t>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (Mi -3) ¥' 7 % 1.0 t 1^ lilio 18 1:25 IIIU ill! 1.6 V] > Photographic Sciences Corporation V 4^ W 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 <^ > SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE. 241 — — — A CONTRIBUTION HISTORY OF THE FRESH-WATER AWE or NORTH AMERICA. BY HORATIO C. WOOD, Jr., M.D., PROFESROn or BOTANY, ASI> CI.INICAI. LKCTDRBR ON ni88ASI8 OP "aR NKRTOnS STSTFK IH TB« UNIVERSITY ur ■■ENNSVLVANIA^ PBYSICIAN TO TIIE PUILADELrUIA II08PITAI., ETC, [iCCBPTED FOB T D BL IC A T lOR , PKBKOAHT, 1872. J ADVERTISEMENT. The following memoir was referred for examination to Dr. John Torrey and Dr, F. A. P. Barnard, of Columbia College, New York. They recommended its pub- lication provided certain changes were made in the manuscript. These having been made by the author, the work is published as a part of the series of " Smith- sonian Contributions to Knowledge." JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary, S, I. Wabuinoton, October, ISTZ. (iii) PREFACE. Of fill tho various branches of Natural History, none lias been more enthusias- tically and more successfully prosecuted in the United States than Botany. The whole field has been most thoroughly occupied, save only as regards certain of the lower cryptogams, and amongst the latter, it is the frcsh-vukr Algrv whicli alone can be said to have been almost totally neglected. In tliis fact lies my apology for offering to the scientific public the following memoir. In doing this, so far from thinking that the work contains no error, I hasten to disarm criticism, and to ask with solicitude for a favorable reception, in view of the difficulties of tho investigation, which 1 have conducted alone, and almost unaided. The investigation was first undertaken in connection with my elementary studies of Materia Medica and Tlierapeutics, and has since been prosecuted at intervals amidst the distractions of medical teachings and practice, and in some cases with- out immediate access to authorises. The field covered is so wide that it is almost impossible to exhaust it, and, if it were not for rapidly increasing professional en.^agements, I would gladly devote more time to the subject ; but, as it is, I must lei ve to others to carry on the work thus begun. While saying this, it is but just to state that nothing here published has been done hastily, but that all is the result of arduous and conscientious investigation. A very large part of my matcnal has been of my own gathering, and was studied whilst fresh ; but I am indebted to several persons ftft- aid by collections. First of all, I desire to offer my thanks to Dr. J. S. Billings, U. S. A., and to Professor llavenel, of South Carolina; to the former for assistance in various ways, and for collections made nrar Washington City ; to the latter for very large collections made in Texas, South Carolina, and Georgia. I am also indebted to Mr. C. F. Austin for a large collection gathered in Northern New Jersey, to Mr. William Canby for some beautiful specimens obtained in Florida, to Professor Sereno Watson for llocky Mountain plants, and to Dr. Frank Lewis for a number of White Mountain desmids. Tliese various collections were partly dried and partly preserved in a watery solution of carbolic acid or of acetate of alumina, both of which I have found more or less satisfactory preservatives. The present investigations embrace all families of the fresh-water algre except the Dudomacea', which, as every one knows, are so numerous as to constitute in (V) VI IMIKFACR. tlii-msL-lvcs a special study. As I hnvo paid no attention to tlicse plants, tlicy are of course not included in this memoir. In the synonymy 1 have f,'enerally followed I'rof. Uahenhorst. 'flic ori^^'iual de- scriptions of tlie forms, especiidly thost; of the older autliorities, are very freipiently so meagre and ohscure, that the species cannot he recognized by them with any cer- tainty. I'rof. Uahenhorst has gone over th ■ ground most carefully, with access to the whole literature of the sid)ject;md probably to all extant type specimens, (uul his decisions are, no doubt, ns accurate as the circumstances will allow. To attempt to dilfer from them, to go behind his work to the original sources and make fresh iuter[)retatiens, would cause endless confusion. I have, therefore, lu'arly always contented n)yself with lus divtum, and have referred to him as the authority for the names used 'I'lie following references were omitted through a misuudirstaiuling from the first portion of the text. I'li^t^ 14. Cieloifhariiim . " 15. Mi'n'sDKipeilia ciim-nliilu, 1!iikiiiss(in. 1!.miknm(iusi', I'luni ilurop. Aljjaniiii, SimM. I. p. OS. " IS. OKciltaria cliloriiia, KvT/ASii. Uaiie.niiuust, Flora lOurop. Algariiin, Sect. I. p. 07. " 18. O. Fruhlichii, Kut/.inu. U.viiENiioitHT, Flora Riirop. Algarnni, Soft. 1. p. 101). " 19. 0. iiiyra, VAcrirEii. IIaiiknmohst, Flora Kiirop. Alpanim, Sect. I. p. 107. " l!l. (). limoxn, AiiAiiim. 1{aiikniioiist, Flora Kiimp. Algariiin, Sect. I. p. 104. " 21. ('li(liii)iiil)l(iitli(K rijicn^, KiTZiMi. Uaiikniiohst, Florii lOurop. Algnniiii, Sffl. I. p. I.'i'i. " 2-'. Iiijwjhija miiraii:!, AdAiiDii. IIauvey, Nort'l.s ItorL'all-.Vmcricaua, pi. 111. p. 104. In the text after the '■'■JfohHat" a name is quoted as the niithority therefor; if such a name he in brackets, it signifies that the specimens were sim))ly collected by such individual, but that the identiticatiou v.'as made by some one else ; when there is not a name unindoscl in brackets, it is meant that the identiticatiou was made by the author of this memoir. Since the present memoir has gone to press, I have received from the author a copy of •> Alga" llhodiacea\ A list of Rhode Island Alga-, collected and prepared by Stephen T. Olney, in the years 18-1()-18-18, now distributed from his own her- barium." In the introduction to this list, Mr. Olney says: "f)f the fresh-water species, I have few for distribution. Th.'se were obtain(;d mainly in the environs of this city, an, and collected within a very short period, is snrjjrising, and shows what more persistent collections will develop. I have not time to collate the numerous publications of the lamented I'rof 15ail(>y, or I might have made the list of this portion of Rhode Island plants more complete." The chlorosperms of this list arc as follows: — Porphyra viilijaris, Ao.-Harv. Nit l!or. Am. .'?. M. Newport. Bamjiafuiscojnirjiurvci, Lynuu.-IIauv. Nor. iior. Am. a. 54. Southern Rhode Island. I'll K r AC'i;. vii Enlrromoriihainlinlinnlin, I,YN(iii.-Hakv. Ncr. H(pr< Am. 3. Sfi. I'roviilciicp to Nowporl. i:iitir<>iii(,ijili;y//(a (/(jM/rt/rt, (jIiikv.-IIakv. Ncr. Hor. Am. 3. 60. Newport. Ulra luliHsima, L.-IIarv. Nit, Hor. Am. 3. f)'t. Providmici-. Ulva laitiwu, L.-Hahv. Ner. Uor. Am. 3. CO. rrovidmco. Tftra.iiH,ra lavuiiom, Ciialv.-IIaiiv. Ner. Hor Am, 3, (U. T. pcr/urala, IJailev Mm. Providence. Tctnittiiiirti liihriid, Ad. I'rcnidciicc. Itnirmliiis^icrmum iiulc/icrriimiin, Hash. Providoiicc. JIatrachosjit'nniiiu moniUfurme, Uotii.-IIarv, Nor. Hor. Am. 3. 03. Providunoe. Cliatoplioraendii'a/iiliu, Au.-IIauv. Sv\: Hor. Am. 3. (ID. Providence. Drafariildia yloiiicrala, Au.-IIakv. Ntr. Hor. Am. 3. 72. I'rovidoiici;. titiijeoftuiiinm iniiiuliim, Kiirz. Providt'ia'e. CUidiiiiliura rii/jr^lrix, L.-IIaiiv. Ncr. Hor. Am. 3. 74. Ni-wpnrt. ClaJujihora (jlaitcencens, Giiiff.-IIauv. Ner. Hor. Am. 3. 77. liliodc IkIiiikI. Claduphora re/rmla, Rotu.-IIauv. Ncr. Hor. Am 3. 79. .Soullicrn lUiodc Isliiiid. t'ladui)hoi-a liudol/iliiana. Au.-IIahv. Ncr. Hor. Am. 3, HO. Providence. Clfidoii/iiira (jravilis, {iim'V.-llAiiv. Ncr. Hor. Am. 3.81. Liltlc Coniptou. Cludophora fraila, IIaiiv. Ner. lior. Am. 3. 82. Hliode Island, Hiiiley. Chtttomorjiha urea, Diixw.-IIar. Ncr. Hor. Am. 3. W,. Newport, etc. Cliielomorpha Oliinji, IIarv. Ncr. lior. Am. 3. 80. Little Compton. Chatomiirpha lomjiarliculiUn, IIarv. Ner. Hor. Am. 3. HO. Little Compton. var. crnsxior, IIarv. Ner. Hor. Am. 3. 80. liittle Compton. Chirlumoriilia sulorin, Hkiiic.-IIarv. Ncr. Hor. Am. 3. 87. Newport. Zij(j)icma malfiirmatum, \l\»n. 1. 1(7. Providence. Zi/finuma calenrcformc, IIa.sh. I. 147. Providence. Xijjncma ThwaUcsii, Oi.nkv, n. s. Near.^. subvcnhicotnim, Providence. Zygiiema longntim, IIa.ss. 1. 151. Providence. iii/i/nemn si rink , Oi.nev, n. s. "Cells evidently striated," Tliwaites. Providence. Tijndaridea hirornisl IIass. 1. 102. Providence. Tynduridva insUjnisl IIass. 1. 103. Providence. Mesorarpus imnnilits, \l\tiH. 1. 109. Providence. Miiugeotia ijnnijkxa, Atcrin» folinrcn, Haii.kv-II Ai.FR I)i'!^m. 'Jin, WoriliiiV Pond, Illiudc lolaiid, Biiilcy. Mnranltriiiii llu'iliiji, \\\\.¥n. Di'.-iii. 211. lUmilr l.-lainl, Itiiilcy. Hdimtruiu ubliiixjum, ItAI.KH. l)i'ii. 8U, UIidiIu IhIiiihI, lluilcy. F.uitdrum crtiiiHiiiii, Ki:t/.-I{ai.I'h. 1)i'H. Hi. Itliudu iNliirid, Itiiilcr. /JiiiiKlniiii ttimutiiin, Kiikii.-IEai.kh. Dvh. tj5. E. binalc K.nt/. I'lMvidi'iico, h'liunlriim rlrijaiiK, Kir/.-ltAlKH. Di's. H!). Providence. hiianlriiin hiiialc, Kai.fh. Dcsiii. ',(1. Providence. CoHmariuiH ciiciiinin, Coiida.-Kai.ks. Desm. !•;). United States, Bailey. Cdsmarinm biorulalttm, llAi.Fh. Des. 1)5. I'rovidence. Conmariiim Mfiiinjhiiiii, liiiKii.-KALFH. Des. 0(1. United StalcH, liailcy. C'liHiiKiriuiii rrfiKiliim, Hai.i's. Pes. il(i. I'rovidenct'. Ciismariuin amdimm, \\w.y'M.-\K.\\.v». Des. lO'i. Providence. Cimmariitm (irnatuin, Hai.I's. Dch. 101. Providence. t'osmariKiu con/ia/inii, ItliKn.-IlAl.FO. Dcs. 108. Providence. Coamarium Ctwurbita, Hai.fs. Dps. 109. Provldcnco. Cogmarium graiuliliihirciildluiii, Oi.nky, ii. h. ; "near C. cucumis, Inil wilii largo tubercles on tlio frond." Providence. Sidurniilrum tirhiciilare, Wm.V!^. lies. 1 •J,''i. Provldenec. Sidu rani rum /lirsidiim, Kai.fs. I>es. 127. I'rovidence. SlauraKlrum HystrU, Kai.fs. l»c«. 12S. Providence. Slduraslnim 'ogist does not know how great th<; reward of tin; day's toil may \m: niitil he places its results under the object glass of his compound microscope. In order to aid tlso.o desirous of cf)llecting and studying these plants, I do not think I can do better than give the following hints as to when and where to find, and Ikjw to j)reservc them. There are three o* four distinct classes of localities, in each of which a different set of forms may Ivj looked for. Thest! are : stagnant ditf:hes and j)ools; sj)rings,. rivnh ts, large riv(;rs, and other bodies of pure water; dripping rocks in ravines, «."'.c. ; trunks of old trees, boards, branches and twigs o*" living trees, and other localities. In regard to the first — stagnant uoiers — in these the most conspicuous forms are oscillatoriic and /ygnemacex'. The oscillatori.e may almost always be recog- nized at once, by their forming dense, slimy strata, floating or attacln;d, gene- rally with very fine rays extending from the mass like a long, delicate fringe. The stratum is randy of a bright green cilor, but is mostly dark ; didl greenish, IJackish, purplish, blue, &c. The oscillatoriic are equally vahniblc as specimens at all times and seasons, as their fruit is not known, and the characters defining the speci(.-s do not depend upon tlie sexual organs. Tlu; zygnemas are the bright green, evidently filanientous, slimy masses, which float on ditches, or lie in them, entangled amongst the water plants, sticks, twigs, &c. They are only of scientific value when in fruit, as it is only :,t such titiics that they can be determiiic'd. Excepting in the case of one or two very large forms, it is imi)ossible to tell with the naked eye with certainty whether a zygn(;ma is in fruit or not; but there are one or two practical j)oints, the remendirance of which will V(;ry greatly eidiance th(! probable yield of an aft<'nioon's search. In tin; first jjlace, the fruiting season is in the spring and euvly summer, tlie latter j)art of March May, and June being the months when the collector will be best repaid for looking for this family. Again, when these plants are fruiting they lose their bright gret^n color and become dingy, often yellowish and very dirty h.oking — just such specimens as the tyro would pass by. The fine, bright, green, handsome masses of these algae are rarely worth carrving home. Aftr.-r all, however, mnch. must be left to chance; the !)est way is to gather small quantities from numerous localities, keeping them separate until they tan ho examined. Adhering to the variotis larger plants, to floating matters, twigs, stones, &c., in ditclies, will often be found filaiTientous algie, which make fine; filmy fringes around the stems, or on the edge> of the leaves; or perthancc one may meet ith rividarise or nostocs, &c , forming little green or brownish balls, or indefinite protuberances attached to small stems and h.aves. These latter forms are to be looked for especially late in the season, and whenever seen sliould be secun-d. In the latter part of summer, there is often a brownish, gelatinoui scum to be seen flo-^ting on ditches. Tortious of this should be preserved, as it frequently con- tainb interesting nostocs and other plants. INTRODUCTION. In rof^ard to larj^o rlrrrs, the time of year in whicli T have boor, most sncocssful in such lonalitios is tli(; latter summer montlis. . As is well known, below the city, there is what is known as the "Neck," a perfectly level extent of ground lying in the forK between the rapidly approaching rivers, Schuyl- kill and Delaware. This is traversed by numerous large ditches, and, especially just beyond J'.io city confines, has yielded to me an abundant harvest. My favorite route is by tlie Fifth Street cars to thiir terminus, then across the country a little to the cast of south until the large stone barn, known as " Girard's Barn," is rud Chester Counties, is a well wooded and watered, hilly coutitry, in which, here and there, numerous fresh-water algtc may be picked up. As to the preservation of the alga; — most of the submerged species arc spoiled by drying. Studies of them should always, wlicn practicable, be made whilst fresh. Circumstances, however, will often prevent this, and I have found that they may be preserved for a certain period, say three or four months, without very much change, in a s^r^jng solution of acetate of alumina. An even better preservative, however, and one much more easily obtained, is carbolic acid, for I have studied desmids with great satisfaction, wliich had been ])reservcd for five or six years in a watery solution of tliis substance. In regard to the strength of the solution I have no fixed rule. Always simply shaking up INTRODUCTION. a few drops of the acid with the water, until the latter is very decidedly impreg- nated with it, as indicated by the senses of smell and taste. Almost all species of alga; which are firm and semi-cartilaginous, or almost woody in consistency, are best preserved by simply drying them, and keeping them in the ordinary manner for smrJl plants. The fresh-water alga; which bear this treatment well belong to the Phicochromophycccc, such as the Nostocs, Scijtoncma, &c., the true confervas not enduring sucli treatment at all. When dried plants are to be studied, fragments of them should be soaked for a few minutes in warm, or for a longer time in cold water. The only satisfactory way that algae can be finally prepared for the cabinet is by mounting them whole or in portions, according to size, for the microscope. Of the best methods of doing this, the present is hardly the time to speak; but a word as to the way of cleaning them will not be out of place. Many of them, especially the larger filamentous ones, may be washed by holding them fast upon an ordinary microscope slide, with a bent needle or a pair of forceps, and allowing water to flow or slop over them freely, whilst they are rubbed with a stiffish camel's-hair pencil or brush. In other cases, the best plan is to put a mass of the specimens in a. bottle half full of water and shake the whole violently ; drawing off the water from the plants in some way, and repeating the process with fresh additions of water, until the plants are well scoured. At first sight, this process would seem exceedingly rough, and liable to spoil the specimens, but T have never seen bad results from it, at least when practised with judgment. The water seems so to envelop and protect the little plants that they are not injured. After all, in many instances it appears impossible to clean these alga; without utterly ruining and destroying them — the dirt often seeming to be almost an inte- grant portion of them; so that he who despises and rejects mounted specimens, simply because they are dirty and unsightly, will often reject that which, scienti- fically speaking, is most valuable and attractive. la finally mounting these plants, the only proper way is to place them in some preservative solution within a cell on a slide. After trial of solution of acetate of alumina and various other preservative fluids, I have settled upon a very weak solution of carbolic acid, as the best possible liquid to mount these plants in. Acetate of alumina would be very satisfactory were it not for the very great tendency of the solution to deposit minute granules, and thus spoil the specimens. As every one knows, the great difficulty in preserving microscopic objects in the moist way is the perverse tendency of the cells .o leak, and consequently slowly to allow entrance to the air and spoil the specimen. As I have frequently found to my great chagrin, the fact that a slide has re- mained unchanged for six months, or even a year, is no guarantee; that it will remain so indefinitely. It becomes, therefore, exceedingly important to find some way of putting up microscopic objects that can be relied on for their preservation. Where carboluted glycerine jelly o", Canada balsam can be used, the solid coating which they form around the sperimens constitutes the best known protection. Except in the case of the diatoms, however, these substances so shrivel and distort the fresh- Avater alga; immersed in tbem as to utterly ruin them. I lost so many specimens [ hbon l: 6 INTRODUCTION. by the old ways of mounting:, that, becoming disheartened, T gave np all idea of making a permanent cabinet, until a new cement, invented by Dr. J. G. Hunt, of this city, was brought to my notice. This is prepared as follows: — " Take damtr gum, any quantity, and dissolve it in benzole; the solution may be hastened by heat. After obtaining a solution just thick enough to drop readily from the brush, add enough of the finest dry oxide of zinc — previously triturated in a mortar with a small quantity of benzoic— until the solution becomes white when thoroughly stirred. If not too much zinc has been added, the solution will drop quickly from the brush, floiv rejidily, and dry quickly enough for convenient work. It will adhere, if worked properly, when the cell-cover is pressed down, even when glycerine is used for the preservative medium. Keep in an alcohol- lamp bottle with a tight lid, and secure the brush for applying tlic cement in the lid of the bottle." Its advantages lie in the circumstance, that the glass cover can be placed upon the ring of it whilst still fresh and soft, and that in drying, it adlieres to both cover and slide, so as to form a joint between them of the width of the ring of cement, and not, as with nsidialtum, gold size, &c., simply at the edge and upon the outside of the cover. It is readily to bo seen how much less liability to leakage must result from this. The method of mounting with it is as follows: A ring of any desired size is made, by means of an ordinary Shadbolt's turn-table, upon a slide, which is then placed to one side to dry. "When required for use, the specimen, cover, &c., being all prepared and ready, the slide is again placed upon the turn- table and a new ring of cement put directly upon the old one. The specimen is inmiediately placed within the cell thus formed, and the requisite quantity of the carbolated water placed upon it. The cover, which must be large enough to entirely or nearly cover the cement ring, is now picked up with the forceps, the under side being moistened by the breath to prevent adhesion of air-bubbles, and placed care- fully in position. It is now to be carefully and equably pressed down with some force. 13y this, any superfluous water is squeezed out and the cover is forced down into the cement which rises at. a little ring around its edge. The pressure is best made with a stiff needle, at first on the centre and then upon the edges of the cover, which may finally be made slowly to revolve underneath the needle point. The slide may then be put aside to dry ; or, better, an outside ring of the cement thrown over its edge in the usual manner. Where a deep cell is required, several coats of the cement should be placed one over the other, each being allowed to dry in turn. If time be an object, and only a shallow cell be necessary, the first ring of cement may be dispensed with, and the whole mounting of the specimen be done in a few minutes. Even with this cement and the utmost care in mounting, the cabinet should be occasionally inspected, for there will always be some slides into which air will penetrate. When such are found, efforts may be made to stop the leak by new rings of cement overlaid upon the old, but very often entire remount- ing of the specimen is the only satisfactory cure. The classification which I have adopted in this memoir is that of Professor Ra- bcnhorst. I liave finally selected it, not as being absolutely natural, but as conve- nient, and as rarely doing mucli violence to the natural relations of the various species. INTRODUCTION. Our knowledge of the life-history of the algro must miikc very many advances before the true system can be developed, and abstinence from adding to the present numerous classifications is an exhibition of self-control not very common. There are, however, certain great groups, which are already plainly foreshadowed, and which no doubt will be prominent points in the perfected classification. Amongst these are tlie Cmijiugaicn, or those plants in which sexual reproduction occurs by the union of two similar cells. In the present paper all the plants of this family described are together, since the diatoms arc not noticed ; but in Raben- h(.rst's work the latter plants are very widely separated from their fellows, and this »^'ems to me the weak point of the Professor's system. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Advertisement Prefaco Introduction Class PnYcocriROMopiiYCE^ Order Cystipiiob^e Funiily CiiuooooccACEiE Order Nematoge.ve^e . Family Oscii,LAiirACE/E Family Xostociiace;^ Family KivulauiacevE Family Scvtonemace^e Family SiuosiPiioNACEiE Class CnLOROPIIYLLACEiE Order Cuccopiiyce;e Family Palmei.lace/E Family Piiotococ^lace.e Family Volvocine^e Supplement ... Geographical List of Species . Uibliograpliy . . . . Index E.vplanation of the Plates runs 9 10 10 15 IG 23 43 55 CV 77 78 78 85 98 Order ZYaopnYCE.a! P'amily DKSMllUACEiE Family ZYUNE.MACEiE Order SiPiiopnYCE--E Family 1 1 YUUouASTnE/E Family Valciieriace^e Family ULVACEiE Family Confervace^e Family (Edoooniace^e Family Ciiroolepipe^ Family Cii./etopiiorace.«; Class RiioDoritYCEiE Family PoRPiiYRACEiE Family Chantra.vsiace^ . Family Hatrachospermace-k Family Lemaneace^e PAOg iii V 1 100 100 15!) 174 175 l-iC. 18'2 IHG 188 203 205 213 214 215 217 221 225 229 235 240 253 (ix) FRESIl-WATEll ALGM OF THE UNITED STATES. Class PI1YCOCIIROI9IOPI1YCE Ji!. P/«»;/re luii- vcl multicollularcs, in aqua vigcntcs vol extra aqiiam in muco niatncah nidulantcs, plcnunquc fumilius per cellulannn gene rutioneH successivas ortas foi-mantes. Cjitloderma non siliceum, combnstibile. Cjjtwplasma phycoehromate coloiatum, nucleo destitutum, granulis amylaceis i)leruraqiie null's. > b " ""» ^^^^Pmtio divislonc vci^otativa, gonidlis immobilibus vcl sporib tran- Unicdhdar ov mtdticelMnr plants living in water, or incased in a mater- of cons' "" "' ^'^'^^^^0^ formed from successive generations Cjjtioderm not siliceous, combustible. Cytioplasm an endochrome, brown, olivaceous, fuscous, &c., destitute of nucleus, mostly without starch granules. ii^s^uiuie «a£oT^"^''" ^^ ^-^Sctative division, by immovable gonidia or tranquil The phycochroms are plants at the very bottom of the scale, distinguished by the s.mphcity of their structure and tlie color of their protoplasm, which, instead o bemg of the beautiful green that marks chlorophyll, is fuscous, or yellowish bluish brownish, or sometimes particolored, and rarely greenish, but of a shade very distinct from the chlorophyll green, more lurid, bluish or yellowish, or oliva- ceous in Its hue. The nucleus appears to be always wanting. The cell wall is oftentimes distinct and sharply defined, but in many instances it is not so the walls of different cells being fused together into a common jelly in which they are imbedded. In a large suborder the wall is replaced by a sheath, which in some genera surrounds cells with distinct walls, in others, cells without distinct walls and m still others, a long cyhndrical mass of cndoch/ome, which may be looked upon as a single cell. Many of the phycochroms are unicellular plants in the strictest sense of the word but more often the cells are conjoined, so as to form little families, each cell of whK.h IS in a sense a distinct individual capable of separate life, yet the whole bound together into a composite individual, llarely the phycochrom is a multi- 2 January, 1873, (9) 10 P II V. S II. W A T F 11 A I. (J .V. O F T 11 F U N I I' F D S T A T V. S . rcllular plant in tlic stricter use of tin; term. Increase (aKes place liy tlie niultipli-r cation of cells by division, and also l>y the formation of (>nlar<;eil tliiek-walled cells, to which the name uf tipores has been ;^iven, althou<ru)riniiso vcl pnllide I'lvrnlcu-viriili, non rurc Inteiiio vcl auruutiuco, inlurduiu purpuraHcuuiu. Ucnuruliunum HuccusHivarum Uiviuio altcrnatim ad diroutiunuH trtia. 8yn. — Prolococcus, Ao. ct Ktz., &o,, cx parte. J'lcurococcui, Menqii. Olobulinm ut J'rotogjjhmriie, Tuuimn, ox part. Colla ghihoHc, oval, ur fruni mutual proHouro more or Ichh angular, solitary, or conRoriatnd in froo familiea (M' ' invulvud in a niatornal vcsiclv); Cytiudcrin uiiinmintic, lji>ni<>Kt'ni'(iu»<, (iftcn LMinliurnt into a mure r less linn niucuH; cytiuplunin n.>rn),'inouM or i>iil(! lilnish-grccn, not rurcly jt'llowiuli or orange, Komctinica purpliHh. Successive genertttiuus orising by alternate divibiun in three directions. €• reflraclus, Wuod. C. ccllulis in funiiliaH Rolidas arcto conaociatis, plorumquo Ruhqnadratis, Rinpius triangulnribns, rare ongulo.si.s ; luniiliiB Ka'pins loliutis; rytioilerinate tcnui, vix visiliile, ncliroo; cytioplaH- inato subtiliter groniilato, subfnsco vel Hubluteo vel olivaeeo, voliie refningenle. Diam.—CeW bo'iiii"— 3o'(io"i ""mo '" cellnlis singulis jo'ot"; funiil. u'oo"— iro"- Syn. — C. refraclua, Wood, Prodronius, Proc. Amcr. I'hiloB. Soc., 1809, 122. Ilab. — In rupibus irroratia yropc Philadelpliia. Cellf rloHely associated together into solid families, mostly subf|nnilrntc, very often triangular, rarely mnltiungnhir; families often lobed ; eytioderm thin, scarcely perceptible, transparent; cytioplasm finely granular, brownish, olivaceous, or yellowish, highly refractive. Rcmarl's. — Tho color of tliis species varies from a marked alinost fuscous brown to a light yellowish-brown, the lighter tints being the most common. The cells arc remarkable for their powerful refracticm of the light, resembling often oil as seen under the microscope, especially if they be the least out of the focus. They are very closely joined together to form tho families, many of which are composed only of four cells. Often, however, a large number of the cells are fused together into a large, irregular, more or less lobate family, and these sometimes are closely joined together into great irregular masses. I have occasionally seen large single cells with very thick coats, whose protoplasm was evidently undergoing division. Are such a sort of resting spore \ The color of the protoplasm varies. Perhaps the more common hue is a sort of clay tint, liluish-olive and a very faint yellowish- brown arc not rarely seen. The species grows abundantly on the wet rocks along the Heading llailroad between Manayunk and the Flat Hock tunnel. Fig. 5, pi. 5, represents different forms of this species; those marked a, magnified 750 diameters ; i, 470 diameters ; c, 9oO diameters. €. miilticoloralns, Wood. C. in stroto mucoso inter algas varins spnrsns ; ccllulis singulis ct sphwricis, vcl 2-4 (rare 8) ant angnlis ant semisphoiricis out abnnrmibus in familias oblongns eonHOcintis ; cytiodcrniate cra.«so, hyalino, hand laraclloso; tcgunicntis plerumquo nullis, intcrdum subnullis; cytioplasniatc ple- rumque homogenco, intcrdum subtiliter pranulato, vcl lutco-viride vcl ca;rnlco-viride vel luteo vcl subnigro, vcl brunnco, vcl saturate aurantiaco, sicpo o.stro tineto. I>,nm.— Cell., sing, sine tcgm., ^/j^" cum teg. ^^ajs" ; cell, in famH. sing. ,i'(,o"— ii^oo-" am. long. ,55^ — ,,„|j , lot. ^5^5 — jjjg . r 12 F R K S ll-W A TK U ALd.K OF Til : U N IT K I) STATUS. Syn. — C. miilliriiioraliiH, Wooit, I'rodniMiim, I'roc. Auicr. I'liiluii. Hoc, 1809, I'i'i. Ilah. — in riipiliuH liiiiiiidi.s prope I'liiliuli'Ipliln. C. occnrriiiK Hcntlcri'il in n nmcnnH Klrulnni willi other nl(fir; rolls upliorical n:,(I HinRlo, or cluo aiiffilar xmii-spliuricui or irri'^iilar niiil iiHKoriittcil tof^cilicr in oliloti)!; riuniiii'tt of IVoni 2-4 (riiri'ly S); inner eoat lliiik, li^ulino, not liinielliUe; outer coat K'^'i'erull^ wunliii);, HonielinieH indiHtiiK'lly present; endoclironie niimtly lioMioffeneoiiH, HonietiineH niinutuly f^ruiinlur, eitlier a yellowisli-f^reen or bluiHli-green, or ycllowiiili it brown, or bluekisli, Boiiictiuieg tinged will> briglit liilve. The colls of tins spocios do not n]ij)('nr to Iinvo niiy tnidcnry to unite? to form lai|j;o niasscs or froixls. Ou tlio coiitniry tlicy arc mncrally very distinct. 'I'luir color varies very much, in a larger nuinhcr of instances they were ii decided yellow- ish-j;reen, tiuf^ed at some point or other witli ii heautiful lake. AN'lieu several cells are formed hy division out of one cell, a similar division of the very thick snrrouiul- ing gelatinous coat foUows separating them finally tnttirely one from the other. I have seen a single cell which appears to he an encysted form of this, of which 1 give a drawing. Fig. (!, pi. 5, represents different forms of this species magnified 2G() diameterb. €. llierinopliiliiM, Woon C. eelluli.s Hingnlis nut geminis vcl qundrigcniinlH ct in fnnillins consocintia, oblongis vel s\d)- globoHi.i, interduni nngulosi!), iiiiud Htraluni niucosuni fonnantiliUH; teguniento ernssissinio, aeliroo, linud lanielloso, honiogenco; eytiuplasninto viride, interduiu snbtiliter granuluto, inter- duni lioinugenco. Diani. — Ceilulo: singnltc sine tcgumento longitudo ninximOTj'aj'', latitudo maxima aa'oo". Syn. — C. Ificrnwjiliilus, Wood, Amerieau Jduriuil Science and Arts, 1809. Ilah. — Ilenton ."iipringo, Owen Co., California (.Mrs. Par/..). Cells single, gcniinutp, or quadrigeininate and consoeintcd into families, oblong or subgloboso, sometimes angular, not forming a mvieous stratum ; tegument very tliiek, transparent, not lamellate, homogeneous ; cylioplasm green, sonielimes minutely granulate, sometimes homo- geneous. Rcmnrlis. — Remarks upon this species will be found under the liead of Xostoc culularium, AVood. Genus GLOEOCArSA, Ktz. "Cellulic sphericsr nut singnlic nut numeroso; in familias consoeiato?; fiingiilne tegumento vesieidi- formo (cytioderninte tuniido) inelnsir, post divisionem spontaneam in cellulns duus liliales factani utrnque legumonto so indnit, dnni nndiie tegumento niatrieali involutic renmnent; eellularum Iniruni Glialiuni itcrum in duas cellulas divisionc eontinuo repctita, tegumcntum ata»'iic restat et sese exlen- dciu, familiam totam cirennivelat. Cytioderma crassimi, so-po crassissimum, eelluhe lun:eii rrassitie osquans vel superan.s, aehromaticum vel eolorntum, plerun (iiio lamellosum; lamellie vel strata non raro di.scedcntio. Cytio]ilasnio tcrnginosum, ea;ruleo-viride, elialybeum, rnfesecns, Inteo-fusrnm, /ic Cellularum dirisio directione ad trcs dimcnsioncs altcruautc. Ccllulo) gcncrationuui nitimarum minorcs qunm priorum sunt." (Rab.) Syn. — Olohulina et Ih'chatia, Tcbpim, ex part. Olocncapxa, Ktz., cx part. Microcyslif, Meneoii., cs part. Tells spherical, either single or associated in numbers into families; the ninglo cell included a vcsiculiforui legunient (the tumid eylioderui); this eel! then undergoing division into two danghtcr- FUESIl-WATKR XhOM OF TIIR UNITED STATKS. 13 eoltii, rarli of which hnn a illHtinct trgiimont, tho wholn In'Iiik Hiirrnun|mriitlii){- ('ytlo|ihir)rI()h(isiM vcl Hiiliovntlx, iMtcrilniii iiiiti)proso-af;i;ri tioo"! cell, glob., sine teguiii., soon"; cumteguni.,Ti'Ts"i fora., yja". Si/n. — O. d/inrdff, Woi)i>, rroilroiiiiiH, Proc. Amcr. PIiIIob. Soc, 1809, 123. JIab. — In ni|iibus irrorntio propc rhilmlclphia. Q. scftttcrotl ill IV tnncoim Htrntiim compoHctl of Vdr'otiH nigw; colls pphcricnl, or oMonpf, or ovote, nssociatfd toj^clhiT in fniiiilios of from 2-8; faiiillii's siilinliihuKo or Huboviitc, soiiu'limcs iitrnri'- gatcd together in large nninbers ; inner tegument yellowi.sli-hrown, linn, rarely eolorlens, Ikuiio- gcncoua or lamellate ; external tcgumeut aehroinatic, rarely Hubaehroiiiatlc, gencrully scarcely visible. iii EcinarJii. — Tliis species wns found in a rather firm, grnmous or polatinons coat- iiif? of a lifi;ht brown color, prowinj; on the rocks nt Fainnount Water ^^'orks, diiefly composed of a very niinnte nostocliaceons ])hint, but contained nnnieroiis other alf^ic. The coU)r of the teRiinient is yellowish-brown, sometimes with some red in it, sometimes with something of a greenish tint. This ituier colored coat is not generidly more than once or twice lamellate, often it is not at all so. Tiiis species seems somewhat allied to G. fiti/oiJiitd, but differs sliglitly in the form of the cell, and more especially in not having a distinct thallus, and in the families being smr.U and containing but few cells. Fig. 7, pi. 8, represents thi.s species, magnified 7')0 diameters. Genns C.ELOSI'ILT^RIUM, N.i;oeli. Tlmllaa parvus, e ctllnlis niiniiiii.i in fiiinilias ])criphericas consocir ; vel in stratum peripherieiiin simplex ot in niuco tegnmonlis ceK'rrimc conlluentibus forinato niiiulantibus eoinposili. ■ C'ellii- larum divisio, initio gencrationuin Rerieriim, in onineni fit dircctioncm, tuiu deniipio altcruutim ad supcrliciei sphiericic utrnni(|uc direetioncrn. Thallua small, composed of very Rmall cells consociatcd into peripheral families, or in a simple peripheral layer, inclosed in their qnickly conQuont teguments. Division of the cells at first in nil directions, afterwards only iu each direction on the surface of the sphere. C. diibiiim, Orun. ? C. thallo microscopico, subgloboso vol cnormc, natantc, congregate; collulis globosis out stib- globnsis; cytioplasmatc pallide a3rugineo, subtilitcr granuliito. Diam.—CvM plerumquc 50^5" = OOv.o"; rare to'oo" = OOOiJu"; fain. laVou"— tsVso" - .00083"— .003;j'. 14 rKi:sii w ATi: u Ai.ti.i: ov rii k umi'im) states. !l Huh. — III mniin .-iliiirMif", iiropc riiilaiifi|iliiiL Tlialliis niicri>siM>iiii'. siilij.rluliosi' (ir iirctruliir. (Idiitmir, iifrirrcirutcd in fjrcut iiunilicrs; colls (iln- biiso or tiuli^lulmsc; ryliniilii.siii liiiciv g:rainil>iU', piilo uiiigiiuius gri'iii. li'ciiHtr/,:^. — I founil this licimtiCiil little plant formiiifj; a dense sruni on a stajj- nant briek-pond, lielmv tlie city, in the iiiontli o( July. 'I'lie scum was of tli<' "color of iH'a-sonp," and so tlii<'k \vas it, that I think a (iiiait v\' the plants nii;;lit have been readily iiathered. The fronds wire of various si/e.s, ae.d many of them vtvrr apparently nnder^^oiny division — some of them .seeiniHl to have little fronds in thciv interior. They were composed of an e\cee frond ein|>ty, me-ely formiii^t a sort of tilament-like lay<'r aroniid the edg(\ llarely they were in sneh nnmliers as fo he crowded toj^elher over the whole snrface of the frond. In some r.f the yonnj^er fronds the cells formed ii little ball within the jelly, instead of lieini; seattereil throULjh its onler portion. 1 have seen some lari,'e siiif^de cells three or four times the size of the ordinary frond cell, swimminf^ amonjj;st the jilants, of which they are apparently the reproductive ^onidia. Their cell-coats are very Hrm and thicV;. The fronds themselves are often closely af,'j;rei,'ated to^jether into little masses, and I think it ])rol)able that then; is a state of the plant, in which the jelly lieconies softened and the fronds more or less fused tof^ether in protococcus-liko masses. This i)lant appears to he the same as the I'airopean C. thiliiidii, but differs from the description in the fronds not att. lining to anythinjj; liKe 'he si/e. It is very pnibable, however, that this depends upon ai^(> or circum- stances of growth, anil that American plants may be found as largo as the European. (ienus >rEHISM()l'KI)rA. Mkyem. Ci'lliilio pliilinsa-, nut (i1ilon^:ir, nut (unlcs, tcf,'unii'n(is (■iiiillui'iililiii'i. 1, S, It], .^l', fit, lis in fuini- lins tuliulalas, uiiistratns ronsocintir. Tlinllus ]>iHiius, toniiis. plus iiiiiiiis ([imilrnliis, in iii|uik liluro iiatans. Ct'llularum divisio in iiluiiitioi iitrain<|iu' liirvctiunoni. (.'oils kIi'^wsi'i iiljloiipr, or oval, joimMJ lnjrrtlifr Iiy tlii-ir I'linllucnt coats into talniiar '"aniilics of i, 8, ICi, ;i:i, (U, I'.'S. Tliailus, ii moro or loss (|iia(lraic |ilaiii', swininiing fri-e in tlio water. l>ivitoc., ISr.II, V2',\. Dinm.—CvW. ad. jn'oo" = 0.0025' . Jldh. — In llainiiif .Sclmvlkill, propc riiilndi'lpliin. Thnllus nicmbrniinci'ous, di.'Jiiiii'lly liiiiitiMl, roinpnscii of vcrv iiumcnMis cells; cells oval, cbL^JcIy approximated, consocir.te in fainilie-. of n;, liLrhi l)lni>li-j;-.evii, sonielimes constricted in tlio iniddlr; inirt;iii of llie tliailus straii;lit and entire. Juiiuirks — The oidy speennens I have ever seen of this species were fovmd grow- ing in the iSchuylkill lliver ailherent to, or eutangicd in, u lot of filamentous alga-. FUKSIT-WATRR A T, (1 .E OK T U F. VS^TV.V RTATKK. if, Tlio frond is very shiuply (Itfiiicil, niid. iiiidcr a low power, is of a uiiiforin liluish ■ green tint. 'I'lie reils are assoeiat<'d in itriniary Caniilies ot' Ui. el' a number of wliich tlie Ihallus is composed, 'i'lie species appears to lu- most closely allied to M. inalilrnuiint, Nu'j,'., from which it diH'ers very ess. ntially in the size of the fronds, and perhaps even moro clo.sely to M. ij/uura, the o.dy character .separatinj,' it from which is tlw straif,'ht mar;,'in. 1 have niysdf some donl>ts whether it ought not to bo considered as merely a fonji of J/, y/di/cu. I'ig. f<, pi. 8, represents this species, magnified 400 diameters. in. conroliitn, niiRii. * .M. Ilmllo iiiciiil.raiinror., ociilis iiiiilis visiliili. \^\m minus onnvoluto; fumlliif r cv\MU (rrminis ct ill siililamili-is disimsilis, 'J.'.C ri.iiiposilis, iiilrniiiin faniiliis ihml.iis in fniiiilia noMiiiia n.iijanc tin; cclliilis H|ilia'riciH aiit olilciiiKis; cvliopliisnialr Ii(miiii>;i'ii(mi, viritli. ;),•„,„.— Coll. „„•„.," = 0.00017"; fan., lun.u. ,J^' = .00 ' ; lat. j^/' = 0.01". Jhl). — III iKiiii.s (luietis pvoin" riiilmk'l|>liiii. Tliallus mcml.rnnoiis, visililc to tli.> iiakrd oy.«, mon- or Ic^^s rDldnl; families .•mnpos.".! of >.'.'.« pcmiimlc .••■lis, anaii(,'.',l in snI.lamilic.M, s..nu'(inirs tw.) „( fhi'.so famili.'.'^ .-(.njuiiial Willi u nnij- positc (.ii.iily ; «-iIIb splnrii-iil or oblonjr; cyiioiilii-sm liomogoueous, gri-cii. /iV)Ha;7.w.— AVhen my Prt^himm wnspidilished, the only specimens of this jilant which I liad seen were contained in a nionnted slide given me hy my frien parallelogrammatic famili(>s, composed of '.>.'>() cells. Then- ar(< 1(5 cells on each side, the families being parallelogrannuatic rather tlnni Mpiare, owing to the oblong sbajie of the cells. This cell family is composed of four subfamilies, each containing (M cells. These are again sididivisible into four nu>re or less distinct groups of K! ce'.is each. The cells are, finally, generally closely geminate, each pair being very distinctly separated fnmi its neighbors. In certain stag(>s of growth, as immediately after a gi-neral division of the cells, two of the large cell-fainilies spoUen of ar(> often temporarily joiiu'd together to form a huge family of i>Vi cells, but soon separate one from the other. OiiPKu |\'eiiinf offeiKMP. rianlm niiiltirclliilarrs vcl psCuilo-miiKicrlliilnrcs. rdliila' Ilium (trii'lionia) f..niuinlo,'< ot pi.- niiiiipu) VHjtina IiiImiIosu lioiiioi^cm-ii vcl Inmollo.'iii inclusic. Tricliomala nut siniplitia aiil rniiiilicalii. I'l«iit8 niuKicolliilar or psciiiio-nuilticclliilnr Colls forniiiig ii niaiiuMit, ami p'nirally liiiludtMl in a tubular IiuikMiUc or luiiiiojjoiicous slicullj. Filumoiits cither simple ur braiicliud. IG FUESH-WATEU ALO.« OF THE UNITED STATES. Family OSCILLAl?IACEiE. Ti'icliomata siinplicia linuil voru inulticL'lluliu'iit, scd ilistiuctu articulata, plcriimqiic vagiuata, mo- tiuuibus vui'iU pnuditu. Kilamcnts simple, not strictly multicellular, but distinctly articulate, mostly vagiiiate, moving in various ways. CJenus OSCILLARIA, Bosc. Trichomnta simplicia, plcrnmquc distincto articulata, rigida, rccte vd panim curvata, rarins cir- {'iiinta vol spiraliter convoluta, plerumquc Irotc colorata, niotu tripiici pivdita, in muco uiatricali iiidnhintia vel vaginula tubulu^ia angusti»:jima utro(|ue line apcrta iuclusa; articuli froutu discilurmus. (15.) Filaments simple, mostly distinctly articulate, rigid, siraiglit, or somewhat c.irrcd, very rarely circinato or spirally convolute, capable of three luoflons, floating in a maternal jelly, and shut up in a 'luc tubular sheath, open at both ends ; ji-ints from the front disciform. The oscillaria arc very peculiar plants, which flourish almost in every situation in which fresh water is to be found. Tl/e purest springs are not always free from their presence, although they occur most abundantly in stagnant pools and ditches, wh(>re animal or vegetable matters are undergoing decay. When viewed in mass, floating upon some foul pool, few objects in the vegetable world are better calcu- lated to excite disgust. A dark, slimy scum reeking with its putrescent surround- ings, they seem to ofl'er nothing of pleasure or interest. But, when brought home to the table of the mitroscopist and placed beneath his object-glass, they startle the observer by the wonders of their life-history. Livhig rods, writhing, twisting, bending, curling, creeping, gliding hither and thither ; incessant, apparently cause- less, motion, occurring too in what to nu)st minds is the very type of flxity and passivity — a plant. No marvel, then, that they are so fan^oi's. The structure of an oscillatoria is about as simple as it can be. An outside colorless cellidose sheath, which is probably in the uninjured filament closed at the end, although, as seen by the microscope, violence and age have often torn it open. AVilhin is a long rod of variously colored endochrome, distinctly articulated by, at great or less intervals, breaks in the color, which appear as dark lines tmd(^r a low power, but, under a higher objective, are revealed as narrow linear portions of ])rotoplasm lighter and more trausparent than the rest. Frequently at the joints there is a marked tendency to separation between the successive articles, and a very decided contraction of the endochrome on each side, so as to leave a little gutter, or dividing trench. The endochrome is sometimes homogeneous, sonu'times con- tains numerous granides, which are, however, never amyloid in their nature. Tiie color of the eiulochromo varies very greatly in the difterent species. Slate color, bine, gre(>nish, olivaceous, are among the most common hues. According to Dr. Ferdinand ("ohn (Botan. /eitung, 1S()7, p. liH; Sit/ung, |;}th Dec. 1«(>(), der Schlesischen Gesellschaft fiir vaterliiiulische Cultur), the coloring matter of the oscillatoria consists of true chloro[»hyll, aiul a stibstance which he calls Plii/twi/au, but which he states to be difterent from P/ii/J,'oJ:i/\hi(h I have been able to recognize. I have also ventured to name a few forms apj)a- rently distinct, but have refrained from going farther into tlieir specific study, because I have found it so unenticing, and my time has been so limited. Professor Bailey, in Silliman's Journal, N. S., vol. iii., states that he has identified a few species of this family, although with great hesitation and doubt. At the time lie wrote there were really no known grounds upon which sjjccific unity could be predicated in these plants, and I therefore think that his identifications are of but little value, although holding the most profound respect for his abilities as a iiatnralist. The list ho gives is as follows: — O. tcnuismmn, Ag. Warm Springs of Washita. O. tenvi,^, Ag. Providence, Rhode Island. "West Point, New York. Culpepper County, Virginia. O. (hcorticauH, Gencr. Common everywhere on pumps, &c. O. mmmriiiny Ag. West Point, New York. O. nigra, Vauch. West Point, New York. O. corium, Ag. 3 Fobruary. Itl7& :-i FIlKSIl-W ATi:U ALOJO OF TIIK U N IT K D STATKS. O. cliloriiia, kutxino. O. iiitcnluiii in ntnilo .sordidc viriili mitaiitc, iiitrrdiim in iKiiin diffusa; triclinmntibiis ri'cliM, vividi! iiioviMitiluis, vi'l urticulatis el cum cytioidasiimtc grniiulalo, vi'l iiiiirlifululi.s el rmii cytioiilasiiiatu Ijaiid gianulatu; oytidplasniati; liyuliiio, ititerdiiui coluris furo I'Xiicrlibiis, iiitci'duiii (lilutlssiiiiu vii'idu; aiticulu hand ulk'iiuato, ubtuiiu rutuiidulo, I'ucto ; urticuliti Uiu- iiiotro .suljitMiuulibus. i)/«m.— ,„'„8"— o„'oa" = .00014"— .0001". llah. — la stngiiis i)ni|iL' I'liiiadcliiliia. Sometimes swiiiimiii); (in tlie water as n dii'ly-greeiiisli stratum, sometimes diffused in the water; liiunient.s slraiglil, aetively moving, citlier artieulated and having tlio eytioplasui liih'd with blaclii.sli grannies, or else neitiier articniali' nor granulate, eytioplasm liyuliiie, almost colorless, or with a taint greenish tint; enda of the lilanients not attenuate, straight, obtusely rounded; joints about eijual to the diameter. licmarkfi. — I found this species in tlic moiitli of August, 1869, in one of tlin stagnant brick-ponds below the city. It occtivrcd as ii sort of floating scum, or else diffused through the water, which was tlien opacpie and greenish. It resembled so a protococcus in gross appearance that I did not think of its being an oscilhi- toria until I placed it under the microscope. The filaments arc almost colorless, and, in most instances, arc very distinctly granulate aiul articulate. The dissepi- ments arc in such cases clear and transparent, perfectly free from granules. This form is very close to the descriptions of the European 0. chlortiui, Ktz., but diflbrs somewhat from descriptions, chiefly in habit of growth. Thq filaments, when in mass, are often seen to be ciu'ved under the restraining force of the glass cover, but when free 1 tliink always straighten themselves. I'ig. 1, pi. 1, represents a single filament, magnified 750 diameters. O. Frohlicliii, Kn. ? O. strato indefinito, tenuo, viride; trieliomatihus hetc viridibns, subrectis, vivido oseiilantibu.i, ad gcnieula nonnihil pellueidis et leviler contraetis ct rarissiine grnnuhilis; artieidis diiimetro 2, li, 4 plo brevioribus ; cytioplasmato obscure uut distinetc minutissime granulato ; apiculo hand uttenuato, late rofundato. 7^/nm.— j.'oo"— Vt'off" = 0.000G6"— 0.0004. //((/). — In (luniinc Schuylkill. Stratum iiidcliMite, tliin, green; lilainents bright green, fitraightish, vividiv oscillating, some- what pellucid at the Joints, where they are slightly cimtri'r'tvd and vry rarely granidate ; articles '2, 3, 4 times shorter than the diameter, cytioplasiu obscurely or distinctly very mi- nutely granulate ; ape.\ not attenuate, broadly rounded. Rcwnrhs. — I found this species growing upon the bottoms of the shallows in the Schuylkill lliver and its larger tributaries, forming a somewhat badly defined stratum, rather, indeed, a coating on the mud than a definite stratum. The motion is exceedingly active, the fihmienls bending and gliding, and tlnur apices con- stantly curling and extending in all directions. The apices are very blunt. The filaments arc; not often seen woven and twisted together into a mass composed simply of themselves, but iu'e stuck together loosely, each filament remaining straightibh, with numerous little masses of mud between them. 1 have not been © FIlESII-WATRIl ALOyR OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 O able to itlontify tlic species positively, but bave referred it with doubt to 0. FroJtU- cliii. l''ig. 2, pi. 1, represents the end of u filanieut. O. nigra, A'aucu. O. slriUo plus minus compacto, amplo, picrumquo niitnnte, atro-viride, cum radiis loiiRia; triclio- matibu.s plcrumqu. (Ie.\u<)sis; ni)ii'e tilitu.sc rotundiito ; arliculis dinmetro ^ plo brcvioribus ; disscpimcutis distinctc grauululis ; uytioiilusuialu pullido ca;sio. Diam — js'oii"— *d'os '■ Hub. — In fossis staguis propo Fhiladi'Ipbia. Stratum more or less compact, ami)Ie, broad, mostly fl •^tiiifr, blackisIi-Rrccn, wilb louff radii ; lilamcnts mostly flrauoua; npiciis olUuscly rounded; joints J sborlcr tban broad; dissepi- ments distinctly granulate; cytioplusm pule-grayisb. liemarJcs — This species is found in thick, rath'^r loose strata, Hoating, especially when v-'d, on staj^nant waters, or adhering to plant.-, &c., or the muddy shores and bottom of ditches, foul aquaria, &c. The color of the stratum is a very dark blacki.sh-green, with a peculiar, glossy, repulsive appearance. The single filaments are of a pale-bluish neutral tint, sometimes a little ^,reenish, very much curved and entangled, or more rarely straigbtisb. Their motion is active. T'he measure- ments do not quite equal those given by European authorities, but otherwise the plant agrees well with their descriptions. Fig. 'ill, pi. 1, repr(>sents the mass of the plant as seen with the naked eye; fi<''. 3/>, shows a ntnnber of filaments slightly magnified; fig. Ic, a broken portion of .x filament magnified 200 diameters, with the sheath projecting beyond the endo- cbrome; fig. \d, the end of a filament still more highly magnified. O. liiiiosa, AaARDH. O. trichnumtibus subrigidis ct suhrcctis, vividc oscillantibu.«, cajruleo-viridibus, in stratum mueo- snm lii'to saturate viridoct niodioe longc radians ct natans collcctis I't intcrtc.xtis, di.sliiictc ttrticnlatis; articulis diamctro ,fuba^(pmlibu.'<, intcrdum duplo brcvioribus (post diviisioncni), ml gcnicula distincte constrictis; disscpimcutis baud granulalis ; apiculo obtuso, baud attcti- uato, ii.terdum recto, intcrdum curvato ; cytiojilasmate granulato. niam.—sJ^a" Iliih. — In stagnis propc Camden, New Jcr.*py. Filaments straigbtisb and Si-mewbat rigid, vividly oscillating, bluisli-grcen, interwoven into a bluisb-grecn, lloating .stratum, witb moderately long radii, distinctly articulate; articles about equal to the diameter, or after division one-ball sbortcr, at the joints distinctly constricted ; dissepiments not granulate; apices obtuse, not attenuate, sometimes straiglit, sometimes curved ; cytioplasm granulate. Jh'marl-s. — I have found tliis species floating on foul ditches near Kaighn's Toint, New Jersey, in the month of INIay. The color of the stratum is a very pure dee|vgreen; the single filaments vary from a rather bright dee])-green to a pale b"ue- green, according to the power under which they arc seen. The apices arc not at all attenuate. The constriction at the articles is scarcely visible witb a lower power than ^th. The stratum is rather thin, with a good deal of dirt adhering to its bottom. 20 FRKSII-WATKR A L G .E OF THE UNITED STATES. When grown in a hottlo, tlio plant appears as a very tliin stratnm growing np the sides. The agreement of this phmt with the descriptions of the European O. liniosa is very close, so that I do not think it can be separated from it, although in 0. liiiiom the dissepiments are said to be distinctly granular. l"'ig. 4, pi. 1, represents a filament of the American plant magnified 1250 dia- meters. The color and form are closely counterfeited, but the characteristic sepa- ration of the endochromc into parts at the joints is decidedly exaggerated. O. ncglectn, Wood. , 0. triciiomntilnis modiec brevibua, aut dilute purpuracco-plumbeis aut plumbco-cincrcis, plcr- umqiic rectis, aut stratum mucosuni atro-pm-purcuiu liauil distincte radiautc formantibus, aut in strato gelatinoso baud radiante subplunibuo dispcrsis ot cum nlgis aliis intermixtis, rare oscillantibus scd Icnte sosc moventibus ; articiilis diametvo fore 4 ])lo brcvii)ril)HS ; dinscrpi- muutid picrumquo hand granulosis, rare indistiiictc granulosis ; apiculo obtuse rotuuduto, intcrdum brevitcr uouniiiil attcnuato. Si/n. — 0. neglecta, Wood, Prodromus, I'roc. Amor, rbiloa. Soc, 18C9, 124. itiam.— yj'jsff" = OOGG. Ilab. — In stagnis propo Philadelphia. Filaments rather short, of a dilute purplish-lcnd color, or Icaden-gray, poncrally straight, either forming a mucous, blackish-purple stratum without nmrkod rays, (>v difl'uscd with other algo) in a gelatinous mass, rarely oscillating but gliding; articles about four times shorter than broad ; joints for the most part :iot granulate, rarely indistinctly granulate ; ends obtusely rounded, occasionally short, somewhat attenuate. RcmarJcs. — I have found this plant in the shallow ditches along the track of the Norristown Railroad above Manayunk, growing in two difi'erent ways. In the one it forms a distinct, soft, gelatinous, floating stratum of a very dark purplish color, consisting of nothing but interwoven filaments, and provided with long rays. In the other, the plant is largely mixed with diatoms and other algee into a thick, gelatinous stratum without rays, whose color is a dirty slaty tint, which, however, is not all distinctive, and often varies as the proportion of the different constituents varies. The color of the single filaments is a slaty, almost neutral tint. The cytioplasm is remarkable for the numerous very minute spots more transparent and with less color than the surrounding parts. The ends of the filaments are often abruptly obtuse, frequently however there is a very short taper. ^Motion does not ajjpcar to be very active, and seems especially to be gliding, rather than a bend- ing to and fro of filaments. Fig. 5«, pi. 2, is an outline drawing of a filament magnified 450 diameters ; 56 is a portion of a filament. O. imperator, AVood. 0. in strato mucoso, plenimqne natante, olivacco-atro, longc radiante ; trichomatibns rectis aut subrectis, tranquillis, dilute viridibus vel saturate olivaeois, baud oscillantibus, sed ambulan- tibus; apiculis nonnihil attenuatis, late rotundatis vel subtvuncatis, eurvatis; nrticulis diame- tro 5-12 plo brevioribus, ad genicuhi indistincto contractis ; cytioplasmato homogenco, olivacco-viride ; vaginis firmis, ad gcnicula distincte transverse striatis. Si/n. — 0. imperator, Wood, Prodromus, Proc. Aracr. Philos. Soc, 1809, 124. Z>wm.— .002". FRESII-WATER ALG^ OP THE UNITED STATES. 21 Ilab. — In stagni'-i propo I'liiladulpliiti. O. occiirrint!: iii nil olive-black, uincous stratum, mostly swimming and with long rnys ; filaments straight or Htraightish, light-groon or (toep-olivc, tranquil, not oscillating, but moving with a gliding motion ; ends somewhat attenuate, broadly rounded or subtruneate, curved ; nrlielea f)-12 times shorter than broad, slightly contracted ot the joints; cytioplasm humogeucous, olivc-grceu; sbcatha firm, distinctly transversely grooved at the joints. Rcmnrlca. — The straia of tliis species arc often of great extent, and resemble more masses of spirogyra than of the ordinary osciHatoria. They are very loose in t(!xtiirc and are very blimy, whilst their edges are fringed by the long tranquil rays. In certain conditions of growth, the cndochromo of the filaments is so dense as to render them very opaque and the articidations very obscure. The sheaths when emptied show the marks of the joints very distinctly ; but, at times, when gorged with cytioplasm, scarcely can the sheath itself be seen. The color of the filament is also aft'ected by tlie state of the protoplasm, so that it varies from a lightish-green with an olive tint to a very decided dark olive. This species seems to be closely allied to the European O. princep!*, fro.a which, however, it differs in its motion, which is always very slow and merely gliding, its color, the distance of the dissepiments, and the much longer curvature of the ends. It grows everywhere in the ditches around the city ; when mature, generally floating upon the surface with an adherent under-stratum of dirt, but, in its earlier history, often adhering to the bottom. Fig. 6a, pi. 1, is a drawing of the end of a filament; fig. 66, represents a small fragment of a filament, showing the tendency to take a roundish or barrel shape ; much of the cndochromo has been squeezed out by the injury which has broken the filaments. Genus CHTIIONOBLASTUS, Ktz. Phormidii trichomata fasciatim congcsta et vagina coramuni mucosa apice clansa vcl aperta inolusa. Tales fasciculi numerosi in stratum (quasi tballum) gelatinosum, passim amoso-divisura aggrcgati. Vaginas communes nchromaticic, siepe lumellosic, plus minus ampliato;, rarius indistincto! ct subnuUa;, evacuata!, plerumque valde intunicscentes. Trichomata Phormidii modo osciliantia, articulata ct vaginata, rigida, recta vel parum curvula, in fascicules funifornies plus minus dense contorta, apiec soluta ct divaricata. Cellulas propagatorias obscrvaro mihi contigit. (U.) Filaments fasciately placed together and included in a common mucous sheath with open or shut apex. A number of these fasciculi aggregated in a gelatinous stratum (pseudothallus), which is gelatinous, and here and there ramosely divaricate. Common sheath colorless, iften lamellate, more or less enlarged, rarely indistinct and nearly wanting, when empty mostly ;narkedly intumescent. Filaments oscillating like to those of Phormidiaui, articulate and vaginate, rigid, straight, or a little curved, more or less densely entangled into cord-liko fasciculi, with the apex dissolved and dis- severed. Cli. repens, Ktz. Ch. terrcstris, strato plus minus cxpnnso, saturate icrngineo-ehalyheo nut olivncco-fuscesccntc, niucoso-niombranaceo ; tricbomatibus ojqualibus in fascieulos lilifornies, sa;po vaUlo elon- gatof!, e vagina! communis apertura penicillatim exsertos congestis; articulis diametro a!quali- bus dissopimentis granulatip, apicnlo obtuse recto. (R.) Sper'es, mihi ignota. 22 FIIRSII-WATKR ALGvK OF THE UNITED STATES. llah. — roinniDii on (lnni|i rnrlli. West Point, New Vork ; IJiMftliiini, MassacliUHCtta; Provi- •leucc, llliudt; Islanil ; IJuily, Silliiiuip'" Jourii., N. S., vol. iii. Terrestrial, stratum more or loss expanded, deep airuginoiis clialybrato, or olivaceous fuscous, inueons nioinhrunnecni.s ; filunients L'(|Uttl, i» tllilorni Ciiscicnli, wliicli iiro often nuicli elontiiito and pcnic'illtttcly exscrtod from tlio open common ulieulli ; joints ud long us broad, lliu diusopi- Diuuts granulate; the apex obtuse, straiglit. Genus LYNGBYA, Agaudii. Trichomatn inarticnlnta vol breve articulata, ccllulis perdurantibus instructn. ViiginiD stcpe colo- rata:, criis.siu, sa'po himellonn!. Filaments not articulate, or shortly so, furnished with hcterocysts. Sheaths often colored, thick, often lamellate. "li. luiiraliii, Ao. Filaments somewhat rigid, thickish, tortuous, very lonpr, interwoven in a bright, grass-grron stratum ; aniiuli strongly difincd. Ag. Syst., p. 1\ ; IJaru. Man. Ed., p. 100; Cunf. muralis. Dilhv., tab. 1, E. Hot. t. 1554. (3. aquatica. Ilab. — Var. /3. in pools of fresh water, Whalcfisli Island, Davis Straits. Dr. Lyall. The specimens are mixed with turfy soil. Except in uio submerged habitat, this agrees with the ordiimry form. Intermixed with threads of tlio usual sizo and strneturo are others cohering in pairs, as in L. copulata, llarv., which in obviou.'^ly only a state of this wiilcly dispersed species. I have not received specimens of the ordinary //. muralis from America ; but no doubt it is common on damp walls, &c., as in Europe generally." I have never identified this species, and have simply copied Harvey's account of it from the Nereis iJoreali Americana, pt. HI. p. 10-i. Ii. bic:>lor, Wood. L. trichomatibus siniplicibus, in ca!spitcs nigro-viridcs vol cmruleo-virido.s dense intricatis, vario curvatis, plerumquo inarticnlatis, interduni breviter articuUitis et ad genicula contractis; cytio- plasmate dilute cu;ruleo-viri(le, plerumr|ue copiose granulato, sicpo interrupto; cellulia perdu- rantibus cylindricis, sicpe elongatis, saturate brunneis, sparsissimis; vaginis lirmis, achrois, in trichomata matura modicc crassis. Syn. — L. bicolor, Wood, Prodromus, Proc. Amer. Philos. See, 1809, 124. Z)>3m.— xt'sb". Hub. — In fluminc Schuylkill prope Philadelphia. L. with the fdaments closely interwoven into a blackish or bluish-groen mat ; filaments variou.^ly curved, simple, mostly inarticulate, sometimes shortly artieulate with the joint.s contracted; cndochrome light bluish-green, mostly very granulato, often interrupted ; hoterocysts cylin- drical, often elongate, deep brown, very few ; sheaths firm, transparent, iu old filaments moderately thick. Remarl-s. — This species is abundant in the shallow water of the Schuylkill Rivor, near Spring Mills, where it forms dark waving tufts a half inch or more in height, which are adherent cither to the bottom of the stream or to some firm suj)- port, such as large growing plants, sticks fixed in the mud, &c. AVhcn examined with the microscope, these tufts arc seen to be composed of innumerable, very long, motionless, greatly curved filaments. They do not seem to be attached to their support, but in the denser parts are woven into a very thick mat, which apparently adheres en masse to the fixed body. These filaments arc very rarely articulate. FllKSII-WATER ALO.E OF TUE UNITED STATES. 23 but, when they arc, the joints arc shorter than broad. The cndocliromc is mostly very gramihito ; sonietiiue.s, liowover, it is niucli more lioniof^'ueous. The sheaths in tlie old filanients are rather thick, and fre(iuently partially empty ; the exterior of such sheaths has often a rough, ragged look. 'J'iie larger cells are very few in number. They are elongated cylinders with concave ends. I have found this plant in the Schuylkill lliver, just above Fairmount dam, in a younger state, and apjja- rcntly without heterocysts. The threads near their ends had their endoehrome distinctly articulate, like an oscillatoria, but elsewhere the protoplasm was continu- ous. It often contains numerous large granules resembling minute starch grains, which however fail to exhibit the reaction with iodine. Fig. 7, a, pi. 1, represents a portion of the filament slightly magnified; fig. 7, h, a heterocyst from the same specimen more magnified ; fig. 7, c and il, are drawings from another specimen from the same locality, each magnified 800 diameters ; fig. H, pi. 1, represents the form alluded to in the text us having been found in the Schuylkill lliver just above the dam. Family NOSTOCIIACE.E. Ti'iclioninliv siini>li('ia, c cvllulia distirirlis coinpoaita, intorduiu vnjjinatn, nrliculutn, in gclatiim iiniiicrHn, collulis pordiiraiitihus, ct inturduiu spuris porru instrui'tii. Filiunciits siniplo, composed of disliiict cells, sumctinics vugiiiatc, imbedded in jelly ; furnished witli hetcroej'sts and sonielinies with spuros also. licmarla. — The nostochacesc arc plants of simple construction, consisting of a more or less firm jelly in which are imbedded serpentine filaments, comi)osed of numerous cells. These cells are mostly more or less globose, especially in the true nostocs, so that the filament has amoniliform aspect. They have not distinct walls, or at least any that can be distinctly seen by ordinary powers of the microscope, and are sometimes closely connected, sometimes rather widely separated. No nuclei arc usually discernible ; I have, however, seen in some instances central spots, which were possibly of that nature. The filaments themselves are of various length, almost always tortuous, sometimes widely separated, sometimes closely in- terwoven. The gelatinous portions of the fronds are of various consistence — some- times semifluid, sometimes very firm, almost cartilaginous. The order is divisible into two families — the Xontoca proper and the S2>er7no8irca'. In the former, the outer portion of the frond is condensed and firm, forming a sort of outer coat or epidermis, which is sometimes quite distinct, but in other instances can scarcely be said to exist. In the filaments of a true nostoc are placed at irregular intervals cells, which are mostly larger than the others, and have thick, distinct walls. T'hcse cells con- tain very little or no chlorophyllous protoplasm. They are often, but by no means always, provided with numerous exceedingly attenuated, hair-like processes, or quiescent cilia. These bodies were supposed by Kiitzing to have some sexual value, and received from him the name of Sjwryyiatia. But, as their functions arc entirely iniknown, the name of heterocysts, first applied by M. Allman, is prefera- ble. They arc the " connecting cells" of Thwaites. No one has as yet demon- 24 FUESlI-WATKll ALU.li; OF TUB UNITED STATES. fitrntod tho cxistonrr of niiytliiiif? iutlicatinR sexuality in the nostocs proper, or sliowu any body at all worthy to be looki-d upon as a spoiv. Their ordiiuiry method of reproduction is simply a sli^iit moditication of that of growth. If a fragment of an actively growing nostoc is placed inider the micro- Hcope, the filaments of it are seen to be irregular and distorted, thicker in one ]dacc than another, the cells misshapen, and sonu'times apparently lumped and fused together. The formation of new filaments is taking place in such cases by the simultaneous growth and longitudinal segmentation of the cells of the old, and this nniy occur through the whole or in only a portion of the length of the latter. (IM. 2, fig. 10.) The filament of a nostoc is, in other words, capable of a double growth or de- veh)pmcnt, the result in one instance being increase in its h-ngtli, in the other the l)roduction of a new form like itself The first of these is brought about by a transverse division of the cells, so that out of each single cell two are fornu'd, jdaced end to end, each daughter-cell at first only half the size of their parent, but soon attaining to its full stature. In the other case great inennise in the si/,(! of the cell occurs almost consentaneously with a longitudinal or lateral segmentation, the cell dividing in the direction of its length, instead of transversely, so as to form two cells lying side by side instead of end to end. The misMi..j;e" fibiments alluded to simply represent different stages of this change, which goes on until two ])erfect filaments lie side by side, to be finally more or less widely separated by the jelly which they secrete around themselves. This process of growth continues until the plant has arrived at its mature si/e, when it ceases. During this time the iinier portion of the frond has been bt> coming more and more liquid, and finally the outer epi(l(>rmis bursts and the thoroughly softened inner portion is discharged. In this way, innumerable fihunents are set free, which are endowed with a power of motion similar to, but much less active than, the gliding of the oscillatoria, by means of which they are difl'us(>d in the water. Scattered in this way, carried hither and thither by currents, each minute thread, fixing itself to some object, at last becomes the centre from which a new plant is formed in a manner similar to that already described. In the second division of the NmtQchavca\ the jelly is always much less firm than in the true nostocs, and is not condensed in the outer portions. The fronds are therefore soft, almost diffluent, and entirely shapeless. The filaments them- selves also differ from those of the true nostocs. There are no fixed differences in the vegetable cells or heterocysfs, however, although the former are apt to be- come more cylindrical and the filament consequently less moniliform. It is espe- cially in the possession of distinct reproductive sporangial cells that the differences arc to be found. These are much larger than the ordinary cells, from whicli, in their first appearance, they are not distinguishable ; but, when tlu frond has attained a certain age, the spore-cells begin to enlarge both in diamctci and length, and finally assume a form and size apparently fixed within narrow bounds for each species, and surround themselves with distinct, often qiiite thick coats. It is very possible that the production of new individuals may take place by a detachment of portions of the frond and subsequent growth, as described in the Nostocs proper, FRESHWATER ALQ A) OV THE UNITED STATES. 26 biit incrPtt8c of tlio spccioH dops C(>rtainly orcur by means of those so-called spores. 'I'lio j^rowtli of tli(! plant takes place in the same way as in the true nostocs. Tlu! filaments increase in lenj^th by transverse division and coiisecpient multiplica- tion of llie cells, whilst new filaments are formed by tiie const^ntancous longitudiuul division of uU the cells of a iilainent. The spores of a ('yllinlrit^jirriiiinit have the power of f^emiinating after prolonged desiccation, they having been successfully cultivated even from specimens long preserved in the herbarium. Their development has been carefully and success- fully studied by M. Thuret. According to this autlnnify the first change consists in an elongation of the spore, which ruptures the wall of the sporangium, pushing a portion of it before it. Directly after this the spore undergoes division, so that out of it is formed a little torulosc filament, compos(;(l of four or five cells. (Jrowth takes place at both ends, but more rapidly at the free one. The new cells formed are smaHer than those which arise directly from the spore, but, finally, all the arti- cles assimilate. The wall of the sporangium remains attached for a long time to the end of the filament forming a little cap to it. The heterocysts, according to Thniet, at first are indistinguishable from the ordinary cells, but after awhile the granules in them begin to disappear, the color to pale, the outer wall to become apparent and grow thick(!r, tuitil at last a perfect " connecting cell" is educed. I have, myself, carefully wat(;lied the early development of the spores of a cylin- drospermuin, and can confirm, in all essential particulars, the description Tlniret has given of the process. Fig. 10, pi. 2, represents a partially formed filament, to which the empty sporangium is still attached. As no sexual reprodiiction has as yet been shown to exist among the Xmlwha- cc(r, it is very evidi-nt that their whole life-history is noc comprised within the change's which have been detailed. It has long been known that the gonidia of many lichens have the power of independent existence, /. c. that when they arc discharged from their thallus they can continue to live and nudtiply, if circum- stances favor them, without giving origin to a new thallus. This, and the great similarity of structure between the nostocs and the lichen gemis Colkma, has suggested u possibly close relation between the two. The first observer, I believe, who asserted that they were diftercnt stages of the same p'.ant was Dr. Hermann Itzigsohn. His observations are, however, rendered of so little value by his own statements that it is not necessary to review them here. Thus, he says, that after seven years' observation he had yet to sec a true one called algtr, that the Dcin)iitli(r are, at least, two-celled, &e. &c. The most weighty observations upon this subject arc those of Professor Julius Sachs and of J. Baranctzky — the former published in the Bokininchc Zcilung for 1855, the other in the Bulletin of the St. Petersburg Academy for 1867. Professor Sachs states that he watched a whole bed of Nostoe conimnne deve- loping into CoUcma huJhonnm. lie says that the peculiar Collcmoid threads first appeared as little lateral off's'ioots or prolongations from the cells of the nostoe filament, and rapidly developed into well-formed collemoid filaments. Every possible stage from the typical nostoe to the typical coUema was seen repeatedly. 4 February, 1872. 26 FRRSITWATER ALQ.E OF Till': UNITED STATES. The (U;h.,\ FInhtn,, &e., p. '.»!)().) The researches of M. Uaraiu-l/ky were directed to tlic devehipiiif,' of a iiostoc out of n collenm. Hicks and other observe is liad iireviously stated tliat fliey liiid seen this, but none of them liad ^nveii siillicienl details as to the method of their observations, to be fully convinciuf^. M. Haranetzky placed sections of actively fjrowiuf^ fronds of Culhuxi piiffumiini, Ach, upon smooth, damp earth, usinj^ all proper precautions to prevent external iuHuence. After some days the sections became less transparent and intensely )^reen from the cro\vdin<; of the f»onidia, which were now arran<;ed in curved rows closely rolled to<:;ether into balls. I'lion the n]t])er surface of the section appean-d little gelatinous balls or warts, which contained f,'()nidia in rows, an»l {gradually dcNclopi'd typical nostoc forms, whilst on the ed<;es of the sections njipeared little colorless wart-like jnasses of jelly, in which, after sonu* tinu', a])peared paiidia, some of which developetl into the typical nostoc form, others into true eollemoi disappearance of the collemoid tlireads, i.ntil at last the whole mass of the tissue of the lichen had been converted into a true nostoc, whitii was finally identified as NuMoc rc«ivarli(m, 1). C I have no observations of my own to offer ni)on this sidiject; but think enouf^h has been done to show not only that the nostocs proper have very close relations with the collemoid lichens, but that they are probably a jxculiar phase in their life-history. This being the case, it may seem a perfectly superfiuons work to indicate sjiccies amongst the nostocs. To any one who has given nnicli study to the fresh-water alga>, the reply to this will inunediately suggest itself; namely, tlnit in tlje present state of tho science it seems impossible to avoid it; they arc so commonly thrust at one by collectors, amateurs, &c., are so distinct, are so often the subject of tongue and pen, that they nnist have a nmiie. The idea that at- taches to the term species is at present not a very definite one; that there are, however, amongst the nostocs fixed forms, whicli do not cliangc into one another, and can readily be distinguished, T have no doubt. Such forms are herein de- scribed. If they be only life stages of lichens, I have no doubt that it will finally be found that each so-called species of nostoc has its own pccidiar so-called species of lichen, from which it alone springs, and into which alone it can develoj). It seems to mc, then, that as yet no cause for abandoning the specific names of the • In ordtT to aid Diiy one desirous of going ovoi ili's sulyrct more thoroughly, n list of papers is nppcndcd : — Vcnt(Miiil) iind Cnssini Opuscula Phytolog., 181 ', vol. ii. p. ."01. Pr. llermnnn Itzigsolm. Botanisclio Zcitunjr, lsr>t, p. .0:21. Prof. Julius Sachs. Uotanischc Zcitung, IS-OS, p. I. HayrliolTcr. Botanisrhc Zeitung, 1857. IIipk.s. Journal of Microsoojiical Scionro, ISO I, p. 00. Barauctzky. Bullctiu do la SociOtO des Sciences Xat., St. I'cter.shurg, vol. xii. p. 418. FnK81I-WATKIl ALO.K OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 nostots has been hIiowii, l.iil only reuuon to study ulso tlii-ir relations nitli tliu vari- oiitt coUi'iiia. In i('f,'anl to llic Sfirnixmlmr, tlicic is as yrt no direct proof uhatevcr coiincct- in^' tiicni w. 'i licluiis. It is very possible that tliey arc not so closely related to the true nostocs as is generally believed, so that the probaliiliti.'s of their beinj; lichens are at present so remote, that for the systtiniatist to refuse to take note of their distinct forms, seems to me most unwarrantable. SUUKAMII.Y NOS'l'OCE.E. TlmlliiH piTidiTiimtc plus minus distincto instructus, sporig 'losttutua. TlmlliiH provided wllli a iiioro or less distinct intoguiiieni, hik! destitute of spores. Genus NOSTOC, Vauchku, (180;).) TImllu.i pclntiniisiia, var'w oildrntuH, nut (flolxtsiiM vrl tiiilifjiobosii.s nut fnlinpco-nu'inbrnimccus et iiTcffiiliiruiT cxpiuisim, Hii'po hiillalus. Trirlioiimlii pins niinuri niDniliformiu. Ccllulti- pcniiiriuilea cxncto Bplm^rk'iu vel ruro oblongiD. TlmlliiM pi'lntiM'-is, viirionsly ('(ilnrcd, eillicr plc.liosp or snbj^lohnso, or folinccoiisly nionilirnn nis nnil incldiiiitcly oxpiuuled, olteu u bullii. ImIuuk'iiIh mure or lis.s nionilifonno. Ilelerorv, Ih e.xaclly spherical or rarely ubiong. u. T/ialliis ijlobosus vrl mihijluhoHits, \vl lUxci/orjnis. niallus ijhihosc, nubijlulnmc or discoid. !V. AllNtinii, 'Wood, (sp. nov.) N. Biibfjlobosnni, parvuni, pli'rinii(|Uo ninpnitudinc ovoruni pisciiim, riirc nd 2", fiiscespcnte, vel nittrcscente, iiitcninni diiruni inltnliiin subniollo, .suprrliiie siepo corruRota ; tricliu- nmlibns viirle ciirviitis, dense intrieiiti.s vel distiinlibiiH et la.xissinie intrientis, viridibua, fiincoscentibu.-<, subplunibei.s vil luteo-brnnnelH, in timllis niinurlbiis siepc dJHtinclo vn(?iniUiH,' in tliallis niajoribns hand vel indisjinete vaginalis; articuli.s maturi.s globo.-.is, sippe didymis,' crnsae granulatiaj ccllnlis |)er(birantibns artienlornni dianietro aMpialibus vel puulo majoribns, globosia, interjectis vol ternn'nalibn.s, |>lcrnni(pie sparsi.s. Diam.—CcU. Ve/ , ^^%^,"—^,*^^" = .002G"— 00033"; cell, pcrdurnnt, .00033". Hal). — in rupibn.s irrorutis, New Jersey. (Anstin.) Subplobose, sninll, mostly the size of fish-epg.'<, bnt reaching the diameter of nearly two lines, fiiseons or blaeki.sh, sometimes very hard, Honielinies mneh softer; snrfaco often corrugated- filnmentH variously curved, diMisely intricate or distantly and loo.sely interwoven, greenish^ fuscous, subplumbcis or yellowish-brown, in the smaller fronds often di.stinetly vaginate, iii the larger indistinctly or not all vnginale; nmlure joint.i globose, often didymons, coarsely granulate; heterocysts cipial to the diameter of the other joints or a little larger, globose interspersed or terminal. licmarlcit. — The fronds of this distinct species vary greatly in appearance; the larger of them arc often almost colorless, and, when viewed with the microscope, nrc seen to be composed of a tran.sparent colorless jelly, with remarkably large filaments scattered throngh it. These filaments are generally without sheaths, though occasionally a sheath can be faintly traced. The smaller fronds are mnch firnn^r tlian the larger and are more decidedly colored. Some of them are entirely opaque, looking simply black when viewed by transmitted light under the micro- scope. In these the filaments arc densely crowded together, often misshapen and 2S V R K S ll-W A T i: II A I, (J .!■; () !•' T II M UNI T K D S T A T K S . provided witli distinct broad hrowiiisli shcMtlis: every f,'r!i(liition exists between tii('S(,' forms and tiie first dcsi'ribed Tronds. The Iieleroeysls are quite uniform in size, agreoinjj in diameter witii tiie largest vegetative cells, they are always single. This species is inosL nearly allied to N. ichUiyoon, Rahknii.; from which it is separated by tlu^ differences in the sheaths, the greater size of the filaments, and the single h(!terocysts. It gives me great ])leasur(! to dedicate the spc^cies to Mr. Austin, by whom it was collected near (Jloucester, New Jersey, growing amidst mosses on rocks. IV. pruniroriiie, (Korn,) A^li. N. iiinnniiin, prcKiiriiim, iKiiu'iiliu'ri'iiM, frli''<"siiin, iiingnitmlinn pisi, pnini majoria ct, ultra, oliviv- eciiiii vol Hiiturali) iL'niniiu'iiiii, leliito iirovcftii fiiscD iiii^rcHcciiH, liiiml raro caviiin, lunissiiimin, intuH aqiioKUin, ])rrid('rniatR corlucRo Hiihacliruo ; tricliniiiatihiiH Kulm'i|iiuli)jtiH, liic iliic^ tiiiiiiilis, lax(! iiitrii'atis; articiilis f^lobosis, plcruiii(|iio t'omiircssis, sirpi! didyniis, arcto ('(inncxis; <•(•!- IuWh iii'i'ilinanliliiis artit'uli.s iliiplo iiiajorilMis, jilcruiiKtiiu ti'riiiiiiulilitiH, rarius iulcijii'liH. K. Spuclos inilii ijfiiota. /)iom,— Artie. 0.00024"— 0.000,'!" ; ecll. iirnlur. O.OOOIt— 0.000 IT)". (I!,) ,S'y«. — A', pruiiifiirmc, (UoTii,) Ao. IUiiknuhuht, I'lora Murop. Algaruiii, iScct. II. p lOH. Hah.