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Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 \ THE WOOD INDUSTRIES OF CANADA. Th, Wood Industries of Canada. p^is London THE TIMBER TRADES JOURNAL, 14. BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C 1897. 'lilK WOOD INDUSTRIKS OK CANADA. M^P 43: I'KiNTi'.n nv WILLIAM RIDKR AND SON, LIMITF.D, 14, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, LONDON, E.C. TlIK WOOD INDUSTRIES OF CANADA. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION , rilK FORESTS OK CANADA ;; I'RKSKKXATION OF IUKKS T ARF.AS FROM FIKi; ,j CANADI.'.N LUMHKRlXt; ,„ THE WIllTE I'lNK SU1'1'I,^ i.| llll-: \V001)-1'|-1.I' INDUSTRY .... 15 TDK L'.NI; ED STA IKS MARKET ... 17 THE QIKMEC DISTRICT iR MILLS r.LViVEKN OCEIiEC AND MONTREAL 27 TIIE .MONTREAL DISTRICT . . . . 2.S THE Oir.WVA DISTRICT -ji with Ma|) of tlie River Oit,Tvv;i' Tin; I'ARRV SOIND RAILWAY .... 4; THE S(JI;ARE TIMHER l-R.-^DE .... 45 liRITISll COLU.MBIA NE\Y liKrNSWlCK 'v\,ih Map i>(" the l'r'()\;nre' ■I'ilE ST. JiillN DISTRK r THE I REDl'.RICIDN IMS IKK r THE ,\nRA.MICIII DISTRK r THE RESITOOUCHE DISIRICT . THE IIATHURST DISTRICT I HE ST. CROIX DISTRK T THE SHEDIAC T(.) I'.AIE \-ERI E DLSTI NO\'A SCOTIA THE ST. .M.\RY'S RWKH DISTRICT THE Slll'-.ET ll.\KI',orR DISTRICT '\\\K HAI.II'AX DISTRICT ■THE ST. M ARC.XRET'S DAY DISTRICT THE liKIDCEW.VTI-.R DISTRICT INLAND TLMKER ARE.\S . l;.\Y OF FINDY PORTS . Si ICT rw.r ■47 i<> 'yj 62 C6 6y 6g 11 TtlF, wont) INDrSTRIRS OF CANADA The Wood Industries of Sweden. 'T'HE Publishers have still a few copies of 'his book, which is a companion to '' The Wood Industrik.s of Canada;" on sale at 2/6 each, or 3/- P<^'jt free. i THE WOOD INDUSTUIKS OF CANADA LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. LIKK IN THE SHANTIES TREEFELLINt; ... LOGS ON THE FROZEN SURFACE OF A RIVER ... . . A VETERAN SHANTYMAN QUEBEC HARBOUR THE LOUISE DOCK, QUEBEC THE UPPER AND LOWER MILLS OF KING BROS. LTD., ON THE klVEK QUELLE W. & J. SHARPLES COVE AT SILLERY, NEAR QUEBEC r.\i;i, 1 1 "; UOBELL, BECKETT & CO.'S TIMBER COVES AT SILLERY 1 HE HON. R. R. DOBELL (Portrait) HAROLD KENNEDY'S TIMBER COVE, NEAR QUEBEC, LOOKING NORTH „ „ „ LOOKING SOUTH THE WARREN-CURTIS MILL AT THREE RIVERS THECHARLEMAGNE AND LAC OUAHEAU CO.'S MILL MQNTREAL HARBOUR MAP OF THE OTTAWA RIVER THE OTTAWA RIVER AND PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, SHOWINc; PLACE WHEKli CRIliS OI • TIMBER ARE RAFTED AFTER PASSING THROUGH THE SLIDE THE CHAUDIERE FALLS WINTER SCENL AT THE CHAUDIKRE FALLS H, W. TODD (Portrait) J. W. TODD (Portrait) 33 J. R. BOOTH (Portrait) 33 GENERAL VIEW OF J. R. BOOTH'S MILL BEFORE THE FIRE 34 J. R. BOOTH'S ASSORTMENT AND LOADING PLATFORM y^ W. C. EDWARDS & CO., LTD SAWMILLS AND LUMBER YARDS AT ROCKLAND, ONTARIO, AND OTTAWA, CANADA ■ ■ JS * 37 23 =4 -5 27 V :8 JO 31 32 3- 33 R. THACKRAY'S JOINERY WORKS, OTTAWA W. MASON & SONS' MILLS, BAYSWATER, OTTAWA . R. THACKRAY'S CARS AT LABOUR PROCESSION . THE HAWKESBURY LUMBER CO.'S MILLS . HIRAM ROBINSON (Portrait) GILLIES BROS. CO'S., LTD., MILLS, BRAESIDE, ONTARIO 3'J 40 40 41 41 4:! TiK-. wool. lNI>rslR[F.> mK {•\S\\>\ I'liK ST. AN niONYS CO'S. MIl.I.S, WlllTNKY, ONTAKIO. \\M. MACKEV'S SQl'AKK TIMliKK RAKT A CKli; Ol- IIMIiliK l'A,SSIN(, TllKOlc;!! TIIK SI.IDK MAP (tl lllh I'ROVIM K ol- NKW l'.; in crand i alls \V. II. MURRAY (I'oilraitJ J. V. (.RECORV (I'orlrait) THE MILL AT MARISLE COVE RANDOLPH .S. liAKER'S MILI ST. JOHN RI\ER. JLST liELcnV FREDERICTON DONALD ERASER .V SON.S' .MiERDEEN MILL H.XLi; X MIRl HIE'S VICTORIA MILL, LREDERICTON . MR. AI.EN. OIIISON ,,'ortrait) THE MIRAMKIII RIVI:K AT CH.VniA.M J. B. SNOWIiALL'S MILL AT CHATHAM E. SINCLAIR'S MILL AT HRIDliETOWN KILc;OUR SHI\'ES' MILL AT CAMI'IIELLTOWN .... LUMIiER PILE AT KIL(;oiR SHIVES' .MILI ADAMS, liURNS & CO.'S MILL AT BATHlRsr .... THE SLMNER CO.'S MILL AT liATHURST .1. L. P.I.ACK'S SAW-MiLLS .VI' AnOLSHACiAN, NEW BRUNSWICK HALILAX -FROM (;E0R(;E ISLAND DAVISON'S MILLS AND WIIAR\ES AT liKIDOEWATER, NOVA SC CHAR Li;s T. WHITE (Portrait) A BRITISH COLUMBIA FORE.ST LOGS AT A MILL IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 0\ TEA.M IlAULINc; LOGS TO THE ROYAL CITY .MILLS CA^^I' TRAIN OF I.O(;S, ROYAL CITY MILLS CAMP THE HASTINGS SAW-MILL, VANCOUVER LOADING LUMIiER FOR EXPORT HA '\i;K 43 •K> ■('■' 4" >' 5^ i2, 5,; 57 57 57 5S 59 6o 6l 6i 6: f'4 f'5 f/. 06 CiS ("J 7J 74 76 7V gr 8.' S2 8j 83 84 i THK Udiir INI'ISlUlh> III' lANAPA. Tfie Wood Jndusfries of Canada. (By our Speciul Correspondents) — •>• >IIK Dntiiinion of Canada is the largest I !■ !■» m ■! British colony, a-id it is also the f^|i'' tJF^^^H Jr nearest. It covers an area of 3,45r),3S3 _ _r ■ ■' •"«• square miles, of which 3,315,647 are lanj and 140,736 waler surface. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and by the Pacific on the west, and is 3,500 miles across. 0,i the north it stretches to the " Frozen Sea,'' and on the south to the chain of lakes and the United States. It is difficult toconvey an adequate conception of the extent of such a vast territory. It is forty times the area of (ireat Britain, which is only 8H,ooo square miles, and it is 30 pir cent, of the total area of the British Empire. There is a considerable tnisconception in England as to the climate of Canada. Many persons associate the nams in their minds with perpetual frost and snow. In reality the climate of Canada is dry, healthy, and invigorating, and, owing to the great area of the country, e.xtending over 20 degrees of latitude, or from the latitude of Constantinople to the North Pole, it has a wide range of temperature. The extreme dryness of the atmosphere, however, makes belli cold and heat less acutely felt than the readings of the thermometer would lead one to e,\p'-'Cl. In the Maritiine Provinces the climate resembles that of the British Isles; in Ontario, Quebec, and Manitoba the summers are warm and the winters cold, but the cold is pleasant and bracing, and the snow is of the greatest benefit alike to the f;;rtner, the lumberman, and the merchant. In the North-West Territories cattle graze at large through the winter months, and on the Pacific slope, west of the Rocky Mountains, the climate is milder than it; any other part. The Dominion is so vast that one part may ba charged with perpetual snow while the other is bathed in almost perennial heat and sunshine. One part receives the cold atmosphere of the " Frozen Sea"; another the humid air cf the Atlantic ; another the mild, genial breezes of the Pacific, and still a fourth has the surface of its soil baked by the heat of tropical waters. In the extreme northern parts vegetation is so stunted that the highest tree it not as tall as a two-year old child ; in the southern parts ye^etation is so luxuriant that fruits and flowers grow with as much vigour as in Italy or the South of France. Instead of ' six months' winter and six months' cold weather " being the normal condition, the fact is that the average winter is about four and a half months, and though the spring may begin two or three weeks later than in England, the conditions for rapid growth — -warm sunshine and rain — are so favourable that the crops of the two coun- tries are about equally advanced by the middle of July. The marine currents are singularly favourable to Canada ; along the Atlantic Coir.sTKiiR or canaha. those en|;aKed in gainful occupations. The greatest enter- prise in this direction is to bu found in British Columbia and Nova Scotia, which together contain 76 per ctnt. of the total mining population. In the province of Quebec there are in all some 1,500 miners, and something over 1,000 in Ontario. It is, in fact, only quite recently that the Canadians have woke up to the realisation of the enormous mineral wealth which has so long been neglect, d, and in many cases un- suspected, beneath the surface of their country. Coal mining, in --special, has made rapid strides during the last few ytars. Nova Scotia and British Columbia have ex- cecdinglv rich coalfields. In Nova wcotia the number of men employed in connection with coal mining in 1895 w?3 5.79.1, and the output of coal averaged 404 tons per man for the year. In British Columbia the number of men and boys employed for the same year was 2.924, against 2,oi2 in 1888, and 'the output of coal 548,017 tons, averaging 360 tons per man. This, though not quite equal to the average output per man in the United States (448), is greatly in excess of that in the I'nited Kingdom, ivhere the output only averages 256 tons per man per annum. The coal areas of Canada altogether are estimated at 27,200 square miles. This estimate, however, docs not include those known, but as yet undeveloped, in the Far North. In addition to coal, Canada produces iron, gold, copper, silver, nickel, petroleum, salt, phosphate, asbestos, and gypsum in considerable quantities. The atmual gold yield of Canada amounts to 53x^002. Practically the whole of this comes from the provinces of British Columbia and Nova Scotia. The area of the gold measures of Nova Scotia has been estimated variously fmni 5,000 to 7,000 square miles, or about a quarter of the whole province ; but the area from which gold has up to the present time actually been obtained is barely 40 square miles. Copper occurs in Canada in the forms of native or metallic copper, and the sulphuretted ores. The former is confined principally to the rocks of the upper copper-bearing sericT. on Lake Superior. The latter are widely diffused. In Ontario, on the North Eastern shores of Lake Huron, extensive veins of rich copper ores have been mined for years. It i*. however, in Sudbury, Ontario, that the greatest development of the copper mining industry has taken place, the output here having doubled during the last three or four years. Copper mining is, however, still in its -iifancy, and the expenditure of considerable capital is required, as well as the general adoption of cheaper and more effective methods of separating the copper and the nickel, to assist its development. Petroleum has been found in Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and it is affirmed that there is also an immense oil region still unexplored in the North West Territoiies. The largest oil - producing district is at present the county of Lambton, Ontario. The oil is obtained a a depth of from 370 to 500 ft. The first flowing well was struck on February 19th, 1882, and before October in the same year there were no less than 35 flowing wells. The annual output is reckoned at 600,000 barrels. The salt produced in the Dominion is almost all manu- factured in the province of Ontario, the Census returns showing 19 establishments in Ontario out of 20 for the nominion. The salt beds of Western Ontario cover an area of about 2,000 square miles, embracing the counties of I.ambton, Mason, and portions of Bruce, Middlesex, Kent aid Essex. The beds are usually three in number, with an aggregate thickness of about 100 ft., and the salt is of excel- lent quality. There is probably no mining industry in Canada that is in a healthier condition at the present time than that of asbestos. The mineral produced is in reality not asbestos proper, but a form of serpentine called "chrysolite." It occurs in veins in certain parts of the great belts of serpentine rocks of the eastern townships of Quebec. This mineral is shipped in large qjantities to England, Germany, Belgium, Holland, and the United States. Gypsum is at present worked only in Ontario, New Brunswick, and Novia Scotia, though deposits have also been found in Manitoba and the Territories. It is perhaps the oldest worked of any of the deposits of the country, having been mined by the French in St. John (New Brunswick) as early as the year 1701. The principal articles of mineral production go almost exclusively to the United States or the United Kingdom —the vastly larger proportion of theie going to the States. /-..