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MODEL FARMING A SCIENCE.

\^'

To J^oah Sluikespeare, M. P., yictoriu, B. C,
President .of the B. C. Ajricultural Society :

Mk. President. — In dedicating to you a pamphlet, on t';>e
best system of cultivating the soils and cropping the fields of
the farm, on the Plan of Rotation, for the Province of Brit-
ish Columbia, I beg to tender you my cordial congratulations
in your having the nonor to fill the Presidential Cliair of the
British Columbia Agricultural Association.

I do the more so, inasmuch as you have by your courtesy
and urbanity of mannei-, intelligence and fidelity of trust,
gained for yourself the coniidence of all classes of the com-
munity at large, more especially those of the Metroj)oiitan
City of the Province, where business and duty alike demand-
ed your attention, you have been the recipient of many dis-
tinguished and public honors, first as Municipal Councilman,
Mayor, Chairman of Public Meetings, Member of Parliament
representing the City of Victoria in the House of Commons.

I ou will doubtless discharge the duties of your office with
that singleness of purpose which is so characteristic of you
at all times and on all occasions, which have never been
found wanting in all matters of a public or private nature.

Your career in life has been a most fortunate one, and
without a blemish. The lines have truly fallen to yon in
pleasant places. .

You have my best wishes for a continuation of that success
which has followed -you through all the changing scenes of
time. May it be with you to the end of your days.

You are now in the meridian of life, and have vigor enough
to render a continuation of your valuable services to the
J 'iblic.

I shall not be accused of paying you false or unworthy
compliments. The honors you have received on several oc-
casions from the people are a convincing proof of your
worthiness.

I am Sir, with respectful esteem, yours faithfully,

J. SIIARPE.

107378

Pr?OViNCIAL LIBRARY
VfCTOfJIA. a. C.

TO THE FARMERS' WIVES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.

The tettchingft of a higher civilization liave prompted me
to firmly believe that we owe much of our sooiaf progress, ad-
vanced ideas, depth of thought, moral, broader views of hu-
manity, and a deeper sense of our duties and i^bligations to the
fliir sex, whom we are pleased to call wife, mother, sister and
lady friend. Hence it is that we are to-day more ready and
willing to give the farmer's wife tlu.t respectful consideration
to which she is justly entitled, and a reasonable share of the
profits of the farm for her own private ure and that of her
tamily. I have ever believed in women's rights as well as
their duties, notwithstanding the poo-hoohings of a small
class of men who are not yet thoroughly civilized and refined.
History furnishes us witli aniple proof that mothers have a
larger capacity of mind-thouglit for moulding the lives of
their children for great emergencies than fathers.

The eventful lives of Generals Washington and the First

Napoleon gave sound evidence for its correctness; boch of

them frequently admitted that their success in life was due to

-w their mater^l influence and kind disposition of their mothers.

The signs of the times are on the right side of the
Zodiac. Farmer's wives will have the disposition and en-
couragement to take a deeper interest in the farm than they
have done heretofore. Was it not surprising that a farmer's
wife paid more attention to novel reading than books and
papers on agricultural subjects, which were dry and not inter-
esting to a woman who had the car'fe, wear and tear of the
interior departnient of the farm, without suflicient compensa-
tion for the arduous duties she had to perform from day
to day.

The tide of passing events, so far as the changes are going
on in the agricultural world, are dawning a new epoch of a
brighter civilization for the rising generation of farmers under
the unwavering influence of the farmer's wives. It ispartic-
larly noticeable on the beautiful islands of Vancouver, San
Juan, Lopes and Orcas, with their beautiful gardens, pretty
children (well behaved in every respect), maternal, industrious
and charming wives, whom I believe have done much during

J

8

the past ten years to beautify tlie San Juan group of new
farms, with (j^ioice flowers, vahiable herbs, tlie most delicious
fruits, both there and on Vancouver Island alike. It was in
consideration of this I resolved to dedicate this page in honor
of those women who h.. e done their duty and deserve
well of their countrj-.

MODEL FARMING A SCIENCE."

The model and progressive farm and soiling system, to con-
tain fifty-fixe acres ofcleared land ready for the plough.

Capital, science, and intelligent labor, the stated number of
acres to be divided in the following manner: Fifty into
ten live acre fields, all fenced and ditched, the fences to con-
sist of cedar posts and plank fencing boards, white-washed.
The balance of five acres to be allotted as follows: One and-
a-half acres for farm house and appurtenances thereto, green
house, lawn, trees, shrubs, flowers, etc., walks and drives.
All the buildings to be soundly constructed and painted white.*
One and-a-half acres for orchard, cultivated in fruit trees, and
Italian rye grass and clover. To sustain three horses, and a
number of (jalves and yearlings. Three-fourths of one acre
for garden, cultivated in roots, vegetables and plants, etc.,
smjul fruits, trees and vines. One and-a-fourth of an acre
for barn, stables, grainery, carriage house, tool house, sheds,
waggon and iujplement hovels, pens, yards, etc.

To which is attaclied a sound balance sheet on mercantile
principles. A marginal line drawn for farmers wife, in the
form of an annuity or pin money, for her own private use, in
the sum of five hundred dollars per annum, derived from
chickens and eggs, surplus garden and orchard fruits, vege-
tables, roots, plants, vines, etc., green house fruits and
fiow^ers.

When the farmers of British Columbia shall take into their
consideration the progressive Farm and Soiling System the

* Mote.— I snggest white, although not as an original idea, as 1 was Btruck by tho
beauty of white farm houoes and bame noticeable for over a thousand miles along the
Mississippi River.

merchants of Victoria and other cities will not have to hotul
capital out of the IV>vinc6 to otiier lands to purchase bread,
stuffs, provisions, garden truck, and other necessaries of life.

Three-quarters of one million of dollars is annually leaving
the shores of this province for other countries; to purchase
horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, grain, poultry, etc., lireaci, stuffs,
provisions, roots, and vegetables included. This anomalus
state of things, if it is to continue much Itjnger, will as a
natural consequence tell its story in the course of time.

Farming on the old methods is out of joint every where,
and but little better than a worthless occupation. They are
not in character with the more adv^aiujed and intelligent
systems, which in very many instances liave quadrupled tlio
progressive fanners produce.

Education and science, liave become two imjK)rtant factors
in modern agriculture. They are the most successful aids,
with capital, to experimental and progressive farming.
Capital 18 the base of all important occupatitnis, mamifai'tures,
trade and commerce. Science has done more throughont the
civilized world to develop the soils to tlieir fullest capacity of
production, than all the physical powers of man from the
creation of the world down to the present time.
The work of half a century's successful experimc.'nts on the
soils increased the value of the land fully twenty-iive per
cent., when the rents in England went up proportionately.
The time had come when increasing populations persisted ir»
detnanding that larger supplies of oread, stuffs and provisions
from the farmers sliould be produced to meet tlieir pressing
wants. Of all the occupati(ms in which mankind are engaged,
there is not to my point of view one more honorable, inde-
pendent, health giving, lucrative, pleasurable, and ennobling
to manhood, taking all things into consideration than farm-
ing. When it becomes a necessity to work for a living, or
for a pastime, to the man of means, if such be the bent of his
inclinations.

