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ta
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IX
1
6
r
V
THE BEE,
ea
' C i-ITERARY WEEKLY INTELLTGENOER,
coMiiiTiMa or
I •«RI0mAL PIECES AND SELECTIONS FROM PERFORMANCES OF MERIT, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC.
^ WOKK CAtC«T.ATKD TO »tHIMrNATl VlirOL XNOWttD«K AMOMC ALL »AMXt OF F*OPl« AT A (MALL SXr(M«B,
BY
JAMES ANDERSON, L L D. r ■ t. r A>. e.
Htmraiy Mtmbtr of the Society of Artt, jigricuhurt, Sec. at Bath { eftkt PbiUiOfbkal, and of the Agricultural Sicietitt in Ma N c H i s T ■ ft ; of tie Socittj for fromttiitg Natural Hittory, London } ofthijUademj of Arttt Seitucet, and Billet Ltttrei, Vijcru and corrispomient Mtmttr tf tbt Ry/al Sotitljifagri$uJture,PAtlt', Author of ttviral Performtuutt.
VOLUME TENTH.
Aril JtlATINyC MOftK MODO^VI.
HoftACC.
XOINBUROH : tRIHTED FOR THE EDITOK,
ll,»CC,XCU.— TOl*'""*
'i
Contents of Volume Tenth.
Skstch ofthelife of the earl
Buchtn> with a portrait, • • t The imptoirtinent of flieepand
wool, - - , . - . 9 On the poori ratea, - - - 17 Characteriitical anecdotei of
Fontaine, the French fabuliit, 37 The petition of the lharlci of
I 'frica, 34-
J :E< .acta from Cose'i tnveU, - 36 '" To correspondenta, - - - 40 £k<.-uhof the life of the earl
R>ehan, concluded, - - 41 1' T1j« ' «provement of Aeepami I woo', concluded, - - - - 47 / B eoi ' .ka on taxation, - - - - 57 I 0:i -hs milky way, • - - 6« i Rsiidiig memotanduma, . - - 63 G'itia'iag% of literature,— «l«c- tH< i^ptoma accompanying je.i -bquakea, - • - - - 68 At)it\i — hiit(>ry of the effecta 'f •■ iird drimitng, by J. C. JL-- '<om, M.D. 4to, Lon-
dt-., I79», 71
Zztracta from Coxe'l travels, - 77 Account of the pangolin, great mania, or acaly lizard, with ,acut, • - ----- 81
Xucubrattona ofTimothy Hair- brain, - - ---- - 83
Itemariu on Thunderprbora
eftayi by Misobrontec, - - 96 Readying memorandami, • • los Gleaninga of literatuie, - - . 107 A Turkilb cure for the gout, 1 10 Anecdote of a new made juttice,i la To correapondenta, - - - - ib.
Efiwy m coughs and colds - - I13 ■On leaaea - - -.---- ia«
Additional obsentationaondittos»7 ^On Rupert's glafa dropat - - 130 Anecdote of William 111. - • 134
of a sailor, - - . - 135
JOcaciiption of a view on the WaterofLeith - - . . 136 , Aetachcd icin»k| • ' - - Vk»
rAOK
On Dr Stuart's elements, • - 140 Szetciaes in practical grammar, I4i To correapondenta, - - - • ib. Account of the armadillo, with
a cut, ------.-153
Timoleon's acoond letterto tite
people of Great Britain, --15$ On the cotton mani;.(acturc8, • 1&4 On mathematica, ..... .17a '
An anecdote of Jamei -I. - . 174 Ciercises in pi actical grammar
coatinucd, • - . - • - - ijy Seiico, a talc, Iranalated from
the French of'M. Fkirian - iSi Intelligence from New South
Waka . - .-...-. 196 To correspondenta, .-•>-- - ib. Account of Arcadia continued, 1^3 Eftay on delicacy of sentiment, aoi Anti<|Hit8ea in Scotland, - - - 105 Thcruins of a vitrified fortifi-
cafSoB, - ■ - - - ... sit On Voltaire, - - - . - »i2 Seiico, a tale, concluded, - 31^ Anecdo^ ....... ^jj
To correspondents, ^ - . - - 334 Timoleon's third letterto the
people of'Great Britain, .33$ On architecture, - - . - 334 Grammatical disquiaitiens, - • 339 An account oCthe.agamie, • 349 Anecdotes ofBroor, the oele-
brated Flemilh painter, - • 351 The temple oMIymen, . - 357 Literary intelligence, - . . 36* Anecdotes of Alphonso, king
of Arragon, - . - . . 363 To cnrrespondents, - . . '364 Oftaste in architecture, - . 365 Description of the fortifieationt
at Dun-o-deer in Scotland, 374 Ground plan of the hill of
Dun-o-deer, - - - - 375 West and north views of the
hill and fortifications of ditto, 376 Grammatical disquisitions, - 374 DeUKhcd remark, ... *%$
I ^'1
Tt
0ontents.
vagp:
Thobghtt on the commotioni m
Rolsfcire, 897
Hints to the pvcroni of the
Bee, »97— *
Eiperimcnts on gypium, 300— « Tim«leon'« letter to the Edi'
tor, 301—1
On Weir's muieum, - - - 10+ — 2 Obiervationt 00 Spanidifiieep,
with a cut of a Spanilh ram, 305 Account of Don, a Merino ram, 307 iCrammatical ditquiaitions con- tinued, •--.-- 311 On revenue law*, - - - 319 Wisdom and wealth an alle- gory, - - - . - - 313 Hints in the prosperity of
atates, - - - . - - jas <flmt* respecting the progrefs of
manufactures, - * .* - 3J' A new and important disco- very, - ----- 33S
To correspondents, - • - 336 Historical chronicle at the end,
PORTRT.
The lottery, a tale for the la- dies, . - ^ - - - - a5
Martial, lib. viii. epig, 3 imi- tated, - - . - - - 65
Rondo by T.H Butler, tothe memory of Mn Sheridan, - H
Verjes on the spring, - - 67
Sonnet, -.-.-- 105
rjiaft
cha-
Modem refinement or a
rarter of the times, - • Versec from a poem entitled a Morning Walk, - - - The peacock and dove a fable Verses on Aattery, . - - - Martial,.lib. v. epig. 10 imiu-
ted, . - - Martial, lib. xii. epig. 31. imitated, - . - The ninth elegy of Buchanan
translated, - - - ib. Ovid's epiatle to hit wife, from
PontBii, translaledt Verses to hope, - - - - The lafs of Martindale, - - An epigram, . - - - . Verse* on patience, . - . ——' wrote by a lady in a deep decline to her child, an in fant of nine months old, - Lines wrote by Voltaire on hit death-bed, supposed to be the last he ever wrote. An ode to fancy, - - What is love ? - « - ■ Martial, lib. ii. ejpig. 8. imi- tated,
Martial,ditto,epig.4. ditto, - The disappointment, - - - Thomson to Mift Young, - Martial, lib. xii. epig. 21
imitated, . - - Marrial ditto, epig. 34 ditto, • ib. An epigram, - - - - - ib.
I7<
ai6 ai7 siS Ib. *4«
«47
a4S aS6 a«7
%%% ib.
3*9
ib.
330
Errata.
Yaoc 48 dele the three last linrs of the pag^.
105 line 9 for thistle noiu read tbittlei twini.
163 line ao for imm, dtir iougil, read state. Dear btugbl.
-I — 141 last line for refiection read refiexim.
Directions for. the Binder. Place the chronicle at the end before the index ; and the contents next the title page. There are two signatures r r.
fLATES.
HiA» of the earl of Buchan fronting p. i. — ThePangorw p. ja. — ^View
of St Bernard's well p. 1 36 — The armadillo p. iS3 Roineof v'.tri-*
fied walla at Dun-o-deer p. a 1 1 . — Ground plan of Ae bill of ditto, p. V]% West and north views of ditto p. 176.— Spaniih ram ^. 30|.
^t^
txet
!nt or a cha- iniM, - - i»S oem entitled ilk, - - - i3r 1 dove a fable 139
f, - - - - 17s
pig. 10 iniu* - - - ib. i. cpig. 31.
- I7« r of Buclianan
- ib. hit wife, from ated, • - ai6
> - - - ai7
tiridale, - - si8
. . . . ib«
ice, - - . »4*
lady in a deep
child, an in- mths old, - 347 Voltaire on hit ipposed to be er wrote, - 148 a«6
-« . - - 187
etois. 8f imi-
... - »88 pig. 4. ditto, - ib. sent, - - - 3*9 ft Young, - ib. cii. epig. SI
.... 330 pig. 34 ditto, • ib. . . . . . ib.
tar itugbt.
id the contents nest
igolin p. ja. — y»m
\ Rnina of v'.tri-*
bill of ditto, p. a7f
Ks'mtttTJIO JfCR THH JiJSK
T}jc 'CoiistaMeJP.E.ofBT7CiiAT^o
i-'ti'-iittriiiiii-''"""'*""-"'"''-"^
rCHAT^-o
«i.
THE BEE,
on LIIERAR r WgESLT INrElLICENCER, ■
-,'■ ■ ■ ■ ■•■.::*i.',i ir<c.'\
■ irjf,
roB
W*»fl«i»AT, JittY \\t 17^9.
I 3
■<•«'?
j6HN.B1.0F BUtttAN, 6&NSt A%tk OF PR ANCE.
HAViN^i^ff^ed ipth,WQi|der «ad r^gtet, tiiat, whHe , tI|Le.e4itorsit>f the^ Q^^ni^ift Bt^tannicM have been ob- , t»a4iog 90 tJi^% pii|)]j«.the 4iye».of obacure clergymen^, , i^Qse nHMC hmwirifyUe f itoflitioil i« the ihadq, and. vpiboae bept mem^i^ '^ iht}f^TOii\i\tX repi;^ation pr«- ( served by the tradition of the people, thej have omitted^ seme «f th«: most iatevestiag characters that h^ es^ ciaped theiy.p^sde^efsors in the former edifioQ of thot Biograp^ia^ I bayn, thought it might not be -improper to throw upon pi^r, £or. this cespect^bl^ mi^peDanj^r tbe oujLlines of a life.'uid chavfM;t«r,.that hsw been hi- tlie^c) : .uvguBtl7 neglectod \>j our.Britifli biogra--
John Stewart, earl of Fuclian^ ccms^^^^
- the eldest »on oJ^J^^^d^^ Jj^jl^
vras
VOL. X.
f '
A Ji/it/yohHttrii^BmeUm: July lU
second wife, (Mariella or Maurielle Keith) daughter of Sir William Keith, great mariftal of j^tatfS. He was bom abuut the ^r i^84, ahd trained tnm his earlj yooth to the profefaion of araM.
His father, the duke regent, gare him for hit ea^ tabliftnnem the laiids endloriifluf ofCovlr*? wA frota thence he waa caUed among the people, tfa# Irave John o* CmAb. In th0 Tear »4o6, he wm named one of the hostagea that were to |p to Eng- land for the ranaom of the earl of Dovg^as, who hat remained a priaimer ainoe the battle of Shrewabvrjr, in the year 1401 4 Itnt <h«l''n^|;dtllil^ for the libera- tioB of Dm^N htftng pfwred iJaorttve^ hOi witli^ the other intended hoitagca^rcmiSQ^^ in Swliad f.
The eaddmB tif Bnchan, ftating been vested ni the dnke of AtbanT, •lAcie^^^blA khU biM^er ■fAittm^ Aftder M die fku 1^4 Be. t^pM' il^ '^tejj^itttkkit' to th^ regen^TV eOnfi^eft «i»i». Ilfto(9» «f i»»^«ek4ibM «n Ms aeh, Jdhh of' Oool^ T«ri}ifti|||'li»>Miiv M dto «a«M ^$me} Uto tXU^ «r gtetr i^MliMkirMBh^ ilw Idftgdbm, Wh^ tliif AH^ Ahd iNM> •!»» tli» yett"
^ifitt- ■''-"■''^''' --t^'-HlKr .,!?.% .: t,iu■^i , ;.^v;. ■
thiir offiee «» IKmH) dffiign Irfii' Utinl^ ovlbird^ <|f l^N^hM OB^; aH(t% tiie >Mt«t '4Mpmi6m-mifyt»- u neme»ict « gWtitf HfOiy lij^friaJilttlfW Sii^'ll^ Kaab'IC^ith^ khci inarMii^ M<r iritfgiM«inpaaM*>Ue |{I«tidteoth«^'i(ltlM'lni«i oifTbMH, tWfft^iftl^ «f StirUngfliire, which aeffictentfj j^^ve that the^iANr
* ^1m^^ in t}i9|»|iUic aidivai
h) daughter'
riincd firom
I for hit Cf' «•!»•:? «A people, th# »6, he wts p» to Eng. M, who htti Ihrewtebni'jrf r the liber*-
W h<H vi<li Scotliadf. Tsted in the
ifaiy M dto
il^titiigiliy
Ben «idy to^ »« SitlVilh
|i'FiNNiM*'Ue WMnAn^p that ihe^Mi^
AttUijoCii^^ar^lDmjilonet diiii^tt iMtibat ti«ie,coa- v^ the jiMrisdMPiiQii ia. Scoil^ad*
|n te jeiae 140^ • chftitet pafred the great •€•!» for eonvejfiog the «fllae and Jurisdiction of earl to the Uicd Of Buahaa *. The creaitt«i of an earl in
■ leptkiMlgaTe nc t<:>rfeicular right if litttng in parlta- ^aanl. John Stua; t «at^ befoee hit ereatien to Ae •Bfldoflii, in right ef hi* ]andi» The Seotf » it would feenH 1>«I Qo '^*' io thme da|r» «f a Ung ercating •> •ttfvcB and logiaktec.
The Juke TOgeiit ftbt^ined likepriM f«c hie mm,. •Jlwpb«i».the eafldom' of iUb« en iche rcM^Mti«|n' of
mAemia, the datghftur and liairiMe> •£ A4e»wdcr 'Itedj carl nf ]M«k hf ,the pnuwiefs Itn)he^^|la«t^whO'
.mufliB daughter of AUvnjr hy Ms fint ^Hucriag af. J^idMOobtaiaed pofscluen of dte earldPia of R^»;
and ejccrciseci its fBQctionst.«a ivdl M took the titliSt;
aa vjffKtm from^hb ^harlari, ;]3on«td- !M*i3ot«dd^ . lendjOf the Isles^ desctalled.£r»rti.aeeiiMrk4) thaanof -AtgylU disputed the vaKditf of ihb fimaaetApn in' ,>ig^of his. wile, fianghtthei ahatOe pf HairUw» ottf*
s4dSt in defence of hiafitiet«ib4<iafl, Whach.iMws« aftar-
wMii, bf Aoapranuie.with lfc« c«ai(fa,.allciwied tti^a-
■ ■on. t^ eaddadn <p£ Kefa wpe bng aftte feififiMi* .tanlaMieiDed iin>the cnnm$. bDt:f(Mnth«eliid7'}ot9B^,.
theecicpaddanghMr 4if Wifiiiin Ae- aiktiireari^ the . preaant lord Aaltentia :>dei»eniiad». and ia her hcif, oat. ■.<*ast«pp«ara)iegs%. <affMed fagr Afe aetaii#irj„ic^ ,«a)cAiag tOjoar jiiadenijdeotiUM af ifiMfieit
hMjIi^md
t Eiipit«p|{{k VM tSsk^f 4MK«a4f ififi ^9«t| aM M t»bcc9flk k Ma. V . .
V 4 fift of John earl of Btuhau. yt/fy n .
In the year 1408, the earl of Buchan was namol
one of the hostages to go into England for the ran-
< som of his brother the earl^of Fife * ; but though a safe conduct was sent for the hostages, the transac
'tion did not proceed. In the year 1413, he married the lady Elizabeth Douglas, daughter of Ardubald,
•■ the fourth earl of Douglas, by whom he had an only
'daughter, who became the wife of the lord SetOB»
' wcestor of the earls of Winton f .
In the year 1416, the duke of Albany having re-
<iiewed the negotiation with England, for the ransom
' of king James I. who had beennow ten years a pri- soner, in breach of the law of nations, appointed
'^ Buchan, with other great;i|prds, to Gonq>lete the treaty for his delivery ; but they were forced to return to
• Scotland, after a {hort residence, without being able
• to bring it to an equitable conclusion.
In the beginning of the y^ear 1419, Buchan wa» appointed commander in chief of the Scots auxiliaries,
• for supporting the right of Charles vu. while dau- ' pfain of France, to the succe&ion to that kingdom,
against the machinations of the infamous queen Isa- bella, and the arms of England. Under the commaud of the earl of Buchan, were Sir John Stuaict.^f Darn, ley, Sir Robert Stuart, Archibald, earl if Wigton, son to earl Ilouglsis, Sir Alexander Lindsay, brother to the earl ol£rawfurd; and several other captains of -distinguilhfd bravery and reputation, with four thou- sand chosen vsterana from the. militia of Scotland, who had served under the banners of their respective
1
>fy n.
was namtfd For the rafl- nt though a the transac- he married ' Archibald, had an only lord Setoii»
' having rc- the ransom jreara a pri- f ai^ointed « the treaty ta return to t being able
Suchan was auxiliaries,
while dau- kingdom,
queen Isa- le conunaud ct.of Darn- >f WigtoB, ay, brother captains of
four thoii- Scotland,
respective
.1791/' iifeefyohn earl 0/ B'uchari'. y
ehiefttns in the wars with England. These 'troops were landed at Rocbelle^ early in the summer of that
*yOaT ; and soon after proceeded to the aid of- the dau> phin, who had been lately deceived by the pretended rwdnoiliation of the duke of Burgundy ^t Pouilly
■UFort. A truce soon succeeded b, " renewal of hostilities by Henry v.'
It would exceed the limits of your journal, fhould
r I here enter i|ito a detail of the circumstances, not lefs interesting in th<2ma«lve» than characteristic of the times, wineb-Jiappenud at the interview between ^ daoj^tK aad the duke of Burgundy at Pouilly,
■Bsdl^' bonference at Montereau, where the duke,
'- fratm mu' aocUejttal Qustake, was cruelly afsafsiuated .
: Nor would -qiaaii^ of youir readers be deeply interest- ed' in the political struggles of that kingdom at a pe-
' rlod novt so distant. It is only necefsary to say that this afsafsination proved highly detrimental to the in- teiriMts'of the dauphin. It served to unite the prin- cipal cities against him, and in favours of Henry v. of England, whose son, in place of the daupLin, was aoknowicdged to be the presumptive heir to thexrown
: of France, which was the cause of those unfortunate wars that rendered both countries miserable for a
■ long time ; and happily terminated at last in the ' total Expulsion of the Engliih from that- kingdom, ■■ and a total reUnquiftiment, on our , own part, of all - dftims, unlefs it be to retain the eitipty title of king
■ of France, which we stiU, absurdly enough, continue to adopt.
As it was in these struggles that the eaii-of Buchan distinguiftied hiooself, so much of the histoi^y only
MSi!'^Si^f^file-&&'ih
i^'
4 i^^yatnmt»f^tuhm fufy f T.
AiBll bsxMiiineA, •« i* nMefeary to displaj li» •«- .chi«yeiaeatt aad dkanMCer.
Tho unhappf CihariM oc of Frsnce dwd Qn tlie «6thOo|c^r i4as,/«dientlM: dKuphiii»&iduighimtj4£ Sedated a public eftemy hj the parlntment of Fana« aotwitiutanduig the. macamiDon taclemencjr of the wm- tcr, afsembledhis forces, andicith die aidof theSoata auxiliaries, u(id6r tiie contmaBdoftbeearlof Bachaii* whidihad noetTifid a ma£airbeaKnt from Scottetii, marched them into the province of Aajon« aad joiNtt^ these troops to the militia, onder the; eomuMMd^ttlie marilhal de la Favvtte, the >Tisco«at of NadHow^iMril •dter cicperieaced oncers » Tonegni de ClhaMni, and other codUeatitd eoquiMUiders^ takiag diMf9.<4»£ the force* voder the |>M|iua> Mmad&«Us.o>^^
Tours.
. Thftdukeof Clarence* who cnwwMrtwIriilw fl>rtt» of the kiag of England^ ai&er having for aome ttete watched and counteracted tbe.movcflieQCft of the alU«d forces dT the dauphin, nsolfad to attadt. them in their poM, adioininf to .Bamg^j GlsireMe expcctad to^ surprise Buchaa ia his camp ( ftod iHth. tlMit desiga drew off fifteen hundred, men at anas* of Ae. choeen screugth of his Jirmj, together with afaouC four thousand militia^ lemriag the etil of Sdiiiuty to eome sp with the mam hbdj of the mxmj f oo*f r his intend attack.; laut.Bficfttn having ■rteeuredfu- tsUigenee of tiie approach «fCla»eiNe» r«(»i»«d Ufa witihi a>goo4 sonnteaiMUAnd in InUfocta. .After h(Mr-- ing received the impetuous Ihock of ClarcB«B*i «t» tack, he drove him faac^^ his .d«l« aud^rmdefenpe uyoD^hM^Msr guards hrcakiag throvkth tiM mk» '«£
Ikd pn tliB
at o£Fuia« rofthewHUi of ths'Ssat* lolBuehw* n Scethtilt ^ «ad joiMi mi«id«£tlap
<b ", ■■' .
IcAilK ft>KttS
r •Mkfe tbttc ftoftheallMd adc them ia expected «ttli tliftt anas* of ^■ with ahomt |f Sdtimfj to
MoevreA »• r«c»i*«dU«ni
lfcu:cB«e*« «»- tte nmki '«£
the Esglift^'aod^ afnr • kn^ Mid dbatiatte o6ttlif»,
gftitti»2 a decisive v<ict»r^, iMrfofe di« maia lod/ af
tl«t^ anny wa» teronglit up ]vf Siii&utf7<.
%'fjba dttk«^ GUfcnoa waa li^cd ia th« k«f»fkfitn|^
of tba cBji^eineat^ •« li i» aaidt hjr Biicliatt faiiteel^
who staaadli and uahtoMd kuA ))]r a' Udw «f fait'
mace.
Qt)»ers^iirifib«]^peai«aK(o oftnitliciafiiefft liar BaehMk oiify •(vtxdK and <i«li»f«ed «h* duka* aad tkaa h* wte kilkdbf tite klfd of S^ofta* ^ The ««rl d£ Ktet^ aad tkc imda Hana %lid Gvej,i were aUKiNig^ da slaao $ tHeearh af Hantiogdaa aAd SaaBertet» and tfaaedaiit daiaiPeroIic^ weniaadQ priaehara. Thft «h(4« lad «f ii^e EiqjKfli ia eslateaiMd^lijwateikparBfj wahcitaB, at thwi^ tlmsiiand, "and od tha sidv«f titt dimplu^ at deren hundred. '
I^ManthMtaadbfi ihk advantage^ Badws did n6C attadotlu naervc tader ike carl oif Saiiftnirjv beiof «£ndd^iii1^B pMicnt sttaiti<>a aflfae daap)BK% a^ Albph^ of haterdtnf a «lie<Hb<wfakli taightlaftcatte c£^ fact of •« unpooDMit m^iiAMjri aaid th<Mfi^ he piru«. 4fen<^7)ed bia arm^ ta4yv«««vr« «be ^«v^<iai thaC mighji ofthotwifM affMPd mi]ii^art<»««rcngth«a tke army «f «h« eneiBjN He aceordioglj iMNlc kialaclf aMuttct .44a«ver«ltfie«>9>dcirabla {^aaas, a«d intested the fetw tre& of Alen^on, to tkt veUttf <»f «hi(^ Ais «adl <i£ Balifburj came np^ bait thenght it not proper to at* <ack Buchan when hfa froopa ^^ fluiKed with vie* *atjf and pcise&ed of a favmirajtle sHuatioQ for iiattle.
• ^Kcitdr of tha wofihy iM mt*t\Mt Jm4 Swlataif «ar«f tt* lar4» of SeftlokJnScotianl.
ff ii/i 6fyo6ti earl o/Sucharr. ' 'July.xti '
. On his retreat, Buchan being desirous of relinqaifli« ing the siege, when he had just struck terror on the enemy, attacked Salifburj, and, cutting off three or four hundred of his troops, penetrated into the coutii* trjr without the disadvantage of seeming to relinquilli the siege of Alen9oh from motives of prudence. In' this conduct Buchan seems to have exhibited the cau- tion and foresight of % political commander, who looked to the general posture of the kingdom^ and of the daiiphin's affairs, rather than to the £ifliionabl« impetuosity, of the times ; and to have gained credit for his cdnduct at Vemeuiel, which, notwithstanding the French accounts, I believe^ was for waving battk and protracting the war, rather than hazarding a ge« nertd engagement- with disadvantage^ and my^opinion is founded on this affair at Alen^on. •
The accounts of the victory at Baug^ were receiviftd by the dauphin at Tours, who, with a view to attach the Scots, whose valour had so signally contributed to gain this advantage, bestowed the sword of constable xA France, which had remained unpofsefted since the death of the count d* Armagnac, on the brave earl of Buchan* ; who was not long after permitted to re- turn to Scotland, with a yiew to obtain another rein- ibrcsment < of his brave countrymen to support the cause of France and the dauphin.
To ht cottUnued»
T
* L'HUtoire it France par Vtllarct, p. %%:
Mifcrai, Daniel, 4ff.
Frelinquifh* > ;rror on the . off three or • to the couh-
0 relinquifb * udence. Iti' ' ted the caU- : lander, who doiiii and of '
£a(hionable < gained credit : iiritbststnding : raving battU: > arding a ge- >
1 my^opinioa •
■ > rare received lew to attach ' antributed to i of constable '■ fsed since the : he brave earl' rmitted t» re- Uiother rein- ■ r support the •
li, banitt, tft. ■
t^pli iti^tneiieni ofjktip and voosl.
THE IMPROVEMENT OF SHEEP AND'WOOL.
■To Sir Jobii'Sinc/ait; bart. and lb* other direetars and members ((ftbr society iiutitutedfor the improvement ofBritiJb voml ' 'in" Scotland.
GENTtXMBIf,
It must give pleasure to every one wha hai the pro.
•^Ijeritj ot this country at heart, to see^ thst, by your means, such a general spirit has been excited iu thU nation, and the public attention ao strongly directed
>-towards the improvement of -wool, one of the earliest smd most important staple productions of this island ;
: aad it is the duty of every good man to co-«perate
-with you in rendering tiiese improvements as cont-
,pletc and as lasting aspofisible.
As you have invited every person to suggest what« ever appears to them of utility on thi& momentous subject, I beg leave,^ in compUaace with that invi<
'tatbn,with-anpo&ible respect, to submit thefoUoW" ing hints >to your consideratioa.
TTie attention of a gre&t part of Europe is now di*-
^vected towards you, and expectations are raised' that ought not to be disappointed. It therefore behoves you to proceed with a cautious circuoospection.
'Many important ybrKr respecting this subject are -httherto unascertained { and as opinions are divided concerning them, I humbly beg leave to submit to your consideration, whether, -in order to cut fiiott the
<endlefs arguments that must occur where epimions are offered in^ead of facts, it mifht not be proper to voi..'x. » f
\^6. tmprovetntnt o/Jheep and wool. -^ July lu
to begin with making such experiments as fliould ef-
, fcctttally ■ ascertain doubtful facts ; after which we jnight then prbceed to reason upon them with pra> priety.
Everj gentleman in this society has had opportu« iiities of observing the confusion that arises from different persons having adopted opinions contradic- tory to each other. Without, therefore, spending inore time oii this head, I ihall proceed to mention a ■few of those things respecting the hature and econo- my of the Hieep, that are still disputable ; and to point out a plan by which it is probable some of them might T)e ascertained.
■ I^conceive that no person can, at the present mo- inent, give clear and satisfactory answers to the fol- iowing queries, from facts" that have, to his know- ledge, beeen ascertained by clear and undeniable esc- "periments, viz.
'" 1st. What is the influence of c///»a/tf on the fine- tiefs, and other qualities of wool ? • ad. What is the effect oifood in altering the fine- ^efs and other qualities of wool ?
■ 3d. Whdt effect hz3 exercise in" these respects? 4th. What is the effect oi sex i castration, He. on
the quality of wool and its quar/tity ?
. 5th. How does age affect the fiheniefs, closenefs, or •other qualities of the wbol ?
6th. Is the size of the animal necefsarily connec- ted with the finenefs, length, softnefs, or other qua- lities of wool ?
7th. ^s t}w finenefs, elasticity, of other qualities of 'the wool, necefsarily connected with the hardinefs or delicacy of the constitution of the animal ?
.
Julyiu 3 fliould ef- r which we I with pro*
nd opportu« irises from 3 coQtradic- :, spending > mention a and econo- and to point them might
iresent mo- I to the fol- I his know- leniable e3U
on the fine-
ig the fine-
spects? on, lie. on
losenefs, or
ily connec- other qua.
qualities of ardinefs or
t^^S.'' impr&otmentofjheepandwool. fi
• 8th'. Is the eloienep of the pile necefsarlly con- nected with the Jinenefs of the wool, or the reverse ?
■ i)th; ATtJhortnefi ofpiU, and "^^lengtb of staple, spe- cifieally different,^' or may they be changed withqut any alteration of the breed ?
• idth. Is /j/i^-fA »/" ji«/>/f necefaarily connected with toarsenefs of filamtnt, or v'tct versa i t - llth.^Isthe tendency to fatten etisily, necefsarily, artd invariably connected, either with fincnefs of wool^ tlosenefs of pile, or any otliejr particular concerning the fleece? Kp.»ji~&4iiyL:fa- <;."4fi: lo ' .. , ■ • ' -lith. tWhat is the influence oi breed in altering the qualities of the flock, independent of all other circum- istances? -
■ Thes* querie» might be extended to a much great* tetr length ; but a few observations on the above: par- ticulars will be sufficient to illustrate my meaning, and to point out the utility of fhe measure I intend to propose. , . . ' '-
'-'"I'i the itifiuenct of clmate on the qualities of wool,
■ While one set of persons contend that; cold and ri- gorous diimates^ produce coarse and bahy 'v(ool^ mw*- ther party maintain^ with equal positivencfs, that such rigorousclimates tend to render wool' of the same animal, finer and better in every respect. Which of these are right, or whether both of them may not iu part be right, and in part )>e wrong, are points that require to beyet ascertained ; and before this can' be; done with precision, various circumstancpj mustibe- severally adverted to.. . •<
' Climate, in as far as respects the present 6b}eGt of discufsion, may be considered under three dtatiucL
H tm^anrntnt, t^fjbfp ^Jttml* July ^x^.
beads, vi%. ist. In regard to h«at and qoid i^IoQe. 3d. lo regard to moisture and diTneftfQhoii Ab« «!&•&. And 5d. In tegard to the particular ,«Baaon pfjthe T^e^r, that any exccfs in Msjueot, to .fi^v. of tboH particulars maj most prevail.
With vegacd to beat . end cold: >Jh» thu . point jiiaa < been already asceruinod l^expetimwO, <^iAion»4i£* fer perhaps le& than on any ethfT-^faid. I. believe ^ most persons wJio have reflected >on>ithi».:»nbj«ctt arc now satisiitd that he»t .has a nati^sal: teo<toiCf t«' make ,the wool of fheep coarser in quality and thnijnt, ner ittipilc} and-that<told;cn the othsr hapd, renders * 4he.fleec«L.both:finer jin : the . grain. and closjsr in pile, . On this head, I myself have no doubt, having.made'- • great, xnaaji experiments «n >. this : subject vutli rthe . flecefsttry<Aceuraey , . .which asoertained ■ this \ point to^ die entire s^isfactioa, not only of myself, but of .every «ther person who. closely .attended to., tltem *. fiut others may doubt of this ; and to give these «xperir ntents their full' degree of authenticity it- would ;be proper that these Ihould he repeated under,' the.direc« don of t^is society, with a due attention to every, circumstance that can pofsibly > affect the^Eesult.. In' psfi^tioular, it. would be necefsary to advert to the fol- lowing circumstances,, which were, not under. my view at . the time these . experiments -were made, vi». first, the permanency of a changeprodticed by "Climate .- on th« animal itself j or, second,! tfte.in^UQn^ -that' a temporary variatitin of cHmai:« mity hoye.on-thp
* Tbete experiments are faitlifulljr recorded. X>kMrvatioli» on juitioo- ■1 iaduitr/] LccMr VI. anJ fottstn^t to ic^ t« wli|«t> tlK^ ciKi(hitK44c *>
laon Qfjthe •r. «f U»«M
i.pQtnc Ins > pitiioii»4i£<>
L I. believe- inbjtct, ar« eodencf t« * y Md thia* pd, reader! ipr in p^e,' aTing.nMdc■■ :t withrthe. lis [point -tQ. butof.cYerj cm *. livit Use cxperir it- would ibe r- tbe.divec- to .every, scsult., la^
to thefoU- erjay view oaadCf vhi.
l^'tUinate.- uenc* that- isye.-on.-th^
tiok» on jurtioo-
Ai«(e«f its progeny. Men cupot think with too^ nvchprwision on subjects , of thi* mature, I fhaW therefiire-MpUiin myself.
■ .'Ay imytJipcriracittB it appcMs to be un4eQiabl<, l^titliit p«rt of.overy separate filament of wool yrliiohigrows during theiw^rm season of the year, tu> #«<irvrr«hMi that part of the B«m« filament which grotvs during eold' weather; and that the variation intihia vespeat will be proporuoned^to the difference between the heat of these seasons. It has n^'w been «scertaib«d,.by mauy experiments- made by others, that if a.fliecp/ be carried from a cold climate, to one xrhieh i&'gr«atly warmer, it not only produces wool ib£ a coarsen filament than before^ but it also produces n-fioeee: much thinner, in the pile than formerly. The fKumsthatkl' had BO opportunity of aKertain\og^are' Alt follbwing, jviz. first, Supposing the individual ani- mal had been kept some yehrs- in a warm' climate,, and then, were brought back to its original climate, . would it. again produce a fl«e^ after th'it, as fine and as close, as the saote iheeip would have done if it had nevsr changed its climate f •0^, would it have had- its constitution-so altered, as oeyer more to produce as fine wool as before ?. This is > what I meant above bythe pbra«e ^nmflMr/ of (ffket ofeUmate on tb»- amitotUksttf. Qr, Secopdly, supposing a breed of iheep had; been carried into a warm climate from, a -oold UDO i and there allowed tn procreate for several. igenesatioos, without intermixtuTe with any other •brced.;.^od fiionld some of these descendants be again •bxQug]it.baok to the place from whence they ori- ^i^ally ;sct out, would tht^e &ecp, thus brought
,1
^
14 tmprovem0nt o/Jbetp ahd umof. July it;
back to the cold climate, produce wool of the s«tn« «usility as their parent bteed did before the migra- tion ? or would they have been so debtwtd by th« wartn climate, as that themselves, and their dc^ceti^ dants, would continue to yield coarser wokil than the •parent stock? These muy, to some, appear curious questions only, that promise to be of no great prac*. tical utility ; but it would be easy to Ihow that the ascertaining these points beyond dispute would hUve very extensive influence on practice ; and would give a steadinefs to the enterprises in Which the society arc engaged, that they never otherwise can attain.
In regard to wet and storminefs of weather (inde*. pendent of its affecting the qua ity of the food,) on its altering the finencfs or other qualities of the wool of fheep, its effects have never, that I know of, been 'experimentally ascertained, though it is probable that these effects must be very great ; perhaps little as affecting xhtfnentfs, but probably much more as af- fecting the elasticity, ductility, artd strength of the filament. This is therefore a very important ob- ject of experimental inquiry, as, itpon the result of these experiments, must be founded the propriety or the inutility of many inter s^ing particulars respec- ting the management of this very useful auimal. Here too it may be proper to observe, that although the improvement of woo/ is the principal object of t!ie attention of the society, it ought no« to be cb»- sidcred so much the case as to preclude them from. •iraking other uses of their experiments that (hould be in idcntally connected wichit. Inobsetving.forexaak- . plf , the effect of yariations -of cliittatu upon. tlie woo/, ^t:
July I IV )f the sntn* the migra- iMd by th« heir'drtceti- ckA than the ear curious great prac*- low that the would htove I would give I the society an attaitK Bather (inde^ [he food,) on s of the wool now of, been probable that haps little at 1 raore as af- 'engtb of the nportant ob- the result of : propriety or ;ular» respcc- seful auimal. hat although tpal' object of ot to be c6n>- de thena from, that (hould be iog,forexatn»- » oathewooA ^t
1-79 Iw - improvement of Jbi'tfy and u)ooi, 15
would be an easy matter at the same time to remark its effect on the health and vigour of the animal, a»- well as the effect that any variati(« 1 of climate had in promoting or retarding its fattening, its generating tallow f the swcetnefs of the flejh produced, and o- ther particulars. a. the effect ©/"food in altering the finenefs and other
qualities of wool. , ■
. On this head opinions vary still more than in res- pect to climate. Many persons believe, and afsert, in the-tnost decisive. tonn, that rich pastures, turnip, and other succulent food, tends irresistibly to debase the quality af the wool, and, in particular, to render it of a aauchfoarwr filament than the same (heep would other-i wise b^ve produced. Of course they infer that it is vain ever, to hope to rear fine wool in the improved fields of Britain, and that, if we wiih to have as fine wool as formerly, we must break down our inclosures,' and convert the rich pastures. into barren heaths once more. Others^ on the contrary, maintain, and among this clafs I would [rank myself, that it is only in rich pastures that woolof the best quality can ever be ob- jti^tiBed, and that fine pastures do not (independent of Other' circumstances) render the wool either coarser. ' or finer in the filaqieat, th^n it otherwise would have 1>een. Without changing the finenefsof the filament, I (hiok there* is good reason to believe that abun- dance of rich and succulent fuod renders the wool koftet, stronger, tougberj/and probably somewhat longer also, than it woiild have been on barer pastures. jSo'longi rhOvvcv^i', as these opposite opinions (hall jvst ii.pon particular obsetvutions of iadividuals only.
'1
•
id improvtmmt hfjhtip Mi tv'oT. Juljf • i¥.
vrho niay be very inaccnrtte, there is no tttio(vtvttng<- ling ; and those who h«ve not been Me to maki dbsetvations thenolelvei, most range thenHdVei on the side that accident or inclination may Ittid tberti to espouse. A few etperiments tccnntely made, and fairly recorded, would for ever settle thii pobt, st> as to enable n»ankind to reason justly witR regard to it ever afterwards. 3' £**rrt«, wBafeJiet it Blat ttpon tbt qmHty ofiht
' xuwil.
Under this headl wouM inclndie lhamrgetaHrtit U gcnerd, folding, housing; Uying, Me. Esperiihenta oA t!»i» head have been made in France ; but not in such s way" •« to pittive entirely decisive. It is alleged that flieep are kept perpetually in the «pen air, \^hicfl allbrd the finest wool. The ftct, however, is eontrdverlBed By some ; so that here experiments are still'vrVnttnf. As tothe effect of laying withtar, in particuhtt, mai*^ experiments have been made that «re siifiRtHMtiy decisive, Vrerr they all known ; IwR aU otifers may W ^rbposedj whieh eVety itf«v5ift»l' e«»u»d mtki fof himself at little at no trmiMfr oT'ek^Wice, peil^pk the most effectual' way td 8«t«fe thia pefintf #ottM=B* for the society to dlgWt a pftfper pttfntdf l!<mdvi»tifl| these experiments, ^id pobtilK if fortlW irifoftttitiwi of all concerned.
The same may be *iid'i*MJ t*iti*<*ti'A^ 4<*' •»»* jth ol^tsof inqutty. y6. ComtetU'M httntni ifbt tii^ vf tl'i ai^at 0^
' Prejudice has tieetfftfhi^WdfinNleoMtftflfciB ^tlW^M ^thottte«perimei«. <l ii i» jeiit»»»V»»3t «»id»»
ltd of MTTtngii
(Me to mtlrt th«nitdyei
u Mccuntxlf '9t settle thii n jueily witll
jmtKt/ ofiie
itlVMtlHMt in
Eperiihentf oA tt not in tticll s alleged thnt , 'Virhfich aflbrd contrdver^ still vhfntinfi tieahtt, matt^ e tUfMM^ cNers tamy hi dTd mtk^ fet ^ce, peil^pft nhf #oaM bi iwi!<»ndi«fitifl| MiitfofttrntiM
M tM 4«tll MiA
t Miinat Oitd
_vjg%> 9tLfQorfr<jtn. dt7
I7 afserted by many, that large (heep, that carry much wool, necefsarily afford it unly of a coarse quality, and that fine wool can be expected from small flicep alone. Tbii, however, I venture to afsert, froQi abundant experience, is not trne. I have bad lar^e iheep that afforded very fine wool, and exceeding email ones that produced wool as coarse as goat* hair. It it easy to find examples of the reverse of .^is. A judicious set of expeyimeata, therefor^ which ihottki aet this matter in ita trtu light would prove ^highly useful to tb^ inq^ii^y ^l -which vfc ate engaged^] To ii tontitttud m our ru%t.
"*«:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE POORS RATES.
" $IK, To the EA'tor o/tBt B*t.
"— ■ • * _ • ■■
.i«( y.oHr review of 3ir John Sinclair's autistics (B^
. vpLiit. ^9. 9<) there is an account of the poor of Duq
AM^antbcpopulation of which ia 872, being supported,
.aad^ great lurplus saved of h- »o a year^ ao^i this ^
.brought as a proof that the maintenance of the poor
way be safitly Ifft to volu^t^y donations. If the
^oor of the pari^i tbove naroad be suffi<;ieotly' clotb-
.ed and led, it aft^rda this proof inde«d pecfeetly v^
<l^d< I ^U Atate die aa^ount of the annual expeodi-
;^«re of the popi? of the parifb of Wigton in C^mbar-
land, where the {(oor laws «f England are inforced, to
■«• he compared with tUft of Dc^nichen. The^pula-
tion of (he parifli of Wigton may be set at 3500, or
betwixt th»t number and 4000, a^d the average ex-
yea^itufe on the poor ia vpwards of t>« 500. It must
}]|e xiaiarked, that this part of Cumberland ii a ^laoe
i^hefe provisiona are c|veap ; andlc 19 belirfi!d» the
VOL: ix. C ^
U
,
*^ tn poors rates. yuly it,
poor rates are much more heavy in the south of Eng- land. Is it not of such importance as^that Conithif- sioners fho.ild be appointed to examine whether the poor of Scotland or England are better fed j and so to fhew to what this grea«; inequality in the provi- sions for them is to be ascribed ? Your ilaost obedient .servant,
mgt<mMay,%.n^i. A. RoBINSOV.
To the above I beg leavr to add the following ac- ' count of a case respecting poors rates, extracted from the annals of agricnlfure, by Arthur Young esq; with the reriiarks of Mr Young upon it, as it fhows in a still stronger light than the above, the baneful ef- fects of the poor laws in England.
JOear Sir, To jlrtbur Toung esq.
" Agreeable to your request, I have sent you.ex- tracts from the rate book arid register of the pari& of Glemsford, from the year 1772 to 1790 inclusive. I forbear to comment- on the last four years ; I fhall only observe^ that in the first seven years of the pir- tiod above mentioned, a worthy magistrate, now no more (who was then resident in the parifli,) gave unremitted attention to all the minutiae of parochial businefs ; and that from 1788 there has tieen no Jits- ike nearer than four miles from the scene of action." £»tractijfhdm the register and rate hook of tht parijb b/ClemsfordtnthetountfofSufo^i.
'■Yeats. Bapdinis.'
"io : . • ■ ■' ■ :.:■'■. ..:
t
Ifjd
|5
?9 39
W
Boridls.
44 29
31 -
Rain Ci H«tr.,Vfor the
irlief ^f t(it- ppor.
L. i. d: f. 678 5
590 4«J
.404 5 343 »4
a'
456
8
6 utr
4 »
f\
yuly 11, louth of Eng- that cohimif- ! whether the ' fed ; and so in the provi- most obedient
Robinson. following ac- xtrncted from Young esq; t, as it ihows he baneful ef-
sent you.ez- of the pari& '90 inclusive, rears ; I (hall ars of the pi- rate, now no siirifb,) gave of parochial iieen no j'kr' e of action." ofthtparijb
( & H#ctf .; for die )ief <:/ t}if pjor. .
'5
"I 8 6 8
r '
4
a'
f i
kiYears.
-,I7r77
. >778 1779 • 1780 . 1781 »78a 1783 1784
: S1785 J786
- 1789 .1790
on foots rates. B..ptisms. BuriaUt
33 |
30 |
46 |
.40 |
46 |
35 |
37 |
46 |
3» |
40 |
43 |
57 |
53 |
36 |
!« |
4' |
66 |
29 |
46 |
a2 |
Ji |
5a |
47 |
|
3» |
. 34 |
6i,.,, |
':/f:-35 |
Rate* collected for th« relief of the poor. V
L. s. d. 484 18 3 516 16 8 6io 3 II i6 7 3 5 II.
4»2
549 645 586 496
570 607
783
948
K>39
1062
»7 8
II 6 6
5 10
8
II
6
4 4 6 6
4 4 4
o . 2.
2
o
2
Of,
•cr>t 2
" It is necefsary to observe, in these ejitracts, that; the register of baptisms anjl burials begins January 1st, and ends December 31st in every y-ear ;. and. that the rate book, includes all the. sums collected an- nually for the relief of the poor, from Easter to Eas- ter. The pari (h contains about 2400 * acres, an4iS' rated at about L. 18 ao a^year.. It pofitefses L. 40 a-, year in estate or rent charge, for the use of the popr..'^,, Yout's sincerely,
William Butts. Ohstrvations- an the above by Mr Young:.
* The public are much obliged tq this geatlimait for bringing before their tribunal so amaxing, an in- stance of enormity in the ris9 of rates as this account exhibits. The table of deaths does not allow us to. attribute this effect to any uncommon fatality of di«- , temper ; .nor dDe»' the column of births allow any; cQoclusioa that it arises from a great increase of pn-y pulation. We know that it could not proceed from.
* tt. B. Thii unountt t04i. /tr acre nearly} fsci inclading.the L. 40 mentioned bel«w,.it amounts to 10 s. ^ acre. Edit.
i
ftF ^ ohptdrt riMit Jvly irtt
Sijr riie m ttf6 ^rice of provisions. To wharthcv is so truly alarriiing an iucrease of the public burdens tobe att'Hboted ? Clearly to those abuses iir pare*' chial managenttnt, that flow from tlw grols absur^tj of our system Qf poor law;, which give, or at leaMal. low, to evils of this complexion, so geheratiTc i fi^iul* ty, that here \i a rise of L. 276, in ^hreeyeartf^ appa» reotly for no bietter reason, than thftre having bcMift. similar rise of L. 287, in three prJtcedtng< years : Ttiat kbosie Wsl^ submitted to, and Airtfort produbfd \ the new onJe; and if this is allowed, doubtkft the next period will experience a yet.greater one. IViie- th%r paupers redeive such sums, or Whether pKrtfli'of. ficerts ett, drink, or btlieniHse sbsioll) them, M not for me to enquire ; the ^vtl \K the sortie ta d<h^ c4se, ami will equitilly generate tncrease.
* dtitWhftt are we to think of a l^g^slottir^ «Ad: system of governmertt which tolerate suteh - t^oaes'f' i#htcfa, by giving to pttrifi) officers, tad justiMs of tfi^ peace, (and seemingly in this caie to pari flt officers- atone,) Ha. tmlimtted power of taXatiott, allows, atid . sanctions such abominable tyranmy as this account exhibits ! Doubtlefs there are little farmers in this, pariih. Who are heavily and crtaelly btirdehed, either tiiapporf sturdy beggars, who ean, bat will not rr^k, aadwhtfarfe richer in fact t!han fhentodves'; 6r td <ibtieHbate to the 9Iieit profit!! of meh, who thrii^e b^ abused thus tolerated by the legislature of s eotin. try th*t calls itself free.» A, Y.
Jtddifitm/ gifetnfothiH ijf the £Jii6>. "IMI ;«ttiS)Sing amottht'of the poors rated in ^ttg^ \(taii «nd their tobtimied rise, allbrd the mo»t s^riu. ous fllatm ttt CTory tbinki^g person in tiAit king-
Jviytti grhatthev is ilic burdens ses iirpsro>- £} absiirititj MFatlcMftal- ittTc i. fi^uL jear^t appa- iving been a ling' yean : irt prOdutMl > loubtlefitthe^ one. Whe- ler partfli'of*. th«m, h^ not He itt tlfHtit'
islotoit iftd' ich Abiwes*?' istiMs of tili! arifli oflScers-
allows, and. this account mers in this lebed, either but ^ill not ntodfves'i 6r
who thrive
of a eoTtn-
A. Y.
fttei in Eo^*- most s«ti«^- tllBt king.
dbm*. The tfiisfomine it, that great as the luibs ctfU letted for (he poor are, the complaints of the defici«n<ir. ef of the poors fusids, and the necefsity of augmen. thkg them still farther^ is as great as e^er it was. The t^'.fth iSt that, undet: th< eperatioii of these lawe, the tootest aikl indottrious ate pillaged, and the itUe and abandoned part of the cotemuaitjr eacouraged to 'prac- tise vice ittd pf^igal 4iftipation. No wonder then if the hte thanceUor,(Thnrlow,)- when he heard of' (A appKcaittdn diat was intended to be made by the dMgisti^tes of a eity i»-Seothrfd, for a power to afsefii die people with a p*«rt ratt, Ihoold aflt with some kind of surprise, ** If the people of Scotland were gtme mad !'* Fdrht dieught thu nothing bnt insanity' cbuM indnee iHy body of men^ having the example of England before their, eyes, to wiih to loadthehn-. «i9ves with such an opprefsive burden at the poors riite; Happy it is for Scotland that no poor rate ckn be l^aily imposed on its inhabitants without a * iMw itt of parUamtnt for the purpose f ; and happier'
' ^ By tecoun.! Ian) before to p^rliun^lit in the >tar 178!, it app«ai$4 thtt tht poori ntff in SngluKl, mm ^776, auMinitcd on the whole to - i
L. 1,519,780 itod ia the ynr 1786, the* were no left thta .... 3,184,9041°
I" 7Si,i»4, Sk tbatiatMcMincofwW^yMnoalf, the poori ratct in.Entlana ted ar'iMn wven hundred luW iilty-fiire thoui and one hundred and twenty-tou^ • fftMniM ftr tmum. At the sime rate of increase, the pqori ra'^cs in halt accntur, would gkcjtly exceed the \«kole land lenuofEngUnd. The |ioort rafti \h Walet were more dkminbkdMi theie mrie y<ari.
TM rtJder will «>bserve tha: |teat a thci: sumt art, it is only «/«r» •f the fundi fllottcd to <)ie iuppoct of.thc poor i<i,E|>gland{ a« all moniea mort^td fur charlttble purposes, or 6ther charltakle funds, are not included in it. These additional fitndt, by a late account given in to parliamMtr c^nal the pMitratM-lieaM^. '
f Jkfaai! (cnou will think I hcfe .ip«d| Mty. It is however said with due consideration ; as I hop: to be able to prove to the latisfactisn ^ the tc.idtr at some fuJu-i* prrioi, ■
f — ~— ■ — : —
«»' om poors rate*. July m*^
still is it for her, that, from au experience of near two handred years, Ihe finds, that, under a wise and simple mode of econdmj, which Ihe has discovered in the management of the poor, fl»e is able, by vo- luntary contributions alone^ to support her poor as well as t!»e state of the case requires, without having,, recourse to any legal compulsitor.
The poors laws in England may furnifh one of the most satisfactory lefsoo* m political economy th^t can be any where met with. Nothing could be more, deserving the applause of men than the priacipU which suggested these regulations. Justice and be-^ nevolence, humanity and prudence, seemed for once to have been united inlending their aid to this institution. No evil that could be foreseen was not carefully guar- ded against ; and the framers of these laws exulted, in the thought that they had attained to a pertection in beneficent legislation, that had nfiv«r before been, experienced on the globe. Wisdom and humanity triumphed over niggardly parsimo;ny, and churlifh. selfifhoefs ; such was the idea universally entertain- ed of this important political-regulation by all the thinking part of mankind, when new adopted, Not a difsenting voice was to be heard, and universal sa- tisfaction resounded through the whole land. How circumscribed is the ^isdom of man ! How misera- bly different have been the real effects, from what were expected to result from this regulation ! — men were not more un animous then in praise of it, than they novo are in condemning it. What appeared i« prospect io infinitely attractive, has proved in realhyi inconceivably destructive. It will be well if this, striking example of the fallacy of relying on specu- lative principles, in regulating t\\t practical concerns oi
l.^w■l■l|^^,lW^FJ|«■■ -J-imff .
;e of near a ^ise andr discovered >le, by vo- ler poor as loot haviag..
I ont o£ the - ntomy th^t iH be more. te principU ice and be-- 4 for once to 1 institution. •efuUyguar-. aws exulted a pertection before been, id hujnapitf ftod churliflu ly entertain- m by all the iopted, Not miversal sa- l»nd. How [ow misera- from what lation ! — ^men. of it, than appeared tit ed in rtality well if this, ing on spt«u- al concerns ol
1791. OH poors rath. 23
man, {honld teach him, in similar cases, to listen to theoretical improvements with diffidence and cath< .tion, however plausible. It is practice, only, which can ascertain what will be hnrtfnl or beneficial in regula- tions that Mre't6 -affect the community at large. - '**'Ih regard to the case in question, it has been found, that, to guard against abuses in the execution of the -poor laws, has been impofsible ; thoUgh^ to protect the Tights of individuals, in a country where ideas of li- -berty prevail, it has been necefsary to multiply re- gulations to such a degree as to occasion an intricacy that cannot be -unravelled. There are about twenty «tatutes, and 2000 cases, regnlatir.^g the various mei- thods by which a Ipgal establifliment can .be obtained in a -parifh *, and many of these ca^es, and others, rth- spectifig the poors laws, are so nearly alike, that it is often the subject of a tedious law suit to discover •whether or not a pirticular regulation applies to the subject in dispute* ■ ' > .•
In proportion as odr rights come to be mote «ccurately defined, this clafs of evils must be augmen- ted ; so that it is eitsy to see that a time will arrive, 'whM this unweildy fabric, from a vain attempt to Tender it perfect, must become a source of in*-ole- i«bl« opprefsion. It begins to be already felt ; but •the «^ils, as yet ezperteocedi are ootlnog to \vhat is to 'be ezpectedv ^& wv-jflcoarfj-itt'l TfiiBivm"'
•' 'Once niore, then, I repieat it, Scotland may deem Jieirself isingularly happy in being freed from this grievous political aaalady i and, being free,^ it becomies tiw doty of<every well- wiiher of his country to, watch
•■•''*fw'fti» ftctlwn ihd^tcil to a 'eniible wifitcritttlw St June^; Chnokleibr JunE;i6< lyj^t^. ( j : • , "■.■> i/umx
'• - • . •-..■....'■■''? ::'.:n
»
I
«4 .enpovutvttt' yulf %%,
^over that freedom wttU the most jealoas attsntion^ and, uadernoprttevf wiattper^ to suffer this most ior tolerable abuse to creep m Among us. I am prou^ in heing able to say, that, as a. private citizen, I hav^^ in oA« instance, succefs&iUy oppose^ a|, and prfsfrvi^ » very exl;ensive parijb from bcjng hiKdleCrij sub- jected to thi» burden i nor ihaU I «e|Mc in » public capacity* -to take evvry proper opportwiity ofw^f^ ning my country met) of the daiiger they run>of tofi4 jniin, (kould they ever allow diems«lvc» to be lio§4h oi with.poors rate. I hvr* promised anexplaoAtioa ■oi our poor laws in Scotland 4 and I now again rer ,p«)tt the promise, when opportunity ball permit ^huih I^rust will be ere long, I (onsidet thi» taAji at Qccefsaiy, not only to semcfve many JUfou9d«i ' ^n^tidiee» that have begun to prevail respeotiag th^ Jtg*litj of esttiUifluog compulsory poors rate» in Scoi^ .land { but also to c^plMiQ to those of od>er nation the very salutary tendency of that judicious mode qf managing the poo«, which has -Wn discoyered by a people, among whom luxury had nofbecn introd«cic4» aor those vices known which tend to contaminate the manners and eormpt the heart* of men mike bustling departmeots of a maaufactnf ing eociety. It was anmng a pec^e ^wlkose manners were simiiU, that this easy, ccoQoinicttU and eSoanowsj) mlede «f providing for the poor was devised } aad whieh, «fttr an ezperieBce of bwo hundred yeanl, ha> keen ftmnd to be perfectly ^equate to the purposes intended. ;A system, wludi being founded on Ghristiao eharity lalonc, byits natural opera;tiott, tends to proMMMia •cordial good will and kiodnels between di9raeiit Tanks of men, and without legal iatricscies to pr»> «iote the good of the whole. J. A.
<v>!l
bis most 'vor I am proaijl izen,Ihav9» )d prt sf rve4 dldUy nib- e io »i>iibU9 lity ofwpif. r run.of to)B4
•XplUMtiWt
)W again c«r ball pcFmit» idee this ta(^ 1^ illfouDidffit ■espcotiag th^ rate»ioSco6p other aatiMH uom mods ^ Koycrcd hj » M introd«Qc4» contaminAlie
)i men i« ^
ig tcKaeiy. It
were aiaaiiUf
iotts, sMi« 9^
^ beeoftmnd toses intended* iriitiao ehariigr t to proattoMA wecA diffieaent rictjcies to p»- ]. A.
POETRr.
THE LOtTMT. A TALE FO*. THE LADIES. Ttr the Btt,
Dum iplendeat — frangltur. .
Whilb Fancy in her brain't reccfsi
Draws out the plan of hippincfi,
And Hbi'Si with many- a winning smiltj'
Vpreari the vilionary pile,
Ahmet that fate, with enviotii frown.
Should hurl the airy f4bric down.
Ho'lrvoft our fav'rite projects are '
Oe'rtutnVi, in ipite of all our care!
This (tory ,unexaggeralej,
Will partly tell ye when related i —
Ai^entle nymph whnie madding veins,
Were fill'd with warm and sanguine strcantji ,
That ran rabch higher than hcrmeans,
Anl ifill'd her head with airy scheme>>
Cvntrlv'd in Good/uck't grand afTaift
Witii other friends to get > ihare. ^
Not all the arts die yet had tried
To gratify her soaring pride;
Vol all her sicheines of mortal bl{fs«
Had ftiov'd her hope* and fears like this; .'
i9or, so impatient, fur the day
That crowns the cares of long delay
The luver<wails, in anxious duubt.
As Laura for the time, I trow, - When the huge wondrous wheel turns out
It* prizes and its blanks alS7. At length came on in proper pbce. The day which must decide her case; ' At last, ye godtl the hour is come, (She aies) which marks my future doom| , Whether aioft to fune I go, ' '>^
' Or here remain in ffa/H fM ). Whether in majesdc state, I snr.ile at alt the frowns df^Ate; Or here dcbas'd I s'gh in vain. To soar above the vulgar train. '
' IJnt hence I such soul-tormenting «tre>' ,• Aad cv'ry Ihadow of despair ; The heart from fi>rnine meets denial. That meanly Ariaks before the trial} > VOL..X. p . -j- -'
• Wmi^inrmwsinW' I
2$ M^y' Ji^yiu
But native pride and grnutne mtrit, E'tr <howt a brave and daring ipirit
O gentle Hope 'tit tiiou that cheara My mind from all ic< doubt>-and feari { *Tii thou that in a golden dream, Didit kindljr prompt my fav'rite i>.'heme ; ■ *Twai then, methought, I heard thee say».
< Let ambition lire thy mind } Thy (oul so great, thy form to gay, * Were not tor humble ranlu design'<d :
For thee the partial hand of fatci Will own prepare a nobler state ; For thee the lotty dome fliail riie, And proudly scale the vaulted fliiea ; For thee the coach ihall scour along, . ^ And servants wait, — a nunv'rous throng !
For thee fliail uoops of lovers sigh. And from the lustre of thine eye Deliciout poison drink, and feel A fesc'ring wound which nought caa beat, £»cept thy love created smile, Which only dimples to beguil* i ' 'I'iica dare to scorn thy humble sphere, -
And nobly spurn it with disdain; While the mean crin|ln( soul Aall ittr,^
And proud ones envy you in vain.*
'Ye gods! O extacy divine I And diall these honours then be mine f I They muni they must! — and hwe I swtti).
Ten silver altars will 1 rear) V' ^ And yearly, on each poli(hM head«
Arabic odours will I died
In Jbonjur of But hark I 1 hear
The post-boy ! — Welcome I doubly dear! ' Here ! here the packets, bring, flie 8aid< And eagerly the Iheets outspread} When ah ! the gods,— O tale of woe !
iCeceive a curte, instead of thanks ; And Laura's vision breaks. — For lo I
At once the priies »11 provt— — BtAMKsl
Kence/brwa^d, 0 ye gentle fair,
Tu prudence be youi mix U attach'di >
Of Fancy's airy dreams beware, ■ t^V count vout chickens etc they're batcbM*
G. C.
Jto/jrir.
»79J.
ttnteiotii o/Tontmnt.
Ill
th'd*
CHARACTERISTICAL ANECDOTES OP LA FONTAINE. '
It is natural for those ^ho read the worka of men of ge' nius, to think that the writers of these excellent perfor- mances fliould be endowed with talents, in every respect superior to the common run of mankind : Nothing can be more delusive than such expectations. Man is an imper- fect creature, and though heaven sometimes confers upon ' individuals, talents of a certain kind, in a super-eminent de- gree, it is seldom that any one naan pofsefses a great vari- ety of talents in unusual perfection. It oftener hap- pens that men who are endowed with the singular faculty > of excelling in one kind of composition, are remarkably ' deficient in other respects. It would seem that when a ' inan^s mind is so totally engrofsed with one object, as to ' enable him to carry that particular object of pursuit to an < extraordinary degree of perfection, it was necefsarily ab- stracted ffom othera; so that it often happens that the 'faculty called common sense, which is that of deliberately "Comparing with one another the objects that occur in common life, and drawing just in&rences from them, for regulating the ordinary transactions of life, seems to bti entirely .obliterated in these men.
< La Fontaine, the celebrated fabulist in France, affords a remarkable illustration of the truth of this remark. £- very person in the least vertant in French literature is ac- -^uaintcd with the writings of this author, which pofseis, in an unequalled degree, un ease, an elegance, a natural un- affected simplicity, hoth in thought and explfcfsion, that other writers have in vain attempted to imitate. Yet this man, though endowed with the singular faculty of writing in a manner that no- other person has yet been able to attain, was to remarkably deficient in the article
m auMifotet of FoH'.aiue. - Jt'fy TU
of common sense, that, in the ordinary transactions of life, he was scarcely to be distinguiflied from an idiot. The fol- lowing anecdote* of this singular genius, can scarcely prove uninteresting to any one who wifhes to become acquainted with the human character.
Jean de la Fonfainf, a French poet, was born at Chateau Thiery in 1621, died at Paris in 1695, aged 74 years.
Fontaine lived in a «ort of apathy, and a decided indiffe- If nee for everything that forms the objects of the pur- suit of most men. This system of conduct would have done honour to his philosophy, if reflection had occasio- ned it •, but it was in him a g'ft of nature. He was born gentle and easy, without pi ide, incapable of hatred, and free from the pafsions which tyrannise over the soul. Happy would society be if it were only composed of men Uke him ! there would neither be troubles nor divisions. It i» true he did not add to the pleasures of society. Those xvho saw him, without knowing him, had no other idea of him than of a man who was both disagreeable and very tiresome. He spoke little, and unlefs they spoke of some- thing that was to his liking, he remained in a stupid silence, which one would have taken for an indication of idiotism. Jf he told a tale, he toU it iU ) and . that -author who had written stories so natural and so lively, interested nobody when b« r^leted one. There are other examples which prove Ihat with mufch wh, and a variety of talents, one may not have the talent of conversation.
A farmer general had invited la Fdntaine to dine with him, in the persuasion 'that, an author whose tales all the world admired,.cj»uW not fail to be amusing in society. Fontaine ate, ^ke none, and rose very soon, und^ pretext of going to the academy. They toldhim it wa, not yet time. * / know it, replied he, tolJhaUtake ibt longer time.
• i-umtiik"" »ni. iin.iniuui!i.in«m.^n.ai:,.i,u<)>in;»>iii-J.)ii.' ' Ji. a."'. mmmnm
July TU .ctionsoflifc, ot. The fol- carcely prove le acquainted
rn at Chateau 74 years, xided indiffe* ts of the pur- t would have had occasio- He was bom >f hatred, and E soul. Happy d of men like divisions. It ciety. Those > other idea of :able and very ipoke of some- stupid silence, )n of idiotism. iithor who had iretted nobody samples which >f t^entt, one
ke to dine with )se tales all the ng in society, y soon, undft old him it v»a« II take tbclonger
1792. '"unteJotes of Fnntainr. n^
Although every kind of continemcnt was contrary iothe taste of Fontaine, he allowed himself however to marry j but he only determined on it in complaisance to his rela- tions. They made him espouse Mary Hcricnrd, daughter •f a lieutenant general Je la Ferte-MUon. I'his lady had wit and beauty, but her dillicult humour hnd diiven away ker husband, who was come to Paris to live in his own way. lie had perhaps totally forgotten her, when he was prr- aaaded to go to his province, to sec his wife and be recon- ciled to her. He set out, in consequence, . m Paris in the public stage, arrived at his house, and AiWed for his wife. The servant, who did not know him, told him that bis mistrefs was at evening prayers. Fontaine went di- tectay to the house of a friend, who gave him snpper and a bed, and kept him for two days } when the coach was ready to retiun to Paris, Fontaine got into it, and thought no more of his wife. When his friends of Paris, saw him return, they alked l)im news of his reconciliation ; J went to tumy wife, said he, hut! did notfmdbtr i fbe wat at prayert. *
There never was a man who believed what was told him
' «o easily : Witnefs his adventure with a captain of dra- goons named Poignan. This officer, used to be often in the house of Fontaine, md was particularly pleased with the conversation of his wifie, whose society was.very agree- able. Poignan was neither x>f an age, humour, nor figure, to disturb the peace ef a husband. However, people told stories of him to Fontaine, and told him he was diflienou* red if he did not fight the captain. Struck with that idea, be got up very early in the morning, goes to the house of his nan, wakens him, bids him dreCi and follow him. .Poignan, who did not know what all this meant, went out with kirn. Tliey arrived at a remote corner, ont of the city :
■/ wijh tofigbi witbyQu-^l bavt betnadviseJ to if. .said Foo-
I
g* miecdolis o/Fontaiiit. . Ju/y rt*
\aine \ tnd nfter having explained the reasoni of it toliim in a few wordi, he drew hii tword without waiting thte aniwer of Poignan, who put him$elf on the defeniivc. The comlmt wu not long, Poignan diiarmed him at the firit. Fontaine wu latisfied. Poignan conducted him home, and thejr were reconciled at breakfast.
Fontaine had a ion wkoio he kept very Aort time with h;ni. Me put hira at fourteen yean of age into the hand* of M. de Harlay, since first president, and recommended to him his education, and his fortune. It- is said that Fon- taine went one day to 41 botue where this son was, whom he had not seen for a long time. He did not know him, and told the company, kowcTer, that he thought he ■had wit and taste. Wbea he was told it wu his wu, he answered calmly : Ah ! I am very glad of it.
Another anecdote about Fontaine -may still serve to prove that every man who applies himself to study through taste, lives in a manner insulated in the midst of the world. Hence these natural and inattentive insweis which so of- ten fumifli people of middling talents with pretexts to ri« dicule genius. Fontaine had received «n invitation to go to the burial of a person of his acquaintance. Some tisie afterwards he went to diae with that same person. The porter told him that his master wu dead eight xlays ago : jih ! replied he, / did ml think that it bad been so /oag.
Rabeiats, whom Despreaux called rMMM in a matk, wm. always the idol of Fontaine. -He wu the «nly author whom he admired without reserve!: Itt wu one day at Despreaux's house with Racine, Boileau, and«evera) other persons of distlBguilhed merit. They there-spoke a good- deal about St Augustine, and his' works. Fontaine did < not joiii in the conversation, but kept the most stupid like ■^silence. At lut be awakened, * as from a most profound ' <leep, and i^ed, iu a very scrioui suumer, -of thc-abbS
'S
t
n
tl t\
Vk
d di di
•1
. July «•
of it to'liim waiting tH^ B dcfeniivc. \ him at the ^doctcd bin
rt time vrtth to the h«ncU mmended to d that Fon- I wa>, ^hota It know him, thought hft ifu his toq, •it.
till serve to itudy through, of the world. which lo of- irctexts to ri« iution to go
Some time perton. The
It days ago ; m to long'
a maii, was.
only author one day at
«eTera) other.
spoke a good ^ontaine did ■tupid like It profound
:,«f the.abi>6
»792;
imff doles r^fTontaint.
Buileau, if he thoufj;ht St Augmtine had as much wit as ' &ab«1ait, lo natural and lo amusing ? The doctor, looking; at him from head to foot, told him, fcr answer, 7ake care: ill. d« la Font a in* i— you haw fmi one of your t tacking j out side in, which \vb» the case.
Mr Racine carried him on the holy week to a Tene> bret, and perceiving that the olfxt appeared long to him, he gave him, to amuie him, a volume of the Bible, which contained the prophct^' He read* the prayer of the Jewsv in Baruch > and not being able to satisfy himself admiring it, he said to Racine, Barucb was a^ne genuii ! Wbo war hff Next day, and'Several days afterwards, when he met>. any body of his acquaintance in the street, after the ordi- nary compliments, be raised his voice to say, ' Have you read Baruch? He was a great genius*!'
The author of these memoirs^ M. Racine the son, says • that Fontaine, after- having consumed his fortune, preser-- ved alwi^s his disintercstedncfs< He. entered the French academy one day, and the bar befng drawn below the, namcst he could not, according, to establiditd custom, have any ihare in the medals of that sitting. The academici- ans, who all loved him, said unanimously, that they ought: to r?nke ac exception of the rule in his favour : ' No, gentle- ntfi*., .aid he, that would not be just} I am come top late, that is my fault.* Which was so much the more remarked,, that a moment before, an academician, extremely rich, and . who, living in the Louvre, had only the- trouble of comin;; down suita to get t(rth» academy, had' half open«d the. door, and having seen that he was too late, had fliut the door, aod gone up again.
Fdntaine preferred the fiahles of the ancients to his •wn> which made M. de Foctenelle say, Ia Fonlaitieisfoo/- ijb enough to think that the tmciciUt bdJ more wii than him-. * Memoirs of Jean lUtin:.
f
p anecdotes of Fontitinei July in
self, a phrase, says la Mote, which cxprefscs finely the. character of a superiour genius, who does not know him- self, for want of examining hitmelf with enough of attenti- on. On reading the fables of this author, one remark* such a native ease, that we would think they had fallen, from his'pen, which made madam* de la Sabliert call him v^fablier, as they call the tree that carriers apples pnmmier. This superiour woman, witb whom he lodged, swd one. day, after having dismifced her servants, ' 1 have only kept with me my three animals, .my dog, my cat, and mf' Fontaine.'
Racine and Desprcaux called him the goodman, i-Hhough- thty knew all his worth in other respects. At a sapper: » Moliere's house; where was also Descoteaux the famous^ player on the flute, the jrWrnaw. appeared to dream more than ordinary. Despreaux and Racine endeavoftred in vain to awaken hhn by lively sallies. They even pufhed* the raiHery so for, that Moliere thought they were going' beyond bcnnds •, at leaving the table, he- took Deicotcau.x' aside into the embrasure of a window, and talking to him* in the freedom of his heart : " It i» in vain, said he, that; our beaux esprit make a bustle, they will not efcce the < goodman.^*
. That poet livedin an extreme indifference with respect' to religious, as well as othermatters •, but having fallen ill he set about reading the New Testament. Charmed with' that reading-, he said to father Paujet, of the cratoire, his director, " I afsure you the New Testament is a very- good bo«k-; yes, in truth, it is a very good boGf, but there Is one article concerning which I am not altogether' reconciled; it is th»t o^the eternity of punilhment ; I do not comprehend how that eternity can be consistent with the goodnelt of God.*
7
JulfiU s finely the t know hitn- ghofaWenti- ^ one remark*^ y had fallen, or* call hinr »plc» fiommier. (jed, swd one. 1 have only J cat, and vnf
'man, i^Uhough- At a supper: lUK the famous^ o dream more ■■ ndeavolwed in jy even pufheil* icy were going' ok Deicoteawx' talking to him* 1, said he, that: i not cfihcethe*
ce with respect* having fallen ill
Charmed with' the cratoire^ his lent is a very }od boo't; but n not altogether- niChment j I do
consistent with
f 791. anecilotfs of Fontaine. g^.
Some titne before, one ef his friends, who undoubtedly iiad bis conversion very much at heart, had lent hi 1 his St Paul. . Fontaine read it -with avidity ^ but (hocked at the appafent har(fanefs of the writings of the apostle, be flmt the book, sent it back to his tiiend, and said to him, ' I send' yoa back, your 4}ook} this same St Paul is not imy nuiQ.*
One of his oonfelsors seeing him taken dangeroosly ill, exhorted him at Irast to make amends for the scandal of 'tis nfe by giving alms. 'I cannot, said the poet. I hav^ nothins ; but they ate making; a new edition of my works, •and the bookseller is to make me a present ofan^undred •copies, I give them tc you j you will cause them to be ■sold for the benefit of tbe'^^KMr.* Don Jerome, who told this anecdote, declared that the confefsor, almost as ^sim^le as the penitent, came to.aik if he could recei^ire .such an alms f
Stillone otiertrait which provef the simplicity of manners ■of this illustrious map, and the idea which those who ser- ved him had of nim. The sick-nurse who was beside him, secin^ with what zeal they exhorted him to penitence, said fiTti d»y to Mr rPoujet, DohU torment him jo much; be it MorefMliJb than wicM. God voiH never have, said (he ano- ther time j the heart to damn him.
In spite of the apparent apathy of la Fontunc, when he was wakened out of his xlreams, and when he was interes- ted in the conversation, he (t swed as much heat and spi- rit,.as those who used to make him the object of their --ndUer/.
After his death, his wife having been troubled for the iwyment of some public charges, M. d'Armenonvjlle then intendant de Soifsons, wrote- to his deputy, tb«t the fami- vot. X. c x
34 petition of the Jbarhs. Jidy \%.
ly of la Fontaine ought to be exempt for tlie future of all taxes and imposts ; all the intendants of Soifsons have «ince made it aa honour to confinn that fiivour. ■
The Petition o> thi Shares or Avkica.
The following jeu d'nprit deierves to be preserved, both on tccooiit *i the delicacy ot'thcMtireit cooveyiy awl the cl«gance*of iu compoii-
For the tike of nur foreign reader), it a»J be proper briefly to >nentioc»,
that, for more than three years pait, t|ie abolitiendf the tlaVe trad*, cir-
' ried on fiom he coast of Africa to the West India iilands, by BritiAi
- . .'wt' 7 ts, ', ■ -.en warmly agitated in the pariiament of Britain i That : ■ (C ' 1 c Hrnie of Com^nooa waf appointed to eximtne wit>-
nefset on ;hH head, who having Mt lon^g, during two succefsive tcftions
of parliament, and collected a great body of evidence, the same waf 'printed for the information of thememberi. But ai this tonsisted of a ^ large vohime in ftilio, an abrtdgement of the whole was made asd
printed, also for the use of the members. Several abridgements of this
, •abridgement were aftetwards -ivide iiid publiAed. These were sent
..throughevery partof the nation ; and the people, in geOeral, having read
these publications, warmly espoused the partof the abolition. Petitions ' were presented to parliament from almost every description of men in the
- kingdomt praying that this traiHc, which they deemed s, disgrace to hn- inanity, tad a reproach to the name of Christians, might be abcriiflied.
. The jRlQVtenf Commons having taken .tiheae pet itioaa into con«ldcratio]i>
came, in a committee of the whole house, during the present scfsiiu of
. parliament, to a resolution, that the slave trade was improper to be con-
~tinued, but that, oft account of certain considerations of tttptditncy, it
'(lught only to be gradv Vv .Vitifhed. A law to this effect was pafietf,
• permitting the tradr. .-.-.•AsH limitations, to be carried on till the
•. 1st, of January 170,. v ''. v iV; itiaie it fbouU be .totally prbokibiudr
When this bill was v , ..- ' rjt ' ouse of Peers, they found it was np^
consistent with the dignity , t' >t i"'MC to admit pf any evidence that
liad not been taken at their Vhi-. bi.. ; and of course they went once mort
-into the examination ofwimefaes; and as this examination could not be
closed during the .present seCiion of parliament, the bill is neeefsarily
lost for the presei:t year. The allusions to these circutnstmKuio tbit
little performance will be easily perceived by every reader.
-'v.i>'ijM»Wti
s future of all ioiisons have tur. ■
.FMCA.
thoa Kcottnt •( ^•of iu s«mpusi-
iefly to jnootioc, le slave trad», c»r- ilUnds, by BritiiJj ofBiitiuni That ;d to exun'M wif- succcftivc icfuoiu ce, the same wa* thit tonsisted of a ole was made and ibriJgementi ofthla
Thete were Knt leOeral, having R«4 lolition. Petitions pt'ion of men in the ed a disgrace to hn- nigbtbe abniiihed. I into conalderatioaf le prcjent leftiun .qf mproper to be con- ru of ixftdiencj, it
effect was paftetf, e carried on till the atally prbolubittd^ ;y found it wat npf f any evidence that ley went once more navion could not be
bill it neccfaarily ■rcumicmiscsio (bit
udcr.
lypr. petition ofiiejhari's. gj
Shbweth, *' Th4t your petitioners are a numerofjs body, and at pre- sent in ft very flouriihing situation, ovnng chiefly to the constant visitation of the (hipping of your island.
" That by hovering round these floating dungeons your petitioners are supplied with large quantities of their most £iT0urite food— human flefh.
" That your petitioners are sustained, not only by the carcases of those who have fallen by distempers, but are frequently gratified with rich repasts frcAn the bodies of living negroes, who voluntarily plunge into the abodes of your petitioners, preferring instant destruction by their jaws, to the imaginary horrors of a lingering slavery.
" That among the enormtMis breakers and surfs which . roll on the (hores of your petitioners, numbers of Engliflt boats are destroyed, the crews of whicl}^ usually fail to- their lot, and afford them many a delicious meal ; but, a- bove all, that large vcfsels, crowded with negroes, are some- times dalhed on the rocks and flioals, which abound in thd regions of your petitioners, whereby hundreds of homad beings, both black and white, are at once precipitated mtd their element, where the gnawing of human flelh, aad thtf crafhing of bones, afford to your petitioners the highest, gratification which their natures are capable of enjoying,
" Thus benefited, as your petitioners are, by this widely cirtended traffic, a traffic which ha» never before been mo* fested, it is with the utmost indignation they hear diat there are in Britainj men who, tmder the specious plea of humanity, are endeavouring to acomplifh its abolition.— Sut your petitioners trust that this attempt at innovation, this flourifliing^ of the trumpet of liberty, by which " more is meant than meets the ear,'' will b« effectually frustrated.
"' Should the lower branch of the legislature be so far infatuated by this new-fangled humanity, as seiioudy to
"■~T —
^# Petition of tbtjbarkt. July-ir,
meditate tlie destruction of this beneficial commerce, your petitioners have the firmeet reliance on the wisdom and fellow-feelings of the lords spiritual and temporal of Great Britain.
" Your petitioners know, that the truly benevolent will ever be congistent, ■■ that they will not sacrifice one part of animated nature to the preservation of another,— that they will not suffer fliarks to starve, in order that ne- groes may be happy 5 yet your petitioners are appre-
lien^ve, that the baleful influence of this philanthropic mania is alr'tady felt even withia the walls of your lord- (hips, wherefore they crave tobeBKAiu> b«. couwski, at the bar of your august afserably, when, notwithstanding the wild ravings of fanaticism, -they hope to. evince, that the sustenance of fliarks, and the bejt interests <rf your lord- ftiips, are intimately connected with the trafliic in humaa flcfli.
. '" Fearful of becoming tedious, your petitioners have Qbly to add, that, fliould the abolition take place, which the god of fliark» avert ! the prosperity of your petitioners wiU inevitably be destroyed, and their numbers^ by being deprived of their accustomed food, rapidly diminiftied.— But, on the other hand, flionld'your lordfliips, in your le- gislative capacity, scorn the feelings of the vulgpr, and no- bly interfere, either openly^ or by procrastination, to pre- serve this invigorating trade from- the ruia that now seems to await it, your petitioners, and their wide-mouthed posterity; as by nature urged, wiU ever, ever pam, tec", ,
IXTRACTS FROM COXE's TRAVELS.
Sir, To the EJitor of the Bet.
I TOOi; the followbg extracts from Coxe's travels into l»oland, Rufsia, tef. they may perhaps recommend them- selves to a place in your miscellany.
'wm
July It. mmerce, your : vriidom and ^oral of Great
ly benevolent t sacrifice one of another,— order that ne- ers are appre- [Jiilanthropio of your lord-» ^OUMSU, at the. (hstanding the rince, that thfr I of your lord" caffic in httman
■tUioners have B place, whicH rour petitioners ibers) by being
diminiflted.— • ps, in your le- t^vXytx, and no» nation, to pre- ruia that now
v^ide-mouthed er wutT, ^.", ,
ELS.
♦s travels into omxnsnd them-
. I
17151. ' extracts from Coxe's travels, ^
" The first Poli(h noble who granted freedom to his peasants, 'vras Zamoikki, formerly great chancellor, who, in 1760, enfranchised six villages in the palatinate of Maso- via. These villages were, in 1777, visited by the author of the patriotic letters, from whom I received the follow- ing information. * Oo' inspecting the parifli registers of births from "1758 to 1768*, that is\ during the ten yeart of slavery, immediately preceding their enf#aiichiscmcut, he found the number of births 434^ in the first ten year» of their freedom, from 1760 to 1770, 620, and from 1770 to the beginning of 1777, 585.' Upon signing the deed of enfranchisemtnt. of the sic villages, their benevolent master intimated some apprehensions- to the inhabitants, that, encouraged by their freedom, they (hould fall inta every species of licentiousnefs, and commit more disosder»- than when they were slaves. The simplicity of their an-* swer is remarkable. ' When we had no^^ther property,* returned they,- ' than the stick which we held in our handsj we were destitute o^ all encouragement, to a right conduct, and, having Bothidg. to lose, acted 'on- all occasi- ons in an inco>nsiderate manner } but as soon as our hou- ses, our lands, and* ewr cattle are our own, the fear of for- feiting them will be » constant restraint upon our- actions.* '" The sincerity of thtsalscttiw^ -/as manifested by the event. While they were in a state of servitude, Za- moiski was occasionally obliged to. pay fines- for disorders comniitted by his peasants, who, in a state of drunkennefs, would attack and sometines-kiU pafiiengers ) since their- freedom he has seldom receiv> 4 any complaints of this sort against them. Zamoiski, pleased with the thriving state of the six villages, has enfranchised the peasaats on all his estates.'*
Our author says, Zamoiski's example has been followed by another nobleman, and a clergyman, with umilar succefs.
• I luppoie this Aould b« from 1748 to 1758.
v
^ extracts from Coxe'^s irave/f. Ju/j tu
" Prince Stanislaus," proceeds our author, " nephevr to the king of Poland, has wiirmly patroni. .. this p^n^ and has enfranchised four villages, not far from Warsaw, in whkh. he has not only emancipated the peasants from their' slavery, but even condescend direct their affairs. He explained to me, in the most c. actory manner, that the grant of freedom was no lei's advantageous to the V>rd*,than to the peasants, provided the former is wil* Ung to superintend their conduct for a few years, and to put them in a way of acting for themselves } for such is the ignorance among the generality of the boors arising fron^tbe abject slavery in which they are held, and so little have they been usually left to their own discretion, that few at first are equal to the pi^oper management of a £arm. From a conviction of these facts, the prince, continues his attention te their concerns ; he visits theis eottages^ suggests improvements in agriculture, instructs them in the mode of rearing cattle and bees, and points out the enors into which igpotance and incapacity occasi-^ onally betray them/* • >
This leads us to reflect how great an. enemy ^laverj^' is to the siifety and happioc& of mankind, (as well those who tyramiise, as thM* who are the objects of tyranny,) as well as td'the improvement of the human mind. Those personsjare ceitdnly highly deserving of esteem, who, devi- ating from, the general' practice of any country^ and break* ing the fettera of education and prejudice, set the ex- ample of delivering, from bondagf: any of the human race,
* Perbapi tuch argumentt a« th!i, is tbt mouth of hit uacle, the elo- •juent Stanislaus Augustus, his piesent majesty, induced a diet consistir^ Of PuRih mbiiitf, to- admit the third ettatt to privileges, formerly ^joyed only by the fonacr ; and thus effected the pteseat wonde.ful hapfiy revcr
IJMJMI.
Mffmmi
'July in,
)r, " nephew
.. this p^an<,
Front WarsKW,
peasants from t their affairs., r manner, that ageous to the former is wiU
years, and to I } for such is.
boors arising ! held, and so vn discretion, nagement of a ;he prince—— he visits thei> Iture, instmctt les, and points apacity occasL*
enemy slavery (as well those s of ty«nny,) mind. Those em, who, dev»« iry,. and break.* set the ex- e human race.
hit uBcIe« the elo- :d a diet contisriri^ , formerly enjoyed de.t'ul happy revcr
3793. tKlraetsfrom Centers travels, tfn
It is at once the honour and iiUerest of all in such cir- cumstances to imitate such an example*.
It would certainly be no dishonour to our nobility and gentry, during the intervals of public busincfe, to imitate the exMnple of this truly great and amiable prince. From the above extract, it is evident that licentiousoeis is not the netefsary effect of a ttansition from slavery to free- dom. .,X^if depend; on the manner in which the change is effected. If shves acquire aheir freedom by dint of .power, they naturally revenge themselves on those wb» deprived them of that which they have a right tc, — free- jlom. But if liberty is .giveai to them volunurily, by those who migh't have contintied their bondage, they, feel- ing the happy effects of freedom, will look up with vene- nerationtx) their deliverer, will make his interest their'sj and will sacrifice mucli to defend him.
A raiBMO TO fclBMTTf* •
* I would no| be underttood »'■ an adrocate for the imnutiiait emmf'- pation «f our^svea in dte W«at Indies. I ooo£efs, i with for it a* too* at prvacwcc will admit. Ciring (item tlieir freedom in m prefer mmner k nowjy dangeraui.
f However much f may ipplaud the beneficent spirit of this comsponr dent, mrtfWtymt much Imay bt uAt6tA<tf the geoeral principle that hetdami under • proper govcrmnent, ia the beK means of (niuring proi priety of moral conduct, ai well aa exertiona of induitry ) yet J feat more ^ircwnttancci nfiiirc to be adverted to than he lecma to be aware of, to iuard againat the delirium that autt in general aoompany a dii«ct cmancipa<- lion. Like men in the loweit ranks of lifs, and in the moat abject pover» tf, who at oiice obtain poftefiioR orimmense wealth, and who, In^neral, aquander It in the meat extravagant and absurd apcciei of ditaipation, it i* t» be feared, that toaethiog of the aame kind would be felt on the event of an abrupt emancipation. To render it a real blefting to the persons who are intended to be benafited by it. It certsirfy ought to be very gra^ dual indeed. Thetumpleof the bopra in PoLmd, if MrCoKc'i jnfomia- tion can be relied upon, ia the most striking thing of the kind I have mti *ith. Indeed the whole of the political events that have of Iste taken place in Poland, appear to me the most extraordinary of any that have «ver appeared in the world, and Khali wait for an explanaticM of the ralit. title of these with great impailense. The revolution in France is com- paratively Jiothing to it. ■ £Jit,
/« twrapaiultnu.
June rx.
TO COKHnPONDBNTS.