-. , In addition to her minerals, Canada has rich nfctaial resources in her forests, her farms, and her fisheries. The forests have been ruthlessly destroyed by the axe and by fire. The most valuable woods in the early days of the colony were literally regarded as so much " lumber," and how it was destroyed, so long as it disappeared, no one cared. The growing scarcity of the most valuable forest product, viz., first quality white pine, is causing the condition of the forests to be seriously considered by the Government, and it is to be hoped that some steps will be taken to prevent the total extinction of this wood. The white pint forests on the North American Continent are now pretty well narrowed down to Canada, the immense forests which at one time existed in the northern parts of the United States having been cut out at a rapid rate. It is only about twenty-five years ago that Michigan was an unbroken forest of piiv-, and it has all disappeared before the lumberman's axe. In the Ottawa valley the quantity of standing pine may be greater than some imagine, but lumbermen who have surveyed wide areas for investment in timber limits say that good tracts of pine are rapidly getting scarcer. In the districts around the new railway to Parry Sound a good timber country, little worked, has been made accessible, and Gilmour & Co. and the St. Anthony Lumber Company have started working some valuable limits, producing good saw logs, square timber, and board pine, as well as hardwoods. Canada stands fourth on the list of timber-exporting countries, and next to agriculture the timber trade is the most important industry from a commercial and economic point of view in the colony. The following figures will convey some idea of its extent. There are about 6,000 saw- mills in the Dominion, both large and small, with, say, an average capacity of 400,000 ft. board measure per season. These mills find employment during the working season for about 150,000 men, in and around the mills, sawing, piling, shipping, &c. In the woods, during the winter, getting out the logs and timber and river driving, about the same number are engaged. The Departmentof Agriculture gives the following statistics of all the wood Industrie* of the Dominion from the census of 1891 : — Name of Industries. Ashery, pnt and pearl Bai^ket making Boat building Cabinet and furnitur* Carptnters and joiners Carriage factories Carving and gilding Charcoal burning Cheese-box factories Cigar Imx factories Coffin and casket making ... Cooperages Hub and spoke factories ... Invalid and baby carriages Last and peg factories Lath mills Mast and spar making Match factories IVcking cases Pail and tub factories Patterns and moulds Piano-action factory Picture frame making Planing mills Pulp. mills ... Pump and wind-mills Refrigerator factories Sash, door, and blind facloriei Sawmills .Shingle mills Shipbuilding Show-case making Shook factories Spinning wheel making Spool factories Slave mills Street car works •Tanneries Trunk and box factories V/ashing machines and wringers Wood turning Total •The product in this insti product remains «o«d. Invested Wages_ Value of Capital. Product. Ji 13,019 $45,139 »I53.441 80,540 66,987 151,003 421,395 1:9.092 477.522 6.094,435 2.432.771 7.706093 5,oi2,6''0 2,949.803 9,111,299 8,029,621 2,999 572 9.744.416 72,174 42.845 136,430 56,831 106,380 22,696 91.874 44,876 137,616 19,500 6,000 15.000 502,546 1,896,931 166,039 498,440 744.534 2,382,072 106,895 30.010 105,400 51.300 43,400 28,630 11,180 145.500 67,000 58,'o6s 72.500 37.860 15,620 59,Soo 335.650 143.064 434.953 293.869 137.30s 68,900 192,130 36,280 99.962 3.700 4,250 10,100 11,000 10.800 29.500 289.962 122,014 564,579 2,955 680 970 112 5211,592 1,057,810 2,900907 519.89J 292099 163 325 toi.513 22.775 22840 56,350 7.118,076 2 300,267 9891,510 50,203 1 1 1 12 625,895 51.262,43s 1529.358 616,356 2093.924 2 045,456 998.615 3.101.275 233.425 84250 441.750 73.677 28.IJ7 'i'i2 12915 5050 8,788 '3.40^ 25.000 50,000 724.242 29 ',008 8l4.33> 13.858 2400 13600 6.322,963 1.522,007 •11422,860 659,805 253,863 1.042,733 93.260 46.300 164.998 469.510 204,265 621,096 99637.522 30.680,281 120,415,516 nee is leather. In all the c th«r ea»e« the UK U'(if)I) IM)l STKIE.S OF CANAHA. In addition to which there are the 16,500 miles of rail- ways, for which, allowing ,i,ooo sleepers to the mile, 55,770,000 were requited in the construction of the lines, and about 8,000,000 per vear required for repairing the per- manent ways. Agri. ulture is the chief industry, and it is estimated that 4; per cent, of the population are engaged in it. I:i the year of the last census, 1 891, there were 174,000,000 bushels of grain produced. There is a very large area of land avail- able for settlement, either for agricultural or for mining purposes, and it would be beneficial to Britain as well as to the colony if some of our surplus population could be trans- planted on to these broad acres. The fisheries are the most extensive in the vorld, embracing a sea-coast line of immense extent, in addition to inland seas, innumerable lakes, and many rivers. The western coast line is 7,181 miles in length, and the eastern 560 miles Canada is fairly of! for railways, having 16,500 miles. The Canadian Pacific, ivhich runs acros° the continent, is a most important institution for the colony, and if a really fast service of passenger boats could be established between Europe and Quebec the colony would derive much benefit in many ways. It would attract both passengers and freight by the St. Lawrence route, which is 600 miles shorter sea passage than by New York. Tourists would prefer the route for its picturesque attractions, and this would be likely to lead to the investment of capital in the country. The total exports in 1895 were valued at 113,638,000 dols., of which 61,850,000 dols. were exported to Great Britain. Forest produce accounts for 5,400,000 dols. of this, 3,000,000 dols. of which went to Great Britain, and 2,400,000 dols. to the States. The total imports in the same yeir were 1 10,780,000 dols., of which 31,138,414 dols. came from the old country. The population of Canada is somewhere about 5,000,000, and it does not increase much. What the country requires is more population and more capital, and it is to be hoped that now greater attention is being paid to Color ;al matters both men and money will be attracted to Cinada, where there is ample field for the profitable employment of both. Vigorous efforts a^e being made by Canadians to in- crease their trade, and new scheme? for the development of the country are being pushed forward. To benefit Quebec it is proposed to build a bridge across the St. Lawrence, and to extend the Parry Sound Rail- way from Ottawa at that point. Cold storage depots are being established in various parts of the country to assist the farmers to ship their fruit, cheese, poultry, and other perishable commodities in good condition. The channel of the St. Lawrence, above Quebec, is to be deep- ened to 30 ft., and the canals to the Great Lakes are to be deepened and widened. These and other public schemes are on foot, which tend to show that the Canadians do not intend to stand still. It is to be hoped, too, that a growing Inter-Colonial trade may spring up, and that Canadian forest p.-oduce may find its way to the Cape and our Australian Colonic;, both of which countries import large quantities for buildings and for use in mining and various industries. The following articles deal more particularly with the export timber trade of the Dominion, but other subjects closely connected with that industry are alluded to. In writing about the Canadian wood trade for English readers, it is difficult to avoid using words in the sense in which they are understood in Canada, which, in some cases, differs from ours. Thus, the wood of the pinut stroius is called by us " yellow pine," whereas it is called in Canada " white pine." " Timber" in England is used in a general sene to include wood of every kind, whereas in Canada "timber " is under- stood to be only hewn, squared, or waney logs, and all sawn wood is called " lumber." Some other local timber term* are used in these articles, of which the following are the definitions : — A " Timber Slide " is a narrow artificial channel for floating sawlogs, single trees, cribs, or drams, to avoid the danger of shooting the rapids. A " Chute'" is a sloping artificial channel made to avoid the rapids or falls. A "/"/«»(«" is an artificial channel for floating the logs to the mills. A " Rnllmay " is a cleared space c.i the side of a hill down which logs are rolled to a stream. A " Pbrlage" is an overland route over which carriers and bagga.^e have to be conveyed past rapids or falls, or from one lake to another. " Sawlogs " ire the logs cut from the trunk:; of trees — usually 12 ft. long. The standard log is 12 ft. in length and 21 in. ill diameter. " Dimension timber " is used for all kinds of timber sawn into sizes for building purposes, interior fittings, etc., etc. A '■ C(7/-/o(j.'/"of lumber is the quantity of any kind thatcan be loaded on a railway car or truck, but as the size of the trucks varies, every carload is not the same quantity, but an average carload is from 12,000 to 15,000 ft. bjard measure. " Boar J Measure."— WWumbir is bought and sold i" Canada by the thousand superficial foot of i in. and 12 .... wide, and this is called " board measure." In the compilation of the following pages thanks ar, due for the valuable assistance which was so willingly given by .Mr. Tachez, of the Crown Lands Department, Quebec; Mr. Aubrey White, of the Crown Lands Depanment, Toronto ; .Mr. Southworth, Clerk of Forestry to the Govern- ment of Ontario ; .Mr. Johnson, the Gov.;rnment Statistician, Ottawa ; Dr. Bell, M.D., LL.J., of the Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, and many others. The Forests of Canada. 'HERE was originally in Eastern Canada one unbroken forest from Nova Scotia to the Lake of the Woods, a distance of 2,000 miles, and covering an area of 315 million acres. Through this forest there ran the rivers Miramichi, the St John, and the St. Lawrence, with its string of lakes, great and small, and with its great tributaries, the Saguenay, the St. Maurice, the Ottawa, and others. The census of 1891 shows that there has been cut out from this forest area, say, 30 million acres of land for agri- cultural purposes. Possibly in 20 million other acres work has been done to reduce this particular area to a low percentage of forest trees. The remainder is under forest. But a large portion of this remainder has been " deviled " by the lumberman seeking for merchantable timber, The careless torch has lighted fires like the Miramichi fire, which swept with fierce energy over an area of more than 3 million acres, leaving blackened giant pines, to be a reminder for more than half a century of the immense destruction there and then caused. Thus, there has been a thinning out of the forest trees all through the 260 million acres not used for farm and pasture. Vast areas have suffered from fires so severely that in many places the soil has been burned off to the very rock, and a century's disintegrating forces will have to act upon the vkU. before there can be soil enough created for practical uses. Lakes and pools and streams innumerable take away a good sized slice from the 260 million acres. But allow- ing that one-half of the area is comparatively useless as forest area because of water and rock, there are still 130 million acres of forest area. Under this assumption 45 per cent, of the Eastern provinces is still under forest. Of the districts frpm which the timber is derived ; —First in L order is the Saguenay Trrritory, 140 miles above the Point des Monies, at the head of the Gulf of St. I^iwrenco. The Saguenay River discharges, Irom the northward, the drain- age of 27,000 square miles. This river is navigaole for ships of the largest ourthen for a length of over 60 li.iles. Its surface is diversified by Ulhe character of its soil forbids profit;. hie settlement to any con- siderable extent. It nius". always contini'e forest land, and, judiciousiv managed, can furnish an inexhaustible supply of lumber, chi ;fly spruce, as well as a large proportion of minerals. Between the valley of the Saguenay and the next great lumber region, the St. Maurice, a territory of 8,000 square miles in'ierposes. The City of Quebec stands about midway between the Saguenav and St. Maurice on the shores of this territory. Its ; .. plus water? are discharged into the St. Lawrence by isolated but sufficiently .,opious streams. The St. Maurice River discharges the drainage of an area of 2i|Ooo square miles into the St. Lawrence -ix. a ^oint ninety miles above Quebec. Ls valley may literally be tailed a " land of many waters." A map of its territory resembles a section of a '' plum pudding" where the fruit is uncommonly Inrge and plentiful, more than any other object, so thickly is it studded with lakes and lakelets. Between the St. Maurice River and tlr; B'^ute de I'lsle, at the Island of Montreal, where the north branch of the Ottawa joins the St. Lawrence, a small valley of 9,600 square miles intervenes. It i.- drained into the St. Lawrence by its own streams, some of which are seventy to eighty miles in length, and good floatable rivers. The valley of the Ottawa covers an area of 60,000 square miles. It is traversed throughout its greatest length by the river from which its name is derived, and which may be said to encompas: the whole area on the south, west, and north. Its sources ovclap the St. Miurice, and itself is overlapped by the sources of the Saguenay, the head waters of these rivers being within two day's jcurnoy cr forty miles of each other. Its tiibutaries are of great magnitude, many of them bei:)^ from 300 to ^00 miles in length, while the main stream has a course of 7S0 miles and is navigable for canoes to its source 'I'lie valley of the Ottawa is the principal site of the pine trade, and has been since June nth, 1806, whe.i the firs^ raft left the mouth of its grer.t tributary, the Gatineau. Thus the total area of timber lands whose rivers run ii.lo the St. Lawrence and Lake Onl r.j is 161,911 square n:'le«. The principal part of the forest 'ands of British North America belongs to the Crown, hut vested in the Provincial Governiner.t, in oth°r words, they are public property, and are administered for the l.i,ncfit of the people. The lumber manufacturer obtains the area on which lie works, which is called a "timber berth or limit," by biddirj 'he highest price for it at auction. It is generally supposed to be ten n.iles square, containing- one hunared square miles, or 64,000 acres, hut, owing to the topographical features of the country, the "limits" are of all sizes and shapes, from 24 square miles upward. The limit holdei becomes a yearly tenant of the Crown at a fixed ground-rent, and pays a slight duty per cubic foot of scjuare timber taken out P'.iu on each saw log, but has no right in t!ie land. The areas covered by these leases or limits were as follows in 1894 : — Provinces. Provincidl. ,Sq. miles. ai.574 6,301 Ontirio Quel-:. New Itrunswick Manitoba and Territtj.ies Kritis^ Columbia ... 