- Maine. Lcidy. Tjarii^o, grpf^arioiis, iidt (•()lii'riii(^, gioboso, varying from tlio Kizc of a pea to a lurpo plum, (ir even hcyoud this, (ilivuci'dUH or docp luruj^incoun, in cdd ntrc lilaclii.sli fuscous, oflcn hollow, very snioolli, williin walrry, iicridrrni coiiiiccous, Honu!wluit IrauHpaiciit ; lilatiu'ni.s .Kulicipial, hero and llicrc' kwoIIcm, la.xly itilricatc ; arllclcs globose, mostly (Munprrsscd, oflrii twofold, elosely eonneeied; lieteroeyKts twice tlic size of tlie vegetative cells, luoslly terminal, rarely inler.sper.sod. RcmarlcH. — I have never foinid this speci<'s; but sonu- years sijice some speci- mens, sent to the Aciideiiy of Natur.il Sciences of riiiladelpiiia from Maine, were identified by Professor Jos -ph l-eidy as belonging to it. IV. vcrriicomiini, (I-inn.) Vakh. N. imigriuni, gregarium, bipollicaro et ultra, subgloboMuiii, sn-pe li.baliini, verruoulosuni, irrora- tum, initio Koliduin, postrenui cavuin, vesieifornu', Halarale brunneo-viride; perlderniale nwin- branaceo-eoria'jeo, olivaeeo-fusceHcenle; trielKunatibus varie eurvr.lis, cciitralibus parcioril)u.s ct laxissinu) iulrieatis, perijihericis densiuH inlricatis; arliculis ublongis, rare globoHix, aretu eonnexis, cra.'^se granulalis; e(,IIuliH jjerdunuitibu.s iuUM'stiliulibus vel tcrniinalil)us, spluericis, artieulorani diametro du])!() imijoribu.'t. i>ittm.— Cell, vegetntiv. .OOtMGfi"; e(dl. perdurant. .OOO'i:!;!". Syn.—N. rrrrwoaum, (Linn,) VAtiini. IIaiiknikiiist, Klora ICurop. Algaruni, Sect. II. p, I'Ci. JIah. — In fonte. Centre County, renn.-sylvnnia. Large, subjflobose, often lobi-d, warty; gregarioii.'i, two inclie.s in diaiiieler, growing under water, fixed, in the beginning solid, afterwards hollow, bladiler-sluiped; periderm nu'rnbraiuieeouH, eoriaeeouM, olivaceon.s-fuseous; flanienlH variouHly curved, centrally fewer, and hixly intricate, towards the oulsidc much nu)re close; articles oblong, rarely globose, elosely e.Mineelcd, coarsely granulate; lictcrocysts interstitial or terminal, fiiiherieal. twice the size of tlu! other joint.s. ficiiiarkn. — In the stunmerof IHfi!), I found a uostoc grow'* g in great abundance in a very cold, large, limestone sjiring In ('eutrc County, I'eiuisylvania, which I FUESH-VVATEll AhUM 01' T II J'] UNITED STATES 29 liiiv(! n^fcrnul to N. verruamHiii with some little hesitation. Some of tli:' fV.iiKls were sin.oothisii, otiicis very deeiilcdly warty. ^'y specimens arc old jilMUts, wiiicii have Ix come hollow by the dis(liarj,'c of Ihciv internal contents, jt is pos- :>il)ly on tills acconnt I have not hecn ahli; to verify the niinntt; description f,'iven by Professor Ualienhorst. As the latter nniy not hi; accessihlc; to some of those who consult these pages, 1 append tin; latter part of it, whidi differs from that given by myself from the American plants. " Trichonnitihns Hexnoso-cnrvatis, cpnisi triplici ordine ; centraliOns jiarciorihiis, la.vissime impli(;atis, apices versns pins minns attcMUuitis, articnlis ohlongis, snl)- distantil)ns, p(ri|)hericis densins sa-pt; densissime intricatis, hasi jnuid rare cellnli:; hiseriatis, articnlis glohosis, arete connc' '•(, extremis (nonnisi in lliallo vetnslo occnrrnnt) snhflagelliformihns, arii<'nlis ohlongis, cylindraceis Kplneri(is(in(! sinnd immixtis, distantihiis; cellnlis perdnrantihns splnrricis interjectis terminalilms(ine, noinnnuinam plnrihns simid seriatis articnioriim diametro dnplo triplove nnijorihns." According t Professor Harvey (Nereis Hor. Amer., ])art iii. j). 1 11), this species has been collected by Dr. liyall in pools of fresh water, Isl(> of Disco, and at Ueechey Island, Arctic llegions; also by iMr. I'Vndler at Santo I'c, New Mexico. IV. nlpiniim, Ktz. >i. niiit'stri,', iiiniirrHiuii ; lliallo Buborblciiliiro, tTccto, nioinbntiiacco, iid ;J = J iinciam lalo, nil llnciiH iliias vi'l truH crasao, Icnnci, Baturato olivncoo-fusco, lu'vi, ku?])c rii(5<)so-|)licali), cnin iiiar- ftiiic liilcKro ft, iiluniiiKiiK! ificrassalii; lri<:iiiiinaliliii.s vario ciu'valls, la.xc vcl iKiiiiiiliil ilcnso liniilicalis; ai'lirulis I'uscis vcl ililiili; a'nij^iiu'is iilcnnmnic (tIdImisIs, sa'pr snlililitir friiuMilalis, arch' ciiniii'xls; ('cllulis lU'riliiraiililaiH splia'ricis iiliiiiiiiiinc Hiliiiiluiiim (liaiiulro paiili) iiia- jdi'lliiis, iiilcniuiii salia'i|ualil)iis, liilii'jci'lis vcl tci'iiiiiiallhiiH. />mm.— Artie. vcKotativ. .OOOKJ"— OOOSli" ; cell, peril. .(lOO'JC. ,S'//„. — " N. ulitinnm, Ktz. I'liyri)!. (iciicnil., p. 'JOC, No. 10." IIaiikniiokst, I'lora iMirnp. AlK'U'iaii, vol. li. p. IVI " N. SiilliiTlii'iili, DicKlK.'' IIaiivky, Ncrris liorcali .Xnicricana, jjart ill. p. 111. " N. rriKliiliim, I!aii.i;v." IIahvkv, Ncrii.s jtorcali Aiiu'ricana, part ill., IH.^if, p. IM. Orowiiit? allaclicil by Its iiiar(,'in to tlio-i ks in riiiiiiinjr waltr; llialliis fiuboiliiciilar, crci't, incnibraiuiLX'ouH { — } nn ilicli liigh nml 1 — ',i linen lliit-k, very tiMiacicii.s, deep olivo-proeii, Hiiiipolli, oftfiii niKoscly plicate esjicciiillv at llie base, willi llic inarjriii entire, rounded, and liio.-itly tliiekciieil ; tilanicnls vaiioii.'ily curved, la.\ly or FiMiicwnal, ilen.'^ely inlciwoveii; aiii- eles fa.ieon.s or (fri'cliisli, nioslly nloliose, oOi'n lilicly uraniilate, clnscly coiinccleil; lictcrocysis Kpbcrical, ^{cnerally a little larger than the ordinary colls, boinutinica ubuul e(iuul to Ibuni, iiilur.sperHed and tertuiiiiil. Remnrlcn. — This interesting little plant was fonnd in the motnitain rivnlets near West Point, New York, by the late Prof. Bailey, and r.'ceived from him tin; specilic name rr!s/(i/inn, first ])nl)lished in Marvey's work on the North Ann-rican Alga-. I have myself seen it growing in very great ahnndance in rajjid nionntain streams in the central ])ortions of this State. It is doubtless, therefore, an iidnibi- tant of the whole; .Mli-ghany range. In the low country, east or west of these mountains and their outlying hills, I do not know of its having Iteen fomnl. I have very recently received specinn-ns of a nostor from Sereno Watson, Ksf]., unn it, lobate or incised. It appears finally to burst and discharge its inner portion, whilst the outer cortical portion, riow a little vesicle containing a globule of air, is set free and floats down the stream. IV. dcpressiini, Woon, (sp. nuv.) X. ciiormitcr .suborbieulai'c, niiimtuin, frnmm._Artic cliam. long. .A," = .000125" ; trans v. ,,Va" = .00017"; cell, pcrdurant. ^raxs = .UU02U . Syn.-^N. splKBvicum (Poibet ) Vaucii. RABENiioasr, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. II. p. ICV. Hab — In fontibus, prope Pliilaadpliia. Globoso, sometimes oblong or oval, gregarious, but rarely confluent, hanl, cla.stic (in a.lvanco.l ago w.tlun soft and watery?), oliv^ceou.,, varying from the size of a mustard-.seed to that of a small cherry; periderm firm, pellucid; fdaments intricate, yellowisl,, greenish or bluish- articles nio.stly subquadrato, sometimes transversely suboval, closely connected- cytionlasm granular ; heterocysts intcr.spcrsed or terminal, spherical. Remarks.— The specimens from which the above diagnosis was prepared were found at Spring Mills, adhering to mosses and twigs in the water. The fronds were remarkable for their firmness and elasticity. The color was a dull, rather greenish, olive; that of the filaments varied from a decided greenish to a marked yellowish, or sometimes an almost silvery bluish tint. The heterocysts were ratiu-r few in number, and were either terminal or interstitial, sometimes they were witli- out, sometimes with evident endochrome. The length of the general articulations varied a good deal, it was, however, mostly less than their breadth, which seems quite constant. When kept in water in the house, this species softens, and the periderm as it were peels off, allowing the interior to disperse itself as it gradu- ally becomes more and more diffluent. Most of the fronds afforded ample evrdeuce of their method of growth by the presence of filaments in every stage of division. Fig. 10, pi. 2, represents filaments of this species. IV. Cffiriileiiin, Ltnob. N. minimum, srcpe microscopicnm, enormitcr globosnm vel subglobosum, afTixum, gregnrium sty'unctum vel nggregatum ; trichomatibus valde ini^MlUalibus; artitwlis elongato-cylimlnwels' vel acute .'llipticis, vel perfeete cllipticis, vel globosis, vel subglobosis, vel sulH,uadriuif;iiiis' .■^ejuncfis et n(ui-:ihil distnntibus vel nrcte connectis aut conlluentibus; eellulis i)erduranllbus globosis, pass.ia interjectis terminalibus(iue, ceteris tluplo vel subduplo niiijoribu.s. Z>(ow.— Cell, perdurant, .000303; coll. vegetal, pleruniquo .00012—000100"; rariu.s 0001 .00021. ■ . wi Syn.—N. cirrulcum, LvNon. Radeniioust, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. 11. p. let. //«&.— Inter muscos, New Jersey (Prof Austin). Very small, often microscopic, irregularly globose or subglobosc, affixed, gregarious, separate or aggregated ; filaments very unequal ; articles chmgato-cyliiidrieal, or aeu'ely elliptical or perfeclly so, or subglobosc, or globose, or subquadrangular, separate and somewhat di.vtant or closely connectc.l or connuont ; heterocysts globose, interspersed or termiruil, double or about double the size of the other cells. nnimrl-s.—l am indebted to Mr. Austin for specimens of this species collected by iiim in Northern New Jersey. The fronds grow attaclied to moss and are very m\- iinte, thehirgest I have seen being not more than half a line in diameter. The filaments are remarkable for their inequality, which is often very peiT(>i)tibl(! in different parts of the same filament. I have referred my specimens to .V. civr>tle,i n— 32 FllESU-WATER A L G .E OF THE UNITED STATES. the only diffoioiiccs between them and the European phint arc that they arc not so hirge, and do not agree in color, numy of them being browner; but these are certainly insufficient grounds for separating them. Trof. Uabenhorst speaks of observing the contents of hcterocysts dividing up so as to form a little colony of cells, which finally break through the maternal wall. I have only studied mounted si)ecimcns, but have seen very clearly hcterocysts in which this process was taking place. W. punclatiini, Woop, (sp. nov.) N. tcrri'sirt' ; lliullo cxiianso orliicularc vcl iionnihil irrognlnrc, temiissimo, rcnipiiu'd, pnrvo int'iiibraiinceo, pclluciiluli); triflionuitilms liixo iiitriuatis, viiric furvatis, ai'liciilis ffloljosis vel Sii'pius I'llipticis, pltTimuiiie iiailio pelluuidulis, luxu toniR'xis ; collulis pcrihiruiitiljus tuniii- nalibus vi'I iiitfrjcctis. Z>i'(i)?i.— Cell, vegetat. tjjIoo" = OHOlfifi; cell, pcnlur. yiooo" = -00033. Ilab. — In terrctitrc, New Jorsoy, (Prof. Au.stin.) Terrestrial ; flmlliis expanded, irrcjijiilar or orbiouliir, very tliin, rcriigiiimis, small, mcmbranousi polliicid; filaineiits loo.scly intcrwovfii, vurioii.^ly ourvcd, joints gIol)ose or oftci; elliptical, mostly pelluoid in the centre, loosely connected ; hcterocysts terminal or interspersed. licmarlcs. — ]\lr. Austin has kindly sent mc the only specimens I have seen of tliis species; they are labelled "Damp tironnd, Sept." The fronds, which are often aggregated, aie very smtill and exceedingly thin, especially in their centrtil por- tions, where they are quite translucent ; in form they are often circular, some- times quadrangular, sometimes quite irregular. As to size, most of them are not more than two lines in diameter, some three, or possibly five lines. The margins are often reflexed and thick-^ned, especially in the smallest fronds. Two kinds of filaments arc visible ; 1st, those which I take to be in a perfected quiescent state ; 2d, those which are in active growth. The former arc composed of globose, or more commonly elliptical joints, which are remarkable for the possession of a central translucent, tilmost colorless spot, the cndochrome apparently being arranged in a ring around the outer part of the cell. This is, however, occasionally want- ing. Tiie filaments, which are in active growth, arc very irregular in form, often much broader than the others; their cells very irregular and sometimes ftised together into one mass. The measurements given in the diagnosis were taken from the filaments of the first kind. b. TJiallus indefinite ej-pansus. ThaUtis indcftnilehj expanded. IV. Cesalii, Bals. N. tcrrestro ; tliallo longc lateqnc pxpanso, gplatinoso-mcnibranacco, viridi-flavescrntc ; trielio- matibus flexuoso-curvati.s, .sublaxo iniplicatis, pallide lerugincis ; arti<'iilis splnericis, laxc vel arctius conncxi.s ; cellulis perdurantibus splnericis, et interjectis et terminalibus. Diam.—xUtiQ. .00010— .0002; cell, perdur.— ,00033". Si/n. — N.Cesatii, Bai.s. RAUExnonsT, Flora Europ. Sect. II. p. 1T5. Hab. — In terrcstre, Kansas (Prof. Parry) ; Texas (Prof. Ravcnel). Terrestrial; tliallus broadly and indefinitely expanded, gclatinnns-nicmbranacooiis, ycllowisli- grron ; filaments flexnonsly curved, rather laxly iniplicatn, pale-greenish; articles spherical, laxly or more closely connected ; hcterocysts spherical, both interstitial and ternilnulibus. s\ FRESn-WATER ALO^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 liemarks. — This plant was sent to me by Dr. C. C. Parry, from whose letter the following is extracted : " I send enclosed specimens of a singular land Alga? which I met with in this vicinity ; lightly attached to bare patches of soil intf^rspcrsed with buffalo grass. In the adjoining bluffs are cretaceous shales full of seams and layers of selenite, from the decomposition of which the bottom soil becomes strongly impregnated with various saline matters. The prescjnt season has been characterized by unusual mm^^ities of rain, causing extensive- floods over what is usually a dry, arid district." The agreement between the mature forms is essentially perfect. There can be scarcely any doubt as to the identification, although I have not seen the Ameri- can plant in its young state. The fronds appeared to be 1 — 2 lines in thickness, with its surface smooth, or sometimes with close subparallcl ridges or wrinkles. According to Rabcnhorst, the young European N. cesatii is in the beginning globose, and pale golden-yellow ; soon, however, bursting and spreading out into an indefinitely expanded thallus. Among the alga; collected by Prof. Ravencl in Texas is a Nostoc, labelled " On Mud Flats, Cedar Bayou, Harris Co.," which comes so close to N. cesatii, that I think it must be referred to it. It differs only in being more olivaceous, some- what firmer and in the size of the heterocysts — the largest of the latter which I have examined, attaining the size only of .00027". The largest vegetative cells are .00017 in diameter. IV. calcicolal Ao. N. tliallo irrcgularitcr expanse, cnormiter sublobato, tenuc, mcrabranaceo, cartiloginco, clastico, pcllucido, aut lacto viridc, vcl bruunco, vel dilute viridc, irrcgularitcr undulate plicato vcl bullatoo ; pcridcrmatc picrumquc subiiullo ; trichomatibus cum filis Icptothrichoidcis ramosis intcrmixtis, flexuosis, plurumque distantibus, rarissiuie c cellulis biscriatis compositis ; cellulis subglobosis, oblongis, ovalibus, cum ceteris ellipticis intcrmixtis, picrumquc laxo conncxis; cellulis pcrdurantibus sputericis, intcrjcctis ct terminalibus. Uiam.— Art. tsbs"— loW = .0001"4— .0001"; cell, perdur. tuoiiff"— ss'off" = .0003"— .0002". Sjn. — N. calcicola, Ao. Rabenhorst, Flora Europ., Sect. II. p. 174. Ilab. — In rnpibus, Georgia. (Prof. Rareuel.) Thallus irregularly expanded, membranaceous, thin, cartilaginous, elastic, pellucid, bright green, pale green or brownish, thin, irregularly undulatcly plicate or bullate ; periderm mostly scarcely distinguishable ; filaments intermixed with branched leptothrix filaments, flexuous, mostly distant, vt^ry rarely composed of biseriate cells ; cells subglobose, oblong, oval, inter- mingled with elliptical ones, mostly loosely connected | heterocysts spherical, interspersed or terminal. Remarha. — This species is one of those sent me by Dr. Billings. It was coUecled near Catoosa Springs, Georgia, by Prof. H. W. Ravencl. In the dried state it is of a dirty olive-green, and very much wrinkled and irregular on its surface. The largest specimens are about an inch long. There is no very distinct periderm, although in some places the filaments are placed more closely together on the outer portions of the frond. This plant seems to agree with the descriptions of the 5 Marah, 1872. 34 FKESU-WATER ALQyE OP TUE UNITED STATES. European S. calckola, fiom v/hich it differs somewhat, however, in having its hetc rocysts both terminal and among the cells, and also somewhat in their size. I¥. calidariuin, Wuud. N. tlmllo maxinio, iudefiiiitc expanse, out mcmbranaceo-coriacco vel mcmbrnnacco-gclatinoso vel meinbruuaceo, out Ia;te virdi vel sordide olivacoo-viridi vcl olivact'o-bruiiiieo, irregularitor profundo laciniato-siiiuato, ultimo I'Icgniilcr laciniato; trichomatibua ina;qualibuB, intcrdiim flexuoso-curvatis, picrumquc subrectis et arcto coiijiiiietis, in forniis duabua occurrcntibus : forma altera pnrva, viridi, artioulis cyliiulrlcis, cum eellulis pcrdurantibus hie illic intorjretis, vaginis interdum obsolctis, sicpius difflueiitibus; forma altera maxima, articniis globusis vel oblongis, aurantiaco-brunnca, ccllulis pcrdurantibus ab articulis ceteris baud diversis. Diam. — Forma; prima; articidi maximi ynJuj unc. ; celluliB perdnrantis j^'^, unc. Forma sccundDB articuli long. 55=,,, to ^^'^j une., lat. j^'j^ to jj',,,, orticuli globosi j^'ji t" io'bs """. Sijn. — N. calidarium, Wood, American Journal of Science and Arts, 18C9. Hab. — "Benton Springs, Owen's Valley, California" (Mrs. Partz). Thallus very large, indefinitely expanded, either membrano-eoriaceous or mcmbrano-gelatinous or mcrabranaccons, cither bright green or dirty olive-green or olive-brown, irregularly pro- foundly laeiniately sinuate, finally elegantly laciniate; filaments unequal, sometimes flcxu- ously curved, but mostly straightish and closely conjoined, occurring in two forms ; the one smoU, green, with cylindrical joints, the heterocysts scattered here and there, the sheaths sometimes absent, often diffluent; the other form very large, with globose or oblong articles, orange-brown, the heterocysts not different from the other cells. Eemarlca. — Numerous specimens of this species were received from Mrs. Partz, who collected them in Benton's Spring, a thermal water situated in the extreme northern point of Owen's Valley, California, si.xty miles southwest from the town of Aurora. Tlic following extract from a letter of Mrs. Partz describes the place and mode of their growth more minutely. " I send you a few samples of the singular vegetation developed in the hot springs of our valley. These springs rise from the earth in an area of about eighty square feet, which forms a basin or pond that pours its hot waters into a narrow creek. In the basin are produced the first forms, partly at a temperature of 124° — 135° Fahr. Gradually in the creek and to a distance of 100 yards from tlie springs arc developed, at a temperature of 110° — 120° Fahr., the AlgfP, some growing to a length of over two feet, ar 1 ] 3oking like bimches of waving hair of the most beau- tiful green. Below 100° Fahr., these plants cease to grow, and give way to a slimy fungvs growth, though likewise of a beautiful green, which, finally, as the tempera- ture of the water decreases, also disappears. They are very difficult to preserve, being of so soft and pulpy a nature as not to bear the least handling, and must be carried in their native hot water to the house, very few at a time, and floated V ton paper. After being taken from the water and allowed to cool they become a black pulpy mass. But more strange than the vegetable are the animal organ- izations, whose germs, probably through modifications of successive generations, have finally become indigenous to these strange precincts. Mr. Partz and myself saw in the clear water of the basin a very sprightly spider-like creature running nimbly over the ground, wlicrc the water was 134° Fahr., and on another occasion dipped out two tiny red worms," I i FRESHWATER ALG^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 In regard to the tomporaturos given, nnd the observation ns to the presence of animal life in tlic thermal waters, Mr. William Gabb, of the State Geological Survey, states that he has visited the locality, knows Mrs, Purtz very well, and that whatever she says may be relied on as accurate. The color of the dried specimen varies from a very elegant bluish-green to dirty- greenish and fuscous-brown. After somewhat prolonged soaking in hot water, the specimens regained apparently their original form and dimensions, and were found to be in very good condition for microscopical study. The plant in its earliest stages appears to consist simply ol cylindrical filaments, which are so small that they are resolved with some difficulty into the component cells by a first-class one-fifth objective. Fronds composed entirely of filaments of tliis description were received. Some of these were marked as " first forms," and as having grown in water at a temperature of 160° Fahr. Probably these were collected immediately over the spot where the heated water bubbled up. At this temperature, if the collection made is to be relied on as the meiins of judging, the plant docs not perfect Hsclf. To the naked eye these "first forms" were simply membranous expansions, of a vivid green color and indefinite size and shape, scarcely as thick as Avriting-papcr, with their edges very deeply cut and running out into a long, waving, hair-like fringe. Otlier specimens, which grew at a much lower temperature, exactly simulated tliose just described, both in general appear- ance and microscopical characters. These, I believe, were the immature plant. The matured fronds, as obtained by the method of soaking above described, were "gelatinous membranous," of a dirty-greenish or fuscous-brown at their bases, and bright green at their marginal portions, where they were deeply incised and finally split up into innumerable hair-like processes. Proximally they were one, or evea two, lines in thickness, distally they were scarcely as thick us tissue paper. Their bases were especially gelatinous, sometimes somewhat translucent, and under the microscope were found to have in them only a few distant filaments. Two sets of filaments were very readily distinguished in the adult plant. The most abundant of these, and that especially found in the distal portions of the fronds, were composed of unifo . cylindrical cells, often enclosed in a gelatinous sheath. The diameter of such filaments varies greatly; in the larger the sheaths are generally apparent, in the smaller they are frequently indistinguishable. In certain places these filaments are more or less parallel side by side, and are glued together in a sort of membrane. It is only in these cylindrical filaments that I have been able to detect heterocysts, which are not very different from the other cells ; they are about one-third or one-half broader, and are not vesicular, but have contents similar to those of the other cells. In one instance only was I able to detect hairs upon these heterocysts. The larger filaments are found especially near the base and in the other older portions of the frond. Their cells are generally irregularly elliptical or globose, rarely are they cylindrical. They are mostly of an orange- brown color; and there exists a particular gelatinous coating to each cell rather than a common gelatinous Mmas^^m 36 PRESn-WATEU ALO.E OF TUE UNI "ED STATES. sheath to the filament. Tlicse hirpjer threads arc apparently produced from the smaller filaments by a pror jss of growth. Near the base and in the under portions of the fronds, these filaments arc scat- tered in the homogeneous ji'lly in which they run infinitely diverse courses. In the upper portions of the frond, and at some little distance from the base, the ad- joining cells are very close to one another, and pursue more or less parallel courses, with enough firm jelly between to unite them into a sort of membrane. This plant certainly belongs to the Noatochicea, and seems a sort of connecting link between the genera Ilurmosiphon of Kiitzing and Nostoc, The best algologists now refuse to recognize the former group as gcncrically distinct; and the characters presented by this plant seem to corroborate that view. Adherent to, and often more or less imbedded in, the fronds of the Nostoc, were scattered frustules of several species of diatoms, none of which was I able to iden- tify. In some of the fronds there were numerous vmicellular Algtc, all of them representatives of a single species belonging to the genus Chroococcus, Niigeli. This genus contains the very lowest known organisms — simple cells without nuclei, multiplying, as far as known, only by cell-division. These cells are found single or associated in small families ; and in certain species these families arc united to form a sort of indeterminate gelatinous stratum. In these species the families are com- posed of but very few cells, surrounded by a very large, more or less globular or elliptical mass of transparent, firm jelly. The species is very closely allied to Chroococcus hirgidus^yax. thermalis, Ilabenh., from which it differs in the outer jelly not being lamellated. The technical description of this plant will be found in the proper place. Fig. 2 a, pi, 2, represents the most mature and largest filament ; Fig. 2 i, a small filament from the same frond, each magnified 800 diameters. Fig. 2 c, represents portions of the upper surfaces of fronds. IV. comminutiim, Ktz. N. thallo indcGnite expanse, gclatinoso, natontc, modo viride, plcramquo sordidc forrnginco; tricbomatibua flcxuosis, plerumquc Bubdcnse intricatis; nrticiilis globosis (ante divisioncm factam aubcyliiidricis), subti'iter granulatis, interdiim licte viridibns, plerumquc ferrugineia aut lutco-rusccsceutibua aut fuscis; ccllulis pcrdurautibus glubosia, urticuloruni diametro duplo majoribus, interjcctis aut tcrminalibus. Diam. — Artie. jjjVtj"; cell, pcrduv. jb'bzj"- Syn — N. comminutum, Ktz. RABENHoasT, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. II. p. 179. Hab. — In fossis natantc, prope Philadelphia. Thallns indefinitely expanded, gelatinous, floating, mostly sordidly ferniginous, sometimes greenish; trichomata flexuous, mostly snbdcnsely intricote; joints gloljoso (before division subcylindrical), minutely gronulatc, sometimes bright green, sometimes ferruginous, yellow- ish-fuscous, or fuscous; heterocysts globose, about twice as long as ordinary joints, both interspersed and terminal. Remarl-8. — This species is to be found floating on the surface of the ditches below the city in the latter part of August and September, forming a repulsive, ferruginous, slimy scum. The periderm is not very apparent, and indeed the sepa- PRESn-WATER ALQM OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 rnte fronds arc not distinct. Tlu; filaments nro very lonf^, mostly closely intricate, very nuic.'i curved; in some places they are more sparse. Their color is mostly a sort of yellowish ferruginoiis-jfreen, sometimes they are, decidedly, almost purely f(?rruginous, more rarely a bright green. Tiiis plant agrees pretty well with the descriptions of the European NohIuc vumiiiiiuttnin, and I believe is the same species; if, however, N. lacuMre of Kutzing is distinct from iV. cotiiuiiiivtiuii, this is also ; but I incline to the opinion that they arc all different forms of one plant. Fig. 3, pi. 2, represents a single filament magnified 800 diameters. IV. commune, Valch. N. terrustre, tliallo irrcgularitcr expanse, (lilTormi, uiidulato-plicnto, troniuio, intun aquosp gcla- tinoso, tctatc provecta picruiiiquu c.vcuvuto, pfridcriiiato subeorincuo linno, olivuceo, liiteo- fusccsecnto vcl luteo-fuHCo cincto ; trichoiiiatiljus (iexuoso-curvatis, pallide rcru)?iii('is, laxo iiiiplicatia, Kqtmlibus vol sul>iL>(|iiulil)us, liiiud rnro a haul ad uivdium UHcpie rvlluliH liiscriuUa cunipositis; articulis spliacriciH vol c iiiutua pressioiic siibqiiadranKuIaribua, laxc cuniicxis, paHsini distaiitibuH, puiicto ceiitruli tiirbato prucditis; cclluli.s purduraiitibus glubusis, articu- lorum diamctro dupio majoribus, intcrstialibus tcrmiimlibusipiu. Diam Coll. vegetal. .00012"— .OOOIC" ; ceil, perdurant. .00025"— .00033". Syn. — N. commune, Vaucii. Rabeniiorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. II. p. 175. Uab. — In terrestre, Now Jersey. (Austin.) " Rio Bravo. Schott." Uarvcy. Terrestrial ; tballus irregularly expanded, shapeless, undulote-plieote, tremi4louR, wltliin of tho consistence of tliin jelly, in advanced age mostly hollow ; poridcriu subcoriaccou;., firm, oliva- ceous, yellowiBli-fuHcous ; filaments floxuously curved, pale green, laxly implirate, equal or subcqual, not rarely composed of a double series of cells from their base to their middle ; articles spherical or subquadrangular from mutual pressure, loosely connected, here and Ihero distant, furnished with a central spot ; hetcrocysts globose, twice as large as the vegetative articles, interstitial and terminal. Remarks. — The only specimens I have seen of this species are very old ones, which have burst and discharged their central portions. I have consequently pre- ferred to copy the diagnosis of Prof. Rabeniiorst. My specimens agree pretty closely with it. The filaments, and also the single cells, arc closer together than his words would seem to indicate. My measurements of the hetcrocysts, as given above, are larger than those of Prof. Rabenhorst. They agree, however, with his text, Avhich his own measurements do not. I am indebted to Prof. Austin for specimens of this species, which he collected in Northern New Jersey. According to Professor Harvey this plant was collected by Dr. Schott along the Rio Bravo, where it is common on dry fiats after rains. Subfamily SPERMOSIRILE. Thallns sine peridcrmatc, interdum nullus. Trichomata sporis instructa. Thallua without any periderm, sometimes absent. Filaments furnished with spores. Genus ANABiENA, Bort. Trichomata moniliformia, cvaginata; sporis sphiericis, anrcis vel aureo-fuseis, plcruraque singulis, cum eellulis vegctativis vel perdurantibus conjunctis. ' '-'■'-■- 1 I ^^ IH 38 FRESn-WATER A L 0 ^: OF THE UNITED STATES. Pilamcnta nionilirorin, wiilimil sliciitlis ; n|>nri'« spherical, yiOlnw or yellowiHli-fiiscouo, mostly sin- gle, varlouHly pluci'd us to ilio lictiTocysta and orUiuury eclls. Remark». — The clinractcrs which I have given arc somewhat different and less oxactinpf than tliose of Prof. Itabenhorst, otherwise our American species would hardly be covered by the diagnosis. Professor Harvey in his Phycologia IJritan- nica states tliat A. Jussieu had preoccupied tlic name, Anuhaua, by applying it to a genus of Eiijiltorhiacnr. Tlie date of Hory's name is, however, 18'23, whilst that of Jussieu is 1824, Hence, it is the latter which must be changed. A. gelatinoMa, Wuon. A. tlmllo mucoso pelatiiioso, imlcfmite cxpanso, dilutissimo brunnoo, nonniliil pellueido ; tricho- niatibiis Imud vngiiiatl(<, luviter floxuoso-iMirvatis, nonniliil disfantiljus, liaud intricalis, aut dilute auroi.s aut dilute eosruleo-viridihua ; arliculis plolioais, lioniogonpis ; eollulis pcrdw- rantihus artifulornm diumctro fere ajqualibus, globosis, vel rare obloiigis; sporis terininalibus, singuli.s, globosirt (fusco-brunncis?). Si/n. — ,1. gclaliiwsa, Wood, Prodromus, Proc. Ainer. Pliilos. Soc, 18C0, 12C. Hub. — Prope I'liiladelpliia. Tliallua gelatinous, mucous, indennitvly expiindod, soincwliat pellucid, with a brownish tinge; lilamonts not vaginatc, Homcwliat curved, ratlicr distant, not intricate, cither a light golden- yellow or light bluish-green; joints globose, homogeneous; heterocysts about equal to the Hlauicuts in diameter, globose or rarely oblong ; spores terminal, globose. Remarks. — The color of the shapeless mass of jelly of which the frond is com- posed is a light.brown with, in jjlaces, a decided reddisli or flesh-colored tint. The heterocysts are either interstitial or terminal, no hairs were detected on them; they are mostly globose and jnly occasionally are they oblong. Fig. 4, pi. 2, represents a filament of this species magnified 750 diameters; the color of the endochromc of the large spore was possibly due to its being dead. A. flos aqua;, (LvNan.) Ktz. A libera natana, submembranacea, asruginca; trichomatibus plus minus eurvatis, stcpius circi- natis; nrticulis sphierieis vel c mutua pressione modo ellipticis modo oblongo-quadratis ; cel- lulis pcrdurantibus ellipticis singulis vol geminis; cytioplasmatu pallide a;rngineo granulato turbato ; sporis exacto globosis aurco-fulvis lucidis, singulis interjcctis, articulorum diamotro subdupio majoribus. U. Species mihi ignota. Diam.— Artie. O.OOOlt"— 0,00025"; diara. long cell. perd. 0.00048"— 0.0005.}"; spor. 0.000;j2"— 0.0004". Hyn. — A. JloK aqusp, (LvNiin.) Ktz. Uahenhorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. II. p. 182. Ilah. — "Hound Pond, West Point, New York." Prof. Bailey. Silliman's Journal, N. !3., vol. iii. 18 Swimming free, snbmembranaceons, ffirnginons; filaments more or loss curved, very often cir- cinnate; articles spherical, or, from mutual pressure, elliptical or oblong quadrate; heterocysts elliptical, single or geminate ; eytioplasm pale a-ruginous, granulate ; spores exactly globular, golden-fulvous, bright, singly interspersed, nearly twice the diameter of the joints. A. gigantea, Wood. A. thallo nuUo, trichomatibua sir Talis et numeroso-consociatis, natantihus, rcclis, in ictate juveni spiraliter convclutis ; arliculis plerumque subglobosis, arete connexis, granulosis ; eel- FUESlI-WATEll ALUvK OF THK UNITED STATES. 39 lulls perdiiruiitibiiB intorjootis, arlieulis vcgctutiviH Bubajqualibus, utroqne polo panctiforme incrasHatig, BubH|)liu!rici8; sporis 8ubti|)iiieriei8. Sijn. — A. giyunlea, Wood, Prodromus, Troc. Amcr. PbiloB. See, 18C9, 146. Uab. — In Btugiiiu iiutaiitu, propo riiiiadclpliiu. Diam — Artie, vcgutut. mux. J^\\„. Ilutcrocysts a^'o, - ,0005. Spor. lat. ,g>o'ffo - Long' , Au - 001. Tliiiilus wanting j filamonts occurring floating singly on water or in great numbers, straigbt, but in the young stiito oflon spirally convolute ; unifies mostly subglobosc, closely connected, granular, hetcrocysts subspberical, interstitiul, a very little larger tLan the vegetative cells, thickened at each end in a punctirorm manner; spore Bubsphcricul. Remarks.— This plant was found by myself, late in the summer, floating upon a brick-pond below the city, forming a part of a thick, dirty-green, "pea-soup colored," almost pulverulent scum. The filaments, though occasionally in great numbers, were never, that I saw, joined togetlier by any jelly so as to form a frond, i'ig- 5, pi. 3, represents a short filament of this species magnified 750 diameters. Genus CYLINDROSPEIIMUM, Ktz. SporoB ante cellulam tcrminalcm ortas. Sporo developing from the next to the terminal cell. C. luinutum, Wood. C. trichomatibus dilute ajrugineis, picrumque flexuoso-curvatis et intricatis, intcrdum subrcctis ; articulia cylindricis, ad gcnicula plus minus constrictis, liomogeiieis vel granulatis; cellulia pcrdurantibus terminalibus, hirsutis, globosis; sporis ellipticis, dianictro 2—3 plo longioribus, subtilissimc granulatis. Syn.—C. minutim, Wood, Prodromus, Proc. Amor. Philos. 8oc., 18C9, 126. Diam.—XrWc. bbVtt"; spor. long, f,',,"; trnnsv. ^g's,". Hab. — In stngnia propo Philadelphia. Filaments light airuginous-grcen, generally curved and intricate, sometimes struightish ; articles cylindrical, more or leas constricted at the joints, homogeneous or granulate ; hrteroeysts terminal, hirsute, globose ; spores elliptical, 2 — 3 times longer than broad, very minutely granulate. Remarks.— 'This species was found by myself at Spring Garden, New Jersey, With a number of other alga; it formed a ferruginous-brown gelatinous mass, growing in a deep, shaded, very stagnant pool. In most instances the filaments were closely interwoven, and sometimes lormed minute greenish balls, just large enough to be visible to the unassisted eye. In other instances they were mixed up with various algec in little indefinite masses. There is apparently a stage in the life of the plant, when it consists of a single filament enclosed in a little cap- sule, for mixed in with the rest of the gelatinous scum were little microscopic, sub- globose masses, with a firm outer periderm and a single filament coiled up in the centre. The color of the filaments was generally a faint bluish-green, sometimes, however, with a yellowish tint. The spores were decidedly yellowish. Fig. 6, pi. 2, represents a fragment of a filament with the spore magnified 800 diameters. 40 FRE8U-VVATKU ALUJi OF TUE UNITED STATK8. 1 M C aeiuomiin, (An.) iudrnh. C. atrato golutiiiuxi), unturato virldo, iiKlcllnitu cxpansu; tridiomntibiiM icquolilxia, pnllido vcl 8aturato uu'niU'o-viridilms, pIcriiiiKiii)) vulilo tlcxuoHU ut intricutin, mi'piiix tiri'liintiiii vvl fusi'iutiiii coiivdliiliH, iiitt'riltiui xubi'i'c'lU, I't fusciutiiii coiiti'XtiN; urticuliH oltluiiKix, nil pelli- cula pliiii iiiiiiiin coiitrui'tlH, lioiiiof^ciici!! vcl Kriiiiiilulii*, ilUlliictlH ; cclliiliH pcriliiraiitiliiiH turmiiiulibiiH, hiiIikIoIiuhIm, ruru liirHiitiM, iioiiiiiuHpiuiii li> 'ricliuiiiulis utru«|Uo Uuu ; Hpurig oblungo-c^lludrlcis, dianictru S — 3 plu luiigluribiis, dint .etc gruiiulutid. 7)iam.— Spor. ^, J, ,"■■ .000410" ; cell, veget. ,o>b," — .000100". Syn. — C. JlcxHonum, (Ao.) ItAiiENiKintiT, Floru Kurop. Algiiriim, Sect. II. p. 188. Ilab III locirt IrrorullM, propi; riiiludclplila. Striitiiiii gcliitliiDiiK, deep green, iiidcruiltcly expan- ticul, but alwai/8 cylindrical, iis they are said t(j bo nomdinica in the typical speci- mens. The color of the spores also is not " fuscous," but tliut probably depcndi upon their not being fully mature. Fig. 7, pi. 2, represents the spore of this species with the neighboring hctcro- cyst, mngniiied 750 diameters. C. COmntllin, Wood (Hp. imv.) V. terrcHlri', Htratiiin golutinoHUin a>riiKiiicuin iiiti'rdum brunrifu tiiictum, furmuiiH; trii'liomnti- bus floxuoHii), iiilrii'utiM, huuU iipirulibuH, tL'(|Uulibu>t; urticulin bruvii oyliiidrucviH, dianit'tro ui(|uulibu8 ad plus dupio luiigioribux, pleruni(|uu HijuiictiH, pullidu lurugiiivis, ubticuru grniiii- lutiit ; ci'll':!i.4 t< riiiinulibuH Hubglubusia ; sporix ubluiixo-cyliiidrk'iK, diumutru fvrc dupluluiigi* uribus, gi^mulutiti, lutco-bruniiuig ; mcmbruna ituhsu, diHtinuto grniiulata. Viani Spor. trnnsv. uSon" - .00042". Long. ijVoo" = .00002". Artie. .0001". JIab. — lu tvrra udu; Niagara, Canada. Growing on the ground, forming a gelatinous Htratum of an tcruginons color, Ronictimca tinged on edges with brown; tilunienls flcxuouH, ecpial, intrieatc, not spiral; jointH shortly cylin- drical, equal to or more than twice as long as thu diameter, mostly separated, palo oiruginouH, obRcurely granulate, terminal cells subgloboso ; spores oblong-cylindrical, about twice aa long as broud, granulate, yuUowiuh-brown ; mcmbrano thick, distinctly granulate, liemarJcfi. — I found this CyJbuhospermum growing upon the ground in tlie marshes which border the Niagara llivcr just above the Canadian Falls. It formed a bright, a'ruginous, gelatinous, but firmish, almost membranous, stratum. The filaments arc often quite long, and are composed of short, cylindrical cells, mostly placed rather l r apart. The terminal cells are remarkable for being abun- dantly provided witli long, flexible, hair-like proccs-scs, upon the ends of which arc minute lobular bodies (cells?). Those appendages are so minute as to make it diffi- cult to determine their structure, and although I have studied them with a B'jth immersion lens, giving a power of nearly 2500 diameters, there arc some points about them still undotorminod. I do not know whether they or the little globules are hollow or not. I do feel pretty certain, however, that the little globules arc distinct bodies, and that they finally drop off, leaving the naked hair behind. Is it possible that they have any sexual significance \ The spore-wall is thick, and under a high power is seen to bo distinctly granulate. The granules arc of course small, but in the perfected spore can plainly be soon with an eighth objective pro- jecting out from the margin. Fig. 8, pi. 2, represents the spore-end of a filament, magnified 1375 diameters. Genus DOLICIIOSPEIIMUM, Thwaites. Sporas ellipticie, oblongtc vcl cylindracesD, inter ccllulos vegcfativos ortna, sJBpo in sericbus con- ncxo!, a cclluiia pcrdurantibus dlsjunctte. Spores elliptical, oblong, or cylindrical, occurring amidst the vegetotive cells, often connected in scries, separated from the hcterocysts. 6 April, 1873. 42 FRESII-WATIIU Al.d.K OF TUK UNITKD STATES. Syn. — SphirriKiiijn, (\\'vTonr.», partiin.) Volii-hosinriuiim, Thwaitk's MSS. Mr. J. l{A-„r8 on the Nomtochiner, Ann. Mng. Nut. Hist. ISiiO, p. ;!3o. Itnnar/iK. — Tliis f,^!!!!.^ iliHVrs from Si>fi(rro:i/ija in tliat the siMirrs Imvo no vclii- tion, in ri'giinl to position, with tlio luti'iocvsts. I'lof't'ssor Uabfiihoist, in liis Flora, does not acknowlnlfjo it ; but it is vi>ry t-viiU-nt that hv has ncitlit-r seen the orifjinal paprr ot" Mr. Halt's, nor tlic spccios npon which th«> gt-nns was I'onndfil, for lir nirntions luino of tht- latter, citht-r as gooil sptri«'s or synonyms, and tlu> nu'moir itself is not inchuh-il in his bililiof^niiihical list. 'I'he jjcnerie rharaetcrs given by myself a .• essentially tho.se of the orijjinal description, with the excej)- tion that the tilaments in tiie latter are said to be a<,'<;regated into u stratnni, which is not true of the American forms heroin described. D. MiibriKiiliiiii, W»op. iS. nittiiii:<; lrioli(>n\i>liliiii; siiifiulis, roctisi nut sulirootis, niininiis. diluto viriililms- nrtictilis ('vliiitlrncris nut .suligloliosis, diiitinotis ; sporis ojlinilnici-is, in meilin frnuliitiin iioiiiiiliil I'lHi.xtrii'lis, sinpiilis i\nt tluiilicis, sine ci'llnlis j)oriliiriviitiliu.>i inter ro ; cfUulis iioniuniiitihus bri'vo nlinilriu'oi,-*, singulis, (ii.illin'tis. Syn. — Sphirrosiga gubrujiihim, Wnoii, Proilronuis, Proc. Amor. Pliilos. Soc, ISOO, p. \'2',\. Viam. —Cvn. vcp. trims. j,,'„n" = ■*'">) If/'; spor. Iraiisv. ,,\t„"_„Vo" - OOOl';!" — .OOO'.'d"; lonjr. is'oo" = ^'"*"'''''"; I'''" P>'''>1 inuisv. ,,'„(,"=• -HOO^-i". IJiib. — In stiignis propo Pliiltulclpliin. S. Flvintinp; lilnnicntR sinfjlc, strnifrht or iitrniglitisli, vory sniull. Ii);lit Rrron; nrtic!i\< rylin- drionl t niiilcllc prndnully a littU' oon- strlotod, not linvinK n lictonuyst Wtwocn tluni ; lictcrocysta Siliortly nlindriciil, single, tlistinot. luiiKtrkn. — I have found this species growing in the scnm floating ujHm the ditches below the city. The tilaments are always, as 1 have seen them, scattered. 'I'hey seem always to be nearly straight, or etitirely so, and indeed preserve their straightness so constantly as to suggest the name given the species. The sjM)res are V'^ry distinct, ami all that 1 have s(>en were greenish, cylindrical, and constricted in the middle, so that their sides are concave. Their position does not seem to be uniform, any further than that they are amongst the ordittary cells. The heferocysts are large, almost eqmilliug tht> spores in diameter ; I have never detected hairs on them. This species appears to be most ne;irly allieil to D. T/iirnilrsii of Ualfs, from which it difi'ers in not forming a stratum, ami in the great proportionate dianu'ter of the heterocysts. 1 have never seen any measurements of 1>. Thicuik^ii. Fig. '2, pi. 'ti, is a tilament, nuignitied 97.") diamoters, P. poljNprrnin, (Kn.) S. trii'lionintilius pli'minipic Rulisoliliiriis, sod iiitordiiin cnnsorintls ct intn'oiitis, dihito rii-rulpo- viridihus, .siilMVctis nut varic {-urviitis el lloxnosis; iirlirulis nut .vulisplm-rii !.•< nut breve eylin- drieis; eellulis perdurnntibn.s globosis nut Intissiine elliplieis, nrtieulorutu dinnietro pnula vol dnplo i.injorilius ; .Kporis phis minus elonirntis, eyliudrneeis — in n-lnte inunuturn, npnrso grnnulrttis, tli'ule eieruleo-viridibn.-*, et euni uieinbrniin iuuid distiucta, — in ivtnte u\utura do'Se grauuiatis et euiu inembrnun subcrasaa. »3 If PUESU WATER Al-U.E OF T II K UNITED STATES. 43 Z>iom.— Artiiv ,„'„„"- 0001 C." ; spor. ,,«„„"— ,5 Jgj" - .0002(V_.000;l!r. Syii. iS. lUirmicliulii, IIauvky, I'liyfol. Hritliiiiicu, T. cxiii. iS. fMili/siHTiiiii, (Kt/..) Uaukniioucit, Fluru Eun^). Alguruiu, Sout. II. p. lO'J. Uah. — III stiigiiis, Now JiTsoy. S. niniiiuiiUi moNlly Hul)8olitary, liut Hoiiit>timi<8 OBHOcintMl and iiitrrwovcu together, light bhiixh- grooii, 8tr«ighli,sh, or vnrioii.sW riirvnl iiiiii lli-xiimiH ; a^tJcK's oitlicr siibsphoriciil or shurtly cyliiidricul ; hi'loi'iii'y,sts glolHwo or very bronilly olliplio, n lilllo hirgor t< ; PiiorcK iimro or less t'longtilo, oylindrii-iil, in the iincortniii condition spiir.si-ly griinnliito, light hlui.xli-groi'u, with tho iiiombriuio not ditstinot, ill tho inttlnrc atiito dvimt'Iy grniuihito, nnd with a thiukish uivmbrano. liimarliH. — I found this spiuics fjrowiiig in 11 bvowni.sh jelly, with vavit)iis otlior nl{jiv, in II pool cast of (."aiiulcii, Nt'w Joiscy. 'i'hr lilainnit.s woit- mostly siattt-ri'd, l)tit in sonu" jil'icts imiiibi-is of tliciu wcio colli'cttHl in little nia.sses. In some hhi- nuMits almost all ihe cells were tlevi'loped into spores, so lliat ii sinj^le tiiread con- tained t(>n or even more spores. In hy far the larrc was between eac'i pair of spores a iieterocyst; sometimes, however, the latter was wantiiif;, and the spores wonUl be attached to one another. My specimens tliiler somewhat from the Kiiropean form, but are too close to separate from tiiem. They ciinally re.semblc, iiowever, .V. (\uinirfiivlii. Indeed, I cannot st>e any snhicient reason for separating the species. S. ('(iniiir/uvlii is, to be sure, a salt-water jilant. 1 have, howt>ver, received specimens collected by Dr. licwis, near Stonington, which 1 believe j;iew in salt water, and wliich agree in every respect with my frcsli-water specimens. Fig. 3, pi. y, represents a portion of a lilament, magnitied 150 diunicters. Fa.mii.yU1VIILAH1ACKv1*]. ThiilhiH gclntinoBUs, mollis vol iiidiiriitns, vid frnstacnis, intcrdum onlco itnplctna, tiubglobosuc vcl uniorphii.><. Tricbonuitu iid oscilliirinni niorom iirticiiliilii, viiginitta, himI interduin letuto provoi'la cum vaginis in gclatinam nuitricaliMii coiilliicnlilMis ct hand visil>ilibns, sinipliciii vol pHoiidoraniosa, Bupcrnc alti'iiniita, sa'pins in apiiTin pllirorni<'ni longc prodiicla, parallcia vcl radiatini disposita, ccllula basilic livalina globosa ct intcrdiini ci'llnlis intcrhlialibii.s iiiMlr'ictn. Sponc (iiiiiiiiihrid, Kr/..), singula' picniimpio inter ccllulain pcrdnranteui basilarcin ct cdlnliis vegetutivas posiliB, swpo por- inagine, cvlindrica-, pli-riinKiiic pacliyderinaticie. Vcgctalio tcrniiiialis. I'nipogalio nporis trantpiillis. Thallns gcliilinon», «ofl, or indurated, or ernslaccons, sonielinicH filled with lime, Hubglobose or nmorphons. Trichomata. arlii'iihilcd like an oscillaloria, vaginate, but soinctiiiicH, when old, with the t«healhs coiillucnt in the inalernul jolly and not visililc, Hiiiiple or pwoudorainose, allcnuated above, oi'loii willi Ihe npcx prolonged into a long hair, parallel or radialcly ilispoKcd, furnished with globose hyaline, thiok-walled liasal colls, and soinetiinoH with inlerstilial cells. Spores cylindrical, gfiiorally placed between the basal and vegelative cells, often very largo, moatly with thick coatu. Vegetation tranipiil. rropngalion by means of tranipiil spores. JiVwiirh. — Tn the h'irnliuliiniv tlie thallns is always small; but is most peiu>- rally in the various species somewhat d«>tinite in form and size. Its consistency in onr North American forms varies from that of an cxceetlingiy soft, forndt'ss jelly to that of a gristly mass. The maternal jtdly is tisnally colorless, soim^times brown- ish or yellowisli. There is never any condensation of tho outer portion of tho i ip .r 44 FRESH -WATER ALQM OF THE UNITED STATES. ii '.i frond into a periderm. The filaments commonly radiate from the centre to the circumference ; sometimes, especially in the softer fronds, tliey arc simply parallel with one another. The slieaths vary in thoir hreadth, firmness, and distinctness. The--o little plants grow chiefly in the water; some species are said to live in the ..ir in exceedingly damp places, but I have not as yet met with any such. They appear to prefer cold climates, although I have received specimens from South Carolina. With us, I have only found them in the late autumn and winter months. As to their lifc-liistory very little appears, to be known ; I have not been able to make any observations myself upon this point, nor to obtain iioctss to the papers' by De Bary, almost the only sources of such information, and therefore pass by the subject. Genus NOSTOCIIOPSTS, Wood. Trii.ho;nata ramosa cum collulis pcrdiiraiitibus aut in latcribus scssilibus aut in ramulorum brevissi- inoruin apioibus dispositis. Yagiiite nulla!. Thallus dclinitus. Syn. — Kustochopsig, Wood, Prodromus, Proc. Amcr. Philos. Soc, 1809. Tliallus dcflnite ; filament branched ; lioterocysts sessile upon tie sides of the filaments, or raised upon the apices of short branches ; sheaths none. Remarks. — The curious plfint upon which this genus is founded has the habit of a nostoc. The outer portion of the frond is condensed, so as to give the appear- ance of a periderm ; but there is, in reality, no true periderm. The consistence of the thallus is that of a firm, gelatinous mass. The trichomata or filaments radiate from the inner part of the frond towards the outer surface, but many of them take their origin in the outer portions of the thallus. In most places they are distinctly articulated, and, indeed, the joints being swollen and moniliform, in some parts they almost seem to be composed of globular cells, resembling some- what the filaments of a nostoc ; on the other hand, in certain portions they are not at all articulated, and this for long distances. No sheaths are anywhere visible. The heterocysts are, strangely enough, never placed in the continuity of the fila- ments. Sometimes they are sessile immediately upon the latter, sometimes they are raised upon very short branches. Tiiey are globose, with rather thick walls. Possibly, however, I am mistaken in believing these bodies to be heterocysts, for they may be rather of the nature of spores, as is somewhat indicated by their thick walls, and often apparently dense contents. Their round shape, and the absence of anything else representing heterocysts, has induced me, however, so to consider them. In my Prodromus I placed this plant provisionally amongst the nostocs ; but the radiation of the filaments from within outwards, and especially their being branched, on second thought seem to me to indicate a closer relation with the Riculariacea. The genus appears to be a sort of connecting link be- tween the two families. » "Flora," 18C3. 1' FRESHWATER AhQjH OP THE UNITED STATES. 45 • ]¥. lobatiiR, WuoD. N. tlinllo vivide viride aut luteo-viridc, cavo, enormitcr lobato, natnnte, raodice mngno, firmo, gelatinoso ; triclioinatibus plorumque loiigis, noxuosis, dilute viridibus, plurumque articulatis, partial iiiarticulatis, cyliiidricis aut sub-moniliforiuibus, sparse grnnulatii>. Diavi.—'Vrkl-.om. T5J55" - .00000"— 7 s'^j" = .00013" ; cell pcrdum. j^'j/ = .00026". Syn. — N. lobatus, Wood, Prodromus, Proc. Aracr. Pbilos. Soc, 1869. Ilah. — In Schuylkill Flamine, prope Pliiladclpliia. Tliallus bright green or yellowish-green, hollow, irregularly lobed, floating, moderately large, Arm, gelatinous ; filaments n istly long, flexuous, dilute green, mostly articulate, partly inar- ticulate, cylindrical or somewhat moniliform, sparsely granulate. Remarks.— I found this plant floating upon the Schuylkill Elver just above Mauayunk. The hollow frond was buoyed up by a bubble ot gas contained within it. It was an irregular, flattened, somewliat globose mass, of a bright green color and about half an inch in diameter. It seems very probable that in its earlier condition, it was a solid attached frond. The long slender filaments are often very tortuous, but run a pretty direct general course *;owards the outer surface. Fig. G a, pi. 3, represents a section of the frond slightly magnified ; a, b, c, por- tions of filaments magnif ed 80(J diameters. Genus GLOIOTRICHIA, J. Ac. (1842.) Trichomata c planitie orta psendoramosa, distinete vaginata ; vaginm aniploB, basi plernmquc fiaccata;, transverse undulato-plicatic, plus minus constrictai, apice apertae, non laciniatie. Sporie magna: cylindrica:. Filaments springing from a plane, pseudoramose, distinctly vaginate ; sheath ample, mostly saccate at the base, transversely undulately plicate, more or less constricted, open at the apex, not laciniato. Spores large, cylindrical. Remarks. — This genus was, I believe, first indicated by Professor Agardh in his Alga; Maris Med'Uerranei et Adriatici, a work to which I have not access. On account of this, and also because I have not seen any of the typical species of the genus, I have preferred simply copying the generic characters given by Professor Rabenhorst. If my understanding of "e planitie orta" is cor- rect, I do not think it true. Professor Ilabenhorst's own figure of Rivularia shows that the filaments do not all arise on one plane ; although he asserts the character equally for tli t genus. In our American species the filaments do not all arise on one plane, nor can they be spoken of as '•'■ psendoramosa." G. incrustata, Wood. G. globosa vel subovalis, lirma, solida, ad pisi minimi mognitudincm, dilnte viridis, crystallo- phora; trichomatibus rectis aut leviter curvatis, in piluni productis, viridibus aut flavescen- tibus, sa;pe infra Isete viridibus sed supra flavescentibua, baud ordinatim articulatis ; articulia inferioribus in trichomatibus maturis brevibus, plcruniqne eoniprcssis ; pilo apicale recto aut leviter eurvato, plerumquo indistinote articulato, siepe intcrrupto; vaginis amplis, achrois, saccatis, interdum valdc constricti.« ; sporis cylindriciu, stepe curvatis. diamctro ad 9 plo lon- gioribus ; ccUulis pcrdurantibus sphocricis. / 46 FRESH-WATER \LQM OF THE UNITED STATES. Z)jani.— Trieliom. cum vag. tsoo"— i/oa"; spons niax. li'so'—rioa"; ^11. pcrd. tkXoo"- Syn. — O. incrustata, Wood, Prodronius, I'roc. Amer. I'bilus. Soc, 1809, p. 128. Hub. — Schuylkill River, plautas aquaticas adLairciis. Frond globose or suboval, firm, solid, about the size of a very small pea, light green, crystal bearing ; filaments straight or slightly curved, produced into long hairs, green or yellowish, sometimes bright green in their proximal portions but yellowish above, not regularly articu- late; lower articles in the mature filament short, and generally compressed; apical seta straight or slightly curved, mostly indistinctly articulate, frequently interrupted; sheath ample, transparent, saccate, sometimes strongly constricted ; spores cylindrical, frequently curved, about 9 times as long as broad. ■J i if I Remarks. — I found this species growing attached to some little plants, either in the Schuylkill near Spring Mills, or else in the spring itself, I do not know which. The roundish fronds varied in size from a mustard-seed to that of a half-grown pea. They were of a decided green color, hut appeared grayish from the amount of carbonate of lime in and upon them. The larger balls, when cut in two, were distinctly separable into a central and cortical part. The former was more gela- tinous and contained fewer of the filaments than the latter. The filaments mostly arose in sets together, i. e. there were one or mdte zones or planes in which the bases of the filaments were placed together. This, however, was not strictly the case, as there were almost always some scattered trichomata. The matured fila- ments are very distinct. Their sheaths are very large, and often saccate, with wavy, loose-looking margins ; sometimes they are suddenly transversely constricted, once or more in their length ; sometimes they look as if a tight spiral band were wound around ; sometimes they are entirely free from any constrictions. These sheaths are open above, appearing as though they had been melted away. The spore is long and cylindrical, and is highly granular. The endochrome is gene- rally articulated below, the joints are often so nearly globular in the lower portions as to give a moniliform appearance ; sometimes the articles are compressed. The upper portion of the trichoma is frequently interrupted, and if at all articulated is very irregularly and indistinctly so. The younger filaments have their endo- chrome variously and irregularly interrupted. The basal cells are globular. I believe the formation of new filaments and the consequent growth of the frond take place by distal portions of the projecting endochrome separating from the parent filament, then forming a basal cell, and lastly a sheath. (See Plate 00.) The carbonate of lime docs not exist as a definite incrustation, but in the form of scmi-crystalliuc masses scattered through the frond. This species seems to come closer to G. horyana than any described species, from the description of which it differs, in the color of thallus, in the latter being always solid (at least so I have found it late in the fall, wlicn the spores were fully perfected), in its habit of in- closing crystals of carbonate of lime, in the curved spores; and, doubtless, a com- parison of the specimens would show still more important differences. Fig. 4 a, pi. 3, represents a section of a frond moderately magnified ; fig. 4 h, the basal end of a filament magnified 460 diameters ; fig. 8 c, filaments magnified 260 diameters. i FRESU-'^'ATEU ALG.E OF TUE UiNlTED STATES. 47 G. anvnlosa, (Roth.) J. Aoh. O. globoso-ongulosa, cava, viridi-fuBcescens, ad cerasi magnitadinem ; trichomatibns strictis, torulosis, saponie leviter flcxuosis, passim interruptis ; articuiis infcrioribus plus minus compressis, diamctro duplo tripiovo longioribus ; vagiuis amplis, aclirols hie illic leviter con- Btrictis; sporis plus minus clongetis, oblougo-ovatis vel cllipsoidoo-cylindricis, diametro 3-6- 10 plo longioribus, lerugineo-fuseescentibus, nonnunquam leviter curvatis, cytioplasmate sub- tiliter granuloso, tnrbato. (R.) Species mihi ignola. 2)iam.— Cell. perd. 0.00036"— 0.0005". Spor. max. 0.00059". (II.) Syn — a. angulosa, (Rotu.), J. Aqardu., Rabenjiorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. II. p. 201. Hab. — Iludson River prope West Point, (Bailey.) Globose angular, hollow, greenish-fuscous, attaining the size of a cherry ; filaments strict, tom- lose, above somewhat flcxuose, here and there interrupted; inferior joints more or less com- pressed, 2-3 times longer than their diameter; sheath ample, colorless, here and there slightly constricted; spores more or less elongate, oblong-ovate or ellipsoidal-cylindrical, 3-6-10 times longer than the diameter, oeruginous-fuscous, sometimes slightly curved, cytioplasm very minutely granulate. Genus RIVUL ART A, (Roth.) Agh. Thallus et trichomata eadcm quic Gloiotrieha, sed vagina; arctissimoB, soepe in gelatinam matri- calem confluentes, quasi nullee. Thallus and filaments similar to those of Gloiotrieha, but the sheaths very close, often confluent in the gelatinous matrix and apparently wanting. Re7nark8.— The characters given above are those of Professor Rabenhorst. Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. II. p. 206 B. cartilaffinea, Wood. R. subglobosa, parva, cartilaginca, saturate brunnea vrl subatra, solitoria in plantis aquaticis :_ trichomatibus maturis-sterilibus, rectis out subrectia, cylindricis, clongatis, baud articniatis ; cytioplasmate siEpe interrupto; vaginis arctis et distinctis; cellulis perdurantibus globosis] diametro subajqualibus :— trichomatibus fertilibus— rectis aut subreetis, supra spora cellulis 8-9 instructis; sporis elongatis, rectis, cylindricis; vaginis nonnihil crassis, arctis :— trichomatibus immaturis breve articulatis ; vaginis subamplis. Dtom.— Trich. cum vag. „Vb"; spor 35^/- 8yn.—R cartilaginca, Wood, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 1869, p. 128. Hah.— .In palude. Northern Michigan. • Frond subglobosc, small, cartilaginous, deep brown or blackish, solitary upon aquatic plants ; mature sterile filaments, cylindrical, elongated, not articulated, their cytioplasm frequently interrupted, their sheaths close and distinct, their heterocysts globose and about equal to them in diameter; fertile filaments straight or nearly so, above the spores furnished with 8 or 9 cells; spores niongate, stroight, cylindrical; sheaths rather thick, close; immature filaments shortly articulate, their sheaths rather large. Remarha. — The frgnd of this species grows attached to the leaves of water-plants, and has its under side markedly flattened so that it is somewhat semi-globose. The filaments which compose the mass of the very firm frond are elongated, cylindrical, and of nearly or entirely uniform diameter throughout. The sheaths are close, distinct, rather thin, open above, and, in many instances, almost or even entirely empty. Scattered amongst such filaments are the fertile ones. These have at theit base an elongated cell, in which is the long cylindrical spore, which varies 48 FRESU. WATER ALGiE OF TUE UNITED STATES. very greatly in length in the various filaments, but is almost always shorter than the cell containuig it. Just beyond the spore is a series of distinct, variously shaped cells, about seven in number, which arc, as I have seen them, empty. In the outer portions of the frond occur what I believe to be young filaments. These are distinguished by their rapidly decreasing in diameter towards their distal end, by their being distinctly articulated, by their basal cell not being distinctly sepa- rated as in the older filaments, and by their sheaths being more ample. These various filaments composing the fronds do not arise from any one place, but commence at very different distances from the centre, and pursue a more or less straight course to the circumference of the frond, from which they often project. Fig. 9, pi. 2, represents a section of the frond moderately magnified ; fig. 9 h, is a drawing of the basal part of a filament magnified 800 diameters. Genus ZONOTIIICIIA. Thatli pulvinato-licniisplimrici, sa?pe coiiflucntcs, calcc procgnantcs, plus minus indurati, basi plnnl affixa, sBtatc provectn plerumquo cxcnvati, iiitiis zoimti; zonis concciitriois, varicgatis; triclioniata pscudoramosa, gracilia, inoiquatia, apice liyalina ct plus minus longc cuspiJata vol in pilum producta. Vagina; firiniB, liomogenea: vcl luugitudiualitcr plicato-flbrilloso), apico intogro! vol diiatato; ct in fibrillas solutaj. Spora; ignotiB. Thalli pulvinately hemispherical, often confluent, impregnated with lime, and more or less indu- rated, fixed by the flattened base, in advanced age mostly excavated, zoned within ; zones concentric variegated ; filaments pseudoramo.sc, Blender, unequal, their apices hyaline and more or less cuspid- ate or prolonged into a hair ; sheaths firm, homogeneous, or longitudinally plicately fibrillose, their apices entire or dilated and dissolved in fibrillo!. Spores unknown. HI ]'' • ■ 11 Z. mollis, Wood (sp. nov.) Z. intcrdum subhtcmisphcrica scd gr' PRE8U-WATER ALQiE OP TUE UNITED STATES. 61 Frond small, alioiit the size of a small pea, irregularly subglobose, soft, gclotinous, Ilglit green, Ulumeuts geuerully struiglitish, j.nrtly distinelly, purtly liidiBtinctly artieulate j blicullis in tlic mature (ilaiuent not pereeptibie ; in the young liliinients rather large hi the upper portion ; heteroeyHts suhglobose or globose or elliptic, twice us large tts the Ulament, generally single but Bume times bi or tri-iiuriulu. Remarks.— 1 found this species growing attached to the little leaves of various minute cryptogamic and phaneerogamic water-plants, in a small bog, near the mouth of Carp lliver, in Northern Michigan. The frond is somewhat translucent, with a slightly greenish tint, and has a soft, gelatinous consistency. The matured trichoma or filaments are more or less radiating, very long, generally nearly straight and parallel. Their joints or articles are long, mostly not very distinctly separated, and often arc entirely wanting. The sheaths are entirely lost, no traces o^ them being perceptible. They seem to be altogether melted down into the homoge- neous jelly, in which the filaments are imbedded. The basal cell is large, mostly globular, and very prominent. On the edges of the frond may frequently be seen small, evidently immature filaments, which have no distinct basal cell. Aroiuul the basal portion of these young trichoma there is a well-marked close sheath, which near the apex is wanting. In their immature filaments the joints are mostly very short, rather distinctly separated, almost globular. Fig. 5, pi. 4. Genus MASTIGOKTilMA, Schwabe. Triehomata articulata, sursum flagelliformia vel subulata, simplicia vcl pseudoraniosa (nonnunqnam fascicnlatim psendornmosa), prdcunibentia vel erecta, in thallo indistineto ca;spitoso-uggregata; vagina} arotio et homogencu! vel omplas et plus minus distiiicte lamellosa;, apicc plerumque apertse! interdum laeiniato;. Filamenta articulate, superiorly flagclliform or subulate, simple, or falsely branched, sometimes faaeiculately so, procumbent or erect, caispitosely aggregated into a sort of thallus ; sheaths close and homogeneous or ample, aad more or leas distiuctly lamellate, the apex for the most part open sometimes laciuiate. ' in. fbrlile, Wood, (sp. nov.) M. cnispitosum, cum algis altcria intormixtnm; trichomatibns simplicibus, elongatis, flexuoso- curvatis, apice truncatis; triehomatibus internis viridibus, sajpo interruptis, interdum dis- tincte articulatis interdum inarticulatis ; articulis diametro 3-5 plo longioribus ; vaginis modice arctis, firmis, achrois, crassis, coloris cxpertibus, apice truncatis et apertis ; sporis cylindricis, sparsis, in fdamcnto unico sajpe pluribus, in cellulis inclusis; cellulis perdurantibus globosis] interdum compressis trichomatis diametro fere ojqualibus. i?tom.— Filam. j^'gir" - -00033" ; spor. 55V11" = .0001G6". flo6.— In stagnis. Alleghany Mountains, Centre County, Pennsylvania. Caispitosc, intermixed with other algoe; filaments simple, elongate, flcxuously curved, trun- cate at tho apex ; internal filament green, often interrupted, sometimes articulated,' some- times not articulate ; joints 2-3 times longer than their diameter ; sheath moderately close, thick, firm, transparent, end colorless, truncate and open at the apex ; spores cylindrical^ scattered, each contained in a cell, frequently several in a filament; hcterocysts globose] Bometimos ..'ompressed, about equal iu diameter to the filament. V R K S H - W A T V. II A 1. 0 .K 0 V T II V. V N I T H I> S T A T K S. ii I r 3 i^ ii if Riiiiarh. — 1 found this iilaiit in a stiif,Miaiit jmol in " Hrar Mcadtn ," forming; n filanirntous, tVlty mass witli (l'ili)ijiiiiiiiiii x/iIikiIiiiii and titiicr al^^ir. 'I'lic xarionsly curved and interlaced lle\il)le tilanients arc always simple and of unit'orm, or nearly uuit'orni, diameter tlirouf,'h their wlude length ; excepting that in some instances there are small, local, bulluuis enlargements of tlu- sheath. Tiiough the cuds of the tihuucnts in all the specimens 1 have seen are abruptly truncate, it is very possil)Ic that in the young triciionui the iipcx is prolonged into a long hair sis in most of the J/ks^V/owo/ki. The inner filament is sometimes very distinctly arti- culated, often, liowever, it is not at all so. 'i'he siieaths are firm, not at all lamel- late, and generally project beyond the inner trichoma. The spotcs are cylindrical, yellowish, with a pretty distinct, although very close coat. They arc always in- closed in distinct cells, aud uro mostly several in a iihuneut, placed at intervals in its length. This is the first instance, at least that I know of, in which a species of this genus has been found in fruit, and it is interesting to note the resemblance of the spores to those of the nu)re connnonly fruiting rivularias. At the same time the . peculiar arrangement of the spores is remarkable, and if the other species of JAm- tigonema shoidd be found to have the more conunon exclusively basal arrangement of spores, 1 think it would afford good gromul for considering ilA. y) /7//c as the type of a new geiuis. Moreover, the filaments an; not united into a distinct thallus, ami also want the apical hair of Mitiitijam.— Sine vag.= .0003" ; cum vag.= .0005". Ihb. — In ncstuario, Stonington, Cnnn. (Dr. V. Li'wis.) In little tufts; tilanients sinipK-, in mature state preiitly elongate, and with the sheath trnneate and open, — in the young eondilion shorter and often ending in a rather shorl seta; ii.'t'i'iial lilaiuent shortly articulate, ininutely granular, continuous or variously interrupted; sheath liriii, rather thick, often distiiully lamellated, colorless; heteroeystrf subglobose. i R(iniirl->^. — This species is an iiditdiitant of salt, or at least brackish water, having b(>en collected in Stonington Inlet by Dr. Frank I,cwis. The filaments are very long and always simple; forming apparent exceptions to this, 1 have s(>en once or twice a number of yomig filaments so united as to give the appcamnce of having been produced from oiu" old one, and in other cases young filiunents growing from the sid(> of an old one ; but I believe those are always si^t free so soon as they attain a certain size. In one instance there wert^ large, globulttr cells, with very thick walls, produced, and lying free, in the sheath. Are these spores? They are I I- 1 1 FllKSlI-WATKIl ALCK OK Til K U N 1 T F; I) S T A T K S r,3 wi'll sliowu ill tigiiic i />, J)!. ;>. Associatcil with tliciii wvw ii nuinlicr of siinilnr cells wliicli hiul not ohtaiiu'd iis yet the outer thick wall. Tlie cohir of tlie tilaiiieiits is ill my s|)eciiiiens of a rich yoldeii brown ; but, as tiiey iiave been iireserved in car- bolic ucid water, 1 cannot speak positively as to the ori^'inul tint. 'I he heterocysts are 8ubf,'lobose, .soiiietiines compressed, sometimes somewhat triangular. They about eciual in diameter the internal filament. Fig. 2, pi. 5, represents u small duster of youngish filaments of this species. in. M>.jlllirf Hill, Whop, (sp. iiov.) Al. tliiillc) cifsiiitulo, mollc, imrimitico; tricliomivtilniB nimplii'ihns, i.lrrmnini.' irmiiiciilfttiH, Hcd, iiiliTiliiiii lircvr, iiilcrdum lonp', iirticiilalis, coiiliiiiiis, riiriiis ihl.'nii|ilis, iiiiicc nllniUHlin, (liiVd-iiIiviicciH mil viriililms, spursi' uramiliilis ; viitiinis plcniim|ii.' nmplis rt (lit^l'iicli.s, liyii- liiii.f, Hii'piiis viildiMiiKluliilis, iipi«T pl.'riiiiic|iif valdf iiinplilii'atiH ct in lihrillas s.diitis; i-HIiiIIh pcnliiranlibii.s diaiiu'tro siil)a'i|iialil)iirt ; sjinriH luilliH. /;„„„. _Tnt.|,om o„'„o" ■=■ OOOIC"; cum viijf, ,„",,^" = noo.V'. Ifiih. — III plaiilarimi ai|iinticariiiii ftdiiH, ("arp Itivrr, .Micljij^'aii. TlialliiM sdincwlial ca'spiloso, sofl, ].araHitic ; (ilamonts Niinpli>, mostly iiiarliciilatc, Iml soinc- liiiMs sliorlly siiiurlimcM long arlii'iilal.', coiitiiitKius op nioiv rarely "iiilcmiplcd, allcniialc at llic apex, yollowiHh-olivo or (greenish, sparsely ^'ramilate; slirall.s inostlv ample and dislinet liyallne, often slron^rly nndnlale, the apex mostly mnel. aniplilie.l ami d'issolved into lihrilhe ; lieleroeysts about e(iuul to tliu lilameut in diameter; spores wanting. Rrmarh. — 'nun species was found in tlie Carp River bog, growing on the cd<'es of minute leaves, so as to form little prominences or thickenings of the mar distal end of the filament. Tiu; species appears to be most nearly allied to M. limurlainun, UuuN., from wliich, however, it is (piite distinct. Fig. 2 (f, pi. 4, represents this species magnified 250 diameters ; fig. 2 h, a single filament magnified 800 diameters. in. cloiij(nliiiii, Wooi>. M. initio subfrloliosum, poston sa^po nonnihil fusinum, nipro-viride, lnl)rienm. firiiio ; trielioma- tilius aMMi-?ineis, valde elonpatis, flatrelliforniilins, interduin inarlieidalis sed sa'piiis Ineve artieulatis, inlerdiim a.i penieuln valdn eonstrietis, apieo inlerdnni Inmealis sed plernnitpio in pilum, lonpum. neliroum, flexuosuni, prodnetis; vairinis aehrois, arelis, sa-pe apieo truu- cntis; eellnlis penlurantibus globosis 7cl .subglobosis. -7fi''oa"=00(li'(l. Diam Hiin.—M. elougalum, Woon, Proilromns, I'roc Amer. I'liilos. Soc, lS(i9, p. 1-28. Htd). — III nqimrio. 54 PllKSII-WATKR Ar.(}^': OF T H K UNITED STATES. TlmlliH lit firMl »ii1ik1()1)o«c, nftcrwanU fri'(|iu'iitlj' fiiHifiinn, bliukihli-Krccii, ulippcry, linn ; fila- iiii'titH iiTU);iiiiiiis, very clongulc, DuiiiutiiiicH iiut uiliciilatcd, bill iiioro ((ci»'nill,v Kliortly urti- riiliiti'(l, scinii'iiiiirM i4ti'iiii);ly ('iintrut'lcil itl llii- joiiils; ujiit'cH HiniK'iitiii'.i triiiit'iiti' Imt iri'iirriilly |iriiilu('(!il iiilo a loiif^, llcxiiDtiH, traiiHliici'iil liair; hIu'iiIIi truiis|iui-eul, cIuhv, ri'vi|UL'Ully triiii- cato at tlio opux ; liuloruoyHln glulK>so ur Hubglubutio. Rimarlcs, — This species grew in my aqunrium on some brook-moss, which I obtained from a sprinj^ above; Manaynnk. It forms litth' nodules of the size of a pin's Iiead upon tlie wire-like stems, or sometimes hjUfjer fusiform nuisses, whicli are apparently produced by the coalescence of a nuiul)er of the little {globes. The color of these fronds, wliieh arc very firm, is a blackisii-vc they are never really so; yet it is often almost impossible to separate them one from another by pressure on the glass cover, without entirely mashing and distorting the filaments. Fig. 1 «, pi. 5, represents a section of a frond of this species slightly magnified; fig. 1 i, a single filament magnified 460 diameters. Genus MASTIGOTIIlllX, Ktz. Trichomftta siiipuln, plcrumqiio Rpnrsn, parasiticn intra Uiiillum Climtopliorarnm aliariimqiie nifrarum, fta^rcllifnrniia, in npiccm ])ilir>>rmem aclironm liyalinum ciispidata, distincto articuluta, arctu vagiiiata, basi ceiliila perdurantc instriicta. (11.) Filament single, mostly scattered, pnraaitic within tlin tliallns of riiiBtopJiora or other algm, flagcUiform, with thu apex produced in a. hyaliuo hair, distinctly vaginatc, furnished with a basal heterocyst. ItemnrJcH. — 1 have simply copied the generic description of Prof. Rabenhorst, although it seems to uk; more than doubtful wliether the ])lace of growth is any generic character whatever. I have replied more on the long hyaline apical hair, although our American form does grow in a gelatinous palmella like jelly. in. flbrosa, Wood. M. dilute vel eicriileo-viridis, vcl olivaeeo-viridis, vol siib-irrnjiinea, infra hand artienlata, siirsum smpo breve artienlata, apiee ill trielioinata iniitiira in .retain hynliiiam, di.stiiieto articiilatani, loiigam, prodiicta; vaginis aehroois — in liluinciito iiiunaturo, supra diatinetis, lati.s, hyaliiiis, infra modiee erassis, aretis, — in trieliomata :;-ntnra infra nrctis, iiulistinetis, supra in fibrillis dissolutis, apice absentibu.s ; eellulid jicrdurantibus globusis, iutcrdum gcminis. Diam.— Triehone jj'sb"; cell, pordnr. uJoo"— T^oiiii"- Syn. — M. fdiroxa, Wood, Prodronius, Proo. Anicr. rhilos, Soc, 1800, p. 121). Jlab. — Prope Philadelphia. FUKSU-WATEU ALQJi Of T U K U N IT K D STATES. 00 Light l)IuiHli-grcon, or nliraccnn8-);rccn, npcx in tlin mature fllamuiit proloiigcd intn a long, dJHtinetly artioulutcd liyuliiio hiHu ; Kliviktli trunHpari'iit — in tlio iniiiiiitiiro rilitiiii-iit iliMtully, l)ri)a(l, unil iliHtiiict ultliciiigli iiynliiio, Ix'lnw rittlxT tliiclc utid i'Idhi' ; in tliv nuitiirit liliuiiciit Ix'luw cluiio, iiidiHtiiict, uliuvo diHuulvvd iu Ubrilliu uud wuuting at tlio apex; hutvrovyHtH glubusc, 8oni«timu8 gviuinuto. lirmarhs. — This plant was found growin(» with other low nlgic in a thick jelly, which clothed some wet, drip ing rocks near Manr^unk. Tn the young tiiunients the sheath is produced above into a broad, thick, gelatinous-looking portion, the cavity of which is often scarcely apparent. The cytioplasm in such lilaiiients is mostly of a light bluisli-green color, is granular and not very apparent. In older filaments, the trichoma I'bove is prolonged into a long, curved liyaline point, and the sheath just below the base of tliis is split into a number of fil)rillie. No spores were perceived. The increase of the species appears to take place in the follow- ing manner: Near the middle of the filament a tumid swelling forms, in the centre of which appears after awhile a constriction, and tliis increases until at last there are shaped out the bases of two filaments. Tlien the heterocysts appear, and finally the two halves of the original trichoma separate — each n perfect filament. (Fig. 3, pi. .'>.) Sometimes, instead of a pair of filaments being thus formed, but a single base is shaped out at the place of swelling, and the original filaments split, as it were, tlius giving origin to a second trichoma, which for awhile appears as a branch of the former, but is soon detached from it. In some specimens there arc two heterocysts, unless the proximal of these, which is a light orange-clay color, represents a spore. rig. 3, pi. 5, represents different forms of this species. Family SCYTONEMACEiE. Tricliomata articulata, 8n;po moniliformia vcl submoniliformia, vaginata, pscndornmosa, ccllulis limatuiKMH, ud psuudurainuloruiu basin, vcl Intcrstitialibus, pioruinqnu ])ucLydvrinatii'ia instructa. Voginiu e olratis pluribus (ctsi non 8cni])cr distinctiH) forniitiv, Buperfitie Iievcs, corrugiitii' vcl oxasprratic, crustatiu, uouninqiiam stratia cxtcriuribus in fibrillus diHceduntibus, baud raro passim intumosccntca vcl ocroata). Vcgotatio non tcrniinalis; ccllularum vcgotativarum diviRio ad iinara diroctioncm, initio in triciio- inatibus medio, postca in utroquc Gae stcpc altcrnaus. Cclluiu) limilanuu; ad utruniquo polum locullo luc'ido instructiB. I'ropagatio gonidiis picrumquc oxuUima gcncratione ortis. Qonidia plcrumquc numcrosa scriata e vagina so oxaerunt tum()uc iu singula scccdunt. (II.) Filaments equal, articulate, olYen moniliform or snbmoniliform, vaginatc, pscudoramoso, fnrnislu'd witli heterocysts which are cither interstitial or at the base of the branches, and are mostly tliick- wallud. Sheaths formed of numerous strata (not always distinct), their surface smooth, corrugate, or roughened, the exterior stratum sometimes breaking up iuto fibrillic, uot rarely intumcscent or ochreate. Vegetation not terminal; division of the cells occurring in one direction, in the beginning in the middle of the trichoma, afterwards often alternately at each cud. Heterocysts furnished with a trans- lucent spot at each end. Propagation mostly by gonidia arising from the last generation Oonidia mostly numerously seriate, passing out of the sheaths and then separating one from the other. 56 !•• K i: s II - w A 1 i: i; a i. c .1; o r t in-: i n i r k i> ^^ r a r k s. It murks. — 'I'lu' ^(7/^);)<»/(»(V(r aiv sinipli' or hiaiiclu'tl tilanu-nttms jilants, wliicli grow ill water, »>r in tlu' air. uiu>u tn-c-tnmks, roiks, ffiu'cs, iS;i'., in moist localitios. A numbor of iiulividuals of oiu- or inoro spt'cios art> almost always associatti! to form on fill" i;rounil littlo mats, or in tlu> water attachotl or tloatinij masses of vary- inj; eoloi- and eliaraeters aeeonlinij to the speeies. 'I'lie iiulividiial tilanunits a ' eomjiosed of two distinct parts, the inner tlu- iirotojilasmie matter, the (niter (lie eellnlose sheath. Tin" former of these is a hnij; eylindrieal mass, which is occa- sionally intinrnjifed hy a distinct thick-walled cell, spoken of in this memoir as the futrnH'i/sf, or '•rdliilis jtirtitimntlhic." The imu-r tilament is composed of eolortnl ])rotoplasm, which is sennetimes homos. whicli is hert- described, althongh vi-ry possibly not belini side to the othi>rof the slu ath. so that the iinier tilament may be said to be nnide np of a Timnbcr of cells. The lu'terocysts are of various shapes, «;hd)nlar, compressed, cylindrical, obloni;, i*s:c. ^;c. They are mostly pnnidedwith a brijjht colorless spot at each end. Tlu'ir nnndier varies accindinjj: to the species. Sonu'times they are sintrle. in other casi-s there ari> several of them arranj^ed in si'ries. 'I'liey are placi'd (-ither at tlu- (nii:in of the bramlu's, or are scattered apparently without detinitt- arranij;i"ment in thi- li-niyth of the tihunent. In the one case, tlu-y are known as '•/kiso!," in the otlu-r as " iiittrfiti/idl." In any species, either of these nu-thods, or both of them, may prevail; bnt a certain ainonnt of spt-eitic vahu> attaches to tlu- situation of the heterocysts. T!u-ir fnnclion is totally unknown, althon!.!;h sonu- have imai;in(-d tlu-iu to ha\(- a sexual siL,niitiiMnc(- and even to be spi-rmato/oids, be.t tlu-re is no proof what(-vt-r o( tin- truth of such suppositions, ami it is, 1 think, \(-ry i ertaiu that these hcti-rocysts are not of the naturt- of spores. The sheatli o( tlu- Sci/loiu iim is composed of one or mon* strata, which are ofti'ii very distinct trom one another, bn'. .ire more ofti-n pi-rhaps, not so. It is opaipie or translucent, and has its onti-r surface smooth, e. tubercular, tibrillate or voni;hened in sonu- way. The spi-citic characti-rs in this family can bi-st be comtm-nted upon under two heads — n-unely, those which are disc(-verable witli the unaided t-yt-. an., those which the microsoopi- alo.ie can n-veal. The pi.ints to bt- o\iscrv(-d under the first of these are as follows: The plact- of growth of the plant, whetlu-r ii tin- air ov in the wati-r. and, if it Hm- in the air, to what it is attached — ^^ hetlu-r to stom-s. dead winid, or living tre(-s, and it is possible that in some eas(-s it nniy be found that certain pecies of Sci/fdinnni inhabit only c(-rtain sp(-i'ii-s of irces. If tlu- plant be ''1 wat(-r. it must ix- noted whi-tlu-r i' bt- attached or float ing. Then the habit of growth must lu- looketl at. including in this the si/e :^nd thickness of tl.i- masses of filaments, whetlier tlu-y be Hocculent, turfy, crustaci-ims. mcnbranons-gelatinons, &c., tiieir softness or rigidity, th.