Much of the disagreeable, or the drudgery, which is so
often talked about by some of the people, could be amelior-
ated if the parties were intelligent enough to knovi' how to
handle things, which are so objectionable to complainers.

IIS

a

Dirt, saitli the old proverb, is the " mother of money," un-
avoidable dirt, in all the uceiipations of man, is honorable to
handle. But to make farming as pleasurable and profitable as
some people desire, it will re(iuire a large amount oi capital, and
an intelligent hand to guide it, with industry and economy. I
do not ntean slavery without time to eat, read and write suffi-
ciently in the evening, nor do I mean a miser's economy.
But it matters not how wealthy a man may l>e, or how groat
tUe farmers crops are, it is always well to practice economy with-
out waste. We may s{)eculate on our best calculations, and fail
in them. Famine disasters and diseases take their course. The
most scientific and skillful of men, with all their intelligence
cannot at aii times ward of the dangers to which all of us are
liable, more or less. •

The financial success of the progressive Farm and Spiling
System depends in a large measure upon the combined pro-
perties or capital, science, industry, mind power, proper
government, economy without parsimoniusness, education,
and intelligent labor. But we must not omit from our
enumeration climate, seasons, an abundant supply of good
water for man and beast, good roads, and good l)ridgeB, a
good market house, and corn exchange.

Farming will never be a complete success in any country
without a market house and corn exchange. Where the far-
mers can dispose of their produce to the highest bidder, and
where the purchasers can buy in the cheapest market at a
marginal profit and for household economy. The farmers
and the people of this Province do not believe they should be
debarred the privilege of this modern piece of civilization.
It CAunot be said that there is not population enough to
justify, two such buildings, which would be a great ornament
as well m a convenience, and useful to the city of Victoria.
. ,The same line of argument is used by the market garden-
ers, and many other classes of the community, who feel the
necessity of a public place where they could go to sell and
buy such products or goods of whatever nature they required
on the same footing as the farmers. It has been a marvel
with some people how the quotations are made, if they are
made at all, on the n]imerous productions of tbe farm and
the garden which are brought into the cities of this Province.

6

f 1

The Soiling System is five times more profitftble to the
dairy farmer or the dairy men than grazing. More especially
in countries sub; ;ct to drought, where they can be irrigated
more or less, b"' the quantity of water convenient for the pur-
pose. But a small iield of nve acres of Italian rye grass and
clover, used for soiling purposes, could be watered from a
water-cart or water-wagon with a distributer or a sprinkler
attached so that in very dry weather it could be usea every
evening to great advantage where the grasses had been cut
for the barn during the day. Italian rye grass and clover
does not take much water to give them a start.

The model farm will always be in the highest condition
possble, from the fact, there will be double the weight of
solids and liquids from the stables, if not inore, and of a very
sup^ rior quality to that made on a poor grazing pasture, to
dress the iield all over in the fall, or some time during the
winter. The farm will, under such treatment, be worth iive
times more than other farms neglected and poor.

To people \vho have noi ?een, or understood the system of
soiling cattle, it would be somewhat of a mystery to be told
that twenty-live good milkers could he sustainea amply and
well on five acres of Italian rye grass and clover, during the
whole summer, with a change of food for every Sunday of a
poorer kind. I am well acquainted with gentlemen in the
United States who feed six good milking cows on one acre of
lucerne or alfalfa, and without any other kind of food for a
change.

It is generally considered excellent pasturage when one
acre of grass will sustain one r;Ailking cow in good condition.
But when it is seen that a cow will waste four times as much
as she eats, by trampling, lying down upon it, and dirtying
the grasses other ways, and in droppings, it will not be diffi-
cult to understand that the grasses which are cut and carted
to the barn' are all clean, fresh, and sweet as a ruse, and by
careful feeding there is nothing of it wasted. At this point
intelligent labor will be valuea for faithful services. Tnis is
the definite term for soiling, " feeding cattle by hand," the
grasses are cut with a scythe morning and evening and carted
to the barn as they are wanted for use. The cows are care-
fully fed three times a day in the stall, during the mornii <- '

milking time, after which they are taken from the stalls and
turned into the yard to water at the troughs, and for a couple
of hours recreation at t. e rubbing posts, they will then return
to the stalls in the barn as before to rest until noon, when for
the second time they will be fed. They will remain until
after feeding aii'l milking in the evening, when they will be
taken from the stalls, as before, to water and for exercise at
the rubbingpfjsts, two hours are allotted to them as in the
moniing. Tiien they will return as befo it is almost need-
less to state, that with such care and ex*, ilent feed, they
would be beef all the time.

In how much a better state the mi^^ won: 1 be found the
cows ^>eing cool, instead of being overheatei^ and how much
riciier the butter would bo also. It won Id keep better and
for a longer time. There is more humanity in catering and
caring for them on this system than allowing them to be
wandering around on poor barren fields all day for a poor
Quality of food, and sometimes they may not have enougu of
tnat. it should be borne m mind that good milking cows pay
good interest for the excellent food and the special care you
give to them. The Soiling System when properly carried out,
18 of great advantage to that part of the farm lying under the
plough, as well as the grass lands. To keep up your farm in
a hi^ state of cultivation, you will have to have your farm
heavily stocked to consume all the hay, straw, and grain,
which is grown on the farm. The laws of nature forbid such
sweeping robberies, as are frequently carried out by some
farmers, whose lands are their own, as well as those who are
renters. The larger number of cattle, sheep, and hogs, yon
can keep on your fanns, and sustain them well with your
own produce, save and except a little oil cake, bran or meal,
to help you with your yoking stock, or in case of sickness, or
even lor a change of food, which is quite as necessary for an
animal as it is ror yourself, although you may not have given
the matter that consideration which it requires, it is much
less trouble and expense to keep the fprm at a proper stand-
ard, after it has been brought up to it, than it would be to
let it run down and then try to recuperate the soils when
they had been so thoroughly worn 'and depleted by misman-
agement.. The moVe stock, as I stated, you could sustain the

8

h ■

more wealth yoii ha v6, the soils arfe ficlier and of a greater
value to you, or to any other persoiij if at any time yourself
or friends should place the farm on the market for sale.

Soiling your dairy cattle gives y<»u more room for young
Stock and sheep to graze the permanent pasture. Sheep are
so much unlike cattle in their habits, that they will not "Joy
in confinement. Sheep are the most delicate stock you 1

»j

lave

to manage on your farms with poor grass and poor pastures,
more particularly if they are too high graded, hardy scrubs so
raised Will stand the hardships of bad weather and poor feed
much better, and with less risk, although they are not so
desirable a class to have.

The model farm of fifty-five acres, will most undoubtedly,
pay a much larger per centage upon the outlay, than the same
amount of capital mvested on three times the quantity of
land, or that number of acres inside a farm. It is quite pos-
^sible to place so much stock upon it, but it is very question-
able whether it could be sustained with such satisfactory
tresults as the progressive farm of fifty -five acres. The balance
sheet may throw some light on that matter when we reach it.
The pasturage of the Lower Fraser and that of the Island of
Vancouver, are not of such a nature as to warrant an opinion
on this subject. I have not as yet, seen a pasture with a
diversified number of grasses, suitable to wet and dry seasons,
such or anything approaching to what we have in England.
Neither have I seen lands prepared for pasturage, as we pre-
pare them.

