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PR'E'FACE !' •^?=«^S^^^^^=^- Tliis LectiiTC, when published in* the Times, was well received by* the public, and has siuee been frequently referred to, but it hUsnow almost disappeared,' and a suggestion has been made to rao to republish it in Pamphlet form, which I now da, with th» , permission of 'John Lynch, Esq;, who has made some addition, showing the-satisfactonr; progress of the Dominion down to the ppesent time.- The Pamphlet may bfe had at this OflSce, and from Book Sell- at the low price of 20 Cents, which is merely for the purpose of ' covering the expense of publication.. GEO. TYE. Brampton,- June, 1876. I • I ! l\ CANADA ETS PROS-RESS AN3D PROSPECTS I' Tt llnsahvays Inen to me a srilijegt of. reiijret that so many ot cii-o pcojylo of Canada are Koujewiiai deficitint in that lovo ami l/ndo of tlie Country (if their home which, 1 think, generally piv- \ails anion;L,f the people of uthep countrie-s. '.fhere is a reason tor tlus deficiency iu the fact tliat we are a mixed people, mo;.tly oomposed of iiuniiorants from various otJier countries, and theu' doscendants ,an unh^ppyr class, not, I think, i»oculiar to Caisada, ; but we have -some of them — I mean the rei»ular croakers. Y\ju all know the croakers ;i a class of people who reverse the saying' of the poet, that " W hater ej «'*, is right,'' and believe, or profess to believe, that " Wliatever is,, is wrong" — at least, whatever is in their own oonntry. If there >is anythiag fthich is right, in tltbir view, it is at a great distance, or very diffi- cult of attainment. It is the particular vocation of oiir' croakers to cry down everything in' th^-irown country, and to make disparag- ing comparisons between • (this country, its in.stitWiBions and its people, and some other country, its institutions and people. The croaker will seize you by tfce button, and compel you to li.sten by the hour to his arcjuments, shmvini? that this-is' the nwnt wretched country, fkud that we are the most miserable pepple o« the face of the earth, and so often does l)e i-epeat' th(*.s3 vagaiies that he actually makes many people believe them, and sometimes almost believfs- them himself. The general practice>io to compare the progress of Oaeada with that of our neighlwring country, the United States. Thcj Uj:>ked States is undoubbedly a great and prosperous <50utitr.y, 'and it wouldiiot be a matter of surprise that we should \ii\{ far behind that country in our onward j?rogr>ss in wealtli and population. The United States has the advanlage in obtaining population from Europe, by having so great t.n extent of the Atlantic coast, and by being somewhat l>et,ter ailvertised than Canada, I think a comparison with the United States a very proper criterion for ascertaining the progress of our countrj, if ,|4ie ■ 7. '■comparisori'be fairly art/J tTuthfuUy matle. IBnttl.oee corn par- •.•«ons are very often made in a very loose manner, either withoxit .5. - sufficient knowledge of facts, or a proper regard for them. Population, and the increase of population, although by 21c •ij»ean8 the only criterion-of the progs in that country besides abundance of men acKl vwornen, arid it is the .supposition and the assertion thal-illie United Stateif so far on t- ■ »trip us in the increace of population,' tltat is conibinually brough*^, " forward as proof of thair greeter prosperity, and of ovir inferiority We are t naiwe r4wf.ys to Le Ireld-ln resj'^ect- liy CanadiAn^. Champlai* . vyas athoroufili going practical, energeiic man, and liad he been, inopcrly supported by the French Government, l).e wouhl have< made Canatla a prosperous country, even at that early day. On the third day of July JGOS, nearly a century after the first landinj^ of Cartier, he laid the foundation of tUa p^etSOHtcity of Quebec, and in the year 1G17 the first. census of Canada. was !aken., when it was, found that the whole white population. of.Ciuiada amounted to fifty two ])er.sous, uien, women, and childrejj. We are not certain ihatr any addition to this population was n^ade until tour years after- AVirds, when a verj^ iuiportant, an,d a very interesting event occur- red in the history of our country. On the twenty-fourth day oi; JMay, J 0:21, the first. cluld of Ei»ropeaji p;wents was born in Cana- da, when the populatigai of the counLry lyay be said to have com- menced in the regular manner ; Eustache Marten was the name of- the first while Canadian, baby. From this time the population slowly increased until (,\'inad;iv WtiK ceded to Great UritaiuJn. 176U, wheii it amounted to ubou}. UO.UOO. In 17.')0, the year in which the first-censm was taken in the • United States, it v»!as compiled at- 1 i3,0()(). This wa». considerably more than doubling the j>opulatii)n in thirty years, which may be consider't?d a very rapid increase for that period, a.-' . it is an ascertained f.'-ct thyit iKipulatious ditl not increase nearly sc . fast in old times as they h:\ve dt^ne in Uter years. I'hese are two cn'c\iHista-nees which must have been favorable to , the increase of ])opulat:()n during that period-; The flow of immi- gration from Great Britain and Ireland, which would naturally i'oU low the accession of Canada by tliQ l^ritish, Government, and the ■ i'act tiiat the American reveln^ion liad l)e'jn acc( •ii})!ishod during ihat period, and a considerabl'? niimher of loyal refuges from the re- volted States, had sou^ditt aii,d fou-ui it-ihome in the new country of. Canada. ^ ■ It is supposed that fifc a tv^n to. fifteen,„thou.=and of the inha1;i;r tants at thivt time were in Upper Canada, settled along the river St. Ji.awrence, Cataraqui near Kingston, and along the ISiagava and. J'etroit rivers, leaving the j)Oj>uh>tion of Lower Canada, as nearly as I have been able to .ascertiUu, about J I(),(K)0 ; wdien the pojnda- tion of the United States v\'as. 3,!)2!),827, very nearly four millions,,. Jt is at this j'oriod, 17yt>, that I wish to. commence the coni« uvrisou. 1 had prepared a serie.s of tables and 'estimates, exhibiting thp • ii;crvase in pujjulation of Cantula, and of JTi)i)er'(.'aM'!J^!.i>i.