-ir color, as well as the avrangement in them of the tilaments. To discoier the latter, it will g(-ni-rally be r.cci-ssarv to use a low power of tlu- microscoi)e, and at the sanu- tinn- tin- mode and profusion of branch- ing of the inilividnal plant should Ix- studied. t V u !•: s II - w A r v. u a i. u .v. o [■ v ii !•: i; n i r v. p s r a t k s. 67 'l'\w sc"f«»)ul <"lass of chaviU'tjTs iii(> thuso disrovoriiblc only with tlic hiiilur powrrs. 'I'll! y iuv (livisiliK- iu'o twosi-ts; tliost- airoriU-il by tlio iiiiu'r tilamrut ami tliosc il( riv*>il Iroiu tlu< shnitlis. lu tlir liist of tlu'se tlic points to bi> noted aro, tlio ilianiclcr of tho liiun\cnt ; its color, wlu-tlu-r it lu> or lu- not articnlatrd, and if it. bi- till' U'n};th of thr joints; whi-thrr it is uniform or inoniliforiu ; wlu'tiii-r it bi- honiogrnoous or grannlatr ; tln>n tho hrti-roiysts should bi- i-xaniini-d as to tluir si/.o, position, arriin<,'i-nirnt, shape, number, and color. The diameter of tlie sheath, its honiojjeneousness, its color, tirmness, and tho condition of its outer surface are to be included in the specific study. (JonusSCVrONKMA. 'I'lMflmmiilii rivsiiitiiso-('iini;n'j;iilii vcl lasciiiiliita, plus mimis iisiMiilnnimosii, ci'lliilis iiitoi'stitiuliliuii iiisti-iula ; vairiiur gi'laliiuiso-im'inlnamu't'U'. r stralis (iiilciiliini olisulclis) |iliiiilms ('vlimhaci'is I'lnii- |)i)>ila'; ct'lliilis lurduianlilms siiiirulis. I'ilaiiu'iits (■ii'spitn.-i'lv-ciiiigri'jriilc nr faM-iculali", mnii' or less iisi'tuloruiiioM' ; fiiriiislu'il with in- ti-rslitial ct'lls ; slicallii );>'lutiiiiiu.s-imnubrunucvou.s, coiii|iosi'tl of iimii^' ('vlliidiii'al, Mumoliiiu's o\>- solfU', slnuu; lu'tcroivsls sin(j;lo. (1. 'I't-nnilrfs n7 (iijiinlicar. II. 'I'lrrtslrial i>r iK/iKith: S. »IU'(*, Wood, (sp. imv.) S ill siriilo iiioilioo crnsso, siil)toim'!itO!i('c intiTiliiiii bivvissitiio artiiulatis, );i'aiiiil(>sis, palliilo viriililms. ml gcniciila sa'po lioiliisis vol ili.^iinifli.-i, aiticiilis ploniiiupn' tlianii'li'i) u'liualiliiis ml 7 pl» ImigiDiilm.-i; vagiiiis pU'iiiiiupio suprii trum'atis tl iipcrtis, pt'lliii'iilis, !>u'|)i> I'oloris I'.vpiTtiliiis, inlniliim tlihili' uiii'co-l/iimifis ; colliilis ponUivuiilibus cjliiultifis, inlcrji'dis, iliiimi'tro 2-5 plo loiiiridribtii. i)i(im.— Trioli. fum \ag ss'oo"— iioo" = .0004"— .OOOC.C." ; siiio vug. yjoo"— tAo" - -00013" —.00020". lliih. — III lijfiiis irrorntis, South Ciiroliim. (Ilavoiu'l.) S. ill a inoili'rati'ly tliii'k, sonu'wlmt tomoiitoiso, lilacklsli-preoii sinitiini ; trlflioiimtii very clonirato, llcxiiouslv luiviil. vfiv spar.si'ly braiicluMl or frt'ipu'iilly willioul liraiii'lios ; liraiu'lics irnniiialo or siiiglo, iiioslly oloiiirato; inloriial lilamoiit partly ilistiiiclly artiriilalo. partly iiianinilati-, grntiiilar, paU'-gn'onisli. in its api ; soiiioliiiu's very .tliortly arlaMilati-, Kpar.si'ly grumilar, oflon noiloso or ilisjoiiii'tl nt tho joints; artii'li's mostly from oqiml to to 1 liiiu'.s longrr tliaii the iliniaolor; sluMiths thick, tniiispurcnl, oflcn I'olorlt-ss, soniotiincs palo yt'Ilowisli-lirowii, mostly ;'i.ii'. 'uiil Iruiu'iilo iit iipe.x ; lu'tcrocysts cylimlricul, intor.-^porsoil, 'J- limes longor than their (linnu'tcr. Brniarls. — 1 am indebted to Professor Riivenel for specimens of this species. They are preserved in solution of acetnte of alumina and accompaui(>d by the fol- lowinj; lab( points of difference are in the much firmer, much more colored and opacpie, and rougher slieath of that species; in the swollen ends of the internal filauunit of S. Aiisfliill, and its shorter articles, with the absence of nodes or distinct internq)tion of the eiulochromc at the joints. The heterocysts are also (piite different in the two forms, whilst the filaments of S. shiiplicc are much the longer. S. Aiisliiiii, AVcion, (sp. nov.) S. rupic'olii, striito tomciitoso, ciespitoso, erasso, fnsco-nipro; trioliomatibiis ndscciidcntibus, ("iirvatis, ])lcrinn(|uc siiiiiilit'ihus ; tn'tliormililitis iiitcriiis ivrupincis vel fiisecsuciitibus, nrticii- latis vol iiinrticiilatis, fine .'^ii'iie vakle iiicrassati.s ; articuli.s diauu'tro plonnmiue iiiulti) bre- vioribiis, interdnm loiif^ioribus ; vapjiiiis riibido- vcl auroo-fusccsccntibiis, KU'po i5ul)-i)i)aiis, Qniiis, indistiiicte lamellosis, in apieo plcrum<|uu achrois et coloris fere cxpcrtibus, Riipcrlicio subrugosa ct hirta; ccllulis pedruraiUibus brevitor eyiiiidricis, vel subquadratis vol subglo- bosis, iiiterdum valde couipressis et diaiiietro iiiiilto brevioribus. Diam.—V\\. cMim. vag. .0000"— .0008" ; sine vag. .OOOIG"— .0004". Hab. — III rupibiis, "Little Falls, New Jer.sey."' (Austin.) S. growing on roeks, stratum tomentose, and somewhat turfy, brownish-black; trieliomal; n.scending, ino.-^tly siaiple, curved ; interna! iilaraent a^ruginou.s or fnserugiiieo; articulis diamctro Bubicqualibus vcl brovioribus ; vagiriis ainplis, hyalinis, eoloris expcrtibus ; collulis pcrdu- rantibus distiuctis, singulis, intcrjectis, subcyliudritis, diametro iutcrdum fere duplo breviori- bus, iutcrdum duplo lougioribua. Dwrn.— Sin. vag. ^jj^j," = .000415". Cum vag. fegsff" = .OOOtS". Hab. — 111 aquis quietis, Cumberland County, New Jersey. S. immersed, intermi.xed with other alga; and adhering to aquatic plauts ; filaments elongate; branches mostly geminate, more or less distant, short or elongate ; internal filuments bright ajruginous, sometimes distinctly articulate, at others not so, ajiex obtusely rounded a;rugin()us; joints about equal to the diameter or shorter; sheath ample hyaline, colorless; heterocysts distinct, single, interjected, subcylindrical, sometimes about half as long as broad, sometimes nearly twice as long. Remarks.— I found this plant in September, 1869, in Shepherd's Mill Tond, near Grecnwicli, Cumberland County, New Jersey, forming, with other alga?, a floccu- lent, greenish-black, slimy coating to the stems and finely dissected leaves of liaimuculus aquatilis. The branches are very few in number in most specimcMis, and when tliey are more plentiful are apt to be short and abortive. Their apices do not differ materially from their other portions. Fig. 9, pi. 2 a, represents a portion of a filament of this specimen magnified 750 diameters ; fig. 2 i a whole filament magnified 2G0 diameters. 8. nrwgelii, Ktz. (?) S. cajsptoso-floccosum, bryophilum, nigro-viridc; triclioniatibus, plerumquc sparse pseudora- mosis, psoudoramulisque elongatis et intricatis; trichomatibus internis breviterarticulatis, sa;pe ■■•terruptis, soipe nonnihil moniliformibus, viridibus aut in a!tate provecta brunneis; articulis sa^pc sejunctis, diametro plerumquc brevioribus, subtilitcrgrannlatis; pseudoramulis plerumquo singulis ; vaginis modicc arctis, iutcrdum subaniplis, hand distincte lamellosis, modicc crassis, hyalinis, colnris expcrtibus aut in a;tato provecta dilute fu.sco-brunneis; cellulis perduranti- bus nonnihil reniformibus, plerumquc nullis, basilaribus. Diam.—¥U. cum vag. plerumquc Ts'-ff/— max. j^^j/ ; sine vag. TjSffTr", cell, pcrdurant. lab. Syn.—S.NicgeUi (Ktz.), RAnENiioRST, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. II. p. 252. Hab.— la fontc, prope Helvidere, Centre County, Pennsylvania. Growing in small, blackish-grecn woolly mats atta( .led to mosses ; filaments mostly sparsely branched, with the branches elongate and intricate ; internal filament shortly articulate, often somewhat moniliform, often interrupted, green, or, in mature state, brownish ; joints oft' n disjoined, mostly shorter than the diameter, finely granulate; branches mostly single; 8hc!iths moderately close, sometimes ample, not distinctly lamellate, rather thick, hyaline, colorless, or, in old age, light fuscous brown ; heterocysts mostly wanting. lirmarl-x.—T found this plant in the large spring that supplies Bellefonte with water, growing attached to mosses, so as to form little dark-green mats around m 60 FRESII-WATKIl A L Q .E OF T II K UNITED STATES. their stems and branclus. These mats never exceeded an inch in length in any specimens that came under my notice. The fihiments themselves are apparently not much branched and arc densely interwoven. The sheaths are close, rather thick, not lamellate, of uniform diam'jter, except in that they are occasionally locally swollen, and arc truncate and open at the end. The internal filaments are frequently much interrupted, and in the younger plants arc of a deep green. The joints are in many instances much separated, and in most cases very distinct. The filaments, indeed show a remarkable tendency to break up at the joints, so as to form a series of disli-like gonidia, so that the articles, or endochromc masses, may bo generally described as strongly compressed spheres. In all the specimens that I have examined, I have seen but a single hetcrocyst. This was at the base of a branch, was somewhat reniform, and about three-fifths as long as broad. I have referred this species, doubtfully, to S. NaegcUi, Ktz., the only account of which that I have met with, or know of, is a brief diagnosis in llabenhorst's Flora, in which many of the essential characters tire omitted. Fig. 6, pi. 8, represents a portion of a filament of this species. S. thcrmale, Ktz. S. strnto teniic, niffrcsooiitc ; trichomatilms flcxuoso-curvatis, intricatis, parco psoudoraraosis, intcniis pnllide ffirugineis, sa-po coloris fore expcrtilms, passim iiitcrniptirt, |ili'rum(|ue iiiur- ticulatis soil tiajpc indistincto et iiitordum distiiicto articulatis, granulosis; articujis diaiuctro brevioribiis vol sul)a'(iiialibus ; pscudoraniuiis plcniiuqao brcvibus, gi'Uiiuis, in diarni'tro tri- choniatibus ffi(iualibiis vol subietiualibiis ct iutcrdum usque ad iiiodiuin conjuiictis, basi coa- litis, sffipe e basi divergoiitibus ; vaginis cras.sis, iiidislincto lamcllosis, vol lutco-fu.seia vcl fusfis, scd passim fere coloris c.xpcrtibus, pleruuique vi.\ pellueiduiis, in ramulurum apico sajpe hyaliiiis et coloris fere e.xpcrlibus; eellulis perdurantibus, subquadratis vel cyliudricis, singulis, interjectis. Diam.—'iv. cum vag. ^3»5j"_^53(,g" = .00042"— .00058 ; sine vag. j^'^," = .0001Cn"— ^a'o(5"= -00025. Syn. — S thcrmale, Ktz,, IIabenhorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect II. p. 250. Bab. — In terra argilloroa, South Carolina. (Ravenel.) Stratum thin, blackish; filaments flcxuously curved, intricate, sparingly branched; internal filament pale-greenish, often almost colorles.s, here and there interrupted, mostly inarticulate, but often indistinctly and sometimes distinctly articulate, granular; joints shorter or about as long as broad ; branches geminate, mostly short, ebted to Professor Ravenel for specimetis of this species pre- served hi solution of acetate of alumina. The lid)el reads, "Damp surface of hard clay, Sept. 'ii?, 1S69." The sheaths are quite thick and scarcely transhicent, so that the color of the inner filament seen through them is that of theiaselves. Curiously enough, one of those dark sheaths will for a space lose its color and be very trans- parent, in such places and in the apices of the branches, the inn^r filament is often a decided pale-green ; at other times it is almost colorless. The end of the sheaths are mostly closed, but I have seen them open, with the inner filament projects PRESII-WATER ALGvE OP THE UNITED STATES. 61 ing. The branches arc nearly always short, and divergent from their united bases. Tlio lioterocysts have frequently one of their ends rounded; and are quite numerous. This species corresponds too closely to lliibenhorst's description of Scytonema thermale to be separated, but it is possible a comparison of specimens might show decided differences-thc description of the European form is not very full. The American plants seem to approximate most closely the Var. inkxtum. I have seen a single branch given off only in one instance. Fig. 1, pi. 6, represents a filament of tliis species magnilied 260 diameters; fig. 1 h, the outline of a heterocyst magnified 750 diameters. i$. Myocliroiis, Ao. S. strato tciiui, pannoso-tomp-.toso, obscuro fusco (noiiniinqimm Riiliscricco) ; trielioiiidtibiia validissiiiiis, fiiscis, lucidi.s, I-.'iiit.T eurvatis, adsccMidenlilius, intiTiiis ici-ugineis, apioe (articul. term. 6-(i) riibullia, distincto arliculatis; psoudorainulia ploruniqiie gciiiinia, sa'pu longissiniis flaccido-CR'ctis, tricliomatc diinidio circitcr temioribus; trichomalis vaginis crassis, distincto lamollosis, lirmis, pulchre lutco-liiHcis, siiporfido loivissimis, ramuloriim sonipcr paliidioribus (luteis, rariu-s aclirois), apioe sainm.—Tridiom 0.0011"— 0.0014"; rainiiiorum ad 0.000C8". (R.) Sijn.—S. Mi/Ofhroun, Aoardh ; A'ur. Cuntexlum, Caumiciiael. Rabenhokst, Flora Eurnp. Algaruui, Sect. If. p. 254. Hub.—" Foot of Crow's-nest, West Point." Bailey. Sillinian's Journal, X. S. vol. iii. Strato tbin, pannoscly tomentosc, obscurely fuscous (sometimes somewhat silky) ; (ilamcnts very strong, fu.scous, bright, slightly curved, nscending ; the internal ajruginou.s" distinctly arlicu- late with the npcK (terminal ,5-fi joints) reddish; branches mostly geminate, often vc'ry lung, flaccidly erect, about ono-half thinner than the fdament; sheath of the fdament thick, dis- tinctly lamellate, firm, beautifully yellowish-fuscous, surface very smooth ; sheath of the branches always paler (luteous or rarely colorless) with the ape.x colorless, short and obtusely rounded; heterocysts about equal in diameter to the internal hliiment. Stratum ob.scnrcly olivaceous, filaments sparsely branched, about ^y" thick ; branches single, with the sheaths tran.spareut or yellowish ; sheath of the trichoma lutco-fuscous. S. calolriclioides. Ki;'TziNG(|). S. ciespitosuni, mucosnin, plcruinquo cum algig variis intcrmi.xtum; trichomatibns plus minus curvatis; pseudoranmlis plcrumquo geminis, varie curvatis, simplieibus, clongatis; trieho- matibus internis modo distincto nrticulatis, modo inartieulatis, interdum moniliformibus, luteo-viridibus vel Bjruginpia, granulosis ; articulis plcrumquo diametro brevioribus sed in- terdum iiermulto loigioribus, baud rare vel subglobosis vel vahle compressis ; cellulis per- diirantibus singulis, subcylindricis; vaginis plcrumquo pellucidulis, di.stincte lamollosis, in trichomatibus plerumque rubido-vel luteo brunneis sed interdum coloris expertibus, in ns'eu- doraniulis hyalinis, colons expertibus vel dilutissime luteis vel dilute luteo-bninneis. /)/a»i.— Cumvag.inax. ^^\„" =.00010"; plerumque „V' =00045"; sincvag. jzW — a^oi"; pscuilorani. ^j'^j" = .0005". N'/H.— S. valolrkhoiih'i', Ktz. Rabenuorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. II. p. 252. Huh. — South Parolina. (Ravencl.) 62 FRESII-WATKIl ALO.K OK THE UNITED STATES. Ctcijiitosp, mucous, mostly intiTiiiixnl witli vnridiis nlfta;; filnmciita mnro or 1cm ciirvod; brniR'lu's mostly in piiirs, olongiitc, siiuplo, variously ourvinl ; iiitcrmil filiment partly dis- tiiully arliciiliili', partly not artinilalc, soiiu'liiiics iiKiiillirorm, yt'llowisli-jcfii'ii or I'ruginou.s, praiiiilur ; jdiiits iiioslly shorter tliuii the liiunii'ti'r, soinctiiiics iinicli loiigc •, soiiietiiiics sub- globose or siroiifily eomprossi'il; licterocysts siiifrle, subcyliiidrical ; slicatlis ilistinotly lumel- late, mostly redtlisli or yi'llowisli-browii, but somftiuics colorless, iu bruuclica hyaline, color- less, or with ii very faint yellowish tint, or sometimes browuish. Remarlcs. — Tlic specimens, from which the above description was drawn up, were sent mo by Professor lluveiiol from Soutlt Carolina. The cxtvemitics of the sheaths are cither ch)S('d, or open. Tiie branches are ahnost always in pairs, and sometimes three or four are given off togctiier, bnt this is not connnon. Tliey arc often nearly or quite colorless; the main filament is generally a sort of brown — sometimes qnito bright from the pnulominance of the yellow hue. Altiioiigh my specimens do not precisely agree with the descriptions of the European S. cahlrlchoidcx, yet tiie disagreement docs not seem sufficient or suffici(>niy constant to separate specifically the two forms; the most important of tlie dift'(>rcnccs is in the coloration of the sheaths and heterocysts, which in the American plant are commonly, but not universally, respectively brownish and greenish. Tiie label, which Profes'Xji liavenel has attached to some of the specimens, reads, " In wet, boggy places, on rotten pine boards, Sept. 2.5, 18()i)." Fig. 2, pi. G, represents "i filament of tiiis plant magnified 2o0 diameters, S. cataracta, Wood. S. rui)icoln, cajspitosum, fusco-atrnm, longo ct late cxpansnm; trichomatibus flexuosia, floxili- bus, fere 0.25" longibus, vafre pseudoramosissimis, snperlieie la'vibus; pseudoraniis elongatis, singulis, rarissime geminis, liberis, interdum I'useis, sa'pius hyalinis, apiec plerumqnt' Iruncatis ct rare nonnihil attcnuatis ot snspc barbais sed hand rubellis ; trichomatibus intcrnis icrngi- neis, tenuissiniis, i)lerum(iuo distinctc articulatis; articulis dianictro plernm(|ue breviorlbns, sed intcnlum longiorlbus, sa>pe sejunctis, si«pe subglobosis ; vnglnis crassis et lirniis; Cellulis perdnrantibus et ba.silaribus et iiiterjoctis, singulis, rarissinu^ geminis. Diam. — Trich. cum vng. pleruniqne. 00045" ; max. .0011"; sine vng. max. .00013". Sijn. — H. cataracta, Wood, Prodromus, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., p. 129, 18G9. llab. — Iu flumiuc Niagara prope cataractam. S. forming on rocks an extended turf-like stratum of a brownish-black color; fdaments flexnous, flexible, almost 0.25" long, irregularly branched, their surface smooth; branches elongate, single, riircly in jiairs, free, sometimes fuscous, frc(pieiitly hyaline, their a])iccs generally truncate, rarely somewhat attenuate, frequently provided with cidargements, never reddish ; cytioplasni reruginoua, very thin, generally distinctly articulate; articles mostly shorter than broad, but sometimes longer, frequently di.'joiued, often siibglobose ; sheaths thick and firm; heterocysts both basal and interjected, single, extrenudy rarely geminate. Remnrht. — This species grows abundantly in th(> Niiignra llivcT, on the rocks below tiie great cataract. It is really in little tufts, but these are in many cases jilaced so closely as to form a broad turf-like coating to the stones. Often, howiner, tlio tufts are in smaller patches, and are of sufficient length to wave with llie eddies and currents in tlie water. The branches are almost always given off FllKSlI-WATKll ALO.E OF T II K UNITED STATES. C3 singly since I have examined some hunilretls of ppcciiuciis, and have only in one instuace detected them in pairs. The apices of tiie branches, and indeed of the main fihimcnts, are beautifnlly colorless and hyaline, and not unfrequcntly a branch will have this hyaline sheath for a long distance. The extreme ends arc mostly trnncate and open, and, often near them, the sheaths will have marked swellings ; a condition which, for want of a better term, I have spoken of as being harhute. Sometimes near the end of the filament the diameter of the sheath will be suddenly lessened. The large cells are both interstitial and placed at the bases of the branches ; they arc more or less oblong or qmidrangular, sometimes being scarcely longer than broad, but in other cases several times longer. At their posi- tion there is very generally a sort of globular enlargement of the filament. The sheath is sometimes very obscurely lamellate. The color of the 'older filaments is a dark, almost chocolate-brown. This is apparently the species referred to by Professor Bailey as being Sci/tonnva ociUatinn of Harvey, in Silliman's Journal, vol. iii. N. S., altliongh that plant, according to Professor llabenhorst, belongs to the genus Sironlphon. Fig. 1 a, pi. 7, represents a portion of a filament, magnified 280 diameters ; fig. 1 Z», a whole filament slightly magnified. S. dllbilini, Wood (sp. nov.) S. inimcrsum, in flocois luucoso-tompntosis olivaoco-iiigris plantas nquaticas ndliocrcns, vol in strnto raucoso ct nomiiliil toineiitoso dispositiim; triciioiiitttlbus viildo oloiigatis et art'tc in- tricatis, vario curvatis, plcrumque sparse psi'udorauiosis; psoudorunmlis pleruiiKiiii; siiigulis, ctplus miiiua distantibas ct modice brevibua, vcl intordiini brevissiiiiis et abortivit* et iioiiiiiliil coiifcrtis; trieliomatibtis iiiternis snipe in pseiidocellulis distinetis contentis, interdiim con- tinuis et iiidistincte articalatis vol inarticuiatis, plenmique dilute eiertdeo-viridibiis sed intor- diini Iretc icrugineis, subtiliter graniilatis ; vaginis aretis iileriini((ii() uiodiee cnis.sis et lii'iniH, liyalinis, eoloris expcrtibus; cellulis perdurantibus cylindrieis, diamctro 2-6 plo lungioribus. Piam.— Cam vag. T53ff5"—T5Sffo"= .00025"— .0004". rittb. — III a(juia quietis, Cumberland County, New Jersey. Imnior.^cd, adhering to water plants in olive-blaek tonientosc flocculent ma.fses, or arranged in a nineous and somewhat tomentose stratum ; triehomata very long and elosely interwoven, variously curved, mostly sparsely branched ; branches generally niiigle, more or less distant, and moderately short, sometimes very short, abortive, and Komcwhat crowded ; internal fila- ment often contained in distinct cell-like apartments, somi'times continuous and imlistinclly articulate, or not at all articulate, finely granulate, mostly a pale bluish-green, sometimes a bright njruginous color; sheath close, mostly rather thick and firm, hyaliuu colorless; hetero- cysts cylindrical, 2-G times longer than broad. Ecmarl-s. — T found this plant, September, ISGf), in Shepherd's ISIill Pond, near Greenwich, Cumberland County, New Jersey. It formed dark, ugly, somewhat slimy, tomentose flocculi adhering to, and binding together, the finely-dissected leaves of Ranunculus aqnatUh. The filaments arc very long, slender, and sjiarsely branched. The branches are given off at right angles, or nearly so, but are fre- quently sharply bent just above their origin. They are often, but not always, rather short. The most remarkable character that the j)lant possesses is that in many filaments there are very distinct r(>gular partitions stretching across from n^ ! I ] \ 1 ) 64 FllKSII-WATKU ALO.E OF THK U N IT K I) STATES. side to side, so that the interior is divided, ns it were, into snecessivc cell-like cliainlArs, in whicli tlie eolored protoijhisni is contained. This character seems almost to separate the plant from tiie genus iSfi/lonoiia, but I Iiave deeuu-d it insufficient grounds for indicating a new genus. Since writing the preceding remarks, I have received specimens of tliis species from Professor llavenel, who collected them in South Carolina, near the town of Aiken. Tiiey agree in all respects, except that they form a dark, mucous, somewhat tomentosc coating to pieces of wood. Fig. ;j a represents the outline of a series of the cells alluchul to, magnified 750 diameters, and figs. 3 b and 3 c, portions of filaments magnified IGO diameters. I). Arlmricolce. b. Growin(j on trees. 8. cortex, Wood. S. miiiutissiinum, stratum tcnue subinenibranaceum formante; tripliomatilius sparso pscudoramu- losis, psciuloraimilisque ri'pciitilms ot plus minus concrctis, viridilms uut ililutu fuseis, viirio curvatis, liaud rigldis; cytioplasumtc virii'om.— Tridi. cum vag. tbV— ts'uk"' tiyn. — Hcylunema corlex, Wood, I'rodromua, Proc. Am. Pliilog. See, 1809, p. 130. 27a&.— South Carolina. S. very minute, forming a tliin, submcmbranaccons stratum ; fdamcnts sparsely branched, toge- ther with the branches, creeping and more or less concreted together by their sides, green or light brown, variously curved, not rigid; cytioplasm (internal filament) articulate, rarely distinctly granulate; joints longer or .shorter tluui broad; sheaths close, rather thin, trans- parent, generally colorless but sometimes light brown ; lietcroeysts globular or subglobuliir, single or in pairs, basal or otherwise. Remarks. — I have specimens of this species collected in South Carolina by Pro- fessor Ravcnel, who found it growing on the bark of Plalanus ocr.hlcntaUs. The thin, almost membranous stratum which it forms, is of a dark olive-black, and has to the eye a sort of minutely warty appearance. The filaments are so involved and so adherent, one to the other, that I have not been able to separate any length of them, nor are the branches distinguishable from the main filaments. The sheaths are rather thin, and often not very apparent. Fig. 4, pi. 6, represents this species. 8. RaTenelii, Wood. S. lignicola, breve ca;spitosum, virido-nigrum ; trichoniatibus plernmqnc repcntibus, vel fu.seo- olivaccis vel aureo-fuscis, modice pseudoramosis ; ramis ascendentibua, rigidis, flexuosis rare pseudoraraulosis, vel fusco-olivaceis vel aureo-fuscis, rarissime cum apicibus subachrois ; tri- chomatibus internis eoloris expertibus, granulosis, s:epc vagina erumpentibus, plerumquo articulatis ; articulis diametro longioribus aut brevioribus ; vaginis arctis, crassibus, fusco- olivaceis vel aureo-fuscis, plerumque supra truucatis et apertis, supcrfieie nonnunquam irregu- laribus; ccUulis perdurantibus subiiuadratis vel subglobosis singulis aut rare geniinis, inter- jectis ; in stato juvene trichoniatibus internis rcrugineis, vaginis tenuil)us. Z),am.— Trich. cum vag. tb'oo"— tAs"; '"»'» cum vog. tAs"— tsW i trich, si.io vog. j^'n^" —2.0005." FIIESII-WATER A L G ^-J OF TUR UNITED STATES. 65 Syii. — S. Ilavendii.W oov, Prodromus, I'roc. Am. l*liilo«. Soc, 1809, p. lao. JIab. — III corlit'c, South Ciiroliiiu. S. Forming little turfy Hpots of a greenish color, on bark ; filaments mostly creeping, either brownish-olive or yellowish-brown, moderately branched ; brauehes aseeiidiiig, rigid, flexii- ons, very rarely provided with secondary braiichlets, either browiiish-olivu or yellowish- brown, rarely Hubtrans|iureiit ut the ape\ | eyiioplusm colorless, granular, often extending out beyond the sheaths, generally nrtieulale ; joints longer or shorter than broad ; sheaths close, thiik, brownish-olive or yellowish-brown, for the most part truncate at their ends and open, their surface sometimes irregular ; heteroeysts subquadrutc, single, interstitial. Remarlc/i. — I am indebtotl to Prof. II. W. llavcnci for specimens of this very distinct species. ISonie of these are labelled as having grown on the twigs of a celtis in South Carolina, other specimens are on the bark of a willow. The branches, wliich arc mostly shortish, simple, and variously curved, arc sent up in great numbers by the creeping stems, and, like the stems themselves, arc mostly free, but not unfrequently are closely adiiercnt by their edges. The internal trichoma or cytioplasm, owing to the great thickness of the sheaths, is not very apparent within these latter, but not unfrequently projects for a dis- tance beyond them, when it is seen to be colorless, very granular, and mostly, but not always, distinctly articulated. In the young plant the filaments are bright- green, often not more lliun j^Vir of i^n mv\\ in thickness, and have the sheath very tiiin, or may be almost imperceptible. It affords mo great pleasure to dedicate this species to Professor llavenel, not as an acknowledgment merely of his aid in my studies of this hitherto neglected brancli of the North American Flora, but rathtM* of the great services he has rendered science in some of its kindred branclu's. Fig. \, pi. 5, represents the end of a filament of this species magnified some 450 diameters. Genus TOLYPOTIIRIX, Ktz. Trichoma Bcytonemacea cum ccUulis pcrdurantibus seriatis. Filament similar to that of scytoncma, but with the hctcrocysts Bcriatc. T. distorta, (Miiller) Kutz. T. coispitoso-floccosn, licte ct pnlchrc viridis ; trichomatibus intertestis, Ircte viridibus, modo distinctc articulatis modo iiiarticulatis; nrtieulis diametro brevioribus .sa'pe aut snb-imllis aut nullis ; pscudoraniulis singulis; viiginis aretis, homogeneis, vitrcis ; cellulis perdurnntibus basilaribus et interdum interjectis, paeliydcrmaticis, plurnnu|UC in parallelogrammo: cnormis forma, plerumque 4-scriatis, subachrois, interdum sparsissime granulutis. Djani.— T^'off"— 3,'ff5". Syn. — T. dislorta, (-Mijller) Ktz. Rabeniiorst, Flora Europ., Algarum, Sect. II. p. 275. Ilah. — In nqunrio, Philadeljihia, Wood. Rhode Island (Olney) TInvaites. Warden's Pond, Rhode Island ; Reservoir Pond, West Point ; Fourth Luke, Madison, Wisconsin, Bailey. Flocculont crespitosc, bright, beautiful green ; filaments interwoven, bright green, partly dis- tinctly articulate, partly continuous ; articles shorter than long, often very indistinct, some- times absent; branches single; shealhs close, homogeneous, glassy; hctcrocysts basilar, 9 May. 1872. 66 l'lli;sil-\V ATK K A 1,0. 10 Ol' TIIK U N I T i; I) KTATKS. doiiicliini's iiitcrspt'rscd, tliii'k-walird, mostly irrogiilurly parallelograinmatic, niOHtly 4-8eriato, HL'inilniiisimiTiit, Huiiit'limus very Kimirtuly gniiiuluh'. Iltmarkf). — This spocios grow spontaneously in tlio aquarium of my friend J)r. Fricke, to whom I um indibtv;(l for spiciniL'us of it, forming littli-, brigiit-{,'re('n balls adherent to the various aquatic plants. It approaches so very closely the European T. dintniia, that I have considered it as a mere variety of it, althougii it differs in having the hoteroeysts mostly arranged in fours, and also apparently in tluir siiape — 'y being in our plant mostly jiarallelogrammatic. Fig. 1 <«, p). 8, represents a section of heterocysts magnilied 800 diameters; fig. 1 I), a portion of filament magnified 800 diameters. II 1 ! Genus PETALONEMA, Uf.uk. (1833.) Scytoncinutis triclioninta vaginis crnRxissiiniH o Htrntis iiiimcroBHisBimis brcvioribuB, iufuudibuli- furuii dilatittiH, iiiibricutis et ])luruiu(|uo dilulissimu uoluratis couipusitis. (II.) Syn. — Arthroniiihon, Ktz. (1845.) "Filnnionts utrntifitMl, di'cumbciit, frco, simple, or brnnclicd. Tube or slicnth very wide, flut- teiu'd, lonjiitudinully mid transvt'rsfly striato and creiiulato at tlio edge; ciulocliroinu oliva- ceous uiiimlated, liero and tlicre interrupted by a helerocyst. Hranclies is.siiing in pairs, formed by tlio division niid jirotriLsion of the endoehroino of tlio original lilaineiit. " When plaeetl under the niieni.seope the filaments present the appearance of a rylindrieal cen- tral column, containing annulaled, olive-colorud ondochroine, and a wide wing-like border at each side of the coluiiin. This border or sheath is obliquely striate, the stria; running in an arch from tlie margin toward the centre, where tliey become parallel, and are then eoiitinned longitudinally downward along th;. medullary column, till lost in the density. The margin of the wing is closely erenulato and in age transversely striate at the crenatures os though jointed. Such is the apparent structure ; the real structure seems to be, that an aiiiiu- lated central filament is inclosed within a number nf compressed, trumpet-niouthcd gelatino- menibranaccous tubular sheaths one nrisir ■ wit! le other, and successively developed os the growth proceeds. These sheaths, thus concern ncally arranged, are indicated by arching longitudinal striie; and the mouths of the younger sheaths, projecting slightly beyond those of the older, form the crenatures of the margin." llAavEif. P. alatuin, Be»k A. iiulvinato-erustaccus, rupicola, varic coloratus; trichomatibus intcrnis icrugineis, nurvatis, parce pscudoramosis, modo continuiF>, modo torulosis, subnioniliforiuibus, opiee plerumquo pauluiu iucrassatis, smpu roseolis, rotundatis; orticulis distiiictis, granulosis, dioiuelro suli- tcqualibus vel paulo brcvioribus; vaginis stratis intcrnis, aureis vel aureo-fuscentibus, cxternis aclirois, vitreis ; cellulis perdnrantibus interjectis ct pd pseudoramiilorum basin, plcrunuiue solitariis, subglobosis vel oblongis, dilute fuscis. (R.) Species mUii Ujnola. Z)(ajn. —Trich. intern. 0.0001 G"—0.O00.'52" ; vng. 0.00377". (R.) Sijn. — Arlhro»iphon alaliis, ((JiiKV.) R.MiKNir. Floro Europ. Alparum, Sect. II. p. 2G5. Petalonemn alatum, Ukukei.ev. IIarvey, Nereis Borcis Americana, part iii. p. 09, Smithsonian Contributions, \HM>. Hah. — "On dripping rocks nnder Riddle Stairs, Niagara Falls." (IIarvey.) " This forms strata of a dark chestnut-brown color and of indefinite extent on the snrface of rocks or soil exposed to the roiislnnt drip of water. The filaments are decnnibent, lying without order in tlie gelatinous matrix in which they arc developed, and which forms the FlUOiSll-W ATi;U ALOvE OF T II K UNITED STATKB. 67 griiiiiulwork uf tlio ttlratiini. Tbuy appear U> \h'. uiialluclii'il to tlio hdM, and I'ucli niiimrnt limy lit' itlxiut liuir uii imli in Iciigtli; lull tlicy aii' iiiiiiiuonly IuiiikI limkrii nil' at liir iiilVi'liir I'liij, or llio liiwur purl iliciiyM wliil«l llio upper c'onliiiuitH to ifTovi. 'litvy ui'f ra(jralio adliuc ignota. Frond branched, formed of thick-wallcd cells in an ample slieolh, Bometimes furnislied with liele- rocyst.s. Cell-i uni- or inulti-scriale. lirnnclies formed by a longituilinul division of certain cells, so as to form two sister cells; the inferior of which rcuiuins as part of tiio trichoma, whilst the other, by repeated divisions, grows into a branch. Propagation not known. Remarhs. — Tlio tSironlphonaccce nrr the most complex in tlieir organization of ill! tlie P/iijv(Khromo2>Jiy mnjuiity of rnsrs in the niv, in sndi situation ns on th(! t'lU'c ()t° di'ip[iiii^ rocivK, on llic tniiiks and oi'iiui'iics of lici's, on l^()i^t {ground, &c. ; but some uf tbo «pi'cio8 art* found in tlio water, oitlicr attached ur Huatin^. Tlioy j^cncralij I'oriii little mats of indetinite i-xtent, but occasionally tiie filaments are united more closely into an almost nuwnbranaceous stratum. The species are, I tliiuk, in most instances readily distin<,'uislied, the characters being partly discoverable with the uimided eye and partly microscopic. Tlu- points to be atteiuled to in the first category are tiie size, color, form, and consistency of the mats of fronds, and the place of growth. In tlu" secoiul are included the general shape of the frond and its si/e and method of branching; the general shape, color, and size of tlu> cells, (he tiiickiu-ss of their walls and the method of tlieir arraugenu'iit, both in tiie main tliallus and tlie branches, also the form, &c., of tiie end ceils of the branches; the heterocysts, their absence, or, if present, their frequency, size, shape, color, and position ; the sheaths, their color nnd firnnu'ss, tvnd the character of their surface. ;:i Genus SlUOSIPIION, Kiz. Trichoraata torulosa, Tn){iniitn, |)1onin)i|UC rnmossiBsimft rt niirro- vcl olivapco-fuscn, o cclliilis pncliyiloriimticiH I-2-:J vil |)Iiiii-s4'riiilis fciriiinia ft tt'lliilis inlcrsliliiililiiis (sii'iii- luillis) siili(rl'iliciHis vcl ()l)li)M);is cDliiriitis iiiftnicta. Vnniiia iil(iiiiii(|iu' crussissium, liniia, luilclii't! uui'LU-fuscii, liitca vol olivucoa, iu apicvin obtuHuni [ilus niiiius utu-nuuta. J'iliuni'iit lorulosc, .sliciitlicd, mostly very iiiiuli bninclud, ycllowisli, or olivnroous-fiiMcoiis, furmccl of tliick-wullud 1-2-3 or many seriate cells and fiinii.-ilied witli iiiter.-ititial cells (often wanting) wliieli arc globose or ubiong nnd colored. Slienllis mostly very Ibick, firm, beautiful golden fus- cous, clay-colored or olivaceous, more or less attenuate at tlio obtuse apex. o. Ccllula in triihomcitiliKH ])lcrum<]iic in grric ximjilice vclJiijilici ordiiiata. a. Cells moflli/ arranyvd in a gim}ile or double eerieg in the filament. S. scytcnematoides, Wooo. 8. strato subinenibranacco, nigro-viride, sippe iiilerrupli>, cum Ruperficie iiiiP(|nale ; (riclionm- tibus ssppe arete intricatis, flexuosis aut varie curvatis, liand rij^iilis, pIcruiiKpie vix ramosin ; ccllulis uniseriatis, interduni interruptis, nrctis, irrefiularc (piadraii(?iilis, diamelni subaMpia- libus ant l-.'i plo brevioribuiJ, hand disliliele praiinliilis, ciernlco-viridibns; viiiriiiis aniplis, band distinete lamellosis, superlieie enormiter currugatis et birtis, plerumiiue coloris experti- bus scd interduni dilute brunncis. Diam. — Sine vag. max. t^'oo" = -OOOfifi"; cum vag. max. ^JJ^" = .OOl.T'. Syn. — S. srxjtenematoides, Wood, Prodromus, Proc. Amor. Phiio.s. Soc, 1809, p. 134. Hah. — South Carolina. (Ravcncl.) S. In a subniembranaccons, blackish-grcen, frequently interrupted stratum, with an uneven surface; lilaments often closely intricate, flexuou.s or variously curved, not rijrid, mostly Bparsely branched; cells uni-.serinte, sonietimos interrupted, close, irregularly (piadrnngular, about "(pial in length to their diameter, or about l-.'i times shorter, not distinctly granulate, blui.sh-grecn; sheaths aTn)>Ie, not distinctly lamellate, their surface rough and corrugate, transparent, mo.stly colorless, sometimes light-brown. Rcmarhft. — This species was collected in South Carolina by Prof. Tlavnnel, who found it in the month of February growing on the limbs of Mi/rim ccrl/rra. The F R K S II ■ W A 'P K II A I, 0 M O I' T II lO V N I T i; I) S T A T IIS. (>!) Mackisli-prorn layer, wliwh it iniikcs upon tlic hark is very pcrulinr, being almost inciiihraiiaccoiis, and esitccially ill tlic (iricd state, preseiitinj^ a r<>iif,'li, suinewliat warty surface. Tlie trielioinatu liave the slieatii more distiiietly in tiie form of a hollow cylinder, or, in other wordx, more plainly a sheath, than nny other species 1 have seen of tlie {^enns ; the cells are also without any apparent walls, and are jjlaied very closely together, so that the whole filament looks very like a nri/tu- niUKt, Fig. 1, pi. i), represents n portion of u frond magnified 2G() diameters. S. pelliicidiiliiM, Wood. U. iiiiinvi'HiiH; trii'hiMiiiitilMH rntnnHHiMsiiniM, solilnriis vt>1 Kiil)H*is; nuMulnriiiii iipicilnis lain rotiinilittis, liiiiiil iitlciiimti.s; ci'IIiiMh hi si'rie- liiix Hiin|)li(.'il)iis lii.HpciMitU, In tricliotniitihiis noniiiliil niliiiiiliiliM, in rniniiliH sirpv iiii);iiliiriliiii<, ]ilt'riiin(|U(! cuinpri'SHiti, tliiinii'tro ii'(|iiiilil)iiH — I plo brt'vidi'iliiis; IrriniiiiililxiM i^liiiiJi'iciH el obsi'uru iirtii'iiJiiliH ; cclliiliH intt'i'stitiulilius iiiilliH ; viiKiniii urctiit, liyuiiuis, liiiud luiiielluHis; cytioplaNiimto lurugiiivo vcl bruiiiirn, iniauto grunulitto. Dmni.— Triih. oiiiii vii(f. 75"^^" = .OOIOC"; sine vng. -» .0008". Syii. — S. jicllucidiiluD, Wool), ProilroinuH, rroi'. Amor. I'liilos. Soc, 18G9, p. 133. JJab. — III Htagiii.s, propo lliberiiin, Florida. (M. W. Canity.) S. linmcrHod ; niumcnts very miioh brnnclicd, Huiltary or subsolitary ; branohcR moHtly iinilntcrni, braiii'licd; npiccs of tlio branclicH not attenuate, broadly roiiiided ; ccil.s dJHpoHcd in u diiiipli) Kcric.'i, in till! triclioina Nonicwliat ronndcd, in the braiiclii's ri'i'i|ii('nt.ly aiifrnliir, mostly cuni- prcsscd, from imiiiuI to 4 times shorter than tln^ dianictcr ; terminal <'ell eyiindrieal, obseiirely articulate; interstitial cells none ; slieutli close, hyaline, not lamullutu; cytiojilasm u'riigin- ous or brown, minutely granulate. Remnrlcn. — This speries was collected by Mr. William Canby in a little marsh pool near Ililiernia, Florida. The liraiiches are given off in abundance, mostly in a unilateral manner, nro often very long, and about equal in diameter to the main filament, and give origin to numerous branchlets. The sheaths are very traiis- j)arent and very close. I have never seen them in any way lainellati* or fibrous, or of any color. The cells do not have very apparent walls. In the main fila- ment ami branches thi^y arc globose, or, more commonly, very much compressed, but in the lu wer branches, and sometimes in the older, they are very angular. The few cells near the end of the branches arc so shaped as to remind one of the phalanges of the fingers. The last cell is cylindrical and has a number of cells indicated in it. The color of the young cells varies from a deep bluish-green to a ferruginous-brown — that of the older from a light bluish-green to ferruginous- brown. Fig. 2 a, and 2 h, pi. 8, represent portions of filaments of this species. S. coinpacliiN, (Ad.) Ktz. S. strato (;xpnn.so, toinontoso, fnsco-nigro ; trichomatibiis elongati.s rainulis((no adsccndcntibus, npicc interdiim panlliim attcnnatis sod sicpo clavatis, obtiisis ; trieli(miatibns iiiternis e celhi- larnra Beric sinipliei formatis, et plerumqno inoniliformibns ; ccllnli.s dinnietro suba'cpialibus vel brevioribns, snbglobosi.s vel snbqnndrnti.i. siepe eonipressis ; eytiol>lnamate dilute ea-riileo- viride, subtiliter granulatis ; celliilis apiealibnseylindrieid et oscillariiiiii inodo, Kiepe indistinctc. I il 'f 70 P R E S II - W A T E R A L C, Ai O I" T 11 i: U X 1 T V P S T A T K S. ttrticulntis ; vngiiiis firtiiis, niiivo- vrl rubiilo-fiiscis, in niiiuilis sivpc siiblulois, liiuul distim'te lameilosiH; ei'llulis iieiiluraiitihMs iili'i'iiiiitiiie iiiodico iiiiiiivrosis, singulis, 8ul)globosis, f^ii-pu Vttklo eoinprtssis, dilute lu-sfcutibus. iJi'om.— rierumquo T^'o'aa"— TsVbo"'" 0008"~.001"; max. 30^00" = -yt"^" ; cell, pcrdurniit. T5^(.ff" = -00058". Si/n. — S. i//()/i<'»iu compartiim, Aoaim>ii. Sj-st. p. 3S, N. 3. Harvey's Mauunl, p. 154. JlusiuHa com/HwIa, Massai., I'Vosh-wiitor Algis, ]• 'il3'2, t. Ixviii. f. 3. Sirosiphoii cr:);; aclun, (Ao.) Ktz. Kaue.Mioust, Flora Algarum, Sect. II. p. 28T. Jiiib. — III nipil)»>f I'liloiiruis, Xi'w Jci'scy. (Austin.) Trope Saloin, Muss. (Itussi'l.) Stnitum t'.\|mii.l. (I, tmuoiitoso, fuscous-lilack; filiiiiu'iils and l)i'an<'ln's nsconding, wilh tlii.'ir obtuse ends .'iiMut-limes .-iliglitly uttonuate but often elavate; internal lilauients eoinposed of a single series of eells mostly luoiiiliform; cells shorter than or nearly as long ns broad, subgloboso or subquailrate, ot"ten compressed; iii)ieal cell cylindrical and articidate somewhat like an osciilatoria; cytioplasm light bluish-green, linely granulate; sheath firm, reddish or y. Ilowish-brown, yellowish iu the brandies auil near the ends ; heterocysts mostly rather iiur.1 Tons, single, subglobose, brownish. Riinnils. — Tlio spccimoiis frtiiu which tho above (l('scrii)tioii was drawn up woro received frtMU Messrs. Austin and lltissell, iiud liave been considert-d its identictil with the Ijiropean A', coiiiimic/uh, althono;li not in absohite agreement with the descri])tions thereof. The most im])ortant of the differences are in the matter of size, the measuremiMits given by I'rof. llabenliorst not cqnalling tliosc u* .lined to bj the Americtui plant. The differences, however, do not seem sufficient to separate the forms, iiTid, in the absence of Enro])eaii sjieciinens, the two liave been consith-riul one species. 'file sheaths in tlie older por*ion.< of the filaments are ntvirly opatp.u", but in the brunches and yoimger portions they arc quite translucent. The heterocysts some- times an truncate at one end. The internal c(>lls ;ire rarely arranged in a doni)le series, su h arrangement 's, ho^.-ever, much more common in the specimtMis re- ceived from near c^alem, than in those found in Northern "New Jersey. ISIr. Utis- sell's specimens are labelled as growing on shaded and moist rocks in patches two or three inches wiee. Fig. ;} ((, pi. 8, represents the end of a filament of this magnified I'A) diameters; 3 /), u u-agmeiit magnified 250 diameters ; 3 e, a hetcrocyst magnitied 800 dia- meters. S. Cramcri, liiiioo. ^. ca'spitibns, tomentosis, spntiosp cxpnnsis, fuseo-nigri.i ; trielioinatibus vage rnmo"is; minis ,)leruni(pie singidis, siupe elongatis, su'pe elavatis ; eellulis intirnis uniseriatis, dianietro sub- ic(iualibns vel lirevioribus, interdum .subglobosis, siepe sulxpiudratis, in a>tnto provccta so-po e nressiono mutua valde eonipressis ct transverse oblongis, aiireo-fulvis vel in rctate jnvenc interdum leriigineis; eelluH.s terminalibus iu massa'u subcylindrieani coaleseentibns: eelb.Iin perdurantibus ni.llis; vaginis aureo-fuscis in a'late proveeta plus minus snbopaeis et distinelo lanieilosis, in wtate juvene plui; iniiins pellueidi;' et sa-pe colori.s e.xpcrtibus. Diam —Trk'h. oum vag. max plerumquo .002'; interdum .00225"; ram. .0015" — .0025"; trieh. sit e viig. .00083". Sijn.—S. Oinncri, IJiunKi. Rabeniiorst, Flora Europ. Algar., Sect. H. p. 283. I i FIIESII-WATEU ALU.*; OF Til K UNITED STATES. 11 Ilab. — In rupibas irrorntis inter muscis luinutis. Mount Tnlinwiis (vuljo Mount Marcy),' iilt. 5000 foct. Forniinf^ n blackisli, widely cxpftnileii, toniciitoso turfy covoriui? to rocks ; lilanR'iit with scnt- teroil briiiu'lu's ; bronclii's mostly siiiglo, often elongate and clivvute ; cells unisvriato, ubont e(iuul, or ttliortor than long, nonictimert Hubglobosc, often suli(|nadratc ; in advanced age often strongly coiniiressed and transversely oblong from mutiuil pressure, yellowish, or sometimes, when young, greenish ; the apical ccPs coalescent.into aii irregularly cylindrical muss; hcle- rocysts wanting ; sheaths yellowish-brown ; ut maturity more or less suljopa vock, th(! bed of fin okl hmdslide, over portions of which Avater is eontiitiially thij)- ping. In snch phices the phmt inider consideration lionrishes, forming with sonic very minute mosses a bhickish, ttirfy coating to the rock of many fe(>t, or even yards, in extent. The specimens agree well with the descriptions of tlie European plant, which tilso grows at iibont the same altitude as the American. They have, liowcver, one peculiarity not noted in description of the Eiu'opeau form, namely, that oftcMitimcs the sheath of a branch widcMis out until it is actually much largi'r than the main tilanuMit. The color of the cells in the European form is said to bo leruginous ; but I conceive this depends somewhat iqKHi the age of the sptM'imens ami is scarcely of primary value. The only other dift"(>rence worth noticing is thtit my measurements i xeeed somewhat thos(> given of tlu> I'liropean j)l;int. I do not think, however, there is any good ground for separating llie forms as distinct sjiecies. Tlie finding of tin Al|>ine plant growing on a mountain half way across the world from its lirst discovered home, tit practictiUy the same altitude, is a matter worth noting as a fact in Botanical (Jeography. S. neg^lccf iiM, WooH. 8. immorsns; trichoinatibua Rubsolitniiis, longis uscpio nd liiu'ns qnatuor, cylindrieis, raniossis- Rimis ; rumulis singidi.s ; cytio[)lasiniite interdum u-rngineo, plerum([UO aureobrunneo; cellulis uniserialis rarissime biseriatis, subglobosis, interdum sejuiictis sed plernnH|iie arete ronMe<'tia <'l moniliforniibus, nnxlo eimlluentibus, hand distiiiete ))aehydermalicis ; cellulis terminalibus cloiigulo-cylindrii'is, sa, Trodromus, Proe. Ainer. I'hilos. Soc, ISiil), p. i;t.'5. Unb. — In stagnis, New Jersey. S. immors<'d, 8ul>8oIitary, attaining n length of 4 linc.t, cylindrical, very nmcli branched ; Iminches single; cylioplasm a-ruginons mostly yellowisli-brown ; cells uniseriali-. very rui'vjy biseiiale, snbglidiose, sdUH'times separate but more fre(iuenlly closely uiiitcil and moniliform ; terminal (ell an eh)ngal<'d cylinder, often arliciilate somewhat like an oscillatoria ; interstitial cells wanting ; slieuths transparent, soinelimes brown, mostly colorless. ' " Tall n mi!'," cloud splitter. The Indian names of the American mountains onght to be retained, in spite of the fact that some vulgar land surveyr iias defded (he Adirondaeks with the names of politicians, through whose inlluenee he Imped fnr patrimage. .u 'A m III 1.S I Wn T2 PRESII-WATKil ALG.E OF THE UNITED STATES. licmar/iS. — Tliis plant was found in a very stan;nant pool, forming, with various otlior species of algiv, a gelatinous, leruginous-brown stratum, through which the single plants were thickly scattered, without anywhere forming the major ])Qrtiou of the mass. The plants tliemselves are large enough to be distinguished by the uui'.idi'd eye. Under the microscope the sheaths are seen to be exceedingly trans- parekit and colorless, except in the older part of the filanu'ut, where they are often dark brown and opacpie ; but even in such case, the edges are translucent and lighter colored. The internal cells or globose masses rarely have distinct coats, and even when such were apparent, as in the older portions of the plants, there appeared to be a conunuuication between the cells. The original nniiu stem is rather short, shorter often tium nunu'rous branches into whiih it breaks up. Very often tin- apices of the branches are colorless and entirely emi)ty, consisting simply of sheatii ; often, however, they are occupied by a cyliudi-r of protoplasm, which is sometimes arti- culated more or less distinctly like an oscillatoria. I'ig. 4, pi. 8, represc'ts ti fragment of a lilameut with a small branch. S. lignirola, Wood. S. sti'ato cxpaiiso, tomciitoso, atro; tricliomntibus ramo.ssissimis, nrcto iiitPrto.\(is ; ranmlis ab- brcviatis vcl eloii^jalis, subroftis aut vario curvatis, apicibus oliliiso rotmiilatis vol subaeiiiiii- iiati.s ; tri(.'liomatrii;i ot raimilornm ci'llulis uiii- vcl bi.soriatis, raru in trifhoiiiatibiis inatiii-is iniii- tisi'riatis, jilt'riiin([iiu i>arlivili'fmalici.s, dilute vul salurate luriigiucis, cnoriiiibus, pIcniiiKiiio hoiuoguni'is ; cellulis lL'rmiiialil)us in trii'lidiimtilms iuiiuaturis clougatis, t'ylimlrici.-i, sa'piiis uoiinihil otxiliatoiiiim luoUo articuiatiti, granulosis; vagiuis sat aiuplis, liauu aclirois, vul luteo-bruiiucis vt'l fusccutibus vc! fcrrugincis. Biam. — rriih. cum v«g. max. i;',tb" = .OOOriG". Sijn. — S. Utjnicola, Wool), rrodromus, I'roo. Aincr. riiilos. Soc, 1809, p. 133. Hah. — South Carolina. (Ravcncl.) Occurring iu an c.xpandcil, tonicntosc, black stratum ; filamouts very much branched, closely interwoven, branclic, abbreviate or elongate, nearly straight or variously curved, their apices obtusely rounded or subacuminate ; cells 1-2 seriate, mostly thick-walled, light or deep ivruginous, irregular, mostly homogeneous; tcrnunal cells elongate, cylindrical, frequently articulate somewhat like an oscillatoria, granulate; sheaths somewhat ample, not transparent, light bright, fuscous or I'erruginoua. liemarl-'i. — I liavo seen dried specimens only of this plant, which were collected by I'rot. II. W. llavenel, in South Carolina. It is stiid to grow on old boards, and appears to be a very distinct species. There arc frequently two or three very short, stubby branches arising together. The apices of the filaments and branches are in some cases filled with endochrome to the end, and are broadly rounded at the apex. In other casc-s the sheath of the filament extends a distai.ce beyond the endochrom(>, and is finally rapidly diminished to a jjoint. The cells within the filaments ar(> of various shapes, sometimes globular, sometimes qtiad- rangular, more often irregular. The original sp(>cimens from which this descrip- tion was written were collected in April. I do not know whether they grew immersed, or merely on boards exi)osed to the weather. 1 have since received FUESII -WATER ALO.E OF THE UNITED STATES. 73 spocimons collected in the month of August, wliich grew on boiiids over which spring wat(>r was constantly running. These specimens agree perfectly with the others, except that the filaments are larger and the elongated apical cell is wanting; differences which 1 believe to be due to the specimens collected iu August being older than those first received. I'ig. 2 a and 2 h, pi. 9, were taken from the types, whilst fig. 2 c, pi. 9, from the August specimens. a. CvUida; plcrumqiiv in scric iluplici vd mullipliri a. Cells gcnvrally in double .series, or multiple series. S. argillaceiis, Wood, (sp. nov.) S. strato tcmii, expanse, tiubnigro, subiiu'iiilirannroo ; trichomatilms l)rovil)us, dense intricniis ct sajpe noniiihil foncrctis, raniosis, iri'i'ffiilaribiis; iisciiilnniiiiiilis lucvilffis, varie curvatis, uonuiliil rigidis, plet'unic|Uo asci'iulinitibus, apii'u noaiiiliil altcnuali.s; cellulis sul));lubosis, sn'pi' coinprt'ssis, pk'runi(|ue in scrio sitnplici si'd inti'i'duni in scriiMlu|plii'i, vol rare niidtiplici; ct'liulis apicalibiis valdo I'lonfratis, cyjinilrii'i.s, scvtotienia! trii'liomatibus .iitcrnis siniilibiis; vajfinis crassis, finnis, in tricli()iiiiili))us nuiluris saturate rubidi)-briii:Mc'is, in rainulis sa;pe lutco- brunneis el iu npii'o iiyaliiiis et fero coloris I'xpertibus; ceilnlis porduranlibus nullis. Viam.—^a'oa" = .000833". Hub. — 111 pabide nrgillacca, South Carolina. (Ravcnel.) Stratum thin, rxpnii(h'd, blackisli, Rnbincnibranaocoiis; lihinirnta short, densely iiitrientc, and frecpienlly soniewiiat eoiierete rounded. The color of the cells, as I have seen it, does not strikingly differ from that of the slieaths. Fig. 3 a, ])I. 9, represents a portion of an old frond magnified 4(10 diameters, and fig. 3 h, the end of a younger branch. No. 79. Collection oi ilavenel, Aug. lS(i9. S. {(llttllw':; Woon. S. in maculis snbnigris, parvis, tcnuibus, plenmiqno rntnndntis, interdum enormibns, dispositus; trichomatibuB nrcte interte.xtis. rainossissiniis, rigidis, ina'i|iialibus, snbeyliiidrieis, nonnihi! 10 Mny, 1872. !:■ {■■( ■J 'A 74 FUESll-WATER AhQJi OF THE U M 1 T E 1) STATES contortis; rnmnlia obbrcviatis vol nonnihil cloiigalis, apico obtuso rotuiidatis; rnnnilorum et triclioimituin cellulis tri-imiltiHi'i'iiitis, pli'ruiiKiiic pacliydenniiticis, fernitfiiu'o-fiiscis, iiionniler glubusis, homogt'iiuis ; cellulis apicalibiis iiiteriiuin brvvu cyliuUricis, liuud articulaliti ; vagiuis sat aiiiplis, lutou-bruiiiiuis vcl dilute ferrugitiuu-bruuncis. Diam. — Max. trich. cum vag. 7|5" = .0013". Syn. — S. ijuttula, Woou, Prodronius, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, 13C9, p. 132. Hub. — South Carulina, in Tuxudiuiu disticbum. (Prur. Ilavencl.) AiTnugcd in small, thin, black spots, which nro generally round, but sometimes irregular: fd»- menta closely interwoven, very much branched, rigid, unciiual, subeyliiidrical, somewhat con- torted ; branches abbreviate or somewhat elongale, apex obtusely rounded ; eells of the triuhoma and branches 3 to many seriate, mostly with thick coats, ferruginous-fuscous, irregu- ;.irly globose, homogeni-ous; apical cells sometimes shortly cylindrical, not articulate, sheaths ample, yellowisb-brown. Remnrhf. — This species Wtis found growing on the bark of Tnxoihiim dintichnm, by Prof. II. W. Ilavencl, in South Carolina, and by him given to Dr. Billings, TJ. S. A., to whom I am i.ulebted for specimens. It forms on the bark minute roundish, blackish, dot-like spots of about a line in diameter, or sometimes, appa- rently, by the coalescence of two or more of these spots, larger irregula: patches. The habit of the plant is a rigid one. The main stem is often irregular in size, variously bent and rebent, and mostly gives off a number of branches, which fre- quently nearly equal the main filament in size, and like it are bent in various directions. They also frequently give origin to numerous short branches. In some instances, there is a distinct apical cell, which is cylindrical, but only two or three times longer than broad ; in many cases, however, this cylinder being want- ing, the ordinary cells extend to the extreme apex. Fig. -4 a, pi. 8, represents a filament, and fig. 4 i, the end of a branch magnified 460 diameters. 8. acervatUN, Wood. S. in guttulis minutissimis, subcrnstaccis, nigris, in strato subcontinuo sippc nggregatis; tricho- niatibus purvis et brcvibus, rigidis, adniodum ina-qualibus, ])rostratis, tuberculis, ercte ct dense raraossissimis, viridibus aut aureis aut brunneis ; ramulis brevil)us, jderunique baud raniulosis, crectis ant ascendentibus, swpe abbreviatis et papilliformibus, obtusis, sa>pe lateraliter ennnatis ; cellularnm seric in trichomatibus multiplici in ramulis i)lerunqucsiniplici ; cellulis subglobosis vcl subangularibus, viridibus, baud distinctc granulosis, in niinulornm apice sajpc breve cylin- dricia et interdum obsolete articulatis; vaginis aureis, nonniuil hyalinis. D/am.— Trich. max. 7JS5"; ""»• te'Vb"— tbV- Syn. — H. m-ervatm, Woon, Prodronius, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, l&tJO, p. 132. Hah. — South Carolina, in ''ortlce (Ilex opaca). (Prof. II. W. Ravenel.) Arranged in drops, which are very minute, subemstaceous, black, and frequentiv aggregate into a subcontinuous stratum ; filaments small and short, prostrate, rigid, somewhat uii((;ual, tuber- culate, densely and closely branched, green or golden or brown ; branches short, lor the most part not branched, erect or ascending, fre(piently abbreviate, and papilliform, obtuse; series of cell nudtiplc in trichoma, mostly simple in the branches; cells snbglobosc or subangular, green, not distinctly granulate, in the apices of the branches frequently shortly cylindrical ond Boraetimos obsoletely articulate ; sheaths golden, somewhat hyaline. FRESII-WATKR ALO^ OF THE UxNlTED STATES. 75 Remarlci. — Tliis species was found in winter by Prof. II. W. llavcncl in South Carolina, growing upon tlu; bark of Ilex ojaca, forming minute, firm, crustacoous, roundisli dots or nuisscs, much smaller than a mustard-seed, but in some cases so closely aggregated as almost to make a continuous stratum. When one of these dots is placed under the microscope, the branches arc seen presenting tlieir ends upon all sides, reminding one of some varieties of coral, and between these are blackish matters, which prevent the whole dot from being seen. These branches are frequently placed very close to one another, and cohere by their edges so as to make a sort of membrane or a solid mass. The filaments themselves arc mostly obscured in the dense mass of branches which clotiic them. This sjiecies seems to be closely allied to S. corallouku, and I am not certain whether it is distinct or not. It is certainly very much smaller. S. piilvinatiiM, iiata. S. pulvinatus, liuiuectatiis, saturate olivacco-nijfcr, ad trcs lincas crnssns; tric)ioniati1)iis crassis- siinLs, ramos.sissiniis, fuscesceiitibiis, I'liorinitiT ciirviitis; ramuli.s polymorpliis pro a;tate cras- sitic inugnitiKlincipK! variis, apico ])lcriim(piv olitusc rotuiiilatis ; tricliomatuiii ci'lhilanim serio iiiiiltiplifi, raiiuildrnm 2-4 plici ; vajfiiiis craasis, luteo-fuscis ad saturate-fuscis, vol pvllucidis vel non pi'lluridis, interdum rugoso-tuberculis. Diam. — Tridi. ciiiii. vng. max. .0042". Syn. — S. pulvinairt, (Riif:n.) RAnF.NiionsT, Flora Europ. Algar., Sect. II. p. 290. Hub. — In rupibiis propo I'biladvlpliia. Wood. In moist, deep olivc-blnck cushion-like masses of two or throo lines thick ; filaments \er\ thick, niiu'b branched, brownish, irregularly curved ; branches polymorphous, varying in thickness and size, mostly with their apices obtuse; cells of the fdainent many seriate, of the branches two to four seriate; .sheaths thick, yellowish-fuscous to deep fubcous, pellucid or opaqnc, sometimes rugose-tubcrculate. Remarlcs. — I have received specimens of this species found by Mr. Austin in Northern New Jersey, growing on the exposed face of rocks. The si/e attained to exceeds ihat given by Mr. Rabenhorst for the European form. The color of the cytioplasm varies from an almost verdigris-green to fuscous. Besides these specimens. Dr. I. Gibbons Hunt lias given me fresh ones of a Simsl/ihoit which he foiuid growing on the face of dripping rocks along the Wissahickon Creek, near this city. These are much smaller in every way than tlieir more northern brethren, and differ in other respects, I think, sufficiently for a distinct variety. The filaments and branches are much flatter than in Mr. Austin's specimens. I append a description. (Var. parvus.) S. trichomatibus in cn!spite Baturate olivacno-nigro arote intertestis; trichomatibns crassissimis, enormiter ramosissirais luteo-fusccscentibus, varie curvatia; ramulis polymorpliis, apicc plerumqno obtuse rotundatis; trichomatum cellularum scrie multiplici, ramulorum 1-4 plici; cytioplasmatc grannlato, plernmquo saturate fusccsccnte, interdum In!to viride ; vaginis crassis, dilute luteo fusccsccntibus, interdum achrois. Diam. — Trichom. cum. vag. nia.x. jjj" = .03" 76 FIIESII-WATKU ALU.i: OF T 11 K UNITED STATES. Filaments closely interwoven into ii deep olive-liliiek turfy ninss, very tliiek, irregularly and frc- (|Ueiilly braru'lied, yellowish-fuseous, variously curved ; liranelies iiolviiiorplious, their apices mostly obtusely rounded; scries of cell in lilanicnt multifold, in Inanclies 1-4 fold; cytio- plasm granulate, mostly deep brown, sometimes bright green; shcatbs thick, light yellow isli- brown, sometimes transparent. Remarks. — Tlio fronds are very irrcguUir in form and size, mud 'iiint:h(>d, jind so closoly intorwovon that they mostly cannot bo sc^paratinl wit . nt bn-akinjif. Tlic branches are sometimes short and stumpy, sometimes tliey arc very lonrons branches, sonn; of wliich are sho'-t and stumpy, others quite long, and are themseh cs th(> parents of numerous secondary branches. Tin; longer branches often rival the main filament in size, and like it vary continually, in being irregularly expanded and contracted. There is never a long, articulateil cell, not even in the apices of the branches. The apices are often somewhat attenuated, and are always more or less obtuse. The cells are of a bright green color, art! very irregidar in form, and are often very irregularly arranged in rows of from two to five, both on the main filament and branches. The liase of tlu; filament often gives origin to several small, cylindrical, root-like i)i-ocesses. Ii FRESII-WATEB ALO.E OF T II K UXITED STATES. 77 Fig. 4 a, pi. 9, rrprpsonts a frond of this plant magnilicd 125 iliamctcrs; fig. 4 />, a fragment niagiiilu'd 400 diunicturs. Professor Bailey, in American Journal of Sciences, vol. iii., now series, states that ho lias found two species of tiic genus Stlgoncma, niimcly, St. atrovlrciis, Ac. and Sf. nHniimillosiiin, A(i. ; the former growing on w(!t rocks at Indian Falls, Putnam C-ounty, New York ; the latter at Round Pond, near West Point. I have no personal knowledge of the genus, but, according to authorities, it belongs to the lichens rather than the alga*, apotiiecia having been detected in various species. Class CIILOKOPIIYLLACEiE.' Phntulm aqiuiticfc vol acirc.T, iini-, bi-, vol luulticcllularos, ant singula; aut cousociatii', faiuilias fonnantos. Vcgdatio tonninalis vol non torminalis. Ramificatio aut nulla aut vera, sod collularum non divisionc, potius l)roHHcati()ne. Cijtiodcnna non siliceuni, combustibilc, sa^pius c stratis successivis coinposituni, substantiam golatinosam jdcruuiquc liquidum cxsudans. ('i/fi()/)I(hs)iin chloropliyllosum, chloropliylli loco nonnunquam erythrino vol isubstantia oleosa coccinea, carnoa aut nifesoente coloratum, nuoloo (ocntrali vol laterali) i)leruiu(pio pnodituin, granulis aniylacois rarissinio carens. JfiiUipIt'cafio lit collularum divisionc vcgctativa. Fa3Cundatio ple- ruuKiuc scxualis. Propnijatio lit aut oosporis vol zygosporis aut gonidiis tranhidiuni, I)ac'tylococcu.s). Cytiodernia plerumque tenue, wepiuH teguraento gelatinoso tiut horaogcneo aut lani('llup:J pra;dituni. Cytioplasma honiogeneum, mtate provccta plc- ruuKpio distiiicto graiiulnsuni, viride, aut rube8cea.s out fusoest'en.s, vesiuula chlurophyllosa semper instructum (e.\eei)to lUiapliidio). Miiltiplientio fit celhilanini divisiono vcgctativa, propagatio gonidiis ex ultima ccUularum gcnc- rationu trniisitoria cvtioplasumtis divisionc varin orti.s. Oonidia tegumentis liberata, polo autico ciliia vulgo binis plerunupie instrueta et alueriter eircuinvngaiitia. (II.) Alga! nniei'llular in a broad sense. Cells either single or numerous, constituting families, imbrdded in a jelly to form a gelatinnu.s slratu-n which is amorphous or fliaped, as tubular (Ilormospora), variously divided and perforate (Tetrnspora), falsely branched (llydrurus), or sometimes is wantiiig (Uhaphidium, Dactyloeoccus). Cytiodcrm mostly thin, often furnished with a gelatinous or homo- geneous or lamellate tegument. Cytioplasm homogeneous, mostly at maturity distinctly granular, green-reddish or fuscous, always furnished with a chlorophyllous vesicle (excejit lUiapliidium). Multiplication taking place by a vegetative division of the cells, propagation by transitory gonidia arising by various divisions of the protoplasm from the last vegetative generation. Uonidia with- out integument, mostly furnished with two cilia at the anterior end, and moving about actively. Genus Pl.EUUOCOCCUS, Mengu. (Rabenu.) CelluluB globosiB vel e mutua prcssiono angulosee, plerumque nucleo instructiB, turn Bini^nlo) turn in familias consoeitttiB. Cytiodernia firnuim, siepc crassum, liiive, hyalinum; cytioplasma honioge- neum viride vel olcosum rubrum. Multli Ucatio eellularum vcgctativarum divisionc in diructiouem ad omnes dimcusiones alteinantcm. Propagatio fit gonidiis intra sporangia ortis. Cells globose or angular from mutual pressure, mostly furnished with a nucleus, .sometimes single, sometimes aggregated into families. Cytioderm firm, often thick, smooth, hyaline; cytiopljism homogeneous-green or oleaginous-red. Multipilication occurring by a vegetative division of the cells alternately in three directions. Propagation by means of gonidia, formed withiu sporangia. P. seriatns, Wood, (sp. nov.) p. corticolus, strata pulvenila, rubido-brunnca, nonnihil Crustacea formans ; cellulis enormiter subglobosis, vel ovalibus, hute aurantiacis, interdum viride tinctis, hand distineto nueleatis, in scriebus singulis rcctis vel cunatis conjuuctis ; teguineatis crassis, baud lamellosis, coloris o.\pertibus. Z».a»i.— Ts'o,"— TB^off" = .00053"— .OOIi". Hah — In palude. New Jersey. (Austin.) Growing on bark, foiming a reddish-brown, somewhat crustaceous powdery mass; cells irregu- larly sul)globosc, or oval, bright orange, sometimes tinged with green, not evidently nucleated, conjoined in single straight or curved series; tegument thick, lamellate, or not so, colorless. FRESll-WATEll ALQ^ OF TIIK UNITED STATES. 79 Remarks. — I am indebted to Mr. Austin for spocimons of this little plant, which he found growing in a swanip near C'loster, Northern New Jersey, on a young pin oak. It forms a sort of crustiiceous powder, with little aggregations here and there, of a dull reddish-brown color. When these little masses are broken up, they are found to be composed of little series of very closely joined cells, generally n half dozen to a dozen in the row, 1 believe that at certain states of their growth these cells arc green, as many of them have a very decided green tint on their edges, and I have seen one or two of them quite green. rig. 2, pi. 10, represents this species magnified 4G0 diameters. P. pillvereiM) Wood, (sp. nov.) P. cullulis minimis, cEeruleo-viridibu8, enortnitcr 8ubf;lobo8i8, tcI anp^ulosis, in faiiiilias nume- rosaa conBociatis; fiiiniliis e cclluliH iiuincruBHissiinis et duiiHe confortis cnmpoHitis, irrugu- laribus, interdum confluciitibua, picrumijuu p.suudutegumcuUu hyaiiais iuvolutiH, in struto pulvcreo laste viridi aggri'gatis. Diam.—T„hisT!"—n^nn" - .00004"— .00013". nab — III fouto. " Boiling Springs," propo Bcllcfontc, Pennsylvania. Cells very small, bluish-grcen, irregularly subgloliose, oval, or angular, associated in nnmcrnua families; families composed of very numerous and densely crowded cells, irregular, HonielimeH connucnt, mostly surrounded by a false byaliuo tegument, aggregated iuto a brigbt green pulverulent stratum. Rcmarhs. — In Centre County, Pennsylvania, two miles from Bellefonte, there is a very large and beautiful limestone spring, which is a favorite roadside watering place, and is laid down on the maps as "Boiling Springs." Forming a stratum over most of the bottom of this spring is the little pliiut here described. The stratum is in places nearly an inch in thickness, and when lifted by the hand is found to be dry and crumbly, instead of mucous and tenacious. Under the micro- scope it is seen to be composed of vast numbers of irregidar masses or families of cells imbedded in a firm jelly, which projects so as to form a sort of transparent coat to the whole mass ; this cast I have spoken of in the description as a false tegument. The cells themselves are exceedingly small and furnished with an excentric point, which is probably a nucleus. Genus PALMELLA. CelluliB globosffi vol ovales vol oblongic, tcpumentis plus minus crassis in mucum gelatinosum, Bicpius ino.x CDiilluontibus involutoi, thallum difforme elEeieutea. Ccllulurum divisio directione in omnes dimeusiunes altcrimnte. Cells globose, oval, or oblong, surrounded with a more or less tliiek integument generally very soon confluent into a firm or soft jelly. Tballus shapeless. Division rf the cells alternately in all directions. P. Jesenii, M'ood. P. thallo indefinite expnnso, initio dilute ant la!te viride, molle, pellncidulo; rotate provecta firnio, tuberculo.so, saturate olivaceo-viride; cellulis globosis vol ellipticis, — in thalli astate immaturo, pleruinqu'! singulis autgeminis, siepe distantibus, — in letate provecta ssepe in fami- lias connoxis, plcriini(iiic eonferlis: tegumentis in thalli aetate immaturo plerumque diffluenti- bu8, aitate provecta plerumque distiuctis. 80 F U i; S II - W A T K 11 A I, (1 Ai O !•' 'I" II K V N I 'I' K D S T A T li S. y>/«m— Cell. glob. max. at'oo" -.00028"; ci-ll. oblong. loii|?. mux. „'bo" - .0004". tii/ii. — /'. Jcscnii, Wood, rnnU'cunurt, Proc. Am. I'liilort. Sue, 1S(1!I, |i. n4. Hub. — Iti ru|iibuH irroratin, pi'(>|(c riiiiuili'liihiu. TlialhiH iiKlcCniili ly cxpniulcd, in (li« bcjriiiniiin mift mid iiclliicid, nflorwnrds firm, (iibcmiliir, docp olivi'-Kivoii ; eolls n'oboso or I'lliiilifiil ; in Ibc imiiiiiluri' llmlliis, ulrif^lu or (fciniimli', fro- (lucntly scaltDrt'd; in tbc nuitiiro tliullus often elo.sely eonjiiincd into fiiinilies, luu.stly crowdi'tl ; in tlie young ;liailiiB tlio tegiiuiciitrt of the cellsi uro montly dilllueut, ttrtcrwiird.s distiiiet. Remarka. — This littlo plnnt was foiinti nloiig the banks of the Stlmylkill llivrr, just nbovc Flat Rock tunnel, near Manaytink, foiiniiif; in tho early winter a f,'ela- tiiioiis mass of two to three lines in thickness, irrei,Milarly and. interruptedly spread over tlu! face of wet, dripping; rocks. In what appeared to be tin; youn{,'er \mx~ turns, the jelly was often (jnito soft and almost colorless, and had the cells scat- tered rather sparsely and distantly throiifj^h it. The cells were but partially hlled with chlovopliyl, tin; vactioli; left containing often nnineroiis granules, and had distinct walls, being, as it were, merely immersed in the geiu>ral maternal jelly. In the older fronds the texture is more firm, the color a deep green, and the bvight green cells arc mostly siuTounded by a thick, very distinct tegument. 'I'hey arc- also largely arranged in little families of two, four, or even eight cells, surrounded by a common int<'gument. The oldest fronds arc of a deep olive, almost bltickish color, markedly tnherctdate upon their upper surface and very firm in textiu'e. They are surrounded by very distinct, firm, dark brown coats (a simple coat often invohing two or more cells), and arranged in groups or families. As shown by the microscope in the superficitd portion of such fronds, the jelly is of a yellowish- fuscous color, and the cells are themselves of a dark brown tint. The nund)er of cells in the individual families varies from two to a dozen or more. Even in these old, firm fronds, the interior portions are frequently composed of greenish cells, withoiit any distinct teguracmts or coat. In such cases the cells are mostly oblong or elliptical, and very much crowded together. This species appears to come closest to P. Breiissonii, Kt/., from which it difiers, however, in its habit of growth and the size of its cells. Fig. 3 rt, pi. 10, rc'presents a fragment of the ti])prr surface of an old frond magnified 150 diameters; fig. 3 6, when taken from the inner jelly of similar fronds. P. dlirn, Wood, (sp. nov.) P. tliallo enorniitcr sul)gIol)oso, pnoriiiitcr minute lobnto vel vcrrncoso, eteruleo-nigro, nonniliil crustacc"), minuto; cellulis nrcti.ssinie conferlis, jileninKiuo enorniitiT oblnrijfis, .siupe in serie- l)U3 irregulnre dispositis, ciicruieo-vlridibus vel luteo-bruuueis; teguuieulis baud di.- largo spring at Spring MillH in Marcli or April. The fronds were in tin; form of littlo bluckisli bulls attuchod to the stems of mosses in the water. Tlury varied in size from the minutest speck, scarcely visible to the nukfd eye, up to ten lines in diameter; they are globose, vfry firm and hard, and the larger look almost as if they were aggregations of Hinallor oikjs. They are gregarious. The spores are mostly borne on the edges of the frond, sometimes they appear to hv imbedded in its substance. At first they are of an intense bluish-green, but afterwards they appear to be yellowish- brown. None of the cells, as I have seen them, have their contents granulate. Fig. 5 a, pi. 10, represents a section of a frond magnified 4()0 diameters; fig. 66, a section of the edge of an old frond, developing spores. P. hyalina, Lynob. " Frotuls fr ii qiiartrr of nn inch to nn inch in diameter, somewhat globose, but at length fre- ((uently ninro or less elongated Into an ovate or even cylinilrieal form. iSubntancc gelatinous and very tender, of a ])('llii('id, watery iippeurance. Granules numerous, globose, green. Tlic froiwlK are produced nt first on roclis and stones at tho bottom of streani.-t, and afterwards become disengaged auU float on the surfacu." Remarks. — Professor Bailey states that he has found this species from Rhode Island to Wisconsin. Whether it is identical with the P.hyaUna of Brebisson, or not, I cannot say. Genus PAGEROGALA,' Wood. Thallus Rolidns, gelatinosus, indcfinitua, exalbidus, nonniliil pellucidulus, nodulis dense aggrogatis et Kiepe confIucntil)us formatus. Cellulee globosoe, confertw, in familias cousociata!. Familio! tegu- nientis tenuibus ct membranacels involuto;, in nodulorum centro posito). Tliullus solid, indennite, gelatinous, whitish, somewhat jiellucid, composed of closely aggregated nodules wlileh are often indistinct. Cell.s globose, crowded in families. Families surrounded by a thin membranaceous coat and placed in the centra of the gelatinous nodule. Remarks. — This curious plant was found by myself floating as indefinite masses of milk-white '"Hy on a mountain spring near Bear Meadow, Centre County. Penn- sylvania. The largest of these gelatinous masses was six inches long. On taking them out of the water they were seen to be composed of somewhat irregular nodules, which in some portions of the mass were very distinct one from the other, but in other parts were confluent into an almost uniform jelly. When the nodules were separated it was discovered that each contained a membranous very delicate sack of a pale green color, which the- microscope showed to be really a cell family. Their interior was hollow, or at least only partially fllled with a transparent fluid, and they contained all round their exterior portion a layer of round, closely placed cells. In some instances the outer membrane was ruptured, and the sac only con- tained a few cells, which could often be seen to be moving freely in the inner liquid. The sac membrane is thin and delicate, colorless, and marked with curious, regular ^vrinkles or folds. In those portions of the common gelatinous mass, where the nodules were lost, I could not find any of these sacs. 11 May, 1879. ' llayfpo;, frozcn ; yaXa, milk. A^.o. rN ^ ^ '^"^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) ^^ // ■ ^1 e)fora(a. Whilst botanizing in a primeval glade and forest, known as Bear Meadows, in this State, I came across a spring, co\ered with a Tetraxpora, which appears to represent the T. gelatinofin type. It formed great masses half an inch in thickness, at first attached, afterwirds floating and covering the surface of the pool for several feet each way. When young these masses were elongated and were formed of numerous lobes attached often by very slender pedicles, and having their margins thickened and undulated so as to give a beautiful waved appearance to the light green mass. Under the microscope the structure was similar to that of the other form, except that the cells varied more and attained a greater size. Their diame- ters ranged from j^V/ = 0.00027" to ^^V 7" = 000066". 84 FRESHWATER ALG^ OF THE UNITED STATES. I have also received from Prof. Ravcnel specimens of a Telratjwra, which may be the young of a variety of this species, but which is very possibly distinct. If the specimens are adult, it ccrtuinly is. They consist of numerous little fronds not more than a third of an inch in length, often composed of several subcylindrical arms, as it were, radiating from a central portion, and attaining a length of a third of an inch or so. These fronds are irregularly perforate, and are composed of cells agreeing perfectly in form, size, and arrangement with the more ordinary forms of T. lubrica. :j T. bullosa, (RoTn) Ao. T. thallo nienibranaceo-saccato, obovato, sinuoso-buUoso, unriam nsqiic palmam long''', postca c.xplanato, dilapora'.o, saturate viridi, plus niiuua vi'rrucoso; cclliilis suljspliericis (po.t divi- sioncm factam hcmisphoiricis vcl angulosis) gomiiiis vcl quatcruis, coufcrtiH, giauulusis. (R.) Species viihi ignola. Diani.— Cell, ante divis. 0.00032"— 0.00049" ; post divla. 