Timothy is not that kind of grass, by itself to make a pas-
llvLte: When the crop is ctit it has much the appearance of a
stubble, or I should state what might be for the aftermath,
•i will be Candid enough to state that I do not like timothy

§ra88 or timothy hay. In my travels through the United
tates, Th^Cahadas, and the i*rovince of British Columbia,
I have Seen more horses afflicted with heaves or asthma,
twenty to one, than in Europe. When people and countries
like those I have mentioned, from some cause or other, do not
like to give it up for other kinds. Yet from conversation, I
have had with some farmers on the island, they freely express
an opinion that it is not as they believe the l>e8t gi-ass they
could have for general purposes. Our aftermaths in England

"""■"'

m

jtlwaifad

9

young

would not give general satisfaction if they were worth less
than live dollars per acre to graze. ,

It is customary with English people to seed the sum-
mer fallows and the turnip fallows, which have been rested,
lined and manured, and made perfectly clean from .v^eeds.

I will now state the several kinds of grasses we mix up.
for temporary seeding, that is to last for a couple of years:
The lirst as i hay crop, the second year for grazing. One
peck of English rye grass per acre, ten pounds of reel clover,
six of white, six of trefoil, from this mixture we expect
a good crop of hay, and a good aftermath. For a permanent
pasture to remain for an indefinite number of years, we should
mix ten or twelve more kinds of grass seeds with them. In
England we can not afford to grow timothy, and if we could,
we would not. lients and taxes are too high, we have to
have something more profitable, and of a higher standard in
the nutritive scale. Our meadow hays are of a much liner
quality than those as above stated, many of those meadows
have been in line grasses for centuries. English rye
grass is the base of all our pastures, they never wear out when
properly seeded . Italian rye grass is very much in favor
with us, mixed with cow grass or clover. The Italian rye
grass is not an abiding grass, as a rule for more than three
years, but it is for the time being, the most nutrituous of all
grasses.

Mr. Alderman Mechi, of Tip Tree Hall, Essex, England,
one, if not the most, scientific farmers we had, brought
Italian rye grass up to a very high standard for milking, but-
ter, cheese and flesh making purposes. Many of the first-
clase London butchers would leave London during the night,
to he at Tip Tree Hall, thirty-six miles away, before the in-
mate! had left the grasp of Morpheus. On their arriv^al,
from time to time, there would be sure to be a crowd of them
from beveral parts to run each other up in their biddings for
Mr. Mechi's fat cattle. High words and bruises would oc-
casionally be exchanged before the temperature could be re-
duced to its normal condition. " Why, said Mr. Mechi, "is
all this fuss ? This ia not in my line of business ; from
this time I wMU have no more or it, I will stop the sale."
The cry was, " We must have your cattle, sir!" " But," said

10

Mr. Mechi, " there are in the London market over twelve
thousand head of cattle, three days in the week, for y(ni to
choose from." "True, sir, but w^e do not know on what
grasses they are fattened. If we could pull those out that
had been fed on such grasses as yours, the situation would
quickly be clianged. There are, Mr. Mechi, two important
points we will give you in this matter. The iirst is, that the
beeves are of a superior quality and flavor to any other beeves
we purchase, outside of tliose fed on Italian rye grass. The
second, the weight of them is surprising. We all attribute it to
the grass. We have, as you know, the noblest and wealthiest
people of London to supply, and we have to come, to keep our
trade witli the most fastidious tastes." I have simply made
this statement from some of Mr. Alderman Mechi's papers,
to show the value of Italian rye grass, liunch grass is lield
to be superior for fattening properties, over any other grass
in British Columbia. The soils and the climate of British
Columbia are well adapted for the cultivation of Italian rye
grass, Vancouver Island particularly so. But the lands must
be properly prepared to receive the seed for successful crops.
I have the best feelings for the prosperity of the farmers of
British Columbia, but I am sometimes much vexed with
them for wearing the old ruts so deep. They are now gone
down to bed rock, now is the time to strike out a new line, in
the face of the new competitors from Manitoba, for the trade
of Victoria. I cannot conceal to myself the dangers before
them, the lands of Manito-ba are easy to cultivate and the Iirst
crop will pay expenses. But here, there is a fearful amount
of physical labor and worry to make such headv/ay in this
dense primeval forest.

The progressive or the model farm, in whatever light it
may be viewed is a great linancial success and will ever
remain such, while it is w^orked by skillful and practical
men of advanced ideas, whose lives are devoted to industry
and the soils, for the well being; of their fellow men. The
march of atrricultural science in her train, has removed from
our shoillders a pressure, which oui' fathers and forefathers
patiently endured for cejituries undar a cloud of midnight
darkness.

'Die changes which have Ueen made by persistent efforts, t(»

11

overcome old time honored methods and prejudices, which
had well nigh become constitutional, have been marvellouf^ in
their effect. The stubborn and retentive clays which our
forefathers rented for a mere baggatelle, and what they
thought little better than w^orthicss, have been illiminated
for food plant by the power of science, now rank with some of
the best triable soils, for producing large crops of grain, field
roots and vegetables, and the most nutritious grasses with
which we are acquainted. Had it not been for agricultural
science, education and superior intelligence, for breeding full-
blooded and raising stock of many breeds and wonderful
cross breeds for the farm, and the genius of the best
mechanics in having built the best agricultural implements
the world ever had, agricultural halls and agrricultural boards,
associations and fairs, would at this. day been few and far
between.

The climate and soils of the Province of British Colum jia
are exceedingly well adapted to the growth of all kinds of
grain, cereals, roots, vegetables, plants, flowers, shrubs and
garden seeds, the same as those grown in England, I venture
to state some of them will "joy" quite as well, with proper cul-
tivation and care, in this equitable part of the Pacific Coast.

Having given my candid opinion after four years travel
and close observation in the Province, it is right to state that
the first and most important improvement to be made on the
farm, is that of underground drainage, all other improvements
in cultivating and fertilizing the soils will not be of any per-
manent beneiit to the land until it is done. Some lands re-
quire more drainage than others — some few none at all. 1
have stated this much from the simple fact that cultivated
plants cannot thrive well in water, they arc more inclined to
perish than progress. Sheep, of all animals on the farm, re-
quire the soundest land, otherwise they will decay. Five
acres of well drained land, is worth more than twenty
undrained for cropping, one portion of the crop on undrained
soils rarely cpmes to maturity, another perishes, while some
is of much poorer quality. The field is an eye sore and a
draw back to the farmer. No farmer can expect to realize a
competency on an undrained farm, except he is of a miserly
disposition, and I am not afraid to state it would be a

If ■ I

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12

beggarly one at that. I think one of the great faults of the
Vancouver Island farmer has been to bring too much land
into cultivation at once, without paying the necessary atten-
tion to it. But I am not willing to criticise him too much, I
am well aware of the difficulties of his position, drain pipes
are out of his reach, the price is most exorbitant. It would
ruin a man under present circumstances to do what he per-
haps would like. On several occasions I had said, it would
be a great advantage to him, if one or more of those parties
having steam thrashing machines, saw fit, to build a portable
saw bench, and carry it with the engine to those farms where
it was required to saw lumber, which had been cut or blown
down, and which could be utilized for building purposes,
fences, drain boxes or boards to answer the same purpose for
draining the soils. It would be an unmistakable boon for im-
proving the condition of the farms. Much of this kind of
work has been done in the United States, where clay piping
could not be had. 'he Southern States more particularly
after the civil war. Saw-dust ]ias been found a valuable com-
modity for bedding hogs in preference to straw.