820 Dominion. Indian. Tclal. Sr|. miles. Sfi. miles. Sq miles. — 98i "557 ~ 159 46.556 — 17 6.318 2 707 2707 421 8 I 149 3,128 1,167 79387 Total 75.092 111 the province of Manitoba and in the Territories and in the Railway Belt of British Columbia (40 miles wide by ■;oo miles long) the Doininioii Governmeni, filling the place of the Provincial Governments, owns the Crown lands and their fi.rests. In Nova Scotia there is no system of timber licences, the trees being sold with the land and not much timbered Crown lands remaining. this is also the case with Prince Edward Island. In I he settled portions of the provinces the woodlands are in the hands of private owners, but contain compiratively little that can ue cbssed as forest, though the census returns indicate that about one-third of the occupied land is in wood- ' I&nd and pasture, possibly leaving one-fourth for woodland. In Quebec province no spruce tree can be cut that is less than 1 1 in. on the stump, but in Ontario the limit is 9 in. The limit for pine trees is 12 in. on the stump. Much more timber has been licstroyed by fire than by the lumberman's axe. The successive Governments haveallo.ved settlers to locate in the centre of g-een pine districts — on land totally unsuitable for agriculture, and devastating fires have resulted in laying was e immense areas of the most valuable forest trees. It is satisfactory, however, to see that more cs'e is iiow being taken of the forest wealth, and if the Government will give the limit holders more security from the dangers of destruction by fire, and if lumber- men do not cut the limits too severely, the present wooded areas can be cut over peri'xlically for all time to come. The Ontario Government have a service of fire rangers duiing the dangerous months of the year on thercx-ommendation of Mr. Aubrey White in 1S86, half of the expense is borne by the lumbermen, and half by the Government, the number of rang ts required s left to the limit holder. It i , quite impossible to arrive at anything like a reliable estimate of the present forest area or futuie supplies. The lumbermen are not disposed to give much information, and almost every wricer who sti'jies the subject gives a dilTeient estimate. The following approximate estimate is based upon returns of ihe Provincial and Dominion Governments, reports of surveyors of the Crown Lands and other departments; the Gi.'ological Survey, and other trustworthy sources : — Forest and Wood- Provinces. Total Area. Wooclland. land. Sq miles. Sq. miles. p c. Onl.irio 219,650 102,118 46.49 Quebec ... 227,500 n6,52i 51.22 New Brunswick 28,100 14.766 5255 Nova Scotia 20,55- 6,464 3145 Prince Edward Island... 2,000 797 3985 Manitoba 64,066 25,626 40. OJ liritish Columbia 382.300 2S5.554 7469 Territories ... 2.:7i.4Si 696,952 2j39 Total 2,315,647 1,248,79s 3766 It must not be supposed that this area is all forest, much, thougl wooded, being covered with small trees. The Hon. Sir Henri Joly has studied the question for many years, and from the following CAti.ict in a report he made to the Minister of Ap;riculture at Ottawa, his views of the subject will be gained : — He set forth the difliculty of an inquiry which had for its object to calculate the contents of growing forests scattered over half a continent, '''oni 'he Atlantic to the Pacific. " Let us try and make an inventory of the timber resources of the Dominion, beginning in the west. O.i the Pacific shores of th^i Dominion, in British Columbia, the bountiful gifts of Providence are till stored up for us and the fore's have been scarcely attacked by the lumberman. From the Rocky Mountains to the Province of Ontario there are scallered here and there certain tracts of well- timbered land, but they arc the exception, and which limber will bj required for the local wants of the people who are now 1 '^ginning to settie our fertile f.airies, and it will never I t link, contribute to swell the bulk of our timber exports. " The gi eat forest of Canada par '•xcelleiice, is spread over that vast territory watered by the Ottawa, the St. Maurice, the Saguenay, and their tributaries over one iiundred thousand square miles in extent. Before drawing your attention to it, I will mcition our remaining timber limits that cannot compare witli it either for size or resources. They are found in the Georgian Bay country ; the Muskoka and Nipissing regions ; the eastern townships of Quebec and south shore of bt. Lawrence to the Gulf ; the region on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, from the Saguenay to the Bersiamis, and perhaps still lower do vn m far as Mingan ; and the country w?t;'red by Ihe St. John, the Atiramichi, the Restigcuche, and their tributaries. These timber limits in ma;iy places are jca"ered and isolated ; t!'.;;y have with few exceplions (such as the Mersiamis at the east and some newly discovered pine tracts at the west on Lake Superior) been worked for a long time and cannot be expected to supply inu-h longer any considerable quantity of first-quality pine, but they still contain an immense quantity of ipruce, sufficient for a great many years' supply if c.-ire ully worked and protected. I will now return t the great Canadian fores', our great pine country with its wcnderful network of streams and its three great arteries, the Ottawa, the ft. Maurice, and th^ Saguenay. Docs it begin to show signs of exhaustion 7 Look at the map of that / iitmSBUk THE vfrooD iMnustaiES OF Canada. great region and you will see how little of it is now left untouched. On the Ontario side all the most accessible tributaries of the Ottaw? — tht! Madawaska, the Bonnechere, the Mississippi, the Petewawa, and others — have been worked for yez.rs. The lumbermen are now round the eastern end of Lake Nipissing with the Mata'van for an outlet that can only be reached by a land road ; they are still much further north on ttie shores of the Montreal River. " On the Quebec side they have nearly reached the head- waters of all the groat tributaries of the Ottawa, the Riviere Rouge, the Uivicre du Lievre, the Gatineau, with the Jean de Terre and Lake Kakibonka. and the J.ac des Rapides. They are r.ow working 3.,-> miles higher up the Ottawa, as the river runs, on Lake Teniiscamingue ;nd the Kippewa. " On the St. Maurice they are as far up as Lalce Manouan on the western side of the rive;'. Its great tributaries on the eastern side, the Bostonnais and the Rivifcre Croche, have been deprived of the greater part of their fine pine ; it is now sought at ihc head-waters of those rivers. '• As for the Saguenay region, it still contains a good deal of spruce, but there is only a limited extent of pine still untouched, or nearh' so, south of Lake St. John, between the Metabetchouan and the head-waters of the Riviere Croclie, near Commissioners' Lake and Bouchette's Lake. There is a little pine left no, 'i of I.,:>ke St. John, and a certain quantity on the river Shipsha and in the lower Saguenay on the Ste. Marguerite and Petit St. Jean, &c. As for the large rivers that flow into Lake St. Jean— the Chamouchoua, Mistassine, and Peribonca, the pi.ie that was on the lower part of these rivers has been nearly all cut, and the remainder of their course, from their distant northern ■lources, is through an immense burnt-up wiiderness where the vegetable soil has been consumed by fire. "That huge tract of lumber country between the Ottawa and the St. Maurice, that separated (or rather appeared to separate) the lumbermen working on those two ri\'ers by what seemed an inexhaustible and endless forest — that huge tract is tapped through and through, and the Ottawa lumberman has met the St. Maurice lumberman on the shores of Lake Manouan." Mr. Joly concludes his run through the great Canadian forest with the following statement . — "In a very shoit time since the beginning of the century we have overrun our forests, picking out the finest pine, and we have impoverished them to a serious extent, ar.d what makes it worse, impoverished the country trj, for, owing to ..he force of circumstances, oar timber export trade ha- not given Canada such a return as she had a right to expect. There still remains to us a ^eat deal of spruce and ncond-rate pine, which for genera- tin. is to co: le will be in excess of our local wants if we are careful ; but the really fine pine requited to keep up our great timber export trade to its present standard is getting very scarce and inaccessible, and I fear that we must prepare for a sudden and considerable falling-off." The market value of both pine and spruce limits have in- creased very much of late years. At the last sale of Govern- ment limits in Ontario, in 1892, the very high price of 1 7,500 dob. per siiuare mile was paid by Gilmour S: Co. for a pine limit in the Nipissing, Algoma, Thunder Bay. and Rainy Lake District, but it must be added that this in eluded a considerable area of virgin pine, but it did not include the hardwoods. At the same sale another buyer paid i2,7oodols. per square mile. In additon to this lump sum, the lumberman has to pay the annual rent and stump- age dues. These figures show a great advance on any previous sales, and the increase in prices r;cently is largely due to the increasing number of American buyers who have competed. For spruce limits in Quebfc province the highest that has: been paid at auction is 125 dols, per square mile, and this is five limes the price paid twenty or thirty years ago. But limits have changed hands by private sale Kt 1,000 dols. per square mile. The provincial Government of Ontario, recognising the importance of some steps being taken toregulate the cutting of tiir Ser, so as to husband the remaining forests, and to pro lect ihe young second-growth pine in the burned-over areas, created in 1883 a Department of Forestry. The present Clerk of Forestry, Mr. Thomas Southworth, was zppointed to the post in i89S< •'id has this year published his first report, which is full of interesting information and useful suggestions. Mr. Southworth, speaking of Forestry in his provip'^e, i»yi :— Owing to the timber policy of Ontario— which in . j more important features co' icided with that generally adopted throughout Canada — the question of future forestry operations in this Province is rendered comparatively simple. It has been in marked contrast with the course pursu^ in the United States, where the Government in dealing with large timbered tracts of land have, in selling the timber, disposed of the fee simple of the soil to cf.pitalists and spec'ilators. Thi, renders the difficulty of adopting a policy of forest preservation much greater than if the public had retained the ownership of the land, as large corporat and private interests stand in the way of any change of systen' and the right to deal with tracts of land originally parted with for comparatively trifling considerations must now in many cases be bought back at e.iormouj expense. O-itario, keeping in view the fundamental principle of " the land for the settler" has wisely avoided this mistake. In the early days of the Province it was necessary for the settlers to cut down and burn the valuable timber in clearing their farms, but when government was organised it was soon found ad- visable to sell the st anding timber to lumbermen, retaining the land which it occupied for the settler. This policy served the double purp se of assisting the farmer In his clearingoperat ions, and lightening the burden of taxation, as the proceeds from timber sales formed a large portion of the provincial revenue. Until comparatively recent times, the possibility of a umber famine or the disastrous effects of too thorough clearing on agriculture and climate, was little thought of. When the conditions prevailing at thai time are borne in m ind it is hardly surprising that our legislators, in their desire to divide the land among the people as it was needed for their homes overlooked the necessity of providing for the main- tenance of a due propc-tion of woodland in the settled area, either by restrictions upon the cutting of the trees or by the reservation rf certain tracts to be kept always in wood. That we have suffered to some extent from this causp is evidenced by the drying up during the summer of many streams and springs which formerly maintained an even flow throughout the year. But despite any unfavourable climatic change which may be traceable to the policy of the indiscriminate opening up of lands for settlement, accompanied by over- clearance, it is fortunate for us that we have escaped the more injurious and less excusable mistake made by our neighbours of the United States in alienatirg the fee simple of large tracts to capitalists at nominal prices. It is more- over worthy of note that the timber and land policy of Ontario has so far be°n in the direction of the principles of modern scientific forestry. The timber has been treated as a crop, to be harvested Avhen ripe, and not left to over- maturity and decay. Most of the area thus far denuded is good agricultural land and hac in the main wisely been devoted to cultivation — althiugh, as already re- marked, the individual landowners, doubtless for want of proper knowledge, have not in all cases realised the fact that portions of their farms might be better suited for permanent woodland than for tillage, with the result