0.00022"— 0.00029". (R.) Syn. — T. bullosa, (Roth) Ao. Radenhorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 39. Ilr.b. — " Salem, North Carolina. Schwoinitz, Newburgh, New York." Bailey, Silliraan's Journal, New Series, vol. iii. Thallus membranaceous saccate, obovate, sinuoscly-bullose, from one to si.x inches in length, afterwards expanded, torn, deep green, more or less verrueo.se ; cells subsphorical (after divi- sion heinispheritul or angular) in twos or fours, crowded, granular. Genus DICTYOSPH^RIUM, N.EG. Thallus gelatinosus plus minus liquidus, libera natans, sa;pe quasi nullus. Cellulas vesicuia chlo- ropliyllosa unica et 'occllo achroo parietal! praeditoe, togumentis crassis in gclatinam homogencam couflucntibus involutoe, fills propriis subtilibus dichotomo divisis, e familiarum ccntro ad periphcriam radiantibus connesic. Cellularum divi.310 ad omnes dircctioncs. Propagatio fit gonidiis mobilibus Thallus gelatinous, more or less liquid, swimming free, often alnost wanting. Cells furnished with a single ehlorophyllous vesicle and a lateral transparent spot, surrounded with thiok coats, which are confluent into a homogeneous jelly and united by very fine filaments, which are dichoto- mously divided and radiate from the centre to the peripheral families. Division of the cells occur- ring in all directions. Propagation by motile gonidia. D. pulchellum, Wood, (sp. nov.) D. thallo subgloboso vel subovule, interdum subnnllo, intcrdum indistincte lobato ; ccllulis globosis plcrumque sparsis sed interdum nonnihil confertis. Diani — Cell, jgij^" = 0.00025" j thallo plcrumque 3^5" «- 0.0033" ; intcrdum tIj" = 0.0054." Hab. — In stagnis propo Philadelphia. Thallus subglobo.sc or suboval, Rom'>times indistinctly lobate, sometimes almost wanting; cells globose, mostly scattered, but sometimes rather crowded. Remarks. — I found this little plant, one August day, floating, in company with Closteriian acermum, in a brick-pond below tlie city. Tlie little fronds are mostly roundish, or longer titan broad, with a distinct outline, sometimes, however, the con- stituent jelly seems to fade into the surrounding water. There is never a distinct ■I* FRESn-WATER ALG^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 85 outer coat. The lateral transparent spot in the cells is mostly very evident, some- times it is wanting, however. Occasionally there is a very distinct blackish " eye spot." Tiie threads wliich join tlie cells are very delicate, and I have never been able to absolutely demonstrate their meeting in the centre of the fror;d, althougli I believe they do so. In mounted specimens, even when preserved in carbolic acid water, they disappear after a time. I have never seen zoospores or any other reproductive bodies. Genus KHAPHIDIUM, Ktz. CcllnlfB fusiformea vel oylin(lracca3, ntrinque (plommqiie) sensim scnsimquc cuspiflat iiiierugoiiidia dicuutur ; ilia obluiiga, pulo niitieo plerumqiie rostelliforiiii-produeta, iiallidiora, eiliis vibratoriis pra;dita, |>i)lo pitstico trmieato- rotundata, ubne'iru viridia, individuiiin propagant ; luuc forma siiuilii, itidein inobiiia, brevi postea in .statuni quiu^icuiitc'iu transcuut, druiquc iu sporas perdurautcs (JJypnusporag, liaAUN) trauamu- tuutur. (R.) Unicellular algie, in the strictest sense of the word, clihropliyllous, without terminal growth or true branching, without a vegetative generation of cells. They live either single, segregate, or con- Kociated into families. The cells of these families, either indefinitely increasing iti number (theu families in the true sense of the term), or of definite number (then forming a cuenobium). Propagation by means of gonidia arising v/ithin the mother-cell by free cell-formation ; gonidia of two kinds ; the one larger, macrogonidia — the other smaller, microgonidia ; the former oblong, mostly produced into a, pale bicilatc beak anteriorly, ro>inrotectis; tcgumentis externis, crassibus; zoogonidiis ovalibus, vel subrotundalis, vel subellipticis, ciliis duobus instruetis. Diam. — Max. spor. perdurant. tbos" = .00093" ; microg. yj^j" = .00053". Aquatic ; cells green, globose or angular, accumulated in a green pulverulent stratum, often closely united into fiimilies ; cytioderni mostly not distinct; resting spores round with two or three thick coats ; zoospores oval or roundish, or somewhat elliptical, furnished with two cilia. Remarks. — I found this species growing in a spring near Hestonvill(>, West Philadelphia, in the month of March. The large winter spores are round, with thick coats. Except in one instance, in which the color was a decided reddish- brown, all that I have seen have been green. How they are produced I do not know. The history of their development into tlie jdant appears to be as follows: The first cliange is the rupture of their outer thick coat (fig. 4 h, pi. 7) from whicli the spore finally escapes still clothed with a coat of moderate thickness. Tiie green contents next divide into a number of oval bodies (fig. 6 6, pi. 7) which F11E81L-WATER ALO^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 87 grow, and, at the same time, bcparatc from one another. Wliilst these changes have been taking phice the spore coat lias been becoming gehitinous and cnhirging, so that it continues to enclose its progeny. In this way a family of oval cells is forned (fig. 4i, pi. 7). So far, I think, is positive. The next step I have nrver actually seen, but believe to be the escape of these oval bodies as zoospores (fig. 4 c, pi. 7) which are of very various sizes and are elliptical, globose, or oval. They have a tolerably well-miirkcd bright vacuole at their beak, and after swimming about actively for a time finally settle down, lose their cilia, and undergo division. They seem often to cluster together before thus becoming quiescent, so as to make little colonies (fig. 5, pi. 7). Genus CHLOROCOCCUM, Fries. CellulcB sphicroulea;, nut singultc libera;, vcsieiilii fliloropliyllosa ct locello lateral! pallidiori cavo? iiistruetic, limbo byaliuo ct lugumentis stcpu niuplissimiB ciucto;, aut pliirea in stratum vcl accrviiloB cuinulato!. I'ropogatio fit zoogonidiis cytioplosmatis divisionc ortis, c cytiodcrmatis abavio; (iiitclligc tegu- mciituin c'xtrcnium) rupturis excudcntibua Cells spheroidal, cither single, free, furnished with a chlorophyllous vesicle and a paler liiterol (hollow ?) spot, with a hyaline nimbus and surrounded by a wide coat ; mostly accumulated together into strata or little heaps. Propagation by means of zoospores, which are formed by a division of cytioplusm and escape from their general tegument (the cytiodcrm of the original cell). Remarks. — But a few weeks after the commencement of my study of fresh- wiiter algtp, a friend, a young microscopist, asked me to look at his aquarium, as the water of it had become stagnant, opaque, and green. On examining a little of the water with the microscope it was found to be fidl of what I now know to have been either one of the forms already described under this genus, or else one undescribed, but still embraced within its limits. There were two sets of bodies, the one motile the other at rest. The motile forms (Fig, 5, pi. 3) were globular or pyriform, and geneially contained a large, roundish, green, distinct mass. They were of course provided with cilia, although at that time I was not able to demonstrate their presence. These bodies, even v/hcn moving, appeared to have a distinct wall. After a time they settled down and assumed the quiescent state. The outer coiit now rapidly enlarged so as to leave a considerable space between it and the green endochromc, which rapidly underwent division, forming two or more new cells which were still surrounded by the enlarged maternal coat. The num- ber of daughter-cells enclosed in the parent cell varied. A considerable quantity of the water was allowed to stand in a glass jar, exposed to the light. In a very few days all the motile forms had disappeared. The contents of the vessel were allowed slowly to evaporate. The jar being tall and narrow it was some weeks now before this process was completed, before which consummation hcpviatococcua forms were abundantly developed. Instead of being green, and surrounded by a distant, almost sac-like wall, the cells had acquired a dark brownish-red color, were very opaque, and were protected by a thick wall, whose surface was quite rough. Unfortunately, I did not measure either the active gonidia or their progeny, the quiet cells, but I found the general ni 88 FllESII-WATEll ALQ.*: Ol-' THE UNITED STATES. n| diamctor of these htpmntococcus cells to be one twelve-hiuuhedth of an inch (.()()0«;{"). MM. Fiiinuitziuiuul Borunctzky, in a recent paper ("ZnrEntwickelungsgeschiclite derUonidicn luid Zoosporenbildun;^ der Flechten," Mem. deL' Academic Impuriale des Scien(^es de St. Petersbourg, 18(58, Annals and May. Nat. History, Feb. 18(){)), state as the result of direct observation that this genus of algir, so called, is really a stage in the life history of the gonidia of lichens. These gentlemen took thin slices of lichen thalli containing gonidia, and placed them upon pieces of tir and linden bark, which had been previously boiled to kill any plants that might be growing on them. These were then put in a glass jar inserted over a vessel con- taining water, in such way that they would be constantly exposed to a very damp atmospliere, and at the same time communication with tlie external air woidd be impossible. In another set of experiments, pieces of the lielicMis were allowed to lie for a long time in water, until the component filaments were deconi])osed into a gelatinous mass, in which tlie still green vigorous gonidia were ind)cd(led. These pai)-like {hnilgc) masses were then washed with pure water and smeared upon pi(>ces of linden bark. The results obtained were identical in the two cases. The gonidia were at first provided each witli a distinct nucleus and a well-marked lateral vacuole, and resembled closely the first form of cystococcus. The next change was a division of their contents into a large number of roundish masses, with the disappearance both of the vacuole and of the central nucleus. The il membranes were next ruptured, and the endochrome, protruding through tlu open- ing, formed a little ball sitting upon the parent cell. In doing this it doubled in siz(?, so that the part without was as large as the part within, although the latter still filled th(» cell. The contents finally escaped, but were yet surrounded by a very thin membrane, which soon, however, ruptured, and freed the biciliated zoospores into which the endochrome had in tlie mean time resolved itself. These zoospores remained a long time in the motile state, but finally settled down, drojv ping tlieir cilia, and became little round cells, wliich grew to three or four times their original size. Further development was not made out. Certain of the gonidia, belonging to a lichen of the genus Physcia, failed to produce zoospores, but their endochrome, divided so as to fori." a number of quiescent cells, which either ruptured very early the original cell-membrane and became free in the water, or else remained bound together by it hito a family for a longer period. In these resca.-ches ISIM. Famnitzin and Boranetzky employed lichens of three genera, namely Plnjficia, Cladonla, and Ercniiia, and claim, as above stated, that their investigations prove that they developed the algic genus Cystococcus of Nicgeli {Chlorococcian, Fries), from the gonidia. Genus POLYEDIUUM, N^gt^li, (1849.) CcIIulro sinpulir, sogrojjntfc, libcro natniitcs, comprcssoB, ;5-4-8 niitriilnros, nnguli.s pins minna pro- ducta,', iiunniiiu|iiam radiutiin clongatic, aut iiitegnc aiit bifiihc, pluruinquo arniatu;, a latere ciblonpo- clliptiiw, Htroque polo rotuiidato; vol siibtnincalic. Cytiodt-rnia toniin, lipvc. Massa cliloropliyl- \ucca ploniiiKiue granulosa, per ccllnla; Innion fftinaliter distributa, noniiuiiqnani gultulia oleosis rubris 1-4 nii.xta. Propngatio adbuc ignota. (R.) Genua mihi ignolum. FRESH- W AT KH A L 0 .K OF Till-: UNITED STATES. 89 Ct'lls single, Rogregfttp, Hwiiiimiiig frop, comprossed, 3— l-S-aiiglcd, nicircor less pniduccd as to llicir niiglr.s, Hoiui'tiiiu's rudiutt'ly I'lmigutr, fitliiT ciitiru or liiliil; inoslly iiriiird, olilong-cllipticul wlicn viewed liiteriilly, at eaeli end ronuded or Kid)trnnrntc. Cylioderin thin, siuootli ; ehloropliyl mostly granular, equally distriliuted tlirougli tlic cell, Hunietimcii mixed with reddish oil-dropx. I'ro]iagatiou uukuown. Rennirla. — Tliis g(>mis was doscribod by Nivgoli in his "(iattuiif:;<'U Klii/cUifjer Algcn," and, iilthougli 1 liiivo lanTr soon any spociinon of it, it claims a placo liere, because one species lias been found in this country by Prof. Bailey. P< eiiormtv (IIalfs) Db Haky. P. tctrai'iliicuni, anguli.s productis aehrois profundo bilobis, uouiiun(|unm repctito-biloblH, lobis mueronatis. (It.) Z^iom.— 0.0011"— 0.001(1". (11.) Syn. — P. cnormc, (Hai.fs) Dk Hary. RAnENnonsT, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. G2. tHaurastrnm cnormc, Hau's, UritiisL Dcsmidieuj.' II(ih. — Florida. Railoy. "Frond irregular or quiidrate, spinous; end view three or four-lobed ; loboa brond, more or k.!8 eniurginute or liilid, and terminated by spines, which are cither simple or branched. Sometimes the front view differs but little from the end one, usually, however, there is a slight constriction or sinus at the junction of the segment.'-!, but I have never observed any difference in the endocliromc at that part. The spines, which are almost coMJined to the angles, are irregular, some simple and some branched. Tlie end view has three or four broad and very irregular lobes ; these are spinous and more or less cmarginate, and fre{(ucntly one lobe is much broader and more spinous than the others. The si)ines on such lobe form two groups, separated by the notch; they vary much in size and are cither simple and sul)ulale, or else forked; sometiuiea the forked spines ore again divided at the apex." — Half is' JJrilish JJesmidicae, p. 141. Genus SCENEDESMUS, Meten. Cellulm polymorphic, utroque polo triiuales vcl ina'qualcs, soBpe in cornu spiniforme producta;, in Ktate perfecto 2-10 aut in scriem simplicem aut i)are vchymalice arete eonjuiictiu et cicnobium eon- stitucntes ; eytioplasniato initio homogenco, postca granuloso, vesicuia ehlorophyllosa cuntruli vcl sublalcrali et sicpe locello achroo latcrali instructo. I'ropagi.tio (it cytioplasmatis divisione suecedanea, unde gonidia oriuntur, quic intra cellnlam niatricalem jam in ccenobium planum seso conjungunt et nicmbranie matricalis ruptura vcl di.ssolu- tione prodcunt. Cells polymorphous, equal or unequal at the ends, often produced into a spine-like horn, in Ihe perfect state 2-l() closely conjoined, cither as asimi)le series or in a parcncliynui-like manner s(, asio furnuft coDMobiuni. Cytioplasm in the beginning homogeneous, afterwards gronular, furnished wilh a central or snblateral chlorophyllous vesicle, and often with a lateral transparent >-pot. Propagation occurring as a succedoiicum to the division in the cells, whence arise gonidia, which, already within the mother-cell, join themselves into a coenobium, and are finally set free by the rupturo and dissolution oi the maternal cell-wall. Remarhs. — According to Unger, in the genus Sccncihsmns the cells never exist singly, but always in families. Two of tlio species hero described as voprosenfativcs of tlio genus certainly do not conftnni to this, for I have frequently seen them both separate and in cocnobia 12 May, 1873. ■""^^^p 90 FRKSII-WATKIl A L (1 -K 0 1' TlIK U N ITi; D STATKS. I or families. Tho lutter worn cxuctly like (liosc of the Eiiroiican forms, nt Iciist in oiu> of till' two Npt'cies, and 1 do not tlicrcfoit^ tiiink it jnstitiablo to indicate a new f^cnns. Moreover, 1 liuvc certainly seen sinj^li; cells, lulonf^iny to a species wiiicii agrees precisely in its cliaracters with a European form, save only n tlie occasional existence; of these single cells. I have never studied th'; method of i)ropagation, but it is said to occur by the division of the cytioplasin of a Iarg(> cell into a minute ctiMioliium c:omp()setl of two or mor(! cells, which remains for sonic time within the walls of the mother- cell, but is iiuully set free by the solution of the lutter. The cells are mostly nnuh longer than bn-ad, cylindrical, elliptical, or oval, but in one species herein described they are habitually globular. a. Cclliiliu iiirrmo8. a. Culls uiiuriuccl. 8. obtiisiiti, Mevex. S. tellulis ohlontfis vol nvutis, utroquc polo olitusis, 4-0-8 modo urrto modo loxo in scriom Hluiplicoin nut rt'c'tuni uul iluplii'i'iii ul)ll(|uain coiijuuctis, diamctro 3-5 plo loiigluribus. (K.) 2)iam.— Triinsv. iiiiix. 0.00023"— 0.00028". (U.) Syn. — a. vbhmuti, Meyen. Uabeniioust, Flora Eu'-'p., Alguruni, Sect. III. p. 03. Hab. — Ocorgiii: llliode Island, Bailey. Cells oblong or ovate, ohiiisc nt eadi end, 4-0-S, partly closely partly hi.xly conjoined into a simple scries either straiijlit or obli pie uuil double, 3-5 times longer tliiiu broad. Remark. — I have never met with this species. 8. aciitiiN, Meven. S. celluli.s fusifonnibuH, vel ovuto-fusiformibiis vel ovatis, utrin(|no aciitis scd inormibus, intcr- dum singuliH sed plcruiu((ue in scriem aut Kiiiipliccni reclaiii aiit diipllceni inordiiiutc alter- nanteni dispositis, arete coneretis, diamctro 2-4 (0?) -plo loiigioribus. I)iam.— Tram. \.ig. max. ? .00010". Syn. — ,S'. arutus, MEVE^^. Rahenhorst, Flora Europ. jVIgaruni, Sect. III. p. 04. XIab. — I'rope riiiladelpliin, Wood. Rhode Island, Railey. Cells fusiform, or ovate-fusiform or ovate, acate at each end but unnrnied ; sometimes single but mostly conjoined into a single straight scries or into an irregularly alternate double series, 2-4 times longer than broad. Remarlcn. — This species is common around riiiladclphia. Our specimens agree very well with the descriptions and figures of the Europciin, excepting that occa- sionally a cell is single, and that none which I have measured have attained the size given by Prof. Rabenhorst as the maximum, namely, ().()()()2;3". According to Rabenhorst, S. ohVquus, Ktz., is only a variety of S. arit/iis, IMeyen. It has been found by Prof. Bailey in South Carolina, Georgia, and Rhode Island. b. C'dlulx nrmalas. b. Cells armed. F U !•: S 11 • W A T E n ALU Al O b' T 11 K U .\ 1 T E D S T A T E S . 'Jl S. polymorph UN, Wikid. S. cclliilis ru»iriirniiims, uul ovnlilma aut elliptic!!! mil glulioxlB, Biiigiilis uut '2-8 conjuiictig, |)li,'ruiii<|Uu iilrucjuc pulo aciileu iiiiico, liitt'i'djiii iiculfiH duoliuH, iri.ttriaaii*: npii'lbuH ubtUHiM, ucuUh, vi'l acutiH^iiiiiH ; uculcix grucilliiiiiM, recliti, mudicu t'luiigutix, llicliimti.s. 2>jam.— jj'ob"— Ts'ffo"; pioruinqiu! jo'oj"- 8yn. — S. pohpnorjihuH, Wood, Prodromus, I'roc. Am. I'bilos, Soc, 18C9, p. 135. Hob. — In aqiiis quiutia prupo Camduri, New Jersey. 8. cells fii«ifi)rm, or oval, or elliptic, or globose, single or 2-T cniijninrd, furnlHhcd in most cases Willi a single spiiu', sninclimcH 2, at each end ; emls ohtiisc, iicute, or very acute; spines exceedingly slender and aeule, straight, moderately long, inclined. RemarlcH. — This plant was found in a quiet pool, filling; the water in such num- bers as to make it opa(pie an*' very j^reen. The color of the cells, as first ohtaiued, under the microscope, was a vivid f^reen, but, the water containing them havinf» been placed in a dish, during the slow desiccation which followed the color of the cells changed to a golden yellow. Fig. l,pl. 11, represents different forms of this species magnified 450 diameters, 8. qiiadricauda, (Tlkpin) Hnto. S. eellulis oblongo-oyliiidricis, ntrnque polo obtuse rotundivtis, 2-4-8 arctitisinie conjnnctis, ordine aut siiii|iliei recto ant dnpliee allcrnnnto, omnibus rectis, nicdiunis iiicrniibus vcl his illisvc npicu uno aiterove aeuico curvato instructifl, e.'Ltimis iitroque apico sa-piua item dorso arniatis. Z)iani.— 0.00035"— 5.000^9"; long. 0.00091". Syn. — .S. quadricauda, (TunriN) IJRfea. RAnENiiotisT, Flora Europ. Algar., Sect. III. p. 65. Ilah. — Hliode Island, Biiiley. Pciiii.''ylvania, Wood. Cells obloiig-cjiindrieal, obtusely rounded at each end, 2-4-8 very closely conjoined either in a single straight series or a double niternating one, all straight, the median unarmed or some of them with the apex furnished with a curved spine, the e.vternal with both apices and some- times the dorsum thus armed. Remark. — Fig. 2, pi. 11, represents this species magnified 750 diameters. 8. rotiindatns, Wood, (sp. nov.) S. ecllulis globosis vel subglobosis, spinnlis longissimis, rectis, gracillimis, acutissimis, 3-G armatis, aut singulis aut geniinis aut 3-4 arete duplice conjunetis. Diam.—jf^^js" to j^Vu"- Hah. — In aquis (piietis propc Philadelphia. (Dr. Chapman ) Cells globose or subglobosc, armed with three to five very long, slender, acute, straight spines, single or in pairs, or three to four closely conjoined in a twofold rank. Remarks. — The cells of this species are globular, and, when more than two, they are arranged in two rows placed at right angles one to the other. The con- tents of the cells are markedly granular, and the endochromo a bluish-green, and from the surface of the walls project outwards, very long and fine, rigid hair-liko spines. It seems scarcely correct to place this plant in the genus Scenesdesmtw, but I do ^fjl 99 FIIESIIWATEH A I, OK OK TIM: T N IT K I) STATKS. lint know niiy (itlicr g(>iius to uliicli it is more cloHcly iillied, and do not feci di»- poMod to iudicatt' ii new one tor it. Fig. 3, pi. 11, represents u cell-l'uniily inagnitied 2')0 dinmetcru. Genus IIYDIIODICTYON, lloTU. (1800.) Cclluliii ol)liiii|{»-rylin(lrk-ii>, in cdiiiobiiiin rt'ticiiliitii-Knrrntum cnnnoMi*, nmiicR fcrtiloR; oliio proiToiirit inat'ri))riiniiliu, i|iiii' Jam iiitni (.'clluliuu iiintriciilciii In cdMioliiiiiii liliulu ho conni'ctiiiit ; uliu) lui('ro);i>iii(liit, (|mo niiillo iniimru, cclliilii' inittricaliH nuiiiliranatii ])i'rnMn|iiin( |iiilc> aniico cilils vihrii- toriiH hiiiiM ft punclo niliro latcrali |iriLMlilu sunt, bruvi puxti'u in glubiilun {irutucuucuiUvuti lruu(|uilloH trubHfurniuta spuras purduruntos olUriuut. Colls ohiong-ojiinilriiul, jciiiifil into a roliouiatoil «aoottto cdnioliiuni, nil fcrtiio; xonin prnilnciM)^ mucnigiiriiilia, whiolijoin tlii'Miscivos into u caMKiliiiini within tlio pnront ooll ; tlio oiIioi'm prixlncin)^ niiorii^onidla, wliioh tiro rnrni>lK'(l with two viliratilo oilia and u lateral rod Hput, and whioh, oHoapiii); froni tho parent cell, uro, uHor a briol' porind nf inotilu lil'o, truusroruiud iutu prutococouid thiok-wuliod gporoH. Jie»iark». — The genus fli/drotlicti/on eoniprisos, ns far ns known, but a single species, which is coininon to Nortii America and Europe. It grows in great ahiindiinre in tlie neighhorliood of Pliihidelpliia, especially in tlie ditcln-s and stagnant hrick-poiids in tlic; low grounds below the city known as tin; "Neck." Tliere it very iVctiiU'iitly forms floating masses scvertd iiuhes in tliickness and miuiy feet in extent, so that with the aid of a rake it could be gatliercd by the biisliel. Wlicn tlius in mass the color is very generally dingy and yellowish, altliough tlie fronds, when in active vegetative life, arc mostly of a bright, bciiuti- ful green. Tlie plant is in greatest profusion in June and July, after which time it gradually disappears, nntil in the autumn it is scarcely to be found, bnt etirly in the spring it reappears. The very young fronds are minute, oval, cylindrictd, filmy-looking, closed nets, with the meshes not a[)preciable to the eye ; when growth takes place, the fronds enlarge until Anally they form beautiful cylindrical nets two to six inelies in length, with their meshes very distinct and tlieir ends closed. In tlie bright sunliglit tliey, of course, by virtue of the life-functions of their clilo ropliyl, liberate oxygen, which being set free in the interior of the net, and its exit biirred by the tine meshes, collects as a bnblile in one end of the cylinder and buoys it up, so that, tho heavier end sinking, the net is suspended, as it were, ver- tically in the water. I know of few things of the kind more beautiful than a jar of limpid water with masses of these little nets hanging from the surface like cur- tains of sheen in the bright sunlight. A few cells collected in the fall or early spring, if put into a preserviiig-jtir and tiie water occasionally changed, will multi- ply, and in a little while become a source of frequent pleasure to the watcher. As the fronds increase in size they are always in some way or other broken up, so that, instead of being closed cylinders, they ii|)peiir as simple open networks of less or greater extent. The extreme length to which the frond attains is, I think, very rarely over twelve inches, with meshes of about a third of an inch in length. The construction of the frond is always the same It is composed of cylindrical cells uniti'd end to end in such a way as to form polygomil, tind mostly pentiigonal r UK S II • W A T K II A L (]-!•; OF Till': UM TIM) HTATKH. 9H nn'shcs, the «!/.«• of wliicli viirics witli the n>»(' of the plant. These tcIIh, wliicb are closely conjoined hut hiive no piissa-^e-ways hetwein them, nre capaltlo of independent life, mo that the hydrodictyon may he l(M)kcd upon as an elaliorato tyiHJ of u cell-family, one in wliieh cells are conjoined in accorilane<< with a defi- nite plan, so as to make n hotly of dctinitt! shape and si/e, yet in whieli each cell is an independent Ixinf,', drawinf^ nothing from its neighlM)r9. The cells them- selves nr>' cylindrical, with n thiekish cellulose wall, and have no nuclei. Their chlorophylleiis piotoplasni is irr;iniiliir, and is placed in the exterior portion of tin; cell, formin;i; thus, witliiu the outer wall, a hollow cylinder, in which art; imhedded starch granules, and whose inttnior is occupied with watery contents. The liydrrv dietyon cell, when once formed, is capal)le of j^rowth, hut not of f^oinfj; throuj,'h the usiuil process of cell ni.dtiplication hy division, ho that the adult frond is com- ])osed of just as many and indeed the same cells, as it had in its earliest infancy. No true sexual reproduction has iis yet heen discovered in the water-nets. There have h(^en descrihed, however, two forms or methods in which the species nndti- plies, hotli of them occurrinj^ by means of motile zoosporoid bodies. In the one case these develop immediately into the new plant, whilst in the otiier before doinj; so they ])ass throuf,'h a r<'stin<^ stage. Of the life-history of the latter, the viirnijoni'i/id, I have no personal knowh-dge, Tlie investigation of the prodn(,tion and development of tho mncrogonliHd, how- ever, has occupied considerable of the time devoted by myself to the microscope, and I have seen large nund)ers of specimens in almost all tlu^ stages of develop- ment, 1 have never been able to detect, however, any decided motion in tin; niucroyoiildia. They are formed in the protoplasmic strattim, already alluded to ns occupying the outer portion of th<> interior of the hydrodietyou cell. The first alteration in this, presaging thi'ir formation, is a disappearance of the starch grannies, and a loss of the beautiful, transparent green color, Shortly after this, even before all trac(>s of the starch-grain are gone, there appear in the protoplasm numerous bright spots placed at regular hitervals; these are the centres of development around which the new bodies nre to form. As the process goes on, the chlorophyl granules draw nu)re and more closely around these ])()ints, and at the same time the mass becomes mon; and more opatpie, dull, and yellowish-brown in color. Tin? condensation continu(!s until at last the little masses are resolved into dark hexa- gonal or polygonal plates, distinctly separated by light, sharply defined lines. In some, the original bright central spot is still perceptible, but in others it is entirely obscured by the dark crowded chlorophyl. The separation of these plates now becomes more and more positive, and they begin to become convex, then lenticular, and are at last converted into free, oval, or globular bodies, "When these arc fully formed, they arc said to exhibit a peculiar trembling motion, mutually crowding and pushing one another, compared by M, Braun to the restless, uneasy movement seen in a dense crowd of people in which no one is able to leave his place, AN'hilst the i)roccss just described has been going on, the outer cellulose wall of the hydro- dictyon cell has been undergoing changes, becoming thicker and softer and more Fan n \i:~ u V R E S II - W A T E 11 A L G .E O 1-' T III': U X I T i; D S T A T E S. 1111(1 iiimc cupablo of solution, and by the timo tli(> goniiliii nro formed it is riilurr witliin flie jjiirent y ell. Now the nioveinents are said to heconu! more active — a trembling jerking which has been comi»ared to the ebullition of boiling water, 'lucre is, however, witii this a very slight change of space, and in a very short time the gonidin arrange themselves so as to form a little net within the parent cell, a miniature in all important particulars of tiie adult Iiydn.dictyon. 'file priin.;vy cell-wall nt#w becomes more and »nore gelatinous, and soon inidergoes <()n;plete solution, so that *iie new frond is set free in its native element. As pri;- viously stated, in my "nvestigations I have never seen the peculiar motion above deticribcd, thv newly formed gonidia simply s(>paratiug rnd arranging themselves witiiout my being able to perceive any motion, or exactly how ihey fell into posi- tion. . It is evident that when tho species is nuiUiijlied in the way just descril)ed, the hirtii of tiie new frond is consentaneous with the death of the old cell. IJut when tlie hydrodictyon disappear in the fall, it is months before they reappear in the spring. It is, therefore, evident there must be some other metliod of reproduction. Tliis slow developnuMit of new fronds takes pli.'ce, according to I'ringslieim, by means of little motile bodies which he calls " Dauerscliioiirmei;" which has been translated into Englisli vhronl.yiorcn (sta/os/ioro!. Hicks). ?.I. Hraun stated already fome years since that sometimes, instead of tiu- hydrodictyon j)roducing the ordi- nary reprod'.'.ctive bodies (^iiHivror, and then, dropping tiieir cilia, and accpiiring an outer cellulose wall, pass into a quiescent stage, in wliich tliey closely resemble protococcus granules. Tiiey are capabh; of living ill this ?tate for a long time, if kept in wat-'r. I'liey ('an also endure desic- cati(m if the light be excluded during the process, but, if it be present, they wither and die, and cannot be revivified. After a longer or sliorter period, but never shorter than tliree montiis, according to I'ringsheim, tlit^ recoiunu'nce their life, provided tli(>y be in water. I'or four or five months after this tiie chief change consists simply in an increas(! in size. The dark-green protoplasm is arranged around the exterior v f the cell, witiiin are the more fluiil colorless contents, ,hu whole body still looking like a protococ(;ns cell. After a siz*; of about ^\, mm. is attained, the endochrome divides succes- sively into sev(>riil portions. The external layers of the surrounding wall now give way ii some spot and allow the inner layers to jnotrudo and form a sort of hernial sac, into which the sev(>ral endo(!hrome masses soon pass, at tin; .same time assuming the well-known characters of true zoospores. From two to five of these FUESII-WATEU ALG^K OF THE UNITED STATES. 95 bodies arc thus produced out of cacli originid microgonid' m. Tliey an; large, ovate, biciliato, and, generally, soon escaping from the liernial sac, move about actively in the water for u few minutes. Som<'tImes, however, they settle down within the generative utricle. In eitlier case, after a little time, they become motionless, lose their cilia, and develop into polyhedral cells, which are striicturally renuirkable for having their angles prolonged into long horn-like appendages. Under favorable circumstances, at the end of a few days, the bright green endochrome of these undergoes similar changes to those described as presaging tlie production of the microgonidia, and is finally formed into zoospores, which, in from twenty to forty minutes, unite, within the polyhedron or large cill, into a Ifi/drodidi/ou, which is fiiudly set free by a solution of the cellulose coat of the polyiiedron. The lu^twork thus formed differs in no essential way from that which arises in the betti-r known way, except that it is composed of much fewer cells. It is geiu-rally a closed sac ; but when the polyhedron, out of which it is developed, is snndl, it is some- times merely an open network. Its after-history appears to be identical with that of the ordhmry liydrodictyou frond. H. utriculatiim, Hotu. Species unica. Si/n.—ll. utriculatiim, Rotii. Kaheniiorbt, Flora Eiirop. Al-rnnini, Sect. III. p. (ifi. //„j. In ..,|\iis (niietis. AVcst I'liLit, IJiiilcy. Wcehawken, (Mr. 'WalliTs,) " WatcrlKilos bclweeii Van Iloru's Mills and Mueote on the Mu.xicau boundary, Dr. Uigelow. reniisyl- vaniu, Wood. Genus PEDIASTRUM, Meyen, (1829.) Casnobium planum, discifornie, Mberc natatia, c ccUuarnm strato unico, rarius centro cntro diiplicato, contiiiuo vol pcrforato formutum. Ccllula) polygoniiu, pcriplicrica) sa'pe biloba-, lobi.s cuioatLs ol sinipiicibns et bidoiitatis, noununquam in oornua prcductis. r(Bnobiuni plain, discoid, swimming free, formed of cells in a single, rarely in tlic centre donblo Ktralum, wliich is continuous or perforate; cells polygonal, tlio peripheral often bilobed, liie lobes cuneate,' either simple or bidentate, sometimes produced into a horn. ^e.'H«)7.-.i.— The ca-nobium or cell-family, or colony, in the genus PnJlastmm is always discoid, and has generally a more or less truly circular outline. Tlu' cells are mostly in a single stratum, but in some species there are two, more or less, complete strata superimposed one upon the other. The arrangement of the cells in this stratum, or these strata, varies greatly, as does also their nimiber. They urc! mostly more or less polyhedral, and often have th(>ir margins scooped out or their angles prolonged. This may occur in such a way that the projecting i.oint of one cell fits into the hollow in its neighbor, and tlie ccenobium be render.-d entire, or, no such relation existing between the parts of adjacent cells, the c(en.)- bjum mjiy be perforated with regular or irregular ojienings. The outer or mar- ginal cells are often deeply notched externally, and frecpu-ntly are prolonged into aeutc or ol)tus(> lobe-like processes. The walls of tlie cells are, in adult specinuMis, quite thick. The contents consist of chlorophyl, protoplasm, starch griinules, &c. - t 96 PRESU-WATER ALOyE OF THE UNITED STATES. There are generally one or more hyaline spaces, besides a disfinct chloropliyl vesicle, but no distinct nuclei. At certain periods of their existence the Pediastrums produce both macrogonidia and microgoiddia. The life-history of the former is very similar to that of the same bodies in the water-nets. The ultimate fate of the microgonidia has not as yet been determined, but in all probability they go through cycles of change similar to those seen in tlie lives of the corresponding bodies in the Ili/drodictyoii ntricnlatum. I liaie not had an opportunity of watching the development of citlier of these reproductive forms, but, according to MM. Braun. Pringsheim, &c., their life-history, as far as known, is as follows: In most cases, all the cells of a pediastrum produce their macrogonidia simultaneously, or within a very short ])eri(Kl of time, so that the cocnobium will be left emptied of its contents as a meie sliell, the outer skeleton of its former self. When a cell is about to give birth to these reproductive bodies, the endochromc divides into two parts ; each of which then inidergoes a similar binary division. This is repeated once, twice, thrice, or oftener, until the endochromc is divided into 8-16-32-64 gonidial masses, the number of which, generally, but not always, corresponds to the number of cells in the colony, to which tiir ])arent-cell belongs. After the division of the endochromc is completed, a slit oc( uvs in the outer strata of the wall of the mother-cell through wliich a hernial protrusion of the inmost stratum occurs. The protruded part now rapidly enlarges until at last there is formed a sort of hourglass-shaped sac, one portion of which is within, the other part without, the old paient-ccll. Whilst tliis has been going on a portion of the gonidu; hiive escaped from the parent-cell into the outer free portion of the sac, and each end of tho hourglass, therefore, contains some of them. The sac with its contents now gradually withdraws itself more and more from the parent-cell until at last it lies a free globose vesicle in the water. The gonidia occupy the centre, and M. Braun states, that, although ho has never been able to demonstrate any cilia upon them, yet they have an active swarming motion. At first, they are irregularly heaped toge- ther in the nearly filled sac ; but the latter rapidly enlarges and elongates, and the gonidia in a little while arrange themselves in a flat, tabular group within it, and cease to move. Then the several individuals of this group begin to develop, becoming emarginate and assuming the form of the parent-cell, until, finally, they have all grown into the shape which is peculiar to the adult cells of the species, and after a few hours have closely cohered to form a young ca'nobium. The microgonidia are formed in a very similar way by tlie dividing of the endo- chroine, the cracking of the outer membrane, and the protrusion and final escape of the inner. Tiif-y are, however, much smaller and more numerous than the macrogonidia. TVhen the parent vesicle first escapes into the water, they are crowded in its centre, and are nearly globose. As it enlarges, however, they elon- gate more and more, and finally become distinctly hi- or, more rarely, uni-ciliate. The cilia are mncli longer than the body, and are attached to the smaller end, wliich is prolonged into a pointed, transparent beak, about equal to the green por- tion in l(>ngth. The microgonidia now become more and more restless, they, moving about very actively, and after awhile bursting tiie parent sac, escape into the water. ; 1 FRESH-WATER ALG^: OF THE UNITED STATES 97 "Wluit becomes of them after this, as lias been stated, is a mere matter of conjec- ture. M. Bruuii' and others have described unicelhdar forins of several of the nuilticellular species of Paliaslnim, and I'ringsheim suggests that these are really polyhedrons developed out of these microgonidia, as is seen in the water-nets. This, of course, may or may not be the ca'^e. P. Boryaniim, (Turpin) AIenqu. r. ccBnobio orbiculari, obloiigo vel dliptico, magnitudinc vario, continuo, locte viridi, c cclluiis 4-8-l()-32-C4 (rariosiiiie 12S) composito (cellulaniiu strato simplici, iionnunquam iiiclio duplicate); cellulis i)eriplieritis plus minus profunde emarginatis vol bilobis, lobis coriiutis, cornibus acliruis liyaiinis, abbrcviatis vol clongatis, terctibus, obtusis vel subobtusis, iutcrduni capitellato-incrassatip, ccntralibus arctissime coucretis, polygoiiis (4-G angularibus), in ontici parte niodo nngulo promiiiulo modo plane truncatis, modo leviter rcpaudis, omuium mem- brana decussatini punctata. (R.) 2)jttm.— Tiansv. cell 0.000T95" ; rarius 0.00088"— 0.00094". (R.) Syn. — P. Borijanum, (Tuiin.N,) jMenoiiini. Rabeniioiist, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. T4. Ilab. — Georgia, Florida, Rhode Island, Bailey ; Pennsylvania, Wood. Colls arranged in one or more circles "-ound one or two central cells; the inner variable, generally concave at one side, the outer tapering into two long subulate points, the notch narrow. L. 1-2083" to 1-1C33"; IJ. 1-2733" to i-2222". (Archer.) P.$ieleii«;a,KTz. r. caniobio orbiculari, inlegro, e eellulis 8-lfi (rarius 31 = 1 + 5 + 10 + 15, Ktz.) formate; cellulis pcriphericis angusti.s, lunatis, acute lobatis, disci eellulis leviter e.xcisis, ccntrali unica 5-oiigulari, omnium mcmbruna firma, subcrassa, ajtatc provecta rubcsccnto. (R.) Diani. — CVnobii 0.00124" — 0.0035"; cell. (distantiiB iiiterlobos) 0.0002G" — 0.000G9". (R.) Syn. — P.Sehmeca, Ktz. Raiie.nhokst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. T3. Ilab. — Rhode Island, Bailey. Cells cresccnt-.shaped, arrupged in one or more circles round one or two central ones, connecting medium colored. (A.)' P. f>ertiiNiiin, Ktz. r. cffinobio orbiculari, lacunis pcrtuso, magnitndine vario, c eellulis plorumque 1 + 5+10 + 15 (in forinis quibusdam ad 04) composito; cellulis pcriphericis basi tantum la.xe conncxis, ad medium usque bilobis, lobis reetis, in cornua hyaliiia modo subacuta modo obtusa vel trun- cata plus minus produclis, ccntralibus plus minus exacto quadrangularibus, ct in antica parte ct utriuque cmaginati.-i, omnibus lasvibus, locellis pallioribus finis iustructis. (II.) Diam. — Transv. cell, pcrfccte evolut. circiter O.OO0C5" — 0.00089". (R.) Syn. — P. pertuxum, Krz. Rabeniiorst, Flora Europ. Alga.um, Sect. III. p. T5. Cells arranged in circles round one or two central ones; inner cells quadrangular, sides concave and leaving angular vacant intervals; the outer cells with square bases, externally triangu- larly notched, the subdivisions tapering to on acute point. L. 1-226G" ; B. 1-32G8". (A.) P. constrictuni, ITassal. P. cocnobio orbiculari vel suborbiculari, lieto viridi, continuo, 1c8vi ?, e cellulis 16 (ad 1 + 5 + 10) vel 32 (ad 1 + G + 10 + 15) (brmato; cellulis periphericis irrcgulariter bilobis, sinu ' The best exposition of this genus i i to be found in Braun's Unicellular Alga;. ' The letter A used here signifies that the description is copied from Mr. Archer i.. Prichard's Infu- soria. 13 June, 1873. 98 F R E S II - W A T K II A L (J Al O F T II !•; U N I T K 1) S T A T E S. 1™! aiifriislo. lobis iiiiBqunlibus, bnsi pIcriiiiKiuo <tim('s it is arranged in lamina, soiu'tinies in spirals, sometimes in the form of radii from a central muss. These ditt'erent nu'thods afford good generic characters, and will bo dwelt upon more in detail nnder the vario\is genera. 'i"he color of the chloropliyl during iictive life is a vivid green, wiiicli, us tho vital forces lessen, changes to a faded yellowish tint. Nii-geli and others affirm that there is always a central nucleus in the desniid, and prohaltly do so with truth, although in many instances 1 have found it impos- sihle to demonstrate its preseiice from the size and opaipieness of the frond, crowded with endochrome, &c. In a large number of cases, however, it is very apparent. As ordinarily viewed under the microscope the two most striking poriiliarities presented by these little plants are tlie in()tion of the whole d<'smid in the water and tho variotis movements exhibited within the fronds. The general movement is most ai)parent iu thi" larger species, which exist free and distinct in the water, especially in the boat-sliape closteria. It mostly consists of a steady, stately, slow onward niovement, with sometimes backward oscillations, liy virtue of it, desmiils in a bottle will often congregate in such positions as are most exposed to light. There liave been various tlii>ories ad\anced as to tlu? cause of this motion. Kiirenberg believed that he had found foot-like processes protruding from the end of the frond and giving tlie motile power. Others, such as llev. Mr. Osborne and Mr. Jabez Hogg, have attributed the movements to the ])resence of ciliii, but I tliink have failed so entirely to establish this that their views are more tlian pro- blematical. That the motion is due to vital actions, taking place esjiecially mid(>r the action of liglit, is as much as can be at present affirmed with any certainty, though it is probable that the immediate ag(Mits are endosmotic currents of gas or water. The movement-; of the contents within tlie cells are chiefly of two kinds. Tak- ing ('!(>.' with the nucleus. In this zone are protoplasm, watery fluid, and scattered granides. In the ends of the fronds the different por- tions of this zone, meeting and widening, fill \\\> \\\v whole of the cavity, and within the space thus occupied by them, there is a glot)ular, sharply defined, still more transparent vacnoh". Tliis, some have thought to be a closed sac, with a distinct wall, but it seems really to be a vacuole lying in tlie midst of the inner protojilasm, wliich with a few grannies occupies mote or less comple'ely the transparent zone already described. Sometimes tho chloropbyl <'ncroachi's upon this zone at the ends so as to more or less completely surround the vacuole, within which are always found watery fluid and granules. In the jirotoplasmio zone and its vacuole active movements are probably always present during active life. StrcMims of protoplasii'. appear to be constantly passing to and fro between the nucleus and the ends of F II lO S II -W A T K U A I- 0 A') O F T UK UNI T i: P S T A T K H . lo;j the cell along the outer zone, nml f,'ramil(;8 can be always sctii passing backwarilH and forwards witli an unsteady motion. When the streams of protoplasm are settiu',' very actively from the centre to- wards one end, there will often l)e an accumulation of the protoplasm there, and a consecpicnt decided lessening in the size of the vac\U)le, which will again expaml us t\w return currents arouse tlwmselves. Within the vacnoh'S an; seen more or less ninntjrous smaller or larger granules in active busy motion, swarming over and about one another with an unsteady hurrying to and fro. .\ form of motion, similar in appearance to this, but probably of diHerent sigiii- rwanc(>, is seen in most desmids when in an unhealtliy feeble condition. 1 have seen it most marked in CoHVKirunn nianjan'/dcinn). In such fronds the endo- ehromo has lost its deep green color, and beconu! shrunken, and lying within it is a great space containing myriads of minute blackisii parti(des swarming about actively. This peculiar stat(; and appearance is l)y no means confined to tiie desmids, for I have seen it very highly developed botii in species of S/>ir(i viewed them as exceedingly mysterious, the result of the presencu- of cilia, &c. ; but these views have been so thoroughly exploiled that it is .scarcely necessary even to mention them here. The movements are, in truth, precisely parallel to the so-called cyclosis of the higher plants, rrotoplasnuc germinal mat- ter. Wherever it exists, be it in animal or vegetable, has as one of its distinguish- ing characters the power of active, s])ontaneous, apparently causeless movements, augetative process, a peculiar cell multiplication by division. In such fromls as those of the genus ComiiKi-lum, which are composed of two evident halves connected by a longer or .shorter isthnuis, the first st(-p in the process is an elongation of this nc'ck. In a very short time there appears around the centre of this a constriction, and I believe an actual rupture of the outer coat. 15y this time a new wall has formed hiside each half of the isthmus, and stretches also across its cavity, forming with its fellow a double partition wall, separating the two halves of the old frond. Ilapid growth of tiie newly formed parts now takes place, the central ends become more and mor(> bulging as they enlarge, and in a little time two miniature lobules bave shaped themselves at the position of the old isthmus. These are at first small, colorless, and destitute of all markings, looking, as ]\Ir. Kalfs says, like con- densed gelatine. They, however, rapidly increase in si/o and firnmess, their con- tents assuming a green color and their walls taking on the pece.liar markings of the species. At last, the parts thus formed having assiuncul the .shape and appear- ance of the origimxl lobules, tlu; two fronds, which have been developed out of one, separate, mostly before the new semicells have accpiired their full size. 104 FKKHII WATKIl W.UM OF THE UNITED STATES. A\'lmt pint till' iiiiclcns lias in the iiroccss just dcsc rihcd I liavti never aetuully deinoMstraled, but ha\e little doulit l)Ut that it niider^oes a division in the very coniniencenient, so thiit tiic new nucleus of each HcconUary frond is formed out of one-half of the old one. In proportion as tint form of the desniid becomes simpler, so do the ])cculiarities of its cell muliiplication become less. In those species which are simple cylindri- cal cells, the'c appi-ars to be notliin;^ peculiar in the method of dividiuf,', which, however, always takes place throuf^h the centre of the cell, and subsc(pu'nt growth occurs, generally, only in the newly formed part. True sexual reproduction apparently do(!s not take j)laco as freely in this family ns th(> former process, for whilst I have seen hundreds of cells undergoing tin; latter, it has not been my good fortune to meet with conjugating specinu'us (tn more than two or tlirec occasions. The process has, however, been studied very closely by J)e Hary, Uraun, Ilof- meister, and others, and appears to consist generally in a rupture of the outer wall of two cells and the protrusion of delicate processes from an inner, often newly fornu'd coat, with 8id)se(pient union of these, and consequently of the two cells, and afterwards a condensation of the contents in the enlarged connecting passage?. The? connecting passage between the fronds is really a sporangium in which tin; spore is perfected, the contents of the cells finally condensing it into a firm globu and secreting around the mselves a thick coat. The after-history of this spore has been very snccnssfully studied by 'SI. Ilof- meister, whoso observations were made upon CoRmarunn tetrtioi>hthalnium,\\\\\v\\ he watched conjugating and forming a sort of resting spore which was pcTfected early in the month of July. This was composed of a thick outer coat and green endochromc lying within as a distinct ball, nowhere in contact with the invest- ing membranes. In tlirco weeks' time this chlorophyllous protoplasm had divided into ellipsoidal masses, i)r primordial cells, which soon surrounded themselves with cellidose walls and became distinct free cells in the granular fluid which filled the cavity of the original spore. In August, each of these masses was divided into two and in the month of September the process was repeated, so that out of the; original endochronu; eight strongly fiattcneil primordial cells were produced. Division in some specimens ceased here, and in others took place once more, so that by the fol- lowing spring all of the living Sporangia contained eiglit or si.xtccn green daughter- cells, each of them discoid in outline with a strongly ruuked central notch. These daug'iter-cells were finally set free by the solution of the spore wall, as Con- viaria of minute size, but agreeing in all other characters with the specific form to which they belonged. According to Braun, in the larger, more or less lunate Clonlaria, conjugation occurs in the following method : Two fronds approach one another in such a way that they lie back to back. In the middle of each of them, there then appears an annidar line or trench reaching through the cell wall, and accompanied by a dis- tinct separation of the endochromc into two halves. AVhilst these changes have been progressing there has also formed a new double wall at the position of the trench, so that out of the two Closteria two pairs of separate equal cells have been PUK8II-WATKR ALO^ OF T 11 H U M T I) I) STATES. 106 formed. Near to the larger or central end of each of tliese now appears n poutin;^ ti.i;;-pareut nipple-like process. 'I'lin corresponding opposing processes enlarging and meeting coalesce, so tliut the upper half of one clostcriuni, in the form of ii danghter-cell, is finally nnited with the; upper half of the other dosterinm, and the two lower hidves are also joined together. Thus from u shiglo pair of fronds arise two conjugating pairs of cells, and finally two sporangia, in each of which a spore is perfected. This process docs not seem, however, to be universal amidst the ('loHkila,i\)t in many, if not all, if the snuiller species, a pair of fronds produces a single spo- rangium. In the genus Ptihiioylotd, in which 1 have; had an opportunity to study the devel- opnu'iit of the spores, the i)rocess closely simulates that seen in cert.iin of the iSjnroi;i/ru. The contents of the cells first became broken up and confused, and almost simultaneously tlu; nucleus disa[)peared (fig. 4, pi. 11) tlu; cells became swollen at one si(ie and slightly bent backward so as to form jutting processes, which meeting gvew together, becauu> confluent and developed into a sporangium much larger than either of the parent cells. Into this sporangium the contents of the latter passed ind soon became converted into a thick-walled spor(> (fig. 00, pi. 00) often (templet .'ly filling the cavity, and apparently with its wall adherent to that of the latter. if Genus PALMOGUEA, Ktz. (1843). rcllula) oblongiB, cllipticic vol oylindricro, utroquc polo rotiindntir, medio non constrictic, plt'riiini|iio iti iiiuro gclatiiiDSO iiiiluluiitcH, lilH'l•a^ Hiiipulo; vol in tiuiiilins I'diijiociiUa', liiniirja ililoro))liyllaix'a uxili vul exL'L'iitricn, lututu provueta lut'dio coustricta, dciiique divisa prttditic. (R.) Si/n. — MeHulaiiium, XiEUliLl. Coil ol)!oiifr, elliptical or cylindrical, rounded at each end, not constricted in the middle, moslly swiininiii'!^ in a (gelatinous mucus, free, single or iissoeiated in families, cliioropliyl lamina axillary or excenlric, in the early state constricted, and at length divided in the niiddio licmnrks. — The above diagnosis of the genus is that given by Prof. Ilabcnhorst, and agrees essentially with that of Ue Bary, Ntrgeli, &c. In the species herein described however, the axillary lamina of chloropbyl were not so pronounced, for the green coloring matt(>r seemed often to surround the cavity of the cell, and in other specimens was broken up and diffused through it. P. clepsydra, Wood. r. .saxicola et bryophila, in gclatina aehroa intcrdnm dilute viridc nidulans; cellulis cylindrieis, Cu.i. polis obtuse truncato-rotundalis, dianietro 2-3 plo longioribus; lamina ehlorophyllacea axili, plemmque indistiiieto, s(r])e nulla; plasmate dilute viride; nuoleu plcrunwiue distineto; zygosporis subfuscis aut subglobosis aut cuormitcr in clepsydra; forma; membruna externa cnormitcr cxcavata ct sulcata. Diam.—^ll^". Sj/n. — /'. cli'pnydra, Wood, Prodromus, Proc. Amor. Philosophical Soc. 18G9. Bab. — In rupibns et in musuis irroratis ad Cbelten Ilills, propc Philadelphia. 14 June, 1873. , !r ' lOG KUKsiiw ATi;ii Ai.ij.i; oi- tin; umtkp htatkb. I', llvlii); nil riitkH nnd mmiHrR, iiwliiiiiiliif; In n Irnn^piirrnt, unnx'tliiicit ll){lit-frr<'on Ji'My; ci'IIh uliliisc'l^ Iriiiii'itlrd, roiiiiilcd iit tlic iiiiln, 'J :i IIiiich l(iiif;rr lliim hrcmcl ; rliliirci|ilivl luiiiiiiu nxilliiry, ninMlly iiidiHtiiii'l, ot'lcn wuntiiiK ; cndiMliniiiit' li);lil-); rm ; iiiiili'iis ^riirnilly diHiiiicl; xyK<"*l""°" xiilit'iiMt'iiiiH, I'iilii'r gloliiiHv or of uii iircKiiliir ruriii, huiuvwIiuI rvHviubliiig lliul vl uu buur-glusH ; vxtvriiul vuut irri^giilurl/ vxcuvutcd uud huIcuIo. lirwark'M. — Tliis s|MTi(>« was fouiul aloiif? tl«' North IVimsylvmiiii Ilailroud, near Ciiclti'ii Hills, ^M'owiii^ iiiiiid iiiDMNi ,s on tlic rocky jiittin^H over whiili tlic water was dri|i|iin<^'. It occurs at* u rather tiriii, transparent jelly, mostly of u li^dit },'reeiii>ii ti'it, in which the cells are often jilaced quite thiikly. They are c}lin- drical, tuoMtly Htrai^dit, hut ttoiuetinu's slightly curved, and often completely tilled with a li^lit greenish eudochvonie. 'I'he (cntral lamina is irregidar, and mostly not at all pronounced. In some cells the endochrome is much broken up, so that the Ulterior is tilled with little j,'reeu nuisaes with liglit spaces hetwcen them. In these cells the nucleus is f,'enerally not ]ier<'eptilile, whilst in the others it is V(My well marked. The /yj^ospore is ol'ten <,'loltular, sonu>tiines it is irre<,'ularly elliptical, with a constriction in the centr(", so as to ju;ive it somewhat of an hour-j;lass sliaiie. The outer coat mostly tits pretty closely on the inner contents, nnd is very often distinctly marked with little jjits, souu- round, sonu> irref,'nlar in shape; in oilier cases, instead of liiing thus pitted, the spores seem to be marked with deep curved furrows. Fig. 4, pi. II, represents this plant in different stages of growth. (See E-xplu- nation of I'lates.) Genus PENIUIM, lima. (1848.) Ci'lliilns pyliiidridB vcl fusifiiniios, rcctip, iitri)(|Mc polo rotmidiilii! vcl lriincnto-rotiindatic(ii(>c cnmr- ffinulii' iici' i'X(isu'), medio su'|iiiiM coiintrii'lii'. Itiiniiiiii I'ldonipliylluccii iixilis, ex transvcrso i-orispn'tii radi'tiiii-divi'i'^ciiK, radii riiK"''"'}'lii>tnicum, diamctro 8-9 plo longiua, medio plernmquo loviler constrictum, iitroquo polo rotundiitD-truncutum f cellulaB incmbruna iiodiilis soriatis <|uasi iiiargnrituccu; lucfllus ill medio (firciter) utriua(iuc cruris corpu-seulis mobilibus ia more Clostcriorum repletus. (K.) Dt'am.—u. 00098"— 0.0011". (II.) Uab. — Uliodo Island. (Oluoy) Tbwaitca ; Bailey. Florida. Bailey. KloiiRatc oyliiidrioal, 8-9 times longer than broad, in tho centre generally slightly constricte-' ut each cikI roundly truncate; membrune of the cells somewhat pearly with seriate granules- vacuole about in tho centre of each crus, fjlcd with moving granules, as in cloaterium. Rcmai-ks, — I have not seen tliis desmid, but it is in Prof. Bailey's list; it was also among those sent by Mr. Olncy to Prof. Thwaitcs. P. miniitum, Cleve. P. cylindricum, gracile, diamctro 5-7 plo longiuR, Icevc, ad polos obtusissimos (latissime rotun- datos) parum attenuatum, medio Icviter constrictum. (R.) Species mihi ignola. 2>iam.— 0.00044"— 0.000C3". (R.) Syn. — Docidium viinutum, Ralp's British Desmid. P, minutum, Cleve. Rahenhorst, Flora Enrop. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 122. i^ ii'^iniT-iing I Mr if III 1 lOH 1' IIMSII-W A IIOK ALO.K () 1' 'I' li i: I' N IT i; l> ST AT KM. lliil). — Sipiilli Ciiniliim j I'Moridii. Ilaili'y. Illioilc Lsliiml. (S. T. (Mricy) Tlnviiili'H l''roiii| HlrmliT, hiiliui' iioi |ii'i>iiiliii'iil ) Hcj^iiiciils lour lo hIx IImii'm lnnfrci- iljnn ludiicl, Hiuiicwlial tii|M'i'iiiv:. Iiilliiliijii .ili-^iili'li', HiUi'H Hlruij^lil, t'lid.i viitiro ; o. I'. wiUiiiul i)iuicluru. L. g|]' ; It. ,,.'„". ^Aivli.T ) b. ('ulliiln: III iiiiiliii mill iiiiinlrii'tie. h. Ci'IIk mil. riiiinlnriiil in Ihc miiliUi<. V. inSrrru|i»tiiiii, \\\<.i.\\. "I*. ci'lliiliH lull' liiiriii'i-cyiiiiiii'iciH, iliiiiiii'Iro ri-fi plo li)ii);i:'u;iliiilliiallliUH saliiratit viriiii- l)iis, u'la .' |ii'c>vrrla fa.'iciirt Iniiisvnv:;; Iriliii.s |ialliiliH iiilniuiitiH." (U.) S/iiiicx inilii njmilit. 7>»wm.-().0()l IT'— O.oom". (11.) Si/n. — /'. i lilt' r I'll III inn, Itiif'.ii. Haiikniiohki', Mora iMircpp. AlKuriiin, Sect. III. p. 11'.). //'{|i'<| ; Inn^iliMliMal cliliirnpliyl lamina ilccp frri'cn, In ad- vnncccl affc Int.'rruplud liy llirco IraiiHwrHo pali; fascia. 1*. Jciiiicri, U.u.FH. I', al) I*. HrcliiHsonil vi.\ disi'criM"iihMn, (•clliilirt ryliiidrirl,-), nIrcHpii' pnlo rolnndnlls, hi'vihuH, ^iia- iiictro 2} -5 plo lonf^iiiriliiis; /.ygonporls piirnnKpu^ ^lolio.sis, hii'inl)ra:ia IiiscvhiciiIi.' Knli);raiiu- lata. (U. ) iS/>('ci('« iiiihi iiiuota. 7>/„..,._().(Ml()r)r'— O.IKIOr,". (H.) Si/ii. — y. Jiniirri, K\i.r Uaiikmioiist, I'Moru I'lurop. AlKaniiii, Sect. IIF. p. \-M). Hall. — In I'ds.iIs, h'lorida. I'ml'. I'lailcy. Si'arccly ilislintinislialdi' IVoni 1'. l'>rrliiHsoiili, ccILm cyLiidrlcnl. •iiindcd nl ciiili end, sinoolli, 2J-.^ liii'cs longer than In'oiid ; /.y^o.iporcs iiioslly frlolinHc, ini'iiilirani! Hnincvviial I'lisroiiH, suli- ^raiiiilali\ I*. IlrrhiMNOiiii, (Mknuii.) Uai.ks. 1*. in niiissa mucosa indcl'milc ivvpaiisa na'pc cnni al|;is allcriH iiitcrini.vlis; ccllnli.^ pcrfcctc cylindricis, inlcnlnin iionniliil ciirviilis scd plcniinipic reel is. dianii'Iro 'l\-\ plo hiii^iorilms, iilroqiic polo lull' roliindiilis, ill incillo non cini.-ilr'elis ; '' /yf^iisporiH aiigiilHriliii.s vcl rutuniiuli.s, lueiiiliraiia fiisei nle, siililililer );runiilata." /JiVim,- , »55" = .000(i(>". ,S'//,i. — /', llri'bisxiinii. (Mknuii.) It.vi.Ks. K.MiKNiioiisr, Flora I'Uirop. AlKariiiii, Seet. III. p. //,(/). — 111 fossis, .Soiilli Carolina. (Prof. I'avenei ) 111 nil liiilefmitely evpiiiided iniieoiis iiiiis.><, intcnnixcd with otlier iilffu'; r('ll.'< perfectly cylindri- ciil, SDiiiclinics slij^lilly curved, hut. >teiierally .slrai>r|it, at each end hroadly roiiniled, not <.(Ui- Btrlcted in the niiddio } " Kyj^OHpurcs mig liar or riiuiuled, iiieiiihraiiu fu.scutis, liiiely graiiii- lalo." Ifrtuarkn. — .\nioiig the iinnicroiis dcsiiiici.s wliich 1 liiiv(^ received from Vrnl'. RiivciicI are some wliieli, I think, must lie n ("erred tii /'. Jlirfi!Hn<>iiii\ idtlimif,di tliey do not nearly ecinal tlie size oC the I'lnropeaii form, nor even tlie diameter ^iven ahove. wliieh is almost tlie lowest limit o*' the maitire foreign phnit. I believe, however, I'rof. Haveni'l's specimens are immature. ; n e^ 1 !•' R M S II -W A 'I' !•; I! A I, (i ,i; O K T II 10 IN T Kl l» S 'I' A'l' K S. ID!) Mr. UiiHV (lcscrii)linii of ilic (■(nijii^^atidii Ih iih fnllowH: 'I'lic jiroccHN of llic ((Hi- juf,'iiti()U ill iliis s|>((ics (lidcrs IVfim (hat in tlic rest of this j^ciins; for, as in ////n- Idlliiia ntly attadicd to tlio Hporangiiini, InsttMiil of Ix-in^ (l('ta('lM'onuigium is lit lirst cruciform, then quadrate, and iinally orbicular. 1*. eloHtcrioidcN, (Iai.fh. 1'. (■(•lliiliH iiiijfUHtc IiiiicdiliitiH, (lininctro iiinxiino ft-C, pin loiiifiorihiiH, iv nicilio in iipircH Kiiliiniii- I'ulci-riiliiiiiliilii.-i Ki'iiHiiii iitlciiuuliH ; liniiiiiiH c'liliirii|>li)'ll. Kiilunili' viridiluix, tiirilln I'liHciu ti'iiim- vci'Hd |Milliila iiilcrniplis. (It.) Sim'.cwh milii iijiiola. /;/>,,)).— (1.00 ir>!l"— ().()() 175". (It.) iSyii. — /'. vtoHlrrioiiliK, IIai-fh. Uaiikniiuhkt, Flora Kiinip. AlKiirum, Sect. IIF, p. I2l. J/iih. — I'riipi! (Jral]ttfiiHvil!(^, Soiilli ('iiroliria. I'rof. Hailcy. Cclln niiri'dwly liiin'cnliilc, 5-0 liiiicM loiijrcr tliiiii tlic fri'ciilrnl (liiniii'lrr, Bciisilily iitlcniiiilc rnmi till' mil III li' lull) tliu Huljti'uiii'ulu npicvH; clilni'iipli)! luiiiiiiudcup greuii, iiilirniplcil liy u iniiliaii pulo liaiiil. Genua CLOSTERIUM, NiT.scii. Oi'lliilii! iiili'i'iliini ryliiiill'ii'ii! sr>l sii'piiiH riisirnnncH el iilrmpic pnln 'illi'inialii<, plim liiiliiiK liiiniiiL- tiin nirvala% in incilio liitiiil i-nn.slrirla: himI hIi'Iu tranHVcrna uiiirii viil 2-5 iniprcHHii-. ('yliiiiii'iina toiiiii', sal linnniii, liuvd vol pliiH niiniiH dlHlii ■iliim li. iiliniili iiiniiH (llHlinvto Htriiituin ot input in InniiniH liiiif;iliii|iniililiiiH illfpoHila, ct siil) ('rllnlat pnlis iDfi) el I'lirpiiHciili.i plii.s iniiiiiH niiiiKJi'iiKi.s m; viviili! iiiovi'iitiltiiH iiii|ilrl.u Cyliiiplasiiia ililiii'Mpliyllu.sa | Inri'llo arlil'iiii, plrriiniipii! gliil ilisll'ili.'ta. <'('IIh HiiitirtiiiM'H cylinilririil, lint imirn on<'ii fiiHifonn ami atti'iiuatfl at cftrli end, iiioro or Iihh luimli'ly rurvitil, in ilii; ci'iilni not cDiiHtrictcil bnt niarkril willi linin 1-5 tranHVcrKP Ktriiu. ('yliiiilmn tliin, niiiilcniti'ly linn, hiiumiIIi nr ninri! nr Ir.ss (liHlinclly Htrialr, anil Monii'linni.s lonjriliKliiiaJly rnslali-. Cliliinipliylioii.s cytiiiplasin inoKlly iirraiiKril in li>ii^iliiiliiial lainina, ami fiiiriislii'il nl riiili nr (/hihoHip, mritHiini! ni}'iul(iri'n ; rfllulir crura aiil i,iin mil iiiiiiiih /irfnlinla. a. ZijijiiKiiitrrH (jlnbuHf, uvry rurrbj amjiitar ; critra of the velln mil nl nil, oronli/KliijIdli/.j'ro- iliwi'ii. 1. (Jelhihv ri/'i,i(lricir, ml tilrnmiini' juilinn fir rrl jiaiitliim rillnni'ilir, rrclir rrl h'rilrr riirijiitir, iijiicihiin riilunildlin nl Irtoiiralin. 1, C'vlh ri/liiiilriral, mil al all nr liiil itliijidhj aUvniialrd at the cndx, gtraiijht or uliijlilly curri-il, Ihr iijinj: rounded or Inuicatc. €. otriolatiim, Hhhii C. nii(tuHtc lancculatii-fimifnrnic, Icvilcr nrrnatiim, 8-12 plo fore longiiis (|iiHin latum, iitrorpii! poll) pnnluin sciisinKpK! alli'miatiim, npicilniH tnincaliH HiBpn riiHci'HrcnlibnH ; incinlirnna din- tincli.KHimc siriala, vacnata fiisccscctilc ; venirnlis cliliiriipliylliiii'in 5 7 (in ipioqiii! irni'f); loiM'llo aiiicrs vithiih tiilo, wiilinia^rno, ror|iiisinlii 12-20 iiicliidfiitd. (K.) /),H„,,_ji|,"_^i/' = 0.00152"— 0.001.H7". (II.) ,S';/(i. — 0. Hlriolalum, Kiiitii. ItAiiK.NiioiiH'r, Flora Kiirop. Al(fanim, Sci't III, p. 125. Jfdii. — In HipiiM (piiiMin, Ccntro f'ouiity, I'ciinsylvania. Wood. Saro roiid, Ni'w Ilainpsliire. (I.rwi.^) Narrowly laiiri'oJati'ly-Cii.siforin, sliffliljy hriil, .S-12 tiiiiu.s lonjifcr llian lirnad, Hfiisilily allrninilid ■^"WW^P no PRE SIl -WATER A L 0 .-E OF THE UNITED STATES. 111 at the ends, wliit'h nrc triiiipato ami often soniewliat fuscous ; ni(Mulirnnc very distinctly striate, when empty some what fuscous; ciiloroiiliyl globules 5-7 (iu each iinib) ; vacuole placed la the beat ajH'x, moderately large, including )2-'20 corpuscles. Remarks. — The measurements given are those of Prof. Rabcnliorst. Onr Ame- rican forms agree well with them. C. angiisfaf iiiH, Ktz. C. grneile, sublinenro, diamctro lG-18plo longins, ad polos levissimo attcnuatum, apicibus late truncatis; costis longitudinalibus paullulum prominulis 4-5, interstitiis eirciter jJu'" latis; vcsiculis eliloropliyllaceis iu quoque cruro 6-1 ; locello ab apieo subremotu mndiucri, corpus- culls 12-20 iniplcto. (R.) Diam.—^ix"— Bi"= 000081"— 0.0010". (R.) Sijn. — C. anguslatum, Ktz. Rabeniioust, Flora Enrop. Algnrnm, Sect. III. p. 120. Hub. — In fquis quietis, propo Philadcljihia, rennsyhauia. Wood, Rhode Island. Bailey. Xev> Hampshire. (Lewis) C. slender, snblincar, 10-18 times longer than broad, very slightly attenuate at the ends, which are broadly truncate ; with from 4-5 somewhat prominent longitudinal ribs, the interstices about jsb"' b'oad ; ehlorophyl globules in each limb t>-7 j vesicle subremotc from the apex, moderate, containing from 12-20 corpuscles. Hi iii III C. jiincidiim, Ralfs. C. clongatum, angu.ste linenro, dinmetro 20-35 plo longins, h vitcr arruatnm, ntroque polo vix attcnuatum; apicibus truncatis; '.ytiodermate luteulo, 'uterduui longitudiualiter striato. i)iam.— i5'i,5" = .0004". Syn. — C. juncidum, Ralfr. Rabenhorst, Flora Europ. AJgarum, Sect. III. p. 127. Ilab. — In fossis. South Carolina. (Ravencl) In laeu Saco, New Hampshire. (Lewis) Elongate, narrowly linear, 20-35 longer than broad, slightly bent, scarcely nrrrowed at the ends ; apices truncate ; cytioderm yellowish-brown, sometimes longitudinolly striate. Remarks. — I am indebted to Prof. Ravened for specimens of this species, by whom they were found on the slimy surface of a half dried-up ditch, associated with numerous other desraids. The specimens are all smaller than the measure- ments of Rabenhorst, but much larger than those given by Mr. Ralfs. None of the plants have any ehlorophyl granules — a circumstance probably simply d(!pen- duiit upon the stage of their development. The longitudinal strian are in none of the specimens very distinct, and in many cannot be demonstrated. Since writing the above I have seen specimens collected by Dr. Lewis in " Saco Pond," near tlie Crawford House, New Hampshire. Mr. Archer (Pritchard's /h/?m., p. 749) lays stress upon the fronds being straight in the middle, with the ends curved downwards ; but I have seen numerous speci- mens in which the curve was through the whole length. Fig. 2 o, pi. 12, represents one of the specimens collected by Prof Ravencl in South Carolina. 2. Cellulm cylindricx, dorso plus minus convejcas, ventre Hubplanir, nunqiiam vcnlricoxo — injlatee. FRESH-WATER ALG^ OF THE UNITED STATES. Ill 2. Cells cylindrical, with the dorsum more or less convex, the belly ulraightish, never ventri- cosely inflated. €. liUnula, (Mullur) Ehbb. C. pcrmagnuin, sublffive (siv'm subtilissiiriB vel indistinctoe), Bomilnnaro, dorso alto convexum, ventre subplaiiura, apicibus attcu-'atiij rotuiidutis ; viisiculis chloropliyllaeeis nuniurosis spur- sis; locL'llo distincto subapiculi corpuscula nuiaerosa iucludente. (R.) /)iam.—jV"—3V' = 0.00032"— 0.0045". (R.) Syn.—G. Lunula, (Mulleb,) Eurb. Rabeniioust, Flora Enrop. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 121. Ilab — South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. Prof. Bailnv rcniisylvania. Wood. Very largo, smootbish (stria) very fine or indistinct), semilunar, dorsum strongly convex, belly Btraiglitish, the ends attenuate and rounded; chlorophyl globules numerous, scattered; vesi- cle distiuct, subapical, including numerous corpuscles. C. acerosutn, (Scfirank) Eurb. ( Var. nov. maxiiniiin.) C. lineare-fusiforme, snb-rcctum ant '.eve curvatum, ntroquo fine sensim et panllulum atten- uatum, diametro 16-24 plo longiorc: apicibus angustiKsime truncatis, achrois; menibrana hand striata; vesiculis ehlorophyllaccia 11-14 in quoque crure, in serie axilli siniplici coUo- catis; locello apicali parvo, corpuscula nnracrosa Iucludente; zygosporis globosis. Diam. — Transv. mo- 12.,"=-. .0017" ? 7.v_ =--.0017"; zygosp. t|J,"=.0027". Syn. — G. acerosum, (Scurank) Eurb. Rabenuorbt, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 128. Uab. — Pennsylvania; Wood. South Carolina, Georgia, Florida; Bailey. Linear, fusiform, straightish, or slightly curved, at each end sensibly little by little attenuate, 15-24 times longer than broad ; apices narrowly truncate, transparent; membrane not striate; chIoro,)hyl globules 11-14 in each limb placed in a simple axillary series; apical vesicle small, coutaiuing numerous corpuscles ; zygospores globose. Remarks. — The dcsmid, described above, was found in New Jersey, near Cam- den. It differs from the typical form of C. acerosum in its size, proportionate lenj^th to breadth, and in not being striate. The European ''/ormd major" (llAitENii.) appears, however, to exceed it in transverse diameter, and, according to some authors, certain fronds of the species are not striate, and all authorities agree that at times the stria; are exceedingly delicate. For these reasons, I think, our American form must be regarded simply as a variety. As far as can be judged from the rude figure, it is this species Avhich Prof. Bailey identifies as G. tenue, Ktz., in Silliman's Journal for 1841. Fig. 5, and 5 a, pi. 11, represent this species magnified 250 diameters; 5 b represents the sporangium with portions of the dead fertile fronds still attaclied. C* areolatlim, Wood, (sp. nov.) C. fusiformo, subrcctum vel notmihil cnrvatnm, Interis ventralis medio saepo panllulum concavnm, diametro 9-10 plo longius, utrinque modice attcnuatum; apicibus truncato-rotundatis; meni- brana erassa, et firma, rubido-brunnea, profunde distante striata, et minutissimo sed distincte granulata vel areolata; suturia medianis distinctissimis 4-10. Diam.— 0.0024". Hab — In aquis puris quictis; Northumberland Co., Pennsylvania. 112 !•' 11 E S H -W A T K 11 ALU Ai O V T III!: UNI T ED STATES I 1 Fusiforin, strai){lili.sh, or very sliglilly curved, tlio ventral side often a little eonenvo in tlio middle, 9-U' times longer tlinii bmad, moderately attenuatcil at each end; tlie njiiees triin- cately rounded ; cell-membrane reddisli-lirown, thick and lirni, distantly profoundly striate, and very minutely but distinctly granulate or areolate; nicdiuu sutures very dirttiact, 4-10 in number. Rcmarhfi. — T found this sppcios growinfj in a qniot pool of pure water, in a wild, deeply wooded rtivinc, netir Diiiiville, Centnd ronnsylvania. It was in great abiiiidance, forniiiig a transluc(uit greenish jelly, one or two gills of which might liavo been retidily gathered. Unfortunately, I had no microscope with me and cannot, tlierefore, determine at all its to the arrangement of the endochrome, the carbolic ticid, used as preservative, having entirely disarriinged this by the time I got the fronds upon a slide. The empty frond is of a reddish-brown color. The membrane is (piite thick and firm, and is marked with very prominent bioiid stria; or grooves. In a number of cases I htive counted these and tilways found nine present upon one face of the frond. There are also upon the surface nimierous minute markings not fairly visible with a lower power than a ^ih. objective. Under tliis glass they appear as minute punctiitions. An eighth resolves them into granules mostly of an oblong shape, arranged more or less regularly in longi- tudinal rows. Very generally, each side of the stria or groove has a close row of liirger and more distinct graiudes forming a sort of border to it. In truth, the surface of the frond is covered with broad longitudinal bands of these granules, and the ntirrow smooth spaces between them constitute the stria spoken of. This species is very closely allied to C. turgidum, Eiiun., agreeing pretty well with it in general outline and size. I think, however, the peculiar miU'kings upon the membrane arc sufficient to separate it, and do not dotibt that if fresh specimens were at hand, differences would be found to exist also in the arrangement of the cell-contents. The turning up of the ends, generally so marked in C. tunjidiuii, is mostly entirely absent in this species, rarely there is some tendency to it. Fig. (), pi. 11, represents in otitline a frond magnified 160 diameters; Fig. 6 a, the end of an empty cell, magnified 1375 diameters ; the color of this is, perhaps, a little too dark. €. lincatiiin, Ehrb. C. valdo elongatuni, grncile, quatcr vieies-trieies longius qunm latum, distincte striatum, e medio recto cylindrieo ulrin<|ue valde attenuatum, iipiecs versus leviter iMcnrvum, obtnso- truncatum ; vcsieulis clilorojiliyllaceis in (luocpic crurc 2\)-'Jl, in seriem unicam uxilciu dis- tributis; locello parvo, ab apico remoto, corpusculis 10-12 iniplelo. (11.) i?/flm.— j5V= .0015". ^yn. — C. lincatum, Ehuii. Ixabenuorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 130. Hub. — Pennsylvania, Wood. Very much elongate, slender, distinctly striate, from tlic centre strniglit and cylindrical, at each end very greatly attenuate, nitex bent, slightly incurved, obtusely truncate; cliloroijhyl glo- bules 20-21 in caeli limb, placc. rbreit. b. 28, IV. F. 28. IIabeniiobbt, Flora Europ. Alga- runi, Sect. III. p. 138. Hab. — New York ; Elirenbcrg. Oblong, turgid, sligbtly curved, sraootb, 4-7 times longer than bro ai, the apex obtuse. Remarhs.—l have no knowledge of this species other than that in the above short description, which has been copied from llabcnhorst's works. 3. Cellulm semr umrcs, plerumque magis curvales quam in Sect. 1 e.' '2, venire semper tumida, venlricoso-injlatae. 3. Cells semilunar, mostly more curved than in Sect. 1 and 2, with the belly always tumid, ventricosely injlated. C Ehrenberg;ii, Menqh. C. fusoldco-semilunare, ventre inflato, ceterum nt in C. Lunula. (R.) i>iam.—La.\. ,^3," .0029". Long. ,|Jj"=.0042.' Syn.— C. Ehrenbcrgii, Menoii. UABENiionsr, Flora Europ. Sect. III. p. 131. ITafe. —Prope Philadelphia. " Frond large, stout, about Cve or six times as long as broad, Innately curved, extremities taper- ing; upper margin very convex, lower concave with a compicuous central inflation; ends broadly rounded; large granules, numerous, scattered; fillets several; o. f. colorless, without stria!, central suture not evident. Sporangia orbicular, smooth, placed between 'the but- slighlly-colinected empty conjugated fronds, the endocbrome during the process of conjuga- tion emerging from the opened apex of a short conical extension from each under side of each younger segment (or shorter cone) of each pair of recently divided fronds, the conjugating fronds being produced immediately previously by the self-division of a pair of old fronds— two sporangia being thus the ultimate produce of the two original fronds L „'„"■ U • " Archer." Pritcha.'d's Infusoria, p. 748. ' ' *°* " Remarh.—F\^. 2, pl. 12, represents a plant of this species magnified IGO dia- meters. C. monilirernm, (Bory) Ehrb. C. semiiujare, plus minus curvatum, diametro maximo 6-9 plo longius, ventre inflato, ntroque polo sensim attenuatum, apicibus nchrois obtusis, vesiculis chlorophyllaceis in serie uniea lougitudinali axili dispositis, in quoque crure 7-10; loccllo apical! submngno, corpuscula nnmerosa mcludente (corpusculura in quoque locello unicura mobile ellip.soideum, mngiiitudine lineo! partem millesimara roquans, cetera mobilia per totum corporis distributa observavit cl. Perty.) (U.) Species mihi ignota. ZHam.— 0.0019"— 0.0022". (R.) Syn.—0. moniUferum, Rabkntorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 131. Eab. — Georgia; Rhode Island ; Bailey. IS June, 187a. li 114 FT. ESII-WATKK ALGiE 0 1' Til 10 U N I T K 1) STATKS. " Frond Muallcr tlinn ('. EhrciiIuTifii, sluut, livf or six tinu'S aw loiip as broad, Iiiiiulfly furvrd, t'Xiri'inilii'S tapuriii)?, iipiiLT imi|-|iiii foiivi'X, lowiT coiifuve, with a cenlrul iii/latiun, ends roundud ; large granules, t'(>ns|ilcuoua, in a single longitudinal Kories , o. f. colorless, witliout slriiB, suture uut evident. L. ^'j" — j'o". B- slo" — iW- Arelier." I'ritcLard'a Infusoria, p. 748. €. Leibleinii, Ktz. C. priore minus, seuiilunare, niagia incurvum, ventre inflate, ad utrumque polum largius attcna- atuni, apicibus achroia acutis; vesiculi.s elilorojjliyll. in quu(|uo rrnre ft-(i, in serio sinipiici axillari dispositis; loccllo lunguo, apices versus sito, corpuscula uuuicrusa includente. (R.) l)iam.—^\l/ . Syn. — C. Leiblfinii, Kutzing. Uadeniiorst, Flora Kurop. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 132. llcih. — Georgia; lUiode Island ; Bailey, rennaylvania; Wood. " Frond sonu'wlint stout, distance between the cxtrcn)ities six or ciglit times llie breadth, crescent-sliaped, much curved, rapidly attenuated, ui)per margin very convex, lower very con- cave, oPten with a slight central inllation; ends subacute ; large granulea, in a single scries; fillets few or indistinct; e. f. suiucwbat straw-colored, without stria;; suture evident. Spo- rangium orbicular." Archer. Remarh. — Fig. 6, pi. 12, represents this plant, magnified 260 diameters. 4. Cdlidx maxime curvalu-, ventre non tumidw. 4. Cellx most curved, the belly not tumid. C. Diana;, Khrb. C. anguste fusiforme, semilunare, utroqne polo valdo attcnimtnm, apioibus snbacntia ; oytiodcr. mute acliroo (vel dilutissinie unibrino), striis subtilissiniis medio interrnptis projdito, in media parte striis transversalibus 3-5; vesiculis in qno(|ue crnre 0-7, in aeri(^ uiiiea nxili dispositis; laminis chlorophyllaccis pluribus, sa'po flexuosis; loccllo iudistiucto, curpusculis i>luribua vivide niobilibus. (II.) 7>,Vj»i.— T,at. 75«5(j" =.00053". Long, ^f ?/' = -00082". Si/n. — C. Diana; Ehiienbero. Uabeniioust, Flora Furop. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 1.13. JJal), — Georgia; Florida ; Khodo Island ; IJailey. I'enn.sylvania; Wood. Frond crcsccnt-sliaped, six or eight times as long as broad, iiineh curved, rapidly attenuated; upper margin very convex, lower very concave without a central inflation; ends .-subacute with a very slight emargination at the upper outer extremity; large granules in a single series; eiupty frond, suiucwbat straw-colored, or faintly reddish, without stria;, suture evident. (A.) Remarks. — Mr. Archer marks O. Venufi, Ktz., as a dotibtful synonym of this species ; not having Prof. Kiitzing's work at hand, I do not know whetlior C. Vemts, Ktz. is retdly the following species or not. The two forms here kiimrn as (7. Blinxr, EuKB. and C. Voivs, Ktz. are, however, I think sufficiently distinguished. Fig. 4, pi. 12, represents this species of desmid. C. Veniiis, Ktz. C. parvum, plus minus grneile, semiciroulare, ootioH-duodecies longins qnam Intnm, in apices subaeutos a;(iualiter sensiuKpn; attenuaturn ; cytiodermate tenui, hcvc ; laminis ehlorophylhv- cois obliteratis ; vesiculis in quoque crure 3-4 ; locello distiucto corpusculis 4-6 ropleto. (K.) i>mm.— .0004". "i PRESII-WATEIl ALGi« OF THE UNITED STATES. 115 Si/ii.—V. Vviius, KiJTZiNa. Uabenuorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 134. 1/ab. — South Curoliua. (Uuveucl.) Small, more or lus.s Kloiidcr, soiiiicirculur, eij?lit to twelve times longer thiin broad, equally and very pcrcejuiLly attenuule ot botli aiiice.s; cytioduriii thin, smooth; chloropliyllous lamina obliterated ; vesicles in each crus S~i; vacuole distinct, containing 4-0 eoriiuscles. Iie7narJc.—¥ig. 7, pi. 11, rcijresents in outline a frond magnified 450 diameters. €. parrulum, N^a. C. parvum, seniicirculnro, medio non tumidnm, grncile, angusto Innccolatuin, sexics-octics lon- gius quani latum, apicibus acuti.s; cytiodermale teuui, laivissinio, vucunto nonnunquniu luteolo- fusce.. /lab lu fotiais, prnpi! I'biliKlflpliiu; WuimI. Body lnncc()latc-fii.sir4)riii, at vav\\ cud greatly niul for a lonp diHtnticc attenuated, Hlightly rurved, striate; crura setaecous and scarcely as long a.s the body and sonietiines mueli shorter; eytio- derm light or lutcolous, densely striate, vrHJeh's uniseriate, •>-(> in ciich crus ; vacuulea oblong, oftcu indistinct, containing from 1^-15 actively moving granulcn. Remarh. — Fig. 3, pi. 12, is a cliuwiiig of this species, magnified 2G() diumetors. €. selaceiiiii, Kiinn. C. corporc angusto lanceolato, recto vol suhrectr), distincte striato, ntrintpic in rostrum sotaceum, Icvissimc incurvuni, obtusuni, longissinic porrecto; singulo ro»lru corjiore ^-t plo longioru; ct Tcsiculis ct loccllo indistinetis. (K.) />i«»i.— Max. (pleruuKiuc) 0.0004"— 0.00044." (II.) Syn. — C. selaccum, Euue.niikuo, Flora Europ. Algarura, Sect. HI. p. 130. Ilab. — Stonington. (Lewis) rcnnsylvauia; Wood. Georgia; Florida; Providence, Rhode Island ; Bailey. Frond very slender, from twenty to twenty-five t!mes as long as broad, nnrrow-lnnrcolalf ; upper anil lowrr »i(/n//;i projection extending beyond the notch ; cndochroino with a longitudinal Hcries of larfre granules; e. f. ])unctatu, the puiicta scattered, except near the constriction; where they are dispoHcd in two transverse rows. Sporangium orbicular, Hinooth, margin finely utrialcd, placed between the deciduous empty fronds. L. ^Jj". 1$. ^Jj". Archer. I'ritcliard's Iiifitauria. Remark. — Fig. 8, pi. 12, represents this species magnified 450 diameters. T. giir>*nteii8, Wuon. T. maxinius, oblongus, diunictro 3 plo longior ; apicibus hand altcnuatia, late rotuiidati.s ; suturis profundis, linearibus; cytiodermate irrcgulariler granulato-puuctato. Diam.—^l^^" = .mil" . Syn.—T. gvjaiiteiin, Wood. Proc. \cad. Nat. Sci., 18G9, I/ab. — In stognis, Centre County, I'cnnsylvania. Very large, oblong. 3 times longer than broad ; with the ends not attenuate but broadly rounded ; Buturo profound, linear ; eytiodcrm irregularly granulatcly punctate. Remarks. — I found this beautiful desmid in a stagnant pool in Bear Meadows, Centre County, in tlie month of August. It is very different in its outline from its nearest ally, T. graiinlatus. The diameter is preserved uniform until near the end, where there is an alteration in the line of the margin, so as to cause some contraction, which is, however, wanting in some specimens. The ends are therefore broad and obtuse. The size is also double that of T. granulaius. Fig. 7, pi. 12, represents a frond of this species magnified 260 diameters. T 118 I'llESlI-WATKIl AL(iJ; O 1' T II K UNITED HTATKS. I '; i>; T. IctIb, (Kuto.) lUi.rH. T. liri'liiHsitiiii rorinis siiiiilis scd piirvior. .'11 plo loiifricir i|uaiii IiiIiim ; cylicKli'rtnalo pli'minqiie IcviHsiiiio, iiili'i'iliiiii iiKli.stiiicriiiHiiue puiiululo, j>i(,m.—,^„" — .oooor. Sj/n. — T. letnn, KiJrziNii. Uai fh. Raiikniiohst, Plorn Riirop, AlKiiniin, Sect. III. p. 140. f/ah — In acpils qiiii'tis, propc I'hiliuli'lpliiu. Similiir ill form to T. Urtlii.ssnnii, Itiit Hiiiallcr, 3-4 timog longer tlian broml ; cytiodcrra mostly very gniootli, Houictinica iiKlixtiiiclly piiiietutu. liviriarkfi. — Vwf. UulK'iiliorst states tliiit tlio cytiodcrm of tliis species is very smooth, and Mr. Riilt's says that lie has failed to detect any jMiiietations, hut also 8tate.s that " .Mr. .reiuier and Mr. lloss assure me that they (puiieta') are seattered ns in 7'. (/i-(tini/(itiis." 1 hav(> no doubt of their existence in certain individuals, whilst in otiier cases they appear to he ai)seiit. Gcinis rLEUllOT.ENIUM, NyKGELi (1849). CflluliB BiiiguIiB ill a(|iiii iialiiMlcs, rt'ctiD vcl Rubrcctn, cyliiidrlcus vil fiisifi)rincK, valdo clunKatie, utroqiiu polo I'oliiiidalie vcl iniiicalii', incdii' IcviliT (■oiistricliu, ex IniiiMVcrsi) circiijai't'n. Cylio- plasiiia ('liloropliyllucciiiM in laniinis Iiiii)ritnn described under tiie name of Ducidiiim ; tlie remaiud(;r being represen- tatives of a number of genera. I have not had access to the original description of IhHiiliiim, and do not know in wliat year it was published ; but, according to De IJary, l)uclgeli, because that autho- rity first defined the genus and his ntime exi)resses very clearly the character of it, iis well as from the circumstance that the name Docidium having been made to cover a heterogeneous mass of s))ecies, its retention might cause confu- sion. I confess to thinking that this action of De Bary is not in accordance with the recognized laws of pi-iority, but, in the absence of the origiiuil description, have thought best to follow it. P. Irnbeciiln, (Kmui.) X.i;i!ei,i. P. poepo valdc donpatum, octies vicics-lonpius quain latum, cylindrnct'iim, ntroquo fine liBvissimo attcnnatiun aut incrassatum, jiixta medium coiistrictuin .siupiu.s bigibbum (quasi biuiidatiim), npieibus late truncatum; cytiodurmalo teaui luevi, uchroo. (K.) Z)/a»i.