.'Thk itriUile remarlu an taxation, from Tr^dtr Ptfitittl, are nttirti, and Aall be duly attended to. Whtn inveitigatloaa «f thi* aatwt ate carrieH on with temper, without being intended to excite uielefi alami or 4inmcaniag'dMC(attcnt, but KieRly to pohit out-unobtcrvedinjbnveiitcncea, that th«« may be properly correctrdi they cannot tail to prove booeficiat. It 13 (ucn diiquliitiont the £i!itor wifliei to encourage } not thotc of a •plenetir , »r captioui and declamatiory nature. The - htiker coimiiuiiicati- tiM of thii comavondent will be very acceptable.
The tinei by ftiebk$ are come to hand. The tdiMr ii much obliged . to this writer for hie gaud opinion, which he vrilUtudy t» diter«e. Thic ^ouag poet hae inadvertently varied hia meaiurt; oa thiii and tone other - account!, it will require to be attentively revitcd before it be fit for the public eye. It i« impoftible taoeftca to repeat, that aupcriour nccl* leoc* alone in poetry can reflect honour on the. writer.
The lonnet by A. T. will be interled at toon as pofbibU.
"tttt fsvour •iA. M. M. ie come «« hand, <>« vrill pleaae be informed, that the Editor is to for in arrears to. man: '>>* corretpondcnte that it it imjxrftible for him to comply with their wiiOet for a long time. This h the eole reacon of the delay.
The gleanings Iwm B. A. are thankfoUy received, and ihall be duly -attended tow
The aoonymou lettter containing remarki on the paper of A. C. Z. ie aiia rcceiwd. Inwy it a ilelicale weapon, which requitct t» be handle! with great addreia, if it i« to be productive of mu^ effect. TIm writer
does not teeni to be perfectly matter of that weapon, and therefore hia piece it improper for this mitcellaoy. The query iball be luertcd in tllP irtt ipaie comrr.
The piece signed GnmUiGnmib, cometwarly imder the came det« ciiptktn with the abuve, b«t it written rather in a better manner* It may pofiibly fold a place.
The favour of AlhmitMt it thankfolly received.
The paper tigned -L. Jumut JhiMi, -reached th« Iditor the evening liefore ttie irir— t^"t fur wiMte ute it wu intended. It wat therefore inr... pofsible to eqDploy it u he wifted. Correipondentt wiU-pleaee obtsrve, that it it not practicable, in .general, to inteR anv communication in the Bee, that does not come to hand' at least a fortnight before the day ofpub'^ iication of tiM-number in-wklch it it fanetted.
The eenHnunicadon by- Jt^pe/ut came too Jatt for iatwdon. We believe he either hat been imposed on himieif, or meant to impote. The poe- ■ lage ougi\t,to have been paid. Thit it the third uteleft letter, if we atenot ttistalctn, we have received from thit writer, ^iM^r wcr^tt/.
MMrffffM't favour it received, it <will appear if poftible next nuntf
A ftmri* Huttter it received and under contideratioof wc ban ice^ iJiim write' much better.
n^.l^ggW^j
June TX.
'fml, tn nttirti, if thi« natwt we uielefi alariBi or !4in<bnveiih;iicMf s prove btocficMl. \ not thoM ef a ker coiAinuiiiMti-
r ii nuidi obliteJ . « ^tttf. Thit I, and lome otiMr I it be fit Ant the lupcriour excel*
blc.
MM be iiifoniMd, itpondeiitt tbut it nog time. Tkii
ani ihill be dujy
aper of A. C. Z, liict t» be handicl isct. TJie writer tod therefore hii
be fauertcd in
Ik
ler the(MMCdei<i tier iMHUicr. It
:ditorthe erenlnf wa« therefore inr.^ iU-pleace obiervCf nunkatioa in the re the day ofpiib'^
^n. We belicv«
ipo>«. The po«-
itter, if we ate not
paid.
ofiible next nui^
Mi> we iuTC KC^
1 H£ BJ&jSf
Wiii>iiB«*i*v,J-«Lri9. in%.
HKBTOB or TBI lOTK ^
JQiE|IV^OFJBUCHAN,CONSTABIJ£ OFF)iANC£«
'Ottfaeretntnbf the eitl d/Boelnii to Sootfauid, he i(ras icceired with high exidt»tieni%jr hii countrj and b/ hb tttnA* the te||ettt^ )ad wfaett, after the great force Which' was tta^^ijf/ithj theTegeiat, dtake of SedfiA^' in France, the afiain of Charlea at the battle /bfCrOi.^ ««nt (odk u nnfUrwuM^ thffa, ho was igain atat 1^ the council of the iegct^jr of Seodand into Fi^aaee,^ ll^^ii large reinl^v^iemettt to €be «id of the^ing, |!i>' "vriiidi his £tthef'i^ih4A#, die ^1 of Dou^, wh^ IMI ^r^ted /* ikiiai\9m td Frincc ^ duke of Ttm- l^liu^ tM« MNH^M^iit'cdn^aiid.' It wis aj^eedbr*^ ttOtty^ negodtfMiBii^tt»>^rrof Ciharles bf the ardb-'
Eiigbu^i ymAtmlk ^a»^ {BrticipotioD, or eenscnc 4ifi HnMNit.' M:t - tiio HMiie '^ma CSharlcs conferred ^ coontyofEirreiijE, and the lordldp of Aubtgny» oX' voti. X. » • t
' -'yynrMft^.^. „
1
4» ' r/t o/yobft tariff Btuban. ^uily l||
Sir John Stuart of Darnl^/who had officiate as pro« constable £ar Buchan* and had commaadBd the vuKf of Scots auziliaric) i^ hi* ah^epM.
The duke of Be^Mrd was no leli active in obtai% ing reinforcements to his mrmj from &igbnd } and, by frefli levies made in Prance and in Borg nndr, the -war was renewed with Ireiki vigottr! Be&rd ends* for the scene of his action^ in persqn, that part of th« country where the arms of Charles had been most succefsfoloa the confines of Normaady, wtheca dM fortified town of Yvri had been sometime before s«r« prised and taken by. QM[4nt df^kBldi^e* This town being Wieged by a force which was suflluciait to aiaka a'coaftid^te Blockade^ k was agreed by the gatns<M^. according to a custom* usual ih these -wars, that the place ihould be sutroiipden^if;naiuiccour ihould ar-
^k«»flw HlTM: c%|i«d.f J>>?fefi»=R^9pfi|i, it «rW( Wd
y^y ■ . .;. ... .' . . . „.. , • . . ;
"Vfmi 4fA^Pi4%r«At|iftv,^9fffl|iijtjt4^
• of «lMMc Aittiljr W tttt ainrnftM Ktfb Sad taOat, iii ikh'WtfitM
%#«*«% w«nfy> "^mm <4*k3»9isih^>wiu>ffJv>**M4iJlHi
'?^'!^^'^'ff(%'mm, . . ..,: ..... • . .
at^ as pro- d thftauoy
e IB obtaittif |bndi sad,
rdnrdoidM tpartof th« 1 bara most ' whiMrt dM I before aur* , Thisepwa MBt to maka kie facmoiit. tra, that th« ir ihould ar- ^§thr<9 . ■>.■ t
SoiidaSa tfao
Tfi^Wr^r^ • "-^ ^
• (1
li t^ i^e 'dFHonVAteodh Itk^t l«ven l^gue s f JvtiH TM i^}m>,'^9A%ih\Ki 96^;hi laid tUfgeb V^l dii)iU, WtSMttk lit^hfc doiAiid fbhb<irl>-^<^f^f^«a bV iUi dbkJe'oTAt^ii^otii'Ud baying itkibii/otiM the giit^i^di ttittHiliclbr, t% fle^Uedth^ bl^iii^eiiis bj circhla- fl^-llie iiiibKhatBH ^ ^^iki; kMitii sili^e <>£ YVrl
support the attack. '^
' TAc'^^fAnoh-ma 'Mc^TBjarttKd dtizbns to tike i«Ift|« &i m tiaiba, viFHieh, ^b a^s alUr;, Wid. tHittl bj Stbrte. ' «' • ''^^
Bedford had no sooner Beeh iilif8^in^d of t^is eiro^,. tMnUk iHmHtd^ii'mdii ahnj^'wIiiiiiQ tkr^lei^es. •f Vfehtfeiiil, i»r>^h i ^ie« tb *ilna)«>B!ic1fai^. % It^ ing hiftf bittU>ctt|ri>dtid iJF It» d^ii ^^f : ' '^^^^
•''iTiiiBfttiiiiitd^r f^ 6t>d^i»»l6fli (ft%t fdiittS' tSi^i* of
C^leaiis''. fidUfy foi- Fi4iic^, it «» dd^miBSd litM
abiihctt 6f wir i^ liivi thi kitdn wm^Mwm
^MS^gt6i aHlrtirl llWii^iBK '^ifdtf.itr pn}&»(t tHf. MA Mdie ffeptfhAit ottl^tA!^^ iihe <fia4
tf tK^ kiiiki td ^ik aMaiSfei^ ^ i&ra>t&tirr iui^' |iiyHtattgHtiyftayii»%^#^tiUUfiti^^^^ -'
' Tiki 7i«tt&'miftiik li>hiaik WIfMi ib| )Init']d^
Iheir. twr aiilitia^ impifedwitb-. that liveif «o«rage wludk acttnk'- oafafak toi Frebduiteiij oontetidiMi 1M . iaJi{iJ(«iB4<i »(Mftt«ft9« ^ titf^dii^ '^^IrfilMtfii. opinioD ef the comtaUe, d^ '^t £t bk^lli^ie^
i:?sf??f:!^Rfr3-^??>?s3
jf4 Ufi ffJiAm url-^ BmhoM* JaiftU^
c^nat d'Attinika and the odxitTctanui conunudtn*. bjr giTing them to «pprelieiid» thtt^ n^rntitioii oC tboMoiu.- fitvttoir w«ttld he fkflbail to their dctoraina- tion, if thtj dedined the opporttiiil^ (p£lMttl**i Mart, day, the lith of Auguet, Aa mif eli 9edlbfd nuide ite efpt—th widua -nem «i VchmhU. H« drew np hie tooopp in % un^ line, the uehert on- the fl»iuu» end two thousand, in tlw teat fot tctenre. Hie center ditnsion was led on hj the rqpmtytha winga hj the c6rU of Saliiburj and Suffolk. In tk§ same mannet |ha constable taagcd hia aimj under the walls of VemeuiK '
. In ca# of hia. wings were a iftwifWMt honi» those bithe right commanded hy the haren de Gonlaiigcsr the lords of TbtenviBe, Estiftae, and Saintffaillcs» aoi^orted hj l\f» dfKoufin.. ^vQn Hii Itft Iv^; H Bofg^ de Caqnerank the 1i^ Vijpf lijil), ipjy JUfBiB de Sue, Lombards^ tog' jilli t^ 4^1ii||a-of tlMir eoiH>tri««r
•, ., Tphe wii^gs ;«a>?a 'j^|pmipuide#: % ht ^yatta and-. Ifsirlrimae. Tlift, iia^itM* l<Nlpa.ia. tibe center:*: It ^ die intfs^ap t^ order of ^v iianstahla diet ^ attadk. ihof^ kfkjreeeiwd, and nr^ gtireatrd»tt he mighf ^1^ %^^ thfi iiiregn^ iwa^
iag{ieta«s|||^t cjrjthp aiepf.,» B1^, ihe ipfiatieww of ^r^..<l^i^^f|f|nt,«| Narboana f i;iis.'fl»Ved tba^jwudcnt ,•<< 0e «|^^3>Ijp,' by leading up^ ta
ja^Hri^'llfidm coneeri, wbicih SfHcMd the pMh.
t-^f M«eirfrf»4t h »MMtt i^/tS. «^i tMaing Inilte fuAriMk mA^ '%9»«'«& Imw wvriM Ui«:4*d««<i «£ ffcacauatUt* the kapctiMP* Ibk
^■;r'ii'"!'.>.:'y<»ti'i;iai^Mg.-W^."'^.
T
7«/>tfi
^pntatiaiKiC rdetcnuas-
■tll»*tJMKt
oH Hedlbrd
HMuU. He
•fdMft oa.
foff f«tenr«.
iregwtwtht blk. Intlta •tmj nodct
botM» tboie
SaintniUM»
'Mifr. ■.
l^jatt* Midi e c«nteiv: It wtttlik that
nregnhf iMM^
L the pxttdcat hU wmg ta
Kt patrioilc wMlk the iaipctwwiaK
UptW to bting^ up th« tiroplf luddcnlj to hU-top> fiortt tkuthc Um of tht utnj might mc h«'brQken» , TWhcftrjr tnocd foIdier»» and the (roopt in gene- nl, w«« thus bfottfht up, ualbtmgd mkI bre»tbl«(s« to he feoMircd bj the firm calbtttled erraj of the EogUib, defaided» as thej were, oa their front bj a breaat woric. of palea, a militarj deyice, much and sue. eeftfnUjr vaad hj the Engltfli, to oppoce tha rafli uof patttoaitjtfif ^ Freofch and Scou. Thej carried paUsa4e« CMprtafltljr with them, and iwe^ them 00 the iBM| trtii[^9aolai««»of provineiid war.
NotwjdlMtaadiag this inezcutable and fatal blonder of NafhawiHf tibe eavalrj of the wings attacked the £o^ih afsheri^ iriko wqri; oj^scd to th^m,, wifh •Of h inpatiiotit/, that thpj Ivokc their ranks, and traoapled thein «yiec foot with great slaughter i hni die ca^ tja the right, diaobedient to orders, pur>^ ,aacd tlie. ^jing futthen* li^ {oltowed .th^ troops off Lombatd/, with' die s^r^jigth pf the FreiMM| eraaj* aappokinf t^ via^oty «»■ b^ fi^tjtiaed ; apd thuia per- ■littuig ^ aaen to q^t ^iaia ranks and ]>lu|id«r the bag^ge of 1^ coemjr.
thiaiUsorOcv^proyed fatid fo the ceostablc and tp the hooQur pf . ^ dMy, The J^Pi^tifli general availed hiflmelf.of^i and, c<^JQg.^np with firaanef* and or- dtttrilll^ i>«>&<W hour, the t^qch and Soots weK tDta% 4>*<so^ted and rout^dy.^ Engliih arehefs yaUjin|^ coiapteating the ikfeat and caraag,e of the
. Of the French it appears, bjj^rallel accounts, that there fell four thousand* with their brave comman-
i
4«j * hfehfibmi^i'lifivem. Jul} i%:
der thfe *art of Buchan, thfe fekrl of Douj^as, and hfe' son, with itAny otheif ^Mons of aistinctioti;
•ilie viscount of Narbonne was among the first to Suffer by 4ri hdnoiiraljife deith, the g^htle pUhiflimcnt of his raAacfs. Hts body ^as souj^ht for, found, an^. barbSH-ously quattered, and hung upon gibbets by order of Bedford, as having beert accfefsai-y td the aisufsi'.iaticn of the duke of Burgundy.
On the part of the Engliflii arttiy, ttlij victdtjr wa» Qbtairted with the lofs of no more than sixteen hUili dred men at arms ; the lords of Audleigh arid Carle- ton being amoiig the flain. The number of the wound- ed was more considerable, and rejoicings were pro-* hibitedfor jo bloodjr a conquest. Nettday "Vefneuil was occupied by an Englifli ^arriiooV"^''^'^ ' ^
Thus perilhed John Stuatt, earl of BticHan, tljporf the bed of honour, worthy df that ttaly royal and accomplilhed family to Which be oWed hi& brigln. • To no family in Europe can we akribe Stiperior gallantry, geniUs, eleganfce of taste, Or splendoHi: tt military and cduftly abilities, thart to the ftmilj' dt Stuart, 9M for so long a period to ndr^«/ fatnlly ill
the world. , ;
Tames I. with the earl of Buchan and the lord d'Aubigny, bis coiisihsi itt a littl6 court like that ist Scotland, formed a riiatchlefs groupe ; ah*d. In ihi raceof d'Aubigoy, tilfthc conclusion of the great civil war in the year 1648, we Wlibld a succefciou of heroes during the whole of its career : Nor, smce thsir cha- racters start from the canvas of history, is it necef- sajy to point iJuMn ont to the admifatibn df poste*. rity, . - r*
ffti)Sis^LSyjf'ifBV^*<'»'WfefflJW''g''J^!8W
Ia3, and hiV an; -
the first to puhiflimcn't for, found, jon gibbets fiai-y td the
victdty wait ixteeft hUJi-t I arid Carl6- the wound- S were pro-
ky Vefncuil
m^. - ■ f
icrian, tljpotf (r royal and' i&brigiii. [)€ Stiperior piendour bf e femily dt '«/faniIly irt
rid itlie lord like that ot arid, iti ihi (jie great civil ioti of heroes ce th«lr cna- •, 18 it necef- ibn of poste*.
%3^%, ittfprovfment ojfjheep and woo/.
T-l ,■■..
rrrr
THE IMPROVEMENT OF SHEEP AND WOOL.
Continue// /r 3m 0. jy', 7- CottH^ctipnhetueenJinem'j ofwoo/and.hardinets^
TT . ' f" ;-----■ • if ■,
fiERE again prejudi9e l^^j ^een lqi[\y?|rd 1:9 4ecid% and ha? decid^, as HsuaJ. Jiaprope^^. J.^ i^ y^^j generally belieyed, tha^ f.»eep which Wrry fifie Tijqc^ ace nece(?arily ^jqre Kfc^^xi th^A »ho^e f|^t yiq^i4 it 9f a co^raer ^lament. Thi^, ^p, I have «o J^esita- tion in saying, is not true ; ^nd evety maji Fho lif^ tis eye, opep in a fl^eep ti^icket. w iR » flofifc «f ftcQp^ must observe it as well as me. \ caosidv this at & most pernicipHs wrpr, thm, if »pt eradicated, must fvar xmA to s^^i^ti^ thq pfQ6(4 o« flwepi forming. 4 «?;m» Vb« M cpnyinc^cl ihat in? wool cap pnJy bf obtained fro<^ ^ weakly and i|ja% breed ofOwep, ipuat bea fool if h^ dpes npt df^eraxiqe aipncp tp.war on^ cpaf^e wool, ^^t tf»v^ h« tA Ue cpnyioced, as I »ffl satwAed-^e, 9»ay be, ^ a, «et 0? judiwPlw experi,. ift^iu* dij?€cted fp this point* that, a;, bar4y Oiwp can b« found whicl^. cgrry ^/gi|f vQd, a« apy vWcb carty ?oflr'' wool, (s^nd thwe ^^s aptiyUly ift Scotland, ait* flsewl.V!rp, l,i;^eda plftaeg, th^ psfj-y y<f/y iw«i wwl» |ar -wM-e haj-^ tl^an otlw^r. bree^i^ in tb? sam^ couUr try. th^t carry coarse wool,) l^e Would m?I^e baste tp ptpp^gat^ tjip 4)ne, and tj^ g^t a^^i^ tip, p^feet, to. bif pwp grea^ ^moluni^n^.
Jflanfttt,', . ^^ '^ \h a?l»eyal belMjvf4 th^t a fi^c |jeece of wool % ^^Pm***^ Ijgh?, "«yien.cftn%B?t?d i«iili sm. thai; ii
!^^|.'j)!.>'!i|^jr
j|% impro^yemenfofjlieepaniwoT. July itk
coarser, though my own experience obliges tne to de- clare, that I conceive thi? general prejudice to be en- tirely unfounded. I have seen many Ihcep that car- ry very thin and light fleeces, though the wool was extremely coarse ; and others exceedingly fine that were as clofe as it is pofsible to conceive. Indeed it is now well known to every member of this society, that, for closenefs of pile, no breed of flieep in this country can be compared wfifh the Spanrfti breed. But it is not the word of an individual that ought to have weight incases of this sort. It is clear and accurate experiment alone that ought to be relied on, and it it
for that I contend.
g. Sborttuft •r itngtb of ttapU.
It can hardly be disputed that richnefs of pastures, and other favourable circumsta^ices, have an influence in lengthening the pile of wool. Some have hence inferred that fhort and long wool might be inter- changeably converted the one into the other ; hence that no carding wool can be expected on rich pas- tures, nor combing wool upon heathy commons. Others, -on the conttary, contend that there is a per- manent, and unalterable diff'erence in the length of the wool of different breeds of flieep, which no ma- nagement can destroy ; that though a rich pasture win, in all cases, produce a lengthier wool tham one that is poorer, in the same manner as a rich soil will produce a more luxuriant growth of plants of every sort that Ihall be reared on it, than if they had grown «n one that is poorer ; yet that this does not tend to alter the ultimate proportional size of plants, to which nature has prcsaibed certain differCiUcs that
mmsimM-
Bs tne to de- ce to be en' ep that car- e wool was {Ij fine that . Indeed it this society, heep in this 1 breed. But light to have and accurate on, and it ii
k. •
; of pastures, an influence e have hence ;ht be inter- jther ; hence in rich pas- y commons, lere is a per- the length of rhich no ma- rich pasture rool than one rich soil will ants of every ey had grown es not tend to of plants, to Seretucs that
i79*« impyovement ofjhtep and wool. ■ 49
on one that is poorer, yet that this does not tend to alter the ultimate proportional size of pbnt3 ta which nature has prescribed certain differences thut cannot be interchanged. A gooseberry bufli, on a rich soil, m»y, perhaps, sometimes attain as great a. size as a hawthorn on a poor soil, or a hawthorn a* an oak ; yet, in equal circumstances, the hawthora will always exceed the gooseberry in size, and. tiie oak the hawthorn. It is just so, say they, with the length of wool produced by certain breeds of (heep, some of which, though they may be acci- dentally lengthened or stinted, will, upon the whole, preserve an invariable difference between each other, if the breed be not contaminated. Which of these opinions are well founded ? Nothing but accurate experiments can aiford a satisfactory answer to this, question.
10. Connection between length of staple and coarsenejt. . ofjilament. ,.
No opinion has been more generally received than that there is a necefsary ana invariable connection be- twet " length of the staple of wool, and the coarse- nefs ot ji filament. That is to say, that the finest, wool must occefsririly be fliort, ind \ice -jersa. I. am, howpver, clearly convinced, that there is no real foundation for this opinion ; bee use I have had in roy own flock, (beep that carried wool tot exceeding two inches in length, which was of an exceeding coarse quality j and, at the une time, I had wool that measured seventeen inches, which was finer in filament than the finest Spanifh wool I could obtain. It is of great importance that ' ^ circumstance
VOL. X. O t
SflPiUllWii;"' ' ■^
jo tmpraifemenf cf'Jbtef itn^^ooaf: 'July i8.
ftould be ascertained by fair and indisputable expe* titnents } so that the public fliould neithsr rely up- on my word, nor that of any other individual, in v matter 0^90 much national impurtancr. Zi. Connectian between the tendtney tofattm^ andn»^ ' ture of the fleece.
It is profit alone that the farmer ought to regard fti choosing a breed of fiieep, and not fanciful refine, naents of any sort. The improvement of wooi is a. principal object of the attention of this society ; but if, by attempting to do this, the farmer must sacrifice more valuable considerations, it would be folly in. him to attempt it. In all their expert men's, therefore, respect ought to be had to thequalities of the carcase o£ the ftieep as well as its wool. If flicep that carry fine> lirool are necefsarily and invariably more tender, or more difficult to fatten than those that carry coarse Wool, it were, perhaps, better never to thiiik of the former. But if the quality of the wool has no w- ttfsary connection with the other peculiarities of carcase, then it may happen that by attention and: care, a breed may be found that fhall afibr-d' at the same time fine wool, and be easily fatted. It is a matt<<r, therefore, of the utmost importance, to have this point clearly elucidated by the fairest and .nose de- cisive experiments. My own observations, on a pretty extensive scale of experience, leave me no room to dbubt on this head ; but it is not for my own satis- faction I now enquire, but for the satisfaction of the public at large. And the public Ihould not rely on any afsertioos of iudrviduals in matters of so high importanse*
"|Fwk^
lUtable exp»'' h«r rely up- ividual, in •
<Uen% and na^
jht to regard, neiful refine- of wooi IS a> !ociety ; but nust sacrifice i be folly in )s, therefore, the carcase of lat carry fine- re tender, or
carry coarse think of th*:^ tol has no tie- suliarities of at<tention and- 4 at the same t is a matter, to have this and -.fiost' de- s, on a pretty
no room to ly own satis- faction of the old not rely ;r3 of 80 high
Xypa.** "improntmtnt t^J>etpmdvjool. 51
la. Lnflutnee o/hrted in alterini; tbe qualities ofjbeep.
■Opinions diflfcr prodigiously-ircspectingthia impor-
flant object of disGufsion. Nor can it be otherwise,
while the objects aoove specified fhall remain undo-
•ctded. Were all ithese previous qjieatipns to be fully
lasoertained, we fliould then be able to speak with
«ef tainty of the influence of breed, and to act de^-
,ctsively in practice. Till they he ascertained \»e
anust. remain in a state of perpetual uncertainty aud
^oubt.
Ey tbe practice of the greatest improvers in Bri- *ain, it appears that.^r^is^ seems, to be found to have « sovereign and uacontroulable influence in altering the nature of the animal, though it has not a powe^ of ehecking the collateral influence of other circum- stances on the animal economy- No man, for ex- ample, who breeds from a Lanoafliire long horned bull and cow, will ever produce a cow of the fliott horned Dutch breed. Here the effect of breed is in- «t8i>tly obvious, and cannot be mistaken. But ihould a man, in the the rich vale of Gloucester, breed from a Highland f:ow and bull, which, in an ordinary soil, would not exceed- twenty-eight or thirty stone weight, he will gradually raise them to such « sizie as to weigh sixty, seventy, or perhaps eighty ♦tone or upwards ; while a breed of Engliih cattl», by being reared for a length of time, upop a poor pas- ture would be gradually diminiflicd iu size till it be- came smaller than the Highland breed, reared upon 3 i\cher soil. Thus would the i^two breeds, in respect tovfiae at least, be apparently interchanged the one for Uie other, as the smaller might become the lar- gfir, Thisi to luwty observers, would seem to be a
52 improvmtnt o/Jfeep and wool. ^ufy i9.
real alteration of the qualities of the breed ; though it be, in fact, only an a4:cidental variation, occasioned by the influence of collateral circumstances ; for, in all other respects but the siie, these breeds, in all circumstances, preserve their original and distinctive difference; and let them change places they will quickly return to what they w? re before. The Highland cattle, restored to their barren hills* will dwindle to their former size ; and the Englifli breed, in its rich vales afsume their former magnt>' tude, and be exactly the satn* thing, aftei: many ge- nerations, as they were at first, if the breed has not been contaminated. Just eo it happens in the vege^ table kingdom. The hawthorn which springs up in a rich and fertile vale, rises to a lofty tree, spreads wide its branches around, and outstrips the oak itsetf which grows on a niggard soil, and in an exposed si- tuation ; but this deviation from the laws of nature is only an accidental, not a rfl</»c«/ change.
It is in this way that circumstances which only produce accidental changes on the qualities of flieep and wool, having not been distinguilhed from the more permanent changes resulting from breeds, have occasioned a confusion of ideas on this head that ought to be removed : An enterprise that seems to be highly worthy the attention of this society. Many men have observed, for example, that rich pastures augment the length of wool, which, it no doubt does ; hence they conclude, that long or fhort wool depend? entirely on pastures, andnot on the nature of the on- ginal breed ; though they must very often see in the same pastures, different breeds, which, in this respect* t reserve all their original^qualitiej unimpaired. Other*
"yx-
•>fllS5!?H5^^^rsSft*HrB5!S^^
■is*i.3Sjf^^^
eed ; though If ocoasioned ices i for, in kreeds, in sitt id distinctive !S they will >efore. The tarren hills^ the Engliih irmer magnte tejr many ge- hreed has not in the vege^ , springs up tree, spreads the oak itscH' n exposed si- iws of nature
which only ities of iheep led from the .breeds, have is head that that seems to sciety. Many rich pastures ) doubt does ; , wool depend? re of the on- "ten see in the n this respectv laired. Other*
i^^'ie«i.w:-
1792. improvetntnt of Jhup and wool. 55-
having observed thui some uf tiiecorninun breeds carry long wool that is very coarse, have concluded that these -qaalities (1. e. length and coarsenefs,) cannot be dis- joined ; and that the influence of brttd, in this case^ will soon be lost. Others having observed that the fleece produced by the same fheep in one season, has been much coarser than that which the same iheep afforded in a former season, have thought they had good reason to conclude, if the (heep chaiKred to be moved from a coarser to a finer gang, that thi« change was undoubtedly occasioned by the richer pasture. They did not advert that if the season ia which the wool was produced was warmer than the former, the wool must of necefsity have been much coarser than the wool of the former season, though the iheep had been kept upon its former pasture. If the iheep chanced to go from a richer to a coar- ser pasture, the obvious deterioration of the wool would be as inevitably attributed to the pasture, not to the change of climate between one year and ano^ iher. Thus it must ever happen, that so long as we are ignorant of the precise effect of a change of cli- mate, pasture, management, sex, age, \3c. on the quality of the same breed of fheep, we mnst be per- petually groping in the dark, and reasoning as fancy or caprice nwy dictate, so that our practice must be unsteady, and our o^Mnions contradictory. What enterprise, therefore, could be more worthy of a so* ciety which has so strongly attracted the notice of all Europe, than to begin by chalking out and steadily pursuing a set of experiments calculated to remove those doubts, and to introduce certainty in a matter of so much national importance ?
^4 improventtHt ofjbtep mnd vnoi. Jufy r8'.
Committte of experiments. From these cousicicratioin, I would beg leave to propose that a cn.iunittee of this society Qiouldbc ap- ]^inted« under the name of ifae committee af tMptrir mentis to make a cleitr and distinct apofification of such experiments as they Ihould deem uecc&ary tp be made for elucidating the particulars above allti- ded to, and others they (houU deem of equal iropot- *Bnce, and to report to the society the result of their deliberations. And let it be an article of instruction to that committee, to be very minute in describing all the particulars necefsary to be atiendsd to in making these experiments, 30 as to guard againat er- ror. Should such a report, corrected by the societjtt be afterwards publiflied, it may scwe as a clue to direct the experiments of such public spirited indi- viduals as were desirous of co-operating with the society in forwarding so useful an undertaking.
The great object to be ever held in view by this so- ciety, in these and every other enterprise, must be the improvement of Britifli wool ; and in the first place the improvement of our Ihort ca;rding wool. But, in attempting to obtain the object aimed at, care must be taken not to sacrifice any other ad- vantage we already pofsefe that Ihould tend- to di- minilh the profit of the farmer. The prudent flieep rearer will not rafliiy depart from what he knows to be profitable, for another practice he does not know with certainty to be better. If'to obtain one pound of fine wool he loses two of a coarser sort — if he must adopt a more tender instead, of a liardier breedj fine wool would be purchased at a.prioe iar
' »;.J::.<yi .^^Jgl^?fcj}j^S»^at#feW-»^
yufy r8.
beg leave >to [hould be ap>. Ite of tttptrir- «ification of ueceisary tP
above alligu equal impot- >!i\ilt of tiie»T »f instruction in describing tended to in 'd againat er- r-the society, AS- a clue to spirited indi» ing with the -taking. ;w by this so- ise, must be [ in the first arding wool. «t aimed at, Xj other ad- Id tend- to dU prudent flieep at he knows
be does not to obtain one arser sort — if l,of a hardier at a. price £ar
ins^m-
beyond its vahie. But it it (hall be proved byas«t of judicious expenments, which I have no doubt will be the ease, that fineiiefs ot wool does luit necefsarily tend todiminilh its quantity, and that flieepol'the hardiest sort may be found that produce the finest and closest pile of wool, then his attention would be directed to make diligent search to try if he could discover that breed wich pofsefsed all the difi^rent qualities which, render (beep valuable in the highest degree. But in. this enquiry he ihould proceed with caution, and ne- ver go an inch beyond the bounds that accurate ex- periments prescribe to him; fancy and afiecti on fliould be here out of the question, — it is pr(ifit only that ought to be regarded. When ever the farmer ha» obtained a good breed, let him lay it down as a maxim, from which nothing^ (hall make him depart, ne- ver, on the one haadr to alter it or change it for ano- ther, till he has had decisive experience that he is to do it for the better ; nor, on the other hand, ever to rest satisfied that his breed cannot be improved till he has obtained one that pofcefses every estimablet quality in the highest known degree.
That I may not be here raisunderstoody let it be supposed that he has obtained a. breed that af^ord9^ very fine wool if^ abundant quantity, and thrives kindly upon his gang ; though another kind (hould come in his way, that fattaied a little more easily, let him, before he resolves to adopt this, last, make a fair experiment to try if the whole of the flieep of that kind, which can be kept on a given quantity of such food, as he can command, will afford him more profit, taking iu every aaide ia euaulof carcaae^; •
,6 imprwement ofjbeep and wool. July 1 9.
Ilcect, mA accidents, than Biiother kind with which it is compared. If th;i experiment (hould turn out in favour of hi* own breed, let him reiict the strange breed with which it was cimpared ; >ut let him not rest satisfied that it rever can be improved. Let him be ever on the search for a breed of fine wooUed fceep, that fatten verv kindly. Let him watch for the«e with the utmost care, and, wherever he can find them, let no expence deter him from giving them s fair experimental trial. But if he has been so lucky as to come near to perfection with his own flock ; where is he so likely to meet with that valuable kind as in that flock? With a view to discover these valuable indivi- duals let him observe them continually with the most attentive eye. Let him handle them often, and carefully discriminate those which have, in the highest degree, tlie valuable qualities he willies to obtain. Let them be selected from the others, the very best rams put to the picked ewes, and so on, perpetually selecting the bert from the best. In this manner, by a con- tinued attention, it is inconceiveable what im- provements may be made in a continuance of years. I myself once chanced to observe a little cow of my own, that continued at all times fat, when treated in the same way with my other cattle ; and though fhe was scarcely ever in her life that flie might not have been slaughtered for beef, others of my cows, equal- ly fed with her, were sometira ,a very lean. 1 kept k»r many years, but never was so lucky as to obtain* bill calf trom her that lived ; yet I can, at this day , easily distinguifti that breed, by their good plight, from my <«her cattle, after Ihe has been dead more than twen-
" tm^Ai'.mism&'i^mfmi.mM'm^^f'^s'''^!^'^-'^'^-
with which Id turn out the strange let him not roved. Let line wooUed 1 watch for :ver he can giving them ;en so lucky flock ; where ind as in that table indivix ith the most ind carefully rhest degree, . Let them ;st rams put My selecting r, by a con- what im- nce of years. e cow of my en treated in i though fhe ght not have cows, equal- ean. 1 kept as to obtain « lis day, easily jht, from my c than twcQ-
rjUB
on taxatliifi. ^j
Such being the evident permanency of let me recommend this circumstance very warmly to the sttention of all who wifti to engage seriously in the improvement of their flieep. But let no iheep rearer ever forget, that it is the breed of flieep which, on hit ou:n particular gang, and not on that of another, yields him the most profit, that is the kind he ought to rear, whether it carry coarse or fine wool, or whether it be in vogue at the time, or the reverse. It is money only that mates the pot to ioil. And let him also advert, that, if breed be so powerful in improving, it is equally efficacious in de~ teriorating a flock ; so that he ought to take great care how he alters that breed which he already pof- sefses ; and on no account ought he to introduce a strange ram into his flock, till the superior qualities of tliat breed over his own have been ascertained in the most indisputable manner by clear and decisive experiments.
Jas. Andersok.
ON TAXATION. "»
Amongst the various departments In the science of JpoTitics, I believe there is none in which lefs pro- jj'i.'fs has been made, in point of improvement, than that pf taxation. Notwithstanding the numerous and deep discufsions, that almost; every branch of the revenue lav/s has undergone, both in and out of par- liament, we find ourselves loaded with taxes, that
VOL. X. U J^
58 tftiaxatfon. ^tf/y iff.
produce evHs ten-fold greater than thejr are capable of occasioning, were the duties payable the onlj cause of complaint, — with revenue officers to soch an im- mense number both under the customs and excise, that they form one of the greatest and most constant articles of expence to government, — and withal we are overcome with smugglers, and revenue sales of set- zed goods, to such an extent, that in many branches of commerce the fair trader is beaten out of the field. With a view to point out, as far as lies within my power, the cause, of these evils, and to excite in others, endowed with more information and abilities, a desire of turning theireyes toward an object of so much importance, and endeavouring to devise the means of putting our taxations on a more simple and lefs hurt- ful footing, 1 fliall, with thc> permifsion of the Editor of the Bee, offer to the public, from time to time, my observations on srch parts of the revenue laws as tome immediatel , under my observation, in the course of my oa'h t' sinefs as a merchant. {. Of otmrstreacbing taxation. It 13 a very plausible and generally received idea, that the higher aniuty is, th', more it prodoces ; but there is not any principle more fallacious or more dangerous. I ftiall pick out, as particular instances, the duties payable on the importation of tpirits and
tobacco.
On all European spirits there Is a duty payable on importation to Britain, of five fliiilings and ten-pence per gallon.
The cost of geneva oif the first (fuality is at pre- sent, at Rotterdam, about 1 8. 10 d.^^r gallon, brandy,
>/y 1 8.
are capable e onl J cause sach an inl- and excise, io3t constant rithal we are tales of sei- branclies of of the field, within my o excite in id abilities, a •t of so much he means of id lefs hurt- f the Editor to time, my inue laws as ion, in tbs
ceived idea, }daces ; but lis or more r instances, spirits and
' payable on id ten-pence
f is at pre- lon, brandy,
1179 !• en toMtitiott. ' 59
•ince the commencement of the disturbances in France, has been much dearer, which h»s in a great degree prevented the smuggling of that article.
The consequence of this very high duty, it being •bove three limes the value of the spirits, is, that an immense smuggling has been carried on ever since it was so high. And notwithstanding tyery method that could be devised for its prevention having been adopted by government, it still continues. The evils of this smuggling are easily seen : 1 fliall enumerate some of them. j ',
1st. It destroys, in a double capacity, legal com- merce, the support of which every good politician pays much atterition to. In the first place the smugg- lers are enabled to bring the spirits to market at a price far lower than the person, who pays the duties can ; and, in the second place, there are such great quantities of these spirits, that have been seized and condemned by the revenue oflScers, exposed to sale at the custom-house and excise office, that it is im- pofsible for the fair trader ever to compete with them, however low his prices may be ;, for the lower he sells, the lower will these condemned spirits be knocked off at, as they must be sold at what they will bring.
id. It brings ruin into the part of the country where it exists. The temptation is so great that persons pofsefsed of capital, allured by the glittering prospect of gain, relinquiflx lawful occupations, as xjiean drudgery, and grasp eagerly at the thousands that they are to gain by purchasing spirits at is. icd. and selling them at 7 s. lod.Jier gallon. They pur-
I
'* "i
<5o OH taxation!.- ^ fuly i8/.
chase fliips, engage men, scad out remittances,— theif- vefsels and cargoes are seized, thiey, and their families, . who livad in affluence and respect, are plunged at*, once into bankruptcy and indigence, drawing along with them many small dependants. But Ihouldthey, be so fortunate as to succeed in the attempt, and gain v great sums by the prosperous ifsue of their lawlefjf .- enterprise, they stop not there. Fate acts the same?' part by them, as a cunning {harper at whist does by a -; pigeon ; allowing them to run on ia the gaudy path'v of gain till their heads are uplifted with the iuchanting'; phantom j and with one blow they are cast down, ,i and all " their flowery prospects come to nought. Thus it happens with all, rich and poor, ih those un- happy countries where smuggling prevails. If 1 ex- cept a very few, indeed, who die worth considerable'. sums of money made by the diabolical trafBc; and these increase the evil by being looked at by their - countrymen as happy examples, worthy of. imita- . tion.
idly. 'The good murals of the people, by this term't' I mean the proper direction of the principle, of dis- tinguifhing right from wrong, are, by every able po- . litician, whether in a publit or private capacity, con- sidered a3 an object of the firat importance. And' these are, by smuggling,, entirely destroyed. When , the laws in one instance are held at nought, very . little respect is paid to them in another ; and it is a well known, fact, that in every country where smuggling is practised extensively, it is not only ac- . counted no crime to defraud the revenue, but it is also considered as a virtue ; and- 1 believe -that, had-
■'Ai
CCS,— their :ir families,
plunged at wing along Qiould they pt, and gain leir lawlefs ts the same ^ does by a gaudy path
iuchanting cast down, . to nought. ii those un- s. If I ex. onsiderable :rafBc; and It by their - T of. imita> .
y this term iple. of dis- ry able po- lacity, con- mce. And :d. When . ight, very er i and it itry where lOt only ac- e, but it is I 4hat, had
17$** «n thi miiky way. ^ 6v
smuggling been as near the origin of society in Galw loway, as fighting was in Rome, virtue * would have implied dexterity in smuggling in the former, as it did bravery in the latter. How often do we not hear of spightfal murders being committed in Kent, of re- bellious combats in GaUoway and Ajrfliire, betwixt his majesty's officers and the people ; and of un- paralleled, and bragged-of feats of swindling in all the smuggling counties of Britain ? All arc owing to smuggling.
I could enumerate many more instances of the baneful efFects of illieit commerce, all of which opcj rate most powerfully in those very parts of our coun- try that are destined by nature to ihine in commerce, and spread wealth and happiuefs around them, if that evil were removed ; but I must hold for the present, and in my next paper I fhall probably state what are the effects of exorbitant duties on the amount of the revenue, v/hich is the- primary object of considera- tion in imposing them. , ;, ^'"*' '79*. Trader Political.
ON THE MILKY WAY. For the See.
If our sun were viewed by a person at the nearest iixed star, that star would appear a sun, and our sun would appear a fixed star. How grand is the idea that every fixed star is a sun to a number of planets around it ! And yet, if we reason from ana-, logy, it is not more strange than true. The breadth • Vhtutf Id Latin, signifies br»veiy.
iri
iSt oitthe milky way. yufy i8»
of the earth's orbit scarcely bear* any sensible pro- portion to the distance of the nearest fixed stars.
We ftiall here hazard a conjecture concerning the universt from the appearance of the milky way. The milky way, (when Sv'en to perfection in a clear night, so clear as to occur only once or twice in twelve months, and brighter than is necefsary to dis- cover the planet Herschell to the naked eye,) the milky way appears a great circle in the heavens, pafsing by the swan on the north, and dog-star on the south, and riot far from the pole of the ecliptic. Of this great circle of the milky way, the earth of course appears to be the center.
The conjecture we hazard from this appearance, is^ that the universe of the fixed stars is a great zodiac, or grand ecliptic, of some thicknefs, but of little thick- nefs in comparison to its vast length and breadth, oc amazing circumference : That the fixed stats have formed themselves into such a grand zodiac by mutual attraction ; as the planets, by a like attraction, have resolved themselves into the plane of the ecliptic:. That we, who are placed in the middle of this grand zodiac of the universe, see the more distant parts of Tt like a round belt, or great circle, of some breadth, of which we ourselves are in the center ; That this great circle is the milky way : That the fixed stars we see on every side of us, are all comprehended within the compafs of the grand zodiac ; but being comparatively near us, must appear to us ia all point* ©f the sphere : That we only perceive it to afsume the figure of a zodiac in those parts that are compa- ratively more remote : And that, in the most dis- tant parts of it, myriads o^ fixed stars, forming them-
)r sensible pro- xed stars. j| concerning the : milky way. ction in a clear e or twice in jcefsary tod is* iked eye,) the I the heavens, ,nd dog-star on of the ecliptic. ft. the earth of
appearance, isr I great zodiac, t of little thick- md breadth, or xcd stars have idiacby mutual ttiaction, have [)f the ecliptic:. e of this grand listant parts of • some breadth, :er : That this the fixed stars comprehended jac ; but being us ia all pointa vre it to afsume bat are compa- the must dis- forming them*
.'I
179** reading memorandums. 6%
selves, rank behind rank, into embattled legions, pre- sent to us, and to our view, the great circle of the milky way. Our ecliptic stands nearly at right angles to the surface of our earth : The position of the milky way may have determined the position of our ecliptic. Astronomicus.
READING ME'\10RANDUMS. The weak mind, unable to think, naturally flies toanecdote to find conversation ; and you will seldom be entertained with a happy, or decent selection.
There is often an unfortunate eoncurrence of cir- cumstances, which is sometimes so intricate, from chance, as to leave the innocent bewildered in the mazes of suspicion, witliout affording the slightest clue for them, to retrace their way out of it.
Friendlbip (like love,) now a-days is a word of faftiion. 'Tis a sort of superstitious, cabalistical word, which once had the power of joining people together, but, like witchcraft, lias now lost its force.
Let not the unfeeliog stoic deride the pleasures of
this world, and despise a happinefs, which his
gloomy soul is incapable of tasting; it presents many
enjoyments, which the .eye of reason may behold
ivitb approbation.
" The ways of prov'idenc* are darU and intricate, •• Puzzled with mates, and perp ex'd witli errors."
On reading Blair's sermons, it is observed, " those sermons are piety in the most enticing form ; and
^6^ '' reading memorandums. y^^y i8«
whilst you admire the elegant language they are re- plete with, a secret impulse bids you follow the charming precepts.
Melancholy brings to one's mind tlie exprefsions of others, which exactly describe our own sensations, more than any other affection.
We are never more angry than when we find our- selves duped. Natural, justifiable pride revolts against duplicity ; and we can sooner forgive any ia^. jury than that of deceit.
Courage incites soldiers to fight for their country : But it is cowardice alone that drives duelists toge*
ther.
Three maxims never to be departed from, for ^ happy life.
1st. An implicit acquiescence in the will of pro- vidence, from a conviction that all its dispensations are ultimately intended for our good.
2d. That, without embarafsing oa^selves by re-, verting to the past, or looking forward to the future, we ought, in every present instance, to act in strict conformity to the dictates of conscience and reason.
3d. Never consider slight omifsions, and trifling errors, as beneath our care and attention.
Many things would remain perfectly harmlefs by neglect, that are too frequently exalted into mischief by being legally noticed.
yin
July 1 8. age they are re- you follow the
lie exprsfsions of own sensations.
ien we find our- e pride revolts r forgive any in*
r their country : :s dueliftts toge«
:ed from, for '9,
the will of pro- Its dispensations
□^selves by re-, d to the future, to act in strict ce and reason, ns, and trifling ion.
:Iy harmlefs by :d into mischief
yOETRT.
MARTIAL LIB. VIII. EPIC. lU. IMITATED.
When fliall you end my tlionghllcfs barj ?
What rrams of vcrfet would you v»riee ? W.Jiout *n atom ofrtw.Tid,
Ti.ough all admire your cv'ry fl'ght.
The'camD. the city, and the court,
Trie f.iirr.cr p.'oJdIng at hid plough, Tiic premier etekng each rei.irt,
To pay our dc^ts the devil knowj how !''
•MI.
All these and fifty thousand others,
Have learn'J your charmij.-; odfs by heart; :' '
Till iigh spite their admiration .motben,
Ev'n critics murmur your dcstit. ' '
IV.
Whtn creeds, and farces, and revlewa,
And dictionaries pas: all number, Shall plug the windows of our stews,
A3 tight as J_e:nniy Boswell's lumber:
V.
When you have rotted in a jail,
Witho\it one turf your bones to cover. The milk maid, blu/hing o'er her pail, ,
Shall tune your ballads to her iover.
VI. ' '■'"■
The fliepherd while hij lambs are f«eding,
And his fond bantlings throrg to hear, Shall on the daisy, where he's reading,
Drop the pure homage of a tear, vn. Lift others in their lofty rhime,
Raist ruffian valour to the fkies,- But scorn to prostitute your time.
In teaching homicide diiguise.
VIII.
T'were past all Creek, — ill Shikisspeare's glory. ,
It'tender, innocent, amusing, . ' ,
While not one trime pnf^net yctu ttory,
NsLLV fhall think it worth i:ei using, l». For since in baby clothes >oung nature.
Fit si tried ten thousand ojbs to whirl, Thi re has not stnilsi in mortal featuie,.
So lovely, so divine a girl ! 'EoMBAHDiNiorr
VOL. X, 1 ■^:
^
ptetry.
"July 18.
To the Editor of the Bee.
iJr Edilcr,
I hsppenrd to h^ve the giod fortune to be prfsent at the grand concerf which w,i» pert'ormci n: ihe oper» hnus; London, for the btn'fit ot Thomaj Linley, esq, itwasjt this concert that the muchlimen.a.-! M13 Sheridan iung for the las. time in public. Tiie effect Mrs Shcridin's wo-.iitrfully pathetic powers had up«n me, Mr Editor, I am un.iMe lo describe, pen and piper, even in a ftilltul hand, could give bur a very faint idea of it. The house was so overflowed that furm, were obliged to be placed on the stage ; and thc3e,bting filled by ladies, a crowd of gentlemen were thankful to get standing room between ilie s: Jc scenes, &c. 6fc. 1 menlion these circumstances to /hew the anxie-. ty of the public on this occasion j and among this numerous aficrablage J don't think ther« was a dry eye to be found during the time that Mrs Sheridan was singing her pathetic songs; and the profafsors in ths or- .-licstri were »o deeply affected, that tjiey almost forgot their functions. Mr Editor 1 was one of the singing boys belonging to the chapel royal, apd received the first part of my musical educatiou undir the late Di- Nires, organ'st and composer to the kingj and diirit.g my stay in the iliapel royal, I frequented the oratorios, opera house, play houses, ami all the concerts of note, and consequently heard all' the singers of the day ; and, 011 my quitting the chapel royal, 1 went to Italy, where I remained several ytais; but neither there, nor any where else, have I yet !it-.ard a singer that uqualled, or carr.e any thing near, in the pathetic stile, the late Mrs Sheridan. I am, Sir, your constant reader and well wi/licr,
Brtugbtiajuly \-i<)z. T.H.Butler.
A DIRGE, OR PATHETIC VOCAL RONBO, DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY
OK THE LATE MRS SHERIDAN, BY T. H. BUTLER. The favourite Scots air of Lewie Cordon is the musical theme of th's composition ; but those additiors which form it into a rondj arc mostly ncwj the whole will be humbly presented to the public in a Iho.t time.
Rondo. Bow the head thou lily foir,
Bow the head in mournful guiie> Sickly tum thy fliinirg white, Bend thy italk and never rise.
Shed thy leaves thou lovely rose,
Si.cd thy leaves so sweet and giy y Spread them wide on the cold earth,
Qjickly let tbtm fade away.
Buwthyheai, fe^c.
"July 18.
1792.
H
at the grand concert ii for the btn'fit ot emuchlimen.auMia fleet Mrs Shcridin's itor, I xm un.iMe ir> nd, could give but wed that furm. were ig filled by ladies, a g room beiweea tiie f s to (hew the anxie-. numerous aficinblage ^% the time chat Mrs profofsors in ths or- ittheir functions. Mr Lhc chapel royal, apj I iindsr the Ijte Di- iirirjg my stay in the se, play houses, anil I all' the bi.igert of •ent to Italy, wliere I y where else, have I near, in the pathetic tant reader and well
. H< Butler.
D TO THE MEMORY UEK.
usical theme of th's it into a rondj are \ tu the public in a
ptetry,
Frjgrant woodbire all untwine,
All untwine from yondtr bow'r; ■ v ' -;—!,'
Drag thy brniichei on the ground, ^
Slain with dust each tender flow'r.
Bow the head, ^c, •For mute is that harmonious voice,
That wont to breathe the sounds of love; And lifelcfs are those beauteous limbs, That with such ease and grace did move.
Bow the head &c.
■ON TH£ SPRINO. Tor the Bte,
Fair spring advance and lead the hours,
In festive round, to favour love{ In yonder desolated bow'rs,
May we thy sweets ambrosial prove ! II. "Farewell the dreary winter's feign,
The cold, the lonely hours are put} Hail lovely spring ! and all thy train!
Thrice welcome art thou to our coast ! ni. Now chearly o'er the mofsy lawn
The swain trips fast to see his fair; His heart elated with the dawn
Of verdant Spring's most wholesome air. IV. Joct so (he mtn, whose heart on lire,
Is rack'd with dreadful discontent j Till in his mind new thoughts respire.
And Jove'D almiglity aid is s«nt.
V.
With this rencw'/d his spirit braves
.Each danger and despairing thought; He, rolling on life's troubl'd waves.
To ib«re with peace and safety's biought*
Mi
ii, ^c.
"t^f^
. . CLEANINGS OF LITERATURE.
Electric symptoms accompanying earthquakes, exemplified in an account of the earthquahfs of Jamaica, anno 1^66, eX' traded from a letter from Dr J,bn Martin Butt.
Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.
r ROM the I ith of June to the present time we have either expected to be buried by earthquakes, or blown away by hurricanes } but, thank God, no great mischief has yet been done, although our neighbours of Cuba have suffered consideyably by the former, and we are hourly in dreadful apprehension of hearing that they have had a violent hurricane, from tl.e symptoms observed in our sea and atmosphere.
" The first earthquake, for we have had no fewer than forty ihocks, happened a few minutes past midnight of the 1 1 ih of June, after a long course of intensely hot weather. That evening I had invited a company to sup with me ; but be- fore eight o'clock felt such a trembling of my limbs, with stricture. and anxious uneasinefs on my breast, and vertigo, that I was forced to retire from ray guests and go to bed. I then felt precisely as I was wont to do under the influ- ence of electricity, which always affects my nerves so sur- prisingly, that, when others are undergoing electrical fliocks, I decline the experiment, as I do not recover the eflect of it for hours. '
" Not knowing the cause of my uneasinefs, and apprehen- ding approaching disease, I determined to let blood, and put my feet in warm water, after which I fell into a sweat, -and then into a disturbed sleep, out of %vhich I was awake- iZied by the violence of a fliock of earthquake.
m.
>6' 18.
•es, exemplified in I, anno i'}66, ex- m Butt.
It time we have [uakes, ur blown lo great mischief hbours of Cuba ler, and we are g that they have }ms observed in
o fewer than forty night of the 1 1 ih ot weather. That vith me ; but be- f my limbs, with ;ast, and vertigo, ts and go to bed. under the influ- ay nerves so sur- electrical (liocks, )ver the effect of
fs, and apprehen- to let blood, and fell into a sweat, ich I was awake- ake.
I792' * gleanings of {it era tun-, ^
*' Mrs Butt, v/ho has much presence of mind, ^nd was If rs confused than .uyself, as Die had not gone to sleep, thought this first fliock consisted of three or four in succef- iion, following each other like pulses, or waves of the sea.
" What from my diizinefs, the rocking of the earth, the thufldering hollow noise of the atmosphere, joined to the rattling bf furniture, bursting open of doors and win- dow ihuttcrs, the combined cries of goats, dogs, cats, and poultry, tiie cracking of the timbers of the houses and other circumstances, the di»may and horrwr of the scene was inexprefsible.
This (hock proceeded from north to sottth or from N. N. E. to S. S. W. as appeared afterwards from the progrefs of the mischief of which I was previously convin- ced by observing that some specimens of natural history j which I had placed on (helves in my library, in that di- rection, were not displaced, as others were in a contrary posture, but only forced in a regular manner, by protrusion, on the little perpendicular paititions that subdivided the fiielves, to separate the contents.
" In the account of the earthquake felt at London in the year 1749, communicated by Martin Folkes to the royal society, -it is mentioned, that fiflies leapt above a foot and an half high from their pontis, and the same appcRrance was noticed here at Mosquito Point } and to prove how violent the stroke was upon the waters, the men of > ,r, and other fhips in these seas, received such a fiicck, that the seamen imagined they had struck or run alliore.
" I remember that in Donah's account of the earthquake fslt at Turin, in the year 1755, contained in bis letters to Abraham Trembly, which are epitomised in the philoso- phical transactions of the year 1766, the following que»y ij offered;
-;::.( 1-^
":&^-\iJMi:^M.:
i
76 Flcaningt of literature. July 18.
" Whether there is not a great co-operation of electricity in the production of earthquaites ? and this query was brought up forcibly to my recollection, from what I felt upon this occasion, which I have already described.
" For if earthquakes are solely owing to the causes that have been usually afsigned, whence proceeded those sensati- ons which I never experienced, save under the action of electricity? and whence the dead calm, and motionlcfs -state of the clouds, which, for an hour before the (hock, al- most suffocated many people here, obliging them at mid- night to get out of bed and sit in their piazzas ?
" Moreover, the sound immediately preceding the eartli. quake, «o exactly resembled the noise of thunder, that, ta- king every circumstance into consideration, tke query of Donah descrrves to be notaced with tttention.
" If explosion from pent up steam, or other subterranean theory of earthquake, were only to be t«ken into considera- tion in explaining these appearances, how comes it to pafs that congenial syroptoms of the atmosphere iS'c^ were felt in Sumatra, during the earthquake of Lisbon in the year 175??
^' Besides, the electric feelings of the people here, .prior ■to ti>e great fliock, were felt more severely on the moun- tains (tian on the low lands, which does not correspond to the modern theories of Mitchel, and other approved vn* ters on the subject of earthquakes.
" In our case, the mountains continued almost incefsantly tremulous, while, on the low lands, there were -spaces of an hour between the ihotks, whkh would not comport with the theory of steam acting by the communication of the strata, as conjectured by Mitchel.
" As to the direction of michief in eannquakes heretofore
mentioned, it seems to agree very well with the stnticsl
'Construction of the globe, but not without the co-op erati«
>/> 18. ion of electricity this query was rom what I felt described, o the causes that led those sensati- ler the action of , and notionlcfB ire the (hock, al- ig them at mid-
iZZSiS ?
:eding the eartli- hunder, that, ta- in, tke query of ion.
bet subterranean n into considera-
cotnes it to pafs c <fc'f, were fek
Lisbon in the
oplc here, .prior ly on the moun- ot correspond to r approved wri'
Imost incefsantly V ere -spaces of an >t comport with unication of the
oakes heretofore ith the stnticsl t the co-operaU«
mmim.
'792. en harj thlnh'n^. ^|
on of the electric Huid, whicli has indeed been nlso ol)jer. vcd in all the ^jrcat eruptions of Eti.a and Vcjiuviuv, and so anciently, W I rtniembcr right, n« by Pliny.
" lu my feelings, pnorto this earthquake of ours, I have not been singular ; as you will remember, from the iiccount given by Ulloa of the synii>toms fel» at Cadix in the year 1755, during the e^nhqualvc at Lill.on. Almost every body there suffered either by the head ach, convul*ive attack., fudden langours. Hying pains, and an opprefsion of spirits, with siccncfs, purgip.gs. and vomitings, for hours before any tremulation of the earth was observed.
"Dr Shehely in his philosophy of earthtjuakes, mentions similar circumstances relating to the experience of the people at Lundon, during the tiine of tbi? grt-at cat*, strophe.
"For my own part, I mean to draw no inferences, nor to rum at the folly of a system, but only to relate to your lordlhip what 1 felt during the lat« cartlsquakes in out island."
REVIEW.
HISTORY OF SOME OF THE tFFECTS OF HARD DRINKINXJ, BY J. C. LETTSOM, M D. F R S. F S A. 410.
Tw's small pamphlet exhibits a striking view of the mi- serable effects tl;at are the consequences of hard drinking, which deserve to be particularly attended to at the pre- sent time, when the price of spirits are so low, as to liold out a temptation to persons in the lowest ranks of life to exceed in this way. It is not to be expected that per- sons of this description ^^ill attend to anv thing that can be said or written on tliis hciid) but those who have the
s^|r'^^rssp^^^i^s^p^oi?;KssiJg«"^.~'~
••J on bnrt! drinkinj^. July \K
wtlfarcof the country, and tlio h;i|.i'Iner, of tire people at heurt, ought surely to exfrt tlicnisslvfs to try, if pol^iblr, to mitigate an evil productive of such jniserable cotiie- jjucnces.
Alter a few iiitroduct'.ry observation*, the benevolent author divides the tnjes of this clafs under the foUowini; he:idt! :
" The/z-x/, says he, are those who early in life have ha>^ bituated themselves to drink <"'eely of wine of various kinds, and, I'ronx their siiuations in life, undergone a change of ctimate, us fn^ni Kuro/ie to tlie Iiidivs, Clc. Punciv drinkers, likewise, have been liable to sirallar complaints. '1 he nrst appearaivcj of dlsi asc is iofs of appetite, whick >t Icni^lh is so weakened and vitiated, that, after taking fcod, before the return of the nc.ct meal a kind of heavy pain of the stomach, without u constriction of the muscle* of the aWomen, comes on, and with a slight effort, a sweet ^ iili, bracklih, or acid fluid, is thrown up, and the pain and constriction for a Ihort time subside. For several yea.s in this unhappy state, the patient drags on a life, rend'.red now and then more supportable, either by renewed pota- tions, or exputations, till- at length the bodily f.nd mental powcis become impaired j the object grows emaciated, the whole body flirinks ; neither swelling nor dropsy ap- jjear, tliQiigh the countenance looks sallow j the region oJ the liver is not enlarged, and. the liver itself seems lefs than natural j the urine is not very high coloured } the faces are hard and dark coloured •, the stomach will take and. retain food, but. after receiving it, it rs opprefsed, and feels ijghtene({ or conitactedin its dimensions j the pati- ent e.sprefses it, as if it were tied by a strait bandage ; the saa.c sensation affect!, the intestines, and the abdomen suffer* such irregular constiicrtona, as btcome cvideat to the e.\tcrnal tou«b, the njuscles being dr^wn into irregular
", of the people at
Id try, if pol'.iblr,
miserable cunic-
», the benevolent Jcr the foUovvinj;
ly in life have ha-. " wine of various ndcrgone a change Jn:s, etc. PuncK ifiiUar complaints. >f appetite, which that, after taking '. a klnJ of heavy ion of the muscle* rht effort, a sweet ^ , and the pahi and
For several yea.s on a life, rend'.red by renewed pota- bodily s'.nd mental
grovs emaciated, ng nor dropsy ap- 3W J the region ol ir itself seems lefs igh coloured ; the
stomach will take it is opprefsed, and icnsloas , the pati- r a strait baiidage ) , and the abdomen bt come cvitleat to r^wn into irregular
I79I' onhtirj dnnkin^. ». »
action, the surface of the belly is diversified with prot- herances and cavities j sometimes the spasmodic strictures run transversely, and raise the surface like waves of the sea. The pain continues increasing to such excefs, that tlic miserable sufferer is obliged to prefs against a table or some hard body, to mitigate his distrefs, till vomiting brings a respite ; or he hastens this operation, by thrus'^ iilg his finger into the throat } and thus relieve* himself till the next reception of nourifhment, when the same tra- gedy is repeated. The matter discharged is thin, acrid, sour, sweet, or brackifli. Sometimes instead of conitipa- tion, an occasional purging ensues, and mitigates the pain, whilst it subdues the constitution j and after years of mi- sery, the victim slides into a fatal decay ; but long before this, the powers of th« mind have been debilitated, and its recollection and actions impairedi
" The seeand train of distrefsful symptoms which I fliall relate, more generally succeed the free use of spirits, or of wines, with the admixture of spirit*, as Madeira; and espe- cially where late hours and Ulicit amoui* have been su- peradded. \:j-.
" The early symptnms of cotnplaint are, a pain and op- prefsion about the pit of the stomach after eating, or dis- tension from fluids J this pain extends to the brkst and ihoulders ; there are frequent eructations of wind, which seem to bum the throat as they ascend ; these symptoms, which are usual in affections of the liver, and particularly in bilious effusions, arc at first so trivial, as seldom to a- larm the fears of the patient, or he slightly mentions them as symptoms of the gout, whilst he attempts to avert the ptesent suffering, by indulging more freely in the very ca^sc of the mischief, till repeated fillips of raw spirits, or a dilution of the poison, render existence miserable.
vol., X. X J. .
■ aJs^*isffi*«<»»wwis*»«^-
"■tsgjWBisTTiiiiiniriiii.i
m
I m m
•J A an hnrd (binh!n!r. y.v/y i8.
" The appetite now totally fails, but an insatiable- thirst continues, and if it be not supplied with an exliilaratini; cofdiail, the vital spirits instantly Hag, and such horrors tiike place as are dreadful even to a bye-slander-, the poor vic- tim is so deprefsed, as to fancy a thousand imaginary evils ; he expects momentarily to expire, and starts up suddenly ffom his seat ■, walks wildly about the room ; breathes fliort, and seems to struggle for breath •, if these horrors seize him in bed, when waking from slumber, he springs up like an elastic body, with a sense of suffocation, and the horrors of frightful objects around him ; at the same time the pain of the stomach continues and augments ; ihe sight of wholesome plain food gives disgust instead of appetite •, drink is his cry j or if hunger is excited, it is after high-seasoned, salt, or acrid nourifliment.
" At this time, if a dropsy, or fatal jaundice, do not terminate existence, the legs (brink, are swarthy coloured like the rest of the body, and sometimes purple spots ap- . pear and disappear for many months ; the extremities feel sore to the tomch, and upon scratching them, exude blood ; the thighs likewise flirlnk ; but the body, and particularly about the region of the liver, enlarges, and the hardnefs of the liver may be frequently traced : The face is nearly copper-coloured, is emaciated, sometimes with little suppurations, which dry and turn scaly ; the breath smells like rotten apples, and the morbus tnger, or vomitings . of a fluid like that of coflFce-grounds, snatch the patient from complicated misery. tiometimcs a purging, or bloody discharge, hasten the catastrophe.
" The third train of symptoms to be described, is not confined to age or sex, but is in general more frequently the attendant of the female sex.
■' The persons liable to the symptoms, have, been those ; of delicate habits, who have endeavoured to overcome the
>/v 1 8. nsatiablc- thirst n exhilaratinij I such horrors • ; the poor vic- naginary evils ; :s up suddenly cm ; breathes f these horrors )er, he sprin;^s ■ iffocation, and I ; at the srtme nd augments j iisgust instead rcr is excited, ifliment. undice, do not arthy coloured arple spots ap- jxtremities feel them, exude the body, and ilarges, and the ccd : The face iometimes with ily ; the breath ?;•, or vomitings ch the patient t purging, or
scribed, is not acre frequently
lavc been those 3 overcome the
J 792- on hard drinking. 'jr
iieivoiis debility, by the aid of spirits; many of these have begun the use of these poisons from persuasion of their utility, rather than from the love of them-, the relief, however, beino; temporary, to keep up their eifects, fre- quent accefs is had to the same delusion, till at length what was taken by compulsion, gains attachment, and a little drop of brandy, or gin and water, becomes as necel'sary as iood; the female sex, from natural delicacy, acquire thi^; custom by slow degrees, and the poison being admitted in small doses, is slow in its opcratioiis, but not lefs painfud in its effects.
" The soberer clafs of tradesmen, also, who occasionally i.i.lulgc in their sixpenny-worth of brandy and wato, gradually slide iiiro the same unhappy habits, and entail ^ipon their constitutions the same misery, which I fhall -I'.jw introduce.
" The first appearaiwre of indisposition very much re- sembks what has been last described ; and under the decep- tion of the gout, the fuel is heaped upon the fire, till the delusion has been too long maintained to admit of retreat in general, at least the attachment to the use of sp.rituous dnnks, becomes so predominant, that neither threats nor persuasions are powerful enough to overcome it. The miserable suiferer is so infatuated, as, in spite of locks and keys, to bribe by high rewards the dependent nurse pri^ .vatsly to procure it.
Eut the concluding symptoms are very different from either of fhc foregoing histoiies j frequently, indeed, the appetite for food vanishes, bu*. sometimes continues voraci- ous ; and, at the same time, whilst the body U costive and no vomiting ensues, the lower extremities grow more and nioif emaciated ; the legs become as smooth as poliilied ivory, and the soles of the feet even glatsy and- fhining, and at the same time so tender, that the weight of the fin- ger excites Ihricks and moaning ; and yet J have knovai.
ly.
*j6 »n hard drifiiin^. ^uiy iH.
that, in a moment's time, heavy prefsure has given no un- easinefs. The legs, and tlif vvnole lower extremities, lose- all power of action ^ wherever they are placed, there they remain till moved again by the attendant ; the arms and hands acquire the vanie palsified state, and the patients arc rendered incapable if feeding themselves. Tlius for years they exist, with no material alteration in the seize of the body, or aspect of the countenance. ,
" AVhether they leally undergo the agonies they appear to sufftr, I much doubt, as at this period their minds ap- pear idiotiili ■■) they often Ihriek out with a vehemence that may be heard at a considerable distance, but upon inquiring about the seat of pain, they have been vague and indeci- hive in their answers. When a cramp comes on the low- tr extremities, involuntary motions draw np the legs, and produce the most piercing Hirieks ; and the features (ii the face, altcved by convulsive twitchings, excite pain in a spectator. For some months before they die, these ftirieks aje more incefssnt, and as violent as the strength will admit."
After some other observations, which we are sorry our limits prevent us from inserting, the author remarks, that " there is something i spirituous liquors so injurious to the iiuman frame, that too much attention cannot be paid to the discouraging the use of them. Many of the unhappy victims I have attended, ascribe their sufiering (to, the MBguarded advice of some medicAl practitioner, who has, under the idea of wine turning &our on the stomach, permitted a little drop of brandy and water to be substitu- ted, oeldom, indeed, a day pafscs without introducing me tc the sick bed of some deluded object of misery ; and it is from the mo-t dctidei conviction of the injury, that I would guard every person from beginning with even a little drop of this fascinating poison, which mce admitted, js seldom, if ever, afterwards overcome. Whenever I hear the patient plead for some substitute for beer or wine, un-
■na
lias given no un-
extremities, lose
laced, there they
it ; the arms and
1 the patients arc
Thus for years
the seize ol the
Dnies they appear I their minds ap- a vehemence that lut upon inquiring 'ague and indeci- iraes on the low- aw up the legi, and the features ings, excite pain ! they die, these t as the strength
we are sorry our author remarks, [^uors so injurious intton cannot be a. Many of the )e their aufl'ering practitioner, who on the stomach, cr to be substitu- it introducing me if misery ; and it the injury, that I ling with even a ch ince admitted, Whenever I hear beer or wine, un-
I
1792. '' ■ extrfids from Coxt's travels, y^s
dcr the supposition oif their turning sour, my fears-are alar- med, and my endeavours excited, to pluck the unsuspici- ous patient from the brink of destruction ; this plea is ne- ver made till- the exhilarating influence of splrij has been experienced •, and not a moment Ihould be lost in war- ning such objects of their danger."
Our' benevolent author ,goes on to point out the roost practicable means of gradually weaning such as have not gone too far, from the use of this pernicious beverage, and ot accustoming the stomach to bear the use of whole- some food ; — but seldom cva this be practised. — Obstinate habits cannot be counteracted, — The safest, plan in this rase is to guard against the evil, and to Hy from the temp- tation before its fascinating power has been experienced.
EXTRACTS FROM COXE's TRAVELS.
Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.
The extracts sent you formerly, and those that follow, will be well known to many of your readers ; to others of them they will not. The former I hope will excuse the inser- tion of these for the sake of the latter.
" The peasants in Rufsia, Mr Coxe says, are first those that belong to the crown. Many of these the emprefs has enfranchised, and allowed them, with others of the second clufs wlio may obtain their freedom, which is not easily done, to settle in any part of her dominions, and to en- roll themselves among the burghers or merchants, accor- ding to their respective capitals J by which (lie has given a stability to their freedom, and afforded the strongest in- cite.Ticnts to industry.
" The second clafs are those who belong to individuals. These are as much the property of the landholders as implements of agriculture or herds of cattle. The lord is lestraincd by uo law, either in the exaction of money or
•mA
■"mr-
Elf!21
r
78 fxtracts from Voxels tr.f. -h. Ju'y 1%.
in tlic mode of einplDyiiig his VHrsaJs. He is absolute miister of thcii time and labour; some he employs in agri- culture, a few he makes his menial servants, and from others he p.vacts an annual payment. Some tontvibute tour or five (hiliisigs a year, others who are engaged in traflic or trade are alsefsed in proportion to their supposed profits. I saw a muson who was rated at L. 6 per annum, a smith a-. L. 12, and others as hi^h L. 20. Any capital whicli they I n.ay have acquired by their Industry, maybe seized, ai. J
*™" there can be no redrefs j as, according to the old feudal law,
which still exists, a' slave cannot institute a procefs against his master. Hence it occasionally happens that several peasants who have gained a lar^e capital, cannot purchase tljeir liberty fur any sum, because they are subject as long as they continue slaves to be pillaged by their masters.
" The vafsals who worh for their musters generally re- ceiving their maintenance, always enjoy in a sunitieat abundance the coir aon . necefsaries of life, and usually spend any .little money they are able to acquire in clothes or spirituous liquors. Those who, in contradiction to tlits general rule, save the profits which'they may have earnt-d by their labour or by trade, conceal as much as pofsille any acquisition of fortune, and frequently bury their moi ney under ground, this is one of the causes of the scarcity of silver currency.
" By the new code of laws the enormous power of the lord over the persons of his vafsals, is reduced by restric- tions, more consonant to the humane principles which dis- tli:gn5lhall the regulations of the present empicfsjand the riglit of inllicting punilhment is lodged, where it ever oii_r,ht to be, in t]»e hands of the public magistrate •, abuses, I liov.evi.r, still subsist, but must in time yield to the influ-
ence of such salutary -'nstitutions.
" I am far from afserting, proceeds our author, that inhu- mnr.ity is the general cJiaracteristic of the Rufsiii;i nohlH- ty, or that there are not lOwa^- persons who treat their
He is absolute employs in aj^ri- rvants, ar.d fictn ne tontiibute tour ;agtd in trafllc or supposed profits. tiDium, a smifii at ipital which they ly be seized, ai.J he old feudal h.w, a procel's against )ens that several , cannot purchase e subjtct as long their masters. ;ers generally re- ■f in a sullicient ire, and usually cquire in clotlies tvadlction to tliis nay have earned luch as pofsible y bury their mo- is of the scarcity
)us power of the iuced by restric- ciplts which dis- empiefs; and the , where it ever gistrate •, abuses, icld to the influ-
luthor, that inhu-
Ruisi,:'-; no!,ili-
who treat their
1792, (xtrdcnfmm Coyii^s travels. 'jcf'
vafsals with the utinon benevolence and justice. I am also aware that several peasants are in such a liouviihing condition as to have formed very considerable capitals without dread of exaction; and th^t some even pofsefs lan- ded estates under their mister's name ; but if we consi- der the unhapiiy pleasure which too many feel in f ran- irlsing over their inferiors, we have every reason t / con- clude that the generality of boors must still be cruelly opprefsed.
" A peasant may obtain his liberty, first, by manumifsion, which, upon the deatii of the master, is fiequently granted to those wlio have served in tlie capacity of his immediate domestic ; second by purchase * ; third by serving in the ar- my or navy, — after entering either of these they are for t'ver free from their masters j and in all these cases the emprefs has facilitated the means of obtaining freedom by waving certain rights of the crown, which in some mea- sure obstructed the aciiuisition of liberty, and (he has ifsued several laws in their favour, which have given them some alleviation of their bondage.
" I was surprised to find upon inquiry that no noble in Rufsia had fram hised his vafsals, in the same manner as 1 before mentioned to have been practised in Po- land ; but I may venture to predict that the time is not far distavii, although an almost general prejudice seems at present to prevail with respect to the incapacity of the peasants for receiving their liberty. And this perhaps may be true in the literal stnse, as many of them, unlefs properly instructed, would scarcely be enabled to derive a solid advantage from their frecdiun.
" In consequence of a present of a thousand ducats sent in 7 766 by an anonymous person, to the economicals ociety at i)t Peierburgh, and a; the desire of the said perwn, tlie soci-
• This must deptna on the wiil o: ;jit jiKSter wiio may piWajc tJhcm tf twt'CS a mind, ^s is siid ab^vei
w^.
^ extract J from Cooui's travels, Ju/y 18.
ety offered apremium of fifty ducats and a gold medal, value twenty-five ducats to the author of the best difsertation on the fdllowing question : " Is it most advantageous to the state that the peasant fliouild pofsefs lands, or only per«onal effects J and to what point fliould that property be exten- ded for the good of the public ? " The premium was ad- juged to the author of a French efsay in favour of the pea- eants. The following judicious reflection of the present emprefs perhaps comprehends in few words the sum of the hat arguments which may be advanced on this subject. " Agriculture can never flourifli in that nation where the husbandman pofsefses no propeity." Thus far Mr Coxe. - The emprefs is certainly much to be esteemed for her patronage of the arts and sciences, notwithstanding the am- bition which appears to have excited many of her measures ■with regard, to fbrcigni powers. The dea'.hof her favourite Potemldn, it is to be hoped, wiill stop all such measures for the future. The example (he has set the nobles by franchising the peasants wo were her own property, is amiable j and it is to be hoped Ahe nobles will soon be con- vanced that it is tlieir iniercGt to inutate her. Till this is done it is evident from. the. above extracts that the pros- perity of the country must be greatly retarded.
As to the ignorance of peasants, it would appear that the lords of such peasants are strangets to the sweets of li- berty, since they are noi; more anxious that their fellow men ftiould enjoy them ; or arc under the most, selfifli pre- judiced, and depraved principles. But this is not peculiar to Rufsian lords j many among ourselves, notwithstanding- our boasted superior knowledge, are nu strangers to these principles) witnefs tie African sl*v« tiade.
*♦ Oh I it there not some isattiot, in fhosc pow't
That best, that godlike lutury ii |u.: li,
Ofblcfsing thousands, tiacasajids )ccuabDrn,
Thro late pusterity .'"
A FUEMo TO Lafxr*.
'Is. July 18.
1 gold medal, value )est difsertation on ivantageous to the 5, or only penonal property be exten- premium was ad- favour of the pea- on of the present irds the sum of the 1 on thk subject.
nation where the rhus far Mr Coxe. ; esteemed for her tbstanding the am- ny of her measures \b 'of her favourite '. such measures for et the nobles by ; own property, is IS will soon be con-
her. Till this is acts that the prosr taxded.
would appear that o the sweets of li-
that their fellow e most, selfilli pre- his is not peculiar ;s, notwithstandinp
strangers to these ie. ISC pow'r
I£MD TO LIIXKT?.
' . Ha«* \
u.
■ '• !*-:. •'• 1 :•;
-?
THE BEE,
-fO' v: : -
►tB \l* ei&il'^r.-na^ -si. ■
LllERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGEN-CER;
to*. ■ '
PS':'..
THE PANGOLIN, GREAT MANIS,
OKSCALT LIZAKS.
The powers with which animals are endowed for self defence are greatly diremified, and very surprising. The fltunk annoys its ^fsailants by emitting a fetid li- quor that is intolerably disagreeable to every other creature} the tortoise rests secure from all annoy- ance within its impenetrable ftieU ; the hedge hog rolls itself into a ball that presents a" hedge of prickles ■on every side, that secures it from the attacks of every larg« voracious animal.
VOL. X. I. T
l!'i,'..-ji.A
I
82 the pangolin, or great manis. ''July z^.
Somewhat similar to that is the armour with which nature hath cloathed the manis. All the up- per parts of its body are closely coVered with scales of different sizes, which it can erect at pleasure, op- posing to its adversary a formidable congeries of of- fensive weapons. The tiger, the panther, or leopard, in vain attempt to devour il. The moment it per- ceives the approach of a powerful enemy, it rolls its- self up like a hedge hog, and by that means secures all the weaker parts of its body.
This, like most animals that are so powerfully armed, is a timid htffmlefs creature ; and though it ^rows to a great size, .sometimes im^asuting eight feet in length, it never attacks any crtMure by vio- lence.
It feedft upoft itnt£(, w^ch it catehes by laying out its long red tongue, covered with an unctuous slime, acroJbthe paths of those insects. It is a native of JPormosa, end the Indian iskd ) Whaf« these insects ^'*afe found in such e|Uantitie8 astdfurnifb abllndaht food for this large animal, many millions of which it must devour in a. day. It thus co-operates with man, in destroying those voracious insects. It is also a native of Guinea.
Its flefli is much esteemedl for its delicacy, but it is difficult to procure; as the aftimal avoids mankind, and lives in obscure fetteats, ifi Woods, ahd marlhy places. With its peculiar habit j We are of course as yet but little acqualuteif.
armour with All the up<^ ed with scales pleasure, op- ngeries of of. r, or leopard, oment it per- ij, it rolls itt- neans secures
o powerfully td though it suring eight iture b/ tio-
>j layidg out ctuous sUme^ is afiAtive o^ these insects ii& abundaht ons of which perates with sects. It is
icaey, but it ids mankind, , atid marfhy ire of course
1791.
Tituotiy Hai^irain,
»5
l^UCyBRATiPNS OF TIMOTHY HAIRBAIR.N.
' .; • » - : ' " For the Bee.
Cod jtroiper well our Aoble king, Our Uvea and ufeticsall j
I think the people are gone mad— fhe devil take them all.
-1 Sirii m WllS
•
Oldkalhi. *
Th£ prosperity of this country is at present greater than it ever was at any former period : Her agricul- ture improving, her manufactures advancing with a tapidity formerly unknown, her trade extending more and more every day : The persons and pro- perty of her subjects protected at home and abroad, beyond those of any other nation that now is, or ever was upon the globe. Yet there are a set of people who complain loudly, and seem seriously to believe that the government of this country is opprefsive ; that the people are enthralled j that their property is unjustly taken from them ; and that it is necefsary, by armd, to force a total revolution in government, and put this people into % state entirely different from that in which they now are placed ! Ego video stultos ; stu/ti vident me ! Where fliall we find tay- lors to make fools caps enow for such a multitude ?
A hair brained senator, whose upper works have been a little deranged for some time past, publiflted, a while ago, a book containing some hundred pages of prose run mad, in praise of kings and queens, ladies and squires, and feats of ancient chivalry. The people ran to look at this strange production, as they would have flocked to see a rhinoceros or a mermaid ; and, to Indulge their curiv«ity, parted with their superfluous (hillings
m'i
W^
-yb":^..:y^Mv^
'■■sBUimM^&:m^mm.m^
k
n
I i
14 yjmoihjf Nairbnaut, *JuIp 9 ft
vrithout scrapie. This filled the pockets of the re-. aftctabU senator, and made the pot to boil at home, as we Scotsmen saj. And where was the mightjF harm in thus enabling th« hungry orator to get a comfortable repast in his old age, after so many years brawling in vain for that purpose ? For my %>wn part, I congratulate him on his having been able to obtain, at length, a litUi; in4cpcadent pt£Um Hum in any way. „,.^ . ,
But in this Is^nd of enterprise, where so many men are oa the catch for lucrative employments, was it to be supposed that this busiaefs ihoiild pafs over unobserved ? Or that' others would not wifli to pro* fit, as he had done, by the naticmal folly ? No, no^ this could not be ; many tried to pick up a little gleaning for themselves in the same way.
Among these, one was particularly conspicuous. His notions were still more wild and extravagant than those of his precuraor ; but he took the op>* posite side of the question. This man, who pofsef-* sed more wit than judgement, more actitenefs ' ban penetration, publiflied scwne beoks, in which he ra^ * d with wonderful volubility against kings, ^d priests, and dignities, and pwwers. All things, \j^ his system, (hould be changed. Those that used tw rule, ihould be made to obey. The belly said to the head, I have no need of thee ; therefore we will cut thee off and cast thee from us i and all the people were called :
A wonder, a wonder, a wonder to see^
A kingdom with itt head where its feet fKould be \
And they flocked with eagcrnefs to behoid thi» strange sight j .ad the money dancod once more wU
cets of the ri^ I hoU at home, as the mighty rator to get a kfter so many )Ose ? For my having been pendent ftcum
lere so many oyments, was tuld pafs ovet t wifli to pron oily ? No, no, Ic up a little
y-
J conspicuous. 1 extravagant
took the op.* , who pofseCf actitenefs ban which he ra^ It kings, *>Mi fVU things, r
that used to Uy said to the sfore we will . all the people
lauld be !
o behoid thJ»
once oxyre vA
1791. Itmotby Hatrhrain. 8j
t>f their pockets, into those *' the v/riter, in great abundance, to his no small emolument and satisfac- tion. '"'••» But a wonder lasts only nine days. As the novel- ty of these doctrines wore oiF, the people began to neglect them, and the sale of these writings had greatly abated ; so that poor Tom was likely to h& obliged to wheel to the right about, and seek, out ano- f ther country for vending his wares in ; when, lo I a band of heroes, armed at all points, rulhed out in his support. I say in his support ; though, m imitation of thel)ick.pockets of London, they found it would best answer their purpose to make a mock attack upon him, in order that they might thus be able the more effectually to serve him. They beheld with seeming regret, it would appear, that Tom's writings began to pall upon the people, and to lie upon the booksellers (helves. And knowing that John Bull is a headstrong kind of a beast, who may be led^ but cannot be easily driven, they, therefore, instead of an advertisement recommending the book, publilhed ^proclamation prohwitino thesale of such writings. The effect was, what they had no doubt foreseen. The sale was instantly augmented a thousand fold .
• Perhaps there ««y be a •htle exaggeration here. 1 know that in a tun'l town in the north ,f Scot', .ttl, before the proclamation, there was juet OIK copy of Payne's pai«>hleti and ihe boakseller of the place «U- , clared three w.eki aRo, that he hJ. since then, «oId .even hundred and fifty coptea of it. And a bookseller o Edinburgh told me that he had, before rhe proclaroatici, a zooi many cot.ej of it that lay to long on hi* hand, that he would gladly have sold them ,11 at two fcilUngs a coriy. He has S'nce sold th» whole of these, and man> inore»»t three flillUn^s ib4 sixpence each. '
'^^ismii^^^^-^m^Asmmi'^^^m-
m
8« rimotA^ HairiraU. July ^i
The prefew in the most diatant corners of the coan-' tiy groaned under the burden of ..rowing ofFsur- repftiou, editions of these works; comrnifsions carte from all parts for the hooi that is forbidden to he sold 30 eajfer are the people to see what kind of a thinr It IS that the ling delightetb to honour. Those that couad read, pored their cje, out in looking at it ; and f those who could not read, listened with astoniftment to the wonderous things they heard. For they never once before suspected, what they now are perfectly convinced of, that they are wiser and better men than their superiors, and much more capable of di- recting the affairs of the nation than they are.
Now what good can result to the nation from afl
this fufs and fracas, which our •wise rulers have
thought proper to excite about this foolifl, affair, I
am not able to foresee. And whether the ministers
in all this busine& have displayed most of ro^w or of
fool, I pretend not to know. But this I can easUy
say, that they must either fit themselves with the
foolscap; or we fliall be forced to lend them the
other. Which I thus demonstratively prove.
These writings were either proper to bt read by the people, or they were not proper. If they were proper to be read, the ministry acted a fooJi/h part in condemning what they ought tobav* approved of, and 111 eicitiiig a bustle and ftrnnent in the nation which they ought rather m have prevented. If these writings were not proper to be read by the people, then they acted a kicked ^&tt in thm g«mpelling the people, as I m9:f say, universaUy to read them. I
m
■'^''
July 2^ lers of the coan- '-rowing ofFsur- itnrnifsions canle bidden to he sold,
kind of a thing ur. Those that loking at it ; and ifh astonifhment
For they never 19 are perfectly md better men
capable of di- he/ are. nation from all ise rulers have foolifli affair, I 't the ministers itoi rogue or of his I can easily elves with the. lend them the r prove.
to bt read by
If thej were
I fooli/h part in
approved of j in the nation ited. If these jy thff people, mtttpeUing the read them. I
jnfeamamamm
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I79»* ^imdthy Hairbrain, 87
leave those who art wiser than myself to solve thia important dilemma. ,
To conclude the farce, however, this samo proolav mati*o, which almost every man in the n«ion con* siders as foolifh at least, ii not highly iwrnicious, must be publicly praised ty all the great aggregate bodies Of people in Britain. The mail coaches are creaking under the load of addrefses flowing from I every <Jorn«r of the country, thanking the king for his paternal care of his people j and commending the mi- nister for ifiuing a proclamation for supprefsing sedU tious writings ; while the fame coaches in return are ready to break down with loads of these seditious wri* tings, to satisfy the curiosity of the worthy addrefsers. Individiialswho sign these, most frankly wimit, in their private capacity,, that no mode they could devise wooW have proVed so efficacious for difeeminating these wHtinga thiy call seditious, as the very procla- mation they applaud. May we not now join in one grand chorus, to the tune of
twtari r»ra/ot./i aIl,/«A aU !
