dnrHiilM,
the notch iuconspicnous. Last rays of anal as well as dorsal extend beyond base of caudal;
first anal ray under third ray of soft dorsal; ventral spine and rays slender and weak. Anus
midway lietweeu base of caudal fin and front of eye

Color in alrohid, back and sides with vermiculations of light and dark, the back with 6 or 6
ill-deHned black crossbars, which usually reach the lateral line; the usual black bar at base
of caudal, emarginate posteriorly; below the lateral line a number of small, quadrate, dark
blotches, arranged in two irregular series; lower parts unmarked except with doe dark puuctu-
lations; dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins orossbarrod with dark; aual and ventraU with
numerous small dark specks. Length, 91 mm.

The co-types show that this species is subject to some variations which should be men-
tioned. Head, 3 to 3^; depth, 4^ to 4^. D. vil or viu, 18 to 21; A. 14 to 16; P. 14 to 16. While the
body is usually entirely naked, there U occasionally an axillary band of prickles, sonetinies
supplemented by a single irregular series of prickles along base of the dorsal tin. T jo notch
in the membrane connecting the dorsals is usually inconspicuous. In some exntnples the black
crossbars on the back do not roach the lateral line. The small, quadrate, dark blotches l)elow
tho lateral line are sometimes arranged in a single series parallel with base of anal, sometimes
in two irregular series.

The following table gives the fln formula in a number of individuals of this species :

Locality.

Dorsal spines.

Dorsal r»ys.

Anal rays.

No. of

iip«ciint*ns
eiamiued.

vn.

vm.

18

19

20

21

"

15

IS

Skooknmohtick River

s

(

4

10

%

1

4

2
1

A
8
8

1
......

3

1

S

1
2

6
8
3

1
1
1

13

28

6

NAtoheu KivBT ...........

From Cottut punotulatui, which it most closely resembles, this species may be distinguished
by its deeper body, more elongate anal fln, the broad union between the dorsals, the absence
>.>'u.'i of palatine teeth, and the did'erent coloration.
35. Cottns leiopomua sp. nov. (Xrior, smooth; iru/ia, cover, opercle.) (Plate via.)

Type locality : Upper Little Wood River, Shoshone, Idaho, whore 2 specimens were col-
lected, September, 1893, by Mr. H. H. Kinsey. Type, No. 45389, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Co-type,
No. IIISI, Musenm Loland Stanford Junior University. Related to Cottui philonipt.

Head, 3J ; depth, 5i ; eye, 4j ; snout, 3^ ; interorbital width, 7i; D. vii-17; A. 12; P. 13; V.
1,4. Least depth of caudal peduncle about equal to length of snout; interorbital space very
narrow, much less than diameter of eye; mouth small, maxillary reaching vertical fron. middle
of eye, a wide strip visible laterally in the closed mouth. Preopercnlar spines entirely absent,
<<■! 1- ,' the preopercnlar margin evenly rounded throughout, without prominence, and without the
least trace of a spine.

54

INVEsTIOATIOiVS K-f TUF COLUMBIA RIVKK BASIN.

VimxT with .1 rcry narrow liiuirt o' ti-eth; p»l".tinc8 iinlifd; «kiii whoUv naked, InU-nil
line "omplctd. Dor^inl (inn imt joiiitMl iirili-st* Btcxtn-iiie lm«p; fiii» iill Imv. tlit^ peed. nils l)iiri<ly
rfB<liiiiK fror.t (if iiiiiii; fruiit of aiial .tiiiler tliird ray of h*-!'"-!!! ilortiil. It.t Inut ray under
fourth fmii l,.^t ray of laltir. Tree lortion of faiidnl peiliiiicle ^lll•!^Mld Ia«t anal ruy i
contain m! 1} in licn.i; portinii ln-liind tinHPof last dorsal ray 3 in heiKl; nnither dorsal iiorHiiul
roa<'liir(( liiiKo of raiidiij wlien ileiirenhcd.

< oloi in ali'oliol: head on sides rather fiiioiy vcrniicnlatcd with Hght and dark; plain
\7hii.ish helow; ni>t e( nrscly Bpoilid or blodhed as in philoiiijit; dornal barn indistiui't; two
narrow hlaok lin<» ilownward and liaokword from tlie eye; an evenly oonvex dark bar at base
of oandnl dorsalH, pectorals, and cyndal faintly crossbarrod.