— 7|5" = .0013". Syn. — " Ditcidium Ehrenbcrgii. Ralfs." Bailey, Microscopical Observations. Smithsonian Contributions. PlenrotBeniHtn Irabecuta, (Eim.) NiKOELi. Rabeniiorst, Flora Europ. Algarnm, Suit. III. p. 141. Jiab. — South (^irolimv, Oeorf,'ia, Florida ; Bailey. Penn.^ylvania ; Wood. FIIK8H-\V ATEU ALU.R 0 1' THK U N I T M I) STATES. 119 (DocUHum Khrenltenjii. IlAi.rH.) Froiul HlriKicr, linear; Huliiro foriuiiiK » vory Klmrply (Icliiu'il rim ; HCKiiii'iitx H-1'2 tiiiicH Iiimkit tliuii linmil, IiiihiiI iiiHiitiini liiiviiiK nniitlu'r Hiimllrr out' uliuvu it, HidnK utliurwixu HtriiiKht, pjirullcl; I'lids orcniitc, owing tn a iiuiiiIkt uf ciiiarKiiiii- tiuiis on tlio filgo uf tliu truiicutu i>.\tr<'Uiitii'H, IVum thrvu tu livu uf tliu crciiatloim lieiiig tiHiiully vlHil)l('; u. f. imiictate cr rough with iiiinuto gruiiiilcH. Kponui,;lHm Hiilxirliiciihir or ('lliptic, or Nliglilly uii);iilur, sinootli, phiccd lictwroii tho lici'iduoiis ciiiply rroiiilH. Ciliiilcd zoospori'.s f'oriia'd liy xrginviitatiuii of tli(! I'lOi ciiiiti'iits, itnd their urniKHion t'fl'cctcd tliroiigh tho opeiu'cl iipcx of ciuh one, two or threo, I'spccially, formed lutoriil tiilicH arising from bu- nt'ttth tho baso of ono of tliu HcgnicutH. Archer. liciinirkx. — Tliis species is quite common nrouiid Pliiliulelphiii; but I do not reniciiilHT evc^r to luivi! NO(!n one witli tlio cell-wsill {»riinnlate. Tlie sniiiUer of the two iinilfoniitions near the centre is often wimting or exceedingly small, and the crenulatious in the ends arc very often obsolete. Fig. y, pi. 12, represents a cell of this species magnified IGO diameters. P.nnculiiiii, (lti(£ii.) Dk Bakv. r. [iriori Hiniilu, sod grnL'iiiim, anguatius ct plonimquo longius, modio tantuiu gcmol coiiBtrictutu ; fytioft. (.'Iiinlrriinn trahriiilti, IIaii.kv. Ami'riuiiii Jouidul of Srii'iirt', 1S41. JJab In U(|uirt (|iiii'lii*, Houtli ('itruliiiu; (Ji'orgiu ; l-'lurulu; lUiotiu IhIuiiiI ; Uuiliiy. IViiiiNyl- viiiiia; Nt w Jt'THcy J WoocL (Dociiliitm >ioiluli>Kiim.) Kroiitl very Htoul, tlio tlili'kunvd HutiircH rDrinirifr n projoolinif rim; iti')(im>iitH four to hIx tiiiivH uh lun^^uH brmul, Ncap'i'ly ultriiiiiitiMl, r<')(iiliu'ly iiillatt'il itt iiitcrvaU HO aH to I'oriii an uiiiliilati'd inarKiii, tint l)Hsal iiitlation tliu iiioxt proinitii'iil, tlio ullivrH, an they u|)|)roa('li llic ciiil.s, Ii'hh hu, where tlicy arts iiidistiiK't or wuiiling; cixln eiitiru; v. f. voarxi'ly puiictalu. li. (\f". 1). ill"- Archer, rrilfliaril's //i/««or('a. RrmarlcH. — I have found tliis species in " Sliephenl's Alill Pond," near f Jreenwicli, Cinnberland (,'ounty, New Jersey, and idso in ii Sprin;^ in the I'iiihidelpliiii I'ark, n<'ar Coliiniltia l)ridj;(\ Fly. 1, pi. 21, represents the outline! of" a frond of this species nnignified IGO diunieters. P. clnvnliim, (Ktz.) De IUhy. I'. Hiibeylindraueuin, iiinltotios (10-24) lotiRhis quam hituin, ad utruinquo poliim soiisim iiicrns- Hatiini, Hiiliehivatum, apieibiis hito tniiicalis; fytiuderiuatu Qrmu aehrou, dunsu ct irregiilaritur gramihito-piiiu'tuto. (II.) Sjn'cies mihi iijuoUi. ;;/iciier. I'ritchard's /H/'i(«o»va. Hub. — Suutli Carolina ; Georgia ; Hailoy. Frond Mlendor, suture nearccly prominent, scffmcnts eight to ten times as longf os l)road, slightly clavate near the endu, and ultimately Honiewhal attenuated, basal inflation somelinie.s sol'iiry, sometimes having another slight one above it; cuds entire; e. f. punctate. L. jJj". H. jjj". P. iindiilatiim, (Bailky ) I), loivc, graeilo cylindrieum, undulatum, latitudine lH-20 plo longius, medio modico coustrictum ; cruribus et basi ct apic(t truncatis et crcnatiH. (II.) (V/"''-'"'* »"'" i'J'iola. Sijii. — Docidium undulatum, Bailey. Micros. Observ. p. 36. Hub. — Florida, Bailey. "Scgnient.s eight to ten times longer than broad, constricted six to eight times ol regular intervals throughout their entire length, with the base ttnfcu'« nii/ii i(/»o. »<«/(«» hi by the croMs But'tioii of tliu uoUcs buiug a miuplo circle inulvud of au iuUculud ouc ' l^uiloy " llalfa. - /• P. TerriicoMiiin, (IUiley) D. vuliduni, jfranuloHo-verrucosum, latitudino 10-12 plo longiua, uudulatuai, apicibua intogrii truncatis. (K.) (^I^pecies inifii iyiwta.) 8yn — CoHmarium verrurosum, lUiLEr, Amer. Journ. Soi. and Arts, 184(1. Docidium w.rrurosum, lUus, Brit. Duam. ^. 218. Bailky, Miur. Observ. p. 28. i/o6.— Rhode lala:,;; Bailey " Scprments, with numerous whorls of small prominences, which rIvo tho nmrBiiis an undulated appcuranct', all tlie undulations are C(|uai. ' Thi.s in a very pretty Hpeeies with a waved oul- lir.e, couHt'd by the slight projections, which are arranged iu numerous transverse rincs ' Builey." lUlfs. P. liirMutiim, (Bailet) D. spinuloso-hirsutum, medio valde constrictura, dinmetro 10-12 plo longius; cruribus et basi et apico subdilatatis, truncatis. (II.) (Species mihi ignola.) Syn. — Docidium hirsutum, Bailey, Micr. Observ. p. 36. Hub. — Florida; Bailey. "Segments many times longer than broad, slightly inflated at tho base, surface hirsute. A small species resembling D. Ehrenbergii in its form, but strongly hirsute on its outer sur- face." Bailey. Genus TIIIPLOCERAS, Bailey, Cellulffi singuloB, rectie, valdo elongato), processus magnorura seriebus trausversis armata;, utroiiue polo trilobatiu, lobis acute bidentatis. Hyn. — Triploceras, Bailey, Microscopical Observations, p. 37, Smithsonian Contributions, 1850. Cells single, straight, very much elongate, armed with transverse series of largo processes, trilo- bate at each end, lobes acutely bidentate. T. Terticillatnm, Bailey. T. cellulis subcylindricis, sed utroque fine Icviter angustatis et nonnihil fusiformibus, modice robustia, diametro 12-20 plo longioribus; processibus latcralibus robustis, maguis, apice emarginatis. Diam.—Qnm process, yib" = .00146" ; sine process. ttVW =00113". Byn. — T. vcrticillatum, Bailey. Microscopic Observations. Smithsonian Contributions, 1850. Docidium verlicillatum, Ralfb, British Desmids, p. 218. Pleuroteenium verlicillatum, Rabeniiorst, Flora Enrop. Algar., Sect. III. p. 148. Bob. — Rhode Island, New Jersey, Georgia, Florida ; Bailey. Saco Lake, (Dr. Lewis) Wood. Subcylindricftl, but slightly narrowed at each end, and therefore somewhat fusiform, moderately robust, 12-20 times longer than broad; lateral processes large, robust, with their apices emarginate. 16 June, 1873. 1> I' i; i; s 11 - w A 'r k ii a i- u .!■; o !•■ i' ii i: u .\ i t k d « t a t k s. T. K^racillv, Hailet. 'I', c'clluli.s Mul)c)liii(lriris, iitriKiiio film vix iiiijjii.sliUiii, grucilliiniM, diumolro 25-30 plo lougi- oribiis ; prucvsHilniH lutvrulibuH bruvilxis, cDiiicis. />.V/»i._Ciiiii proi'i'ss. 7j"oo" —•»'"» ! Biiio i>r(ic. ijgno" = •^•1*00". Si/ii — '/'. (jrniillr, Kaii.ky, Smitlisoiiinn Conlriliiitions. I>i)ii(lium /irifliila; lloiisoN, Miifrii/.inc Niitiinil llislciry, v. |i KIS. ritiiroln Ilium (jriwilf, Kaiikniuikst, Flora Kiini]). Alj^ar., iSt'cl. III. p. 144. J/iih. — III iisdciii ciiiii aiitt'ci'ilciiti' l(ici«. i^iil)rjliiip. iiiiinina, bryophila; eclliilis in t;claliiia niatricali consociatis, oMontro-cyliiidriciH, rcctis vel Kiiliciirvalis, lii.s vel tcr loiifrioriliiis t[iiaiii lalis, ulroiiue [)olo rotiin„,,„._,,,i„„" = .0()0;!;{" (0.0(1024"— .OOO'J!)". P..) Si/ii. — Siiiroliiiiiii liri/d/iliild. (ISiiKii.) Kaiikmioii.st, Flora K.irop. Altiaru"', Sect. III. p. Hfi. //((/). — I'ropc l*liila(lcl|>lna ; Wood. " (S. innseicola(I)c IJury)) Frond cylindrical two to four times ns loiif; ns broad, ciuh riMiiidcii; cndochronie a Hiiigle, broad, smoothly ddincd, widely wouint spiral band, its revolutions very few (mic or two)." (A.) RciiKtrlxn. — I found this l)oautit"ui little desniid on the North r<'niisylvaniii Uiiil- road, near C'helten Hills, f^'vowiiig amongst soine mosses whieli were kept con- stimtly wet by overhanging dri|)[iiiig roeks. It formed little transparent masses of idmost colorless j(dly looking mncli like drops of dew. It agrees well witli tlie descriptions of tlic I'anopean form, except that then; were generally from 'i-'J^ turn,-! of tlu! spiral, and th(> cells exceed somewhat the measurements of Trof, Rid)eidiorst. 'i"he cells are (dosely pliiced in the jelly. l''ig. 10, pi. 1'2, represents some plants of this species. >>>p. condrnNnt.i, (Unftn ) HAnKNiionsT. Sp. ccllnli.s cylindniccl.'^, rccti.s (vcl leviter <'iirvalis) octica vcl decics lontfioribu.s (inaiii latis, ntriMpic polo rotiindalia; laniinlu chlorophyll, singulis, anfraetibus subarctis (plcrnnuine 8-12). />(((m.— O.OOO^^". tiijii. — ,S';). coiiiUnxaIn, (I!n(;ii ) l?.\nr'.N!ioiisT, Flora Fiirop. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 1 i(>. Jldli. — Florida; Khoile Island ; IJailey. Peiin.sylvaiiia; Wood, Frond cylindrical, two to Pmr times as lonjr «■'' broad, ends rcnnded ; endoc'' ''nie a sinirle, broad, closely wound spiral band, its revolutions iMiiicroiis. Ii. jjg'- Hr. lo'is ■ Archer. J'ritcliard's //i/H.sono. FUKSII-W ATKIl ALUJK OK TllK UNITKD STATKS. 12;} Iicmarl:n.—'l]w only specimens (hat 1 liavc seen of this spocios were found in a spiin^' in liic I'iiiliuicipliiii Cit.y I'lirk, near ('olnnil)ia l)ri(l{,'('. J''o- ll» pl- 1^» was drawn from owe of tlicso spccinu-ns. Genus SriLKUOZOSMA, Couiu. CclliiliD ■.•omprossm, medio tiniisvcr.siiii iirofinido iricisn-, ita(|iic l)il(il)atii', in (Hioinio lobo iimssn cliliiro|iiiyllosa iiimclririulialii iiiu'lcum aiiiyliK'ciim iTivolvcntc pru'ilitm, in liliiiii pluuum tusniiformi'iii litiTulitcr islliniis coiijuiiila;. /)K()s|H)hb globosiy vol ovalcs, glubru). (U.) tii/n. — /.■h. aerratuvi, Bailey, Micros. Observation. Smithsouiau ContributioDS, 1850. Cum iconc. Hab. — South Carolina ; Georgia ; Florida ; Bailey. "Joints broader than long, deeply notched or divided into two transverse portions with acute projecting ends, which give a serrated outline to the chain." Bailey. Genus HYALOTHECA. CellulsB brevse, cylindrieiB, medio non profunde con.strictce, a latere disciformcs, in fda confervacca sine isthmis arete conjunctce et vagina mucosa anipla achroa intlusir. Massa cblorophyllosa in qnaque scinicellula 4-8, 5-10 radiata. Cells short, cylindrical, not profoundly constricted in the middle, disciform in the end view, closely united without intcvening i.sthmuscs into a ronfcrvoid lilamcnt, which is inclosed iu au ample mucous sheath. Chlorophyl masses in each cell 4-8, 5-10 radiates. H. disilliens, (S.mitii) Bu£b. H. fasciis prielongic ; cellnlis oblongo-quadrnngularibus, dinmctro suMnplo brcvioribus, inter- dura ante divisionem suboiciualibus, augulis uouuihil rotuudatis, plcrumque medio obsolete constrictis, sa;pe baud constrictis. Diam —0.00089"— 0.00098". (11.) Syn. — II. disillienn, (8yinn) Bii£b. Rabeniiorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 152. Uab. — South Carolina ; Florida ; Rhode Island ; Bailey. Rhode Island (S. T. Olney), Thwaites. Pennsylvania ; Wood. Filament very long, cells oblong, quadrangular, about one-half as long as broad, sometimes before division as long as broad, angles somewhat rounded, mostly obsolctuly constricted in the middle, often not constricted. Remarks. — Thu specimens which I have identified as IT. /i, agree with the variouc; figures and descriptions of the European form, in every thing except that in many cases there is no constriction whatever in the centre of the cell, and when the constriction docs exist, it is never so pronounced, as some of the descrii)- tions indicated. The plant is very common about Philadelphia, growing in springs and ditches. Fig. 12, pi. 12, represents this part of a filament of this species. H. mucosa, (Mert.) Eurb. H. fasciis confervaceis, minus fragilibus; ccllulis qundrangularibus, diamctro oiqnalibus vcl subKqualibus, medio non constrictis, ad utruuique Cucui (auuuliformi-bicarinatisj biduntatis. (R.) Species mihi iijnula. i)iam—0.0OOT3"— 0.0008". (R.) Syn. — Gtoeoprium mucosum, FIabbal, Fresh Water Algte, p. 340). II. mucosa, (Mert.) Eurb. Rabeniiorst, Floro Europ Algarum, Sect. III. p. 132. .Ha6.— Rhode I.iland ; (S. T. Olney) Thwaites. Filament scarcely fragile, mucous sheath very broad ; joints about as broad as long, not con- stricted, but having at one of the ends a minute bidentato projection on each margin, the FRESH-WATEU ALO^ OF THE UMTED STATES. 125 adjoining ends of tj-.e next joint being similar, these projections being produced by an annular ' ■ ' ' " GOO". U. thW-ti'it" (Arelier) grooved rim. L. j^^j. Genus BAMBUSINA. CeliuloB oblongo-orculiformes, in filamenta artlcnlata nodosa dense conjunct®, medio vitta trnns- vcrsa carinia duabus annuliforraibus limitata instructuj, itaque supernc et inferno bideutataj, froule circularcs, supra et infra dento unico prominente. (U.) Cells oblong-orculiform, densely united into an articulate nodoso filament, surrounded by two median bands. B. Brebissonii, Ktz. B. filamentis nodoso-articulatis ; cellulis diametro dnplo longioribus. (R.) iJiajn.—O.OOOn"— 0.00092". (R.) Syn.—B. Brebissonii, KUtzino. Rabenhorst, Flora Europ., Algnrum, Sect. III. p. 152. /^a6._South Carolina. (Ravenelj Wood. South Carolina; Georgia; Florida ; Rhode Island. Bailey. (Didymopriura Borreri, (Ralfs)) Joints inflated, barrel-shaped, longer than broad, without a thickened border at their junction; angles bicrenate, crcnatures rounded; transierso view circular ; sporangium elliptic, formed within the (for some time) persistent extensions from the conjugating joints, which do not previously break up into single joints, but couple, still united in the filament, in a confused or zigzag manner, some of the joints remaining unchanged. Remarks. — The specimens which I have seen agree well with the descriptions, except in regard to size ; some of the cells which I measured were more than T^Vir *^f ^^ "ich in diameter. Genus DIDYMOPRIUM. Cellulffi oblongo-ellipticoB, modice compressa;, ancipites, angulis porrectis inciso-bidentatis, in fila- menta articulata biconvexa et torta sine isthnio arete conjunctoe, et in vagina mucnsa inclu.sic. Cytioplasma chlorophyllosa cjllulee a fronte cruciatim disposita, cujus crura e laminis duubus pnrie- talibus divergentibus granum amylaceum unicum involventibus formantur. Cells oblong-elliptical, moderately compressed, two-edged, with the produced angles inci.«ely-bid(>n- tate, closely united into a biconvex and twisted filament, which is inc'oscd in a mucoid shoatli, cytio- plasm so placed as to be cruciate when viewed from the front (end), each crus composed of two parietal divergent lamina, eacn of which contains a single starch granule. D. Orevillii, Ktz. D. cellulis oblongis diametro duplo brevioribus, saturnte viridibus. (R.) i>iam.0.0024"— 0.0031." (R.) Syn.—D. GreviUii, KtJTZiNa. Rabenhorst, Flora Europ. Algarura, Sect. III. p. 153. Hah. — Georgia, South Carolina; Bailey. Pennsylvania; Wood. Sheath distinct ; joints broader than long, with a thickened border at their junction ; angles bidcntate; teeth angular; transverse view broadly elliptic. Sporangium orbicular, formed ^ within one of the two conjugating joints, the endochrome possing over from one by a narrow \ connecting tube produced between the otherwise, but little oltered, broken-up single joints. (A.) Rcmarh.—Y\g. 13, pi. 12, represents the end view of a broken filament of this species. 126 FIIKSII-WATKR AlAiM OF THE UNITED STATES. Ill Uh Genus DESMIDIUM. Collulaj obloii(?o-t«1)ulnrps, medio iiiciso-bilobio, lobis inti'gris vcl irrepubiriter dcntntia, a froiite tri- vel iiuudrangiilart's, ongulis ubtUHC rotuiidutis, in flla angulosa, priulouffii, tortu, frntrilcs arcle fomii'xu;. Matisa chloropliyllosa (tt cflluloe froute visii) 3-4 rudiuta ; qui!>(|uu radius c laiuiuis dual)us latcraiibus divergeiitibus cuiiijiositus. Zygospore globosio vul obloiiga;, glubruj. Culls oblong-tabular, nicdlanly iiiciscly bilobatc, witli tbe lobes entire or irregularly dentate, aa seen Troin tlie front tri- or quadrangular, and Laving the angles obtusely rounded, closely conjoined into an angular, fragile, twisted filament. Cldoropbyl (as seen from tlie front) ;{-4 radiate; each radius eoiuposed of two lateral divergent lamina; zygospores globoso or obloug, smooth. D. Swartzii, Aa. D. cellulis a fronte triangularibus, diamctro 2-3 plo brevioribus. (R.) Diom.—O.OOOOf)"— 0.00189". (U.) St/)i- — 1>- Strarlzii, Aoaudii. R.\iieniioiist, Flora Europ. Algarnm, Sect. III. p, 154. //(//>. — Ill iiquis quietis, Atlantic States. Florida; Georgia; South Carolina; Rbodo Island; Bailey. New York; Edwards. I'eiinsylvania; Wood. F'ilament triangular, C(pml, vitli a single longitudinal waved, dark line, formed by the third angle; joints in front view somewhat quadrangular, broader than long, with two sliglilly angular erenatures on each lateral margin, united at the whole of their end margins by a tL'"keued border, end view triangular; eudothrome three-rayed. Archer. I'ritchard's i»/«- soria. D. quadrantfiilatum, Ktz. U. (juadrangulare, cellulis oblongoqnadrangularibus, diametro 2-3 plo brevioribus, lobis dcnti- foniiibus obtnsis, a fronte sinualo-qunJrangularibuB, angulis lute rotuudatis, latcraiibus cxca- vatis. (K.) Species mihi iijnola. Z)iam.— 0.0021"— 0.0029". Si/n. — D. qiiadrangulatum, Ki'JTZisa. R.VBENriousT, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. Ill, p. 1,55. Filament quadrangular, varying in breadth from its twisting, having two longitudinal waved lines ; joints in f. v. broader than long, with two somewhat roniide'd erenatures on each lateral margin, united by th'! whole of their end margins; e. v. quadrangular; endochrome four rayed. L. ^,\^". B. tfjj"— ih"- (Archer) D. aptogoniiini, 6r£b. I), faseiis plernnupic subl)revi'ius, nudis, perforatis; cellulis quadrangularibns, inciso-bilobis, latcraiibus eoneavis, lobis erenatis, a fronte triangularibus (nonnun(|uam biangularibus), eentro concavo, angulis rotuudatis protcusis isthmum brevissimum triplieem ellicicutibus. (11.) Sjiecies mihi iijnula. Diam.—O.OOOS'J"— 0.00147". (R.) Syn. — Ajiloijnniiim ilcKiiiidium, Ralfs, British Ppsmids. 1). aptogoniiini, IJufcnissoN. Rahknhorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 155. IIiiJ). — Georgia; South Carolina; Bailey. Joints in f. v. quadrangular, broader than long, with two rounded erenatures on each lateral margin, united at the out'-r portion only of each end margin by mutual projections, thus pio- dueing intervening central oval foramina. Archer. Gcmis APTOGONIUM, Ralfs. Cellulaj 3-4 angnlares vcl conipressK, non eonstrieta; ; niargine laterali plana! vcl erenatic. ip fascias pciforalo-artieulatas, angnlares conjunctue. (U.) FRESII-WATEll ALG.'K OF Til K UNITED STATES. 127 Cells 3-4 angulnr or comprcssrd, not constricted, their lotcral margins plain or crenatc, conjoined into angular porforately articulate fascia. A. Baileyij Ralfs. " Filament not crenatcd ; joints about equal in length and breadth. Syn. — OdonlclM tridentala, Bailey, la lit. cum icone (184G). llab — M'ordcn's Pond, ULodc Island; near Princeton, New Jersey, with sporangia," Bailey. " Filament triangular; joints excavated at their junction like those of Aptogonum desniidium- The joints are not bicronutc, hence the iimigins of the filament are entire, a character which distinguishes it from that species. The end view is triangular, with rounded augles." Hali's, Jirilish Dtismidicae, p. 208. Genus COSMARIUM, (Corda) Ccllulas ohlongoe, oblongo-cylindrlcoe, ellipticie, vcl orbicularcs, medio transverse plus minus con- striciB, utroque polo obtusus vel rotundatiB et integra;, a vertice ellipticie. Zygosporuj muricatue vel verrucosa!. Cells oblong cylindrical, elliptical or orbicular, more or less transversely constricted in the middle, obtuse or rounded, and entire at each end, viewed from the end elliptical. Zygospore warty or muricatc. 1. Cellulce sejunctse. 1. Cells separate. a. Cellulee ellipUcae, vel subellipUca: ; semiccllula; medio nonventricosx. a. Cells elliptical or suhelliptical ; semicells medianly not ventricose. * Cyliodermate granuloso vel verruculoso. * Cytioderm granular or warty, C. margaritireriim, (Turp.) Menoh. C. paulo longius quam latum, profundo constrictnm ; sinu ample, vcl modice angusto, intcrdum intra e.\cavato; semiccllulis semiorbicularibus, vcl reniformibus vel nonuihil quadrangulls dorso i)Icnimque late rotundatis ; cytiodermato verruculoso. 7>..nn.— Max. 5j«j/ = .000G" (O.OOOTS"— 0.0012". R.) Syn.~Euastrum marfjariliferuvi, Ehrb. Bailey, Silliman's Journal, 1841. Cosmarium margariliferum (Turpin), Meneohini. Uaueniiorst, Flora Europ. Algar., Sect. III. p. 157. Hab — In aquis quietis. South Carolina ; Florida ; Mexico ; Bailey. Pennsylvania, Wood. A little longer than brood, profoundly constricted ; sinus ample or moderately narrow, some- times widened on tho inside; semicells semiorbicular, rcniform or somewhat quadrangular; dorsum mostly broadly rounded ; cytioderm warty. Remarl-s. — I have found a form of this species growing in the vicinity of tliis city, which I at first was disposed to look upon as distinct, but whidi, in tiutli, grades into tlic typical form. In it the cells are almost quadrangular, often with their basal angles acute. The margin of the frond in C, margaritiferum , as it occurs with us, is sometimes distinctly serrate or, more correctly, crenulate from the presence of the granulations. The granules arc larger than in C. botrytis, but smaller than in C. tetrojihtlialmnm. 'When viewed laterally the semi-cells are roundish, or nearly so (according to llalfs' elliptical), and closely connected by 128 FRESII-WATER ALG^ OF THE UNITED STATES. a very broad neck. I have never seen the sporangia, but, according to Mr. Ralfs, they are orbicuhir and inclosed in a granulated cell. Fig. 8, 1*1. 21, represents half of an empty frond of this species magnified 750 diameters; and fig. 21, pi. xii., a frond densely filled with living endochrome C. Botryf i8, (Burt) Menqh. C. lato ovale, profundo constrictum, diametro plorumqne IJ — 2 plo longiiis ; siiiu aii(jiisto, lincarc ; acmicellulis nonniliil triatiguluribua, apico iuterdum truucatia, iiittirdum late rutun- datis ; cytioderniate niiiiulu granulato. Z)iam.—BiB" = 0.0019" (0.0014"— 0.0023"). (R.) Syn. — C. Bolrytis, (Dory) Meneoueni. Kabenhorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 158. Ilah. — Pennsylvania, Wood. C. broadly oval, profoundly constricted, lJ-2 times longer than broad; sinus narrow, linear; (iemicells somewhat triangular, with the apex sometimes truncate, sometimes broadly rounded ; cytioderm minutely granulate. Remarlcs. — In this species the semicclls, as viewed transversely, arc broadly elliptic in outline. The end view presents a longer narrower ellipse. Their out- line, when seen from the front, varies remarkably from that of a very broad semi- oval to distinctly triangular with a truncate apex. The granules are small and arranged regularly, sometimes they are very obscure. I have often seen the endo- chrome so arranged as to leave a large pyriform central vacuole in each cell, com- municating with the narrow margin between it and the cell-wall. This vacuole was apparently filled witli a transparent fluid, in which were minute granules in immense numbers, in constant active motion circling among one another and pass- ing out, into and along the marginal connecting space. According to llalfs, the sporangia of this species are large {-^^-5"), with branched spines. Fig. 5, pi. 21, represents an empty frond of this species; 5 a, outlines of semi- cells to show the variations, and fig. 14, pi. 12, represents a frond crowded with endochrome, magnified •460 diameters. C. ovale, Ralfs. C. magnum, ovale, compressnm, profunde constrictum, diametro sabduplo longius, nmbitu inte- gcrrimum vol crcnatuui, a vcrtice )„te oUipticum ; fiemicellulis basi paulo latioribus qnam longis, triangulo-rotundatis, disco puuctatis, margiue vcrrucis margaritaceis achrois hyaliuis in scries 4 cdinatis. (R.) Diam.— hong. 0.0053"— 0.0007". Lat. plernmquo 0.0041". (R.) Syn. — C. ovale, Ralfs, British Dcsmidicoj, p. 98. Ilah. — South Carolina ; Rhode Island ; Bailey. Cobble Mountain, Pa. (Lewis) Wood. Frond v. .y largo, elliptic, nearly twice as long as broad, constriction very deep, linear; seg- ments somewhat broader than long, somewhat triangular, rounded at ends, rough near tlie margin, with a band of large peerly granules, producin;.; a dentate appearance, the disc punc- tate; e. V. elliptic. (A.) €. Br6bis§onii, MENEon. C. paulo longius quam latum ; semiccllulis scmieircnlaribus, diametro paulo longioribua, angulia infcrioribus obtu.sis appro.vinintin, ventre modieo concavis subplania, dorso latis.sime rotun- datis i cjtiodermate muricato, muricibus conicis in ordinibus regularibus collocatis. (R.) ■■ FllKSII-WATER ALQ^ OF TUK UNITED STATES. 129 J}iam. — Semiccll, 0.0019" 0.0022". (U.) S,n.-a. nrmssonii, Meneoheni. llAnKN.ioasT, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. Ill „ ,58 i/„6._White Mount«iu.s, Xc,v IIarap.sLiro, (Dr. V. W. Lewi«) Wood C. 8uborbiculare, Wood. -ica) oxternis c.va.i, et it .Heh. duah!;;^.!: ^jir Jt ^S ' '""'" ^•"^"'""" /'mm.-Lat. „Vaff" = .0012" ; lat. „VU" = .001.3". K//)i.— C. oriicu/ar«, Wood, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1870. Hab.—ln lacu " Saco," New Ilampslnre, (Lewis.) Sninll, suborbicular, a very little lonRcr than broad with ti,„ ^ • • z::rts-— :-i-!:;£H rfr^-r^ ii'«..a>-7...-The arrangement of the granules in this desmid is peculiar one ov some nnes two rows of large obtuse pearly granules are placed at' ttr^d 'in tonal, dong the whole outer margin, and then in the centre of each semil^H i " Kroup of two or three, or even more short straight rows of three or fou si ut nu er smaller granules. The isthmus is rather hroad and l:trs ^ J^^^^^^^^^^ las on It one or two granules. ""'"luihls ii Fig^9, pi. 21, represents an empty frond of this species, magnified 750 di^mo- 1crs ; 9 a, the outline of the end view of the same. ^ C. tetroplithalmiim, (Ktz.) Bnfio d„. ,.,.„„.„., e,,M.,„,.,„ ,,„™„.„, „„,„„ _„„, „„.„^ .i"*;i',';':;:~; ^'"w— TS^oW = .0025". ^ nT,!' 5;^'""'""'"""' ^^'""''"^' .^"^''''°''- «^''^''«°»«^. Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. i/b6,— New Jersey ; Wood. Abont one-tbird longer than broad, deeply constricted ; sinus narrow, mostly snblinenr • mur-.M, ob«.elycrenated, sem.cells somewhat semicircular, belly nearl - even dor rr;uZ'l cytioderm warty ; prominences large, obtuse, arranged so.newhat regulai'ly ' ^ 7r"«^ °"'^ '^''^'''' ^ ^^'' «'^'^»' ^^^ I believe the only ones hitherto 130 I' II i: !s I [ - \\ A 'r E II A I- (i .!•; '. » f 'i- 1 1 !•; ii .n i t k u s t a r !•; s . iW found on the continent, wcro collected by niyself in " Shepherd's Mill I'ond," near lifidj^cton, C'uniherland County, New Jersey. l'"iy. 1 (I, pi. 21, represents the outliuc of u frond magnified -IGU dianiotcrs. C. ainiBnuin, Vntn. C. iiH'diocTo, ol)Ii)iif,'iim pylindriciim, IcvittT comprcssiim, dianictro diiplo fere triplovo loiipiiiK, utro(|ii(.' polo I'otiiiKlaliini, iiu'dio proruiiilo rniistrictuin, siini Kiijfiisto, lincuri, iiinliilii );niiiillis umrgaritucois iii'lirois ub.sr.ssiiiu, a vcrticu t'llipliciiiii ; Kcinici'Iliilis (il)loiigo-roUui(Iiilis, dorKu nlto coiivexiH, liitt'ribiis vcro ri'ctis i)nriillclis, iiiij;iili» inffriorilms rcctis et Kiibnrutis ; oytio- dormatu graiiuloso-verrucuso, vcrruois liyaliiiis in sorics reguluros disposilis. (K.) Sjieciev mihi i(jiiula. Long. O.OOIT'— O.IOIC"; lat, O.OOOSt". (R.) i>i/ii — C. niiKnniiii, ISiiEiiissoN. IIauknikiust, Flora Eiirop. Algar., Sect. III. p. ISO. //(//).— Floiidu; liailcy. Ithode Island (S. T. Oliicy) j Tlnvaite.s. rroiiil twice a.s long ns broad, Hides parallel, ends rounded, eonstriction deep, linear; negnicnta rongh with crowded obtnsc iinpilla-like pearly granules; 8. v. much compressed, olwut tlirico as long as broad ; o. v. elliptic. (.V.) ** Cytiodermate ijlabro. ** Cylioderm smuclh. C. CllCUinis, Ckhda. C. ovule elliptieiini, utroqne polo late rotiindatiim, tcrtinra partem vel dupio longiiis quam latum, proriiude eonstriclnni ; sinu llneari ; Kcuiieellulis angulis inf'erioribus rotundalis, cytiodermate glabro, baud piinetalo. Diam.—'Shw. long. ^Ij" = 0.002(')" ; lat. ^Jilo" = .0019". Syn. — G.C'ucumis, Coiida. Kaukniiorst, Flora Europ, Algarum, Sect. III. p. ICl. Iliib. — South Carolina; Georgia ; Florida; IJailey. Peunsylvania ; Wood. Saco Lake, (Lewis.) Oval or elliptic, at each end broadly rounded, one-tbird to twice as long as broad, profoundly constricted; sinus linear; semicclls with their inferior angles rouudcd; cylioderm snioolh, not punctate. Evmarl-H. — This species is very abundant arouiul Philadelpliia. Tlie semicells generally each contain two largo globelar nnisses placed near the median li:ie, wliich are sometimes hidden by the crowded endochrome. Figs. 15, 15 rt, pi. I '2, represent this species with their endodiromo in difterent conditions; 15 /*, represents a monstrous frond, which had attempted to divide, but had not succeeded in so doing. C. depresmim, liAii.Gr. " Kllipticnl, binate, division in the plonc of the longest axis. Segments entire, nearly twice as loug as broad, rounded above, very much flattened at base. * Hub. — Lakes in Florida. This species resembles G. bionulatiim, TiRttt. ; but the segments are much closer together, and arc angular, not rounded at the basal extremities." Bailey. Microscopica; Observations. Sniitlisunian Contributions. C.pyramidntiiiii, nK£B. C. mediocre, ovale vel subovalc, utroquc polo truncatum, medio profunde constrictum, duplo 9 ■ \i \ :■ I" II K S II - W A T lO It A h a M O F T JI K U N I T K I) S T A T K S jgi fcrol„nKiiis <|unm liituin ; nfmicclluli.s hrcvitrr i>yniini(;..>,is, nnpulirt infrrioriliim rotniidnlis, apku (tloiso) iiiixlo tmiu'iiliH iiuido ruluiiiliilis, n vrrlico lute elliiitieis ; cytioUerumtu imiio- talo vol siibtilissiiii.) gramiliito. (K.) Long. 0.0021"— 0.00;J7". Lat. nnix. 0.002f.". Syn.—C. pyramidal urn, UK£nism..v. lUi.KNiionsT, Flora Europ. Algaruni, Sect. III. p. Ifi2. Ilab.—Oeor^ia ; Florida; Uailcy. I'(Miii..^ylvaiiia ; Wood. Frond senrfoly twice us long u.s bn.ud, sul.oval ; constri.-tion deep, linear; 8eKtnent« p^nuuidul rounded at basal ongles, soiiiowliut iruneuto at the end.., punctate; o. v. broudly elliptic. (.\.) Remark.— Vig. U, pi. 13, is a drawing of this spi-cies. C. biociilatum, Dueb. C. parviter, circiter tarn iongum qnom latum vel paulo longiu.s, profunde constrietuni sinu ex- trornum ampliato ; Hemicellulis diumetro dnpio latioribus, elliplieo-prope be.x»g„nis angnlls obtuse rotundatis, iutegerrin.is nut lovissiu.o crenulatia ; ejtiodermute luivi vel subtilissime puuvtato. (K.) Species mihiiijiwla. Long. 0.000G9". Lat. O.000G6". (R.) Syn — C. biociilatum, RiifinissoN. ISaueniiorst, Flora Europ. Algaruni, Sect. III. p! 103. Uab — Rliodo Island, (S. T. Olney) Tliwaitcs. Frond minute, about as long ns broad, constriction deep, producing a gaping notch at each side ; segments about twice as broad as long, ellii)tie, smooth ; s. v. compressed s. v. elliptic Sporangium orbicular with conical spines L. „W' ! K- nVs"- (A.) €• Uleneglienii, Bh£b. C. parvum, tarn longum quara latum, modo paulo-longius, modo paulo-brovius, profumle e.m- "^•^''"^'^ «'"" ''"'•'"•'. '"xtrorsum non ampliato ; seniieellulis subquadratis, leviter sinuuto- hc.\ngonis ; ungnlis rotundatis, cytiodermatc laavi vel subtillissinic punctato. (R.) Long. ,V"-5V"= 0.001 03"-0. 00 13"; lat. ri/'-Ty = 0.000,S1"_0.00089". (R.) Syn.—C. Mencfjhenii, RutuwsoN. Rabeniiobst, Flora Europ. Algar., Sect. III. p. 1G3. Ilab. — Pennsylvaina; Wood. Frond very minute, rather longer than broad, constriction linear; segments snbquadrate, bicre- nate at the aides and ends, smooth ; e. v. elliptic. (A.) ^(Wo?7.;.— Fig. 18, pi. 12, represents a frond of this species, magnified 750 diameters. €. crenatnm, Ralfb. C. oblongum, tertiani partem circa longins quam latum, profunde constrietuni, sinu linear! an- gusto; scmicellulis c bnsi lata subscmieircularibus, dor.so plus minus depressis vel truncatis, nmbitu cronatis vel regulariter undulato crenatis, crcnis 10-14; cytiodermate pnuctato. (R.) Species inihi ignota. Long. 0.0021"— 0.0023"; Int. 0.0015". (R.) Syn. — C. crenatum, Rai.fs, British Pesmidieoj, p. 90. .Ha6.— Rhode Island ; (S. T. OIney) Thwaites. Frond slightly longer than broad, conatriction linear ; segments scmiorbicular, ends niid sides broadly rounded, erenate or minutely undulate at niarf-in ; e. v. elliptic. Sporangium orbi- cular, spinf us ; spines elongate, slender, swollen at the base and divided at the apex. L. ,[j" ; B. 5}j . 139 V K !•; s II - w A r K u A I- (1 .!■; o i' r ii i: i s i r i; i» s t a t k s. ' t. IJI C. iindiilatiiin, r<>iii>A. C. HultiiK'd lucre, uliloiifruin, iliiiiiii'Iro miI)iIii|iIci Iimi^Iiin, iilrii(|ii(' imln liil<' riitiiiitliitum, nnililtu luvltiT Hliiiiiito-uiKliiliiliiiii, |ii'i>riiii(l(- ciiiisli'Mliiiii, NiiMi liiii'iii'i i'\1 roi'siiiii |iaiilliim niiipliiiti) ; 8(MiiU'elliilis Mciiiiorlik'ulariliiis, ct roluiiilatis, iiiargiiic iiiuliiiatii-cri'iiatlH, crt'iiiH (I, KuMalis; cyllDiiuniiatc lii-vi ; zygosporla HplnuriclM (tpiiiin vIongntlM, aplcu bi-tri-Udis obsitis. (U.) Sjiiciin iitilii i(jnula. Long. 0.0034". Lut. 0.0017". (11.) Syn. — V. widiilaliiiii, C'oiiin. Kahe.miihisi', Flora Kurop. Algnriim, Sect. III. p. ICiCt. Hab, — South Carolina ; Uliode Lshiiid ; Itttllcy. Frond ratluT liirgcr tliaii tliat of C. nrnnliim, .xlijilitly longer timn lirond, ronstriction.s linear; 8Cgiiirnt.s Neniiorliiciilar, ends and sides broadly ronnded, ercnate or minutely iindulatu at llio margin; e. v. . v. twin' ih Iiiii>( uh liriiiul, Mliglilly iiilliiliMi 111 tliu midUlu uiid rouiuliMl ui tiiu uiuU, S|iiii'ittigiiiiii urliiciiliir, hiiKiiith, (,A.) RimiirkK. — Tlic only spcrimcns wliich I liiivo seen wero found in ii luick-pond below tlio city in the month of June. 'I'liry iif^icc well with i\u' dcsriiiitions, ex- cepting in that I should describe! their central iiiHittion us pronoun(M< . Thu HinuscH ids.) are anipliate or hollowed out within. Tliu granulations uro quitu hirge, and lire arranged soniewliut irreguhirly in rows. Fig. 1.J, pi. l;j, is a view of tlie front of the frond niagnitied 4G0 diameters; fig. 10, pi. 21, the outline uf thu lateral view. o. Ccllitlai /iiiii/orme», cylindricte vel ovalen, in medio leviler connlrictm. 0. Ci'llsf uniform, cylindrifdl, or oiial, liijlilly roiiMricled in the middle. €. ThwaiteMii, Kauu C. iiu'dloiTi', diiiiiii'iro l)i-tripl<) loiijfins, fiisifoniii-cyllndriK'i'uni, medio lovitor constripliim, nm- bitu iiitr^crriiiiuiii, uti'(ii|ii(' ]iol() i'i>tiiii(lutiiiii ; hfriiirilliilis v ryliiiilnu'co Niilii'iiiilcis, ii iiii'dio iu npiocm Huiisiiii Ht'iii«iriii|U(! (svd niodiuu) uttuiiuutuiii; cytiudt'i'iuulu liuvi vui iudisliiictu |iuuc- Into. (U.) SpeckH milii ijnola. Loiif,'. 0.0imT'—O.m-2Ht'. Lilt. max. O.dOl-i". (R.) Sijn. — C. I'hwailenii, Halfs, KritiHli DcHinidicie, p. 109. Jlab Floridii f nuihy. Frond in f. v. two or tlircc limos Innprr timn brood; ponstrintion a very sliallow (froovo ; bo(?- ineiils sul)cyliiidriciil, witli vonndcd ends ; ciidocliroim! Hciillcrcd ; o v. uircular, or very itligbtly comprcsst'd ; e. f. not punctate, or ])iinctu very iinlistiiict. (A.) €. connatiiiii, liii^o. C. viilidinn, sul)ninKniim, leviter comprcHHiim, diamotro diiplo circa longins, Bnbpanduriforme, phis niiiiiis constrictiini, utrii(|ii(^ polo late n>liiii(latiiiii, a vcrlicu lato ellipticum; HcmiuclluliB Bublieniispliiericiit, aiiiliitu luiiuabilittT rotuudutis, integerriiiiis ; cytiudurmutu puuctatu. (II.) Si'uvies milii iijnula. Long. 0.0035". Lot. max. 0.001G5"— 0.0019". (R.) Syn. — C. connaliim, Ru£nissoN. Kalfs, Rritinli DesiuidieiE, p. lOS. Uab. — Florida ; Hailey. Frond large, in f. v. ntiout one-half lonfjer tlian liroad ; constriction shallow; segments aboat two-third.s of a circle, coarsely punctate, and wilb a distinct, sometimes striated, liordor; e. v. circular. (A ) d. Cellulm infamilias connexae. d. Cells united into families. €. Qiiimbyii, Wood. (sp. nov.) C. cclhilis parvis, sub-cllipiieis, medio profnndo cons'rictis, in familiaa copulis hyalinis con- nexis ; semieellulis a froritc clliiiticis ct diainetro snlidiiplo longioriluis, a vcrtice elliptieis, a latere rotundatis; sinu lato; marsis cliloro-pbyllaceis in (|uai|iic scmiccllula singulis; cytio- dermate tenue, glabro. /)tom.— Long. j^V' = 0.001". Lat. a fronte ,„^j5" = 0.00075" ; a latere ,jJo(r" = 0.00042". Hob. — In aquis purls. New Jersey. t i FUKHII-WATEU ALUJ:! OF TllK UNITED HTATE8. 135 f ; Cells small, suliclll|itical, iirofouiidly conslrletod in Iho mUlilIo, joiiiml by trfinHlucdiit IiuiiiIn into fttiiiliics; HCMiicrtll.s Hccn frmn llio front rlli|(tical, iinil ui'iiriy twicii us liin)^ an liroiul, from tliu Tvrti^x olii|itii'iil, from tliu hIUc ruuudiHii ; HJnuit broud ; cliluropliyl uiaKHCH xinKlu In tui'li cell ; cytiuderm tliin, Hn latter often look as tliough they were threads — there appearing to be two parallel threads, or two tlin-ads crossing one anotlier, or a single thread, according !is tlw; band is Hat, twisted, or on edge. It gives me great pleasiu'e to dedicate the species to my friend Mr. Quind)y, by whom it was collected. Fig. 9, pi. 1, represents one of the family groups of this plant. Genus EUASTRUM, Eukb. C'illiilio vol oblun^iB VL'I ollipticio, medio profuiido incisiu, synunctrieu Hinantie, Tcl lobatiB, f nmori- bus li.'liitis cirt'oliiriiiua (rui'o ubsulutis) iustruclue, ulruquu polo iiinualo-umar|j;inutu) vol inciso-bilo- batte, u vortice (illiplice. Cells cither oblong or elliptic, profoundly incised in the middle, symmotrieally siiiuate or lobed, provided with circular iniliUed proluberancefi (which uro rurcly absent), ut euch end siuuutuly cmar- giiiutu or ineiHcly-bilobute, from the vertex clliptiu. A. Lubo polare» in apice late uinualo-exngi. A. Polar lobe with lis apex broadly sinualelt/ excised. E. miiltilobntiini, Wood. E. niiignum, fere dupio longius qnnni latum, medio profnnde constrictnra, et cum sinu modice umplo; a latere medio ventricosnm ct diiplo biumbormtum, ad verticem dilatatum ot emnr- ginatum ; seniicellulis a fronte trilobatis, lobis Hinns nniplissimis inter se Bcjniictis ; lolii basiile distinete late emarginato, lobo eeiitraie obtuso, lobo polare late leviter siuuato-cmarginato; Bcmieellnlis a vertice (|iiiti()ue lobulatiH; cytiodermate lievi. iJtam.— Long. „Vo5" = .00475". Lat. j,%%js" = 0025". 8yn.—E. mullilobatim, Wood, Proc. A. N. S., 1869. Mab. — In lacu "Saco;" New Hampshire; (Lewis.) E. largo, about twice as long as brond, in the centre profoondly constricted, with the sinus moderately large ; from the lateral view somewhat enlarged and doubly biumbonate in the middle ; scmicells from the front trilobate, the lobes separated by very wide sinu.ses, the basal lobe broadly emarginato, the central lobe obtuse, the end lobo broadly and shallowly sinuately emarginate ; eemicclls from the vertex five-lobed ; cytioderra smooth. Pemnrki. — The basal lobes of thivS beautiful desmid arc distinctly five lobulate, the lateral lobules being longer and broader than the others, which, instead of being emarginate, are obtuse. The sinuses, separating lobes and lobules, are very broad, with very obtuse angles. When the desmid is viewed from two-thirds round, so as to show the anterior and posterior lobidcs especially, it presents an i;"M 13(1 FllKSlI-WATKK ALO.K OF T 11 K U N ITK 1> STATK8. outliiu' ill wliitli all the sinuses arc of similar form, ami the central and basal lobes are about ('(jual size; whereas, when viewed from tlie front, the basal lobe is miicli the broader, ^^'ilen the desmid is vi(>wed from tlu- side it is sei-n to be enlarjjfed in the eentr", and provided with two distinct und)onations each side of the eom- paratively narrow central sinus. l''ii;. r.), \)\. \'2, rejiresents the front view of a frond of this plant; fi;^. T), pi. '20, the outline of a two-thirds view, und tiy. fxi, the outline of a lateral view, all mag- niti^'d 450 diameters. E. vrrriii'UMiiiii, Knuii. K. inH^iniin, Ink' DViittini, vix lo <,,'ius qnnni liitiini, moclio prurinido conHtrii'tuni, ninil oxtrorsuiii (liliitiUo; ^cniicfllulis Irildliiilis, luliis triiiiiuriiliirilms, divi'i-sft'iitilnis, iipicn Iiilc ct proriimlo Hinuiitis; a liilriv iiviilii-oliloniriiin, siiiiiiito-lolialiiin, luliis oi'ln iu iipicf roluiidiUis, |ii)liii'il)iis sinijulis poiTfi'tis, liUiralihiis loruis; cylioiiunuulu gruiiululo-vcrriK'UMi. (H.) .S/nc/i'.s iiiilii iijiiota. Loiij?. o.(io;!tr— oo!!t". (U.) iS'y/i. — /■;. [vrnivintiim, lOiiitKNiiKmi. Uauknuoust, Flunv Tsurop. Alj^iirum, S'ccl. III. p. 17". Hall. — Soutii ("iil'iilina ; (u'urjriii ; Kluriila ; Ulnnlc Island; Haili'y. Frond soincwliat lonircr llian l)r>iad, nmijli all ovor with conic grannlos ; si-jjinciila H-lolird, SDUiiwIial divtrpnt, all lln' luln's Inoad, fnni'ali', with i\. vcrv limad, sliallmv, or fxiciind sinus. Kniptv iVoml ; f. v. Sfjinionls willi one laijio riivular hasal inllalion im sniliico, tintt sumllor en t'ach side, and two oUuts on tho imuI loho ; ». v. m'^nuMils inllalod al llu- hast-, narrowed into a siiort neck, ond dilated with a eenlral sinus; o. v. olilouj;, with lluee iidla- lions at eiieh side, ono al eaeli end, cud lobo having 4 divergent lobolets. (A.) K. niedioeri', dianieiro dnplo longins, profnndo eonstrietnni, sinn anpnsto linear!, n vertieo ovato- ol)lonKnni, ainl)itii sinuato-loliatum, Kiliis 8 conlViituiliiis, rotuiidatis ; seniieellnlis tiilohalis, basi lunioi'ilins ;{ iu serieiu disposilis, lobisi iu apiee prol'nndo eniar^inatis, lol)ulis rotnndalis, liilio ]>olari dllalato et pauluni pmdueto; eytioderinale in tuniot'ibu8 et lobulis granuluto- punelalo, eaMeruin la'vi. (K.) Sjicri,-n mihi iijiuita. Long. O.OO'iil"— l).00:.".t". Lat. (t.001.')7'— 0.0(117". (K.) Syn. — K. (jiiiimnliiiii, 1!k£iiisson. Kadknuoiist, Flora Kurop. Algar., Seet. III. p. ISO. Jlrh. — Hliode Island ; Uailey. Frond seareely twieo as long an broad; spgments .S-lobed, lateral lobes horizontal, deeply emar- ginnte, the proluberaneea niiiinlely granulate; end lobe dilated, its dilatations inclined upwaids, and minutely grannlate ; ends with n deep rounded einargini'tion. I'jnply I'rond slightly punetate ; I", v. segments with three granulate iiillalinns in'ar the base; Ir. v. Imiadly clliptie, with three granulate inllalious at caeh side and one at eaeh end; e. v. end lobe cruel- form, lobelels rounded, granulate. (A.) E. ObloilKIIIH) ((}itKV.) Kai.ps. K. magnum, diamelFo dnplo triplovo longius, ;^ onguin, profnnde constrictuni, sinn angnsto, a latere oblongo-laneenlatnni, utroipie pido trnneato leniter retusum, ninbitu nuduhilo- Biuuatum; seniieellulis (fronle) simmlo-ipiimpielobis, basi et iu (piiKpie lobo tumore instriu'tis, lubis luleralibus in apiee dilalalo siuuato-relusis, inlerioribus lalioribns (pnim superior., lobo polari late eunea'o in apiee profunde iiieiso, angnlis omnibus rotnndalis, eyliodermate bevi ; zygo.spori., globosis verrueoshs, verrueis obtiiso conieis uehroia liyaiiuis. (K.) t>i>i'rirti mihi itjnota. t' II S ■ ' FUlCSll-M'ATER ALGJi OP T 11 K UNITED STATES. 137 I 1 Fioiiff. 0.()Or>r'— O.OOfiS". Lat. nmx. 0.00340". Si/ii.—i:. Momjuin, (lliifivii.i.K) Uai.ks' Uritish Dosmiilicie, p. 80. Uab — Klioiie Islaml ; Uiiili-y. Frond riitl.or n.or.! Il.iui Iwico a« Iohr us broiul, smooth, oblong' ; soRimMits 5-lol)oil ; lobos nonvly .Miuul, nmculei hxti-riii lol.os, or tlic bii.sal only, will, ,i hn.u.l, simllow, imirgi.ml oo.iaivilv, nil tliL'ir iui}?lf« roiiiidiMl, (trmlmil iiotcli IIiiimu-. Kinply IVor.d; f. v. sc^. pimrlul,., wi(li throe larRO Inlhitiona, on surfaco noar tho base, («.. others above and two on tfraiinal lobo ; tr. v. thri.o times ns Iomk as broad, with tlui'.' siil. di.-lant marginal inllatioiis at each side, and one at eaoh end, in (J, broa.h.r in propiMtioii, nioro clliptio, ami intlalions close; c. v. end lobo n.)lchcd at opposite external margins. Sporan^'inni orbicular, beset with numerous conical tubercles. (A.) /'. /.()/)( fiularcs iviilnilcr (li.ifreli H in ai>ici' tiiiijiiKlf iiirini. 11. End hbeg evidiiUly nfimnili-d and nai-ruwly incised in the centre. E< craMMiiiii, (Uii^n.) Kr/. E. obloii;j;um, dianictro subl.-ipio lonjtins, profundo oonstrictnm, sinu nnguato line-.,', o verlico sulxpiadnuijjnlarc, utroipie ; olo prot'nnde e.\cisiim, aii,i;nlis rolundatis; scmiccllnlis (IVontc) '.dobia, basi et in qnoipio anRulo lunioro inslruclis, lobis hitcralibus latl.s.Kimis iniisinnatis, b)I)o polari i)aulluiu proniinenle, in apicc bilido, sctrnientis late rotundatisj cytiodernnito dis- tincto puMctato, pundis in scries transvcrsas ordiuati.s. ^U.) Loni,'. 0.0t)51"— 0 007;r. Lat. nmx. 0.0041". (11.) Si/n.—H. rrnx.ium, (linfcni.xsoN) Kir/.i.M! Uaheniioust, Flora Enrop. Algannn, Sect. 111. p. I. SI. y/<'/>.— United States. Frond aliout twice as lon.u; as broad, subiinadrilateral, smooth; sPRmcnta 3-lobcd; basal lobi's very broad, with a very broad, shallow niarifiiial sinus, in which there is somctiines a slij^hl intermediate rounded projection ; end lolie crencate, ronmled, lerniinal notch linear. Empty frond; f. v. punctate, segments with three inllatioiis below and two above; tr. v. two or lliree times Iiiiij;er than liroad, w ilh three lobes or inllatioiis at each side and one at each end ; c. V. end lobo sinuate at opposite external niarjjfin.s. (.V.) E. Ornnllllll, Wood. E. obloimiim, dianictro diipio loii^jiiis, profiiiide eolislrietiini, siiin aiiirnsto liiieari ; k 'iiiicelliilis n froiilc Irildbalis; lobis liasalibus latissiiiiis, noiiiiiliil siiiiiato-emarfciiiatis, aii;fiiiis plus iiiiiiii.s prodiielis el roliindalis; lobo pulari medio prot'iiiide liiiearc iiieisD, sennieiilis late rotiiiidalis ; semicellulis a lalere bilobalis, loliis basalilius prol'iiiido cniarginatis ct cum angulis plus minus acniis; cyliodcrnuilc distiiicle ordinatini pnnctato. 7)/Hm.— ,,V,.o"=--tH10-->!r'. Si/n. — /■;. ornaliim, \Vooi>, rroe. .\. N. S., 1SI19. Jlah. — SacoTjake; New Ilampshiro. Lewis. !■;. oblouir, twice ns Ioii;j: as broad, proronmlly eonslrieted ; seniieolls from the front trilobate ; basal lobe very broad, slif;lilly siinmtely-einargiiiatc, angles more or less produced and rounded; polar lolie niediaiily profoundly linearly incised, segments brnailly roniided ; seiiii- oells bilobato at the sides, basal lolics profoundly cinargimite and with the angles more or less acute; eytiodcriii distinctly regularly piiiictale. liniiarl-i^. — This species is cldso to E. rrassmii, from which it differs in tlie pro- |)ortionate h'ii;j;th, b"iii<^ only twice iiisteml of tliree times us hHiji^ "« hroiul ; in tho si/e heinii; only Hire 'fourths as hir';;e ; ivnil especially in the peculiar lateral split- tinj,', as it weri>, of the basal lobes. IS July, IHVa. mi" 138 PRESII-WATKR ALG.*: OP THE UNITED STATES. Fi<,'. \'2, pi. 21, represents the front view of an empty hiilf frond of this species, magnitiid 4oO diameters; fig. 12 a, the side view of an empty frond. E. aillue, Rai fs. E. E. liumcrosuin afflne, paulo minus ; acraicelluIoB quinqueloboB ; lobi basales qualea in E. hurao- rosuni si'd tuinoros qualuor in scM'iuni truiisvornuin Kinipliwin dispoHiU, lohi iiilcriiu>(lii valiie abbn'viali coruincinc ba.si tumoribus Uuoiius instnicti, li1. magna, feretani longnquam lata,8nbpinnatiseeta, sinu acute, lobisrcqiialibus; Remiccllulispro- funde trilobis, lobis basalibus in a|iiccm acute biilcntatum valde alteiiuatis; lulio polari valde dilatato, durso rotundato, angulis lateralibns aeulis.siniis. Lo'ig- tbJo" =-005". Lat. v2S/ = 004". S>jn. — JUicraMerias iiuina, Kti. U.mi.kv, -Micro.scopical Observations: Smithsonian Contribu- tions, 1850. Haud Micrasleria incimi, Kltzin(1, Spec. Algaruin, p. 171. Telrachaalrum Americanum, AucUEn, ruiTCilAiiii's Infusoria, 18fi0, p. 725. Ilab. — South Carolina; Georgia; Florida; llhodc Island ; Bailey. I'ennsylvauia ; Wood. M. largo, about as long as broad, subpinmuisccted; sinuses acute; seniicells profoundly trilo- bate ; basal lobes strongly attenuate into the acutely bidentate ape.x ; distal lobes strongly dilated, rounded, with their lateral angles bidentate ; end lube broadly dilated, lateral angles very acute. Remarks. — This desmid was first figured by the late Prof. Bailey in his Micro- scopical Observations (Smithsonian Contributions), as M. liiclsa of Ktz., and Ra- bcnhovst, in liis Flora Europa?a Algarum, confirms this identification. lie has probably, however, never seen the plant itself, but merely accepts the opinion of Professor Bailey. Mr. Archer (Pritchard's Iii/umria), thinks the American plant is certainly distinct from tlie European, and this seems to nie correct. Tlie points of diftercnce are — t'lc American form is nearly twice the size of the European, the sinuses are much ^ widened outwardly, and the lobes are reduced rapidly in breadth to a meic \t at the end, the dorsum of the distal lobes is also, I believe, more rounded. In hu description of T. Amcricaimm, as he calls it, Mr. Arclier states the end lobe has its angles bidentate. In the only specimen I have seen, the angles end in a very sharp, almost spine-like point. Dr. Leidy found tlie spe- cies abundantly at Newport, Illiode Island, and his figure agrees with mine in this r(>spect. In regard to the name, as tliere is idready an M. Americanum. the specific ntime of Archer cannot be adopted, and for a similar reason it would not do to call it J/. Ball<'/i. I have tlien been forced to give it a new title. Fig. 4, pi. i;3, was drawn by myself from the single specimen I have seen; fig. 4 a was drawn by Dr. Leidy from a Newport specimen. n. osicitans, Kai.fs. M. magna, paino tarn longa quam lata, subpinnatisecta, a verticc elliptico fusiformis, ntroqne polo bilida; lobis basalibus liorizontalibns coiiico-productis, apico bifidis; labo polari a lobi-s ba.'^alibns sinn nnipio ac rolundato discrcto, plus minus convcxo, hand raro truncato, rarius leviter rctuso, utriiupic ])roilucto acuminato, plerumqae bidcntato. (R.) FllESU-WATER ALG^ OP TUB UNITED STATES. I43 Diam.—O.OOiV. Long. 0.0039". (R.) Syn.—M. oacitang, Kalfs, British Dcsniidieao, p. 76. Rabeniiokst, Flora Europ. Alearum Sect. III. p. 119. M. pinnatijida Ktz. Rabeniioubt, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 119. i7a6.— Florida; Rhode Island; Bailey. Frond about as broad as long, pinnatifld; lateral lobes separated from the terminal by aronndcd sinus, horizontal, conical, their extremities bidontate ; cud lobe short, broad, its lateral pro- jections short, conical, usually bidentatc, narrower and shorter than the lateral lobes ; ends convex at the centre; tr. v. fusiform, c. f. punctate. (A.) .ffe/Ha?-^-s.— According to Prof, llabenhorst M. i>innatifi(Ja, Ktz., is a variety of M. oscitana, different from the typical form only in being smaller, and in having the lobes narrower. B. Hemicelluiw S-vvl Mobse, plerumque radiatim inciao-lobulatie. Lohi basalea assurgentea aut non attt minus a lobo polari remuti. B. Semicells 3, or b-lobalc, moslly railialrh/ iiiciiiehj lobulate. Basal lobes assurgenl, either close to, or but sliijIUly remote from the end lobes. * Semicellulie trilobae. * Semicells trilobate. n. Americana, (Eiirb.) Ktz. M. magna, oblonga, subpinnatiseeta, lobis polaribns panlnm rcmotis, ptene duplo longlor quam lata; cytiodermate spinuloso unde laboriira niurginca dentato-scrrati conspiciuntur ; cellula e latere conspecta oblonga, in medio Icviter constricta. utroquc polo bicornuta ; semicellulaj basi tumoreplns minus distincto instructo), fere quinquclobic, lobis biisales latissiini iisdemque profundo bilobati, lobulis late excisis, sograentis dentato-serratis; lobis polaribus plus minus produetis, in medio late excisis, segm^ntis profunde bifldis. (R.) X»i'om.— 0.0041". Long, circa 0.0051". (R.) S///I.— J/: Americana, Kutzinq. Rabenhobst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 189. Ilab.—hi stagnis. South Carolina; Florida; Bailey. Frond angular elliptic, more or less punctate ; segments 3-lobed ; lateral lobes broad, cuneate, their margins concave, inciso-scrratc ; and lobe broad, cuneate, end exscrted, bijjartite at the angles, the subdivisions narrow, and minutely dentate at the extremities; end concave. (A.) liemark. — Fig. 17, pi. 12, represents a plate of this species. in. Baileyi, Ralfs. M. parva, oblonga, granulata ; semiccllulis trilobis, lobis basalibus a lobo polari sinu ampio discretis, excisura acute triangulari id duas lacinias partitis, laeiniis e basi latiori in apieem truncatum bidentatum attennatis; lobo polnri e basi angnsta longe porrccto, sursum valde dilatato, in vertice Icviter et late sinuato, nngulis truncato, bidentato. (11.) Si/n.—K linileyi, Ralfs, British Desmidieas, p. 211. //a/A— New York ; Rhode Island ; South Carolina; Florida; Bailey. Frond granulated ; segments three-lobed ; lobes bipartite, end one much exserted. (Ralfs.) in. rinj^ens, Bailey. M. incdioeris, oblonga, margino granulata; seraicellulis trilobis; lobis latcralihus bipartitis, laeiniis divaricatis, npjcc obtusis, trnncatis vel bidentatis; lobo polari c ba.si ang, sta sursum valde dilatato, exserto, in vertice Icniter sinuato, angulis truncato. (R.) Tf^^^f^yV^ m 1:1 1 14^ FUESII-WATER ALQ^E OP THK UNITKD STATES. Syn.—M. riwjenit, IUilev, Microscopical Oliacrvations, pi. 1, fig. 11: Siuitb.soniiiii Coiitri- butiuiis, vol. ii. ffab Florida; Bailey. Oblong, scRiiiciit.s tbroc-lobcd, coar.scly granulated near tho edge ; basal lobes subdivided by a deep iioleb into two rather broad and oblu.se or xliglitly biduntutc projoclions ; teriuinal lobua cxserted, ciimrginate ; extremities bideiilatu or obluso. * * Scmicellulie (jiiiitque-lubalw. ♦ * Scmicelln b-lobed. n. triincatn, (Corda) Bueb. M. magna, orbieuhiri.'i, aut liBvi.s aut subtiliter punctata; semiecllulis quinquclobis, lobis inter so sinti obtusaiigulo subangusto di.seretiw, basalibus et inlenuiMliis iuei.so-lobiilatis, segmentis aeutc bideiitati.s; lobo polari late euneato, in dor.so truncate, uiodo loviter couvexo, uiodo Itiviter retuso, angulis aut bideutatis aut integris. (K.) Diam.— 0.003" Long. .003fi". Syn. — iV. Iruncata, (Corda,) Brebisson. H.vbeniiorst, Flora Eurnp. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 191. //a6.— Georgia ; Florida; Kiiodc Islaml ; Bailey. Pennsylvania; Wood. llliodo Island (S. T. Oluc)); Tbwaites. Frond orbicular, smootli ; segments S-lobed ; basal and middle lobes obscurely biparl'to, ex- tremities bident lari non- uihil angusto cuncato, promiuulo, in apicu plus minus profuude siuuato-vel unduluto iuciso, angulis bideutatis. X»,am.— TgSo" = -008". Syn. — 31. rolala, Ualfs, British Desraidieoi, p. VI. M. furcata, Agaudii. Hauenuurst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 191. Hah. — South Carolina; Georgia; Florida; Rhode Island ; Bailey. New Jersey; Wood. M. very large, a little longer than broad, .smooth ; semieells 6-lobcd (scarcely T-lobcd) ; lobes all straight; basal lobe narrower than the intermediate, bilobulate, lobules bifid, their siimses acute or obtuse, segments linear, bidentate ; teeth often long and unequal ; intermediate lobes twice as wide as the basal, bilobate, their lobules of the same form as the basal lobe ; end lobes narrowly cuneate, prominent, more or less profoundly sinuately or undulately cut at the apex, angles bidentate. Rrmnrhs. — According to Rahenhorst and oth 'rs, there is a European form of this species in which the marginal teeth are wanting. This may exist in this ^f ^i I FRESII-WATRR ALO^ OP THE UNITED STATES. 145 country, but I have never met with it. All the specimens which have come under my notice were obtained in "Shepherd's Dam," near (Jreenwich, Cumberland County, New Jersey. None of them were r»s liirge as the maximum of the European measurements of which llabenhorst gives 0.010!)" as the diameter. Fig. 6, pi. 13, represents a frond of this species, magnified 'iGO diameters. in. denticiilnta, nn^ii. 7 M. pcriiingiin, paiilo longior qnam Inta, locvis; somicellulis quinqnelohis (piciie 9 lobis) ; lohm iiitormcdiU ct bnsulibua BiniilliiniH, bilubiitis, liibiilia item in lobiilis bif'ulis dtiobim divisis ; lobo polaro angusto, cuncato, in apico plus miiiua iuciso ; marginc luiuuto deuticuluto. Diam.—IM. .0092". Long. .011." Ihjn M. denticulata, BufcBissoN. Ralfs, British Pcsmidicte, p. TO, et Auciier, Pbitciiaud's Infusoria. M. deiUiculala, Biifeui.s.soN. ? Radeniiorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 192. i/a6.— Pennsylvania; Wood. Florida; Bailey. Tory largo, a littlo longer than broad, Ritiooth^ Brmicclls with five lobes (searcoly 9); basal and intermediate lobes alike bilobut(!, lobnlcs also divided into two biild lobules; end lobe narrow, wedgc-sbapcd, more or less ineised at its apex ; margin minutely denticulate. Remarlcs. — Prof. Rabenhorst gives M. dentiadata, Biieb. as merely a variety of M. furcala, Ac, stating that it only differs from the latter in the marginal incisions and teeth. Not having access to the original description of Brebisson I cannot express an opinion as to whether Prof II. is correct or not, but the specimen from which the above description was drawn up (and which is figured on plate 1 3) cer- tainly differs from M. fnrcata very essentially in the arrangement of its lobes, and is, I feel confident, M. dcntlmdata, Bkeb. of Kalfs and Auchek. Fig. 6, pi. 13, is a drawing of this plant, as seen by myself, magnified 200 diameters. in. radiosa, Aa. M. maxima, orbicularis, la!vis, antccodcnti simillima, dilTert inprimis segmcnti.s ultiniis tumidis in apicem bi- tri- liduni attenualis, lol)o poliiri vix prumiuulo, apico sinuuto, ad utrunKpie unguium bi-tri-dentato. (11.) Species mihii". (K.) Sijii. — M. pnjtiUifvra, I>itKiir.sMov. IIalfh, IJritlsli DeHiuidiea!, p. 72, ct llAUKNiioiiNr, Flora Kurop. Alguruui, heel. III. p. 1U4. lliib. — Florida; Uliode l.slaud ; Itailcy. Frond orbicular, iiaviiif? llie priiieiiial sinuses bordered by a row of minulo granules, oUierwiso fiuiootli ; segments fi-lobed ; basal and middle IoIich twice dicbotomous, their ultimate shal- low subdivisions terminated by two, sometimes throe, gland-liko teeth; end lobe eniarginatc, its angles deutato. Sporangium aL< iu M. denliculala, but cousidcrubly smaller. (A.) ]fl. grnniilatn, Wnon (sp. nov.) Al. magna, auborbicularis, nretc grannbita ; pcniicellulis qninqnelobis, lobis interne Hinu anguslo di.-ieretis, basalibus et iutermediis pleruniipie iiitegris, lobo poluri supra valde dilatato, in dorso medio leviter reluso ; niaigiiiibus valde erenalis. Diam.—Umg. 5J5" = .0043". Lat. tsoV = •«03(i". I/uh. — South Carolina, (Uavcncl) Large, suborbieular, closely granulate; scmicells 5-lobed, lobc! separated by narrow sinuses; basal aiul intermediate lobes mostly entire; end lobc distally broadly dilated, broadly and very sliallowly enmrginate ; margin of frond strongly crcnatc. ni'innrhfi. — Tlio only spocinuMis of this sprries that I liavr seen woro rollcctcd by Prof, llavcud in a shallow ditcii near Aiken, South Ciivolina, where thi-y formed a greenish, gelatinous mass, with numerous desmids and diatoms. It is most closely allied to M. (nnicala, from which it is separated by its entire lateral lobes, by its graiudated surface, and its crenated margins. It also does not apparently attiiiu as large a size as that speci(-s. The grannies an; very smidl in the central portion of the frond, but beroiii(> jurger as they approach the margin. Fig. 16, pi. 21, represents an empty frond of this species, magnified 4()0 diam- eters. M. Jennei'i, Rai.fs. ** M. magna, oMnnga, plermiunte snbliliter grnnnlata; scraicellulis qnintinelobi.s ; lobis basalibua et interniediis a'qnilatis, eonfertis, ennealis, bilobulatis ; lobo polari late tninento vcl late rolimdnto, in medio interduni leviter et obtuse eniarginato, interdnm nonniliil i>rofundo eraar- ginato. Din,„.—hal. , J3 J '— , ,V„/ = .00f,"_,00G3". Long. t?Sb"— „Vno" = .0002"-. 0087". PUE81I-WATKU W.GJR OP THK U N I T K D STATES. 147 f^i/n. — ^f. Jiitiirri, lUi.rs, British DemiiitllciP, p. 70. j/itli. — I'ropo riiiliKlclpliia ; Woml. Smitli CiirolliKi ; (Uiivciicl) Iiiir>?o, oblonjf, for iLe nioHl |>art liiicly );ruimlulu j noiiiirclls ii-liibt'd ; IoIh's wcdnt'-bliupt'tl ; Immil iiiiil iiiliTiiicilinto, alioiit ixiuuliy liri>u(l ; oiiil lobu brundly tniiicutu or lirdiiilly rouiulud, in lliu luiddln liumi'tiiuus Hiiglitly uiid ubtuscly uuiargiimtu, goinvtiiiifH rather dueply uuiurgiiiutu. Ifi"mnrl-». — 1 have found this simmmcs near riiiliitlolpliiii, niitl ulao received it from Prof. Riivenel, hy whom it was colh-cted in South Carolina. The Anurieau jihuit differs from tlie tyi)i(al form in not liaving the idtimate h)liuh'8 emar<,Mnate, they being merely a little hollowed out in the eeiitre, and sonietinies scarcely this. The angles in some specimens are also more acute;. Mr. Archer, howc.'ver, speaks of a variety occurring in England, in which these lobides are not emarginate, and I do not think characters can be found separating the American from the European forms. The median siiture is in all the specimens very narrow and deep, u mere line, as it were, •extending nearly to the centre. Fig. 7, pi. 13, represents a frond of this species. m. Torrcyi, H.vii.Ky. M. pcrmniiim, oblonffo-orMcidaris, lirvis, profnndissimo lobata; Bcmioollulis qiiinqnclobia, lobij basalibiia profuiido bilidlH, luciniis iiilVriuribus npico biduntatiH, Hiiperiiiriliiis iiitt!K>'>''*> '"''i'' >»* terniediis prufiiiidu triruli:), liii'iiiii.s siipi-riuribuH biduiitatis, iiilerioribiis iiitcgris, luc. oiiiiiibim laiu'i-dliitia acuniinatls, inrvriorilxis pauliiiii iiiciirvlH, siipvriorllm.s reciirvid ; lubii polari nun proiuini'iito, c busi angiista Housim dilututo, in viirticu acute Kinuato, uugulis iiitcgiis acuiuiii- atis. (11.) SjiCfies miht iijiwia. Syn. — M. Torrei/i, ]5.\ii,ey. Kalfs, Brit. Desinidiea;, p. 210. J/ah. — Propo I'riiicotown, New Jersey ; Bailey. Frond Hnioolli ; (jcpmeiils 5-lolied ; basal IoIh's bilid, niiildln lobon trifid, tho pubdi visions nearest the uppo.site segment.^ and lliosu nearest tlie terminal lolic bidentale at the ape.x ; the inter- niedialu three terminating in aentc points ; nil Konicwhat inllated and taperitig ; terminal lobe narrow, not exserled, spreading ut the angle.s into divergent tapering points, finds sliglitly emarginate. (A.) ira. roliarea, Bailey. M. parva, subcpiadrata, Itcvis; ficmicellulis trilobis, lobia latoralibns proriinde bifidis (nnde ree- tior semieell. quiiuiuclobie), lobnli.4 ina!((ualiter ineiso-dentalis, lobulis inlcrioribns rceli.i, Buporioribus recurvia; lobo polari plus minus proniinente, angU!riis) aiigulia rotuiiilntiH, liitcrilnis Icvitcr simiiito-rctiiHix; zyguHporiH uoulcutiH, uuuloit) vluiigatis, Bubniatis, furcatim fiKais. (U.) Sjiecita viihi iynula. Diam— 0.0013"— 0 000147". (R.) Syn — S. mtiliciim, IliifciiissdN. ItAnKNiiniiHT, Flora Kiimii. Alpnr., Sect. III. p. 200. JIab. — Suutli C'liroliiia; IIIkkIc I.slniiil ; lluilcy. Segments in f. v. elliptic, Btnootli, without npinoK; c. v, willi tliriM- or four Iiromlly rounded nii(;l('s, siilos coiicavo. Sporangium buHct witli nuiuvrouH uloiigatu soinewlmt Htout xpinvH, forked nt tlio npc.x. (A.) St. orbiciilnre, (Mmui.) Rai.fb. St. 8ul)orbicular(', lievc, sn'piiis iiiuco nintrlcnli iiiTolutnm ; oemieellulis divergentibiis, Rcnii. orliicularibus, (torso iioMnuii(|iiuiii cleviitis, ungulis plus minus lale roluiidnlis, luluribua plus uiinua 8inuuto-rclUiii.s ; zyguupururum uculuis vluugatid, bubulutis, intugria. (.11.) Di'am— .002". Syn 6V. orhiriilarc, (Kintii.) Rai.fs, British Dcsniidieio, p. 125. Rabeniiorst, Flora Europ. Algurum, Scet. 111. p. 200. Ilab. — Rhodu Island; Builey. Pennsylvania; Wood. lEIiodo Island; (S. T. OIney) Tliwaites. Segments in f v. semiorbicnlnr, smooth, without spines ; e. v. with thrco broadly rounded angles, sides sliglitly concave. (A.) JiemarJcK. — Fif^. 17, \t\. 21, represents the outline of the end view of a frond of this species. l'"ig. 8, pi. 1;}, is a drawing of the front view of a livitig frond. 2. Semivellulariim aiiijiili mucronali vel aridali. Angles of the semicells viucronale or hrially, flit. loiigiMpiiiiim, (Haii.ey) Arciikk. St. magnum triunnnlarc, lievo, angiilis in aculoos grminos validos subuIatoB longo priiductum, lateribus ,sul)i)lunuin. (H.) fijiccies milii iijniila. fiyn. — DidymocliiiJon hmgispinum, Bailey, Microscopical Obscrvationa i/a6.— Florida; IJailcy " Large, smootii, triangular, with two long spines at each angle." Bailey. St. dcjet'tnin, HiiEmssoN. St. Iiuvc, ])arvum, sinu amplo, obtusangulo (vol acutangulo); scuiic(dlulis cllipticia (vol fiubtri- angularibus), dorso nonnihil convcxo, ulnuiue fine in aculctini achrouir rectum vel vario cur- vatis productis; a vertico triangularibus (vel (juadrangularibus), angulis 8u"])0 rotundatis Bculco interdum obsolcto imposito. D/am.— I.at. t' 8o"— Tu'.nKr" = 0008"— .001". I;ong. TTiVan"— TuVoa" = .0008"— .0001". gyn. — Slinirtii'trum diicitum, Bli^uissoN. Rabeniiohst, Flora Furop. Algaruni, Sect. III. p. 203. FRESFI-WATKIt Al.UM OF T II K U N IT K D STATK8. 149 /lab South Carolina ; (lUvcncl) Wood, Sluootli, Niiiiill I Miiiurt iiiii|ilc, (ililiiHo luiKli'd (somi'flmofl actito ntifflod f) ; Hcmlccl'H rlllptic (nr BUbtriaiiKulur ?), willi tliu (Ioi'niiii) slightly cniivcx, iit tlii^ iiii).'lc'.s witli a Hli'ai^:lit or riirvi'il trunHpari'iit Mpliiu ; from tho vurtvx triiiiigular (ur quudruiigulur ?), uiiglcH ul'tuii romuk'd, with u Humetiinus ubiiulvtn gpino BU|iL'riiupuii<)d. Rimarlcs. — This Rpccics was rollcctcrl near Aikoii, South Carolina, by I'rof. Ilavcncl, who foiiiul it roriniii^ with varu/us diatoiiis tnul (Ic.si.iids a NJiiuy mass in a feebly running ditch. It agrees very well with the European form, except that it is not so large (at least the largest I ever measured did not come up to the size of their transatlantic brethren), neither does it appear to vary quite so much. In the description, 1 have placed in brackets those characters iu which tho European form varies, and tho specimens I have seen do not. Fig. 18, pi. 21, represents outline of end of a semirell, magnified 7')() diameters. Fig. 9, pi. l;i, a front view, and 9 a the end view, of tho living frond, magnified diameters. St. nriHtifi;riini, IIalfb. St. iiDve, St. cuspidiitiim fpiodntnmodo similp, ot cndem innRiiitiulino nod ititlimo destitutuin ; scmiocliuiis tuiiiidi^!, in media i)arti' 8iilii'(i(iiiidalin, latiTiilitiT in lulmni, hasi constrictuni, iipice aristtttiiiii pruductis, lohi.s diviTgciitlliiis, u verlici! tri-(|iialiit> miiiiin radialim rlongali. ticmicclls gfcii /rum the voiex 3-7 aiigkU; aiujlcs mure or Icsb radtalchj produced. 8f. m.irffarifaceiiiii, Ehub. SI. iiii'iliocre, griimiliitum ; semicellulis convcrpoiitibiis, subrusifurmibiisi, iu iiuidio tumidis, utririqiii' produiti.-', Iruiicatis, n verticc orbiculuribus, 5-7 riulii'lis, rudiis obtuse truiU'Utis "L-lirois, liyaliiiis, gramilato-imirgarituceis. (,11.) Upccien mihi iijnota. Djam.— 0.00135"— 0,0017". (K.) Syn. Ht. marijarilaceum, (Kuim.) AIeneoueni. Uabenuurst, Flora Europ. Algaruiu, Sect. III. p. 'JOC. Uab. — South Carolina; IJoorgia; Florida; Uhodo Islaud ; IJailcy. Si'gniciits iu f. V. gradually widouing upwards, n)U;;h with pearly grauulos, outer margin con- vex, pnidueed at eaeli .side into a colorless, nioro or le.-is altenuato, short process, having tliu grannies in transverse lines, blunt and entire at the apex, e. v. circular, bordered by from livo to seven short, narrow, obtuse, colorless, granulate nuirginal rays. (Archer.) i>it. dilafatiim, Kimn. St. pai-vuni, granulatnni ; aoniicellalis rcctia, cylindrico-fnaiformibns, non luniidis, utroquo fino obtusis vel sublrniiealis, a vertiee 3-4-5 radialis, rai\ as simple vnx'w- tios of St. tUhitudnii, wliilst both AtcIut and llalfs dcscrilu- them as distinct. I have not scon citlicr of tlicm, and am not therefore entitled to offer an opinion. Mr. Archer describes the two species as follows: — St. alicrnau^, T^nlin. Segments in front view elliptic or oblong, two or three times ns brmd as 'ong, separated by a wide sinus, twisted, ur:eqnai ; rough wilh very minute peaily granules; e. v. with three obtuse and rounded angles, forming short, not colorless rays, alternating with those of the other segments, sides concave. L. io'jt"- ^i"' ti'oj"- St. tr^rorn r, Hufcii. Segments in f. v, sonu'what fusiform, often twisted, rough with minute pnnca-like gran\des, tapering at eiieh side into a short, usually colorlesi: proet-ss, blunt or pini. Semicells 3-7 radiate at the vcrlejr ; radii hi- or tri-jid, or hi- or tri-xpinous at the apex. Hi. polyniorphiini, Huto. St. sicniieellulis elliiiticis, subtiliter granulatis Tel tenuissinie spinulosis, in medio inniris niinusvo inflatis, baud raro ventricosis, rectin, nonnuiiqunin incurvia, utriiKpie processu plus iiiinus elonpnto, linear!, in npicc 3-4 lido vel spinulis 3-4 leiuiissiniis instruelis, a vertiee 3-4-5-(>-7 radiatia, radiis aehrois, out trilidis out ratundatis, trispinis. (U.) t^pccics tnihi igiwta. Spi. — St. poh/morphinn, liuKuissoN. 15AI.F8, British Desiuidieu), p. 135. Kaiienuoubt, Flora Kurop. Algarum, Sect. 111. p. 209. 7)i«m.— Long. 0.001". Lot. 0.00087". (U.) Hub. — Florida; liailey. Segments in f v. broadly elliptic or almost circular, rough with minute grannies (sometinicH with a few minute scattered spines), processes short, stout, tipped by three or four di\ergcnt spines ; e. v. with three, four, live, or si.\ angles each produced into a short, stout jirocess. Sporangium orbicular, beset with elongate spines, forked or branched ot the apex. Archer. Var. cyrloccrilin. (.S7. n/Wocen/m, Bufcn.) Majus, ad j'g"', longum, semicellulis introrsum ventricosis, dorso late rotnndatis, utriiKpic pro- cessu elongulo, plerumque iiu'urvo apice bi- vrl tri-cusjiidato instruelis, a vi'ilice tiinuliatis, rudiis rcclis vel Icniter curvatis, in apice aul bi- uul tri-eu.-^pidulis. (\\ ) 152 FIIESII-WATKR ALGAi OF TUE UNITED STATES. Syn. — Var. SI. ri/.tlocerum, 1Ju£bis.son. Rabeniiorst, Flora Europ. Alganim, Sect. III. p. 210. Ilah. — Rliudo Isluiul ; (S. T. Olucy) Tlnvaite.s. Segments iii f. v. subcuncatc, gradually wiilciiing upwards, truiK'atc at the end murgiii, rough with minute grunuli.'s, tho lateral proec^^.ses incurved, divided at the apex; c. v. triradiato, processes short, curved, sides slightly coucavo. L. gJu". R- bJo"- (Archer.) St. parodoiiim, .Meyen. St. seniieellulis inllatis, dorso rotundatis vel rcotilincnribn.s, angulis Biiporiorihus in radium L'longatnm achrouni hispiduni, apieo tritiircatiiM ])roilueli.s, sa'pius radio UMiuali inlerposilo a vcrtice tri- vel ipiadrinidiatis, radiis Btrictis, trilurcalis, longitudine corporis diam. uiiiuau- tibus vel .superantibus. (R.) Diam.—Cmn rad. .0015". Si/ii. — iSV. parodoxum, Meven. R.viieniioust, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 210. Ilab. — In laeu Saeo, New Hampshire; (Lewis) \Vood. Seniicells inflated, dorsum rounded or rectilinear, with superior angles produced into elongate, tran.^jiarent, lii.-^pid radii with trifiircale apices, often furnished also willi intermediate e(pu\I radii ; from the vertex three or four radiate, radii straight, trifurcate, eciualliiig or longer thaa the diameter of tlie body. Remarks. — I am indebted to Dr. Lewis for specimens of this species, which he collected at Saco Lake. Fig. 20, pi. 21, represents the end view of an empty frond. St. arachnr Ralfs. St. parvum, gracile, granulato-asporum ; seniieellulis introrsum ventrieoso-globosis, angulis superioribus in cornu gracile, incurvuin, a|)ice obtusum, elongatis, a verticc i)entagonis, (piin(|ue-radiatis, radiis elongatis lincaribus uchrois, obtusis, rcctis vel leniter curvatis asperis. (1!.) /)jam.— Sine rad. .OOOu", cum rad. .OOICT". Syn. — .S7. arachne, Rai.fs, British Desmidiea^, p. 130. Rabeniioust, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 210. Jlab. — In lacu Saco, New Ilarapshirc, (Lewis) Wood. Scgment.s in f. v. suborbicular, rough with minute granules, lower margin turgid, outer convex, taperinj; at each side into an elongate, slender, incurved process having the granules thereon in tra-isversc lines, entire at the ape.x; c. v. circular, bordered by live slender, linear, colorless marginal rays. Remark. — Fig. 21, pi. 21, represents an outline of the end view of the semicell. St. 8:racile, Ralfs. St. mediocre, granulato asperum, granulis in series transversa.^ ordinatis ; seniieellulis ventre valde inllatis, dorso truneatis, angulis in cornu rectum achroum gracile apice trilidum pro- ductis, a vertiee (■•iradiatis, lateribus sinuatis. (R.) Species mihi iijnota. Z»,v,m.— 0.00-.'2". (R.) S>jn. — ,SV. (jrnrile, Rai.fs, British Desraidicas, p. 1.30. RABENiionsT, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 211. Ildb. — South Carolina; Florida; Georgia; Rbodo Island; Bailey. Rhode Island; (Olney) Tliwaites. i' FRESII-WATKR ALO^ OF TlIK UNITKD STATES. 153 Segments in f. v. triangular, ends truncate, rougli witli minute grannies, tapering at each side into elongate, straight, slender, horizontal proeesspH, terminated by three or four minuto spines; o. v. triradiate, processes straight, sides concave. (A.) C. Cytioderma pilosum, spinulosum vel aculeatum. CVTIODEBiM PILOSE, SPINULOSE OR THORNY. Ht. polyf riclium, Perty. St. mediocre, tarn longum quam latum, profnndc constrictum, slnu acutnngulo ampliato, super- lieie undi(|uo setosuni ; semiccllulis ellipticis vcl subellipticis, divcrgcntihus, dorso Kuhphmis, ventre tuniidis, marginc seloso-ciliatis, a vertico triaugularibus, angulis obtusis, laleribu.s subrectis. (U.) i>/am.— j^i;i," = .0()ir. Si/n. — ,S7. ]}uli/lrichuiH, Terty. IIabeniiorst, Flora Kurop. Algnrum, Sect. III. p. 214. JIab. — I'rope Philadelphia ; Wood. Moderately large, about as long as broad, profonndly constricted, with the acute angled sinus widened, suH'ace everywhere furnished with setic; scniicells ellii)tical or subelliptical, diver- gent, the dorsum nearly plane, their belly swollen, the margin setose-ciliatc, from the vertex triangular, the angles obtuse. Bemar/i-8. — This dosmid appears to be rare in this country, as it probably is also in Europe. I have seen but a single specimen, which I found amongst other algtc near Chelten Hills, north of the city. It agreed in all respects with the descrip- tion of llabenhorst, as given above. Fig. 12, pi. 13, is a drawing of this plant, also fig. 23, pi. 21, St. Havcnelii, Wood. (sp. nov.) St. mediocre, paulo longins quam latum ; srmicellulis a frontc ellipticis, a vcrtice triaugularibus cum lateribus convc.xis vel Icniter retusis et angulis rolundalis ; isthmo conne.\ivo subnullo, lato ; sinu acr..,ingulo ; cytiodermate spinis aeutis, robustis numerosia armato. i>/flm.— Long. ^^s\u" = 0.0014". Lat. ToVff" = O.OOl". Jfiih. — .South Carolina ; (Uavencl) Wood. Mediocre, a little longer than broad ; semicclls from the front elliptical, from the vertex trian- gular, with the .sides convex or slightly refuse, and the angles rounded ; connecting isthmus obsolete, broad sinus acute-angled ; cytiodcrni armed with numerous acute robust spines. Retmvli. — Fig. 22, pi. 21, represents the front view of an empty frond of this plant ; fig. 22 a, the side view, and fig. 22 h, the cad. all miignified 750 diameters. St. liirsiitiiin, (EiiRD.) IlREa St. magnum, tertiiun partem circitcr quam longius quam latum, plus minus dense spinulosum, sinu plus minu lineari, neutaiigulo ; semicelluli.s late ellipticis vel subscmiorbicularibus, spinis tenuibn.« strietia hirsutis, a vcrtice triangularibus, angulis obtuse rotundatis, lateribus rcctis vcl leniter convexis. (U ) Species mihi ignota. I 7m.— Sine spinis 0.0015". Zygospor. 0.0022". (11.) S;/ — St. hirgulum, (KiiRENiiEUd) Itii^uisso.v. Uabeniiorst, Flora Furop. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 211. Hab. — Florida; Hhnde Island; liailey. lUiode Island; (S. T. Olney) Tliwaitcs. 20 August, 1873. Bffii&UgHS ^!1 (^ : I li I 154 I'K lis II -WAT 10 11 ALU.K OF T II K U M T K 1) «TATKS. Sfi^iiic'uts ill f. V. si'iiiiorbiculnr, sopnnitcil liy a liiioiir iMinstriftion, oovcri'il willi very iiiiiiiiti', very mimornus ddsc set Imir-liku .-^iiiiics ; o. v. willi llireu lii-oiully njuiulfil luijjli's, tlic (iiiiiics evfiily and iiuiiit'i'DUsly sciitliTed ; sides sliglilly cuuvex. tjiiorungium inbieiilui', beaul willi siion spines, brunclied ut llie upex. (A.) 8t. Dystrix, Halfs. St. parvuin, tei'tiani parleiii Idiigiii.s ([iiiini lalniii, aii)j:uli.s aeiilealuni (eieleruni la've), tiiiiu neu- tanj^nlii; tieiuieellnlis snb(piaili'alis, an};nlis lalu I'oliiiidalis, dorsi) planis, a verlice ;i-4 angu- lai'ilms, ttni,nili.s lato rotnndatis, plus minus dense ueiileulis. (K.) Sjiecien milii iijnuta. D(am.— 0.001"— 0 0008!)". (U.) Syn. — SI. Ilysln'.r, IIai.fs, lJi-ilisli Desmidieiu, p. 128. II.miemioiist, Flora lOurop. AlKartini, .Sect. III. J). '-'l;i. //«6.— Uliode Island ; (S. T. OIney) 'I'liwaites. Sep;inents in f. v. siibqiiadrato, e.xlreiiiilics soiiiewliat ninndeil, end niari^in nearly .sIraiRlit, fiir- ni.'ilied with a few seatlered, siibnlale, acute spines, diielly cduliiied to llie lateral e.\treiiiilies ; e. V. with three or four broadly niunded angles, the spines scattered, chiefly confined to the extremities, sides concave. L. toVs' — nW- I'""- TiVi" — vW- St. Cerberus, (H.\ii.ky) Auchkr. St. parvuin, tain lonpuni qnani laliini, siim rdlundato, superficle livvi ; seniicellulis oblnngis utroipie line sinnato-lrnucatis, aiigiilis in aculeiiin euspidaluin prodiielis, in medio snrsiim et deorsuni pmniiiiciitiis geminis in aeiilenin elongatis iiistruetis, a vertice triangiilaribns, aiigiilis in apice truiieato- vel siiiuato-bi-cuspidutis, sub opicu aculeis geiuiuis brcvibus pricditis. (K.) Slides iitihi iijnota. Diam.—CttM acul. 0.001 U"— 0.001.3". (P..) Syi). — Ditli/iii'irhidon Cerberus, U.mi.kv, Miero.-;ropieal Observal ions. St. Cevvhirus, (B.mi.ky) Aiuhku. It.MiKNiinu.sr, Flora lOnrop. Algar., Sect. III. p. '215. llab. — Florida ; Bailey. Small, deeply conslrictcd, segnieiils Ihree-lobed, lobes willi four teelli, two of wliiili project upwards and two dowinvards at eacdi Iruneiiled anjrle. (.\.) I), CvrioDEUM.V rUOCKSSllllS NIMF.UllSlS, AI'ICK IM.KUIMlJII-: ■riUNCATIS KT PKNTATO-FISSIS Ml NITl'M. CvriollKllM WITH NrMKltllVS I'lloeESSKS, whose Al'ICES AHE Mli.STI.V 'riirMATE AMI 1>E\- TATEI.V ToltN. $$t. nircii^eriiiii, Wmm. St. validum, .snbiiiaj'iiuin, circiler tani longniii qiiam latum, hvve vel siibiititer gi.^.ioilalHiii, pleriiini|iie profnndissiine eiiiislrietum. siriii luignsto lineari ; seniieellnlis (ililongo-elliplieis, plus minus tuniidis, anpiilis in processus bifiireuiii aiit rectum ant divergentem huige jiro- diictis, dorso proeessibus similibiis 3, 3, 4, iiistruetis, omnibus processibus aclirois grannlato- dentatis, granulis in series transvcrsas ordiimtis, a vertice 'A-, i-, (i-, 1-, 8-, !)-aiigularibus ve radiatis, angulis pln.s luinu.i tumidi.s, in processus crassuin achroum nsperum in apico fissiim productis (It ) Spei'if.'i mihi iijmiln. Long. Sine process, 0 0018"— 0.0010" ; c. pr. 0 00:!"'— 0.00.".2". Lat. sine proc. O.OOls,')"; c. pr. 0.0027". (U.) Syn — Stauraxirum fiirrigerum, I!ii(:iiiss()N. Rabeniioust, I'^lora Kiirop. Algar., Sect. III. p. 210. Didymiirlailtin flirt irtcruit, Rai.fs, liritish Desinidieia //„/). — South riindina ; Florida; lUiode Island; Bailey. St. iniiiiiliiiii, Wiioii. St subinaguum, fere J plo longins (niam .atiim, medio leviter conslrietum, semieelliilis a fronte J FRKSII-WATER ALO.« OF THE UNITED STATES. 155 enonuitcr lioxngonis, niipiilis in processus rectos ct divcrpentes prodiiotis, dorse prot'cssiliin Kiiiiililius 4-:") iiislniclo; seiiiicellulis a vcrlice polyguuis vtl suliorliiciiliirilniK iiiurj^iiK! prticcs- sibiis miiiicrosis, ploruiiHiue !) iii.structo; dorso proL'e.s.sibus 5-S instnictis ; processibiis oiiini- bufi Bimilibus, gruiiulatu-deutati.4, apicu aclirou siiuplicibus, bifurcutis vol Usiiis. Diam. — A vertice cum processibu.s, tiVjc" = •0O4'75". Sine process. TuVifs" = -002". Syn. — Si. vutnitum, Wood, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sc, 18G9. Huh. — III liicu Saco, New Ilanip.shire ; (Lcwi.s) Wood. S. ratlier large, about one-half longer tlmn broad, slightly constricted in the middle ; scniieells from the front irrcgidarly hexagonal, the argles prolonged in .straight divergent proces.«e.s, and the surface furnished with four or five s'inilar ones; seniieells from the verte.\ polygonal or suborbieular, the margin furnished with numerous processes, mostly about nine, and also with 5-8 on the dorsum; proce.s.scs all s'niilar, granulate-dentate, their transparent apices simple, bifurcate or torn. ItemarlcH. — This species is most closely allied to St. furcigcrum, Bivb., from ■\vhi(Oi it is at once distinguished by the orbicular vertex. The constriction between the semicells is also very different. In St. nuDiilum it is a gradual, not very deep, hour-glass contraction ; in St. farciyrrvni it is very narrow and linear. Fig. 13 a, pi. 13, is a front view of this plant magnified 2G0 diameters; fig. 13 h, the end view of the same. St. eiistcplianiim, (Eunn.) Ualfs. St. lalerum integrorum aiigulis prodnctis apicc spinulo.sis, spinularum furcatarum corona nudui dorsali. (11.) Sjiecics mihi ignola. Syn. — Deamidium eualephanum. EnRENnEUO, Vcrbreitung und Kinlluss der Mikro.sk. Leiicn.s in Siid- und Xord-Amerika, t. 4, f. 23. Slauraiilruiii fU), p. 215. Stephanoj-anthiumeustephanum, KCtzi.nu. Iv.vue.niiorst, Flora Knrop. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 221. Slaurnslrttm euslephanum, Ualfs. IIabe.n'Houst (lot: cit.) Hah. — West Point, New York ; IJailey. End view triangular with si.\ eniarginate spines on the upper surface; each angle terminated by a short ray tipped with spines. (Ualfs) St. tsenarinm, (Euub ) Ualfs. Antecedenti simile sed latcrum parictibus spinuliti furcatis binis (sex), corona dorsali senaria. (U.) Spcvies milii ujiiula. Syn. — JkKinidium senarium, Ehrenbero, Verbreitnng. T. IV. Sicplianojayil/iiumsenarium, KiJTZi.NO. Uabe-siiorst, Flora Enrop. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 220. Slaura.Hirum scnai-ium, (FintB.) Uai.fs, Rritish Pcsmidieav Uahenhoust, (Inc. cil.) Segments smooth in end view with three angle.', each terminating in a short process tipped by minute spines, without lateral processes, but with six others conlluent at tlieir bases on tlie upper surface, divergent and forked. (.Vrcher.) Genus XANTIIIDIUM, Euub. Cellnla; singuhe vol gcniinai concatenatie, iiiflato-rotundata", profundc constricto!; seniicelluhc coinprcssm, ol)l(niga>, hemisplitericiu vel subquadrangulares, ecntro in tubcnulum rotundalum vel trnneatum ct dentieulatuni protuberantcs, ex transverse oblongo-rotnndatio. Cytiodernni firnunn set is, aculeis vel spinis siinplicibus aut bi- tri-furcato-divisis armatum. Massa chlorophyllacea radialim cxpansa. Zygosponu arnuit;u. (U.) V 11 !■; S 11 - W A T i; K A I, (i ,!•; O 1' T II !•; U N 1 •[■ K D a T A T K 8. IGl til.' hiilctl mid fliis cniitinnos until only tin; cciitics of the vutU arc in n])poi-iti()ii, and in ii little wiiili! v\rn t\u'si\ scpiiruti!. 'I'iiis certainly, at least, in the; proct.vs.s iu certain species; but I have thought, that in other cases cells were separated by ii siinplo splitting of tho end wall, oaeh cell retainiuf,' its half of iIk- partition. The zi/rence between the fertile and sterile cells of Spinxji/ra Jlirrlaim. The first penieptible change in a cell about to produce a resting spore, appears to be a loosening of the i)rim()rdial utricle from tlie outer wall, aiul a contraction of it upon the cell contents, wliich thus iue crowded together and more or less deforuu'd. Simultaneously with this, or a little after or before it, the side wall of the cell is ruptured and a little pullulation or process is pushed out, which directly coats itself with cellulose and rapidly enlarges to a considerable diameter, at the same time growing in length until it meets a similar process pushing out from an oi)]>osing cell, or has attained as great a length as its laws of developnu'ut will allow. A\'heu two processes nuM-t they become fused together, the end walls are ruptured, and the contents of one cell passing over arc received within those of the other, or else the contents of both cells meet within the connecting tube and there fuse together. This is the more common mode of conjugation, in which two cells of distinct filaments become joined together by a connecting tube. It is evident, that, if the filaments are fertile to their fullest extent, there will bo as many of these . prolicln, in which species the outer of tliese layers is the thickest, iirnu'st, and most evident, whdst the inner layer is traUNluceut and much less apparent. Tlu- second <'oat contains tiie coloring matter, which is sona'tinu-s brown, sometinu.-s decidedly yellowish. Thi' iniH'r coat is not readily seen. It is elastic, thin, and is the last of the three to be formed. 'I'he i)rincii)al cont!rogt/ra and Zi/;/iii'ini(, is very simpl(\ 'J"he lirst step is an elongation and gi'owth of the protoplasmic central mass, together with the inner transparent celluloses coat, and a consetpient rupturing of the outer two coats, through which the newly forming plant protnab's and tiiudly escapes. In this way in the genus S/ilroi/i/ra an elongated cluli-sbaped cell aris(>s, one end of which is much larger than the other and contains all the chlorophyl. Sometimes a nucleus is jierceptiblc! in this cell, sometimes it is not. Tli(! larger end now liecomes cut ott' by a partition wall from the smaller; if no nucleus has been pri'xiously apparent it now becomes so, and the first stage of developiiu'ut is completed. The filament after this grows by a simph; repetition of the process of division in the larg(>r end and the cells fornu'd out ot it. The smaller end undergoes little or no change. In the genus Zi/;/iicma, t\w cell that f^r^t emerges from the germinating spor(> is a i)erfect one, similar in all respects to those seen in the fully formed fikunent, which is developed out of it, by ii simple process of cell division. 5 I" It i: s II . w A T !•; It A I, (J .!■; o i' r ii k v n i r i: i* s t a t k s . Kin lltsidi's tin* trur Xi/i/o^iKirfu, lliissiill jiimiy yciirs mwc tlrs<;rilM'i, Imt arc pro(lu<'rtl riicli in II Nin<.;l(> cell witliuut any uid from a Ufcond Ltli. i[(> aftirnicd tliat ii<< liad observed tliLs phenomenon especially in two species, Siii'roiji/ni vi'inthiiin and i,'i/st ox- l)i-ession of sexual life are ably elaborated by J)o Uary, I'lilrrtin/niiHfni iiliir ilii: FdiiiiHr ill f (\>iijiiijiifeiii, p. 57, to which I must refer those desirous of following tlie subject furtlier, contenting myself with expressing an agreement with the con- clusions tiu're arrived at, nanu-ly, that in conjugation tlu" first dawnings of sexuality ai"(; to b(! found. J.ookiug at it in this light I'rof. 1)(! Hary states his conviction that the spores formed in the manner last described, bear the same relation to tlw true Zi/i/iisjiinr tiiat tlu! bud of a I'hiincrvijum does to its seed, or the Zixmjiori: of an (Kiliiijoii'niiii does to its resting spore. Quite a nund)er of bodies have been described by the older autlu)ritie8 as being foinid within the cells of plants of this family, which more recent observers htive proven to be parasitic. Such are the "Spenualic spheres," transparent spheres motile l)y virtue of vibratilc cilia, various monads, &c. &c., bodies for which it has been claimed, from time to time, that they were sexual elements, spernnitozoids. Genus SPIIlOGYllA, Link. Ci'lliiliB vofrcliilivm cyliiidrii'ip, fasciis clilordiiliyllcisis spimiilmH instructiu. Cnrijiigatio nut Iiitn- nlid nut sriiliiril'iiriiii.s ant I't latcniliH ct scalai'Moniiis. Syn. — Sjiiniiji/ra rt Wujnchoncma, Ki tzi.no, ItAiiENMousT, ft uuctores. Snimaci.i, ISoiiY. Zy(jni'ma (partim'), TI.\.«s.m,i,. VcRctntivo cells cylimlriral, fariiislipd witii .spiral rlilonipliyl baiitls. Coiijuf^atioa eillier latiTal or scalariform or both lateral anil scalariforni. Revmrhs. — The genus Sp!rog)/ra, as defined above, has been divided by Kiitzing, Ilabenhorst, and others into two genera, the cbarticters being drawn from the method of uni(m of the conjugating cells; in tlie one cas(> the neighboring cells of a single tilament [It/ii/mho)iet>nt), in the other cells of distinct filaments {Sjn'roiji/ra), II Hi i I 1(U .' I! !•: s n - \v A T !•: rt a i, v, v. o i r in: r n i 'i" v. u s 'i" a t i: s. uniting' to fuiiii the spore. Tliis at first sif,'lit iippcars to be a f,'ot)(l grouiul for sepa- ration, but there are certiiiii species in wliicli, iindonbtedly, botii the lurnier and tlie latter method oi" ruiiju^'ation take [dace iudill'erently. .Swell species make a third ^Tvoup so p"''cisely between the two others as, to my mind, to tiise them togc- (liei .(Md necessitate either the acknowledfjfment of three f^cMiera or the denial of more than one. The hitter secns to uie the more philosophical course. A. CoN.n (lATIll l.ATKIl \l.l^ (UuVN't IIilNKMA). A. {. .iN.ndAildN I.AI'KllAI,. Sp. cloiiKnl.'i, WiM.i). Sp. nrticiilis v('(jrliilivis iliiiiu'tni 7-'_'0 plo Idiiirioritms; arliriilis spurircrN iiiullo broviorilms, vnldo tiiiuiilis; (Ttidilriiiiatc iitV()i|ii(' lino pi'DtciiM) tt r('|iliciit(> ; I'lisciii iniiiii, la,\i.-<.siiiii! spiriili; aiifritct Ibiis plcruniqiic 7; sporis olIipticiH, diivmctro l-'-J P'" lo\), I'mdroiiiiis, I'roc. Amor. I'liiioH. Soc. iKCiH, ji. l''>1. llah. — In aqui 1 limiiidis, imipc I'liilailclpliia. Siciilc joints 7-0 liinis li)ii;;'i'i' tlian liniad ; fcrlilc joints nuicli sliorlcr, frrcally swullcn ; cell wall at racli end prodiicrd or fuldcil in; cldurui)!!) I tilanicnl 1, spiral la.\ ; lui'ns nmstly 7j spares clliiiiiral, 'i--)^ liiiii',-i lon'^cr than liroad. liamoh. — 1 found this species about the middle of March, fn.itiiii,' in a littlo pool near C'helten Hills, six or eight milr-s north of this city. It tlid not form a distinc t s' ..tnm by itself, but was tloa(in>;, iiitcrminijjled with great nu'nl)ers of othe; lilam(!ntous idga-, such as /ra(/i//(irl chloropliyl spiral in tlu cell, and in th(! prop(>vti()nate 'ength and breadth of tlu? spore. Fig. 1, pi. 14, I preseiits ])ovtion; of sterile filaments magnified 450 diameters; I (I, a part of a fertile filauu-nt, magnified 4i)() diamctcu's. N|i. pillcliclln, Woiin. Sp. artiruli.s storililms dianiolro 2-3 plo loii|;i<)i'ilius ; sporil'ori.s nonnihil tnniidi.s; fascia unica, anfra(■tillu.^ 3-4 ; spori.s cllipti('i.s, dianiotro fore (hipio loiigidribus; cytiudcrniato ulnxpic lino protcn-so ot i|)li(ntt). />((!m.— Artie. Sleril.yj*,,,"— 7?iy/=^.0()():!;i"— OOi:!". Sp.ir. ,,;•„„"_, i;,'j"=.001 '2"— .(KlI .!:!". Si/ii. — A'/i^»'(i,i('»in/)«/fAt'//MHi,Woon,l'rodronius, I'roe. Anier. I'liilos. Sue. 'SCi'.l, p. lii.S. JI(il). — In staf^nis, prnpc I'lii!adel| Ida. Stoi'ila' joii;,.s '2-1! limes longer tln\ii liroail ; fertile joints .«onie\vh:it s\v;) : ••<-Ils. T liuvo iu-v(>r hovn uhU- to i(l(>iitify siii entirely sterile filament of this species; tlx' nieasuveiiients ami desc ri|)ti()ii of (lie sterile cells wen; taken from infer in Hliiiiients, wliieh in other places had | lie (•<• '»«• )1. II, )ro(lnce(l spores, represents a fertih; filament, ma<'niliecl 2{>() cliamuters. II. CoN.IIKlATIO HCW AUIFOllMIS (SlMlKMIYH.l VKIIA). a. Cij/iodrrmalc ulnKjiir Jim' iinilfiixum vt rrplicalum. a. CijIiiKh'nn fuldrd in ul (he cmU. * Fimcia sjiinilis iniica. * 8l>iral jihniiciU nimjlc. Sp. U'elicri, Kr/„ ? Sp. saHinitc viridis, liil.rlca ; iirticiilis vrpctiillvis dinmctrn .1-20 i.lo )onjti<.ril)iiH; fructilVri.i iK.iiiMliil iiilliilis; fascia (leiiliila, plrniimiuo iinl<'a si(im.—Avth: stci-il, j^n5,"_,,»„„" :^ .()(|()S"_.O01 :j". Hi/ii.—S. Wchrri, Ki'izt.Nii. Kakk.mioust, Flora Kiimi). Algariiiii, .Sect. 111. p. 2311. lIiil). — \\\ .stannis, propo I'lilladclpliia. D.rp -rcni, slippny ; slorilo jc.irils ;!--:>() timrs longer than l.nmd; fiTtilc joii.t.s not swcdicn ; cldoiopjiyl lilanii'iils luostlj- single, hut soiiiitiincs Uvo in (•ertaiii cl-IKs, dciilaU;; turns of tlii! spiral a-8; cyliodcrni i)ru r...'fd or infoldod at tlio unds ; zygosport's clhpticai. liiin fertile cells and occasionally is absent from one end of an ordinary vegetative cell. Tlu; American form agrees juetty well with the KnroiH'aii, hut is, however, larger, and also attains in its cells ii greater proportionate lengtii and has nKU'e turns of its ciilorophyl spirals, 'fhe lower limits of the American form are, however, so overlapp.'d hy the upper limits of the European, that it seems to me they must ho considered ulentical. JMg. Ii), pi. r>, represents a pair of fertile filaments of this species, magnified 2(i() diameters; 1!) a, part of u sterile filament, magnified 'JliO diameters ; Ii) /;, out- line of a couple of fertile cells, magnified 200 diameters. Sp. proti'tla, Will ID. Sp. saUn-at(^ viridis, luiirii'a ; arliciilis sti-rililins dianictro fi pin lonprioriliiis; sporifcris vix I idis ; cyliodn-niaU; iilro.pic lino protcnso ct mpliralo ; fascia iinicaj unfractihus C; sporis oliloiigi.s vd clliplicis : nicndtraiio crnssissinio. /),„m._Art. stciil. ,'ia"=OOII(i"; spor, iat. tJI;,,"— TL'in" = .<"'l;!;!"— .OOKI" long. ,»V" = .OO.'i.'i". Si/n.—Sp. iiruttiln, Wood, rrodronina, rro;-. Ami. I'hilos. Soc. 18(i9, p. I.'.I. Sp. d<'cp given, slippery; sleriN^ joints (! limes longer than lirnad ; fertile cells scarcely swidlen : cell >,vall folded ill at tlio end.s | ciilorophyl band single ; tiiiiis fi ; spores oblong or elliptical, spore wall very (liick. livniiirU. — T fomid this species in the latter ])art of .\])ril fruiting in a ditch in a meadow ii little south of the mouth of Wissahicon Creek, netir this citv, tiuil as late as the 'ioth of May in the "neck" below the city. It is remarkalde IGG !■' R E S II - W A T K H A L (J vK C) I" 'V IIIO U N 1 T K D S T A T K S . for the very groat tliifkiu>ss of the walls of tlie spore. Tliere are two very appa- rent coats st'parati'd by a tliiii not vi'iy evident one. Tlie outer is the thickest ; it is very tliick, firm, and nearly colorless. 'I'lie inn(>r coat is of a decided orange- brown. The parent-cells which give origin to thes(> spores ar(> sligiitly enlarged in diameter. Sometimes the spores, instead of being elliptical, are irregular in shape. Fig. ;Jrt, pi. 14, rejin^sents a sterile filament, magnified 250 diameters ; fig. 3, a mature spore, magnified 450 diameters. Sp. insignis (IIassam.) Ktz. Sp. ni'tifulis steiilibus diiimclro 5-14 jilo l(iiijrii)i'il)iis ; fasciis 2 (rnriiis 1-3), laxo spiralihiis, niigustis, crciuUi.'' ; nitii'iilis I'luclil'rris nuiiiiiliil tiiiiiiilis ; c^ liii(kiiM;ik' ulrcKiuc line ruplicato vul protouso ; zygnsporis lubido-bruiiueis, ovuto-fllipticis. • Dinin.— O.OOIJ". Si/ii. — /yjitvma innigiw, Has.sai.l, Frcsli-Wutcr Aljru', )i. 4 tO. Spii'diji/ra iiisitjiiin, (IIassai.i,) Ivi tzi.nh. UADKNiioiisr, Flora Eiirop. Aigaruin, Suet. in. p. 2!,-). Jfib. — III sltigiiis, pi'iipi! I'liilaiU'lpliia. Sti'iilc jiiiiits .5-14 timi's longer than broail ; cliloropliyl filainiMils mostly 2 (nircly 1-3), laxly spiral, narrow, crcnatc ; fertili' joints soincwliat enlarfird ; cyliodcrni ut fucli t'nd foldod in or produced ■, zygospoix's roddisb-brown, ovalo elliptical. Bcmiirlc. — Fig. 6, pi. IG, represents this species. h. Cyliiidirma cvltulse Jiiie ncc jirofenguin iif<- repUi'alum. Cyliodcrm not n/uhlid in Ihc i ul a/ tlic cell. * Fascia; gpirali univn' (raro dit,i). Cliloropliyl band ninijlo (rarely two). Sp. longata, (Vaucu.) Ktz. Sp. dense ca>spitosa, Upte lutcolo-viridis, valdc lubrica; arliculi.i storilibiifi diantotro 2-(> plo longi(]rilnib, rertilibu.s gii'pe tuinitli.s ubbrcviali.-! ; I'asi-iu spirali lata, dentala; anlVactibus snl)- laxis 2-5 ; zygosporis ellipliuis. Diani.—O.OOl". Syn. — Conjiir/ald lomjata, A'aitiikii, llistoiro dos Tonfervcs d'lOau doui'o, p. Tl. Up. lonyald, (VALrii.) Ki T/isii. KAiiiiMKiusr, Flora Kiirop. Alf^arnm, Sect. III. p 2:iH. Hub. — In stagnis, i)rope l'liiladtl|iliia ; Wood. lUiodo Island; (S. T. Olney) Tliwaite.s. Densely ca'spitoso, bright yellowisli-groeii, very .slippery ; sterile joints 2-fi liint.s longer than broad; fertile artiiles swollen, oltcii abbreviate; chloropbyl lilamenls broad, dentate ; turns of the spiral somewhat loose, 2-5 ; zygo.spores elliptical. Rrmarhi. — Aceordii'g to Prof. Ilabenliorst, this species attains in Etiroix' a diameter of .0011" and the cells a Icngtli of H times their breadth. The same atithority also describes tlu; f(>rtile cell as lieiiig either not swollen, or moderately so (" ant non imt modice tumidis"). In all the s|)ecimeiis of our American forms wiiieh I have seen, the sporangial cells are very ih-cidedly swollen. Fig. 4, pi. 14, represents portions of sterile filaiiieiits, magnified 250 diiimeters, and fig. 4 o, a part of a fertile pair of filaments containing immature spores enlarged 2G0 diameters. FRESII-WATEll ALU.i: OV THE UNITED STATES. 1G7 j^p. qiiinina, (Aa.) Ki'iTz. Sp. saturate viridis, vulilc liil)ricntn; nrtictilis stipilibns diamotro 1-fi plo Idiigioiibus ; arti(MiIis fiTtilibus vol Laud tuiiiidin vul iioiiiiiliil tiiiiiiilis ; fuscia unicii; spiiM; aiifni(til)iis modo di'ii- sioribus, modo lttxioril)us, noniuiii<|uam laxis.simis, pIcruuKiuo IS, iiitenUini 1 J— 4 ; cjtiodcrniatc cclIuliB utroque fiue iioc protoiiso ucc roplicato ; zygosporis aut glubusis aut ovalibus aut cylindricis. y^iam.— Artie, (itcril. Tj.lff"— tJCs" = .0013"— .0017" ; sporis ^\},g" = .00li". .S'.'/ii. — ,S';). qninoia, (AiiAKmi)KLTZiNU. Kabeniioust, I'lura Euroi). Algaruin, Scrt. III. ]). 2(0. Ilah. — III stagiiis, propo Philadelphia. I)(.'('P green, very slippery, sterile artieles 1-fi times longer tlinii broad; ferlilc joint.s scnreely or not at all tumid ; ehlorophyl filament single ; turns of the spiral sometimes denser, some- times la.ver, sometimes very la.x, mostly !] in number, sometinies 1^-4; eylioderni ni'itlier infolded nor protruded at the cud ; zygospores i)olymorplious, globose, elliptieal oreylindrleal. RoiKirl-x. — 'Hiis species is very abiuulimt in the ditches iiroiiiid Philadeliiliiii, especially in the " neck" helow the city. 1 have found it fniitiuf^ profusely in the month of April. The spores vary very mnch in form, some of them heing fjlohose, others elliptic, iind still others cylindriciil, with ol)tusely rounded eiuls. All these forms may occur in a single? filament. The spore cell also varies in the amount of its enlargement. In niimy cases it preserves its cylindrical shape completely ; in rther instances it is markedly swollen. Figs. 4 c, 4 c, pi. 19, represent portions of sterile filaments of this species; figs. t a, 4 i, and 4 d, portions of fertile filaments. ■\\ Fasn'ie Kpirala: diias \rl flures. ff Chloropf.i/l filamcils two or many. Tp. (lecimina, (M :i.ler) Ktz. Sp. sordide viridis, liibriea; artieulis sterilibus diainetro (O.OOl.'!,")" — O.OOl.'i!)") plernmipio dnpio-, tpiadi'uplo fere longioribus, iionnuiupiani .subaMpiallbus, fertillbns ant mm aut niudiiM! tumidis; faseiis Hi)iralibus iileruuKpu; '2, latis, ileeussatis, rarins I vel ;!, anfraetibus la.\is 1-1^; zygosporis aut ovalibus aut late elliptieis vel subglobosis. (11.) ayn. — Sj>. (lecimina, (^UhLKR) Kltzino. llAltUNUonsT, Flora Europ. Algarum, Seet. III. p. 242. //(((). — Propc Philadelphia. Pirty green, slippery; sterile joints mostly from 2-4 times as long as broad (0.001;{;">" — O.OOl.iit"), scunetimes about as long as broad; fertile joints either nujdenitely or not at nil swicma rirulariK, IIassai.i,, Fresll-^Vater AlgiO, vol. i. p. 144. tipirogijra ririilaris, (IIassali.) {ik/h Kl'tzlng) Uabe.nhoust, F'ora Europ. Algarnni, Sect. III. p. 243. Huh. — In rivulis, Florida; (Canuy) Wood. Deep green, .slippery ; sterile articles 7-1 1 times longer than brond, fertile lylindrieal or slightly tumid ; cytioderm very thin, neither infolded nor protruded nt the end ; ehlorophyl lilanients 4, laxly spiral, moderately narrow, nodo.so and serrulate, turns 2^; zygo.spores ellijitieal, 2-2i times longer than liroad. JiemarJcs. — This species was collected by Mr. Wm. Canby in Pine Barren Run, near llihernia, Florida. It is rather smaller thiin th(> European forms, but does not appear to be distinct from them, llaheidiorst, indecnl, states that there are only two or three ehlorophyl spiral bands in a cell, but IIassali in the description of the type states distinctly that in some instances there are four bands, and also figures the plant so. I'ig. i) n and b, pi. 17, represents sterile cells of this species, magnified 260 I HI FRESII-WATKR A L G J] OF T II K UNITED STATES. 169 diiunct-rs. Fig. 5 c is an outline of a pair of fertile cells enlarged to the same extent. Sp. parvispora, Wuuu. Sp. articulis sterilibus diamctro 2-4 plo lonpioribus ; fructiforis baud tumidis, diamctro 1-2^ i)lo loiigioribiis ; fiisciis si)irulibus 4, angiistis, iiodosis, iinfriirtibiis iihiribu.s ; zygosporis parvis- siiiiis, elliptieis, diamutro 1^-2 plo loiigioribus; cytiodunnate utroque fine iioc protcnso hoc rcplicato. Diam.—\Ti. steril T?,i!j5"=.003"; spor. diam. transv. ^\'^^s"- 1 1 ". .002"— .0023",long. ,»J5" Syn. — H. inirvUpnra, Wood, Prodromus, Troc. Am. Philos. Soc. 18G9, p. 139. Hah. — In stagiiis, Ilibernia, Florida. (Wm. Canby ) Storilo joints 2-4 tinicii longer tban broad; fertile not tumid, 1-2^ times longer than I)road ; eliloropliyl bands 4, narrow, nodose ; turns iimny ; zygo.spores very small, elliptical, 1^-2 times longer than broad ; cell wall not infolded u*. the end. licmarJin. — I am indebted to Mr. Wm. Canby for specimens of this species, whicii he collected ni a pond in the Pine Barrens near Ilibernia, St. John's lliver, Florida. It is remarkable for the comparatively small size of the spores, which do not nearly fill the perfectly cylindrical mother-cells ; indeed they are only about as long as the latter arc wide. This species closely resembles S. majuscula, but is larger, does not, that I have ever seen, vary like it in the number of spores, and is especially separated from it by tiie very small size of the latter. Fig. 7, pi. 15, represents a fertile pair of iUaracnts of this species magnified 125 diameters. Sp. majiisciila, Ktz. Sp. pallido et sordido viridis, fruetus tempore fnsccaccn.s ; articulis sterilibus diamctro (0.002'2" — 0.0025") 2^-4-10 plo longioribus; cytioderiuate tenui liomogcneo ; fasciis 3-4-5 (rarins 7), modo subrectis longitudinalibus, inodo la.\issiiue spiralibus, nodosi.s; zygosporis globosis vel ovalibus. (R.) ,S';/)i. — S. majim-ula, KiJTZi.Nd. IIabeniiorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 244. //(//), — Propo Philadelphia. ? Pule and sordid green, fuseosccnt at the time of fruiting; sterile joints 2^-4-10 times longer than broad (.0022" — 0 002.')"); eytioderni tliin, homogeneous ; spiral lilanicnt.s 3-4-5 (^rarely 7) partly straightish and longitudinal, partly la.xl} spiral, nodose; zygospores globose or oval. lieniarhs. — Shortly after I commenced te study the fresh-water alga;, I found below ti'e city a fruiting Splrofji/ra, of which I preserved only a drawing, which I have since identified as apparently specifically one with the European S. majnsvuln, it difi'cring only in not being quite so large; my measurement was ^J/' = 0.00'3". Not having any specimens at hand, I have copied the description from the work of Prof. Rivbenhorst. Fig. 1, pi. 15, was copied from the drawing alluded to. Sp. nitida, (Dillw.) Link. Sp. cicspitibu.s, lubricis, saturate viridibns ; articulis sterilibus post divisionem diametro snb- a;(pmlibiis, ante divisioii«'ni 2-3 plo longioribus; articulis fertilis aliis simillibus, baud tumidis; '-..^ciis .spinilibus 4 (3-4 U ), modicc latis, aufractibus 1-2; zygosporis ellipticis. 22 August, 1873. no I' IMwSII-W ATKH AliG.K () T TIIK U N' IT K D STATES. ! ! Piam —0 0025". Si/ii. — S. nilidii, (Oii-lwyn) Link. IiABENiioitsT, I'Mimi Kiinip. Algnnim, Svr.t. III. p. 24."). //(/&.— rn)])i; riiilmk'liiliiii. Ocrurriiiff in lulnMcoius turfy iiiiis.sc.i, of a (iccp gii'cn CDlor ; sturilo joiiit.>< nflrr divisiciii ulinut n» liirij? Its broad, lioforo ilivi.sioji 2-3 tiiiii's loiifri'r ; fertile joinl.s siniilur lo tlio ollin not tumid; spiral fdainriils 4, niodi'ratfly hroad, turjis 1-2; zyj^osport's elliptic. Iifiii(iif>'<. — Tliis spec ics apprnrs to be somewhat rare, at least I have fouin^ it but once, and tlien only in small qnantity. llabcnhorst states that there are occa- sionally only three spirals, and his maximum diameter is 0.0031"; he also speaks of the fertile joints as "vix tumidis." Sp. diliita, Wood. Sp. artipulis strrilibus dinnirtro puliirqnalibus ad dn|)!o IniifrinrihiiR, t'rurtifcris hand tumidis; fuf^i'iis spiraiiliu.s ,'>, nnirustissihiis, la.\is, valdo iiodosis ; nnfraclibiis plcruniquo i, interdum 1 ; zyfidsporis spar.-jis, laic illiplici.s vcl ovatia uut globosis; cylioUermalc uiodicc ti'iiue, in ntro(|U(' lint.' nee prutcnsii nee rcplicato. Xl/nm.— Artie, sleril. 7^V,;|„" = .OO.'J". tiyii. — S. diluta, Wuoi>, rrodronuis, Proc. Am. I'liilus. Soc. ISC.'J, p. 139.' llob. — In stngnis, propo I'liiludclpbia. Steril(\jiiints about as long a.s broad to twice longer, fertile! v\AU nut swollen ; cldoropliyl bands .5, c.\<'ccdingly narrow, la.\, strongly nodose; turns mostly ^, Koiuetinies 1 ; zygospore.t lew, broadly elliptical, ovate or glubo.su ; cell wall moderately tliin, not iufulded at tLo cud,s. llemarln. — I ha\<> found this species several successive seasons growing in the ditches in the Neck, bi'low the city, especially in the neighborhood of the large stone barn, built by the great millionaire, and still known as "(Jirard's Barn." The spirals arc very naiTow and slender, and are moderately close to one another. They arc chiefly made up of a number of chlorophyl nodules, the connecting thread between which is often very faint. In all th(! fruiting specimens, as I have seen them, the spores have been very few in nundter, most of the cells of the fertile filaments appearing to have aborted, so that they are simply empty. In most cases only about every third or fourth cell contained a spore. Fig. 2, ul. 1"), represents this species. Sp. Mctiforniis, (Hotii) Ktx. Sp. .saturate viridi.s, Inbrica; nrliculis slerilibus diametro paulluni brevioribus ad Ijpio lon- gioribus ; arliculis fructilVri.s baud iiillatis; I'asciis 3-.S, latis, dentalis, intcrduni noniiibil rcmotis, sed sa-pe arete et dense conjuiietis, nodosis; zj'gosporis globosis vel late ovalibus. /)(07)i.— .0035". ,Si/)i. — S. sdi/ormin, (lloTn) Ki;tzin<]niilil)n>, post divi- Bioiicni iatorduin ft'i'o L yU, hn'vioriliiis, anto divirtioru'iii mrpc fere 2 plo loiigioriliiis ; cylin- dcrnmto teiiui, lii)ino);ciieo, ntroqiio lino iicc protcnso ncc rcplicato; fnsfiis spiruliliiis -l, dciitati.s v(d tiiliercidali.s, sii-po aretis, siihtransvrrsis, tcnuibus ; anfractibus lJ-4 ; cclliili.s fi'iicliforis aliis siiiiillimi.-*, liuud inllali.s ; zygonporis globosis vcl clliplicis. Si/ii. — Sj). crasxn, Ktz. Rabkniioiist, Flora Kiimp. Al^arum, Sect. III. \i. 2Jfi. I/ab 111 staRiiis, prope I'liMadolpliia. liriglit green, l)nt finally a dirty green ; sterile articles about as long as broad, Rometiiiics after diviKiun only lialf as long, soinetiines before division twiee as long; oytioderm lliin, lioino- geneous, not infolded or produced at the ends; spiral filaments 4, dentate or tubereulate, often close, sublransverse, thin; turns from IJ to 4; fertile cells very like the ollier.«, not inilated ; zygo.spore.s globose or elliptical. Brmarl-s. — 'J'his species )ii very common in the neighborhood of this city, occur- ring in springs, &e., bnt especially in the ditches in the Neck. It forms long, lubricous masses, of a bright green color, readily distinguishable by the size of the filaments, which arc separatc^d with case by the unaided eye. I have gathered it repeatedly, in fruit, from the middle of April to the middle of June. In this state the mass has lost its briglit green color, and when the filaments are closely examined, even without a glass, mhnite dark points mark the positions of the spores. Fig. 4 a, pi. 1"), represents part of a filament commencing reproduction ; 4 i, fila- nunts which have matured the spores; 4 c, a pair of conjugating filaments. Genus ZYGNEMA. Cellnlie vegetiitivin eyliiidricaj. Massa chlorophylhieca initio rlTiisa ot snblioniogenea, postea dis- linete granulosa aut per celbilie lumen distributa, granula ainylacea duo eentralia involvens, aut in <'(irporilius duol)US (in re fonnd crowded with eiidoehrome, at other times they are almost empty. At certain seasons this plant nniltiplies with great rapidity after a soniewliat peculiar fashion. Constrictions first appear in the filament at the junctions of the cells, which thns look as thongh their ends were rounding oft". Tiiis goes on until the ends of the cells arc greatly ronnded, and are attached simply by their central parts, which sooTi separate. In this way <" fig. 8b, pi. xv.) the filament is resolved into its com- ponent cells, or more generally into as many pairs of cells as compose it, which M'hen once set free in the water rapidly grow into filaments by the ordinary pro- cess of cell ninlti[)li('ation by division. In most cases tlie zygospores an; ])la(:ed in one of the parent-cells, bnt I have seen instances in which some of them were formed in the connecting tubes. Fig. S, pi. 1"), represents this species. Z. ci'iiciatiiiii,(VAL('ii.) Ad. Z. piillidf virido, siccntiim fuHcosccna vcl fusco-nipfrescens ; articulis oterilibust brcvicyiiiidrici.'i diiimt'tro (O.OOIG" — 0.00195") uoqualibns vel dimiilio longioribuH, rarins dupio loiigioribns, post divisioncm fiictam linud raro dimidio brevioriljus, fructifcris non tnmidiH; zvffosporis pIcninKHK! giobo.-iis, maturis obscuro fuscis, sporoderniato subtilitor pnnctati.s. (11.) Sjiecicn milii iyiiula. Syn. — Zi/giicma crmiiiliim, (Vacciier) Aoauuii. Radenhiiust, Flora Kurop. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 251. Tyndaridea cruciala, H\ssAl.i,, Fresh Water Algie, vol. i. p. ICO, — IIauvey. ISaiiey, Micro-suopica! Oljservations, p. 21. Ilah. — Nortliern States ; A'irginia; Florida; Bailey. Pnle procn, when dried subfuscousorblackisli fiiseouH. Sterile joints shortly eylindricnl, etpial or a little lonfrer, or more rarely twice ns long a.'i broad (diam. 0.001(1"— (1. 0(» 1115"). iilier division sometimes shorter than broad ; fruiting cells not tumid ; zygospores mostly globose ; when mature, obscure fuscoii.'s, their coat minutely punctate. Genus SIEOGONIUM, Ktz. " Celluloe vcgetativoe cylindricie, sporiferie subinflatic orculiforniio. Fasciie chlorophyllosic longi- tndinales, parietales, leviter fle.xiio.sie, nodosie (plerum(pie 2-.3, rarins 4 in (|na(|no ccllulii), graiiula amylacea T-H involutiu. Copulatio gonuflexa, sine tubo conne.vivo." U. In si)eeie Americana fasciie chlorophyllosie spirales et Spirogync illi.s similes. Vegetative cells cylindrical, spore bearing ccdls somewhat inflated, or oreuliform. Chlorophyl fila- nient longitudinal, parietal, somewhat fle.xuous, nodose (mostly 2-.'l riiroly 4 in euih cell), containing f-8 starch granules; conjugation genuflexuous, without any connecting tubes. (Kabenhorst). In American species the chlorophyl fdament spiral and like to that of Spirogyra. Frmnrl-K. — This genus was originally made by Kiitzing to contain a sinijb! species, which possesses the characters given in the diagnosis of I'mf 11 ibcnIiorHt FRESH WATKIl A L G .E OP THE UNITED STATES. 173 I liiiv(! met with an American plant, whidi lias some of those characters, and at the same time others wliieh have heen supposed to helong to the genus S/)iri)ffijrti. It unites the method of reproduction of Siroi/otunm and the arrangement of tlie chlorophyl band of Si>iro(jijm, standing as it were midway between them. It is not midway, however, but much nearer Sirogotdum, for the passage from a very h)ose spiral to a longitudinal tlexuous filament is a brief one, and altiiough in some cells of S. irlrorrrnum the si)irul makes a number of turns ; in other lonjr cells it scarcely g(!ts around once, in other words the ,cldorophyl band is nearly straight. On tlu! other hand, the reproduction is strictly that of S. strkltim, at least in all cases which have come under my notice. There is, therefore, but one of two things to be done, either to unite Sinyoniiim with Sjn'rot/i/rii, or else to give up the arrangement of the chlorophyl as an essential character of the former genus. The gn^at variance, in the latter resjicct, in our Amc-rican species, greatly weakens the value of any such character, and I have, therefore, preferred the latter of the two courses, S. retroversiini, AVdnn. S. ivrticulis stcrililiiirt (liiiiiu'tro V-1.') i>lo l(inKii>riliiis ; fascii.-i siiiralil)ns 1, rare 2, latiw, f;nimi- liilis ; niifrui'tilms 1-i) ; urticiilis fu rtilil)iis viiliK^ luiiiidis, roti-DVorsis ; eoiijii<;iiliouu gcnuliexa ut sine tiibo connoxivo ; cytioUcrruatu uuuiiiliil crusBo, utroquo lino protuiiso vol rcplicuto ; sjioris ellipticis. 7J(0Hi.— Art. st.Til. 7]Jj"=.00140"| sjmr. lut. ,JCo"— t18(s"='»0133"— .OOIG" ; long. t?3o" = ooya". Si/n. — .S'. rc/rorvrnum, Woon, Prodromiis, Proc. Am. Pliil. Soc. ISfiO, p. 139 Ildh. — III ."itagiiis, prope Piiiladelpliia. Sterile joints 7-15 times longer than broad; ehloropiiyl band 1, rarely 2, broad, granulate ; turiLS 1-9 ; fertile artiele very tumid, retroverted ; fertile cells Keareely swollen ; cell wall folded in at the end.s; cbloropliyl Itand single; turns C; spores oblong or elliptical, spore wall very tbiek. BemarkK. — I have found this species growing in stagnant ditches in the Neck below the city. In fruit the cell? are almost always very markedly bent backwards, and have a broad pcnich-like dilatation in front. The spores are elliptical, and, as I have se(-u them, greenish and with a thin coat, but may not iuive been completely matured. Fig. 1, pi. 10, represents this species. Genus MESOCAIIPUS, IIassall. CelluliB inas.sa clilorophyllosa initio diffusa, postca in fasciam longitudinalcni, baud raro flcxuo.'iom conlracta; nueleum centraleni et grannin aniylaceum unieum vei duo involvens. Zygusjjora globosa vel ovata, in tubo connexivo inter eellulas binns i)lus minus genullexa.-< forinata. Chlorophyl mass in the beginning diffused in the cell, afterwards contrueled into an (,ften fle.vuous fascia, and involving a central nucleus and one or more starch granules. Zygospore globose or ovate, formed in the connecting tube between two more or less bent cells. n. Hcalfiris, TTassaix. M. celluli.s .sterilihus dinmctro 3-f> plo longioribus, fertilibus valde curvatis ; zygosporia ovalibu.s. />iom.— Max. 7g5j = .0011". i.^ ^ ■HLRiBlBW,'!" / I li! •! 174 FUKSII-W ATKIl AI,(i.K (> I' T II K I' N I'l'i: I) STATKS. 81/n. — M. urtiliirix, IIa«sai,i., FiTsli-WutiT Al^io, vul. i. p. IdCi, el UAiiKNiiiiiiNT, Fiorii Kiirop. Algiinim, S.cl. 1 1 1. |). 2;'>7. Ilah. — III fuaxis, |irii|i(; I'liiliulclpliiu, Stvrilo culJH U-(i tiiiifH luiigvr tliaii tlioir diainotor, fortilo iitrongfy oiirvml ; zyji^oHporrH ovul. Jiemarka. — This species is abiiiulaiit in the Ktiif^imnt ditelies iieiii* Caniden. It nj^rees well witii tlie deseriptiuiis of the I'liropeiiu t'orin. 1 lm\c, however, never seen it ill tiie state in which it has " fuscous spores." 'I'hey luive always been j,'reeiiisli, l)iit very i)ossil)Iy were not fully iiiuturetl. l*'ig, 5, [il. 15, lepresonts a pair of cells of this species just coiimieiicin;.; to con- jugate. in. pnmiliiH, II ASSAM.. M. fflliili.s (iiaiiiiitro (O.OOOUl" — ().0()04I") fj-li plo loiinioribiis ; zyfTospiiriH (rldlxihis, pUTiiriKpio O.0OU02" luti.s, Hpi)ruik'riiiutL' fusfo lusvi. (I! ) Sjifcii's mihi iijimla. Syn. — 1/. iinn-iiUiK, IIaskai,, Ficsii-Wiilur AlfiB!, vol. I. p. Ifii), el r,Aii.:Mic>iisT, Florii Kurnp. Algiu'iiMi, Suet III. p. 257. //afc.— Ulioilu iHJnud ; (S. T. Oliicy) Tliwiiltcs. Colls .5-12 timoH longer limn iIkmi- iliiiinotiT (O.OOO.'U" — 0.00(l41") ; /.VRdsporcs globose, imislly 0.OOOC2" bronil, sport' coal I'usfoua smooth. Genus I'LEUUOCAlirUS, A. Bkaun (18.5.'j). CcllnliD cipdcm (piic in Sk.iucnrjio ; rdpuliitio lud'rulis ct Hpniifcru, n(iiiiuini|iiani pi'miflr.\a I't l)l('nin)(pic sterilis. (11.) Cells like tlioso in Mcsocarj)U.< ; ciinjiigatii.n lalcnil anil sjpoririniiis, noniowhat jteniilli'xuous and nioslly sterile. P. mirabilis, HitAUN. 1' eellulis dianiclro (0 OOU" — 0.0013") 2-.') jilo longidribus; zypospnria suligldbosis, fnscis, liuvilms. (II.) Spccii'n niilii iijiKiia. Syn. — Mougcolin gi-nxjlt-ira, Aoaudh. 1!aii.kv, Sillinmn's .lonrnnl. New Series, vol. iii. rifurocarjiiin mirabilin, A. Ukaln. Uaiie.nhiiu.st, Klura Kin'o)). Alj,'anun, Suet. III. p. 258. ]Juh. — West Point, New York; Providfiiec, Rliode Island; Detroit, Micliiijan ; Fort AVinne- bajjo, Wisconsin ; H.iiley. Cells 2-5 times longer than tlieir diameter (0. OOU" — O.OOlJt"); zygo.spores snliglobose, fii.seons, smooth. Order ISiphOllhyCCSC. AlfriB nnioellnlarns. Ccdlnla ulricnliforniix, iilernnKpie rnniulosa ; raniuli vpffotntimie fprniinnli pneiliti, sa'pe deinnni septo disereii, et alteri in oosporangia, alteri in antlieridia traiisinulanliir. Cytioplasma viridc, prannlosum, nmeilnpinosum, vesiculis ehlor()|diyllosis et griuiulis amylaeeis n^pletnm. Propnptatio fit aiit cytinjrenesi libera, nut zoogonidiis ant oosporis. Unieellular nlpiE. Cells utrionliform, mostly braiielied ; brnnehes with n terminal vefretalion, often finally cut olTby a partition wall and transformed into alitheridia or oospornngiii. Cytiopla.sm preen, prannlar, mueilaRinous, filled with chlorophyl vesicles and starch pranules. Prnpopalion either by forming minute spores by free cell forniatiini, or by zoospores, or by oospores. 1 b' lu ; s 1 1 - w A T i; Ji ALU M o I." T 1 1 !•; u N I '1' i: u s r a t !■; s . 115 Family lIYDUOGASTTlEiE. riiintiilio niitiimiD, trrrcstrcs, gri'guriiu. Cullula Initio gliil)oiliiiits, wliicli prow upoii wt't earth, 'liw! innturod IVmid is swolUni up at one cud to form a subplobulur or ])yrifortn lirnd, whilst at the other end it is ])rodueed into a lonp, niuch-hranched, very line root-like portion whi<:h enters the; earth and maintains the littli' plant in its upright position. Thv green endochronie is contained almost entirely in the head, and forms generally a coat or layer in the outer jjortion of its cavity, the inner part of which appears to he occupied by a watery iluid. The only specimens which I have seen of this family were found growing in tho mud lett by the receding water of a recently drawn mill pond, by Dr. liillings, U. S. A. "VVhcn I got them they were thoroughly dried up, and consequently no opportunity of studying their development was afforded. According to Kiitzing and braun, tho species is propagated ordinarily by the breaking up of tho chlorophylous layer of pro- toplasm lining the wall of the cell into a larger nund)er of very small glohidar spores. These, although not endued with tlie power of motion, seem from their method of formation and history to be homologous with zoospores. In most cises they ar»^ <«s%. % >\v '^*'' 'l^^^ "> ^■ W om w IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.0 1.8 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation / o (■/ '-'' z % ^ ^ f\ Ss ;v \\ ,'"'* ' <* % V ^^ <^ ^\v ^^^ O^ pu^ 23 WEST MAIN STM'JT WEBSTER, N.Y. H580 (716) 872-4503 Bl €P.

c. v.il. Ilab Dolinvun" ; (Dr. killings) Wood ; Wost roiiit, New York ; rrovidoiiec and Newport, Kliode Island ; IJiiiloy. Mostly (rr(-piirioiis, often nggrepnte, not rnrely ponnnent ; eclls iijTiforni, of the Ki/e of a poppy or mustard seed and larger ; pea-green ; surface imlverulent. Hcmarlis.— The above description is taken from Rabenhorst's work, and a])plies to the specimens collected by Dr. Billings in tlie State of Delaware, excepting that I did not discover any of them to be conflnent, nor was their surface distinctly pulverulent. I'rof Kiitzing gives as a comparative character between this and //. Wallroihii, the smaller size of the spores ; but I'rof R. says nothing about this. There were no spores in any of the American specimens, and I think it somewhat micertiiin whether or not the plant is or is not either of the European species. It is very probable that it will be discovered that tlie only true specific clntracters arc sexual, and conseqiu-ntly have not as yet been nuidc out in any of the forms. Certainly the descriptions of the species as at present given seem to me not to contain any reliable characters. i'ig. 2 a, pi. 1(5, represents a very young state of our American plant ; fig. 2 is the perfected frond, both magnified ninety diameters ; fig. 2 a shows what is sup posably a perfected resting spore magnified IGO diameters. iil Family VAUCnEKIACE^. Alga; tnonoicnj, casspitosa?, tiniceliulares. Cellula vegctiva (tlialliis) vogctationc terminal!, ntrlcnii fornii-e'ongata et tnipliata, prominoiitiis phis minus eloiigatis ramosa. I'ropagatio aut sexiuilis, fit oosporis opo spermatozoidiornm fecundatis, ant non scxualis zoogonidiis. Fruetiliuatio 'riplex (melius organa frnetificationis tria) : — 1. Spotanguim terminalo, ex tliaili apiec plerumqiic glohoso-elavato-tumido fonnatiim, septo dis- cretum, cytioplasnmte obscure viridi, denium in zoogonuliuni (zoosporam, Thur.) unieum pcnnag- num, ciliis vibratoriis dense obsituni aueuntc farctum. 2. Oogonium (oosporangium) lateralc, sessile vcl prominentia, plus minus elongata vel simpliei vol partita pedicellatum, cytioplasmate letatc provecta in oosporam singulam transniutato fetum. 3. Antheridiuin lalerale, sessile vcl c ramuli lateralis parte suprema septo disereta formatuni, in quo spennatozoidea (antlierozoidea, Thur.) numcro.s issima nascuntur, denique erumpunt. Spernia- tozoidea oblonga, eiliis duobus inajquilongis, subpolo antico ortis instrueta. (R.) Mona;cious alga?, ca'spitose, unicellular. Vegetative cells (thallus) growing at the ends, elongate, Htriculiforni, and amplin'.e, more or less profusely branched. Propogation either sexual, with oospores which are fecundated by sperraatozoids, or non-sexual, by means of zoospores. Organs of fructification of three kiufia : — 1. Sporangia, which are terminal and mostly formed from the separation of clavately swollen, globose apex of the tlialltis (often of a branch) by means of a partition : in the sporangium arises a single, very largo zoospore, which is densely clotiiiid with cilia. 2. Oogonia (oosporan^ia), lateral, sessile or pcdicclato simple bodies, whose eytioplasm is finally converted into an oospore. 3. Antheridium lateral, sessile, or formed out of tl;o end of a branch; the spermatozoids formed in them oblong, furnished with twj unequal cilia, arising near the front end. l! ' ;i F lUi S 1 1 - W A T Ell ALU A-:, O V T U K U K I T K 1) S T A '1' K S . 177 Jkimir/is. — The Vancheriacidi iiro ainoiiyst our most common fiosh-watcv algsr. Tlicy occur gcueriiUy in the form of vast numbers of individuals interwoven into broad mats, v/hich liave often botli a felty look and feel. When growth is going on rapidly, these mats are of a beautiful vivid green ; but when the process of se\ual reproduction has checked the life of the individual they become dingy and dirty looking. The thallus is composed of a single cell and is almost always branched. The branches never have, at least in any of our species, a definite arrangement, save only in that they always arise from the side and not from the point of the thallus. In the European species, V. iiiberosa, however, the branches are said to arise both from the point and sides of the frond. The frond cell is generally nearly uniform in diameter and has a thick outer wall, which is composed of cellulose, as is proven by the action upon it of iodine and sulphuric acid and of the iodoclnoride of zinc solution. Within the cell are chlorophyllous protoplasm, starch granules, watery fluid, and a few scattered raphides or inorganic crystals. There is never any nucleus. The protoplasm is often very granular, and is mostly collected in a thick green layer upon the inner siu'facc of the cell wall, leaving the centre of the cell free for the mon* watery contents. Growth, except in the very young fronds, consists exclusively in an increase in length, and takes place only at the ends of the tlmllus or in the portion's near it. The branches are almost always simple, but are said in some species to give origin to secondary branchlets, and even, at times, to tertiary ones. They grow in the same manner as the main thallus, i". c. by additions to their ends. ^^'heu the thallus of a Vmtclicrla is ruptured by external injury, or, at times, when it is dying from some hidden cause, a number of bright green globes of various siz(>s are formed out of the endorhronu\ These api)ear to have tlu; power of independent existence for some time, but w.'iethcr or not they ever actually grow into new thalli I am unable to state. M. "Walz asserts that he has observed in certain species the formation of a quiet spore without the intervention of sexual orga-is, and tiiat the process is as follows. The end of a long or short twig swells up, and the chlorophyl and protojilasm from the ncjighboring parts accumulate in the enlarged portion. A partition wall then forms at the base of the latter, which is thus changed into a closed chamber, a sporangium. Thc' green contents then slowly gather themselves together into a denser and denser ball, becoming more and more separated, in so doing, from th*; wall of the sporangium, and finally secreting around themselves a distinct mem- brane. After the formation of a spore in this way, the sporangium opens at the apex and allows it to escape. The spore, after remaining quiet for some time in the water, at last germinates into a new frond, in a similar manner to an ordinary zoospore In my earlier studies of fresh-water algse, E noticed something very similar to this in one of our species, but convinced myself that the little body was nothing but a zoospore, whose normal development had been perverted by unto- ward influences, and therefore paid no more attention to the matter. It is proba- ble that the life-history of the bodies observed by M. Walz is capable of the same explanation. 23 August, 1872^ ■■n w. 178 FRHS II- WATER ALG.E OF T UK UNITED STATES. Ill ^ ' Altlioiif^li I liiivc vory frequently cultivati'd Vaiicherias, I huvo never been so fortunate as to sec tliem form their zoospores, nor indeed to sec a zoospore in its motile state. The life-history of these bodies has, however, been fully and repeat- edly worked out by other observers. It is deseribed by such as oceurring in the following manner. One end of a branch first enlarges into a bulbous, often conical, pohit, into which the neighboring endochromc crowds itself. This point is next divided off by a partition wall from the remainder of the thallus and eonstitut(>s the soosjioraiKjIiun, the contents of which rapidly condense into oni^ or two masses, generally oval in shape, each of which eventually forms a zoospore. "When the latter are matured, the ape\ of the eooxporaii sexual rcproducticm takes place in this family by means of aiitlu'rliHa and oogoin'o, male and female organs. All known species are mostly if not absolutely mona'cious, both organs being contained in the one individual and always placed in proximity. All of the species in which the development and structure of the sexual organs Imve been studied, agree in the essential points. The first appearance of the anfhcrii/lum is as a litth; pouch projecting out from the side of the thallus. This increases in size and soon assumes tlu; pectdiar shape of th(> species. At the same time there is a diminution, according to M. Walz, of the chlorophyl in the antheridium, so that, when the partition wall forms and shuts off the cavity of the latter from that of the thallus, there are only a very few scat- tered green granules remaining. The; antheridium at the timi^ of separation con- tains, therefore, only transparent protoplasm, which soon becomes granular, and shortly afterwards exhibits the moving spermatozoids, which appear to be formed out of the thick layer of protc/plasm that lines the inner surface of the C(>11 wall. The point of the antheridium opens so soon as the spermatozoids are perfected, and allows them to escape. The formation of the oogon'ta takes place very similarly to that of the antheridia. There is the same little protrusion from tlu; side of the thallus in the commence- ment of the process, the same after-growth and increase of this pouch, and the same formation of a separating wall between it find the main body of the frond. A very marked difference, however, is to be found in the contents of the two, the oogonium from the very commencement being crowded with chlorophyl and oil globules. "When the oosporangium is completed, the end of it opens, and, at the same time, the contents gather themselves into u dense protoplasmic ball, which lies hi the ^ ^ ; : ; il«l PRESII-WATEIl ALGJ3 OF THE UNITED STATES. 179 centre. Tlie spermatozoids, which are at this time ah-eady free in tlie water ar(- v.rv nunute, h.ngi.h, e]lii,.s(,i(lal „r ovate masses, provided with two uneqnal cilia. These commonly both arise together from one end of the body, and are directed in oppo- site directions-one backwards, the other forwards. According to M. Walz, how- ever, m V. serieca the cilia arise from the opposite ends. According to De Bary the spermatozoids of V. nverm, Ilassall, contain reddish pigment-granules, m' VValz states that he has twice seen the process of impregnation in V. Herhea, Lvn-d, and describes it essentially as follows: After the bursting of the autheridium and tlie h.rmation of the opening in the oogonium, the spermatozoid clustered around the little orihce in the latter, but were apparently debarred entrance by the presence of a glut.nous jelly. After a time, however, one, and then another, forced a passage through this obstacle until finally a number gained access to the protoplasmic bill within. Over this they swarmed, pushing it and retiring and butting against it untd some of them actually forced their way into it and were absorbed by it Im- pregnation being now completed, the oospore acquired a very sharp definite outline and secreted in a very short time a membrane around itself. The changes which followed during its maturing consisted of the acquiring of a thick coa^ and the replacing of the chlorophyl wiihin by a reddish-brown coloring matter. The ripened resting spore of almost all the Vanchcria is provided with three coats, of which the middle IS the thickest TIiq contents consist of protoplasm, reddisll-bro^.'n pigment, and numerous oil globules. 1 o s Genus VAUCHERIA. Genus unicum, character idem ac familiiB. The only genua of tlio family, having the same characters. V. sessilis, (Vaucu.) De Ca.ndolle. V la.xe intrioata,pallidoet subsordide viridis; thallo capillar!, paree ramose; oogronii., 2-3 a , rox„nat,s, rar-os s.ngulis, ovatis vel ovali-ol.longis, plus .ninusve obliquis, ... Gratis; an^,e. r d.o ,„termed,o, nunuh modo brcvi hamato, n.odo recto subulato, subHuvat;,, n,odo ..lo„.a, , SpSrlur^lS^" ^'^'""" """""' °"^""'^ """"^' n..eo,>unc.alis. n.cn.b^na Syn.-V.se^ssiUs. (Yauoii.) De Candolle. RAnENnousT, Flora Europ. Algnr., Sect. III. p, V. cmspitosa, (A'auch.) Aoaudii. IIauenhop.st, to,: cil. i7a&._Salen, Xonh Carolina; Sdnvcinitz. Comn.on at West Point, Xew York • Watcrville Maine; Culpepper Co., Va.; Bailey. w 1 uriv , u atorvillt. Laxly intricate, pale and subsordid green; thallus capillary, sparsely branched- oogonia 2 3 approxuna te, rarely single, ovate or oval-oblong, n.oro or le,!s oblh,ue, ros, a'te a" 1 1.1^ .Uen„ed,ate suHtau.ed upon branches partly shortly han.ate, partly' .s raight 1.,^ " clavate, par ly elongate and incurved, and not rarely eircinnate ; oospores at matuS Z- cous-punctate, surrounded by a threefold membrane. matumy, lu.s- Remark -I think I found this species near Philadelphia in my earliest re- .eurches. but cannot speak certainly, having preserved neither notes nor specimens. l! 180 I-'UKSII-WATICK AL(i,K OF THE UNITED STATES. V. veliitina, Au. V. llmllo rcptMitc, iiunuliH oriM'lis, imiiicrosis, rasligiivtis, in cipspitPin vclutinum lirto viridom iiitrJL'ati.s ; oogoiiiis lutcnililiiis singulis, glul)i)sis, wssililjus, unllicridio puuio longiorc uiiivo Bubulato luvitur iiicurvuto coiiHociatis (U.) Specietmihiiynila. iWam..— Oogonii 0.0023"— 0.0027". (U.) Si/ii. — V. rvhdina, Auaiidii. Uahrwiioust, Flora Knrdp. Algiiruni, Sect. III. p. 2T4. Hub. — Salcrn, Norlii Cnroliiia; Sclnvcinitz. Conunuii ut West I'oint, New York; WaU'rvillc, Maine; C'ulpi'p|)cr Co., Va. ; Hailcy. " Filaments ('.xcccdingr illari, tenaei, dieliotonio ; oogoniis dnobus (rarius 1 vel .■i),ovatis vel obovatis, opposilii., distinele peduneulatls,antheridio intermedio subulalo, ))his minus reenrvo ; oosjioris niaturis fuseo-niaeidalis, Hporodcrniato achroo e stratis tribus eonipo.iito involulis; siiorangiis in uodeni vel jiroprio thallo, eyatbifornn- anipliatis truncatis et anf^ulato-cornulis. (R.) Sijn. — r. (jrmiiinla, ( Vaicmi.) De Candoixe. Haueniioust, Flora Euro)). Algaruni, Scet. 1 1 1, p. 2(10. Hab. — In stagni.s, prope I'hiladelphia; Wood. Obscure or .sordid green, densely interwoven into n turfy mass; tlinllus cni)illnry, tcnaeions, diehotomous ; oogonia two (rarely 1-15), ovale or obovatc, opposite distinctly i)ednniulai antheridia intermediate, sul)nlate, nioro or less recurved; oospores at maturity spotted wit, fuscous, their coat transparent and composed of three strata; sporangia in the same or a sepa- rate thallus swollen eui)-shaped, truncate and horned at the angles. licmarks. — I htivc fotuid this species in fniit but once, then it grow in a ditch below ihc city. Not liiiviiig mounted any of it, nor liaving written a description of it at the time, I have been forced to simply copy that of Prof, llabenhorst. Y. polyinorplia. Wood. V. in eiesi)ites dense intricata ; tliallo capillari, tenui ; antlieridiia corniculatis ex raniuli lateralis apice formatis; ramulia fertilibus interduni et oogoniis ct antheridiis iiistruetis, iutciduin antheridiis solum ; oogoniis pleruniquc gcminis, iutcrdum singulis, globosis vel ovatisi sccpe breve rostratis, plerumquo distinete pedunculatis scd rarius sessilibus ; oosporis cuoruiiter subglobosis vel ovalis; sporodernuto achroo, e stralis duobus coniposito. Sipi. — V.j'ohjmorpha. Wood, Prodromua, Proceedings Amcr. Thilos. Society, 1869, p. 140. Ilab. — In aquis, prope "Buffalo Bayou," Texas; (Uavencl.) Cicspitose ; thallus hair-like, thin ; antheridia corniculate, formed of the apex of lateral branches ; ferti.. branches sometimes furnished both with oogonia and antheridia, sometimes with antheridia alone ; oogonia sometimes single but mostly in pairs, occasionally shortly rostrate, gcneralb; distinctly pedunculate but sometimes sessile; oospores irregularly subglobose or ovate, surrounded by a transparent double spore coat. RemnrJin. — This species was collected by Prof. Ravenel near the city of Houstoii, Texns. As I received the muss, it was labelled as being obtained from "a shallow slimy pool formed by drippings from the side of a ravine near Buffalo Bayou." The species iirobably grows in the water, evidently forming turfy mats. It is FIIESII-WATER A L Q ^. OF THE UNITED STATES. 181 ronuukable from tlu; fact that, wliilst in many cases the little branclios whit'h \nt)- duce th(; antheridia f,'ive orif,'in to tlie spores also, in otiiors they do not; so tiiiit there are numerons antiieridia, wiiich a/e nnconnected with any female orf,'ans. When a branch does ^uoduce botii of the reproductive organs it usually forks into three short branchlets, thus giving origin to a pair of sporangia and u single curved, hooked antheridia. Somelinu's, however, there is but a single female branchh't, and I have even seen a sporangium, immediately sessile upim a branch, which at its apex gave origin to a male organ. In the coat of the perfected spore, I have not been able to find more than two distinct strata. Figs. 3 and 3 a, pi. 2i), represent sporangia and antheridia of this species ; 3 6, a simple, young and only partly formed antheridia, magnified IGO diameters ; 3 v, a perfected spore magnified 2G() diameters. V. scricen, Lv-vdnvK. V. a((niUifa vel terrestria, cicipitosii, vol sordido vol Itetc vel lutoolo-viridis ; tliallis tiMiiiil-us, duiiso liitricatis, laxe ot vnge niiiiosis, niniis(|iifsiDi>e iidHocnduntihiis vul oreetis ; ooj^oiiiis soa- silibus vi^l brevissimo pedicclliilis, l-fl soriatis, iiiiilatfrulibus, oblique ct euon.iitcr ovalibuH, ore latorali produoto rostellatis ; aiillioridiis in tliallo ipso juxta oogmiiis Kcssilibiin, cyliii- dracdo-anbclavatis, dofluxis; spcrmatozuideis oblongis, pui'.cto rubro notatis (teste du Uary), in utro(iut' polo cilio uiiico prteditia. Syn. — V. avema, llASbAr.L, Fresh-Water Algae, p. 54. V. scricea, Lynouye. Kabeniioubt, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 2T1. Hah. — I'l'opt" Pliiladelpliia; Wood. Aquatic; or torroHtrial, occurring in turfy mats of a yellowish, dirty, or bright green color ; fronds thin, densely intricate, laxly and vaguely branched, often together with the lirunehea ascending or erect; oogonia sessile or very shortly pedicellate, 1-G seriate, unilateral, obli(|uely irregu- larly oval, their lateral mouths produced into a rostellum or beak ; antheridia sessile upon the tiiallus itself near the oogonium, somewhat cylindrical, subclavate, dellexed especially in age; spermatozoids (according to De Bary) oblong, marked with a red point and furnished with a single cilia at each end. Remarks.— I can perceive no constant differences between V. sericca, Lyng. and V. aversa, Hass. The extreme forms differ somewhat, but both are very conmion about rhiladelphia, and everywhere grade into one another. Prof. Itabenhorst thinks that the two forms are scarcely distinct, and states that the most character- istic differences are, that in V. accrsa, the thallus is much thicker, and the oogonia larger and more erect, whilst the oospores are smaller and consequently do not fill the cavity of their case. These difterences are, except the last, simply differences in size, and seem to me to depend simply upon circumstances of growth. The rela- tively smaller size of the spore is a very frail hook indeed to hang a species upon. The plant grows in springs and actively running water abundantly in this neigh- borhood ; also on very wet ground, especially on that which is habitually ovei-flowed, such as the face of dams, neighborhood of springs, &c. In the water, it is frequently on the ground, but also often clothes such objects as stones, largish sticks, &c. Order JVeiiiatopliycese. Alga) multicelullares, chlorophyllosa;, membranaeeic vcl fdamentosa;, raniificatione aut instruetiu aut destitutas. Propogatio fit aut oosporis aut zoogonidiis, sed nunquam cnnjugalione. R!! ' t 'Hf 183 FnEBII-WATER. ALQ.*] OF THE UNITED STATES. Multicellular, clilorupliyllous olgic, mcnibraiiarcouB or filnnirntniis, furnitilicd with or destitute of branches. I'rtipugatod by oospores or zuospureii, never by conjugation. Family ULVACE^. Tliollus Dicmbrnnaccus vcl foliacciiH, vcl filiformis (Schizonicris?) rnrius crustaceug, c cellularuni btrutd unico fornuilUH, uul c.xpansus aut tubuloso- vel vesieuloHo-concretUH. I'r;ulariter ordiiiatis, oictc eounexi.s conipositus. I'ropagatio igiiota. Thallus erustaccous, indetcrniinatp, oloscly adherent to the substratum, composed of closely con- joined irregularly arranged angularly rounded cells. I'ropagation unknown. P. Tiride, Ktz. P. viride, lubricum. Syn. — P. viride, Kutzino. Raueniiorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. ' i Hah. — In aquario; Wood. Green; slippery. Iti.varl: — I have seen a plant, which I take to be tliis species, growing on the gh^ss and on pebbles in the aquarium of my friend. Dr. Fricke. Genus ULVA, Linn. Tliallus mcmbrnnaceua, plane expansus, angustus vel latus, nonnunquam latissimus, magis minusve nndulato- erispatu.-t, sa-pe laciniatu.s, baud raro perforatus, e cellularuni strato unico forniatus, callo discifornii parvo otllxus, a'late provecta sffipe libere imtans. Cellulu; anguloso-rotundatie, cceloplac maticsE, paronchyniatice conncxa;. Vegetatio cellularum divi.sionc in duas directionos rcpctitia. Propogatio fii znogonidiis, in cel- lulis quibnsdani eytioplasinatis divisione 4, 8-lfi ortis, eiliis vibratoriis quaternis longitudinc cor- poris tongitudineni vix superantibus instructia. Thallua membranous, expanded, narrow or broad, sometimes very broad, more or lesa undulatcly curled or eri.sped, often laciriate, not rarely perforate, formed of a ningle stratum of cells, fastened by a small discoid thickened portion, in advanced age often swimming free. Cells angularly glo- bose, joined into a sort of parenchyma. Growth occurring by the repeated division of the cells in two directions. Propagation by zoospnrcii, 4-8-10 of which are formed at once by a divi.sion of the endochrome of certain cells, and are furnished with four .ibratile cilia scarcely longer than the body. v. incrisniopedioides, Woon. U. ampla, membranacea, late expansa, dilute viridis, tenuis, radiatim et enormitcr plicata, ambitu sicpc subrotundata; marginc undulato, interdum .«ul.> renato ; cellulis enormiter ovalibus vel nngularibus, nucleo destitutis, quarternariis et in faniilias Merismojiediarum niodo obscure assoeiatis. Diam. — Cell. max. .00041', plerumque rsniin" — tiooo" = .OOOlfi'— .0002,'). : F 11 K8 II -WATER ALQM OF THE U M T E I) STATES. 183 Si/ii. — U. meriKjnopedioidus, Wood, liutaiiieiil Ucpurt of thu Uiiilud StaU-a Ocologico' Ex- ploratiuti of tho Forticlli I'urullcl, p. 415. Ilah. — III torruiitibua, Diamond Range (alt. (!000 ft.), Rocky Monntaina ; (Scrpiio Wat .son) Wood. Tliullua am|>lu, broadly expanded, ineinliranaceoiis, dilute Rrccii, thin, radiiilcly and irregularly I)licatu with itti outline often Honiewhat rounded; its margin undulate or nt times almost creuatc; tho cells irregularly ovul or angular, destitute of nucleus, quarternary and obscurely arranged in familiuii aftur the luuuuer of a merisniopedia. Remarks. — The largest fronds of this species that have come under my notice are about three inches long by two broad, thin, easily torn, and not all gelatinous. The portion by wiiich they have been attaciied is very evidcMit, near one of tho margins, and from it broad undulations or folds radiate. Sometinu-s tlie frond is split up into palmate, lobe-like parts. The cells are not closely approximate, but arc placed in a liomogrmeous trunslucetit membrane, in such a way as to remind one of a Mcn'tiiiiojiafla. I do not feel certain that this plant is distinct from If. orli'tculata of Ilabenhorst, though for the present I have preferred so to consicUr it. His description is very brief and incomplete, as is also the original one of Tliuret, whicii I luive con- sidtcd. I'rof 11., however, gives U. hitmhtia of authors as a synonym of U. oi- hiviilala, and certainly tliis plant is distinct from U. kttixnimd, Harvey, of our coast. Again it seems impossible that a plant growing near the stunniit of the Rocky Mountains should be identical witii one found on tlie coast of France. Prof Sereno Watson foiuid tiiis plant growing on rocks in a mountahi stream of the Diamond Range, at an altitude of GOOO feet. Genus JiNTEROMORPHA, Link, Thallua raembranaccus, tubuloaus vol utriculiformis, basj affixus (saltern initio, postea sscpc liliere nHtuns), c ecllulurum strato unico compositus, atepe ramosus, haud raro ramosissimus. I'ropogatio fit zoogonidiia. liicc zoogonidia proeeantur in ccllulis quibusdam 8-lfi cytioplasnuvtis divisiono repetita, in polo antico rostriformi ciliis duobus corpus duplo superantibus prasdita. (R.) Thallus membranaceous, tubular or bladder-shaped, alTixcd by the ba.se (nt h-ast in tho beginning, often oftcrwards floating freely), composed of a single stratum of cells, often branched, not rarely very much branched. Propagation by means of zoospores, S-KJ of which are formed liy tho repeated division of the protoplasm of a cell Their ontcrior beak-like portioa provided with two cilia whose length ia not leas than twice that of the body. E. intcstinalis, (Linn.) Link. E. teres, forma et niagnitudine admodum varia, siepc pedalis etiam supra, leptodcrma, saturate vel pallide viridis, fdiforrais vel intestiniformis, plana vel bullosa; eellulis 3-5-0 nngularibus. (R.) Species mihi ignota. l>iam.— 0.00048" — 0.0008". (R.) Syn. — E. inledinalis, (LiNN.fl!f8) Baii.ey, Sillimnn's Journal, N. S., Vol. III., et Radeniiorst, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 312. Ilab — Hudson River, from Newburgh to New York City ; Narrngansett 15uy, Rhode Island ; Bailey. Terete, very various in size and shnpo, often a foot or more in length, smooth, deep or pnio green, fdiform or intestiniform, plain or bnllose ; cells 3-5-G angular; their diameter 0.00048' — 0.0008". ,1 I II ;i 1H4 I' II i; .S II ■ VV A T E n ALU M O F T II K U N 1 T K I) « T A T K 8. Ciniuis SCIIIZO.MKRIS, Ktz.I Timlliifi flIliroriuiH, cylitKlriciiM, liii! illiu viililti (fontriictiH, IiiihI atlcniinta afl\xii)4. Vt'i^ctatlo flt ccl- luliiriirii (livLsidiic initio in iliiiiH |iiiNtL'ii in tr('H(?) liirccticiiKMii. I'rcipiijfiitio lit '.oogoniiliiH. Zougo- liidiii in tlialli jiivuiiis crllulix orlit, ovitlii, polo iinti(.'i) viliiH tril)ni4 inslriictit. TImlliiH filiform, ryliiidriciil, liiTc or (lirro ntroi jfly contrnctcil, nilnntc liy tlio utronnly coritriictnl bust'. Gi'owlli in IJK! bi'^inninff liy tliiMJivision of tlio o'IIh in two (liri'rlicmH, iirirrvvariirt in lljrro (lirt'ctiiinH. /oogonidia roniicil in lliu cuIIm of tliu young llialiuit, ovutv, tliuir unturiur unil rurniNliud witii tliruu ciliu. Rrmarlcs. — 'X\\o ])liiiit from wliicli tlio nbovo {»(Mioric dosrription lias hccn drawn up f^rows iilmii(l;iiitly in our ditclics below tiu; city. WlictliiT it really lieloiij^s to the genus S(Iiiz(iititrln or is the represeutiitivt; of ii new j^foup is somewhat uncer- tain. 1 have never seen the European plant, hut, if 1 uudeistaud the descriptions of it, the cells in it arc all arranged iu ii single plane. This certainly is not tin; case in the old plants of our North .Vinerican form, for in them the cells are so placed its to make a thick opa([ue filament, the outside of wiiich everywhere ]ir(>- scnts the outer walls of cells. The life history of the European spetdes has not been at all worked out, ami I hav(> refrained from actually indicative a new genus, in the absence of id)soliitither the cells begin to divide at right angles to the plane of their previous division, or else the production of zoospores takes place. In the first instance each cell divides into two, four, or more cells. This division, 1 believe, occurs in three if not all directions, so that each original cell is n^presented by a numbtT of cells, and a sort of compound filament arises, out of which the matured 1 FKKSH-VVATKU ALUAi 0 1' T 11 K UNITKT/ 8TATK8. 1H5 large tridioiim in formed by a continuation of growth, nnd, j)erlmi)s, by a repetition of the (liviMion. I Imve never been abk- to discover that any repnxbictive process whatever talves place in tliis compound lihiment, and am very confi(om.— Max. T^j". =.08". Syn—S. Leiblcinii, Kitzino. Raheniioust, Flora Kurop. Alganiin, Sect. III. p. 311. Hab. — In fossis, prope riiihulclpliia. Briglit green to deep blackish-green; largest diameter of the frond ^is"- Eevmrl-s.—Oyv'mg to the profusion of zoospores produced by a single filament at one time, it is very usual to find large numbers of the younger plants attached so closely to some central body as to form dense masses of a beautiful green color. The support of these small masses is often entirely concealed, and I have frequently seen them moving freely about the jar, without any apparent cause, until the mystery was solved by finding that some unfortunate snail carried the forest on his back. The oldest filaments are perfectly opaque, showing, under the microscope, by transmitted light, no trace of their structure. 24 AuRust, 1873. \m I' iii:hii.\vati;ii Ai.d.i; (»!• tin: initiim statkm. \i ii I ! I Tilt' Npccii'H JH cxrt'ctliiiKly ((iiiiiiioii in tlic liitcr Niimimr aiiil carl) I'all inniillm ill till- ilili'lirH and HJii^giNli HtriMiiiiH aroiiiul tlir < ily, ('N|M'rially in tlir Nt'ck. Family CONKKUVACK^. KMit iirlinilutit iiiit Hiiiipliciu mil raiiKixu, vi'itcliilioiii' Irriiiiiutli iimi liiiiitutu iiiNlriiclii Arlinill |ili'riiii^|ii(' plus iiiiiiiiHVd fliiiixiili, Hi'il ni>iiiuiiii|Uitiii tliuiiirlni liri'viiiii'H, tyllnili'ii'i, riiiiiiH liiiiijili, Cyliciili'i'iiiii |il('riiiiii|U(' niiuiiri'Mlii Iiiiiii'IIuhiiiii. Miiwu i'liliir>>|>li>lli>Hu )(runiilulii, vt'nii'iilitrt iiiii) Iiiicuh involvriis, |iiii'irlaliH vil in iiiliilc provii'lit nu'[w in iilliilii' rriilrn ruiilnii'lit. Vr)(i'iali(i Ii: iili'ii'iili |iriiii<>riliiillH ilivinioiio M'in|ii'r in uinini t'unili'ini|ii(' (li'iiiiHVvrHiiiii)>iii'Mi ri'pi'lilia. rropiifcaliii lil /.unKoniiliiH. FiliuiK-nlH arliruliili', Hiniplc <>r liraiicin'tl, ^niwlli liTininal, nnliiiiilnl. .loinlH nniHlly nnirc nr it'NH vioiigali'il, lull Hoini'liinrH hliorlrr Ihaji lnii^, tyliiHliical ruri-ly Inniiil. ('yliciiliTiii niciHlly plainly laint'llair, clilitropliyl iuuhnl'h ttriiiiiilur, HurrouniliiiK lliiu Hiari'li xntiiuii'H, pnriulnl or nl'irn in (lie irniru of llii' cell. Oi'owtli tiikiiiK pliu'o liy illvlsiiin or I lie priinonliul iiti'ivlo nlwuyn in oiiu Uircvllciii, naiiirly IrniiH* vorsi'ly. I'i'opagalion liy niraiiH of niio.ipiiri'H. (iniiiH CONFKllVA, (I.inn.) Link. " Kila arlit'ulala Miniplicia. Arlicnli cylindriri. Mushii cliloropliylloHn liiiino);i'ii('a vcl |(ninil- lata, vcNiculas ainylai'raH involvcns. I'mpofriilio i^^notu." (I(.) 'I'lircailH ai'ticnlalo Hinipli*. ArliulvH cylimlrii'al. Cliloropliyl mass lioino^ciii'ouH or irraiiiilalc, including aniylacrollH vcHiclcH. Uiiiiiirhti. — A larj,'(' iiiiinlicr (if forins of tlic p-iitis ('oii/irni have liccii (Icscrilicd as (lisliiict s[»ffii's liy K lit/ill^ ami oilier authors. 'I'lic cliarartcrs assi^'iictl to tlit'si; species, however, do not seem to me in any way distinctive. I laniiot lielievo it possihle at present to recof^iii/e, detiiie, and descrilx! Hpccics in this f^eiiiis, ami helieve that further studies must lie made in their life history, and other chaiiiclers discover. 1 iiefon; the different forms can lie separated. I'rohal'ly, as was the case with tho (J'Jiloijoiiidcnv, when their sexual life is made out, in it will he found tho vital differeiici's. No doubt there are many species comnion to l''imd[)e and Ame- rica, lint 1 have been entirely unable to determine them. Amoii<^ the very earliest of my observatiinis upon the fresh-water alya-, befcnc exiierieiice had tau;,dit how nnd what to observe, was one made upon what 1 snpixise was a sjM'cies of this fjenns. 1 have never met with the plant since, but as the observation has direct beariiif; upon the method of propagation, I mention it here, imperfect as it un- fortunately is. The plant was found f»rowinf» on the mud along the Schuylkill lliver, near (Jray's Ferry liridge, below tli(> city. Tho lilaments were simjile, of great length, and muforni in diameter; fig. 7 a, \A. IM, represents a portion of one magnified ;")()() diameters. The cells varied from about as long as broad to three times as long. Tljc amount of endochrome in the cells also varied very much. In most of them, it was not nearly sufficient to fill the cavity, and was arranged as a central superficial band. Many of th(> cells were seen engaged in the production of zoospores. (Fig. 7 h, pi. 18.) Such were well filled with endochronu", which gradually condensed itself into a globular or jiyriform mass in the centre of the cell. This, after a sluirt time, began to exhibit activity, rolling upon itself and iinally pushing about us much us its confined quurters would ulluw, until at lust it i^ !•' II K S II W A T i; II AI.O.K Of' TIM': I'MTKIt STATKM. 1H7 OHcapi'il into tlir wiitir, tliniii^'li the cill wall. Kacli ii II in IIiIm way gave ori^'iii to ti NJii^rlc Koiis|)(ir<'. 'Ilii walls did not niilt away in the water, and, as a nnnil)rr of cDiiscrutivi' ct'lls nndiTwcnt (Iicnc clian^'cs at tlio same tiiiir, tlic lilanicnl or a |ior(ioii of it was l< It as an tnijity hlicll. 'I'Ijc /.oospores vvere of tlie iisnal shape, with a hri<^lit anterior spot or heak. 'I'lie nniiiher nf ciliu waH not noted. After u time they settled down j^enerally in elusters, attaehin^ themselves to sonie iorei^n particle, lasm, wiiicli lills the outer part of the cell cavity, 'i'hey exhibit the jiower of very acti\c motion even before their exit from the cell, which occurs tlirongh a pa|)illoi(l orilice, mostly at the end of tin; (m'II, sometimes in its side. Their cilia are sometimes two, sometimes four in miinber, and their lif(vlnstory appears to be precisely siinilur to thut of other zoospores. <'l. ffloiiirratn, (I, inn.) ICainuli fill priiiiurli in partem HiipiM'iorn al(|ar rnnioriiiu orilinis Hccundi ct t rtilizing the germ, whilst in the other it gives rise to a body which does not possess that power at all, but do(>s liave the capability of giving origia to a second plant, in which the spermatozoid is developed. The groups, thenjfore, appear to be sharpiy and distinctly definable. In the Bit/horhaUiiC but a single genus has as yet been discovered, and this is distinctly gynandrous, but it seems jjrobable that hereafter other plants of this subfamily will be found which are montecious or dia;cious, so that we will have in the two fulifamilies two parallel groups of genera. For the reasons above indicated I have ventured to divide the family into two subfamilies, the one comprising three, the other a single genus. The peculiarities of growth, production of zoospores, and sexual development will be found described under the particular subfamilies. 'i i! in IV't 3 ! L. ■i'T 190 PRESn-WATER ALO^ OP THE UNITED STATES. Subfamily a^DO(jlOXIE.E. PilmnciUa stricta, Imud ramosa, sine sctis vcris, sod sa-'po opicc Rotiforn.a, clongata, liyalina. Fihiiiit'uts Biinplc, not ramose, without true seta, but often with their iipex scta-liko, elongate, Inaline. Jiemarlcs. — The (Edoijoniacnv arc small filamentous plants, whose size is sufficient to render them visible to the unaided eye, and yet not sufficient to make each indi- vidual distinctly apparent. They grow mostly in quiet water, attached to almost any and every thing that can afford a foothold, fringing with apparent indifference stones, twigs, sticks, dead leaves, hits of glass, boards, etc. I have seen such masses of them crowding the whole surface of a phyna as to entirely conceal the animal ixnd its shell, and present the curious spectacle of a perambulating, waving forest of bright green. Tiie individual filament is composed of cylindrical cells, which are always without a nucleus, and have their chlorophyl diffused instead of being collected into bands or stripes. The walls are mostly nuitc thick and marked near the distal end with circular striic, whose numbers bear relation to the edge of the cell, for these striaj are the results of the peculiar method of cell m .Itiplication by division, each one marking one such division. When an ocdo- gonium cell has attained sufficient maturity and is about to divide, the first per- ceptible change is the appearance of a little circular line or streak near its distal end. About the same time and in the same place a fine partition is foimed by an outgrowth from the primordial utricle, a probably double delicate wall of con- densed protoplpsm separating the upper end of the parent cell from the lower or main portion. The upper end now begins to develop into o iiew cell. This de- velopment takes place by the formation of an entirely nmv layer of cellulose inside the little cell, i. c. between the new primordial utricle and the old cell wall, and afterwards by the lengthening of this layer by interstitial deposit in the usiuil way ; the thick wall of the parent cell in no way directly participates in the growth (fig. 2 h, pi. 17). It is evident tluit as the new wall grows the old cell wall must be as it were raised up upon it, borne away as a little capping from the basal portion of the parent cell. Consequently when a young cell is watched during tiiis process llie little line-like incisure of the i)arent cell is seen to widen imtil it becomes an evident trench, and this trench grows wider and wider, until at last it is so broad as to be no longer a trench, and the little end of the parent cell sim\,'.y caps its oftspriiig. When t?ie latter has fulfilled its allotted period or growth, tiie process is repeated, the line of separation appearing this time just below the edge of the first cap. It is plain that the second new cell when formed must have a double cap crowning its extremity. At each repetition a new layer is added to the tiiickening cap, until at last it may be composed of six distinct layers, each projecting just beyond the next older one. Under the microscope the increased tiiickening of the distal end of a cell bearing such a crown-piece is net sufficiently evident to at first attract attention, whilst each edge of a layer appeivrs as a stria. It is plain that the number of these striic represents the number of I FllESII-WATKU ALU.*; OF THE UNITED STATES. 191 times division has occurred; if there be four strite, four times; six striic, six times, &c. Besides this method of development, in many species new cells are formed by a sort of pullulation, occuring in the end cell of tiie filament. The ))rimordial utricle appears to rupture tho wall of the distal extremity of the latter and grow out into a little pullulation, o> teat, which very soon becomes separated from tlic parent cell, by the reformation, is it were, of the end wall of the latter. The new little cell thus formed coats itself with cellulose, and rapidly grows, especially in length, always, however, or at least for a length of time, remaining of a smaller d.ametcr than the cell from which it sprang. By a repetition of tiiis process a succession of cells is formed, each one of which, like the successive joints of the field telescope, is a little smaller than its proximal neighbor and contains less chlorophyl, until finally the cells are reduced to exceedingly fine, perfectly trans- parent, colorless cylinders, which together form a seta or hair. llcproduction takes place among the (Edor/oniucca;, both by means of zoospores and sexual organs. The former of these are quito peculiar, and, therefore, require especial notice. Only a single one is ever produced in a cell, and there is consequently no divi- sion of the chlorophyllo'is protoplasm preceding their formation. The first change noticeable is a sort of confusion of the cell contents, the protoplasmic portion of which loosens itself, as it were, from the walls, and collects in a mass at the distal end of the cell. This mass after a short time assumes a more or less irregu- larly globose shape, and simultaneously the parent cell begins to separate from its distal neighbor. This separation appears to take place commonly by a solution of an exceedingly fine ring of the wall of the parent-cell, just at the origin of the transverse partition separating the two cells, and it is therefore brought about not by a splitting of the end partition wall, but by a circumcision of the side walls of the cell, and consequently the cavity of the latter is thrown open, the end wall remaining with and closing the distal cell, whose contents have not undergone change. On the other hand, observation leads me to think that sometimes there is a splitting of the end wall. According to my observation, sometimes the filament is completely broken in two, but very commonly the two cells remain attached by one corner, opening from one another as it were on a hinge-joint (fig. 2/, pi. 17). Tlie gathering of the protoplasm, already spoken of, into a ball, is a slow process, and the escape of this ball, through the opening formed in tbo manner described, takes place even more slowly. The motion is not at all perceptible, with a power of a thousand or twelve hundred diameters. During the passage the ball becomes more or less twist/.d and deformed, but as it emerges the uncompressed portion shortens and swel s out, and when the mass of protoplasm is at last free in the water, it Soon assu nes a globular or regularly ovate shape. Tlic mother-cell, thus bereft of its content, is left dead and void. The primordial utricle indeed still re- mains within, but it has lost all its wonderful powers, and is nothing but a shrunken, twisted, or folded dead membrane. What is the cause of the motion of the zoospore within tlie cell it is very difl^.cult to determine. It certainly is not vil)rating cilia. When the zoospore first escapes, it is, as already stated, an irregular lump ZMi 'Mi;! i-.jii ': i m ■ 193 PRESH-W ATEU A L 0 vE OF THE UNITED STATES. of sti()iij,'ly clilorophyllous protoplasm, liomogonoous or with one or more roundish massL's of darker gri'ou witliiu it. As it assuiuL's its shape, however, a very dis- tinct transparent spot appears at its smaHer end. Whetlier this is an ahsohite vacuok' or not, I liave never been abk; to satisfy myself, but I am rather inclined to believe that it contains highly refractive transparent protoplasm. As this spot is perfected tiie cilia make their appearance. Whether they arc actually first formed there, or whether, as is more probable, they are formed inside the cell, and are so folded against the general mass as to be invisible, I have ne • i r determined. Dr. I'ringsheim, however, figures them within the cell. I have seen them in their early development long before motion commenced in them, but they were always perfectly fornu^d as soon as api)arent. They are present in great numbers, making a crown or ring around the edge of the transparent beak-like end. When they connnencc to vibrate, their action is at first very slow, and the waves of motion run through them deliberately from one cilium to the other, but soon, however, the motile impulses succeed one another more and more rapidly, until the general mass of the zoospore begins to tremble, then to rock, and finally dart- ing off the little body hastens hither and thither through the water. The zoospore of an CEdo(]opium is always readily distinguished from most other similar bodies by its large size and peculiar motion, which is a forward movement combined with a distinct rolling on its long axis. After a time the zoospore, coming in contact with some speck of matter to which it can attach itself, ceases its movements, the cilia rapidly wither away, and the end to which they have been attached swells out or elongates into a broad, or narrow, simple, bifid, or trifid process, placed at an angle to the main axis of the cell, bo as to form the so-called foot, the holdfast that anchors and fixes the new plant. Whilst this is taking place, the general form of fhe zoospore alters into that of a cylinder, a cellulose wall is secreted all about it, and the first cell of the new plant is complete. As soon as this cell is sufficiently matured, it begins to midergo division in the manner already described, and to develop into the new filament. In regard to the time when these zoospores are given off most abundantly, and the circumstances that influence the process, I can only state that it occurs when there is least tendency to the production of resting spores, probably in youngish plants, and I have thought was favored by a full supply of light, with a moderate temperature. Sexual reproduction occurs among the (Edoijoniaccrr, in accordance with three distinct types, to which tho name of moiuccions, dixcious, and gi/iiaiidrous has been severally applied. The characteristic differences are to be looked for in the production of the antheridioe or male plant, the female germ being always pre- pared in essentially the same way. In most in.stancos two cells arc requisite for the production of the latter. At first there is nothing by which cells set apart for the formation of the female germ can be distinguished from ordinary cells. The proximal one of the pair finally, however, undergoes changes similar to those seen when a zoospore is to be formed, namely, a sort of confusion of the endo- chromo, and finally a gathering of it into a mass at the distal end of the cell. In- stead of there being a solution of the side wall of the cell, however, the end wall i FRESU-WATBR ALG^ OP THE UNITED STATES. 