The establishment of a i'rovincial Model Farm, College
and Botanical grounds on Vancouver Island, would have been
a great help to the rising generation of farmers and fai-mer's
sons. It nas been currently reported that the Dominion
Goverment have decided to open one somewhere on the main
land. Such an institution cannot be valued too highly.

The poorest child in the city of Victoria, has been and still
is blessed with greater advantages for a much superior educa-
tion than the farmer's son, living in the country, which will
qualify him for liigher positions and place him on a higher
standard of general intelligence. M\ieh credit is due to the
local authorities for having built and supported the High
School on such broad and patriotic principles, without dis-
tinction of class. The woll-to-do a' 1 the poor alike, meet
oil the same grounds, and have the same privileges. At the
same time I do think a better provision should have been
made for the farmer's sons living in the country. It is not to
be denied that he has a fair school education, or we will say a
good one. But it is not calculated to give him those com-
prehensive ideas of grasping subjects and language, to lit him

tfMIM

13

for an advanced system of cultivating the soil. The graduate,
or the most advanced scholar, is much better qualified to- fill
the several positions which are open to him, for the mana^e^.
merit of books, and business, the merchant's office, position in
the state, the church or the bar, educate a farmer's son I
" Haw, haw, laughter," and ridicule, " he is not of much
account anyhow," he would be less to be educated. " The
clowns and cynics are not all dead yet." Whenever was there
an occupation, or a business of any kind or position, which
required more intelligence than the farmer's. Has he not to
know something of the veterinary practice, the annalisis of the
soils, the innumerable insects which pester the plants, and the
grain, and the means to prevent their destruction of his crops?
Is he not to know anythmg of the best kinds of grasaefl and
grain, whether they are suitable to the soils on his farm I Is :
he not to understand anything about stock breeding and stock-
raising, bloods and high grades ? The deficiertcies which are
constantly taking, place in the land and how to supply them,
whether they want lime, salt, superphospates or gas lime, widTc
how much of them to apply ? Is he to be so ignorant as to
know nothing of the general topics of the day, and the cur-
rent events or the hour ? .

The progressive and intelligent farmer is a naturalist^
encomoligist, agricultural chemist, scientist, in breeding
superior stoekya veterinary studen-t, and an annalist. Is there hi-
not enough in all this to command respectful attention andn
thoughtful itonsideration. ^Nothing is too slightly to say of.i.
the farmer he is always grumbling and grinding about some-
thing, he is nevor satisfied and often out of temper. I will,-
say this mu3h in his defence, that there is not an occupation
or a business of any kind, which at times, is so trying when
he has to contend with adverse seasons, having to run the risk
of his crops being damaged or destroyed after he has been at
much exp^inse and anxiety in raising them. Pestilence, dis- .
ease and accident he is liable to at any time. Tradesmen
have not to oontend with inclement weather doing damage to
their goods, except it is through carelessness or inattention in
storing their articles.

English farmers in the spring time, watch their crops
^/ery morning and evening closely, as much so as the doctor

14

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does the patient in cases of fever. The ravages of wire worms
are fearful and destructive, sometimes within the space of
forty-eight hours, a large field of grain may be destroyed, if
not stopped by a dressing of two hundred and fifty pounds of
nitrate of soda, mixed with four hundred pounds of salt, per
acre. Nitrate of soda is a most powerful fertilizer and very
effectual in its work of destroying the wire worm pest.

We shall how turn our attention to a five-acre wheat stub-
ble field on our Model Farm, and cultivate it with an im-
proved English cultivator, twice or three times over. We
shall then plow in about fifteen tons of good barn yard ma-
nure per acre, and smooth it over with a pair of harrows,
after which we shall drill into the soil two bushels of rye per
acre to make a winter green crop' for sheep and lambs during
the latter part of January. It will be understood that we
calculate upon turning into the said five acre field of rye,
twenty-five good Shropshire ewes, with fifty lambs at their
feet, for early market. The Shropshires are prolific breeders.
The Shrops, through their popularity, were soon introduced
into Canada, where they have made a very good stand in that
country. They are excellent sucklers and it would be safe to
count upon fifty fine lambs by an Improved Leicester or Lin-
coln ram. It is possible one out of the twenty-five ewes
would bring but one lamb; on the other hand three or four
out of the number would produce three fine lambs and also
fatten them. We had previously drawn a sheep feed wagon
twenty-one feet long into the aforesaid five acre field of rye,
to feed them from the same whan snow prevents them from
grazing, and in general .bad weather they would be supplied
with fine cut straw, pulped mangle wortzel, crushed oats, ad,
libitum, so long that it was not wasted. At the end of two
months they would be very heavy and rip3 for the butcher.
We- could not place the price of them at les^ than five dollars
and fifty cents, while in England such lambs would range
from eight to ten dollars each. If badly nourished lambs
will bring three and a half to four dollars each. While, those
fed by their mothers on tlia bsst quality of food, should be
" nonpariels." The larab"^ sold, and the ewes drawn from the.
rye field to the permanent pasture, the rye field will be ready
for cultivating with the cultivator for a root and vegetable

W£

ill

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15

crop for cattle and sheep and hogs during the coming winter.
Fifty fat lambs, $275.00, average weight of wool, six pounds
each, 150 pounds of wool at twenty cents per pound, ^20.00;
if the market will not allow it, we shall put it in the bin to
go with next year's crop at twenty-five cents. Wool is ad-
vancing. On the Sound good wool has been sold for eighteen
cents tiiis summer.

The cereals will all be planted by this time and the grass
sesds sown, the rye-iield cultivated and the ridges opened for
another barn yard manuring, at the rate of twenty tons per
acre. I shall estimate the sheep droppings on the rye field,
while grazing, at the rate, equil in point of value, to 500
pounds par acre, although there may not be that much in
weight. Shsep are very rich fertilizers to the soil. Two
acres of the said field will be planted in mangold wurtzel,
one in sweeds, one in green-topped Tankard, one in drum-
head cabbages. The crop will be estimated, at a low average
of forty tons per acre, which is small, considering the rich-
ness of the soil. I shall not in any of my items exceed the
line. While 1 was on Lulu Island and Lander's Landing,
fiis summer, I was assured by a number of respectable farm-
ers near by, or at English's cannery, on the South Arm,
thirty -five tons of good potatoes were raised on one acre of
land without any manure, the Delta was rich enough of itself.
On one acre and a fraction over, also on the Delta, thirty-
three tons of good onions were gathered and sold at one cent
per pound.

Turning our attention to the dairy of twenty-five cows and
a first-class bull, our calculation will be made on twenty-five
calves, six of the most promising ones — heifer calves — will be
raised to supply the place of six cows, which from age beyond
the farm standard or eight years old, will be sold, except
some of them should be found superior milkers and extra
good butter cows, such would be kept in the dairy as good
breeders for a couple or three years longer, in that case some
of the incoming heifers would have to be soM in their stead.
It will be seen that I have accounted for the full number of
calves without loss. Lambs also, pigs will be the same, but
there will b<? a specified amount of cash set aside to cover loss
and accidents also, which will be found in the balance sheet.