tha' an insuflficieiit wood crop is left in some of the older settled parts of the Province. That error it is possible to rectify, and the farmers of Ontario are too intelligent not to appreciate the wisdom of so doing. In the process of converting Ontario from a wilderness to a thriving community, we have now reached a section of heavily wooded country, differing in many respects from the fertile region of Southern O.ntario. Runniig from cast to west across the Province is an elevated ridge commonly spoken of as the " height of land " forming the water-shed from which the streams flow north to Hudson's Bay and south to the great lakes and the St. Lawren.,e. This ridge is the source of our principal streams which provide water powers of great value iu many places. Though for the most part rocky, and affording little land suitable for the plough, it is heavily clothed with timber, providing a mag- nificent reservoir as -i feeder to our rivers, and a mine of wealth to the Province. The white pine, the g.catest of our timber trees, is abundant Lhroughout this region and for some distance northwards. Beyond the northern limit of the pines a vast forest of valuable spruce extends away to the Arctic circle around the shores of the great inland ocean, Huuion's Bay. This is destined to be in the future the ifreat so Tce of sup- plies for the manufacture of paper. As ye", this territor) has loen but little explored by the lumbermen, and, in fact, only imperfect surveys have been made of it. This great area of land, much of it unfitted for general agriculture, is excellently suited for th :, production of successive growths of timber, and by the application of the simplest principles TUB WOOD INDUSTRIE.S OF CANADA. of forestry will ensure an adequate supply for all possible future requirements and an extensive system of water storage. To accomplish this i'. is not necej^ary to keep these northern forests as locked-up capital, but t'^ dispose of the timber as it matures, and to see that lumbering opera- tions are sc conducted as to provide for the natural regenera- tion of the forest growth. All that is requisite for this purpose is to protect the partially-denuded tracts from fire, and Nature will do the rest ; not, perhaps, so quickly or with so commercially judicious a selection of varieties as if aided by the skill of the forester, but successfully neverthe- less. Mr. Sout*- worth,'acting on the suggestion of the Commis- sioner of Ciown Lands, requested the Crown timber agents to report on the reproduction of pine in the burned areas, and from the reports sent in it appears that over large tracts of the forest lands young pme is springing up and grow- ing vigorously, which only require protection to become as valuable timber as ever was cut. Alluding to the general ideas concerning the reproduction of white pine, he says : — " A general impression exists, endorsed to some extent by scientific authority, that something like a natural law of rotation of crops prevails, in accordance with which pine, when removed, is invariably succeeded by dt ..duous trees. The information compris^ in the reports renders it abundantly evident that *hh is a popular error, due to insufficient consideration of all the conditions in connection with the reproduction of forest vegetation. The fact that the clearance of pine is generally followed by a growth of other varieties is due entirely to the agency of fires and the destruction of pine seeds and the remaining parent trees. In a fire-swept region, where the ravage has been complete or nearly so, the character of the new vegetation depends upon the seeds which are first deposited upon the soil, and hence the varieties having downy or light seed-vessels, which may be borne long distances by the wind, are as a rule those which form the bulk of the second growth. Where pine has been removed, and no fire has taken place, it is invariably succeeded by its own kind, and not until the land has been twice burned over is it so exterminated as to give place to the se.^ond growth of inferior varieties. That the contrary opinion has so long prevailed is altogether due to the circumstance that lumbering operations and the influx of settlement upon pine-covered land a^e so generally followed by repeated fires that second growth of the less valuable deciduous trees is the usual rule. " Practically all that needs to be done in order to maintain our timber supply in perpetuity and secure all the other advantages accruing from the presence of large forest tracts is to retain in the possession of the Crown all such timbered land as is not well adapted for agriculture, and to protect it adequately from fire. Were this done the apprehension of the exhaustion of our timber resources would no longer be even a remote possibility. Largo as the demands upon our forestsare, their reproductive capacity, provided the ravages of fire can be suppressed, is many times greater." The reproductive power of spruce is much greater than that of the white pine, and the forests in Quebec, on the north of the St. Lawrence and in New Brunswick, can be cut over every fifteen or twenty vcirs, and will furnish good saw- logs, and it is to these extensive spruce areas that much of the pulpwood required in the United States in the near future will be derived. Preservation of Forest Areas from Fire. 'HE fallowing letter was written by Mr. W. C. Edwards, M.P., to the Commissioner of Crown Lands, O jcbec : — The preservation of the forests from the devastations of fire is ahke most imporiant to the province and to the limit holders, and the judicious and careful cutting of the timber upon the limits is also V'/ry important to the province, if, perhaps, not so fully important to the operators of to-day. I shall first endeavour to deal with the former question, that i., Jie preservation of the forests, and I shall deal more particularly with the portion of the province with which I am most familiar, viz., that porlion drained by the tribu- taries of the Ottawa, from the Long Siult Rapids at Gren- vllle to the head of Lake Temiscamingue, and I take it that the conditions here are a fair sample of existing conditions all over the province. B.;fore the adveiit of the settler and the lumbermen this district of country was immensely rich in pine, and to a less e.xtenl in spruce, cedar, hemlock, and other woods. For the last 6o years or more, and perhaps more particularly for the past jo or 40 years, the lumber- man's axe has b.-en busily engaged in cutting downthe pine trees and converting them into an article of commerce, with th'; result of yielding to the province a large annual revenue, furnishing an article for foreign export, which h.'s contri. buted largely towards paying for our foreign imports, and at the same time has given very large employment to labour, and furnishing a large home market for our farmers' produce ; withthe result to the operators themselves,that the great bulk of them have been unsuccessful, and either retired from the trade penniless or died poor men. Comparatively few have been fairly successful, and a very limited number, after a long struggle for many years, may be termed as having been really successful. Had no other factor appeared, I think it is safe to say that the present rate of produ:tion might go on for many decades to come, and I think I might say for suine ages to come, for I firmly believe that considering the n-.tural growth, with no other instrumentality of removal or destruction than the lu:ubsrman's axe, the percentage of the depletion of the pine forests would even to day be almoit imperceptible, and the final exhaustion would be many years in the future, hut how many it would Ih; very difTicult to calculate. I think, however, it would be quite safe to say from one hundred or two hundred ye.-rs. With this asset, as it might and would be to-day, but for one factor, the province coulJ complacently look upon its present unhappy debt, as it would have nothing to "^e.ir, but alas, this factor, viz., fire, has worked the mo3t serious destruction i 1 the forests of the province. I think I am safe within bounds when I say that in the region of country with which I am dealing twenty times as much mcclnntable timber has hjen destroyed by fire as has been cut a'.^d taken away by the lumbermen, to say nothing of the young and undersized pine destroyed at the same time, fur fire destroys indiscriminately, while the judicious lumberman preserves the young and growing pine for future use. Adding to the quantity already mentioned the young pine, and the loss through fire is alarmingly increased. 1 will not undertake to say that this enormous loss could be wholly averted, but I can safely say that it could have been largely averted. The sources of these unhappy b,iih fires are not very numeroui, and by far thj greatest source is illegitimate settlement and squatting upon the limits. It is quite safe to say that the loss to the |)rovince from this source reaches hundreds of millions of dollars. In a Ics degree, there is the danger from fishermen and hunting and camping parties, the clearing of luml>cr farms, from the lumbermen's drives, and from lightning. The Indian may possibly be respon- sible lor some fires, but tluy are few and far betwe.n I am sure. In my own experience I h.ive never known a case, known or supposed, to have originated from this source. 1 know of two or three burnings that cannot be accounted for in any other way than from lightning, but these must be few, as rain almost always accompanies lightning; but in any case this is the least of all the dangtrs and o le that cannot be guarded against. All the others, however, can be guarded against, and, beginning with the first and most imporiant danger, I hope you will pardon me for saying that no efficient remedy has yet been applied. .'\ tew years ago a charge called " fire tax " was introduced, but I am perfectly candid in saying that I know of no results whatever, except- ing the payment of the charge. I have never seen or heard of a fire ranger anywhere on any limits that we or aiy ot'iier lumbermen possess. And if you will allow me to off.'r my suggestions for the remedy, they are as follows : — In the first pla;e I w.nild allow no sur/eys or laying out of townships whatever in timbered districts, and more especially where such districts are unfitted for settlement. In the next place, I would allow nc squatting whatever on limits excepting as approved jointly by the Commissioner of Crown Lands and the holders of limits, and only where such are required for stopping-places for the actual necessi- ties of the lumbermen. If this is done, by far the g.'eatest danger will be removed ; but I will go fur. her, and wouid suggest the organisatio'; of brigades of fire rangers over the entire province ; the brigades to be greater or smaller acccording to the values to be guarded and the pjssibl dangers surrounding the several situation.^ to be so guarded The whole grand system of organisation is 0:1c that w Juld require a gmd deal of consideration and arra gement of detail, and it would beiliflicult to enter into a discussion of the whole subje.l through correspondci^cc. Whether you would appoint one general head for the whole province, and district heads under him, is a matter foi your own con- sideration, and pjssibly ynu might think well of consulting ihe lumbermen on this point. But to come down to narrower limits, I will take for discussion the (.iatineau distri:!. The (lilm.iurs and ourselves are the largest holders of limits on that river. Now it is a great qucsli in in my mind, whether there shouk! be two organisations deahng with this district s.'parately, or whether there should be one organisation dealing wrth the whole. There are some grounds for and against each scheme, and this is a matter that should be considered care''uUy, but on general prin- ciples I would ilividj the territory into districts with one chief ranger over eicli district with a sufii:ier\t rnr nber of men under each to keep acl )se guard on all settled districts contiguous to the limits, to guard all roaJs leading to and through the limits, aiul, in fact, to guarc' in every way against the setting of fire, and to put out fires if unfortu- nately such occur. C1I course the organisation would have to he empowered t3 call help when such is require.l and is obtainable. I wouKI suggest that the fire rangers hi nai'it-d by the lurnberine I and appointed by the Commissioner of Crown Lands, the Crown and the lumbermen each to c intribute one-half the payment, of their salaries. .An important matter would be the a|ipointrnent of wiie and jnlieious men, who would create a gno.l feeling among the settlers and impress upon them the great and important truth, that the preservation of the forests and the continuance of the lumber trade is their salvation from two sources, viz., in supplying them with both work and m:'r'. -.s for their pro- duce, and also in averting to as late a day as possible direct taxati)n, whicli must surely come when the revenue from the forests ceases altogether or is lessened very much. The nature of the seasin would alwavs have some influence on the number of men required, a generally rainy season would call for a less iiumhjr of guardians than a generally dry season, but this mttter could easily be regulated according to the necessities. Coming now to the min ir dangers. It is a grea^ question in my mind as to the wisdom of leasing lakes for fishing purposes. I, myself, would prefer that it should not be u 10 mi; WiMih IMU Sl'lJlivS OK CANADA. done, as I consider ic a source of danger, but certainly gun- ninp, excepting by Indians should be prohibited on the hniits, sotar as it is possible, during any very dry season, and far better if camping parties an.l tishermen could bo kept off also. As o luniberme'i's farms, great losses liave occurred in some instances in years gone by in clearing same, but this danger I think is largely past, tlie interest of the lumbermen themselves will provide against further danger from this source. But the last danger I mentioned, viz.. lumbermen's drives, is a great source of danger and should be carefully guarded against. The plap we have adopted ourselves is thii : on each drive goii;g through a wooded country we appoint a cartful and reliable man, whose only duty is to watch aiul gu;ird .igainst the starting fires. His duty is to walk up and down the ground being operated upon, and see to it that fires do not start from smoking or from any other source, also to guard the camp fire, and remain behind as the camping party niove forward, and see that no seed for starting a forest fire is left behind. This system, or something similar, should, I think, be put in force over the entire province. Now I will refer to the second question I mentioned in beginning this Icttc, viz., that of the careful cutting of the limits, ?.nd in dealing with this questicm I ivish also to include the matter of saving the young pine as well as other timber. Now the conditions in the region of coui.try with which I am dealing, and which I take it is a sample of the conditions all over the province, are these: fire has de.Mroyed the greater portion of the thickly pinttimbereil courtry. With the e.