Len ,'t!i HI mm.

The /«t'Cond specimen, which is 71 mm. long, agrees cUtsely in every respect with the tj pe.

This species in very closely reJati'd to Co((u» philnnipn, from wriich il ditVcru only in the
total ubsenre of iii y preo])t'rcular spine. In both specimens, and on each hiilc, the |)rcopcr-
ciilft ' margin is <•! .'irely rounilcd thronf^hont, without any prominence and without thi- least
trace of a spine, 't iicems very imnrob.ible thai the two should ajfrce in bi in^ merely abnor-
mal in tliis rrapect, and we are forced to conclude that u form exists which "'s peculiar to the
Mulad,") K .■cr, a stream othcrwiso remarkable in its ichthyologic features.

36. CottuB phi'oijipii F.iKBnmann.

!a!H i:., .TiC v;ns projiosed an a substitute for Colluii miiniliia Pallas, s\ippo8cd to be pre-
I'ocupied, and Coitus Jnlcmiilomuii (Lockington;, not of Hicclce'. Th" first mentioned is
perfectly available, but was applied to a speuimcn from the island of 'I'aiek, near Tanisk, in
the Okhotsk Ben. It is very doubtfvil; therefore, whether C. iniiiuliis should be UBed for any
American spccioH in ailvance of conipiirinon with the Siberian form. From the Aleutian
laland species (C. microslomuu I.orkinjfton), C. ]ihiloni]>' dirtVrs in numy important res|)ects,
and is undoubtedly dis*tiiic.'. Thus the Alaskan form hiis the posterior nostrils in short but
ccnspicuouB tubes, the prorliital i rod need into a lobe which conceals all of the maxillary
eice|)t tho extreme tip, ar.i tl:e dorunl tin with 8 or 9 spines and \'^ to 20 30ft rays.

Cottiit pliilonips is ;>. •" <•.'■'■ headed form, typically with (terfectly smooth skin and
nnarmcd palatines. T.ike mi , other species of the genus It occaidonally develops a band of
postaxillary jirickles, which are often accompanied in the snine »i)ecimeii8 by a small
f teh of eeth on the palatine bones. The head is less strongly armed than usual, the single
p.eopercular spine beiiii^ short, the preopercular margin otherwi.se wholly unurnu'd. In this
re.spcot C. philonips dilVers from all other western species of Coitus, excoi)t the Alaskan form
above "rcatioued,

The dorsal varies from vii or viii, 16 to 18 j the anal from 12 to 14. The nostrils are
■without tubes, and i.he prcorbitni little produced, erposiug the greater part of maxillary In
closed nioutn.

Specimens were obtained in the Port Neuf River near I'oentello, at Snnqnnlniie Falls,
and in a spring branch cnii>tying into tlie South Fork of tho Ciour d'Alene River, near Ward-
ner, Idaho. We have also seen Hpecinnns t.'iken from Birch Creek, in wesleru Idaho, by
Merriam and ISailey.

37. CottUB rcargiuatuB Hean.

Six small .,pceimenH from Mill Creek at Walla Walla (the type locality of marffinatiiii)
»gTCi! with Bean's description and diirer from all other western .specimens of Coitus which wo
have spc.i in having but three sr)ft rays in the ventral (ins. So far as can be ascertained from
our very immature specimens, .narfiiunliit strongly resembles pirpicrui, with which it agrees
in fin rays, naked skin, the incomplete lateral line, and the absence of palatii'e teeth. C.
perpUruH has constantly 4 soft rays in the ventral fins, and other differinces may appear when
conipired with adult speeimeiis. In our Rpeeimens of marf/inaluii, the anus varies in jiosition,
being sometimes nearer base of caudal fin than snout, sometimes nearer snout. Twenty-two
•mall specimens, coll"' ted by Hcaa and Woolimm at Sand Point, Idaiio, are for tho pronent
referred to tins npeciuu, though we aie not certain that this idtmtilicatiou is corrects, Tho
veutrals 1 jcin to be t, 3, bitt the body is more or les* covered with priukles.