16 •

By taking this course the greater imrnber of the dairy cows
will be in their prime. When the fanner Jias two or three
such good'cowsv it is not good policy to get rid of them for an
uncertainty, however desirable it may he to keep up a young
diary. The model farmer will have an eye for making money
as well as appearances, it is necessary to display good judg-
ment in thesic matters as well as others, nineteen calves will
be for Bale at ten or twelve day** old, six dollars per calf, total
amount one hundred and fourteen dollars. Six good cows and
heifers as surplus stock would be offered for sale at sixty dol-
lars per head, total three hundred and sixty dollars

The estimated yield of butter from the twenty-five diary
cows, for the space of ten nio!iths, will l)e returned as follows:
The average weight of one coW's butter will be 42 fbA. per
month. Iwenty-tive cows butter for the first six montns,
6,300 ft)8.; for the following three months, 3,150 lbs.; and for
one month more, 250 fes. Total weight 9,700 &s. The price
per I ound the year round, 30 cents. Total $2,911,

Pigs follow the cows in oi*der. five breeding pigs are sup-
posed to average eight young shoats each, raised by the
mother up to the age of six weeks, wlien they will be yeaned,
and afterwards fed on skimmed milk and peas, up to six months
old. We shall average their weight at 250 lbs. each, which
will not be considered extraordinary when we take into con-
sideration the breed of white suffolks, a flejch making animaU
at an early date when fed on the very beat quality of food for
fattening hogs. There is much in the breed, as well as the
feed. In England where the prices are regulated according to
quality they command high figures. The market bulletin
board gives the quotations. I spent considerable time in
going from place to place b,efore I could get to understand
the marketable value of the best class of pork, which was six
cents per pound oii foot. Here is another cage where the far-,
mers will never know the right quotations until they have a
market house. Farmers at a distance complain bitterly of
the prices and the management of commissions. They state
fhat they have butlittle encouragement to farm.

Forty porkers averaging 250 ft>s. each, will make the total
weight 10,000 pounds, six cents on foot the cash amount will
be 1^00. We shall anticipate an<ither run of forty shoats

"nial']

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y COW8

three

for a?i

17

from the same breeders within the same year, the same
weight and price, 10,000 pounds!, total 20,000 pounds, realizing
the sum of $1,200. I will remark tliat the pigs are not al-
•jwed to run at large. They are properly confined to yards,
dry and substantial pens, well bedded with saw dust. Straw
is too valuable for bedding hogs. All the straw will be con-
sumed in raising young stock.

The system of cropping the fields of the farm and their
names, will be fonud on the Rotation Plan, without which it
is impossible to farm well and correctly. Horses, cattle,
young stock and hcigs, during the year, will make large piles
of manure, and the cementea tanks, which are sunk into the
ground, will collect many thousand gallons of valuable
liquids, all of which will add to the richness of the soil. In
the space of fifteen or twenty years the farm would be wortli
in value $500 per acre. How could it be otherwise, when
nearly everything which is produced on the farm is consumed
upon it, beans and wheat excepted.

By the commencement of October the soiling season would
be over. The crop of tankards would be ready to pull for
pulping, and plenty of oat straw to cut, oats and peas ready
to crusli for mixing, to supply the dairy with a good substi-
tute for the Italian rye giass and clover, up to the time of
drying off. Two month's time will be allowed for rest. Dur-
ing that time another change of feed would be given to them,
of a poorer quality to what they had previously had. Cut
straw and pulped Sweed turnips, without any kind of crushed
grain. The grass and clover fields would be ready for a
change for the stock up to December, when they would have
to be housed for the winter. As the cows came in fresh they
would be sustained on mangold wurtzels, clover, hay, crushed
oats and peas, down to the time when the Italian rye grass
and clover crop would be ready for Soiling, as on the previous
season.

Mr. George Anderson, M. P. for South Saanich, will be
ready to give answers to any inquirers respecting the green
topped tankaids, their size and value of tlie crop. Three
years ago, at my suggestion, Mr. Anderson sent to Messrs.
Sutton & S(ms, Seedraen to the Queen, for some packages of
ijcc'd for a trial. He was much pleased with the crop and

18

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has continued to send for seed every winter to be ready for
seed time. The tankard is not so hard upon the land as the
fiweed or mangold wurtzel.' It lian but one tap root, and very
few latteral ones, the greater part none at all.

The lands in British Columbia do not require plowing more
than once a year, in the fall, when they should be waterfur-
rowed, and where there are depressio^ns in the soil, a spade
and a garden line should be taken and a trench cut through
to the furrow so that the water would draw off to the ditches
where there are any. The soils would be charged to the full
during the winter with rain, bringing with them a large quan-
tity of ammonia from the clouds and depositing it in tlie soils.
When the soils are full of water it will run off in the furrows
and ditches.

The lands in the early spring after a few days line weather
will be ready for the improved Enoiish cultivator to run
through them once. The land would be ready for the seed,
M'hen the same cultivator would cultivate the seed in the soil,
a pair of light harrows run over it. It would then be linish-
ed, a large quantity of grain could be put into the soil in one
week. The grain would be up early and would have a good
cover before the dry weather set in. The harvest would be
much earlier and the farmer would be well on with his work
for the fall and winter. But it is often left to be ploughed
in the spring when it ia wet, it dries and bakes, and the crop
suffers for want of moisture. A two-horse cultivator would
pulverize from six to seven acres a day, in a line mould.

The system of cropping the whole farm will be found on
the rotation pla'i, and the disposal of the crops in the balance
sheet. It will also be seen how many bushels of grain are
gathered from the fields, tons of roots, vegetables, hay, and
straw. The number of fat lambs, weight of pork and butter,
and number of surplus stock from the moael farm of 55
acres, a garden spot. If Vancouver Island alone was cultiv-
ated in 55 and 110 acre farms, on the improved system,
there would be four times more produce coming into the
cities of Victoria, New Westminster, Vancouver, and Nana-
imo, than what there now is. Then there is, Ladner's Landing
and Delta containing 60,000 acres of fine land. Lulu and Sea
Island 36,000, to say nothing of many more small islands

rv

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1^

witliout toncliing any more of the mainland at all. It
presumed tliere would be four tiuieH more goods of every
description leaving the cities for the country. Trade, com-
merce, and agriculture woull go hand in hand rejoicing.

The moder farmer of 5f» acres would soon grow rich. The
hanks would be full of capital, and the rate of interest would
be small. Two thousand dollars could be annually placed in
banks at interest or on mortgage property, or other invest-
ments.

In twenty years time there would be an accumulation of
we.dth, forty thousand dollars exclnsivc of interest. By that
time some of his family would be wanting to branch out in
the world, when the farmer would be in a position to give them
a handsome start in life. The son with his portion would be
looking for a wife, and one having something, as an equiva-
lent to his own.

The old gentleman and his wife with a lease of life for
twenty years more, would have time enough to accumulate
forty thousand dollars more and interest thei'ewith. We may
count upon his temperate life for a leAse of ten or fifteen
years longer. But it will then be time far them to take a
rest in ease and cjmfort, and to engage an overseer to make
him twenty thousand dollars more to go to the bank. Before
they take their departure we hope for a better country.