>d J^.Q.v.eVi- i! iiftriditla, separately. Each compared witli th'e'-U)iiteil States aixti' with each of our immediately iieiglilwriiig States, separately, ami taken at Jitferent periods since tho iadepeiideiice of the tliiited Slates, but 7 find thnt the htatemsnt would l>e too len^'thy ami tiresome. I shall therelore spare yoa the infliction, and continc ijnyself to a few general .staten>eiitSi-. The census has been rc2;ulav}v taken in the United States, evcrv ten years, com men cifig with 171)0, b'ut in Lower (\uiada we liavi; • 110 further certain .account of'^lho population until liSi*'), when it is- <«iven as 423,'!'.)0, showing that the population had nearly twice- doubled itself ir tWirty-five years — while we find by the Uiiited' i>tatcs census that that country had just about twice doubled its population in 18^7, thus accc'ni]-.iishing in 47 V'oars the same ad- Viince that Lower-Canada iiad 'attained in thirty-iivo years. Ijinver (vauada; has- not' always maintained tiie same 'excess over the United Slates, bufe.Juring the whole penod of sevciity y(^nrs, from ^79i) to 18<)0, ]wr incri'ase has been ns tivo to fuitr of that ot the • United States, bar, pojmlation having multiplied itself by ten. iu tluit time, while that of the United Sl*t(3s has imdtiplied itself l)y eight. The State.i of the T'liion, juiniug on Lower Canada, arc- ]\laine, Xew IJampshire, a'ul Vermout, and during the sama i)frio;i,o()o. The pojnilatioa of th(?,United States was tl)u« very neaily thirty two tiln(^s that ("f Canada, when at the last cnsus of borii coun- trie.'', taken in LStlO, the ])o])ulatioi) of the United States was only twelve and a half times that of Canaila, showing that tln^ advance • oi" Canada had been more than double that of the United States. . Upper Canada in 1811, h>vl according to .Fiouchette, 77,000 in- liabitants, ami the United States in 1810 ccntained 7,2.'{i),Sr2 ♦J.i.tiiAes that of Upper Canada. In I8G0, Uie Ihiited States coa-i- '1^. stained a'litVe over "22^ times that'-flettl'^d, but the very latest comparison is ^ery satisfactory. At the last census, ■Upper Canada had increased intwelve- years, from 1 848' to I860 — 79 per cent, or at tltevraite of six arid tsvo-thirds per ceiit per .-annum, white the United Suited had inoi>Eased in ten years thirty- live and two-fifths per cent, or three anda half percenfciper an- ■ num, a little'niore than half tlw? progress of Upper Canrfda. The three mof^t populous ftnd most vprofiperous states' of the 'Union. ISVvv York, Pi'iiiisyivania and Ohio; iie immediately opposite -to Upper Canada, serrated from us only Isy the waters which are common to both cowmtries. 'The two former are considerably be- tiind tbe whole UiH«n in progress and consequently far behiiil Upper Canada. Tlie ratio of -increase of Upper Canada has been iieaHv six to one more than that of Xev/ York, and«ver seven to < «ne more than Pennslyvania. Ohio has increased mruch faster than Nev York or Pan-nsVlvania, Juut Upper Canada. has e.\-cei'(le»Cihat 8ta,te" in increase, fin* tlteJast tijalf century, neai^y two to one, and for * the last deaade, nearly "three to oik:. It m.avpeem inccwsistent that 4h'^ .wholes-United Strfctes, which is ■ made up^if^/^ the States, goikl and bad, sln)uld increase in popn- hlalion faster "ihan some- of her' best and most prosp#?w>us States. "The reason 4s that the Union'ihas l)een .acqw'ring additional terri- "tory, by purchase, aniieNation, or coo<)uest — as Louisiana, Florida, "Texas, Cixjliiortiia, New Mexioo, \c. Many of <>lioseTer)iitories con- 'tf.ined considerable popiliition, and thereby slxowed an increase ■6f )poi)idatin at each sucx.'e','ili ng census much ntore than -Wihat be- longed to the original territory of the Union. When tilaiSi fact is 'taken iifrio consideration, tUe superi«)r prugres*i of Canada will be I'found stie'.following. facts :- -That for the last hftHf century Loww Cuuadaiihas betu poth Pro- vinces havt? exceeded in progress the separate Suites nespectively . adjoining on them. Mow utterly absurd and untrue theR-inust V)e the statemeat, .continually dinned in our ears, that the United States is progress- ing so much taster than Cana surprised or dis- pleased if shs bad considerably excelled us. But when we find that it is a positive fact that our progress is more than t\v»o to one . of that C(Kiutry — why should we not Im satisfied ? Setting corn- par isone « side for the present, let us now consider the real value'Cf / our country. It 16 by some, considered matter of regiet that we have no tanti- r. juity to look Ij^ckupon. It is true that we hive »o crurnbiin^' -ruins — no old haunted castles with fabidous legenos-^no ancient families who can t.ace back their genealoiry muchiKritiiit^r than the . I Hood ; but f«r my part I am willing to dispense vwith tlio.se and . other similarid*] vantages, because I must ooiisider the oj^ciid', of those things — the yoiitli of ottr dountry,.as one of the.greatvst of the many advautages we do possess. I anvtjr'ite w'iilling to' leave to the curious antiquary some thousands -.of yc-ivs hence, the ;. pleasure of puzzling his brauis in trying toiascertain the exiict spot where the ancient Town of Brampion once stood. I am satisHed ^ to know that iti is here now growingiand prospering, and that when I finally leave it, an event that caiinot be far distant, it will stilii 'be iniks ascension, and not in, itstleoUne. There are tbree sources of >WQalt)h and prosperity which are de- sirable inaoiuntrv — A-uriciiilitHre, Commerce and Manufactures — anii a country which posstRses reasonable fncilitie.s for the pnrsuts of those branches of indu.stry, and is irdiabited by a good, industri- ous, and a 'i/X/i/-:'/ people, -niu.st and will be a good and prosperou.