I R ... (T.i

■ MM

F.a 1 CATOSTOMUS POCATELLO. .,. - . T.M..- l:..s., i-.,r-U ,.r Sn..k,- l!n .r r.KUI.-ll.

.,.*?«'

/J //J.

F.g. .' AGOSIA UMATILLA. s|. riov. (T.VIXM ('■■lillnliiii liiv..|-. I'm II Mill, (Irru-ciM

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raVESTIOAlIONS IN THE COLOMBIA KIVKB BASIN.

NOTES ON WILLIAMSONS WHITF.FISH IN BREEDING COLORS, '.ROM LITTLE
SPOKANE RIVER, WASHINGTON, AND REMARKS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF
THE SPECIES.

[By Barton A. Bean, auistnnt onrator, Department of KifihpH, IT. S. National Miiopiim.]

In the fall of 1S92, wliile on an investigation of tlic stroams in eastern Wasliington
with a view of locating a nito for a lisli Iiatclieiy for the U. 8. Fish Commission, the
writer had the good fortune to secure a very flue specimen of Vorcfjonnii irilliamsoni
npproaching the breeding condition.

As will be seen in the accompanying illustration (Plate ix) the tubercles on the

scales at this time are very prominent, situated on the middle of the scales, milk-white

• color, and forming horizontal lines along the body from head to tail. About six-

■ I of these lines can Lo counted between the back and ventral edge of the body.

The tubercles show on the abdomen, but the color of that portion of the body and of

the tubercles being similar, they are indistiutst.

Color: Dark on back, sides a lighter steel gray, and under parts white; all flns
tipped with black; caudal and adipose flns steel-blue.

D. 14; A. 13; scales, 9-83-10 ; pores in lateral line, 80; head, 5; depth, 4; eye, 4J;
f3. Gill rakers short, about 12 below the angle. Mouth very small, the maxilla
reaching vertical through front of eye. Dorsal flu highest in front, gradiuilly
i^y.-^ ated to last ray, which is less than one-half length of anterior rays. The greatest
l»« / of the dorsal slightly exceeds its length of base, which equals the leiigtli of the
veil il tins, being considerably less than the length of the pectorals, but exactly that
<jf 6iv< mal fln. Caudal ttn deeply forked.

r lie specimen here described and illustrated measures i>ot quite li iiu-lies; it is
• mnAf rtfMl was taken in Little Spokane River uear Clark Springs, October 5, 1892.

/ otlict examide, a littlelarger (12^inches), was obtained by Mr. A. J. Woolman
ij9 t\w little Hpokane, in September, 1892. The tubercles on this specimen are well
lf«Mierv«d, those ou the former having disappeared owing to exposure to the air and
j^iimiHfig while being drawn.

M* W^fo'man's example has the following characters: D. 13; A. 13. Scales 10-80-10.
IlKft^, V "fopth, 4. Adipose fln very long, the length of its base being contained 2J
tKiMs IB the head's length. Color as in the preceding.

So far a» we are aware the breeding whiteflsh, of any species, has not been here-
tofore (leHcrit>ed in America. In Fauna des Vertebres de la Suisse, volume v, Hist.
Nat. des Poissons, Geneve, 1890, Dr. Victor Fatio presents the following note on the
breeding colors of Ooregonua exiguuH of Switzerland:

Adult males differ from the femalea by a more Blender body, larger head, stouter niiiz/.le of snout,
the greater dovolopniont of the paired flns, espociully the peotoriils, and during the hruoding season
by a mnre intenae ooliii':.tion, ulno by the stronger and more numerous opidermia buttons, and some-
times by the more strongly arched scales ou the lat<'ral line.

It is unfortunate 'I. ^t we failed to secure female fish. The whiteflsh were very
abun<lant in the Little Spokane; large numbers were observed. They were, however,
exceedingly shy and difflcult of capture, and our efl'orta to net them were entirely
iuell'ectual.

56

IirVESTIOATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVEK BASm.