\ccption of very narrow areas the lumbLrmeu have gone over ths balance and have cut the better poriicn of the timber, and what is now left for the province ami the operating lumber- n-en of to-il.iy is the remaining large pine, (jf generally mure infi rior luudily, and a^o the small giowing pine, and the other woods, such as spruce, femlock, ash, basswood, &c., which, if not possessing conuntrcial value tci-day, will, at the same time, be of value in the not very remote future, ifpreservtd from fire. -As to operating, my view is that the condilior.s ai".l regulations should be such as to i lake it an object for the lumberman to cut in the mo>t careful and economical way, wasting nothing that can be turned to any profitable account whatever, and save and proerve I heyoung timber, and in ex'erv way strive to preserve the life of our forests and the lumber industry. It is too true that luindri'ds of millions of dollars' worth of assets of the province have vanished in smoke, ani it is also true that a very few years more of similar conditions will see the end of the lumber trade and nearly all revenue fiom same. UiUold value has been lost to the province, and the percentage of forest wealth remaining is compara- tively small. At the same tip;e, under careful and judicious managetnent, the value of what remains can be much enlnne^d and its life very greatly prolonged, and to accomplish this the Department of Crown Lauds and the lumbermen must join hands, all party and political differ- ences must vanish, and i\o other sentiments prevail than those of patriotism towards the province and the preserva- tion of the lumber trade. The position is aliKe a most serious one for the province and the lumbermen. In very many instances today the bulk of the posses- sions of the lumbermen is the young growing pine and other woodi on their limits, and it is largely to this source the province will have to look for revenue for near approaching years, and the preservation not only of the young pine forests, but of all green forest country, is one of the utmost importance, for as the pine becomes exhausted, other woods will come in, and, bad .as the conditions arc to- day, at the same time a largj revenue, extending over many years to come, can be saved for the province if the necessary precautions are carried out. Another serious source cf loss to th, province, and at the same time a great wrong to liiuit holders, is a practice which is continually going on, of buying lots in surveyed town- ships ostensibly for settlement, but reall> Or the purpose of securing at nominal cost tlie standing timber. For instance, in our case all the limits we hold arc oid limits, which were very greatly cut over before coming into our possession. In buying we were influenced in the price paid, in nearly every purchase, by the quantity of other timber apart from pine on the limits, but we find that we are pursued both on the North Nation River and thetjalineau b) men who are rob- bing both the Crown and ourselves, by bujingup lots at nuiiiinal prices on which we have paid ground rent for year-, doing us out of our just rights, and at the same time getting quantities of limber from the Crown fo-- comfara- tively nothing. lire, and this system are the great enemies of the province and the licence holders, and they are two evils which in the best and truest interest of the province require immediate and most ellicieiu remedy. I have staled only what I know to be true. It makes mv heart sore every time Igo upthet-aliiicau River to witness the devastation by fire in what was once a grand pine country, anJ also to drive through the young forests of young pine growing \igorously, but at the same tinij only growing and awaiting similar destruction. Canadian Lumbering. "p-"^. are such extensive and varied operations in the business of the success- ful Canadian lumberman liK.t he must of necessity po-scss a combination of qualilications seldom re- quired in other businesses ot tc|ual magnitiuli', but les intricacy ami detail - judgment, furesighi, ad- ministrative ability, power iif organisation, aiijiiaint- aiice with commercial law, skill in finance, and aknow- ledge (.f mechanism and eiigineiriiig. These aiesonie of the requisites to carry on this business frt m the forest to the ship, and in which the capital is often in\estcd lor frcm two to three \ears before it can be turned over. Having se:, 300 men piling and forwarding, and 300 teamsters with the same number of teaius. The average provisions required for such a gang of men is as follows : — 3-7.'»o pallors of syrup , 7.500 III. I'f tea 1,87s 11). (if soap Coiio 11). ol tobacco Co c(o«s-cul saws 325 sleiphs 3,750 lb of rope 900 pairs of l>lanl(cts 825 barrels of rnrk 900 barrcN of Hour 925 bushels of l)eans 37,0f o busbtls of oats 300 tons of hay 1,( GO grilulstoncs 75 (Tor. of axes 1,500 l)oom chiins (7 ft. each) 45 .'lais costing at " low estimate, 54.3C7 dols. The«e figures tend to show that the lumber trade of the Ottawa lonsumes a large amount of the agricullural ami other products of the province, and is of benefit to the settlers. About March or April cotrmenccs the arducus and dangerous labour of driving the logs down the streams to the mill;. // f rilK Wdou IMXSTKIKS (»K CAXADA. The number of logs which th; lumbermen cut in a sirgle winter is almost incredible, and the business of convei ing them to the nearest lake or river gives employmert to numbers of additional men and oxen. By hauling tht logs over the cliffs, and dragging them down ravines, the I'mi- bercrs, before the thaw sets in, collect along the banks of the various tributaries millions of feet of timber ; and when the ice-bound streams become free, their more arduous and dangerous labour commences, and great activity is disp'ayed in getting ready fcr the "start " or '' drive " usually about March or April. If the stream is not large enough for " cribs," the logs are drifted e lu note the morning pre])arations of the men. Tl'.ey were prompt to rise and dress and prejiare for the mornii'g meal, which was served punctually at five o'clock, and consisted of meat, baked beans, bread, and tea. It was as good an appeti/.er as one needeil just to note the relish with which those muscular fellows attacked the steamini; dishes. There was no confusion ami no delay in preparing for KELLING deer or caribou, nor did we see anything more than foot- prints. The clear sound of a signal trumpet indicated our near approach to the men, and soon the shouts of axemen and teamsters were heard echoing through the woods. The first evidence of real work that met our gaze was a ptir of oxen hauling logs from the "slide" to a roll-way. The axemen, or choppers, were at work away up the mountain side, and thither our steps were bent. It was a s iff climb, over rocks and through the bushes. Once there '.he foreman, our guide, explained the mode of operations. The head chopper first goes over the ground and sclectsthe trees to be felled, (jenerally two axeman work together, one at each side of a tree, and the chips ily like sparks from an anvil. As they near the heart of the tree, a shiver pa-sing through its tall form lollows each blow, and presently the top begins to sway and bend. The notch cut by the axeman on the side toward which the tree is intended to fall is a lutle lower than that cut by his mate. The former ceases cutting, tbe latter drives the keen, wedge- like blade of his axe home, the tree totters, and Impelled by the greater force behind gots crashing forward to the ground. An export axeman can cause a tree to fall from its per- pendicular position in whatever line he chooses. Once down, the lordly tree is quickly stripped of its branches and is then cut into logs by the sawvers. The mark of the firm is then cut upon each and they are ready to be piled in roll-ways or hauled to the " slide." This is a narrow sluiceway made of logs, wind- ing serpent-like down the hillside and ending near the brink of a precipice. We saw one of these slides that appeared to be fidly half a mile Ion;;. The logs are rolled into i', end on, and shoot with ever-increasing force downward to the brink, over which they go with terrific speed, to strike like a caimon ball the frozen earth 150 feet below. When a dozen or so lia.'e been collected at the foot of the slide, the trumpet call ring^ out and no more are sent down till theie have been removed and piled in roll-ways ready to be hauled to the river. Then the signal is given that the coast is clear, and a rumbling sound soon announces the coming of others from above. At the f.iot of the slide the logs are Work. At 6 a.m. rang out the morn- ing call for the start. The teams, 15 double sleds, with a pair of horses or oxen to each, were already hitched up, the animals having been well fed and groomeil, and away ihey went for the diflerent stations in the woods to begin the day's work. After a her.rty breakfast our party set out for a visit to the scene of operations. We had before us a walk of a couple of miles through the deep woods, along the road already taken by the teams. On the way we saw numerous tracks of rabbits and foxes, but none of LOGS ON.THE KllOZBN BURKACB OF THE KIVBR. loaded on " bobsleds," eight to thirteen at a load, according to their size, and hauled away to the river, on whose frozen surface they are spread out to await the breaking up of the ice. We visited i I 1 /^ TFIK \\i\n\> IMH STIMK'^ OK r.A\.\|i\ the river, and saw 20,000 to 30,000 pieces, forming a veritable river of logs. We spent the whole of Saturday in the bush, and got a very good idea of lumberinn operations. Where very exten- sive operations are carried on by a firm having timber limits, the men are divided into gang-', that may number anywhere from 20 to 50. There is in such cases a superin- tendent, who goes from gang to gang and has a general oversight of all the work done. Each gang has its own foreman, who enters in a book each evening an account of the day's work. Of late, the most of the lumbering, how- eve-, is done b^' jobber.