Your foreign readers will no doubt be surprised .at thisy»/* picture I draw of my countrymen ; and wiU be particularly at a l^fs to account for the last part of this conduct. They have heard that the vom populi is the vox Dei. For their satisfaction I Ihall add a few virwds, to let them see what is the nature of that Deity to which they offer up sacrifice and ado- ration. To most of your Britilh readers this informa- ,tion might have been superfluous.
Men in public stations, and public bodies of men, in this/rte country, have always bof^s of obtaining.
«
f
-88 Timothy Hairbraiit. July li.
one day, from the administrators of government, some favour or other. Now, though, like the purchasers of lottery tickets, they well know that not on« hundred thousandth part of the favours that are expecttd cm ever be conferred; yet every one hopes that he him- self may chance to be the lucky gainer. Hence every one is eager to put himself forward as far as he can, that he may be in Fortune's way. And as they know that a minister will consider it as a much higher compliment to him, when they disregard common sense and propriety for his sake, than if they merely do what prudence and good sense would approve of, they must have a much better chance of getting his favour when they follow him where he has CTidsnt- ly done wrot.g, than where he had only acted a wise and patriotic part. This perfectly accounts for that phrenetic zeal which has displayed itself on the pre- sent, as well as on many other occasions. What else could have induced xhc individuals of the congregated addrefsers to discover such extreme anxiety to have their names severally specified in the addrefses ? A splenetic observer would peeviMy cry out, 0 servum> pecus ; But I, for my part, who have not one drop of gall in my composition, consider these as men nei- ther better nor worsi than other men, all over the
world.
As I myself, Mr Printer, am a solitary being, be- low the hope of ever attracting ministerial favour, and above the fear of ever deserving puniihment, I look upon the world, as it goes, with a kind of philo- sophic indifference, which allows me the full use of my faculties, while the perceptions of so many others,
«t • ♦
>// 25.
tvernment, some he purchasers of not ooe hundred are txfMCttd can }es that he him- r. Hence every as far as he can, nd as they know a much higher iregard common a if they merely ould approve of, ce of getting his
he has evident- nly acted a wise iccounts for that tself on the pre- ions. What else
the congregated anxiety to have le addrefses ? A y out, 0 servum ve not one drop hese as men nei- nen, all over the
itary being, be- listerial favour, 5 punifliment, I 1 a kind of philo- e the full use of ' so many others,
I79>. • .timothy Haiih:ain, 89
of much, better talents than myself, are lulled to sleep, or roused into phrenzy, by hope or by fear. I therefore seldom admire without reserve ; nor con- denm any one without mercy ; for when men are neighbour-like, what more fliould we expect ? . Every one, Mr Printer, strives only to get a taste of the loaves and fiflies. The ministry willi to hold, as long as they can, what they have got. Their fa- vourers hope to gain by sycophantising, what the op- position expects to force by bullying ; and though they sometimes fall upon devices for that purpose, that an impartial person cannot commend, the same sort of thing is found to take place in all other em- ployments.
The afsociatlon for a reform of the constitution is /evidently one of these culpable devices. There are in this afsociation many respectable names ; and so much the greater pity for it. Had they been all log- gerheads I could have supposed they were misled, as many an honest numbscuU has been before them. But there are men in this society who must see, that, •to endeavour to rouse the multitude to force a re- forjn in government, is, of all foolilh projects, the most pernicious that could be adopted. It is as if they appealed to an afsembly of porters to decide on the merits of Sir Isaac Newton's principia. They know all this very well ; but they no doubt hope, that, by rousing this many headed monster, such a confusion may be, produced, as, in the scramble, might leave an opening for them to creep into the saddle of power. In vain do they plead in their excuse that Pitt, and Richmond, andotliers, who now sit snugly at the helm, ^ VOL. X. M ' * '-^
";; ;
n
AQ Timothy Hairhraitt. July 2$.
attempted a plan exactly of the same kind they now have thought of. They have perfectly succeeded in proving this, it is true ; but what does the nation gain hy that ? Two blacks do not make a white in this country. And it is but a small consolation to the people, to have proof positive laid before their eyes, that the rogues that are out of place are equ^i?- ly unprincipled with those that are in. I fear I n ust now change my tune, but instead of adopting the •faOiionable French air fa ira, pa ira ; we (hail keep by our good old Englifti ditty,
Tintara nua rop^ua all, rogues all.
' It will not be expected, while I entertain such an opinion of the rulers, and of the ruled in this nation, that I fhould think there is nothing in this country that requires amendment. God forbid that I fliould ever entertain so monstrous an opinion ! May God mend us all, say I ; for we have much need of it : and every thing that comes through the hands of such bunglers, must stand in need of constant amendment. But since we are such a parcel of rogues and fools, common sense requires, that, In this said work of amendment, we Qiould proceed with all due caution, so as to be sure, that, in attempting to stop up one hole, we do not make a dozen, that are each of them worse than the old one. Instead, therefore, of putting ten thousand hammers at once into the hands of men who never had a hammer in their hands before, and inviting thp.m to fall pell mell to work on the old cauldron of the constitution, I would be for em- ploying some good experienced hands to look conti- nua'Uy around it ; and wherever a flaw begins to ap- pear, let a remedy for that particular evil be quietly,
,-^.
■%
7«(y 25.
Lind they now ' succeeded in )e3 the nation ike a white in consolation to d before their lace are eqnn?- I fear I n ust f adopting the we (hail keep
ertain such an in this nation, 1 this country i that I Ihould n ! INIay God :;h need of it : : hands of such nt amendment, gues and fools, said work of due caution, so op up one hole, of them worse of putting ten hands of men nds before, and irk on the old lid be for em- s to look conti- w begins to ap- evil be quietly,
179^' limothy Hairhrain. ej
and cautiously applied ; always recollecting the good old a'lage, tliat " a stitch in time saves nine." Let the master tinkers, then, who have served a regular apprentice/hip, be continually on the watch to see that nothing goes far wrong ; but, as to the fellows with, strong arms only, and weighty hammers, give then* some common job to work at, where, if they do no good, they can do little harm. Who would ever think of employing a blacksmith to repair a Harrison's time- keeper? Who would think of listening to the ravings of an illiterate mechanic, who thought that he had dis- covered the longitude, as thousands of such have se- riously believed they had done ? But the constitution of a government is a much more complicated machine than a lime-piece ; and it requires much greater ta- lents to discover, a priori, what would be right or wrong, with regard to it, than to discover the longi- tude. The speculations on this subject of More, Har- rison, Locke, Moiitesquieu.Hume, Stewart, and Smith, are well known to be, in many particulars, only im- practicable reveries. If the minds of such men then have been unable to grasp this wide subject, in all its extent, what are we to expect will be the result of the speculations of butchers and taylors, porters and dray- men, when they pretend ta decide upon it ? These are all respectable members of society when they act in their own spheres, but when they depart from it they become truly ridiculous — " Non omnia pof- sumus omnesy" h an old and a just adage. "There are two points in politics," says a verj ingenious writer, whose works are too little known *, " very hard to compafs. One is, to persuade legislators that • Bentham's view of the Panopticon p. 66,
I
w^rnk
m
IV
I »*l f
^ Yimotby Hair brain. J^^y'^-S-
they do not understand nioemaking better than ihoemakers ; the other is, to persuade fhoemakers that they do not understand legislating better than legislators. The latter point is particularly difficult in our own dear country ; but the other is the har- dest of all hard things every where."
These, Mr Editor, are the plain thoughts of a plain man, exprefsed plainly and without disguise. I fhall conclude these lucubrations with an illustration^ by way of variety.
- The constitutiou of Britain may be likened ta a rose, which, though one of the most beautiful ob- jects in nature, still is armed with thorns, that ^metimes prick those to the quick who come near it. This rose, however, with all its defects, is the finest object of its kind that is to be met with in nature j and may therefore be called the rose unique.. It was picked up by onr forefathers, some thousand years ago, in the wilds of Germany, where it was a poor, weakly, stinted thing ; but being transplanted into the Britifh soil, it vhere took root and throve amazingly. It has been there carefully nursed and improved by incefsant culture, till it has gradually acquired a health, a vigour, a magnitude, that never had a parallel upon the globe. Its foliage is frefh ; and it yields every y^ar such an air.azing abundance of beautiful and fragrant flowers, as to be the astonifli- ment of all the universe. People from the most dis- tant nations come to look at and admire it. But still these cursed thonis give infinite umbrage to some finical gardeners, who will be satisfied with nothing ihort of perfection. These thornji are, to such per-
• 7«h "^s-
l better than ide fhoemakers ing better thau cularly difficult ther is the har-
ughts of a plain t disguise. I an illustration^
be likened to St beautiful ob- h thorns, that who come near its .defects, is be met with in the rose unique^ some thousand where it was a ng transplanted oot and throve Lilly nursed and : has gradually ide, that never oliage is frefh ; ng abundance of }e the astonifli- in the most dis- -e it. But still ibrage to some id with nothing :e, to such per-
1792. Timothy HaWhrain. ^g
sons, so very disgusting, that they can see nothing else. There is no beauty in this rose they say ; it is altogether an abonfination ! — Yes ! say they, with Jonah, in a pet, ' we do well to be angry with this thing, even unto death.'
At last a bold empiric appears,, who, like Paracel- sus, pretends to have discovered an infallible cure for this disorder. " Pluck up this rose by the root, says he. The soil in which it grows is rank and foul, and worn out with age, which occasions those vile prickles tliat distrefs us. Pluck it c". by the root, I say, without fear. Trench up the soil on which it grows ; bury deep that vile fat earth which ge- nerates this disease ; and bring up some poor mould from the bottom, in which no noxious weeds will find nouriihment. Then by sprinkling it with a quantum fufficit of our newly discovered manure, and planting the ro?e afrefli, after lopping off all its spiny bran- ches, it will spring up with much greater vigour than it ever did before: Its beautiful branches will be smooth as a willow ; its flowers will be more abun- dant, more fragrant ; and in every respect superior to any thing that ever has been seen in the world, tluck it up, I say; make haste, — every hour you de- lay is only a lofs of time. I'll answer for the conse- quences , Fear nothing."
* Nay, nay, says the owner of this fine plant,— not quite so fast friend, if you please. It has required a great attention and many years incefsant care, to bring this plant to its present perfection. The soil, you see, is perfectly congenial to it; the climate suitable. It has long resisted storms and hurricanes that have ruined many other plants, that appeared, in tbtir youth, topof-
r
c^ timothy Hairhrain. July .35.
sefs much vigour. I mubt first beg leave to know, in case your infallible manure fbould prove like the in- fallible phial of Paracelsus, how I fhall be able to re- store that to life, which is already dead ? A garden- er, like yourself, came last year to this place from France, with a great variety of fine plants, which he afsured me, in the most positive manner, were all ge- nuine ; and I might trust my life to their proving true. He sold to me a plant which he said would produce black roses. I paid him a high price for it: See thereat grows, — a puny plant it is; and the few roses it bears are of a pale pink colour. Now, what would become of me (hould you turn out as great a ■ quack as he was ? There is only this single plant of its kind in the universe ; (hould it be once lost I ne- ver may find the like again. No, no, friend ; were Baron Van Haak himself to rise from the dead,, and afsert the omnipotence of this manure, I would not take his word for it. I Qiould tell him to go and. rest in peace with his fathers. Nothing Ihall ever induce me to destroy this valuable plant, while it is. evidently pofscfsed of a health and vigour that no other plant of the same sort ever could equals
' I know indeed that it has spines. This is one of those inevitable evils which nature hath annexed to- all sublunary things. But look, around and com- pare it with all other plants of the same kind you have ever seen ! How poor, — how puny, — how insig- nificant are they, when compared with it ! Try your manures if you think proper upon other soils, they have evidently occasion for it. There, the puny plants,. in place of flowers, carry not even leaves to cover their
\ I .
yw// as-
leave to know, rove like the in- II be able to re- el ? A garden-
this place from ilants, which he ler, were all ge- I their proving
he said would igh price for it: is} and the few ,r. Now, what
I out as great a single plant of
: once lost I ne- D, friend ; were from, the dead^ nanure, I would
II him to go and )thing Ihall ever plant, while it is.
vigour that no Id equals
This is one of hath annexed ta round and com>
same kind you ny, — how insig- h it ! Try your her soils. iTiejf
the puny plants^ vcs to cover their
179a. Timothy Haiti ra'ti. jjf
naked stalks. Immense swarms ot" insects suck out their vital snp ; and no sooner does a leaf appear than a caterpillar siezes on it, warps it up like a gar- ment around her, and soon consumes it. It is true that a few insects sometimes are found attempting to prey upon ihis plant of mine too ; but I have people const,'\ntly upon the watch to brulh them off with a feather. By this gentle kind of remedy we have contrived to keep them under ; and though we never can eradicate these insects entirely, we so diminiih their power, that they do no material damage to the plant : And if, at a time, a caterpillar fhould chance to seize upon a leaf, it is soon discovered, «nd picked off by hand, and singly destroyed. Under this mode of management has our rose flourillied for ages ; and has at length attained the envied pre-eminence it now enjoys: And tliough it, indeed, cannot boast of perfection, yet by the same mode of management, and the blefsing of heaven, we hope to be able to make it attain a still higher degree of b;;auty.
* Go elsewhere then, Mr Quick, and sell your boasted wares. Britain is not the place for you to succeed in.'
Here ends, for the present, the lucubrations of
TlMOTHT HaIRBRAIN *.
• The obove remarks of our (x\zrA Ua'irbra'm, m\ny will think, are more pUiii than pleising. And on the first glance, we were in some doubt whether the inserting of ihem m'ght not g'Ve umbrage '.o some of our readers. But, on a second perusal, there seemed to be in good truth so much good humour, and so very little gall in every part of them, that it seemed to be Impofilble any one could be seriously displfased to see our facetious correspond' nt makirg g.imc ofallwhocame inhisw.iy as he pal- ced along If any one fliould find himself disposed to be piqued ar s:ci:'g
mi |
|
WL |
|
Is
i
'•;■ "■*;'''-»
q6 remarks on Tbunderprooft cfsays. July i^.
IIURACk.
Pori.
Seribitid'i rtcti laftre nt it prindpium cl funt.
"' '"'f ^ A littlt learning i» a dngerouJ thing,
, ' .Drink deep, or taste, nut the Pierean tpring :
Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.
A3 fi- \ struck out by the friction of certain bodies so truth frequently (hines forth amidst the collisi- ons and jarrings of opposite opinions and sentiments. For this reason the following animadversions on a verv censurable performance, entitled " remarks oa the politiaal progrefs of Britain, by Timothy Thun- derproof," will hardly need an apology to one whose chief aim in his present lucubrations is the discove- ry of truth, as well as the difsemination of useful
knowledge.
I fliall confine myself entirely to those " remarks," contained in your Bee of February 29th ; not that these are more faulty than their predecefsnrs, but because I fliould otherwise swell my letter to a very inconvenient size.
Mr Thunderproof's arguments, if such they may be called, hardly merit a serious refutation. He seems to be a gentleman whose temper of mind is soured by disappointment, perhaps by misfortune, and on that
his favourites treated with i little fnedom, he h.is only to go on a lltll?, and he will be put into to^J humour, by seeing those he does not like be- come in iheir turn thebutt of this droll jwhi, like the wife of 3ath,(not Chau- cer's wife, but the old Sco.cii wifi: ot Bath) reads every one their ditty, in or- der to sHence them; to humble their pride, by (hewing them that they arc themselves no better than they Oiould be, and that therefore they have n« right to huld others in contempt, who have not perhaps been so fortunate as themselves ;.i their journey tbi uagh life. Men are perhaps as nearly allkehy. llulr parity in lallUs, as by any other c'.riuinst.ince. Ed.t.
'lys. July 35.
iig; Po»«.
if certain bodies nidst the collisi- s and sentiments. 1 ad vers ions on a led " remarks oa r Timothy Thun- >gy to one whose s is the diacove- ination of useful
tiosc •' remarks,"
' 29tb ; not that
(redecefsnrs, but
letter to a very
such they may be itiqn. He seems nind is soured by ane, and on that
s only to go on a litll?, ,ose he does not like be- ; wife of Bath, (not Chau- ery one their ditty, in or- :wing them that tliey arc t therefore they have nu eriiaps been so fortunate \n ire perhaps as nearly :uinst.ir.ce. Edit.
1792. rcmavlt en Tlunilerproof^se/says. 97
acf.ount ought no doubt to be treated with greater lenity than Jii; iiert'orma.ice deserves.
The finjt thing Mr Thunderproof quarrels with, in these latter remarks, is the fortrefs of Gibraltar, the retention of wliich, by Britf;in, he considers as higlily criminal as well as absurd, \V; cher this garrison has produced advantages to Britain tmiivalent to the en- ormons e.xpence it has cost her, may pe^h;^. ; le difli- tult to say : Could it be ra/.ed to the ground, or over- whelmed by an earthquake., or some convulsion of na- ture, without occasioning the lofs of any lives, either of these events might pcrlnps be auspicious to this country; but as we can hnv< no reasonable expecta- tion of getting rid of it in this manner, it is certain that' if we do give it up, it must oafs into the hands of the Spanilh monarch, or at least into those of some of the other Eurgpean princes ; and its im- portance is such as must make it add considerably to the weight and consequence of the sovereign to whom it belongs. Now, as it is a settled maxim in politics, that in proportion as any nation rises in strength and power, its ' neighbours :ink into insignificance and ob- scurity, perhaps this consideration alone may afford a sufficient reason for its retention; not to mention that it flielters our fleets in the time of war ; that it ren- ders our commerce in the Mediterranean and Le- vant more secure than that of any other European nation; and, besides, that it materially contributed to the preservation of our West India islands in our
late wars with P'rance and Spain. Mr T , as it is
natural to suppose, would fain make us believe that these wars, on the part of the latter power, drew their origin chiefly from our pofscfsion of this fortrcfa. vol,. X. • - N f
f
L
^S rtmarks en Tljundcrproofs ejsayu ^idy 2^. He surely cannot be ignorant that tlicj originated altogetlief in the family compact, which was un- doubtedly powerful enough to give birth to them, without the intervention of any other cause. " '* "^
The war of tlie Spanifli succefsion, which, on the part of the allies, was undertaken solely to preserve an equality in the balance of power among the Ru- ro;)e«n prinjces, was evidently a wise and necefsary war in its beginning, whatever it was before its con- clusion ; yet Mr T afserts, in defiance of
common sense, and in his usual petulant manner,, thai " England, with a degree of insolence, unmatch- " ed in history, interfered in favour of an Austrian
" candidate." This Mr T no doubt admires
as a smart exprcfsion. Indeed the quality of smart- nefs is all that he seems to aim at; — common sense - and regard to truth are out of the question, Mr •
T fhould, however, reflect, that though a
;.raart and lively exprtfiion, when it conveys a mean- ing, affords us much pleasure, yet, when it conveys no meaning at all, or covers an absurd or an uni- foimded aisertion, it is the more reprehensible, that it proves the writer, though ignorant and weak, to be nevtrthclefs vain and afsnming. Of this kind, too, is the following paragraph, which is indeed as extravagant as any ever committed to paper. After
praising James i. for his pacific measures, Mr T
adds, *' Had it been pofsible to prolong the life of " this monarch to the present day," (an uuinterrup- ted peace would no doubt have followed as a necefsa- ry consequence,) " Britain would long befor? this " time have advanced to a state of cultivation not iu- " ferior to that of China." James was by no ni'.an3
jy.t. 'july 2$. Iicj originated hich was un- birth to them, cause. ■ '-* "; which, on the \y to preserve imong the Eu-
and necefsary before its con- in defiance of tulant manner,, ence, unmatch- of an Austrinn
doubt admires lalicy of smart- •common sense- auestion, Mr " that though a anveys a mean- hen it conveys urd or an un>. rehensible, that t and weak, to
Of this kind, :h is indeed as ) paper. After
ires, Mr T
long the life of ^an uuinterrup- 'cd as a necefsa- ong befor? this Itivation not iu- 'as bv no ni';an3
1792. remarhsf^n'fhunclerpr oof s ef says 99
a warlike monarch, because the bent of his mind lay more to books than to the bustle of^war ; but can any man be so void of intellect as to maintain this ridiculous paradox, that peace can always be preser- ved, consistently with national safety, because a par- ticular prince may, and did preserve it for a cmM. derable time, by putting up, in a dastardly manaci, with the insults and bufietings of the nations around him ? It is certain, indeed, that nations, like men, are always quarrelling among themselves, and en- croaching upon each other's privileges ; and it is no lefi certain that insults and encroachments of this kind increase according to the backwardnefs or pu- sillanimity, discovered by any particular state in de- fending itself, and repelling the invaders ; nor will they be discontinued till such state be entirely stripped -of its commerce and its appendages, and itself, at last, dismembered and parcelled out among its more en- terprising and warlike neighbours : At least W3 must fairly ackaowledge that this would be the ne- ctfsary consequence, were it not for the wise and cautious policy of the balance of power, so well knov/n to modern times ; though this prudential sys- tem was entirely overlooked iu the case of the dis- memberment-of Poland, I think about twenty years a,go by the Shakespeare of kings. In fact it would be as ridiculous and unaccountable in a nation, to behold with indifFerenee the insults and infractions Qt its neighbours, as it would be in a man to allow himself to be beaten, or run through the body, with- out making any exertion in his own defence.
On this principle we were under the nccefsity of reseating the late infractioa gf the Spaniards, though
I
100 remarks on Thunderproof^s efsays. jf'u/y 25.
Mr T condemns us for it, as having acted a-
gainst the pacific system. The monarch already- mentioned was the best of kings, and Sir Robert Walpole the best of ministers ; while lord Chatham is reprobated as " the worst minister that ever any " nation was cursed with."
Upon the whole, every thing is making a rapid progrefs to destruction. The constitution is nought but a " conspiracy of the rich against the poor." It is, however, sufficient to excite laughter in the most puritanical countenance, that the only instance he brings forward in proof of all these accumulated evils, is that of an old woman who *' had been in the " practice of supplying her neighbours with half- " penny-worths of snuff; but is now in an excise " court, and will probably be soon reduced to beg- *' gary."
From Mr T 's glancing at Ireland, and the'
dean of St Patrick, in some of his former remarks, it would seem that he considers himself another Swift, risen to reform the world ; and is therefore determined that all tilings (hall be wrong, that he may have the merit of setting them to rights. In this point of view, indeed, he very much resembles the celebrated knight of la Mancha, whose behavi- our, upon the whole, he seems to have laid down as a pattern for himself. He must, neverthelefs, ac- knowledge, that his imitation of this great prototype and master, has not been slavilh ; we must even fairly allow him the merit of making one considerable im- provement. For whereas the renowned Don Quixote was pleased to take unto himself a fair lady for a DuU
ays. July 2j. aving acted a- jnarch already nd Sir Robert ; lord Chatham ■ that ever any
laking a rapid jtion is nought the poor." It ter in the most ly instance he ie accumulated dad been in the urs with half- V in an excise educed to beg-
eland, and the' rmer remarks, imself another id is therefore vrong, that he to rights. In luch resembles whose behavi- rc laid down as :vcrthelefs, ac- jrePit prototype Just even fairly tnsiderable im- 1 Don Quixote lady for a Dul-.
1792. remarit on Thnnderproof's (f.sflys. jot
cinea, this same disciple of his, in tht- true spirit of knight errantry, has adopted a poor old dnur>.sell- mg matron ; and this is the more generous, that he t- lis us himself flie is now almost reduced to begga- ry. To be serious: This gentleman may, indeed, fancy himself another Swift, or a very great politician, but it is certain that the wiser .part of your readers consider him, in tliis respect, as very much resem- bling the frog in tlie fable.
If Mr T continues his remarks, I may some
time or other trouble you with another letter- In the mean time I fhail beg leave to conclude with a rcllection, that, I hope, you will not think altogether unseasonable.
There is nothing in nature more ridiculous than that universal propensity in ^1 inferior geniuses to ape their superiors. Incapable of reaching their high- er attainments, they generally content themselves with imitating their imperfections. Men of illustrious talents diffuse around their very errors, a.i ingenu- ity and a splendour, that dazzle and ensnare the bulk of mankind ; while the productions of inferior writers, stuffed with these very defects and imper-. lections they have so industriously gleaned, pofsefs not a single ray of that flame of genius, so indispen- sibly necefsary to render them anywise supportable. I am, Sir, with much respect^ your most humble
-^^^^^U MiSOBRONTES*.
G::o, Square, 1 • • >: j,
Alarch 3. 1792, J
"fiji
• In proof of that impartialiry which the E.IUor hopes h« evtr (hzW he found to ,.^here to, and on n» other account, the ;bovc niece hae been «lucunt!y aJraitteJ. The personalities it cjatams, arc far .om what
T
loa
reading memorandums.
July IS-
!;'..'
READING MEMORANDUMS. ;> , • 1 ; *' < ■:., > i -For the Bee. " No pleasure 5s comparable to the standing upon the vantage ground of truth, (an hill not to he com- mandcd, and where the air is always clear and se- rene,) and to see the errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests in the valley below: So always, however, that this prospect be with pity, and not with swelling of pride. Certainly it is heaven up- on earth to have a man's mind move in charity, rest rn pravidcnce, and turn upon the poles of truth."
lord Bacon's e/says.
' «« It is as natural to die as to be bom ; and to alittle infant, who anticipates no evil, perhaps the one is as Httle painful as the other.
"He that dies in an earnest pursuit, is like one that h wounded in hot blood, who, 'for the time, scarce feels the hurt ; and therefore a mind, fixed and bent upon somewhat that is good and praise worthy, does t-hereby avert the terrors of death." Bacon.
he wifte. to see in this mlscell ny, and h.pes no one will so far presume upon this indulg-nce as to exptct a s'lnilar mode of writing will be en- couraged by him. Should this be f ermitted we might expect rejoinders and replies without end, where ewry one ro. tf ndrd rnly tor victory, or to display tl-.e stretch of his o«n talents. To avoid such uselefs d.icuf.i - ons, the EJitor begs leave to inform this writer and others, that he will tare fully reject such pieces as appear to him to b .Iculated for that pur- ppse.chiefly, by whomsoever they be written, or on whatever tubject. Where men differ in opinion from each other, and calitly adduce argu- ments in favour of that opinion, without any personal allus.ons, they Aal he attended to with all pofsibic tem-ernefs, if they do not run out to too great a length. This conduct he thinks Ilwuld give no just crjse si t^flcnce to any c»ndid person.
July IS-
UMS. vH , .
standing upon 1 not to be com- ys clear and se- wanderings, and low : So always, h pity, and not it is heaven up-
in charity, rest ics of truth." ' Bacon's ef says.
m ; and toa-little aps the one is as
t, is like one that
the time, scarce
d, fixed and bent
iise worthy, does
Bacon.
one will so fjr presume le of writing will be er- might expect rejoinders drd rnly for victory, or id such uselcfs dlicuf.i - and others, that he will .IcuUted for that pur- sr on whatever tubject. nd calitly adduce argu- unal allus.ons, they Aal' ley do not run out to too 1 give ao just cause &i
I792' ^ctiiing memorandums. 1-3
VV^hat a noble incitenK;nt dots the great lonl Vtru- km give heru to aiun idiaiefs, and to be up and be doing in behalf of our friniilies and country ! Be- lieve me, said that glorious philosopher, that xvhen a man has obtained worthy ends and expectations, the sweetest canticle to his soul will be a " Lord now Icttcst thou thy servant depart in peace."
' Death hath tiiis also, (adds he,) that it openeth the gate to deserved fame, and crctinguiflieth* envy. " Extiuctus amabirur idem."
« The perpetuity by generation is common to beasts : But memory, merit, and noble works, are proper tJ men : And surely we iliall observe that the noblest uorks and foundations have proceeded from childlcft men, who have sought to exprefs tiie images of tlieir minds, where those of their- bodies have beui wanting, or have failed.^ Bacoti.
An ciirn statuas et imagines, non animorum simul- acra scd corporum, studime .multi summi homines reli- ^iierunt ; consiliorum relinquere, ac virtutum nostra- rum ejigiem nonne multo malic dehmus,summis ingeniis exprefsam et politam P
Ciceronis Oratio pro Archia poeta, Cap. xii.
May these truly wise and important reflections find their way to the eyes, hearts, and understand, higs of those who are seeking, in vain, for happi- ucfs in frivdlous pursuits ; and, may they be excited to cultivate the universal pafsion by d.-eds that may render it pleasing, permanent, and respettable ! Nor let the softer sex imagine tliat thej are exeinpted
J04 rcadlnf:t'i'vi-ran-:tr;u July li.
from the laiidnMc pursuit ot Icgirimate fanif. H >vv many famUics have been blefsfd :ind rt-stored by the prudence ar.d -economy of mothers and wives who have sitr\ ivod thei- hiiftands !
What fi bounty they have Jo improve their minds, and to elevate their thoughts, that they may be able to in>bue the tender minds of their children with useful knowledge, and with the principles of moral
sentin-ent, without which nothing excellent can be
expected when they rise to maturity.
____ ———By il(grres
Th-: humm bljiiom bluw», and iVery day, • '
Soft a- * rfilli along dicws s.mi i" ■ rli.irm, ' ..«.
Tie f.irhei's lustre aril t' eiuitlicr'a blonm. , ■ Tlien infant ,easnn g-aws .ipjcc, andcalls ."^ '
F',r tl.e kind hand oi'lin afjiiluoiiS can?} Delight till tar*! to rear tfe tfnJcr thought,' • ■ ■' To te th ths young i'ica hnw to ihiot, ' -,
.' ^ To ^'our th« fri-ih instruction o'ri tlje mind, ■
• '/ ' ', To breathe rh' inspiriiij} spirit, and to pl?nt ' ■ The generous purpose in the glowin;^ breast. ff
1
• The dear and tender attachments-that bind parents to their children, serve also as a subsequent and more affecting nuptial band for uniting those parents more intimately to each other, and draw about them a new circle of interest and of love.
F orcknowlege of evil, would but double the mi- sery ; and foreknowledge of good, would but de- prive us of hope, by certainty ; and hope- is a blefsing perhaps preferable to pofsefsion.
Happinefs is not the gift of riches alone, but de- pendent on a right way of thinking, and a proper re- gulation of our pafsions snd appetites.
July If.
ite fonif. H >w
rt'storcd by the
and wives who
nve their miiuk, hey may be able ir children vvitli iciplfs of moral •xcellent can be.
grcfs |
|
y Jay» • |
|
• ' i-li.irm, |
■- |
blo'irn. |
|
.c^lls |
,• |
irf} |
|
hought. |
|
3t, |
|
e mind. |
|
to plcnt |
|
S breast. |
ff |
that bind parents lequent and more ose parents more f about them a
double the ml-
■would but de-
hopeis a blefsing
;s alone, but de- and a proper re- es.
POETRT.
SONNET. {
Fir the Bte. Tho* Saiton* thy damaini unftelter'd seem,
And lefs than each adjacent village fair. Yet with that light which mem'ry't clafiic beun
Arouad thee tbrowa, can nought of thein compars In thee Dunbar, «f Scottift bards supttme, ^
InhaJ'd his earliest draught of vital air} Dunbar, whole «ong with fancy's brilliant gleim,
Conjoini the comic boast of hamour rare.
Duabar, whose mystic Rose and Thittle twine.
Unfading glory may so baldly'claim, Whose Golden Tergef, enrich'd with form divine,
Shall haag for ever in the hall of fame !
Hail charming bard, to thee soaie future day. Perhaps my critic pow'rj may larger tribute pay. SaltQn, June 14. 17J2.
A. T.J
WOfeERN RIFtNSHINT, OR A CHARACTER «? THE TIMES. AN t?l9TL£ TO A FRIENO ON THE NIW YEAR.
For tbt Bet, " Nona tefa$ agitur, pyora quo teculaferri • •« 7emptrtbuft quorum utUri ton invnit if>i0 « Nomui, tt.a Hulltfotuit natura mttuVo." Juv. Sat. 13.
■ Worse than the iron age ! — these modem times Ate so depraved, that nature, for their crimei, ' Not in her bateit metal finds a naaie.
WmiB I the prevalence of vice bewail. My fViend, my genius, my MsEcenai, hail ! , -'
By thee inspir'd, and prompted by thy praise, 1 first presum'd to scan my iilAnt lays i And now more versant in ApoUo^s laws. Present them to the world far its applause. * The village of Salton in East Lothian.
■t The Thistle and Aose, the Colden Terge, (Ihield) both alletorical poema, and esteemed the best of Dunbar'a compositions.
} A critical account of the ancient poets of Seorlanii is still wanted ; fur although Mr Pinkerton has begun to tread ■■ 'hat walk, yet the field is so wide, and the views that may be taken '<f that subject so various ; that there is here roam for many labourer*, without interfering with each •ther. We hope our ingenious correspondent will net relinquifh the design pointed at in these lines} and sincerely with hia health and spirits hap- jiity toaccomplilhit. Etlit.
VOL. X. •■-... . . , f
I
III
m
H
fl if."''
»o5
>'»
i'l
— }$etrf. •• ■■ 7"^ »S'
When 1 appear* candid Jte for fame, _-ii
Grant rae ! the flitlter of thy name.
Dear to thy friends, and to the musi » dear* Thy poet greeti thee on the new born year.
If in th" event, 'tis happieit for thee, . ,
May heaven prolong • life 'o d«jr to m« .
And if to future times my rhymes descend, Ij
Let them record that was my »riend } -
Thy aweet retreat I hope to see e're long,
Meanwhile accept the tribute of a song. _
Hail Ninety-two! while yet unsta.n'd with blame,
Erect new trophies to Britannia's fame !
But check the grofs corruption of the iimea,
Great is her glory, greater are her crinjes!
Now let the wisei the good, the sons of light* X To stem the torrent, all their pow'rsumte i ^
Now let religio'i's feuds, and party real, , - « Yield to the int'rest of the public weal. .. '■ My feeble, best endeavours, I'll exert, ,
Nor, while I live, the glorious cauij desert. , May he, whose grace can prosper the event, h Accept the means and bleft the instrument I _
One si«ncr from the error of his ways • To save, the labours of a life repays. '
■VPhat will this •aughty world come to at last ? . p.ach rising age more vicious than the put j Jiefintd in vite, in all the arts of fraud j Lefs by divine than human justice aw d 1
We (hun the villany of ruder times.
Though for mot« tecret more malignant crimes.
Under the mask of firiendlhip, void of ftame,
We now betray and wound our neighbours fame. %Candow, benevolence, truth, justice, fail }
Self-love, deceit, iniquity, py«v»'';
Dire luxury, with all her tram of ills.
The heart mflames, with pride and pafslon fills.
Taught by our sires contempt for all above.
Like hopeful sons we on their crimes improve.
Th' exploded doctrines of the sacred page.
The scorn and jest of this licentious age;
Vice like its author, boldly walks abroad.
We laiigh,at virtue and insult our God.
We own (such is out character at best)
No God but gold, no tie but interest.
By mercehary motives •» are led 5 .
Faitk from the earth has with religion fled.
In (hort no action is too «ie»n, too base.
Tor this perfidious execrable race.
How vainly boasu the self-enlighten'd sage,
Th' unri vall'd wisdom of this impious age .
Such, so corrupt the manners of the times.
The world must sink beneath th* burthen of her crimes.
5</«/r«wi7««.i. I79». THtotoous. ,
>h *s«
iie< dear* n year<
I xtA
scendf ^ I,
end i ' ,
long,
ing.
i,n'd with blame,
le!
: timet,
rimes !
I of light» -
I' unite}
eal, , - .V .
veal. . ■*
irt,
: desert.
e event, i
-umenti
ys
ne to at last? ■le put ;
.dj '■-:
w'd 1
nant crimei. ■ ;;
of fhame, jhbourt fame. e, fail i
lis, • ' *
pafslori fills.
all above,
jet improTC.
d page,
sage;
abroad,
God. '
beat)
St.
[ion fled. baae,
ten'd sage,
ious age '.
he times,
burthen of her erimesi'
THtOLOCUI.
. * CLEANINGS OF LITERATURE,
■ Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.
Althoitgh the authors of the theory of Moral Sentimentir and the Rambler, have contributed to bring into discredit every kind of miscellaneous and periodical publication. I remain perfectly convinced of their utility, on account of their tendency to diffuse knowledge among the m" idling and poorer ranks of society, and to attract the notice of id- lers and triflers, I have therefore from the beginning been a friend to your undertaking, which, without descending to foment the frivolity and lubricity of the times, applies it- self judiciowly to that love of novelty and variety, which distinguilhes our modern world from the plodding world of bur fathers.
With a view to contribute somewhat to the pasture of the Bee, I have thought that it might not be amifs to set an example of forming an article in your miscellany, com- posed of pertinent selections from the epistolary corrcspon- , dence of persons of learning and taste, which have not been publifhed 5 thereby preserving many curious, useful and agreeable particulars, which might otherwise be finall ly lost, either from the inadequacy of the whole pieces in which they arc contained, to appear before the public' or the difhculty of rendering them in that Ihape profitable' either to the editor or to the reader.
Many important facts, many vivacious and agreeable re marks, many beautiful and prolific thought,, are to be found scattered amid the rubbilh of trivial correspondence : and
pre'erer ^^^ *^'' '^'^ ^""^^ ^^ ^"^^^^ "P "'I
Every person of literary eminence, indeed almost every
person of taste, sentiment, and social inclination, must, in
ttjft .' gUamtigs if/iltrature. Jufy 45.
the course of an ordinary lifetime, be pofsefied of man/
specimens of fruitful imagination, painful investigation,
or light brilliant and agreeable remark or reflection, in the
-letters of his friends, and, without impropriety, may render
them anonymously useful to society at large. Retired
from the brsy world, my own correspondence ba» not
been extensive *, yet it contains many etaanatians of the
human mind divine, that may be useful and agreeable to a
remote posterity, and ought not to be involved in the
general heretical catastrophe that generally attends the
letters of the vulgar. Why (hould a fine thought be
doomed to inclose a ponnd of butter, a roll of tobafcco, or
to singe a pullet, when it might light up a brilliant flamei
in the mind of a poet, or fumilh matter for the page of a
philosophical historian ?
Having said so much, Sir, by way of apology, for offering my scanty gleanings ask specimen of what 1 wiih to pro* mote, I fliall proceed frankly to present them td your, rea- ders, hoping that they may hereafter call forth such as may be found more worthy of their attention. I an, Sir, your hnmble servant, Pafy aivs PrAcursgk.
" I met yesterday with a line of Martial that fdeaied' me much, and I will here give it a» it majr have escaped your observation.
" Fortuna multit dat n!m!s, null! litis."
** As the goddefs has not thought proper to distinguilft you or your humble servant by the first part of the line, I vtould fain hope, that, in one of her whlms»(he will give us the talis. £ut alas ! what is tliat sotit I our atellifluoua Englifh poet, with all the aid of the philosophical Bo« l^ngbroke, (hrunk from the definition (^ satis in his bold' description of happinefs,. while health and peaee cost him but a few scratches of his elegant pen |
ofsefied of many Pul investigation,
reflection, in the ^ety, may render
large. Retired ondence ba» not taanatians of the nd agreeable to a
involved in the ally attends the
fine thought be oil of tobafcco, or
• bfilliaint flamci for the page of a
ology, for offering bat 1 nifli to pro* them td your, rea- call forth auch as ntioD. I an, Sir, YKIVS PrAcursgr.
irtial that fdeaied' najr have escaped
iti«."
>per to distingsijft ; part of the line, himsyflie will give it I our atclliflvoua. philosophical Bo- i>f satis in hit boldi nd peaee cost him
1791. gfnnittgs of littfantrti t6^
. " Methlnks he was chicken hearted, and might have done it with a dafh, by letting it down to the account of mode- rate desires.
" It is the fret that gets upon our minds, and the want of sedatives to allay it, that plays the devil with us all.
" Let us cultivate engaging, and rational, and easily at- tainable pursuits, as the sedatives for this fret, and all will be well.
" If fortune, who governs all things, fliall call us Into •minent or busy stations, let us be daring and busy, but if (he compels us to remain in the ihade, let us remember that the laurel thrives in the (hade with peculiar prpcerity.
** I ivasborn to the pofsefsion of a small estate^ and ha- ting mifsed my way in the world, by some of the freaks of the fickllp She that ;tands upon the globe with a ban- dage en he^ eyes, I have lately ended a poetical efiay on my own pursuits, in the following manner, after having •aid UiBt 1 desire not " volitare vivut per ora virum i
** Thui would I pafs my unambitious days, " Vnlcnown 10 envy, undittufb'd with pniM) " Ouilcleis, enjoy the lotHaaT'n freely gave, " Steal soft thiough lift, ind hide me in the grave.
" Tlie great misery with respect to this said businefsof contentmtut, is, that we imagine we can obtain it by the power of ratiocination j, and by comparing our situations with, sucb as are more unfortunate than our own. Now contentment, as I said before, is only to be obtained by going out of ourselves, to dwell upon agreeable, interest- ing, and permanent objects and pursuits, that prevent u* fttom felling back (as it werej and prefsing upon ourselves, which mtut certainly terminate ia quarrelling with our- selves, ot ia the production of the EngUfli sple»n, or IVench rnnui, a disease from which, that you may be pre- tttved, by my admirabh: nostrum, is the sincere and hearty prayer of, my dear Su, your afiFectionatc humble servant."
B. A
m
110
a curt for iht gout.
>b 2j.
A TURKISH CURE FOR THE GOUT.
On rtading the following little story you will find the cure. A RICH Turk, a man of considerable note in bis own coun- try, having been taken by a Maltese galley, had the good fortune to please the knight who commanded her. He took this Turk into his own service, and treated him in such a manner as the slave had no room to expect. That knight was often subjected to very severe uttacks of the gout ; — his slave, whom he loved, and who was even fami- liar wiA him, said often to him, ' if you were in roy coun- try I would cure you entirely ; but the remedy is sucU as cannot be made use of in this place.*
After some years, the knight being satisfied with hi» slave, gave him his liberty without ransom. The Turk on his return home, made an armament to cruise against the Christians. He had the good fortune to take a vefsel bound for Malta. When the prisoners pafsed in review before him, he recognised the knight, his old master and benefactor. He made a sign that this knight Ihould be se- parated from the others ; gave orders that he fliould not be put in irons ; and that they fliould treat him as his own person *, but he would not see nor speak to him.
The corsairs having arrived at the place of rendezvous^ the Turkifh captain afked of his af'ociates that particular slave, in preference J and that b> mg granted him, he caused thrm give him a horse, and conduct him to bis house.
Scarcely was he arrived and lodged in a handsome apart- ment, magnificently fuinifhed according to the manner o£ the plpce, when he saw seven or tight men enter, who, without saying a word, undrefsed him, stretched him on a matrafs in the middle of the room, tied bis feet to a great
>0 is-
(OUT.
will fnd the cure.
in his own coun- lley, had the good landed her. He, d treated him in to expect. That ere -attacks of the ho was even fami- were in roy coun- ; remedy is tucb
satiiiiied with hi» som. The Turk
to cruise against le to take a vefsel
pafsed in review is old master and light Ihould be se< tt he (liould not be t him as his own
to him.
ice of rendezvous^ tes that particular ited him, he caused liro to his house. I handsome apart-
to the manner o£
men enter, who, tretched him on a bis feet to a great
J 791. t cure for the put. 1 1 1
»tick, and two of them gave him faur or five hundred strokes with a sniidl rod on the solts of !..< feet, whicli made them swell to an amazing size. Another Turk after- wards scarified them with much addrcl's, and made all the curdled blood run out, and poured upou them a remark- ably odoriferous balm: After which they carried him to a balcony, wheie there was a bed compoticd of good matraf- tti, with rich coverings. The physician, with three or four slaves, watched him continually, and served him with infinite attention. They drefsed his feet twice a-day ; they gave him the best food. But, without entering intp conver- sation with him, they only bade him have good cou- rage, and afk whatever he wanted.
The knight did r.ot know what to think of such odd treatment j he waited for the explanation of it ;vith impa- tience. When, at the end of six or or seven days, his wounds were quite cured, and he felt himself able to rise and walk, they gave him a very rich Turkifh drefs, and his patron came to see him. He demanded first to know who he was, and then alked if he knew him : The knight could not recollect his old slave,— years had changed him j along beard Ihaded part of his face, and the tlourilhing condition in which be saw him, rendered .<t impofsible to Know hin^ again.
What ! £aid the Turkifh captain, is it pof^ble that you have forgot your slave Ibrahim ? it is I whom you treated with so much generosity ; — know that a benefit is never lost among muisulmans. I had pity ,upon you when jou suffered the tortures of the gout, and 1 told you tiiat if you were in my country I would have you cured so as never to be more troubled with it : I have been as good as my word }-— you are cured,— you have suffered,- but you fhall suffer no longer ; — the gout fhall never distrefs you more. The knight thanked him for the good treat- ment wbich he had leceived, after a modest complaint t|
j|
J
J 12 io corretpondentt. June %$4
the bastinado j soon after, there was no more woid of it. He staid six months with his benefactor, who loaded him with favours and carefses ; and when the knight wiftied to return to his country, he caused him to embark in a Chris- tian vefscl with his people, and defrayed the expences of his pafsagc.
Such is the remedy : — It is at the service of all who are troubled with the gout. , The balm which they made us« <jf was the true balm of Mecca or Judea, which is knowa ftrery where In Europe.
ANECDOTE OF A NEW MADE JUSTICE. A MKW made justice of the peace, in order to qualify him- self for discharging the duties of his office, pored over spmc old law tooks, in one of which he found an act, inflicf- ting apenali in such persons as Ibould '/r* any be*eoii,* which he uv fortunately read, 'fry any baeaa: His wor- Ihip, a few days after this discovery, riding through a vil- lage, caught a poor woman in the very act of firying some tafhers forher dmrict j iealous to Mfil his duty, he cause4 her immediately to be apprehended and committed to pri- son, and at the next quarter sefiions had her brought forth and arraigned for that oflenefc; when an exphination took place, grsatly at the expenoe of his worftiip's «udition, ind to the no small diversion of a crowded cuur#
TO COHRESrONOENTS. _ '
MArrHBWBRAMBLEU tale is wc.ivea. ^*'«' ^^•"'^uJj' «,uir«J a little more cone«:»f. in "n.po..t.o», and «h«ttnrf. of ta«e^ E.lucubr»tipn8 n,»y probably be well received by the publK. Utht meanwhile it will be necef.art to attend lomewhat mr« than he has Te' dolt, tW particular.. It is evident that nothing .s. m general,
■ued intercourse In the polite circle. But Y'^JZy^^vL\t,« had th-. justing than the forward Aoydon pertneft "' °»'=;;'^' »°' "^J "? ^e IW* fame opportunity of improving, .ffeet. that ease of manaer WhicJx he ItM •0 much admired ia others. ,.
Farther acknowMgemnts deferred .f'.r went ^frorn. ^
I more woid of it. , who loaded him B knight wiftied to :mbark in a Chris- 1 the expences of
vice of all who are ich they made use I, which is knowa
fUSTICB.
ler to qualify hin»-- ofBce, pored over Found an act, inflicj- I '^r« any beteoti^ bacan.'' His wor- ding through a vil- act of frying some bis duty, he cause4 , committed to prir i her brought forth n explanatioi) took irorfhip's uudition, ded cuur^
.Wfeea *U writer h(^
, tind chatKnef$ of XMt, by the public. In the what in<^<e than hr has t nothing isi in general, ! who have good sensf, f h«v« h«d a long twKi-
;hing« cw> h» """* ^*' who, not hating had th-. >f manBerwhidi he it««
<f^ vmnt «/ rostn. '
8:
'•''■^"^—c^ XriE BEr/| a'-"'-'--'** "»*#-'''*'^
LITERARY WEEKLY INrELLlGENCER, r
. ««viU ro* 1 fii'-iw ii):row'sd
■' Wxukisday, Au«u«'r t^'r79>.' ;tr>'j»ibn[Ot:>l
01
h'&M
ESSAY ON COUGHS AND COLDS. For the Bee.
Xh" distemper is called by foreigners the EngUfli plague. It consists w4th my knowledge, that foreign- ers are some timies prevented from visiting our island, from a dread of catching what they call la consomp- tiott Angioise. Ihavfiitnown this dread operate u- pon foreign gentlemen, ptherwise sufficiently manly, and very desirous of paying us a yisit. ,^^, ^„, 'j^,^^^',
The gener^ belief on the continent is, th«t a cougV is a contagious distemper^ There is a story at Rome of an Italian nobleman, and all his family, having died of a xsoiM^mption, which they were supposed to have caught &y using an Engliih gentleman's post chaise, sold after his. dying of' this disease.
It is not long; sinQe a friend of mme, who n the physidans of IfOndon advised to sai,l for health, was refused admittance, into the city of Cadiz. Nay, after leave had been obtained from the Office of Health, there was but one innkeeper in that .town (an Irifli- man,) who would admit ^im i>^to his ijotel ; and that lOnly, after agreeyig for the value of aU th« furniture
VOL, X. , * +
rilO
...m
LI
114 o« coughs «ni colds. -^vg. % »
of the apsirtment, to which the invalid was admitted. He died in a few days, when every bit of this furni- ture and bedding wtts bui^t ih tlife <iourt yard of the hotel.
Before we condemn an opinion which appears to us. to pTbctti ftom prejudice ahd igndriiAce, it tnkj be worth while to exarnine how far there is any foundation in reality for it. And this is the more necefsary that, with Us, this distemper is often found to baffle the Ikill of our best physicians. Perhaps, like the gout and rheumatism, tlife Cause of this dis- temper has hitherto winded all otir researches.
The following hitftt itt sug^csted^ with ihuch de- ference artd humility, fat the tfdnsideratiMn of the public, by one, not a pbysiei^, Mr at dl versxnt in the scietice of medicine.
1st. To define the dlstettrp^r I aim (it«atiBf of: It begins by a slight aiFectioa of the' gtatfds of the throat and nose, which in a d*y at two oiccasiont a coughing th«t increases in vidlence for aorae time } after which it either gfaduiBy tthatti, or ends in what is called a con'smtirption, oecittioped by ulcers or other tutiercles in the lungs. I WotlM dlMurve,
id. The futility of tbe causes CcHUitlbftly jl'signed for our catching cold. Avoid wetting your feet, avoid sitting in a draxight of itir, dWd night debits, avoid damp liffert, atre arfvices ewttWionly given to those in \*hdse health ive take art iwerest. Yet bovr riiany catch coWs which catt be ilttp^ted to none of these causes J and hotv many preserve theoiselvM perfectly free from this distcirfet, alth0i»gh^ daily e»»' pdeed to them ail f , ■
"T
lid was admitted, bit of this furni- iourt yard of the
ivhich appears to ^n'driiAce, it in\j far there is any ;hk is the more ler is often found :cians. Perhaps, Cause at this dis- esearches. [i, with ibuoh de- tideration o£ the at sill versacnt in
aim (it«atn^ of: i»' gtatfds of the two oiQcasion* a ' for some time ) aites, or ends in tsiopiid by ulcers ttotM diMurve, mttibnlyfl^i'gtieti tttng youe feet, vMA night deMts, Mbonly given to :*r*st. Ym bow pttted to none of ierve themselves [tl«)i»|ti daily €»*■
1792. OH 4mughs and eolds . ufl
A Highlander's first sjtep in the mormog Is into a brook, for the purpose of weU^ig his feet. Hij house son\etiiives b^ no door to exoliudp a^ draught of air, nor his window any gUfs. He is indee^ not much exposed to wet linen, -but tQany tradesmen, by hard labour, are in .. co(itiau.al perspiration, and have their iinen constantly wet» -;
3d. There ?ire none ,who doubt of the influenza being contagious. Its sytnptpms, .however, differ, very little, except ip their violf^ncg, from a commoji ,«old. May it not bc owing to its pupcr.ipr degree of violence, th^t its con^a^on ^pre^^ds jyider than the icqnt^ipn of common colds ? It is npedlpfs to enlarge upon a si^^ject so geper^lly ki^o^n, and 30 often felt, by many ^f your readers, 9a the effects of the influenza. I \vas told by the capt^in of a yefsel, a man of honour and veraciry, that his bark carri<:d the influenza in the year ji 784, first into Shetland, and then to the Orkneys. It had raged all that spring on the main lapd > i»ut, till he arrived, the distemper had not ap- peared in those i^l^ands. .But in twenty-four hours after his landing, the whole inhabitants were seized withi#; ^nd the satne thing continued to bappett ,inv.i(«:i?bly at every islwd where he touched.
4th. pQ(Qtnpn colds are sptnetimes little kfs conta- ^iQ\(3. Tviro writers of veracity Mr Martin and the ,?evd. Mr ^laculloch, afsure us that the steward of St Kilda, on his annual visit to collect the rents of thftt isl.anjd, generally carries this contagion with j^m, ?nd tfjat ;.hc whole inhabitants are violently ^ect^d by jt ia.? few days after his arrival.
m
1
tl6 on coughs and Colds. -^ug- t.
His visit being only paid once in the year, it U probable the salubrious air of the island perfectly eradicates the distemper, till it be again imported afrefli in the same maniier.
5th. A surgeon of a man of war afsuted me that he had often remarked, tNat, although colds were fre- quent in his fhip before it pilt to sea, the people soon got well, and never were taken ill again till they put again into porft The same observation was made to me by many other seafaring people.
A lieutenant of a man of war afsured me, that, on returning from the Newfoundland station, where the people had been remarkably healthy, and free from colds, they were all coughing in the first week after the fliip's return to England. Neither do I learn that the excefsive cord of Greenland exposes our filhers to that distemper. ' ' ''"
6th. Those who quit the country to pafs the win- ter in our cities, particularly in London, are frequent- ly seized with a cold imtraediately on their coming to town, although much lefs exposed to the severity o£ the winter than in the country.
7th. May it not be inferred from hence that the air in our towns, in the winter season, is infected, ■with this contagion, perhaps in proportion' tO' the size of the towijs, and the huddled manner in which the inhabitants are crammed together la them?
8th. People ascribe their colds very commonly to 8 cold blast they have got in coming from cburcft, playhotfse, and other crowded afsemblies. May not their colds be more probably owing to the foul ia«
1792. fee ted a these pi
9th. pores be cold wh tion fro in while pores, first ste among s sels or mists IT covered, and arte flux of 1 If this f absurd I pores, a poisonec ' loth; with abs bibe air Along V any com to be lo: our bei: abroad i fast?
iitb. apt to I colder, of the in
the year, it ii island perfectly again imported
fsured me that
colds were frc-
sea, the people
n ill again till
me observation
ing people.
ed me, that, ibh
ition, where the
r, and free JFrom
first week after
ther do I learn
nd exposes oux
to pafs the win- >n, are frequent- their coming to > the severity o£
I hence that the son, is infected, oportion to the died manner in ed together in
ry commonly to ; from fch-urcft, blies. May not \ to the foul ia<
■l792»" ■ OH coughs and colds, H^
fected air they have breathed for so long a time in these places ?
9th. Some have fancied colds to be owing to the pores being suddenly fliut up. Yet we rarely catch cold when we rise from our beds, although a transi- tion from a warm bed, to the half naked state we are in while we drefs, must certainly fliut up all our pores. A Rufsian cure for the cold is said to be first stewing in a steam bath, and then rolling among snow. Our pores serve as discharging vtf- sels or emunctuarles to the body. Perhaps anato- mists may discover, if it has not been already dis- covered, that our pores are provided, like our veins and arteries, with valves to prevent any retrograde flux of humours back again into the human body. If this fhould prove to be the case, it would be as absurd to suppose we could imbibe contagion by the pores, as to siippose the water of a river could be poisoned at its mouth, instead of its source.
» loth; It' is known that the human body is provided with absorbent vefsels, the purpose of which is to im- bibe air and nourilhment into the animal system. Along with air, may not these vefsels also imbibe any contagious vapours with which the air chances to be loaded ? And is not this opinion confirmed by our being much more apt to catch cqld, if we go abroad fasting, than after making a hearty break- fast?
iith. It is observed that moist weather is more apt to give colds, than dry frosty weather, though colder. Does not this amount to an absolute proof; of the infectious nature of the disease ? because moist
■\
m
^"gs*
m
^:^i^
118 wt coughs and ea/^i. -^"g. 2.
^it is better fitted for attracting and suspending con- tagious vapours, than when dried either by excefjivp heat or cold. A hot summer causes the jplaguc to cease at Constantinople, as readily as a cold vvinter, and indeed mpre so ; because furs and woollen clothes,^ the ^rcat retainers of conts^gion, are rao.r? us^ed in winter than summer.
1 2th. Air being heavier, and more loaded with vapours as it approaches nearer to the earth, jnay be the reason why theiqfluenia commonly seizes first upon dogs and horses, and why it is considered as more wholesome to live in an upper story, than op ,the ground floor of a house.
13th. The most succeisful prescriptionj .9Qd o)i,e to which physicians are driven w.hen colds arc very obstinate, is country a^r. May no,t its effiqaoy '\n curiug the distemper proceed, as n^uch from its feeing lefs impregnated with contagious va^ppur^, $is /rpl!& its being purer in other respects ?
14th. Certaki habits of bpdy efpPse ^qme iiuJivU duals of a family p cat;ch cold more re?dily tjian others living i^ tbe same bpuse, and bre^itliing the same air. May npt this rather prpye thitttbe distem- per is not very cootagious, tbfm that it w flPt .<?pn- tagipus in any degree ?
15th. It h»3 \>cen pbfierved that 4wDp b€;4 H)P«n, in the country, isajit to occaaipn disorders jki the bowels ; but that in towns it is apter to prp^uco coughs : That, at sca» being wet jpocsi&iopp rheuma- tisms sometimes, but lucyer colds. Be^ipe t}}fi ob- servation that being wet vitf* a^C ?f»Ht i« »«)* ^0 dangerous as with.freflu
saspcnding con- ither by exccfsivp es the plague to
as a cold yvinter, id woollen clothes^ re xno.rc us^cd ip
r>ore loaded with
0 the earth, jnay atnoplj seizes first t is considered as er story, than op
icription, »pd on,e en colds arc very tio,t its elSqacy in ich from its being ir^^pur^, $is ,frpl!&
pose 9qme i94ivi> hore re^ily than uid breathing the rethftt the distem* hat it i^ flPt CQU-
t 4wDp b<l4 l»)P*n»
1 di^ocders w the apter to prp^uco
:}o<??&iow ?h«m«na- , He^ioe tlv oh- 4t juam isftot^o
*79*' OH doughs tini eoltb, n^
« i6th. May not the great care of the police of Spain hare extirpated coughs frofh that kirtgdom, as the plague has been from tlittt and the other kingdoms of Eufbpe ? Is it too late to try tvliether the same care would not produce the Sa«ie effect in 001" isianf* ? ;t7th. Those M^ho have IJted for these last forty years, haVc seen the sting drawn out of many dis- tempers, fof merly consideted as rhortafl. fio# ittany fevers have been cured or p^evdnted by the Jesuits bark, Dr James's powders, and other antimonial pre- patations .' How miafny cholics have been eured by laudanum ! And how rtiany lites hav« been saved by imtoculating for the sihaH pox ! What good has not Goulard's extract of le*d done iti the cure of in- veterate sor<i4, and recent wounds, 4rtd straitts, and bruised ! Why despair of eradicating cbldii alsb ?
1 8th. If we examine the bills of mortality, or re- cotlect the events within otir oWtt ctrcie^ We fliaU find there is ilo distemper rrtorfe fktal to huiiAi^ life than colds. With the yoting it id apt to degeitei^at^ into & consfuihptidn. To thtf o\^ atid iriflrifA, k u almost certaitt de&th. For being attended #ith soMe degree of fever, Arid occasionittg great bodily coAcdfeiun, it frequeutly proves too violent to be resisted by per- sons infeelHeid ciither by age, or A weakly habit of body, in so much that we consider it as an effort of strength, and a piece of good fortune for s»ch people to turn t1>e winter.
1 9th .£1 very climate has its dr^rn^baeks. Many climates are more genial than that of Great Britairj ^ yet, upon the whole, few are more fit for the habitriitioa of man-i kind. Exempted from extremes of every kind, from
h
120 on coughs and co/Jt. ^ug. i. •
scorching heats in su umer, and keen frost in winter, were it not for the very distemper in question, there is no climate in which human life might be protracted to a greater length, nor whose longevity would be attend- ed with fewer drawbadts and inconvcniencies. Hence, the importance of discovering the ttae cause, and con- sequently the best method of curing, and even eradi-. eating, by degrees, this distemper from the catalogue of Britifti diseases, as the plague and leprosy have
been.
20th. I would propose that the faculty (hould bend their whole attention to observe whether this distem- per be contagious or not : That a society and corres- pondence be.establiflied fortius purpose: That the nesult of the observations made over the whole island, or perhaps over aU Europe, be digested and publifh-
ed. , •
list. Should tliosc observations afford rational grounds for believing the distemper to be contagious, I ftio«ld then propose, that the Faculty ordered all their patients to country qiiarters, as soon as unequi- vocal symptoms of a cold appeared: That the great- est attention Aould be paid to walhing all the linen, and airing, and even fumigating the woollen and cot- ton clothes of the coovalescents before returning to
town. . .
22d. For the poorer sort, by a small subscription, they might be enabled to retire to cottager's houses in the country, who, we may presume, would not be unwilling to receive, for payment, such guests ; and on such occasions proper measures might be devisei
'il»,j»W*.U"'W'l»."f fifftf-** ■ •
Auji, 1. • rost in winter, lestiun, there is le protracted to rould be attend- tiencies. Hence, cause, and con- and even eradi-. n the catalogue d leprosy have
Ity (hould bend ler this distem- ety and corres- pose : That the he whole island, ted and publilh-
affbrd rational o be contagious, Ity ordered all soon as unequi- That the great- ng all the linen, vooUen and cot- (re^jrctiWning to^
lall subscription, ;ottager'8 houses le, would not be uch guests ; and might be devised
179*' «» ctughs and colds. j 3 1
for purifying their clothes and the furqiture of the chambers they inhabited.
»3d. Pains might also be taken to introduce the custom of airing and fumigating, during the course of the »ummer, the clothes which were worn in win- ter, and the same precaution might be used as to beds and furniture.
a4th. A clerygman, whom I know, causes his beadle to open the doors and the windows of his church, every fine day, through the course of the week, and seems to think there is lefs coughing in, his church than before; though the fliort while he ha« tried this experiment prevents his speaking with great certainty on the subject. He is certain, how- erver, that coughing has not IncreMed since he begao^ this practice. '"
It would be safe therefore to recommend this ex- periment to be tried in dl our churches, playhouses, coffeehouses ,«nd other places of public resort.
ajth. The mortality occasioned by putrid fevers in Batavia is well known. There is scarce a family which has not lost some of its members or connec- tions, in the sea-faring line, who have touched at that port. The cause of this mortality was not dis- covered till of late, that the doctrine of the conta* giousnefs of svch putrid distempers has been esta-' blifhed. There is in the great city of Batavia but^ one public hotel for the reception of strangers. Tha right of keeping this hotel is farmed by the govern, ment. The governor, and higher members of the Dutch council, there, fljare in the profits of this farm. Private bo^9«9 are . therefore forbidden, un-
.■i!
[]'
.J
xi\ 0n lease t. j4ug. t.
der severe penalties, to let lodgings to strangers, and strangers who arrive at Batavia, are frequently put into the beds and apartnncntd from whence those who have died of putrid fevers have been removed, only the da/ before. There is said to be the lefs pains taken to clean these apartments, that conside- rable perquisites arise to the landlord and his ser- vants from the death of theit guests. This is cer- tain, that the people of higher ranks in Batavia, who can afford villas, to which they resort every night, after their busintfs in town ia over, iive as long, and enjoy as gpod health, as in any sprc on the globe.
If these rude hints fliould serve to excite our atten- tion to the cause of colds ; and lead eithjr to a more ef- ficacious method ofcUre, or tolefscn the frequency of the distemper, the writer will have attained his ob- ject, in requesting the favour of your inserting them in your useful paper. I am, Mr Bee, Yours,
PuLMONicua.
•., V
--:,,.' , -h :v^ roN LEASES.
Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.
Permit me, through the channel of your very useful paper, to expreCs my sentiments upon the subject of lands let upon lease. I fliall inquire into the advan- tages and disadvantages both of long and of ihort leases, a«d make seme observations intended for the benefit both of proprietors and tenants.
Many proprietors, of every rmk in this kingdom, have let the whole or part of their lands upon long leases ; some for thirty-eight years and a life, and some
Aug. I. I to strangers, and ire frequently put >in whence those ve been removed, aid to be the lefs nts, that conside- llord and his ser- sts. This is cer- :s in Batavia, who esc ft every night, , 'iive as long, and t on the globe, o excite our atten- ithjr to a more ef- ■n the frequency of ! attained his ob- )ur inserting them lee, Yours,
PULMONICUS.
f your very useful pen the subject of ire into the advan- long and of ihort IS intended for the mts.
& in this kingdom,
lands upon long
inda life, and some
1791' «« lease t. 123
for fifty-Sfven, with certain obligations and restricti- ons ; for instance, besides the rent stipulated, the obligation to build sufficient houses,— to inclose the farms according toa mode prescribed and agreed to,— and to plant a certain quantity of ground : all these articles to be performed within a certain number of years) — to lay out the fields and to raise crops in such a manner, that, at the end of the leases, the lands may be in a state of high cultivation, and prepared 1 ■ letting at a very advanced rent. Lands let in thi, manner, however unpromising in appearance, and of however little value at first, in a few years become like anew creation, and an ornament to the country ; and at last yield to the present proprietors, or tlieir heirs, a very handsome income. The tenants, if men of sense, have much scope, and many motives, to make great improvements; they are happy in the en- joyment of a sense of liberty, and of independence to k. certain degree ; they not only procure present subsistence for themselves and their families, but, by laying up something for their children, have the con- solation to foresee that tliey will not be kft desti- tute. To the proprietor and his family, to whom they lie under so many obligations, they consider themselves as related in a remote degree : to them they look up with reverence and esteem, and feel the most affectionate attachment; circumstances very agreeable both to themselves and their superiors. How pleasant a thing it is to see proprietors regard- ing their tenants, and the families of their tenants, as their children, and rejoicing in their happinefs ; and these families, on the other hand, happy in the
m
im M hattt. Aug, I.
homage thej paj, ftitd the gratitude they (how to tlieir benefactors !
Manj proprietori, again, thinking it an hardfliip to be to long dirested, a» it were, by long leases, of their property, and observing that, many disagreeable cir* cuQistances, in the course of tl;<!se leases, occur, which, at their commencement were not foreseen : for instance, tliat by the rapid and unexpected improve- ments in hu(bandry, the tenant often enjoys an undue advantage, in which the proprietor has no (hare ; and< that however worthy a. man the original tenant may be, he is sometimes succeeded by a son or heir, of a . very different character, a man disgusting to his su- ■ perior, and a pest among his neighbours ; and yet, because he pays his rent, and keeps without the reach of the law, cannot be removed : determined by such circumstances as these, they have adopted aa- otlier mode of letting theirlands ; that is, upon ihort leases of nineteen years, some longer, and many ihorter. In the case of (hort leases, the proprietor: must build house;; and improve the lands, expecting to be reimbursed by a rise of rent in proportion ; . or if the tenant build and improve, he must be allowed a . deduction of rent ; and this requires on both sides doe consideration.
Long leases appear to be best calculated for unib*. ing, more efftctually, the different ranks of society ; and for promoting, as I have mentioned above, the general happinefs. Short leases and high rents natu^ rally produce the opposite effects. Here the contention is who (liall have tlie greatest advantage \ here, as there is no generosity nor humauity oa the oae sidCt
Jlug, I. ey (how to tlieir
t an harcKhip to ; leases, of their isagrceablc cir> leases, occur, not foreteen : pcctedimprove- njojs an undue J no (hare ; and < rial tenant maj on or heir, o£ a . sting to his su- - ourB} and yet, s vrithout the 1 : determined ave adopted an- t is, upon ihort Itty and manjr the proprietor: inda, expecting proportion ; . or List be allowed a. I both sides doe
.latcd for unib*. inks of society ; oned above, the ligh rents natu^ e the contention tage j here, as >a tho oaesidci
I79>' onUattt, 12 j;
there is no room left for gratitude or affection on the other. The proprietor and tenant arc held to- gether by a ijery slender tie, in which the heart has seldom any (hare, and which we see daily bro- ken by the slightest accident. It has been observed by men of acknowledged abilities, that, in letting a lease, circumstances (Iiould be so calculated that the tenant, after paying his rent, and defraying the ex- pences of his family and servants, Ihould have re- maining, annually, perfectly free, the interest at least of the stock or principal laid out in furni(hing the farm. The reasons are obvious, because had "he been bred to any other businefs, he would, by attention and care, have provided for the subsistence of his fa- mily, and saved his capital and interest, as a fund; for thtir future supply: and how many arise to a state of affluence, who had originally no fund at all ? Another, reason is, that if he is not. placed in a si- tuation such as I have described, he is degraded Itelow the condition of a common servant ; for a ser- Taqt not only Uvea at present comfortably, and void of care, but h.^.s It in his po rer to lay up something for the supply of his fature wants. In a word, when he &ot only bestows his time and labour, but is himself oUiged, in the course of his lease, to expend his own money, or principal, for the proprietor's advantage, he repents his bargain, — his spirits are hurt, — his ttm- per soured, — he considers himself as a slave in a Iftnd of freedom,^— and looks upon his masteror supe- rior with iaexprefsiblc aversion and abhorrence.
That a proprietor may be able to judge for him- aelf, and let his farms in sudia. maaner,. or upoa
I
116 on least i. jiug. t,
such terms j as will give satisfaction to all concerned, he fhould attentively observe the annual produce of the lands in his own immediate pofsefsion; or if he has not had an opportunity of making proper observations of ''his kind for a suiKcient length of time, the books of his man of businefs, relating to this subject, regu- larly kept for some years, will supply that defect : for by observing the medium prices of grain fcf a a certain number of years past, and the annual pro- duce of a certain number of acres for the same space of time, by comparing the acres to be let, with those under his own management, making allowance for the difference of soil, if there is any, and by compa- ring ihe probable future prices with the actual pre- sent ones, and deducting expcnce of management, he will be able to judge, with confidence, of the value of his farms, without depending on the judgement of any man.
There are two things nccefsary with regard to those who propose to enter into Itases, or take farms, and these are, that they be njen of some substance, and in poiiy of moral characttr unexceptionable. When a proprietor, theft, after minute inquiry, is satisfied with regard to a man's temper, his sense, his manners, and taste for rdigion, he (hould give him the prefer rence, though he may happen not to be so wealthy as his' rivals ; for his diligence, and sobriety, and wisdom, will create wealth ; but wealth can never make a fool a wise man, nor the society happy with which he is connected. From inattention to this subject may be traced all the troubles and vexation which proprietors meet with from their teaauts, and many
Jlttg. f .
to all concerned, mnual produce of fsion; or if he has oper observations f time, the books his subject, regu- [jply that defect ; es of grain fcr a
the annual pro< or the santie space be let, with those ig allowance for j^ and by compa- th the actual pre- management, he ice, of the value on the judgement
th regard to those r take farms, and e substance, and tlonable. When a y, is satisfied with ise, his manners, e him the prefer ( be so wealthy as iety, and wisdom, n never make a appy with which m to this subject i vexation which eaauts, and many
1792. on leatet. ' lay
of the evils which distrefs society, of which the in- stances are too many. Yours, ii'f. Amicus.
m
n^ Additional observations on the same suhject.
The ingenious writer of the above efsay is among the few who have considered leases in tb';i«- proper point of view, vix. the effects they produce on the industry, manners, and dispositions of the people. A very intelligent writer in the Bee, vol. ii. p. 281, has, with great propriety, considered the effects of the old mode of tenure of church lands in Scotland, in this respect. It would be well for the community in general, if political writers, in discufsing subjects of this sort, would, by losing sight of individual case% extend their views to the community at large.
Nothing has perhaps tended to give Britain such a decided superiority over neighbourit)g nations, as the practice which has so long prevailed of having her lands cultivated under the protection of leases. The Greeks and Romans, who were unacquainted witb this beautiful regulation in political economy, found themselves involved in difficulties at every step in their operations of agriculture, that rendered it te them a troublesome and a slavifh busiaefs *. And
• Among the Crteks andRomuis, the general pr»"tice was, that every proprietor of lard cultivated it by means of his own servant! and slaves, very much in tie same manner that the proprietors of West India estate* do at present. This gave rise to innumerable frauds, peculations, and a- buses, that no laws were suificient to guard against ; and he was, in gene- ral, the most soccefsful farmer who could watch his people best ; not hiim who reared the best crops. To guard agiinst these lirauds, it was ne- lefsiry to arm the landowner with adespotic authority that is altogether Inconsltteut M'ith freedom. A large Uaded estxe became then a burden
■'■m-^M^Mi
zaS on leans. Aug.t,
our neighbours upon the continent, iB general, from the tame circumstance, have had the progrefs of their agriculture prodigiously retarded, in comparison of what it r-' |ht otherwise have been'*. Tlie Nether- lands is a singular exception to this role ; and their progrefs in rural improvements has been proportion- ally rapid.
The progrefs of Scotland in agriculture, when compared with Englaat), has been prodigiously re- ' tarded from the same cause. For many centuries back the security of tenants in England was nearly the same as at ^: '.w\ Tn Scotland it is only of late that our courts o. \-»'fii have begun to give that va- lidity to contracts of lease that they ought to hav« had. And it is only since that period, • that our te- nants have begun to think, and to act, as free agents, whose property, as well as that of the land owners*
upon a rich man't flioutdcri that he wu unable himself ro bear. He it- vnlved his authority upon deputie* and subdeputies, whose businefi it was to opprcfs those below them, and Co che^c those i<bove thenii which pro- duced an cnJIefs train of evils that it would be unpleasant to recount. No spirited agriculture cani in these citcumttances, ever prevail. The clafsi- - cal reider, who has turned his attention to the private life of the aacirnts, will easily, from this source, be able to explain an infinite variety of par ticulars that have occurred in the course of ^is reading, which, without adverting to thtse, will appear to be. totally 'ncrplicablc.
* In. most parts of Germany, Sweden. D:i atr't, Poland, and Rufsia, the stock employed for cultivating tht i, ■ li- p»operty of the land- l«Nrd, frequently ofthe crown} the tenmt ■" • >!.'' a temporary use of h. It is easy to see, that, in order tosctoi v. . ,-tl! i's property, in these circumftancei, it becomes neccfsary to confer itj ■{ him an authority over hit tenants, that is totally incons'sieit with iieedam. This is felt eveii in the most civilized states in the above lilt ; and where the greatest ,tretches have been made to secure the lower orders of the people from opprefsion. In many cases, thoM who cultivate the dU ate Utile better th.m slaves, at this hour.
Aug. I, IB general, from progrefs of their n comparison of . T*e Nether- role ; and their »ecn proportion-
iculture, when, irodigiously re- oiany centuries land was nearlj tis only of late to give that va- ought to hav« sd, • that our te- , as free agents, lie land owners*
self 10 bear. He it- whose buiinefi it was ive them ; which pro- easant to recount. No prevail. The clafsi- te Vih of the aacirnti, nfinite variety of par idlng, whichi without iblc.
, Poland, and Rufsia, property of the land- <' a temporary ut: of i's property, in thcie iim an authority over li. This is felt even id where the greatett rs of the people from |]U arc litdc better
1792- M leases. ija
is secured to them by law *. To every one acquaint- ed with the decisions of our courts of justice, these facts need no illustration. They will find, upon look- ing into the statute books, and revising the establilh- ed practice of inferior county courts, that improve-
• The earliest period of modern improvements in Sco'Imd cannot be carried farther back than the year 1746. The abolirtiing heritable juris- dictions, at that time, gave to the supreme courts of justice an authority they had not till then pofsefscd } but it was long after that period before podr teninfs, in distant parts of the country, felt that, by means of an ap- peal from inferior county courts, whose decisions were in many cases re- gulated by former practice, called un and wont, they coulJ obtain that full security they ought to enjoy. Hence it was common for landlords, in many parts of the country, whatever were the terms of the lease, to resume pofsefsion on the death of the person to whom the lejse was granted ; and this was so comnaon that the hiirs did not even think of lodging a claim for it. This practice, is J believe, in mojt parrs of the country, now exploded. But in distant parts of the country an innume- rable train of opprefsive circumstances still are inforccd by a blind adhe- rence to customs, unauthorised by law, respecting mil!», anJ servitudes of various sorts, which tend greatly to deprefs the tenants j and which their fliort sighted proprietors , in many cases, support with all their authority j not aware, that while they ar« doing so, they ate, in the most eftcctual manner they can, diminifliing their own income. The idea which so long and universally prevailed in Scotland, of a proprietor having the entire and absolute authority over those on his estate, has still kept so muchpof. sefsion of men's minds, as to make landlords in general look with a jea- lous eye uijon long leases, and secure pof.efsion to a tenant. They are not aware, that while men can obtain -bsolute security to enjoy the fruits of their industry in other profefsions, they will require it in agriculture, otherwise they will employ their stock elsewhere. They see spirited men, in countries where these notions prevail, abandoning farming, and employing their stock in other undertakings. Still, however, a predilec- tion prevails in the distant parts ofthU country for farming, which de- tains a few in that busiticfs. Should that predilection totally abate, a gene- Ml poverty of tenantry must issue. U is the interest of every land- lord to guard against this great evil j which in aland of freedom can only be done by giving such leases as insure a [>:;per return to the tenant for the outlay of stock, and industry upon the subject.
VOL. X. « t
L
13© •» giofi drops. -^ug. I.
ments In agricultur*, in every part of the country, are more intimately connected with this circum- stance than with any other whatever ; unlefs it b« that of establifliing tarnpike roads, which it must b« allowed affords a greater ftimulus to industry th*a «ny thing else.
Since then the general prosperity of the country^ 'mndthe kindly connection between the higher and low- er clafses of the community, so much depend upon a proper security given to tenants, by mews of leases, as this ingenious jorrespondent justly observes, J cannot help recommending this subject to the at- tention of my readers, as one of the most primary importance. Nor ihall I at present say more on this head, in the hopes of obtaining some farther elucida- tions of it upon great and liberal principles. Should these elucidations prove unsatisfactory, I fliall per- haps think it necefsary, at a future period, to suggest some farther hints on this subject, with a view to lead to the discovery of sound principles o^ practice in re- gard to this very important object. J. A.
ON RUPERT'S GLASS DROPS.
AVhzw gUfs is taken in a fluid and fine state from a .glafshousc pot, and dropped into cold water, it forms a drop with a long and slender tail, which bursts iu pieces on this tail being broken.
Chamber's Encyclopedia says, " the best way of
making them is to take up some of the metal out of
' the pot. upon the end of an iron rod, and immediate-
^ug. I. : of the countrjr, th this circum- ver; unlefs it b« which it must b« to industry th*B
I
f of the country, le higher and low- ch depend upon a Y means of leases, justly observes, lubject to the Ht- :he most primary t say more on this \& farther elucida- inciples. Should story, I ihall per> period, to suggest nih a view to lead I of practice in re- J. A.
5 DROPS.
1 fine state from a Id water, it forms 1, which bursts iu
' the best way of f the metal out of I, aod immediate-
1791. *n glafs drops, 131
]y let it drop into cold water, and there lie till it is cold. If the metal be too hot when it is dropped in- to the water, the businei's does not succeed, but the drop frosts and cracks all over, and falls to pieces in the water ; and every one that docs not crack in the water bat lies in it whole until it is quite cold, is sure to be good. There is a great nicety in hitting a due degree of heat in the metal, and the workmen who best know their businefs cannot promise, before hand, which fhall succeed ; but often two fail for one that is right. Some of them frost over the surface without falling to pieces ; and others break into pieces before the red heat is quite over, and that with a small noise ; others break soon after the red heat is over and make a great noise ; and some neither break nor crack until they seem quite cold, and hold together, while they are in the water, but fly 10 pieces when they are taken out of it ; some do this on the instant, others an hour or two after ; and o- thers will keep several days, nay weeks, and at last fall to pieces without being touched. .
" These drops, thus formed, are so hard, that they will bear smart blows with a hammer wuliout break- ing ; and yet if you grind the surface, or break off the tip of the tail, they will fhatter, with a loud re- port, into powder ; and, in an exhausted receiver, with greater impetuosity than in the open air, and into a finer powder, exhibiting light when the experiment is made in the dark. But if the drops are ground with thii powder of emery and oil, and annealed by the fire, they will escape breaking. This surprising phenomenon is supposed to arise from hence, that .
...■:<il.W-:aVSM.
r-m^)X^m&m$
13* on glafs drops. Aug. x,
while the glafs is in fusion, or in a melted state, the particles of it are in a state of repulsion ; but being dropped into cold water, it soon condenses the par. tides in the external part of their • superfi'''''s, that they are thereby reduced within the po jf each other's attractioii, and by that means they .orm a sort of hard case, which keeps confined the before men- tioned particles in their repulsive state j but when this outer case is broken, by the breaking off of the tail of the drop, the said confined particles have then liberty to exert their force, which they do by burst> ing the body of the drop, and reducing it to a very peculiar form of powder."
The above is all the reason that has hitherto been offered to the public for these phenomena.
In tiiejirst place, the metal is not, when taken out of the pot, in a repulsive, but in an expansive state ;. and that, according to the degree of heat in which it is when taken from the furnace.
2d. It is not pofsible that the externsl part of the drop, when let fall into cold water, fhould condense the external particles of their superficies, and, at the same time, keep the inner particles confined in theiir repulsive (iliould say expansive') state. When tlie glafs is first taken out of the pot, the metal is of an u- niform degree uf heat, and by dropping it into water must certainly make the whole mafs contract equally; for if the external part fhould contract, and not the inner particles, it of course must crack at the surface, from the outer fkin not being able to cover a larger suiface than its own^ hence the reason
, ji»i;ijwtMM!a»j!>B.ii(iifJjj,.-"lit:
""^IP^^*^
^Ug. I.
elted state, the lion ; but being denses the par. upcrfi'''''s, that ! po jf each :hey »orin a sort he before men- ate ; but when iking off of the tides have then sy do by burst- ng it to a very
Ls hitherto been
lena.
when taken out
fxpansive state j
' heat in which
n&I part of the fhould condense ;ies, and, at the onfined in thei<r :e. When tlie aetal is of an u- spping it into ! mafs contract id contract, and must crack at being able to ence the reason
I792* ^ OH g/a/j drops. j^t
of their being very often frosted who in, snd when taken out of the water.
3d. Allowing that the external parts of the drops were contracted, and the interior particles were in a state of expansion, in that case the drops would not make that explosion upon breaking off the tail, the inner particles being already in an exparjsive state ; but the outer case or fkin being in a contracted state would only burst into powder, and leave the inner part entire.
From <he experiments I made, I have found, upon breaking these drops in the dark, there is not any ap- pearance of light. I infer from these glafs drops re- sisting no inconsiderable stroke of a hammer, that they must be very hard and brittle ; which no d ubt is owing to their being dropped into cold water. The water to supply the place of an equilibrium, attracts, from the red hot drop, the late t heat, which it o- therwise would have contained, had it been regu- larly annealed. Upon putting one of these Ru- pert^s drops, when cold, into a common house fire, It will not crack or break, owing to the power of at- traction which it bears for the caloric of the fire. On
the contrary.every one knows, that a piece of glafs which had been properly annealed, would, upon being put into a fire, almost immediately crack. This always hap. pens provided the glafs be of any considerable thick- nefs and size. But, in the former case, the glafs will bear a sudden transition from cold to a red heat with- out bre .king. Thus a glafs drop, deprived of its la- tci.t heat flies in pieces upon having the small end snapped off; but a drop that has been properly and
f34' meciotes. ^vg. t.
regularly aimsalod, or saturated with latent heat, will not fly or break, as the former, upon losing a. part of its small tail.
Another phenomenon proves that these drops are deprived of latent heat, or any gas or air that is in their composition ; for every one of these drops con-- tain in the body of the glafs, small blebs or vacui- ties : Now if those blebs or vacuities contained any of the above matter, it must evidently expand upon putting them into a fire, and consequently would cause the drops to fly into pieces ; but this not being the case, fliows, these blebs are perfect vacuums that are deprived of all aeriform matter.
How it comes about that these drops fhc-id break, because they are deprived of latent heat, is not so easy to judge. It is my opinion that upon breaking or depriving them of a part of thei* long tail, a tre- mulous motion is communicated to the rest of the ^afs, which being of so hard, consequently so brittle a nature, it immediately flies, and breaks into the pecu- liar powder, with some degree of noise and violence. I must here remark that all substances are exceed- ingly brittle when deprived of latent heat, as tnay be seen in the tempering of metals ; and, in particular, steel, which may be made to bend and twist all ways, and upon being deprived of its latent heat wiU then be more brittle than glafs itself. Ch«MICUS.
ANECDOTE OF WILLIAM IIL Lord Molesworth, who had been ambafsador at the court of Copenhagen, publiflied, at the end of the
-i*i»
!giif}^t^>vi-Mm"
^tig!i»M^'4wrjl#»'J-/''''»»»"'5.'-''L'i?*.^'
Aug. r.
th latent heat, upon losing a.
these drops are If air that is in hese drops con-" blebs or vacui-* IS contained any :ly expand upon itly would cause s not being the icuums that are
js Iht ..id break, c heat, i» not so t upon breaking long tail, a tre- the rest of the lently so brittle a cs into the pecu- ise and violence, jnces are exceed- : heat, as may b« d, in particular, id twist all ways, int heat will then
CHiBMICUS.
IM III.
n ambafsador at at the end of the
'J»!"''W',','HJLli>.'W
■p^
'79'' antcdotet. i^r
the last century, an esteemed work, entitled, «« Ac- count of Denmark," This writer spjke of the ar- bitrary government of that kingdom, with that free- dom which the liberty of England inspires. The king of Denmark then reigning was off-ioded at some re- flections of the author, and ordered his minister to complain of them to William in. king of England. ♦* What would you have me to do?" said William : ' Sire,' replied the Danifli minister, ♦ if you had complained to the king, my master, of such an offence, he would have sent you the head of the author.' " That is what I neither will, nor can do ;" replied the king ; " but, if you desire it, the «uthor fhaU put what you have told me into the secoud edition of his work."
ANECDOTE OF A SAILOR. One of the men who hud been round the world ¥ri,th commodore Byr©n, sow after his return toEng- land, jfwent to bis native place, where he was consi- dered W ? very extraorrfinwy personnge, and was in- vited to a dub of his townsmpn, who expected to be greatly tdjfied by bis conversation. Jt w^s plain that a 9ian yi\io had been round the world qms^t know more of it than any other body. But the circumna- vigator could give them but very little information with respect to what he had seen in his voyage ; and seemed to hav« very little to say for himself, till lomeiif the .cl^b began to fuestioa him $bout the world being round : then he opened -with a tone of authority, " as to that, I'll tell you what it is ; they say the world is round ; but I have been all round it, -and, by G~d, it is is flat as this table."
136
reading mtmorandumt.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE. Th« view represented in the plate which accompa. nies this Number, is taken within an hundred yards of that given in No. 71. of this work. It repre- sents a part of the Water of Leith, winding in a deep rocky dell, overhung with woods. On one side of the river appears a neat temple to Hygeia^ reared in tho chastest stile of Grecian architecture^ by lord Gar- denston, whose name can never be mentioned, in this country, without a particular degree of respect. This temple covers a spring of mineral waters, which proves highly salutary to the inhabitants of Edin- burgh, who now can enjoy the pleasure of an easy walk of half a mile from town, in a delightful rural situation, conjoined with the benefits that are derived from drinking this mild salubrious water. The public spirited owner of this well proposes, for *e farther accommodation of the inhabitants, to erect a long.room near the well, which, when finiihed, will render this a delightful place for rural recreation.