In most of t lie streiimH seined by Mr. Woolman and the writer in western Montana,
Itlalio, and VVa.diington tlie yoii;ig, parr marked wliitefisli was taken. Tliese yonng
lisli were obtained in several quiet streams, almost singgi^htSO weak was tlie eurreut.
In Spokane Kiver at the eity of Hpokano large nnmbers of adult wliitetisli eonld be
seen from tlie eity bridges. Tluy wonld lie or swim close to the bottom, keeping in t!!*^
shade of the bridges, and wonld bite at grasshoppers. The artificial fly seemed to have
no attraction i"or the tisli.

Tiiis whitetish grows to a length of 15 inches, has excellent flesh, and is by many
confused with the grayling, ThymaUus. The Columbia Kiver chub, Mylocheilus caU'
rinuH is often called "whitelisli." The type of Con-fionvs trilliamsoni was obtained in
the Des Chutes River, Oregon, and described by Dr. Girard iu thel'roceedingsof the
rhiladel|)hia Academy of Sciences in 185U, and again in 1858 in the I'acitic Railroad
Survey reports. Later recorded localities are: Willamette and Columbia rivers,
Oregon ; tlic Columbia and its tributaries in Washington ; Lake Tahoe, Trout Creek and
Truckee Kiver, California: lakes and streams of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado,
and I'tah. The species ranges north into British Americsa and eastward to the moun-
tain tributariesof the Upper M issonri, several of the localities given by Prof. Evermann
being east of the Continental Divide.

ANNOTATED LIST OF REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS.

[liy John Van Denburgh, student, Leland Stanford Junior University,]

But few reptiles and batrachians were observed by mendiers of the expedition,
partly been use no sjiecial effort was made *;o collect them, and partly because they
were not abundant in most of the region traversed. Both lizards and snakes seemed
to be rare on the barren lava plains of the Snake Kiver, where Snioporun graciosus,
Phrynosoma douglami, and Phrynosoma platurhinuH were tl e only species seen. The
case was different in the bottom lands of the Snake Kiver below ^1 oshone Falls, Idaho.
Here lizards were extremely abundant and in considerable variety. Species of Uta,
Crotnphytus, and Cnemidophorus were as numerously rei)resented as on the hot deserts
of southern California. Two 8[)ecie8 of Sveloporus were also seen, l)ut of these no
s])ecii>iens were secured. The richness of reptilian life on the sandy (h)oi of tlie valley
<'<)ntrastcd strongly with the reverse condition on the lava pluins immediately bordering
the valley and but a few hundred feet above it.

1. CrotaptiytuB wisllzenii Uaird & Uirard. Two full-grown Hpeciincnscollbcted iu thr bottoTb landtt

of the SuiiUo River near Bliss, Idaho, August 8. With the ox( ei-tion of Ct.emidophorus Ui,ri»,
Oiis wax tlin tno^tt ahiiMilaut spucit'S obgurv \d.

2. nta Btansbtiriana Itainl Sc Uirard, A sitiglu badly mutilated specimen from Snake Rirarbott.inis,

near Hlis«, takun August 8. The speries was not rare, and was usually obstrvod i u rockN.

3. Sceloporus gracioaus Uaird & Giranl. Kix stiociuKtis from mar I'oi'atiillii, Idaho, Augnei,3; two

spociuieuH fioiu near Idaho Falls, Idaho, Augusts; three spnimcus from near U-natilla, Oreg.,
August 11. 1 Ills s]>('(<it!8 was al\v;r,,s observed on the ground, and was seen b'>th among the
roavNer 1 .inalt and on the finer i^uiid^ and gravels,
4 Phrynosoma douglaisii (Dell). This pygmy horned toad seemed by no means abundant. The
largest Bpociin<'n,(i8 inin, long, was taken at Pocatello, Idaho, August'!. Two other specimens
■were captured: one on the Clearwater Kiver, 7 miles above Lewiston, Augutt 15; the other
at North Yukima, Wash,, August 23.

IWKSTIOATIONS IN Till: <'OI,l!MlUA UIVKK hASIN.