193 uiuloryocs absorption, so that the cavities of the two cells are more or less com- plftoly tlirovvu into one. All or nearly all of tlie contents of the proximal cell now slowly pass into the distal one, which thus becomes crowded witli chloro- phyllous protoplasm. At or before this period, the distal receiving cell undergoes a change in form, widening out greatly, and sometimes appearing actually to shorten, so tliut it is in most instances resolved into a more or less regular globose or oval cell. As the sporangium or spore-case thus formed perfects itself the endo- chromes of tlio two cells become completely fused into one mass, which gradually condenses and assumes a regular shape, until, in the form of the perfected female or receptive germ, it is a dark, opaque ball more or less completely filling the spo- rangial cell. At the same time, in order to afford passage for the male germ, an opening is formed through the walls of the sporangium. This happens in two ways. The simplest of these is by the formation of one or more circular openings or pores in the wall. This pore is sometimes below, sometimes above the equatorial line. Its position, numbers, and form afford good specific characters. The second method is by the development of a little trap-door entrance at the distal end of the spore- case. This method is unknown in our American flora, and, never having seen it, I nuist refer to the papers of Pringsheim for details. Tlie above-described mode of origin of tlie sporangium is the common one. In 0. viirahlle, Wood, however, but one cell is concerned. This cell grows to an enormous size, far beyond that of its fellows, and its endochrome collects into the upper half of it, to be at last shut off from the lower half of the cell by the forma- tion of a new cellulose partition or end wall ; or, in other words, the parent cell divides by a modified process of cell division, different from that common in the lamily. The distal daughter-cell contains all the endochrome. After the changes are completed, the appea'ance is tlie same as ordinarily presented, namely, an empty cell surmounted by the sporangium. Sometimes, even in plants in which the ordi- nary process occurs elsewhere, a single cell appears at times to have suflfiicient vitality to develop into a sporangium without aid from its neighbor, so that the latter will preserve its integrity, and the resting spore finally lie in proximity to a cell full of endoclirome. In the moncccioHs (Edogonlacecp, a single filament produces both the male and female germs. Certain cells cippear to be set apart to develop into sporangia, whilst . others give origin to the spcrmatozoids. No such plants have as yet been detected in North America, and I, therefore, pass on without speaking more in detail. The second method in which the spcrmatozoids are produced is the most com- mon in our flora ; it is the so-called gynamlrous plan. In this the single filament produces the female germs directly and the male germs indirectly. The former arise in tht way previously described, whilst the latter are the residtant of a complex series of life actions, as follows : One of the main cells of the originating filament, differing in no perceptible way from its fiillows, instead of like them developing new cells, divides up by a simple process of cell division into two or more cells, each one of which contains very largely of chlorophyllous protoplasm. The protoj)lasm within each of these secondary or daughter-cells soon condenses into an irregularly ovate or conical mass, which often, even within the cell, may be seen to 25 Beptombcr, 1872. 194 FKKSII-WATER AhQjE OF THE UNITED STATES, ,1 1 ■ a huvo the transparent beak of the zoospore (j)!. 18, fij;. 2 (Z). Inside of the cell the undroniioir, as it is called, shows no cilia, but wlien it is set free by a more or less complete solution of the cell wall, it assumes the form of the ordinary (JMoyo- Ilium zoospore, witii a crown of cilia, whose vibrations soon cause it to dart througli tiie water. These anilrospores are of course much smaller than an ordinary zoospore, and after a period of active motion, they attach themselves to the parent, lilumeiit, generally either on or near the sporangial cell. Their first life-actions, after settling, are precisely like those of the zoospore, namely, dropping of the cilia, enlargement of the smaller end into the so-called " foot," m\ elo;nts, stdl surrounded by a v;!ry delicate hyaline membrane. By this time the proto- plasm had divided into iisually four (sometim(>s only two or three) greenish masses, each of which was oval in shape and had its own extremely thin, hyaline coat, and was therefore a perfect cell. The old outer shell of the spore laid discarded ui the water and soon decayed, and in a little while the hyaline sac surrounding the four daugiiter-cells itself disappeared, leaving th(;m exposed and naked. After awhile each of these cells opened at one end by means of an annular split, cutting off the apex of the wall and allowing it to lift off like a little lid. Tlirough the circular opening thus made, the contents now emerged. The point of the inner mass was colorless and directed towards the orifice, and the whole moved vigorously backwards and forwards until it finally escaped, as a perfected zoospore. This httle body simulated very closely the ordinary zoospore, both in ai)pearance and hfe-history, growing, after a brief period of activity, into an ordinary filament, in precisely the same manner as the zoospores. Genus a:DOGONlUM. Anthcridia ct oogonidia in individuo uaico. Antliuridia and oogonidia in the same individual. Remark.— ^o species of the genus (Edogonium, as here defined, has as yet been discovered in this country. Genus rRINGSIIEIMIA. Antlieridia et oogonidia in iiidividuis distiiietis orta. Dioit-a. I)i(ccioiis Antiioridia and oogonidia arising in distinct individuals. P. ineqiialis, Wood. P dioica; cclluia bnsali Ijiloba; plantis fomineis qunm plantis masculia pcrniullo mnjoribus; oogoniis cnormitcr globosia vol subovoideis, poro laterale .supra medium posito inslructis;' oospoi-is forma eadem, sed pnulo niinoribus. 8yn. — (Edogontum inequale, AVood, Proc. Amor. Pliiloa. Soc, 1809, p. 141 Ilah. — III stagnis, prope Pliiladclphia. O. din-dous, basal oeilbilobatc; female plant very much larger than the male plant; oospo- rangiuin irregularly globose or Bubovoidal, opening hy a lateral i)ore above the middle • resting spores of tbo same form as the sporangium, but a little smaller. ' Remarhs.—lihh plant seems to be more closely allied to 0. gemelUparum, Pringsheim, than to any other species. It agrees with it in the inequality of the male and female plants, in the shape of the sporangium, and the position of the lateral pore. The diameter of the female plant is often nearly four times that of the male, and the difference in length is much more apparent. The mother-plant is composed of from 3-6 cells in the most distal of which the spermatozoids are formed. 1 am not able to state how many of these bodies are formed in a single cell, havin<' im; »• RE8II-WATi;U Al.UA'l OF T II K UNITED STATES. HI I 1 (■ only scon the latter wlii-n inoiv or less coiiiplctily ciupticd, but, jiuij^iiifi; from the relative sizes, there imist be several, lu !i eell coiitaiuiii}; a sinj^le spermatozoid, that body moved about freely, and at last escaped, apparently throuj^h an oriiiee in the end wall of the cell. It made two attempts before gettinj; out. and during its passuf,'e was distinctly constric^ted in the middle. It resembled in appearance un ordinary zoospore, but was of course much smaller, mid was nearly devoid of color, havini,' but a slight f^reenish tint. I fouiul this species growing abundantly in the stagnant ditches of the Xerk, below the city. Fig. 1 o, pi. 18, represents a young female plant; 1 h, a fertile plant with ininia- turo spores. 1 c was taken from the supposed mah; plant alluded to in the text. The latter figure is magnified 450 diameters, the others 'i.)0. Genus ANDUOGYNIA. Oynoiulra. Androsporro in i)liniti.s fciiiincis orlo) ; posloii Imiic alTixiti ct in antlicridiis so forniant. (Jynnndroiis. An(lrosi)ori'.s arising in ihe IVnialc plant; after alTi.xing tliomsclves to liiis and developing into anllieridia. A. niiilliMpora, Wood. A. oogoniis singnli«, vel binis vel ternis continuis, glolKiHin inHtrnetn; poro laternle distalti; oosporin glol)osis, oogonii lumen replentihns ; antheridiia yloruinipio pluril)as, i)lunta ferninea insidcntibus, cellula iTiferiuru ninllo majdribns. Syn. — Oedogonittm multixpora, Wood, I'roc. Anier. Philos. Soc, 18G9, p. 141. Hub. — In slngnis, jjropu Philadelphia. Oosporaiigia single or bi- or tri.seriatc, globose with a distal lateral poro ; oospore glolwse, about tlio same size ns tiio sporangial eavity; antheridia bi- or trioellular, curved, with tlio lower eell niueh the largest, generally adhering in eonsiderublu nuinbers to all jjarts of Iho fenuile plant. Remarks. — This species differs from its nearest European congeners, (Edogon. liotJinaiid dj. diprcusum, very markedly in the bicellnlar antheridia. I have never seen the spermatozoids actually emerging from their mother-cell, but have seen in the terniuial aiitheridial cell a pair of oval bodies, which I took to be those bodies. l''ig. 3, pi. 17, was taken from a filament of this species magnified 500 diameters. It shows spores in different stages of maturity, with an empty basal cell in one case, and in the others Avithout. Also male i)lants, one of them containing partially formed spermatozoids. The small arrows indicate the direction of cyclotic currents. A. niirabilis, Wood. A. rare setigcra; artieulis dianietro 2-8 plo longioribus ; oogoniis pleruniqnc singnlis, raro geminis, nonnihil ovatis, infra latis sed supra eontraetis el medio tumidis ; poris lateralibns duobus supra niedinni positis; oosporis nut late ovalibns aut subglobosis ; sporodernnite hand signato ; iinlheridiis ijlernnupie bieellularibus, intcrdum tricellularibus, ))leruni(pie in lllo vegetativo infra oogonium ant in oogonio insidentious ; spcrniatuzoidei:) singulis et geminis. r/(«Hi.— Arlie. veget 7-^jn"— Tji!s"=.0004"— 0017". Spor. 7^55"— T§2ff".0024"— 0027". Syn. — (Edogonium minihile, Wood, Proc. Anier. Philos. Soc, 18G9, p. 142. Hab. — In rivulis (piietis, prope Philadelphia. mm FUESII-WATEU ALa.13 OP THE UNITED STATES. 197 A. rarrly sclificrouH ; nrticlrs 2-8 liiiics loiif^cr than hrond ; onspnrniij^ift niOHtly BiiiK'i', rnrcly geiuiimli', Huliovalo, in llir lower piirtioii l)roacl, in llir middle HWdllcii, in llic u|)|n'r imrt cim- tructcd ; tlio 2 laliTiil [idr's Hitimti'd above tlii^ niiddlo ; oos|>oro mdiglolioHC or broadly ovate, its coats without uiariiings; antlioridia gfiifraliy biccllular, Boini'tinii'H triculliilur, nuiiicroUH, placed guncrully upon tlic fiinalu lilunii'iit fitliur upon or below tlic ooHponuisia. Ilvinarks. — This specios was found mowiiifi; in a ratli(>r stagnant brook in tlie meadow by "Robinson's Knoll," at the junction of the Sthnylkill Iliv(«r and Wissa- liickon Crock, near riiiladelphia. Tlu! filaments, which vary very greatly in size, are in their early history attached to dead leaves and sticks, but finally, I think, float free in the water. The larger, fruit-bearing filaments are rennirkable for their cro()kes a sec'ond similar one is formed, which bears it aloit. I have never seen spermato- zoids produced by this second cell, A. Illintii, Wood. .. Filunia ploruMifiHo in sctam lonfrnni, tcrminalem colons cxportam productum ; oogoinis plor- uinquc singulis, globosis, iiitcrdnni nonniliil bexngoniis, medio nonnihil tumidiB, poro liUerale ( 1'' 1^ 198 Kit i;s ll-\VATKK AIMJ.K (» 1' Till: I" N 1 T K P STATES. illf'ni liiriliiilll |i ; ODHltiiri!* KldltcixiM, (Migniiii liiliirn liaiicl Irplciililiiis, supriniic liliolg uluvatlri ttpiruliliiis .jiuttimr iiiHtruvta; iiiiiliui-i(iii.s liiciilliiliii'Iliiis (iiitcriliiiii irici'lliiliu-ihuH y), /ham.— H\>or. j,,',a"=..00-i". Syii. — (L'lliKjoiiiitm lluiilii, Woolt, AliR'ricuM N'liUirulist, 18(i8. Jlab. — In aqiiiii'iu iiiuo. Filnnii'iita nioHtly prodiircil into a long npicnl nclii ; ongonia mostly HUiplc, glolioHC, Ronic-tiincii Hiiiiictvliat lir.\ii);c)iml, scuiirwhal tiiiiiiil in tlii> iniildlu, tlin lati'i'iil poro pluccil lirlow llio iiiiildlu ; oospdi'L' ^Idlicisc, Mill liiliiig tlii> citvity nf tlm npiirt' rase, its hiirlacu witli fuur itpiral cluvutu ' liiii'K or I'idgcH ; aiillirridia birtlliilar (Kuiiiutliiii'8 ti'iculliilur ':'). licmarliH. — 'I'liis little i>limt iippcanMl in my nciuiiritiiu some! years since, formiiij? a (lelieute friiif^e upon the \arioiis lujuatic plants giDwing tln'iein. Its color is a bright yellowish j^reen, ileepeninjj to a very dark j^rcen in cells which uyc crowded with gramdar protoplasm. The filaments vary very greatly in size, the largest I have seen were j,ijf of an inch in diameter. 'I'liey are provided with long, termi- nal sctn, which are much more universally present than in any of the other sjtecies I have met with. The first step in the fornnition of a spore is the cmjjtying of a cell into its distal neighbor, so that each s[iore case is placed at the end of lui empty cell. These sporangia may bo single or they may bo in series of two or more, separati'd only from om; another by tin; eruptivo cells just spoken of. The color of the mature spore is a very dark reddish-brown. Tho autheridia is bicellidar, slightly curved, sonu'what stipate, with a distinct foot. Its most common position is on the vacated ci'U just below tho sporo case. The zoospores, us I have seen them, are always globose. I have naiued this species after my friend. Dr. J. (Jibbons Hunt, a well-known microscopist of tiiis city, to whom I am greatly iiulebtiul for aid in my earlier microscopic studies. Fig. 2, pi, 17, represents different forms and parts of this plant. 2 a shows the (nul of a filament and the long seta-like lip. 2 /> was taken from two cells, one of which had just undergone division, and shows very ])lainly the method of procedure ; lying its it were between the cells, and bearing the end of the lower one upon it, is the new little cell. Fig. 2 c represents a fertile filament with two mature spores aiul one not fully grown. Fig. 2 d was drawn from a filament just forming a spore, ami shows tho nnile plant iti situ. Fig. 2 c represents a male plant (magnified some IJJOO diameters) with the outer terminal cell scarcely nion; than a primordial utricle. The contents of the lower cell w(>re in a state of in- tense motion; aiul the arrows are meant to indicate the directions of the currents. Fig. 2/ represents a portion of a filament with a zoospore just escaped and still quiescent. A. vcliinala, Wood (sp. nov.) A. valde oloriirattt ; nrticulis diamctro G-14 i)lo Imigiorilms; oogoniis plobosia, ploriiinqiin dc- prt'ssis, ad .0014" crassiri; oosporis oiiffoiiii foriiia ft ejus Imni'ii rc'iilciililius, valdc ucidfalis ; puro lutvralc supra mi'dium pusito; uiitlicridiis hioellularibiis ? 7)iVjm.— Spor. rsV(r5"="01". CcdI. ^^V—j^Js" = .0003:!" — .0005". ffah. — III stagiHs, Allogliaiiy Mounlaiiis. ii f ■ • ' FIU ^ir-WATKU Al,(l>: OF TMK UNITIII) STATUS. lOU O. KyimndroiiH, very fllt)iitfiiti> ; joIntH fi-1 1 liiiii'H Umifvr tlmii linmd ; Hporniiniu Kl«>l<"sr, numlly (IcprfSNcd, iibout .(101 I" ill (liiiiiicirr; iiowiMii-fs of tlif siiiiiv roiiii nn (i|M)riiiiniu, wImihc ciivily ilicy uliiioHl (111; covcruil witli dliurp Hpiiiun ; lli« lutcrul \totv pluofU uliovu (liu iiiitUIKi ; uii- llieriiliik bii'i'lliilur ? lieiiiarkn.—l found this distinct BpcM-ics in ii littlo Htnf»nant pool in tho wilderness, known us Hear Meadows, in Centre ('onnty, of tliis State. 'Hie fila- ments are very lonj,', and were nuittiid togetlicr into u sort of liltrons mass. 'I'iic male plants were few in nnndier, and were attached to tiic femaU- plant in tho neif,'lil»orhood of tlio sporanj^ia. 1 have not seen any composed of more tlnni two cells, 'riu'y are fnrnished with a well-marked foot, above wliieh tliero is a sliort neck. .Vs I have seen tlieni they arc nearly straight. I have not been able to unikc out more than one cont to the spores. Tliis coat is very thick, and is furnished witli numerous thorn-like spines. These are very sharp at tlie points, but at their bases are mostly very robust. I'ig. 3, pi. 18, represents a spore of this plant magniiicMl 750 diameters. Subfamily BUT.BOCILV/rE.E. Filniim riuiio.siini, soli.'* stvidis liyaliiiirt iiclin)i.s i' lia.si bulbosa ct plu.-f iiiiiuiii olonnatis iiistructura. Fil iiiiL'iils bruiK'liiiig, funiiBhcd with striiigiit, liyaiiuo, more or less elongated seta, arising from a bulbijus baso. L'rvKirl-^. — Tlio IhiUinrh(p/rcc are at once separated from their allies the (I'jhyo- iiirw by their bushy, branched Inibit of growth. Tlic sln\pe of tlie indivi(Uml cell is also entirely diffennit, for instead of being rc^gularly cylindrical they are almost always markedly dilatec' at their distal end, so as to be somewhat clavate, nor is tlie filament or its brandies ever ended by a long seta-like series of narrow colorless cells. Many or all of tho cells are, however, furnished with a single very long nnicellular unbranclied liair. These hairs are colorless, hyaline, and provided with a mavke(j(inupment of the resting spores is said to take place as follows : The first change is in tin; color of the spore, the briglit red becoming green, e(\)cciidly near the margins of tin; cavity. The outer wall is then rupturetl and the spore grows into a long oval body, whose contents ure chiefly green with u sprinkling of the original red. The protoitlasni of this oval body gradually divides into four masses, which become more and more distinct, xuitil they are at last well formed zoosp(n-es, similar to those produced in tlie more ordinary method, except, perhaps, that they are redder. They are finally set free in the water by a solution of the cell wall surrounding them, and enter upon a brief free existence, to settle down after u little and grow into u fully-formed plant. Genus BULBOCIL^TE. AmlrosporiD in plnnta fominod ortnj, postoa liaiic allixiu et. in Qiithcridiis so formantos. AiKlrosi)oro arising in tiic female plant, afterwards nfTixod to it and developing inio the antlicridia. B. ignota, Wo»n. B. H|)arso ranicsa, elongata; articulia diamctro ma.\. (^^^" = .00077") IJ-S plo longiorjluis; oogoniis lonfj. ,,',5" = .002r)", lat. jji'n" = OOIH", interdum latcralilins et Kessililius, ih'.Lr- dinn intor rnnmlornni ecliiilas vegetiitivas positis, dissepiinento nulUi; oo.sporis ovulil)u.s, longi- tndinaliter noiiniliil obliipio et distunto eo.statiH, in letato proveeta aurantiaco-brunnuis, sporo- derniatu cras.so ; antlieridiis 3-4 cellularibus, stipitatis. Syn. — B. ignuta, Wood, Prodromus, Proc. Amor. Philos. ' a., 1809. I/ub. — In aquia quiclis, propo Pliiladolphia. B, sparsely Ijranehed, elongiito with the joints 1^3 times longer than broad (^^I'lj^" =.00077"); oosporangia .0025" long by .0018" broad, sometimes lateral and se.s.sile, Konietinics ])laeed upon the apex of a braneli, sometimes situated in the length of the branches between their cells; till.' empty cell whieh supports the sporangium without dissepiment; oospores, oval, fdling rather closely the cavity of the sporc-caso, longitudirmlly somewhat ohliijucly and dis- tantly costate, when mature orange brown; spore-coat rather thick; anthcridia 3-4 celled, scarcely stipitate. liemarkfi.— When I described und figured tiiis species I had never seen the mature fruit, but very recently Mr. Quimby has communicated specimens to me. 20 September, 1872. 202 V K K S II - W A 'I' I') I! A I- (i .!•; (> K 'I' II K U N 1 1' K D S T A T K S. Hi f, 1,1 i: ft lill 'riic color ol' tlic spore is oiiiiinc Itrown, ami tlu^ thick coat is sli^litly tiiif^cd >vltli jcUowisli. 'I'lic mature oosporaiif^iiini is somewhat llatteneil at the sides, not so fUijttical as the young spore, which I have fi_i;ureil. Kit,'. 5 (f, pi. IS, represents a (Vaf^mcnt of a lilanient sliowing yonnj^ siwranfifiul cells mii;;nilietl 'JtiO dianu-ters ; T) li, icpreseuts a hranch v'\{\\ a youngish spore in it, inagnilied Mid diameters; iiy. 5 c, was taken iVom a male jilant, tt. (llllllOMIl, W<»ll> It. arliriiliM iliMiiicIro \\-'2 |>li> Iiiiii^ioiibiis ; n>i);ciniis pli'niini|ii(i in raiiiuniin lin'vissii:iiiriini apiclliiis |iii.silis st'ii iiiU'i'iliiiii lulcraliliiix, |ilri'uiiiiiiit' xi'lain ti'iiiiiiiiilcia ^crriililiuN-, i>iiH|iiii'ii4 t'lioi'iiiilcr (ivaliliiis ant ovalix, luiiic'liil iiuiistiiiclti lon);itiiilinalit>'r <>l)li(|iii' Kiiliarclvhlriatis ; unlliri'iiliiH liii'i'llulariliiis, slijiilr iiislractis, rt'lliiliv ImihuIo li'.cdio iiiiiiiila, Niiprii ku'|iu iMiilnirtu. Si/ii. — //. iliinionn, WiioD, rriiilioiims, I'mc. Aiucr. I'liilus. Soc, 1S09, p. II 'J. //(ill. — !ii aipiai'io iiico. Joints 1.^ 2 liiiics Idii^iT tliaii iiniail ; iiiispiii'aii)j;ia p'lu'rully ])1n('('i1 i)rfs ini'ftiilurly oval iir iivali', sumh'wIkiI iMilisliiiclly Dliliipicly l(iii(;iluilinally iiml rallirr closi'ly Ktriair ; aii- tlu'iiilia liii'i'lliilar, rtiriilslit'il .villi u little Htipc, tlicir lia.sal crll tuiiild in lluMiiiddlc, iVripicnlly I'onti'iictril aliovr. Renin r/,:i. — This species appeared spontaneously during the latter part ol' the winter upon some largi* fresh-water alga- which I was cultivating. It hrauchc'- irreguhnly and sometimes soniewh;it pn)fusely, so a.s to have (piite a bushy hahit. The antiuT'diii appear to produce a single spermatozoon in the termiuid cell ; at least iis far as my observation has gone this is true. I ihiidv I hav<' always found th(! distal cells of fertile plants emptied of their contents, as though they had fur- nished the aiulrosi)ores which had growr nito the aiitheridia. 'I'his .-ipecies is closely allied to //. i/nni/is^ of I'ringsheini, trom which it dill'ers in the position of the oogouia, in the relative breadth and length of the cell, and the number of cells fomposiug the antheridia. Fig. (i (r, pi. is, represents a tihimeut of this species maguitied 'i6( «liameters; () />, a nnile plant maguitied 7.j(t diauieters. II. Cniibyii, AVooiv li. |)(iiim—Vv\\. stcril. ,,«.,„"_„ p»,,/'= OOOdCi— 001. Spor. trausv. ^J J," = .00'-"J('.. tfi/n. — /.'. <'iiiihi/ii,\\in slightly yellowish, and has on it8 onter snrface irregnlar pnnctations, looking like corrosions. These are not detai'h- able, except when the rnptured sporo is more or less completely eiiiptied of its contents. The sporinif^inm closely invests tho spore, and when the latter is matnred nndergoes a circnlar division, so that the top falls off and allows the spore to escape. l'"ig. (5 c, pi. 1(), re]n-esents a portion of a filament, magnified '2()() diameters, witli a yonng sporanginm and yonng nuile p'ants uttaciied ; (» A, represents a very yonng plant, magnified 'JfiO diameters. Fig. fi (/, was drawn fiom a sporanginm which had perfected its spore and innlergono the natural dehiscence. Fa.\iii,y (1iri{()0LElMDK7T]. Alj?iv iirrcii', luirco-, iiunviiliaco- vcl niliiii-fiisco-onloralir, .sirciila^ wi'pt' I'nnio. l''ilii varic ramosn, I'Vlidilcnimlr rrasso vi'l .subrrassi), Rrmo, siihcarlila),'iiii'i' pni'ilila, in |iiilviiiuliis mimitns vcl in strii- lani tcnm^ aiit inrrassato-tonicntD.Miini (Icasissiinc u(;(j;n'(;ala vcl itnplicala. ('yliii|ilaHMni(ilciiMiin vcl gruniiliisiiin, aut niliclliini, anreian, ant llavci-rnHcnni, intiM'dinn viridc tinctiini, poNt niurlcni plcnini- (pic cxpallcsccMH. ).'iopii)rali() lit /.oii^jjdnidiis. .Krial aifinv (Iiihl-.'n (iranffc, or reddish fnscDUM, often (;ni)isli wlicn dried. Kilainenls vniiuiisly 1)rai\elicd, rin'Mislicd wilh a tliiek, (ir lliiekisli, sul)enrlila(Jtiii<)iis cytioderni, densely a)r};rc>rated iiilo niinnle ensliions, ur a thin nr liinicnlDscly Ihiekencd ilraluni. ("vliopla.-^ni pninnlHr nr conlaininf^ (lily particles, rcd(lisli-;;i)ldcii, or yello\visli-rnse(Mi.s, soniclinius tinged willi green ; after dcaili often colorless or nearly so. fropUKatioii liy Zoospores. /iV7/»(/7.x — The plants of this family ar" so different from tlie others of the order, that it is a matter of consideralde doubt whether or not they slioidd \w classified with them. They rtirely possess distinct, well-pronounced chlorophyl, and form mats or strata of some shach' of reddish, grayish, or brownish, so that they iir(> very different in api)earan<'e from the other Coii/frrfiirir. I do not think their position can b(> certaiidy fixed until their lif'e-Iiistory litis been move fully developed. In iissigning them this place 1 have sinnily l'ollow<'d Prof, llalu nlnn'st. i.l ii .' I 'I { 204 IMIKSII-WATKR ALayl'] OF THE UNITKP STATKS. Tlio only specimens tli.it Inive conic to my notice arc in a dried conditi(>n, and conseciiicntly no possible opportunity lias been affonh.'d of studying the manner ot" reproduction. No one has us yet, at least to my knowledge, discovered any sexual reproduction in tlic family, but the method in which the zoospores arc produced has l)een carcfidly studied, especially by Drs. Caspary {Ri'i/cimfjurg Flora, iHoH) and IIild(;braud [liotanisdie Zeitung). The little niotile bodies are not produced in the cells indis(;riminately, but in certain jnes set apart for the purpose, to which the name of zoosporangia is very applicable. Thesi? are large, globular, thick walled cells, which are generally provided with a pvotuberauiic at tiie top and marked by transverse wrinkles. They are most frequently situated upon the end of the filament or one of its branches, but arc rarely placed in the middle of the thread, and still more rarely the cell next bidow the /oosporangium elongates itself sideways and \\\>- wards into a thread, so that the reproductive cell is l(;ft as a lateral one-celled branch or process. When the zoosporangiuni is sufficiently matured the cndochrome oreaks up into a nund)ei' of miniito masses, the future zoospores. Finally the I 'owning papilla of the mother-cell ruptures and fillows the contents to escape as a well-formed vesicle, containing the perfected zoospores. It is said, however, that sometimes the vesicle is wanting, and the zoospores are discharged into the wat(>r. In the ordinary course, after a little while the vesicle lying in the water burst : and sets its motile contents free. The zoospores themselves are very small, accord- ing to Ilildebrand, ^J^-^J^mm. in length, hy ^J^-TrS^niUi. in breadth. In accord- ance with the same authority they are, when first discharged, cylindrical, but in a little while become tlatt(>ned, and shaped like a flaxseed. They are biciliate and contain a large number of small, orange-colored particles. I'rom thirty-two to sixty-four of them are foimed in one zoosporangiuni, and neither light nor time of day appear to have any influence npon their birth. Ilildcbrand states that their motile life lasts from eighteen to thirty-six hours, but according to Caspary, after continuing in motion for about an hour, they grow slugg'sh, sink, become globular, tlicn elongate thems(>lves and shortly undergoing transverse division, actively com- mence to form the new filament. (iemis CIIIlOOLErUS, Ag. Filu (.lintincto articulata, iiitricatn, cnormitcr rnniosa. Filaments distinctly articuliito, intrionto, irregularly hrnneliod. C. aiireiiin, (liiNNfe.) Ktz. C. fili.s rttniossimis, in strntnui aurco-brunneuni, ad duas tres iincas crassnm, ranspitosnni et niollc intricatis vel in eiespitulos aggrcgatis ; ailiculis cnor.niljus, diunictro sosqni-, diiplo ti'i|)lovu li)ngi(iril)ns. /)/aHi.— .Max = .001". Syn. — G. aureum, (LiNNfe.) KiJTZiNO. Rahenhorst, Flora Europ. Algarnm, Sect. III. p. 371. lUth. — Little Fall.>i, Now York; Godwinsvillc, Now Jcrsej- ; (Austin). Texas; (Kavcncl). Filaments very nuieh branelied, interwoven to form a yellowish-brown Boftisli mat, two or three lines in thieknes'i; joints irregular, 1^-3 times longer than broad. Rcmarht. — I am indebted to Mr. Austin for specimens which are labelled " Forms dense yellow-brown cushions on rocks, at Little Falls, New York and 1 i mmst wmmmmmmm FRESn-WATER AluQM OP THE UNITED STATES. 206 Godwinsvillr, New Jersey." As dried, the plant is in extended, gray, felt-like masses. The walls of the artieles as seen with the microscope are thick and irregular, and the joints themselves arc also very irregular, tin nid ones heing often swollen and rounded so as to give the hranches a sort of huloous termination. Among the Alga; collected in Texas hy Prof. Ravenel, is a dried specimen CNo, 100), lahelled "On Bark, Houston, Texas," which I cannot separate from this species. It occurs in small tufts, which, as diied, are of a very decided orange, and, no douht, were still brighter during life. The articles are not so irregular as < in Mr. Austin's specimens, but excepting in this and color when dried they agree very well. Besides tiiese I have several specimens from the same source, which are in extended mats and agree in all respects with their northern brethren. Our American form appears to attain a greater diam(!tor in its individual fila- ments than does the European variety, but 1 know of no other character sepiirating it from tlie latter; and consequently must consider them identical. The measure- ment given is an extreme one, .009" being commonly tlie limit. Genus BULBOTRICIIIA, KcTZ. Fila iiidistincte articulala, m'liron, (iniia, raiiiosa; rami in iipico iiitumosccntcR, Bporangia con- Ktitiivntc^s. Pilnii,. ta indistinctly articulate, translucent, firm, branched; the ends of the brunches Rwollcn so us tu form sporangia. B. albida, Wood (sp. nov.). B. strato albido, coriacoo vel crustacco ; Tdis arete intcrtcxtis, cnormitcr raniossissiniis, colori.-j expertibus; sporangiis viridibus. Hub. — In muscis. Northern New Jersey; (Austin.) Forming a while Icalliery or crustuccons stratum ; thread closely interwoven, irregularly and plentifully branched, colorless; sporangia greenish. Rcmarlca. — This cnrious little plant, which was sent me by Prof. Austin, occurs in minute white patches growing on mosses at the base of stumps in woods. Some- times these arc encrusted abiuidantly with the carbonate of lime, when they are hard and crustaceous. The sporangia appear to vary greatly in size ; sometimes they resemble very closely a single spore (probably their commencing stage;. The bases of the branches are rarely, if ever, furnished with the bulbous swelling, given by llabenhorst as a generic distinction, but such enlargements do occasionally occur in the course of tiie filaments and branches. The filaments are composed of a series of cells, which are in places long, and have their end walls thin and not readily seen. Pig. 5, pi. 16, represents a part of a plant magnified 460 diameters. Family CIIiETOPnORACEiE. Algn; aquaticn; vel palnstrcs, rarius terrcstros, ))lernmque monoicie vel dioicn;. Fila varia, smpn dii'holome nuno.sa, baud niro fasciculatim ramulosa, pleruniqui! in ciespites vel pulvinulos cumulata, ill inueo gelatinoso 8ubli(|uido vel firnio iiidulantia. I'ropagatio fit tum oosporis, tuni zoogonidiis. /oogonidia oriunturuul singula aut geminis aut cytioplasmatis divisionc 8-lfi in quoque sporangio. ii. ! , ■ S J -J 206 FRESHWATER ALGyE OF THE UNITED STATES. Aqiialie, paludiil, or rarely tcrrestrinl nlpic, mostly monoieioua or (lia'i'inus. Kilaiiipiits vnrioiifi, ol'tcu (licliotomously, but not rarely faseitulately bruiiclied, iiiuslly apgrcgiited into liirt'y mo.sscM or little cusliioiis, and generally surrounded by a firm or 8ul)liriuid gelatinous mucus. I'mpiigalion bolli by zoospores and resting spores. Zoospores arising eitlicr biugly or by the division of ilie eytioplasni into 8-l(i iu eaeli sporaugium. Genus STIGEOCLONIUM. Fila articulata, simpliciter raniosa ; rami ramuliquo sparsi, rarius faseioi'latim approximati, in apiccni ai'ututn, sa^pe ))ilir('rum acliroum attouuati ct plcrumquo longo protcusi, sicpiuH raniellia brevibus subulatis instrueti. (R.) P'ilaniouts articulate, simply branched ; ))rnnclies and brarciilets Bpnrso, rarely fasciculatcly np- proxinitited, with their ends ueute and freciuently prolonged into au ottenuulo transparent seta or hair, and very often furnished with short subuhi.j branches. Ri')nn)-l:9. — Plants which arc certainly referable to this genus are abundant in every place in which I have ever looked for fresh-water algic. I confess, how- ever, that altlioiijjjh very much time has been given to their study, 1 have not been able to make out any distinct specific characters, nor any identifications from the diagnoses of M. llabenhorst. In a certain spring northeast of the city, there grows one of these forms, which I have closely watched for several seasons. In the earlier state it appears at times to possess the characters of a young ( 'hd'tophora (pi. 19, fig. 1), forming a small gelatinous base out of which the threads soon escape as they lengthen. It constituted a sort of mucoid layer adhering to the boards lining the stones witli waving masses of projecting filaments six or even eight inches in length. The filaments were mostly about 55V7" "^ diameter and much interlaced. The cells varied greatly in length, some being scarcely as long as b' oad, whilst others were eight or ten times longer. The short cells were generally densely filled with endochrome, whilst the long ones were nearly empty. The branches often ended abruptly, but were more frequently tipped with a long seta-like point. The method of branching is as varied as can be imagined, as is shown by fig. 4, pi. 16, and fig. 1, pi. 20, all taken from diff'erent plants of this species. I have frequently seen the production of zoospores, but no other method of repro- duction. In all cases a single motile body (fig. 4, pi. 16) was formed in each cell. These minute bodies are globular or pyriform, and within the cell exhibit no motion whatever. Their csca))c takes place very slowly through a lateral slit in the wall. No cause of the motion is visible, i.nd diu'iig the i)assage the zoospore is often very much squeezed out of shape. According to Braun (Ver- jungung), these zoospores possess a red eye-spot. I had not read his description at the time my observations were made, but did not notice any. The zoospores germinated in the usual way, elongating and growing into a cell with a transparent seta-like end, and finally nudergoi'ig repeated divisions to form the jjlant. ]M. Braun states that he has observed another process, in which tiie contents of a single cell undergoes a perpendicular division, so as to form four smiill zoospores, which escape from the cell in the same way as tlie larger one, and further says that he kaa never known these microgonidia to germinate. !51 FUESU-WATEU ALQiE OF TUE UNITED STATES. 207 Genus DRAPARNALDIA, Ag. Filnarticnlata ratnosa, o cu'.lulis magnis, maxiniu liyaliiiiR, fascia clilornphyllosa IntiiiHcula pniatiH, 8cni))(jr Hlurilibus furniuta, faMciculis ])ciiicillutu-rainulu8iHsiniiH, c ccllulis niiiioribtiH fci'lililiiis cum- poHitis, pluH minus (luiist; ubsussa. Articuli lermiuulcs omuiuiu ramulorum iuauus acbroi sturiluH, iu ])iluiu liyulluuin pluu iiiinuH ulougati. Filaments articulated, branched, formed of large cells which are chiefly hyaline, but furnifihcd with a triinaverso chlorophylluus fascia, more or less donsuly clothed with penicillatcly ramuloHe fasciculi, foriued of smalU^r fcr:'' superior articles two to three times as long, mostly piliferous. 208 FllESU-WATEU ALO.E 0 1' T 11 K UNITED STATES. m H! Rimarfca.— In this form there are almost always numerous little clusters of branch- lets, growing immediately from the main stem or largo branches; such clusters arc; more rigid, more open, more broadly ovutc, uiifl less markedly piliferous than tlio others. D. pluinosa, (VAUciien) AaAunn. ]\ filis riimisque priiuariiH liyalinis, plprnniqno ,;'„"" = 0.001 70" crnssis; nrticulis dinmotro tequalibiis vul diiuidio brovioribus. rurius paulo luugioribud, geniculia vix aut luodicu con- Btrictis, fusciiH cliluropliyllosia aiigustifl loite viridibus ; iirticuliH iiircrioribiia runiulurum dia- mctro ( iJg'" — 5J3'") icqualibtis vid nubdiiplo longioribus, pteno torulosis, superioribus cyliii- dricis ad aJs'" alti'imatis, diaiuolro duple triplo-(iuiiitiii>lo loiinioribiis, plcrumqiic iion pili- feria ; raiiiuluruiu yascjfu/js druse ramcllonis, elomjatis, acuta lanccoialU, eructo-subap- 2)resiiix. (K.) Syn. — Dr. phimona, (Vauciiku) Auauuu. 1\au£NIU)Ui>t, Flora Kiirop. Algunuii, Sect. III. p. 382. Hah. — In rivulis ct aquis quieti& Filament and primary brniielie.s liyiiline, mostly (^'""0.00179" in diamoter; artlclpBas lonff as broad or onc-lialf sliorter, rarely a littUi longer, seareely or slightly eoiislrifled at the joiiitH, chloropliyl fascia bright grecii, narrow ; lower articles of the branclicji about as long as broad dJg'" — jia") or nearly twice as long, somewhat torulose, the upper ones cylindrical, as small as jij"', two to five times longer than broad, mostly not piliferous ; fascicles of branches denseUj branched, elongate, acutely lanceolate, actually suhuppressed. Remarh-ft. — 1 have found a Z?/'aj)rtr?«isljbnnh, C. clc(/ans, and perliaps O. Iiihrrnilona, and hardly know by which of the three names our Ameri- can form sliould be known. Our plant grows generully in shaded pools, springs, and ditches in great abuntbince, adliering as little translucent balls to grasses, leaves, twigs, or anything that may be in the Viiter. Tlie size of the frond varies from the young one, not so large as a i)in's Iiead, to the old matr.red one, whicli may be nearly lui inch in diameter. The color also varies greatly. It is always some shade of a pure green. The surface is mostly smooth, but sometimes it is so puckered up as to be a mass of large liat tubercles. It is tliese forms that I suppose to represent C. tuhonilosa. The thallus is genersdly elastic, but at the same time soft, so that altliough reaaily compressed and pushed out of sh.ipe. it is entirely mashed with some difficulty, especially as, owing to its slii)perin( ss, it constantly escapes from the grasp. In regiird to the individuiil filaments, tlic method of their brandling !iiid the proportionate length and breadth of the cells vary very much in different in- dividuals and probably at different ages of the same individual. Fig. 5, pi. 6, represents rather indifferently well a young individual of this species. €. cndiviacrolia, (Uotii) Ag. Ch. tliallo lineari, subplano, scinipollicari vel poUicari, iionnunquam valdo elongato, la>le vel obscure viridi, diehotoiiio-subretieulatuin-laciuiato (nonnunquatn habitii liicciee fluitantU) ; fills ramis(|uc prininriis plerunu|ue achrois, passim viridi-zonatis, paralleli.s; ramulorum fasci- culis lateralibus, plus minus densis, divarieato-patentibus ; nrticulis ])lus minus tumidis, dianietro lequalibus vel subicqualibus ; geniculis constrictis ; cytioplasmato grauuloso cITuso. (U.) Spi'cies •mihiigiwla. Syn. — C. cndimscfolia, (Roth) Aqabdil Rabenuoust, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. HI. p. 383. u P 11 KS II. WAT Ell ALa.fi OF TUE UNITED STATES. 211 Bab.— iii>ul\i Cun.liiiu; (IlavciicI) Wood. Rhode Island; (S. T. Oliioy) Tliwnitns. Thullua liiiuar, lliittisli, of half to a whiilu ihmiil.'rt hrcucKh, noiiictiinort Kieatly I'hiiigutc, bright or ohneiiru greoii, diiliolommihly Mihivticulak'ly laciiiiatu (KoiiictinicM with the haliit of Itiiiiajluilaitu) ; fihiiiieut ttiidi)riiiiary brandies mostly colorless, sometiiiies zoned with green, imiull.l ; lateral faseieuli of branehes more or less denso, divuricalely patent ; joints more or loss tninid, diameter eciual or subequal j joints constricted j cytioplasm effused granulate. Remarks.— I have never soon a living,' or wrll-prcscrvcd spccimou of this 8pp(i(iiel lias sent to mo dried alguu labelled, and I think correctly, as Itelonginy to this species, but their condition did not allow any scientific study of them. Genus TILINIA, Ktz. Fila articulata, erecta, simplicia vol dicliotomo ramosa, basi alTi.ta, in stratum crustaccuni siili- spongiosuni, fragile aggregata. I'ropagatio adliuc igiiotu. Filaments articulate, erect, dichotomously branched, fi.\ed l)y the base, aggregated into a sonie- wlmt spongy fragile crustaceous stratum. Alcthod of propagation unknown. P. diliifn, Wood, (sp. nov.) r. rupicola, in strato cano-viridi disposita; fills ramisquc fasciculatis, apice obtusis ; articniis diametro 1^ plo-3^ i)lo longioribus. Diam. — Max. 0.(1004". JJab.—ln fontibus nmximis, propo Bellclontc, Centre County, Tcnnsylvania ; Wood. Growing on stones and rocks, forming a grayish-green stratum ; filatr-.ents and brandies fasei- uulatc, with the apices obtuso ; joints 1^-3^ times longer than broad. iSe/«a;-/tS.— Near JJellefonte, Centre County, rennsylvimia, there i.ssues from the limijstone rocks tin; Itirgest spring I have ever seen, giving rise to a creek-lik(! tor- rent, which supplies the city with water, and passes on scarcely diminished in Volume. In this spring grows the curious algaj under consideration, forming a somewhat lubricous crustaceous and stony stratum on the stones and rocks in the basin. This stratum is of a grayish-green color, and is quite f.iible, breaking in the direction of the filaments with the greatest possible readiness. When jdaced under the microscope it is seen to be composed of filaments whose course is a direct one from the under to the upper surface. They are apparently rigid, pre- serving their courses, and not being intermattcd. They are composed of cylindri- \ial, confcrvoid cells, and are dichotomously branched, and yet when viewed as a whole the filament and its branches form a sort of fasciculus. The basal cell or cells appear to be globular. When I collected this plant I was forced by cir- cumstances to put the specimens in carbolic-acid water for future study, and, therefore, I have had no opportunity of studying their method of reproduction. I am not altogether satisfied in referring this plant to the P!Unia, and yet all the most important of the characters given by Eabenhorst are preserved by it. It certainly, however, differs very greatly from P. rimosa, Ktz. Genus APHANOCH^TE, Bbaun. Fila distincto articulata, prostrata, rcpcntia, intcrdum in stratum irregularc plus minnsvo conereta; ramulis rcpentibus vel adscciidentibus ; cellulis chlorophyllaceis, apice vel dorso setigeris. Propa- gatio zoogonidiis. >i ):i 212 F II K H II - W A T !•; II A I, (J A'. O V T UK UNI T K I) H T A T I'.ti. m m fir i Tlircuils (li.sliiiclly ariiciiliilc, incihlrair, criTiiiiiif, Kdiiicliiiics more or Ichs coiuTrttMl into an Irrr((uliir Htriiiimi ; limuila'a mt'iiiiiK or uHCfiiUiiig j i'liluru|ili)lii»iiH ivIIh willi tliu dorHum onuicx gutigeruua. I'ropugiitiuii hy zuuHpuruH. Rcmarkn. — Si-ximl reproduction hus not ns yet been discovered in this genus. According to Dr. IJniun (Vcrjiing., Triinslation of tlio Iliiy Society, p. iHt, &c.) two zoospores iiro generiilly formed in a cell by a division of its contents paniUel to the septa, but occasionally this division not taking place, tiie cell contents are resolved into a single zoospore-. The zoospcu'es themselves are nearly globular, biciliate, and unprovided witli any reddish eye-spot. A. repenn, IIuaun. A. fills procumbcntibus pleriinriiio siinplicibua ; nrticiilif) cylindricis aut tnniidiH, dlamctro siilr aMpinlihus ad 1-2 plu loiif^iurihuH ; sutis o culiularuiu dursu cgrussiH, pluruuiquu HitiguilM 8od in- tiTdutn gciniiiis, iiitcrdiiin niillis. Diam.—Xvixe. tdoob"— nooo" = .OOOi:)— .0004". Syn. — A. reiicns, Ukaun. Uahknuokst, Flora. Europ Algarum, Sect. Ill p. 891. Eah. — In (Edogoniis, propo I'lilladelpliia ; Wood. Fiiamoiits prociiiiibcnt, mostly Biinple; artii'len cylindrical or tumid, from as long as broad to twice as long ; seta arising from tlio back of the culls, gunorutly single, suuiclimcs gcmioate, Bomutinica wanting. Remarlcs. — The specimens from which the above description was drtiwn up, were found growing on tiie filaments of Q'Jdotjoiiiam mirubile, Wood. They were re- markable for the rarity with which they were branched, for in but two or three cases out of a great number, were any branches detected. The articles were fre- quently twice as long as broad. In both these particulars the plant differs from the typical European A. rrpeiis, but the descriptions of tliiit form are so short and imperfect that I have preferred retaining the name for the American plant. Fig. 5, pi. 14, represents an ordinarily formed specimen nnignified 460 diameters. It had been kept for some time in weak carbolic-acid solution, and although the green of the chlorophyll was perfectly preserved, the stumos only of tlu; s(;t8B were visible. How long the perfect seta; are I canndt at present say, not having made any notes on the fresh specimens. Gemis COLEOCH.ETE, Breb. (1844). Filo orticulota ramosa aut in pulvinulum coiijuncta ant in tlmllura plannm Biibdisciformcm parcncliymaticum concreta; articuli oblongi, anticc phia minns dilalati, anpnlo siiperiori vd dorso Bu;pe in setani basi vaginatnro product!. Propagatio fit tnni oosporis ficcnndntiono scxuali orlis, tuni zoogunldiia. Zoogonidia in (pnupic celliila friictifcra unica, forma suhglobosa vcl late ovalia, polo antico ciliis vibrutoriis binis in.structa. (U.) Filaments articulated, bronclicd, oitlier conjoined into a little cumnlated mass or parcncliomatously concreted into a plain aubdisciforni Hiallus ; articles oblong antcri irly, more or Jess dilati^d, often furnished with a long seta on their dorsum or superior angle. Pni; 'gation occurring by means of oospores, formed by sexual organs or by eoosporcs. Zoospores subglobost or broadly oval, formed singly in the fertile cell, furnished at their anterior pole with vibratile cilia. Rimarlc^. — I have seen a large number of specimens of, as I believe, two distinct 8peci(-s of this genus, but never having found any fruiting fronds, have not been P II i: 8 II ■ W A T !•; II A I. (1 .1-; o v t h k u n i t k d s t a T K 8 . 213 nhlo 10 identify tliciii. One of tlic forms jjrows in tliin iiniiicdiiitc iociilify, and is very prohiihly ('. mnUtlit, lJii';l». TIk; otiici- w:is coilcctcd in Ndrllicrn N[i(hif,'iin. It is cliiiriu'tcrixcil i)y its frond never bein^ disciform, alliiuugh cumpuNcd of u single pluno of cells pureuciieniiitonsly united. CLA88 i{iu>i)oi>iiV€i:;i:. AV^m iniilticcliiilares, vogetationo tcriuiimlis nou limitata j)ra'(litm ploniiiKiuo tiioiciP. TlialliiH o ccliiilunim w>ri(>bii8 vol stratis 8iiit Ap;.). 2. ('i/s(tHdr/>iii Kt/.., or PlMUliiJlii, foriiUMl of soinowhiit, inonillfonn hoiI, which jiro evolved IVoiii a gviicrally cortical i)lacciila, and arc naked or Hiirroiinded by a iinicilaj:;inoiiH ciiticio or involucre, and linally emit nnnicroiiH innnotilo Hporcs (/W//«/x*/t.s), which <[nickly germinate. The leciuidatioii of tlio cystocarpia occurs in their ])rimordial ntato by eon- tact (»f the spermatia with a piliform or^'an known as trlrhoniniia. \\. '/r/nisponnit/ia formed of nin^ile, greatly swnlh'n cortical cells, be- omin.u; criiciiitely (|ua(lrilocular by division of the primordial ntricle; in each locidiis (smiinlKrif or niufcr cilln) a single spore [MntajHtn) forms, which germinates withont fecundation. it Family rORl'in'ilACEiE. 'rimlliis miiciiMii-mi'inhraiiiict'in, roliiu'cim vol riiiiiiu'iitortUH, o cfilliilnrum Bcrit'liiiH vcl Hirnio iinlco fiinimlUH, i»lcniiiHni(" luiriPiiniHci'ii.i, vuldc liiliriruH. VctfL'tatio lit I'clliiliirniu (liviHioiic in ilimH vel oiiiiu'H (lirrciloiicH ri'iu'lila. ri-(i|ia);atlo fU ti'tnis|ii)ri>4. Cysloonr|iiu n<>ii*liiiii obHiTviitn. Tiiulliis imicoiis-nit'mbriiiiotis, fuliiii.Tous or lilmufiUouM, forini'il of itIIs in scricH or in a Kinglii strii- Inni, niiislly piirplisli, vory Klippcry. (ii'owtli takint; pluci) by repcaU'il diviaiuii of tlio ccIIh in two or all dirt^ctions. rropugiitiun by nu'aus of tt'trasporcs. Cyslocurps not yet nbHervcd. liemarkfi. — The only species of this family ns yet observed in North America Clin hardly be said to have n definite thallus. They are rather multittides of cells heaped together and closely attached to one another into a hapeh-ss expanded mass. Genus rORPIIRYDIUM, Naeo. (ISM)). TliulluH miicoKo-nirnibranaecu.s, Nnb<'ni.slni'(>UM, longu laloipiu uxjiansiis, o I'ulbiiiH globosi;* vol piilyt'drii'ix ('oin]i(>silns. J'ropagatio adlinc ij^nota. Tlialbis niiicous-MR'nibrnnous, Hnbc'rnstaceons, loiijjj and widely txpaiidcd, coniposL'd of f^loboHO or polyhedral l'L'II.s. I'ropagatiua unknown. P. cruenliini, (An.) X.vko. r. thallo .saluralt! purparo-wanpjuinco, liibrico; cell; lis anguloao-rutunduti.s. (11.) Diam.— 0.00021"— 0.00035". (11.) llab. — Now York. Syn. — P. cnifinlttm, (AiiAun.) XAEdF.r,. Raueniiokst, Flora Knrop. Al)?nruni, Si'ct. III. p. 391. TImllua deep criniRon purpio, slippery ; colls angled and ronnded. Hemarks. — The only specimen I have seen of this .species was a little speck, adherent to a bone picked up or Gi>i ornor's Island, in New York Harbor. It I.i very probable that it was a recent .rrival, brought over, perchance, by some emi- grant. For it I am indebted to Dr. Billings, U. S. A. The description and I i.?;l F il K S II . W A T K H A I, (J A) () F T II K V N I T i: I) M I' A T K 8. !iI6 jni'iisiirfmciits ^{ivcn above iin; cojuud from Prof. lliibciihorHt'H work. My HjM'cim«'ii U{,M(t» well witli it. 1*. iiinKniflciiin) Wixid. 1'. i'i'IIiiMh ffliihiiHiH vol Hul)f(lol)08lH, Miupo noniiiliil pnlytrmiiH ot In iimHHii.n iiiilcfliiitu ('.x|iuiikuiii CDtilliKMililiiiH ; cytioitliiHiiiutt' |iiir|iiireo, griiiiuluto; cytiiiiU'i'rimtu uruHHO, liuuil Iuiiil'IIoho. Viam.. tVII I'uiii. U'guiii. biSoo— inVoa- Tckiiiii, ani'.nn — inLo- Hyn. — P. maijnifwum, Wwiii, I'roc. Am. I'liiloH. Sue, lS(J'.(, i>. 144, IltiU. — In turrn liuiniila, Toxok; I'rof. Kavcnul. Culls ^Kiliosc or Nnligli>lM)st', orion Hnnu'whiit pnly^ronnl niiil rcinjnined into nn Indcilnitu niiisx ; vuduL'liruiuu iKii'iiiu, grimulutu ; cull wull tliick, nul luniiimtr. RvmdrlcR. — This species, which wiis collected in Texas by I'rof. lliivcnel, fi;rowiiif», 1 believe, on wet sand, is very distinct from the Knroi»ean plant, dift'erinj^ essenti- ally in size and form. In some instances the cells havo a greenish tint, but this is j)ossibly owinj; to iinmatnrity, as such cells seem smaller tiian others. The whole! mass ♦() the eye luis a very rosy pnrph' tint, and altlioufjli inider the microscope! it appcuvs nnich darker and more purple, yet it often retains some of tin; roseate hue. At the edf!;es of the masscjs the dark-reddish color often gives way to a very decider' greenish tint, presenting an appearance wliich is very well represented in the drawing of the preceding species, in M. MKN(iEiiiNi's il/"HOf/m///(/ Chaninuisia ^-iohura, of KiJTZiNci, which it resembles in many particulars, but it is nearly twice as long and the iila- n. iits are considerably thicker. Its habit of growtli also seems to be essentially different from that of tlie European plant, so that I have finally decided to con- sider it a distinct species. The exact locality of its growth is in a thickly-shaded portion of the stream that runs along the North Pennsylvania Railroad, just this side of I'lu'lten Hills. Fig. 2, pi. 1!), represents a filament magnified 125 diameters; fig. 2(i, a part of a fertile branch nnignified -KU) diameters, C. iiiacrosiior.i. Wood (sp. nov.). C. eaispitosa, subpollicaris, olivaoeo-prispa vel saturate violaceo-]iiirpnrea; fdis ramosls ct raniis pk'riini([iie strictis et reetis, ct elonjratis; articuKs diametro ;i-S plo loiipjioribus; rainu- lis fertilibus brcvissimis ; polysporio singulis vcl gcniinis, sparsis, sicpe distuiitibus, globosis, interduiu nonnihil ovalibus. Diam.—VW. plcruniiiue .0008— max. .001. I'oly.'^p. .0009. Ilab. — South Carolina; (Kavcncl). Cwspitoso, about nn inch long, olive-gray todccp-violet purple ; filaments a good deal branched, with the branches mostly straight and elongated ; fertile branches very short ; articles 3-8 times longer than broad ; spores single or gcaiinate, few, often distant, globose, or sometimes slightly oval. licmm-hs. — I am indebted to Prof. Ravenel for specimens of tliis species pro- served in carbolic-acid water. They arc labelled, " Didl olive green, growing against wooden boards in spring, Nov. 5, 18(59. Aiken, South Carolina." The most of the mass is of tlic color noted, or at least approaches it, but a portion is almost blackish purjjle. Tiu> species is a very distinct one, cliaracterized bv the larger diameter of its articles and s])oi-es, by the ])ancity and shape of the latter, as well as by its vttriance in coloration. In some old specimens the cell WiJl is distinctly lamellate. I have only seen fruit in the purple filaments. The FUKS II WATER ALGJi 0 1' THE UNITED STATES 217 spores, appaivutly not luature, have a grocnisli-brownish tint. I have also received from Prof. Uaveuel dried algie, which, apparently, are the same species as those from which this description has been written, but wliich, not being in fruit, cannot be absolutely identified. They are, as dried, of a bright bluish-green, and attain the length of an inch and a half or more. Fig. ;}, pi. 19, represents a part of a branch of this plant magnified 400 diameters. Family BATRACIIOSPERMACEiE. AIpu dioico). TImllus filiimcntosD», arUciilatua, ramosns, aut violacciis, violncco-jnirpiirous vt'l I'lLTiiluo-viritlis, inuco niatrioali invulutiis ; fliis prinmriia raniis(|uu o cellulunini surio iiiiica ccntrali priiuaria et scriebus nunicrosis sccumlariis paralli-lis continiiib vol interrniitis extoniis tom- positis, aut raiiiiilurum fusi'iculis vorticillatis ' 'uboso vcl siib};loboso deiiso coiiglubatis av]unli (listaiitia obsilis, aut ramulis siuiplicibus vul diehutomis dcnao ubiquc voslitiB. Vi'getutio tvrminalis. DiiwcioHi nlgai. Tlmllua filaiiicntous, articulate, braiiclied, violot or violet-puri)lp or l)lHish-greon, coviT'Mi with luucons; priiiiury filar.ioiit and branchog composed of a single central series of cell.s, and numerous external, parallel, continuous, or interrupted secondary scries; eitlier furnished with globosely or subglobosely densely conglobate, ecpially distant Tcrticillato fasciculi of branches, or evurywhtJrc densely covered with siniplo or dicbotoiuous branches. Vegetation terminal. GeP.io BATRACHOSPERMUM, Roth, 1800. Thallus filamentosus, moniliformis, o cell'ilarum serie nnica meduUari, accessoriis parallclis corti- cata coniP'^^^iiis, rHniulorum faseiculis subgloboso-conglubatis obsessus. Tliallus moniliform, composed of a simple series of medullary cells and cortical accessory parallel series, clothed with subglobosely conglobate fasciculi of branches. Remarks. — The BairacJiosjK'rnia arc amongst the very largest of the fresh-water alga?, forming gelatinous branched masses from ;•, few inches to even more than a for^t iii length. The fronds arc very freely and very irregularly branched, and are evidently composed throughout, i. c, both in regard to the main filaments and the branches, of two portions, a centnal axis and much mon; slender short transverse branchlets, which often end in a long hair, and are arranged more or less exclu- sively in groups, so as to form, to the nuked eye, at regular intervals, little balls or knots, the whole plant thus presenting a sort of moniliform asiM'ct. Sometimes, however, these glomeridi are placed so closely together, and grow so large that they become confluent, and the branch to which they arc attached appears as a uniform thick and very gelatinous cylindrical cord. The axis both of the stem and the branches of a BatrmhoKjicnn consist ori- ginally of but a single series of cells. The development of new cells takes place in two ways, the one of which results simply in an increase in the length of the axis, the other in the production of branches. The first of these is the ordinary process of cell multiplication by division, and occurs oidy in the end cells, so that no new cells are ever formed in the central portions of the axis, which increases in length solely by the addition of new cells at the end, and by longitudinal growth of the old ones. The first step towards the formation of a branch is the i)roduc- tiou of a little \)ouch-like protrusion near the upper cud of a cell. This increases 28 September. 1873. mmmi I !" 218 F II ES II -WAT Kit Ah U.I': 01' TIIK U X I T K I) STATES, ill sizo and soon hv'uv^ cut off from (lie paicut-ccll by a partition, forms a complete coll, the starting point of a new branch. If this eel) has been formed alone, with- out companions, it is the beginning of a main branch, and divides after a very brief period transversely, the new cell thus arising in a little while itself divides, and so tlie process goes on until the axis of a large brancli, similar to the parent axis is developed, and which, like the parent axis, increases only by a division of the end cell and longitudinal growth of the central ones. Wiien a glomerulus is to be formed instead of a single pouch, a number appear around the upper end of a cell, and become cut off as new cells. Each of these is the starting point of a new row of cells, which not only grows, at least up to a certain point, by the division of the end cells, but which also gives rise to a large number of branches in a way precisely similar to that in which it itself was developed, i. e., by the formation of littlo lateral protrusions, &c. These secondary branches have a life-history similar to that of the branch whose offspring they are. They continually give origin to new branchlets in the way just described, which branchicts themselves produce fresh offshoots, and so it goes on until at last the forest of branchlets making up the dense glomerulus is evolved. It has been just stated that the original axis of the main filament or any branch is composed of a single simple series of large cells ; when an old BatravhoHjicnn is placed under the microscope, however, it is at once evident that the axis is in reality formed of sucli a series lying in the centre and covered over and often hidden by numerous longitudinal scries of smaller cells. These latter do not belong to the original axis, but arc secondary additions to it, and arise in this way. Whilst a glomerulus is being developed certain of the basal cells of its constituent branches give origin in the usual manner to branchlets, which, instead of growing outward to form a part of the glomerulus, grow upwards or downwards, closely hugging and fiualh enveloping the original axis, and at last forming a distinct cortical layer to it. Very frequently in well-advanced Jiatntchoxjwrms there will be seen scattered among the glomerulus large, round, firm, dense balls composed of a great number of small closely-attached cells. These are the rej)roductive bodies. According to 11. (iraf zu Solms-Laubach {Dolanlscho Zeilanij, 18G7, p. 161), they are tiie result of sexual reproduction, and are developed from aiilhcrklia and (ric/iotjouia (female organs) in the following manner : — The antheridia are small roundish cells full of a colorless protoplasm, which is remarkable for the very numerous bright granules which it contains. They occur either scattered or in groups, and are placed upon the upper ends of peculiar ovate cells, also filled witii a colorless protoplasm. Most frequently there is a single antheridium to the basal cell, sometimes two ; the latter number appears never to be exceeded. Wlien matured, the antheridia open and allow tlieir contents to escape in the form of rouiidisii or flattened bodies, which never, as far as known, acquire cilia, and have, therefore, no power of spontaneous motion. These bodies, which are believed to be spcirmatozoids, are unprovided with anything like an external membrane, and are composed of jjiotoplnsm identical witli that in the antheridium. ^^'!lilst these clianj^es are occurring, c(>rtain cells in otiier localities are being trans- formed into female organs, to which our author applies tlu; name of TiIcIkkjohih. FllKSII-W ATEll ALQAi OF T II K UNITED STATES. 219 Those are borne upon cells similar to those supporting the anthcridia. At first they are not markedly different from the other cells, but soon luidergo a very rapid growth. Tliis is not, however, regular, and is not partaken of by a band of tissue about one-third way from the basal end, so that at last a long somewhat flask- shaped cell is produced, with a very marked contraction at the point indicated, separating it into two portions. The wall of this cell is thin but very distinct, and the cavity is filled with a homogeneous or very sparsely granular protoplasm, which is continuous through the narrow neck-like portion. After a time there appear one or more large irregidar vacuoles, with actively moving corpuscles in them, and at the same time the neek appears to be stopped with a slimy substance. Careful examination with reagents shows that this is cellulose, and that it does not com- pletely block the passage-way through the isthmus. At this time there appear lying upon the free end of the trichogonia globular or flattened bodies, without external membrane, corresponding in all respects with those already described as being pro- duced in the antheridia. The end of the trichogonium generally enlarges at this period into a sort of roundish knob, and by and by the end wall between this and one of these globules becomes absorbed, so that there is a free communication between the two. Whilst this is going on the globule fcquircs a thin, delicate coat, and there appears in it a vacuole similar to those preexisting in the tricho- gonium. The first result of this impregnation of the trichogonium is the deposit of new cellulose, and the complete blocking up of the passage-way through the isthmus or narrowed portion. Already before the fecundation, the upper cells of the branches supporting the trichogonia have produced numerous branchlets, which growing upwards more or less completely cover that organ. After impregnation the cells near to the trichogonium become much larger and broader, their vacuoles disappear, and are replaced by a dense granular dark greenish-brown protoplasm. These cells now show a great activity in the production of numerous branches in the usual way, but it is the upper two alone which, with the tricliogonium that they support, are concerned in the formation of the fruit glomerulus. These put out all over their surface an immense number of protrusions, which soon in the ordinary way become the parents of as many twigs or branchlets, which growing and branching, precisely as do the vegetative branches, soon become excessively crowded. The base of the trichogonium participates also in this production of branches, and at last a dense ball is forme'l of pscudoparenchymatous tissue by the forced adhesion of the crowded twigs. Tiie central cells of the glomerulus thus formed are very large and bladder like. The outer part of the ball is com- posed of innumerable radiating rows of small cells, the end cell of each branch being roundish so as to present a convex external face. At maturity these cells open and allow their contents to escape as round masses, which appear to have no membrane, but begin at once to grow and secrete cellulose. Their after- history has not been made out with absolute certainty, but they are believed to directly develop the new plant. 220 FUESU-WATEll ALO^^K OF THE UNITED STATES. Pi! ^\]\ ^ [1-]^ V B. moniliforine, (Roth.) B. poUicrrc, bi- tripoUicaro, raro pcdalc, inuco gvhuinoso plus minus flrnio involutum, viola- coum, fuscum, rufo-bruiiiioum, purpurcum vel cuirulfo-viridiscuus, vagc ramosBissiiiiuin ; ramii- loriim articulis oiiinibus coufoniiibus, obluiigo-subeluvaliB, cxtrcmiB uouuuuquam ButiguriB; intcrnodiis iiudis vcl rumulis accussoriii. siuguliii sparsis iustructis, Diam. — Tctrnsp. globulus jfj^ = .006. Syn. — li. moniliforme, Uoiii. Uabeniioest, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 405. JJab. — In aquis puris, Michigan ; Gray. New York ; Bailey. Virginia ; JackHon, Alabama ; Tuoinuy. South Carolina ; (Ilavencl) Pennsylvania; New Jersey; Wood. One inch to a foot in length, clothed with a more or less lirm gelatinous mucus, violet, fuscous, reddish-brown, purple, or bluish-grocn, vaguely and profusely branched; joints of the branches similar, oblong-subclavate, the outer ones sometimes setigerous; intcruodes naked or furnished with a few s>oattcrcd accessory branchlets. Rcmarli8. — This species is very abundant in fresh, cool rivulets, in springs, in limestone waters, in pine-barren streams, and even occasionally in ditclics, wherever I liavc botanized in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. It varies greatly in size, in color, and other particulars. The branchlets, as I have observed them, are most generally not setigerous, but at times they are provided with seta of moderate length. I have found numerous fruiting fronds, but in none of them was the fruit in great abundance, not nearly so much so as in the llocky Mountain species. B. vagiiui, (UoTii) AuAUDii. B. vage raniossi-'siniuni, uni- vcl tripollicare, fuscum vcl tcrugineuni ; intcrnodiis inferioribus raniellis nunicrosis obes.si.s, superioribus nudis vel subuudis ; ramuloruni articulis extremis sctis longissimis int-triictis. Z>iam.— Tctrasp. globulus ^JJg = .00333. Sijn. — /;. vaijum, (Uotii) AoAunu. llAnENiiORST, Flora Europ. Algarum, Sect. III. p. 400. Hab. — In aquis quietis, Uintah Mountains, Nevada ; (S. Watson). Vaguely branched, one to three inches long, brownish or a!rnginou8; inlcrnodos — the inferior co.orcd with a dense mass of branchlets — the superior naked, or nearly so; last articles oi the branchlets provided with an extremely long seta. RemarlcH. — I have received from Mr. Sereno Watson some half a dozen dried algir, which I have referred to B. viujum, with some doubt. Tlicy are labelled as having grown in shtdlow water, in a beaver pond, in Pack's Caiion, Unitas, Uintah Mountains, Nevada, at an altitude of 7000 feet. All the descriptions of B. vngiim which I have seen are singuhirly imperfect; in none is it stated how large the spore masses grow, and how plentifully the branchlets are provided with seta. As far as the descriptions go, however, my specimens agree with them, and I have, there- fore, refrained from indicating a new species. The plants are remarkable for the profusion and extreme length of the seta, and for the quantity of fruit which they produce. The fruit masses are small but very compact, scarcely more than half the size of those of the preceding species. The vcrticles of branchlets arc often completely joined, and as it were almost swallowed up by the mass of inter- vening scattered branchlets which arise directly from the main axis. In the distal FRESH-WATER ALQ^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 221 portions of the fronds, however, the glomeruli are more fasciculate and more distinct, for although sometimes so close as to be almost confluent at their spread- ing edges, at their bases they are distinct. This species very probably attains a mucli larger size than indicated by my specimens, and possibly varies as much in color as B, moniliforme. Genus TUOMEYA, Harvey. " Frond cartilaginous, continuous, solid, at first transversely banded, afterwards annularly con- strieted ; composed of a Ic^.^uuinal axis, and two strata of peripheric cells. Axis columnar consisting of several longitudinal cohering filaments, beset with closely placed whorls of moniliform ramelli, whose branches anastomose horizontally and vertically into a cellular peripheric membrane which IS coated externally with moniliform filaments, gradually developed. Fructification probably in the superficial filaments. T. fluviatilis, Harvsy. Sab — On stones, in rivers and streams. River in Alabama ; Prof. Tuomey. Near Fred- ericksburg, Virginia ; Prof. Bailey. Fronds tufted, an inch or two in height, scarcely as thick as a hog's bristle, ranch and irregu- larly branched, bushy; the branches alternate or secund, scattered or crowded, twice or thrice divided, and set with scotterod patent ramuli which are slightly constricted at the in- terstices, and taper to an obtuse point. When young the branches and ramuli are perfectly cylindrical, and when examined ander a low power of the microscope show a surface com- posed of minute, dotlike cells, placed close together, ond marked at short intervals with dark- colored transverse bands. These bands disappear under a higher magnifying power. They are indications of the nodes of the axis of the frond seen through the peripheric stratum. In old, fully developed specimens the branches and ramuli are annularly constricted at short intervals, the nodes becoming swollen, whilst the intcrnodes remain unchongcd. When a young branch is bruised between two pieces of glass the axis may be readily extracted. It consists of seve.al parallel longitudinal jointed threads combined together at closely-placed nodes, from which issue horizontal dichotomous filaments, composed of roundish or angular cells. These cxcnrrent filaments spread both horizontally and vertically, and their branches anastomose into a cellular mass or fleshy membrane, which forms the inner peripheric stratum. In young plants a portion of the frond, between the axis and periphery, is hollow, but in older ones the cavity is quite filled up with cells. The external surface of the cellular peri- phery is clothed with a coat of moniliform filaments gradually developed, and forms what is above called the second peripheric stratum. These are found only in fully-grown specimens ; they consist of much smaller cells than those of the inner stratum ; they are more strongly colored, and I consider them to be connected with fructification. The color is a dark olive. The substance is brittle, rigid when dry, and the plant scarcely adheres to the paper. The generic name is in memory of the late Prof. Tuomey, of Tuscaloosa." Bcmark/>.—l have no knowledge of this plant, and have simply copied the de- scription of Prof. Harvey ; Smithsonian Contributions, 1846. Family LEMANEACE^E. AlgsB rivnlares vel fluviatilcs. Thallus e proembryone confervacea enascens, setaceus, sabsimplice vel fasciculatim ramosus, cavus, nodosus, e cellnlarum stratis internis et corticatis formatus. Noduli plerumque papillarum corona instructi. PolysporoB numerosie, in seriebus ramosis moniliformibus fasciculatim aggrcgata:, sine fecundatione germinantes. ■^ iti If 'Jl ii I If 'i22 FRESU-WATEK ALQM OF T II K UNITED STATES. Algo) growing in stri'unia and rivers. TIiuIIuh developing frum a cunfervoid protluilldid rdameiit, setiiceouH, ulinost simple or fuseieululely branclied, liollow, nodose, composed of inteninl und corli- ctil strain oC cells. NodiilcH generally provided with a corona or papilla. I'olyspores numerous, fasciculutely aggregated iu branched mouilirorm Hcries, germiuuting without focuudutiou. Genus LEMANEA, BoiiY. Genoa uuicum. The only genus. Pevnirlin. — The plants belonging to the genns I^mancn are quite peculiar in aspect and liabit. Tliey grow exclusively in fresh water, especially frequenting streams wliose current is rapid, and whose waters are cliilled by the mountain air. Tiieir frail, tubular, scarcely-branched fronds offer but little resistance to the water, whilst their lower end is swollen into a sort of discoid root, wliich adheres firmly to the stones. The frond is mostly blatfkish or brownish, and is formed of two distinct portions or layers, of which the outer or cortical is composed of small closely cohering, colored cells ; the inner of much larger cells, which have thick colorless walls, and arc placed so as to Icivve more or less numerous interspaces. In the immature frond there is also a longitudinal central column, besides some sUnider many-jointed filaments, passing obliquely through the cavity, but as final development takes place these seem to disappear. The mature frond is alternately contracted and expanded throughout its length. In the narrow portions tlie iinier tisstie often blocks up the tube entirely, whilst the dilated parts are loosely filled with the spores, which are produced within the frond. Tlie spores themselves arc oval, thick ish-walled cells, whose cndochrome changes from grcenisli to a very decided yillow during the process of maturing. They are joined together to form rows or series, which are not simple, but are very much branched, so that from a central basal row arises a complex bush-like mass (pi. 20, fig. 4). These spore- clusters are always distinct, a number of them existing in each sporangial node of tlie frond. Dr. B. Wartmann described, nearly twenty years ago, very fully the way in which the spores germinate and develop into the frond. The first step, according to this authority, consists in the elongation of the spore and the projection of one end, which is soon cut off by the formation of a transverse partition, and consti- tutes a new cell. ThL multiplying in no strikingly peculiar way soon develops into a branched confervoid fihiment. A large number of these filaments are gene- rally produced in one place at one time and form a very apparent greenish layer. Finally certain cells in branches of these filaments swell up and become very much broader than their fellows, imdergoing, at the same time, division so rapidly that they become very short. By and by they divide also in the direction of their breailth, so that instead of a simple series of cells there arises a compound mass. This is the beginning of the new frond. At first it is dependent upon the parent filament, but soon acquires a root-Uke process at the base and develops rapidly into the complex cartilaginous plant. ■i-ir FRESH. WATER AhQAi OF THE UNITED STATES 223 Mj, (orillosa^ (Ruth) Au. L. subsimplex, plcnnmiue arcuattt, cartilttginea ct nonnihil riKi.ln, 1-2 pollicrs lonpa; no.lulis a,.,.nmmai,s, ,,m.,|i,,s „,,,.,a„„i,, ,,lcru.n,,„o 4-C euormitor vorticollutiH, vd nuunihil .,,„..«!« Diam.-Sporis. transv. max. TaSnB'-TjVdB"- %«.-£. le, foinprcssed, arcuate, iu uinss obBuure violot; papules wanting ; spores irregularly oval or subglobosu. Remarks. — I liave received specimens of the plant from which the above diag- nosis was drawn, from Mr. Sereno "Watson, labelled " Mountain stream. Diamond Range, altitude 6500 feet." In the dried state they are closely interwoven into a dark purple, rigid thin mass. When soaked out they preserve the same color in mass, but each individual stem has a general light yellowish, neutral ground tint, with dark-purplish or greenish-black bands at regular intervals. At the position of these bands the filament is nearly round and contracted, wiiilst between them it is compressed and enlarged. The spores are placed, not at the swelling, but at the constrictions, corresponding to the dark rings in position. They are quite irregular in shape, and of a faint yellow tint. The filaments between the liftle knots of spores appear to be hollow. Their walls are everywhere very thin wh jn compared with L. torulom, hence they are more flaccid. The species agrees lu every respect with Prof Rabenhorst's diagnosis of L. cateuata, Ktz., a native of cold mountain streams of Germany and Switzerland. I regret, however, very greatly that I have had no opportunity of comparison with European specimens, or a fuller description. SUPPLEMENT. TuE following species, of which the author has not seen specimens, were inad- vertently omitted from their proper places in the monograph. They are all con- tained in the Nereig Boreali-Americana of Prof. Harvey. The following descrip- tions and remarks are simply copied from the work mentioned. Tetraspora lacunosa, Chauv. Frond at first tubular, then Hat, or irregularly lobed, mcmbranaceo-gelatinous, palo-grcen, every- where pierced with roundish holes of various sizes. Chauv. Alg. Norm. Breb. Alg. Fal. p. 11, t. 1. Kutz. Sp. Alg. p. 22T. T. Oodeyi, De Breb. Kalz. Tab. Phyc. I. 30, /. 3. 2'. perforata, Bailey, M.S. Uab. — In fresh-water streams. Abundant near Westpoint, Prof. Bailey ; Providence, Ilhodo Island, Mr. Olncy. (v. s. in Ilerb. T.C.D.) Frond at first funnel-shaped, afterwards splitting open, and then flat, expanding upwards and irregularly lobed, everywhere pierced with roundish holes of various sizes, large and small intermixed. These holes increase in size and numbers with age, and thus at last the frond becomes an open network. The substance is very gelatinous, but rather firmer than in some other species of the genus. The color is a pale green; and the hyaline gelatinous membrane is filled with roundish granules set iu fours. Kiitzing's figure of T. Goileyi answers well to our plant. I have not seen any authentic specimens of T. Jacunosa, which is referred by Kiitzing to his T. lubrica, var. (i., but the description given of it applies to the American plant. AVhen care- fully dried, it forms a very pretty object for the herbarium. (Chlorosjwrmcce, p. 61.) (Harvei/, p. 61.) IVoMtoc (Uormosiphon) arcticnm, Berk. Fronds foliaceous, variously plaited, green or brownish ;. filaments at length (their gelatinous envelope being dissolved) free. Berk, in Proc. Lin. Soc. fide An. Nat. Hist. 2d Ser, vol. 10, p. 302. Hab. — On the naked soil, in boggy ground. Assistance Bay, lat. 75° 40' N. Pr. Sutherland, (v.s.) "Fronds foliaceous, variously plicate, .sometimes contracted into a little ball. Gelatinous envelope at length effused ; connecting cells at first solitary, then three together ; threads, which are nearly twice as thick as in N. commune, breaking up at the connecting cells, so as to form new threads;, each terminated with a single large cell, the central cell becoming free." Berk. I. c. " It grows," says Dr. Sutherland, " upon the soft and almost boggy slopes around Assistance Bay; and when these slopes become frozen at the close of the season, 29 Ootober, X87a. / 225 ) 336 SU IT I, K mi; NT. tlic jiliiiit lyin^ upon the Hurfiict! in irregularly pliciitcd uuishcm becomes looNened, luul if it is not at ouce eovereil with nuow, «hi of the ice, over a depth of prolial)ly one hundred fathoms. It hu8 been foiuul at a distance uf two mileu from th(! land, where the wind had carried it. At this distanci> from the land it was infested with Ihliinr, and 1 accounted for this fact hy presumiu}; tiiat the insects of llu^ previous year had de- posited their ova in the plant upon the land, where also the mimo species could hu seen in myriads upon the little purlinj,' rivulets, at the side of wiiich the Nostoc was very abundant." ,\t p. '20') of his Journal, Dr. Sutherland further mentions luiviuf; tried it as an artich> of food, and foiuul it preferalde to the 'I'ript? do llocho of the arctic hiniters. Its nutritive (|ualities ar(< probably eipud tu thoso of thu jelly derived from other Alji;a'. {('/iloniKjKriiu'a;, p. ll>i.) ' IVostor flnKcllifbrmr, IU.hk. mid Cvnr. Torri'Hiiliil ; froml I'lii'liliiffiiiuu.x, Ihiciir, very narrow, ooinprcsflrd iinil ortcii clmiincllcil, imicli Ih'iiiicIu'iI, irrcf^uliii'ly ilirlKilniiiniis; Lruiiclu's Hulid, di'iisi'ly tilled willi iiuiiilliriinii cuivt'd tliriMid.s. Hill: (111,1 Curt. No. J«()a. Hub. — Oil niiki'd iiluiuiiupus soil, at Sail I'l'dro, Tt'xiis, Mr. riinrlcs AVri^jlit. (v.s.) Froiiiln several inrlii's in li'iit?lli, half a line in diaiiiotcr, lyiiiK pi'osli'ate on tlio Kiirfaco of llio soil, iimcli brniiclu'il in nn irrr);iilarly dicliotoiiioiis niuniu'r; bmnchi'S cxaclly linear, eoni- prexsod, often eliaiiiielled on one or tiotli sides, thinned in the inidilh^ and inerussiited to llio pdfto. titih)sliiiicr linn and ehistie, eiirlila^iiiioiis, solid, lU'iisely tilled with inoiiiliforni, eiirved or eni'led, iiilerlaeed threads, which are xel loiigitudiiiully in Ihu froml, anil liu nearly ]iarallel tu each other. C'olur dark olive. A very curious and most distinctly marked specie's, difforiiip; from others of this genus, mueli in (he same i.ianner that C/itrto/ifiora . ii'.l-J, /. HJiij. •». Ilab. — "Stones in a small stream, Hatlin's Hay," Dr. Sutherland, ^(/o Prof. Dickio. 