-^ . country Canada has many advantages ftr the profitable piirswits . ot agriculture. It has a rich productive soiiefit to tlie country. All kiiuls o*^ plants cannot be cullivateil! in the same climate, some descriptions ret,nire a degree of iieat tiiat would be fatal to others^ In Canada we cannot ])roHitably cultivate cotton, iior oranges, nor tea, but we produce abuuilance of wheat, and nearly all other kinds of grain and roots that are useful and necessary;. The surplus of our produce i« easily ex ch an jjed bv way of commerce, for those articles we cannot jiroduce. For our surp'.us wheat and barley, we cau obtain cotton and tea, on terms advantageous to ourselves, ancJ those with Avhoni^ >ve exchange. It is evidently a great advantage that there are many useful and desirnble articles which cannot be produced iu> all countries. The necessity ibr change and traffic is the means of promoting a friendly, and profitable intercourse among the peoples of different countries. S\teh an inter(;ourse and fair exchange ot. commodities and of opinions must prove beneficial in many respects- — it will not only lOf^ter good fVelmgs and promote the material advantage of both parties, l)ut it will probably improve their in- telligence and incfcfise their knmvleilge also, as-each party\ will be- very, apt to learn something useful from thcotiher. Agriculture is the first maindej^endsiice of,a new country^;.anJ (Tanada is as vet essentially an agricultural country. Her conv- i'lierce, however, is, even now, by no means contemptible, and her) facilities for becoming a great commercial Ration are all that caU' lie recjuired. Our great inland navigation holds out advantages- for commerce which can scarcely. bt> excelled. It brings the traffic of the woild almo.st to every. man-'s doL»t'i A ship may be • freighted witli cojiper ore at. the. mines of Larke Superior, 2,000' miles ijiland and carry her cargo without traiusbipment to Liver- pool or to Calcutta, and return with a cargo of tea, oranges or cotton. A consideral)le |A)rtion of this iuland' navigation is open > to the United States in common with Canada, -.md the people of,' that country justly value tiiis privilege as one of the cliief advan-i- tages of their country. We have, not at* yet any very extensive manufactories im Canada; nor do I tli'ink we si ould lie too anxio.is to .see-such es- tablishments hurried on. I'hey will be very likely to come al the ■ proper time. Large factories require large capital to commence" Avith, and large business to be carried on with success, an4 it is Itetter to wait until the country is more densely jiopnlated. anol more men of extensive means shall be found, than to have attempts- made for which the country is not prepared, and which would pro- bably ])rove failures, and consequently injurious to the country. There are many Uianufactured articles which, in the present state af.the couutry, wq can procure as we do our tea and our.cottoj, I y,. IB. cxcl)ange,'iir-.-v more acU'antngcous manner than by prcvlliuhifz tkrrr. in our own country. We have, however, verv great facilities fVu manufactories, whenever men of capital and er'oerprise shall consi- (lerit safe and profitable to make the investment. fS\^ have in ahnost all parts of Canada abundance of water-power for driving ar)v 'kind' of machinery, niul a very j^r^at varietv df raw materials. Thft natural resources of Canada are abuiiilant and various. Tiie principal natural resources n^riiie'avaihfole by the early settlerH w&re the fiirs and ris'heries. 'I'lie former of those was then a source of great profit, but is nnv/ nearly exhausted, ex(;ept in the n\oro remote districts where it is still carried on to a considerable extent. The fisheries still continue to be a stjurce of wiijilth, capable df being greately extenlleii. The fhaher of Canada has been and is still better'thana gold mine. It has already brought a great deal of wealtlrto Canada, andtho supply still coutinuer- ;ibundant. It furnishes employment to a great nuniljei' of men, anil i» the means er, iron or gohl. In the inierior, some distance behind this bar- •ren coast, as a traot of good farn»i!ig land, which, before many 14.-. years wilT probably be' settled and cuittvated, ?xii lh'e«'fS,rnwrs and ' the miners will be of much use and, comfort to eacph other. We niaj form some idea of the value and importance of our ' minerals by refering t6 the-extraordinary interest some specimens - of them excited at all three of the world's exhibitions which have been held at) London* and Paris. . In 18.51 Sir*WiUiam Logan prepared an assortment of samples, . -.vhich were exhibited at the first exhibition in Lbn<]on, and on > which the J aiy made a special report declaring them to be "super- ior to the exhibition- of minerals by all the other conntiwes." Again irt 1855, ab Paris, his collection rewjived the very highest honor that could be l)estowed,'tlie "Grand Medal of honor.' This was not only the highest honor, but one which Wiis very rarej being limited to twenty eight for the whole-exhibitioa — and this was solely for their intrinsic valiw, for they were ia> their natural' rude state, while they had to- compete witA< other -specimens elaborately work- ed and Tjolishnd. At the Exhibition oM 862, at London, Sir Wil!iam«l»ad prepared amore extensive coliect'.on (of which 'he published a descriptive ' catalogue in pa«iphl<^t fiirm.) There v-nere over four hundred speci-^ -iiens,-and they^were di'vidcdiato teu' clrfcses as follows: 1 Metals and their ores.^ 2, Mineralal applicable to chemical manufactures.- 3. Refract oiy minerals (for resisting-iire.) 4r- Alinerab -applicable to common &wi decorative otnstruction.' 5; .Grind in g. and 2X)lishiag-miaerals.> 6» Mineral raanures.- 7> Mineral plants. 8i Minerals applicable tO'the fine-arts.^ 9v Minerals applicable' to jewelry. 10.' Miscellaneous Minerals. . Besides these there wera* a large callection of tha*- cristalline • rocks of Canad«i» Of the firsfeiclass,- metals and their oresv he gives a minute de- scription of over a hundred different specimens, with the particular piace where «ach was obtained. They included iron, lead, copper, silver, gold,- and several other mMstal*. Tbe- success of -'Oanada" at>i 15.- vhese exhibltJOfls of all na*!ons, prove clearly thfe* Canada »i» pos- sessed of very great lateu>tr riches in her mines,- tilie full vnlue of-' viMiich may be slow of davelopment, but the realifeation willbenot ld«F certain, and those mines must ultimately prove a source- of •' ^•xeat aud lasting wealthiiwnd impotUrjce to Canada. Iron appear* to be amongst the n. t abundant 'of our useful i metals, and Ime been-alieady used to a considerable ex'^^nt at Three Rivers.