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OFFPRINT FROM: 'THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN AND ORIENTAL JOURNAL", VOL. XII, 1890.

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48

THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN.

and size of the family. The chains indicate a union of efforts
for defensive purposes, while the mounds were probably sentinel
posts or monuments reared in commemoration of remarkable
events. R- A. Wallace.

Tipton, La.

THE HUIDA-KWUL-RA, OR NATIVE TOLACCO OF
THE QUEEN CHARLOTTE HAIDAS.

Editor American Antiquarian :

A great deal has been written of late concerning ancient to-
bacco pipes. Pictures of pipes of all sorts of shapes and sizes
have been placed before the public. In this letter I shall make
a departure, and lay before them something new, the huida-
kwui-ra, or ancient tobacco of the Haidas. While writing this
article, I have been obliged to Prof. Dawson, ot the Canadian
Geological Survey, for a few thoughts on the subject, in his re-
port of 1878-9. Likewise to my friend, Mr. Hall, the Hudson
Bay Co.'s chief officer at Fort Simpson, who has also made in-
quiries amongst the Haidas on the subject, as well as to my own
research, extending over a number of years. The subject, if it
does not interest your readers, will at least shed a ray of light
on the ancient history of this coast.

Down from the distant ages of the past, long before they ever
heard of tobacco, the Haidas used a narcotic plant, which was
cultivated by them, not only for their own use but to serve as
an article of trade with neighboring tribes. Speaking of it,
Prof. Dawson says : "To prepare the plant for use, it was dried
over the fire on a little frame-work, finely bruised in a stone
mortar, and then pressed into cocks. It does not appear that they
smoked it, but being mixed up with a little lime prepared by
burning clam snells, was either chewed or held in the cheek."
This plant, once extensively cultivated by all the Haidah tribes,
has been, so far as I am aware, abandoned for many years. The
last person to grow it seems to have been an old woman at
Gumshed's village, on an inlet of that name, towards the south-
ern end of these islands. She grew it up to about 1 878, when
it seems to have given place to the imported article.

Descriptions given me ol this plant by various persons, plaice
its identity as a species of poppy beyond a doubt. It is described
as a plant with tall stems. On the extremity of each were a
number of balls full of seeds. In ancient times, when the climate
was warmer (I quote tradition), it used to grow very large; so
large that in order to get a supply of seeds, it was necessary to
shoot them off with bow and arrow. Owing to changed condi-

THE NATIVE TOBACCO OF THE HAIDA8.

4»

tions, for many ages it has only grown a low annual plant. While
lull of juice it was cut and prepared in the manner before given.
That this plant was in reality a poppy, I shall try to prove. The
description, in the first place, makes it resemble poppies. When
used, its effects resembled those of opium also. Oy people
amongst the Haidas, when shown a picture of the poppy bush,
readily recognize it as the plant from which they used to make
huida-kwul-ra.

I shall next consider where they got this plant, or an idea of
its narcotic qualities. This plant, according to tradition, was at
first caused to grow in the interior of the Stickeen country,
Alaska, by the Deity Ne-kilst-luss (Choocoth of the iIaidas,Yale
or Yethel of the Stickeens) who, after giving them the plant,
next taught them how to use it. The Haidas, or least part of
them, came originally from the Stickeen country, where they
used the plant. Being desirous to emigrate, and wishing to
have their wonted supply of kwui-ra, a party was sent before
leaving to get a quantity of seed to plant on their island home.
Taking his bow, with a few trusty arrows, he went out and shqt
oft a few heads, which were taken to Queen Charlotte's islands
and there sown, and by the descendants of these emigrants cul-
tivated through many generations, until the imported article,
which could be had with less trouble, finally took its place. Such
is the tradition of the origin of huida-kwul-ra, Haida tobacco.

The tradition quoted above says that originally the Haidah
tribes came from Stickeen, southern Alaska. That there was at
one time an emigration from Alaska co these islands I have lit-
tle doubt, yet they were not the first to settle. From my first
acquaintance with the Haidas, in 1853, up to 1870, I n'oticed, as
a people, theyjwere a blending of two races, one short in stature,
with black hair and eyes, and rather dark complexion ; the other
fairer and generally taller, while some had even fair hair. Most
of the chiefs and well-to-do people belonged to the latter class ,
also those of the latter class not only jlaimed that their fore-
fathers came from Alaska, but that they themselves were connected
with the chiefs of southern Alaska. These old distinctions have
been gradually disappearing for a number of years. From the
present system of marriages, there will before long be evolved
the handsomest race of Indians on this coast. But I must go
back to my starting point, the emigration story, which is as fol-
lows:

Long ago, they say, their fathers came from Tongas and
Stickeen. Crossing over, they landed on a long, flat, sandy
point called Noi-Coon (long-nose), where they built a village.
Here they lived many years safely in their stronghold, from which
at last they were driven by the driving sands. Moving a few
miles farther they built a village at the mouth of Hi-ellin River.
Here they remained many years, until the. sea, encroaching,

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50

THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN.

washed them )Ut. After leaving this place they seem to have
mixed with the other, because afterwards their individuality was
nearly lost. In all their migrations they took the seeds of the
poppy along with them. I have never heard of them being at
any other place before Alaska, where they as a people lived
through unknown ages. Although they say the Raven God
gave their fathers the huida-kwul-ra, at a very remote period,
thev might have got it from Asia, where the poppy has long
been cultivated. With these few remarks, I leave this article for
the consideration of your readers. Meanwhile I shall try and
get all the information to be had concerning it while amongst
these people. James Deans.

PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS FROM THE HILLS
NEAR DUNSTABLE.

Editor American Antiquarian :

During the past twelve months I have found a small number
of paleolithic implements at great elevations in North Hertford-
shire and South Bedfordshire, unconnected with existing river
valleys. Four of the implements — 1386, 1387, 1393 and 1398
in my collection — are from Caddington ; height above ordnance
datum, 595 feet, 9 inches. The dry valley close by, to the west,
is 470 feet, and the ground gradually falls southwards to 409
feet at the source of the Ver, near Markyate Street, at a distance
of a mile and three quarters. The sections of Caddington ex-
hibit red " clay with flints," brick earth (or clay), and tenacious
brown clay or loam, surmounted by blackish earth, containing
broken white-coated flints, a few ochreous flints, and numerous
blackish tertiary pebbles. The whole deposit rests on chalk, and
varies in depth from two feet to fifty feet. Aware of the import-
ance of finding the worked flints in the undisturbed material, I
have, after long searching, found a single implement and one or
two flakes insitu at the stony bottom of the upper deposit of
tenacious brown clay at a depth of three and four feet from the
surface. A single small paleolithic implement 1 have found on
the surface ; height above ordance datum, 759 feet 8 inches. The
bottom of the valley, a mile and a quarter to the west, at the
source of the Ouzel, is 414 feet. Half an ovate paleolithic im-
plement, obviously derived from the hill-tops, I have found in a
field at the bottom of a chalky valley near Houghton Regis.
The Caddington implements are pointed (or tongue-shaped),
slightly abraded, small in size, and cinnamon-brown in color. The
interest attached to these finds rests not only on the great heights
mentioned and the positions away from existing river valleys,