The model farm is a safer gold mine to depenu ^n with all
its luxuries, and a happy wife to keep the farmer company,
than it would be to rislc an uncertainty in gold hunting to
make him a millionaire by gold mining.

The city of Victoria has a well-to-do population, a staid
population, which can be calculated upon for steady supplies,
New Westminster and Nanaimo also. It now rests with the
farmers, if they should be encouraged by the people of Vic-
toria, with a market house and corn exchange, wliether they
will supply them with all the farm produce they require at
reasonable rates. It is for their consideration, I respectfully
assure the farmers that they can do it, if they will. But a
new leaf must be turned over, in the management of the farm
to accomplish the end; which is so desirable I will assure
them in good faith, while I remain here that I will help them
all they can expect of me, in the practical working of the pro-

20

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* '

greaflivo system, tlironj^h the weekly newspapers, i.tkI pamph-
lets, in the absence of an agricultural newspaper or a
periodical.

The old lamentable story, that any man can farm who can
drive a team and hold a plough, must be shelved. That is
the millstone which has ground the fanners of this Province
into a by-word, at best, the man is only a teafnster and a
plough man. B'armers must take time to read more than
they have done heretofore. It is for them to judge whether
the sluice boxc, shall any hmger run all the gold and silver
out of their country into other lands. British Columbia haj
of late years been remarkably prosperous, but a turn in the
tide of events has checked it, and the money which has been
allowed to slip out of it to bring coals from Newcastle may
yet be wanted.

Patriotism is the first law of a nation's prosperity and well
being. It is in a nation's prosperity, where tlie dangers are
to be found for her safety. The same spirit prevades the
minds of the great merchants, i^ianufacturers, and business
men, as the working man, that the winter of adversity will
never overtake the summer of prosperity. This has often
times been the ruin of great speculators in times of prosperity.

Vancouver Island would then have become a terrestrial
paradise, a beautiful line drawn through the center of it from
the Lovers Lane by the sea to the extreme point of Siianich
Peninsular, dotted all the way with mountain scenery, grand
and sublime, hundreds of model farms, beautiful houses, and
appurtenances thereto, painted white, barns, stables, and all
out buildings, plank fences white washed, as I have seen
them for a thousand and odd miles on the banks of the
grand Mississippi.

Then will be the mania for farming, there will be no
cynics or churls to curl ugly lips, no goths to indulge in
gibes and epithets about the. clod hoppers, and the drudges
in cow gown's. Oh, no, all will be changed, the farmer
will be on a level with his compeers, he will have gravi-
tated to the highest spheres in public standing, and be as
one of them, who by education, wealth, and accomplish-
ments had cHmbed to the highest plains of civilization,
honor and fame.

K.iMnwaJ.mMn,wiiu»ii.iiujiim.anii|.<

17

from the Hamo breeders within the sairio

year,

tlie same

weight and price, 10,000 pounds, total 20,000 pounds, reah'zing
the sum of $1,200. I will remark that tlie pigs are not al-
')Wod to run at large. They are properly confined to yards,
dry and substantial pens, well bedded with saw dust. Straw
is too valuable for bedding hogs. All the straw will be con-
sumed in raising young stock.

The system of cropping the fields of the farm and their
names, will be found on the Rotation Plan, without which it
is impossible to farm well and correctly. Horses, cattle,
young stock and hogs, during the year, will make large piles
of manure, and the cemented tanks, which are sunk into the
ground, will collect many thousand gallons of valuable
liquids, all of which will add to the richness of the soil. In
the space 6f fifteen or twenty years the farm would be worth
in value $500 per acre. How could it be otherwise, when
nearly everything which is produced on the farm is consumed
upon it, beans and wheat excepted.

By the commencement of October the soiling season would
be over. The crop of tankards would be ready to pull for
pulping, and plenty of oat straw to cut, oats ana peas ready
to crush for mixing, to supply the dairy with a good substi-
tute for the Italian rye g)ass and clover, up to the tim.e of
drying off. Two month's time will be allowed for rest. Dur-
ing that time atiother change of feed would be given to them,
of a poorer quality to what they had previously had. Cut
straw and pulped Sweed turnips, without any kind of crushed
grain. The grass and, clover fields wonla be ready for a
change for the stock up to December, when they would have
to be housed for the winter. As the cows came in fresh they
would be sustained on mangold wurtzels, clover, hay, crushed
outs and p9a3, down to the time when the Italian rye grass
and clover crop would be ready for Soiling, as (m the previous
seaso!!.

Mr. George Anderson, M. P. for South Saanich, will be
ready to give an ^'ers to any inquirers respecting the green
topped tankards, heir size and value of tlie crop. Three
years ago, at nij suggestion, Mr. Anderson sent to Messrs.
Sutton & Sons, Seedraen to the Queen, for some packages of
seed foi- a trial. He was mrch pleased with the crop and

18

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v\

lias continued to send for seed every winter to be ready for
seed time. The tankard is not so hard upon the land as tlie
sweed or mangold wurtzel. It ha;* but one tap root, and very
few latteral ones, the greater part none at all.

The lands in British Columbia do not require plowing more
than once a year, in the fall, wheii they should be waterfur-
rowed, and where there are depressions in the soil, {i spade,
and a garden line should be talcen and a trench cut through
to the furrow so that the water would draw off to the ditches
where there are any. The soils would be charged to the full
during the winter with rain, bringing with them a large quan-
tity of ammonia from the clouds and depositing it in the soils.
When the soils are full of water it will run off in the furrows
and ditches.

The lands in the early spring after a few days fine weather
will be ready for the improved English cultivator to run
through them once. The land would be ready for the seed,
when the same cultivator would cultivate the seed in the soil,
a pair of light harrows run over it. It would then be finish-
ed, a large quantity of grain could be put into the soil in one
week. The grain would be up early and would have a good
cover before the dry weather set in. The harvest would be
much earlier and the farmer would be well on with his work
for the fall and winter. But it is often left to \>e ploughed
in the spring when it is wet, it dries and bakes, and the crop
suffers for want of moisture. A two-horse cultivator would
pulverize from six to seven acres a day, in a line mould.

The system of cropping the whole farm will be found on
the rotation plan, and the disposal of the crops in the balance
sheet. It will also be seen how many bushels of grain are
gathered from the fields, tons of roots, vegetables, hay, and
straw. The number of fat lambs, weight of pork and butter,
and number of surplus stock fr(^ni the model farm of 55
acres, a garden spot. If Vancouver Island alone was cultiv-
ated in 55 and 110 acre farms, on the improved system,
there would be four times more produce coming into the
cities of Victoria, New Westminster, Vancouver, and Nana-
imo, than what there now is. Then there is Ladner's Landing
and Delta containing 60,000 acres of line land. Lulu and Sea
Island 36,000, to say nothing of many more small islands

li

MMI

19

It is
every

without touching any more of the inainhind at alL

S resumed* tliere would be four times more goods of
escription leaving the cities for tl^o country. Trade, com-
merce, and agriculture would go hand in hand rejoicing.

The model farmer of 55 acres would soon <jrow rich. The
banks would be full of capital, and the rate of interest would
be small. Two thousand dollars could be annually placed in
banks at interest or on mortgage property, or other invest-
ments.