-iu Low«r Cauada, where iron of the first quality has • b^en manufaatmred for many years. The convenience of those • mines to theiiver, affording facilities for» working tfeetn with suc- cess, while othws eq|ually good .were too remote to-be' made avail--' ablev The best beds ofinon ore aMswpposed t*'be those of Marmora,> ia»the County of Hastings, and many- unsuccessful attempts have - been made to bring them into operation^ The remoteness of their situation, and the want of pr«per means-of 'communiostion render- ittg every attempt abortive. New, that gold is said t*^be found in great abundance in the imm«tliiate neighborhood, it< is probaWe that the approaches- to that di«trict will be improved, and the i*on, as wellia^s the gold, be brought Into uee. "While speaking of the great success of Canada at'the world's exhibitions, k must be landerstood that >it ^ is not in ii.4ueials al«ne * tfcat she ha3-^«xcelled. . Canada liae indeed tield a very high position at eaoh of those ex- hibitions of all nations; the articles she exhibited being superior in ■■ number and quality to those ofiinany other conutries^f far greater j^eteiisions. Canada considerably excelletl our neighbors of the United States at every^one of those exhibitions. This may> be partly accounted for. t^ to the London exhibitions, bjf the unhappy anti-British feeling whioh prevails among many of the people- of those states,- and whioh at tfmes afflicts them very severely. It confessedly prevented their sending nearly so many articles to the exhibitions at London* as they otherwise would have done. B«^> there oould-be nothing of that kind to interfere with their exhihit- ing at Paris in 1855 ; and it is supposed that they would do their best on th»t occasiom At that exhibition we find that 75 pria»»s were awaited to the' United States, and ninety-si^- to Canada.- I • liave in my possession a very gratifying. evidence of our success at- those erhibitions, being a medal awarded to the County of Peel Agricultural Society for wheat, barley and peas, exhibited at tho liondon Exhibition of 1862, If .these' reraarkii be correct, I tliink w«> must all - be satisfied—-. Uy. 'tlfat Canachx'is'iintiirally a good countvv. Liic ns next co-nsidar ■whether the ix'ople — the inhahitants of this favored country are equally good, and wliether they liave maile, and will make the hest use of tlie many advantaires the country affords. Lookini' back over our comparatively brivf histoiy, 1 think the people of Canada as a people, ha^e not much reason to be aihainod — even fro;n the til'st landing of Jacques Cartier to the present day, Canada has, ever since its fii'st settlement by Europeans, been irdiabited by h irfjiritetl, industrious, and enterpri^ing .jjCQple. T!ie time of the -b'rench rule in Canada was a, period of tnuch interest, and nuist'be •esjpeoiall} so to us, as it is the only, ancient history of our country. The present French po|)ulation of LoNver Canada ale considered a, >']uiet, dull, steatiy sort of people, who would not be likely to do much good or harm to anybody, and could never he sn&pected of ■ setting fire to ihe Kiver !St. Law'renoe. They are supposed to be ,])articularly defticient in enterpriHe ; yet wl\eu they had the solo |»08session of the country they exhibited mostextraordinarry enter- terpri^e. particularly in exploring this " wilderness counlry." When their most westerly regular settle4i(»ent was at AJontreal, thev had iiKiny forts and military stations extending lar into the country, and besides these they had fur tradingiposts extending to Hudson's I5ay on the north, to the Rocky Mountains on the west, and to the Mississippi on tlie south. It is a remarkable fact that the great river Mi.'jsissippx w«s first discovered and explovod (from the falls of St. Anthony, to the Gulf of .Mexico), by exploring expeditions ■from Cannda, and before the surrender of Canada to (Jreat Britam, the French possessions in North America, comprised all the interior of the country from Hudson's Bay tothe'Gulf of Mexico. Their manner of traversing the wilde*;ness must have been- very fitiguiug, but they seemed to enjoy it. Their voyages were made /isions and other -y irry P necessaries, and with those they pursued their way iuiJifTerently over land and water. When they had to take to the land they cap'ied their canoes and luggage over the iportages; and then launched them again and paddled their Way onward, cheered by ^their own never failing songs. On one occKsioH in the year IGlo, Gd vernor Champlain accom- ijiained a party of Inoians in bark canoes to Lake Huron, and re- mained among the islands, or on the north and west shores, all the 'ibllowing winter. His object, was partly to explore the country, and partly to conciliate the Indians whom he assisted in battle against their enemies, the Iroquois It would be something re- markable in our day for a Governor of Canada to spend a winter in. the north, on the islands of Lake Huron. IT. 1 iirast recite one more piece of history of the French Dominion, •a striking instance of the untiring euterpvize of those people. In 1G78 Monsieur De LaSalle, a young Frenchman of fortune, Jettr- iinined to spend a portion of it in a journey to the Mississippi. lie ■built a small vessel — the first on Lake Ontario — at Fort Frontenac, now Kingston, and with a small party, sailed across Lake Ontario, to Fort IN iagara, wherehe remained all winter trading ^sith the Indians. In the spring he moved his stores up the river above the Falls, and there in the woods actually built a vessel of sixty 'tons burden, which he fully rigged and armed with seven pieces of cannon. During all the time this work was going on the Fi-encli were Jealously *vatch"d by the Ind ans, who made several attempts to burn the vessel jh the stocks, so that they were obliged to lannch it before it was quite finished, to get out of the reach of the Indians. Wlienit was finished, they tewed it up the river into Lake Erie, •and sailed up that Lake, then through the other lakes and rivers into Green liay, on Lake Michigan. Here LaSaile freighted the vessel with furs to the value of ten thousand dollars, and despatch- -ed her on her return voyage with the pilot and five men, while he and his friends pursued their course to the