57

5. PhryiiOBoma platyrhinos liirard. One specinn'ii froiii IIJiHH, Iilaho, AiiKiiHt H; tvro— 4 iiinlr iiimI

a foniiilc — from th« lava plainK betwtn'ii SIiohIiduo and thp Snuko Uivrr, Aii);iii*t 7. In tln'
jiittiT linulity llic RpBcii'H WHS abundnnt. Tlio two specimen* llnTc itoc-nnd Imvi- lliv nci ic» oi
eiilai'ticd giilars almost obsoletfl, it beioK reprt'SciitiMl on each »i<lo by two or lliroeNialos'lijjlilly
more pointed than thn other giilani. The iiimbcr of fiMooral poren is 8 in the male, 10 iu the
female, The tympanum is fully sealed In ont, only partially so in the other.

6. Cnemldophorus tigris Huird <& Girard. The "sand lizard" wa« the most ahnndanl speeies in

.Snake River liottums, A Rl>if;Io Hpecirae.n \rus eollectcd near liliss, Idaho, An);iirt H. I'liis
aeemg not to dill'cr from Owen's valley BpoolmenH, and wo therefore follow Or. Stejno;;er in
the nse of the above name.

7. Thamuopbis vagrans (Uatrd & Olrard). Altliongh the six Ki>rt«r snakes bron^lit in liy the

expedition show considerable color variation, they nn(|nestionably represent a single speeies.
They were collected at the following localities: 1 8peii«?en, 8and I'oinf, Maho, Angnst 7; 2
specimens, Clearwater Kiver near Lewiston, Idaho, August 15; I specimen, I'otlalch I'reek
near Jnliaetta, Idaho, Angust 16; lspucimeu,Wbrduer,Idi< ho, August IS; I specimen, Unuit ilia,
Oregon, August 23.

8. Thani'iopbla slttalia parietalis (.Say). One specimen of this variety was obtained ou the Little

Spokane Uivcr near Spokane, in September, 1892, by Mr. A. .1. Woolman.

9. Crotalus lucifer Haird & (Jirard. A single spjcinien taken on t'le Snake Kiver between I'w in

Falls and Shoshone Kalis, Idaho. The rattler in said to be not abundant in that vicinity.

10. Dlemyctylus torosus (Kscb). Two specimeus found in Skookumchuck Hiver near Chehalis.

Wash , August 28.

11. Bufo columbieusis Itaird &. Oirard. One young specimen, Umatilla, Oregou, August 23, and

one adult, Pocatello, Idaho, Augnst 3.

12. Hyla regllla Baird & Girard. One specimen, Cliehalie, Wash., August 28.

13. Rana aurora Baird & Girard. Four specimens from Skookumchuck River near Chehalis, Wash.,

Aug.i8t 28.

14. Rai^a pretiosa Baird & (-irard. Seven speoimenH, Sand Point, Idaho, August 7; 1 specimen,

Pendleton, Oreg., August 12; li specimens. ( I'Ifax, Wash., August 17; 1 rpecimou, Little
Spokane Kiver, Dart's Mil., Washington, Auciist 18; 4 specimens, Cu'ur d'Alene, Idaho,
August 21 ; 5 rfpecimen. Post (^reek, Montana, September 18, 1892; 1 specimen, Thompson Falls,
Montana, September 19, 1892, 6 spetnmens. Hand Point, Idaho, September L'O, 1892; 7 speci-
mens. Little Spokaae River. Spokane, Wash., September, 1892; 3 specimens, Clurk bpring.
Spokane, Wash., October 5, 1892.

15. Rana pipiens braobyoepbala (Cope). One specimen of this bandsonu< frog was secured in the

Boise Hiver, at Caldwell, Idaho, Augusts. The collection made by Messrs. Ilean and Wool-
mau contains three specimens £com Post Creek, Montana (September 18), and one from Sand
Point, Idaho (September 20).

SjlTon F shefie* of Uie Cmurro-j Rv^r ( Tti »ii# pi^e 58 i

Plail X.

SPOKANE FALLS. SPOKANE, WA'='HlNGTON PART OF THE UPPEf? FALLS.

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PLATt XII

IMAGE EVALUATION
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Salmon Fithariet of Ihs Columbia River. (To face page 58.)

PLATE Xm.

MVERS FALLS, COLVILLE RIVER TOTAL DESCENT ABOUT 80 FEET.

LOWEF. "SETTLE FALLS COLUMBIA RIVER