In twenty yeai's time there would be an accumulation of
wealth, forty thousand dollars exclusive of interest. By that
time some of his family would be wanting to branch out in
the world, when the farmer would be in a position to give them
a handsome start in life. The ton "with his portion would be
looking for a wife, and one having something, as an equiva-
lent to his own.

The old gentleman and his wife with a lease of life for
twenty years mere, would have time enough to accumulate
forty thousand dollars more and interest therewith. We may
count upon his temperate life for a lease of ten or fifteen
years longer. But it will then be t nie for them to take a
reet in ease and comf()rt, and to engage an overseer to make
him twentv thousand dollars more to go to the bank. Before
they take their departure we hope for a better country.

The mode: farm is a safer gold mine to depend on with all
its luxuries, and a happy wife to keep the farmer company,
thsln it would be to rislc an uncertainty in gold hunting to
make him a millionaire by gold mining.

The city of Victoria has a well-to-do population, a staid
population, which can be calculated upon for steady supplies,
New V^estminster and'Nanaimo also. It now rests with the
farmers, if they should be encouraged by the people of Vic-
toria, with a market house and corn exchange, whether they
will supply then with all the farm produce they require at
reasonable rates. It is for their consideration, 1 respectfully
assure the f aimers tliat they can do it, if they will. But a
new leaf must be turned over, in the management of the farm
to accomplish the end; which is so desirable I will assure
them in good faith, while I remain here that I will help them
all they can expect of me, in the practical workiiig of the pro-

20

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frressive system, through the weekly newspapers, j.nd pamph-
lets, in the absence of an agricnltural newspaper or a
periodical.

The old lamentable story, that any man can farm who can
drive a team and hold a plough, must be shelved. That is
the millstone which has ground the farmers of this Province
into a by-word, at best, the man is only a teamster and a
plough man. BVmers must take time to read more than
they have done heretofore. It is for them to judge whether
the sluice boxo3 shall any longer run all the gold and silver
out of their country 'nto other lands. British Columbia hai
of late years been remarkably prosperous, but a turn in the '
tide of events has checked it,' and :;he money which has been
allowed to slip out of it to bring coals from Newcastle may
yet be wanted.

Patriotism is the first law of a nation's prosperity and well
being. It is in a nation's prosperity, where tlie dangers are
to be found for her safety. The same spirit prevades the
minds of the great merchants, manufacturers, and business
men, as the working man, that the winter of -dversity will
never overtake the summer of prosperity. This has often
times been the ruin of great speculators in times of prosperity.

Vancouver Island would then have become a terrestrial
paradise, a beautiful line drawn through the center of it from
the Lovers Lane by the sea to the extreme point of Saanich
Peninsular, dotted all the way with mountain scenery, grand
and sublime, hundreds of model farms, beautiful houses, and
appurtenances thereto, painted white, barns, stables, and all
out buildings, plank fences white washed, as I have seen
them for a thousand and odd miles on the banks oi the
grand Mississippi.

Then will bo the mania for farming, tiiere will be no
cynics or churls to curl ugly lips, no goths to indulge in
gibes and epithets about the clod hoppers, and the drudges
in cow gown's. Oh, no, all will be changed, the farmer
will be on a level with his compeers, he will lur/e gravi-
tated to the highest spheres in public standing, and be as
one of them, who by education, wealth, and accomplish-
ments had climbed to the highest plains of civilization,
honor and fame.

21

"ROTATION PLAN OF CROPPING THE FIELDS."

no

Grass Seeds for the Permanent Pasture Carefully Mixed.

No. 1, Girlsmoo'r, 1 peck of English rye grass, 6 pounds of
red clover per acre, 4 pounds of white clover, 4 pounds of
trefoil, 1 peck of sweet scented vernal grass. 6 pounds of hard
fescue grass, 3 pounds of sheep fescue grass. No. 2, first year,
Xickitipit, bats (seeded with the oat crop), 1 bushel Italian rye
grass, 10 pounds cow grass per acre. No. 3, for hay the fol-
lowing year, Crookacre, oats seeded at the same time, (for soil-
ing cattle the following year), 1 bushel Italian rye grass per
acre, 10 pounds cow grass per acre. No. 4, Strain Back, 2
acres of mangold wurtzel, 1 of sweedes, 1 acre* green top tank-
ard, 1 cabbage drumhead. No. 5, Dodge Croft, in Crimean
winter wheat, prepartd in the following fall for a winter crop
of rye for sheep and lambs in winter. No. 6, Eose Bank,
peas to be prepared in the fall, for a winter wheat crop. No. 7,
Standing Dale, barley. No. 8, Brighting Dale, English win-
ter horse bean. No. 9, Chantry, growing Italian rye and cow
grass for the first year's hay. No. 10, Sparrow head land,
for the first year's soiling milk cows. No. 2, Second year in
Italian rye grass and cow grass for hay (cow grass is a coarse
kind of clover). No. 3, in Italian rye grass and cow grass for
soiling milk cows. No. 4, Oats seeded with Italian rye grass
and cow grass. No. 5, Mangold wurtzel, sweedes, green top-
ed tankard, drumhead cabbage. No. 6, wheat (crimean) pre-
pared in the following fall for a crop of winter rye for sheep
and feeding lambs. No. 7, peas. No. 8, barley. No. 9, oats
seeded with Italian rye grass. No. 10, horse beans. No. 2,
third year, oats. N(x 3, oats. No. 4, in Italian rye and cow
grass for soiling milk cows. No. 5, barley seeded with Ital-
ian rye grass and cow grass. No. 6, mangold wurtzel 2 acres,
1 sweedes, 1 green topped tankard. No. 7, wheat, winter
wheat prep}iTed for rye after the wheat is harvested. No. 8,
horse beans. No. 8, in Italian rye grass and cow grass for
hay. No. 10, peas.

A good liming is the best preparation for a heavy crop of
peas and beans. Salt is a powerful fertilizer for wheat, 10

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22 ■

c.w.t. per acre sown on the wheat in the latter part of Febru-
ary or the early part of March the yield will -be doubled
N. N. — Less salt should not be sown. The salt will kill all
the weeds, and the crop will not sulTer from drought, the soil
will be damped all the time while the wheat h growing.

BALANCE SHEET OR FARM ACCOUNT.

Dr. to

10 bushels seed wheat .