Mississippi. JN'othing more was heard of the vessel or her crew. We Avill umv leave tae French* dominion and come to Britisii 'Canada. A few days ago 1 was in the Court House, and had the pleasure of hearing Chief Justice Richards deliver his charge to the •Grand Jury, at the first Court of Assize ever held in the County of Peel. In alluding to the transition w« were now undergoing in the Confederation of the British Provinces, he expressed a hope that the ichange might prove as beneficial as t^te last change we had exper- ienced —the union of Upper and Lor/er Canada — ^which he declar- -ed had been highly advantageous to the people of both Provinces. This was exacfly in accordance with my own opinion, and on con- sidering the s^ibject it occured to me that every material change which had been made in the Constitution of Canada had beou bene- ficial. The first great change, tl>e cession 'crf Ciuiada from the French to the British government was certainly beneficial, not merely by (becoming British, which in itself was » benefit, but becaase under ithe French dominion Canada could not have attained the positioi- it cow holds. Not for want of energy in the French Canadians, for I ihink I have shown that they were not deficient in that respect, but that the country could nothave become sufficiently populous. France .could not Bupply a sufficient population, and the people of Great Sritain and Ireland woivld not enrigrate to a. Fi-ench colony. But 18. 'Aiiiea. Canada beeama British a large influx of Bntiish popiilatiWj succeeded and soon prepared the way for the next material change — the division of the Province of Quebec, as it was then called into. Upper nnd Lower Canada — and why was this change necessary or beneficial ?. By the treaty in which Canada was- ceded to Gieati Britian it was provided that the French settlers should'' be- allowed to retain. inof-t of their Frportance, had grown up also anantagoni-stie feeling between thetwo races — British audi Frenchj and a union between them, though' distasteful to both at the commencement, was found* in practice to partially remove their unwise and unprofitable prejudices, and to enable the two races to work harmoniously together, for the general good. of their oommou country. The necessary friction induced by the assemblages. of the representatives of the two peoples in the saane Legislative Halls had the - f(U British N<»rth Ammoa Injiu tlie Atluntic to the Pncific, with the Nortli Pule for ite-hasf. IJritisli Cohimbia and Vanconveis I.-liind has already expres^ell their desire to be admitted intothe (Jonlederacy. Newfoundland and Prince ildwards Island, will undoubtedly f5oon do the same, and tlie Domiuion of Canada will be the second power on the continent of America, with Tpper ('anada nmlor ths new and appropriate name of Ontario — the bri<^htest and ci'oice.^t jewel of the lot — for its centre, and metropolitan province. It has frecpiently been- suggested that \ye wonld probably at some future day besep-irated from Great Brit;»n, and become an independent natif^iii »Siicb an event, is-eerL'aiuly possible, but it is one which we cannot andtlo not desire. Such a change, apart from, any (juestHm. oi pitnotism, whicli however *viU not be torgotten, would most certfiiidy be a serious loss to Canada. And what would we gain by it I As to indepen- dence, the change would be in the name only, .for if we are not real- ly independent nov/, I do not know the meaning 'M'ihc word. If independence means- the privilege of doiugjust Vv'luit we like, even to the extent of taxing ttie goods of Great, Britian for our benefit, then it must be admitted' that we are a' pv^rfectly independent jjeo- ple. We generally condemn the old American Colonies for tiieir rebellion, and plume owrseives on our superior loyalty. We may perhaps justly comletiin them, but we have no riylit to claim much credit to ourselves by comparison, for wo have not had the same trial. The American colonies rebelled because the British Govern- ment laid a tax on their property for the benefit of Great Britain, and if we were now taxed in the same nmnner, I could not answer for the consequence!?'. But v/e are spared the e::perimeut. Instead of being taxed by tiie British Governmentj we in Canada actually levy a tax on British property for our i»enefit. A taxis imposed, even on the goods of the Queen when brought to Canada, and the Queen, God bless her, submits to the imposition with the most exemplary good nature. She does not rebel. She pays her tribute and submits. The fact is that our connection with Great Britain is a bend b;'' which we have all the advantages. The onl> Wav in which we feel tl>e chain that connects us, is by the benefits we receive from it. I am fully satisfied that our connection with Great Britian is of such advantage to us, that no other possible ar- rangement could compeusi.ce us for having that connection severed. This is putting the q\*estioJi oil a low ba«is, that of shillings and •O', 2\\ pence, but it isoue that lias much w.iglit in the aftVirs of nntion*. as well as iudivuluals. B it there is, I am happy to know, a hi'^'htr motive for our desire to continne our connection in tin; Britis!.» patriotism which pervades all classes (fall those; British provincis now about being united in one Fedeml Doinmion, So that ciir feelings and our pecuniary interests aie identical. It is no wonder then that the many direct and indirect attempts which have bocis made to create disaffecti »n in Canadn, and iiulnce ns to consent to annexation under the stars and stri[)es of our n»igl.bors, should have proved such utter faihu"es and bo tr ated wiih th.o ountempt tiiey mt liohlv dcs»irve. . I have already alluded to tli« liberties we possess, as a really in- dependent country while n^mina-lly subject to Great iJritkn. And 1 would add that our own Legislature have so for carried out the good work as to make the people of Canada the freest people ot the 'vorld. At least in my opinion ; if there be any other people, possesiising so much civil and political freedoin as we possess,^! do not know their whereabouts. The people of the United States of course, profess to bo decidedly the freest people in the world ; and they