The distant view represents the frith of Forth, with the island of Inchkeith, and the hills of Fife be. yond it.
rSs==-
DETACHED REMARK. How pleasant for parents, during the infkncy of their children,
" To rear the leader thought,
<• And teuh the youog idea how toAoot.
'LATE.
which accompa- 1 hundred yards 'ork. It repre- inding in a deep ti one side of the 'a, reared in tho e» hy lord Gar- intioned, in this rec of respect, il waters, which itants of Edin- sure of an easj lelightful rural that are derived water. The proposes, for bitants, to erect :n finiflwd, will 1 recreation, frith of Forth, lills of Fife be.
i.
the infancy of
loet.
*?5
'* '
-■;r p' . ,<.
MHAtfM^MMHl
■ - ^ ■■_a...a;.
lift mr IMI *»
--^
»w' ■
A Ha*« KROM A N£W POEM, ENTITLED « A MORNING WALK.' Ji'si ruatisHEn. ^tA.nNof,oft.lcPgfu! N.W to the wild, Naturr s ,.tm,rer hi« l.im, while hi, heart 1 hn.b. with omoti>,n, exquisitely s ift, ;AnJ on.y known to tho.t, „.|„ ,c bn.o.ns f.el r he durm o» genuine be luty. H inpy few >
I;.r you the v.ll>..y,a,il„it).e lonely W.I J ' . ^ K 1,1b you s.rnic cnjoyn>tnt ; and to you
rhc ho,,.y mo,mt..in, nigged and nbrupt, Admm :..cr, sublime del ght. How bleft'd \ our r.rly w.rulcri ,g, u, obicrv'd, and rapt ' Incont.„.p|a„„n! H.w ,erenely sweet
V....r evemne W.Ik . a, if. with 'nflnence miid. • Ang.Is unse, n attended, and cmvey'd '
Joy to your ,piri,« , not tumultuous joy.
o" m.- tTn'/:"* ': """« "• "•' '"8^-"""- mood "fmcrrngtendernel.. Although to yw, Way not l^ B,v'„ those high creative poWrl I hat animaic the canvas, or entrance lhesoul,nth-ext.,cic.ofraptVou.*ong,
thatnatu- uth to yon, with nigsjird hind. •.,.. i^"8'';=';'P?"'''- l^ft^hathbJstowM '
t^.wr. to dutinguini beauty, but dcny'd rh mvcnfye energies ; perchance, with these. .'',''; '''".'"y hath withheld the recklef, ,.,'
e1 inT." 1' "«";'''"« "^"' '»■"' 'warm J-vninthebow'roffancy. Ye ,nU
Subbme, untasted pleasure; tmallay'd
*um d for discerning eVry pleasing form W gra.-eful eleg.nce you/s'ouls are^aln^5 C.lm as yon „ver, that so slowly moves. His progre.s pafte, unob,e, Vd. the while
And blofsom, waving o'er th'enamellM batUc.
accoun's, deserves applause. Unaflect.T* .• " »'?«"'' «'»"fh, on many .sc be,uty In poetry.'^Ld 7h. m"o«"if l?t'o'^^I' ''fr '»" «"=- ta.nj much of that. Perhaps a little m..r. .?"^ This poem con-
the author j. greater f-ility'i^ .llT„rhirrum\V« "'"'"J """'"' «'*^ though uDt'lj.e «Q,t efsential in po^lS. an ««ft^,' ~' ^'Z'^ *'''"''
f
tipB*
11 never (hould be d sTegard«d. <]uire to be coirectcd ;
poelry
Au^. I.
The following vere, among otheis, if
— — or entrance
The soul in th' esctjcies of rapt'rous song Sec also lines 6j, 69, 71, 81, 92, ^t.
There is great beauty in the fuUowing pafsage : ^
Ot: let me ranje the devious wild, where rocks , Rise in fantastic grandeur, bare, or cloth'd With ivy; while aloft the msnnfd'Wfy^ '^ ,-
Waves fr>m the tow'ring dift'; an<l far below •■ , ,
Til' unriiffl.d lake reflects the »;of/;i/.im «/*, The tow'r.ng dift', and cv'n the goat thac dares Aloi'u the [).-ecipJce's ihag^y «i.rga Ciop the scant herbage. ,
Ii not the repetition of llie mountain a(h rather an overstrained aflccM- tion of simpllcit) ? Would it not be fullyas natural, ani murepicturtSHuc, ro say the ' tuft'jd tree?"
•1 he following pafsage, but for the two harlh lines we have marked, is . highly be mtiful:
Chief let me seek the mtiamorpboi 4 scene. Where Ai. CON hath o'er nature's form, (ere while A form uncouth, uns-craly, unarray'd,) With easy grace, tiirown tie loo.c flowins: robe ' Of rural beauty. Soft may southern ihow'rs • ,
A Pi'scend! and gently may Favonian giles ^
Shake their moist pinions ! May the vernal beam .\nd kindly dews, with genial influence feed 'I'he rising plants, till eVry swelling hill Waves with a verdant grove! '^id these gay fields, .With him whose genuine taite reforms the rude' Bleak desart, and makes frowning nature smile, Let me enjoy the Social walk i with him v
Falhion the winding path, the mantling grove, ' ■. ' The lawn wpod-skirtrd, the meandering brook,
The lake with ■willctu'J margin, lb' $htlijk, ^
Or fane, intcriyd with tb' b-Mur'd vames cf iutb As' have by valiant deed, or counsel sage, Or laurel earn'd by science or the muse, Enhanc'd the glory of their native land. Might not these lines be altered somehow thus ?
The lake with willow'd maigin, the proud fane Or oteli/k, inscrib'd with names of such, &c. There are several instances of wrong punctuation occur ia this potro, which marr the s'nse : , ,. .
While th' azure gleam, from yonder distant giove Of n.idding hyacinths, s?emJ like th' expa^l^e Of a thin vapour, frefhexhal'd. The idea is here new and beautiful, were it not marred by the amb gn- ity whicii is o<:f '.sioned by our thinking of the incMgruity ot a nodJiDg
■sa!iiiSMgj»P'tog;^a^a?'aii>a^^ mWte ""'
^11^. I.
e, among othei!> ic- ance
ocks
low darca . .
overstrained affecta- vM mure p'icturtsi]ue,
we have markeJ, is
ire while ; robe '
r'rs
il beam ed
^ay fields,
e rude' smile,
rove, )rook,
cfiutb
id fane
a occur la this pocroi
int giove
ijme
narred by the amb'gn- aagruity of a nodJius
1791.^ _ foetry. - 139
grove of hyar'nt!is. Tli; aurfjor evidently means to aiy, • While fiom yonder distant jfove, the azure glrram ot' nodding hyjcinrlis, sctnns liki- th' inpansr ot a thin va]io>.r.' This ambiguity would be ren-.oved by placii'^ a comma after the word grove,
Tlie fi)llowiii; words require to be reconsidered ! Influe icf, 1. 199 — ■ wittdl, I. 589 — liken, not in its true st'iue, 1. 106 — d.ign impirt 1. 243 — testifies, 1. 247 — JownM, 1. Z95, coining words is a baiii:nipJoymtm for a poet; — niomo.'y, 1. 159.
The author is much too free in elisions, which gives a larlhntfa to ma- ny of Hii lin:s that are unpleasing. By a little pains, this smill blci,;i>!t may be avoided in a future edition.
'^^^^!^m
'lllE PEACOCK AND THE DOVE, A F/.CLE. F-jr the Bet, '■!■ "'•■"',
A riAuny p^^acock twellM with pride, '
Invites, to dine, a turtle dove j ■, ■■
But couli not's ost.-itati-)n hide,
Before the little bird of love. ^' ■ ^ ,+
The gihied fowl v^ith eye aikinc, •■^"
Struts round the tender hearted mate,
^nd -ijw and then the scorntal gl.iiice, • Inferr'd the dift'^rence ot their state.
With Alining crest, erected high, '
In haughty stile tlie dove ajdresr; •' .S;e how my varying train Jn;s fiy ;
" See with what robes my peison's dre;t.
•• The t'ly parterre thou secst around, " The verdant mead, the flow'ry vale;
" 'Tis min: all that extensive bound, " And here I screen me from tt e gale."
Shock'd with his pride, and screeciiing voice, Though all things round were rich and gay j
Tlic turtle couldnot praiic iiis choice, But s.iecch'd her wings and flew away,
Stunn'd with the little lover's flight. He call'd her back, bu: all in vain; .
Nor couKi his weil'.h, nor colours bright, Bring b;ck the turtle dove ag lin.
She wing'd her flight up to her nc;:, Whe.c enters neither i"-'.Jc nor strifcj
Lull'ii 0:1 her hulband's cLearing breast, In sweet contirtment pafdes life.
f.ToR AL. Take note, Oh pride! — Thy haughty frown
Each gen loiis soul dii\es from thy hail j The social bhfs to thee unknown,
Dcej oft to humbler u.eiit fall. '* "
u.
3^0
til Sn.Trt'^s elements.
4^g
IT. I
T
JJiR, To the Editor of the Bee.
WiiKN I refli ct on the progrefs of my life nnd sentiment, 1 am apt to divide the whole into teras denominated, its well ns sugKested, by the recollection of those by whom niv mind has been succefsively imprefsed; and the space of lime appears longer or (liorter between the different peii- ods, according to the vivacity and multiplicity of Impref- . sions that have accompanied my studies and observations, i'hese evolutions and revolutions of intellect, have for- med, as it were, a series of time-pieces, whereby I am in- duced to form an estimate of the endurance of my intel- lectual existence.
Eurhanan, and Gregory, and Watson, at St Andrews,. Krlkine, and Matthew Stuart, and Cullen, at Edinburgh, J^.eid and Campbell, at Aberdeen, Smith and Black, at Glasgow with other excellent persons, to whom I have been indebted for the improvement of my understanding, liave marked in my mind the prcgrefs of my cpntemplu- tive life, and have conspired from the multitude of excitc- rotnls, and of investigations arising from tUose excite- nteiiis, to exaggerate the conception I have of the time that has intervened since th*; faculties of my understanding began to be unfolded for the reception of the philosophical truth. Eefore the printing ptefs, tlwt palladium of the human race, was employed to diffuse knowledge univer- sally among all degrees of people, the progrefs of philoso- phy, or the reason »f things, was sa slow and equable, that the life of no individual couJd include any remarkalilc range of intellectual melioration in society, so tliat I wonder the lifs at the continual complaints of our ancestors concer- ning the brevity of human life, as the sense of interval i* continually erased by tke paucity of vivacious ixnprefsicns.
'Sfi^mdm&s^^imsmdm'm^^^^^i'^^'iMMk ^- *■- ":^ - ^^^ -i'-^-
4^
and scBtiment, enotninated, »s ;hose by whonri nd the space of ; different peri- Lcity of impref- id obbcrvatidp.s. lect, have for- lereby I am in- ce of my inttl-
at St Andrews,. , at Edinburgli, I and Black, at o whom I have ■ understanding, my cpntemplii- titude of cxcitc- n tUose excite- ave of the time ly ui)derstandin(>; he philosophical alhdium of the •wledge univer- grcfi of philoso- iid equable, that emarkablc range lat I wonder the icestors concer- ise of interval i» ious iraprersitus.
W^^MMMS"''
179^' <"' Stuari's elements. iifr
For my own part, when I remember that I have lived* iiom the B/irfiara ce/arent of the year 1754, to the ele- ments of the philo<;ophy of the human mind in the ye^r 1792, I almost think myself the wandering Jew, and feel myself the subject of histoiian ages.
It is for this reason. Sir, that 1 desire to recommend tb the public the masterly volume of Dr Dugald Stuiut, in which, by a patient and discerning selection of the ele- ments of the p! ilosophy of the human mind, he has btgnn to erect a plntform, upon which tliere may be hereafter erected a fabric, that may aspire, like Babel, to the celestial regions, but without prophanity and folly, or any of the consequences that have arisen from the philosophical theo- ries of the moderns. I perceive in this hook, as in the ex- cellent efsay on political economy by Adam Smith, clear ideas, distinctly displayed by an enlarged and luminous un- derstanding, fully pofscfved of the subject of which the au- thor treats ;-and I see it happily witliin the reach of every coptemplativc and cultivated reader, so that I can, wilnoat any impropriety, recommend it to the perusal of your rea- ders ill general. Some of Dr Stuart -s chanters will no doubt be too deep for men uf biisincl'. in the ordinary profelsions of life hut these may be pafsed over in the per- ¥s>al, or convey h of sentiment to excite a desire in
them, either to go vtr the grojuj ntcefsary to unt' Id his arguments, or to be at pain to giv. thcic advant.ijjes to their children, or to those youn;; people who arc com- mitted to their charge. They will see here, likt vise, the unspeakable advantage arising from an instruction in Hie principles of mathematical learning, aftd be induced to be- stow it in the same manner. They will also be convinced that none but the enemies of the human i.ice, and of the happinefs arising from a peaceable and good adniiui ,tiaiion of public affairs, will ever object to the gentr.il tilf^usion •f moral and political, as well ai other useful t wlcjdge,
J. 2 en Sfu/iri^s r/cmr.'ifs. ' Aii^.\.
among the lower ranks of society ; or ever be led to ima- gine thai ignorance can be the parent of peace or ofhapoi- ntfs. And as I have said so much upon the influence of the f;refs on the melioration of mankind, I cannot do better ihan support this well grounded opinion, by giving a spe- cimen of Dr Stuart's book, in his reflections on this for- tunate invention.
" Of the progrefs vs^iich may yet be made in the different branches of moral and political philosophy, we may form some Idea, from what iias already happened in physics since the time that lord Bacon united, in one useful di- rcction, the labours of those who cultivate that science. At the period when he wrote, physics was certainly in a more hopelefs state than that of moral and political philoso- phy in the present age. A perpetual succefsion of chime- rical theories had, till then, amused the world j and the pre- vailino- opinion was, that the ca.se would continue to be the same for ever. Why then fliould we despair of the con^pelency of the human faculties to establift. a solid and ' permanent system, upon other subjects, which are of still more serious importance ?, Physics, It is true, is free fronv many ditliculties which obstruct our progrefs in moral and poUtical inquiries i but perhaps this advantage may be more th.n counterbalanced by the tendency they have to engage a more universal and a more earnest attention, in conse- quence vl their coming home more immediately to our " businefs and our bosoms!" When these sciences, too, begm to be prosecuted on arcgularand systematical plan, their im- provement will go on wiihan accelerated velocity •, not only as the number of speculative minds will be every day mcrea- scdby the diiTu',ion of knowledge, bat as an acq'OiniUance with the just ruks of inquiry will more and more place important diM overies uuhin the reach of ordinary under- stanaings. " Such rules (says lord Bacon,) do in some sort equal mens v.itsj and have no great advantage or pi. .eminence' to the perfect and excellent motions of the
^^!^^a,^,,vtfw'.Wl^'W^ ^"'"^^
All!(\ T.
;r be led to ima- icace or ofhapoi- e influence of ihc cannot do better by giving a spe- tions on tiiis for-
,de in til c different [)Y, we may form pened in physics in one useful di- vate that science, vas certainly in a i political philoso- ccefsion of cliimc- oi'ldj and the pre - d continue to be we despair of the itablifti a solid and ' which are of still true, is free from, igrefs in moral and ntage may be more ley have to engage ttention, in cunse- mmcdiately to our sciences, too, begin itical plan, their im- 1 velocity j not only jc every day increa- as an acqiuiii^tance ire and more place of ordinary uudtr- acon,) do in some rreat advantage or [cut motions of the
^■a:.Hr;:-.g^J!tia"'
1792. 'on Sniart\f demaits. 143
spirit. To draw a straight line, to dcji-fibe a circle, by aim of hand only, there must ue a grc^i dirit-rcncc bstvveen an unsteady and unpractised hanJ, and a steady and prac- tised one ; but to do it by rule and compals is much alike." " Nor must we omit to mention tho value which the art of printing communicates to the most limited exer- tions of literary industry, by treasuring up as materials foi? the future examination of more enlightened inquirers. In this respect the prcfs bestows upon the sciences an ad- vantage somewhat analogous to that which the mechani- cal arts derive from the division of labour. As in these arts the exertions of an uninformed multitude are united by the comprehensive skill of the artist, in the accompliih- ment of effects, astonifliing by their magnitude, and by the complicated ingenuity they display ; so, in the scien- ces, the observations and conjectures of obscure indivi-i du lis, on those subjects which are level to their capacities, and which fall under their own immediate notice, accu- mulate, for a course of years, till at last some philosopher arises, who combines these scattered materials, and. cxliibitj
-in his system, not merely the force of a single mind, but the intellectual power of the age in which he lives.
" It is upon these last considerations, much more than on the efforts of original genius, that I would rest my hopes of the progrefs of the human race. What genius alone could accompHfh in science, the world has already seen : And I am ready to subscribe to the opinion of those who
--think that the splendour of its past exertions is not likely to
-be obscured by the fame of future philosophers. But the experiment yet remains to be tried, what lights may be thrown on the most important of all subjects, by the free discufsions of inquisitive nations, unfettered by prejudice,
.and stimulated in their inquiries by every motive that can awiken whatever is either generous or sclfdh in human
■144 "" Stuart^s e/ifHenls. -^"S- '•
nature. How ttifling are the effects which the bodily ftrcngth of an individual is able to produce, (however great may be his natural endowments,) when compared Avith those which have been accomplift.ed by the conspi- jing force of an ordinary multitude ! It was not the single arm of a Theseus, or a Hercules, but the hands of men such Ks ourselves, that, in ancient ^gypt, raised those monuments of architecture which remain from age to age to attest the wonders of combined and of persevering industry ; and while they humble the importance of the individual, to ex- alt the dignity, and to animate the labours of the species. " These views, with respect to the probable improvc- mtnt of the world, are so conducive to the comfort of those who entertain them, that, even although they were founded i^i delusion, a wise man would be disposed to cheriih them. What ihould have induced some rcspcctablt; •ivriters to controvert them with so great an asperity uf I xprcfsion, it is not easy to conjecture •, for whatever may he thought of their. truth, their practical tendency is sure- ly favourable to human happinefs ; nor can that temper of mind, which disposes a man to give them a welcome re- ception, be candidly suspected of designs hostile to the in- lerests of humanity. One thing is certain, that the great- est of all obstacles to the iniprovement of the world, is that prevailing belief of its improbability, which damps ihe exertions of so many individuals j and that, in propotti- on as the contrary opinion becomes general, it realises the .event which it leads us to anticipate. Surely if any thing can have a tendency to. call forth in the public ser- vice the cxertions.of individuals, it must.be an idea of the .r-iagnitude of that work in which they are conspiring, and a belief of the permanence of those benefits which they ,< onfcr on mankind by every attempt to inform and en- jlighten them. As in ancient Rome, therefore, it was re-
y^ug, I. lilch tlie bodily )clu(;e, (however
when compared i by the conspi- as not the single tnds of men such hose monumeats to age to attest ig industry ■, and ndividual, to ex- > of the species, obable improvc-
the comfort of lough they were
be disposed to some respectable : an asperity of )r whatever may endency is sure- n that temper of 1 a welcome re- hostile to the in- 1, that the great- sf the world, is ty, which damps that, in propotti- al, it realises the Surely if any I the public ser- be an idea of the e conspiring, and efits which they ) inform and en- efore, it was re-
»79«' OK SiH^r^j elements. f ^^
garded as the Mark of a good citiacn, nfever trt despair of the fortunes of the republic ,j — so the goad citizen of the world, whatever may be the political aspect of his own times, win never despair of the fortunes of the liuraan race ; but will act upon tlj* conviction, that prejudice, slavery, and cortuption, must gradually give way to troth, liberty, and virtive } and that, in the moral world, as well as in the material, ihe iarther our observations extend, and the longer they are continued, the more we fliall perceive of order and of bcneuroleat design in tlie universe.
" Nor is this change in the qonditioa of man, in conse^ quenceofthe progrefs of reasw, by any means contrary to the general analogy of bis natural history. In the ini fancy of the individual, his existence is preserved by in- stincts, which disappear afterwards, when they are no longer necefsary. In tlie savage state of our species, there are instincts which seem to form a part of the human con- stitution, and of which no traces remain in those periods of society in wliich tJicir use is superseded 'by a more eh*^* larged experience. Why then ihould we deny the pro, iability of something similar to this iu the history of man, considtred ia Ws political capacity ? I have already had occasion to observe, that the governments which tho woUd has hitherto seen, have seldom or never taken their ^ise from deep laid schemes of human poUcy. In every state of society which bas yet existed, the multitude has, ^n general, acted from the immediate impulse ofpafsion, oc from the p^fsure of their wants and necefsities ; and there- fore what we commonly call the political order, is, at least 4n a great measure,. the result of the pafsions and vrants of man, combined with tlie circumstances of his Situation J or, in other words, it Is chiefly the result of the wisdom of nature. So beautifully, indeed, do these pafsions and circumstances act in subserviency to her designsj and so
|»«»li:S IB J.
•im.
mM^>''
i^a ■■ a diettonrtry.' j^ug. X.
iirvariably liave they le;n found, in the history of past ages, to conduct men, in time, to certain beneficial arrange- ments, that we can hardly bring ourselves to believe, that the end -was not foreseen by those who were engaged in the pursuit. Even in those rude periods of society, when, like the lower animals, he follows blindly his instinctive principles of action, he is led by an invisible hand, and contributes his (hare to the execution of a plan, of the na- ture and advantages of which he has no conception. The operations of the Bee, when it begins for the first tinae to form its cell, conveys to u? a striking image of the ef- forts of unenlightened man, in conducting the operations ►i.i an infant government. I am, Sir," 6*f. Albanicus.
EXERCISES IN PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. Continued from voL-viii.^. 184. Dictisttttry. Great, adj. A relative w(*d, denoting largencfs of quan- tity, number, i^c serving to augment the value of those terms with which it is combined. Opposed to small or little. The principal circumstances in which this word can be employed are the following : . , • u
1. When merely inanimate objects are considered witji regard to quanUty, yr^a/ -is with propriety employed to denote that that quantity is considerable j as 0 great mountain, a great house, &c. and it is here contrasted with small. Vf hen great is thus employed we have no other word that is exactly synonymous.
2. When Inanimate objects are considered with regard to their extent, this term is sometimes employed, although with lefs propriety 5 as a great field, a great plain, &c. In this sense it is nearly synonymous with large j and they are often used indiscriminately, but with some difference of meaning .j for as target a term chiefly employedto detiote
■r'^i:Wr \'i-3^~
Aug. r. Iiistory of past leficial arrange- to believe, that ere engaged in f society, when,
his instinctive sible hand, and plan, of the na- nception. The
the first tinae mage of the ef- r the operations . Albanicus.
lAMMAR.
>• i84>
irgenefs of quan-
value of those
osed to small or
ch this word can
considered witji priety employed ble \ as 0 great
contrasted with re have no other
"red with regard ployed, although great plain, &c. I large •, and they ome difference of iployedto dehote
::f.:g""!r
;i792' a dictionary. y^-^
superficies, and m great moxt particularly regards the quanti- ty of matter, therefore, when /«rf* is applied to any object, which is not merely superficial, it denotes that it is the ex- tent of surface that is there meant to be considered, without regard to the other dimensions; whereas when the icrm great is employeri, it has a reference to the whole contents. If therefore we say a large hotue, or a large river, we exprefs that the river or the house have a surface of great extent, without having any necefsary connection with the size in other respects : but if we say a great house, or a great river, it at once denotes that they have not only a large surface, but are also of great size in every respect.
3. Great, when applied to the human species, never denotes the size or lar^enefs of the body, but is applied solely to the qualities of the mind. Thus when we say that Socrates was a great man, we do not mean that he was a man of great size, but that he was a man who ex- celled in the endowments of the mind.
The te Kins which denote largenefs. of size in the human body, are big, bulky^ huge, &c>
4. Great is . sometimes applied to the human species as denoting high-rank. In this case It is oftener used in the plural number than otherwise ; thus we say the. great, meaning the whole body of men in high station, as opposed to mean. It fliould seldom be employed in this sense, as it tends to confound dignity of rauk with elevation of mind. .
5. As this is a general term of augmentation, it may be joined with all noun* which denote quantity, quality, tium- ber, excellence, or defects i or such as xm^ly praise, blames anger, contempt, or any other affection of the mind.
6. It is employed to denote every step of ascending or descending consanguinity, as great grandfather^ great- grandson, &c. ' »','•' ' . ;■
i-fe^j'-a^w
148 « dictionary. Aii^. t.
Hkart, In nnntomy, the member of the body from which the blood is propelled towarc's the extremities by mciins of the arteries, and towards vrhith it is again brought back by the vrins.
In a figurative sense it is deemed the seat of the af- fections, as the head is accounted the seat of the under- standing. Hence a man of a sound hiort, and weak html^ is the same as a mam of good duposilions and weak under- ■standinsr. In this sense the word occurs frequently in all languages.
HicJM, adj. Exalted in a perpendicular direction at a dis- tance from the surface of the earth j opposed to /ow.
1. High is a term altogether indefinite^ and is employed to exprcfs the degree of eleration of any inanimate body. Thus we say a high mountain, a higii houtr, steeple, toiver, pillar, &c. Nor is there any other word that can be here considered as exactly synonymouj; hfiy being only em- ployed to denote a very eminent degree of eltvatioin
2. To exprefs the perpendicukr elevation of vegetabJer, cither high or tall may be employed, as bcin^ in this caw nearly synonymous. We may therefore say a high or tall tree, a high or tall mart, irr; but with this difference, between these two exprefsions, that /<i//can be more pro- perly applied to those that are much elevated, and of sniaU dimensions; and high to such as are more bulky and o£
greater size.
n. The perpendicular height of roan can never be ex* praised by the word high; tall being here the proper ex- prcfslon. And although hi^h is sometimes used to ex- prcfs the height of other animals, yet it seems .:^ be aa improper exprefsion. See Tali. '
4. High, when applied to the human species, alwaya re- fers to the mind, and denotes haughtinefs, statelitufs, fride^ &c. and when combined with the exprefsions o£ any ener-^
Aiift. t.
' the body from
! extremities by
is again brought
seat of the af- t of the under.^ f, and iveak html, and went under' frequently in all
itrection at a dis^ ised to /ow. '
and is employed ' inanimate body, tr, steefi/f, tovfer, I that can be here
being only em- of elcvatioin ion of vegetabler, bein^ in this ca»« re say a high or h this differenc*. an be more pro- ited, and of smaU tore bulky and of
can never be ex* re the proper ex- limes used to ex-* it seems l.:^ be aa
pecies, always re-
siatelintfs, pride^
sions o£ any ener^
T792. a dictionary. i^()
gy of the mind, it denotes that in a more eminent degree, III this sense it is opposed to meannefs, abjcctm/s, and bu- rn Hi ty,
5. As this is an indefinite term, tending to denote any thing that is elevated abo%e us, it mny be combined with almost every noun which admits of this elevation. And as objects high above us are always out of our reach, in a figurative sense, it is used to denote an v thing that seems to be above tlie ordinary condition of mankind*, or those qualities or endowments of the mind which arc not easily acquired : as dignity or eltvation of sentiment, dignity of rank, actitenrfs of reasoning on difficult subjects, pride, haiightinefs,oTzx\y other quality which seems to be beyond the ordinary level of mankind ; dianicfs of price, &c.
6. In the same manner we apply this term to time, which having a metaphorical resemblance to a river flow- ing on with an unceasing current, through all succcfsive ages, any thing of remote antiquity i» denoted by the term
bigh.
7. Likewise those degrees of latitude far removed from the line, where the pole becomes more elevated.
8. And to some particular crimes as beiug attended by peculiar degrees of guilt, as high treason.
Tall, adj. Something elevated to a. considerable degree in a perpendicular direction j opposed to low.
I. This term is chiefly used to exprefs the height of man and other animals -, and is employed to denote the height of the b. 'jr only, without having any reference to the mind. When applied to man, no other word can be substituted in its stead : when applied to other animals, high is sometimes considered as nearly synonymous. Se« Hick. ^ - "•
150 a dicUuntry. ^wjf. i,
2. It is likewise employed to denote the perpendicular hfi^^ht of vegetables \ and in this caic it is nearly S)noi\y- inous wjth hi;;h. See Mu.n.
3. It can in no case be employed to exprefs the height cf merrlv inanimate ol jecls. W'c can never say a toil steeple, t'jwer, or pUlar, but a high stiifU, lower, &.c. Foi the distinctions in these tast«, see ]iicu.
Long, adj. A relative term, dcnoilng the distance be- iween the extremes of any body, wliith is extended more in one of it:i geometrical dimensions than another : op- posed tojlort.
This term may be appli* d to all inanimate objects "whose (dimensions in one way exceed the other, and when not in an erect posture, whatever be the other circumstances attending themj whether it relates to superficies alone, or to solid bodies, whether these be bounded or open, straight or crooked, flexible or rigidj or tn any other circumstances whatever j thus we say a long or Jhort lane, a lutig oTjhort ridge, street, ditch, ro/>e^ chaih, sta'j, &c. But it is to he observed, that although long is, in the strict sense, only opposed to Jhort, yet, as it cxprefsei the extensio , of matter in one of its geometrical proportions, it is often contrasted by. those words which exprefs the other dimensions, when we mean only to describe the several proportions j as a table long and broad. And as these several dimensions are exprefsed by diflferent words, according to their various forms, modifications, and circumstances, in which the bodies are found, therefore it is in this sense contrasted by a great diversity of terms, as a Lng and broad or wide, nar- row or strait street or lane ; a long and thick, or small rope, chain, staff. Tor the distinctions in these cases, see Bkoad, Wide, is'c.
2. Objects necefsarily fixed in an erect position, can never have this term applied to themj and therefore wc
jfut;. I, the perpendicular is nearly synony-
xprefs the hei,';ht never say a tall tower, &.C. For
the distance be- is extended more an another : op-
nanimwte objects
the other, and ver be the other T it relates to vhether these be flexible or rigidj er J thus we say streH, dilch^ '■'/"'» k1, that although ;d to Jhdrl^ yet, Iter in one of n contrasted by. iimensions, when proportions j as a al dimensions ere
to their various 1 which the bodies
contrasted by a Md or ifji/f, nar- ick, or jma// rope,
cases, see Bkoax>,
ect position, can and therefore wc
I7')2' ti tiiitionrtry. ijf
cannot say a /rn^, but a /jtgh stcfftJe or towfr. And for tlic lame itu'.on, while trees are j^ruwing, and fixed in an erect position, we, caimot apply this term to them j but wlien they arc felled and laid upon the giouiul, it is quite proper and necefsary. Thus we do not say a /ung, but a tail or high tree, while it is growing; but we say a lonfr, not a toll iog of wood i and in the same manner we say a laU mast, when it is fixed in the (hip ; but a long t/iau, while it lies upon the beach. See Tall and High. . . ' i
3. Those vegetables which ar© of a tender pliant na. ture, or so weak, as not to be able to retain a fixed posi- tion, being considered as of a middle nature between e- rect and prostrate bodies, admit of either of the terms, long, til//,, or high : as a long or ta/l rufli, or wi//ow wand; or a long ta//, or high sta/i of corn. Sec Hich and Tall.
4. The parts of. vegetables when considered as distinct from the whole, even when growing and erect, afsumc the term long j for wc do not say a ta//, but a long Jhoot sfa tree ; .and a tree with along stem, in pr«fcrence to. a tnce with a high stem. ,
5. For the same reason,, a staff and pole, even when fix- ed in a perpendicular direction, afsume the word long in preference to tall or high.
6. With regard to animals, the general rule is applied without exception; tall, and not long, being .employed to denote the height of the human body, when in an erect posture ; long, and not tall, to denote its length, when in an incumbent situation. Long, applied to all other ani- mals which do not walk erect, always denotes their great- est length, in an horizontal position, from head to tail.
7. In a figurative sense it denotes, with regard to time, «ny thing at a great distance from us.
8. As also any thing that takes up much time before it is finiflicd ; as a long, discourse, or frotracted note in mu- sic,.^c.
jEjt to cotTfsfionJents. -^"f- 'i
JBroad adj. The distance between the two nearest sides of any body whose geometiical dimensions are larger in oiie direction than another. It has a reference to super^ fjcies only, and aevcr to the solid contents : opposed tp narrow. k-^^ :'., \^i, -...i^i C .' .■■.:,,^ -^
1. Broad, in the strictest acceptation, is applied to d«f- note those bodies. only whose sides arc altogether open and unconfined ; as a.iroad table, a broad wlnel, &c. And io these cases it is invariably contrasted by the word narrow, nor is ther^ any other word which can be xonsidored as txactly synonym, us with-it.
a. When any object is in some sort bounded on the sides, although not quite closed up, as a road, stxect, ditch, ^'c. either broad or wide raay be employed, but with some •diflFerence of signification j broad .being most properly used for those which arc more open, and u-ii/? for those • which are more coufin ;c' j nor can this term be ev«er applied to such objects as. arc close bounded all around, as a house, a church, h'c. wide being here employed. For the more accurate distinctions in these cases, see the article WjDfi.
To be ioncluded in our next.
TO CQRAESPJONDliNTS.
Thc verses by Gulliver are received. Though that sp'^cits of compositioii is not favoured by the Editor, ih?se lines, on account of their cxacutiun, 1)ijU he admitted.
The paper of yf|;r««j is come to hand. Perhaps all the nine position* he afsumer. minht be granted, without much a^eain^ the argument j they might however be disputed, — this would ojun too wide a dour for atgi.- jjient on a subject that would be little inter-'Sting to any persons but the c mbatants t!iem?'.lvcs. On tWs account it \i improper for our miscclKit ny. It might, when finifhcd, form a separate publication. If the pajer be vantcd for thii purpose it (hall be delivered when called for.
The communication from C R. 11. is received ; though the case can* . jiot be as the wtitcr.consideis, the fact stated is so singular and curiouSithat -tl;c paper ftall be insfrtedtlie fust convenient opportunity,
, t'ttrtbtr MkiiKvlcJgcRtOiis difirrtd f.r luaut t/ rttnn.
mmmmm
:wo nearest sides ns are larger in ferencc to super- nts : opposed t9
is applied to de« )gethei open and e/, &c. And in he word narrow, be considered as
bounded on the }ad, stxeet, .ditck» :d, but with some ; most properly ad wide for those m be ev%r applied round, as a house, 1. For the mure lie article Wjde.
■?; :'-..
sf'xits of compositiod ,nc ot' their cxucutiun,
all the nine positions g the argument) they
wide a dour for argt.- to any persons but tlie roper for our misccllaT :ation. It' ttie fuer te allcH for.
; though the case CDiw ngiiUrand curiouJuthaC irmnlty. iinl if renit ^' jt
ife';i%^:.^.tmfc'«M
. 8^. .^1
THE BEE,
,Ji „ .^;
• y '?7;^ vr.
OR.
, lirERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER, I
WlDNXSRAY, AVQUST 8. \^<)^,
' '^^ '* -r THE ARMADILLO.
1 HIS animal derives its name from the covering that nature has bestowed upon it, which is a close compact coat of armour, so exceedingly well fitted for defence, and so much resembling the armour of our forefa- tliers, that, had the animal been a native of Europe, we might naturally have conjectured that man had taken his first hint of a ooat of mail from this ani- mal. The structure of the fliell of the armadillo is, however, far morfc elegant and commodious -than any of the inventions of man ; and the animal, though completely armed, moves with nearly as much free- dom, and has as much command of all the joints of lU body, as if it were covered with a ^oft flexible ijsin. VOL. X, ' o ' '■"'"' ^^ '^'"' f "'" ■*
v;.'
-':::\mmmM^
WML
1^4 tBe armadillo . ■^fg, 8.
All this clafs of animals, of which there are man/ varieties, are natives of south America. They are all covered with a strong crust or fhell, nearly as impenetrable^as that of the tortoise ; ard are distin- guiihed from each other by the number of flexible bands of which it is composed. They differ from each other in various other particulars ; but, in general , there are two large pieces that cover the Ihoulders and the Tump, between which lie the bands. These bands are not unlike those in the tail of a lobster ; and, being flexible, give way to the motions ot the ani- mal. The bar.ds and other parts of the (hell are or- namented with a vast variety of figures, which ren- der thifi covering no lefs beautiful than coaveatent.
(t is a haroikfs iRoffensive animal j feeds on roots, fruits, and other vegetables ; grows very fiw ; and is greatly esteemed for thp delicacy of its flefli.
No attempt has yet been made to domesticate this animal ; though, if it were capable of being tamed, ■ it would probably add considerably te the luxuries of the table, and the emolument of the farmer. The Indians hunt it with small dogs trained for that pur- pose. It,burrows under ground like the rabbit. When surprised it runs to its hole ; or if it cannot get to it, attempts to make a new one, which it does with great expedition, having strong claws on its fore feet, with whiqh it adheres so firmly to the ground, . that, if it (hould be caught by the tail whilst making its way into the earth, its resistance is so great, that it will sometimes leave it in the hands of the pur- suers. To avoid this, the hunter has recourse to pr- tifice ; and, by tickling it with a stick, it gives up
K^^
Aug, 8. here are man/ ca. They are [hell, nearly as ar d are distin- btr of flexible liffer from each n general, there tulders and the These bands ; lobster ; and, ms of the ani- le (hell are or- es, which ren- n coaveaiont. feeds on roots, sry fikt } «id is s flefli.
omesticate this f being tamed, e the luxuries ; farmer. The d for that pur- ; rabbit. When t cannot get to ;h it does with v% on its fore to the ground, whilst making s so great, that ids of the pur- recourse to pr- ck, it gives up
'■..■^■ui^^nmy.
T79*. on the constitutioH, x^e
iXi hold, and suffers itself to be taken alive. It no Other means of escape be left, it rolls itself up witli- in its covering, by drawing in its head and legs, und bringing its tail round them, as a band to connect them more forcibly together! in this situation it sometimes escapes, by rolling itself over the edge p£ 9 precipice, and generally falls to the bottom unhurt^
The most sucoeCsful method of catching armadil- loes ie by snares laid for them by the sides of rivers^ or other places where they freq,uent. They all bur^ row very deep in the ground, and seldom stir abroad, except during the night, whilst they are in search. p£ food.
The figure prefixed represents the six handed ar- madillo, called Tatou. It is about the size of a young pig ; between the folds of the bands are a few scattered hairs ; its belly and thighs are covered with long hairs ; its tail is long, thick at the base, and ta- pers to a point. It is found in Brazil and Guiana.
zpacc
TIMOLEON's SECOND LETTER. To the people of Gnat Britain. Agreeable to my promise I now proceed to olFcr some observations on the question, " In what hands may power, ia the administration of government, be most safely intrusted; and under what modifications ought it to be put, so as to guard the most efFectUdUy against the abuses of it?"
This question,.! conceive, can only be properly an- swered by having recourse to. experience ; for as to speculative reasoning, in matters of this sort, no re- liance can safely be had upon it.
?
h' tel.'Jil''jW!'."y.lggBWH""
156 ett tie comtttutioft. jiu^.fi.
In looking back to the history of psst times, we find that the earliest form of government that can be traced is the tegal : and the royal authority iu the Asiatic dominions, in general, seems to have been subject to few restraints. As far as their history can be traced, the decrees of the prince constituted the law of the land. Ddsjiotism appears to have been congenial to these climates. And it has there taken such firm root as stiU to prevail in that fine country. Human nature, of course, appears in Asia only in a degraded state. The faculties of the mind seem not to have been there ever fully developed. Their vi- cious system of government reprefses every noble exertion ; and we there look in vain for that energe- tic ardour which conscious independence can alone inspire.
From Asia, we have good reason to believe that Europe was originally peopled. And the colonip- which migrated from thence naturally introducea the same form of government they had experienced at home. In this way we find that the earliest states in Europe, that occur in history, were subjected to regal authority : but by degrees the people becoming sensible of the abuses to which power gave rise among them, endeavoured to vindicate their rights, by not only destroying the tyrants, but also by sub- jecting those who were intrusted with sovereign sway, to various restraints, with a view to prevent those evils which unlimited power in the sovereign had engendered. To circumstances of this sort we are to attribute the origin of what has been called the
)sst times, we ent that can be jthority in the to have beeit i their history nee constituted irs to have been das there taketv t fine country. \sia only in a mind seem not sd. Their vi- s every noble 31 that cnerge- :nce can alone
to believe that id the colonip- ly tntroducea ad experienced t earliest states re subjected to ;ople becoming wer gave rise te their rights, it also by sub- with sovereign iew to prevent I the sovereign if this sort we been called the
'79** on the constitution. rcT
free states of Greece, and the establifliment of tha Roman republic.
The devices which these people adopted for cur- : bing the power of the first magistrate were various f - and the effects of these changes in the administration of government soon became apparent. Man,, in these free states, became a more active, a more bustling, a more turbulent animal than formerly. These ef- fects cannot be denied. It, is, however, somewhat . difficult to answer a question that modern philosow phers have started, vi%. whether the happii.efs of the human race, was, upon the whole, augmented, or di- miniflied by the changes? On the one hand, ibere seems to be no doubt but the faculties of the human mind were thus enlarged. But whether, as in para- dise, the knowledge of good, did not also introduce with it the knowledge of evil, in a yet higher degree, is difficult to say. All that we are authorised to pronounce with certainty, from a review ot these an- cient free states, is, that the changes they adopted in their form of government were by no means calcu- lated to produce the effect intended; for though power was thus taken fr6m one set of persons, and giveh to another, it was still liable to be abused ; and these abuses became in a Ihort time so great, a= t3 end in the total overthrow of the respective con&ti'* tutions of government, and enslavement of the people in all of them. The existence of all these free states was Ihort : the whole course of their poli- tical life was " a troubled stream :" private pro- perty was never among them effectually secured ; manufactures and industry were scarcely there known;
"mmpm-
^5^
on the cottJiiiuiioM.
Jug. 8.
w»r W8» their trade, »nd rapine was deemed he- roism. The real ends of government ware not o£ course answered by the political institutions they adopted. It iar not, therefore, among the ancients that we are to look for lefson* in the art of gorern- ment. Mankind were then evidently unacquainted with the eircumstancea which constitute the efsenco of political freedom. And, were we not accustomed from our infwjcy to admire the institutions of the states of Greece and Rome, without understanding them, we ihould perhaps e»ecrate them as the basest political establifbments that ever existed on tlw globe. What we have been accustomed to adore under the name of struggles for freedom, if they had been deno- minated, as they really were, oontentioas for power, would have excited out disgust instead of admiration. So little wai the prosperity of the country, by whicU I mean the general happiaefs and tranquillity of the people, attended to, or understood, that there is not, among all their squabble*, which are recorded with so much pomp and parade by their historians, one single institution, either proposed or adopted, that had a clear and direct tendency to that end* It i* a. con- tinued bustle for that, which, if it had been obtained, could have profited them nothing. It i» not tbcrefora from the models of antiquity that 'Ubt Jrunds*/ tbt ptepU^' wifli to borrow theit i4eaa of improving the Constitution of Britain, bu* from othe» IpU objection- able soureea. The great object which seema to have been aa«ied at by the constitution- makers of antiquity, was to hmit the time during which the supreme autbeni^ji <rf tl»»
Aug. 8. vas deemed he- ;nt were not of istitutions they ig the ancients » art of gorern- ly unacquainted tute the efsenco
not accustomed stitutioDS of tho t understanding :m as the basest Led on X\m globe, adore under the r had been deno- tioas for power, id of admiration, untry, by which. auquilUty of the ;hat thecfl is not, recorded with so fians, one single >ted, that had a A. It is a.con- iHlbeea. obtained, b 19 not therefore
thijrunis tjtht of improving the les \tS» objection.'
Te been aodped at jity, w«8 to limit } autbonii^y «£ tb«
*79»' on the constitution. j^q
first magistrate could be held by any one man ; and provided this was effectually done they seemed td think that all was well. They were not aware that wliiic they thus rcprefsed the insolence of one man, they conferred that power on thousands of others, who would be much lefs scrupulous in exercising, and with more difficulty checked in abusing it. While they Ihut the door against one abuse, they opened up a source of corruption that was insatiable. Virtue, in those who there aimed at power, was, of all qualities, that which was the most unsuccefsfuL Frugality and public economy were in him the worst of crimes ; and he who could squander the publitf money with the most laVifh profusion in feasts, en- tertainments, and fhows, was the person who was deemed the most capable of conducting public affairs. In this way the body of the people became corrupt- ed,--.their leaders abandoned in principle,— and their political existence of course came quickly to an end. It was reserved for modern times, warned by the tmfortunate fate of these ill judging states, to devise a political system by which the power of the first magistrate ftiould be so respectable as to be able to cuil, disorders in the state, though at the same time so limited as to be unable to opprefs the weakest in- dividual. It is that system which the ♦• friends of the people" wifl, to defend ; and it is to guard against corruptions that threaten to sap the foundations of rt which has induced them to afsociate together at present, and to step forward, as the true vindicators of freedom inour happy constitution. Where we adhere to these principles, who will deny that we
f)*SSS(i«V».--
b'
jgQ on the constitution. Aug. 8.
ought to be supported ' Whenever we depart from them, flittuld we, throuph ignorance or inadvertency do so, we wifli to be instantly abandoned by all the world. He who sets us right in such a case will be deemed our best friend. We contend not for vic- tory : the welfare of our country, and the happi- ncfs of her people, are the objects we have in view, and the sole end of ail our struggles. ^ ,^> . -,;
%■ It is worthy of remark, that experience in modern times Ihould have proved, that the peaceful security to the subject was best to be obtained by a procedure directly the reverse of what the ancients seemed to think constituted the very efsence of freedom } and that the same axpericnce fhould have proved that it was even best to be obtained by a procedure that reason, unaided by experience, would in all cases pronounce to be preposterous and absurd. After long experiencing the multiplied evils that proceed- ed from the frequent elections of the first magistrate, they caihe, at last, universally, in every country in Europe, to confer upon him that authority /or life. Contrary to what might have been expected by rea- soning a priori on this subject, it was soon found that this alteration tended very much to augment the public security, when accompanied with some other salutary regulations that experience enabled them also gradually to discover. Nor did they stop here: the same experience enabled them to discover that the benefits that were derived from rendering the chief magistracy hercduary In one family, rather than clective,were also great and unequivocal. Thcnceithas happened that as the benefits resulting frona personal
ylug. 8.
we depart from or inadvertency loned by all tlie ch a case will be nd not for vic-
and the happi- we have in view,
•«*^i • . -;
rience in modern
peaceful security d by a procedure iKicnts seemed tu of freedom } and ve proved that it a procedure that )uld in all cases absurd. After lis that proceed- first magistrate, ivery country in luthority ybr life. expected by rea- ls soon found that to augment the with some other tee enabled them d they stop here : to discover that [Ti rendering the imily, rather than )cal. Thence it has ing from personal
1792. on the constitution. i(n
security, and that of property became better known in Europe, the election of kings was gradually get aside, and the rule of hereditary succefsion was cs- tabliflied in its stead. These are facts that cannot be controverted, and tend most clearly to prove, that, in matters of governnient, experience discovers that what appears to be inviting to contemplate, often proves to be very prejudicial, and that which in spe- culation would seem to be demonstratively absurd, i» yet in the highest degree salutary when reduced to practice.
The society of" the friends of the people," aware of the arts that have been employed to depreciate them in the eyes of sensible men, know well, that those who have this object ia view have endeavoured to represent them as enemies to regal power of every sort; though nothing can be more calumnious and un- just. On this head I beg leave to quote a pafsage from the justly celebrated historian of the decline and fall of the Roman empire, which coincides entire- ly with my own opinion, as well as with tliat of a great majority of onr society.
" Of the various forms of government which have prevailed in the world, says Mr Gibbon, an heredi- tary monarchy seems to present the fairest scope for ridicule. Is it pofsible to relate, without an indig- nant smile, that, on the father's decease, the pro- pe^y of a nation, like that of a drove of oxen, descends to his infant son, as yet unknown to the world and himself; and that the bravest warriors, and the wisest statesmen, relinquilhing their natural right of empire, approach the royal craddle with bea-
VOL, X. X. . +
ii:»
•^- ■ ■ • ^' a
ifil en tie constttutton. y9ug. 8.
ded knees, arsd protestations of inviolable fidelity ? Satire and declamation may paint these obvious to- pics in the most dazzling colours ; but our more serious thoughts will respect an useful inventi.on, that cstabliflies a rule of succefsion, independent of the pafsions of mankind; and we fliall chearfull/ acquiesce in any expedient which deprives the multi- tude of the dangerous, and, indeed, the ideal power, of giving themselves a master. In the cool (hade of retirement, we may easily devise imaginary modes of government, in which the bceptre (hall be constantly bestowed on the most worthy, by the free and incorrupt sufTerage of the whole community. Experience overturns these airy fabrics, and teaches us, that, in a large society, the election of a monarch can never devolve on the wisest, or most numerous part of the people. The army is the only order of men sufficiently united to concur in the same senti- ments, and powerful enough to impose them on the rest of their fellow citizens ; but the temper of sol- diers, habituated at once to violence and slavery, ren- ders them very unfit guardians of a legal, or even a civil constitution. The superior prerogative of birth, when it has obtained the sanction of time and popular opinion, is the plainest, and least invi- dious of all distinctions among mankind. The ac- knowledged right extingui(hcs the hopes of faction, and the conscious security disarms the cruelty of the monarch. To "the firm cstablKhment of this idea, we owe the peaceful succefsion and mild administra- tion of European monarchies *."
* Gibiwn, vol. i. p- 124.
^ug. 8. tlable fidelity ? se obvious to- but our more ful invention, independent of ball chearfullj ives the multi- le ideal power, the cool Hiade is6 imnginarjr bceptre (hall be by, by the free le community. OS, and teaches n of a monarch nost numerous ; only order of he same senti- e them on the temper of sol- id slavery, ren- fgal, or even a prerogative of iction of time and least invi- tind. The ac- jpes of faction, e cruelty of the It of this idea, lild adminisira-
l'792. an tht cumtitution. xd^
Perfectly convinced of these important truths, the society of " the friends of the people," are so far from adopting the wild ideas which some have attri- butad to them, of wilhing to destroy hereditary mo- narchy, that they will employ their most strenuous efforts to protect this wise institution, against the machinations of (hort sighted innovators, whose feeble understandings, onlylkimming the surface, arc struck, with the apparent absurdities that catch every one who cannot look deeper to mark the real state of things. Such childifh ideas we Ihould be afliamcd to adopt.
Even the French legislators, whose efforts at for- ming a constitution we by no means hold up to the w^orld as a model of perfection, have recognised tho justnefs of this principle.. And though, by emas- culating the ^jwer of their hereditary representative of the people, as they are pleased absurdly enough. to stile the king, they have conferred upon the army a power that it. never ought to pofsefs in a well con- stituted state, dear bought experience will probably soon tea9h them their error ; and we hope will enable them, to correct that, together with several other ra- dical errors, into which the natural vivacity of that people has inadvertently precipitated them.
But while we thus despise the stupid rage for in- d^iscriminate innovation,, which some turbulent spi- rits wifh to encourage, vve fliall strenuously strive,. by every constitutional means iu our power, to bring about such alterations, as reason and experience fha}l clearly prove to be salutary and expedient ; for of all absj^rd things that can be conceived, surely the moat absurd is that which supposes that aqjr humau in-
in
iMri
J 64 9H tht cotton manu/aeturtt. Aug.t.
stitution cnn ever be so perfect as never to stand in need of any amendment.
London, 7 Timolkom.
>»r? 29. 1792.1
ON THE COTTON MANUFACTURES.
For the Bee. It is within all our memories that there was not a single piece of entire cotton cloth woven in Great Britain. The manufacture of Manchester consisted originally of linen warp and worsted woof; such as checks, pluthes, and linsey winsey goods ; after- wards the woof of cotton was introduced. The art of spinning cotton with jennies, enlarged this kind of manufacture. But the cotton so spun was of too de- licate a texture to serve as warp. At last the spin- ning by water engines was invented by Mr Ark- wright. The advantages of these engines are innu- merable, in so much that the cotton manufacture may date the rera of its commencement from this in- vention. By means thereof cotton was spun many times cheaper than it had been, and the cotton yarn was so even and hard twisted, as to be peculiarly fit- ted for the warp of that fabric. The progrefs of the manufacture was thenceforth mo^t amazingly rapid'.. In a few years after the discovery, Mr Arkvvright owned, or was partly interested in eleven different engines. Some of those consisted of 4000 spindles which are worked night and day, or at least twenty- three of the twenty-four hours j one hour being af- Iot(ed for examining and oiling the machinery. There
ver to stand in TiMOLSON.
CTURES.
-«
[lere was not a iroven in Great lestcr consisted woof; such as good's ; after- Hced. The art ;ed this kind of I was of too de- t last the spin- [1 by Mr Ark- gines are innu- tn manufacture It from this in> vas spun many the cotton yarn e peculiarly fit- progrefs of the mazingly rapicf^ Mr Arkvvright eleven different I 4000 spindles it least twenty- hour being at- chinery. There
1 1792. on the ration manu/acturet. ifij;
is as regular a relief of hands, watch and watchr about, as in a fliip. The thread yarn is in univer- sal demand. Mr Arkwright's sales, alone, are not lefs than from L. 12,000 to L. 15,000 per month. His gains in some years arc said to have exceeded L. 40,000 sterling, as may be well imagined, so long as he could retain a monopoly of this valuable discove- ry. The trade was still farther extended by invasions made on Mr Arkwright's patent. Some bought the privilege of him at L. 7 per spindle ; others disputed the discovery with him, and foiled him at law. The patent not extending to Scotland, sever:*! engines were soon erected there. Noltinghamfhire, Der- byfliire, Chelhire, and Yorkfliire have many of tkem; they are erecting every where. A new en- gina is also discovered which goes by the hand, and Unites the properties of the jennies and the spinning water engines ; and is therefore called a mule. It is capable of spinning yarn ten fliillings in the pound weight finer than the water engines, and equally fit for warp. I heard of one pound of yarn so spun, being sold for L. 2 : la : 6. Neither this nor the en- gines have lefsened the number of spinning jennies ; but, on the contrary, greatly increased their number. The one spins only warp, the other woof; so that they mutually aid each other.
When it was first discovered that cotton cloth could be woven, lord Howe, at the desire of his Not- tftigham friends, obtained a r'emifsion of the double duties paid on printing cloths entirely cotton, if manufactured in Britain ; and a few years ago a bounty was given on Britiih cottons when printed
tiU eit the cotton manufactures. -^m- 8.
^nd exported. By means yf those various inven- tions and encouragements, the progrefs of the cotton xpanufacture has been rapid beyond belief. It is iM?w become a general wear both for men and wo- pen. It is substituted in the room of East India cotton ; of German, Iriih, and Scotch linen \ and also in place of much of the thin woollen and worsted goods of England.^ It is found a mor^ agreeable and ;» cheaper wear, than any of the shove mejitioned. Hitherto little of it has been used for ihirts, Iheeting, pr tabling. But those who have tried it in all those ways give it the preference, eipecially in (he two first. It is found to last longer, and to be warmer ai\d cheaper j so that there is hardly a doubt of its sup. planting, in a Ihort time, all the diff<;rent manufac» tures above mentioned. This opinion coincides with Mr Arkwright's delivered four or live years ago. It rot only consumes the cotton of our own West In-, dia islands, but large quantities ar? imported from France, Holland, a,nd Spain ; which last, ;jind that of Demerary» and Surinam, is the finest co^on brought to Europe.
I know but two means by which the ^iaen manur faccurers can escape b^ing ruined by th? rapid pro- grefs of the cotton manufacture. Qne is (he inven- tion of a means of spinning linen yarn by machines ; Jkjr Arkwright is said to have discovered the art of doing so. But he is too old &n4 too rich to prosc^ cute an uncertain au(i laborious discovery. The Other is ipr the linen mantifactnrers to betake them- selves to the manufacturing of cotton. From the fa- cility with which the Manchester people have learnt
various inyen- fs of the cotton i belief. It is r men and wo- n of East India linen ^ and also :u and worsted ^ agreeable and ove mentioned, {hires, Iheeting, d it in all those in (he two first. !e warmer ar\d }abt of its sup* Vrent manufac* 1 coipcides with e years ago. It own West In-, imported from last, ;^nd ths^t of co^on brought
be ^iaen manur ' th? rapid pro- ;ie is the inven- a by machines j >V«red the art of o rich to prose- iscovery. The to betake them- I. From the fa- lople have learnt
1792*^; •« cotton manufuctttres. ti^
this branch of businefs within these last seven years, we may presume the transition is not difficult, far lefs impofsible. And if this supposition be well founded, it would be easy to fliew that Scotland poi- sefses other advantages, which would enable it to cope witli, if not to rival, and even outdo Eng- land in cotton, as much as it has done in gauze and lav/ns. I. very where in Scotland the accefs to Lon- don, by sea, is easy and expeditious. In England much of the cotton is sent, and the goods roturned, hundreds of miles, by land carriage. Fuel is equal- ly cheap, labour much cheaper, also materials for building are every where at hand, and the people are equally industrious, much soberer, and more easily maintained. Neither need we fear that the cream of the businels is over, or the market in danger of being over stocked. Hitherto the demand has sur- pafsed the means of supplying it. And will not this be the case for many many years to come, if cotton can be introduced in the place of linen ? What avast car- reer is open for this mnnufacture I estimating tha German linen imported into Great Britain at twentj .. five millions, the Irifti at fifteen millions, and the Scotch at as much, not to mention the number of wooiien fabrics which cotton is likely to supplant \ The immense wages earned by the cotton manufac- turers is a strong confirmation of this opinion. Children of eight years old earn 2 s. a week, no weaver lels than that sum/itr day, many of them 30 and 35 s. a week, a woman by spinning can get a Ihilling a ■day. The towns where it is carried on are increa- sing amazingly in population. The couutry no lefa
-)*W^SjI3.^ i."-., fejjfesir^
im
i68- ott cotton manufactures. Aug, 8.
so. There is hardly a field in Lancafliire in which you do not see built or building, a cluster of four, live, or six manufacturers houses ; land round their towns lets at L. 4 or L. $per acre ; and a general ap- pearance of wealth and plenty diffusts itself where ever the cotton businefs is carried on. Favoured as the India cotton is, the parliament will not hesitate to impose duties, and even prohibitions, on such articles as we are able to furniih for ourselves. Not only the Britiih market is open to us, but all Europe calU for our Ma.»chester and cotton goods. Some states admit them freely, others, under higher duties ; and the rest in a contraband way contrive to obtaia them. The consumptisn in France, by the way of Holland, is immense. Considering how much wf have got the start of other nations, considering our liberty, our industry, our capital, it is hard to say- when they will be able no vie with us. It is belie- ved there would be full employUient for them all, if every parifti ia Scotland contained a spinning ma- chine, five :imes as big as its parifh kirk. The five dieady erected in Scotland go on with a degree of succ.'fs which cannot fail to produce more.
Prudence requires us to forbear entering upon one of the most important considerations relative to this subject. I mean the nroper way to proceed in order to introduce this branch most speedily into Scotland. There are certain'- dimculties in the way, which would be increased by discoursing about them. The more quietly this is undertaken the better chanfce it has to succeed. Little (hould be said till we are ful- ly pofaefsfcd of every r. achine, vhethcr for weaving
railiire in which cluster of four, and round their and a general ap- iists itielf where 1. Favoured as ill not hesitate to on such articles ves. Not onlj : all Europe calls is. Some states ;her duties ; and strive to obtaia :, by the way of ; how much Wf considering our it is hard to sa/ us. It is belie- t for them all, if a spinning ma- kirk. The five ivith a degree of more.
itering upon one s relative to this proceed in order ly into Scotland, the way, which )out them. The better chanfce it d till we are ful- :her for weaving
1
r792.' OH the Cotton manufacturei. i6a
or spinning that is known and used any where else. J must observe, however^ that the present seems to be the fittest time for the undertaking. While the profits are higher thaa on any other branch of busi- aefs, there is wherewithal to compensate the expence- of so new an undertaking, and to allow for the blun- ders and awkwardnefs of our artificers, weavers, and spinners. By and by this will ,noc be the case. It is hardly to be doubted the profits will be gradually Icfsened by competition. Mr A.rkwrigiit has lower- ed his yarn 20 per cent, within this month. It will at last be reduced to the general average of the pro- fits of trade in a free country, whicli, if necefsary, it would be easy to prove to be equal in every branch of trade, where novelty and monopoly are excluded. The adoption of the cotton trade is not, therefore, proposed as a means which will long produce supe- rior and extraordinary profits to those concerned in It ; but as a resource for the inhabiMnts of a coun- try who are likely to be deprived of their present means of earning their livelihood; and as a businefs which will not only secure to the present linen ma- uufacturers certain bread, even when the linen ma- nufacture iTiall be extinguilhed, but promises fair ta be of a more durable and extensive nature than ever the linen manufacture has hitherto been, ft is also certain of more and better encouragement from par- Uavaent, which, on account of the woollen trade, ha* treated foreign lipens with more gentlenefs than any other manufacture that stood in comptition with our own J besides, the IriQi cannot import i t as they do their linen into Great Britain, it. wou^ Ue a, matter of
VOL, X. ■ ''f ' ' , 1
r,i
"^f■»^Sf^^!'i^gj^Jg'
Ml
17* *f> t^f cotton MBtiufacturet, Aug. 8^
curious speculation to consider whether the cotton or linen manufacture merits best to be .eticouraged. To consider the subject in a: public and national view, "would lead to very extensive discufsions, snd some- trhat foreign to the present subjeof, which proceeds- •n a supposition that, whether the cotton- tnanufac- «ure be most eligible for oup' country or nof, it will infallibly establish itself. Suffice it to say, our West India islands will be greatly benefitted by it ; our ftipping and navigation to the West Indies must in- «rease by the transportation of so bulky a eooimodi- ♦y, and the proportionable exports to the West In- dies ; the heavy balance against us with the Baltic for flax will be lefsened ; and, (hould the growth of flax at home be thereby discouraged, it is a matter of some doubt if flax be a production altogether con- genial to our soil and climate j and also whether the land of Scotland can be better employed than in bear- ing food for its people. The high price of meal for many years gives room to believe it would not. The law of the present sefsion, lowering the duties on ©ur home distillery, to an alarming degree, promises to be favourable to the farmer at least, if not to the health, and morals, and industry of the people at large,
G. D.
N. B. Some of the spinning mills are worked by water, raised by means of a fire engine. There is one at Manchester, the fire engine of which costs up- wards of L. 1 200 a year, and raises about 9000 gal- lons of water in a minute,.~abou: : 16,000 hogfheads* m 79,000 tons^r day.
^J.
;/. At(g. 8^ her tho cotton be .eticouraged. national view, on3, 2nd sorne- which proceeds itton- manufac- r or Aor, if wiU I say, our West ted by it ; our Indies must in- ky a eoaimodi- 9 the West lu- vith the Baltic the growth of it 19 a matter altogether con- bo whether the ;d than in bear- ice of meal for ivould not. The g the duties on egree, promises St, if not to the : people at large. G. D.
are worked by fine. There is which costs up- bout 9000 gal- »,ooo liogfheads.
179** •« ntathematics. 1^4
Cotton stockings have supplanted linen thread
stockings completely, and begin to be worn by manr people who wore only silk before. This alone is a vast branch for which the twisted yarn of the ma- chines u re.-narkably fit : some of it for stockings is made as fine as ninety hanks to the pound weight.
The African trade is supplied with a great deal of coarse Britifli cotton goods made to imitate the judian.
^ Yarn of various kinds are spun with the wate r machmes : a pound of some thread requires eighty days to be spun with one spindle, and a pound of the coarser kinds only three dpys. But the most profit is gotten from spinning the middling kinds.
It is to be observed, that cotton cloth can be bleach, ed at a fourth of the expence and time required for bleaching linen of the same finenefs..
N.ii. 1'k^ above, written in the year 1784.
ON MATHEMATICS.. SiR> *r<t the Editor of the Eae: • j^*
A ENjor much pleasure in perusing your papers, and would long before this have attempted to contrihate my aid in promoting the succefsof your laudable un- dertaking, but besides being- much employed, I was very diffident or any thing I wi/hcci to con^muiucate :: this prevented me fr.m testifying my appro6ati.in, or uniting my feeble efforts to vary the entertain- ment and add utility to the pertor nance.
The design of rendering the Bee u.eful to the clergy, for tl»c reasons afsigned, makes it a cliuto^-l oi
.
^n^f^Mi
Jji
J "7 2 on mathematics, -^^g. 8.
informalion to them and others, and may convey to many, in quest of literature, subjects suited to pleaise or to inform. My reason for writing to you is chief- ly because the clergy are the only set of men that are to be supposed acquainted with those who pur- sue learning in any profefsion, particularly tliose who have the same studies in view : and such being the case, tliey arc always considered by the Tiroes in science, as the directors of their studies, and their patrons in the pursuit of it ; they are consulted in every difficulty, — they are advised of every plan, — it is then in their power to administer an advice that may prove beneficial. Tiiere is one particular branch of their study I mean to recommend, — u branch which is least of all attended to, and which I think princi- pally demands attention, that is the science of mathe- matics, and all the collateral branches. It is certain tliat to such a piece of learning they must partly at- tend as a neetfsary preparation for their admifsion to sacred studies ; but it is too certain that such a science is termed dry and insipid, treated with carelefsnefs, and reckcved uselefs. To those who have entered fully into tlie study, this conduct appears foolifli m tlie higl'.est degree. Natural philosophy, without previous acquaintance with mathematics, is partly lost to those who attend it, and wiil seem as insipid as the principles cakiikted to illustrate it. Eminent teacliers are oi'tcn blamed by ignorant hearers as ab- ' struse ; and the utility of the wise is depreciated by unfliilful critics, which sometimes has been the case with the science last mentioned ; but -»hen -jA ac- knowledge the value of ^hilosi^hj^^ w-fij; triit with
•^ug. 8. may convey to suited to plealse to you is chief- jet of men that those who pur- rticularly tliose
aud such being y the Tiroes m dies, and their ire consulted in every plan,^it
an advice that irticular branch -u branch which
I think princi- ience of mathe- s. It is certain
must partly at- eir admifsion to at such a science rith carelefsnefs, lio have entered pears foolifli m sophy, without atics, is partly seem as insipid te it. Eminent It hearers as ab- j depreciated by as teen the case It -shen aii ac-
w^ uifit with
i
i'j^ti »rr mathematics. 173
those branches of literature on which the knowledge of most of its doctrines are founded ? It is an error however that too many commit ; and by thus indul- ging an aversion at a particular study, are in danger of rivetting the principle on their own minds, and of transmitting it to those who may in future be under their inspection ; thus it becomes pernicious to them- selves and posterity. But I am apt to believe, were the clergy carefully to examine and attend to the studies of those under them, and chiefly to. inculcafe strict perseverance and attention in the pursuit of mathematical learning, especially as that, of all tht; rest, is least regarded, we would see rising genius ar- rive at greater perfection, and with joy would pre- sage illustrious succefiors ; and would see the chairs of literature filled v/ith those who bid fair to bring science to maturity. Such an exertion, on the part of the clergy, will not, I hope, be reckoned burdensome : the prospect of good arising from the ta(k, will the more excite a benevolent mind to devute time, and study, to that work, which not only promises personal advantage, but general benefit. Much is in the mi- nister's power,~hc cannot only recommend the science to their attention, but may promote their progrefi?., and can timeously have opportunity of discovering how far they arc instructed in the science, and may, therefore, with precision,, be able to decide, whether their knowledge in it is a sufficient preparation for •ntering on 'hose parts of literature that are thereby illustrated, and contribute his afsistance accordingly. If, throuifh your influence, the clergy would be still puue iiidiii m cxcrliii^ (Jii>{nswiyes iu favour of those
1^!
174 »ntcdote. -^vg. %.
who will in future occupy their placr, and have the field of science under their review, the guod eJSects might very soon appear. If this attempt can, by your attention, be prepared for a place in the Bee, it will, highly favour your constant- reader,
Fhicsicofhilologus.
ANECDOTE OF JAMES I.
James, the first of England, and sixth of Scotland, who was no way deficient in sense, or knowledge, or wit, seems to have been remarkably deficient in the no lef» important talent of steadinefs or vigour of mind. It iii said he knew well enough his own defect ; and that he was once told of it in a very curious manner from the pulpit. He heard of a famous preacher, who, accord- ing to the faihion of the times, was very witty in his sermons, and peculiarly happy in his choice of texts.. James got this person ta preach before him ; who, with all suitable gravity, gava out his text in the following words : James, first and sixth, in the lat,. ter part of the verse. *' He that wavereth is like ai wave of the sea, driven by the winds and tofsed." " He is at me already," said the king. The text is genuine, and the application of it witty, even inde- pendently of the pun, which seems so well suited to the tast e of the times, and especially of James and bis court.
, and have the he guod eJ9«(:>ts It can, by your he Bee, it will.
?HILOXOGUS. '
I.
f Scotland, who vledge, or wit, It in the no lef» r of mind. It ;fect ; and that snnanner from :r,who, accord- ry witty in his :hoioe of texts,, re him ; who, lis text in the th, in the lat. trereth is like 9.x is and tofsed.'*^' ;. The text is itty, even inde- > well suited to of James and
eOETRT.
^..r
ON PLATTERr.
Fvr the Set.
SiNct fjults in the b-jt heirt *re Wend<(L
Tiut J am tardy to idmite, KinJ Sir, you cannot be offended,
To flatter make* our patience tire.
'T^ lang tince I have gone to school.
To leirn the virtutt at high stauuiM Nnr (hall I be the wretched tool
Of any rjscal'j celebration.
The cIo«er one lurveyj hi« friend, >
The left he fiids himsflf his debtor: -All pine^yiijts in the end
Perceive,— the ftorter tale the better. ,
That man who truly meritt praise,
When juch a man ii In existenw, Seeks not to make the vulgar gaze, . '• •
But keeps all wliite waii at a distance. '
TUMBtEDOVVJJ.
MARTIAL, \,IB. V. KPIQ, «. IMITATED, fir tbt Sft.
You simply \vonder how it comes to p:,r«,
That merit when alive it oft neglectej ; I tell >ou this dull world's a jealous afs,
■And (oily may for ever be expected.
'Tis Envy's triumph to prefer the past,
Siill on each current hour the dimon scowls;
Ai if our sires mpuier moulds were cast,
And had not like ourselves been rogue, and fo.ls.
Homer, they say, whom every dunce admires,
Had but a very sorry vagrant life : And Socrates with all his fame expires,
itarv d by hit friends, and henpeck'd by hi. wife.
That every fujure age will read with rapture These wond rous works, m.sc evident app-.rs: ,„7 '"y ''""'' """St bc^in th, chapter, J li wait With patience fcr an hundred years.
•TiiuNumtKoor,
MV
■?
176 poetry. Aug, 8.
MARTIAL, LIB. XII. KPIQ. XXXI. IMITATED.
for the Bee.
That grove« thcie fountains, this delightful fliadf,
In summer's richest luxurirs .irrny'd;
The pear, the peach, thcor.inge> and the vine.
These olives 1 su proudly mark as mine;
Those rtow'ry meadows, yon transparent p""',
The speckled trout, the plump dtliiious fowl,
MarccUa gave; from thirty years »f toil.
When, friendlefs, I return'd to see my nitire soil.
More priz'd, more precious far than all the rest.
She gave — that love which (ires her godlike breast.
In my chill'd veins, tumultuous joy revives;
1 live but'to adore tke first of wives. AMlCtiS.
: i
:
THE NINTH ELEGY OF BUCHANAN TRANSLATED.
, , * For Ike Bet,
Tir'd of disastrous love's insulting yoke,
I fled my misttefs, and her bondjgs brnke,
But Cupid's jealous eye puisu'd my flight,
" And dare you, thus," he cried, " our empire slight^"
He said, ani wav'd his torch; the tcjich appears.
Long since, alas ! extinguifli'd by my tear">.
The angry boy intent on vengeance frown ,
And cast his rattli:'g quiver on th' ;;round. - ,
]nst<Bt It me he levell'd ev'ry dan,
A thousand (hafts are buried in my heart;
Uefore, behind, his rage afsails me rou ui,
Till my whole- bi dy seems one common wound.
Mad that 1 bear hij arrows undismay'd,
He flic dear Fa'iny ! to demand your aid ; "
A<Jvani.ii K boldly while asleep you lay.
He caught your gulden locks, and stole a hair .jiray ;
And as I laugh'i!. — for who could fancy harm-;
From such a source? he sternly bound my aims.
Wbile long anU hard I strove, but strove in vain.
He forc'd me back your captive to remain.
Ev'n I who in contempt the tyrant held,
And vaunted that his sway for ever was cxpell'd,
Now feci thi- punijs of love revolt again.
And a fre(h fevfr boils in every vein;
But you whom Venus views with kinder eyes.
And surtcrs to attain a happy prite ;
Liugh not too proudly that I thus repine,
■Your fate to-morrow may be such as mine.
CWSA,
r
^ug. 8,
MITATED.
;htful (Jildf,
t vine, i
pnni, fowl,
itiye soil. he rest, ike biea;)t. yes;
Amicus.
anslateo.
e,
:e, It,
empire slight?" appears.
Id.
wound.
di
, h^ir -way ; lurm: ly arm*. : in vain, n.
cxpeird,
ejfe«,
!f ■: :
t
le.
ClKN*.
1792.
a dictionar\'.
»77
EXERCISES IN PRACTICAL GRAMMAR.
Continued from p. 132. Dictionary. W,D«, adj. A term employed to denote relative extent in ccrta.n circumstances. Opposed to narrow and strait.
I. This term is, in ite proper sense, applied only to dc note the space contained within any body closed all round on every s,de, a, a house, gate, i:,ci and differs from broad m this that It never relates to the superficies of solid ob- jects, but .s employed to . xprefs the capaciousnefs of any body which containeth vacant space 5 nor can capacious. y^^^^, .n this sense, be exprefscd by any other word but
2. As many bodies may be considered either with res- pect to their , .ipaciousnefs or superficial extent ; in all these cases eithe the term ^/W, or u.,/., may be used j as ^ broad or ■u.destreel, orditc/,, &c. but with agreatcr or lelier degree of propriety, according to the circumstances of the object, or the idea wc wi(h to convey. In a street where the houses are low, and the boundaries open, or a ditch of ^mall depth and large superficies, as this L.rgends of su- perfK.es bears the principal proportion, broad would be
duch of great depth, anJ capaciousnefs is a principal pro- peny tha affects the mind, we would^ naturally say a .o,de street or dttcb ; and tlie same may be said of all simi, lar ca,--« K,.t thc.e are some cases in which both these terms are applied, with a greater differeace of mean- ing : thus we say a broad or a -w.de ^ate ; but as the gate -employed other to ienote the aperture in the walL or the matter which closes that aperture, these terms are each ,. them used to d^aofe that particular quality t.
178 0 Jicthnary. j4iig. 'i.
whit:li they are applied ; and as the ofcnlng itself tan ne- ver be considered as a superficies, the term wuU, in 'his case, denotes the distances betw-n the sides of the apt. - ture ; wliile, on the contrary, i/vW denotes the extent of matter fitted to close that aperture ; nor can these two terms in any case be substituted for one another.
3. As a figurative exprefsion it is used as a cant phrase for a mistake ; as you are luidt: of the mark ; that is not near the truth.
Narrow, .adj. A relative term; denoting a proportional distance between the sides of the superficies of plain bodies. Opposed to broad.
1. As this is only applied to superficies, it is exactly contrasted by broad, and is applied in all cases where the term broad can be used, (see broad) and in no other case but as a contrast to it, except the following.
2. It sometimes is employed to describe the smallnefs -of space circumscribed between certain boundaries, as op- posed to wide, and nearly synonymous with j//rt//,- we say, a wide or a narrow house, church, &c. For the necefsary distinctions here, see the article Strait.
3. In a figurative sense it ianoits parsimony, poverty, confined sentiments.
Strait, adj. A relative term denoting the extent of space in certain circumstances. Opposed to wide. See Wide.
1. This term is employed in its proper sense to denote only space, as contained between suiTounding bodies ; in such circumstances as to denote some degree of confine- ment ; and is exactly opposed to wide, as a wide or a strait £ate,&ic. See Wide.
2. So necefsary is it that the idea of confinement fliould be connected with this word, that, in all those cases where ihe space conlained is large, as a church or house, "we
ning itself tan iie- tc'im witiv, in vliis c sides of the apc- lotts the extent of or can tiiese two another.
s used as a cant fihe tnart ; that is
ing a proportional ies of plain bodies.
ries, it is exactly ill cases where the d in no other case ing.
cribe the smallncfs
boundaries, as o^-
i'nhslrfiit ; we say,
For the necefsary
Parsimony, poverty,
ng the extent of sed to wide. See
:r sense to denote nding bodies ; in legree of confine- i a wide or a strait
onfinement fliould 1 those cases where ch Of house, 'we
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179*. adictionary. 179
cannot exprefs a smaller proportional width by this term. And as we have no other word to exprefs space in these circumstances, we have been obliged to force the word narrow from its natural signification, and make it exprefs this. Sec Narrow.
3. In some particular cases narrov or jttait may be em;- ployed to denote the same object ; as a narrow or a strait- lane : but here strait is never employed but where an idea of confinement is suggested, and where it is exactly con- trasted to wide J nor can narrow be employed but in such circumstances where broad ■^ovXA be a perfect contrast to it. Therefore these two terms may be always employed' in the sane circumstancfc"? as those which contrast them, may be. For an account of which, see Wide.
4. Strait is also employed to denote a narrow opening in the land, through which the sea flows, as the Straits of Gibraltar, the Straits of Dover, the Straits of Sun- da, iffc. This word ought never to be confounded with-. straight. See Straight,
5. ITic term strait is likewise, in a particular manner,-, used to denote the smallhefs of the internal dWmeter of those small bodies which are fitted to receive or contain others, as any kind of bag, tube; body-clothes, mortoises,. and others of the same kind } and in. all these cases this- term may be employed to denote the smallnefs of their lef- ser diameter, and never the term narrow. But in cer- tain circumstances the word tight may be substituted for it. See Tight.
6. Strait, in a figurative sense, denotes any sort of con- finement of sentiment or disposition.
Tight, adj. A term employed in certain circumstances to denote the internal capacity of particular bodies j nearly synonymous with strait..
iSa « Jichomry. Aug. 8.
ThUtermiscenfinedentirely to denote the jmallnefs of the internal dimensions of such objects as are formed to covet, or to receive, or contain other solid bodies, and can be employed in no other case. And although it agrees with jtraii, ia always denoting confinement, and by being applicable to the same species of objects, yet it differs in the following respects: i. If there be any difference of the diameter o£ the objects to which the term strait ca.n be applied, it al* ways has reference to the smaller y yjet tight may be ap- plied to any sort of confinement, whether it regards tho length or the breadth, p.. Strait can be applied to all bo, dies of capacity when of small diameter, without, any sott of reference to the nature of the substance which it may; be capable of containing. For we can say a strait bag, a strait sletve, a strait mortoise^ a strait gate, &f.c. whereas tight can only be applied to any body, when it is consider r^d as having a reference to another body which is in»- tepded to be contained in it, and is pinched &r want of room. Thus we say ihe sleeve of a coat is too tight Jfor tbf: arm, the mortoise is too tight for the te/ion-^ &c y but we can- not say 1^' bag OT the gate is too tight, because these arc fitted to receive any sort of objects. And hence it hap, pens that, in many cases, the dimensions of the same bo- dy may be exprefsed by tight or str'ait when considered in: diifercat circumstances. Thus we may say this sleeve is thq strait, when we look at a coat when lying on the table, and consider its proportions;, but it i« not till we have tried it upon the arm that it is intended to cover, that we call it tight. And we may say agata is too strain, ox- toot tight : but in the first case we consider it as being too conr fined for admitting objects to pafs through it } and» in the la?t, as being too confined with respect to the leaves that are to (hut the aperture, hot Uliowii^ them space to move with freedom.
k
raallnef> ofthe fdtocovei, or n be employed with strati, ia
appliobte to the foUowing he diameter o£
applied, it al* bt may be ap- t regards tha lied to all bo<! Lthout any sott which it maj; a strait bag, 4 , &c. whereas L it is considcf ly which i» in*- d £or want oi too tight Jbr the.- c 'f but we can-^ ause these are
hence it hapjf
the same bo>
considered in »
y this sleeve it g on the table, till we have LQ cover, that oe strain or- toor being too conr t } and, in the the leaves that space to move
>792'. atScttemtny. i8i;
Stkaiout, a^. A general Urm which denotes that thi object to which it refers is not bent or crooked in any dio rection } always contr-xstcd with heni or crooked, and ne-. Tcr with broad or •wide.
A straight /ine^ tYie fliortest line that can be drawn be> tween two points.
Thb word had no ether signification in the Englifli lan- fuage till a few years ago, when some affected writers toolfr it in tkeir head to counfound it with strait, or to interchange the one word for the other ; so that strait and straight are now frequently confounded with each other : notiiing i» now more common than to hear o^ a strait line, and tb« Straights of Gibraltar. This is a corruption of the language that cannot be too, severely reprehended..
These examples may serve to give some idea of the |ilan.of an EngliOi dictiocary composed upon- philosophi- cal principles > but, besides the circumstances above enu* aoerated, there are many others which wduldrequire parti*^ cular autentton in; the execution of a. work of this kind. In the Engliih language a great variety of terms occur^ «(hicb>1enote matter under certain general forms or circum« stances, without regard to the minute diversities that mar take place y as the word cloth, whichdenotes matter manu- facturcd into a particular form including under it all the va. xicty of stuffimauufactored in that particular way of what« ever materials, colours, te&tures, or finenefs they may be. The same may be said of woody iron, yarn, and a great vari- ety of othec terms of t^e same nature, some of whi£h.cannot afsums anjT plural, while others admit of it in all cases, and others admit or refuse it according to the different circum* . stances in which they, are considered. In a dictionary, therefare, all this variety of cases, ought to be clearly and distinctly poiatei^ out under each, particular article : this is the more necefsary, as some of these words have others formed UatOk tbem, whkh might be readily misttkea fbs
1 82 Selieo, a tale. Aug,%,
their plurals, although they have a very different significa- tion J as clothes, which docs not denote any number of pieces or different kinds of cloth, but •wearing apparel. The fol- lowing example will elucfdate this head.
Wood, n. A solid mbstancc of which the trunks and branches of trees consist.
1. This term is employed to denote the solid parts of vegetables of all kinds, in whatever form or circumstances- they ara found. Nor does this term admit of a plural with propriety, unkfs in the circumstances after mentioned j for we say, many different kinds of wood, in preference ta many kinds of •woods; or we say oat, ajh, or elm woo</,not woods.
2. But where we want to contrast wood of one quali. ty or country with that of another, it admits of a, plural: for we %vf "white woaids are in general softer than red ; or West Indian "woods are generally of greater specific gravity than the European •woods ; but unlefs where^ the colour, or some quality which distinguilhes it from' growing wood, is mentioned, this j>lural ought as much as- pofsible to be avoided, as it always suggests an idea of growing wood.
• 3. Wood likewise denotes a number of trees gfowing near one another j being nearly synonymous with forest* Set Forest. In this sense it always adinits of a plural: as, je woods and wilds, whose solitary gloom, 8e:.
Many other particulars would require to be adverted tO' in foriTiing a perfect dictionary, which are omitted to a* void becoming tedidus ; our design is merely to suggest ai few general notions on this subject.
SELIGO, A TALE. translated from the French of M. Florian. If one would believe what some philosophers afsert, that this world is governed by two powers,, one who gives {Ul>
Ir^
:rent significa- mber of pieces 'el. Thefol-
le trunks atul
solid parts of circumstances- \ a plural with r mentioned; preference tor ; elm tuood, not
of one quali- : admits of a general softer illy of greater : unlefs where^ iiiffaes it from' fat as much ar ts an idea of
rees gyowing^ s with forest* of a plural: 8c:.
)e adverted to • omitted to a<- f to suggest tu
^lorian. ers afsert, that who gives osl.
179 a. Seltco, a late. 183
the little good we enjoy, and the other all the evil which abounds, wc (l»ould be induced to think that in Africa this doctrine had its foundation. No land produces so many poisons, venomous reptiles, or wild beasts. The little we know of the history of Morocco, of the negroes of Andia, of the Jaggas, and other districts along the coast to the country of the Hottentots, appears very much to re- semble the histories of lions, panthers, and serpents, so worthy to partake of this burnt up land with its cannibal kings who carry tc market the fle(h of their prisoners. In the midst however of these sanguinary monsters and disgusting horrors, (some who sell their children, and others who eat their prisoners,) natural equity and jus- tice, real virtue, constancy in pain, and a contempt of death, are sometimes to be found. These examples, rare as they may be, are sufficient to interest us in these degraded beings, and *' remind us they are men. I'hus in the most barr«.. desart, a few green plants, which con- sole the distrefsed traveller, remind him that he is still upon the earth.
In the kingdom of Juida, on the coast of Guinea, beyond the cape of three points, and not far from the city of Sabi, in the year 1727, lived the widow Darina. She was the mo- ther of three sons whom (lie had nursed with a tenderneis fortunately ver)' common in nature, but not so in these climates, where children are looked upon as objects of commerce, and sold by their unnatural parents. The eldest was called Guberi, the second Telonc, the youngest Selico. AH of them had good dispositions and adored their mother, who now, aged and infirm, only existed by their attentions and care. The riches of this family were comprised in a hut, which they inhabited together, and a small field nearit which supplied them with maize. Every morning one of the
»'4 Se/ica, a tale, jfug. 8.
brothers alternately Mrent a hunting, cultivated the field, •or attended their mother. At night they met together, 'the hunter brought his partridges, his parrots, or his comb of fconey,the fanner his herbs and roots, and he who remained at home had the repast ready prepared j they supped all four together, contending with each other for the pleasure of waiting on their mother; and afterwards laying them- selves down on straw, slept in quiet till the return of day.
Selico, the younge«t of the brothers went often to Sabi to carry the earliest fruits as offerings of his poor family to tht temple.of the deity : this deity, as is well known was a huge serpent, of the sort called y^icAw, which haVe no venom, and who devour others which are venomous j they are so much revered in Juida, that any person kil- ling one would be thought guilty of a gi«at crime ; there- fore this i^ecies of snake is increased to a prodigious dt- gree ; and, being sacred, they are found in quantities in every town or village, where they eat familiarly froto their.platea, and even lay their eggs in the beds of tlie natives, wlio look upon it as the most fortunate of events, and a certain presage of their well doing.
Selico was the 'handsomest, the best made, and the most amiable of all the negroes of Juida ; he had seen, in the temple, Beiifsa, the daughter of the high priest, who surpaf- sed all her companions in elegant grace and beauty. Selic« adored her and was happy in having his love returned. Every Wednesday, sacred to religion and repose amonj; the negroes, the yqung lover hastened to the temple, and paf- «cd the day with bis dear Berifia, conversing with her 6f his mother, his love, and the happinefs they (hbiild enjoy when Hymen had united- them j Berifsa did not disguise her sentiments, and the agsd Faculho her father, who ap- proved of this union, promised, as he embraced theip, -that he would soon crown their mutual tendernefs.
jtug. 8. ated the field, met together, or his comb of who remained iiey supped all }r the pleasure I laying them- return of day. t often to Sabi liis poor family 9 well known «/, which haVe are venomous ^ ny person krl- crime ; there- prodigious de- n quantities in 'amiliarly from 'le beds of the nate of events,
and the most seen, in the :st, who surpaf- beauty. Selida ore returned, ose amon;; the nple, and paf- g with her of r (hdUld enjoy nor disguise
ither, who &p.
braced thetn^
incfs.