10
10
15
15
15
15

do
do
do
do
do
do

do
do
do
do
do
do

rye

hoi;se beans

barley

peas

oats

do

3 horses @ |200 •

25 milk co«rs and 1 bull @ |60

25 graded Shropshire ewes ;

1 buck

5 breeding pigs . . . ,

1 Canada Scotch cart

1 English double shafted wagon, complete harvest
raves and sideboards

1 liquid water cart

2 sets long tug harness

extras, saddles

swing plough jointer with steel wearing parts

pair iron harrows for 2 horses

pair light wood harrows, 1 horse harrowing in grass

seeds

turnip drill

English horse cultivator

Steam boiler and furnace complete

Chaff cutter

Sheep feed wagon wi th hay rack and trough

English root pulper

English scarnfy ior root cultivation

1
1
1

110.00
7.50
12.50
15.00
15.00
7.50
7.50
600
1,560
300
25.00
75.00
65.00

125.00
50.00
40.00
28.00
25.00
22.00

12.00
25.00
50.00
40.00
40.00
35.00
27.00
15.00

n

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Hard wood barrel churn with standard to churn 8

gallons of cream 12.50

English hand seed hopper 6.00

London white chappel conveyance with back seat to

carry four persons 120.00

Land roll made on the farm

London pig skin saddle with double rein, bridle and

martingale 35.00

Fanning mill 32.00

Two farm hands (and board) |25 each per month. .888.00

Dairy maid $12 and board 288.00

Farmer and wife board 288.00

Butcher's bill 150.00

Groceries, flour, fruits, etc.. .• 360.00

Cheese, meats, fish, etc 220.00

Garden seeds 15.00

Mangold wurtzel seed, 6 fcs 1.80

Sweeds, 2 fts 50

Green topped tankard, 2 fcs 50

Drumheaa cabbage, 1 lb 1.00

Five bushels seed potatoes 5.00

Permanent grasses, for 5 acre field 31.75

5 bushels of Italian rye grass for a 5 acre field 12.50

50 fcs. of clover with rye grass 12.50

5 bushels of Italian rye grass for a 5 acre field 12.50

50 fcs. of red clover or cow grass mixed with the rye

grass as above 12.50

4 bushels of linseed 8.00

Horse shoeing and general blacksmithing 30.00

Threshing expenses 42.00

2 axes 3.00

1 8pade 1.25

2 shovels 2.50

1 potatoe fork 1.75

1 pick 2.00

1 mattock 2.00

1 dung fork 1.00

1 do do 1.00

4 hay forke 4.00

2 pitch forks 2.50

24

1 buck saw.' 1.25

1 six-f X)t saw. 'i^ 6.00

1 wheel barrow ■ 4.00

2 liamniers and 1 monkey wrerah 2.50

1 square and saw 2.50

4 milk pails 5.00

3 dozen milk pans 7.50

3 gallon crocks 375

2 garden hoes and rake 2.25

1 good No. 9 stove and furniture 40.00

2 parlor stoves and tire irons / 40.00

Kitchen table and six chair^s 7.00

Carver and half-a-dozen knives and forks 3,50

Clock and lookincr-glass ....•,.*. 5.00

Crockery for kitchen . 3.00

Sitting room, parlor set, carpet and curtains 90.00

Dining room carpet, chairs, couch, pictures and

sideboard 100.00

Dining room crockery, china, time piece, cutlery^

mirror, curtains and blinds 80.00

Best bedroom furniture complete 180.00

Second best bedroom furniture complete 125.00

1 bedroom 90.00

1 bedroom for 2 farm hands 40.00

1 bedroom for dairy maid i 45.00

Bed and dining room linen 150.00

Wind mill and pump 120.00

Taxes 50.00

^8,05(5.30
Purchasing price of the farm of 55 acres, in-
cluding house and farm buildings, ^90 per
acre .....; 4,950.00

^111,006.30

*A furiher funount for interest, wear and tear and lois of stDck, may be added to
the ab jve eiimri to the extent of $503.

25

FOR USE ON THE FARM.

Cr.by.

2 acres of mangold wurtzel, 60 tons per acre, 120

tons @ $6 per ton

1 acre of sweedes, 40 tons, 5

1 acre of green topped tankard, 40 tons (0)^5. .
1 acre drumhead cabbage

cow grass hays, @ $20

20 tons of Italian hay an(

per ton

15 tons of second crop

5 acres of aftermath @ $5 per acre. . . . . . . . . '. [ [ [

5 acres of oat straw @ 2 tons per acre, 10 tons

5 acres of oat straw

5 acres of barley straw

5 acres of pea straw *

5 acres of bean- straw

300 bushels of peas from 5 acres.

250 bushels of barley from 5 acres

300 bushels of oats from 5 acres ..*."....

300 bushels of oats from 5 aci*es

To be consumed on the farm 1,150 bushels" in
all, value

50 fat lambs @ $5,50 per head .' . . . .' . . . . [ \ ' * [ [ ]
100 ibs. of wool @ 20 cents per pound.

6 head of surplus stock @ $60

19 young calves

40 fat pigs 6 months old, i6,"obo fcs,' @ 6 Ments
per pound ,

40 fat pigs 6 months old, 10,000 fts.' @ '(5 'cents
per pound

25 cows butter for 6 months, 6,300 lbs. '

25 cows butter for 3 months, 3,150 ibs.

25 cows butter for 1 months, 250 fcs. |. SOc.per fe

600.00
200.00
200.00
150.00

400.00

300.00

25.00

75.00

75.00

37.00

37.00

75.00

300.00

187.00

150.00

150.00

1,561.50

275.50

20.00

360.00

144.00

600.00

600.00

nonV T , . u ^,700 lbs. J 2,911.00

2»0 bushels of wheat 280.00

300 bushels of horse beans 375 00

17

26

Farmer's wife's pin money from cliickens and
eggs, surplus fruits, garden vegetables, plants,
vines, flowers and green house fruits, flowers,
etc 500.00,

$6,065.50
Add to this the credits for farm use of all crops
set aside for that purpose 1,561.50

Total credit. $7,627.00

RECAPITULATION.

Total expenses including cost of farm as shown on

debit pages $11,066.25

Total credit j • • • • 7,627.00

Difference . $3,439.15

It will be seen by reference to the foregoing farm account,
that on commencing next year's course of " The Model Farm,"
that should a continued favorable showing be made (and with
proper management there should be.) All expenditure will
have been met, and at the end of the second year, a consider-
able sum of money will have been placed 5n the credit side;
above all and every outlay. Making a showing, considering
the capital invested equal if not better, than shown by many
business men in the various mercantile lines that towns
people are engaged in, and in" conclusion I do not hesitate in
stating that British Columbia contains ample good land for
many thousands of model farms that might with profit and
pleasure alike, be conducted by our young men, who are grow-
ing up amongst us. Many of whom, I am loath to state,
have little or no future prospects before them, and to all such
I would say, take to farming, providing you have the push
and energy, and above all the mind required, to make a
thoughtful intelligent farmer.

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SUCCESSORS TO ANDERSON Sl ANDERSON.

— Manufiictiirers and Importers of — /-.

HOUSS, SHOP, i OFFICE FURNITURE,

And all kinds of Upholsteiy Goods, and dealers in

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FANCY SHOP COUNTERS, DESKS AND
SHOW CASES A SPECIALTY.

Fort Street, between Broad and Douglas Sts., Victoria, B. 0.

NOTIOS TO-

FARMERS, MINERS, MECHANICS,

Merchants and laboring men of all shades and colors. You
will lind it greatly to your advantage to purchase your

CLOTHING i FURNISHING GOODS

At A. GILMORE'S, on Johnson street, A ictoria, where you
will iind tlie largest assortment of Men's and Boy's Clothing.
We sell more and sell cheaper than any other house in this
Province. Be sure and call and make sure.

P. S. — Garments of all kinds made to order. A PER-
FECT FIT GUARANTEED. We keep on hand a large
stock of the best English, Scotch and Canadian Cloths, Cas-
simeres, Beavers and Tweeds.

A. GIUVEORS^ Pioneer Tailor.

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