certainly have very excel- lent institutions, and are a great and a tree people. They havo had many very superior .statesmen, who have laboured hard Vt make their institutions perfect but with much less pretensions, tht^ Legislature of Canada, with the co«currence and assistance of tiie Biitish <.iovernment. have established a system of (Jovcmment and laws, which confer more real freedom upon the community, in my opinion, than prevails in the United States. Our political and Municipal Institutions are *;o cf»iistructed as to place all power Ix/th for Jjegislativeand.Execetixe purjwses, directly n\ the hands of the people, and therefore if we have uo good laws and good government it is our own fault. A great responsibility is placed in the h?.nds of the electors of Canada for both Political and Municipal purposes, and it is most desirable that they should seriously consider the importance of tlio trust reposed in them, and be caretid to use their power for the real good of themselves and their country Our Municipal system has been pronounced by some who should be considered good judges, to be the best in the world, and our school system, perhaps the most important of all, cannot be better recommended than by referring to th« most satisfactory state of our own Brampton Schools. : To return to my first complaint, that we are not sufficiently 21. Canttdian in oup foelings. I^\^ suryjri-jing ^ow few Caua^liaiis wo meet in society, ; you niay, in tliis town, <^o into company where you ■will meet a largt* number of young people vho never in their live* liave been a hundred miles from Brampton, but who, on enquiry will i'»e found to be all English, Irish, or fcicO'tch, not one Canadian, although, probably not one of tl.en^ Lave ever been out of Canada, 1 have already stated my full couHde.nce in the British })atri->tisiii of Canadiansj. 1 believe we are all aound on that question, but there is a nreat deficiency in Canadian iiatrrotism, which I would like to see corrected. In bein<' thojoufdih, Canadian we need not bo the less British, for I trust we shall nev.ar be other tlian Bricish. Canadians. Respecting the latter part of iny subject — "The Pi-ospects " of Canada, 1 have little to say, but Ijat, under Divine Providence. t)ur future weal or woe ivill depend very much upon ourselves ; it* we wisely and prudently use the many advantages placed in our ])Ossessiou, we have the prospect of becouiing a prosperous and a happy peo[»le, bat i( we neglect or abuse those advantages, it would be far better for us had We never jtosse.'^sed them. It was- said by some American statesman, I cannot now giva his name,, but 1 think it was .Mr. iSeward, that '' tlie ])eople ot Canada, if true' to themselves, would yet b!:;come a great, prosperous and powerful: licople/' ' I fully believe in tluvt statement. Canada has all the elements" of g.-eatness and prosperity, and it will be the fault of the people if they do not attain that position, but they ean attain it only on the conditions' manticued. They must be " true to themselves." They must be united. They must be all Canadians. They may be English, Irish, Scotch,. Germans, or Americans. When tiiey have leisure foi more im- jtoriant duties, and they iuay be Clear Crits and Tories at election. times, But when Ca-jada is concerned ; when Canada re theiri services, they must be Canadians, who'Iy Canadians, and ne- thiti^ but British Canadians. APRIL. 1876: Ik. is, just nine velars since this lecture was written for the^ Brampton Mechanics' Institute, and published in the Brampton T^MES, As it is now about to be published. ■ in pamphlet form, U is considered advisable, to add a -few remarks in reference to the 22. •progress " we Lave made 'U wring the pasit nine years, aiul our pro- spects for the future. According to the Census of 1870-1 the population of Canada has not increaseil nearly so fast as it has done in former years. Our jjopulatiou, liowever. is making very resonable progress but it has fallen short of the general expectation, and many peo[jle attribute the deficit to error in takin^" the census, I do not join in that opinion, althoug!i there may, very probablj', have been remisness an some cases. Indeed the returns coutaiu some eutries which somewhat surprise the people of the County of Peel. In a table givmg a list and description of the " Industrial Estab- lishments," wo find credited to the County of Peel, under the hea,d- .ingof "Cooperages," Number 1, Hands employed, 1, value of yearly produce ^12o ; under the heading of " iJ?'oundries and Ma- ^L-hine Working,'' we find "County of Peel, .1, hantter. Many .cojisid^r. it as a preparation for levying some additional ta)^ .ftuti 23. •others consider any "jaunibering of the people " to be a great evil. Those facts make the takino; of the census a somewhat difficok job, and it is very desirable that careful and reliable people should be selected for such service. To show the desirability of selecting .proper persons for takmg the census, I here transcribe an -extradt from Mr. Hutton 3 repoFt on the Census of 1851-2:: " On the whole the Census of Lower Canada has been taken wrih greater care than tlmt of the Upper Piovinee, 'where, unfortunate, ly many of the Bnumerators proved tli "^mselves wholly unfit for the duties assigned to them ; and the negligence and ignorance displayed in 'the work of these has added innterialiy to the labors of the Office, in the'classificaticn and arrangement of the tables. From this charge, however, a great number of the counties are wholly exempt,- and in many tiie work has been performed most admirably by both Commissioners and Enumerators/' The last census is probably as free from errors as tliose of for- mer yeiire, and we must ituagirne some other cause for the diminution of (jur rate of iucretise thai? the errors of the census Tables. One very satisfactory cause is that since the census ot 18f)0-.lvwas takcfi, large numbers have left Ontario and Quebec to ipe<,'ple the new Province of Manitoba, ai'.d the great North-West Territory. And some havoalso gone to British Columbia, so that vthe^ are still in Canada. Another reason is, I tliink^ that we do not get so many immigrant settlers as in former years, for