-, who are independent of the regular shantymen. They take contracts to deliver a certain num- ber of logs at the lake or river. We spent Saturday evening, after our return from the woods, in storytelling, and retired early, for the day's jaunt had b."en fatiguing. We were not among the " early birds " ne.xt morning. When I climbed out my city companions were still wrapped in slumber. I breakfasted and left the shanty to look around, and after strolling about the shanties I went down on the lake shore and noticed a number of men, quite a distance out. fishing. Walking over I found that they were in luck, as the array of speckled beauties they had captured amply testified. '1 heir bait was simply a bit of raw meat. During the period of our stay in the woods the weather was unfavourable for hunting, and the Nimrods of our party failed to get in their work. Neither bear, caribou, detr, nor fox was seen. Even the half-dozen or so of squirrels that we saw were too nimble to be brought down. We found the shanty- men as merry a lot of fel- lows as one could wish to meet. Both I'rench and linglish were spoke n among them, for different branches of theCanadian nat ionality were repre- s e n t e d. There were old as well as young men. I was particularly struck vitli one veteran of sixty years or so, whose lon'^ hair and full beard were almost white. This man has been familiar with the woods since boyhood, and to-day, though he owns some twenty or fifteen thousand dollars' worth of propertj' in a thriving portion of the province, yet every winter finds him at the shanties. He loves the life, and only the weight of years will ever cause him to abandon his old-time winter haunts. We were treated with the greatest consideration by the men, every one of whom manifested a desire to contribute in some way to our comfort and pleasure. In shanty life, next to the shanty foreman, the most important figure is the cook. If he be a surly fellow, he can make it decidedly unpleasant for the crew. The cook of our acquaintance pioved himself to be a prince of good fellows. Attached to each crew there is also a carpenter, whose duty it is to mend sleds and other broken gear. We had ample time to study the life of the men at the shanties. They work from daylight till dark, with an in- terval for dinner. When a long distance from the shanty their dinner is taken to them. If possible, the shanties are always built near a lake or river, as was the case with ours. There were some forty-five men in this shanty. It was built of flattened logs, with the chinks carefully caulked with moss to exclude both wind and storm. The floor was made of flattened logs. The roof was supported in the middle by four stout posts, forming a square, and about twenty feet apart. Within this square, and therefore in the very middle of the shantj', was the heart or centre of shanty life — the huge, blazing fire, which, like that o:. the sacred mountain of the old fire-worshippers, never dies — at least so long as the men A VETERAN SHANTYMAN. remain in camp. This fireplace is called the camboose. There is no chimney, only a large square opening in the roof, over the fireplace, which not only gives egress to the smoke, b''"^ affords perfect ventilation. A strong wooden post, or " crane," serves to support the various pots, kettles and boilers over the fire. At the end of the shanty, opposite the entrance, and also along the two sides, are an upper and a lower tier of " bunks," where the men sleep side by side. At meal time the men sit on benches round the fire, and each helps himself, neither tables nor waiters being required. A point that struck me forcibly as well as favourably was the cleanliness of the men. There is an abundance of soap, water, and towels, as well as a large looking-glass, and always before meals the men have a good scrub. At supper each man takes a pint cup of tea from the huge boiler, and a great slice of home-made bread, hot or cold pork as he prefer-, and beans < nd pea-soup. They have sturdy appetites, and '.his kind of fare, which to a city man might threaten dyspepsia, is eaten with a relish it does one good to see. The bread, Dy the way, is the best I ever saw. If during my lifetime the problem of aerial navigation is solved, I should like nothing better than a lightning excursion one afternoon to the shantie;, to procure a 10 or 15 pound loaf of that bread with which to regale myself and friends at a ;-o'clock tea. I am sure we should all enjoy it. And, (tpropoSy I must not forget the " Scotch buns," so pleasing to our palates. If it were noi for fear of my cook I should positively declare that I envied those rough fellows their daily bill of fare. The fire is the only light needed in iheshanty. And when you talk of comfort, put me down for a seat before that shanty fire, with its eight or a dozen pieces of wood, each four ft. long, sending the flames leaping upward toward the skylight, through which, if the flame were not too brilliant, might be seen the stars, keeping their nightly vigil over all. The men smoke, and talk, and sing ; some hang up their socks or mitts or other articles of clothing to be dried ; some sharpen their a.xes ; the teamsters see that their horses and o.\en are properly attended. Presently one slips away to bunk and then another, till finally the fire is deserted, and the only sound that breaks the stillness is the crackling of the burning sticks or an occasional sound from among the cosy blankets. When Sunday comes the routine is disturbed for a day. Then' is no ringing of alarm clocks, no morning call for the start. The teamsters have tob'j early astir to care for their animals, but the rest of the men rise at their leisure. For this day thi-ir time is their own, and it is consumed in a variety of w^ys. Some of the men go fishing in the lake near by, some go farther, to the frozen river, for the same pur- pose. Some go hunting. Others remain at camp and mend their clothes, spin yarns, or otherwise amuis them- selves. One thing that struck us forcibly in studying the life of the men was the excellence of their behaviour. This is no doubt in some measure due to the total absence of intoxi- cating liquors of any kind. One of the most rigid rules is that prohibiting the use of liquor by the men in camp. We greatly enjoyed our visit to the shanties and bade our friends good-bye with something of regret. We left for home on Monday, after a hearty dinner. It was a bright, calm, beautiful afternoon, fully verifying the forecast of the shanty weather prophets of the night before. When we entered the clearings we found that our road had completely disappeared, for a heavy snowfall had completely filled the track. The new-fallen snow was so dazzling in the brilliant sun- shine as to seriously affect our eyes. Here and there, how- ever, bushes had been planted in the snow to mark the road, with a view to just such an experience as ours, and we managed somehow to flounder along. The nearer we came to the town the deeper the snow, and just before reaching the latter p!ace a field covered with huge drifts had to be crossed. It was toilsome work for man and beast, for every hundred feet or so we would lose the road and get into a depth of soft snow that made progress next to impossible. Our course was an interminable zigzag. Fortunately we met but one sleigh — fortunately for ourselves and others, for it was with extreme difficulty that we passed this one without disaster. Once off the beaten track there appeared no bottom to the drifts. The lights gleaming over the snow from the windows of the town was a welcome beacon, and the bright interior of the hotel as cheery a place as weary man could wish. I'i IKK \\(in|i INOrSTKIKS i 'F C'ANAfiA The White Pine Supply. T is (liiricult to arrive at satisfactory con- cliisioiis cor.curiiiiiH the wliite pine supiily, because the tomlitions of the trade are umler- fjuing constant clianges. It is stated by suine that tlie supply is becoming rapidly ex- hausted ; the bize of the saw logs is diminisli- ing, and Mr. U. Jolinson in his " Forest Wealth of Canada," from stalisiical inforina- lion he tec-ived, draws a gloomy picture of the trade. He sunuuarises his conclusions as follo.vs:— (i) That the first quality pine has nearly disappeared. (21 That of seconl quality pine there is a considerable supply. (3) That of other timber woods there is a considerable supply. (4) That we are within measurable distance of the time when, with the exception of spruce, as to wood, and of British Columbia as to provinces, Canada shall cease to be a wood-exnorting conntrv. Taking the first of his conclusions, it cannot be denied that pine of the great size and splendid qualities of years gone by is not so plentiful in the market, and the supply of really first quality forms a much less pmportion cf the export, but that a great quantity of remarkably line trees siiU exist, scat- tered through the timber limics and the Crown Lands is well known. The preponderance of smaller sizes and lower qualities, it is held by some, may reasonably be attributed to the present method of cu. ling, as it now pays to manu- facture trees that were year.-, ago not considered worth fell- ing. In support of his cinclusion that the fore-ts are becoming exhausted, .Mr. Johnson quotes returns from the cullers showing a diminution to the average u/e of the logs year by year. TlMKLI- W.iney wliilc pine S.'jaare white puic .\ver-ii;e cubic (eet prr piece. 1S65. 1-9.;. .. So S5 .. 66 44 From which it would appear that wancy wiiie pine was 38 per cent, larger in 181. 5 than in 180^, and square white pine 50 per cent. l'iN< Saw Loos. Avenige >i/c,I"Or(i iii.'.'i uire. iSS;. i.S'.j. Onlirio I2ij 9S.J Qucl)iC ijS 127I On talking this matter over with .\Ir. Jolins,)n, he maintained that the present severe cutting of the forests existed before 1S6;, but others think that it is wro;ig to conclude from tiiesu figures that the >\/.\i of the existing tiees is le^s than wlieii the firests were difrereiuly exploited. Much of the timber and many of the logs now used would \w\ have been touched by the lumbei man in tornier years. AKo when a tree wa? felled in many cases only one log was taken, and the smaller end of the tree discard'.'d, but now two or three logs will betaken to the mill from :uch a tree, and, of course, the top logs being usjj, a smaller average will result. To show th it it is low general to cut smaller trees, it may be quoted that in the Province of Ouebec the rates uf due? chargeable on pine logs of a diameter of eleven inches or le^s, made out of the top of trees cut on limber limits, have been fixjd at So cents instead of o.ie dollar, becausethe rates of dues on the small tops was too high to make it |)rofitahle to float them to the mill, and the leaving of these small parts of the trees on the ground constituted a danger in s)ireading forest fires. Tlie second and third conclusions above referred to are acquiesced in by every authority. As regards the lourtli conclusion, which rai.ies the great and much discu-ised question of the duration of the forests of the Dominion to supply the export trade. .Much has been written on this subject, and many prophecies have been m.ade, which have not been fulfilled. It was said over twenty yeirs ago that the supply of white |)iiie would be exhausted in ten years, but the trade a|)pears to go on still from year to year without inconvenience and interruption. Some portion of the lower part of the I'rovinceof Ontario has been denuded of nine, and consequently the lumberman has ti go further for his supplies, but with the opening of new lines of railway and the improvement of water communication, the existing forests keep up an ad quate supply. In the d stricts of Ontario w'-i'-b have not yet been developed, much of the pine is growing, interspersed with hardwoods, and where it grows under these conditions it is usually of good quality ami size. In iSqj Mr. Edwards, M.l'. (see Hansard \ii)i, page 33 iq), said : "There are those who believe that our pine lumber is very nearly exhausted, and has been most largely exhausted at the instance of the lumberman. This, Mr. Speaker, is not at all the case. There is another source from whi;h the forests of Canada have suffered, and far more extensively than from the lumberman's axe. I refer to forest tires and to fires which are brought about by the settlement of the country ; not in every case by legitimate settlement, but very largely by illegitimate settlement. It is safe to say, and I am sure that every lumberman in this House will bear me out in the statement, that ten times the amount of forest wealth has been destroyed in Canada through that instrumentality than has been cut by the lumbermen, and iho^e who desire ^to protect our forests should devote themselves to advocating the care of our forests and discouraging in every way this illegitimate settlement. If this is done I will veniu.^ this statement, that you may let our timber be cut even as it is being cut to-day, and it will last this country for at least one hundred, perhaps two luindred, year- to come." Before the Select Committee of the Legislative Assembly of Ouebec in 'S._)4, .Mr. Kdwaidsgave the following interest- ing evidence concerning the pine trade : — " The profits on spruce are larger than on pine. The pine of today is very remote ; and for the operations in the pine lumber trade of to-day the investment is large. In the ne.xc place, the iir estment i^r improvements is large, because you have to improve the streams for a great distance ; and, moreover, you have to put your supplies in one year be-fore operations begin. We are buying supplies now thai will be consumed next winter. Ah our oats, hay, pork, 11 )ur — in fact, everything that goes into the operations — are being bought and paid for now, and next September our men go up to the woods, and the logs are cut. Now, a ■ onion only of theie logs will reach the mills next year. That portion is sawed, and a small portion of it is realis-jd on ; but the bulk of it is not realised on till the next year. Then the logs that remain behind come down, and the same thing follows ; so that the average may be taken as two and a half years. " .Now, in the sj)ruce operations, you simply put in your f supplies the year y. u operate. Yuii get the logs the same' year, and you realise upon them largely the same year. It is a very short ooeration compared with the o'.her. The cost of taking out the logs is nothing as compared with the cost of taking out pine. And having regard to all these points, and also having regard to the fact that in the investment in a spruce limit you have an investment that can be kept in perpetuity, so .ong as you take care of the j projjcrty, I regard no investment in Canada as goj-* as an | investment in a spruce limit, and prefer it to pine. ■' As regards red pine, the quantity is, of course, to some extent limited. I think east of the Gatineau there is very little red pine in the country. Red pine is not of the commercial value of white p.ne. It conies immediately into competition with the Georgia pine, which is preferred to our red pine ; so that the red pine is not a saleable article. And wliile I certainly attach commercial value to the red pine, it is not nearly so valuable as white pine. If, however, you ask me if I attach value, I make the statement here, that I attach value to every green thing that grows upon a timber limit. " As pine becomes less, I consider the value of other woods enhanced. I nught say this, that for the last year or two 1 have been contemplating the idea of commencing to opeiate our hard woods. "I consider the pine, spruce, red pine, birch, maple, hem- lock, tamarac, and cedar of commercial value. Beech, I think, wi'l come in too. VVhitewood and basswood also ; in fact, in the purchasing of any of our limi.s we have been governed to some extent by the whole of the timber oii the li.niits iirespe.iive of what tliat timber might be. I !? illl', Wddli I.Nhl SI IJlRS nV CAXAliA "I think thai the prop.irtion% of the nreiient production of I>ine will not be fully maintained. There must bj ^onie diminution. If fire is kept out and the pine territory is pre- served, I do not think that anyone can venture an opinion ; but it will last for a very i;reat numbe.