.T792. Selico, it htle. ilj
At length this long wilhed for epocha came, — the day ivas fixed for the ceremony, — the mother of Selicoand his two brothers nad already prepared the hnt for the bride and bridegroom, when the famous I'ruro ^udati, king of Da- homai, whose rapid conquests have been celebrated even in Europe, invaded the kingdom of Andia and exterminated its inhabitants. In advancing at the head of his formidable army, he was stopped by the large river which divides it ^rom Juida, whose king, a pusillanimous and cowardly be- inff> governed by his wives and ministers, never thought pf opposing any troops to those of the conqueror ', he thought that his gods would defend his country, and or- dered all the serpents fetiches to be carried to the banks uf the river. The conqueror, surprised and picqued to IjBve only such reptiles to combat, plunged into the river with his troops, and soon swam over. The gods from whom such miracles were expected were soon cut into pieces, roasted, and devoured by the conquerers. The king of Juida, not thinking any farther effort of avail, fled and hid himself in a neighbouring island. The warriors of Audati spread all over his kingdom, and with fire, and sword burnt villages and forests, and mafsacred all without pity. lear had dispersed what few inhabitants had escaped this Jbutchery ; the three brothers at the first approach of the conqueror, had fled with their mother on their (boulders, to hide themselves in the thickest forest. Selico would not quit Darina as long as (lie was exposed to the smallest danger j but he no ooner saw her in safety, than trem- bling for Berifsa, he hastened to Sabi to inquire after her, to save her, or to peri(h together. Sabi had just been ta- ken by the Dahomais ; — the streets ran with blood ; — the houses pillaged and destroyed j— the palace of the king, the temple of the serpent, were no longer any thing but «moking njips, co\'ered with carcases, whose heads the ■vot. JC. A A -J
fWm
*>*»^'
f
l%6 Se/i'co, a tale. jfag. t.
barbarians had, according to their custom, carried awajr Vvith them. The unhappy Sclico, in despair, wiflied for death, and dared it a thousand times in the midst of this soldiery, drunk with brandy and with blood. Sclico search* «d all these miserable ruins, looking for, and calling, with cries of grief, on fierifsa and Faculhoj but in vain ! he cuuld not discern their bodies amiust so many mutilated trunks. After having given up five days to this fruitlels And melan- choly search, Selico set out to return to his mother, no longer doubting but that Berifsa and her father had fallea vic- tims to the ferocious Dahomais. He found his mother in the same wood where he had left her with his brothers. The melancholy and distracted looks of Selico, frightened •nd alarmed a family already miserable. Darina wept over his misfortunes, and attempted consolations which her son was insensible to. He refused all food, and seem- ed determined to ttarve himself to death. Guberi and Teloa6 did not endeavour to alter his resolution by rea- soning or intreaties ; but pointed to their old mother, who now had not any longer home or bread, or any thing in this world but' her children, and then alked, if, after such a sight, he did not feel himself bold enough to live. Selico promised he would } and endeavoured to ' think no more of his misfortunes, but to divide with his brothers their attention to his mother. They penetrated more into the interior parts of the forest ; built a hut in ft sequestered valley } Ad endeavoured to supply, by the chace, the maize and roots which they were in want of. Having lost their bows and arrows, and other things which they had pot time to carry off with them, they soon felt the effects of faminei Fruits were scatce in this forest, where th* monkies disputed them with the three brothers. The land only produced grafs ; they had no instruments to work it, and no seed to sow, if it had been ^ivoiked. The rainy season was setting in, and their dis*
'^tg. s.
Okrried awaf ir, wiflied for midst of thii Selico search- calling, with rain! hecuuld iUted trunks. !& And mclan- her, nu longer id fallea vic- his mother in his brothers. ;o, frightened Darina wept latious which od, and seem-
Guberi and ution by rea-
old mother, , or any thing liked, if, after lough to live, rod to think ide with his ij penetrated built a hut in upply, by the e in want of. other things h them, thef scatce in this ith the three they had no if it had been and their dis<
^791. Selico, m laU. 1S7
trefs still augmented. The poor mother continually suf- fering upon a bed of dried leaves, never complained, but was declining very fast : her sons, worn out with hunger, could no longer go into the woods, which were now un- der water : they set traps for small birds, and, when they took any, which was very seldom, they carried it to their mother, and gave it her with a forced smile } but the mow ther scarce would eat it, because (he could not make her sons partake of it.
Three months pafsed without bringing any change' to their miserable situation. The three brothers obliged at last to come to some determined resolution, consulted together unknown to Darina. Guberi proposed first that they fliould go to the coast, and that one of them (hould be sold to the first European factory, in order to buy bread, maize, instruments of agriculture, and every thing necefsary to support their aged parent. A melancholy silence was the answer of the two brothers. To sepa- rate,—to quit each other for ever,— to be the slave of
white men \ That idea distracted them. "■ Who will
be sold ?" cried out Telon6, with a doleful voice. " For- tune (ball determine it •," answered Guberi •, <* Let us throw three different sized stones into this pitcher of muddy water,— ftiake it well, — and be who draws out the sndlest fluU be the unfortunate person.— —No bro- ther, interrupted Selico, fortune has already determined. It is me who a« the unfortunate Vmo" J— you have forgot then that I have lost Berifsa, and that you alone hindered me from dying, by telUng me I fhoold be useful to my •nottier : now is the time, perform your promise^ and sell me. Guberi afA TeIon6 endeavoured, btit in vain, to op. pose the gcneroiu offer of their brother ; Selico was deaf to their prayers, refused to draw lots, and threatened to go alone to the £rctory, if they obstinately persisted in re- iusing to accompany bim. 1 be two eldest at last consea-
.*^' SeKco, a ta/t. yfug. 9.
ted, and it was agreed on that Guberi ftiould remain with his mother, and that TeJonc iliould accompany Selico to the Dutch factory, whers he Hiould receive the price of his brother's liberty, and li^ould then retura with the pro- visions, ire. of which th'v were in want.
During this agrecmeni oelico was the only one who did. jjot weep ; but what difficulty and distrels did he suffer to hide his tears when he was to leave his mother, and bid her an eternal adieu ! to embrace her for the last time ! and to deceive her in swearing that he would soon return, with Teloni ! that they were only going to revisit their for. met habitation, and find if they could not again take pof. sefsion of it ! The good old woman believed them, but (he. could scarcely tear herself out of the arms of her sons ; ilie trembled for the dangers they were about to run j and by an involuntary foresight (he ran after Selico, when he bad dis- appeared from her presence. The two young brothers, ijf whom it was difficult to say which was the most to be pitied, arrived in a few days at the city of Sabi. Tho: murders had ceased } Peace began to raise her head } and the king of the Dahomais, quiet pofselior of the states of Juida, widied to encourage an intercourse with Europe, ans, and had given them an cstablllhment witlun bis walls. Many Englilh f\nd French merchants were admitted t'o; his court, to whom he sold hi» numeroua prisonws, and. he divided among his soldier* the lands of the conquered, TeloB^ soon found a mecchant who offered him an hun-. died crowns for his brother. Whilst he was hesitating; and trembling at this honible bargain, a trumpet sound* in the squart, and a public crier proclaims with a loud voice, that the king of Dahomai woiUd give four hundred ounces of gold to whoever would deliyer alive a. negro, as. yet unknown, who had dared to profane, the preceding night, the seraglio of the monarch, and had escaped a( daj' -break, mnidst the aims of his guards. Selico, ob heat*
P*'**'
d remain with any Selico to e the price of with the pro-
f one who did. id he suiFer to her, and bid le last time! d soon return, .risit their for* ;ain take pof. them, but lh«. her sons ; fli« n 'y and by an •■a he bad dis^ lag brothers,, le most to be
Sabi. The: :r head ', and: the states of i;ith Europe^ lui) his waUs<
admitted t'o; rison^rs, and. e conquered, him an hun*. as hesitating: impet sounds with a loud Four hundred E a^ negro, as. le {irecedinf 1 escaped at
icO, OB hs^n
.'79^« Se/ico, t tale. if^
ing this proclamation, made a sign to Tclon^ not to* con- clude the bargain with the merchant j and taking his bro- ther aside, spoke thus to him in a firm and determined voice : " thou must sell me, and I am resolved on it, in order to preserve my mother j but the moo*, dte price this white oifers thee, will aot make her comtortable. Four hundred ounces of gold will be a large fortune for her and you both. You must not let this opportunity •lip ; no, brother, you roust bind me directly, and con- duct me to the king as the criminal he is in search of. Don't be frightened, I know as well as you what punish- ment awaits me j I have calculated its duration, and it cannot last longer than an hour ; and when my mother brought me into the world, fhe suflfered much longer." Telon4 trembled so much he could not answer. Full of alarm and' tendernefs, he fell at the feet of Selico, embra- ced his knees, and, prefsing them, besought him by the name of their mother, by that of Berifsa, by every thing he held dear and sacred on this earth, to give up so ter- rible a resolution. " Of whom dost thou speak ?" replied SelicQ with a smile of anguifti, " I have lost Berifsa ; I am. anxious to meet her again j — I preserve my mother by my death, and render my brothers richt.r than ever they could have expected, and I save myself a slavery that may Jiave lasted forty years. My determination Is fixed j do not argue longer, or I will go and deliver myself to the king; Ihou wilt lose the benefit of my death, and be the means of destroying her to whom we are indebted for our exist- , ence."
Intimidated by the tone and manner with which Selico fronounced these last words, Telone dared not to make any reply j he obeyed his brother, and went for cords to bind him. He tied hi» two anns behind his back, as he bathed it with his tears j and, driving him before him, went t9 the palace of .the king.
to be concluded in our. next.
FARTHER INTELLIGENCE FROM NEW SOUTH WALES. Continued from vol. ix. p. 80. Sydnty, New South Wales, Oct. 29. 1791. •1^ BE governor continues to direct his views chiefljr t» Norfolk island, and the settlement at Ros«h>U, (now callr ^, ed Parramatta from the native name.) The towtt there
■continues to enlarge, according to the ftrst plan, and 20» additional acres oi land are cleared of the timber. But the intense drought which has prevailed for upwards of twelve months past, has almost deprived us of water to drink, and marred our hopes of reaping any considerable increase from the harvest.
Indian corn is likely to be the most profitable graitt that can be raised in this country } and our views aro chiefly directed to the cultivation of that article } but how we can succeed in raising a snfHcient quantity, I know not, without a more speedy method of preparing^ the ground is hit upon, than that by the spade and hoe.
To labour with a plough is impracticable, as the stumpt of the trees and their roots stiU remaia in the ground, and cannot now be removed without an immensity of labour,. Such of the convicts whose times are out^ and choose to become settlers, have small grants of land given to them^ and men to cut down the trees, with eighteen- months provisions from the public store^ But the clearing and cultivation of the land depends wholLy upon themselves.. The governor has endeavoured to place them as contigU' ous to fre(b water as possible y but that article is so scarce that there is a danger of their being without it, even witb the best management. They are allowed grain also t» sow their first crop, and a good many lately have made trial of the busiuels ; but smne of them are already re- penting of their bargains, and it is highly probable tk^ will have greatex catuc eie long.
atet. jfug. 9« JTH WALES.
1791.
Bws chiefljT t9 tiill, (now calU 'he town^ there plan, and 20» : timber. But or upwards of us of water t9 ly considerable
irofitable graitt our views ars t article } but int quantity, I I of preparing ide and hoe. , as the stumpf le ground, and isity of labour,, and choose to g;ive& to them,, rhteen- months : clearing and >n themselves,, ;m as contigU' :le is so scarce t it, even witb \ grain also t» ;ly have made re already re- probable tkcf
Uyoi. . inteUigtnte from New South Wakt. rpt
A. reform of government, (if this country is continu- ed,) is much wanted ) but nothing can be so truly accep- table as freedom and a trial by jury, in all cases.
Our journies to the northward or southward, along the coast, have not as yet extended farther than Broken Ba/ and Botaoy Bay. But the country backwards has been penetrated and pretfy accurately examined for upwards of thirty miles \, but, «s I have formerly said, it has nut been commended, some fewr tract* excepted, that hav^ presented a better appearance.
Norfolk island, I am informed, from the benignity of ' its soil, bids fur to support five or six hundred colonists very wel But a greater number it is thought would prove a burden, as a sufficient quantity of timber must be left to stand for firewood } and the whole island does not exceed 11,000 acres.
At this place, and Parramatta, bricks and tiles are made in numbers, and with ease } so that more permanent build- ings than our original habitations were, are erecting as fast as pofsible. I wi(h we could fill our granaries as rea- dily as we can build houses.
The Mary Ann arrived here on the 9th of July last, with 141 female convicts, after a pafsage of four montks and twelve days from Gravesend, Since which the Gor- gon, and six of the transports bound to this part of the world, have come in all safety j the other four were left lit the cape. *
They have been very healthy throughout the voyage, and few of them have greatly exceeded five months on their pafsage.
These ten sail of transports will nearly land us. 2000 convicts •, without bringing more than a proportibn of six months provisions for their subsistence j so that store fhips will need to arrive Ihortly, or else we Ihall loon be sorely flinched. .
'^^..'".■"Im,
I92 ' to niresponJents , Avg. 8l
The governor w authorised, by tliis conveyance, to in- form such of the convicts as have served their terms of transportation, that they are at liberty to go where they think pr (jcr ; had this been made known before, it would have prevented much murmuring and discontent t* mong them. They all despaired of ever being able to leave this country, which operated so powerfully on their minds that labour became painful, and any chance of esca* |)ing, however dangerous, appeared to them preferable to to that of remaining in perpetual slavery Fifteen of them set out at ditiRerent times in two open boats belong- ing to the settlement. How they will succeed I cannot devise, but the chance is certainly much against them.
The marines who have justly felt much indignation, at the treatment they have met with here, are, to their great joy, to return home immediately in the Gorgon. On ■their arrival, as well as captain Hunter, matters must be brought to light, and I have no doubt but the injured will obtain ample justice.
The discontent and murmuring that has already arisen in the New Sooth Wales corps, prognosticates very little harmony in that quarter, and I believe the chiefs in poli- tics here are heartily sorry for the exchange, but as them- , selves are to bkrae for it, they do not deserve pity.
TO COKRESPONDZNTS.
•flit very eliboraw and interesting eftiy by John Burnt ii thankfiilly re> ceived, and Aall be iiufrted at toon «i pofiible. -
_ The critiqup by A. M. M. came (ife to hand. The poem to whicji It r«feri ii perhaps one of the most unequal in the Englilh language 5 he lU'ght have picked ou( many luch faulty pa&ages. Tfce- remark see mi Voryjust.
J. M'. leems to be nore afraid than the aubjeet require*, and more aealou! than ii necefiary : «« persecute ui, and we will thrive," It an aid reqiark. If the doctripei he tepiebends be really pemlcioua, thea the true way to prevent them from d«:.ig hurt is 10 let them fall to the ground ■wriihout farther notice. The Editor of the Bee ii no friend to PCriecutioft an any form.
Maty atkittwlidgtmtttti ttUl JtfentJ for want cfnm.
jrance, to in< eir terms of
where they rn before, it discontent «• eing able to uUjr on their ance of esca* preferable to Fifteen o£ oats belong- !ed I cannot St them, iignation, at o their great rorgon. On ers must be
injured will
[ready arisen :« very little iefs in poll- but as them- , ! pity.
t thankfully re>
poem to which
\ language} he Tcnurk seemt
lire*, and more irive," It an aid I, th«a (he true 1 to the ground i to periecutwft
^.
THE BEE,
OK
ZITERJRT WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,
W«nji«»DAY, AvousT 15. 179*.
-An account of the society of arcadia at romk Bt aibktournkr, teacher of languages, edinburgh, author f of the anecdotks of pope ganganelli, 6'f.
Continued fiom vol. ix. p. 281.
As I promised you in my last, I proceed in the nar- rative of the establilhment of our Roman Arcadia.
The new Arcadians continued for some time m their literary exercises, much to their own improve- ment, as well as tliat of those who frequented their afsemblies and public rehearsals, which always af- forded great satisfaction to the audience. But as they had it in view, from the beginning, to institute a pure and simple form of government, congenial to a pastoral nation, they went on for the space of six years, (or of an olympiad, and two years, to speak in the stile of Arcadia,) from time to time enacting such institutions as, by their conformity with the rights of nature, promised to be firm and permanent, an4
VOL. X,
MM
MWW"
'94 Italian literature. jiug, 15.
were generally approved and accepted by all the members ; ordering certain customs also to be in- troduced according as circumstances seemed to re- quire. These regulations were several times en- larged, varied, and rejected, until, by the universal consent and obedience, it was decide* which of them were to be selected for the permanent regulation of this literary republic. But as the members of Ar- cadia had by this time encreased to an extraordinary number, it would have been difficult to make the es- tabliflied rules and orders be observed, unlefs they were collected under certain heads, which were known to every person ; it was resolved to reduce them in the form of laws, vaA Alfesibeo Cario^ at that time custode, or guardian of Arcadia^ was .ordered to attend seriously to this important buainefs.
In consequence ofjhis resolution, the custode col- lected these rules and orders, comprefsed them into ten tables or laws^ and two sanctions, which, that they might claim more veneration, he caused to be writ- ten by Opico Erimantho (the celebrated jurisconsult, ' Gian Vincenzo Gravina,) after the manner of the ten tables of the old Roman laws.
The Arcadian codex being thus brought to perfec- tion, in order that no person might plead ignorance, a general afsembly of the fhepherds was called at the £osco Parrasio, (or the Parrhasian grove,) which then existed on mount Palatine, once famous for the Arcadian Evander and his mother Cartnenta, in the ' Orti Farnesiarii, and were publiflied to them on the 20th May in the year 1696. The custode began the ' premulgatioa of the laws, by the solemn formula Veli.
^ug. 15.
by all the io to be in- :med to re- 1 times en< e universal ich of them rgulation of bers of Ar- traordinarj ake the es- unlefs thej ■hich were
to reduce rio, at that as .ordered efs. •ustode col-
them into 1, that thej to be writ- risconsult,
of the ten
: to perfec- ignorance, lied at the e,) which lus for the ita, in the m on the began the mula VeiU
^>J^^, Italian literature, 1 9 j
tisjuheatis, Jrcades, Sec. ^^which you may sec at the end of the laws,) then Palemone Licurio (Silvio Stampiglia) one of the founders, wi^i a clear voice read aloud the laws and the sanction. These had been carved on two large tables of fine marble, at the expencc and by the orders of Cdrisia Alantino, (An- thony Farnese duke of Parma^ at that time in Rome and an acclamated* fhepherd of Arcadia. The marble tables were fixed on the walls of a little amphi- theatre, which was purposely made out for the con- veniency of the Arcadians, all of which exist at this day, although the Parrhasian grove has been trans- ferred to another place.
After the reading of the laws, the marble tables were uncovered and thus exposed to the public ; Opico,. in an eloquent harangue, which is printed in. hia works, required the afsembly publicly to approve and confirm those laws, if agreeable to their wiflics. The tablets, being distributed to the ftiepherds,, who, by secret votes or ballot, gave their approba- tion to the laws and sanction} the cuslode Alfe^ sib'o repeated the formula Velitii jubeatis, &c. The three who had been appointed to examine the votes answered coetus universus scivit.
After the publication of the laws,, tlie oustode read: some regulations conducive to the practical obser- vance of them, after which Euganio Libade, (Men- zini,) and Erilo Cleoneo, (Guidi,) rivalled one ano- ther in the rehearsal of two.ex«cllent Italian poems,.
• I (h»ll have occis'.on to speak hereafter tf the leception in Arcadia by acclamation.
T^
^
>9^ Italian lit$raturt, ^ug. i^..
relative fo the promulgation of the laws, which waa thus concluded.
It would be depriving this narration of one of its most interesting parts, if I fhould omit to present your readers with the laws of Arcadia in their ori- ginal form. They may serve as a model, on a small scale, of a truly free government. To good sense, time, and observation, unincumbered by metaphysi- cal squabblings, and sophistical arguments, did the founders of the Roman Arcadia trust the permanency of their respectable literary republic, guarding by- wise laws its constitution, alike against the tumults i of democracy, and the overbearing influence of aris- tocracy. Happy were it for Rome, once the queen, of nations, that ihe might yet emerge from the dark:, cloud that has covered her since the fall of tltat em«- pire, which owed its origin to superior energy in a free constitution of government ; and as> the course of political knowledge even here, as well as in most other parts of Europe, seems to be lefs obstructed* and the reign of bigotry seems to be near an end, it is probable that it may yet emerge. Hoc erat in- ' •botis, quod Diifaxint.
As an Englilh translation cannot sufHciently con^. vey the beauties of the manly stile of the original Latin, T presume this will be acceptable to a great part of your readers.
Your readers, who are conversant with the Latin clafsics, will undoubtedly reliih the beauties of the original, for the others I fl all endeavour to give hem a translation, which, if it does rot convey that nervous masculine stile of which the Latin language
Aug. 15.. s, which was
of one of its it to present in their ori- I, on a snnall I (i[ood sense, ■ metaphjsi- :nts, did the permanencj guarding bj- the tumultSj ence of aris>- ; the queen; }m the dark;. [ of tltat em«- energj in s i' the course I as in most obstructed*. vc an end, it?'. Hoc trat in^
iciently cona- :he original B to a great
th the Latiit uties of the )ur to give convey that in language
179*. lialian literature, tgf
is sascepttble, it will, however, inform them of the good sense, which is contained in these laws.
Laws OF THE Arcadians.
I. The supreme power fliall belong to the com- munity. Every individual fliall have a right to re- sort to the same *.
H. The custbt for the administration and care of the public affairs, fliall be created by the community every olympiad. An unfit one fliall be removed f.
III. The castas fliall have a vicar, and twelve col- leagues. Of these the custos fliall choose every year, in turn, six new ones, with the consent of the general afsembly, and (hall retain six of the old. He fliall thoose for himself two afsistants. Besides these, there fliall: not be any other public employments.. There fliall' be no patron |.
IV. The votes fliall be secret. In creating or re- moving a custot two thirds fliall form the majority. . In other affairs, any thing more than half fliall be the majority ; if the votes are equal they must be re- peated} after which, if still equal, the affiir fliall be consigned to chance ||.
Leges Arcadvm. *' I. Penes commune summa pocescas tita. Ad idem cuilibet prpvo- care jus esto.
, 'f II. Custot rebus gerundis« et procurandis singulis o1ympiadibu» a communi creator, minusque idoneus remnvetor.
, % III. Custodi vicuriusi et CMlIegie duoiccim adsunto. Eorum tinguli* innis custos consul'o universii coetu novos sex in orbem dig to, sex ve- Krum retineto. Adminlstrns sioi duos adsumito. Prx.er hsc »>ia munera publica ne sunto, Patronus nullus esto.
II IV. Sufiragia lecreu tunto, eaque in cusMde creand»*ut removcndo trifariam dividuntor, juitus()ue numeriu dus p arcct tunto. Catuii in
-Up
lp8 Italian literature. -^tig. iy»
V. Whatever (hall be acted or done by the coHege, in regard to public aiTairs, the cuites fhall refer it to the communitj to the purpose of having it establish- ed for ever *.
VI. The general afsembly fliall be called by the eustos, at least twice in winter, within doors, to the purpose of hearing what there is to be said, and ex- amining what has been done ; but for the purpose of rehearsing the poems, or difsertations of the (heph^rda who are present, six times in the year, once for thosa of the absent, during the vacancies of spring and summer, in the Parrhasian grove in the open airf. %
VII. Evil and satirical verses, obscene, supersti- tious, and impious writings, (hall not be repeated |.
VIII. In the afsembly, and in treating the affairs of Arcadia, the pastoral customs Hiall be always used ;. but in the poetical, or in the prose compositions, as fac only as the subject will allow it || .
IX. Nothing ihall be printed with the Arcadioa name without leave from the public $.
rebus bifariam dispertiMntor, quique partem dimidiam ezsuf erat numerus Justus rsto; ai paria fuant iterantor j dcinctpi res torti committitor.
* V. Qnidquid per collegium de rebui communibus actum gcttumve fuat quo perpctuo ratum iict ad commune lefcrtor.
"f VI. Ccetus universus rclaticnibus audiu.idis, actisque cognoscundis hycme silrem bis insedibus } carminibug autem, aut orationibus prouun- ciandis, presentium quidcm pastotum per annum Sfxici, absentium scrael, Tcrnis cc lEKiTis feriis iir nemus Parrhasium per cuModem 3ub dio con>
vocator.
«
I vn. Mala Carmina, et famosa, obaccna, iupersticiosa, impiave scripta ne pronunciantor.
tt-»tii. In coecu et rebus ArcadicJi pattoritius mos perpetuo, in car* minibus >utcm, et orationibus quantum rri fert adhibetor.
^ IX. Arcadico nomine typic injufiu publico nequid editor •.
r the coHegc, all refer it to ; it establiih-
alled by the doors, to the said, and ex- e purpose of the (heph^rda nee for those
spring and open airf. le, supersti-
repeated %. the affairs of ilways used ;: litions, as fac
lie Arcadioa
Kuf erat numetus committitor.
actum gcstumve-
que cognoicundi). ationibus pronun« absentium S(iiiel> dem Mb dio con»
sticioM, impiave
perpetuo, in car* >r. Iitar>
1791.
Italian literature.
»99
X. As many deno ninations as tliere arc of Arcadian lands, as manv fhall be the ihcpherds a.itl the pastoral names : when any is deceased or expelled, anotheif fhall take his place*.
Sanctiow.
If any person acts, fhall, or fliould act, against these laws, or ihall hinder any one from acting ac- cording to them, he (hail be immediately expel- led from Arcadia, and his name fhall be erased by the cujtode, in the presence of the colleagues.
If any thing in these laws fhould be found obscure, or intricate, or not understood, the right of interpre- ting or supplying (hall belong to the community of the Arcadians, after having consulted the most ex- perienced amongst the fhepherds according to the cus- tom of our ancestors ; and whatever fhall be decreed, or judged, fhall be carefully preserved by the custos ; nor fhall it be introduced in the tables of the Jaws. It fliall not be permitted to any one to introduce new laws.
Alphesiboeus Caryus, custosy thus requested the general afsembly : May it be your will and your command, O ! Arcadians, that what is comprehended and ordered in these laws, for the government of our community, fhall be, by common authority and com- mand, deemed firm and establifhed for ever.
And that the fliepherds from hence forth fhall be bound by them for ever } so ihat whoever after
* X. Quot praeJiorum Arcadicorum t'ltuli totidem pastores, pas(orun». que nomina sunco, ioqus mortui aut ex puncti locum uiius sufKciLor,
'I*' ■«L?i!i.j! ::
200 Italian literature . ^«g' "^S'
Jhis fliall be received into Arcadia, flisll be obliged, as by oath, to the obedience of these laws *. 'the general afsembly agreed. In the third year of the six hundred and eighteenth olympiad ; the second year of the second olympiad from the reftoration of Arcadia, a joyful day for
evert. . , , .
Before the afsetnbly retired they wisely decreed, to dedicate and consecrate their laws to the pope a« prince of the country who was then pope Innocent xil. By decree of the general afsembly.
To InnoMnt xil. most good, and most high pontif, moderator of the world, defender of divine and humin rights, Arcadia dedicates and consecrates her laws %.
S AI4 CT to*
• SI qui, .dT. .u. h. 1. facit, fax.t. fecerit, quique fadt, f«!t. fecerlm quo minu, q..-.. secundum h. I. »ace,«. fecifKtTe, f«turu.ve .,« confc.- L »arcas «to, .jusque nomea coram coll.gio per cu.todm mducor.
Si quid in hi, legibu. obscurum perplexumve s.et, s.ve comprehensum n.. siet, communi Arcadum. con,ul.i, p.ritioribu. m.er pa.tor.,. mo'. n^.jorum/murprctandi, .uppKndVque ju. e.to", quodque deer.tum jud- ca.umvesietp.n« custodem ad.ervatori in legem tabula, ne red.guor.
Nulli nova, lege, fe"e f« '"0. _
Alphesiboeu, Caryus custc. coetum univenum lU rogav.t. Vel.ti. lubratis Arcade, ut. qu« in hi. legibu. ad no.rri communi, reg.men com- prehensa pre.crip.aque .unt. authorita.e jufsuque commun. ju.ta raU firma re.petuo ,ient. lisdemque pasture, po.tbac om.e. perpetuo e- lnv..r. ut quicumquc A«adic„m deincep, nomen adsum.er.t ob.tr.ctu. H. L. veluti Sacramento .let.
COBTV, VHIVIR.V. .CIVIT.
t Olympiad. »cxv.u.ann. iii. ab a. .. olympiad ... ann. \i. die per- eetuo laeta.
Ex COBTV, OWIVIII,. CON.WITO.
X Innocemio .... pontifici optimo maximo moderatorl o;*-'; ""»-*>' Jai. human-quc juri, tutelx sua. Arcadia lege, d.cat con.e«al,u..
j4ug. 15. 1 be obliged,
id eighteenth )nd olympiad yful day for
sely decreed, > the pope as ; Innocent xii.
I most high let of divine id consecrates
»cit,fiix!t,fecerlt»e turutve liet confet- stodem induciior. sive comprehcnsum Iter paitores, mo't que decretum judi- abuUt ne redigicor.
ta rogavit. Veliti* nunis regimen com- ommuni justa rata om'^e» perpetuo te- dsumierit obitrictu«
II. aim. ii. die pcr-
ro.
itori orbii' terraruiht
at coniecratque.
*
ESSAY ON DELICACY OF SENTIMENT.
For the Bee.
Oh ! teach ui, — yet unspoil'd by wealth !
That lecret rare, between tir ixcreroei to move,
Of mad good nature, and of mean iclt° lore. Port.
The character of delicacy of sentiment, to esteemed at present, seems to have been unknown to the an> cients. It is certainly a great refinement on huma- nity. Refinements are never attended to in the ear- lier ages, when the occupations of war, and the wants of unimproved life, leave little opportunity, and lefs inclination, for fanciful enjoyments. Danger and distrefs require strength of mind, and necefaarily ex- clude an attention to those delicacies, which, while they please, infallibly enervate.
That tendernefs which is amiable in a state of per. feet civilization, is despised as a weaknefs among unpoliOied nations. Shocked at the smallest circum- stances which are disagreeable, it cannot support the idea of danger and alarm. So far from exercising the cruelties which are sometimes politically neccf- sary in a rude state, it starts with horror from the sight, and at the description of them. It delights in the calm occupations of rural life, and would gladly resign the spear and the {hield for the (hepherd's crook and the lover's garland. But in an unformed Oommunity, where constant danger requires constant defence, those dispositions which delight in retire- ment and ease will be treated with general contempt ; and no temper of mind which is despised will be long ejiidemical. ^
VOL. X. c c f
I
,a»l Of ItUeaey of itntimiU. jfug.x^.
The anc*ent Greeks and Roauns were the most civilJred people on the earth. The/, however, were unacquainted with thit extreme delicacy of senti- ment which is become so universally prcvaknt in modern times. Perhaps some reasonable causes maj be aTsigued. The stoic philosophy endeavoured t» ihtroduce a total apathy, and, though it was not ens* btaeed, in all its rigidity, by the vulgar, yet it Itad %■ sifficient number of votaries to diffuse a general tasto for ad insehsibilrty of temper. It perhaps orignvally meant no more than to teaci men to govesa their affections by the dictates of reason ; but as a natural want of feeling produced the same effects as a ra- tional regulation of the pafsions, it soon pafsed among^^ the vulgar for what it could lay ao claim to, a phi- losophical indifference.
That.respectftil attention to women, which in mo- dern times is called gallantry^ was not to be found among the ancients. Wemen were looked upon as inferior beings, whose only duty was to contribut« to pleasure, and superintend domeettc economy. It was not till the days of chivafi-y that men (howed that dfsire of pkasing the softer s«c, which seema -to allow them a superiority. This deference f- wo- men refines the manners and softens the temper ; and it is no wonder -that the ancients, who admitted no women to their social conversations, fbould acquire a -it)ughnefs of manners incompatible wit h dtlicocy of itntiment.
Men who acted, thought, and 9^oke,like the ancients, ■were unquestionably furni&ed, by nature, with every feeling in great perfection. But theiranodeofedttcatiofi
L
jiug. 15. 'c the most wrevcr, were '.J of sentl- )rcvalcnt in oiuses mtj eaV^oiircd t*^ «M Hot am* yet it iwift. ;«neral tasts M origiivail^ ortca their as a natural icts as a ra- afscd among m to, a phi-
hich in tno- to be found ed upon a< } contribut« onomj. It nen ihowed (rhich seems ence t>" wo- emper ; and tdmitted no Id acquire a delicacy of
he ancients, I with every of education
1793. 0/1 dtlUaey of stntimtnt. a&3
co'Uributed rather to harden, than to mollify their hearts. Politic* and war were the sole general ob- jects. Ambition, it is well known, renders all other p^fsions sub.ervient to itself ; and the youth who had been accustomed to military diicipline, and hsd endured the hardlhips of a campaign, though he might yield to the ailuremcnta of pleasure, would not have time to attend to the refinements of deli- cacy. But the modern soldier, in-thc present mode of conducting war, is not compelled to undergo many personal hardlhips, either in f!ie preparation for his profefsion, or in ths cxerci'ie of. it. Commerce, but little known to many anci-int nations, gives the mo- derns an opportunity of aiquiring opulence without much difficulty or danger ; and the infinite numbers who inherit this opulence, in order to pafs away life wi:h ease, hav? recourse to the various aits of ex- citing pleasure*. ITie profefsions of divinity and law, leave sufficient tiror, opportunity, and inclina- tion to most of their profefiors, to pursue every amusement and gratiucation. The general pUv» of modern education, which, among the liberal, consists of the study of the poets and sentimental writers, contributes, perh^s more than all other causes,, to humanise the he^rt and refine the sentiments : for,, at the period when- education, is commenced, the heart is most susceptible of imprefsion..
Whatever disposition' tends to soften, without weakening the mind, must be cherilhed ; and it must lie allowed that delicacy 01 sentiment, on this side t»ie extreme, adds greatly to the happiaefi of map- ]|4d4, by difiiusiing aa universal benevolence. . U
204 on delicacy of sentiment. Aug. 15.
teacher men to feel for others as for themselves ; it disposes us to rejoice with the happy, and, by par- taking, to increase their pleasure. It frequently ex- cludes the malignant pafsions, which are the sources of the greatest misery in life. It excites » pleasing sensation in our own breast, which, if its duration be considered, may be placed among the highest gra- tifications of sense. The only ill consequence that can be apprehended from it is, an ciFeminacy of mind, which may disqualify us for vigorous pursuits and manly exertions.
In the most succefsful course of life, obstacles wfll impede, and disagreeable circumstances disgust. To bear these, without feeling' them, is sometimes necef- sary in the right conduct of life r but he who is tremblingly alive all over, and whose sensibility ap- ■ proaches to sorenefs, avoids Ve contest in which he knows he must be hurt. He feels injuries neVer committed; and resents affronts never intended. Disgusted with men and manners, he either seeks retirement, to indulge his melaneholy, or, weakened by continual chagrin, he conducts himself with folty and imprudence. ^*fl*fe-3«ij ...
How thai fliall we avoid th< extreme of a d'ispost^ tion, which, in the due medium, is productive of the most salutary consequences ? In^ this excefs, as well as all others, reason must be called iu to moderate. Sensibility must not be permitted to sink us into that state of indolence, which effectually reprefses those manly sentiments that may very well consist with the most delicate. The greatest mildnefs is commonly united with the greatest fortitude in thd
bL
Aug. tjv ■ themselves ; it >7, and, by pa^. It freqaentlj ex- 1 are the sources scites a pleasing t if its duration jtbe highest gra- :(Misequencfe that minacy of mind, IS pursuits and
e, obstacles wfll es disgust. To Jmetimes necef. >ut he vrho is sensibility ap- 5«t in which he injuries neV^er ever intended, he either seeks , or, weakened iself with folty
e of a disposi- tductive of the xcds, as well I ta moderate, sink tts inta »H7 reprefses f well consist t nn^ildQefs is rtitode in tb&
179I. antiquitiej in Scotland^ 20<
true hero. Tcndernefs, joined with resolution, form, indeed, a finiftied character.
The affectation of great sensibility is extremely
. common. It is, however, as odious as the reality is amiable. It renders a man contemptible,, and a «r<j-
•man ridiculous. Instead of relieving the afflicted, which is the necefsary effect of genuine sympathy, a character of this sort flies from misery, to ftiew that it is too delicate to support the sight of distrefs. The appearance of a toad, or the jolting of a carnage,
• will cause a paroxysm of fear. But it is remarkable that »his delicacy arid tendernefs often disappear in solitude, and the pretender to uncommon sensibility is frequently found, in the absence of witnefses, to
• be uncommonly unfeeling.
To have received a tender heart from the hand of
nature, is to have received the means oi the greatest
blefsings. To have guided it by the dictates of rea-
soii, is to have acted up to the dignity of human na-
. ture, and to have obtained that happinefs of which
the heart was constituted susceptible.
May a tempery thus laudable in itself, never be
rendered contemptible by affectation, or uselefs by
neglect \
Edinburgh, 1 MESCHKZABEEr..
Jan, i6. i7y2. J
ON VIT2IFIED FORTIFICATIONS
■ IN SCOTLAND.
Continued from vol. ix. p. 2i6.
SiNCS the foregoing account of vitrified fortifica- tions in Scotland was written, I have examined se-
M
^n6 ttHtijvitiej in Stotiand. ■ jiitg, i$t.
Tcral etber hills, Ibrtified after the siinie iqftnner as that of Knockferrel, but I find th^y differ from each other ia some particulars. At Knockierj^l the vi- trified crust surrounded the wail only on the outside, whereas at Tapo-noath in Aberdeenfliire, where a , large fortitication of this kind has been, the vitrified ■crust is only discoverable on the inner side of the wall, without any marks of vitrificaxi^n oa the out- side, except at one place, where the whole of the conical wall is incrusted on both 8ic}e». I apprehend^ indeed, that the whole of the wall on thi? hill has been originally incrusted on both sides, but as the hill is very steep, and the wall has probably been built very hear the edge of the precipice, the founda- tion has gradually given way, so as to allow the vi- trified eriist on the outside, to slip dow« tb« hill^ at tlie foot of whieh larf« mafses of it are stiil to be found in abundance ; and, being thus demoliflied, n^ thing now remain^jon that part of the wall but the loose stones,, that formed oriiginally theh«a/rc of th« wall, tumbled, in part, down the hill; whcreasthe v«Mtiges of the inner crust, whdae foundations- remain firm, are »till distinctly perceptihie. The hillj on that part where the wall remains entire, is lefs steep than the othar part of it; the green sod remiainicg: entire to the very foot of the wall^ which seems to eonfirm tiais conjeoture.
On the top of Ae hiU oalled Dii»tO-4e«r in Aber- deenfhiie, there are also vestiges of a fortification of the 8&me kind; -but as I have observed some parti- culars that I did not discover in any of the othev
■Jug. I $4.
\t ti)ftnner as it from each ecjrej the vi- I the outside, re, where a the vitrified ' side of the I oa the oat> wholtt of the I ^ptehendy this hill hits s, but R9 the rofaably been , the founda- ajlow the vi> '9 the hill« at tve stiil to be inoU&ed, n^ [but the loose ; of the wa}l, >^ the vMtigcs uin firm, are on that part teep than tke leg: entire to « to eonfirm
leer jn Aber-
irtification of
I some parti-
of the other
T7g4. antlqidtkt ht Sevtlund. aidf
ImIIs of the same cla& that X examined, I Aall des* ctib* them with some degree of accoracy.
This is a beautilul green hill, situated in the. raiddleof the extenaive rale, called the Garo.^h. This; hill was celebrated by Boethios, as cotitidiang ine»> haustibk mints of gotd in its bowels, from which there i£sued such ft aubals effluvium, or exudation, or what you please to cftii It, a« tinged the teeth of- the fceep which pastured ap«n it, in his daye, with a: beautifiil golden hue. But he lired in that age when dchemy flouviflied, io tlut it was no dilEcuk matter for them to convett ir^n int« gold.
On the top of this hill, besides the vitrified wail already alluded to.there are also the remains of an©* ther aneient structure of stone and iime, which is by the vulgar supposed to have been the palace of o-e of the kings of Scofeknd. It discoven no remains of princely magnificence, and has been evidently a strong hoW, erected at t \at period when every prince- ly-baron was obliged to have such habitations, for securing himself and his vafsal* from the sudden at- tacks of his barbarous neighbour.
This castle has been originally ft square, sixty feet on each side, the walls about twelve feet in thick- nefs, with small windows, in the common stile of building in those days. It is now in rubbilh, except a small part of the west wall, whifch was lately repair- ed, so as to keep it from falling, at the expence of the neighbouring gentlemen, who wifeed to preserve it on account of its picturesque appearaace, which ift seen from afar. The site of this building ia marked on the-plan at Hi the part that is ataoding is fliaded^
00 8 antiquities in Scotland. Aug. 15.
black. There is no tradition of the time when ei- ther this structure, or the vitrified walls, were erec- ted ; but it is sufficiently apparent that the lat- ter must have been of a date much prior to the for- mer, and built by a nation in a very different state of civil polity ; for, at the latter period, the lord of the domain having found, we may suppose, the old vi- trified fortification inadequate to the purpose of de- fence, or inapplicable to the state of his private af- fairs, has purposely demoliflied them, and, yirith their rains, erected his own hAbitation. This if evident from the fragments of the vitrified walls and scorch- ed stones, which are every where discoverable in the ruins of the stone and lime building.
This circumstance, in my opinion, deserves to be particularly attended to, as it serves to throw some light upon the ancient state of our civil polity, and its revolutions, where more distinct records are wanting. In the infancy of society, perhaps in all nations, no man afsumed any other authority over others than what was voluntarily yielded on ac- count of his lire, experience, or superior abilities, whether mental or corporal. But man could hardly be placed in society before he would discover that, without the afsistance of his fellows, he was a weak defencelefs animal ; so that, although each might live independent of another while at peace, when any danger threatened they would find the ne- cefsity of uniting together for mutual defence, and of submitting, for the time, to be directpd by the wis- dom of some man in whom they in general placed confidence. In this state of society it would exceed the
U
time when tU >]ls, were erec-
that the lat- ior to the for- fferent state of the lord of the le, the old vi- purposeof de- his private af- md, virith their 'his if evident lU and scorch- sverable in the
leserves to be > throw some n\ polity, and records are perhaps in all Lithoritj over ielded on ac- rior abilities,
could hardly liscover that, ), he was a Ithough each lilc at peace, [ find the ne-
defence, and i bj the wis- ;eneral placed >ld exceed the
1^9 1. mntiquities in Scotland. . 10^
power of any imdividual to render- his own place of residence sufficiently strong to resist the attacks of any invading power ; and, therefore, it would become- the interest of the whole community to fortify,, iai the best falhion they could, . some places of strength; to which the whole community could retire for ■ safety, in tin>es of danger. So long as they con-, tinued to migrate from one -region . to another, ia; hordes, this place of strength would be only a tem- porary fortification,. of the nature of a camp •, and. this seems to have been the stag^to which the Germansr had arrived ia the time of TacLtus. Btrt in a more^ bftrren country, .where grain could only be raised;, with ease on. those spots which had been already; cultivated, and in a «tate of society somewhat, more < advanced in. civilization, ..when some idea of privates property began to take place, the man whi^ at a,,. great deal of trowbley ,had cleared a small spot for. himself) and .erected an habitation, that could stand.! for more than one season^ would look out for a place . of strength' not far from himself, .to which he, could: retire occasionally in cases of danger,' which bet would ; fortify in « durable and substantial mfanner.. In tlus.- stage of society, have^ in all probability, these vitri-- fied fortifications been reared, which- served, not as-. a place of continued residence to any o^e,^ but mere- . ly as a place of temporacy retreat, when any na- tional danger threatened which .indi.viduals were not . able to repel...
But wheiiy at' an after period,' honours and ifiefs :.
became hereditary, when particular families waxed.'
great in power, and each chieftan, at the head of his .
clan, became a sort of pettj --neign in his own dis- •
vol. X. D » ..t
fXO antujuities in Scotland. Aug. \$'.
trict, ?nd afsumed to himself the charge of protec- ing h'.s vafsals, and avenging their quarrels, he. found it necefsary to have a fixed habitation, proportioned to his own digpity, in which he could reside at all times himself in safety, and to which some of his vafsals might occasionally repair for Ihelter. The open fortifications, which could only be defended by a great number of men perpetually upon their guard, were, in that state of perpetual alarm, by no- means adapted to his wants, and therefore he had recourse to smaller fortifications of another kind, which, by Ae strength of their walls and gates, wercr not liable to be suddenly surprised, even when de- fended by a few only. This gave rise to those nu- merous strong holds, of the uature of the stone and lime tower now in question, which superseded the use of fhe old vitrified open forts, which were then either neglected, and suffered to fall to ruin of them- selves, or were pulled to pieces, like that of Dun-o- deer, to afford materials for a dwelling better suited to the wants of the owner.
From this cause the ruins of the vitrified walls on the top of this hill, afsume a very different appear- . adce from the others already mentioned. Where the vitrified matter h»s been so ill compacted, as to ad- mit of being ))roken into small pieces, they have been carried away, and the walls razed to the very founda\ion ; but where these vitrified mafses were too firmly united to admit of being easily broken in- to small pieces, they liave been sufiered to remam m their place, where they still exhibit to the eye of the ♦curious traveller, venerable remains of ancient nrt, now mistaken by the carelefs for the operations
;e of protec- ts, he found proportioned reside at all some of his belter. The defended by upon their larm, by no- iforc he had lother kind, i gates, were ren when de- to those nuo lie stone and-" perseded the ;h were then 'uinof them- at of Dun-o- better suited
[fied walls on rent appear- . Where the ted, as to ad- I, they have I to the very mafses were y broken in- to remain in ) the eye of ns of ancient lie operations
1792. antiquities in Scotland. 2tt
of nature, some of which afsume a beautiful and pic- turesque appearance, as may be perceived by the faint
representation annexed, which has been perforated by a hole Uke a natural rock.
u
2ti on Voltaire. Aug, ty.
These ruins are indeed the firmest mafses of the kind I have met with.- Here, however, as wns-tobe expected, we in vain look for the large backing of loose stones, to be found in all the other buildings of this kind thai I have seen : thej have been carried away to the stone and 'lime tower, and nothing re- mains but pieces of the vitrified rock, if I maj ven- ture that exprefsion, stripped entirely naked, rising up in irregular mafses round the hill : yet even here 6ome stones ^are found with* oneend firmly immersed in the vitrified matter, while the t>ther end projects
' considerably beyond it, and is only browned by the heat. This circumstance sufficiently marks that
■ these walls must have been built after the same ge-
- neral plan with others of this clafs. .!& hi continued.
ON VOLTAIRE.
'Thet say that 'if Voltaire were alive he would be
' of the aristocratic party, because that he ioved to
sign himself count of Ferney ; and though incef-
santly reviling court3,"iie was still a courtier. His
writings are, however, an ttjf^eal to the sevolutioa
which has been brought about, and which he had
foretold. A good paoiphlet might^be made of all his
' queries >and advices on the reformation of .abuses in
ihe laws, in the 'government, in the administration of
justice, in the magistracy, in the finance, in the clergy
and church. It is he who has exalted the noblenefs
of agriculture, and of consequence debased the truly
' low nobility of knight-errantry, since it was sloth
• «ruihed it from the iidght of its^ cuined towei&.
Aug. xy. mtfses of the , Rs wns tobe ge backing of r buildings of I been carried 1 nothing re- F I may ven- laked, rising ret even here ilj immersed end projects twned by the marks that the tame ge-
he would be
he 4oved to
hough incef-
jurder. His
he seTolutioa
hich he had
lade of all his
of .abuses in
linistration of
in the clergy
Lhe noblenefs
Bed the truly
it was sloth
cowersu
1792, ttnVohalrt, 213
There 13 a small pamphlet extracted from his works, which bears a great resemblance to the pam- phlets of the late Jursetal. The title of this pam- phlet is, • Laws, civ ir and ecclesiastical.*
"In the papers of a certain lawyer are found these notes, which, 'perhaps, merit some examination, That no ecclesiastical law (hall ever have eflPect, except it (hall have received an exprefs sanction from go- ■vernment. It was by adhering to these principles that Athens and Rome avoided all religious disputes.
** These disputes belong to nations uncivilized, or become so.
" That the magistracy alone flionld have it in their hands to permit, or prohibit labour, during holidays, because it belongs not to a priest to prohibit a man from cultivating the fields.
" That every thing rcspecHng marriage fliould depend solely on the magistracy, and that the priests Ihould confine themselves to the solemn function of benediction.
" That money given out at interest ihould be -purely the -object of the civil law, because that it alone presides over commerce.
"*' That ecclesiastics ihould in every case be sub- jected to government, because they are subjects of the state. He would have said at presenfv because they are subject to the law.
** That they never ihould have .the disgraceful impectinence of paying to a foreign priest, the first revenues of those lands which have been consigned <l)f citizens to a priest, a fellow citizea.
ai4 on Vohdire, -^ug. i$»
•• That no priest (liould ever have it in his power to deprive a citizen of the least prerogative, under pretext that this citixen is a sinner, because that the priest, a sinner himself, ought to pray for sinners, not judge them.
" That the magistrates, the labourers, and the priests, fliould pay an equal fliare of the burdens of the state, because that they all belong equally to the state.
" That there fhould be every where the same weight, i.ieasure, and custom.
** That the punifliment of criminals fliould hi serviceable. A man hanged is good for nothing, while a man that is condemned to the public works, etill serves his country, and is a living lefson.
*' That every law fliould be clear, uniform, and precise. To interpret it is generally to corrupt it.
" That nothing fliould be infamous but vice.
** That the imposts fliould always be proportion* ally.
" That the law fliould never be in opposition to custom, because if the customs Are good, the law signifies nothing."
This small pamphlet presents us with t great number of reformations besides ; and which properly are so. One or two sittings of the national afsem- h\y would suffice to ratify tl?em. It is a good thing that the sittings, in an instant, transform into laws, those eternal truths which our fathers had lost, and their sons have restored. We have opened their eyes. People there ate who wifli to deprive us of th«m| ibut to this we never will agree.
Hi
jiug. 15, In his power ative, under luse that the r sinners, not
•rs, and the le burdens of ijualljr to the
re the same
Is fhould bii for nothing, tublic works, lefson.
uniform, and corrupt it. ut vice. ; proportion*
opposition to ood, the law
with a great dich properly itional afsem- a good thing rm into laws, had lost, and ed their eyes, us of tbem^
Sir, To the Editor of the Uee.
The nine books of poetical epistles which Ovid conaposeil during tlic seven first years of hit melancholy exile, arc well observed by Mr Gibbon to pofsefs, besides the^mcrit of elegance, a double value.
" They exhibit a picture of the human mind ("writes he,) under very singular circumstances, and they contain many curious observations which no Roman except Ovid cguld have an opp >»:unity of making*."
I have frequently regretted, that no gentleman who united the poet and the scholar in one character, has ap. pearcd to give us at once (in Englifli verse,) the softnefs and elegance of the original, and to elucidate the text n\l\\ topographical and moral remarks.
With respect to the poetical partof such an undertaking, I am persuaded that no one individual Ihould ever think of com- pafsing above a few of those epistles, such as have often attrac- ted his attention a'"'>cngaged his poetical fancy J and that, af- ter a select number were written in this manner, by various hands, and con amore, that the bookfhould be publilhed with its subsidiary elucidations, that these isolated epistles ihould make their first appearance in literary miscellanies, and thus be subjected to the criticism and correction of the public.
I beg leave to offer you a hazardous attempt of mine to promote such a plan by a free translation of that beau- tiful epistle in the first book of his Pontics, which is ad- drefsed to his wife. I will not disgrace myself by decry- ing the merit of what I offer to the public, but content myself with saying that I hope it will at least be more ac- ceptable to the lovers of poetry than such sing song origi- nals, as are ungilded by the bright rays of a genuine A- psUo, or unfraught with a strong ardent spirit of invention. I am. Sir, your constant reader, Philotuesis.
• Gibbon, vol. Ui. p. 121. note.
OVID's inSTtK TO HIS WIFE KROM fONTUS. BOOK I. trilTLt iv.
TiMtV iron hind ploughs furrows down Biy face, Tlir f.o.t of sg« hath silver'd o'er my browj
Sorrow hath robb'd me of tach manly gracf,
And (ports which lately ple^s'd mc, please n«t now<
Did you but see me that to care consignM,
Did you hot mirk eath ruinous decay, Yuur Ovid scarcely cuuld yuu call to mindi
His well known tbim no semblance would betfay.
Time, it is true, the brightest blof««m seirsi
But toil and grief have turn'd these temples hoacf •
For by my troubles did you count my years, Not Pylian llesCur could have number'd mote.
Yon ox, — though late th< sturdiest of his brccdy The constant labour of the field impairs }
And where succefslve harvests quick niccced, £Vn tarth grows weak teneath the load (he bear*.
The fleetest steed that e'er the ttadium crofs'd> Mtist fairer, if to e»*ry contest driv'n j >
The bulkiest vefsd ocean ever tost,
Not ay can bear the storms of angry heav'n.
Thus lengthen'd 'tvocs, in sad succtfsiun join'd,- Lo. g, etc his djie, have turn'd your lover gray}
Rest cheats the body, solaces the mind, But toil unccjsing wears then) b7'b away.
See how the ion cf JE^oa's growing hme. To distant ages brighter seems to Aine ^ ■
Zut far inferior w^s his pUu^Ive claim. His boasted toils to Icfs severe than mine<
Pelias indeed to Pontus made him Tee,
Hoping himself to wear Thef<:alu*s crown • i
But Czsar's mightier anger exiles me,
Cksu, before whole nud a woild bows down!
Long wal my voyage, distant was my port, A swifter pafsage -, outht'iil giory sped;
The chiet's of Crctce to /Eaon'i hcii resort, While all my friends in base desertion fled.
* A liberty it here Ukcn with the tut, but not with tlM itorfl
'ONTUS. By fate,
OW)
'i
it im now.
d httHf.
S|
pies hoarf ■
t
mote,
brtcdf .
\
ed,
(he bev>.
ift'd, ■
in'd, :rgrjyi
Be«
vn*t
down!
rt, Hed.
iridt tlM itorf)
«v
r792. poeiiy, 217
A t^altllcr fl\ip than lils itj rourcf re'er run, ;,
In a trail bark 1 brav'd the torning tide i No pilot Typh'n, — no Agrnor'i !i n,
To teach me where to ttecr, or what avoid.
Juno and Pallas made hit freight thrir care, >
No tutelary pow'rs my tratit purjue } By love'a ily arti he foil'd each deadly mare,
Would that in these 1 had not aidetl too ! ~ '
Safe he returned i — more hard, dear wife ! my fatej
Condemn'd to perifh on a foreign fliore; To bear great C«iar'! unrelenting hale, And luch fierce wrath ai Jaion ill had bore.
I left thee young, — but fancy, long iince, drew Thy f?ce, by my njiifortunes, cioth'd in ) ears 5
O ! would to heav'n that I thii change could vicwi I'Mi thy paie cheek, and miii^le teatt with tears.
That these fond arms thy slender form could prefs, (Now grown more slender with its griefs for me)
While all my soul pour'd forth its past distrefs, And drank the kindred tale of woe from thee !
Then would we offer at each grateful dawn,
An incense worthy of our royal sire! O bright Aurora I speed th.it happy morn.
And calm s:ern Cxtir's too insatiate ire; T. P>
10 hUPE. For tht Bte.
SrARK of th' etherial fiie, cnchantirg maid. Without thee none but conscience inly torn ;
Still let thy pow'r be felt, and still display'd, Where the dark vapour feels the flow'.- of morn.
Friend of the friendlefs, comforter in woe, Guide of the wand'rer, and the captive's life j
Where slav'ry decks with care the loaden'd brow. And tyrants spurn when suppliants alk relief.
Point to the track from which so late I swerv'd, Conduct me to the peaceful realms of blifs }
Teach me to l«jpe for blefsing; still reserv'd. And still to hope for life and happinefs.
Thy sacred beam enlivens iiif.u-.t faith ; Friend of the gasping wretch, be mine till death. Q^D. C. vol. X. IS f
g|«nSSM
mmim
■fW?li^'MEr\'^X«*.'
Sir.
To the Edim of the Bet.
ir the following long tend not to depreciate the dijiuty af your Mil cellany, by intening it you would muih oblige Vlfc.
THE LASS OF MAHTINDAUt.
At Marrindile, a villagt.gay,
A damsel deigns to dwill) Tier looks are like a tutnnier's diy.
Her charms no tongue can tell i Whene'er I meet her on my way,
I tell my am'rous tale} Then heave a ugh, or softly say Sweet maid ot'Martindale! Sweet maid of Martinddle ! Sweet maid ofMartindale ! Then heave a sigl., or softly s«y Sweet nuid cf Martindale
This nymph hath numbers in hrr trata^
From Hodge up to rhe 'squire ; A conquest makes of ev'ry swain.
All g lie and all admire s Then Where's the hope, Alas! forme,
That I fljould e'er pievail ; Yet while I breathe I'll think of thee,
Sweet maid of Martindale !
Sweet maid of Martindale, Wc.
Should fate propitiou* be my lot,
To. call this charmer mine, I'd dwell content in lowly cot,
And pomp^ius thoughts resign ; ■ But if Ihe scorns e--K heart-felt sigh.
And leaves me to -wail} •lor ihee, my Fair ! for thee I'll die, Sweet maid of Martindale ! Sweet maid of Martindale, Sweet maid of Martindale ! For thee, my Fair, for thee I'll die, Sweet maid of Martindale i
AN £?IORAM. For the See 'BiiNG afk'd \*hy in Scotland they've paper ft)i gold,
A satirical jade who let nothing escape her, Made an answer at once both convincing and bold,
Where there's plenty of rags, there is always much p*fer.
-Ay. 15
difnity af your Mi* Vift.
1
ee,
h, II die,
pri- for gold,
her,
nd bold,
Iways mutb pafcr.
»792.
Svlico, a tale.
SELICO, A TALE.
2r9
Continued from p. 1%^ and concluded.
Stopped by the first guards, he demanded lo be con- ducted to the king j — his name and purpose is announced, and he is presented to the monarch. The king of Da- homai, covered with gold and precious stones, is half re^ •clincdupon a sopha of scarlet and gold, his head leaning on the breast of one of his favourites, clothe! with petti- coats of brocade, and naked from the waist upwards. The ministers, nobles, and officers, very richly ores t, were prostrated at twenty steps from him j the bravest wexe distinguifhed by a collax- of human teeth, each of which -was a mark of a victory. Many women, with firelocks on .their (boulders, guarded the doors of the apartment : large vases- of gold containing palm wiae, brak.dy, and strong. liquors, werr. placed indiscriminately, at a little di- stance from the king, and the lloor was paved with the ikuUs of his enemier..
" Sovereiga of the world ! said Telon^j, bowing his fore- head to the ground, 1 come, according to thy sacred ordws,,
to deliver into thy hands." He could say no more, his
voice faultered, the king questioned him, but he could not answer. Seiko then sj;oke : ' king of Dahomai, you see before you the criminal who, instigU^J by a fatal. pafsion, penetrated last night into your seraglio. He who holds me bound, was so long my confidential friend, that I in- trusted him with my secret ; 'zealous to serve thee, he has betrayed his friend. He surprised lae when sleeping,, bound me, and brings mc here to demand thy promised re- compence, give it him, for the wretch has well earned it.' The king, withsut deigning to answer him, makes a sign
•t1
22C Seiico, a tale. ^"g. 15.
to one of his ministers, who siezes the culprit, delivers him to the armed women \, and counts out to Telon£ the four hundred ounces of gold. He, loaded with this gold, whose touch is dreadful to him, hastens to buy provisions, and then ruflies out of the c' ■ in a hurry to carry them to his mother.
Already, by orders from the monarch, they had begun the preparations for the terrible execution, with which a- dultery with the king's wives *^as puniihed in Juida. Two wide ditches are dug at a (hort distance from each other. In that destined for the guilty wtfe the criminal is fastened to a stake, and all the ladies of the s.;raglio, drefsed in their best apparel, carrying large v fs liling water,
march to the sound of drums an;J 'ivi;. '..A pour this water upon her head until Ihe expires. In the other ditch there is a pile of wood, above which is an iron bar sup- ported by two stakes, to this bar the other criminal is tied, and when the pile is lighted, the extremity of the flames do but touch him, and he perifhes by length of tor- ture. The square was full of spectators. The whole army under arms formed a square battalion of firelocks and darts. The priests, in their drefses of ceremony, were waiting to lay their hands on the victims and devote them to death. The prisoners came from opposite quarters guarded by women. Selico, calm and resigned, marched with an erect countenance and firm step. Having romr to the fatal spot, an involuntary movement made hir>: tcr.t. his eyes to view his companion in misery j — w'<" 5ii his surprise ? wliat is his grief, to see Bcrifsa!! He scrr . . .'I and attempts to lly to her, but his executioners ^ - ;:t hitn. Indignation directly takes pofsefuon of hiuij--"wrett J says he to himself, during the time when I was bewail- ing her lofs, and seeking death in order to follow her, fl>e was one of those vile mistrefses that dispute the heart of a tyrant I Not content with having betrayed her love, flie
^ug. 15. it, delivers him 'elon£ the four with this gold, buy provisions, to carry them
they had begun I, with which a-
in Juida. Two I each other. In tinal is fastened iglio, drefsed in
' ■ liling water, . Hi-il pour this
the other ditch n iron bar sup- her criminal is xtremity of the )y length of tor- :s. The whobe I of firelocks and ceremony, were and devote them pposite quarters signed, marched Having romr; to
made hirs turn ry \ — w'<' .: 'v.i hJfl ! He serf . . .1 utiuners p . ;:t f him;--"wrettJ . n I was bewail- 3 follow her, fl>e ite the heart of a •ed her love, flie
811
1792. SeV.co, a tale. 221
was faithlefs to her master ! (he deserved the name of adul- trefs, and the chastisement with which they are punifhed. O my dearest mother ! it is for you alone I die ! it is you alone that I willi to think of !" At the same instant the un- fortunate Berifsa had discerned Selico, (he cries out, and calls the priests to her, and declares that the young man at the stake is not the person who broke into the serag- lio,—(he con(irms this by all the most redoubted oaths. The priests are alarmed, — stop the execution, — run to inform the king what had happened, who comes in person to the great square. Anger and indignation are strongly painted on the face of the monarch, as he approaches Berifsa. "Slave I" says he wi.h a tremendous voice, " thou who disdained the love of thy master, thou whom I wi(hed to raise to the dig- nity of my (irst wife, and whom I suffered to live in spite of your refusals, what is thy object in denying the crime of thy accomplice ? Dost thou wifti to save him ? If he is not thy lover, name him then guilty girl,— point him out to my justice, and I will immediately deliver the innocent." ' King of Dahomai,* replied Berifsa. ' who was then tied to the stake, I could not accept of thy heart ; mine was no longer in my pofsefsion, and I was not afraid to tell thee so. Dost thou imagine that her who would not tell a falsehood to (hare a throne, could be capable of it at the moment (he is going to expire ? No j I have owned every thing, I will repeat all I know. A man pene- trated last night into my apartment ; he only quitted me at day break, but that prisoner is not the man. I'hou afketh me to name him ; — neither my duty nor my will can consent to do so. I know nothing can save me, and I only wilh to prolong these terrible moments to hinder you from committing a crime. I swear again, king of Dahomai, that tVje Uiiiod of this innocent man will fall on thine own head. Let him be released, and let me suffer,,
Stllco, a tafe. ^i- ^S-^
that U all I request.- The king was struck with the tone and manner with which Berifsa had pronounced these last words ;-he remained musing, holding down h.shead j and was astonifted himself at his own secret repugnance, for once, to (hed blood. But recollecting that this negro had accused himself as being gvulty and fancying that Be- tifsa's eagernefs to save him, was from her love toh.m, all L rage returned , he makes a sign to the executioner, «ho immediately s.ts fire to the pile •, the women begm Their procefsion with their vases of boihng water when 3n old man, quite out of. breath, and covered w.th bb«l Ld wounds. pu(hes through the crowd, and throws h,m- 'clf at the king's feet. " Stop !" cried he, "s.op In .s wno am the guilty person,-it was I who scaled the walls of Ty seralHo to carry off my daughter. I was formerly the priest of the deity who was worlh.pped on th» spot ,- „y daughter was torn from my arms, and dragged to thy Tlace , ever since 1 have constantly watched to see her. This last night I got into her chamber,--(he m vam at. Lpted to fdlow me,-thy gua^s saw her ^-^}^^ amiL (bowers of arrows of which you see here the mark,. I come to rive myself up as a victim to you,-to expire Jth her foTwhom'alone I wl.hed to live." He had not finifhed, when the king ordered the two P""""»;° ^ unbound and brought before him. He -»"';«^';/; ' co,-he was desirous to know what motive could be power. & enough to ihakehim wilh for so cruel a pum(hment. Selico. whose heart beat with joy to find that h.s Benfsa had not been faitblefs to him, wa, not afra.d to in oxm the Lnarch of every particular. He related hu rn.sfortuoes ■ the indigence of hi. mother -«» ^^'^ ^f ^/Z^';,' taken to gain the 400 ounces for her. B«>f« "^^j/^- ther listened in (hedd.ng tears of admiration. Ihe chiefs the soldiers, and thft people, were affected j the kmg felt-
c with the tone need these last 1 his head ; and repugnance, for hat this negro icying that Be- love to him, all' iie executioner, ■ women begin ig water, when red with blood nd throws him-
5tOp 1 it is 1 WHO
ed the walls of" I was formerly I on this spot •,— dragged to thy ched to see her. -(he in vain at- ;r, and I escaped here the marks, you, — to expire ." He had not
prisoners to be iterrogated Selt*
could be power, el a punilhment.
that his fierifsa. aid to inform the
his misfortunes, resolution he had lerifsa and her fa* ion. The chiefs,, d i the Wing felt.
1792. vnecdou. 223
tears run down his cheeks for the first time j such is the force of virtue that even barbarians adore it.
The king, ^ftcr Selico had finiOied, stretched forth his hand, and raised him up, then turning to the European merchants, whom this sight had brought there, " tell me,** says he," you whom wisdom, and long experience have taught the nicest valuation of a man, how much is Selico worths" The merchants bluihed at this question) but a young Frenchmen, bolder than the rest, cried out,- ten thousand crowns of gold. Let them be given directly to Be- rifsa, replied the king, and with this sum (he (hall not pur- chase, but marry Selico. After this order, which -was imme- diately executed, the king retired, surprised at feeling b sensation of joy which he had never before experienced. Faculho this same day gave his daughter to Selico. The next day they all three set out with their treasure, for the hut of Darina, who almost expired with joy, as well as his brothers, at the sight of them. This virtuous family were never again separated, — enjoy«d their riches, — and in ■a barbsrous country, were, for a long time, the brightest example under heaven, namely, happinefs and opulence acquired by virtue.
ANECDOTE. Some time since, a young man, with two of his compani. ons, went to Weaver's tavern, in Philadelphia, and ordered a supper to be prepared. He sent his companions about three miles on the other side of the Connesiogoe, to bring in a .girl who had promised to be ready to marry him tha* night. The young fellows returned, and informed the groom, that tl » girl said " (he had quite forgot, and that it was then tdo late." The groom (who in the mean time had obtaiaed the licence) was very much enraged at
a-24 '" corresponaentt. -^ug. 15,
the disappointment ; but, upon recollecting that he had an- other string to his bow, desired the young fellows to wait a little while, and swearing he would not go home with- out a wife, he rode about six miles and brought in his o- ther sweetheart •, they went to the minister, who, upon reading the licence, told the groom that the name in the licence was not the same as that of the ^rl, and that there must be some mistake. " I know that well enough, says the groom j there is no mistake j this is not the same girl neither,'*'' The parson, upon hearing the story, had the name altered, they were married, returned to the tavern, and eat of the supper that had been prepared for the wo- man that made default.
TO CORMSPONDENTS.
The query by a ctmtant reader, (hall have a place as soon as pofsible.
The affecting versf a by Elviim are leceived, and (hall have a place with the first cor.ve-irncy.
The communication by H R. has been accidentally too long overlook- ed. The vers' s, considi ring tf e situation of the composer, are surprising. The greatest fault is their le' gth 5 we will try to find room for them.
PAi/c/e^KJ ft.ll have a pl.ce in his turn.
The fragment by D. P. R. S. is received and (hall be admitted.
The Editor is mutji obliged to Comogory Secundut ; his communication fcall be attended to. . i .
The Txrcr i(. leceived. The attempt is not without merit ; but it bears so near a resembla \ce to a noted tory, and is so much inferior to that in point of compostion, that the parallel, *hich almost every reader must involuntaril ■ nuke, would prove disadvantageous to the writer. Perhaps at a futuie pet od, with a little mote originality, he may succeed
better. .
The communication by Ph'ila Merit is too long, and in other respects not suitable for the Bee. Perhaps time and experience may enable thit V titer alio to do bet.er. But he has many seeps to advance before he could, with propriety, appdi in public, in good company. ^
If we thought the country uhtoUmaittr would be eltectually attended to, his paper (hould be admuifd. But as this is not to be expected, and as it could prov. little irnti! sting to most of our readers, we beg leave to decline inserting it.
The Amarks on Young't ttvr in France, by an eld^orrespondent, are thankfully received, and Hiall be duly adverted to. j^»a also the hints by
BiographUui, ., , ,■ u
The hints by Rcrdo fliail also U attended to 5 and if the subject be not «oan treated by some correspondent, some remarks upon it (hall be olTeied by the Editor.
,
Aug. 15. that he had an- ellows to wait p home with- lught in his o- er, who, upon e name in the
girl, and that It well enough, !r u not the seme i story, had the
to the tavern, id for the wo-
I loon ai pofsible.
II have a place with
too long overlook- iter,are surprising, room for them.
be admitted.
his communication
lut merit ; but it
0 much inferior to ilmost every rrader out to the writer. Ity, he may succeed
id in other respects ice may enable thit
1 advance before he iny. ,
eftiectually attended lot CO be expected, :aders, we beg leave
correspondent, are tit also the hints by
if the subject be not on it ihall be offered
,
88.
THE BEE,
OK
LirERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,
WiDNiSDAV, August 21. 179*.
TIMOLEON's THIRD LETTER.
To the people of Great Britain.
Those who have wiQied to frustrate the views of " the society of the friends of the people," seen^ to have rested their hopes of succefs upon misrepresen. tation alone. With this intent they have l>eld us up to public view as enemies to all distinctions of rank, and honorary dignities : they have said we wiihed to aboliih all orders of nobility, and have represented us as turning into ridicule the notion of having a set of he- reditary legislators. Nothing can be more calumni- ous than such allegations. We are fully aware of the benefits that a well ordered community may de- rive from distinctions of rank, and honorary digni- ties ; and it is so far from being in our mind to des- troy these, that our best endeavours iball ever be exerted to preserve them. As to hereditary legisla- tors, we are too well read in the constitutional histo- ry of Britain, and have too great respect for the fundamental principles of that constitution, not VOL. X. J J t
226 «« '*' constitution. -^ug. 22.
to venerate that branch of our legislature, as that part of it which approaches the nearest to its origi- nal. We cannot forget that when -the foundations of this constitution were laid, every free-man in the state, was, by birth, an undoubted legislator for the country. Hereditary legislation is, therefore, so far from being an innovation in our constitution, that it may be considered as the oldest, and ths most un- doubted fundamental part of it ; and that part to which it owes its permanence and stability. When, inl «leed, a great majority of these hereditary legisla- tors found it convenient, from a change of circum- stances, voluntarily to relinquifti their privilege of legislating, a new mode of supplying that deficiency, and of guarding against the power of a domineering aristocracy, became necefsary to be adopted. It was this arrangement, which went to compel the people of smaller property, much against their wills indeed, Btill to retain a Oiare in the legislature, that at length produced that mixed form of gevernnwnt we now enjoy, whidi pofsefses the advantages of all the forms of government adopted by the ancients, without the inconveniencies to which these were severally sub- jected. We venerate this system, and we would al- most adore the wisdom that formed it, could we flatter ourselves with tlve idea that chance had not, at the be- ginning, had a considerable Ihare in the formation of it. Without entering into this discufsion, our ob- ject is, by a retrospective view, to examine that sys- tem, and to correct such abuses, as by imperceptible degrees have begun to prevail, and, acquiring strength by a continuation of habit, threaten at length, if not
Jug. 22.
ture, ai t'lat : to its origi- foundations of 'e-man in the islator for the erefore, so far itution, that it the most un- t part to which r. When, in- ditary legisla- nge of circum- ir privilege of hat deficiency, a domineering opted. It was ipel the people ir wills indeed, , that at length iment we now of all the forms ts, without the severally sub- d we would al- could we flatter d not, at the be- he formation of :ufsion, our ob- imine that sys- y imperceptible juiring strength at length, if not
I
l^gj. oH the comtitutioil. iVJ
adverted to, gradually to overturn that goodly fabric we SB much adoiire. Though it now appeareth to be strong, "and the height ther-of reacheth unto heaven, and the sight thereof to the end of all the earth ;" yet if its basis be not firm, the foundation be- gins to give way, and the fabric itself must ultimately fall to the grouiid, however beautiful the superstruc- ture may appear. Without, therefore, trenching so near as to be in danger of undermining it» or heed- lefsly pulling out any of those important p«g5 on which it now materially rests, our aim is, merely to take a narrow and circumspect view of these foun- dations ; to mark those parts that are evidently decayed, and mouldering to dust ; and to have these repaired in the best manner that the situation of things will admit of. These are the objects we have in view; and if we fliall act up to these principles, who can deuy that we Ihall be well entitled to the name we have afsumed to ourselves, that of " the friends of the people !"
We are sufficiently aware of- the dtilicacy of the- underlying in which we are engaged ; and there- fore we have resolved to proceed with the utmost caution. We know that, to exttrnal view, a particu- lar part may appear rotten and decayed, which is still sound and. entire within ; and thatif thdse [jarts wera. hastily removed, the whole might, tumble dowm at once, and crufh not only ourselves, but many others in the ruins. We know also, that if we were to attempt to lay open all the soros at once, the sound parts, by beieig left destitute of support on several sides, at the same time, would be in in the most dangerous state. To avoid these-
ai8 M the constitution. Aug. 21*.
riflss, which every sensible person who reflects upoav the subject j must dread, it is our intention nevtr to remove the smallest particle of matter that is not evidently rotten and corrupted ; and never to attempt to go farth » than that corruption has already evi- dently penetrated. Even in this work, thus cauti- ously conducted, we intend to proceed only by piece- meal, always repairing one defect before another be opened up. How different is this conduct from that- which the enemies of this society have been pleased to represent it ! But while these persons profit by the corruptions of which we complain, is it a wonder they fhould endeavour to prejudice the public against those who aim at removing that rotlennefs they so> carefdlly endeavour to conceal ?
No part of our conduct has. called down such point- ed animadversion, as that which respects tbe taking the opinion of the people at large before we proceed. And, indeed, had iii; been our intention to call toge- ther mobs of the lowest clafses of the people, and to instigate then> to madnefs, by alarming their fears, and inducing them by tumult and violence, to call; out for alterations in government, the nature and consequences of which they are incapable of know- ing, we fhonld justly have deserved all thatoppro- brium they have endeavoured to thraw upon us : but these intentions- wt utterly disclaim. We are- aware that certain persons in this, country, whose real obiect we preteRd not to judge, of, have difsemi-. nated writings which may, without much violence- of interpretation, be supposed to be intended to ope-, rate in this manner j, and as the authors of these
reflects upoa> tion nevtr to ■ that is not 'er to attempt
already evU , thus cauti- nly by piece- re another be Lict fronii that-
been pleased [>ns profit by 9 it a wonder public against nefs they sot
ti such point-, ts ibe taking ; we proceed. 1 to call toge- >eople, and to I their fears, ilence, to call' ! nature and ble of know-. \ that'oppro- yvr upon us : nri. We are- mtry, whoso- iiave difsetni- uch violence- ended to ope-, lors of these-
1791. on tic conttitutiam ' %%^
writings offer them to the public, under the specioud idea of leading to a reform of national governments,, our enemies have endeavoured to confound us with. them. But as justly might they try to dc;#reciate those who, with a pure heart and sound understand, ing, venerate the holy religion we profefs, because some wild fanatics have perverted that religion to the worst of purposes, as to endeavour by this means to vilify us. We have already publicly declared, ourselves inimical to that kind of reform ; and no- thing but sinister views could induce any one to put lis in the same clafs with these persons. So far are we from wiibing to encourage the populace to endea- vour to force a reform by violence, thnt we dare not venture of ourselves, even after mature study on our part, to propose remedies for what appears to be evi.. dently wrong. Before we do this, we wifh to- have the united judgement of all the i«/iJt3/« part of the nation, that we may thus guard against adopting* alterations which may ultimately prove hurtful, in-. stead of being beneficial. In the course of our deep iovestigations on this subject, we have so frequently seen this happen to others, that it would have been inconsistent with our principles not to take the be- nefit of every afsistance in our power before we ven- tured to adopt any measure definitively. We can indeed of ourselves, easily perceive abuses ; but how to correct these abases effectually, without giving, rise to others that may perhaps be worse, requires an attention to so many particiilari, at once, that no, individual can ever hope to do it perfectly ; but wfaich» k^ auoki temperate discufsionsii may be gt adually de-
II
a-0 9tt tht constitution. Aug^ VX»-
veloped. Can any thinR be more absurd than to ■ccuse of precipitancy those who wilh to proceed with such cautious circumspection ?
We ».ave been represented as wifhing to proceed -with a reform in the same manner as has happened in France ; and as wiftiing to establidi in this coun- try a similar form of government, if government it can be called, as that which there prevails. Had this been our intention, our conduct must have been very different from that which we have adopted r—we n.ould, in that case, have proceeded with all pofsiblc precipitancy, that while the furor for innovation^ which we know prevailed among the lefs considerate p«rtof the community, was at its foil height, we might have availed ourselves of So far, however, was this from being out inter that we studious-
ly delayed bringing forwai-d i . -tion till a future day, before which time, we doubt not, such events will have taken place as to moderate the fervour of that patriotic enthusiasm, which hath seized so great a proportion of the generous and well-meaning, though ill-informed parts of the community. It is our decided opinion, that the constitution of our go- . vernment will acquire much stability from the revc- lution in France; not by adopting the plans that nation has pursued, but by attending to the conse- quences of these innovations. Even already, many men who six months ago could sec nothing defective in that constitution, begin to think that many things might have been more happily contrived. Those ■who thought that the mode of electing members of the legislative afscmbly was perfectly uncxception*
bsurd than to (h to proceed
ling to proceed 1 has liappeaed li in this comi-
government it prevails. Had nust have been . adopted : — we /ith all pofsiblc for innovation^ lefs considerate
full height, we io far, however, at we studions- ion till a future lot, such events ; the fervour of 1 seiz«d so great well-meaning, ' nn)unitj. It is ution of our gO" ^ from the revc-
the plans that ig to the conse- 1 already, many nothing defective that many things mtrived. Those ;ting members of tly unexception*^
1791.
on the conttitutton, IJI
able, and calculated to gii,ir«i a^^ain^t every kiiul of corruption, betvn to pe.ceivc that llici': ni.i;- I'.-^ome deficiencies. The difficulty that w, is found t) iduce the voters in Parn to come forward, even when it had the allurement of novelty to recommend it, has (bowed them that there, as well as every wnere rise, " what is every body's businefs is deeintd the busincfs of nobody," which e \cites a well grounded fear that this mode of election may, in time, degene- rate into a mere farce, where the great body of those who have a right to vote will disregard that right } and where of course the elections will come to be carried by a private junto, who will make it their businefs to avail themselves of the neplig-nce of others. When this evil stares them in die face, and when they try to devise a mode of correcting it, they be- gin to perceive that it will be even a more difficult taflc than that of determining a Westminster election by scrutiny. Those who thought that a House of Peers was a wen in our constitution, which the French liai happily cut off, begin already to suspect that virtue is not exclusively confined to the poorer er- ders of the community, and that wisdom is not pecu- liarly appropriated to any one clafs of people. They begin to advert to what they have often heard be- fore, that a man who has much property to lose, has a stronger inducement to support a government that secures the property of every individual, than one who has little at stake ; and that of course a body of weal- thy men, may be expected to be at least, more cau- tious legislators, than men of small fortunes. They now see clearly that the French constitution is super-
T
i
aja on the constitution. Aug, 2*.
laiively defective in having devised no check for ne- cefsarily retarding the precipitancy of judgement in enacting laws on the moment, without a pofsibility of having the facts on which they proceeded duly constitu- ted. This, if unaltered, would soon introduce a species of despotism, perhaps more to be dreaded than that of the ua'imited power-of any individual. They begin, therefore, to see the wisdom of our forefathers, who not only prescribed forms of procedure in parliament, well calculated to prevent a raflx judgement from being hastily adopted at any time ; but which, by necefsarily requiring every law to p»fs deliberately through two different afscmblies, gives time, not only for reflection to the legislators themselves, but for representations from without, that may set them right as to ill understood facts, and lead their minds to form a proper judgement. These particulars, and many more, have already occurred to almost every thinking mind. There are others of equal impor- tance respecting the influence of the doctrine of the rights of man on the subordination of the army ; the steady administration of government; and the security of property and personal freedom, which the events that are now daily occurring in that distracted country are powerfully illustrating. To the influence of these illustrations we trust for the correcting of many erroneous doctrines res- pecting government, that have been difseminated in this country by the admirers of the French revolu- tion. With these ideas strongly imprefsed on our minds, let me afli, if we had seriously wiflicd to pro- .pagate these ck)Ctrines ourselves, or to avail our-
Aug. 2^.
10 check for ne« >f judgement in c a pofsibility of ^■d duly constitu- troduce a species aded than that of il. Tliey begin, Forefathers, who •e in parliament, udgement from
but which, by )ftfs deliberately :s time, not only nselves, but for ly set them right
their minds to particulars, and
to almost every of equal irapor- > doctrine of the if the army ; the ment ; and the freedom, which curring in that illustrating. To IS we trust for s doctrines res- I difseminated in ; French revolu- nprefsed on our ly wiflied to pro- of to avail our-
wm
1792, -^on'the canstittttion, 233
selves of the temporary phrenzy of those who do, we would have put off the proposition of our intended rdform to a distant day ? Those who think thus must suppose us destitute of common sen ,e indeed. "'
It thus appears that those who, profiting by the abu- ses of government, and therefore nreading any kind of reform, knowing at the same ti .ne the upright prin- ciples of " the society of the f .lends of the people," have found no other mode of cl^fence, so likely to suc- ceed, as that of calumny and misrepresentation. Duplicity is so nataral co some people themselves, that they could scarcely oppose even a faulty pro- position with a candid opennefs of conduct ; but where they see nothing they can/a/r/y lay hold of, in opposing a reasonable demand, there seems to be a. sort of excuse for them being driven to the very objectionable mode of defence I now reprobate. This, however, will not induce the respectable body, of which I have the honour to be a member, to adopt a similar conduct. We neither court popula- rity by giving our support to culpable doctrines, which may be the favourites of the day ; nor decline to probe with freedom the defects of a constitution we venerate. Sensible that government is no long- er of use than while it tends to preserve public tran- quillity, to encourage industry, and to protect the person and property of every individual alike from the power of the king, of an aristocracy, or a mob, we fhall as steadily oppose every innovation liiat does not obviously tend to promote these objects, as we Ihall zealously promote the reform of every abuse vol.. X. GO f
y.:
nrffiiniiinirinTiirtritiTirinBI
234 •/! taste in architeclure . ^ug. It.
that has a necefsary influence iii abating the public
prosperity and happinefs of the people.
These are, I am satisfied, ^he sentiments of a great
majority of the members of our society ; but they
are here offered only as the private sentiments of
London, \ TiMOLEON.
>/y 12. 1792.5
ON TASTE IN ARCHITECTURE. ' Si*, To the Editor of the Bee.
In the prospectus of your valuable miscellany (whict may be considered as the magna charta of your sub- scribers,) you have judiciously observed, that " to polifh the manners and humanize the heart, are the first steps required in an attempt to inspire a taste for literary excellence, and to excite exertions for attaining the highest perfection in arts ;" and as some accompliflied gentlemen of France and Italy, who have lately visited Britain, have afsured me, that our island has not yet reached the summit of perfection in taste and elegance, I beg leave, with diffidence, to communicate to your readers what I conceive to be the elements of beauty and excellence -in architecture ; after which I ftiall proceed, in suc- ceeding numbers of your paper, to apply the same principles to poetry, painting, music, gardening, and -all the other subjects of taste.
*As I write these lines in a remote retirement from
.the bustle of the world, unperplexed by books, and
undisturbed, as well as unsullied by vulgar society,
i confide in the stoves of my memory, warmed by
Aug. 11. ig the public
iits of a great :y i but they iments of
TiMOLEOK.
URE.
:eUany (whicU I of your sub- bed, that " to heart, are the inspire a taste exertions for arts ;" and as ice and Italy, e afsured me, the summit of »eg leave, with readers what I and excellence roceed, in suc- ;pply the same gardening, and
etircment from I by books, and vulgar society, >ry, warmed by
rjtji. otiifiite in architecturt, 235
sensibility, and enlightened by the torch of truth, for discovering the grand outlines of an art which gre\T originally out of the necefsities, the superstitioni, and the vanities of mankind, under which thvee heads I ihall arrange the subject of my discourse.
§ I. Concerning the architecture of necefsity, I a;n fooliih enough to believe, in the end of the eighteenth century, that man was originally the tenant of a gar- den, that God was his friend and master, and reason, with dire necefsity, his instructors.
The circle is the most capacious of all figures, and an arbour, formed in that figure, the most obvi- ous and commodious of all dwellings; in which form we find the huts of the. people whom we are pleased to call savages, in all countries ; iind of such forms are the old Pictifti dwellings, the remains of which are yet to be. seen in Rofsfhire, Sutherland, and Caith- nefs in Scotland, and every where on the northern Continent of Europe. *' Naturam licet expc/lasfurca tamen usque recurrat" A predilection for the cir- cular form, and the dome in the architecture ot the most poliflied nations, still whispars from whence arose the primary idea of beau uui ihtltcr.
The fire, where necefsary, was kindled in the renter.- of the area ; and, from the top,,the fuaus oi the fuel were emitted, while all the family/ had an cjual Ihare of the light and heat of the chearer of . the igid winter. As life began to be a little more opprefscd . with care, and the wants of men more numerous, a place would be found wanting to prepare food, and would give rise to a sort of peristyle, or adject, to the circular hut, where the Sarah of the woods would:
«l
wmm
mmmm
536 on tustt in architecture. Ju^^. ii:
bake cakes for angels when they came, and for mere men when angels were not so common. The smoke in this adject would be disposed of in the same man- ner, but at ihe extremity of the area, leaving room only for benches or seats of stone or turf, around which the females or servants would sit, after the labours of the day were over, and every fhepherd would tell, or repeat his tale, as he had done hereto- foxe under the hawthorn tree.
«« Extren-dper ilktjuititia tXicdiut lerris «' Viitigiii fct-it, ' Fair virtue then and freedom, blest
Arcadian ftiepherds s w j
Asrrca's steps they fondSy prcit, ,
And sought no otlier law !
GOLDEN riieci-, Stanto iv.
But the inclemency of the weather, in the more northern and antartic regions of the earth, would render it nccefsary to fence dwellings more effectual^ ly from cold and moisture; and, during the rainy seasons, within the tropics, these houses would lie found quite Inadequate to the protection and comfort of the people. They would, therefore, fix deeply in tlie soil, or in rock where it could be obtained, large straight steramed trees, placed in the same circLkt form^ at convenient distances, and wattling the inter- stices with oziers or withes, wovjld coat them over with clay and mud, heat into plaister, with the admixture of dried leaves, or other decayed vegetables, to keep the ttiaterials together. This hypothesis is verifyed liy the writtrs referred to in the margin, and by tl« testimony of all our modern circumnavigators*.