although • the returns show arrivals in Canada about the same, yet many of them pass through Canada to the new States in the iK)rth-west as Wisconsin, Minnesota, and other States and Territories, and it" is al>o a fact that mauy Canadians have lately emigrated to the States, It is a fact, however, that mauy are emigrating from those Western State« and Territories aiid settling in Canada, — in the Province of Manitoba and the North- West Territory. The pf>pulation of Upper and Lower Canada, according to the census rt? 18.51-2, was 1,842, 2(15, which by the census of 1860-1 was iner.eased to 2,51)6,755, being an increase of 36 per cent. \v juiue jrf^ars. Tlpe census of ,I87<)-.1 wivky it 2,812,367, which is aa 2'4. increase of little over 12 per cent, in ten years. This is still a very respectable increase — especially as We know that many of those who left these Provinces duriug that decade are still in Canada. There may be some other cause for the diminution of! our rate of increase of population than what has occured to me, for the same thing has happened to the United State;j, and to each separate- State except two, the States of Rhode Island and Vermont, which' have both enlarged their increase — Rhode Islard' from 18.35 per- cent. +0 2iAG per cent., and Vermont from 0'.31 per cent, to -iiQl per cent. Each of tlie other States — with one exception — has haul its population increased to a greater or less extent — some of them very considerably — but taking all the States on an average the diminution of the rate of increase has been, much greater than in Canada. The State which has made no increase is New Hamp- shire, which in the census of 1860-1 showed an increase of 2:55 pen C3nt., in the census of J 870-1 shows a decrease of 2:5G per cent. These calculations are all made in reference to Ontario audi Quebec only, as what constituted the Province of Canada wheu' the census of 18G0-1 was taken. The census of 1870-1 includedl the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova. Scotia, but British Columbia, and Manitoba have not been included' in that census, nor Prince Edwards Island, which has but lately been added to Canada, To approximate our present poj^ulation, we have By the Census, Ontario - Quebec "• '* New Brunswick " " Nova Scotia Supposed population of Prince Edward's Island " Manitoba ** " Btitish Columbio, *^ " North West Ter.rjtory ■ ■-i Total, - 1,620,851 1,191,516 - 285,594 387,800- - 100,000- 32,000 12,000. 5,250 « 3,63,635,011 The next „ensu8 of Canada w.ijl probably give a^ populatior oil' 25 f&nr Million* Besides r.he above wo h^ve a very interesting population ot iac.ians, as follows ; — Ontario . Quebec ^'ova Scotia New Brunswick - Manitoba ami iN'orth AVest Territory British Cohmibia - • Prince Edwards I'sl^nd Ilupert's Laud Totcil. - l.-,,3()r, - ],8-M) l..)(5l - 2.),:j!)4 31.o20 30 -i 0,170 - 91,910 "it is very gratifying t* : tice the satisiactory condition of the- Indians in Canada. Th-y live uu good terms with the Govern- ment and with their nei-Kb.'rs, and are i/iwiuailv - neighborhuod are now engaged in itirming or soma otiier useful occupation. In ISli'J there was a large party of fcho' Sioux trii)e of Indians, who escaped from the Indian Massacre in Minnesota,, came to the British Territory, aud^ibr a time caused considerable trouble to the (lover-HiKMit, but they were finally settled quite satisfactorily. They got a grant of 10,000 acres of land on which they settled and conunenced farming, and are doing well. " They are estimated at about fi)urteen hundred and fifty in all ; they are reported as being .sober and industrious.'' Some of the Indians have expressed a wish — I thiid: a very reasonable wish — that they nuglit be enfranchiseii !uid allowed the same privileges as other hritish subjects, and it would appear from the n-'port of the Minister of the interior that an Act was .2%. :about to'be passed containing provisions for that parpose, Auii why should not that be done ? I certainly can not see that any man, — a man of any other nation — should have a bettc-r claim to all the priviliges of a British subject than a Canadian Indian,, II is considered a British subject as to any duty or penalty, which I think should not be, unless he is aUo allowed the privileges. The late Dr. Baldwin, half a century ago, made an attempt iw the Upper Canada Parliament, to obtain enfranchisment for " the ipoor Indian," birt ihe got no encouragement whatever, yet a few years after that, Mr. Brandt, a full-blooi!ed Indian, and a gentlenBan, sat in the same Parliament, and I newer understood that he brought any disgiace on the House. But the most pleasing feature of the Indian arrangement is the School svutem. I find that by the Official Report, from which I have quoted above, that there is a large number of Indian Schools which are well attended by Indian children. The following is a list of Schools in each Province and tl>e number of children at- tending. Ontario has the largest number of ScIiooIp, being .50, of which 20 are in the Indian settlements •©n the Grand River and Thames, and 10 are on the Grand Maoitoulin Island Province. N umber of Schools. N umber -ef children. Ontario M 1,7()2 Quebec M 441 2 7!) Nova Scotia 2 ManitolK* & N.-W. Territory 13 Prince Edward's Island 1 British Columbia 17 480 no return 1,1 5» ' Total, 98 3,921 New Brunswick has none. There are twelve Schools from whicFk no return has been received. If those returns had been received the whole number of scholars would probably 1)6 about 4.500. The scjces of the scholars are given, and the number of boys somewhat exceed the number of girls. The sexes of the teachers are not given, but judging from the christian names it would appear that nearly half of them were females, 27, It is very satisfactory indeed to know that so many fnJian •children are beiug. properly tiucated, in a manner which will pre- ,pare them for tlie use and enjoyment of the condition of real British subjects,. to which positi')n, it is to be hoped, they are to be t raised, and it must. be confessed, that if they are not so raised, the ■ education will be of little value to them. I stated ioithe above Lecture that there were " three sources of ^ wealth