- of years. Possibly fifty years, providing tire is kept out. I.umi)ermjn are human just as other people are, and the lumbermen will very readily and t;ladlv join in promoting the future of that asset for the province of Ouebec, if it is understood that it is to be preserved ; but you cm understand very well that, if it is not to b_' preserved, liinibermen must get somethint; out for their past years of labour and saving, and they will realise on what is m )st realisable. We are in our own case, a< I e.xplainel, acting in the very opposite way. We are rtalising far less than we c^uld realise. We could reilise in four or live years as much as we will realise in fifteen years the way we are cutting, but we are doing that with regard to the future. Now, we act on that principle in the confi- e>>eJ of any wealth at all, but that wealth is inve-.ted in the limits and mills he poisjsses. The investment in mills and similar properly is very large. The pine rimber being exhausted, his mill property, in almost every instance the total asset, is valueless, and if reasjnable hope is heil ■ • 4'<5i3 1 ,002,689 . ■ 10555 308,078 1892 .. 4>.>>t> 1,820,141 . . 12.550 303.658 1893 - 63 565 2,9c8 S84 . . 14.241 39,661 iM9« •• 35 587 1,664,547 . 10,016 3J3.C95 1895 .. 21,440 958,009 . .. 13.0:9 285.849 Here -gain there is a considerable market open to '.he Canadian woodpulp manufacturer. The High Commissioner in his report for 1S94, says:, — " The imports of mechanical pulp into France have almost recovered the position they occupied in 1891— when the imports were abnormally high in anticipation of the new tariff — notwithstanding the duty now imposed under the new IMPORTS Ol' WOODPIJLI' UV UNITED KINGDOM. From Year. Total impoits. Norway. Tons. Dols. Tons. Dols. 1887 79,53} 2,48S6i3 5'.546 1,468,118 1888 110,369 3.3'5.04« 77.5'3 '903 937 1889 122,179 3.361, 36H 89,622 2,077814 1890 117.837 3731-965 97.279 2.135634 1891 156,609 4,ui.65S 103,5^2 2,124, 20.S 1892 190,546 4,774,322 122.215 2375,693 1893 215,920 S.763423 125.8 '9 2.619,532 '894 279,765 ... - 1895 297,095 _ Tons. lo- gs From Canada. Dols. 2,000 1.3 '4 414 7.'70 195 494 From United States. Tons. 500 19 192 5-569 6,971,013 162.344 3.381939 23.751 403.160 13,190 7,661,603 173898 3.911.491 16.708 263,365 976 19467 730 6.453 76.193 235980 3'.534 The following are the sources whence the United King- dom obtained its supplies of woodpulp in 1894 and 1895 : — COUMKIKS I'RO.M WlliC 1! IHR UMTKI) KINC.DOM IMrORlKI) WOOUI'tll.1". 1 S94- 1 f95- Tons. Dols. Tons. Dols. Canada . 23.751 403,1(0 ... 16,768 269,365 Ncufoiin.i.aTiiI .. — — 710 12,162 Kusbla . 6,6,, 247,616 ... 5.234 145.931 Sweden - 51.998 1.674.235 ... 83.704 2-574 233 Norway - 162346 3.38' 939 ... 173.898 3.')i' 491 Denmatk . 1.842 87,006 734 30.465 Germjny .„ 7.422 371.263 .. 4835 200,049 Holland • 7.316 323 940 6.016 270 533 Belgium 505 22,197 .. 2660 ■45995 France — I 39 Poitu^al 1,622 66386 SOS 18,931 Austtian Tenilory 2,848 143 859 .. 1-054 49,825 United Stales 13.191 235980 976 32.534 Other i"or»igii ("ounliies.. 2SS 13432 Tot,\l ... 279765 6,971013 ... 297,095 7,661603 I'iie Worl:l's I\if'er Trade Reincw says that in 1803 the British imports of woi;dpulp were distributed among the countries as follows : — Norway .Sweden Germany Holland Canada Kuasia 45i per cent. 9 54 .. 3i .. 3 Austria ... United States . Puttugal ... Denmark. . Other Countries.. 2i jier cent. li -. I i .. -Since then for 1894 and 1895 Canaila has advanced tothe third place, its proportion for the two jears averaging over tariff. But chemical pulp has increased very much, the impoits to date being about twice the amount imported in 1892, and as wood pulp is Included in the I-'rench Treaty, the position is an encouraging one for the development of the trade. France makes some woodpulp (chiefly from imported wo'hI), but not enougii for its own requirements. It h.asbeen importing pulp largely from Norway and Sweden for paper- making. This is another market for the Cauadian pulp maker, a beginning having been made in i.'!95 by sending to France pulp to the value of 2,640 dols. The treaty with France admits our wood pulp at the minimum tariff. The Canada pulp factories are being rapidly increased in number and capacity in Quebec, Ontario, and Nova Scotia, besides one each in New Brunswick and British Columbia, while others are in course of erection or are contemplated, and old establishments are making additions to their machinery. Pulp factories were not mentioned in the Dominion Census of 1871, but in 1881 and 1891 they were returned as follows : — No. 1881. 1891. Capital in- vested. Dols. 92,000 2,900.907 Number Cinployed. 68 1,025 Wages. Dols. 15.720 292099 Kaw material. D,j|s. 9 400 469,845 Product, Do!s. 63.1 00 1,057 810 Since then the increase has still been more rapid. Exact statistics of the industry are not available, but there are over 30 pulp factories in Canada, with a yearly output estimated approximately at I so,oootons, about a third being sulphite. I I i TlIK worm TN-liT-STIUK>< OF CANAKA. The United States Market. HE United States i undoubtedly the best customer the Caii.uiian luniberinan has, and some think tliat the trade w 11 C(;.v tinue to grow in volume, notwilhstandin;} the propo-ed duty, for the American people have destroyed all their own large forest > in the Northern States. A well-known Ottawa lumberman predicts that in five years' time the Ottawa mills will be supplying lumber to Chicago. The official returns show an enormous increase in the ex- ports of Canadian logs to the United Slates in the twelve years from 1882 to i'<)i' In 1882 they amounted to 46,450,000 ft. B.M., 274,083 dols. value; in 1893 to 198,021,000 ft. B.M., 1,507,000 dols. value. The bulk of this increase was in pine logs from 1,313,000 ft. B.M., 16,001 dols. value in 1882, to 127,062,000 ft. B..M., 1,056,355 dols. value in 181)3. The ratio of increase is rapidly acceleratmg ; a division into three periods of four years shows the following results : — Four-year pcriodi. Ft. It. M. DuU. Average ft. DoU. 1881-5... 4.J35.<-Oo 37.')43 l,o8j,750 9.4SJ 18869... 20,526,000 171.856 5.'3'.503 42.964 1890 3 ... 2(19,868,000 2,382802 67,4'i7,«>o 570,700 Thus the yearly average of about one million feet in the first four years grew to five millions in the next period and to nearly ii.xty-seven and a half millions in the period just ended. By far the greater portion, practically the whole, of these pine logs, were from the province of Ontario. In spruce and hemlock, mostly from the province of Quebec, there was also a considerable increase, making with that in pine logs, almost the whole of the total increase of logs exported to the Unitec' States. The imports of logs from the United States were far smaller than the exports to that country. The imports reported by the Customs Di partment are much less than the exports reported by the Uni'ed State-, which give only their own produce, while the Canadian figures include logs impo.-ted through the UniteJ States from elsewhere. The business of rafting logs on the lakes has been success- fully conducted for many years on Lake Huron, immense quantities having been handled. The invention of the bag- boom has made log towing on the lakes practically as safe as towing on the river, and by this means rafts of 3,000,000 to 5,000,000 ft. each are brought to the Saginaw river. The repeal of the export du / on logs, exacted by the Canadian (iovernment, greatly stimulated the rafting of logs across Lake Huron to .Michigan mills. In 1891 no less than 80,000,000 ft. were brought to the Saginaw river, and in 1812 a much larger quantity came over, as figures given below will show. Large quantities of logs are also rafted from Upper Michigan and Lake Superior points to Saginaw and Lake Huron shore mills. The following figures show the quantities rafted in l8()2 : — 'I From Georgian Bay Feel. For Kinery Lumber Co 35ooo,0'o ,, .Saginaw Lumber and Sal To 27,coo.oco „ .Spanish Kivtr Lumber Co 22,coc,coo ,, Sage & Emery I2,oco,coo „ J.W. Howry & Sons 22,000,000 „ Sibley & liearingcr 22,0O0,COO ,, \Vm IVter 10500.000 „ Meriill& Rirg 6,coo,ooo „ Mooie Lumber C" 18,000,000 „ EiUiy llros. & C.> 4,oco,ooo Miscitlaneous 6,000000 Total, ifQi i845co,oco ,, iS'ji 80,000,000 From Upper Lake Points. For S. G. M. Gates 20,000,000 „ Saxe liros 2,500,000 ,, Fisher & Ilurst 15000.000 ,, C. K. Eddy&Son 4,ococur „ other parties 22,0oo,oou Total 63.500,000 Of the Canada logs, about 40,000,000 were rafted to Tawas Bay mills, and the rest came to the Saginaw river. The log rafting business is only in its infancy, and Sagii aw river mills will receive immense supplies of logs from this source for many years to ccn.c. /b 'I - : l-!i The Quebec Sistrici QUEBEC HAllBUUK. wiiuM be quilc iIll])u^^i'olL• tu uritu abcAit '_)ach<.i, L\xii Ire. Ill a strictly coiiiintrcial -t,iiul| oiiu. willi'iut ■ilUuliiig to the uu- i'\alkii aii.l i-iiiniiiaru!iiii» pusiUiii tlic i.i!\' niLUiiie; ml the jliores of one uf t!ie ijiaiiile-t liters of the u'orKl. Ai a natural lo'.ir--, .IS a sliijipiiij; jiort, as a pielureMiiie I ii\ , It -taruls without .1 peer on the Ani.'riean t'i'iiliiKiit. Many einineiit writers ha\e at- ■inptevl to ilestribe hs iini'|iie heaut'es and I. .• womhiius loveliness of it^ surriiiinilini;^, but >vor '! to toiujv its many eharrn-, ami the brush of the . .^ not able to Jepiet the ever-varyiiif,' beauties of llK ..' .\ St. Lawrence aiiil the ijrai.ileur of the hills ami plaii s lii ' surrnuiul okl (Juehej. I'Voni the (ireat preponderanee of the I'Veiieh-speakiiiH jiopulation, the xi^itor ean hardly reaii-.e that lie is in a jian of the British pJose--^i. ins ; the Continental appearance of the houses and streets would lead one to think that he was in a provincial town in France, but still there is too much Kniili^h spoken in i.oniiiiercial circles for that, and very soon the ear and eye yet atiu^toined to the strange and happy co-mi ii>;liiit; ol race- which characterises iiinlern Oiiebec. As the p.'rt in British .Vnrtli America best situated for shippin;^ limber in the 1. i;. (Jiiebec aluavs has. and ibmbt- less always will, stand |)rc eminent, for nature has end jwed lier with every requisite and lacilitv for bi-ins; the depot fur that trade. The shijimenl of balk limber has declined in all the timber-producinj; countries of the world, and it is there- ton no matter of surpri-e, nor is it anv fault of the ( )uebec nierchanis, thai it ha- fallen off there. As great a volume ot wood is jirobably beiiiy now shi|)ped from the St. Lawrence as ever, but a large ]iroportiun of it goes forward in the shape ol deals and boanls ()ur contractors, shipbuilders, car- penters and joiners, vSic, now wish to buy wood convened more nearly to the sizes in which it is to be used, and the (■aiiu revolution has taken place in the supplies from the I'ru.siaii, Swedish, ai.d pilch pine ports. Il is recorded that the hrst timber -hipi'cd lo I-airopc from Canaila was sent from O.iebec by Talm in 1667. Lieutenant Hoci|uarl sent timber ami boards to Roche- fort in 17,?5, but the export to Knyland beuan in the early days of the present century, when the (■ontinen'.al ports were closed to us by Napoleon. Tiie tr.idegrew rapidly, anil as many as 1,350 si|uareriHL'ed ships h.ive entered the river yearly to load limber. The trade appears l,j have reached its /enith about i<'ii'4, when io.o\z,~:o cubic leet of whilii pine timber were e.\ported. Since then the lr.-iv water, the logs bsing held together for lloating by transverse pieces of light wiK>d to keep them from sinking, and the transverse pieces are secured by withes, and a large surface of these drains looks at first sight like a Held of dry sticks, but when in the water little of them can bj^een, the light traitsverse pieces just keeping the logs, as it were, between wind and water. These oak logs a.e first railed, say to Toledo, a distance of 200 or 300 miles ; they are then taken by schooner across Lakes F">ie and Ontario to (iarden Idaiid, where they are r.ifte 1 into drams by the for- warding agents, the Kilvin Compary, of Kingston, or at Collins n.iy, by the C jllins Bay Rafting C Miipany. both of whivjh places arc close to Kingston, and start on their voyage down the St. Laivreiue, a distance of 500 miles, which inclu les the running of the I.a.hine and other rapids. In a dram of oak there are probably 12,000 cubic feet. It is a remarkable circumstance in connection with the oak trad'; that sevei il (hiebec firms have manufactured this timber in tile State of .