• Diodorus Sicul.:5. lb l. p. 5x- S.mchnn apud Euseb. p. 35' Voyagrs ■a Perou par M. Bcjucr, p 8 and 10. Plin. lib. 7- § 57- "nd P-4> J. The travels And voyjg^s ofUiaU, Sulonder, Coske, &(. &c.
Aug. 22-. and for mere The smoke le same man- leaVing room turf, around sit, after the ery fhepherd , done hereto-
;rci) Staiwom. , in the more ; tarth, would nore effectual- ing the rainy uses would lie )n and comfort ;, fix deeply in obtained, large ; same circufer tling theinttr- them over with the admixture itables, to keep esis is verifyed gin, and by tl« vigators*.
useb. p. 35. Voyages 7. § 57. and p.. 41 3,
eft. efc.
ty^l. on taste in architecture, 237
The roof of this improved arbour would be cover- ed in after the sane man.ier, aad similarly fortified against the accefs of wind and rain, according to the circumstances of the climate. This dwelling would exhibit no mean image of an original temple, to which it would lead in the next stage to improve- ment, which iLall be the subject of our immediate consideration. /
§ II. Me.i protected against the injuries of weather, and the molestation ot beasts, would be induced some- times by fear, and sometimes by gratitude, if not by traditional theology, to adore or deprecate the Majesty of heaven, or the supposed power of invisible beings. He would ascend high mountains where he thought himself nearer to tranquillity and happinufi, and to the seats of eternal natures. He would kindle fire in honour of the vivif.ing author of day, rejoice in his approach, or mourn his departure. Some place of fhelter would be nectfsary to p^-rform the adormg or appeasing rites, and he would naturally adopt and amplify that mode of building which he had chosen for domestic comfort ; but the object of his adoration or fear, being invisible, he would not at first think of excluding this mansion from tiie accefi of light, or of the external air, — it would bt, (as we may say,) an open rotunda. O 1 very high mountains the elec- tric aura encompafies the heid with a phosphoric nimbus, with which adject, accordingly, thv; worftiipr pers of the sun were wont to be represented, — a sym.- bolthat has been adopted in the mythology of our so*, phisticated religio.i during the dark ages. As sjciety became closer aad more cjin^jucated, and its powers
^^t •« ioste in architecture. Aiig. a a*
increased, these places of worfliip, would be impro- ▼ed and rendered more magnificent, and to trees would succeed pillars of stone, coarsely ftiaped, to imitate their form ; imposts of stone would be laid acrofs these uprights, and constitute circular temples after the manner of Stonehtnge *.
In procefs of time these uprights would be formed by the chisel to the beautiful taper of the smooth barked tree, the imposts .would be channelled and grooved, to cast deep and distinctive fhadows, and last of all, the obolo, and other members of the (haft and capital, would be superadded. The ornaments of the capital andi the architrave, pedestals, and other refinements in architecture, belong to the age of high refinement, caprice, and vanity, which we are after- wards to describe.
In the columniation of a temple, we behold the ori- ginal grove ; and the adoption was natural, since, as we are informed by Herodotus, that to the temple of Diana, one of the most magnificent in his age, the ap- proach was by an avenue of lofty trees, *' trees aspiring to heaven +.'•
• This temple of the Beljacin Britain, is propably alluded to in a fng- jnent of Hecataeui, where it is recorded that certain Tjrrian navlgitoiE, visited, in the plains of North Britan, • huge temple dedicated to the sua In the epis-le of Quintus ca his brother Marcus Tulliuj Citero, in the fifth volume of this work, a descriptio* is given of the manner in which those gigantic monuments were raised without any extraordinary efforts.
f This is represented in the stnictufts w« are pleased to call Gothic, by thebaiilicon or nave of the church, that by which the priests ap- proached in procefsion to the sanctuary, which wiS placed at the east end of ll.» building adjoining to the high altar. Sec the very seiisible nd
Ailg. 39» I be impro- tree? would , to imitate laid acrofs emples after
d be formed the smooth Lnnelled and >ws, and last he (haft ^md rnaments of !j, and other : age of high /e are after-
;hold theori- ral, since, as ;he temple of I age, the ap. ees, " trees
lludcdtoin a fng- Pyrian navigitoiEf e dedicated to the Tullius Cicero, in of the manner in any extraordinary
jicd to cal) Gothic, ch the priests ap- iced at the ratt end
; very sei'.tlblc ..nd
1792. gratfimaticai diqMuitioMs, 239
In the ornament of the capital we contemplate the beauty and virtue of the Indian Lotus, which had un- doubtedly given origin to the foliage of the pillar idly ascribed to the accident of the tile and the acan- thus. In the decoration of the Ionic order we are to reflect on the ornaments of the Delphic altar, and of the Ammonian Jupiter ; and for othar improve- ments we arc to examine the history and manners of the countries in which they were adopted; and to clafs those of latter ages under that head of architecture, which falls hereafter to be considered, and must oc- cupy several succefsive articles in this miscellany, if, from this specimen of my feeble endeavours to illus- trate a subject of so much importance, your readers fhall exprefs any desire that they Ihould be continu- ed. I am. Sir, '
Your humble servant. B. A. •
GRAMMATICAL DISQUISITIONS.
Agreeable to my promise, Bee vol. vii. p. 171. I now beg leave to offer a few remarks on " the philo- sophy of grammar."
T!ic radical principles of language bemg the same in all nations, one would naturally imagine that gram- mar would be. an easy, a simple, and of course a pleasing study. The reverse of this is found in prac- tice to be the case. If every language must have words of the same kind to exprefs the ideas that oc-
accurale efcay on Gothic structurei, Be., vol. ii. p. »47. &'■ This mod. of architecture. I a?prch=nd to have been of Scythic or T.rs^c ong.o, .anJ w Litroduced by the Hellenic Goths, afteiwirJs c.aci Ceeks.
■I
»40 grammatical disquisitions.' -^ug- 42»
cur to the human mind, which cannot be denied, it would seem that nothing could be more simple or easy than the tianshting fiom one language into ano- ther, because nothmg more would be wanted than to Substitute one word in place of another ; yet, when we come to attempt this in practice, it is found to be an intricate and a difficult talk. It would be an use- ful enterprise to attempt to account for this seeming contradiction.
The fundamental principles of grammar are doubt- lefs the same in all languages, and admit not of any variation. But in the primary formation of words, in their combinations, and modifications, the pofsible variations are almost infinite. Grammar, therefore, in the abstract, can only be one, and if the efsential circumstances alone are adverted to, it must be both simple and easy : but in practice it may be infinitely- various : and, if casual variations, and unefsential modifications, be not carefully distinguiflied fromi ef- sential principles, it will become an intricate study, a complicated chaotic mafs, in which nothing but dark- nefs and confusion appear.
This has, in fact, been too much the case ; and those who have attempted to explain the principles of grammar, especially in modern times, have usual-. ly set up some one language as a standard of perfec- tion, all the anomalies of which, they have consider- ed as efsential principles, which has introduced a con- fusion into that study that renders our ideas respec- ting it indefinite and obscure.
It would greatly exceed the bounds of an efsay in a miscellany of this nature to enter fully into this
Aug, %i%
denied, it simple or
;e into ano-
ted than to yet, when
Found to be be an use-
lis seeming
r are doubt- not of any n of words, the pofsible ', therefore, the efsential mst be both be infinitely unefsential led fronk ef- icate study, ngbut dark-
e case ; and »e principles have usual- rd of perfec- ve consider- duced a con- ideas respec-
f an efsay ia lly into this
*79** grnmmatical iltsquisittoris. t.^i
di cufsion. All t: i can be with propriety attempt- ed, is to select a fc > cases by way of illustration, tbat may serve as exercises for those who wifii t* acquire definite ideas on this interesting subject.
0/ nouns.
The names of the different objects of perception',, form nearly half the words of every language ; and, as nearly the same objects occur in all nations, words denoting the most common objects in nature are found in almost all languages. A man, a tree, a rock, water, earth, fire, and so on, are known every where, and have in every language an appropriated name. These names, therefore, must constitute a ra- dical part of universal grammar. Wherever grammar has been attended to at all, this clafs of words has been discriminated, and a name has been appropria- ted in all civilized nations to denote them. The La- tins, with much propriety, distinguiftied this clafs of words by simply calling them kames ; so that the very word itself serves instead of a difinition : in Englifli we call the same clafs of words nouns, a word which, till it be particularly explained, conveys no idea at all to a mere Englifli scholar. Here, at the very threfliold of our enquiry, we meet with a ma- terial difference in the two languages.
The Latins, however, included more under that title than with pTopxicty belonged to it. They in- cluded not only the objects themselves, but the qua- lities also which might be accidentally combined with these objects. They, therefore, divided this claf* of words into two parts ; the first they called wames
VOL. X. H a +
«At grammatical disquisitions Aug. 1%-
substantive, and the last they denominated, ham.s adjective ; of this last we (hall at present say nothing, but proceed in our analysis of the first.
f^the Latin language was beautiful in the original choice of the word for denoting the clafs. we are now led to perceive that it was not only imperfect but Itneous, in as far as the same word was em^oyed to denote qualities as well as substances. This 1^ hem into another error, by ^enommating ^*.--J^ the whole clafs of names properly so called. Ihe IZ substantive was evidently adopted, because a Teat many of the objects for which these names were f„" itTd consist of solid mattep, called substance ; Tttuder this clafs is included a prodigious variety of deal objects, that have neither form nor substance. ThU terlforJ. misleads the rnind . so ^hat her. our unmeaning .ou. has the preference *° ^* J-J ^^ have been so fond of the Latm as even to adopt thi, v^ord. and indifferently say noun or ^«*^""''"";^
It would be tiresome to go farther in this kind of parallel ; and we only went thus far to give an id a oTth manner in which the mind is -Pe-pnb 7 Lied in all languages, by the very terms hat .re „ade use of in that language i and tofhow in what "ay a particular ,i.o«,«*.V exprefsion in one language lay co'nvey a sensation of pleasure or ^-gust to he „.iJd. that cannot be fdt when it is translated into L nearest equivalent words of another language The above only exhibits one instance m its simp est form; but when we advert to the infiaxte d.ver ity • of latent ideas, to adopt a new phrase, that mu.t be annexed to particular words, by a kind of reHectvoa
Aug. »».
sd, NAMES
ly nothiiigf
;he original wc are now lerfect, but ,s employed , This led subitantives iUed. The I, because a names were [ substance; ious variety )r substance, hat here out it ; but we to adopt thia antive-
I this kind of give an idea mperceptibly :rms that are bow in what one language disgust to the ■an slated into ler language, n its simplest lite diversity , that muit be d of reflection
'
1791. grammatical disquisitions. 243
from th^ir derivatives, by certain inflections an;l particular combinations, it will be very apparent that an attempt to convey, precisely, similar sensa- tions, in adifferciit language, must be altogether im- pofiible; an 'I, as it is these delicate submeaningi, which extif tht ecstatic pleasure that a feeling mind alonr cen know, and which constitutes the eficnce of what is called a fine taste ; we hence perceive the reason why it has ever been deemed impofsible to convey a just idea of the beauties of a poem into another language. Though in mere philosophical enquiries it is a much lefs difficult ta(k.
To return to nouns. The bulk of grammarians
have afserted that nouns admit of a threefold varia-
tion, viz. that which respects 1st. NUMBER, 2d.«EN.
DER, and 3d. CASE. The propriety of this distinc-
• tion may be disputed.
By a variation of the noun, these grammarians mean a change of the word itself that constitutes the ■name of any object, by an addition or change of some letters.
The distinction respecting number, is natural, and probably may be found more or lefs complete in all languages. There are few objects in nature that > are single of their kind. In nost cases there are great numbers of the same Ci 's of objects ; but as one or more of them may be the object of discufsion, Q variation of the name has been in general adopted to denote plurality. Thus, king denotes one object ; Kings, denote any number of the same objects more than one. In the same manner prince, princes, man, men, and so or.. Every language we know of has.
244 grammatical d'nquLitlons. Aug. t%.
adopted this two-fold distinction at least, of singular and //«rfl/ respecting NUMBER.
In most languages the ditinction by inflection is no more than two-fold. Wherever the part cular value of plurality is meant to be specified, the num- ber is added, as two, three, ten, twenty, or an hundred kings. In some languages, however, a particular in- flection has been :'.doptcd for exprefsing the number two, which has been called the dual number ; and we can easily conceive it pofsible for some language* to have other variations of the noun, for yet higher de- finite numbers, though none of these have been yet discovered.
With regard to oender. This also has been said to be' threefold. tIz. masculine, feminine and ncutrf. The idea here inculcated has been evidently bor- rowed from the practice of the Latins, who, by a particular artificial construction of their lang-iage in, other respects, found it extremely convenient to t-d yt the variations here specified ; and from the Latins we have borrowed these words, without seeming to have annexed any precise ideas to them. What re- spects the inflection of the neuter gender has no foun- dation at all in nature ; and it will be easy to fhow that what relates to the other genders is accidental also, and, if it were necefsary, imperfect.
God hath b^en pleased to create most part of ani- mafe male znA female. There is nothing therefore unnatural in denoting the male and the female of the same animal, by the same word slightly diversified. It may therefore happen, that in some languages thi3 variation, of the noun docs take place, as m prince, frincefs, pee!;peercjs ; in which case the nouks might
Aug. i«. f sitij^ular
iflectioii 19 part cular the num- n hundred ticular in- hc number r ,• ai'-i we nguagis to higher de- e been yet
} been said md neuter, ently bor- who, by a ang'iagf in !nt to t.'c! i\i'i the Latins seeming to What te- as no foun- iy to ftiow I accidental
part of ani- g therefore male of the diversified, iguages this \ in prince t OUKS might
'*79*' grammaticii d'uqulrtlont. 245
be said to ad.nit oi Oac iia>eullue \M\fe>ni'nnec.^.t(- BKR, by inflection. Bat this can in no bciisc be con- sideied as ai. if c.>t->l prt. cr'y o. t e noun. It would be easy to adopt Uiii'cre it words for tiiij purpose, a* we in fact do in ma . cases, -m iing and queen, horse and mare, bull and cow, ram and ewe, Jitc. which are all distinct words. Therefore to say that nouns ne- ccfsarily require a variation by irfflection for ( ;nder, is imp oper ; and if we were to admit that a mascu- line and feminine g'inder were required, we fliould still find that -.everal other genders were ncccfsary. Many animals have no sex at all, as grubs, caterpillar-, ijfir. many others are of both sexes, as different kinds of worms ; many others have no apparent sex, as snails, slugs, Uc. To denote all these variations, a mucii greater diversity of genders than the masculine and fe- minine therefore would have been nccefsary. The truth however, is, that no variation of tiie Nouv w'latever is required respecting ^*«</t'r, and oar notions have been, as to this particular, totally perverted, by en- deavouring to erect the anomalous practice adopted in a particular language into a radical principle in grammar. The doctrine of genders is indeed one of the most intricate, and as it has been applied, one of the most absurd, in grammar, and highly requires elucidation ; but that will come to be more pro- perly investigated under a separate head, if we ihould ever go so far.
The variation respecting case is still more absurd, and the doctrine that has been found> d on it, yet more ridiculous j but this fliall form the subject of a separate paper.
To b« continued*
POETRr.
VVKME6 ON PATIENCE, WRITTKN AT THE REqjJEST OF A FRIENB.
BY DR BYROM.
For the Set.
A viBsi on patience?— Yes, — but then prepare
Your mind, friend, Roberc, with a reati'mg (hut,
Or cloe 'twill give you rather lefe thjn more,
To hear i^ mentioned than jou had before :
If mine to write, rerecmber 'tis jour ta(k
To read the iinss which you arc pleaa'd to aik.
Patience the theme ? — a blefsed inmate this! The nursing parent of our bosom blifs } AbroiJ for blifs (he bids us ..ot to roam, But cultivate its real fund at homei A noble treasuic! — when the patient soul. Sits in the csnter and surveys the whole.
The bustling world, to fetch her out from thence* Will urge the various, plausible pretence; Will prove perfectioni of a grander name, Sound great exploits, and call her out to fame} Amust and flatter, till the joul, too prone To selt-activii/, deserts her throne.
Be on your guard, — the bus'nefs of a man !>; to be sure to do what good he can i Bii'- first at home, let puience nile within, Wliere charity you know must first begin i Not moiiieii love, ai foidly underr,-cod. But calm sedate propensity ro good.
The genuine virtue of the modest friend, Which you oblige me here to recommend ; The trial this of all the rest beside. For without patience fhey arc aU but pride; A strong ambition (hints within its sphere. But P'-y"?!! Its weaknefs, when it cannot bear.
There lies the test,— bring ev'ry thing to that ; Ir (hows us plainly what v..; would be at: Of g!;n'roiis actio-s we may count the sum, But scarce the wo.th, till disappointments come; ' Men oft are then more gen'roiisly absurd,
Their own good actions have their own bad wo;d.
LL»
r OF A rRIENB.
repjre h^rri
ik.
«
hence*
c»r.
that ;
n, come;
id woid.
w44^>\|>'^^
1792. pof^^y- ^f
Impatience bites ingratiiud?, tVsonth !
VVhy ? — it d scoveii our ingrateiul truth j ,f ,
Thit having done, for interest or fame.
Such and such doings, (he has luic her aim;
While thanklefs people, rejlly in her debt,
Have got all theirs, and put her in a tret.
Pofsest of patience, a right humble mind, At all evnM, is totally res'g^i'd:
Does gooJ lor »aKc u\ ijuj ■- • "■ •"• "' ' »
Leaves that to heav'n and ktc}>i to its content } Good to be doi.e, or to be surter'd ill. It acts, it bea 8, with meek jubmifsive will- Enough, enough !— Now tell me if you please. How IS it to be had, this mental ease ? ^ God kiiovvs,— 1 do not, how it is acquir'd } But this I know,— if heartily (ksird, ■ We (hall be thankful for the donor's leave To alk, to hope, and wait till we receive.
VERSES WROTE BY A LADY IN A DEEP DECUNE TO HB* INFANT NIME MONTHS OLD.
For the Btt.
SwiiT babe ! you smile unconscious in my arms Of all the fears which my foad heart alarms i Thy little h»ndt fast wipe my tears away> You seem to say, be chearful, O be gay !
Ah I lovely infant little do«t thou krsow Thy mother's agony, her grief, her woe j Her hours of c ire, her many restlefs nrghts, The thousand terrors that her soul affrights
You tittle know the ills that round you wait,
And seem to threat your yo<ing, your helph fs s'ate } .
Misfortune o'er thee waves her baleful w.^nd.
And gloomy clouds of sorrow lowr around
Peaceful thy father res r Heath's dark tomb, And soon thy ni>ther r^o must meet her loom ; Soon 01 my palid c leek the worm wll f^jed, And the tauk grafs wave cheailef* round my head.
I
-'— rwyyT nwm-irn twiiimmiimfifmim
•243
WVio, then, my child ! will guide tliy trmfcr yenrs. An I gently lead thee through this vale of tejis ? From penury and want who will thee save, When both thy parents sleep in death's cold grave ?'
Fatal, perhaps, thy op'ning charmi may prove, Thv chi-elcs soft crimson, and mil 1 eye of Iovp, When thou hast no frie-id ta protect thy youth, To teach the:'. spotUfs innocence and truth.
These thoughts with wild emotlrtr.s throb my breast,. And de°p despair depriyrs my soul of rest \ Th"S' thm;ghts. O d^ath ! add horror to thy d.irt, And thrills, with anguifti keen a mother's heart.
Religion come, and chear affliction's hour, Ah let my blcd'ng bosom feel thy pow'rl Teach me, resign'd, to view appr 'aching dsathi And yield without rejjret to heav'n my breath.
Mv God, though this frail form will s'nk in dust, Still in thy arm, all powerful ' will I trust j Thou art the orphan's (held, the widow's stay, And thou my babe wilt guide in virtue's way.
ELVINA.
LINES WRITTEN BY V0L1 MRE ON HIS DEATH BED, lUPPOSED TO BE THE LAST THING HE EVER V""1T»
" Diiu qu'on mecconoit (> Dieu que tout annonre j
Entena le diniifr mot,
Q^e ma biiuche prononce; Si j ra,. suis trompe,
C'.:i: en cherchant ta loi{ Mon cteur se peu' egjrer,
M.i:s il est plein de toi. Je vo s sans m'al'armer,
L'eterrite pjroitrt j, Et je m: put penser,
Q^cn Dieu (^ue m'a fait naitrC) <^m D eu que sur mes jours
V' '81 tt It d: bieifaic, Qu nd Ici jours so it eteints^
Me tourmente a jamais
>fi<f» 2T,
enrs.
breast^
Urt,. rt.
lust,
ELVINA.
II BED, VrnnT*:.
^I79a.
vecouni of the agamJe.
M%
Sir, To the Editor qf th( Bee.
i TRANSCRrMD thc followiiig article from a London perio- dical publication that was stifled in its craddle, after a few numbers only had been publiflted. As it has never per- haps been seen by any of your readers, and was doubtlefs •ortknown to your correspondent, ft young observer, when he wrote the account of the baya, vol. viii, p. 18. it may bs considered as a proper companion for that article. Wilh- ing succcfs to your laudable undertaking, I am. Sir, your humble servant, An old book wokm.
Account of the agame'e, a singular bird, . Nothing tends so much to demonstrate the immense distance there is between man in a savage state, and man in a state of society, as the conquests which the latter hae made over the wild animals. He is aided by the dog on num. berlefs occasions ; the horse, the ox, the afs. the camel, the rein deer, the kma, become his servants, and enable him to transport burdens which his own strength never could have mastered. He rears, under his own eye, fowls, turkies, geese, ducks, pheasatjts, and peacocks j he has do- mesticated pigeons, and made the bees themselves gather stores for his use. Tlje savage pays little attention to these acquisitions, Insomuch that there are few cases in which he has attempted to make any of the animals mini- Mer by their labour to his wants, still fewer in which he has thought of making them contribute to his pleasures or amusements.
Man is formed for society ; he is therefore most highly pleased with those of his own species who seem to be most sensibly touched with those marks of attention which indicate a partiality fof him j and he never fails to be par-
VCL. X. I , ^
J.J account of the tgamft. jfug. ii.
ticularly delighted with those animals which are capable of exprefsing an attachment to him. and of rely .ng upon h.m for their proLtion and support. The dog, on account of the sensibility he pofsefses in so surprising a degree. » .« eve- ry civilized country a particular favour.te of man. .nde- ^ndently of his utility. The cat, and other small ammak. which admit of being tamed, are more or ef, e»teem«l Tthey pofsefs this quality in . greater or left degree of
'Imtg the feathered tribe, some have been taken into fe.our on account of the sweetnefs of theu song 5 others on account of the beauty of their plumage or some o her Angularity in their exterior appearance •, but the attach- Tent that'these animals ll^ow to their master, . .n general « very slight, that there are but few instances m which They «n by cUim to any degree of favour upon thu
•^'Tt'only instance of-any considerable degree of that «rt of attachment, on the part of any of the buds we Tow of, is that which is manifested by a bud wh.ch tbe French call the .f.««^.. This bird .s a nat.ve of Cavenne in South America, and attaches itself to man, S as much fidelity and warmth of affection as even a I g does. If an .,.««/« » admitted m,o any^huus , it Lches itself to some one person with the utmost fide- ity, and afford, the most unequivocal marks of the plea- u« it takes in his company, h comes to its master on To casions with evident marks of satisfaction -carefses Hm wUh eagernefs, flies before, or follows after h.m. and e prefer by%ario; motions, the py it feels at seeing 0. cUanying him. It comes readily >^^;-;^ ' ; - Uatever manner it m.y chance to be engaged at the t,me^ U ides to be carefstd, and presents its head and neck to Wv-ked by him. with a satisfaction seemingly equal to tha^ whicha catexprefses in similar circumstances. It
fi^m
jiug. X3. e capable of upon him for :count of the ee, i» in eve- F roan, inde- imall animals, eft esteemed e(s degree of
:n taken into song J others r some other It the attach- , is in general ices in which )ur upon this
legree of that the birds we a bird which is a native of itself to man, lion as even a i\o any huuse, he utmost fide- is of the plea- ) its master on ction J carefses after him, and Is at seeing oi ^ vhen called, in ed at the time : id and necK to mingly equal to ;um5tances. It
f 79». ■ anecdotes of Adrian hroat. aji
loves to accompany its master at table, and being extreme- ly jealous, it never fails to drive away, if pofsible, all cats •nd dogs, or other animals, that seem to fhare in its mat- tor's affection, especially when it is petitioning for food } and being fierce and couragious, it seldom fails to succeed. It is entertaining to see with what art it evades the bite o£ « dog, by soaring above his reach, and then darting dowi| suddenly upon him while he is off his guard. It always alms his strokes at the eyes, which it' attacks both, with its bill and its talons with great fiiry ; and when k has. once obtained a victory, it pursues its enemy with the mosrsur* prising obstinacy, and would never cease tormenting it till it died, if not preveiMed.
In ftiort, $» strong is- the attachment this bird (hows to nan, that, in this respect, it seems to hold the same rank as the dog among quadrupeds, and), io seme instances, it even seems to approach near tothat aoin^al in point of docility. It i» aieerted that the ag^mie cao be taught to guard a flock of fiieep in the same manner as the, dog. Since,~ then, these birds love domesticity so much, where- fore fliould we not endeavour to rear them in abundance,, employ them in suphuscf as they are capable of being. put to, and endeavour still farther to improve their natural in- stincts, and tender them more exteixsivcLy serviceable ta
■'.Vt..- . •
ANECDOTES Of ADRIAN BROOR, A C£t£BRATEDFU>MIS» ^j MINTBa^
I MG leave to- offer the following anecdotes of Broex, a. noted Flemi<^ painter, as another instance of the sUani^ eccentricities of some men of geniuti t 'Adrian Broor, or Brawer, or Brauer, was born at Ou* denarde in the year 1608^ and died J64P.
J
$5* Mtteciiotef of Adrian Brow. Aug. TV.
Of T»U parentage nothing is known, ortly that they wore ef the lowest ranks of the people. Without instructor of any sort, and solely by an irresistible propensity of nature, Broor, while yet in a manner an infant, used to amuse him. self i»painting birds and flowers, opoa small bits of linen % and his mother, for a subsistence, sold them to women of the country, who employed them as ornaments of their drefs.
While he was thus employed, 'Ftancis Hals, a famous painter, went hy chance to the fJace where the young Broor lived, and, struck by his rising talents, he proposed to instruct him. Boor, ehatmed with this kicky rencoun- ter, did not hesitate t* follow hitn. But what he looked upon as extremely fortunate, was to \A«i the source of in- finite chagrins and disappointment. The avarice of Hals and hi* wifc instigated them to «vail themselves of thd talents of the young unfortunat*;, whose hard fortune they
seemed to bewail.
A* soon as they had him ki their power they made Wm. kbour to excefs, and made him almost die of hunger; Lfcait and tmaciatedi he had scarcely the appearance of a human being -, the rags with which he was covered gave him the appearance of the utmost misery. Whilst h« himself was in want of the necefearies of life, the Httle fictum at which he worked night and day were sold at » very great price. The greedinefe of his masters, only in* creasing in proportion » they found the means to satisfy themselves, they (Imt him up in a garret, that he mig^^ be able to- produce- more works.
That separation inspired the anxiety or the curiosity •f his companions, disciples of Hals, who watched the mo* aient of bis. absenct to discover what Broor did in his pri>- son. They went up each in theit turn, and, -by means ^>* a small window,, they saw with surprise that this poor and despised app«n^i<i*> *** * S."^^^' fainter, apd made very
Jug. tl\ t they were instructor of :y of nature, I amuM hltn> its of linen ; to women of >f their drefs. rU, n famou» ; the young he proposed :ky rencoBH- >at he look«d lource of in' 'arice of Hals selves of th* fortune they
i»y made Mm. c of hunger; ippearance of was covered y. Whilst hftf life, the Httle were sold at» iters, only m* eans to satisfy :hat be might
I the curiosity itched the mo A did in his pri'* d, -by oieans^ ; this poor and ad made very
X7.92. anecdotes of yiArian Braor. *5g
pretty pictures. One of these younj^ people proposed to him to paint x\aifive stmts at four sous a>piece. Broor executed them so 4vell, that another asked of him.thc twtlim months ofthtytar at the sami; price.
Our prisoner thought himself very happy, aiid consider red, as a goodibrtune, the purchase mon«y of these little tubjects which he did by stealth, and in some leisure mo- ments \ bat the considerable profits which his works brought him determined Hals and his wife to watch him so closely that he (hould not have a single mimUe to dispose of.^, these unconscionable guards, not content with exhausting him with labour, diooinilhed day by day the small pittance destined fox hit subsistence.
ij /This dreadful situation was like to drive him todespaii-, when one of his comrades advised him to make his. escape, and evea iiMrniflied him with the means. Deprived of every thing,, antf'almott naked, firoor strayed through the city not knowaqg when to go, nor what would be his lot. After ha* ving wandered along tine, he «topt at the (hop of a ginger- bread baker, and bought a^ much as ^ould serve him aU> day, paying for it all the money wluch he had, and ran- tO: tdace lumtelf mider the organ of the great church. Whilst he was there, ruminating in his mind how he fliould get- into, a more comfortable situation, he was recognised. by< an intimate friend who took him back to his master, who- YsaA bcca at much pains to find him, and, overjoyed at re>r cpvering him> promised to use him better in time to come^ Hals piqued himself upon the performance of his pro- ntise 'y he bought hUn a suit of second hand clothes^ and fed hima little better. Broor, thus encouraged, set about his work with ardour, but always for the protit of bis mas- ter, who sold very dear the pictures which he badjor almost nothing. Broor alone was ignorant of his talents^ and, the
jl54 anecJoies of Adrian Broer. Aug. 23.
resources wKich they would have procured him. iTiformed at last by his comradci of the price of his pictures, he esca- ped more effectually than the first tbte, and toelk refuge in the city of Amsterdam, where he arrived without friends o> money. His good stars conducted him to an honest seller of pictures, who granted him an asylum. One may guefe with what pleasure Broor learned that his works were known in Amsterdam, and that they sold for a considerablo price.
He would have perhaps doabted it, if an amateur had not given him about an hundred ducats for one of his pictures. As soon- as Broor, who had demanded that sum tremblingpr saw himself in pofsefsion of so much money, he spread ib out upon hi« bed, transported with joy , and rolled himself
upon it.
Ten day* pafsed in a debauch with the peopW of the \tTf lowest sort, who soon made him find the bottomof his pursu.. He thea came back^ rejoiced and content, to the picture merchant where he lodged, who a^ing him what he had. dpne with his money : " I have got happily rid of it," said be, " in order to be more free."
This alteraative between labour and difsipati'on was hii' constant plan of conduct all the rest of his life. He ne- ver dreamed of taking the pencil until' he had no- more money.. He wias continually involvsng himself in drun- ken quaurels with the drcgsof the populace, after having drank freely with them. His work (hop was generally; in an inn, where he was often obliged to send his worJts «>- sell to the amateurs, to -pay hi» expence.
Broor gave himself up with such enthusiasm when at work, that he was often heard speaking Spanilh, Italian, aad French, as if he bad been with the persons whom he was painUug.^
Aug. 2X fiim. Informed :turei, he e(cii< tuctk refuge in ihout friends ot in honest seller )ne may guefe s works were aconsiderabls
nateur had not of hit pictures, ium tremblin^r ff he spread ib rolled himself
phf of the very im'of hispursiu.' to the picture I what he had* rid of it," said
pation was his- life. He ne- ; had no- mote sself ia drun- c, after having, was generelljti d his works to-
iasm when at panifli, Italian, ;sons whom he
S79?. mcciloles of Adrian Broor. 255
There is notiiuig more divertin;^ than the adventures which Broor met with every day. In one of his rambles he was stript entirely oy robbers. Not having money to purrhase a how wartirobe. he took, it into his head to make hisiseil 1 habit of linen, on which h« painted flowers in the taste of the Indian robes. The ladies were de- eeived by it, and were anxious to have a similar stuff and pattern. Broor contrived, in order to undeceive them, to mount a stage at the end of a performance ; and, taking a spunge soaked with water, he effaced before their eyes aU the pictnrei on his drcfs.
Whilst war was entirely desolating Flanders, Broor was very desirous of going to Antwerp. Notwithsundingthe representations of his friends, he could not resist his impa. tience, and was taken in that city for a spy. Being fliut up in the citadel, he had there the good fortune to meet the duke of Aremberg, whom he informed of his profefsi- on. The duke, who received sometimes visits firom Ru- bens, begged that great artist to give to a prisoner some materials and other things wanted for painting. Rubens had no sooner cast his eyes on the picture which the pre- tended spy was making, than he cried out, TAix is a picture of Broor's! and was absolutely for paying him six hun- dred florins.
Rubens employed all his friends to get Broor out of pri- son •, he even became surety for him, and having obtained his enlargement, he clothed him, and took care to have him lodged, and bre^ight him to his own table. Far from making a proper return for all these generous cares, Broor fled precipitately from the house of his illustrious bene- fector in order to enjoy his liberty.
Broor perceived at length that-he was despised by his relations on account of his ill drefs. Sensible of the mark* of their disdain, he bought a very genteel drefs of velvet. One of his cousins seeing him so well e-iuipped, begged him
^^ii~siS.!mvi«^'<^^^>''fJ'S»Ji^S^^'i»'IM
,ijmiMtmmmiu»»»i>iLtma»iKjeeifm',»>i»ml$imry^
J
Sj6 anecJotes of Adrian Brocr. ^ug, 22.
to come to his marriage, firoor did not fail to be there, and » during the repast the coupanj praised the good tasie and propriety of the drels of our painter, he took » plate fiUied with sauce, and threw it all upon it, and spoil- ed at once with the grease all his fine apparel, saying it ought to enjoy its full (hare of the good chear, since it was evident it was his drefs alone that was invited, and not hintp. self.
After this fonlifii action, he threw his coat into the fire -ul..prcience of the company, and went and Ihat himself up in an inn, where the pipe and a bottle of brandy supplied the place' of riches and worldly greatnefs.
Tired of being pofseised of nothing, Broor retired to the- house of a baker in Brufssls who had a pretty wife. He founH ' -ans to insinuate himself into the good graces of both iiusband and the wife, a singularity which hap- pens every day. That baker who also followed the busi- nefs of a picture dealer, lodged and boarded his new friend. Broor, in return, taught him to paint, and did other good offices to the lady. The connection be- tween these two men was so close, and their characters were so like, that they were scarcely a moment asunder. They even pufiied their disorders so far as to render themselves liable to legal punilhment ', an accident which obliged them to betake themselves to flight,.
.After having wandered some time, Broor came back tO' Antwerp, being reduced to the utmost misery ; he fell ill there, and had no other asylum than the hospital, where he died at the end of two days.
Rubens honoured him - with his tears, caused his body- to be lifted from the grave where it was buried, and intei- red it anew with magnificent pomp ; the city of Antwerp Mised a fine- tomb over him.
UȤ
' y^-rrmr^F^''"
ylug. 22. i to be there, led the good ter, he took » it, and spoil- rel, saying it r, since it was , and nothing.
into the fire at himself up uidy supplied
retired to the- ty wife. He tod graces of f which hap> wed the busi- rded bis new paint, and innection be> eir characters lent asunder.
as to render xident which
came back to ry i he fell ill ispital, where
ised his body ied, and intei* r of Antwerp
1792.
the temple of Hymen.
1
^57
THE TEMPLE OF HYMEN.
In a letter written by a young gentleman of Philadelphia to a young lady,
M? DEAR FRIEND,
IjAst night I slept, and I dreamed that I was walking on a beautiful spacious plain, in the middle of which stood a lofty magnificent temple, which appeared to be ancient and venerable : and though some people advanced in years who were, present, remarked, that it was much decayed since they had first paid a visit there •, yet to me, and all young persons who were in the single line of life, it ap- peared to be the most elegant and beautiful dome we had ever beheld. As I was admiring it, I saw innumerable crowds of people rufhing forward towards it, in pairs ) though, I confefs, I thought them very strangely coupled ; as I observed men of fifty, leading nymphs of fifteen j and widows of forty, attended by beaux of twenty -two. I stepped to a person standing near me who belonged to the place, and alked him what the dome was called. He said it was called the temple of Hymen ; " and those you see prefsing towatds if," continued he, " are desirous of being united in the bands of matrimony ; tlie cause of the dispa- rity in age, is, that all these are money-matches." I then seated myself near the gate of the dome, to take a view of them as they entered. There appeared in their coun- tenances a certain languor and cold indifference; and many of them, I tliought, appeared unhappy ; and the nearer they approached the temple, the more their anxie- tj seemed to increase. My attention was particularly ta- ken with a handsome youth of about twenty-two years ofage, who was attending an antiquated maid, who appeared ad- vanced in life. He seemed to be gloomy and dejected ;
VQL.X. K.JI J,
2j8 tbttemt>/e(>fUymtn. j4ug. 27.
and when he had nearly arrived at the gate were I stood, he tore himself from her, and fled precipitately, with a degree of apparent pleasure.
I felt a sincere sorrow for the lady, who appeared to be overwhelmed in the utmost consternation, grief, and an- ger •, but my sympathy considerably abated, when the in- tqlligent person from whom 1 had my information respec- ting the dome, told me, that (he was a lady of great wealth, but small accomplilhmcnts. " She has been sought after," said he, " in her earlier years, by many who were her superiors in point of merit: but because they were inferior in fortune, (he treated them with the most insolent contempt •, in consequence of which Oie was forsaken by the sex, till this youth, falling into difR- cult circumstances, addrefsed her from pecuniary motives : apd though his addrefses were cold and inanimate through want of affection, (he afsented, arid this was the appoioN ed day for celebrating the nuptials : but as he approached the temple, a weight of anxiety pervaded his breast, and a struggle between -the laws of honour, and a regard for his own felicity, rent his troubled heart with torture •, till at length, his feelings overcame every other' consideration. He violated the laws of honour,— he opposed the impulse of interest, rather than be bound in the lasting tyrannical chains of an unhappy matrimonial union." ' She is not to be pitied,' said I, ' (he has slighted the offers of generous Jove :— (lie has sported with the feelings of her real ad- mirers -.—(he has trifled with" human happinefs ; and has met with h<:r reward: yet bad I been her judge, I fliould, from a delicacy for the sex, inflicted a smaller pu-
nilliment.*
The crowd that had entered the temple, were united rby words, but not in heart ; and then they returned
jiug. 3a.
(Tcre I stood, ately, with a
ppeared to be grief, and an- whcn the in- lation respec- lady of great She has been ;ars, by many : but because d them with e of which flie ling into difli- niary motives : nimate through ■8 the appoint- he approached his breast, and d a regard for th torture •, till r' consideration, sed the impulse sting tyrannical ' She is not to Fers of generous of her real ad- bappinefs ; and en her judge, I :d a smaller pu-
ile, were united n they returned
*792' the temple (\f tJymen, 259
to their habitations, to wiaiiglc out their lives in as much han.iony as tliey could.
Next appeared a giddy thronaf, whether greater or smal- ler than the other, I was not able to discover. They were on tlie sinic errand, but acted from different mo- tives, il" motives they could be called. They appear- ed to be the thoughtkfs children of di&ipation, and en- tered this solemn scene, with as little reflection as they use in every otlier action of life. They appeared to have chosen their companions, just as chance or fancy directed, without any regard to merit, or similarity of dispositi- on. They came, were united, and returned all jovial, airy, and chearful, as if they were entering a blifsful para- disc.
" Ah thoughtlefs mortals" said I, " how soon will your fancied bloom be nipped in the bud ! your idle dreams of pleasure will vanilh aF the morning dew, and you join the disappointed marriarc train, in expatiating onjthe uninter-. rupted pleasures of celibacy."
Next appeared a small company moving towards us slowly, and with graceful easy pace \ their countenances were neither clouded with gloom, nor distorted with levi- ty } but sweet complacency sat easy smiling on each fea^ • ture, proceeding from a well grounded hope, that the most elevated degree of human felicity, would be the re- sult of the union into which they were about to enter.
But imagine my surprise, when I saw among this happy number my friend Maria. She was attended by a most engaging, accomplilhed youth } his eyes were piercing and lively, his features strong, manly, and regular ; his man- ners graceful and easy, and 1 discovered in his aspect, the strongest traits of an^ardcnt, noble, disinterested, and gene- rous affection. He oeliavcd towards my friend with the mj-t polite, ini,agij;g, tender atteiitionj his kindnefs to.
BMta!mM>uai«ai8«««aK.iiiw«mw«»«
ago ■'' the temple of Hytrun. Aug. tl.
wards her seemed altogether involuntary,' and as natural to him as to breathe the air. " You seem surprised," said my intelligent " friend, on seeing your amiable acquaintance at ^ the temple of Hymen, but I can afsure you (he never had . any objections to matrimony, provided ihe could meet a partner pofsefsed of such cccomplilhments as ihe con- ceived i.ecefsary to render her happy in a married life-, her sentiments on this subject were indeed so far ; refined, as to border on the romantic ; this (he always found to be the case, till addrefsed by the amiable young gentleman who now attends her. They were immediately attached to each other by the indifsoluble ties of genuine aflfection, under tlie benign influence of which they are to live a most serene and happy life." O supremely blest pair ! exclaimed I, atid in a transport of joy awoke, but behold it was a dream. AtONao.
On receiving the above, the lady wrote t& Alonzo, re- gretting tl:. t his slumbers had terminated so abruptly, and "wiflung they had continued till the completion of t.he uni- , on, on which he sent her the following lines :
, , When, lo ! msthought, I stood with heart elatej
' Kear to th' Hymenean temple's gate,
■Where late 1 saw with exquisite delight
. ; 5,,, The fair Maria led by Mr Wright t
Light fancy paints the recent sieiie anew, Aa^ brings the happy pair before my view; T^iey to the pal<ce door with pleasure mov;, A pleasure wafted on the wings of iove ; A blifs which sordid souls have never known,
; Who feel nor woea, nor blefsiiigs not their own ;
Nor those ligiit thoughtlefs souls who never prove The sweet uniting charms of gen'rous iove.
. . At length arriv'd, th' attentive Cupid waits,
To oiin^ the happy pair within the gates ; Hf viev'd them u'erj — he stopr with strangs surpritCt Tu ee such beauties beaming from their eyt^s; The siy young rogue, with »vondBr stood to gaze : " Oi happy pair!" ke cried in fond amaze j
»iM»<.t» lllW.iliillHiilifl^'PH
Aaig. 22, ind as natural to prised," said my acquaintance at u (he never had ftie could meet nts as (he con- in a married re indeed so far this (he always e amiable young fere immediately e ties of genuine hich they are to supremely blest joy awoke, but Alonzo.
e t& Alonzo, re- so abruptly, and Ictiori of t.he uni- Ines: eart elate^
iw,
moYS,
ej
known,
heir own ;
never prove
iuve.
waits,
tes;
strange sutprite,
eir eyo;
tod to g9se s
imaze }
»792-
the temple of Hymen.
'' Oh happy pair' walk in, tlie god invites}
" Walk in, — receive the matrimonial rites.
" You for each other surely were design'd, " So like in «ach accomplifhment of mind;
" Your hearts are join'd, walk in and join your hands
'' In matrimnnial taatific bands."
Then to the s\cred Ihrlne the pair he led,
The rev'rend grxl with wonder rais'd his head }
For many years h,id pafs'd since he had spied
So kind a bridegrooni, or so fair a bride.
Then sweet mdodioss music fillM the dome.
And op'n'ng roses died a rich perfume ; ■ Tht hoary momirch giz'd with fond delight,
Then on the happy p.Vir cor i ''d the rite ;
Th' attending crowd the niip".'.. anthem sings i
" Thrice happy pair!" the echoing tempi; rings;..
" Thrice happy pair! your choice we well approve, " All hail ! and welcome to the dome of love ! " You. from each other\ love ami peerlefs woirth, " Shall find a bllfsful paradise on earth."
Then to a garden Cupid led- the way, V^here fragrant flow'rs were drcfs'd in rich r.rray^, A happy train whom love and peare surround, Thtir heatis with beauteous flow'ry garlands crowft'd ; Here pafa'd away fheir lives in [ tace and ease. To please each other was thcm<;t es to please. A silver rill descending from its source. In m;i5ty windings took its peaceful course ;
-It added beauty to the pleasing scene, And doth'd the garden in parpecual green. The place was ihaHed by the flow'ty trees, Ani fann'd by zephyrs in a gentle breeze. Which wafted on their wings a rich periume^ Exhal'd from roses in eternal blosm ; The charming songsters on the blofsom'd sprayr, Attun'd in rapt'rous melody their lays. The happy train thus pafs'd their hours away, From rising morning till the ev'ning grey Hfr curtain draws, and the bright suurc-: of light yields his dominion to the queen of night; A> o'er tjic world vhe silent darknefs gro.vs. The purlir.g riil with softer murmur flows : No jarring sounds the peacefi'l tribe molest. But faUirg waters lull their souls to rest, Our happy palr.were we)com'd in with joy. While tunrful airs the flcilful choir employ ; Their utmost flciil the joyfu' bands display. In celebrating this import :nt day; ^
So 8tro;ig and loud grew the exulting strains,'' They broke my silent slumber's silken chains i I woke, difsolv'd in extacy suprcoie; M y heaven indulgent realize the dre-ra!
I ..■yijii^ni) J yjsi|ifti|),|JHii|jj(i4J>|MawtWjwiil)l.1i^iiiwltel.M^
261
!■ tt-?*-..^i-. ■-— . ..■
LITERARY INTELUCENCE. 1 HE Study of natural his'.ory has made gtcM'YrogreU in Scotland of late, and the lover of that inteiesting study pofsefses advantages here which hr did not formerly enjoy. A few years ago there was not in this place a single collecti- on of specimens in natural history, public or private, that deserved to be noticed. Since Dr Walker was appointed profefsor, and read lectures on the. subject, things have ta- ken a great change. His own museum, for a private col- lection, coutaius a grei:t variety of be? tifui specimens, in high preservation, of anini.'.ls, vegetables, and . minerals. Lord Gardenston has imported from abroad, aud picked up at home, a select and valuable collection, chiefly in the mineral kingdom, to which the amateurs in that science have -i most ready accefs by the obliging liberality of spi- rit of the owner. And the museum of Mr Weir, which hasbeenexhiuitcd for some years past, has been a valuable acquisition to the public. That gentleman, with a public spirit that would do honour to the highest char?cter, con- tinue;; to make daily additions to his collection , which, considering his station in life, is tiuly '^mazing, and which nothing but a decided taste for that study could have pro- duced. He has lately purchased a house In Prince's street and fitted it up in the most elegant manner for the re- ception of his museum, wiiich he has just opened for the public, 1 his will afford an agreeable and instructive mor- i.ir.g's lounge to the people of talhion who reside in £din- burgn.
Mr Weir's musejim, cannot, it is true, in p^int of sixf, be oomjjarcd with that of iir Aihton Lever, and many o- th ■ J that might be named, but in respect to the natural atlil ides in which the animals are placed, a. 1 their per-
Jiug, 22.
esting study merly enjoy, ngle collecti- private, that /as appointed ings have ta- private col- specimens, in id minerals.
aud picked :hieHy in the that science irality of spi- Weir, which vn a valuable rith a public lawcter, con- tion , which, g[, and which Id have pres- rince's street
for the rc- sened for the tructive mor- side in £din-
p.^int of si%*,
and many o-
) the natural
1 their per-
11792. anecdotes. 263
feet preservation, it Is far beyond them all. Lord Gar denston, in his travelling memoianclams, rsmaiks, that after having seen the finest collections of natural history in France, Italy, and Germany, he had found none in which the objects were so naturally disposed, or so per- fectly preserved, as in that of Mr Weir. His birds and fifties especially deserve particular notice. The fifties re- tain the plumpnefs and the freftinefs of nature, without any thing of that diied, ftirivelled appearance so usual in other collections j nor ever lose any thing of it. And as to birds Mr Weir pofsefses the rare secret of curing them, so as to remain entirely free of vermin of every sort. Dr Walker has at present in his collection, birds which were prepared by Mr Weir upw.irds of tliirty years ago, whose plumage is as frefli and glofsy as that day they vwere killed , and Mr Weir with confidence afserts, that they will continue so for ages. How different this from the birds in the Britifti, and every other muse- um in Europe I Wliat a pity that a secret of siich singu- lar utility fliould be confined to one man ! Why do not the public purchase it from him, for the general improve- ment of science in every part of the globe ? Mr Weir is a man of too liberal principles to with-hold it upon reason- able terms ; but it is not to be expected that a man who Is not in affluent circumstances, ftiould part with a thing of that nature without a proper compensation.
ANECDOTES OF ALPHONSO KING OF ARRACON. This trait of his liberality is well known. One of hh treasurers had" brought him a sum of ten thousand ducats. An officer who waS there at that time, said i. a low voice to somebody, I fliould ask no more than that sum to be happy : you Jhall be so, said Alphouso who had heard him.
'wwwiwiwmiwww
<l(WlllMI!»i|»iawiWM>.llllilu
264 to -correspondents, Aug.Vl,'
and he made the ten thousand ducats be given to him di- rectly.
He had gone with some of his courtiers to see the jew- els of a jeweller. He was scarcely out of his (hop when the merchant came running after him to complain of a theft they had made of a. diamond of great value. Alphonso Went back to the shop of the merchant, and having made him bring a large jar filled with bran, he ordered that each of his courtiers fhould put in their hand (hut and bring it out open. He began first. After they had all done he ordered the jewelkr to empty the jar oa the table : by this means the diamond was found and nobody ^iflio- ncured.
Alphonso used to say, that among so many things that men pofse fs, or that they seek after with ardour during the'course of their life, all is but vain amusement, except dry and old wood to burn, old wine to drink, old friends to converse with, and eld booksto read.
TO CORRESPONDENTS.
Thk Editor returns thanks to the gentleman who has taken the trouble of transcrXi'tng an article from the ialt a tttet. Is nwch obliged to him fof his kind intentions, and liberal offer of afsistance. But is sorryvhe cannot avail himself of his kind offer. The Bee /hall never be so far pro- stituted as to become the vehicle of scandal and lubricity.
The Editor is much obliged to Mr S s S lie for his good opi- nion and kind hints, which ftall be duly attended to. The Indtx md'tca- toriout has been only deferred for a time, from circumstances which will s«on have no longerany inAuence, when it (hall be refuraed, if the rea- ders in general seem to think it agreeable ; some readers objected to tho iJ6t of books, which they thought occupied more room that it was worth.
The observatir b by D. X. are received. General remarks on manner$| where no personal allusions are wade, will be very acceptable.
Jmftirtmiity is received, and under consideration.
Sevtral fi'tes deferred fur want ofrtam.
Mn
Aug. 22.' to him di-
iee the jew- op when the I of a theft Alphonso iving made irdered that id (hut and they had all iH the table: ibody 4liflio-
things that
lour during
lent, except
old friends
ken the trouble nbliged to him But is sorryvhe sr be so far pro*
or his good opi- be Indtx indica- nces which will ed, if the rea- objected to the It it was worth, rks on manncrSi >ble.
:&9.
THE BEE,
OR.
-LITERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,
WiDKKtDAV, August 29. 179a.
OF TASTE IN ARCHITECTURE.
Continued from p, 239.
Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.
I. HAVE fhown the progrefs of architecture from its simplest forms in the infanvy of society to the rude, but magnificent efforts of superstition, to erect temples to the invisible power of heaven ; and I now proceed to consider it under the influence of vanity and os- tentation in the ages of liucury and refinement.
This last and copious subject of my efsay, natu- rally divides itself into the consideration of those im- provements which arose from the vanity, pride, and ostentation of princes, in the erection of public edi- fices, and of those which in later times have sprung from the wealth of private individuals.
In the beginning, Jmost all the wealth of nations was accumulated in the state. The nation, or, in other words, the prince, was very rich, and the people A'ery poor ; neither commerce nor manufactures, 4ior the plunder of provinces by rapiCiOQs governow.,
VOi. X, XL t
I
mm
266 •« taste in architecture. Aug, 29.
nor the right of primogeniture, nor the accumulaiioa «f property by marriage or collateral succefsioti, 'lad rendered private individuals capable of erecting last- ing monuments of taste and magnificence.
The whole revenues of the commonwealth, tliat could be saved from the exigencies of governmti.r, •were employed either in the building of stately temples in honour of the gods, or in defraying the expence of public roads, bridges, aqueducts, or plea- sing the populace by the celebration of spectacles and games, to feed the vanity of the public or of the prince. The extinct empire of middle Asia seems to have been the first that ertcted durable monuments of architectural grnndf-ur ; and as in the remains of these, lately contemplated -by the trulj learned and excellent Sir William Jones, in the uei gh- bourhooid of Bombay, and at Benares in Indostant ■we perceive the semblance of the manners, drefs, re- ligion, customs, and architecture, of the Gothic and Scythian nations ; so we may fairly conjecture that all sciences and arts have followed the course of the natural day.
Averting our eye with ti respectful smile, from t^e,calculati>ns of Mr Bailli on the antiquity of these nations, let us tall ourselves home to objects of contemplation where we have better guides. " They, (writes the ingenious Mr Riou) who, to judge of the origin of a custom or of an art, and of its pafsage from one people to another, ad^.;re to the mere con- .templation of any detached circumstances which may offer certain appearances of likenefs, and thus, trom «<)xxie particular eijjuivocal forms, drav» their cobcIu-
y
^ug, 29. :umuluiioa efsioii, 'lEid :cting lasN
wealth, tliat overnmtiit, of stately traying the ts, or plea- ' spectacles lublic or of iddle Asia :ed durable id as in the y the trulj ithe ueigh- in Indostan, s, drefs, re- Gothic and ijecture that ourse of the
smile, from mtiquity of to objects of es. " They, to judge of if its pafsage le mere con- s which may d tlms, trom :heir cot9clu>
X79?* on taste tn archttecturi, 2^7
sions about the generality of an art, are grofsly de- ceived." It is certain that Egypt was to the Greeks, what Greece afterwards became to the Romans, the pattern of imitation ; the nursery of legislators, phi- losophers, and artists. The language, manners, and customs of the Greeks, sufficiently fliow that they were a Scythian or eastern people ; and nothing but vague hypothesis can invite the belief that the con- quering emigrants brought any thing along with them but their language, their superstition and cus- toms, hunger and their arms, into Europe, then . peopled by wandering hordes of savages and covered with marihes and forests. How many centuries elajx- sed from the settlement of the first colonies of the Hellenic Greeks, until the first dawn of histary, Jt is impofsible with any degree of accuracy even to conjecture ; but we know with certainty, that, while the Greeks were barbarous, the arts flouriftied in the city of Thebes, and that they were of immemorial antiquity in Egypt.
Thc' fable of the Troglodytes and a subterranean nation, appears evidently to be founded on thc pri- msBval custom of man's fliekering himself from dan- ger and the inclemeneies, of the weather, in caves and dens of the earth.
M^an, endowed with reason and progrefsive powers of improvement, which is denied to every other ani- mal, would, when roused from his slugijifh nature, go oa the wild beast of the ImU anu consider his ways ami be wise ; 1^ would first ibelter himself in natural caritics of the eartfa. and ^l«eiwiurii& make excavations hts himself. Masj of tbese pruuicval dwelht/j^s are.
.i)'|. .^WWJ- — ■'
a68 ontaste in architecture. Au^. 20.
yet to be seen in the vicinity of Thebes, and I believe in ^1 the anciently inhabited regions of the earth; In various parts of Britain these Troglodytic villages are to be seen, and particularly in Leiccsterftiire, Where subterraneous accommodations have been disw ^covered fit to contain some hundred families; and such are not uncommon in Scotland, though on a smaller scale. These were the habitations of what the Greeks would have called the Autochthonoi of Britain ; a people who, by Scythian and Belgic inva- sions, were driven into the fastnefses of Wales and of Caledonia.
. In the obelilk and pyramid of Egypt, we behold the hydrometer of the Nile, and the emblem of that luminary without which the waters^^would have been fatal to the fruits of the earth. ^ In the ruins of their palaces and temples, we behold a rude magnificence-,, ansubjected to any elegance of taste ; nor are the ele^ ments of Egyptian architecture, any farther than as they are founded on nature, discernible in the Greek. It is not probable, therefore, that the Greeks copied in their buildings the architecture of the Egyp- tians. They had nothing to copy in the manners of the savages whom they found in the country ; and, therefore, we are to look for the elements of Greek architecture in that beautiful nature which they saw every where around them in that garden of Eu^
rope.
Mr Riou in treating of the Grecian orders of architecture, has likewise very pertinently observed that the Greeks "had scarcely the opportunity of becoming plagiarists of the Egyptians ; because be^
IL
Aug. 20. ,nd I believe fthe earth, ytic villages ;icc3ter(hire, ,Ve been disw milies ; and hough on a ons of what ochthonoi of Belgic inva- >f Wales and
:, we behold iblem of that lid have been uins of their nagnificence, r are the elet rther than as n the Greek, rreeks copied F the Egyp- le manners of )untry ; and, ■nts of Greek, lich they saw xdcn of Eui
an orders of Qtly observed pportunity of ; because be^.
»79l. on taste in arcStttcture: 2^''
fore the reign of Fsamettichus, entrance was denied to every stranger, and the art of architecture had been then cultivated by the Grecians."
Besides, in studying the beautiful remains of temples^ in Greece, a progrefs from the rude models of the highest antiquity, to the perfection of the art in the age immediately preceding the Macedonian conquest, is plainly discernible ; after which the false taste for internal, and finally external, ornament on the capitals^ freezes, and architraves, of columns, and the pedi- ments of the porticoes of their temples, marked the consequences of Asiatic conquest and luxury, by the introduction of fastidious and corrupt ornament.
With respect to the architecture of the Romans, it was originally borrowed from Greece, but at a time when Rome was not s'.ifficiently wealthy tO' vie with them in magnificent structures.
Before the accefsion of Augustus to the supreme power, Rome was chiefly composed of brick or wood- en houses ; and these having no party walls, were ex- posed continually to the ravages of fire. Few of the houses were insulated or separate from others, and these in general were temples or public edifices'; and great structures for public meetings, were so few, that we observe the temples were generally used upon solemn occasions, and even frequently for the afsemblies of the senate.
With respect to the houses of the private citizens in town, they appear to have been very simple, and modest, and seldom elevated above one range of apart- ments ; though when luxury and caprice began to insinuate themselves after the end of the Carthagi-
■Hp-
m^li^mm^
'*¥'''-<'!^fi^.^'ftBiiO*i>^''****'""''
MMkn
il
tye on tntte in arilitttturt* Aug; ij,-
nean war, mutatoria or change-houses were common for variety, and these in the subuibs, which were uicceeded by elegant villas in the country.
But the multiplicity of these houses and villas led t« their being composed of flimsy materials, and not constructed for extensive duration.
The earliest writers in Italy after the fall of the Roman empire, give us no accounts of the ruins of rural magnificence, though they speak much of the beauty and ameenity of the situations where they had formerly existed. In fliort there were greater captains than Marlborough, but no Blenheims in Italy, and still lefs in Greece. All great magnificence was dedicated to the gods and to the public. Noble example worthy of imitation I
Neither does it appear that before the empire of Augustus, any temples of extraordinary or durable magnitude or splendour had existed at Rome } and hardly had a taste for beautiful structures been esta- bliflied by the munificence of the usurper, than itbe- canne vitiated by the caprice of redundant decoration. Of this wc are afsured by the authority of Vitru- vius. ,
Tacitus too, that great historian of a declining age, whose faults in style have been a&iduously copied by Mr Gibbons, and other writers of these times, who . are thought to belong to an age and country of ad- vancing taste and improvement, informs us, that after the battle of Actium, the P/o/iry of the Roman arms, when a visible decline o^ free sentimtnt appear- ed among the Romans, it extended itself (as a were) to the understandings of individuals, whenct iearning
L
ven common which were
its and villas latertals, and
he fall of the the ruins of much of the
1 where thej were greater
Blenheims in mtgnificence
iblic. Noblft
the empire of y or durablti Rome } and res been esta>- er, than it be- nt decoration, ity of Vitru-
declining age, asly copied by se times, who . ountry of ad- irms us, that of the Roman imeat appear* f {ai it •were}. \hence karniag:
1792. OH taste inarchitecturi, if%
and all the C'le arts which had tluurllhcd to adm a* tion, and for so long a period in Greece and Italy, fell into disrepute, and were overwhelmed by Asiatic barbarisms, and the whims of extraordinary and sudden influx of wealth from the plunder of the pro. vinces. Thus you see the age of fine taste in archi- tecture, either by invention or imitation, in Greece or iu Italy, extended only to the coatinuance of five or six centuries. All before or after is one blank or biot in the annals of art or of literature. Mechmks I hear the voice of ages crying aloud to nations, *' Oiscite libertatem, moniti non adorare regcs." Sc'isible Sir, of the respectable prejudices of great men, 1 exprefs myself with caution in an unknown language. It is fit that men whi pretend to liave taste Qiould not fliock the ^yes or ears of the elegant ' elohims of the earth.
As it seems desirable, that every individual who pretends to be what was formerly understood by the appellation of a gentleman, and who are now called esquires, Oiould ''■>: acquainted with the construction of the houses 01 a icient Rome, before they became accommodated t sreign luxury, I Ihall eii'leavouu, in very few words ind witJiout the interposition of quDtatfon or of for>. ^n languages, to describe with EugUfti phrase and id airi, tl)'- places of abode of the more wealthy citizens, whu had obtained high and lucrative employrnents in the commonwealth.
After the frequent fires that had destroyed whole quartors of the city, and particularly after the gene- ral conflagration that occuvrc i in the reign of Nero, the streets w lich before tiiat time hai' been as nar-
■mr-s?f;
imimifminrninf
i-jt on tatte in architecture. -^ug. a^
row M thtj are now in grand Cairo, and other eas- tern cities, WL-re made wide and spacious ; and the houses which had formerly been constructed of w'od or brick were built of stone ; and at certain in- tervals, it was enacted that there Ihould be insulated houses surrounded with courts or gardens, to prevent the communication of fire for the future. The com- mon approach to houses of eminence, was through a quadrangular court, sometimes surrounded by piaz- zas, to defend the guests or visitors from the weather, and leading to the principal front; annexed to which there was a large portico, to which there immediate- ly adjoined a salloon, which they called a seat joom, as being that used for dinner, where they lay to eat on beds, three or sometimes four to a bed ; which cus- tom, during the prevalent falhion of beards, must have exhibited, especially in the use of spoon meat and liquors, many very visible and inconvenient acci- dents. Beyond the dining room was the servants waiting room, where all accommodations for th« butler and slaves in waiting were provided, and where at all times there were slaves to give notice to their afsociates of any call made upon them by the family, supplying in early times the want of bells which fire now used for that purpose. In this large anti- chamber were commonly placed in niches or other- wise, the statues of their ancesmrs, or of illustrious citizens; and in one such of these, supposed to be Ihe house of Asinius Poltio, was discovered by cxca- vature the wonderful groupe of Laocoon and his sons.
Aug. a^ nd other eas- jncious ; and :onstructed of at certain in- 1 be insulated ns, to prevent e. The com- ras through a nded by piaz- n the weather, exed to which re immediate- i a seat Joom« [ley lay to eat d; which cus- rds, must have oon meat and ivenient acci- the servants s for the butler and where at lOtice to their by the family, »f bells which his large anti- ches or other- r of illustrious supposed to be vered by cxca- Locoon and his
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fjnt. ' on taste is arehitectart. 47^
The length of the saloon was generally double that of its breadth, and the height was equal io the latter, ■when the nature of the building would permit.
On the right hand of the saloon were the other apartments of the family, either for state or retire- ment, for amusement or repose ; and on the left the servants apartments. As to wine it was buried in large vefsels, some 6f them containing a quantity equal to our pipe, in subterraneous apartments, of simply in the earth, excavated and rammed full again with sand. In the country their accommodations were much more numerous and extensive. They had apartments for all the varying seasons of the year, some with stoves for the winter, and others for only admitting an extraordinary degree of solar heat and light, in spring and autumn ; reserving the cool subterraneous vaulted apartments, with small wini dows, for the heats of summer.
Thus far with respect to the houses of the ancient Komans. In my next, I Ihall endeavour to trace the luxury of the moderns, and subject it to the rules and criticism of clafsic ekgance ; without pretend- ing to offer any opinions of my own, or venturing to excite the vengeance of the moderns against an admirer of the Greeks. I am. Sir,
Your humble servant, '^•' B.A."
VOL. X.
M M
DESCRIPTION OF THE FORTIFICATIONS..
iU 31
AT DUN-O-DEER.
C9nti«utd from ^. 213. The, entry to both these oastle^ has been from the I v»e8U near the stone and lime tower, whera the hill
i« of more eqaal ascent tbaa at any other place, »U though the descent towards the east, is, near the awm- mit, much more gentle than towards the west, which, haa occasioned' some additional works there^ the (ra>-. «ea of which.are still aufEcientlj distinct, and are de- lineated imthe plan for your inspection, (see plate fig, I .) where A A,A is the vitrified wall surrounding the whol« bdU B B is the remains of another wall that haa been dtafiwn right acrofs the hilj, at that part where the descent to the eastward begins to be pefceptihie. No marks of vitrification are diseowrable in this W«lh E E is the remains of aditeh, with « rampart,, •twtching cut heyotid the vitjrified wall still farther to the eastward . Beyond that, and considerably d6wn the declivity «f the hiU, is the remains of another ditch of «rt4imvallation, D D D;D, seen in the per- «psetive views of the hitt at £ &( G fig. a. and D D fig. 3. Belcw thia. iq seme part* of the Mil; there are some indistiucf aiarks: of another ditch ;. but thia i» ivDW in a.f^reat m»;asure obliterated.
BcMdes thtic line* of oironafwallation, which have p' been evidently intended for defence, there are seve-
ral excavations in the hill, plainly artiiScial, the in-
!"■ ■'
^VN-O'DE'EIl TIC. J.
been from the
where the h»U other place, sl^ i, near the suvi- ;he west, which.
thecet, the tra- ict, and are de« tlon, (see plate all surrouRding nother wall that'.: thatpart where be perceptible. MFable in this with « ranvpart,. all still farther isiderablj d6wn aiiw of another een in the per. fig. a. andDD
the hill; there ditch j butthi»
•
on, which have there are seve- rtificial, the in.
^GROUND PhUNOTTBE SILL OF DUN-O-DEER, UTTU ^V£4PeliTlFICATJ0NS ON IT,
♦*
■A- <
.•:?
I
i
I
i
i
I
§
3
1792. Atttiquitiet in Scotland, ^fj
tention of which is not quite so obvious ; although I think it probable that they also were meant for defence. Two of these are found between the cir- cular rampart to the east, and the vitrified wall at EEfig.Ii. These hollows may be about five or fix feet deep, with an easy and smooth descent to the bottom from all sides. The hill is, at this place^ only of a gentle declivity, which would render the works more difficult to be defended than where it was more steep. This gives room to conjecture that these cavities might either be intended to screen the de- fendants on ordinary occasions, from the mifbile weapons of the enemy, by way of a guard-house, or to conceal a body of men by way of ambuscade. Up- on examining the face of the hill, along the east side, where the ditch of circumTallafion runs along a more level surface than at any other part of the hill, «nd where, of course, it was much more liable to be forced, four more excavations of the same kind are discovered, which are marked beyond C C ; no,- could I perceive any more of the same kind, on any otiier part of the hiJl, save two on .the west side, marked G Gfig. I. &. 2. and EE fig. 3. I leave others to con- jecture what may have been the intention of these hollows. For although I do not fsrgei that fame has plac^ gold in the bowels of this mountain, which might have induced some perso 13 to dig in search of these imaginary treasures, yet there ^eems to be little reason to suppose that the^e cavi- ties have been formed by that means, as they are jvreatly too wide for their depth, and as the rubbilh *bat has been taken out of them, has been carried
27B antiquities in Scotland. -^ug, 49,
*c]eftr awsy, which, it is natural to think, would have been tumbled carelefsly down this hill from the mouth of the hole, had they been opened only in search of treasure.
It has been said, that these vitrified walls are no ivhere to be found but where the rock -on which they stand, is of the plumb-pudding kind ; but this I can iif&ure you is a mistake. The hill of Tap-o-noath consists chiefly of small fragments of rotten granite ; that of Dun>o-deer is a mafs of slaty iron gravel. Many other vitrified fortifications have been disco- vered in Scotland, several of which I myself have examined j but I fliall here only specify one more, because of some peculiarities there observed, that 'tend to throw soaie farther light on the nature of • these structures.
For many years past philosophers hai^e been a- .Tiunting after volcanoes in every part of the globe, and the slightest^pptarance of vitrified matter has been by many accounted the most undoubted proof of a volcanic origin. Hence a general pre;udic2 ^prevails among those ivho have not examined these ■structures themselves, that their origin can only be attributed to that cause. 'I have- already mentioned -several circumrtances, that, to the intelligent reader, will aflPord full conviction that these can only have been works of art ; but one circumstance, which af- fords a yet clearer proof of it than any of those al- •. ready adduced, I had occasion to observe at the hill .of Finhaven, in the ihire of Angus, about six miles jiorth from the town of Forfar j on the top of whict
Aug. 119, would have 1 from the ned onlj ia
vails are no , which they [)t this I can rap>o-noath ten granite ; iron gravel. ! been discc-i- tiyself have J one more, served, that e nature of
ave been a- f the globe,
matter has ubted proof al pre;udic3 mined these
can only be 7 mentioned gent reader, a only have ;, which af-
of those al- ire at the hill ut six miles top of whicti
t79a' amtiquiius in Scotland'. ztp.
there are the remains of an extensive fortification of this sort.
Here, as usual, the vitrified wall surrounds a level area on the top of the hill, running all round in an Irregular form, so as-t© he every wliere on the edge of the precipice of the hill. Nothing uncommon is discoverable in the appearance of the walls, unlefg in une place, where the farmer, who occupies the hill snd the fields around it, had opened up a free stone quarry, which he had accidentally discovered on the aide of the hill near to. the top of it, out of which he dug free stone for the purpose of inclosing his farm. In purstiing the eourae of the quarry, he oame at length to uadermine tlie foundations of the w^llt when part of it tumbled down, and laid open the internal structure of that wsdl, which exhibited: phenomena- coasid^raUy different.from any \ had hi., therto observed.
That part of the vitrified wall which remained there, when \ visited it in th© year 1788, consisted of irregular i^ortseanta/strealu, I cannot call themstra. ta, of vitrified matter, and unvitrificd stone, inter, mingled alternately between one another. These vitrified streaks were, as I said, irregular, and had evidentally been produced by some cause that aoted by fits and starts, and had no connection with the na- ture of the materials^ of which the wall had been made, %% this consistedof aoongeiiesof stones, of va- rious serta and aiaes, that had been carelefsly thrown tvgethRf, that were evidentally of the same nature in the part», that were vitrified, and i^: those that were only, ^lore or kiii scorched. Sometimes oue part of
aSo antiquities in Scotland. Aug, V).
a st'ine was entirely vitrified, and another part of it unvitrified through every part of the wall.
This phenomenon most clearly proves, that the vitrification itself was not a volcanic production, but a work of art. And the free stone quarry, be- low the foundation of the wall, is the clearest de- monstration, that the hill itself on which the fort stands, is not formed by a volcano; for free stone has never yet, that I know of, been suspected to be of a volcanic origin.
The appearance of the heart of this broken down wall, so exactly resembled that of a lime kiln I once saw, that had been in part vitrified during the bur- ning of it, that it immediately occurred to rtie, that the phonomcna in both cases might be attributed to a similar cause. — In the lime kiln, the lime stone be- ing very much mixed with sand, and consequently very vitrescible, there were irregular horizontal layers, or streaks of vitrified matter, with spaces more or lefs between, in which some part of th* stone had not been so much burnt as to be capable of falling down into lime, with the addition of wa- ter, while other parts of it fell down into lime, so that it remained a mixed mafs, exactly resembling the other.
. The cause of this phenomenon in the lime kiln, we well know was the irregularity in the force of the winds that prevailed during the time the kiln was burning. When the wind was very high, it acted as a bellows upon the fuel put among the atones for the purpose of calcining them, and by con- sequence, it burnt then with so much force as to
Aug, ig. ther part of it vail.
Qves, that the [c production, e quarrj, be- e clearest de« vhich the fort free stone has ;ted to be of a
broken down ne kiln I once ring the bur- ;d to itie, that ; attributed to lime stone be- consequently ar horizontal , with spaces e part of th^ to be capable Idition of wa- into lime, so ly resembling
(he lime kiln, n the force of time the kiln very high, it ut among the k, and by con- ;h force as to
1791. antiquities in Scotland. 47?
vitrify tlie whole mafi that was on fire at the time; ; but as only a small part of the fuel in a lime kiln is on fire at one time, the fire asccmling gradually as the fuel is consumed, from the bottom to the top, if the weather was calm the day after a high wind, the fuel burnt them much more slowly j so that the part of the stone imme4iately above the vitrified layer was not sufficiently burned. Thus it happened that the irregularity of the weather produced the disagreeable eifects already described. In like man- ner might the fuel that was applied for the purpose of vitrifying these walls, be alternately blown up in- to a melting flame, by the force of a high wind one day, and suffered to burn slowly during a succeeding calm day, or more, so as to act then with so little -force upon the stones, as not to melt them at all. According to this hypothesis, it would seem pro- bable that the fuel had been here intermixed with the stones in building the wall, which does not seem to have been the case with any of the others I obser- ved. But on this head, the facts are not so clear as to enable us to speak with certainty: probable conjec- ture is all that can be here offered.
On the whole, respectinj; these strflctures, the on- ly particular that seems to be with undeniable cer- . taihty ascertained is, that they are not volcanic pro- ductions, but clearly works of art, that have bien calculated for some sort of defence against the at- tacks of afsailing foes. J. A.
VOL. X.
vv
r
GRAMMATICAL DISQUISITIONS. ^
Continued from p. 245. >,.
0/* CASES, and particu y of that peculiarity in the Englijb language which hat been usually called the genitive case.
To give an idea of what is meant by case to a mere EngliOi reader is not very easy. He will observe that nouns may be considered as connected with the different objects that can affect them, in a great many points of view. A man may walk to ox from a place, he may be placed above or below it, he may go before or behind another, he may talk of, he may converse with, he may be affected by another man. If we could suppose that the noun had a particular variation to denote eacli of these relations, and all the others of the same kind that can occur, these va- riations would be called cases.
Merely from the announcing of these particulars, it will be obvious to the most superficial observer, ♦hat this peculiarity of language cannot be deemed «fsential. It is indeed so little necefsary that many languages have no variation whatever respecting this particular ; nor is there any language that has perhaps a tenth part of the variations of this kind, in other words cases, that would be required. Yet so much are we attached to the practice that has beeii incidentally adopted by the Greeks or Latins, that most of our grammars continue to enumerate the CASE as an efsential variation of the noun.
Mg. igf
ONS.
Uarity in the 'ly called the
3E to a mere will observe :ed with the in a great t to ox from v it, he may : of, he may nother man. a particular ons, and ail ir, these va-
particulars, il observer,
be deemed ' that many respecting ge that has ' this kind, 5 required, ractice that Ls or Latins, I enumerate oun.
1794. grammatical dhquisitioHt. jj^
Wherever a partiality of this kind prevails, trifles are often magnified into matters of importance ; and subjects which would be plain of themselves, if not warped by system, become the cause of long and intri- cate discufsions. On this principle it has happesedthat our grammarians, however much they may Oiffer as to other particulars, have all concurred in acknow- ledging that the Engliih nouns admit of a particular inflection, which they in general have denomina- ted a genitive case, or at least a pa-ticular case of the Engliih noun. I doubt if this distinction is well founded, for the following reasons.
For though it be allowed that in the Engliih lan- guage, there is a certain clafs of words, evidently de- rived from nouns by a particular inflection, whica words have the sam*; meaning, in certain circum- stances, as the genitive case of the Latins, such as yobfi's staff, and WiUiam^s house ,• in which phrases the words foMi and William^s are equivalent to the phrases •/'John or o/" William; and as the preposi- tion of in Englifli, is in general the translation of the Latin genitive, it has been concluded that, as that preposition can be supprefsed, and the same meaning conveyed by adding to the noun an apostrophised V, that this forms a true and genuine inflected genitive
cas«.
Dr Lowth, however, sensible of the difficulties: that accompany this hypothesis, has hesitated about adopting the phrase genitirn, and wtlhes rather to call it the pofsefsivt case ; but this rather tends to augment instead of removing the tlifiicttlties, as I IkaJl have occasion to (how in the sequek
i:
476 grammatical disquuitionf. Aug-, i^.
1st. Oh the hypothesis that the particular clafs of Svordb above named are real inflected genitives, it would be difficult to afsign a reason vehy one clafs of Engli/k nouns fliould admit of this peculiar inflection and not the whole. In those languages which admit of cases in general we find no such distinction ; but in Eng- lifli, tlxe words ho/ine/s, significance, deptndance, dili- gence, exposure, ttumkuefs, idlenefs, chillnefs, entice- ment, arrangement, intricacy, discordancy, and thou- sands of others, amounting perhaps to nearly one half the nouns in the language, admit not of any in- flected genitive at all. Whence, it might be aflced, arises this peculiarity i I fliall have occasion to solve this difficulty in a future part of this efsay, though it seems to be impofsible to solve it on the fore men- - tioned hypothesis. i . s^N***"
id. If there be no other reason for calling the par- ticular clafs of Englifli words here mentioned, the genitive case of the nouns from which they are ob- - viously derived^ but merely that they hawe in ge- neral the same sense as the noun, -.without- variation, with the word q/" prefixed to- them, we fliall find that irany other words have a claim to be admitted into the clafs erf Englifli genitives besides those usually ranked in this clafs. Indeed the woi'ds having that; genitive siguification *, (and the same might be said .
• I beg the reader will not here thiiik that I adopt a» my owrv, the ld«as g'ven in the text. I am fufly ien*ble of **.improprj«y,. to e»- prefs it in no 5tr<ingfrJargvigfi,. of forming.flur idea of /am^Jj) the mac-- ner I ere e«pUinedi I raly mean to give a candid repiMtnta'tion of the ir.ode of reasoning that has been adopted by tnglfli g: uiimariahyin gene- lal on this Subject J and 1 hop« it wUl be fotiha th»t i do it very fajfly i»
tf Aug: 29.
rtic«lar clafs ot" enitiveSj it would ; clafs of EiigUrti nflection and not :h admit of cases on ; but in Eng- deptndance, dili- cbillne/s, entice- dancy, and thou- is to nearly one lit not of any in- might be aflced, occasion to solve his efsay, though on the fore men-.
r calling the par- nientioned, the dich they ate ob- - they hawe in ge- krithout- variation, we fhall find that be admitted into des those usually mi'ds having that- ime might be said
adopt a» rhy- own, the f Ae.impToprjetyj, to e»-
idea of/Au^Jp the rtii^- 4iil repiotntatlon of the •111 g: uiimariahs'in gwe- that i do it very faiily in
ii79>' grammatical disquisitionsi 277 ,
pf the pofsefsive) are so numerous, and afsume so jnany different forms, that it would be a laborious ta(k to f numerate the whole. I here only offer a specimen of a few»
The foUovVing words afsume this genitive signifi- cation without any change at all of the noun : mar" riage-eontract, spade-Jba/t, gun-barrel, mill-wbeel, hat-band, jword-blade, church-yard, day-break, cart- load, doomsday -book. }. to .which might be added jtnany others. ■;-'•■'
Not efsentially different in form from these, with A similar genitive signification, are the words, Jljtp- buililir, candle-maktr, watch- maker, sugar-baker, soap- ■ iboiler, and others of the same clafs.
It appears under a diiFerent form in the word ■Frencb-man, Englijh-man, Scots-man, &.c. , Another variety of this clafs are the. words High^ lander, Lowlander, Londoner, Comrhomr, Laplander.
Still more different in. form) but with the same ge- jiitive signification it appears in the words Dane, Ruft,.Swtd4^ &c. ; and in Lombard, Spaniard, Savoy- sard ; as also, Italian, Biscay an, Germaitf Persian ; land in Genevese^ Japanese, Chinese, lurk,. Jew, Sa- moyedi Ltvite, Jacobite, Bamabitt, cum 'multis aliis;
3^. Our grammarians, who have in some instan- ces 60 readily bestowed the name of genitives on z particular ciafs of words, derived from some of our -nouns by one mode of inflection, and refused to give that name toothexrword^ derived from .our noans by any other inflection, have, in other cases, bauiflied, from the rank of nouns entirely, other \vord3 which have a similar genitiyc, signijication, that are de>
178 gyafftftiatical disquisitions. Aug. 39*
rived from oar nouns by another mode of inflection, calling them, not nouns, but adjectives. Of this kind are some of the words above enumerated ; as also the w^rds brazen, wooden, golden, Sac. which sig- nifjrnearly the same thing as of gold, ofhrafs,of wood. Thus, a golden crown, is equivalent to a crown 0/ gold ; a brazen trumpet to a trumpet of brafs ; a wooden mallet to a mallet of wood. If the reason usually afsigned be sufficient to constitute a genitive, it would be difficult to fliov why this clafs ihould not be intitled to the same denomination *.
/^th. If our grammarians have denominated cer- tain words adjectives, which, according to their own mode of reasoning ibould have been called genitives^ so they have ranked as pronouns other words, which ought, with still greater propriety, to have been cal- led genitives. The words my, thy, our, your, their, mine, thine, ours, yoursy theirs, his, her, hers, its, and theirs, are always ranged in the list of pronouns ; though it is plain they bear exactly the same rela- tion to the original pronouns from which they are derived, as that variatioa of the noun which has been called a genitive, bears to the noun from which it has been derived. Thus, supposing John to be the speaker, who says, in the first person, my bouse, this phrase is of the same import ait if he had said ths^ house »f mi i and differs not in the smallest degree from: the phrase John's house, if it had been expref- sed in the third person by anodier speaker. For
• I muit «gain repeat It that 1 do not contend that any of these are gt- ritivn, I mejii only to fliovr the impropriety of ever having adopted that tem, in any caae, in the Englilh language.
L
ode of inflection, es. Of this kind serated ; as als9 ficc. which sig- old, ofhraft, of equivalent to a to a trumpet of /wood. If the
to constitute a V why this clafs lomination *. enominated cer- ing to their own called genitives, ;r words, which o have been cal- our, your, their, er, hers, its, and St of pronouns; r the same rela:. which thty are loun which has oun from which g John to be the I, mjf house, this he had said tbe^
smallest degree lad been expref- r speaker. For
lat any of these are gt- er having adopted that
1 79^' grammatical disquisitions. jy^
both these phrases in this case would mean the bouse of or belonging to yohn. The same reasoning will apply to all the words above enumerated, and it will, upon investigation, be found, that they have all the same relation to the! • respective pronouns, as the variation of the noun, which gave rise to these spe« culations, has to the original noun from which it is derived ; though they have not been dignified with the name of genitives.
For the circumstances that constitute the difference between my and mine, thy and thine, our and ours, &c. it is not properly our businefs here to inquire ; nor yet to (how the exact similarity in power of the sup« posed inflected Engliih genitive to both these clafses of words. This may with more propriety be done on some future occasion, in a separate difsertation on that subject*.
5/i. If the Engliih words which gave rise to these remarks deserve the name of genitives, merely be- " cause in some cases they are equivalent in significa- tion to the genitive case of the Latins, we ought, by the same mode of reasoning, to allow that some £ng- lifii nouns admit of a dative or ablative case, as some words will be found that admit of a dative, and many more of an ablative signification. Thus, a mill horse means a horse for turning a mill ; a horse mill, a mill to be driven by horses ; a handsaw is a saw to be used
* ThU I fliall do in an early number of the Bcs, t», from an analysis of the clafs of words here specified, much light will be thrown upon a very important part of our language, which has not hitherto attracted the no< tice of philologists so much as it desei «es. Indeed had it not been to pave the way for that difsertation, the present efsay, as much left inferescin^^. ivould have been supprcfsed.
^<8d grammatical Jtsqaisitions. Aug. 2<J.
hy the hand ; a table knife, a krife to he used at tahU. To the same clafs belong 'Match-chain, pen knife^ tea spoon f slop bason, hand kerchief, and many others •which it would be tedious to enumerate ; and which ■would have an equal claim to the titles of ablatives, as those formerly mentioned have to that of gene-
•tives *.
It has been already remarked that Dr Lowth calls this variation of our noun z pofsefsive case, and the greatest part of our grammarians term the pronouns above named, pofsefsive pronouns. As to the teiim pofsefsive case, if it Ihould be adopted, it gives an idea oi cases, altogether different from that which has been ever admitted among ancient grammarians, and would lead to conclusions that would produce the greatest -confusion in grammatical speculations. There is no doubt, it is true, but that many of the words of this
. clafs indicate pofsefsion, as well as the words above enumerated, that have been c9\\i:Apofsefsive adjectives; but it is not clear that either the one is entitled, in strict propriety, to the name of dijectives, or the other tathzt oi cases. If we fhould admit this clafs
. of words to the rank of a particular case, we fhall
• find other words derived from our nouns by other inflections that would have an equal claim to the same honour. Thus Johnsoniana is a word derived front Johnson by a peculiar inflection ; and as it implies a collection, we ftiould call it the collective case. Even Johnson itself is a word derived from John by a par-
• Once more 1 must request the reader to remember that I hcie oniy reason for the sake ofanikgy. I by no oieam contend that any of these could properly be called casei.
/
±
•r Aug. 2<}.
he used at tabh. n, pen knife, tea i many others ite ; aiid which les of ablatives, 6 that of gene-
Dr Lowth calls ve case, and the m the pronouns As to the term , it gives an idea
which has been rians, and would ace the greatest s. There is no le words of this he words above efsive adjectives; le is entitled, in ^ectives, or the admit this clafs r case, we fliall
nouns by other laim to the same rd derived front d as it implies a five case. Even n John by a par- ember that I hcie omy atend tliat any of these
I
1792' grammatical disquisitions. , * 281
ticular inflection denoting filiation, we fhould there- fore call it t\it Jiliative case. Cumberland, and others of this kind, might be called words in the territorial case; Xo«</onfr, j^t^^/a/i^^r, would constitute other cases. In fhort, the variety of cases we ihould be un- der the necefsity of adopting would be so great, as even to prevent a pofsibility of inventing names for them all j and would introduce a mode of casation, \i I may adopt that word, so entirely different from any thing that has ever been in use, in any language, as could oiUy prove the source of perplexity and confu- sion.
6tb. If, however, our predeliction for the word cuse, is such, tltat we must at any rate^adopt it with regard to any of the claijses of words above enume<- rated, I ihould think they have a better title to that oi uomiaatives thin to that of aay other ra^^. My reasons for this opinion are,
In the^rj* place, that, in all cases, the variation of our noun that has been called the iniiected genitive, occupies the same place as a nominative. In the phrase Jamts^s house u stately, there is no other no- minative to the verb iV, but Jatnes^s house : far it is evident that the word house, taken by itself, cannot be the . nominative, as -it can only make a com- - plete sense when united - with yaw^jV. Both tOr gether, therefore, . form a true nominative. In like manner, in the phrase the hand- taw cuts well, hand^saw is the only, nominative to the. verb cuts ; and the same might be said of all the others. I must here, however, add, that as no distinction takes I>lace between tlie form of the nominative and accu- ^
VOL. X. . 0 0- f ,
r
a hand saw. of a hand saw. to a hand saw. by a hand saw.
284 grammatical disquhitionu Aug. i^.
sativr of Englifh nouns ; so this clafs of nominatives, like all others, becomes accusatives also, merely by a change of their position with respect to the verb.