and prosperity which wore debirable in a Country — A.gri- - culture, Commerce and Manufacturee." — aud I thouffht it advis- . able now to make a few remarks ou ihe progress <\'e had made iu . theet; three sources of wealth ; but I find 1 liave made a good mm^y ".remarks "without makicg much "progress" in the maiu . sulpjettt. Gannda has not prospesad so well iu Agriculture of late years as liti/ormerly did, more especially iu the wheat crop — wheat was the , great crop of Canada, eetpecially Upper Canatla, and sucli heavy 1. crops were obtained that the farmers got reckless and over-worked "their land in the production of wheat, and were iu a fair way of ruining it altogether, when the Midge cauie in tu liolp them and destroyed a great portion of the wheat for several years. Since then there has not been nearly so much wheat sown, especially on old farms, and barley has become the principal crop and has suc- ceeded vt-ry well. The wheat crop of 1S70 in Ontario, according to the censns, was IG 2:)l,-i().) against :27.27i,770 in 18!i0, which was a decrease of over 07 per cent. Other crops turned out pretty fairly The grain crop altogether exceeded that of 1860 by Hi* percent., the [loot crop ity ii3 per cent., and the value of live- stock by 03 per cent., so tluit our progress in Agriculture is not ixt all hopeless. The harvest of 1 785 has l)een exceedignly good, and if a census of last years productions had been takon, it would hav shown a rate of increase in Agricultural p.ioducts, far exceeding that of an\ previous year. . The Commerce of (\anada has increased very satisfactorily during ,the eight years of r.oufederi^ition as mny he .'iee.u by the following 28 table, wWTch gives the amount of Exports aii^I Imports Ajr each jear, and also the amount of duty collected thereon :— . iTt. Exports. Tl . Imi»urt3. ! Duties C( Jlected 18,4 8;»,:5r)l,l)28 r28,2i;5,582; 14,421.283 (>7 " 18751 77,88(J,1)79 124,070, 28:^1 15,3r)l,3b2 12 jl)05,4o8,20l) 805,507,70-; «)4,271,4i;5 09 It would be iiiore satisfactory if, in on- commercial tran<^actions, our imj/orts did not so niucli exceed our exports. This unplea.sant feature appears by the table to iiave been on the increa.se for the- last few years, and has ])rububly been, to a considtnvble extent, the cau.se of the threatened hardness prevailitiy; for tl»e last year or two. It is to be hoped, however, lUnt this evil will' tend to correct itself. That Cunadians will accept the .suggestion of the Americaui statesman and be "■ trtie to themselves," and ceasa- to encourage- more imports tlnn they are prepared to pay for. It; is satisfactory to learn that this is now \)e'm-f acted on, and that the value of imjoorts for the half year ending olst Dooember last, has been nearlv ei^lueen millions of dollars less than for the last half- A'ear of 187t, '.vhile the exports have tee*! reduced only about three millio us. The following table will show the description of goods exported in the year IhT') •' — GOODS THE PRODTu'i'E OF CANADA. Piasduee of the 31 Jne " Fishries Foiest Animals and their Products Agricultural Products .Nhmufactures Miscellaneous Articles Ships built at Quebtc Goods njt the Produce of the Doniduion Total Exports $ 3,S78,0.")0 '),;J80,527 2-l.78l,7vS0 12,700,507 17,258,358 2,2!)3,046 409, »SI 78!),-|.5()> 67,490,893. - 1 0,396,036 • 77,S86,979y *) 79 F w,- -.re satisfied with our condition in Agriculture an 1 Om merce, ^\^i should bo much mo^.e so with our amazing pri^Tess iu Manufactures, which may bo seen by the table hereunder. This table is compo'»ed of extracts from the two last censuses, containing statemeatrf of the most important and useful of Industrial establish- ments and pursuits, placed in such a manner that the returns of one census m^y be easily compared with those of the other, and sho.v the i:irre:i?e or decrease of any article from LSliO to 1S70. Tiie re- Kul' to me, is \*€nv surprising, and unless there t e some serious er- ror in one or other of the Census tabl-es, or in my own calculations, pj ogress of these manufactures have been wonderfu'. I have used only the tabids for Ontario and Quebec, as I have not seen anv census fur Xova Scotia or New Bnmsv.-ick pruir to that of IbTO-'l Flour Mills...., Saw- :.Iiiis r.-U'cliiiLj and Fulling Mills. WouKn Fiictcries Fou:i>lri_-.-, . Tauncrit.'.; Ca]tinev SVavo BoolS ailtl ;!>}iMl.'S, Ayrieultinal Iniplcmt'uts. . . CiUTiag'.' FactdriL's Slii]^ Vaivls. Disiillrrijs Bro-.v ri ;s . . . . Pot 'Ki Pearl Ashes. ■Sliin.;!- Factories. . . . 1S60-1 1870-1 n anv Iiicrease No. i valro i)f Prixhicf. Xo. value of • Produce. >LV Cen'. 951: ^Ji,it,iS,;ii» 1,701 Ni7 ,073,510 201» ,!»:4i tJ,51(),(i'.i: 3.54r 22.2S2.551 531 loO IHO.C.I-' 4.S- 1.74';.772 sr,7 i;.{2. 1,0JS.<18.^ 25r, 5.2sl.oi>7 its 184' l,'.)!S,.;s* nc.!' 0.23!;.314 225 48o' i,4in-,2-N- 84i 7,818.217 422 1()8; 4:5!). 5% 75^1 3. lt)5.5t>7 020 7-y, 4(W,lt(i-l 3,384 U.O09.f4-j; 2,00i3 iVS 7U;,2-J( 24ti 2,r.7 1,821 275 251 i 088,77.'t 3,20L 4.33(i.577 52!^ 70 252, lit L,141 l.(;n2.857 3:«) 141 r.57,02t 0-- 1.710.028 375 58 1 •»8(;,88: 1'.' 4.085,757 314 100! 740.251 13i 2,015.840 172 181' Jir,o5': 510 r 15,21X1 388 85' 115,33^ 810 , 778,207 570 — . — — ^ , L ('uclusion, it may be safely a.ss<;rted that for the last nine year ^ • have prospered as well as could rea.sonaijly be expected, in tl •-■ niree sources of wealth ment.' ned in the lecture. In Agri- •cnlt >; we have had some ilrawbacks, but we still show a very 4'csp' . t .ble increase by the last censujj aiid the crop of 1S7-3 was |)rob;iMy superior to any ({previous one in Canada. lb ' mn^erce — notwit2istt.?.nding the threatening aspect of the scr IKst'fe^v years, oGcasionocl in a groat measure by over trading— we have ha(l an increase of exports of over 35 per cent, during tl.e nine years of confederation, with nearly one hundred n^illions- '*i dollars collected as dtities :m imports iu. the first eight years. In Manufacturies, however, we have made the greatest adwace, as during the decade prceeding the last census, we have had the- ^-xtraordinary increase of from throe to fo^r hundred per cent, on the principle articles of manuf;vct«re.. Wa ougk':; to be- satisfied and thankful. ■^^.^J^l^^STt-i- risr<.T^^~-