1 have not seen American specimens. In Britain this species grows among mosses on exposed calcareous rocks, but not in water. The above specific (charac- ter is taken from the British plant. The fronds are rarely more than the tenth of nn iiu-h in diameter, ami contain two or tliree beaded fihunents lying in a copious transparent jelly. {C/tlorosjwr/iuw, p. 115.) Genus IIydkukus, Ag. Frond fixed at base, cylindrical or compressed, elongated, branched, gelatinous. Sirucltire: seriated, but separate, cellules, filled with bright-green endochroiiie, inclosed in gelatinous parallel tubes, ranged longitudinally in the frond, and suiTounded by a common gelatinous cuvolopo. :M SITPPLKMKNT. 227 Of this gcims HcvrTiil sitccics I'livc; Ix-cii (Icscribcil l»y itutliors, all Imviii^ ii close r('seiiil)luuc(; to ciicli other, mid nil very vurialile in riimiti(Nitioii. liideetl it is almost iniiioHsihlo to fix characters by whi<;h tliey can he iterinaiieiitly kept apart ; and iiitstead of adding anothi^r Npecitic iiaiiic; ti> th(> already too niiiiierous list, I Mrefer to consider the; American specimens received uh constitntin;^ a luxuriant variety of the hoHt known of the established species. All previously recorded species or varieties of these plants arc natives of rapid rivers imd streams in various parts of Kurope. {(HiloroHpvititvtK, \). llH.) llydriiriiN penicillaliiM, var. occidenlaliN, IIahv. Frond v. AUj. 357. Lynijb. Ilyd. Dan. lab. (A,fiij. A. ItdlracliDxiieriiium Amcriratium, Svliweinitz. Hub. — III clear Blruams. Now York, Professor Bailey. New Jersey, Mr. Jackson, (v.s.) Frmid 2-:t inches long, gelatinous, capillary, irregularly much branched ; the ''ranches patent, lateral, more or less divided, and set with lesser ramuli. Main filaments with short articula- tions, as long as their breadth, or shorter, transversely banded. At every two or three nodes and sometimes at every node a pair of opposite pcnicillato-multifid ramuli arc thrown off. Those are bright green, ovato-Ianccoluto in outline, much acuminated and twice or thrice pin- nate, their pinnules soniowhat consiricted at the nodes, and tapering at the apex into long, needle-like, liyaline points. Their cells are commonly nucleated and Dlled with endochrome. Whether tliis be permanently distinguishable from D. glnmerntn is doubtful. It has externally the aspect of that species, but its microscopic characters are nearer those of D. plumosa. Wi , if 1 :.; 4 ill \ GEOGRAnilCAL LIST OF S1»ECIES. Ci,A«« PHYCOCHROMOPHYdSiE. Ordkii CYSTIPIIOK^. Painlljr CIIROOCOCCACE^. Ohrooooooui refraotuii, M'oiut. t/ab. near I'lilladHlplila. miiltlcoloratuii, H'ao., Hub. near l'lilla(l«li.lila. tliBrmophllua, H'W. //.id. lleiitou H|irlii«R, Owbii Co.,Calirornia. Oloaocapu •paraa, Wiml. O»loapbarlnm ■liiliiaiii, (IrUn. Merlamopedla nova, Wiiod. OODTOluta, 1Mb. Hub. near Pliiladelplils. llitb. iinar I'liilailelplita. Hah. Hprlng Millii, MontKoiiiery Co., r«. Pamlljr NOHTOCIIACKAi Bub-Kauiil/ NovToi'iA, Roatoe Ausllull, Wood. //„,,, New Jersey, nlpliiuui, A7«. lliih. AllfKlimiy Moiiiitnlnii ; Clover Mta., Nuvadft i llaffln'H Iliiy, I)rltl»L America. OaolUaria I'liloriiia, Kit. corium, Aff. deoorticana, dfiier Frohllchii, Kiz. Okdkb NEMATOOKNKtE. Family OSCILIMRIACBiB. imperator. Wood limoiia, Ag. musooram, Aij. iiuglecta, Wouil. nigra. Vouch. tsnais, Ag, tenuiaaima, Ag. Chthonoblaatoa repena, Kt*. lijmgbya bioolor, Wood. mnralis. As- Ilab. near rblladelphla. Hub. New York. Hub. Northern U. States. Ilab. Sohuylklll River, near Philadelphia. Hub. near Philadelphia. Hub. near Camden, New Jersey. Hub. West Point, New York. Hub. near Philadelphia. Ilab. New York; Philadelphia. Ilab. Rhode Island; New York; Virginia. Hab. Warm Springs of Washita. Hub. New York; Massaahosetts ; Rhode Island. Hab. SohnylkiU River, near Phila- delphia. Uab. Whale Fish Islands, Davis Straits, Ilrilish America. onluioola, Atj. oalidarium, Wnod. casruleam, l.gn. Cesatll, Itah. oomminutum, Kiz. commune. Vouch. dupressum, Wood. puuctatum, Wnott. pruniforme, Agh. verrucosum, Vouch. splKerlciim, Vuuch. Huh, CatooHa Springs, (leorgla. Hah. llviiton Springs, Owon Co., Calirornia. Hub. New Jersey. Hub. Kansas. Huh. near PhilaJnlplilo. Hub. New Jersey ; Rio Ilruvo. Hub. Htdit Jutmy, Hab. N«w Jersey. Hub. New Jersey. Hub. Maine. Hab. Centre Co., Pennsylvania. Sub-Family Spkbmobirba. Anabatna gelatlnosa. Wood. Hab. near Philadelphia. glgantea, IKom/. Hub. near Pblladelphla. nosaquB, A'(i. Hab. Round Pond, West Point, New York. Oyllndroipennam oomatum, Wuod, flezuosum. Hub. macrospermura, Kit. miuutum, Wood, DoUohoapermnin polynpermum. Kit. subrigldum, Wood. Huh. Niagara, Canada. Huh. near I liiladelpbia. l/uh. South Carolina. Hub. near Philadelphia. Hab. near Philadelphia. Hub. New Jersey. Family RIVDLARIACKiE. RoBtoohopala lobatns, Wood. Hub. Schnylklll River, near Phila- delphia. Ololotrlohla angulosa, Rolh. Hub. nudson River, near West Point. ( 229 ) ■;i i ! 330 Ololotiiohla inorustata, Wood KlTuIarla cnrtilaginen, W'omt, 0 E o a 11 A p II I (' A L 1, 1 s r () r s r ko i e s. I Siroslphon Ifiih. SoImylkiU River imnr guttiiU, W'twil. IMiilaJuliih'a Jliib. Northern MIckigan. Hull. Clwnr Pouil, Ailirondaok Mouii tains. liguioolft, WomI, nogliictua, U'ooi/. ]ioUuoiJulu9, Woul, pnlviiiattis. DoytonumntoiilcB, Wootl. Zonotrlohi^ ininutiiU, iVooil, I St'.gonema mollis, Wiml. link Cnvo of tlie Wiiuls, Niagara. RaveiiolUI, IJerhelei/. paroeionatn, Wmid. llnh. Cave of the AViikIb, Niagara. Daayaotls luolll.'!, W'ooil. 'ftb. Caas River, Northern Michigan. Mastlgonema uhingatuni, W'mid. tlab. Philndelpliia. fertile, Wooil. Hub. Alleghany Mountaina, Centre Co., I'uuuHylvania. h.iioa, ll'im/. lldh. Stonington, Connecticut, sfjmictuni, ll'<.iii/. lliih. Casa Uiver, Northern Miuliigan. Maatlgotbrlz fli.roaa, WooJ. llab. near rhil.'.delpliia. Family SCYTONKMACK/-E. Scytonema Austinii, Il'/.'i/. lli'b. I.ittlo Falls, Nnw .leraoy. calotriclioiili'S, Klz. Hub. Honlh Carolina, cataracta, M'ootl. Hub. Niagara River, Niagara, cortex, WomI. Hub. South Carolina, ilubium, Wood. Hob. Cumberland Co., Now Jersey. immeraum, Wood. llab, Cumberland Co., Now Joraoy. Myoohrous, .ly. Hub. Weal of Crow'a Neck, Weat Point. N.i)gelii, Kit. Hob. near Bellefonio, Centre Co., I'ennaylvania. U.TVi'noUii, Wood. llab. Houth Carolina, aimpllce, WoMi. Hub. Aiken, Pouth Carolina, thermalo. Hob. i^outh Carolina. Tolypothrlx ilistorta, Mul. Hub. near Philadelphia ; Weat Point, N. y.; Kliodo Island; Madison, Wisconsin. Hub. South Carolina. llab. So .:h Carolina. Hah. Now Jeraey. Hub. near Iliberula, Florida. Hub. Northern New .lersey. llab. South Carolina. Hub. Lookout Mountains, Oeorgia. Clabs CHLOROPHYLLACEiE. Oiii.EH COCCOIMIYCE.E Family PALMKLLACK.'E. PleuToooocua pulvereus, Il'ioi/. aoriauia, Wood. PalmsUa dura. Wood. hyalina, l.i/n. JesiMiii, W'KxI. Fagerogalla slellio. Hem/. Hob. Boiling Springs, near Belie- foute, Centre Co., I'ennaylvania. Hub. Now Jersey. llidi. near Philadelpiiia. Hid). From Rhode Island to WLsuonsin. llab. near Philadelphia. Hub. Ih'ar Meadowa. Alleghany Mountains, (-entre Co., Punn- gylvauia. Tetraspora bullosa, llotli. gelatinosa, Roth, li'brica, lioih. DlctyOBphsBrlum puluhelluni. Wood. Rhaphldlum falcatum. polyiuorphum, Fr. Hub, Salem, North Ciroliua. llab. Salem, North Carolina; Newburgh, New York. Hub. Northern Atlantiu States. Hub. near Philadelphia. Hob. near Philadelphia. Hob. near Philadelphia. Family SIROSIPUONACK.'E. Sirosiphon acerv.'itus, Wooil. Hub. lu ith {'arolina argillacens, Wood. Hub. South Carolina, oompaotus, .!. Hub. Rbodo Island ; Penn- sylvania, rotundatus, WomI. llab. near riiilad.'lpliia. wn^mam m.wmm ■1 BH a E o a 11 A r II 1 c A L lis t of species. 231 HydTodlrtyoa utriculatum, Rolh. ii> Pedtastruvn lloryaunm, Tur. flah. West Point and Wea- liawkon, Now York ; Mexi- can Houiulary; I'euusyl- vauia ; Now Jorsoy. I'lib. Rliode Island; PennByl- vauia ; Goorgin ; Florida. oouBtrictani, llassall. Hub. Soutli Carolina ; noorgia ; Rhode Island. duodunariuH. Hub. South Carolina ; Rhode Island. Ehrenliorgii, dmta. Hub. Rhodo Island ; South Caruliua ; Qoorgia ; Florida. portUBum, A'rs. Hub. Rliodo Island. Soleuiea, Ktz. Jlab. Rhode Island. Family VOLVOCINEilS. Chlamydoococus nivalis. Hall. Greenland ; Rocky Mountains. Volvox glob.itnr, Linn, Ilab. United States. Oedeb ZY'GOPnYCEyE Family DESMiniACKiE. Falinoglcsa olopsydra, How/. Jltib. near rhiladul|>hia. Penlum ItK'liissnuii, Men, cliisti rioides, Ital/s. Digiliis, AViWi. Jlab. South Carolina. Ilab. South Carolina. Ilab. I'ennBylvania ; Ni'W York ; Goorgia. intRrrnptnm, Ilr/b, Hub, near Grahamsvillo, Sonth Carolina, .leiinnri, linlfs. Hub. Florida, iami'llosum, Dn'b. Hab. Rhode Island, niargnritnoeuin, I'hrb, Jlab. Rhode Island, mi.'.ulnm, Cln-c Hub, Rhode Island; Sonth Caro- lina; Georgia. Cloatetlum Leibleinii, Klz. lineatum, Ehrb, Lunula, Miilhr. maximum, I'lir. moniliforum, Bory, parvulura, .Viri/. roslralum, Ehrb, 8etaoeum, Ehrb, striolatum, Ehrb, Venus, Ktz. Tetmemorna Br6bissouii, Min, giganteus, H'noi/. granulatus, lire'b, levis, Ku, FlenrotsBnium Daoulum, Drib, breve, lloof/. olavatum, Klz, conBtrietiini, Hailfi/. crenulatum, Ehrb, graciie, /{ii6. hir.sutum, HaUey, nodosum, liuUeij, Trabeoula, Ehrb. Cloaterlum aourosum, Schr, AmblyoniMim, Ehrb, angnstatum, Kit. areolatum, Wood. Cncumis, Ehrb. l>iana", Ehrb. i;iirmilMT(!ii, .1/. n. .liMiiirrii, /i'l(. a EPGKAril IC A li LIST O I " Sl'KClKS. Ilah. Rlimlii iHlniiil ; Houtli Citrollnn ; (Imirgin; Kloridii. Hub. N«w York; Now ,Iiir»i>.v. Hub. South I'ai'uliua ; OcorKln ; V'loritU. lliiU. liliixlo IhIaikI : IVinmyl' vniiin; Sotilli Cnrolinn ; Floriiln. lliib. Ulioilu IhIaiii'. Desmldlum npli'.noiiiinn. Ih,'h. Hub. Bontli Carol iim ; fieorsla. <|iinilrnii):ul.iliim, Kiz, Huh. Smilli rnrolliin. Snurtiii, .1'/. Huh. Atlniitio Stalim. Aptogonlnm Hril.yi, Ralf». CoBmarlum AiiHvnmn, IWt'b. I>ii»'ii1nliiiii, linh. I^ilrytis, /loiy. ISuHiissoiiii, Mm. llroiinit'i, Thw. r.Tlntnm, iiulfH. conimiKsiirali', />'i'b, co*i!iatuin, ItiYb. ortMi.ituui, li'tlf'x. cui'uniitt, Cnn/ii. niKrgnritiforuin. 7'Hr/i MeneglitMiii, llr/h, ornntuiM, /ui//5. ovftU', liulf's. prrsmiilatiiin, Hnb Onimbyii. H'fiiv/. 8uMolt;ituin. I'lt'h. sulMirbiouliin', M.ioi/. tctroptlialmuin, A"/». Tliwnti'sil, l!iilfs. miiluUilum, Coi-rfd. Baaat.-nm afBni!, Rnl/s. ftiu|mU.ioeuiii. liulfs. Iliifi, Rlioy. llnb. Flori.1.1 : Ulin.li. Mnii.l. Il,il: HIkmIk IhIaii.). //el/'. IVniisylvanin. Huh. \Vliili< Moiiiitiuiis, Now Hainpsliiro. Huh. r<>nnsylv:iiiia ; (tcorgiji. Huh. near Alltany, Ne'vv York ; t'!>utli Carolina. Ilnh. Wliito Moiiot.'iiiis, Now llampsltiro. Huh. Florida. Huh. UIiihIo Island. Hub. Now llaiiiimliiro; IViiiisyl Taiiia ; South Carolina; Otiorgia; Florida. Huh. Florida. Hub. I'oiiiisylvania ; South Carolina; Florida; Mexico. Hah. Por.nsylvanla. Hub. IthivUi Isl.and. Huh. IVnnaylrania. Hub. IVnn9ylvania; Ot'orgia; Florida. Hub. iipar riiiladelphia. Huh. KIumIo Island ; (ioorgia ; Florida. Huh. I.ako S.11'0, Now Ilaniiv Hliiro. J/nh. Now Jorsoy. Huh. Florida. Huh. Rhoile litland Sonlh Carolina. Huh. South Carolina ; Oeorgia. JIuh. Siuth Carolina ; Florida. Euutnim. Mnalo, y'lir/i llab. FloridR ; Pennaylvantn ; Rhndo Inland. Hub. Rhodn Inland. Huh. llnitod Htaton. Hah. Sonlli Carolina; (l^orgla; I'onnHylvania; Rhode Inland. Huh. I'nitod StatoK. Hah. Rhodo Inland. llab. Florida ; Rhodo Inland. 1/ub. tinea I.ako, Now Ilamp- nhlro. ohlongnm, /iVniY/c Jiuh, Rliodii Inlanil. orn.-itnni, Hhix/. //oA. Saoo IjAj •, Now llauipnliiru. Kallsii, li'ahriih. Huh. Sonth Carolina ; New llanip- nhiro; Rhodo Inland. Torruonsnni, Khr. Ilah. Rhodo Inlanil ; Sonth Carolina ; (luurgin ; Florida, oiroulare, llatial. orannuui, Ihyh, Uldolta, Turp. ologann, llr/b. goniniatnni, lli/h. innigno, /i'ii//s. innltiiohatnni, W'oixl. Mloraaterlu Anioriuana, AVird. arcnata, Huilri/. llailoyi, llulji. dontii'ulnta, llifh. dinpiitata, Wiwil. t'xpaiiKa, liuiUy. flnihriati., Ilul/t. foliacoa, liuilry. rnrcala, .!(/. grannlata, H'oih/, Jonnori, Itulf'n. onoitann, /t'ii//ii. pupillifora, llr/b. pinnatindn, A'':, qnadrata, iiuilry. radiona, .!.\Vorilon'n I'ond, Rhodo Inland. Hah. Atlantic Staton. 7/n/i. South Carolina. Hub. noar I'hiladolpliia. Hub. Florida ; Uluxio Inland. Hub. Florida ; liliodo Inland, Hub. Hub. Florida. //../.. Florida. Huh. Florida. Hub. near Princeton, Now .lomoy. Hub, Atlantic Statos. Hub. Ooorgia ; Florida ; Rlioilo Island. Hub. Saco Lako, Niw Hampshire. Uttb. Qeorgia ; Rhodo Inland. Huh. Florida. Hub. Rhodo Inland. llab. Florida. York ; South Caro- lina, dllatatnm, Khih. Hub. Sonthorn Atlantic Stales, enstophannni, Rulfn. //oft. Went Point, New York, furoigernni, lir^h, 7/iift. Soutli Carolina; Flor'da ; Rhode Inland. arachno. Half's. arintiferum, llalft, Cerliorns, //iiiVcy, crenatuin, Hullry. cyrtocernni,r(ir., Ilri'h. dejeotum, Hr/h. Huh. No I I. ' mmsmm UKOU KA I'll IC A r I; I ST () I' S I' K (.) 1 K S. 2a3 Btauraktrum giaoilo, JlatJ'ii. liliHUlii'ii, /Hirli II^Klrlx, 'lal/ii. IiUWisil, l)Vm(/. l<>llglH|lllllllll, Alill. innrKirUniuMiiii, A7ii7i. iiiiiiiiluiii, H'nm/, Inutloillii, /Ji/^h, nrl>iciiliir», llhih. Iinrndoxiiin, Miy. IMilyiiinrplium. IMilytridhtiin, /Vr. |iiuivtiilntuin, llri'li. lliivoiiiillli, H'oimI, Hi'iiiiriiiin, J'ilirh. tiicoino, Mill. Iliib. Hoiitli Cardliiin; (l('l>^^in; Florida; N(tw York ; IMiimIh Istiind. J/iih, Klorliln; lllioiln Ixliiiiil, Iliih. Itliodo IsIiiikI. Iliiti. Su((! I.iikii, Now lliiiiipHliiro. l/ith. I'lorldii. /lull. Hnco I.nko, Now Ilniii|>Hlilro. //nil, Hnoo l.nkii, Now lliini|mliiro. I/ah. HoiiUi r.iroljiiii; Itliodu Ixlitiid. /I„h. lihndo Inliiiid : I'oiiiirtj'lvniiiu. //nil. Kiioo I.iiko, Now llnin|mliiro. //nil. Morida. //nil. iM.jir riiilftdi.lidiin. //nil. roiiiiHylvaniu. //nil. Koiilh Cnroliiwi. //nil. Ainorioa. J/ih. (loiirgia; Florida; Uliodo Inland. Xiiiithldium .'ii'iiloatiim, ICIirli. .Ai.lii'(!on, /^liili. aiiiiatiiin, /Infh. l>is(Miariuin, /■:iirli. oi'ii4taliMii, /Irtfli. voronatiiiii, /■Hull. faseioulatiiiii, /.'lirli Artbrodeamns ooiivcrgoiw, /■.'lull. Iiioiia, /lii'li. ootooornis, /-^/irli, c]ua(lriduii», W'mnl. Iliili. iioar Pavaiiimli, (loornia //nil. North Aiiiorioa //nil. Honlli Carolina i Florida; New Ilanijifliiri'. J/nli. Auu'viin. /Inh. Poiitliorn Atlantio HtatoH. //nil. Aniorica. //nh. Sontli Carolina; (loorgla; Florida; liliodo I.slaiid. //nh. Poulli Carolina; (loorgia ; Florida; Itliodo Island. //nh. (loorgia; Florida; Houtli Carolina; Uliodo l.slaml. //nil. Flori.la; KIkkIo I.Hlaiid. J/nh. I,ak« Saoo, Now Hanipsliirc. Bplrogyra niajiisi^ula, /ilt. nitlda, />ill. Iiroloi'ta, iViiiul. liarvlH|iora, H'ooi/. piili'liolln, HVim/. ipilnina, /I7, rivnlarlM, l/n\mll. HolifoiMllH, /illth. \V(diorl, Kli. Zygnema inxigiio, //n.iml, oriioiatnni, Vniic/i, Slrogoiilum ri'trovi^rsnni, d iini/. MeaocarpuB Kttalarirt, //nmintl. |>arvuluH, //immll. Pleurooarpus niiraliiliH, //rami. J/nh. noar I'liilnilulldiln. J/nh. ntrnr I'liilailolplila. J/nh. noar l'liiladol]ihla. //»;>. Illlmrnln, Florida. //nh. noar I'liiladidpliia. J/nh. near I'liiladolplila, //nh. Florida. J/nh. noar I'liiladolplila. J/ith. nuar I'liiladolplila. //nh. Uliodo Ixland; noar I'liliit- ilolpliia. //,(/-. Virninia; Florida; Noitliorn Staloh. //nil. noar I'liiladoljiliik. //nh. noar I'hiladi Iplila. //"/'. Uliodo Inland. //nh. Ntw York ; Ulioda Inland ; Miulilgan; VVlHoonHiii. Family ZYONBMACEVE. Bplrogyra cransa, A'/j. duuiiuina, A/ul. diliita, W'oiiil. dnbia, Kiz. elongata, /lirl: insignis, //os. longata, Vancli. 30 October, 1878, //'/'■. noar riiiiadolpliia. J/nh. noar I'liiladolplila. Jliib. near I'liiladolpliia. J/uh. noar I'liiladidphia. I/ah. near I'liiladolpliia. J/nh. near I'liiladolpliia. //«)K(M«^i;WJR' > '«(»» Mt si's 2:31 Conferva. 0 10 O (J It A r II 1 (' A I, I, I S 1' O i' i^ V K V I K S. Family CONKHUVACIwE. Drapernaldia jtliiiUDSii, \''ntcfi. Hub. Uiiilid States. ' Chwtophora lliiii. iii'iir riiila. lUiniK' l.-ilaiiil; Koiilh Ciii'iilinn. Cladophora liniuliystt'li'i'lia, Hull. Huh. near riiilailt'lpliia. fiacta, /'(//. Ilah. IViiiisylvania ; Ni'W Viiik ; Uliiiilii Islaiiil. PlUula t;lliia. Class RHODOPHYCEiE. Kamil.v roUI'lIYKACK/li. Porphrydium criii'iitiiiii, Aij. iiingiiiliiuiu, H'm'iI. Huh, Nii\v York. /luh. 'I'l'xa!". Family ClIANTKANJ^lACI-ii:. Cbantransia 1./. Fainilv CIlROdl.in'IUF.K Cbroolepns luai'rospora, Utttnl. JIuh. Hear I'liilaililpliia. Huh. Soulli Carolina. I'amily liATHACIlOSl'HltMACK^'E. aiiicum, Ki:. Huh. Nov YoiU ; N,\v .Icrsi'v : BattachoHpennttm Bulbotrlcbia all.i.la, \\ou,l. Texas. iiKmilifdiiiii', H.nli. H, Rocky Miuiiitains. Iliiviatilis, A;i. Huh. Alal.ama. toailosft, Holli. //«/'. Virginia : Kcninoky ; I'lMin- sylvania ; Ni'w .Iirsey. Drapatnaldia Dilliniisii, Wmitl. Huh. near I'liilailelpliia. glomerala, Vunrl}. Huh. Klicnle Island, maxima, vur., Il",.,.lor SiisswnHser Alguii. llt'goiislmrg Flura, 1*^.;:). looiuw Algaiuiu liiiidpicariim. Liiipzlg, 1828 :)5. Agardh (Jakob Oeorg). ObaerTfttloiier pa Hporidii.nii's liirelo.' Ikiii ilo criiiia Algeriie. Stmkli. Ao.iil. llaiiill., 183(i. Beoliaclilungt'ii iilmr din Hnwi'giiiig dcr Spdiidicii in den giiiniMi Alguii. (Tian»laUon.) llci'un.sburi; Kloni, ISlll. Didiag till iMi iio;;graiinnr« kiimii^dom af prnpngatioiis— (iin.incnii) \wA Alg.iniu. .Stockli. Acad. Ilandl., ISilU. ObrtiTvalidiis stir la propagation duM Algii.'S. (Tiaiis- lalion.) Aniial. do Suiun. Nalur., vol. vi., 'H:'iJ. Anftiloma, ctt iiytt slilgto bland AlgoriiH (Anadi'tna, genus uovniii conforvoaium famili:i!). Stoikli. Aoad. Ilandl., 184i;. Algologiaka llidrag. Ofvoraigl af KonUl. VH(!rJpli<)n of n new t*pt'('i»'« of Mu-inHti'rtiiH, with ri»- iii.-irkrt on t)u* iltHtii)rlJi>ii litttwiM-ii M. rotat:t ( I!'''"**) aii.t M. ilenlii'Ulatii (llriM).). DiiMiii Nat. llUt. Hoc. I'roc, Tul. iii. Mieros. !^oi'. Jtiiiin. ii., Ih(i2. DiMoiiptioii of a now 8|i('i:ic'8 of Cosninriiiiii (ConhO.of StiiiirnHtrinn (Mo.vt'ii) ; of two now HiH'cioH of C'lo^to- rinni (MUscli), nml of Splrota'iiia (Itn'li.) Ituli- lin Nn(. IliHt. S<(il!. An iMidmivor lo Monlify I'nlmoi^liv.'i ninciwooca (Kt».), with iloHcription of tho plant lntlit'VtMl to lut nit>;tnt nnil of ft now npocioH, both roforrililo lo tlio ^onnK ArtliioilosninA (Kliili.). Dniil. Nut. Ili.'itory Uoo. I'too. iv., ISliJ. Ilwlwigift, l.Hiil. Po!*i'iiptioii of ft now spooiort of foHniariinn (ronla), nnil of .\itliriiilosnin8 (Klirb). Diih. N.it. illHt. Poc. I'loo., iv., lHti2-a. Olisorvnlion on Mii'm*loiias M.ili.alMilo^lmari'nsiii (IIoli- 8on), an>l on Pooidinni pi'Istiiliu (llol»on). l>nlil. Nat. Hist. Soo. I'nii'., iv., 18(i'J-ti;l. Jliinisropiual Jonrn., N. S., vol. vi. Posoriplion of n n(»w npooios of DiM'idinni from llonj; Kong. Dnlil. Nat. lii.st. Soe. I'loo., iv. Micro soop. Jomu., N. ^^., vol. vi. Posrription of two now Hpinrios of Cosniarinm, of P«- niiini, anil of Artliroilcsniun. Alicro.Hoop. Journ. N. S., vol. iv., lloilwigia, 1,S(14. DoHiTJption of two now spocios of Slanrastruni. Mi- croscopic Jonrn., N. S., vol. vi., IMill. On ft now iionus anil spucies of Dosniiili.ico^e. Ibid., N. f., vol. vi. On some oases of nlmorniftl growth in Ueainidiaorie. Ibid., N. S., vol. vi, Ardissone (Franoeaoo). Eiminorazionu dullu Algho dolla luaroa di Ancona. Fano, IS6li. Areschoug (Johann Erhart). IV Ilydrodictyo utiionlalo. I nndio, l.'^SO. Uobor dio Vorinohrnnnsai t dos \Va.isornotzo.s (l!,vdro- Moidoanx, ',\ Horios, toni. iv. Olisorvalions snr I'Orijanization dn iC.vgnoina orbicularo, llassal. Wessiona doa Congria Hcientiliiiuu do France, xix., \!>5'2. Bailey (John 'Whitman). A skolob of llio Infnsoria of the family Baocilaria, with sonio acionnt of the most inlorosting Fiweios which liftvo boon fonnd in n rocont tonr in tho LI. States. Aniorioan .bniinal of Sciences, First Horios, vol. xli. V- 1^4. Vol. xlii, p. 8i<. Vol. xliii. p. 321. Bailey (John V/'hltman).— roiifiriHci/. t>n simio now .(), ^7. liotanisho Zeitung, IH.'iH. Bur l;i generation sexnidio dos .ML,ues. Annal. Suleu. Natnr. (iiot.), lome v., I.s.^iil.' lloitrag /nr Keniitniss der Acldya picdifiM'a. Itotn- nisclie /eitnoL.', Is.'i'j. liber (lie Copulation der Oosnildiacien. Berlin, Mo. tanische Zcilung, l.'-.'iT. liegeiisb. Flora, IS.'iV, p. (iiid. sisid). Khoinlaiiiio omi tTesijMiao'MS. ITnliTsnchnngcn iili; r die Familio di'r ('(Mijngatcn, Li'ipzig, \b:<». I'bor (lie Algongnttnngen (Mdoiioninn) nnd Hnlboidia^te, Verliandlnngen dor Sonekonberg naturwissen. (lea- pelachaft zu Frankfurt. I}^.'>4. Bi'ilrag znr Kenntnisa dor Noslm^noeen, insbesondero di r Hivniarioen. liogensliurg Fboa, lS(i;(. lMnii:e none Saprolognioen. I'ringshoim's .iahrbncli fiir wisaona. llotanik, bd. 2, IWild, p. l(i;i. Bary (Helnrioh Anton de) ci M. 'Woronln. Heitrag znr Kenntnisa der Cliyti'idio'n. Freiburg, lsii;t, al>o llericlite der nalurforschendcn (iesell- aoliaft iu Freiburg, Unnd. iii., lleft. il. Bauer (Francis). Micniscojtical Observations on Red Smnv. Tint .lonr- nal of Science and Arts (Uoyal Insl. lir. lir.), V(d. vii., ISlll. Some expitublu I'liniHitiKin UhIics. (Innlt'iior'H Cliru- niclu, IHU-I. Aiiimldu Bulmi. Niitiir., vol. ii., v. .'^ur. Nolu on tlio reuoiit (liHiovorlc.s in icliitlon lo tlio Micio- goniilia of I'ViwIi-wiUir Algiu. Juiinml of Liniiuim Society I., IHfiT. Blasoletto (Bartolommeo). DIaloiiiiii Al((li(iniloro«rt, Uolmr (Miytrrdium, olno Oattunu cinzolllger Soliinarot- zorgowiiidisri anf Algon und liifuHoricn, Abliand- lungon ilor K. Akaduiuio dur WiSBonrtuliaft zu Dorlin, iH.5r). Uobor niMio Artcn dor Ciattung f^liylridiuin und UImt dio daniit vernaiidto (lattnng Kiiizidiuiu Monalsboriulit. IH.III, ji. MJ. Uobi^r finigo mikrodkopi.scliuu Algon. liotanisalio Zoitnng, IhUCt, I'obur I'rolocouH pliivialis. Botanlsolie Zuitang, 185(). Brebisson (L. Alphonse de). IloHoriptiomlo deux nonvoaux gor.ros d'AIgniiH (Iiivia- tiloM. Annalosile.i Si;ience.4 NutnrMlIcB, IS44, vol. i. LIslo dcH lli'sniidit^'os oIi-htvics on llasso-Norniandio. I'aria, Isriii, avoc 2 jilancdi. ; al.so Mum. Soo. Suieno. Nat. do Cliorbonrg, 1«.'')4. BrobisBon (L. Alphonse de) et Oodey. lguu.4 doM KnvironBdo FalaiBo. Munioires do la Ho- ciuto Acaduudiine du Falaiau, (Hot.) IH'M. Brongniart (Adolphe Theodore) ei Bory de St. Vincent. Biitanli|Uo dn vnyau'o nntonr du ninndu snr la Coquillo. Crvpioganios, vol. ii. do IhxIh, avoo all.iH gr. in folio, du llKi planoliuB color, ut uoir. I'aris, 182!). Brdgger (Chr. O.). Ulster llerioht iilii'r daa klidnsto l.obon dor rh;Uij»cliHn Algi'n. ,)aliri'.'

  • 'rl('lit viii. ilur natnrforsobrndon lli'.-cll.scliaft (iraubUnduns. Churwaldon, It^lJU. Bnsk (Oeorge). On lli« fltrncturo of Volvox ploliator, MicroBcopinal Transat'tionH, vol. i. On Ibe occnrronf-o of Snriiiia vi-nlrirnli in the linmnn Btoniacli. Miuroscopi ■ .loinn., vol. i., 1842. CandoUe, Hoh De Candolle. Carradori (Oloraochino). Di'lla traimfioniazionudol Nostoc in Troniulla voirncona. I'rato, 171)7. Carter (H. J.). Noto (jii a Bpocii'H of NoHloo from Sind. Jonrii. of I bo llonibay Hranidi of tli« Koyal Asiatic! .Soiiidy, v., IH.'jfi. On Kccnndation in lliu two VoIvimm-s ami tlioir HpiiMllu iliiroroniMW; on Kndurina, Spongilla, AHlaxia, Knglioia, anil ''ryptoglt'na. Annalx and .Mug. Nat. lli^t., IH.'ill, p. 1. On I'Vrtiliitation in Kndorlna idogan.i and {'ryploglona. Ibid., iMfiK, p. 2:)7. On xpuoillo cbarai-ti'r, Kcrnndation, and abnorni.il do- velopnnnit In (Kdogoniuni. Ibid., lNr)7, p. 21), Cams (Carl Oustav). lioitrng zur Ooscliiiditu dcr nnliv Wansor an vorscdiio- doui'ii Tliiorkiirporn hIoIi vrzingendi'ii ^'I'liiniioi'l- odor Algongattnng. Nova Ada Aoad. Cum, Loopold.- (.'ar. Natur Cur. lid. xi., lionn, 1823. Caapary (Robert). Vi'rniidiriingswoiso von IVdiastrnm elliptiuum. ilotanisbo Zoitnng, viii., IH.IO. Dewriplion of a ni'W liritisli Alga belonging to llio geP-tiH SobizoHiplioii. .\nnalB of Natural History, vi., ISfid. (Jubor llio /oiMporon dor OattungCbrooli'pun. Iti'gHns- burg Klora, l!'r)7. Hurlin Itotanisolm Zoitiing, IS57. Till. ZoiwporoM of CliroolipnH. (JnartiTly .lonrnal iif Miuro»i:opioal .Si-ioiioo, July, ISfi!). Aiinal. .Si:i«u. Nalnr. (Hot,), vol. ix., ISOB. (TrausIatBd from Wb- gunsburg t'loraj. Ceaatl (Vincenzo barone). Uobor dio Viriiiebriing von Ilydrodiidyon ulriiiilalum lioth. lli'dwigia, 1^,''<2. Chauvln (Frangols Joseph). Obsorvationn niiiToynopiiiuH sur la Conforva ziinata. MonioirtiB Sociulu l.innoonno do Noiioandio, lH2ti 7. ObsorvatiotiH niifrosiiopiijuo snr la niodo do roprodnu- tion do la (.'oiil'orva rivularis. tio.iBiuns des C'ou- griM »i;ienlilii|iio do l''ranui', IH:il!. Kxaniiin coniparatif ilos Ilydrophylos nnn artiouli'ou do lii Franco ot de TAiiglotorro. Ibid., ls:i. Kt'obiToliiiB sur rorganisation, la frni'lifii-ation ct la (dassilii^ation do jilnsiours gonros d'.'ilgiiHS, avne la dosuription do (lUoiiino espei;ea iuoditoa. Caen, li.42. Cienkowskl (L.). Algologisho Htudiuii. llotanisolio Zuituiig, 186C. Uobor einico oliloropliyllbaltige UlOBOoapBou. Hola- nisobo Zeitnng, 18(15, p. 21. Dio I'sHiidogonidieu. I'ringslioiin'H Jalirbncli, Hd. i., 18.')8, p. ;)7U. UliizidiumConfervtBglomBratie. BolanistlieZeitung, 1857. Cleve (P. T.). ISidrag till kiinnnlomon om .Sverigos siitv.iltonsalgor nf f.Tinilji'n Dosniidie.-B. (ifvers af k. Vet. Akad. Foihandl. Arg. 20, .N. 10. Ilodwigia, lsi;4. Oin do Svenska nrtorna af Sliigtet Vaiicdieria, De Caiid. Stoekbolni, IWiH. Ilodwigia, 18ti4. Fiirsok till on inonngmn ilfver di iSvonska arterna af aUonfainilion zygneniaro.'e. Nova acta Keg. Socio- tatis Soienlaruin Upsalionsia, 18(iS. lakttagolaer iifver den livilande (Kdogonium (fKdogo- dium Sporens). (ifvera af k. Vetenskaii-Aknd., p. 247, 1804. Translated in Micnwcopie Journal. ^^ wmmmk 2:JS \\\ li I, I ()(J 1! A I' II Y w Cobii (Ferdiiiancl Julius). /ur 1,1'lim viiiii W.'ii'li-tliiini liiT l'l1;in/i'ii/.iiUi<. Arail. CiDM. l.(M>|iol(l. Nova Actii, wiL, IsW. Niiililrii-;is zur Naliirxi'si'liiclile il«a I'nilocMU'i'ua iiivali.s KlJ, lliiil., xxii., 1«17. IJi^lii r clli> Knlwicki'liiiigsiji'scliiililc iIit ril.uucn/.i'lln. Iliiliorsii'lit iliir Sulili^sisL'lii'U (luitulUulml'l fur viUir- l.'iuilisuhii Cultur, IH-lll. TclpiT lilutiiliiilichi' l''ililMin«i'ii diirili mikrii«lWl. Ucliei- Kt'hnunir tliT Zvyni-ni ■en. llclitTrtii'lit ilt-r HchlcH. (li.sitll. fur viU.Tl. Ciiltiir, iJ^Tii I'l'bor I'rot(UM)('('ii:( I'l'iist-u-t'us Ktz. Hfhvi^ia, isril. l'iittM-suclinni;i'ii iiltiTtlif I'jttwii-ki'Iiuii^si'i'Si hit-litt' 'Iit niikioskopisilii'ii Ali-cn nnii(ii.I., xxiv., I^Tit. Micni*. S.ic. Joiirii., iii., l.'^.'i.j. Ui'liiT ilio K»rt|illan/.iin)! von Spli.iiropli'a nnnnliii.i. Monal.slu'riclit ilor k. rnois. Aka.l. \Visii (ilior lUni Han nml iliii rdilpltanznn,' v. Uiid., l.'^iili. Miuro.sc'oj). .Tourn., N. 8., vol. vii. Crouan (P. L., ""'' H. M., Iimilifis). Ohsoi vaiions nii'Tosi-tipiiini'.s snr Iti goiiro Mi'so^Ioin Aij.'(rdli. Aninil. :j>.'iiin. Natiir. (Hut.), vol. ill., I^.l.'-i. Olisfrvations niit roscopitjui's nnr la iliss6ntinntion ct l.i Ki'rniinution ilos liinocarpis {;l n»r lu Cuiifuivii xvululata. lliid. vol. x I. Nolo snr Ic giMiro ,'^pirnlina. Mi'inoiii'S ili' la HoclrW linpur. ill's .'^uiuii. Nat. ilu t'liorliourn, il., Ih.'il. Curroy (Frederick). On Mi'phanosplia'ra phivialis. Miurn^ii'opiii Jonrn., vol. vi , iK.'iS, p. l:il. On Koinii Hiitinh I'ro.sli-Wator Al^m, llii.l., p. '2iiT. Dareste (CamlUe). MiMnoiri' snr la roloration ilo la nior ilo Cliiiui. Annal. Wiion. Natur.. vol. i., l."-.')!. .Mi'iiioiro snr los Aniniali'iili's rt aiilrcs corps iirfianisoH tpii ilonimiit a la nnir nno uonlmir nni^n. Annal. .Siioni'. Nal. (Zool.), l.'-fi.'i. Davalne (C. ). Con ervt' p;irisilo snr lo f'vpi inus Carpio. Mrinoirori du la Soil, do Hiol(ii'- London, IS ISIO. i Dlppel (Leopold). HoitiiiL'o /III- l.iisuni; dor Frau'o "Koninit dor Zilltnoni- ltr;in Idns oin WaolistliuTn von Anssoii nacli Innon zn, odi'r liosilzt diosxilio ziiiili'ii li oin sololics von Innoii naoli .Anson. Hotanisolie Zoilnni?. ix., Ih.^il. Znr Prinior.li;ilscMaU(:Iifi'age. Uotron.slnirg l-'Iora, xxxix., Is.'ii. t'olior ili" I''oilpllanznni; dor Vanolieria so.ssilis. liouoosh. Flora, xxxix,, IS.MI. Dio Aliton. Ktnmrs Dont.scliland I'lora, 2e Alitlioi- Zolltlioilnnj; dor I'lotlnix znnala. Aliliamlinngon dor ■ ■" ■"" natnrforsoliendon liesollscliaft zn Hallo, 1S(;7, p 4:1. Druce (T. C). Lncoa, On Iho roprodnrtivo proroesos in tito ("^onforvoidom. Micros. .lonrnal, IHiiH, p. 71. toniio, ls,;7. Utdier ('lilainydoinonas niaiin:\, Cilin. Ilodwij;ia, 181),'). Comelli (Francesco). 1 Inlornno alio .dglio niiiTo-i-opioho d. 1 Or. R. Hiasolotio ■ K.-laziono. U lino, 18:i;i. j Corda (August Karl Joseph). Olxirvations niii-rosi-opiipo.s snr los Aninrilonlos ilos ' oanx lliornialos do Carlsliad. Alinanaih do f.irlsliad, ICo annoi', 184ii. 1 lung 1S211-:12. Corti (Bonaventura). O^sorvazioni hiicrosoopisclio sulla TronioUa. 1774. ilUHi ilHIIIil 111 11 1,1 UU K A I'll Y. '2M Duby (Jean Btlonuo). llotiiiiiciui (Jiilliiniiii. Tomo ii. I'mU, IK'IH, Hln^iiliiir iiinilo ilii iiiuUipMintliiii ilii I'uiliiiHtiiiiii i'lli|i- tlriiin. tlu|i|il(iiiii'iitit l.'i l!ililioUii'i|iiii IJiiiviiixi'llii ilii (iMiiKvo. AnOiivud iloH tiuiuiic. Nut. ut I'Ij^h,, toiiiu xvil., isr,!. ItiliriicliK'tiim ilurt AIkhi'H. lliliUiillii'qiiu UiilvuiHcllo liiirt Soiuiici'H. Uuni'V«, vt., IhlJO. Dufour (Louis). Kluiiuu dullu Al)jliu dulln Ligiirlu. DulBn (A. B.). Uoiiitt ni'i'oiint of I'rotoplfiflin. iHllli, vol. iii., N. a., II. 'ill. OiMiova, ISIM. Mkrosuoii. Jounml, Famintzln (A.) imil J. Dor.inotzky. Ziir Kiil>virki'liiiiL'-f;'"*'liiililci ilcr (ioiil.lii.n iiiiil Zmm- por.'iiliil.liiiiK (liT I'li'ililmi. Mciiioiifs ilo I'Ai'.iiliniiiu liii|>('i'iulii (liM hiciiMiucK (111 HI. ri'ti'ihlpomg, Inii7. Dill \Viiklln^' ili'H l,iii|iti.rt aiif AIkimi uiid I'lnl^ju iiiirliTi- iliiii'ii imliii viirtvandtii (lift.'iiil.siniiii. riiiigKlii'liii'it .liilii'liiu li liir WIssKiiH. Uotaii. Ilil. vi. Inlliii'iirii ilii III liiiiiiiTii nrtilliiHllii Biir l» Spiro^'yra llillio-|iiiii. Aiiiiiili'rt (loH Scii'iiii'ii .Niiliiri'lii', vol. vii., Im!7. Ijilliii'iiro ill' In liiniiiTii Hiir In inovdniiiitili'.i Clilniiu'ilo- iiioiiiirt, OriuillHioiiii, ka. Ibiil, Duoluzoau (J. A. P.). lisnni Hiir I'lilHtoiro iintiircllii ili's ronfiitvun iIoh Eiivl- roim ilu Munlpulliur. Moiitiiullior, ibuj, Dujardln (F£11z). llistoiro Nfiturollo dua Zonpliytos, aveo pi. 22, I'liriM, 18-11. Hur qnelquuij Vi''((utniix InfurlniirH ot purlliuliiT, piir In NoHtoo. Anti.iliiri Kran'.aiHt'M ut Klr.mm'rH d' Ana- toinio (it du I'liynlologio (l.auiuut tt Itaaili), I'arirt, Ehrenberg (CbrlBtlan Oottfrled). l)lo liiriiHioiiKthiurclji'ii als voikoininene OrgaiiiBniRii. Mit 111 Tafidii. Liiip/.iK, ISim. MlkroskoplHchfl Aimly.Hii dit) ciirlundi.'<(dii'ii Midior- papicr.i von l(!K(i tiiul I'jliiutt'nmi^ dcKsi'll't'ii als iiiii I'ldliiit jiilzt lelii'iiiliT Conrurvuii mid liilusoileii. Mit 1! Tall-Ill. Uui-liii, IK:)1). ViTliii'lhiiii.' iiiid MiiilliiiiK dcs inikroskopisc'lion I.'liiMin in Siiil- imkI iNord'Aiiii'iikn. Mit4 Tal'idii. Hi'ilin, !«■!;). .Moniitslii.riulit diT k. rnius. Akad., IMI. I'a.Hsat Klaiili nnd Illut-IIdUi'ii, iiln uriiH^i'S nriraninidK'H iinsiclitliari'H Wlrkcii nihl l.i'liuu ill dcr Aliiiuxpliuru. Mil 7 lafi-lii. H.irliii, lb-Ill. Mikioniciloj^io. Unsi KidiMi mid Ftilson sclialToiido Wir- ki'ii di'H nniii litliar kli'innii KelbtiatliiidiKiiii I.uIkmih niif diT Kiile. Lidpzlif, IbB-l. Niilist KorlrtHt/iinR (llontin 1-22). ani'lli«t, 1^51), f;r. fol. KM Hi'iti'ii.mirniit Uuiauhni^litid nii-ljl lu'i'iidigt. Ui'lmr din si'it 27il.'ilu'nr nochwolil erlialtt'nt'ii Orgaiii- Katioim-l'iiiparato duM niikro.-)k(i[)iSLliou Loht'iirf. Mit ;i Talcln. liiirliii, 18ti2. Ziir Mikroiic'ologip, von Cliiislian (lotlMi'il Khroiilii-rR. Si'iiiiT Majiistiit Kiiediiidi WIIIihIiii IV., Kmiig von I'liin.-iMim zuKKHigiiet. Kin ninl vii'izig 'ralVIn mit iiliBr vlortnnaund gros.^Hiitliuil.-i oolorirleii i''if;iireii,g«zi'icli- iii't voni Vi'il'a>isiir. l),m'lli»t, IH.^i-l, gr. fol. 31 SfittMi mit -U Talelii und 4U liliitluni duzu gidiurigur Krkllirmig. MikroHcojiisolio Aliji'n nnd Hryozoa als Bculfiter d«r iin FoinMstoiii KussiliMi Infiisorii'ii. MoiiatMbi-riiditB k. rrt'iirts. Akad. WisaiMis. zu Diirlin, IsiKi, p. 114. Uoliorsiolit dii.s Mikrosoopistdion I.ubunii iu Californion. Ihi.l., 1S.V2, p. 423. llpiliag 7.11 li.'sliniinnni? d»s Stationilron Mikro.s. I.idmna in III-- 2(1, null I'ihs AI; hiiIiuIk!. MonaUbur. Akad. Wir-.-iMi. 18.')«, p. 420. [l''or a fiutlii'i- lint of inicroscopio papi-rs liy Elirenlieri;, 1(1 donhltt i-iiliiniiin, ,si'« U«i!i.-v^lt. Hitznnclierichle der Matln'inat. .N'-ittirwissi'ii. Classo der KaL-ier. Akad. diT WissiMisi lial'tun. Wieu Bd. vii., 1851 uud band I viii., 1852. ' Fischer (Leopold Belnrioh). lli'ltiiigu ziir Ki'iiiitniHH dor Nnnlooliaoeen. I85;t. Dor NoHtocliaceon. Botaii. Zuitnng, IS.'i;), lluilln, Fleischer (Johann Oottlleh). Utibi'r rroIororfiH K^siMi-pi'iHioiims Kill/.. Wiirlrinb. .lalirb. xvil., p. fi.'i. Flotow (Julius von). , Clii-ooli'piH Koibnri. I'w. Botanisoliii Zillung, vlll., I8r,(). Flotow (Julius von) "'"/ Ferdinand Julius Cohn. Ucbur lIoinatoiu'ocUH (I'rotocoi^curt; pluvialin. Nova Aula, Bonn, 1843-185(1. Focke (Qustav Waldemar). riiyrtiologirtidiiMi Sliidicin. lli'ft i., 1847. Ilrft ii., lHri4. Brciiicii. Ubor (111! (.'opulalion diT Haiiillarimi nMl DciniidiacBBii- Itugensb. Flora ut lluilin liiitan. Zuit. 1^57. Frauenfeld (Oeorge /Hiirr von). Die Algi'ii dcr daliuatisihun Kiiiito. VVien, 1854. Fresenlus (Johann Baptist Ooorg 'Wolfgang). Uibur .^idiiuroplua aiiiilina. Uolani.-iilic Zuituiig, 1851. Uebur den Ilau nnd das I.ubuu der (JacillarlBii. Mu- seum Kuiiukuiib.. 3 liandu. Ucbcr diu Algoiigattiint;('ii randoriiin, (Minliiin, nnd I!a- phidiniii. Abliaiidlniigun iSeuckoiib. iiatuili. (jub- Bul«cli., IKST. Fries (Ellas Magnus). Hystcma Uibis Vigutabilis. Pars 1., I'laiila! Ilonmno- muui. l.undit', 1825. CorpuH Floranini ]ir(ivini'ialimn Suuciffi. — I. Flora Suauica. Upsalim, 1835. Gaebel (B.). liuitrag »nr Kcniilni.ss der H[ierinatozoidi(^n. ll(,>dwigia, 18IJ8. Oalllon (Benjamin). K-scai sur les cauHex de la oouluur virto de.-* veiilri'.i. Uouen, 1821. Apur(;ii d'liistnirn natnndio et oliservatimH sur Ics liniitu.i (pil sf'parent Ib regiie vegulal du regno animal. Boulogne, 1838. Oliservalioiis niicroncopiipiPR et pliysiolot'lijiie.-i stir I'lJIva iiitustinalis. Precis Analyti(iuu dus Tiavaiix de rAcaduniiu do Ronen, 1821. Oliservatnnis iiilero«copl(|Ue9 sur le Conferva comoides. Dillw. Am. Hci. N.at., 1824. Olrod-Chantrans (Julius). Uecbcrebcs clilniiiiiies "t niicroscopiqni^s snr les Con- f»rves, BisBBS, 'I'romBllBS, etc. Paris, 1802. ii ii M I t 'vMO OlllMip H|ii'. \,«', fiftuHA i>l Kiilliiiiii Algnriiiii. Ooslhs (Jolinim WolfKniiK vniil. Millli>'iltiii>:''ii inn ii>ii ilt.m>ll'M>lt(iri nil ViiIi'iUikIIhi'Ik' I'lilliir. Ilri'nliiii, IhOH. OoocUIr (John). (Ill llio I'liiifMivii nlilili i-i'Kotnlx* iMi llii" iiklii iif (111' (I.O.IIIhIi. AiiiiiiIh nil. I Wnf. Nal. IIIhI., vnl. U., IMU, |.. :i;i:i. Oiavnnhorit (Johniiii Ludwig Cliiliitlnii). Kliili;t. ("41. Oiny (Joliii Bdwnid^. l>ii 111!' .'ll^.1ll^|1|n<'nl of llio K«iiiilii':i nii.l llio iloniMii of ('liloiii.<|M'Miioii4 Al^l«. AiiiialH Hiul M.'ii;. Niil. Ili^l., l.xiM, |>. IHI. Orovllle (Robert Knya). SoIIihIi (•iv|i|Oi;lllilii' I'lom. U.IIll(ilir(;\l. IS'JIl l!'.l. Otlinih (John William) ■m.l AiMiur Heiifroy. Mii'r«i;rii|'. I il. 'J. i.iiiiil.iii, IsiiO. Oitinow (A.). H|n-tMim'n l-'loijr i'rvploii.iiiin* Soptciiilii^nliiiiMii Alriv .VI««'lii'll \'oi'i>illH, l.si.l. Ilii* lli'Mllli.lju'oi'M llDtl IVill.-lstriMMl rlnh;or (iNh'iroi I'liiM'lioii Mooro. iit'l'st l>illi^l'tl Hi'iih'iktiii^ioi iilior Itoitli' l'';iiiiilii'ii nil ,MI>:oiiiiMiioii. Voili.'iM.lhiiu'oii ilrr k. k. JoolO};. liolillli»olu'll (ll'Kl'llHoll.lft l!l Willi, ls.■.^. I'l'luT iii'Ui'oiliT inimMuimMiil gi'k.nmilo Algi'ii. Iliiil., l.T.H lIlU'J. I'i'Imt ilii* in II.TliiinliorsIs 1>i>i'ni1i>n nuBitcpiilnMiiloii r^iisw.l'j-^i'r Pi.-itoinniri'U iin.l lii-siiiLliai il von ilor IiiM'l ll.'iiika. \>'. Ual'i'iilioint'x llt'ilra);i'ii, llut't il., Loiivi^, lM..'i. Bannovet (Adolph). rol'or rino roiil.iiiiiiso CoiifiTVi'iiliiMinii; .Tiif iloni Was- M'lsalaiiiaiiilor. Ari'liiv liir .\n;»loinio, rii>-siolo_niit, uii.l nis.*i>iisili. Mi'ili'riii. (,.i. .Million, \S.\',}. Foriiori' KrliiiidTiiiii; ilor ioiilai;irison ConrorviniliililuiiK au( rio!.ilioii iiii.i Was.'^i'isnlainan.lt'rii. Ilii.l., l.'.'i|. ToNt ila.-* Voili.illoii ilos Zollki'Miii lioi ilor ZnlliMi- tln.ilui'.i;. IMil., l^-.'.-l. Hi'itiiii:i" «Hr V.iitwiikolniKsgiisi'liiililoilor rilanji>ii/.<'lIo, Hotanisi'lu" /.oilniii;. l."-...'!. I'ol'or .lie roiijiigatioiiiior S^iiinigrron. Rugviiabiirg, Flora. Hanrey (William Henry). M;iuual of llii> BriliaU AI^i.t. I.oiiilon. 1S'I4. Hntvny i Wllllnm Ilonry). - ''o"(i»«i Ii. iii'iniii Ali'iiiiiin. A Hmloiinilli' ('alaliu'iio of nil tho (liiii'ia, Mnilniiniiil I'iokIi hiiIoi. IiiihIoii, lNi;ii. riivriiln^iin Millniinlin. or n IIIhImiv of llio IIiIIIhIi Koa u Ih. i.oimIiiii, i»-rii. NoroiM lliiriMillH Aini'ili num. I'arl III. ClilniiiHiii'Miiini. HiiiilliHiiiilnli ('oiililliiilliiiii*, , HnaanI (Ailhui Hill). oli.'i'i valloti'i on llio iti'iioia /.yiiniMiin. 'r,viiilaililoai, ninl MoiiKi'olia. Willi ill' .i'ii|itli>tH 111 now H)ii- xliilo^y of llio I'loHli.waloi AIkio. Milil ', |H|-i. Olinot vntioioi nil llio ^l!>' IM'I ). Iloiiiorkiiiiiioii liliorilai Slnilinin nml ilio IUilor.ilillii uniilnlit. Uunrliirly .Iciiiriiiil iif MlriiiHiii|>ii III Hi'liiiii'H, viil. lii,,N. H., |i. ;i-<.l. (ll»iilli'4. Ilil'l , IHII'J. IllllobiniuU (rrniis) llt'liiir I'lii ChiiMili'iMM lull /iMiM|iitri'nl|,|iii|ullil, I »^l;l , |i. Ilil. Mil tlllllHiillii /,<'llllllK, INdl, M.vltolnKlMi'liii lli'ltrllM" (Ai'lilyn, Ad.). I'rliixiiliuliii'H Jnliiliiii ll llll WixHIIII. Iloliiii., lid. *l., |i, 'H\t, HlUn (Dr.). lli'llilltMw.111' Aliv'ii O'i'l llluliiiiiiM'ri k'liii'lii Hi'IiImhImiih, liiHlMmciiiil4>iii Hlnililiilin. Ilrimliiii, IHlill, Hobaon (J.). Ncili'H III! IihIIiiii llcmnlilnm. Ml<'rniinn|ila«l Jiiiiriinl, N. H., vol. III., |hi;:l, |i. |i;h. HolTinnn (Jiikob rrlacUloli). hi'illi'liliiinrti l''ltirit Mtlt.r llolanhii-lMiH TfiHclMMllillrli. 'rmiiH II. ri'y|itit^iiiii<-ii. I'iildiii^i'ii, 171'.^. Ni'iiii lliMiliMi'htiliiici'ii lilicir Mik'Ii'iImii irilt llllnkiiliilil iilir IlKiiiiiittliiHiiiMitiuii'ri. lliilHiiliiuliu iiulluiig, IHIKI, |i. Ilil'l. Unfmelnter (Wllliolm rrlntlrloh Donodlotj. Ili'luir illii Mi'i'liiiiiik iImt I'i|iIii'ri «l<>.( hiitlll lil'ilnr. lltoilli-llllHrliMII Vi'liiilM til IImI.I.'IIixik. IHi;.'i,il.l. III. Ki.KnllHlilMK Khun, iMiiV, |i. 7. Ili'liiir cllii r(iil|illnii/sIk, ItnrliHitii Ix. IHrr/. Ann. Nnt. Hint., I HUH. Bookor (JoRopli Dnlton). I'rylii)l Mi'liinior|ilioHii cliir nli'ili.rnn vc'Kctalilll Ht-liou (>rf{iinlKniini, Novn Aotii, ]1<1. x. iHltl. lIolK'riIlK I'lntHl-'liini); und Mi>tiiinor|>lii>m>n ilor iili'iliinMi Vll^lll hull Oi'gnnlKinon. i{n);iiiiKli. I'liirn, xvlll,, iM:ir>. Huaemnnn (Theodora). Ho Aiiiinullliiii rt Vii»(«tulll>iiH In ('or|>orn lliini.ino |i»r.i HltniitiliuH, DimtartatluliiiiugarnllH. llurollnl, \s;,^. Itzlgaohn (Hermann). Krv]>loKiuiiliiiilii>r UrHprungilnr MinHini'ii. Ilot.'iiii'iidni /.iiltniiK, X., IKri'J. Hiir riCxiHtiincii iln» BpornmtownclcH dnim cvrUinon /Mkui'H (I'linn iloiiiiH. Aiinnl. dim Huiuii. Niitur. (Hot.) vol. xvi., inna. llolmr dio Hpornnliildimn ilnr Ohn'tniilioron. Botanl- huIki /iiitiinK, X., IMt'i. Ilidicr Hlotlirlx cylliidromiw.i, lU. lltidwIglK, ISriZ, nnd Ui'Kiiimliiirg Kliira, iKfi'^i. riiykoIoHiHulio Htiidii'ii. Nova A"ln, ls.'i7,l.d. xxvi. Kkl//.«ii 1:11 uincr l,>'lii>n!iK»Hclii»tn ili'n ll.ipaloitlplinn Itiiuinii. Nova Aiaa. limin, IM. xxv. Al((oloKiHi:lHi Mlltlii'iliinKcn. ^iltJiiim? dcr flemdlHcli.ift UftturforsidnMidiT Kmiiinl" ?.n HiTlin. Nov. lI), lHli7. Sixiinmtosplmiriiiii nnd HiM>rin,'ito/.OL'n iler Hplroijyra arcta, Ktn. l!.,lwi.'la,'lK.''.'2 ai Octobor, 1873. It.ilKanlin (Hermann). ('•>niiiiHi,l. lli'iii4>rkiiiiM *" Ulvulai'la kIk"'i'""i ""'hI. Mild., IHri.l. Ill Iwr diHrlil>rlil« nppntnl Tid Hplm. ^y I II nnd idiil^i'ii aiidxrn I onltn vmi. IIoIiiiiIkuI a /oIliinK, 1**^'!' IMi) NuHtoi! hIaiiiorpli'Mn. llild, Dili Koilpllnn/iiiiK dxr llni Html Ililil, Mill Wiiit oliir llyiilodiiuia nnd tllnrnntHtlaii, Mild., IH,',:!, p. dhri, llidinr d|i< H|iiihIi. Klorn, IH.MI. i^nr I'lntwIi'kidiin^uttrfrlili'litM von ('ladofporlnni linrlia- roiii. lli'dwiKlii, l><.'rniiitft/oi'lijirin. ni'Ki>imliiirR Klorn, lH:i;). Ilt'ltrnit 2iir KkiiiiIiiUm UIht iIIii Kiitsli>liiiiiK' iiml McU- in<>r|>)iti''tt iU\r iiitult'rn vi^MidiiMliricht*)) Or^*iinirtini>i), Dclmt eiiiiT HyHti'in.itl^i'liiMi ZiiHantmcnrtttdliiiii; ili^r hifliiir ^Hliitrigt)!! iii(*Mi AlKi'iironiiitii. l.iniinDa, viil., \nX\. AunnUHi'l. Natiir., ii. (Hot.) Is:l4. I'l'lmr SplinMotiliiH iiat.tiH, oliin iiuiiu HlUnwaM.scritlttu. Miiiiitn, viii., Ih;13 lloliiir Uliiiiiiioina, Agli, lleliur t>iii« iiimih (lattiing il«r Cuiifittvauuuu (Ulutlirix). Iti'gttuab, Klura, xvl., iHas. UiibiT ili« Hililuiig orgaulM'lior Mati>rii> wUsmirigiiii 'Itlia- liarl>i*i'tlni!tiir. .loiiriial ftlr ]trakti.Hi'liM Clit'iiiiit (HiJiuaiiii), I., I'^iU. V^'n^alllllllll^ dor .Mii'roeyntln iinilirlim. Klz., in Aly- K|diii'rlavliioilua,Tiir{iiu. Ui'gHiinbiirg Flora, xvii., IMH. Ulu tTinwaiidliing nledurer Alg<-nfnrnii>ii in liiiliore, an wio aiu'h ill Oattiiiigoii ifiiu voriieliii'iioiioi' l''aiiiilioii und Klaiiaen hiilioror i'i'y|iU>)(aiiioii mil .lolligoiii ilaii. Naliirkiiiidigii ViTliaiidl. van dn llollaihi. Maatii- I'liapiiiJ dor Woloimoli. iH llaarloiii, i., l.^^ll. Ui'lior uin noiioH Ilolrydiniu (H. Walliotliii). Avad. CioH. Loop. Nova Acta, xix., 1^4-. Kx|ioKitiuii «y»toniati.|Uo doH gonroH ot d«s organlnrntm vi'giHaux inr^riuiirs. Aiinalo.t dva Buiun. Nat., vol. ii., 1834. Fonuatioii dn gonro Ulutlirix. Iliid ,vnl. i., 18:14. OlHorvatlona 8Ur k< gonru llloiononia, Agd. Ibiii. I'liycologia genoraliK odor Auatoiiilo, I'liysioUigio und Systuniknndu dor Tange. L»i|i/.ig, 1843. Phyoologia Oonu.inioa. Nordliauaon, lK4.'i. H|ifeie8 Algaruni. Loipzio, 18,'ii). Talinlm riiycilogicTPodor AbliiMungun dor Tange, Hand 1 bia XV., tuit l.'iliO Tafoin. Nurdliausun, lti4.^i-18(iti. Laooate (C. M., van der Sande), m W. r. R. Su- rlngar. Niinw ItMscbroveiiB on vooroiuo llnra nionwo Zoolwater- Wioron, verzami'lJ iu Druntlio, ll-Un, .lull, ISIi!!. Iiandsborough (David). British Sua- Woods, witli Nolo.-! of the Fro-sU-wattir Algie. Loudon, 1857. Laurent (J. Ii. M.). Noto snr la roproduction dii VoWox globator. Paris, Soo. riiilom. I'roo. Verb, 1848. Sur lea deux aortea de coris roproilnctonrs dn Vol»ox gloliator. Ibid. 1849. Nolo sur lo Volvox globator. Comptos Itondna et Lea Memoiroa do la SouieUj de IMologie, l^.^O. LawBon (Oeorge). Report on liio Muscl and Di'sniidioa> rolloolpd dnring a trip to We.«t Lomond Hill, Fife. I'rocoudinga Kdin- bnrgli Botanical Soo., IS.I.'i. On Macadamia. a neir Oenus of Protoaro.'e. Trana- aotioiH of tlio Kdiiib. Bot. Soc, vi., ISIill. Note on I.i'iiiaiiea v.iriogata And. liiid., lS(i3. Kdinb. New I'liiloaoph. Journ. xviii., 18l>3. Xiswaon (Oeorga).— ronfinnnJ. (In tlio Nirui tnio mid liovolopiiioni of nulrydiiini granii- laliim. I'idiiib. llotaii. ^u(l. Tiaim., vol. vi.,p. 4:11. Lebtat (B.). NoleHiir b'lt Coiifurveii fpii croUiiont daiirt Ion barialnaiU ri'tabliaHoiuvnl thoriuul du Niiria. Ibid. Ib.'iO. Leidjr (Joaeph). On tlio oxHti'iK'o of Kiitopliyta wllliin liealtby aiilniala a!4 a iialnritl oondilioii. Pioo. .Ncad. Nat. So., I'iillail., 1818-11. Aiinala and .Mag. Nat. lliat., I8MI. A Flora and Fanua williiii Living Auiuiula. Huilth- on. Coiitribiitioiia, |8&;1, Leapluaaae (O. ). 1.,'rt /nosporo.H ot lea anllieroioldoa den AtgiioH, liiatolro do la deooiivorto, dn iiionveiiiont ot doH I'oiii'tioiia pliyniologiiiiiea do uoa orgaiiua. Act. de Liun. Hoc. du ll. I|i7. Llnke (Helnrloh Fttedriob). Ilaiidbiit'li /iir I'likoniiniig der iintzbaraten mid am buiitigatonvorkoiiiiiioiideiiOowiioliso. Bt'rliii,lh'J'.l 33. Llnne (Carl von). Syxtonia Natiniu. (VuriouK editions.) Lobb (B. a.). On tiio Sidf-liivision of Miornstoriaa Micro.s. Hoe. Tiaiia. ix., 1801. On ('oainariniu radiatnm, Microacop. Journ dentlonlata. 9., Liidera (Johannea B.). Uobor AlHtaiiiiniiiii; nni!liin A|i(iliiKiaii i:iin«ii('(i«. I'«t«vll, Ii.'IT. O'liiil nulla orKitiHiHrnlU u II.HiulogU il«||« Aluliii. I'liiiiivH, ih:ih. HyiiopilK DHHiiililnariiiii liuoumiiia oogiiltaruni aiiulorl. I.hiiiinn, IM-tli. M(>llcl^rll|lllia NiMtiH'liliiKariiiii Ilnllduniin, mlilitii Hpn- ciliiiliiii lie lllviilnrlii. MiMiuiliiMlulla Itualii Au(wi>l- niiihi iIhIIu HciiMXii dl Tdriiii), Ih42. Alghn llnlluiiH « Uiluitttiuliti illuatrat«, I'aJov*. 1H42-Jil. ' Uettenhslmar (C.)> Ui'liiT l.i'ptiitlirlx (HlirncHii, Kta AlilinnillHiigen Sulio- kHiili. iiiitiirr. lliwi'Mw-liiilt, Alilmihll. lM.'i7. M«yen (Frana JuUua Ferdinand). Uplinr (IIh xlKfliitlilliuliohii SiirtH-HcWMKHiig In iliiii 7i«\- lull ilur I'lluiizuii. Aiiiid. Civrt. Luoii. Nuv» Auto, xlii., IsJii. Krltinc'ho lliHtrllgo lum Btuilliim !i. Loop. Nova Acjtn, xiv., IhUh. BeoIi.iolitiiiigHn Ulmr «lniinolitiingcH niotrt snr le Nostoo prnniforino, ofp&co noii- vidln, tnnt II la fiiis pour In Kloro Kramjais. Uuvuu llotaniipii', !., IH4.')-il. Kxploratiou aciontillipia d« I'Algyrle. Algnea. Paris, lH4(i. Uub«r ThwaitDsIa, cine neuo (iattung doa Algun. Ro- gHMHburg Flora, 184ii. Vn di'rniur mot snr le Nostoo ednlo da la Chino. Uevno Uotaniiiui), ii., 184(1-7. R<;nunilo la Sou. do lliii- logiB, 184!). Nolo aur la station insollte (In qnnlqnea Flnrldfkia dana lea uaux doncBS et courantea d«s rnisstianx do la Ouyauo. Conipti's liundus, 18.''i(>. Sur I'algue di'fl oDnfrf do limace. Mem. do la Soc. niolog., 111., IH.Il. Sur la coloration rouge dea substancea alimpntalres par la prC'.sonco du Monaa prodigioaa. Mom. du la Soo. Biolog., iv., 18.52. RfisumCi dt'rt observations faitea pur la rubufaction (lea oaux ; auivi d'nno note du M. Alpli. I>o Candollu snr la diatinetion des deux riignua orgaiiisi5a. Itibl. Univ. AruhiTua, xix. 18,'>2. Montagna (Jean Ftangola Camilla). — CuMd'nuo^ Note nur di'ux Algnea ijulh pendant lea expt^rlenue iln KouxKhiganlt, reiutlvea a I luitlon ilu aal|HHr« aur I* vegi'tatlon. (!oniptea Iteiidnn, xlll., Inljll. Hylloge geiiuruni Hpuulernnii|ne Cryploganinrum, qnaa In varliH opurlbua dvaurlplaa lu(Millin«>iUe IIIUHlrutna, nnnu ad diagnoriini rednutaa, nonnulUai^uu ituviia InterJiitaaH, utu. I'aria, IhrMi. Montagna (Jean Ftangola Camllle) < i Rayer. Nouvellu un|i^'uu d'Alguu duua lea urluua, Muui. Hoo. Uiolog., 1H4U. Mod -Salnot (Tboraaa). l.tfltru nilH^ive a un »len amy aur le aujut du fait pro- diglenx [dune] plnye lougu uuiuuiu aang. I.a Jardin Sununola. tiuna. llii>4. Morren (Auguate et Charlea F. A.) Ueoliurubua pbyHiologi>|Ui'H Kur lea liydropliytes de la Hul- gli^ue. ile Mumoire, eontunaiil lea rculien^liea phyHiulo- gl'inea, botanliinua, iiH>lovi(|Uua, et clieiiiiipM'H aur rinllueneo tprexeruent la tnuiiore, Itta alguea t>t lea animaluulua de couleur verte tl:in/.unij ih'r Allien. lir\iiin. .l:ilii<.-hi'H iiatuiwi.vs. t?i'i:l.. \>M. I1[i> Aliii'U Miihrriis nml SihU'su'US. Vorhaiiciluiigi'ii cU'3 iiat'.iiforsi'h. Vi>ri>iuua in Ihiinii. lSii4. Algoliigisrho Notizi'ii. Ilotaiiischi' ZiMtunu, It^Cil. Unhi'r iliK (Jri'iizi'ii unci Hi'iulirunu'spuiictf ili'S Tliicr- reii'hs uud ilur I'llanzeiiwell. Hriinn. Verhanill., i., Nees von Esenbeck (Christian Gottfried). Heiiu'rluiiim'ii filler rdufiMva in.aiMilis vhl O.nferTa .Tgagriipliila. Hfgeu^lmi),' l''hira, 1>:'4. \ -IH. Ui'lii'r eiiu'ti lilaii-rotliMH Karlislnir liiT aiili lici dcr ZiMsetzuug viMi Osoillatoriuu UiMi't. Jouru. ile I'harmacii', xxii.. 18110. Nicoluccl (Giustiniano). I>(i iiuilins.liim Aluis a.iiia> iIuKia. Neaiwli, 181:5. ITitzsch (ChriBtlan Ludwig) licitrag jur Infusorii'iikun.li' (uliT NaMulnsi'lireihu:i){ ilt'i Zakarioii iiiul ll.aiillarit'U. Halle, 1S17. Nylander (William). Niitula circa Spcnnosiram ct Noilnlariain Algaruin (;i'ii«'ia. Auual. Scion. Nat. (Hot), vol. x"., 18'il. CUrsted (Andreas S.). lii'retuing om en Kxcursion til Trinilclcn, en alUivial- (l.mneise i O.lenseljdril. Kjiibei^iavun, 18-li Olivi (Giuseppe). lii'.r riva alroimriuirea. P.-idova, 1793. PeriiU. I'eluT ilie Refruihtunj; un>l ilen fieneratioiiswechael rganeini Tliier- nii'l Pllanzenreiolie. N'el'>t l-jiirter- .;ngHn iiher t^porozoiiUen, liifiisorieii. nn-l 11 u-ill:irien, und iiher din Klen.Hntarstruutur der Ilaleyni'i'lla llu- viatilia, var. Nynipliae:e. Hern, 1848. Ueher den uefiirhten Sehnee des St. (lotthard, vom 111 — 17 Keh. ir-roK Ihi.i., 1^.M.. Znr Keiintniss kleinster I.ehens.'nrinen .inch B.in. Fnnc- tioiien. Systeiiiatik. mit Spei-ialverr- ;chnias iler in der Schwiiiz bcobachteteu. Mit xvil. lilh. Tafeln. Bern, 1852. Sulli) Alglie viventi uello termo Kuganei, l.ettera. Milano, 1817. Feteratein (J.). Uelier das Stutliuni der Stdiwiiniuie nnd Versuche die- aellieu aufzubewalireue, (Katereichi.'iches Uulauiiichu Wiichoidilalt, Isfji Fetrovsky (AndrS). utudea algo](igii|ues. Annal. 8ei( n. Natnr. (lint.), vol. xvi., iMiJ, Bulletin yo.iely Iniper. Nat. do Moscow, l8iil. Anlwort auf 11. Wnlsseo's Biimerkaiig. u lu den fetude» algul. Ibid. 18(12. PoUlnl (C'ro) Sulhi Alxhe Milano, 181 Fringsheim (Natan). Uidier Keiniung der rnheiiden P|Hiren nnd liber eine l*\irni beweglichcr yjioreu bei 8pirv /yra. Uegcna- buig Flora, 18.'!'.;. Uelier die Herrnchtung und Vormehruiig der Algen. Berlin, .Monatsbericht, 18.'i7. Uelier l''ort|ill;inzung von (^trlastrnni Naegeli. He- gensliurg Hot. Zeitung, l8ri2. Ann. f^ci. Nat. (Hot.), xi., 18.'');!. Uohcrdie Hef. "chlung uml Keimnng der Alueu. Ber- lin. Monatsli. der k. Akad. der Wias. 18.^.'i. Ann. Nat. Hist., Is,..'!. Aui!. Kcieu. Nat. (Hot.), 185,'). Mio. .lour. vi. 18.'i8. Uelitir die Hefruehtiing und den rieiu'rationsweclisel der Algen. Berlin, Monaisb. der k. Akad. der Wisa. 1857. Micro.-'.copioal Journ,-tl, 185H. .\nnal. 8ci. Natnrellii, vol. v., 185il. Beitriige ziir .Morpliologie und Systenialik der Algen. I. Morphologie der il'Vbigoiiien. Jahrbuch fiir wia- aena., Botanik., Bd. i., p. 1 1. II. Saprolegnieen. Ibiti., p. 284. III. Uie Coleocbateen. Ibid., lid. ii., p. 1. IV. Nacntriige znr MorphoUigie der tSa|./olegnieen. Ibid., p. 205. Velu'r die PanerscliHiirmer des Waaaernetzea urd einige iliiien verw.-indle Bildungt>n. Berlin Monatsher. der kiihig. .\kad., ISliO. Ann. 8ei. Natiir. (Hot.), I8ii(i. Joniual Microscopical 8ci., ii., 18ii2. Nachlragzurt'rilik nnd (ieschichli lU " Uiilersiichnngeii uber das Algei'gescblccht. l'rings,'ieim"a Jahrbuch Botan., ii., I81IO. Prinsep, Macaire, et Marcet. Analyse de la neige rouge du Pole. Menioires de la .S(x:iut6 d tleueve, Ton.e 4, 1828. Pritchard (Androvir). .A History of Infusioia. including Desnuiliaceni and Pia- toiuacea', British and foreign. 4lh ed., neariy loOO |iagea. 40 pi., mostly Uiatuiua uiid Infusoria. Lou- ilon, 18U1. Rabenhorst (Ludv7ig). Dent... lilands Kiyptog;inie!i-fl(>ra, oder llrviidbucli zur Bestininiungdcr kryptog .lischen (teHitclise I'cntsch- lands, der 8chweiz, des l.i ..bardiacli-Vei'.eti.'inisi hen Kiiiiigreicha und Istrieua. Band ii', Alg.'u. Leipzig, 1847! Beitriige r.nr niihern KennlnLfa und Verbreilnng der Algen. Heft i.. mit 7 Tafeln. Leipzig, 180:), Kelt ii., mit 5 Tafeln. Leip-ig, I8ii5. Sysleinatisclie I'ebersieht .' f ,iuf meiner italieiiisehen Hei--e beobachteten Kryptog:' men. Kegeiiahurg Flora, ipJO. Die Algen Pachse.ia. Dotaniach 1 Zeitung, 1851, 2, :t. 8-si-i;o. Frklarnng .'.-r Tali. ii. mit Ppirogyra olivnacpna U., yiroaipbon p.'i*'nifornils, Kl.'.., S. tornlusns nov. ap. uud l?cy' 'iivmu aaliabuigenau U. lludwigin, 1853. BIBLIoaUAl'UY. 245 RabenhoTst (Ludwig). — Coniiuurd. Ai((()l(>ni8ohe!i Cmloauiii (KiiiUusa ilur Dainpfuiaaoliiiiea auf J'.u lluruii). Ibid. KryptogauiBii-llora viii) Sai:liaBii,ilur Ober-Lnii«it2,Tliiir- iii);uii, 1111(1 Nui'illMilimeu, uiit ltorai;k«iuliti){UiiK >lur biMiaulitburuu Iiuudnr. Kratu Abtbuil. LuiuiiK, 180:). Speoios novio Algarum. Ili'dwigia, 1854. Heiting zur Cryptogaimiiifliira Kiid-Afiiuas ; I'ilie iiiid Algmi. Allgum. Utaitacb. Nat. Hist. Z«it., i., lijOS. HiiiiiHrkiingiui 7.11 (ibsmv.itiim dea Ctrea uiicroacopiiiuo do l'.ituio.Hpliuru tunealre, M. A. Uaudriuiuiit. ibid., 1«D5. Kin iiHuea Tradigium (I'aliutiUa uiriaos). Ibid., ii., ISba. Ralb (John). Tbe British Desmidicm. London, 1848, On the (lenera Kpiuulina and ColcoohiBte. Annals and Mag. Nat. I'ist., ISlfi ami 4ti, p. 308. Note on t'oleooIiiBtB acnitata. I'li.vtologiat, ii., 1845. On tlio llritisii Di'smidcie. Ibid., 1844, pp. 187, 2M, 4ti5 i 1845. pp. 141), 401. Koniarks on tlio Species of Desmidiuiu. Ibid., vol. xi., 1843, p. 372. On the mode i.f growth in Oacillatoria and allied (leiiera. Ann. Nat. Hist, iii., lt;4i). Hdiuburgli Hot. Soo. Trans., iii., 1850. On tlieinodoof growth in Calothrix and allied flcnora. Ann. Nat. Hist., iii., ]S41». Kdinb. Dot. Soo. Trans., iii., 1850. On llio Noatocliineai. Ann. Nat. Iliat., v., 1850. Kdiiib. Hot. Soo. Trans., iv., 1853. Ki'inarka on niokii'ia. Ann. Nat. llist., viii., 1851. Kiinl). Hot. i:7,p. 111. Dio Algontlora di'S inittliMoii Tlioilcs von Krankon. IMagnosiMi von ein nnd fiinfzig ontdi'.'ktoji nein-n Ar- ti-n nn.l droi nouen Uatluugen. Mit 13 Tafeln. Niiniberg, 1807. Ripart. Keiherolios sur I'organization du gonro laonioria Ktz. Ann. Sui. Nat., 5 avi. (Hoi.), t.ini. vii., 18U7. Notice sur los Alguos loooltoa, >to., dans lea Pyroni's. Hulletiii de la ^-'w. Uotanicnio de Frauue, vol. \v. Avril, 18(i8. Observations sur lo Xlougeotia g.'iinlloxa, Ag. ot snr la foruiiition do acs fiK)re3. Aunal. .SL-ien. Natnr. (Hot.), voi. ix., 1SG8. Robin (Charles). Note sur la presence de la Sarcine dans V(vi\. Mu- uioires de la boo. de Uiologio, 1854. Rose (August). I'eber Hnlbochirle Retigera. Iledwigia, 1852. His most important juipers omitted. Rossman (Jnllns). leber Irin-Saroina. Rogonsburg Flora, 1857. Hemerkuiig iiber Sarcina Welckuri. Viiclioiv Anbiv., xiv., 1858. Eiuigo NaelitrUgo zu dein Verzoichniss dor WetteraiiiT Algenvon 0'. Thevbutd. Wettera. Uusell. Jalirosb. 18U0, 18U1. Roth ( Albrecht WUhelm). Tentamen Florio geniianiuie. Leipzig, 1788. Hemerkniigen iilierdon inueron Han di'il'onfcrven und ilirer Vermebrungsart. Schrader Jourii. Hotanik. i., 1800. De Conferva verticillatis. Schr.ader Journ. IJotan.. i. 1800, Obaorvaliona on tlio liivnlarieai and tlio I'lanls allied to thi'ui. Annals of liotati/, i., 1805. Sohacht (Hermann). Die .'^peiniato/oidiMi in I'llanzenreioh. Mit 0 Tafeln. Hraniisobwoig, lsi;4. Nat. Ilislor. Kov., I8t;4. Uoher dor Zellstolliidcn. Hullotin Soc. Hot. Frano. im;4. Retsohy. I'eber TreniBlla noatoo. Regeiubnrg Flora, 1847. Rlohter (P.). Doarription of Pleurotsnium nobiI«n. an. iRKr, 18(15. Iledt ■>g'*, ScbaSher (Dr.). Uober Identitiitderl'Vnati'rniidSclileiniliautConfervon. lii'geiisliurg Hotanisclii. Z.Mlnng, 1844. Ueber'Schleinihaui Coiiliirvon. Iliid.. 1845. Ueber die fosailen Al -en im griinen Jaspis. Ui'KeiHb Flor., xlv., 1859. ' ' Schenk (August). Uelier lias Viirkoninien von Iiifusoricn im Dnrmranal dor Schineisallii'go. Viroliim'a Aivliiv, xiii., 1^5S. Algologiacho Miltbeilnngen. WUrzburg Voihandl. viii., 1858 ; ix., 185i). Ueber das Vorkoinmon contracliler Zellen im I'llnnzeii- reiche. Wiiizburg. 1>^58. Zur Kenntiiisa d.T geacbliiii hen Fortpllanzung dor (lattnng VanoliHria. Wiirzburger uaturwissen. Zeit- achrifl, vol. ii., p. 201. Scherer (Johann Andreas). lU'obaclitnnneii iiber das pHanziMiiiliiiHoho Weson in den Karlsbiiden und Tiiplitzor WUssorn. Drosdiii 1787. Schmarda (Ludwig ITarl). Kli'ine Heiiriige «ur Niturgesohiolite der Infiisorien. Wien, lS4t>. >i f! '. i II i 'i ^ 246 BIBLIOailAPUY. Schneider (Anton). Syinliuln) ml liifuHoriortim Ilistnrtani imturalem. Diaser- tatio liiaii^uraliH. Uiirliii^ 18r)4. liuitriige ziir NaturKesuhiirlitu ilur IiifiiHorinii. Mul- lur's Aruhiv., 1804. Auu. Nat. Hist, xiv., 18!i4. Sohrank (Franz von Paula). U«lier iUm Oscillatorieeu. Nova Acta, 1S23, Bd. xi., I.. 522. Bchultze (Max Slgismund). Iiiiii're Bt'WtiguiiKHerBt'hHinuiigen bei Piatomecn (lt>r Nordsce auH dcii tJattiinm)n CoscinodiMuus, l>('iiti- cella, Kliizosolt>iiia. Mullor Arcliiv., 18r>^. Jourii. Microsc. Hoc. vii., IS.")',). I'elier (Uh lii'Wi'gunj! lU-r Dintoniwn. Rclniltzo's Ar- cliiv. fiir Micrnscop. AiiatoiiiJH, IStlO, p. ;!7'>. Das l'rnt»i)lasiiiailur l!Uizui>uJuu unci dur I'llanzeiizulluii. Leipzig, 18U3. Schwedener. (ioniilit'ii uiid Fasern vieliT Flecliton Btclien iiidit in gtuiutisclieiu Zusaiiniienltaiigtt Bonilt'i'u l<-t/tt4 uiml Wuulutriiiigtni von Pil/faileii atif Al^tMifoniifi). Vi"rliauilluii(,'i'ii allguni.iSL'liwuiz. uaturforsch. (iBSBll- Boliaft Kliuinfc'lduii, ISUT. Secondat (Jean Baptiste, /Inmn do). Stir uiiH espt'ct* Ulva. qui i-ruit dana la fontaine boiiil- laiitt! do I'aix. ObsLTvatiuua. Tarin, 1700. Shuttleworth (Robert James). Nouvolles oliscrvatioiia sur la luati^re eolorante do la in'igo i-ougo. Itibl. Univ. xxv., Is40. Kiliiib. New IMiil. Juurii., xxix., 1841'. Frorit'p, Nutiztiii, xvi., 184(1. Simony (Frledrloh). Uober ("ladppluua Sautt'ri. Veiliandlung. des zoolog.- bot. Vcreina in WiiMi, lid. ii., It-Oil. Smith (/ir. WilUam). (IbstTvatioiis on tbe conjugation of Closteriuui Kliron- bergii. Ann. Nat. Uisl., v., 1800. On tbo gfrmiuatiou of tlio sjmu'o in Conjugata^. Ann. Nat. ilisl., viii., 1801. On tlu' stidlato bodies oiMUirrhig in tho celU of Fresh- water Alga:. Microbcop. boc. Traus., i., 185:i. I'bytologi.st, iv., 185J, Stein (Frledrloh). Anfdie KntwiekeUnigs-Oescbichto der lufusioustliiere. buijizig, 1604. Stitzenberger (Ernst). Notizen iibor Protococcus cruataceus. Iledwlgia, 1800. Ueber die IV'riodizitiit iui I.ebeu der Piisswasseralgen. c-pirulina und Artbei-ospira, u. gen. Veibandhingen derallgetn. Hcliwoizeri.seben . Note sur les spores de iiueliines Algues. Ibid., 184"). Note anr la .syuononiio dea Ulva lactuca et lactisjiuia. liolanische Xeitung, l80il. Ueber none Algen bei Cherbourg. Ibid., 1801), Observationa sur la reproduction de quehjues de Nosto- cliinees. Cherbourg, Mem. hoc. .'^ci., v. 1807. Auu, Nat. Hist., ii., 1808, pp. 1-U. Thwaltes (Oeorge Henry Eendrlck). t>n an app;i."ently undeacribed state of tbe Paluiellen^, with a few remarks on germination iu the lower plants. Aunala and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ii., 1848, p. 312. Description of Coccoehloris BrC'bisonii. A new species of I'almella) in Conjugation. Ibid., 18411, p. 243. Moile itf Hie formation of spores iu a species of Vesi- culifura. Ibid., I84ii. On the early stages of development of Lenianea flu- vatilis, Ag. Trausactioua uf the Linuiuau tioo., ISOl, p. 3yte der Algengattung Leumuea. Mit 4 Taielii. Kt. Oalleu, ISC 4. Watts (Henry). On tlie Fresh-w.itor Algio of Victoria. Transactions and Procuudlugs of tUo Royal Bocioty of Victoria. lt)U5. Weber (Friedrich) und Daniel Matthias Heinrlch Mobr. Naturliistorischo Uoise durcb einen Tlieil Subwedens. Gottingeu, 18U4. Weiae (Dr. J. F.). Resultate v. vergleicliendcn mikrosk. tIntnrsnchnngon vou nitihr deim 30 vcrscbicdencii I'robeu dcr Bog, tiohwarzen-Krde. Moscow, lb&&. Welwltsch (P.). Systimiatisclie Acifziililnn^ der Siiaawanser Algen tJnter- iJstcrrciclis. Ablia.idlungcu dea zoolog. botan. Vcreins, Wicn, ]sr)7. Synopsis IJostocliiuuaram Austria iuferioris. Wien, 1831). Wlegmann (A. F,). Uclii'r Kntsti'liiing von Kntomoslracfien nnd I'odnrnllen aus tier rricr^tlryai-lieu griincu Materit*, Vrrwaiullnng derselbui) in kryptogainiscbe (iowiicbse, nml dn-si-r wiodcr in din obeu gi'nanntuu Tbieru. Nova Acta, Bonn, isai, Bd. x., p. 717. Fortsutzmig. Ibid., lid. xi., p. 541. Willan (Robert). Obaervationa ou the Sulpbur-waltT at Croft near Dar lingtou. [A couferva dosoribed on p. 9-10.] Williamson (W. C). On structure of Volvos globator. Trauaactious, vol. i. Microscopical Wood (Horatio C). Notes on some Algffl from a Ca'iforninn TTot-Spring. American Journ. Science, vol. xlv., N. Series. Prodromus of a Study of Nortli American Fresli-Water Alg:c. Transactions of tbe American I'biloaopbi- cal Society, June, IbUlt. Wyman (Jeffries). observations anns, JJntun, 212 Aptngoniiim, 126 Aptogoniam, liaileyi, Ral/s, 127 ArtUrortesmus, 157 convergens, Ehrh., 159 incus (BrSh.), 158 octocornis, Ehrh., 158 quadridaua, IKooJ, 158 BAMnrsixA, 125 ]!r6l>isdonii, 125 HatrachoapermacftB, 217 Iiatrachn>iperni IlKTKRnrYBTS, 23 llyalollura, 124 ilisillicns (Smilli), 124 iinuosa (.I/.17.), 124 llydroiiiot.voii, !12 >. •rioulatmn, lltilh, 05 nyilr()j-aatroa\ 17't Uyilniiiastruiii, IV'i ^ranulatum {Linn.), ITT) Ilydriini!", 22ii p.Miii'illatiH, .{■/., 227 iKciili'iitalis, //(irr., 227 IsTMMl.H, 123 l.stllm»^2 sejunctuni. W'uoil, 53 Mastinnihrix, 55 fll.rosa, Wmul. 55 Meri.-iinopeiliu, 14 oonvoliita. Ih-t^h., 15 plaiu'a, 15 Mi'iiittTranea, .V.;i/., 15 iu>va, H'MOf/, 14 Mertocarpii!*, 173 parvulus, lli'sal, 174 scalariA, llititxitl, 173 Mn'iot.'piiiuin, 1(15 MierastHrias,141 Aiiieric-aiia (Khrh.), 143 anuiata, linihy, 141 Bailcyi. «.i//:s,'l43 dBiiticiilata (Ihi'h.), 145 disputata. H'ocf/, 142 expaiisa, liaih-if, 141 flmtiriata, /.'.iZ/s, 145 fdliai'ca, liailty, 147 fuicata, Ajiirdh, 144 INDEX. MiorantoriaK. graim'ala, Wooil, 14G iiiuisa, 142 Ji'iiiiori, lialff, I4(i u.^cltaiiri, Jiiil/'a, 142 IiapilliTiTa, Jin'h., 140 piniiatlllila, A'/:., 143 (liiailratii, lUiilnj, 142 railiosa, Atjnrdh, 145 rolala, A'ii//i, 144 ringi'ii-i, lliiilei/, 143 Torri'yi, lj 17 temii»«ima, Aij., 17 priiict'ps, 21 Oscillariai'O.T, 1(J Odoutella, 123 trid«ntata, n,>ilnj, 127 (Edi)i;oniaci'a>, 188 U'MogoniuiP, 1110 Oidogoniiini, 1115 iluntii ir.)o./, 107 iniMiualis, H'od./, 105 inirahiliii, MV>«c/, 100 umltispora, H'uw/, IDS PAflBROnAMA, 81 stellio, Woud, 82 PalniBlla, 70 dura, Wood, SO liyalina, /.i/niih., 81 Jesenii, 11 o'lf/, 70 Palniollaoi'a', 78 ralmogliDa, 105 Palmngloia. cl.'psydra. Wood, 105 PediaHtruin, 05 lioryanum (Tnrpin), 9' constriutiini (llnatul), i)7 diiudHnariiiH, 08 KliriMiliurgii (Corda), 98 pKrtiisiiiii, Kiilzimi, 07 siiloiinia, Kutsiiiij, 07 Penium, lotf Urrbisrtonii ^^fenr,^h.), 108 cliwturoidHs, /i',(//s, lOU digitus (AVird.). 106 intdrnipttini, lirt'ti., 108 Jiinn«ri, A'ii//j, 1('8 laniBlloHUiu, liirliinunn, lo7 niargarilai'i'iiiM, Jiliih., 107 niinut'.iin, t'lere, 107 Pataloiiut'ia, titi alatuiii, llerkil\j, OG PliycliOi'lirtuii, 10 Pliyei>cliri>iii(ipliyie«), 0 Phyooi-yau, lit l'liyl«olliry(liiini, 214 cruontum (.!'/•), 214 inagnillouiu. ir<"i(/, 215 PriiigsluMuiia, 105 ina'qualis, M'ut'i/, 195 Protococoacoa?, 85 i'rotiH'occUii, 8li ProtoiliTina, 182 viride, Kiilziny, 182 RiiAminii'M, 85 falcatum, 85 polyuiorplaiin, Frrsen, 85 IDiynchoneiiia, ltiin(latus, M'ooit, 01 »i mm Soliiznmorifl, 184 LBibluinil, 186 Sojrtoiifliiift, !}^ AuBtlllii, Wnml, SS calotriulioidiis, Kuizing, CI oatarncta, l('i>u>/, 6'1 cortiix, Wiiml, (i4 (lulihiiu, WuhI, (S3 iiiiiner8iim, V'uod, 59 Myoc'hioim, /I./., IJl NaiKHlii, Kl!.,b'd ocuilatuiii, lliirvey, 83 KavunellM, Wum'l, (14 Bimiilioe, Wuod, 57 thtirmali', (i(J Soytonmuautuo, 55 8i|>ii"i)hyceiB, 174 Siroiiphon, 73 acervaliis, Woait, 74 argillacuiis, Wumt, 73 oompaclun (Aij.), 09 aoralloi Ha Totraapora, 82 bullosa W""'), 84 251 Tetraapora. g«l.iliim«a (flnili), 83 liibilua(/iV(/i), 82 perforata, y/iicii^, 82 Tolypotlirix, 05 diatorta ( MiilUi), 05 TriplocHraa, 121 graciltt, lltiiley, 122 TMrtiuillalum, llailti/, 121 TuoniHya, 221 fliifiatilla, llarreij, 221 Tynilaiidoa cruclala, llitasul, 173 iuaiguis, JJuiatil, 171 Ulta, 182 latiBaima, Ifarre;/, 1S3 ineriaiiiopedioidua, H'ooi/, 182 orbioulata, llabeithoial, 183 UWaosffl, 1>'2 Vaociirria, 179 averaa, llnsml, ISl cxapitoaa ( i'atirhei), 179 g«iiiiu!>ta ( K acul«atum, Ehrb , 15(5 Arotisfon, l-'hrb,, 150 arinatum (ISr, (), and 7, for CoAuiarium read Clitsteriiim, Plate XII., fig. 1 and 20, for Co.imdrium read Closterium. Plate XV., fig. 8, for insit/nis read innignc, Plate XVI., fig. 4, for Dnlhotricha read Ihilhnirichia. Plate XVIII., fig. 1, for l\inijsheimii read Printixluimia, Plate XXI., fig. 7, for tctraoplhahnum read tetrojilhitlmiim. •I I KXPLANATION OF PLATES. I I 1 PLATE I. Fig. 1. A siiiRle filamnit of Oscillaloria chlurina, Kiitziiij,', nmBiiifiod 750 diameters. Fig. 2. The cud of a filnment of an Oxcillaloria sui)posed lo be idcntieul with O. FrohUchii Klitziiig. Fig. 3. O. nigra, Vauelicr. Fig. 3 a. lleprcscnts a portion of a mat or mass of Oscillatoria nigra, Vnnelicr; ilierc is too miicli grtHUj in tiic color. Fig. 3 b. Uepresents several filaments separated from the edge oPtJic mass and slightly magni- Hcd. Fig. 3 c. A portion of a lilament. Fig. 3 d. A portion of another filament still more highly magnified. The color in 3 c is moro natural than that of 3 d. Fig. 4. A portion of a filament of 0. limosa, Agardh, magnified 1250 diameters. The articles in thi.s filament are moro distinctly separated than natural. Fig. 5. 0. ncglecia, Wood. P'ig. 5 a. An outline view of a filament, magnified 450 diameters. Fig. 5 6. A full figure of the same, magnified 500 diameters. Fig. 0 O. impcralor, Wood. Fig. C a. K presents the end of a filament, magnified 250 diameters. In the centre of the plate is a friignieiit (ruarked simply fig. /;.), out of which the cndoeliromc has been partially squeezed to show the markings of the sheath at the joints. Fig. 7. Lynghya bicolor, Wood. Fig. 1 represents a -moderately magnified portion of a filament. Fig. a (near to fig. 8) represents a portion of an ordinary filament very slightly magnified. Fig. 1c. A portion of a filament containing a heterocyst, magnified 800 diameters. Fig. t (/. A l)roken end of a filament showing the sheath extending beyond the cndoelirome, magnified SOO diameters. Fig. 8. A variety{?) of Lynghya bicolor. Wood, from the Schuylkill River, magnified 200 dia- meters. Fig. 9. Cosmarium Qidmbyii, Wood. The bands between the cells arc too heavy and prominent. PLATE II. Figs. 1 b and 1 c. Rifi'ercnt stages of germination of tlio spore of a Cylindrospermum of unknown .species, magnified respectively 800 and 1200 diameters. Fig. 1 a. A chain of spores, believed to belong to the same species; one of those spores has commenced to germinate. Fig. 2. A portion of the upper surface of a frond of Nosloc calidariuvi, Wood. (253) 254 EXPLANATION OF T H K PI. AT K 8. 15 il J' 4-1 l''i){. 2 h. A "first form" filnniciit nf IIip kuiik' si)i'ci(.'H. Vift. 2 a. A niuiiK'iil froiii an old froiKl of llic hiiiiio pluiit. Kiif. 3 r. Frugiiiuiits of tiaaiiu IVoiu tliu U|)i)t'r Burluco of a luuturo, uctivoly growing [iluiit of llio KIUIIU MpuciuH. Fig. 3. A niamont of Nosloc commiiiutum, Ktz , magiiiflcd 800 diameters. Fig. 4. A filamoiit of Anahitna (jeUUinoM, Wood, magiilQed 700 diiimctcrs, Hliowiiig tlio largo glol)uiar body at tlie end, siiiipoacd to be a sporo. Fig. 5. A filament of Anahmna gigantea, Wood, magnified 750 diumotcra. Fig. 0. A portion of afiliiinrnt of Ci/lindroupcrmum miiuititm, Wood, ningnificcl 800 diiinii'tcrs. Tlie number luis been omitted from tbis liguro on the plate; the figure is immediiitely under .1. (/((jantca, W ,1; the hairs on the hoteroey.st are too course and rigid. Fig. 7. A spore aud outline of hcterocyat of Cylindro»permum macrospcrmum, Ktz., magnified 750 diameter.''. Fig. 8. The end of a filament of Ci/liiiilrospermum comatiim, Wood, magnified 1375 diameters. Tlio appendages to the hctcrocyst arc coarser than natural. Fig. 9 (I. A spotion of an imnmtiire frnnd of flinilnrin rarlilngincn, Wood. Fig. 9 b. The base of a fertile filament, tiliowing the sporo and busul cells, magnified 800 dia- meters. Fig. 10. An ordinary filament of Nonloc Kphaerirum', Poirct. Figs. 10 a and 10 c. Filaments enlarging preparatory to longitudiual division. Fig. 10 b. A filament already partially divided into two. * I PLATE III. Fig. 1 a. Ci/Iiiulroupcrmumjli.niii.tiim (Ag.), u fertile filament, magnified 450 diameters. Fig. 1 h. The end of a fertile filament, nuignified 750 ilianutters. Fig. 2. Dolkhonpermtim (Sphasr"ui/ga) suhrigidum, Wood, magnified 975 diameters. Fig. 3. Portion of a fertile filament o( Dolichoxpcrmum (Spha:rozyga)poli/8perma, Ktz., magnified 750 diameters. Fig. 4 a. A .section of a frond of Gluinlrkhw ruMata, Wood, sliowiiig youngish filameut.s, masses of lime, and an organic body of unknown iiui> o, oil inclosed in a transparent jelly. Fig. 4 c. Single filaments with immature spores, magnified 200 diometers. Fig. 4 6. The base of a filament, showing the nearly matured spore, and empty cells situated beyond it. Fig. 5. Chlorococcus of undetermined species. Fig. 5 a. The motile state. Fig. 5 6. The condition of the plant after having lost its cilia nnd commenced its qnicsccnt life. Figs. 5 and 5 c. nifi'ercnt stages in this life after division. Fig. 5 d. The Ihrmalococcus or resting condition, the form a.ssumed by the plant during slow de.sieeation. Fig. fi. Noaluchopsis lobaltis, Wood. Fig. n a. Part of a section, from within outwanls, of the frund, showing the tortuous branohod filaments, without sheaths in the gelatinous matri.x. Fig. () b. A portion of a fertile filament with the lateral spores. Fig. G c. A sterile filament. Fig. 7. Protococciig of undetermined species. Fig. la. A cell supposed to belong to the resting or winter condition of the plant. EXPLANATION OF THE I* LATE 8. 255 Fig. ^ b. The first ImiikiTig-up of tlio contents of tlici Iiirgo cell into ii lirood of cuIIh. Figs. 7 d uud 7 c. Dilluieul Ntugeii in the lil'e of tiic lulter brood-ccllu uuU their progouy. PLATE IV. Fig. 1. Mastigonema fertile, Wood, a biiiglo plunt (not mognlfleU 750 dlBmctorn, os marked on the platir). Fig. I li. A hetorocyst niognified 750 dIametcrH, also u spore cell und wporo nitiiiliuly uiiii)lirR'd. Fig. a a. A portion of tlio frond of MaMgonema sfjuiwlum, Wood, uniplified 250 diameters. Fig. a I). A single filament mugnified ««0 diameters. Fig. 3. A Hinglo Uloment of Zoiwlriihia mollis, Wood, enlarged 200 diameters. Fig. 4, A Hection of the frond of Zoniitricliia jmrcczoiiata. Wood, muguitied u few diameters. Fig. 5. The bose of a filament of Damjaclin mollin, Wood. Fig. 5 «. Section of tho frond, magnified 450 diameters. Figs. 5 b ond 5 c. Yonng filamentn ; each magnified 450 diumelera. Fig. G. Fronds of CiclosjAicrium dubium, Wood. PLATE V. Fig. 1 n. A portion of the frond of Maaligonema vlongatum, Wood, slightly magnified to show the filaments radiating from the frngnn'tit of nmtter to which they arc attaela'd. Fig. 1 b. A singlo filament magnified 400 diameters. Fig. 2 (?. A cluster of youngish filaments of Manligonema halnn, Wood. Fig. 2 h. A portion of an older filament to .sliow the spore-like divisions of the cndochromc, nnig- nilied 400 diameters. Fig. 3. A pair of young connate filamont.s of Slasligothrix fibrosa, Wood, magnified 450 diameters. F'ig. 3 a. An old filament magnified 800 diameters. Fig. ;! b. A young filament with hcterocy.st, enlarged 450 diameters. Fig. 'id. A filament with two basal cells magnified 460 diameters. Fig. 4 a. A portion of filament of Scytonema liavenellii, Wood, magnified ICO diameters. Fig. 4 b. The end of a branch magnified 450 diameters. Figs. 5 a, b, c, &c. DilTerent forms of Chrooroccus refract us. Wood. Fig. 5 h is not a g0 diitnietcrs. F'igs. 4 and 4 c. The motilo stale of tin; species. PLATE VIII. Fig. I h. Portion of the frond of Ttihjimllirijr dislvria (Miiller), ningniliod 500 diameters. Fig. 1 (I. Ilcterocysis nnigiiHiiMJ .SOO diiimi'terH. Fig, 2. Portion of o frond of Sirogiphon jtellucidulua, Wood, mngnided 2()0 diunieterH. Fig. 2 a. Knd of the branch. Fig. 3. Portion of a frond of Sironiji/ion comjmcliiK (Ag.), magnified 2(10 dianu^ters. Fig. ;i a. Knd of a nianient, nnignilied KiO diameters. F'ig. 3 c. Portion of a lilanicnt sliowing the heteroeyst magnified 400 diameters. Fig. 4. Portion of a frond of Siro^ijihon nvrjlfctiix, Wood. Fig. 5. F'roiul of Sirnsi'iihon ijutliila, Wood. Fig. 5 b. Knd of a liraneh, magnified 400 dinmctcrH. Fig. 0. Portion of a frond of Siyti>nema Nuijclii, Ktz. F'ig. 7. Different forms of Ola'ocnjixa Ki>ar»a, Wood, magnified 700 diameters. Fig. 8. McrUmopedia nova. Wood, magnified 400 diameters. I PLATE IX. Fig. 1. F'nigment of a frond of fiirnsiphon Hci/lfiifmnloiden, Wood. Figs. 2 and 2 f. Portions of fronds of Siro!urt of u nm.s.H of J'almclla JesHenii, Wood, mnKiiinud 750 Fig. 3 6. A frnginciit from tlio iiiturl.ir of hucIi a ,..11,:^ of il.o huiu.. Aiii|ililicutioii. Fig. 3 c. A portion of Iho soft jolly of u yoi.iig uctivoly growing niuH.H, nniguilicd 750 di.ui.cK^rH. Fig. 4. A frond of Dichjoxpharium puUhdtum, Wood, nmg.iin<.d 400 diameters I at first referred Huh plant to tl.o genu. Uothvoooccuh, and .listribuled Home ^pucinicn.s un.ler that goiMTic lillo, onil .so marked my original drawing. Fig. 5. A Klicc of a yoiingi.sh frond of P„lnwUa dura, Wood, nmg.iiried 400 dinmetors J ig. r) b A fragment from an (.Id frond, showing the spores in various stages <,f growth Tho color of the large siiores is not nearly dark enough, it should bu uiucb more browuinli. rJwVTE XI. Fig. 1. nilTerent forma of ScenrmlvHmm pohjmorphun, Wood, mngnifled 450 diameters. Fig. 2. SnnrdcamiiH iptadrirawla, IJreb., niagnilied 750 dinmelero. Fig. 3. Scencdeamus rotundalug, Wood, magniliod 750 diameters. r!y- \ ,.?'';'!"'"'y vegetative cells of Palmogla-a clepxydra. Wood, tn different Btages or eon- dil.ons of life-hiHtory, magnified 750 diameterH. These cells whieb have tho endochrome mu.l. Di-olven up are believed to be i.reparing for conjugation. Fig. 4 n. A pair of celLs uniting in conjugation. Fig. 4 6. Ceils which have united so that the young spore is very apparent with tlio emnty serai- celLs of tho parents attached to it. ' Fig. 4 c. A more advanced spore and empty semi-cells. Figs. 4 ,/ and 4 e Matured or nearly matur..,! spores, ns seen with difi-erent foeu.ssing; in the fir.st the upper surface of tho spore is especially brought out. All these figures, except 4 /. aro magnified 750 diameters. ^^ - i . Figs. 5 ond 5 a. DilTerent forms of Closterium acerosum (.Schr.), magnified 250 diameters. l*ig. J b. Kmpty conjugating cells with nearly matured spore. Fig. fi. Outline of Closlerium arc.olatiim, Wood, magnifieil 100 diameters. Fig. 0 a. linA of a dead, empty frond, enlarged 1375 diameters. Fig. 7. Outline of Chslcriiim Vrnns, Ktz., magni/ied 450 diameters. (These last three species are incorrectly labelled on the plate, Cu.'unariuvi.) PLATE XII. r VL\- '^'''*'''^""' '"'««<«'». El.rb. (Incorrectly labelled on the plate Cosmarium.) Mngni- lied 1 GO diameters. ■* *= Fig. 3. Clostrrium Ehrcnhcrgii, Menogli., magnified 100 diameters. Fig. 3. Closlerium ronlratum, Elirb., magnified 200 diameter,s. Fig. 4. Closlerium Dianee, Ehrb., magnified 200 diameters. Fig. 5. Ch,M,'ri,im par>'„l,(iO dinnu'liTs. Fig. 7. 'liimcmoriis ^ coiiilctianla, Tnvh. Fig, 12. Iliialdthcrn (Iisfili<'>i.<, Yirch. Fig, l.j. .'■;tli/iiiiiiirii(in (I'rrrillii^ Ktz. Fig. 13 a. Frul viow. Fig. 14. Ciismarium Jlotri/ti.t (ISory.), magnified 4G0 diameters. Fig, 15. Co!<»w7-u(,ii Cuciimis, Covda, i>'ig. 15 (/. A frond in wliicli tlie neck or isllimiis lias begun to elongate prefioii.s to divi.sion. Fig. 15 I). An alinurmal frond wliioli liaa attompled division, but in wliich the inner seniiceils of tl 0 new frond have failed to form pcrfcetly and to separate. i''ig. IG. Eiiaslnim mullilubalKm, Wooi] ; front view. Fig. 17. Micmglcrias Americana (Elirb,). Fig, l.S. C'liamcriiim Mctiajhcnii, IJrob., magnified 750 diameters, Tlio sinus should be very narrow but di,stinet, instead of being absent as in the figure. Fig. 19. Spiroyi/ra h'ebcri, Kt/.., portions of conjugating filaments, magnified 2r,0 dianieti^rs. Fig. 19 a. A portion of a sterile filament, magnified 1(10 diameter.-^. Fig. 19 b. Conjugating cells with nearly mature spores, magnified 2(10 diameters. Fig. 20. Clo.ileriiim Juiicidum, Pvalfs., magnified 200 diameters. Fig. 21. Cumnarium iwirrjarilifcrum (Turp,), niagnilied 4G0 diameters. \ F>g Fig Fig. Fig. i''ig. Fig. Fig, Fig, Fig, Fig. Fig. Fig. I'ig. Fig, Fig. Fig. Fig. PLATE XIII. 1. From view of EiinKlrum Puilfiii, Ilabenli,, magnified 450 diameters. 2. Frciit of Eiiaslrtim elrr/ay>s, lirOb., enlarged 750 diameters. 3. Front 'lew of Euaistrum binnle (Turj),), nmgnified 750 diameters. 4. Front view of Micraslcria disinilala, Wood, drawn from a l-liiladelphia specimen. 4 a. The same after a figure drawn by Dr. Jos. Leidy, from a Newport .specimen. 5. Micro tstvriasfnrcata, Agardh,, front view, magnified 2fi0 diameter.s. G. Front view of Micrasterias dcnticulala, IJreb., magii'fied 2G0 diameters. 7. Micrastcria Jcnneri, Kalfs. Front view. 8. Slauraslrum nrbicitlare (Elirb.). Front view. 9. Slauraalrum dejcctum, UrOb. Front view, magnified 750 diameters. 10. SlnvraxlrKin I'liiichila/iim, lireli. Front view. 10 a View from the ape.x. 11. Front view of S!aurai,»MWli!W i.iil N V (illiAN TF A :v ^ IMOPOSI'tBMilM M'H' "IVIJLAifiA LA.^Ill CGKiKA NOsroc iPn.r,l,-.|iM I'.|!i, FRESH WATER Al.r.>€ i^LAfE III. '•^a >^f'' si-^ V) ■fafs, ^ ff i; ■JMulf ^ « ./ / / / / / / X y 4^ m' rCL a V •• Set «» • ■• T %,NCl A.rt fc EON. "Ma*t»tirMI« Fig. 1. CYUINDROSPERMUM FLEXUO- Fig .1 S COLYSPERMA. SUM ; '■ 4. GLOIOTRICM* INCRUSTAI* " -i SPH*ROZYGA SUBRieiDA | Fig. ;. CHLOR0C0CCU5. " e, NOST0CH0PSI5 l.OHATUS •■ T I'HOIOCOrCUS. r' 1 I ; ■"■ 1 i :! \\ f i ■ ! ■ ■ 1 1 - ; iJ A 1 FRESH WATfR MC./C PLATE IV !ffi tU !Iltl I . UNCI Bin rik 8bN. ■'NlLADlLPHIA F.g. 1. MASTIGONEMA TERTILE " 2. MASTISONEUA SEJUNCTUM F'5 3 ZONOTRlCMA MOLLIS • 4. ZONO'RICH* p*HCE/ON»TA Fig. « 0*SY»CTIS MOLLIS. " <. C(XLOSPH.CRIUM DUBIUM. .It IMAGE EVALUATICN TEST TARGET {MT-3) /. ^3^ ,.. <#^^^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 I IS 112.0 m U IL 6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (7ia) 872-4503 Sl l/j m 1 ill ' : \ i.—. I mmm f-'-ma ■--A--iWtfW!J FRESH WATER ALG/E. PLATt V. -T >#@QQ@j§C f ^B^S Fi|i I. MASTIGONEM* ELONGATUM " T MASTICONEMA HALOS Fij. 3, MASTIGOTHHIX FIBROSA. I •• 4. SCYTONEMA RAViNELII. " 5. CHROOCOCCUS REFRACTUS. Fig. B. CHROOCOCCUS MULTICOLOR- *TUS. iiifl: U'^ i t 1 1 i 1 J jl FRESH WATER ALG/€. PUTE VI. I AFTRR NATURE B Y D M M C WOOlt T. •iNCLAin ft UN. PHILADUPMIA. Fig 1. SCYTONEMA THERMALE " J S CALLlTRICHOIDES, •■ 3. S OUBIUM. Fig. 4. S. CORTEX. •• «. CH>eT0PHORA ELEGANS HI ; f! ' 1 ! I FRESH WATER ALG*. ^m-. \ ly /./ / /■ / \ / I PLATE VII '^%; ^^ / .v-i*577^r % "^ • »Tt« NAIURt BV on M C WOOO fig. 1. SCYTONEMU CfTABACTUM - « SCVTONEMA IMMEHSUM \ '% ^W ■4 . SINCLAIR A SON. 'HiLAUEtl'HlA. Fig ,r RHAPHIDIUM POLVMORPHUM. " 4 PROTOCOCCUS. 'S ,? ■' « \ I ( 1 1 1 • i i! 1 ■. ft 1 ;' u . 11 i I FRESH WATER kLQA. PLATE VIII. »m^/,^ Arrto t«»n^iit 8» OS. H c wocc mNCLAlN 4 SON. fMlLADtLPHIA Fig 1. TOLYPOTHRIX OlSTORTn. " 2. SIROSIPHON PtLLUCIOUUUM " 3. SIROSIPHON COMPACniM F.g 4. SIROSIPHON NEGLECTDM " 5. SIROSIPHON r.UTTULA " 6. SCVTONEMA N/€GELLil. Fig, V. GLOEOCAPSA SPARSA. " 8. MERISMOPEOIA NOVA •. i i :> : ( 'r/ FRtSH W*rtR ALG* purt IX • FTsM -MfjRF Br 0" w C ^'OCD T S(hCi.M«fcSU« Pi:v*0(i.PM K>g. 1 SIBOSIPHON SCYTENEMATOIDES, Fig. a, SIROSIPHON LIGNICOLA Fij v. STICONEMA RAVENELLII. Fig ;l. S ARGILLACEA. !S ' / FRtSH W«!FR »L04. PI AT I X, I itrTllt NAtuni uv on I SIROSIPHON PULVINATUS ■L PLEUROCOCCUS SERUTUS F.j •:). PAUMELLA JESSENII. I BOTRYOCOCCUS PULCHELLUS ;.. PALMELLA DURA hi Hi lit i i FRESH WATER ALGA PLATE II ■.J^ »(K fiMtwnt •' D« M r «i>OD 1 ■ilicuimfttQII*MafcDIL>'i F.g. 1 SCENEOESMUS POLYMORPHUS. ' 2 SCENEDESMUS QUAORICAUD* F k » SCENEDESMUS ROTUN0«TUS 4 PALMOGl oe* CI EPSYOR* ,^ CUSMARIUM ACtNUSUM F.i J c~OSM*W«M AREOLtTUM. 7. CO&MARIUM VENUS. It i if , fHKiM WAUR Alli-4 PIATF M F,(. 1, COSWARIUM liNSATUM ■' J C tlHtNBERGU " f r. HOMHA»UM - 1 C 0(»N* ■• 5 C, I'ifivlM UM 1. LtlBLtlNli itlMIMCiBus v.RANUUAlU!! t-ij II. SPiROT/EN t CONDEN5ATA IJ HYALOTHECA DISSILIENS \.\ lUYMOI'lllOM t.HEVlLLIi 14 COr.MAKniM BCRvl IS r. ;: fycuMis liB. 1"> EUASrPUM MUL flLOBU'UM " ir MICRA51EHIAS AMt(.'u.»NA " IH, COSMAP.UM MtNtLillKNil •■ 19. bPiROC.vllA AfcHLBl .M) COSM jUNC'OUM ;i C MAPfSAPlTif'- BUM t«' ih; f" \i t J ■II / tLi^s I ^^p^ump 1:1 FRfSH WA7 L_ f<*T-;«»S ttv O^ ( r II, I EU*-,! HUM HALFSH ■■ l EU»S1RUM ELErAUH»bf Rv.'M (UNUiUL * a STAUBAilMUM LtWISI !.' SI AURAS rR'JM F'OLvrBi ,. f AOHA- ' KUV MOi'l.'tjV, t>SM'*HliiM HYRAWIUAIUM ■-Ot.MAHaiM HROOMEI -i.^fimr\ v.: ! J! ij )»^.»^.^UlfcMISJ» FRESH WATER ALG^. PLATE XIV > N txy^i/ -H- •^ N ' 3a r 1 ■^^ ^ »""■!;.»• . A,..' ■ A'OT- ■v'■r^^^■■'•^^'v ;^'U AfttW HATUflK BV JR H ^ *0OP /: •« ! &^N^;l./'■«H^■^^ ■-■ijoi V.A'-n Fig 1. RHYNCHONEMA EUONGATUM ■■ 2. RHYNCHONEMA PULCHELLUM F,g. S. bl'IROGYRA PUOTECrA, • 4. SPIROGVRA LONGAIA F,K. 5. APHANOCHAtTt KERENS. • . 0. DRAPARNAl OiA BILLINGSII ^'^\!^^^~^i^^^''-i'^---^''^-i-' i'-'-^-r'-^ (lis if ;i h' i ' h t I , i . 1 1 ■■ : i i i ( 1 J t '1 i I 4. FRtSH WATER ALO*. PLATI XV. • rlfH «»ruWF 8* UR M C »*COD tlHCLA'X • SON, (>HllAb(II.^Mift Flj 1 SriHdGYR* M«JUSCUL» ■■ 1 SPIHOliT R* OILUTA, F,j 3 SIMROGYRA SET.'FORMIS " 4 SPIROQYRA CRASS* " ft MESOCARPUS SCALARIS 1 Fij. 6. SPIROGVRA fUSiGNIS ■■ 7. SPIROGVRA PARVISPORA. I •■ n ZYGNEMA INSIGNIS, .'PI 4^' 11 t-l. FRESH WATER ALG4. \ PLATE XVI *-i -e a t4.iTi.ftt ftf I'n H C wf^UP T, Bif«Ot *i*i * ROM. PHiiAuiLMtH*, fig I. SIRC^jONIUM hF-IROVERSUM. ■■ ;. HVUROuAsrHUM iSRANULATUM - S STKiEOCUONIUM. T'l!. 4 BULBOTRICHA »L(I!DA, " b. BULBOCH-CTE CANBVU. " 6. STIGEOCLONIUM. p? ' • ( I I !; ■■■■I FRfSH WArtF( Air,4' PLATf XVII Atrtn Skitjai Sv DM H C WOOD fctNCl>»tH It t.OI*. »'HIL»-MlA. Fig. 1, SCHUOMERIS LEIBLEINIt. ■' 'i. 0EU030NIUM HUNTll •' 3. O. MULTISPORA Fig 4. SPIROQYRA DU81A " 5. S. RIVULAIS 5 I ! iF' L I ^i if : i ' ■f ■ i:^ - i . i 1 1 ; "Jli£x ■( ;■ ■ Hb 1 1 ffl| 1 '" ffiBi n fWf = i , J ■V r « t t f 5 i 51 e i bu. ■ fal i ^ . FRKSH WATtR ALG/t PLATE XVIII, (irnNftTuNCB' on h c wo no I mNt 1 •!« * HUM F