In th e mxt place, this clafs of nouns can be regu- larly declined, through all their cases, by the aid of prepositions, in the same manner as any other nouns in the Englifh language, as thus : Nominifitive, John's house, Genitive, ' of John's house. Dative, to John's house,
Ablative, by John's house.
And in the same manner may be declined every other noun belonging to this clafs of words.
Lastly y they are always the name of some particn*. lar object, which they denote as distinctly as any other noun whatever ; and, therefore, many words of this clafs find a place in every dictionary as proper names-. The following are a few words of this clafs that have been selected from Johnson's dictionary, air- pump, hallad-singer, hee-Jtour, hearts breach, hird*s foot, ht/hop-wted, blind-man*s luff, hristol-ttone, but^ Cher's broom, cat's eye, Charles's wain, cheese-mongery church-yard, day-Kgbt, dial-plate, &c. If Charles'^s wain and bijhop-vjeed, be admitted as nouns, properly so called, under what pretext can we refuse this same name to Saint PauPs church-yard, tire queen's house,. or any other word, of which these genitives, as they have been called, form a part ?
That the phrases into which this clafs of words env. ter, are names in the strict and proper sense of the word, farther appears from this circumstance, that the names thus formed, and simple uncorapounde*
wmi'^m^
ir Aug. ig. of nominatives, 50, merely by a to the verb, ns can be regu- is, by the aid of iny other nouns
a hand saw. of a hand saw. to a hand saw. by a hand saw. ned every other
jf some particip. :tly as any other ly words of this IS proper names', this clafs that dictionary, air- t breach, hird*s ■istal-ttone, hut" r, cbeese-mongery cc. If Charleses juns, properly so refuse this same te queen's house^ mitiveis, as they
fafs of words enw (per sense of the rcumstance, that ; uncompounded
1792. grammatical disquisitions. 283
names, may be easily interchanged for one another ; or, that an object which in one language has a. simple name appropriated to it, may afsume, in another language, one of these inflected genitives as a consti- tuent part of that name. The Pantheon, in the lan- guage of ancient Rome, was the name of a particular building well known in that city. The same building still remains, and has been known by two different names, viaj. the ratundo, alluding to its form ; but it is now more commonly called the church of all saints » As these are only different names for the same ob- ject, they must be accounted words of the same clafs; that is, nouns properly so called.
In the same manner scalpellum, in Latin, is the name of a particular implement, which we call ia EngliQx a/M-i«i/>, both which we must equally rank in the clafs of nouns. Again, in Englifli we denote a certain part of the human body by the word toe, which in French is called Jinger of the foot. And that part of drefs which we call a glove, is, in the German language, called fboe far the hand. Who doubts, but as these different phrases convey the ^ame idea to the mind of the oersons who hear them used in either language, th^ are all words be- longing to the same general clafs ? Each of them is evidently t\i6 proper name of a particular object, and as such must be clafsed among nouns, each of which nouns admit of the same construction as other nouns in the same language.
It will perhaps be objected, that those words which have been called Englifh genitives, differ not in this respect from the genitive of the Latins, in certain
If
184 grarmnntical dUquUitlons. Avg. 2T).
circumstances. This will be granted ; but the con- clusion is not thereby invalidated.
It will be farther said, that in Latin, as well as in Englifli, these genitives. only afsume the appear- ance of performing the function of a nominative, when they are joined with another noun. This also will be admitted without altering the conclusion.
It may be farther objected, that adjectives, in some cases, are so joined witli other nouns, as to become ft part of the proper name of certain objects ; such as long-Jhanis, strong-bow, red-head, and others. This afso is admitted. And what are we hence to infer ^ metelj' that names, properly so called, are •ften com- pounded of different elements, which, as in chemis- try, coalesce, and form a new mixt, differing in qua- lities from the simple elements of which they arfe compounded : and if some of these elements can ne- ver be exhibited in a separate form, there will be nothing new in this circumstance*.
From the foregoing considerations, I presume it •will be admitted, that that clafs of Englifh words which has been usually called inflected genitives, are only, in some particular cases, equivalent in sense to the Latin. genitive case : that many other words have •the same genitive, or, according to Dr Lowth, /•/- je/iive signification, which never have lien called eU thcr genitives, or po/se/iives: that other words are found in abundance, which have a dati-ue or ablative signification, though they have never obtained tbe
• The termination, «r, is a particular eawof this kind, Ltndimtr, swgtr,
Aug. 29. but the con-
:In, 33 well as le the appear- a nominative, uti. This also :onclusion. xtives, in some as to become ft 3Cts ; such as others. This ence to infer ^ are Bften com- as in chemis- ffering in qua- irhich they arfe iments can rie- , there wit! be
1 presume it Englifh words . genitives, are lent in sense to er words have T Lowth, p»f~ '. wen called ci- ther words are tive or ablative s obtained the
ind, Ltndonir, tixgir,
i792. detatcbed remark. 284
name of datives nor ablativts : tliat if the meaning only of words were to constitute different claf 's of cases, we would not only depart in some measure from the idea of cases in ancient hnguagcs, but would be under the necefsity of creating au cndlefs variety of cases tltat never had hitherto been thought of: and that all these different clafses of words per- form in language the ofEce, and have the power, of nouns, strictly so called ; and are liable to all the changes that other nouns in our language admit of. From whence I infer, that they are neither genitives, nor ablatives, nor adjectitres, strictly so called, nor belong to any of those various clafses of words in which they have hitherto been ranged ; hut that they form a distinct clafs of words by fhemselves, the properties and uses of which have not been hitherto distinctly ascertained. The remaining part of this efsay will be appropriated to a more particular inves- tigation of this subject.
7b be continued.
DETATCHED REMARK.
The ordinary attacks of calumny and detraction ought to be lobked upon as sparks, which, if you do not blow them will go out of themselves. This was an observation of the great Herman Eoerhaave's, and nothing can be mora worthy of our attention and nractice.
AN ODE TO rANcr.
For tht Bte. O wArr me, Fincy, when you (!y To tinge with gold lome a»ure fky j Or when you roam through Alblon'i iiie» O lead me where the muiet imile ) Leid me to Shakeipeare'i lacred tomb, Where violeti breathe, and ro»es bloom % Let ua the seaiow cbarm> aurvey, Wh-re nature painti the devioui way ; Along the winding riv'let'i aide Where Shenitone once waa wont to glide } And penaive itand by mofay cell, Where fayi and fairiea ui'd to dwell \ Or 0!i the banka of Levtn's (hore. The early fate of Bruce deplore j And liiten to the voice of airing. When thy lo»'d Login us'd to irg ; While deep «mbow'r'd in Limond't vale, The cuckow carelefs chaunts hia tale.
In Thomson'a grove by Tweed'a pure atrea:*, Vou wrapt me in a myatic drtaro. Which mem'ry plcak'd Ihall oft renew, And fondly ev'ry tr«e pursue: I saw, with wonder and aurpriae, Amidst a grove, an altjr rise ; A spiral wreath of Manruan bay Xntwln'd it round ; and on it lay The fruita jnd flow'ti ot" ev'ry field, And all that eailii and a ?8 cou'd yitrldj While radiant forms descending came, And thrre ador'd grett nature's name J Some of those tirms I irstaiit knew, While others ararce appr r'd to view, At distance gliding through tl.e space, ^ Like n.iaty forms in solemn pace. The muses led the blind along, First fathers of the vocal ilirong i 1 heard the early Spartan fife. Wake martial music in'-i l.fe. And Ofsian's harp the sounds *pr'''<"'8> And Milton ture hi. \' ndrous song.
Thtn ciine a bird whom lOu ^^d firm'd, Whom genius with her wings adorn'd, Wildly to soar -iloU un high. And in the whitlwind'i breath to fly i
I ;
■t-i
, .10.
ill*,
ide )
H
179 fioflrf.
To him you give your magic wand, Each human pafiion to command j " To harrow up the loul with fear,
Or to difiolve it in a te.ir.
Ne»t him another form drew near, With all the beautiet of the year, Depending graceful in his triin, With which his genius seem'd to reign ; ^ His voice was music in the spring,
« And summer taught his tongue to sing {
When pensive Autumn's sighing brcf re, Blew murm'ring through the leafelefs trcee. Congenial were his mflting lays, He warbled sweet in nature's pt-xite^ ■. Till fte, approving, ojvn'd the pair
,v To be her chief, her fav'rite carci »
Loud thunders rolt'd, the altar blax'd, Then through the clouds her sons flie rais'd } The fleeting vision fled away, And left me on Tweedside to stray. R. V,
2»7
lie,
ire itrevB,
^i
'-.1-
f.irm'd,
d,
WHAT IS LOVE i
riOM AH OtD COtLtCTlOW OT MAIIUSC«I?T rOBMf> COMMUMICATID BY A rilBND.
For ibi Bte.
Lovi** no irregular desire, No sudden start of nging pain ^
Which in a moment gniws a fire, And in a moment cools again.
Not found in the sad sunileteer Who sings of d irts, despair, and chains ^
And by whose dismal voice 'tis clear, He wants not sense alone, — but brains
Mer is it center'd in-th« beau, Who sighs by rule, — in or ler dies)
Whose sense appears in outward llio>«. And want of wit by dreb supplies.
No i — love is something so divine. Description would but make it lef*}
•Tis what I know, but can't define, »Tis what 1 ftel, but can't expreft.
MAKTIAL, LIB
If my iigw'on rtidtrmeet*
A cnuplct r.jtelcft or obscure i Or iutlgit these immorul (hecti
From injui'd iyiu» h4idly pure I ^ , ,
-» Such errorj never cin be mine ;
For leainirg you may give me crediti I spelt and fomted every line J
£.ich bull, — the bingling printer made k<
But if you hint that I myietf,
Mib'i' '1*0 Coihic blunder! fill. You're a protine irreverend elf J .^
J iwear you have no tatte at all.
Ani \( you ttill pursue me close,
With flaws I can't deny nor hide \ Your own .rjnscendent page expose,
Aai then I'll mortify youc pride. BdMBADDlKioC.
!
C'
MARTIAL, LIB. U. «IG. 4. IMITAtZD.
Far the Bit.
"■•'■■■■" M V booleeeJIers ein ne'er get done
With wondar I have been so luclcy, .
My birth-day odes are just begun
A tenth edition at Kentucky. , ' '
The ChickesiWi end Cherokees,
No longer ruOi in <ut-throat columns, Bat quit their pipei »nd scalping fees,
To ponder these ptoUigiou» volumnv
The factor vending beads »nd <hot,
At Hudson's bay who thaws hi ftin»; Ttie negro driver who mindt not
What Corte* sufTera for hi« eiiii :
The centry on Gibraltar's rock,
The pilot founder'd at its bottom, Cf former bards if e'er they spoke,
Have now, my fame be thank'd, forgot ihem.
TKUNOEKrHQOT.
ATXO.
dtti mide it<
. BdMBADDIKIOir.
TAXED.
iimn8|
tMi\
, forgot them.
TKUNOEKFKQOF.
THOUGHTS ON THEPRESENT COMMOTIONS IN P OSS-SHIRE.
Some popular commotions have of late taken place in Rofslhire, which demand the most serious attention of government, as they proceed neither from wantonnefs and turbulence of disposition among the people, as some v»iU represent, nor from a cruel and opprcfsive disposition ni Inndlords, as most people here seem willing to l>elieve. They proceed entirely fiom a dcfectire system of leRula- tion that I have often been obliged to repichcnd on for. mer occasions, which has been naopted by our govern- ment, and persisted in,' merely £rom the men in admini- stration being uoacquainted with the real state of thtsc countries, and unconscious of the exceeding pernicious tendency of tho«e measures, to a part of the country, which, if under proper management, would soon be pro- ductive of a high revenue to the state, instead of bting a hnavy deduction from it, as it is at present •,■ -a part of a country which in some future day will be the seat of industry.' of arts, of wealth, and national resource, when the other parts of it fliall be sunk in viJous debility uiid difsiptition. '
It is long since I pointed out the impofsibility of avoid- ing that very distrefs which now exists j— what I then Slid was disregarded j— what 1 (hall now add may perhaps be disregarded also •, but the urgency of the case seems to give room to hope it may perhaps in some measure be ad- verted to. If it ttiould not, I (hall at least have the con- scious recollection of having cfone what was incumbent on me, to aUeviate the distrefses of the country. At a future period perhaps it may be reverted to.
VOL. X. . r F t
4b
CjS tp the commotions in Rofsjhire. -^vg' 29.
The immediate cause of the present commotions, is the letting of some extensive farms in Rofs(hire for the pur- pose of breeding (heep, instead of having them parcelled . Aut into small allotments among a great number of poor families, who had no means of stocking these so as to 'avail themselves of their natural produce, nor any other means of subsistence fhan that which they derived frum the miserable culture of a small part of the ground, for which they were able to pay next to no rent whatever.
That I am by no means exaggerating on this occasion will appear from the following well known fact. 1 he late Sir John Lockhart Rofs of Balnagowan, having re- solved to convert a small part of his estate into a Ihtep farm, sent for some ikiiful flieep farmers to go over it, and to pitch upon a place proper for that purpose. They made choice of a vale, with hills on each side, to a great extent. They computed that this farm would be suffici- ent to maintain throughout th .vhole year, Jive thousand head of (beep j but they advi^'d him to understock it at first, till he saw how they succeeded j and therefore pro- posed he (hould put no more than three thousand upcn it at first. At the most moderate computation any (heep rearer would have been willing to pay him three hundred pounds rent for this farm. On inquiry he found that it was at that time occupied by thirty.two families, with six persons in each family, on an average, who, altogether, paid to him thirty-one pounds, tenfiillings df rent } and this rent was supposed to be so very high that these poor persons paid it with great difficulty, and could not afford «o give him twenty Ihillings more, had he exacted it with ever so much rigour. The humane landlord foreseeing that these people would be reduced to misery if he car. tied his plan into execution, desisted from it, and made choice of another district for that purpose. A similar
hire. jfvg. 29.
commotions, is the ifs(hire for the pur- ing them parcelled at number of poor ing these so as to uce, nor any other they derived ftura
of the ground, fur o rent whatever, ig on this occasion known fact. 1 he tgowan, having re- estate into a ihtep ners to go over it, lat purpose. They ach side, to a great n would be sufHci-
ytix,Jive thousand to understock it at
and therefore pro> e thousand upcn it putation iiay ftieep ■ him three hundred :y he found that it o families, with six ;e, who, altogether, //I'ngs 6f rent ; and ligh that these poor id could not aflPord
he exacted it with landlord foreseeing o misery if he car.
from it, and made lurpose. A similar
1-0 2. on the commotions in Ro/sjhirc. 299
conduct, in many instances, that consist with my own knowledge, has been pursued on like occasions by the duke of Argyll, the duke of Gordon, and many private persons, owners of lands in the Highlands ; yet these men are now indiscriminately branded by ignorant specu- lators, as hard hearted opprefsors, who grind the faces of the poor to such a degree as to deserve the detestation of all good men. That there are no proprietors of land iu the Highlands, who, take advantage of the power that the state of the country confers upon them, to abuse it, will not be maintained by any person of sense. But that these instances are as rare among them, as among, any- other set of men, who have an equal chance of impunity, I will boldly maintjin as z fact. 1 myself, who have no predeliction for the gentlemen of the Highlands, more than others, am clearly convinced, that there are as many, if not more, acts of disinterested generosity, practised among this set of men, from Jiumane and patriotic consi- derations, as among any others in this island. But where is the men, who, as a body, will refuse to add to their in- come by fair means, when the power of doing it is so easy ? Can any person of sense say, that in order to provide for some people, who, in their present state can only be ac- counted unprofiublc cumberers of the gound, a man (hould sacrifice the interesU of his family, and diminilh the income of the kingdom, by preventing tlie improve- ment of his estate, merely because some ill judged laws prevent those persons who have been accidentally plac"' on his estate, from being able to support themsel'" by tlieir own industry ? If the state condemns t^m to un- availing poverty, why fliould the buiden of supporliof, them lie exclusively upon these pvop-*tors ? Let tho.e who are loudest in their clair.ours ^ons.der fcr a nionitnt, »|d thej will see that ^oliLu^ ^"^^h which owe their ex-
-p-
303 on loe commoticHs tn Rofsjbire. yliig, 1^.
istence to defective legislation, and not to the fault of individuals, ought to be tedreised by the state ■, and that tf the peoplr must be supported by charity, that charity ihould flow from the purses of the community at large, and not from the poclet of individuals. There can be no doubt that, in the instance above given, the 169 uselefs persons on the estate of Balnagowan, had in strict justice, an equal claim on any manufacturer or merchant in Britain, in proportipn to their income, as on Sir John Lockbart Rofs for their support. .
Let us therefore turn our attention from the gentle- men proprietors of lands in the Highlands, and acquit
• them of blame on the .present occasion, that we may be enabled the more distinctly to discriminate the real causes
W)f this political malady, which, if not removed, threaten* to be attended with very disagreeable consequences to the community.
' People dispersed in separate hamlets, in a wide coon- try, without market towns or roads, haye no means of converting their industry to profit. If they are able to rear a scanty subsistence for themselves from the soil, they can scarcely in any case do more ; and where the cli- mate is indifferent, even that scanty subsistence must be
• precarious. They have no inducement to rear more than enough in ordinary years, because they could not find a market for it. For the same reason they cannot convert their industry in any other way to profit. Perpetual po- verty, therefore, must be the bt of these people ; and of cours» they can neither afford to pay an adequate rent to the propiVtor for the land they pofcefs, nor pay any taxes so as to augmntjt the revenue of the state*. Could any
• The following acf Ou,t exhibits such a true picture of the rtate of the Highlands, an-l the inconven-^ces to which the inhabitants of these coun- tries are subjectld io the ptogrel* ,>f induitry, tb»t \ With'pleiiwe^teRrt
T
Aug. 2§. to the fault of Bte -, and that tf at charity fhould t large, and not an be no doubt ) uselefs persons trict justice, an hant in Britain, r John Lockbait
rom the gentle- nds, and acquit that we njay be e the real causes loved, threatens sequences to the
in a wide coon- ye no means of hey are able tu I from the soil, id where the cli- istence must be o rear more than could not iind a r cannot convert Perpetual po- : people ; and of adequate rent to or pay any taxes e *. Could a«y
re of the rtate of the
bitantt of these coun«
With'pltnute^teKtt
1792. »n the commotioni in Rof^tjhire. 3©!
inquiry better deserve the attention of the legislature of an enlightened country than to try to discover the means of remedying this great political malady, and rendering the
people happy and useful members of the community '.
«
jt. It is writren by the reverend Mr J. Anderson, minister of Kingufiie in Invtrnifsfliirt.
" There is no vil!ag», either in the pwifli. or in the whole district. This inconvenience is severely fel.". , , only th» luxuries, buceven rai- ny of the common neceftdries of life, must be sent fur to tiie distance of more than forty miles. Trad:iimen have no fix:d place of ri.'s'dcnce where they cin be resorted to. There is no center for the little traiBc or bartt-r requisite to be carried on in an inland countr,.. The wool t hit could have been manufactured in that place, must be sent by a long land carriace to buyers invited fiom another kingdum. The flax that mig!it have proved a source of wealth to both proprietor and taclcsman, has been n.-glected, because /kilful people are not collected together into o:.e close neighbourhood, to cairy it through the whole proiefs."
The above is extracted from Sir John Sinclair's Statistical Acccunt of Sco'.land, vol. iii. p. 38, a book that will do honour to the age in which it w.is written, and lay th: foundation, it is hoped, of many cfsential im- provements in Scotland. To the above allow me to add, that even the carcase of the fheep in these situations, is of little value. What could a poor man make often or twelve fal fli -j, if he had them ? All his neigh- bours have mutton of their own, and no buying butcher is to be found within perhaps an hundred miles of him. Unlefs a;flock of several tliou- sands be kept tog-ether, these cannot aftbrd carrying them to market. How are rents in these circumitanccs to be paid ? How can taxes be paid^ or collected i
• Too much praise cannot be bcstowei upon Mr Dale of Glasgow, <6e his great and patriotic exertion, in relieving f. number of bis unhappy ccju-itrymen, frjm a severe calamity in which they foani themselvet io' vstved at the time. Nothing but a g:nerous philanthropic ardourt which despises to test on little inconveniences, could have suggested the great idea, — The same philanthropy alio suggested the noble idea of forming ibe •aciety fur bringing persons from the Highland.*, to settle in the maiiufa*- turing districts of this country. Yet, 'however much I may honour the .contriver of this beneftcfent flan, a regard for truth forbids roe to say, that «ny very exteiWtve bwiefit can be expected to result from It. B^
*©^f t/; the cdmiHoiions in RofiJJnrt. Aug. 2f,
Nature has conferred on that country one, and only one,
great and obvious source of industry and wealth \ but
that is truly a great one. Yet, with ablindnefs, to say no
neficence and philanthropy miy influence tome minds continually} but, jft general, that re^rd to cone's own family and connections, which pru- dence suggests, will prevent them, when unconnected with interest, from producing powerful effects. Unlefs, therefore, it were ciear, that the per- sons who (hall engage in th'l enterprise, would be immediately andcleaily gainers by it, I fear littl'.relisnce can be had upon the continuance of that ardour. This, however, my own experience in life forbids me to expect. If ehildren only could be brought from these countricj, before they had acquired confirmed habits of any sort, and put under the m jnagement of persons, who would f5»jn>«//oi<»^ discharge the duty of parents tothem,at any great raanu- ficrute, the benefits to the undertaker would not be equivocal ; but where can w: expect to find a number of mas'er manufacturers, .who will bestow the attention and care that this requires ? And if thl. attention be withdrawn, perhaps no profit will be drawn by the underuker from this enterprise, nor benefit result to the state.
But if there be doubts as to the expediency of brlngiogjfsaBff personr •,n the lowest ranks of life, from one part of the country to another, there ij not, I am afraid, any room to doubt, that neither pleasure nor profit can result to the undertakers, by bringing those at a mote advanced period of lift from one part of the country to another. We all know the force of Jiabits^on man, and the difficulty with which he (hakes them oft'; Those, therefore, who have grown old without being in the habit of constant ex. ertions of any sort, find it a very difficult matter to fall into that line of life. If, howevc.; ''hey come of thtir civn accord, convinced thst they can have no reliance on any btmg under heaven for their subsitience, but themselves, they will, in these circumstances, do wonders; and when the earnings sf industry have been experiencedj we' have all seen with what ardour great exertiotts have been made. But where -one is induced to felve hit' home, umiir fbtpatronagt efamtbtr, the case is totall) different. I have had occasion myself to experience this, and- 1 have alw-iys found. Jut if you take a dependant from one part of the country to another, one of two thi|>gi is the consequence. Either he thinks himself superior t« those with whom he is to aftociate, and he becomes insolent, overbear- ing, and extravagant in his deownds. In his mind, his services can never bu sufficiently paid, and eternal discord and difsatisfattion is the cpnsiquence. «, he thinks you who have carried hi m ftom kis native lione, have
f;-< ■ ■ij,".-"j'".T'
Aug. 29. ,e, and only one, id wealth -, but idnefs, to say no
I continually i bi\t> lections, which pru- i with interest, from : cicjr, that the per- mediately andcleaily e continuance of that lidi me to expect. If ibre they had acquired ment ofper>ons, who m,atany great manu- vocal; but where can .who will bestow the tentlon be withdrawn, from this enterprise^
ingiegjfsaBf personr ntry to another, there ilessure nor profit can re advanced period of all know the force of :es them oft'; Tho»e, habit of constant ex> fall into that line of , convinced that they their subsistence, but nders ; and when the e all seen with what ere -one is Induced to ise is total!} different. I have alw.iys found* I country to another, kinks himself superior ics insolent, overbear- lis services can never bu on is the cpnsiqutnce. M native lune, have
1792. on the commolions in Ro/tjhire. 303
worse, that deserves the severest reprehension, our legisla- ture has not only neglected to avail itself of that circum- stance J but has even contrived, by cruel and absurd laws totally to preclude the people from the pofsibility of a- vailing themselves of those advantages which nature had conferred upon them j and have converted that whick ought to have been a blefsing to these realms, into a source of distrcfs and opprefsion to the people.
Those who have been long readers of the Bee, will easily perceive I here aHude to the fiflieries, and the salt laws respecting them, [see Bee vol. viii. p. 192.] Had the people been left at perfect freedom to catch and cure fifli, and trade in them either at home or abroad, without restraint, they would naturally of themselves have esta- blilhed filhing towns and villages along the coasts, in which they could have provided for themselves a subsis- tence by industry and traffic. By the money they would thus have acquired, they would have become buyers of the natural productions of the internal parts of the coun- try. Roads to these markets would then hgvc become necefsary •, and would of course have been formed. These roads being once made, manufacturers would have gradnally sat down in the internal parts of the country, to
contracted a debt, which you never can discharge 1— he becomes U»y, indolent, careUfs of wlut he does, but constantly craving for more, more. In fliort his demands are insatiable, and his exertions nothing. To a generous mind, this is most distrefsing j and he submits to it as K} a grievous burden he knows not how to remo\e. To one of Icfs delicacy, a total brcich follows, and clamourous complaints of cruelty and unjus.ice are the unavoidable xonsequences.
From thert consideratiois I am convinced, the humane exertions of this beneficent society cannot afford any radical and permanent relief to the people ofthat country 5 and that in spite of their exertions, if nothing more effectual can be d, ne, considerable emigrations from the noith of Scotland, must ttilJ continue to prevail.
•04 *" '^' commohons in Rofsjhire. ^ug. I9*
avail themselves of the infinite advantages tliey could de- rive from the great falls of many streams of water, for turning machinery. These, again, would have con.umed in manufactures, the wool that ought to be, and inevita- bly will be, in time, the chief production of these moun- tains, and would themselves consume the carcases. Thus might the country support ten times the number of in- habitants it has at present, without feeling any superfluity of people. The tenants would be at liberty to stock and and manage their farms, in the most economical manner, without distrefsing any individuals. The proprietors would draw a fair and adequate rent for their lands, without be- ing accused of opprefiion. And the state would derive an ample revenue, without distrefsing the inhabitants, from a numerous people, who at present exhaust, instead of augmenting the national treasure j while they are at the same time opprefsed with the severity of revenue laws, that tend only to alienate their affections from govern- ment, instead of conciliating their good will.
These pleasing consequences .would so plainly result from the abrogation of the salt laws alone i and they arc 90 obvious to every person of sound sense, who is perfect- ly acquainted with the state of that country, though they will appear to be problematical to all those who have li- ved in a cultivated country, and formed their opinion of things from what they see around them, that I canno helptecurring to it again and again, even at the riik of being tedious. Well I know the time will come, when wTiat I now say will be adverted to, though I mujh doubt it is not yet arrived. Yet such incidents as the present, which were long ago foreseen and mentioned, ought to tend to open the eyes of those who have the welfare of the people,— the prosperity of the country, — and the augmentation of its revenue at heart.
JIMB*
s they could de- ms of water, for d have connumed be, and inevita- i of these moun- : carcases. Thus le number of in- ig any superfluity :rty to stock and nomical manner, proprietors would lands, without bc- ate would derive the inhabitants, exhaust, instead ile they are at the of revenue laws, )ns from govern- vill.
so plainly result le J and they arc e, who is perfect- itry, though they ose who have li- , their opinion of m, that I canno 'en at thfl rifls. of will come, when though I mujh incidents as the n and mentioned, )se who have the of the country,— leart.
t792. f>titi *o tht patrons of ihe Bft, 297—*
I have already said, sec Bee vol. viii. p. 153. that I have been informed the ministter is cordially disposed to free the nation from this oruel and opprefsive tax j but I fear the eyes of the people are not yet sufficiently en- larged to be ready to afford him that firm support in car- rying forward this measure, that he would require. I liave not forgot the saying of a sensible foreigner : " Wo be to that minister, whose knowledge goes before that of the age in which he lives." These remarks are therefore rather intended for the people than the premier. If they lliall unanimously require the icpeal of this tax, not by tumultuous clamours, which, heaven avert ! but by cordi- ally concurring in agreeing to put some reasonable substi- tute of equal value to the state in its stead, there is no reason to fear that he will not give his afscnt to the same. lfthat,andthe coast duties on coals Ihould be removed, then < would a door be opened for augmenting the prosperity of this kingdom, to a degree that neither we ourselves, nor foreign nations, can at present form an idea of. I fliall venture, in a future paper, to throw out some hints on this truly interesting subject, in the hope that the pub- lic, by considering it with attention, will in time fill up- on some unexceptionable device for attaining the ojiecis •in view.
HINTS TO THE GENEROUS PATRONS AND JLEAllNEO COS.KESPONDENTS OF THE SEE.
For the Bee.
The rapid advancement of Scotland in agriculture, manu- factures, arts, sciences, polite literature, trade, and navigati- on, since the peace of Aix la Chapelle, has excited so great attention in political economists, and seems so striking an example of the benefit to be derived from the. improvement of the soil injprecedence to t he estgblilhment of manufactures, and from the general excitement of industry, arising from vol.. X. t f— 2 f
B98— 2 htnts to the pntront of the Bee. yfiig. 2^i
connections formed with a j^rnerous. .irt.vt, and ind istri- ous nation, to which it liad be- n formerly hostile, de- serves to become the subject of minute discufsion by those rare spirits who know how to analisc the causes of the wealth and happinefs of nations, and to connect the discufsion with brilliant and entertaining remark, and re- flection. I
I know of no method so likely to place such interest- ing disquisitions in a proper point of view, as the lives of those illustrious and worthy citizens who have contribu- ted signally to the melioration or ornament of their na- tive country •, and among such 1 fljall beg leave to suggest a few, whose lives might afford the description of the pro- grefs made in the various clafses and departments of use- ful knowledge and art, during the present century.
Cockburn of Ormiston is an article under which every thin^ relating to the improved agriculture of East Lo- thian might be arranged, and under which due honour might be done to the memories of all his cotemporanes, who in Scotland have promoted the judicious culture of land •, and this article (liould have for its decoration, por- traits of Cockburn, lord Kaims, and others, whose charac- ters come into the fore ground of the landscape.
In the line of manufactures, lord Milton, and the e»- tablilhcrs of spirited works at Glasgow, Paisley, Aber- deen, Carron, and Leith, well deserve to be chronologi- cally described, under such names of the principal subjects that may be most agreeable to the compilers.
In architecture, Sir William Bruce of Kinrofs is well worthy of the highest place, with a portrait, and an *xact catalogue of all his works -, and after discufsing the elder Adam Milne, and others entitled to notice, to give :t view of the introduction of a new taste in building, wherein the late carl of Marr's beautiful designs, and tlje
ee, ^iig^ 29. vt, and i'.idistri- ;rly hostile, de- e discufsion by se the causes of to connect the remark and re-
ice such interest- w, as the lives of ) have contribu- ent of their na-
leave to suggest iption of the pro- lartments of use. ; century, ider which every ire of East Lo- hich due honour is cotemporanes, icious culture of
decoration, por- rs, whose charac- dscape.
Iton, and the es- ■, Paisley, Aber-
0 be chronologi- princlpal subjects lers.
: of Kinrofs is a portrait, and an ter discufsing the to notice, to give taste in building,
1 designs, and tlje
tf^l, hinti to the patrons of the Bee. 599—1
part he had in suggesting the plan of New Edinburgh, an., .-thcr national designs, will fall to be mentioned and desciibed. And lastly, under the article of Robert A- dar.i, will arrange themselves every circumstance relating to the present state of civil architecture ; as under that of general Roy every circumstance relating to military, ■«^•herein general Watson, the reverend Mr Bryce of Kirk- ncwton, and others, will fall properly to be commemora- ted.
In the art of engraving, now rendered an object of commerce to the extent of more than L. ico,ooo a-year to Britain, Sir Robert Strange will afford an article, not only containing a list of his valuable works, but the pre- sent state of that beautiful art, not only in respect of or- nament, but use, in the advancement of arts and sciencts by diagrammatic elucidation. '
The article of George Drummond, lord provost of Edinburgh, may contain almost every thing relating to the state of the flourilhing city of Edinburgh, with its port of Leith, and call forth the remembrance and men- tion of useful citizens in the same station, who have fol* lowed out the laudable designs formed during the magi* stracy of Drummond.
In the improvement of useful arts, Mefsrs Sraitoun and Watt, and abov< all the worthy Roebuck and Dale, will fall to be celebrated without encomiums, and by on- ly enumerating the good consequences of their zeal and ingenuity. In the sciences, polite literature, and the other depattments, which I now forbear to accompany, with the designation of names, many will fall to be dis- cufsed i and I ftiall only subjoin at present, that without encomium or criticism, it will be best to state matters of fjact^ connected with the honour and prosperity ot tha
joo— 'J exptriments on gy/>surn. -^'H- 2^«
country, and leave the rest to the rtttlectioni of the rea- der, ^r These surely are noble and useful subjects to employ
tire leisure of my intelligent countrymen, and let me at;
least glory that they are numerous*.
" Hi* mihi erunt arm paciique imponerc morem."
BlOGRAPHICUS.
EXPERIMENTS ON GYPSUM. IT a. PROCTOR AMOIRD(]N, OF HENLAOE, SOMERSETSRIRE.
[From Young's annals of 4tgriculture.'\
Htniadt. Dec. it, 1791. LiAST spring I procured two hundred weight of alabaster, or gypsum, from a rock at Hurcott, near Somerton, in this county, at 2 s. 6 d. J>fr hundred weight at the rjuarry,, which I got beaten to powder with hammers, and ran it through a fine hair sieve, or cleansing range, and then through a malt mill, which was not injured by the opera- tion -, but to pulverise it on a large scale in this manner would be too expensive for the farmer's practice, if it were to be much used for a manure.
The two hundred weight produced about ten pecks in powder ; a peck of powder weighed twenty-one pounds ten ounces. At the rate of six bufhet» to an acre, it
• The Editor will be much obliged to such of his reidcrs as have hail accefs to be well informed with respect to »ny of tl e abuve mentio:it>t pjrticuhiJ, for such hints or mcmoriali as they can furnilh, particularly rr'^pecting Cockburn of Ormiston; and will be glad to know if thcie b« uny genuine portrait of him, ani whrre it is to be found j as a'.so of Sir Willijm Bruce of Kinrofj ; ard any of the others of whom portraits have no*, been alue.dy engraved.
A held of lord Milton, from an original painting in the pofsefiion of Mr Micmillan, is niw in tie hands of the engraver, which will be ac- companied by meipoirs of that distiiiguifhed personage, oy a gentlfnnan to whom the Editor of the Bee lies ur.dcr very ^, rticular oblifations.
Ag. 2€fi ioni of the rea-
ects to employ and let inc a^
BlOGRAPHICUS.
IMERSETSRIRE.
urf."]
Dec. 18. 1791. ,
ht of alabaster, r Somerton, in t at the quarry,, era, and ran it angc, and then i by the opera- in this manner s practice, if it
[It ten pecks in
nty-one pounds
to an acre, it
reidcrs as have had e abuve mentiontit furnWh, iwniculurljr to know if th«ie b« unJ i as i.io of Sir rhom fortrjitj have
in the pofs?riion of which will be ac-
, sy a gentlfnnan to obligations.
J 79 2. txptr'imetils on ffypsum. joi— 5
vitible to an inch how far beyond the line, and from pe^ would be ri oz. jVifl° ^° ^ square yard \ at tiiat rate five hundred weight is sutlicient for an acre, and forty-one pouuds allowed for waste. The rough material at the quarry 12s. 6d. />er acre} but there are rucks against the sea. in this county, near Minehead ; in Dcvonlhirc, on the south coast, near Sydmouth ; and most likely on the sea coast in most parts of the island, which may prO' bably be come at on more easy terirj. The dilKculty will be, to reduce it to powder at a small expence, if it fhould be found answerable.
In April and May last, at different timet in gentle rains, on five different places on a clayey soil, on a pas- ture laid down more than twenty years ago with ryc-grafs, I sowed in each place one peck of the powder ; also one peck on sanfoin in its fifth year's growth ; one peck on young oats j and one peck on spring vetches or tares j all at the rate of six bulliels per acre, and it has had no ap> parent effect on either of those places.
But on the same aay on which I sowed four pecks of the above experiments, was. April 13. 1 sowed i} oz. of this flour of gypsum on a square yard of grafs ground, where no stock goes, which was laid down sixteen or se- venteen years ago, partly with Dutch clover seed. There (the soil an heavy loam,) from the middle of May to the end of June, when it was mown, the grafs was greener than that around it. In the beginning of July, slight rains falling, it appeared greener, and by the end of Au- gust, the grafs on that spot was not only greener, but thicker and higher, and the leaves of the Dutch clover broader than on the outsides of it. August the aist it was mowed again, and the same appearances en- sued and continued until the 10th of November, when it was movved again It is observable, that, at the time of •owing the gypsum powder, the wind blew S. E. and it is
^fil-*-2 txpgrimentt on gyf)fum, ^ug. 2r)&
to pear- tlie powder was blown towards the N. W. From hence 1 conclude, so far as my experiments go :
" That on many plants, or in many soils, or both, gyp- sum powder will have no effect ; but that it has an effect on old clover in a loamy soil; and that a greater effect may be reasonably expected from it, when applied to younger plants of the same sort or nature."
I forgot to remark, that trying to boil a small portion of the powder over a wood tire, to prove its goodnefs, it got into a state of fusion, and admitted a straw to be thrust to the bottom of an iron pot (in which brimstone used to be melted,) which it would not admit of before it was put over the fire. It was then removeu, and put over a stronger coal fire ; the appearance and the sub- stance continued ps nearly the same as could be j the vei- sel in which it was put, became red hot.
I have about a peck of the powder left, which I (hall' be ready to try in the spring, in any manner you may re- commend. Pray do you know any thing of the truth of the experiment of applying this powder to seed oats, steep- ed in wat( r, by a farmer near Epping, last spring, of which there was an account in the public prints*?
I have ordered some pounas of chicory seed. I look hard in your annals for a plan of a threflung machine.
It gives me pleasure to observe your midland tour. I will not despair of seeing you again in the west ; but I despair of introducing you to such adventures as form the tup society. Yours, iffc. R. Procter Anoerdon.
A LETTER FROM ONE OF THE FRIENDS OF THE PEOPLE.
Sir, To the Editor of the Bee.
I HAD prepared for your Miscellany another paper in coiu (inuation of those I already sent to you ; but the late
• I am n • uformed r" n dc. expiminent. The experiment to be fecoinmcBdedj is tor common broad clove.-. A. Y.
Jug. Jr)6 e N. W. From t« 50 :
lis, or both, gyp-
t it has an effect
a greater effect
when applied to
1 a small portion e its goodnefs, it 1 a straw to be which brimstone dmit of before it cmovca, and put >cc and the sub- uld be J the vel-
"t, which I ihall' ner you may re- g of the truth of 1 seed oats, steep- , last spring, of ; prints * ? •y seed. I look ing machine. XI midland tour. the west ; but I itures as form the 'i.K Anoekoon.
OF THE PEOPLE.
ber paper in con> )U \ but the late rhe experiment to be
A. y.
i7()l. Timofeon to the KtHtor. go^—l
transactions in France I'ave made itic suspend the faither ]>ro.st:cuiion of that subject for the pitstnt.
I fear these alarming incidents xvill not tend to make it a favourite subject with the people of liritam at ttiig time.
I will be candid, Hnd frankly own, that they have made a strong inipref'^ion on my own mind : they have excited doubtit about the propriety of adopting certam modes of conduct that did not appear liable to objection before } and till these doubts (lull be removed I have thought pro- per to susjiend my remarks.
I never wos disposed to allow tlie suggestions of reason alone, unaided by experience, to have that weight which some others gladly have done ; but the awful transactions now before our eyes, have inspired a respect in me for practices that have been sanctioned by experience that I did not formerly feel. I even feel a sort of dread at touching the parts of our establilliment that appear to be evidently faulty, lest the fabric may be so deranged as to go to ruin : — and from my own feelings 1 judge of others.
I am induced to believe that the cause of freedom has received a deeper wound by the late transactions in France than it could hriv! received from any other quarter. The tide of popular prejudice, without doubt, ran too high among a great many inuividuals, even in Bri- tain, in favour of democratical principles j and one object of our afsociation was to moderate that ardour. These transactions have given it a sudden check, and there is now reason to fear that the tide may take an opposite run-; and if it lliould rise as high in support of the crown against the people, ns it has already done on the opposite side, who can say what may be the consequences ? I have thought that the writings of Paine and his afsociates had too rapid a circulation here j and I now prepare myself for an inundation of writings of an opposite tendency.
SPSBB???!?SSir
^04 J e« Weirds museum. ^ug. 29.
that will bear every thing befors them for a time. Un- der the influence of this apprehended phrenzy, much mis- chief may be done. Pray heaven my fears may prove groundlefi ! As a sincere friend to the human race I ihall, in that case, deplore in secret, what I cannot per- haps effectually prevent.
Candour required me to make these acknowledgements to you, Sir, and to thank you for the readinefs with which you insetted my remarks in your valuable Miscellany, I wifti it succefs with all my heart. From what I have already observed of you, ^ htve no doubt but you wiU preserve that steady and unbiafsed conduct which a sin- cere desire to promote the welfare of society will natu- rally inspire. If ever a proper opportunity occurs, and not before, you Ihall hear farther from
London, 1 TiMOLtON.
y?(/j. 22. 179a. 3 ^__^___
Sir, Totke Editor (f the Bee.
1 HAVE l^een lo".g a lover of narur.il liis'ory, and a great admirer of Mr Wtir's |.a-para.i' ns of bird* and flrties, which 1 am sor.y to say I think in ■> £'=■»' measure lost in th'.s place, iccausc unknown. I was th; tefore hig \s pleased with the notice vou havr take:- ol that eleg nt collection in tie U- 1 number of the Bee. 1 could, how. vi, havr wiftied, that you ),ad cxpiefseJ ti-e last sen ence in a u.flcre l m-nne. j as it may by kome be uiidersti.oj to convey an insinuat on that 1 am or.vince.l yoa)Our- ' self nrver imaiJcd. Mr W^ir is a man ot i.idcli.u;..'.,. ifsid-ity in bu,!- mfe.and only appr.-prijtcs wh,t tin.e.:n.i attcnn.n 1 air tfrtai/i -le caiiwe^l alford to sr.irc, en r!ie cmbcllilhm • of tins fivo.i. -e Ijvct.
My dis'gn in wriiirg -his is n.e -v to bulges .1 siig'e hint, which I think, if advtrted to, might piovi grai.-ful to Mr W it, and usetul to the public. Many inliv.duals clunce at times to get >.> me ri.e articles m the Jme of nitural history, which they cann .t p.opnly preserve themselves lor w nt of conveniencies and cve.-y one wli.. mai>e. a ci.liettioii mu,r tomt- times have tlupli ates of li e s.nie Jii- g. Some la es .ue ■ ur'O^'s m faie S'» hirds ; and rpre a lim lis .ire som: times iMoi.gh' lioic ;— when any ot thtse die, were the circa':es or ntl, ranicUs that can deeajiiy sp-'tfd sent to Mr Weir wi;h cut. th.v wuuIJ end to ..ngment t'ni:, c.;l!ccti„. w.thou: ex- jience o any one ; and prcse ve for the use of the puSilic, what would 0- thervviiC liave bten lost.
An Admirir or the works or Nature".
• The Editor ii much otiigej to this rorresj rnittrt fir his ccrrrction It ij ml men in e»sy eireumstcinrcs , ht n..hobs/.»m hJia wl 3 ought to s^jrt ttr.r
money inj^ublic strvices, without thoughts offrivat:
1, Aug, 29.
I for a time. Un- hreniy, much mis- r fears may prove the human race I what I cannot per-
acknowlcdgements iadinefs with which luable Miscellany. From what I have loubt but you will iduct which a sin- ' society will natu- rtunity occurs, and
TiMOLION.
id a great admirer of Mr am sor.y to say I think ciiown. I was th' refore I that e!fg nt collection 1, havr wifhed, that you m.'noe: ; as it may by , am or.vinceJ T0a)0ur- iiijjalic ifsidi'i'.y in bu^i- [) 1 air csrcaiii he can we^l ii. -e .■^j•-•ct.
:s' .1 Siiig'c hint, which I t W it, and useful to the . fccmc riic articles in the rily preserve themselves Es a <.(iliectioiimu>Tkome- es )it . urioiis la foie gn leie: — when any ot'ihise eajily spnrd sent to Mr lis. coUectioi vv.thour ex- l^e public, what would u-
AORKS OF NaTURI*.
?/ ftr hh ccrrection It « fiVi "w/. 5 ciigi't to sfort tbtlr tc emclumnKt.
00.
THE BEE,
OR
IITERARY WEEKLY INTELLIGENCER,
W«DH1SDAY, August 29. 1791.
SPANISH RAM.
Spain has, for about an hundred years past, supplied Britain, and the gteatest part of Eurtjpe, with fine cloathing wool, without so much as an attempt hav- ing been made, in that time, to regain this once staple commodity of this island. Of late, by the patriotic exertions of Sir John Sinclair, a society has been cs- tablifhed for endeavouring to regain the commerce of fine cloathing wool to Britain. And their cxcr- VOL. X. <L<L ^
mm
306 on Spanijhjheep, Aug. 19.
tions have been crowned with greater succefs than there was any reason to expect. Wool, under the pa- tronage of that societj, has been already reared of so fine a staple as to be made into superfine cloth of the best quality ; and there ig every reason to believe, that wool of a much fine- ^uality than has hitherto been here produced, will be obtained by a continued attention to this important oject.
It was one of the first objects of the attention of the society, to obtain some of the best breeds of flieep that are known on the globe ; and among these the Spanifli breed was one of the chief. By the obliging liberality of M. d^Auhenton in Franr •, c:ome flieep of the Spanifli breed that had bi«fer 'ft,:^-'^? in France were obtained. Our gracious sovtreign himself, who has far some years past propagated the Spanifli race of flieep in England, has, with the most obliging con- descension, presented the society with a Spanifli ram ; and, from the liberality of Lord Sheffield, they have obtained a considerable number of a mixed breed from South Down ewes crofeed with a Spanifli ram. The wool of all these fliee;» has evidently not grown worse since they came into the pofsefsion of the society ; and it is the opinion of the best judges who have examined it, that it is both finer and softer than before : but of this we have not yet unequivo- cal proofs.
Measures have been adopted for obtaining b. f. f the finest flieep of the Spanifli breed. Am; :. . ciety have reason to believe, that some -of the Thilit ■: breed of flieep are now on their pafsage from India.
Aug. 29. :er succefs than ol, under the pa. :ady reared of so rfine cloth of the ison to believe, lan has hitherto d by a continued
e attention of the breeds of flieep imong these the By the obliging •. ':ome flieep of «-:■'■ in France ign himself, who the Spanifli race ost obliging con- wlth a Spaiiifli ■d Sheffield, they ber of a mixed ed withaSpaniih las evidently not the pofsefsion of f the best judges I finer and softer it yet unequiva-
staining !>< rv; jf d. Ani; c . -<^ lie -of the Thilit i ige from India.
r79l. grammatical disquisittofit. 307
In the mean while, to satisfy the curiosity of the public, the portrait of a Spanifti ram h given above. The horns are the most striking peculiarity of this breed of fheep, which are very faithfully represented in the plate. The remarkable clofsnefs of the fleece, which is peculiarly striking to those who have seen them, though not so obvious from the drawing, is the next and most valuable peculiarity of this breed. The iheep are, in other respects, firm and healthy. The other peculiars of the breed will be best known by the following comparative trials made by Arthur Young, esq; who also obtained a ram in a presenfr from his majesty.
Account of Don, a Merino ram, extracted from the
Annals of Agriculture. " How many millions of men are there that would smile, if I were to mention the sovereign of a great empire, giving a ram to a farmer, as an event that^ merited the attention of mankind ! The world is full of those who consider military glory as the proper object of the ambition of monarchs ; who measure regal merit by the millions that arc slaughtered ; by the public robery and plunder, that are dignified by the titles of victory and conquest ; and who look down on every exertion of peace and tianquillity aS' unbecoming those who aim at the epithet great, and unworthy the aim of men that are bom the masters^ of the globe.
" My ideas are cast in a very different moulS ; and; I' believe the period is advancing, with accelerated.
3o8 en SpanUbJhtep. Aug. 19^,
pace, that fhall exhibit characters in a light totally new ; that (hall rather brand than exalt the virtues hitherto admired \ that ihall place in the full blaze of meridian lustre, actions lost on the mafs of man- kind ; that fhall pay more homage to the memory of a prince that gave a ram to a farmer, than for wield- ing the sceptre — obeyed alike on the Ganges aii^ the Thames.
" I fhall presume to. offer but one other general ob- servation : — when we see his majesty practising hufbandry with that warmth that marks a favourite pursuit ; — and taking such steps to diffuse a foreign breed of fheep, well calculated to improve those or his kmgdons ; — when we see the royal pursuits takfr such a direction, we may safely conclude, that the public measures which, in certain instances, have lieen so hostile to the agriculture of this country, have nothing in common with the opinions of our gracious sovereign : such measures are the work of men, who never felt for hufbandry ; who never prac*^ tised ; who never loved it : — it is not such men that give cams to farmers.
Meaiure of the rtyal rant:
Girt,
I at chine,
-i^— of netk,
ef leg,
Thicknefs,
— — at chine.
Length of carcase, •~-— of neck.
42 inches^
20
4* II
9 J
Aug. 19^, I light totally lit the virtues the full blaze mafs of man- he memory of han for wield- I Gauges aji^
:r general ob - rr practising ts a favourite use a foreign rove those or
pursuits take ude, that the stances, have this country,, inions of our
the work of o never prac>^ uch men that
hcsw
1792. on Spatiijh Jheep. 3C9
Breadth of loin, - 6 inches. Weight, - - 91 lb.
"The thicknefs, bardnefs, and closenefs of his coat, are singular ; the colour to the eye very dark, dirty, and even blackiih, arising from that superior degree of closenefs ; but when opened, for examining the wool, the extreme beauty of the staple is at once ap- parent. The fibre fine ; twisted ; full of that yel- lowifti waxey grease, that distinguiflics the Spanifh fleeces ; the flsin oily to an extraordinary degree.
" In regard to the thriving quality of this breed, it is a point of such importance, that I was anxious to ascertain ic : of the wool, none could have any doubt j but from certain points, which predominate in Spa- nifli Iheep, this was certainly a question. I had it not in my power to make a trial absolutely complete ; but 1 formed a comparison, the result of which fol- lows:— I tied him up in stalls during a part of the winter, and the rest of it he was in the field, fed ex- actly (during the whole) as other rams that were compared with him. In stalls, he beat the Norfolk breed. No. I. Dec. 31, Don weighed - 841b..
2. A ram \ South Down, \
Norfolk, i Bake well, - 141
3. A South Down, from Mr
£llman, - . 136 Ib.^
These were fed abroad together till March aothy when tliey weighed
No. lb. Gaia
It 100 i5
9» Z48 7
3» »44 »
310 an Spanijh Jbttp. Aug. If),-
" This was a superiority, which, I confefs, I did not dream of.-^The comparison is not exact, because the ages are not the same. No. i, has eight broad teeth; No. 2, has six; and No. 3, has only four': but it seems to imply, that this ram is of a thriving race.
" Another comparison of ram hoggets, proved fa- vourable to the Spani(h blood.
No.
1, Half South Down, 1 Bake- well, and ^ Norfolk, a. Ditto,
3, h South Down, 4 Spanifii, J Ryeland,
4, Ditto, a late lamb,
5, Seven whole bred South Down ; average weight,
Jan. '4- Vq. |
J,in 3'- lb. |
Mar. 20. ib. |
97 99 |
94 102 |
82 100 |
99 37 |
104 50 |
108 48 |
80 |
81 |
94 |
lb. o I>
9 II
14
" Itjhould seem,{rom this, and various other trials, that so small an addition as one-fourth of Norfolk blood does a marked and efsential mischief. Of these. No. 4 much exceeds the rest, a fheep of 37 lb. gaining 11 lb. is in the proportion 231b. gain by one of So Ib. instead of which it is only 14 lb.
" Speaking generally, 1 believe the Spaniih blood will be found to have a good disposition to fatten ; if not in the same clafs as some of our long woolled breeds, at least much superior to some of our'fine woolled ones.
" I put him to forty of my finest woolled South Down ewes, and therefore may expect to breed some
Aug. %<).-
I confefs, I did
Dt exact, because
has eight broad
has only four':
is of a thriving
ggets, proved fa*
lb.
o
II 14
rious other trials, mrth of Norfolk il mischief. Of
a flieep of 37 lb. ;3lb. gain by one 14 lb.
the Spaniih blood isition to fatten ; our long woolled
some of our'fine
St woolled South ect to breed some
J.m 3'- |
Mar. 20 |
lb. 94 102 |
ib. 82 100 |
104 50 |
108 48 |
81 |
94 |
1792. grammatical iisquisitiom, 3 1 1
rams well adapted for propagating fine wool, and some ewe which, covered two years hence by Don, will give me a yet nearer approximation. A. Y.
GRAMMATICAL DISQUISITIONS. Continued from p. 245. On the supposed Engl'tjh genitive case. Lanouage, in whatever way the idea of it was first communicated to man, has evidently been modelled by him, so as to suit his circumstances. Necefsity has often whetted his invention, and given rise to new words, as new ideas dawned upon the mind ; in the choice of which words, chance, rather than philo- sophical principles, has influenced him. In all situa- tions he must have felt a great want of words, which might be employed as names to distinguifli the vari- ous objects of perception, for the want of which he would be forced to adopt many contrivances to afsist him in conversation. To develope all these contri- vances would aflTord matter of curious speculation; but this is beside our present purpose.
Particular words, appropriated as the name of ge- neral clafses of objects, would be adopted at an early period : and we find such terms in all languages that have hitherto been discovered. Such as animal, ve- getable, &c.
Names also, at an early period, would be afsigned to the greater subdivisions of these clafses, as »w«, horse, tree, plant, &c.
Individuals also, among such of those clafses as were most under the eye of man, would obtain parti-
3t2 grammatical disquisitioHt. Aug. 29.
cular appropriated iianics, as Casar, Pompey, JleX' ander. In bestowing which names men would some- times be influenced by chance or accidental circum- stances ; though we know that these names were fre- quently compounded of distinct words, which had originally a reference to the powers or appearance of the object to whicli they were applietl, though they were afterwards used without any reference to these appearances ; as red-bead, bare-foot, bairn' s-fatber, &c. But as the diversity of individual objects is so great, that no man can know them all by name ; or, if he liimself did know them, could he make others know at first sight, the name by which each particu- lar object had been distinguirtied, among different clafses of men, it must frequently happen, that ob- jects will occur, with whose appropriated name a man is entirely unacquainted. When such a case oc- curred, what would he do ? He would naturally first refer it to that general clafs of objects to which it obviously belonged, and then would have recourse to description to supply the want of an appropriated name. Let us suppose, for example, that a man had seen an ox for the first time, he would naturally say to another, I saw a large animal witb four legs, and two horns, and so on, till lie had finiflied the descrip- tion in the best way he could.
But as this mode of communicating ideas is bolh tedious and troublesome, he would have recourse to some contrivance to avoid these difiicultles, and fliort- en his nomenclature ; and with this view would lay hold of such particulars as accident, or the circum- stances in which he found himself placed, first sug- gested to him.
tt. ylug. 29. •, Potnpey, Jlex- nen would some- :idental circum-
names were fre- )rds, which had or appearance of ed, though they eference to these lirn's-fathery &c. lal objects is so all bj name ; or,
he make others ich each particu-
among diiTerent happen, that ob- ropriated name a en such a case oc- uld naturally first jects to which it aid have recourse f an appropriated e, that a man had luld naturally say nth four legs, and liflied the descrip-
ing ideas is both 1 have recourse to licul ties, and fliort- is view would lay It, or the circum- f placed, first sug-
15 9>' grammatical disquisitions. 313
Among these peculiarities, the circumstances that denoted relation, or necefsary connection, between one object and another, would be soon observed, and would afford a hint for forming a general clafs of words, that might be employed for this purpose. In 9. civilized country, as soon as an idea of property begins to prevail, it will naturally occur to every one on seeing any un novn object, that it must in general belong to, or be appropriated to the use of some person : and, as we ' ave bestowed such a par- ticular attention to man, as to confer an appropriated name upon cacli individual, we naturally make use of that proper name to -er e as a help for identify- ing those objects that peculiarly belong to him. Thus, for example, I see a house for the first time ; and as I know that liouse must have an owner, or an occupier, I enquire who that owner is, and upon being answered, John or Wiliiam, I lay hold of that circumstance to distinguifli it from others, and ever afterwards call it yoA«'j or f^7//;flOT'j AoKJf.
In like manner, as every whole must consist of parts, by referring that particular member of any body we wilh to identify to the whole, of which it forms a constituent part, we can readily distinguifli it from other members of the same kind, as a horse^s hoof, •3,fheep''s foot, a bullock's head, and so en : or still more particularly, James's band, George's head,
&c.
The above examples furnilh us with one instance, out of many thousands that might be produced, of the (hifts that mankind have been obliged to adopt, in forming languages, by stretching general prin-
VOL. X. R R *
mm
314 grammatical Msquisitiotts. Au^. 3^
ciples, so as to make them comprehend several col- lateral ideas without altering the form of the vnrds employed. Thus, if we were to suppose that pro- perty was the idea that first gave rise to that varia- tion of nou"., denoted by the addition of an apostro- phised 'j, it has been found so convenient as to give rise to its being extended to denote pofipfsion also ; for we equally denote a particular house in this man- ner by the name of the pofsefsor or the pfopnetor. In like manner it hn. . been extended to denote totality, when considered with relation to the parts of which it consists. We even j^o farther, and make the same inflection denote nciiiier pofsefsion, nor property ^ nor totality^ as above defincil, Uat a sort of a compli- mentary relation, for which I do not know any ap- propriated name. Thus, St Ani'rews Square does not imply that the square is either the property of St Andrew, or is po/se/red by him, but merely that, in honour of that saint, it is called after his name. This particular variation of nouns, does not thcreibre In all cases denote po/se/ston, as has been alleged by some eminent grammarians, but exprefses many dif- ferent relations, all of which it would be tedious to enumerate, tut all tending to the same purpose, that af identifying a particular object ; other circumstances, about which I at present enquire not, have been laid .'hold of, and employed for the same purpose.
Such, then, is the origin and use of this clafs of -ii^ords, about whicl^ grammarians have hitherto been so much puzzled. These words evidently all bc- Ibng to that clafs which Harris has, with. great pro- priety, called definitives. Of these, a small number
\ Aug. a^ :nd several col- li of the v'ords pose that pro- : to that varia- n of an apostro> lient as to give pofiffsion also ; use in this man- the pfxprietor. > denote totality, parts of which and make the n, nor property f ort of a coinpli- t know any ap- ws Square does the property of ut merely that, ifter his name, es not therefore been alleged by efses many dif- i be tedious to le purpose, tlwt ■ circuinstances, have been laid urpose.
of this clafs of e hitherto been idently all be- vith. great pro- i small number
'791' gramtnatical disquisitions. 315
have bc-n separated from other words, and clafsed by themselves, in modern languages, under the name of articles ; but a much greater number of thcni have been puflied into other clafses, without order or discretion, which has occasioned a confusion in gram- mer that requires to be rectified.
Definitives, as their name importfp, ore all such words as, without conveying an idea of any peculiarity inherent in the object itself, to which they refer, serre merely to separate itfrovi others 0/ the tame kind, so as to distinguijb it from them.
The words of course can only re'er to nouns; and 80 intimate is their connection with that clafs or words, tliat they can on no occasion appear in lan- guage without a noun, whose more general meaning they serve to limit and defne ; and so intimately do they unite with that noun, as both together to stand only as one proper name.
Definitives, considered as a distinct clafs of words, are formed by derivation from words of almost eve- ry other clafs : from nouns, pronouns, adject ives^ verbs, sometimes with, and sometiin-js without any variation of the original word*.
They are, Wi all languages, a very numerous clafs of words, and of very common use ; every particular.
• Dtfinitivesfrom nouns, wkhaUeritinns, Jamis'i, H^illiam's, Datufs —without change, hand-pin- mill-vhetl, htnt-null tniU-horse, arm-fit,. k»ir-kreadtb, itrato-hrtadtb, iron-mallet, fnadtr-l.iirn, wttel-iarmv l—- ■ [torn fWtioiini,m^, thy, our, ycur,ti!,ber iit, tlcir, &c.j — fV;.Ti adjec- tive!, red'biady griy-bcard, j^rtai-bank, trucirati^ — i'.om verbi, mek* ir ffUk'CT, turH'tr, iak'tr.
3i6 grammatical disquisitions. jluf^. i^.
language having its own mode of derivation, and of compounding them with other words.
It has been already Ihown how it happens that de- finitives, under that form which has been called ge- nitives, are naturally derived from all nouns which dt note corporal substances, or beings pofsefsing sen- sible qualities ; because all these may be conceived either as belonging to some individual, or as being affected in some sensible manner, either in whole, or in part : but with regard to intellectual existences, or those object* of which we form an idea only in tb'c abstract, we find no particular on which we can lay hold, 'from which a definitive might be formed. Such nouns, therefore, though, like others, they ad- mitof a regular genitive case, arcording to the ana^ logy of the language to which •' belong, do not admit of that particular infle hich has been-
called the Englifh genitive. That this is the real cause of the exception taken notice of In the begin- ning ot this tfsay with regard to abstract nouns, and not, as some imagine, the harfb sound of the apos- trophized ^j, is evident when we advert that the word Jameses is as harfb as conscience's, and more so than enticement\t, urrangiment's ; though the first is com- mon, and the last never permitted in our language.
The limits to which I must here confine myself, Ao not permit mc to iirtce this numerous clafs of words through ail their divarications, or to give even an idea of tht different ways in which they may be em- ployed in forming compound nouns. They on some occasions so intimately coalesce, and form so com-
f . Aug. 2 (J.
rivation, and of
lappcns that de- been calUd ge- ill nouns which pofsefsing stn- \y be coiiceired ,al, or as being (ler in whole, or tual existences, idea only in the hich we can lay ;ht be formed, others, they ad- iing to the an?- belong, do not 'hich has been- this is the real if in the begin- tract nouns, and and of the apos- rt that the word id more so than the first is com- our language, jnfine myself, do s clafs of words 0 give even an ley may be em- They on some d form so com-
1791, grammatical (Inquisitions. 3 ' 7
pact a word as not to be distinguilliable from an un- compounded noun. In procefs of time, the iilea which gave rise to. their original composition being lost, the name of the object only which the word stands for, comes to be attended to, and it is then em- ployed as a simple word in forming new compounds. A noted instance of this kind occurs in tlie word midwife, from which is derived the singular com- pound man-midwife. Doomsday-book, and pocket- handkerchief, belong to the same clafs.
I (hall only farther observe, in regard- to the use of this clafs of words in compound, g others, that all our patronimic names, are formed by their afsistance ; such as IVi/iiumson, Johnson, Davidson, in Englifli. Tlie same may be said of the Irifti Vac'j and O'j, the Welch Up^s, and the De^s in French and modern La- tin. To which may be added the names of places ending in burgh, hill, ford, burn, dam, dike, haven, mouth, and many others which it would be tedious to enumerate.
For the distinction between this clafs of words and adjectives, which in some particulars they so nearly resemble ; for the rules that have been observed in regard to their derivation } the modes that have been adopted in respect of their composition with other words ; and other particulars relating to them, I must leave these to be ascertained by others who have talents better adapted to such investigations, and who have better opportunities of prosecuting such studies than myself: and will be happy if these cursory hiats fhaJl have a tendency to induce some one better
jlS grammatical dhquisitioni. -^ug: 294
qualified than I am to undertake the talk, which they will find notlefs entertaining than instructive*.
• This efsay having been read in the Royal Society of Edinburgh, a ve- ry imperfect abstract of it was given in the firjt volume of thejse transac- tions, which called forth the following critique from the reviewer, in the Gentleman''! Magazine for June 1788. April 19. Dr Jame» Anderson read observations on a peculiarity in the Englifh language, usually called ehe genitive case. He is of opinion, " that the Englith noun admits of " no inflection by cases, and therefore that the term- genitive is impro- •' per." He contends, that " the addition of the letter 'j, with an apos- •' trophe to a noun, as John'i ttaff, is not an inflec'ion of the noun, and " therefore cannot be termed a case." He attirmt, that " when a «• noun undergoes a change of this -sort, it ceases to be itself a noun^ and' «« becomes immediately a definitive."
" If," adds this elegant critic, " this be be not absurd, it has much the- appeara.ice of absurdity; and we woald advise Dr Andersen, before he ventures again to read any thing in the society, about nouns cuting to he ncuns, and bicmkg definitive, to pursue with attention, the dhersims »f ' furliy" Sec.
Perhaps ifDr Anderson advised this profound critic^ before he agiin ventured to criticise works of this nature, to have recourse to his gram- mar, or any common dictionary, he would make a very proper returnj for he will there find, that, so far is it a wonderful case, that a noun, by a slight variation, ceasis to it a nsun, and ranges under stmt ctber fart of sftetk, that he can scarcely read a sentence in which something of that kind does not occur. And the same thing happens with regard to verbs and adjec- tlives. Ift vwll admit that jfifir is a noun j— he cannot deny x.\i%\. fiighty 's the samenoun. with a small variation; — but this he will find by his dic- tionary is no longer accounted a noun, but an adjective. The same adjK- nV«,by another slight variation into flightinefs, ceases once moreto b«-.m ad* jeetht, and becomes again a otiw. Such mutations in grammar are so com- - mon, as to be familiar with everyTyro in grammatical rudiments. Sometimes these mutations ate made without any change of letters ; as haste a nouxf to make haste, a 'yrrA; as also from the same root, hastily, advert i hasty, adjective', hastinefs, tiitract mmt. Examples of this sort might be multiplied virithout end. Where then is- the absurdity of saying that the same thing may take place in the formwion of definitives as takea place in regard to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and nouns? there surely would be no impropriety in saying, indifferently, either this is an aiiurd critic ; or he writes aisurJly ; or he uttera an absurdity ; in which case the same word absurd, v»ith very slight variatioas, is made to stand as aa adjfdive, an adverb, and a »»»»•
Aug. 2(}i
the taik, which tian instructive*.
ty of Edinburgh, a ve^ roltime of th«ue transac- om the reviewer, in the 9. Dr Jamet Anderson anguage, usu<illy called EngUni noun admits of lerm- genitive is impro- : letter 'i, with an apos- ec ion of the noun, and liirmt, tiut " when a to be itself a noun^ and'
.ibsurd, it has much the- Dr Andersen, before he )hi>ut mum cutting to be cncion, the diver sinu of '
criticj before he agiin It recourse to his grjm- e a very proper returnj il case, that a «our,, by a itrnt clbt} fart tf spteih^ ething of that kind does 'gard to verbs and adjec-
caanotdeny xhnt^igbiy 3 he will find by his dic- :ctive. The umeadjei-- its once more to be.in «/-> in grammar are so com- - al rudiments. Sometimes letters ; as haste a muKf
root, hastily, adverb j spies of thi* sort might absurdity of saying; tliat 1 of defiilitlvcs as takes nd nouns ? there surely
eithrr thi« is an abmrd abturdity ; in which case ), is made to stand as aa
ON REVENUE LAWS.
Continued ffom fi.6t.
Sir, To the Editor of the Bet.
In my last paper I pointed out, in some degree, the evils accruing to the community from importation smuggling, which has been found to be an insepa- rable attendant on high dutifs. The eiFects that these produce on the revenue jf government, and the expediency, in that respect, of reducing them, come now under consideration.
High taxes produce smuggling, in a degree of com- parison, much above the rates of the duties : for in- stance, if a duty, in one case, is twice as -much as in another, it will produce a great deal more thantwica Bs much smuggling.
To illustrate this more fully, the following Ikctch -of the rilk in smuggling gin, is submitted to the consideration of the reader.
A cargo of gin of 500 ankers, will cost at Flufliing about 17 s. per anker, of the strength of 20 per cent. below Hydrometer proof, which is, L. 425 0 o The expence of freight of such a cargo,
will be to the smuggler, exclusive of
the rife of seizure, about 75
Landing charges, bribestolabourers,si'r. 30
o 0
Amounting in all to L. 550 o o
The value of the vefsel will be about ^00 0 o
Total sum to be rifeed
8jo
on revenue laws. ^»S- ^9-
If the duty on spirits was 3 s. per gallon, proof, the current price of Geneva, legally imported, would beabout4S./"r gallon, of the small strength ; of course 500 ankers, of 9* gallons each, if lawfully imported, would be worth - L.975 o o
But as purchasers of smuggled spirits
run a ii(k, the smuggler would not
procure so mucli ; there must there- •
fore be deducted an allowance for
that, suppose 10 per cent.
97 10
So the produce of the cargo which
cost, L. 550 i. - - ^-^^ '° °
Yielding a clear profit, if the cargo be clearly got off, of L.3a7, »o^- ^"^ there is L. 800 sub- fccted to the rifle of seizure at sea ; and L. 550 at ].r.d. Now, supposing this rilk to be in the proportion of two-thirds at sea and one-tlnrd at land, which I would apprehend to be about a just computation, the average sum hazarded would be L. 7.7 so that the smuggler would save h.mself m getting clearly away with z. cargoes for every one
he loses. ,
The duty on gin is at present 5". lo^; P^r gallon, proof; and spirits of the strength mentioned, usually ?o off, at the Customhouse sales, at about 5 s. 8d. per gallon ; and as the p-.rchasers must have a good profit, in consideration of the trouble, time, and intrigue, employed about the businefs, 1 suppose that smugglers can sell at the same rate ; in which
yiug. 29.
er gallon, proof,
imported, would
lall strength ; of
each, If lawfully
L. 975 o o its lot re- for
97 10 •
ich L. 877 10 o
irgo be clearlj re is L. 800 sub- sea ; and L. 5J0 (k to be in the aud one-third at be about a just izarded would be 1 save himself in es for every one
It 5 s. lod. per •ength mentioned, sales, at about 5 s. isers must have a rouble, time, and sinefs, 1 suppose i rate ; in which
T79S. »« revenue laws^ 311
case, a cargo of the above description would bring
1.1381 J o And the cost the same as before 850 o o
So that, in this case, there is a profit of L. 531 5 o
With not a farthing more rifle than in the other instance ; so that a smuggler now saves himself, if he can get clear away with i* cargoes for every one he loses.
The inference to be drawn from the above, is, that if, by their exertions, the servants of the crown could seize two vefsels and their cargoes, out of three and one-fourth, and no more, smuggling would be entirely annihilated, in the case of the duty being 3 s. per gallon ; but in the case of its hjing 5 s. and 10 d. as it is at present, there would be a profit of very nearly 25 per cent, on the stock so em- ployed ; and the money, would be turned over com- pletely in the space 01 three or four months.
This statement may be erroneous in some parti- culars (as I am no smuggler,) but that the general principle is founded in truth, I do not think will be denied.
Hence it appears evident thai -re is a certain rate at which the duties ought to be fixed, in oidei to prevent smuggling ; and that if they wcr. d at thnt rate, that branch of trade would infallibly tall to the ground.
It is very certain that the duty is by no means low enough at present to prevent smuggling, unkfs we establilh yet more revenue cruizers, excise of- ficers, \Sc. (with which we are far too much cloggei
VOL. X. 8 S t
"«■
^i« M teifinue hiifS. /lug. If*
already,) for there are at present lying in Leith har- boar, ten vefsels that have been condemned for smug- gling spirits, many of which must, agreeably to the law, be broken up and the materials sold. And there is scarcely a week pafses without a prize of some denomination being brought up by the honourable captain Cotihran of the Hind, captain Ogilvy of the Royal George, or captain Elder of -te Royal Char- lotte, the laudable exertions of v. ht n I cannot re- frain from taking notice of on this i/ccasion.
At the same time it must be oh^cr/ed, that the duty cannot at present be greatly abi.ve the standard atwhich smuggling, during the prebc t e^tabliihmenty would be thrust out; as the observ in j/ reader wilt remark, that a very small sum in the d ity makes a very great difference in the profits of the smuggler. And, moreover, I know from ray personal informa- tion from smugglers themselves, that it is now what is termed a bare trade, yielding little pay for much labour, although the great allurement held forth by the prospect of considerable gain does still keep it up.
In fliort I am conBdent that if the duty were re- dticed to 4 s. 8d. />«r gallon, which is the present duty on rum, all illicit trade in spirits worth no- ticing would fall to the ground.
This part of the subject will be continued in the next paper of Trader political.
Lt'nb, IJ9».
/lug. If*
ig in Leith har- aned for snuig- greeably to the Id. And there prize of some the honourable Ogilvy of the te Royal Char- n I cannot re- usion.
T /ed, that the ve the standard t establifltmenty 'irij^ reader will e (litj makes » : the smuggler, rsonal informa- it is now what pay for much t held forth by :8 still keep it
; duty were re- is the present rits worth no-
•ntinued in the
l£R FOLITICAJU
ON WISDOM AND WEALTH, AN ALLEGORY.
O dea (erte !
ViRG.
In the beginning of things, before experience had in- structeu either celestial or terrestrial beings in the consequences attending the indulgence of different pafsions and affections, a dispute arose for prece- dency between Wisdom and Wealth. The contest was to be decided before the throne of Jupiter,
In advancing to that awful tribunal. Wealth was the foremost, and afsumed to herself the right of first addrefsing the god. She was preceded by two gorgeous lacqueys, who were known to be Pride and Arrogance ; and was followed by the revel rout of noisy and tumultuous Luxury. She was herself sumptuously,, but not elegantly apparelled. Her robes were of cloth of gold, adorned and embroidered with a profusion of geuis and colours. She wore on her bead a most splendid tiara, loaded with gold and jewels. " I," said fiie, " O ! Jupiter, have the best right to precedence. By me niun fhall enjoy all the pleasures of life. By me he ftiall dwell in magnificent palaces, be carried in superb carriages, be arrayed with the finest raiment, feed upon the most dainty ▼lands, and live upon earth even the lif^ of the gods.. Let me add, O Jupiter ! that by giving me prece- dence thou wilt study thine own interest ; for by me- man (hall be enabled to do thee homage in lofty tem- ples and with costly oblations." She ceased^ scarce*- ly deigning to vield obeisance, even to him who satt •n the throne ot Olympus.
r
324 «n wisdom and wealths Aug. ic^
Meantime Wisdom advanced, arrayed in white robes, and having over them an azure mantle, as a symbol of the consistency and permanency of her be- nefits. She wore a veil. Her approach was modest and respectful to the Divinity. She was attended by an old man, whose hoary locks deserved veneration, and whose piercing eye seemed as if it would dart its beams into the darkest obscurity. He was known to be Learning, the tutor of Wisdom, and who attended her at present to support her in her contest, ta invigorate her addrefs, and abafli Wealth and her vain-glorious attendants. " 01 Jupiter," said Wisdom, with composed but modest speech, " if I may trust the indications of my own mind, and the suggestions of this venerable sage, I fhall contribute largely to the improvement of the human race. Of their pleasures I make little ^couRt ; but by pro- moting their improvement I fhall enlarge their hap- pinefs. By the invention of useful arts, I fball enable them to overconae all the difficulties of their condi- tion. By me, they flialJ, with perfect security, tra- verse the billows of the boundlels deep. By me they iball obtain tlvat opulence which is so much ex- tolled ; and not only so, but by roe alone they fhall b able t(v enjoy it. Without me, it will be to them only a souice of discord, of strife, and of anxiety. By nw too, though they fhould not obtain riches, they will learn to be happy without them. By me they fhall obtain tranquillity, peace of mind, and content- ment. By me they Ihall live in friendly society ; and by me they fhall at length, arise to celestial mao*
sions.
>'
Aug. 7C^
rrayed in white Lure mantle, as a anency of her be- oach was modest
was attended by ;rved veneratioii,
if it would dart iirity. He was Wisdom, and who er in her contest, afh Wealth and ) I Jupiter," said St speech, " if I 'n mind, and the I fhall contribute human race. Qf mt ; but by pro- iilarge their hap- rts, I fhall enable s of their condi- "ect security, tra- fs deep. By me :h is so much ex- : alone they fhall it will be to them id of anxiety, l^jr tain riches, they m. By me they nd, and content- idly society ; and 0 celestial maUc
1792. on the frt'osperity of states. ^z$
Wealth, during the bpevch of Wisdom, felt herself 90 much abalhed, tliat ftie would have anticipated the decree of Jupiter, and retired. But by the sugges- tions of her two menials, Ihe afiumed, in her depar- ture, an air of pretended confidence and superiority ; and said, " flie set no value on the award of Jupiter; for that by her own means flie would readily obtain from innumerable votaries and admirers, sufficient superiority."
The beams of celestial favour ifsuing from th« throne of heaven, in the form of a radiant crowu, in- vested the head of Wisdom.
JULIAN.K..
HINTS ON THE PROSPERITY OF STATES.
It is commonly remarked, that " nothing permanent- ly great can be expected from a nation enjoying the means, and in the habits of luxury." Reflecting on this remark. I have been led to the following obser- vations.
Amongst rude nations, even those wha have lea3t of all ftiaken off their native barbarism, an attention to the obligations of virtue is no common qualifica- tion. Indeed it is difficult to discover what virtue is practised in uncivilized states, or even in those in which civilization hath made but small progrcfu. A promiscuous commerce of the sexes obtains in unci- vilized states in general, and is found in the rudest nations which pretend to civilization. A free uae of spirituous liquors is common to all countries which are acquainted with distilling. Ornaments in drefs are more sought after than even useful
3%6 •HtitproiptriiyofstttttJ. ^iig: tg*
coTerlng, in nations of no refinement in science. Honesty is not the virtue of savages, as captain Cook hath ihewn us, by his observations on the natives of the South Sea islands ; nor indeed can there be any honesty vrbere the distinction of private proptrty is not known. Let no one, therefore, when he ob- serves difsimulation, intemperance, and debauchery, in highly civilized nations, conclude that these are all the children of luxury and refinement; or believe the descriptions of poets, who paint the manners of rude nations free from every taint of crime. Let us inquire how luxury, and what degree of it^ tends to destroy the consequence of nations and states.
This can only be in the following ways : First, by totally debasing the moral principle ; or second, by destroying the health, and consequently the strength and energy of men.
There are two ways in which luxury tends to de- base the moial principle, Jirst, by the means which rich and luxurious people enjoy, of corrupting the moral principle, by presenting temptations to men which overcome their power of resistance. And, se- conily, by the power which riches give a man of in- dulging every desire and appetite. But the second of these sources operates directly in destroying the health, and therefore must be considered under that clafs which we have before pointed out as tending to • destroy the energy of man.
The tendency of wealth to corrupt man, by bribing liim into crimes ; is of the most alarming nature, and threatens the ruin of kingdoms. But this is most felt where wealth, or the mean* of luxury, is in few hands ; and nations which are enriched by coniquest
atet. Aug: T9* ment in science. i, as captain Cook on the natives of can there be any •ivate proptrty is e, when he ob- and debauchery, e that these are ;ment ; or believe t the manners of it of crime. Let legree of it^ tends IS and states. ; ways : First, by [e ; or second, by^ :ntly the strength
xury tends to de- the means which ►f corrupting the mptations to men [stance. And, se^ give a man of in- But the second of in destroying the jidered under that I out as tending to >
Jt man, by bribing' rming nature, and But this is most luxury, is in few chcd by coni^uest
T79*i on fhe protpirity tf states. 337
are most in danger of experiencing the effects of this evil. This application of the means of luxury, ard their being thus procured, and in few hands, was tht real cause of the ruin and downfall of the Romait empire. Commercial natiotu are not subject to /• speedy a destruction from this cause ; for commerce diffuses the means of Wealth into many hands, and ' by that means prevents the fatal influence of in<* dividuals of overgrown fortune. Commerce being much attended to by many, divides the prolit of it, and consequently lefsens this effect. Tt> England, commerce has got the very best tendency ; for the lands are many of them held from the \oY<h by long leases ; and the riches of commerce tumbles the tradesman to purchase, and thus to emancipate him> self and family ; and many of the lands arc held, frorti the feudal tenure, by payment of an arbitrary fine on the death of lord and tenant ; and commerce enables the landholder to buy his lands free. As the means of corruption were fornfterly, and are greatly yet, in the hands of the lords, commerce operates in its effects as a check to such corruption, as it enables the inferior clafs to emancipate themselves, and act an honest and independent part. The lordly fortune* * from India indeed, in the hands of a few individuals, are an objection to this reasoning ; and it is perhaps doubtful whether this source of luxury and corrupt tion be a good to England.
I do not consider the luxury, or rather the means of luxury, of any nation of Europe, at all threatening at present in this view of the subject. For where riches are in the hands of a few, and but a very few« ■the danger from this quarter seems i^reatest.
3e8 on th* prosperity of states. Atig.t^,
We are -low to cocis Jfr the second great source of injury from luxury, namely, its destroying the health and energy of men. As the danger is great- er in the foi iner view of the subject, when riches are confined to a few persons ; so, in tliis view, the dui.ger is greatest, when the greatest number of in- dividuals pof^efs the means of luxury. Now, \ do presume that the health and energy of man, (and consequently his power of defence) can never be de- stroyed by luxury, until the means of indulgence can be procured by him, without that exercise which is necefsary to keep his frame in proper tone. Now when we consider the very great numbers who are cut off with too severe labour in this, and every other nation, and the labour necefsary to procure the means of life, from the bulk of the people, I think we have not yet much to fear from this quarter. Besides, great refinement, and an advanced state of know- ledge, has been found favourable in preventing one kind of fatal intemperance in some degree, namely, the excefsive use of spirituous liquors.
We are not to estimate the national luxury, and national character, from the inhabitants of Lon- don or Paris, or other large towns. Except in the large towns, the means of luxury have little exis- tence in France, England, or America, or few other countries. More peiifn through the want of food and cleanlinefs, than by luxury. At present, then, we need not tremble for the state on account of luxury : let us attempt political reform. uion j and count upon many centuries of dignilv ■■■nd consequence, before luxury fliall overturn our empire. N. N.
Aug. 19. great source of destroying the danger is grcat- ct, when riches I tliis view, the t number of in- ry. Now, \ do ' of man, (and m never be de- I of indulgence it exercise which per tone. Now umbers who are and every other ocure the means [ think we have arter. Besides, state of know- preventing one legree, namely, s.
•nal luxury, and itants of Lon- Except in the lave little exis- ca, or few other want of food and ;sent, then, we ount of luxury : and count upon sequence, before N.N.
fOETRr.
THE DlSAPfOINTMKNT.
Spcm tefellit.
Vi»o,
FioM the long toiU of travel I return'd,
tVell pleas'd at length to lee my native (horei For Bettjr iitill my faithtui bosom burn'd,
For Betsy't heart was all her lailot'i icore. II. With eager steps I sought the rural cot,
Where dwelt my love in peaceful lowly state, And liv'd contented with her humble lot,
Far from the cares and grandeur of the great, III. Silent and leaflefs was the neighb'ting wood,
Torn by the fury of the raging winds ; And the gay sp^t where once the cottage stood,
Lone and forsaken by the rural hinds.
IV,
The swelling main urg'd by the boist'rous wind, With wide spread billows swept th' adjacent Ihore {
No trace of the lov'd cot was left behind, Save the old oak that grew beside the door.
V.
As o'er an elm I bent in silent woe.
And gai'd with sorrow o'er the dreary scene j
An ancient Ihepherd from the mountain's brow With tott'ring footsteps pafs'd along the green.
VI.
•« Oh lonely vet'ran of the plain," I cried, " Tell, if thou can'st, — alas! 'tis all I crave,
" Is Betsy safe?" — his tears alone replied.
And pointed to the yew that nodded o'er her grave,
K'mgU celltge, Abtrdeen, Academicus.
THOMSON TO MISS YOUNG * WITH A PR .; SNT OF THE liBASONS. Ftr thi Bt*.
i AccifT, lov'd nymph! this tribute due
To tender friendfliip love and yon ; But with it take what breith'd the whole, O ! take to thine the poet's soul. \{ fancy here her power displays. And if a heart e^calts these lays, — Vou fairest in that fancy (hine, And all that heart it fondly thine. • Amanoa. VOL, X, T T T
^3»
^etry*
MAHTIAt, LIB. Xii. EPIO. 21. IMITATED.
Who could be«e»e, MarcelU, th»t thy bitth
Had ilignified this humble nook of earth ?
That lo muck wit, and clnqucncci anJ tiite,
Had sprung uiilutor'd from thU lonely wjMC i
Iv'n Rome, proud emprcfi of the world, would claim,
Were half tiiy talents known, her portion of thy fame.
Not the whole daughters of her am lent line.
Can boast a single spouse of worth like mine ;
Fot Rome, and all I lov'd, no more I mourn,
III thee concenttr'd all her charms return. Emiiiw*.
MARTIAL, LIB. XH. KPIO. 34. IMITATED. For tbt Bet, THRict ten revolving years at least.
Dear Julius have we been atquainted } AnJ both upon the whole been blest, Though daiiy with vexation tainted.
When foes re' ilM, or friends betray'd,
Our hearts have wrung perhaps with lorrowj
But a firm effort always made Complete resources for to-morrow.
The way to (hun a thousand woes,
EotaiI'd by nature on existence, Is to let neither friends nor foes
Intrude within a guarded distance*
For why repine at vice elate, >
For injur'd worth our courage drown; Let us who cannot alter fate,
Mind no man's bus'nefs but our own. S(i.wA»« TotU
AN EPIGRAM f ROM A COLLECTION OF POEMS NEVER PUBLISHEC
For tbt Bee.
Criis Celia to a rev'tend dean,
What le^son cjn be given, Sinci; marriage is a holy thing, •' That there are none in heaven ?
There ate no women, ht: replied.
She quick returns the jf «t s Women there are ; but I'm afjraiii
They caiittOt find a priest.
MITATSO.
ibiich
1?
ttte,
, would cl/ioii »n of thy fame* Untt mine ; kouriii
MITATKO.
ted}
d.
tb lorrow^
3wr. S<j.vAii« TozU
MS NEVER. PUBLISUBD.
HINTS RESPECTING THE PROGRESS OF MANUFACTURES,
AND THEIR PRESENT SI ATE IN SCOTLAND.
The mtnufactures of Scotland continue to prosper in a .urprising degree. Every duy produces some new im- provement on the old, or some useful invention for lay- ing the foundation of new manufactures there. It is a pleasing thing to contemplate these progrefsive improve- ments, in the low and populous parts of the cor ntry. How much is it to be regretted, that it does not extend over
the whole !
Cotton ntaiuifacture. It is scarcely fifteen years since the first yard of cottem cloth was woven in this country ; and only about twelve years since the first mill for carding and spinning cotton wool was erected ; now, there are at least a dozen cotton, mills on a large scale, containing from three to four thousand, spindles each, going both night and day, besides an inde- finite number of smaller ones in every part of the country. Yet such is the demand for the cotton manufactures of Scot- land, that all these are insufficient for keeping the wea- vers at work j so that cotton yarn, to tlie value of more than L.jOO,ooo is annually imported from England. Riders from the continent are now seen fre<)uenii/ ni Scotland, not for the purpose of taking; commllsions for their own manufactures, but for commifsioning the manu. iacturcs of this country.
Woollen carded and spun by machinery. The difference between the mode of manufacturing cot ton and animal wool is so small, that, alter tl.e su. d- fal operations on cotton by machinery, it was not lu be expected attempts would not be made to caixl a:.d spin animal wool in the same way. For some time u.esc iit-
«»2 ' on manufactures. Aug, 2i>,
tempts were not succefsful j the exact variation tlsat was re- tailed on the machinery, could not at once be precisely- ascertained. Succefsive trials, however, at last brought about the discovery. Many machines for carding and spinning wool have been erected in England, and some in Scotland, which have been found to succeed extremely well. Thi« branch of manufacture is, however, still in its in- fancy; and wc only here note it to mark the progrels of im- provements. One machine has been erected at Dundee, for coarse wool chiefly. Another has been just set agoing at Edinburgh, for the finest kinds of wool, which performs its operations with amazing delicacy and accuracy ; so that there seems to be no room to doubt, that our fine woollen fabrics will be very much improved by that circumstance, the price of goods thereby diminifhed, and the extent of sale of course proportionally augmented. Both these ma- chines are on a small scale, and being establiftied in places where running water cannot be had, as a moving power, they can be considered only as experimental eJsays. Linen yarn spun by machinery. This is a farther extension of Mr Arkwright's discover rics. It was long doubted whether it would be pofsible to get flax spun by machinery -^ — the succefs of several trials both in Scotland and England , have fully establiflied its practicability. Some time ago a machine was erected in the neighbourhood of Dundee for spinning coarse tow (the (hort stuff that comes from flax in the drefsing) which has been found to answer extremely well. Another uikll has been erected neai\,Leven in Fife,, far spinning fine flex. This is an improvement on the original machine e- rected at Darlington in England, which was not found to answer at first the expectations of the undertakers. That at Leven, we are afsuied^ makes yarn of such an excellent
m»ras^
mmmw^s^^iim^^mmmi^^m^
variation tliat wasie- it once be precisely 'er, at last brought les for carding and ngland, and some in > succeed extremely owever, still in its in- k the progrel's of im- ected at Dundee, for en just set agoing at ool, which performs nd accuracy j so that hat our fine woollen •y that circumstance, i, and the extent of ed. Both these ma-
establifhed in places as a moving power, mental eJsays. 'inery.
^.rkwright's discovc-- t would be pofsible i succefs of several lave fully establiriied nachine was erected pinning coarse tow, I the drefsing) which well. Another mkll ;,. far spinning fine
original machine e> Lch was not found e undertakers. That of such an excellent
1792. »n manufactures. jjj
fabric, that the demand for it far exceeds the quantity they can produce. -^ ^,>i'< f :'!.-':•
Weaving by machinery. This has been attempted in several places, we arc toldi with succefs; and it is hire mentioned barely to mark the period when this improvement began to be adopted j for it has not yet been carried to a great extent any where. There can be no doubt but in time it will be. come universal, in regard to all fabrics that consist of a strong chaui or warp.
Glafs manufacture.
About thirty years ago there was only one glafs house company in Scotland j the hands working half the yenr at Leith, and half the year at Glasgow •, and their ope- rations were so languid, that one house now will perform more than double the work this could then execute ; there are now six glafs houses at Leith alone, , besides a great many others in different parts of the country.
At the time I first mention, nothing else than bottles of coarse green glafs was made there ; and to that article, the glafs house company at Leith confined their efforts, till about a dozen years ago, wlien they began to make fine glafs for phials, and other articles of that nature. About four years ago, they introduced the manufacture of crowa glafs for windows, which they now make in great perfecti- on, and in considerable quantities.
After ihey began to manufacture white glafs, they fell into th'b way of cutting it for ornament, and engraving upon it. In this last department they have reached a higher degree of perfection than it has perhaps any where else ever yet attained. A young man who was bred to , that businefs, having discovered a taste in designing, and an elegance of execution that was very uncommon, the proprietors of the wtrk were at pains to give
-f immmmsmmm:
354 *" tnanufteturer. Jtug. 2(ft
faim every aid in the art of drawing that this place can af- ford, and he has exhibited some specimens of his powers in that line, that are believed to be unrivalled.
It is but of yesterday that this glafs house company, «rho are in a Very Hourifliing state, encouraged by their saccefs in other respects, introduced the art of preparing glafs in iinitation of gems, and of cutting it in facets, and working it ioto elegant forms for chandeliers, and other ornamental kinds of furniture. In this department their very first attempts have been highly succefsful j — and they have now executed some pieces of work, that they need- not be afbamed to compare with ^e best that can be procured elsewhere.
Iron manufacture.
It is about forty years since the Carron company wa» establifned near Falkirk. Their object was to smelt iron from its ore, and to cast it inlo various utensils. They also carry on the branch of making forged iron. This was the first manufacture that was seen in Scotland, carried on upon a large Scale, and it was resorted to from< all parts of the country to be viewed as a wonder. It con- tinued the only wonder of its kind in Scotland for many years, pnd pofseised a kind of monopoly of that branch of businefs ; but gradually some private undertakers ventu- red into that businefs on a smaller scale, and with lefs vari- «ty of undertakings. Seme contented themselves with barely smelting the ore, and making pig iron, while others, buying that pig iron ready made, confined their views entirely to the making utensils or articles of utility from it. In this way small founderies are establilhed in many parts of the country, where innumerable articles that are wanted for the accommodation of the people, are made at a kfs expence, and perhaps in great«r perfection than at the Uuger works. The efflect* of monopoly are thus done
Aug. 2flt this place can af- :ns 6f his powers called.
s house compatiy> ;ouragcd by their art of preparing i; it in facets^ and deliers, and other department their efsful }■— and they L, that they need- best that can be
ron company wa» :ct was to smelt
various utensils, king forged iron, seen in Scotland, I resorted to fromi \ wonder. It coii* cotland for many of that branch of indertakers ventu< ind with lefs vari-
themselves with iron, while others, incd their views » of utility from tabliihed in many 1 articles that are ople, are made at )erfection than at >oly ate thus done
1792. o« bleaching fia». ^ 5^$
away. Individuals have an opportunity of getting thei« ijmall orders executed to their mind, and the public arc thus properly served.
ro supply the demand that thus arises for pig iron, smelting houses are daily starting up in parts of tlie coun- try, where nothing of this kind was ever before thought of. Coal and iron stone, in the internal parts of the counuy, which were formerly of no value to the proprietors, become the sources of opulence to him, and of wealth to a numerous people, whose industry is thus exerted, where only povtrcy and indolence must otherwise for ever have prevailed. Roads and canals, for conveying these articles to maiket, become necefsary j so that e^rt« are now making for carrying these into effect, in parts of the country where otherwise nothing of this kind could ever have been dreamt of.
One iron work hat been lately establiflied by Mr Edington, on the ban! : of the Clyde, on such an extensive scale, as bids fair for rivalling ^at of the Carron company itself. And another at Muirkirk, in conjunction with the making of coal tar, in an inland part of the country, where, without that valuable discovery, both the coal and the iron stone, which there abound, must have remained for ages of no use to the proprietor or the public.
A NEW AND IMPORTANT DISCOVERY,
The Editor was lately (hown two samples of flax, one parcel of each of them was in the state it had been left by th« drelser j another parcel of each was of the same quality, but white and well" bleached. He was aftu- Tcd that these were parts of the same flax and hemp with the "unbleached parcels, and that the operation of ^itening had ,becn completely effected in the space of
1
J
1»
236 fo eorrSipondents. ^ug, 29.
ba/fap hour, without the aid of acids of any sort, either dephlogisticated or otherwise, or alkalis. He was far- ther afsured that the proccfs was extremely cheap and easy : and upon examination he perceived that the strength of the materials was not sensibly impaired by the procefs.
In a Ihort while he will be at liberty to communicate farther particulars respecting this useful discovery. At present the above is all he is permitted to say.
.'O CORRESPONDENTS.
The communicition by Btnignui is received, and ftiall be attended ta. The fuLure corretpundence of this gentleman will be very acceptable.
The hints respecting ambafsador L.ockhart are thankfully received. The Editor will thank any of his readers for whatever authentic memoita they can furnilh reipecting this distinguiOied character.
The observatione of d tcbo»lmaitir pro tempore, are received, aad flioulA have readily had a place, were ic not for their great lengch, and the fear thai they might lead to a long discufsion, that would prove uriinteresiing to most of the readers of the Biee. The Editor indeed regrets that he was inadvertently induced to give a place to the former observations on that hrad, as he perceives they would give rise to long altercations which he it determined as much u pofsible t(i avoid. Should any thing (hort, and particularly concluiive, on that side of the question, appear, it Iball be in- serted as a final close to that d.acufslon.
The above wilt equally apply to the communlcatioo by a lavir c/i,ur young Scoti, fat whose opinions rhe Editor has a great respect. This ela- borate efsay would, indeed, be much better suited to form a pamphlet by itself, than a paprr in a periodical work. As a separate publication, it might be read with profit by many persons who have the welfare of this country at heart. The manuscript will be preserved for the use of the author, if ever he fliould choose to demand it.
The Editor regrets, that Jubit<!r Juitice Ihould have put himself to s» much trouble in transcribing so much of a performance that he can make no use of. The Bee (hall never be employed tor propagating acardal, or encouraging lubricity.
ya/trh is received j as also the curious remarkt on the Chinese language.
The beneficent efii;sion of Libiralis is received. He will observe that It has been in some measure anticipated by some papers lately inserted in the Bee. We must not dwell too long on any one subject. He fbrg«t t* pay the postage of his letter.
The letter to Hcrumias came to hand, and fljall be duly attended to.
The performance ofGntubo is received, and fliall not be overlooked.
The anonymous publication on the borough reform is received. This ii a subject the Editor wlfhes to avoid, for the same reason as he has avoid- ed many other popular topics, becaus; he fears it might give rise to warM and acrimonious altercations. The Editor, however, entertains great re- spect for the Intentions of the writer.
•^ug, 29. of any sort, either lis. He was far- emcly cheap and 1 that the strengtk il by the procefs. f to communicate 1 discovery. At 3 say.
fliall be atteniied to.
very acceptable.
thankfully received. er authentic memoir* ter.
■■ received, aad Ihould t length, and the fear d prove uriinterestin); ed regrets that he wa» - observations on that [creations which he ii
any thing Ihort, and appear, it Ihall be in-
itioq by a lovir ofiur t respect. This ela- ' form a pamt>hlet by parate publication, it '<■ the welfare of this ed for the use of the
veput himself to sb ice that he can make ipagating jcandal, or
he Chinese language. He will observe that •ers lately inserted in ibject. He fbrgst {•
duly attended to. lot be overlooked. is received. This ii son as he has avoid- ht give rise to warn entertaint great re*
SHORT chronicije:
W EVENTS.
July 1$. 1792.
FoMMN, India.
The Bombay gazette,, 4a^ ted a^b February, states, that tn^or Cupping's detachmeot was encamped at the foot of the Guccrety Pafs» where he was joined daily by a nunber ef deserters fr«m the ea«iBy, who report that, there i|»a« a general diwfiectioa ainoag. Tip*- poo^s troops \ that T»ppo» had fourid himself uad«t the neceC •ity of making ccrtaia coacef- sioas to Coman Odin Khaot who, pa the other haad» deem- : cd it prudent ta sacrifice feel- ing and hojiMMU upoa the altars •f aaabitita »nd avarice "v and that they are bow friends, at least in appeataacer The same advices raeotipn, that the ra- jahs on the Malabar coast l)ad declared an intentioa to- thnaw •ff the tyrant's yoke, and ear- nestly desired has overthrow. Lttler from L. CorHwUii* ta
Sir CbarUt Ouhelej. CBm^tuar Str ngap*tma,
Sm, FctK %, 1790.
" On the ;tb iiist. I encamped
•beut seven miks to the aortb-
VOb. X. i
ward af Seringapatanr, fronv whence I saw that Tippoo had^ according to aiy intormatiovi, taken a position on the north bank of the river, with its fronts and flanks covered by a bound hedgCj and a number of ravines, swamps, and water courses^ and Ukewise fortified by » chain ef strong redoubts, fdl ef cannon^ as well as by the artillery of the fort, and of the works on the island.
'* It would have cost us aigreat many men to>bave att acbed the caaip in the day, and perhaps the saccefs might not have been, qiiita: certaiir;; I ^eteroiined, therefore, to maka the . trempt i» the night, and fos this pai>< pose I marched on the ^b» a» sooa after suatet a*, the tr«op>> i could be formed in three divf. sionsr The right divieioiDcom- ma»ded 1^ general Meadows^ and the cental divisioa^ under my imaaediftte dtfectiouiweie destined fvr t^ attick »f-the eneaj's canp, and the diwisiai^ ^ on the Icftf consistiag of four battaUons, under licuunant co> lomtl Makw«lVvi;«c ordered, t» ■Ik •
his tor leaf chronic fe.
U
attack the works that the ene- my were constructing on the heights above the Karrigat Pa- goda.
*' The officers commanding the leading corps in the right and center divisions were directed, i^ter driving the enemy from their camp, to endeavour to pursue them through the river, and eitablifh themselves on the island j and it was recommend- ed to lieutenant colonel Max- well, to attempt to pafs the river, if, after having pofsefsed liimself of the heights, he saw that our attack on the camp was succefsfiil.
" The left and center divi- sions were so fortunate as to kccompliih completely the ob- jects proposed. Lieutenant colonel Maxwell gained the keights, and afterwards pafsed the river, and the first five corps of the center division crofsed o- ver to the island, leaving me in pofsefsion of the camp, which was standing, and of all the ar- tillery of the enemy's right wing.
•' The division of the right, by some of those accidents to which all operations in the night are liable, approached much too near a very strong detached work, which it was not my in- tention to aTsatilt that night, and which must bav fallen in- to our hands without giving us any trouble, if we succeeded in forcing the enemy's camp.
f Tie advaoccd (U]ad coga*
ged in the attack of this work, before they CDuld be prevented by the officers in the .front of the column, and the latter who had been used to carry forts with great facility, did not think It necefsary, or, perhaps, creditable, to oblige them to desist \ but the garrison of this redoubt conducted themselves very differently from those which we had lately met with, and their resistance was so ob- stinate, that it was not carried without costing us several lives, and a very considerable delay.
" £j this time the firing at the center attack had entirely ceased, and general Meadows^ concluding from that circum» stance that I was in complete pofsefsion of the whole of the enemy's camp, and apprehen- ding that a part of 'his corps might be wanted to support the troops on the island, wi(hr- ed to communicate with me m speedily as pofsible.
" Some guides, who under- took to lead his division to join mine by a direct road, conduc- ted him to the Karrigat Pago- da without his meeting with me, and day-light was then too near to admit of his undertah king any farther operations.
" These untoward circuiii- stances did not depriveus of any of the solid advantages of our victory, for we are in pofsefsi- on of the whole of the enemy's redoubts, of all the grsund ota the north si4c of the river, and
iutorical chronieli.
tttack of this work, CDuld bn prevented ers in the .front of , and the latter who ised to carry forts
facility, did not :efsary, or, perhaps, to oblige them to the garrison of this iducted themselves ently from those lad lately met with, distance was so bb- t it was not carried ting us several lives, considerable delay. s time the firing at attack had entirely I general Meadows^
from that circum>
I was in complete
)f the whole of the
imp, and apprehen-
part of 'his corps
wanted to support
on the island, wilhr-
nunicate with me ts
pofsihle.
guides, who under* j his division to join direct road, conduc- the Karrigat Pago- E his meeting with y-Iight was then too nit of his undertat* irther operations.
untoward circuii»- not depiiveus of any I advantages of our r we are in pofsefsi- Fhole of the enemy's )f all the ground Ob ide of the river, and
«f grent part of the island j but as the force with which I re- mained in the enemy's camp did not much exceed three battalions \ and as I found from parties that I sent out, that the left wing of Tippoo's army kept their ground all night, 1 could not bring off any trophies from the field, except those which were near the (pot where our imprefsion was made.
" I have not yet been able to ascertain, with precision, the number of guns that have fallen into our hands, but I un- derstand that of brafs and iron it amounts to upwards of sixty of diffeisnt callibres.
" I iliall take up my ground to-morrow as nsar to the chain of redoubts as poisible, without being exposed to the fire of the fort j and as our posts up- on the island are now nearly Mcuxed against any attempt of the enemy,I (hall soon be ready to proceed with vigour upon the operations of the siege.
" It has been hitherto im- ^bible to collect the returns oif killed and wounded, but I have every reason to hope that our lofs in £uropeans will be under 200. Major Close will send to Mr Jackson a list of the officers that were killed, in order to prevent the anxious alarms of the friends o» the survivors. I am." &.c.
ni to
Letter from L. Comwallis
Sir Charles Oalteley, hart. Camp near Seringafiatatfif
StR, Feb. 24.1792.
" Being very much hurried, I have only time to tell you, that preliminaries were settled last night ; that a cefsation of hostilities has taken place this day ; and that two of Tippoo'* sons are expected in our camp this evening.
" I transmit a translation of the preliminary articles, and request that you will be plea- sed to forward copies of them both to Bengal and Bombay.
*' If, by any accident, the Vestal ihould not have sailed before this letter reaches Ma- dras, you will be so kind as desire captain Ofbornc to re- main until he hears farther from me. I am," &c. Copy of the preliminary articles
agreed upon and exchanged,
dated Feb. 22. 1792.
1. One half of the dominions which were in the po&efsion of Tippoo Sultan «it the com- mencement of the present war (hall be ceded to the allies, ad- jacent to their respective bour.« daries, and agreeably to their selection.
2. Three crores, and thirty lacks of Sicca rupees, (hall te paid to the allies, agreeably to the following particulars, viz.
First, one crore, and sixty< five lacks (hall be paid imme- diately in pagodas, or gold mo- huif, or rupee* of full weight
J
IV
tnd standard, or in gold or silver bullion.
Second, the remainder, one .crore, and sixty-Hve lacks, at three instalments, not exceed- ing four months each, in the three coinn before mentioned.
3. All subjects of the four several powers, who may have been prisoners from the time of the late Hyder Allj Khan to the present period, fhall be {airly and unequivocally relea- *sed.
4. Upon the due perform- iaice of the three articles above mentioned, two of the three eldest sons of Tippoo Sultan fliall be given as hostages, on the arrival of whom a cefsation of hostilities fhall take place.
5. When an agreement, con- taining the articles above writ- ten fhall arrive, bearing the seal and signature of Tippoo Sultan, counter agreements fliall be sent from the three powers ; and, after the cefsa- tion of hostilities, such a de- finitive treaty of perpetual friendfhip, as fhall be settled by the several parties, fhall be radjusted and entered into.
Po/attd. Warsaw, June 20. The Rufsians after the actions near Mir, attempted to take pofsef- sion of the castle thcic ; a place belonging to prince Rad- zivil } but the artillery mount- ed on its walls forced them to retire with consideiable lofs. yvn* 22. On the 20th iast.
historicnl cbronicU.
r
an account wu received from the camp of prince Joseph Po- niatowiky, that he had retired further within thu country. The othcialdetailofthisretreat is not yet publiHucd, but the follow- ing is said to be the substance of it :
The rear-guard of the Ruf- sian army advanced by forced marches or a day and a night with such rapidity, as to tura both our A.mK^ without being perceived. Tlie rest of their troops they mov id forward, and we saw ourselves surrounded on all sides.
Our general collecting cou- rage in proportion to th* dan- ger, immediately resolved to open his way over the bodies of the enemy. His orders were . instantly ifsued \ our troops moved boldly forward j attacked the Rufsians on the flank of our camp, broke and marched through them with our baggage and cannon.
Nothing could resist the Po« lifh impetuosity ; and this re- treat was made with an order and regularity that would have done honour to the most illus- trious general.
In the mean time, the Rufsi- ans in front oi our camp, infor- med of what was pafsing, mo- ved in a body to succour their broken wing ) but they came too late.
Prince Joseph Poniatow&jr covered his rear with two bat- talions of the flower of bis nr-
J
vas received front prince Joseph Po- liat he had retired 1 the country. The of thisretreat is not 1, but the follow- I be the suDstance
guard of the Ruf- vanced by forced « day and a night lidity, as to tirra 's.s without being Ihc rest of their lovid forward, and lelves surrounded
al collecting cou- irtion to the dan> itely resolved to
over the bodies ay. His orders ly ifsued j our
boldly forward ; Rufsians on the camp, broke and mgh them with, ind cannon, uld resist the Po- ty *, and this re- e with an order
that would have o the most illus-
time, the Rufsi- our camp, infor- vas pafsing, mo- to succour their
but they came
ph Poniatowfk^
If with two bat- lower of bis u-
historieal cbronulc.
tny : 560 men almoit renew- ed the spectacle of Thermup- ylas, and made the enemy pay dearly for the advantage ot oc- cupying the ground which we wcxe obliged to abandon, but not till we had bathed it with their blood. — Oi tiiese 300 brave men, not one thought of retreating after the army : but each covered with his body the spot on which he had fought.
JuAe 23. The following intelligence is just received from the camp of prince Po- niatowiky, near Zaclaw, dated the 19th instant :—
1 he two armies began the cannonade on the 1 7th inetant. two miles from Zdclaw, which lasted from seven in the mor- ning till five in the after noon. At last our troops got the better, broke into the right wing of the enemy, and put them entirely to ttight. Soon after the ieft wing left the field of battle, and our troops being masters of the same, con- tinued there for two hours, and then withdrew to the camp. We lost 800 men and ))00 horses. The enemy's lofs is said to be more consider- able.
This day Warsaw gazette, however, mentions, that 500 men, who were to protect prince Poniatowiky's rear- guard, were defeated by the enemy. We have accounts here, that
prince Poniatowlky attacked general Kutusaff, chaced the Kulsiuns twice from a vil- lage near J^aslaw, defeated B great nuiubti, made some pri- sonei!>, and look d pair ol co- lours. Our JoU was not so consideiat)ie } ijO infantry., aiid 400 cavdiry were killed. M. Vvitluhoifky lost )oo in- fantry, and three 01 four hun- dred cavalry. We also lost several guns.
June 20. Some days ago, the account of the Rufsians enter- ingWilnawas made public here.
'I wo battle; have taken place } the one on the icth of June, where we lost seventy men *, and the second on the I itli, which did not last long. We were obliged to retreat, wi icb we eif< cted in the best order. Both battles were fought near Mire and Swjr- zen.
The king will go this week to Kozimice, and from thence to the camp at Lubor, in order to act in conjuction with gene« ral Poniatowfky.
Minsk is in pofsefsion of the Rufxians.
1 he following letter from the camp of prince Poniatows- ky, dated the 14th instant, has just been received :
" We have just received accounts of a battle fought near bieniawka, under majorPe* rakladowfky, who encountered .300 Cofsacks and beat them > but pursuing them too far, he
hittorkal tbnnkfe.
fell in with two other parties of Cofsacks. While he was re- treating; he was attacked in flank by a party of Cofsacks. Some hundred men were killed on botti sides, and the major himself taken prisoner. I'he rfcsulc of the battle of Mire in Lithuania, was, that our troops cetired in good order to Nie- wiez. I'he Kufsians entered the city, but were repelled by the rampaits of the castle } on which occasion a great number was killed.'
An armistice is talked of here, during which negociations will take place, in order to make up matters if pofsible with- out her effusion of blood. Misceltaneuus. AVe are informed, thatin the town of Bafseterre, about the middle of April last, the inha- bitants were visited with the mo^t tremenduous hurricane ever remembered ; that the storm continued several days, and proved very detrimental to the lives and property of all those resuding on the island, that " whole Iheets of rain" fell with such impetuosity, as to cause the overthrow of
were totally destroyed. It is impofsiblr to conceive the hor- rors arising from the cries of the unhappy sufferers, the whites and blacks perilhing without distinction by the same calami- About 300 negroes perifhed in Bafseterre alone j and there is scarcely a mile of the island but what lias visible marks of this visitation of providence.
In Nevis, St Eustatia, and all the adjacent islands, the rains were experienced, al- though not in such a dreadful degree j neither do we learn that any lives have been lost in these last mentioned places. It is thought that some years will be necefsary to re- pair the damages sustained.
It is with pleasure we men- tion, that the inhabitants of the town of Bafsetere, and o- ther parts of the island, have been plentifully supplied with provisions, and neceUariet of all kinds.
In la Fayette's account of the attack made by the Aus- trians on his advanced guard at Maubeuge, it is said, " that the enemy suffered considcra- buildings \ that the water from bly from his cannon, and par- this unexpected deluge was se- ticularly from four pieces^ of
vera! feet
streets -, that
deep in all the cafks, logs of wood, cattle, and even men and women, were swept away promiscuously in the torrent) and that many lives and estates
artUlery on horte6aci.\ This truly singular species of ord- nance is, we understand, the invention of an ingenious gentleman of Glasgow, and
ill 7 destroyed. It U r to conceive the hot- ng from the cries of ipy suiFercrs, the whites ks perilhing without in by the same calamU
: 300 negroes periflied erre alone } and there ,y a mile of the island
has visible marks of ation of providence. :vis, St Eustatia, and adjacent islands, the :re experienced, al> ot in such a dreadful
neither do we learn lives have been lost lafit mentioned places.
thought that some 11 be necefsary to r«« damages sustained, rith pleasure we men- it the inhabitants of
of Bafsetere, and o- ts of the island, have itifuUy supplied with s, and neceUarieS of
Fayette's account of
k made by the Aus-
his advanced guard
EUge, it is said, " that
ly suffered considcra-
his cannon, and par-
fiom four pieces of
on horjreAaci.\ This
gular species of ord-
, we understand, the
X of an ingenious
n of Glasgow, and
historical chroniefe.
was communicated by him to M. la Fayette in summer last.
The free cities of the re- public of Poland, have pre- sented twelve cannon, twenty- four waggons of four wheels, and 150 horses to the Diet.
The king of Hungary's in- tended visit to Coblentz and the combined army against France is given up. The duke of Brunswick is to com- mand that army, and it was thought inconsistent with his majesty's dignity, to visit an army not commanded by a subject of his own.
Letters from New York, by the Betsey, captain Mes- nard, mention the particulars of a severe and wide-spreading calamity, vvhich has occurred there in consequence of an ex- cefsive speculation in the funds of the United States. Two hundred failures have oc- curred there within these last two months.
•1 The six per cents, which lately sold at 24s. 6d. the pound, have been as low as J 9s. The three ^rr cetiis and deferred debt, fell in the same proportion. Half bank fhaies, which about two months since sold at ziQ per cent, have been sold at 95. In consequence of this fsJI, some of the t rst people there have been sunk at once from opulence to begga- ry. Its general effect has rea- ched to every description of citizens.
This intetligence will forci- bly operate against the credit of their intercourse with tbi» country.
" At no time since the fa« tal 23d of August 1791, have the affairs of Hispaniula been in a more distracted state than they are at the present mo- ment. The innumerable fac- tions into which the people are divided, weaken every ef- fort for the general good, and all is confusion and dismay.
The situation of the town of Cape Francois was, by late advices from that quarter, reported to be so perilous, that in the dark nights the sentinels are sometimes stabbed at their posts ■, so great is the temerity of the revolters, encouraged without doubt, by the discord and disunion which reign a>- mong the inhabitants.
" By the last account however from St Mark's, in Hispaniula^ we learn, that peace and order were again establifhed at that place, a number of the most turbulent and refractory ha». ving been arrested and thrown into prison, with the appruba« tion and a&istance of the chiefs of their party. The exportation of cotton, there- fore, from that quarter, wl ich had experieiKcd a temporary interruption, is agfain likeiy to be renewed."
Letters were received by
the mail of i6th from Holland
announcing the demise of prince
!
J
Ferdinand duke of Brunswick, rrho died a few days since of an apoplexy in the 73d year of his age.
Vienna Junt 23. The fortrefs of Choczim i> still in our pof* leision ; it is by some belie- ved, that in consequence of the war between Rufsia and Pohnd, we Ihall still remain for sn unlimited time in paf- leision of this place ; other persons say that at the peace of Czistove, it was agreed, that the prisoners of the two powers Ihould be exchanged y our court scrupulously confor- med, and reitored all the Turks, but some thousands of Austrians who fell into the Turkilh captivity ace still mif- ling.
As the Porte does not ap- pear disposed to restore them, our court,' it is said, has decla- red, that till the Divan thall have faithfully executed this article, the fortrefs ofChocaim inill be kept in pofsefsion.
DuMEsric. On July 6: came under the review of the Court of Sefsion, a reclaiming petition, the action at the instance of the York Buildings Compaay ngainst Mr Alexander Mac- keazie, writer to the signet, for reducing and setting aside the sale of two lots of the e- state of Winton, purchased bj that gentleman la 1779^7.
hitttrietl chn^U!*.
the court, by tlieir first iatcrlo* cutor, had ditmifscd the action . and found Mr Mackenzie en- titled to a certain part of his- expences. But upon review, ing that jndgcmcnt their lord- ihips, by a majority, (six to five,) reduced the sales in que- stion, thus alteciag their for- mer interlocutor. They were all clear that there was no fraud in conducting the sales, but the majority were of opi- nion, that a common agent was barred from becoming a purchaser of an estate, the ma- nagement and sale of which was committed to him by the court ', and that it was incom-> patible for a person acting aa agent for others, to be at the same time seller and purchaser,. On these grounds chiedy th« sales were reduced. Thera were two votes put,— the first Adhere or Alter, which stood as follow* : Adhere 5, Alter 6. The next vote was. Whether the reduction (houki be in is- ttim, or the sale sustained, and damages given ? and it carried, that the reduction Ihould be IM toium.
The president, whose vote it. only admifhijle in case of e- quality, gave his opinion in fa- vour of Mr Mackenzie.
The cause is again to comr under the review of the court at the instance of Mr Macken» zie.
IS-
by t1i«ir first inUrlo* Jijimifscd the action^
Mr Mackenzie rn-
certain part of his-
But upon review. dgcmcDt their lord- I majority, (six to ccd the sales in que-
altering their for- icutor. They were that there was no onducting the sales, ijority were of opi-
a common agent from bccorning a ii an estate, the ma- and sale of which itted to him by the i that it was inconu
a person acting as >tliers, to be at the seller and purchaser^ grounds chiedy the I reduced. There votes put,— the first
Alter, which stood : Adhere 5, Alter 6. vote was. Whether ion (houki be in i*- : sale sustained, and iven ? and it carried reduction ihould be
csidetu, whose vote nifsijle in case of e- ivc his opiiiioa in fa* : Mackenzie. jsc is again to come review of the court ance of Mr Macken»
SHORT CHRONICLE
OF EVENTS.
Aii;ais; n. i7"a.
, TOREIGN.
France. QuEM Di'us vu/t perdcre firius flfineiitit. The national afsem- bly of France at present seems to be seized with a wonderful degree of infatuaiion. While a powerful confederacy is for- med to invade their dominions, and while tumult and d'iorder teign in every part of the em- pire, instead of driiberating upomthe measure? that ought to be adopted for allaying these fcrmer.is, and repelling the attacks of invading foes with vigour, their time is ta- ken • up in listening to the most frivolous accusations from all parts against the king, the ministers, the generals of the army, and a variety of other individuals. Every man seems to disi.rust his neighbour •, and no sooner does he entertain a prejudice against him, than he runs to the bar of the national afsembly, where he utters his rage in the most vehement terms he can conceive j and, let the grounds of his com- 4)lairit be ever so frivolous, or
VOL. X.
the object he aims tt erer «• ridiculous, the most Important diiculsions must give way to lu He is heard with patience to the end, and invited to the ho- nour, as they call it, of tlie sit-
tmg.
Never in this world
was there exhibited such aa humiliating view of an afsem- bly of men who afsume to themselves both the legislative and the judicial powers of a great nation. Every true friend of rational freedom must deplore this extraord'nary in- fatuation, which threatens to overturn all that has been there done in the cause of liberty : for unlefs they (hall lay their domestic animosities aside, and cordially unite to repel the in- vading foe, their efforts must be feeble and unavailing; and, Paoulcl the enemy obtain pow- er, who can say that they wilt not abuse it, in favour of that cause which kings must natu- rally deem peculiHily their own ? The only effort that the national afsembly has seri-- ously made to counteract the operations of thtir enemies is, b +
X iistorlcal
that of endeavouring to induce their troops to desert, by hold- ing out A ))iemium to those who lliall abandon the combined ar- my. This they do without hav- int^ provided effectual funds for •even paying their own troops, or t;.k'ng measures for esta- blifliing the permanency of their own authority, on which alone the perman^jncy of the pensions' they proffer can de- pend. They seem to forget thr.t their own private difsen- tions must tend, in the most unecjuivocal manner, to weak- en the confidence that ought to be reposed in them, and Qy tliis means to counteract the operation of this proclamation.
General Luckner, as well as Fayette, leaving the army he commanded, has appeared at the bar of the national alsem- biy. His secretary has also appeared at the bar to deny the truth of the accusations against Fayette.
The combined army of Pruf- sia and Austria, in the mean while, is forming, and prepa- ring vigorously for an attack ; v/hile the French general? arc fortivying themselves as well as they can on the frontiers.
A report prevails that Bti- tuin and Holland have made offer of their mediation to settle the difference between the contending paities; but the conduct of France with re- spect to the king, affords no room to hope that any leasoii-
chronicle,
able termi of accommodatloft will be tiiere listened to, for the present.
The king of Prufsia publith- ed a concise expottuon, as he stiles it, though it is too pro- lix for our bounds, ot thii rea- sons which have deteimmed him to take up arms against France, dated at Berlin the 24th of July 1792. It con- sists, as \isual, of complaints against the French for infrac- tion of treaties, and a desire to preserve the balance of power in Europe, to free the king from prison, and to destroy the anarchy that unfortunately pre- vails in that kingdom, &c.
I'his was followed by a DECLARATION by the duke of Brunswick Luneburg, com- manding the combined armies of their majesties the empe- ror and the king of Prufsia, to tlic people of France, dated Coblentz 2jth July.
In this declaration he says, that," convinced that the so- ber part of the French nation detest the excefses of a faction which has enslaved them, and thr^t the majority of the inha- bitants wait with impatience the moment when succours (hall arrive, to declare themselves openly against the odious en- terprises of their opprefsors, his majesty the emperor, and his majesty the king of Prufsia. earnestly invite them to return without delay into the palh-j
i of accommodation. uere listened to, tor It,
ig of Prufsia publilh- ISC exposition, as he hough it is too pro- : bounds, ot tlirt rea- :h have deteinuned ke up arms against ated at Berlin ihe uly 1792. It con- isual, of complaints ! French for infrac- aties, and a desire to he balance of power ;, to free the king n, and to destroy the at unfortunately pre- at kingdom, &c. vas followed by a ON by the duke of L LuNEBURG, com- the combined armies najesties the empe- e king of Prufsia, to 2 of France, dated 2jth July, declaration he says, nvinced that the so- F the French nation excefses of a faction enslaved them, and ajority of the inha- ait with impatience It when succours (hall declare themselves ijnst the odious en- if their opprefsorsj )• the emperor, and f the king of Prufsia. nvite th:m to return [clay into the palh-j
hlstaricnl lof reason and justice, of order 1 and peace." 1
With that view he declares that the allied cnurf disclaim all idea of conquest for them- telves ; that thcv do not in- tend to intermeddle in the private government I'f France; but only to set the king at li- berty ; and pi't liim into a place of safety, where he may summon a fiee convention of his subjects to settle such a form of government as they Ihall approve. He promisi-o to protect the villages, and the persons and property of those who fliall submit to the king ■, but that those to^vns or burghs which (hall oppoic them, (hall be treated accor- ding to the most rigorous rules of war. He tells the inha- bitants of Paris, that, " li the least violence be offered, the least outrage done, to their majesties, the king, the queen, and the royal family j if they be not immediately placed ia saCety, and set at liberty, they will inllict^n thase whojbaihk- seiue it, the most e'^nmpiary end ever sncmorable aveni^mg />v- niflimcnt^, by giving uft the city e) Ftfis to military execution, and exMshig it to total destruc- tion^' He concludes thus :
" In fine, 1 declare and pro- mise in my own individual name, and in my above quali ty, to cause to be observed e- very where, by the troops un- der my command, good and
chronicle. xt
strict discipline, promising to treat with mildncfs and mo- deration those well disposed subject!, who (liall submit peaceably and quietly, and to employ force against those on- ly who ihall be guilty of resis- tance or manifest evil inten- tions.
" I therefore call upon, and expect all the inhatitants of the kingdom, in the most ear- ns, t -nd forcible manner, not to make any opposition to the troops under my coxumand -, but rather to suffer tliem evcry%Yheie to enter the kingdom freely, and to afford them all the af- sistance, and (Iil-w them nil the benevcience which circumstan- ces mwy require."
Auj 2. The following de- cree wiV5 pafsed by the nation- al afsemhly, on t'le proposition of the extraordinary commit- tee for the encouiagcment of persons coming over from the enemy.
" The National Afsembly, considering that whatever is connected with the succefs of the French arms can admit oT no delay, decrees that there i« urgence.
" l"he National Afsembly, conaidtring that freemen alone have a coiV' try ; that he who abandons a land of slavery to ta'.e refuge in aland of liberty, only avails himself of a lawful right j and that, on the parjt of a man deprived of his na- tural rights, no obligation caa
■xu
historical chronicle,
exist towarcts t!ie man who has , France, and prcsert themselves wrebted them from him: ] at any military post to any ot'
" Considering that no means the constituted authorities, or ought to be neglected of termi- ! to a French citiztn, ihall be Hating a war which the Fr" vh I greeted with friendlhip and
nation has undertaken for the sole purpose of defending her constitution and her indepen- dence, and that among those means fl>e ought, above all, to prefer iu;h as, by tending to spare the efi'usion of human blood, nre therefore most ac- cordant with her principles
traternily ; and to receive in the first instance, as a sign of a- doption, a cockade of the three national colours.
2. " .I'he non-commif\ioned officers and soldiers, after de- claring their wifh to embrace the cause of liberty, lliall re- ceive as an indemnification for
" Considering, in fine, that the sr-rifice which they may
if the cause of liberty be the cause of all men, and if it be the duty and the bes: interest of all men to devote them- selves to its defence, the French nation ought neverthc- lefs, if it were only under the title of an inderanifici.Mon, to give marks of her gratitude to
have made, a brevet for a pen- sion ot a ICO livres a year, du- ring their residence in France, to be paid in advance from three mouths to three months, by the receiver of the district in which they ihall reside. '1 hey ihall be admitted to take thfc civic oath, and a copy of
those warriors, who iliall come i the minute of their having ta- to range themselves under her I ken this oath fhall be delivered colours, or quit those oi' her c- to them.
remies in order not »o be forced I 3." They fliall receive 3 to turn tl;eii anns against a peo- j gr;uilication of 50 livres to be pie, all whose vii(he> and whose ! paid by order of the military
principiis arc- ilirctted to the u nivcrsal |;eace and happincfs of mankind.
'"Desirous, moreover, of mil- king known to foreign nations the principles of justice which alv^ays direft its conduct, de- crees, as follows :
I." The nou commifsioned ofFf f nnd soldiers ot the e- ncmy's armies, who, zerdous to live in u land of libeity and equality, fhall abandon the
or civil oflicer, before whora they ihall h:ive made the de- claration prescribed ;n article second.
4. '' They fliall "at ht obli. gtd to enter into any military engagement j but such of ihem as chute to do . ^, (hall be ad- mitted into anv of the French corps in service without distinc- tion.
5. " £. h of them a> Ihall enter into these corps ihaJl re-
colours of a power at war with ceivt the usual bounties over
1 prcsert tliemselvcs aiy post to any ot' ited authorities, or 1) citiztn, Ihall be th friendlhip and and to receive in the e, as a sisfn of a- [ickadc of the three ours.
; iion-comn:ifsioned soldiers, after dc- r wifh to embrace f liberty, Ihall re- indemnification for 5 which they may a brevet for a pcn-
0 livres a year, rlu- isidrnce in France,
in advance from s to three months, :ver of the district [hey ihall reside. >e admitted to take th, and a copy of if their having ta-
1 Ihall be delivered
;' (IvAl receive a of 50 livre<i to be r of the military er, before whora ve made the de- scribed in article
' fiiall "at Ije oLh'- into any miiitary but such of ihein. 0 ^, (hall be ad- nv of the French :c without distinc-
of them a> thall ese corps (hull re» lal bounties over
btitorkal chrtnicle. anJ above the grattficstion a -u mud the election of pensioH,
6. " A list of them (hall be formed, and .. . neial aggre- gate of cheir pensions, which Ihall continue to be divided
a new
K.j,>.o in i national convention. M. PEitoN supported his petition, uy exhibiting a view of the king's conduct since the revolution. " He has always,"
among the suivivors of themin said he, '• ihewn himself an e
the manner of a tontine, till, neniy to the people, — an ene-
the pension- of each amount to , my to the new laws, — and an
enemy to France."
Evening silting. Mefs. Ricurd and Lewinte announced addrefses from A- vaioQ and Falaire, requesting that the king njight be depo- sed, tieveral members moved that the addrefs, presented by M, Pciion in the morning from the forty-eight sections of Paris, fhould be printed,-— Ordered
fhe kin;i sent to the »f- sembly dibpatches which he had received from his ambaf- sadors to the elector of Co- logne and the duke of Wir- tembeig. His majesty noti- fied, that these two princes were preparing hostilities a- gainst France, and that no confidence was to be placed ia the promise of neutrality made uy the duke of Wirlemberg.
Mefs. 'i'huriot and Grange- neuve, excJaimed against the treachery of the executive power, who afsured the af- sembly, that nothing v. as ttt be apprehended from the petty princes of Germany. I'hursday nc;:t was fixed by the afsembly for determining the important question respec*
530 livres a year
7. " The pension of a hun- dred livres ihall be continued to the widows of such of them
as ihall marry in France.
m t * * * *
14. " The National Afsem- bly granis, as a security, the produce of the estates of the cmljiranls, the sale of which has been decreed, and collate- rally the revenues of the ilaie for the payment of the annuities above promised."
Several otiier provisions of leCs consequence are omitted.
Of all the violent steps tiiat have been adopted in France since the commencement ot the present dj-.turbani.es, the followi.ig seems to be the rojsc extraordinary, and clear- ly evinces what are the real views of the faction.
Deposition of the king.
The envoys of the common- alty, of Paris, with M. Peti- o-j demanded in the name o; tue forty-eight sections, that the KING ihould be excluded from the throiic, that the ma- nagement of affairs during the interregnum (hould be entrist- *:d to responsible ministers,
JHV '^ htitorical chronicfe.
ling the deposition of the , and general Czapfki, who each king. commanded a brigade in his ar-
Poland I my ; he is of opinion i.bat,had
The brave and unfortunate those two officers done their Poles are still suffered to fight duty, the advantage over the their own battles, without the Rufsians would have been Hill afsistance of any foreign state, greater. They are in conse- Since our last several fkirmi- quence to be tried by a court files have taken place of no martial. This action at great consequence. The Poles Zaslaw is the first occasion on have been in general obliged which the king has made use to yield to superior numbers, , of the new order which his and old disciplined troops, j majesty has created for milita- Being obliged to act entirely ; ry merit. This order will on the defensive, — as is usud j consist of three claffes : the in such cases, the party who first for general and staff offi-
sittacks has carried their point to a certain degree ; but not an inch is gained without a well disputed contest. The progrefs of the Rufsians is thus extremely slow. In the mean while the Polilh army is aug- menting daily, and the most cordial unanimity seems to prevail among all orders of the state.
Private subscriptions are o- pened in London, and many other parts of Britain, for the relief of the Poles 5 and seve- ral considerable sums are said to be already raised by that means. But we hear of no public national interference in their favour.
Warfaw Jifnc 30th. Since the action of the 17th, at Zas- law, the Rufsians have made no further progrefs in Volhjnia.
cers, who will wear a gold crofs suspended round their necks, by a red ribband ; the second for subalterns, who will wear a gold mtdal with a red ribband through their but- ton hole 3 the tliird forof.cers of an infeiior rank, and sol- diers, will be a silver medal with the same decorations. The king has sent seventeen crofses and a hundred medals to his nephew prince Jos.ph Po- niatoulki, to distribute among those who deserve them.
From the motions of the Ruffians Warsaw appears to be the place to which their chief attention is directed ; his ma- jesty, therefore, in consequence of the danger which threatens his capital, instead of joining, as was his attention, the ar- my of the prince his nephew
From what we cati learn, it i in Volhynia., is now anx\ 's seems the commander in chief only for the safety of that in is displeased with the conduct I Lithuania. He has in con- <;f prince Michael Lubomirfki sequence ordered his baggage
—jj
al Czapfki, who each
:d a brigade in his ar-
i of opinion i.hat,had
officers done their
advantage over the would have been Hill They are in conse-
be tried by a court
This action at
the first occasion on
king has made use :w order which his IS created for milita- This order will three claffes : the ;neral and staff offi- » will wear a gold )ended round their
a red ribband ; the it subalterns, who a gold mtdal with a >d through their hut-
the tiiird forof-.cers eiior rank, and sol- 1 be a silver itiedal same decorations. ; has sent seventeen i a hundred medals to w prince Jos.ph Po-
to distribute among ) deserve them, the motions of the Warsaw appears to be to which their chief is directed ; his ma- ■efore. in consequence iger which threatens 1, instead of joining, lis attention, the ar- le prince his nephew mia, is now anxi ''s the safety of that in I. He has in con- ordered his bnggagc
historical chronitle.
part of which was on its way to the Ukraine, to be sent back, and has given orders for a camp to be formed beyond the Vistula near Warsaw, to cover that city, and to be leady in case of necefsity, to rc-en- fbrce the armies of generals Zibiello Judycki. The camp, it is supused will consist of about lo.ooomeii. The regiment of Lithuanian horse guards, and some other corps, cavalry and infantry, arrived at the spot pitched on, yesterday. Eatt Indies.
By the "rrival of the Nor- thumberland from Madras, has been received a full confirma tion of the treaty with Tippoo Saibj and though that prince has Ihowed some inclination to piocrastinate, yet it is not doubted but the steadinefs of lord Cornwallis, will ultimate- ly compel him to fulfil the sti- pulated conditions :
The definitive treaty was signed on the 19th of March, and the first payment, wz. one crore and sixty-five lacks of ru- pees has been already made by him. Part of that money it is said has been given to our troops.
Tippoo's sons, one ten and the other eight years of age, are very accomplilhed princes.
The present state of things in India will appear by the following extract of a letter to the Editor, dated Fort St Geo. 17th March 1792, which con- tains the most distinct account
xr
of Tippoo's dominions that has ever yet appeared in print.
'' Our am. J s s'.iU . t Sfriiigipatam \ there lias \>\.>:\i consi eiable Uclay in dsceriain ng tie v;!iit: of the money that hii luen p^iJ. Ac last it h. s been jg.ct I to rake it at its curienc vake. The ascertaining li.e value pt' the toii! tries to be ceded, h s aiso been ci.e cai-,-e of much discufsion, i% it is so;-p ;e. lippoo has t'als.fied the Kcoun.s 01 the fevf nue ; all which iTiight easily have been prevented by iiatning the coun rics .j be ceded. The leltliiig ,if this 1. SI paint may detain our army some time at Sering patam, *liere the barrenr.efs of the suriound- i.'g country, the scarcity of forage for tiK: cattle, the su 'til" Is that is gain ng giour.d in the irmy, pio uccd no doubt Dy the filth of so nimcrous an hostcr-
mpcj so b ng (in the same ground, causes every delay to be of serious mo- ment.
" It is not yet certainly known what ciVintnes we (hall keep ; but it is sup- p s d all his pofiefsiors on this side, .>■ L.W the Gauts or mountains, vm. Buramaal, Cnimb.ttore, Dindigul, &c. ^Oiintries. and Ofsore as a garrison in i.e Myborc country ; the Malabar >ost to be guaianeed to the different rjaiS: by which we Ihall get all the ■ rade of that coast, which will be of more value to the compair. fur the liurope.m and Ci ina mari<i t, than ;nOstoflhtir other pofstfs;cn^.. The Mahrattas to have Sannore and Dar- '.varj the Nizam, Canpul, Adoni and Cudapah.
" 'fhe Mys.)rc country would never r.ave defiajeJthe expence in our hands of the establilhmtnt that mu.it have been kept there \ it is by no hieans capable of the same cultivation th»t the Carnatic is^ the country, ;s far *t 1 have seen, and I believe the wh^o of it, is undula cd or gently waved i(» .1 wonderfully regular manner; and it is only in the ho! o«i, where the rain wjter can he framed by banks, Sfcat rite can be ci.itivated, whiih l< he great crop, and, where it can b« got, the only fcoi of the natives j tie cul-
1
XVI historical chronicle.
ture of the small grams is more ^.c... ./'« ici ..^c, w/iicli wai dEipentoJ* rious ani they ^re lefi noufiJhi^i d anJ. .., iosc the, r way, by which they foi being on '.Ik hiy'i (jromios, li.ey were uiubk o i:o-jper»:e vvilh lorJ can onl be wa.e ea Ifom the hvivens, Cornw.illiS, which ihcy would hdvs where u the wii.iie of tfte Car.^atic, done had i^ey pulhed th,o,,gh the (by the regulai slops tV)m the Gaus ' enemy's camp lo thp river; Diluie they to the se.i, winch is supposed by D.- ■ tur'ieJ to t.'.e Iftt, by wh.ch it is sup- Anderson to be ten feet m everj m;lc,) pos-.'d we mould have entered Seringi- may be cultivated by only rais nj suf ficicn. binks ^o the eas ward, to re- tain the r im that falls in .he monsjon, which is s 1 considerable, tliAt in tna course of six werlts, by accurate in^a- suiemcnti it wai found near fitiy in- chf!. had fallen at Madras j mnre after
aiim along with Tippoo, at least wc must have taken «very thing he wav poftpfsed of out of tfe fort.
" On the 26th ul . when the two hos- tages were delivercd.a'd every thinuwas settled, he went to h.s ten', and wis wirh «li(Hcuhy prevented rrom do.pg a raft wards fell, but the quantity J do not deej, that all :!ie army, and almost eve
knoivj our last moiaO.>n however was uncommonly severe, more so than had been known for many years.
"The elevationof the Mysore coun- try above the sea ni'ist be very great. Th?. paf.es on the Malabar coast have been ascended by the Bombay arm) with much difficulty i and on ths coast on ascending ihe Padnadurgum pafs ore hundred miles fronuhe sea, in an hour's walk, 1 gJt into a country fifteen de- grees cooler than the Carnatic.
" Tippoj, by all that appears, has been the friend of the poor; the rich he alwn\s toik the liberty of plunder- ing, and he hid inti^.dvuei many va- lualilo and exteniiv; manufactures in the p.:ttaho.-toAnofBa,ig.ilirc. Eefljre our irmy came there, it is said TOjdOO weavi' g families were maintained j a.jd we found lo:ig atre^ts, wiih almost every hoiic tilled wah oton; but the Mysore country can never main- tain a great u .wer. htugh an excel- lent one to defend, being evry wh> re protected by almost impret^.u. le fo.'i. Biddanore is the country with Coira- batore, thi' made Hyder s 1 powerful ; and as Tippoi is all-.wed to keep Bid- danore, he is still very respc-ailde.
" Ouv joy at the p^'ace was verj much damped oy an unlucky ciicunist.mce that happened jc genera! Mcado^Ks, whose zeal and personal br:ivery be ng always fotemist in every d i"g-r, lud endeared him 10 the whole army. H-
had appeared unhappy ever since the a 'a.ck of the lints, wlien the rit,ht wing
which he commanded, after taking l.al- benefitted b) our concjt csts.
Yours, &c.
ry person in India would havi^ loii^' de- plored. It seems he imagined that ths army conceived this miB.ake on the 6rh, w. s done on purpose to prevent the complete victory that lord Corn- wallls would otherwise have gained; and that he could not co wince them to tlie coniiary but by this ralh act, I am very happy, however, to tell you, that he has recovered, and is now out of danger, and easy in mind, being convin.cd that the army have always gven him the greatest credit for his cheaiful and zealous eo-oper.ition with lord C.^rnwallls on all occ.slons You will observe that in these circumstan- ces there is a peculiar delicacy in lord Comwallis's public thanks to the army, in which he meniicvns Meadows in the most liandsome terms.
"We are now all enjoying the hap- pinefi that peace gives, and it too^ place mjst opportunely for the co!ie>- lection of the crops j for in our rvor;h- trn circus ihe.e is a most dreadful fa- in,ne rag.rg ; one half, n»jr th:ee foiir'l'.s of the Inhabitants desTcye.;, ihe country every where b'-ing cover- ed wi.h human bon-s. The fa, lure of 'he crops in sou,, me :sure in Ben- itil, wikich cblg. the g ivernnwnt te lay an e'mbi go 0,1 the cxnorta^/an ot grain,hasni dethedevaitatons rreat ; nd if thcCavnaric had bfcr reduced to similar disr.efs, whichn gbth^vehap- pe'-ed at this tine by th« mvasicn of a fw l,>iise preventing t'.-e collection of the crop, we (hould have been kutlittle
-itfpr
le.
Kii, which wai dcipentCjV use riidr way, by which thf y c o i:o-jper»:e vviih lorj
which they would hdvs ilicy pufhetl [hiojgh the np lo thi- rivff; Diluie they iC l?tt, by wh.ch it is sup- oulJ have ciireied Seringi- 5 with Tippoo, it least wc taken «vety thing he wav ' out of tf e fort. 26th ul . when the two lios- elivercd.a'd every thingwas /ent to h.s ten', and was wirU rtvented rrom do.pg a raOi II :!ie army, and almost eve- India would havs loii^j de- eems he imagined that ths Mved this mie.alte on the me on purpose to prevent te victory thut lord Corn- d otherwise have gained;
could not CO wince thera iiary but by this raih act, lappy, however, to tell you, rccoverr-d, and is now out and easy in mind, being hat the army have always the greatest credit for his 1 zcaliius co-operation with illis on all occ.slons You : that in these circumstan- a peculiar delicacy in lord s public ihanks to the army, : meniicvis Meadows in the ume terms. e now all cnjoyi-^g the hap-
peace gives, and it tuol-. oppoitimely for the colliv le crops ; for in our nor:h- he.e is a most dreadful fa- g ; one half, n»y thiee tlie Inhabitants des'r >><.', every where b'-iiig love:- m:an bon-s. The fa, lure i in son. me sure in Beii-
cblg. the g ivernrtvent (e r go oil the cxnortac an of
lie the dev.iitaton 5 jreat ; Liinaric had been reduced to efs, which n- gbt have hap- is tin e by ttae invasion of a .rever.ting tl e collection of eftiould have been kutiittle 5 J our conqt,cs:s." rours, &c.
SHORT CHRONICLE
OT EVENTS,
A-.vu',. 29. 1^92.
1
Foreign. Fo/anJ. ,The struggle in Poland is now over. Justice has been obli- ged to give way to force. The Rufsian troops, supported by continual reinforcements, bore every thing before them, so that necefsity constrained tlie king and the nobles of that unfortunate kingdom to sub- mit to the laws the emprefs has thought proper to impose upon them. The particulars have not yet reached us ; but it is probable that her eager- nefs to join the confederacy against Fiance, may induce the emprefs to be more mo- derate in respect to Poland, than ihe otherwise would have been. Should the confede- rated armies prove succefsful in Fraace, it is not at all im- porsiole but thev, at a future period, may dirtVi among them- selves as to the final settle- ment of ih': constitution at Po- lar.c.
The Warsaw gazette of tbe 2^ Jttly luronns u.-^ that cbe <oiaoMiatioa of turet powerful vol., .X.
neighbouring states, while the Poles were left without the aid of a single ally, reduced them to the mortifying necef- sity of agreeing to an accom- modation with Ru&i-a, to pre- vent a partition of their terri- tories among their unfeeling, and, we may say, treacherous neighbours.
The king, finding not only that his ally the king of Prul- sia had deserted him, but that he had joinea the emprefs in her ambitious and tyrann cal views, called a meeting si the deputies of the different pro- vinces upon the 2 :id of July, to deliberate on the best mea- sures to be pursued tor the welfare of the country. Of two evils t^y were obliged to choose the leas; ; either to have their country entirely destroy- ed by the immense armies which w ere oven;unning it, and perhaps to have their existence as a "Ute annihilated, or to «- grce to the haughty terms im- posed upon thera by tlteir too {Kjwerfui neighbonrs.
The Iting was o)>.i^d to an-
xvm
nul, not only the constitution of 3d May 1791, and agree to the re-cstablithment of that which existed before the revo- lution, but even to order the army under prince Poniatows- ki to be delivered up to the Rufslan general Brinicki. This was to take place according to the agreement on the 29th Ju-
Many people, however, have difsented from the general re- solution. Malachowzki, Po- tocke, Sapiheat, Soltik,&c. re- fused to sign the reconferation Upwards of 40CO nobles, and several others, afsembled, call- ing out, " T^hc constitution with- out the king /" They sought af- ter Malachowzki, prince Sapi heat, Potocke. and Soltik, and carried them round in public.
In the grand dukedom of Lithuania in particular, a spi- rit of resistance still seems to manifest itself. \Vliat a dis- grace to the policy of Europe, that not one state could be found friendly to a cause so honourable to humanity ! — It IS not many months since Eu- rope was on the eve of a gene- ral war for a barren territory between the Bog and the Dnei- stcr, to preserve the balance of /lower ;. and now a whole king- dom has been allowed to fall a victim to the ambition of Rufsia, without a single suspicion be- ing thrown out by any one power that the same balance would be thereby endingered ! I
historical chronicle.
The following are additional circumstances • — the emprefs of Rufsia, desirous, as (he preten- ded, of stopping the farther ef- fusion of blood, sent orders to her generals to propose an ar- mistice, which was accepted. She afterwards wrote a letter with her own hand, to the king of Poland, in which (lie point- ed out the folly of his attempt- ing to defend the new consti- tution by the force of arms, as flie was resolved to double and even triple hfr army, if neccfsary, in order to overturn it. She at the same time in- formed him, that the courts of Berlin and Vienna, /////y agreed in sentiments with her; and that farther obstinacy on his part would induce these powers to unite their forces against him..
This letter made such an im- prefsion on the mind of Stanis- laus, that he immediately re- solved to sign a renunciation of the new constitution ; and this intention he communica- ted to the diet of Warsaw, which will even be difsolved to give place to that of Tan- gowitz.
It is, however, stated with much confidence, and we be- lieve on good authority, that the new constitution will not be entirely annulled, but un- dergo considerable alterations. One article is, " That the suc- cefsion to the throne of PolaniJ iliall be settled on prince Coik
>wing are additfoiial aces • — the emprefs of :sirou$, as Ihe preten- apping the farther ef- blood, sent orders to als to propose an ar- vhich was accepted, vards wrote a letter iwn hand, to the king , in which ([\e point- e folly of his attempt- fend the new consti-
the force of arms, i resolved to double
triple hfr army, if in order to overturn t the same time in- m, that the courts of I Vienna, /ii//j> agreed tts with her; and that istinacy on his part uce these powers to r forces against him.- ter made such an im- 1 the mind of Stanis- he immediately re- sign a renunciation V constitution ; and tion he tommunica- e diet of Warsaw, 1 even be difsolved ace to that of Tan-
jwever, stated with fidence, and we be- jood authority, that ;onstitution will not y annulled, but un- liderable alterations, e is, " That the suc- the throne of Polan<J Itled on prince Coin
1
historical chronicle, xix
Slaritlne Paulowltz, second son ing similarly circumstanced' of the grand duke of Rufsia, , The constitution establiflied by and his heirs male. ithe last national afscmbly, and
This sudden chanrre in the sworn to by every individual political hemisphere, has been! of the nation a few months ago communicated by exprefs to ' entirely set aside ; the king every court in Europe. The ] superseded, and in prison, and king, it is said, deeply affected ! under order for trial : all in being thus disappointed of the judges of the land dis- carrying his beneficent view* ' placed, and a new set of into execution, has resolved to judges elected by the people to retire from the supreme ma- take cognizance of the crimes nagement of affairs, and even alleged to have been comn'it- from the capital, where in fu- ted by many hundreds of citl-
ture he can experience nothing but mortification. With re- gard to the elector of Saxony this event proves that he acted Mke a wise and prudent prince, in not raftily accepting the crown which was offered him.
Prince Constantine Paulo- witz, who has been named to the Poli(h succefsion, was born en the 8th of May 1779; and his appointment will, no doubt, at any rate prevent the dread of a partition. The emprels after settling this affair, it is not impofsible, may think of extending her territories more southward, and even her good friends and allies, Austria and Prufsia, by their wavering ac- tions, may one day be engaged in a war of her kindling. France.
Critical as the situation of Trance has been for many months past, it is, at the pre- sent moment, still more critical than ever : nor Is there an in- Jstance in the annals of past his- tory of a great nation tver be-
zens recently cast into pris'in ; three great armies on the Iron- tiers already entered, or ready to enter the dominions of France •, the generals who command the armies that are to oppose them, superseded by the party at present in power, and ordered into confinement
for trial ; one half of these armies declared for the formi r constitution, and the other half for the present order of things. Such, In a few words, is the present situation of af- fairs in France. That order may soon come out of con- fusion, and that peace may fol- low, with a settled form of go- vernment, that (hall be calcu- lated to protect the Uvea and property, and secure the liber- lies of the people, ought to be the wWli of every good man 1
Our limits prevent us from giving a detailed account of these transactions ; but the fol- lowing paillculars will mark the nature of lliem -with suUi- cient dis'.inctnel"'.
iim'iTii ria I
XX historical chronicle,
Thursday Aug. 9. Midnight, themselves, a feneral council of the alarm bell sounded in every quarter ; the general was beat, and the citizens hurri'sd to
arms.
Soon after, the Afsembly were informed that M. Petion, who had gone to the palace for the purpose of preserving tran- quillity, was detained there as pn hostage for the Kino's safety.
The Afsembly ordered M. Petion to appear at the bar- lie soon appeared, and reported the different measures nhich he had adopted for the public safety. He was applauded, and desired to return to his duty.
Friday morning, Aug. 10. As day-light approached, the minister of justice entered the hall, imploring for the king that protectioii trom the Af scmbly, which, from the out- rageous conduct of the mob af- sembled in the Thuillerit- s, he had but little reason to expect from the ' affections of the people.
While they were deliberat- ing upon the most proper mea- sures to be adopted in this aw- ful and alarming crisis, some municipal ofliceis announced, 1; that a tie'w''f>roviiionary adinim-
|{ stratioii had been formed at the
* Commons Hailj that the peo-
ple, afsembled in their diffe- rent sedVions, had named com- mif>ioners, ivho, in virtue of their powers, had denominated
the camrni'ni y ; and tha the munici)>u )i> h H lu-en suspen'l- ed duiing the conui uante of this temporary authority j Mcfs. Petion, Manui-.i, and Danton, being the only members allow- ed to Kmain in the t\t;rcise of their funct;ons. They added, that M. Petion was surround- ed by a numerous bo.iy of the people, who had con.iucted him to his house, in order to protect his person and proper- ty ; and that the firovisionary adminislratioit had placed M. Santehhk at the head of pub- lic force, forbidding him to obey the staff-officers, or any other authoiity but theirs.
The afsembly resumed the discufsion of the main question j •mt were again interrupted by the news of atrocities commit- ting in different quarters of the city.
About nine o'clock in the morning, almost every person who could procure aims, hur- ried towards the Thuillerit- , callii for the- dethronement of tht; king — adding, that he was a traitor, and had forfeited the confidence of the nation.
The king, alarmed at the fu- rious dispositions mamfesttd by the pecple, left the Thuilleries y and, attended by the Swifs re- giment of guards, proceeded to the National Afsembly, accom- panied by the queen, his sister, and the rtjyal children. He first placed himself by the side
0 general council of ly; ami tha the \ li H lu-en suspend- the coniM uiiMce of irv autiiorily j Mds. \NOEi, and Danton, nly members allow- in in the t\trcise of ons. 'I'hcy added, ;tion was surround- mC'Dus bo.ly of the bo had con.:ucted house, in order to person and proper- lat the firovuionary ion had placed M. It the head of pub- rbiddinghimtjobcy (icers, or any other rut theirs.
embly resumed the )f the main question j gain interrupted by if atrocities commit- erent quarters of the
nine o'clock in the ilmost every person pvocure aims, hur- rds the Thuilleric , ■ the dethronement ng — adding, that he or, and had forfeited ;nce of the nation, ig, alarmed at the fu- isitions manifested by , left the Thuilleries j Jed by the Swifs re- guards, proceeded to >al Afsembly, accom- the qv.een, his sister, rfoyal children. He d himself by the side
historical chronide, xxi
of the president, and afterwara-. .At last, honid to relate ! the retired to the bar with tus (a- Swil^ were obH^,^d to yit'd lo m'lv ; but as, according lo the .-.uptiioi force ; and, almost to
teims of the constitution, tlif af'.cmbly could not iHrloiratht! functions of a deliberative body while he was • r. em, he was desired to remove into out ol the boxes set apart for tht use of the editors of newspapers.
The afsemoly then sent ten commilsioneis to endeavour to appease the people.
In the mean time, detach nients from the national guard, citizens armed with pikes, and a number of the Marseilkse and Federates, ranged them- selves in the I'lace de Caruuxel. and psocccdcd to attack, the
palace, \s\\\ch was guarded by a body of Swifs.
The Swifs having been in- sulted, and liard prefsed upon
hv those who came against
them, were at last obliged to
fire in their own defence, and,
at I'lrst, the mob were put to
flight; but, bfii - rcinfotic'l
by the Marseille aid Fede- rates from Bres!
a great number
they rallieil again
n-nctd a heavy tiic against
their oppoui'nts.
The gates being at last vo
Itmtarily opened Ly the Swii's.
or violently forrt... by the mob,
an obstinate con lat ensued •,
the Swifs defending themselves I country.
with signal bravery, and tl) It svas observed, thfit many
populace continuing the attack j members, titl:Lr throu ,'i fear,
with the most sanguinary fury, j or froB >on!e other motive.
well a:> by
Parisians,
nd com-
a niiin, were inhumanly buuher- id I T ley, however, sold tlicir li es d a , and did not yield till ihty had killed several hun- (i.fds Of their opponents.
Among the vitiims sari- ficcd on this occasion, to po- pular frenzy, besides ihc bwii's gu-.irds, and their colonel M. d'Affry, were the abb Bnull- lun, Alelsieurs Carle, Mandat, and many others.
After tl:e mob had got pof- sefsion of the pa'ace, an im- mense crowd burst into the dif- i'erent apartments ; some of whom carried to ll'c Afsembly the '! :^en's lewels, valuable ef- fcct>. money, and important papers. The furniture was taken to the sections, after an inventory of it had bei n ma >.• , and the papers were sent to the committee of safety.
ihe statues of Louis xiv. and XV. were destroyed.
Duilng this tumult, whi'e the noise of cai non was heard in the afsembl . and several . Alts even enleK-ti the windows, I he members still continued their delibriaiioii.;, the jacobin part, exclaiming. Liberty! E- quaiity ! and all raising their iiands towards heaven, swear- ing liiey woui^' die to save their
xxii
were absent : It was, thtrc fore, coniidered as of impor- tance to make a call of the house to determine who were present: tins beint^ decrftd, each member took the follow- ing oath :
*' I swear, in the name of the nation, to maintain liberty and equality, or to die at my post !
Domestic.
Lord CornwijHis has sijjnifi- ed his intention of returninj; to Europe in January next, — his lordlhip will De accompa- nied home by general Mea- dows.
General Meadows at his rc-
bhloricat chronlclt,
turn, is to be invested with one o\ the vacant knighthoods of the bath.
Lord Macartney succeeds earl Cornwallis as governor general in India, — his lord- lhip will, after concluding liis embafsy to China, embark from thence to Madras.
The mayor of Leeds has if- sued orders to the manufactu- rers adjoining, to send patterns of their commodities to lord Macartney, to be (linwn by his lordlhip in china. Hali- fax, Huddersfield, Wakefield, hradford, and almost every manufacturing town in the kingdom, are adopting the same measure.
Whitehall Aug. 21. The definitive treaty with Tippoo Sultan, was received at the India house overland yesterday from Bombay.
ABSTRACT OR THE ARTICLES IN THE TREATY.
I. The treaties of 1770, with Hyder Ally Khan, and of 1784, with Tippoo Sultan are confirmed.
II. The fourth article of the preliminary treaty, by which Tippoo agiees to yield half the country, and pay certain sums of money therein stipulated, and deliver two of his sons as hos- tages, for the performance of these stipulations is ratified
III. The general abstract of the countries ceded by Tippoo, are hereunto subjoined, and the detail of them is inserted in a separate schedule, bearing the seal and signature of Tippoo
Sultan.
Districts ceded to the heitinratJe Eitglijh Company.
Cilicut 63 aloiks — — — —
P<ilg.iuccheri\ — — ■ —
D ndigul ar.d I'ulmvecrpac'trv : t.1'0 ks —
%-iWm — — — — ""
K.ofh _ _ — — .
Namkool — — —
Sunk-i^hcrry — —
SScoo goo-.O 24000 Soco I £000 40000
Carried forward,
n 14765 5 4
to be invested with : vacant knighthoods h.
Macartney succeeds wallis as governor n India, — his lord- after concluding liis I China, embark from Madras.
[yor of Leeds has if- :s to the manufactu- ling, to send patterns :ommodities to lord y, to be rtinwn by ip in china. Hali- Lersfield, Wakefield,
and almost every ring town in the
are adopting the ure.
Vhiteball Aug. 21. tan, was received at embay.
S TREATY.
^ Khan, and of 1784,
ry treaty, by which ind pay certain sums 'o of his sons as hos- tions is ratified :s ceded by 'I'ippoo, them is inserted in signature of Tippoo
» Company.
S48765 5 4
8S000 o o
goo.o o o
24000 o o
Scco o o
16000 o a
- 40000 o o
n 14765 5 4
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historical chnnick. ji xiU
BtrahM«hu!,qtttooki,\\t. Bruughc forwaid, ^14765 5 4
Barah Mohul — — 64000 o o
Coveripulcun ■ — — locoo o o
Verbuddcrdroog — — gtoo o o
PaytoctJi — — — 80CO
Kaoguondie — — 6000
Daranpo ^y — __ gcoo
P<nnagur _ loooo
Tengrjcocub — — laoco
C'uvcrypoor — '^oco
o o o o o o o o o
Ahtow Arruntgurry — _
Permuuce — —
Shadmungul - —
Vamluoi — . . . _
Diurict, ctded to the Nawaub Aftopb Jab BibmuJer.
iaiuok Hctpah, 61 t<tloo!cs — —
'heDoab 15 talooka — 1648099
Deduct as ibllows. In Che Pe/hwa's Ihare, 1306666 6 10 Rematna with Tippoo Sultan, Anagooudy 61101 o o
1366767
134:0c i8coo 14000 aoooo 160CO
1316765 83364?
6 10
Remaini ta the Nawaub Afioph ]ah BanKupilly and Cbincbumulla, 2 talooka Slngputtun and Chilwara. —
Oak —
Hanwantgooud —
WiniplUy Tcmla —
Moaka — —
/« Gaotf 4 liilsokt, viz. Tarpatry, —
Tamurry — —
Velanoor —
Singunmulljr — —
>8ii33i 41804 aoooo aoooo 15000 12565
— iai6a 6 14
1905s o 4
1407a 8 o
8800 o o
10855 o e
Biiwapoor , — — —
Buthary, Koerkoor, ftc. X talooks — 35000 oi o
Deduct Remain* with Tippoo, a talooks, Koorkoor
and Dunmoor — — laooo o o
In Koorkoor — _- _
.S»78* » 4 5000 o o-
23000 o a 370 a 5.
Dhlrictt cidtd ta itsw Pumlit Purdbauii
Btinuider. The Doub, 15 alouks —
Deduct remjina wjch Tippo'} Sultan, An-'fioudy, I talonk 60101
In the (bar* of the Nawaub
Afaoph jail. Kopui, 8 lalookt 106137 3 9 Kani'ckgur) An 7t;ioo o o la Gujcodergar 960^4 a 55 281331
1 316666 6 LI
1648099 3 a
o o
6 8
34143* 6 8
i 1
u
niAif
Hemain, M M^ Pu»dit P'^^'^^''^'
hutaricMl ahnmcle.
DawJli 8 taluuki* Hawanitur, t do. Dummoor Baltkapoor, l6 do. Sirkully 4 do. Keloor 1 1 do. — Godduck 4 do. —
tiliokal, 5 do. — — tummul 4 'io. "~
Shanore »6 <i6. — "~" Latngurry Soudunhy In Oujenderghur
8 talooki 101977 9 • PcduccHidiareof Nawaub Alioph Jah 9P°94 * S
138536 8 30604 a 15394 6 250426 6 6^843 J43J97 45*97 7318$ 49090 340946 148953
BrougUt fofward,
5 5
7 10
3
9 14
It - »
'J o
1989531 9 •»
5883 6 7
Trm Cr.tj. Sundoor,
- t30(66ft < »
leooo o o
I3i666« 6 o
ti,trict. ceded to Row Pundit Purdliaua Bchauder, ditto J310000 ^
Grand Toul in pagodas, — 39S'»9' >
' TV Provide* tfeat exchanges (hall be mutuallj made of such *am rfX aboTceded d.suicts, as (hall be inconveniently «. Cd for eithrpany. for others of equal value m a more con-
^T PrSitr the easy delivery of fort, and -Hjng -ij^ putes about outstandiag balance, respecting them, the dehvery of
hr^^:^^t:r£i:^-v^^ suita.
inihe fon Thich the said Tippoo Sultan has agreed^tP cede m the alUcd powers, an equal number of guns and flf»^«>;" ^^« K forts which the allitd powers have agreed to tertore to
*';rZeSrs and Aumildar, in baJance to cither party ft«Ji n^t"; Weltered by the other j and provides for the adjustment
°^1;^V^%1l^?^s"ind zemindar, of this country whoij
rward, 1989531 9 **
— — |
1306666 |
< |
for |
ICOOO |
0 |
0 |
|
I3i666« |
6 |
0 |
|
lown, ditto ceo |
131676s 1316666 1 316666 |
1 6 |
4 0 |
3950098 S 9
ttuall; made of such be incoaveniently ri'^ value in a more conr
», and avoiding div* them, the deUfery o£ nics. '
iit by TIppoo Sultan has agreed to cede to i and ibot fhall be left agreed to restore to
e to cither party, fliaU les for the adjustment
this count ry who in chcd themselves and i that accaant, in any by Tippoo Sultan.
if* jtgr ofMarib, 179I. CoKKWALLIs*
INDEX.
:<9i
A.
-AccQVMT of thg armadjllo^
with a cut, IJ^— o» the micm-
' iy ot Arcadia at Rome, 193—
of thr agaffl£e, a singular bird, S49 Aiirian 9ruor, anecdote* of, asr
4(kff lean tal«, sSi-at9
,1 ■■.. (harkft petition of » 34
Agaokee, a tingnlar bird,«coeant «t,*jt9 Albanici^s on the life of John earl of Bucban> i-4<''-«oSruart**e- lementt, ttpa
mt Alljgoryon wisdom and wealth, 31} Alonso.'on the (Omple of Hymen, S57
- Mphonio, king of Anagun, aaec-
- dotes of, »*3 Aoiicu* ocrleaaas, m Andenon> James^on the improve- ment of (Keep and wool, 9-47
Anecdotes, 313— «f la Fontaine, •7— >of a new made justicr, lut ■ —of William lu. 1.34— "f a sailor, 13$— of James 1. 174 —of Adrian Broor, 151 — of Alphoriao, king of Arragon, _ 163 ' An old bookworm on the agamcs, I49
Antiquities i.'' Scotland, io5-»74
Arcadia, laci' 'f of, in. Rome, aC- iiount of, 193
^rchitectare, taste in, >34'M5
' Armadillo, account of the, with a cut, 153
AstrooomicM on the inilky war. 61
.Biographical remarks on dist^ngui- '■ (hedcharactersin Scotland, 997 3d< Biogr.tphlcus, interesting hinta by, . *97 *<>•
. ,B1m hiog.of fla«, ^ 33S
Bi>ok worm on the ^gamec, »49
Brp^'. , AdrUn, anecJoci s of, tfl
Irtice, Sir W. of.Kiarofs, notScts of, »98 »d'
' Bucban.'Jok carl oft. life of, with a^rttait, 1-4*
VOL. t» '
»7
Butt, Dr, hi* account of an earths
quakr, Butts, William, on poors rates,
C Case of nouns, explanation of the, 174 Characteristical anecdotes of la
Fontaine, *y ,
Chemicu» on Rupert's glafs drops, 130 Cl.mate, influence of, on qualities
of wooh ; "
CloMnefs of pile and finenefs m
wool) conntrction between, 47
Cockbum> of Ormiston, notices
of, *i)%M.
on Colds anb coughs, 113
Commotions in Rofslhire, thoughts
on, *9r
Conttitutkm, thoughts on the, iS5-aas Consumptions, an efaay on, II3
Corrttponaenis, acknowledgementa
to, 4o-m--is*— »9«'-«*4--**4
304»d -33* , .
.«» Cotion manufactures, 104
Cotton manuractutes, on the piu*
grefs of, 33*
Cox-i's travel*, extracts from, 36-77^ Cure for the gout, >ro
• D.
Definitives. oxpUnat'oft of, 315
:Oelicicy of sentiment, an efsay oa, aoi Desciiptioo of a view pn the water . ■ of Leith, Aith a plate, 136'
Dictionary, a specimen of, 146-477 'Disquisitions on gtammar,s39-»74-3 » * ,Di«, a Merina ram, account of, 307- Drinkiivg, history of effects of, re- '. view of, . ' '7*
Drummond, Ooo. notices of, 299 id.. ,Dun-t>-deer, account of, »o6-«74
—ground plan of *7 5— view of
from the north, and ditto froin
the west, a7*'
E. Effects of hard dtinkingt Ustoiy
of, review of, T*
iMfalW—
k
^S
hWf, iV.'Vm..i<iifj
vtA index.
Electric tymptomi iccompanying
an earchf uake, - 61
*m;tht SpUdct of Ovid. % 1 5
Zfuy on coughi aAd coliU, 113—
on Muesi x<a
Efujr «n itelicicy of Mntiattnt, sot Zterclwi effect* of on <|ualitici of
Wool 16
Exerci«ej Inpnctical grunmar ; l4'->77 1
Ectnctt fnxn Cose't travels>
F, , Finhaven, bill of* vitrified fortifi^ cations on, *^%
Fonuine, anecdoCci of, vf
Foodicffec* of on qualitiei of wool, 15 Friend tB liberty on Cexe'i traveli,
J6.77 O. Gander of nouni, explanation of, 244 Oonitive case ia Engliih, critical
difierution on» . S74'3i'
Clafa drops, an efsay on, 1 30
Glafii Aianufacnire, progref* of, 333 Gleaning, of Uteratute, it-ioy
Gypsum, experiments 0% 300 id. Cranuoar, exercises in, 146-177
GTainmaricald':squisitionl,s 39474-311 Great minis, account of, Si
Creciai architcGtute» account of
the origin of, , t6S
Gottt, TurkJih cure for, 1 10
HairbraiA, Timotliy, lucubratkmt , of, • *3
Hard drinkihg, Lettsom oo, 71
Hardineft of ueep. **i fincne<a ef wool, connection between, , ' 47
Hint* on the proaperitji of tute*, 3*5 — respecting jthe progiti* of manufactures. 331— <o tttrre*- pondent* of the Bee, i97Sd.
Hymen, the temple of, 157
I. J.
Improvemsttt «f fiiecp and wool oa the, ••47
Intelligpuce fironoi Mew South Wales, 190
Intelligence in literature, t6«
IroamaoufiKtures, en the pngrcA
if; 3J4
Italian K|teratore, i$3
Joliau oa wiidom and we«Kh| 313
L.
La Fontaine, anecdotes of, Laws of tlie Arcadians of Rome, Leases, an efsay on, Lcttsom, Dr J. C. review of his
history of eifecis of hard drink-
log. Life of John, cari of Buchan, with
a portrait.
71
36-77 Linen y«n spun by machinery, 33a Literary inrelUgence, »6»
Lucubrationa of 'timothy Hair>
brain, *3
Manufacture* of cotton, concerning, 164 — — — on the progrefs of; 3J1
Mathcmarics, efiay on, 171
Memorandums, reading, 63-ioi-i3&
Meschrsabecl, on delicacy of ten- rimcw, ... *Oi
Milky way, conjectures «t the, 6x
Misobrontes on Thunierproof'* efsay*, f^
Museum, accountofWeir**,i6&. 304*4.
New South Waler, Intelligence from, 'S®
Nouns in the Englifh language, a4i-H>n number, a43— ; gender, 944— case, 974
Number, of nount, explanation of, t4S O.
Obsetvarioos on poor rate*, 17--
' on leases, iiz— on the cottsti* tution, i5S-*a5-—oa cotton manufscturet, (64
en Overstretching taxation, 57*3^9
Ovid** epistles, an e&ay oa, 21} '
Pangolin, account of the, with a - ■ cut, 8«
Papyritts PfKcurtor, on gleaning* •
of.literatiire, iof
Pearantryi emancipatioa oftinPo-
land, 3:t^in Rufsia, 77
Petition of the flurku of Africa, 34. Philosophy of grammar, »39-«74-3iE Philotuesi* on Ovid's epistles, ti5 Physicuphilolegut on mathemarics,J7i Polifli peasantry, on the emancU '
pation of, 3'
, Poon nteij tli«u|h'.» en> if
L.
, anecdptti o(t »j
Arcadians of Rome, ' 197 fsay on, it*
r J. C. review of hit cifecia of hard diink-
k, call of Buchan, with
ipun by aaclMMryt 33s ilUgence, xi%
a of Timothy Haiiw
Et of cotton, concerning , 164 the progrefs of^ 331
I, e&ay on, 171
ms, reading, €3*ioz.-i36
«1, on dclicMy of len-
aoE , conjectures «t the, 6x I on Thunierproof'a
countofWeir*(,i6&-3a4>4.
N. I Waler, intelligence
the Englifh language, number, a4J— ; 144— case, »74
fnount, explanation of, •4J
O. »a on poor ratca, 17— , 1X2 — on the cottsti- i55-ia5——oa cotton turea, ((4
itching taxation, 57-3i9 lUet, an e&ay on, aij '
P. iccosnt of the, with a -
U fccuraor, on gleaning* • ure, I'oy
emancipatioi oftinPo- —in Ruftia, 77
the Ourlui of Africa, 34. ofgrammtr, »39474-3iE I on Ovid's epistles, « 1 5 lolegut on mathematicSfjyi aatry, on the emancl-
f, 3»
I, tli«u|h-.» on> if
« indeit,
Pneticalgranunar,e«erciiesi«»i4'-»;7l I'imoleon to Prosperity of states, hints on, 3»S Pulmoaicus on coughs and colds, 113
R. Reading memorandums, 63-io»-i36-
Remarlci on Thunderproof 's ef- tiys, 9*
Revenue laws, hints on, by Tra- der Political, . 57"J«9
Review of Lettiom on hard drink- ing, 71
Robinson, A. on poor* rat<:s, 17
Konun private dwelling*, descrip- tion of, *7*
jteofsihire, commotion* in, thought* on, a97
Rupert's glaft drops, efsay on, 1 30
xxvii
the Editor of the Bee, 303 xi.
M Thunderproof 's efsayt, . 96 Tiinothy Halrbrain, lucubration*
of, «J
M Timothy Thunderproof 's efssys, 96 Tourn«r Abbe, hi* account of the
society ot Arcadii in Romc> f 93 Tnder Political, on taxation, 57-319
Tutkiih cure for the gout, 1 10
v.
OS Vitrified fortifications, 105-275
——view of, 2ri
«n. Voltaire, ' *1% W.
Rufsia, sute of, 77
s.- ■■■
Scaly l^ard, acount of, 81
Scottifls anticirittc*, 205-274
Seiko, a tale, 182-219
Sentiment, on delicacy of, 201
Sharks of Afirica, petition of, 34
Sheep, Spaoiih, compared with
others, 308
Sheep and wool, on the improve- ment of, , ■ ^ 9-47 t* th$ Shortnefi or length of staple
of wool, 48
Sixe of Iheep, and fiienef* of wool,
connection between, 16
Sketch 9f the life of John earl of
Bnchta, with a pourait, 1-41
Society of Arcadia in Rome, ac<
count of, • 193
Spanidi fltcep, account of^ with a
cut 30s
State of Hew South. Wale*, 190
States, Kinu «in the pnitperity of, 32 5 St B«mard*« well, detcription of,
with a view, . 136
Strange, Sir Robert, notice* of, 299 2d. M Stuart** element*, of the philo-
taphy of the hum*n mind, 140
• .. , T. ■■ , . -. -
Tale, St'Sco, 182-219
Ml Ta^in architecjtur*, *i^*^S M Taxation, " 'sH**
tb* Temple of Hymen, 257
Timolton'* *econd letter to the
people of Great Britain, 155 —
Jtli thM fetter, 21$
WeAvipg by maciiinery, 333
Weir's museum, accountof,262-304 2d. Wisdom and wealth, aii allef(uiy, 323 WooU carded and spun by machi- .
nery, J3X
Wool and Iheep, on the imptovc*
mcnt of, 9-47
Y. Young, Arthur, on poor* rates in
POETHr. A.
Academicus, disappointment by, 329 Amicus, imitation of Martial by, 17S
B. Bombardininn, imitation of Mar- tial's epigrams, 65-28^ Buchanan translation from, 176 Butler, T. H. to the memory of
Mr* Shcrdan, 66
■iyram Dr, on patience, 246
C, t Character oi th( timet, IC4
Ciifna, ttanalation from Buchanan, by, ♦ 176
D. ■<■ (T Dirge to the memory of Mr% She- ridan,' V 66 iht Disappointment, ~ 329
2. ■ '■•:'•
Elyina, verae* by, 247
Emtliusj.imititionef Maithilbyi 3jo> Epigrams, ■ . *.. , ,. " 2iS-33a Epi4tle tb a friend on the New
Year, icj
EpistW of Ovid to hi* wife from
Pontua, F, ,216
f Fable, i}9
s<7
H Faneyi an odCt
«• Flattery by TumUcdown,
»♦ H«{e, ^ "^ , , Vymcn, the tempi* ««
Imitation of Martial, «Sri7S->7<-»W
Ladles, a tal« fcr, ««
iit«L>r*«fMartiiidkle, mS
#<« Lottery a tale for the Ud>n» «5
M* Martial, imitated,
6s»i75-i76-»8»-53P
Martindale, lafi of, »>3
Modern rrfinem«Bt» 105
Murnins walk, esirMta ftom, 137
O.
Cde M'fiuicy, ••J
O' Dieu qu'on meocennait, S4» Ovid'a «piaUe to hi* wife fiom
Pontut, «'* P-
ra Pitience, *4'
'Peaoek and doTe « fable tj9
aliS
175I r» SakaQr "^^ '»«>j;
Signet, 4 10$
«« rt< Sptinf , ^7
Squire Toe*, lmit*<io>t «f Martial
ros W9
Kondo, to the memory of Mr* Sheridan* ••
by, 3J0
Tile for the ladies, %i,
tbt Ttmf I* of Hymen, *^
The laft of Martindale, »i>
Theologus M modem refine- ment, rhonton to Mif* Yaivi(, rhundrrproof, imiution of Mar- tial by, tJSrf** Tra><flatioa fi«m By«hw«n, by
Cinna, '7*
rum^jcd«wn.«a-ll«ttCTy> »7S
V. Verse* ,fMm a new poem, entitled
the morning walk, 137
Verses on patience, *^
Verse* by a lady in a dedipc to
her child, HT
Vol-ure,. line* by on jtis death- ^ bed, «*»
Wh»ti^lo»e> ' MT
ENP of FOLUJUB *tENTH.
> \
•'-^*»..»w«.|„^^;
.J^£i»-^
. . <^'' '°S
Iprinfi V
Toei, ImiUfiokofMHtlal
3J0
>r the ladies, aj..
np Ic of Hjimttnt »6o
hofMartindalc, SiS
gut M iBo4eia refine-
ros
ion to Mift Yatmg, 3115
f rproof, imitation of Mar- by, i7Jr*W atioo Aom Bitthfwai by m, 176 le40Mrn,«arfltttC(]r> >7S,
V.
i,A*ai a new poem, entitled morning walk, l]7
I on patience, 146>
I. by a lady in a dcclipe to child, 347
re,, linei by on hit dcatb*
i»<l0TC^
Tents,
I HI . n— '