\rkansis, and notwithi.andin ; the THE LOUISE D():JK, QliJBEC. The timber tr.ide in Oaebec at one time found employ- nient for from 5,000 to b,o30 labourers, and when it was Uie gre.-.test shipbuilding pjrt of the world .}o or 50 ships .vere built in a sinfile year, and fo.md work for several thousand artisans. There were in the jialirv days some twenty tirms in the port engaged in the square timber trade, but this number i.s niw reduced to four Imiiscs. A drive along the river towards Sillery, where the timber trade was always carried on, presents a scene of desolation. Passing under the shadow of the Citadel rock, there is little to bj encjuntcred for several miles but deserted shipyards, empty coves, an.i closed cottiges. When trade was in lull swing the coves extended tor a *listance of ten miles on b ilh sidei of tlie river — as f.ir as from Sillery to Cap Rouge on the Oaebjc siJe, and from the Chaudi^re to the Indian Cove on the Levis sideo. the river. Now they extend hardly a mile on the one side, >vuh two or three coves near Levis. The square oak shipped at Quebec luw comes largely fro n O'aio and Michigin, and trave.s at least 1,200 miles bjfore fact that the wo^d could bj delivered vi'n New Orleans to (ireat Hriiain at sonuthiiig like lol. per ft. less than by bringing it, say, 1 ,000 miles to (Juebec for shipment, still the latur route was adopte.l. Tlic only explanation, perhaps, lies in the fact that woo.l. when Ho'.teddoivn to the port of shipment, is prevented fioai checking, and is in better conditio,:. I'he wanev pine comes main'y from Michigan, and when n nted tbe lower tiers of tlie dram are fastened together by means of iron dogs, and the wood being lighter than oak two or three layers of logs are tloateil together, and a dram con- tains from 35 to 50.0 JO cubic feet. The wiiuerin.; timber in the coves is stacked in what are called " 111 lulinettes," that is, the logs are piled in tiers cross- wise alternately. For shipment fro n the coves the logs are secured each one by a separate dog, with a chain running tlirojgh the eyes, and whjii any pirticular log is reqaired to be put into thi -ip the dogs are knocked out and the log floated out from b -iweea the others. Zo UK AVOOI) IN'OUSTRIKS Oi' CANADA. The timber rafts are received at Cap Rouge by the Cap Rouge Pier & Wharf Co npany as agents, on account of the sellers. The managtr ,f this concern is Mr. N. Flood. A year or two ago a report was n.ade to the Local Government in Quebec as to the depreciation in the value of the timber coves, owing to the withdrawal of the square timber trade, which showed that the depreciation in value in fifteen years amounted to 4,000,000 dols., but nutuith- standing that depreciation and also the absolute abandon- ment of shipbuilding, which, at one time, enipbyed thou- sands of workman, and consumed considerable quantities of hardwoods, besides a large demand for tools and in.plenicnts, the people of Quebec ari not standing idly aside, but have turned their attention to several smaller industries for which the inhabitants are well adapted, and tlioe factories, glove factor^;?, corset works, and other light 'ndustries have sprung up. A most miportant project is the proposed extension (^^tlie new Parry Sound railway from Ottawa to Quebec, which, in conjunction with the deepe'iing and widening of the St. Lawrence canal?, will, it ishoped, convertQuebec into a depot for the shipment of the products of theGreat North-West Territories. '1 his railway would reduce the distance for grain shipmer.ij from Daluth to Liverpool 800 miles, compared with the present route ■■ia liuffaloand New York. The work of the enlargement of the canals, wh... is being carried on by the Government, to enable lary ; barges and steaniers carrying 100,000 bush s of grain in one bottom, instead of in the present 7 ft. draft barges, will entirely change the engaged in shipping simply, others as manufacturers only, whilst some are both manufacturers and shippers. Theie three classes, with the necessary brokers and ageniS, go to make up the timber traa.;of the port, and the follo'. ing are some note; concerning the persuniie/ and operations of ihe firms now carrying on business, which, we think, will be found interesti'ig to our readers. KING BROTHERS, LIMITED, are extensive manu- fact..."ers of sprue and pine, and hp.ve been now for many years in thetrade, the firm having been established in 1829 by the ia,c Mr. Charles King, who erected his first mill at St. Antoine de I'illy. There are now three partner;; in the firm, viz., Mr. Edmund Alexander King, Mr. Charles King, and Mr. James King. King Brothers are no'ed for their careful and reliable selection of shipments, and their operations aie carried on over a lai^c area and in various localities. Their principal sourcis of supply are the following : — Grand Pabos Mill is situated on the Gaspe coast in the Bai« des Chaleur district. The timber for this mill is taken from limits of the Ciown covering an area of over 500 square miles, and is for the m.ost part spruce, but there is also a considerable quantity of piue of tlie first quality, k-'own in the Iccaliiy as "Corky" pine, and in the Quebec market as the best kind of yellow pine. The capacity ot this mill is about io,t'0O,ooo ft. B.AL for the season. The seigniory of Matapedia, comprising an area of some 1 25 square miles, being all the land three miles deep aroui'd Lake Matapedia, and which is the tirivate property ot the firm, is situated in the county of Rimouski, and furnishes THE UPPER i-HD LOWER MILLS Olf KING BH03., LIMITED, ON THE RIVKB QUELLE. features of the St. Lawrence navigation, and when the port is brought into communication with the railway sy-tems of the Grand Trunk, Quebec Central, and the Intercolonial rail- ways on the South Shore, by a bridge across the river near Quebec, the'e is reison to look forward to an increase in the volume and prosperity of the shippiiig trade and that the best natural pert ct the St. Lawrence may gradually b-.ome the depot for the grain shipments from the interior and regain her position as the chief tran- shipping port of British NortI- America. The harbour is unrivalled in extent and every faciiiiy and accommodation is offered to ships loading and unloading in the Louise Dock and Basin. Another important dev^ pmcnt is the commencement of cold storage facilities for tin' preservation of perishable com- modities of all kinds, and the Government have promised aid so that a continuous line of cold storages may be cstajlished throughout th3 country, and the |)roductions of the farmers thereby be collected in good condition ar.d sent to Quebec for shipment. The Quebecers are keeping gocd heart, and notwith- standing the trials from dtp.essi' n in trade they have passed through during the last twenty years, are hopeful that they have a brighter prospect befere them in the near future. aid that their shipping trade will again (Icurish, and the produc- tions of the province will increase in value. As regards the expoitation of wood, stn.e firms are to the mill at Cedar Hall annually some 6.000,000 to 8,000,000 ft. B.M , principally spruce. Cedar HaP being situated on the line of the Intercolonial Railway, ihe lumber can be sent by rail to be shipped by water either from Palhousie, at the head of the Dale des Chaleur, or from Rimouski, or Riviere du Loup on the St. Lawrence, On the seigniory there i, an immense quantity of the best quality of cedar, a timber now largely used for making shii^gles, railway sleepers, telegraph and telephone posts, also .jr boat budding, and many ether purposes. In con- nection with this mill the firm also holds some limits frt tn the Crown, the tiniber from which is brought to the n;ill by streams flowing into the Lake Matapedia. At Riviere Quelle, on the 'ine of the Intercolonial Rail- way are two more mills, with a jcint capacit) of about >S,ooo,ooo ft. B.M. per annum. The illustration shows these two mills, which are close to each other, both working .'''■om the same supply of logs. The timber is furnished from private land, of which the firm holds a considerable area, and from about 350 square miles of limits held from the Crown. The wood is chiefly spruce, but there still remains a quantity of pine'. For the superior quality of both spruce and pine the mill has had, for li loi-g lime, a welt des;;rved reputation in the trade. The seigniory of St. .lean des Cbaillons, in the Coui.ly of Lolbinicre, eomprisin(> an area of 135 square miles, the priv-lc ptoperty of the firm, is another prolific source ui 1 I %l TIIK WOOD INIM'STIMKS (iK CANADA. supply. This is most advantageously situa'.ed, being only about 50 miles from Ouebcc by wat«r, and hiving a railway through it, the length of which is ^o miles, running from Lyster Station, on the line of the Granu Trunk Railway, to St. Jean des Chaillijns, en the banks of the St. I.awrence. The timber is, therefore, available bjth by railway and water for. the market of the United Srales, and for the English and European markets by way of Quebe;. The territory furnishe: at present timber for three milU, tvo of which, one at King^burg and the other at Brousseaus, on the line of the railway lunninj through ii, known as t'le on the line of li.^ Quebec Central Rnilway, shipments from which are made mainly to the American mirksta smiU portion being produced for the English mirket, which is shipped by Oaebec. The capacity of these mills may be estunated at 10,000,000 to 12.003,000 ft. In addition to the above, King B.'others hive the control of the output of several other small mills situated at different points. The b'lsiness has recently been converted into a joint- stock company, the shares of which arc a'.l held by the family. \Vc may add that K'ng B.jlhjrs are also largely 2; \^ a: .J < Q U CO H « a 4 i- LI Lotbiuiere and Megantic Railway, and one at Hadlow, in the port of t,)ucbec. The combined capacity of these three mills is about 10,000,000 it. B.M. At I.yst'ir, on the line of th.; (Irand Trunk Railway, about forty miles from Oueboc, is another mill, with an annu.al capacity of 7 to 8 million ft. B.M. The supplies for this mill are drawn from King Brothers' own private lands, from limits of the Cio.vn.and from the lands of proprietors whj get out and furnish the logs. Tiiree other mills, owiud by King B.-others, are sltuiteJ irueresled in the asbestos business, owning mines of litis inutcrial in the well-known Thetford district, from the principal one of which, the Hampden Mine, is furnished the iinc-it asbestos fibre in the market. W. & J. SHARPLES is the oldest Hrm in the square timber Ira.le, having been established in 1830 by Mr. Wil- liam .Sharpies, of Liverpool. The business was after- wards taken over by his son, M'. Henry Sharpies about 184.. kichanlWainwright iV Charles Sharpies, and then the late Hon. John Sharpies next conducted the business and sub- 21 rilK WiiDli INDlsruiKS ol- I ANADA. sequently hisson?, only one of wlioni rimaiiis in llic ^llippin^ business, viz., the Hon. John Sharpies nlio is now sole proprietor of the firm. They ship about 2000,000 cubic feet' of timber of all kinds during the season, and about 50,000,000 ft., board measure, of pine deals and sidings. They possess tvo coves above Quebec, the Sillery cove, devoted entirely to !^quare timber, and the BriJgwattr co c, where they have large piling grounds for deals for shipment, of both of which we give illustrations. Their hammer mark is the dollar s'gn, Avhich is registered. The agents of this firm in Glasgow are Edmiston & borne for the best part of a century the title of the " King of the Sagucnay," the present sovereign being the Hon. Evan John IVice, who is now sole propr:,.;[or of the tirin. Mr. William i'rice, who came to Canada in 1810. wa.s ihe founder of the houee, and erected the first saw-mills at Chicoulinii and Tadoussac. On the death of Mr. Wni. Price the style of the firm was changed to I'rice & Son, aT:d in \HG-j to I'rice IJrcs. All goods maimfaclured or shipped by ihis firm are hammer-marked with the letter P. They have now fourteen mills in operation in vaiious parts of the province, one ot the oldest of which i; the u w n < 'A a o si a i— < PL, M s Mitchells, in London PritcV Pitrie, and in Liverpool Tlios. B. Ntale & Co. In addition to Mr. Sh.nrpks, who usually visits England yearly, the importers are called upon each new year by Mr. Wm. Powei and Mr. Harcourt Smith, who pay a visit over the water every year for the purpose of makini; sales. PRICE BROS. & CO. stand pro-tmincnt as the largest manufacturers and shipjiers of spruce deals in the province of Quebec. In the Sagucnav \ alley the business operations of the I'rice family aie really a history of the settlement of that localitv, the heads of that firm having 1'atiM.aM Mill, situaud (n a rivir of that name about sixty miles above Ouebcc, en the north shore of ihe.^it. Lawrence. This mill has a never-failing walci sii)iply lor power, and has a ca| acily of turning out from j.coo to 4,o(0 Petersburg standards duri.igtl'e W( rking scr.sf n frt m June to Octt)I)er. Ships and steamers can lo.id at the wharf, which is cheap and sheltered. Tl.e isi quality ilcils manufactured here arc marked " italiscan." The St. Tlmmas Mill, sitnaled forty miles below Ouebcc on the south shore, is u steam mill, x.iili good loading facilities. ■nil-: WOiiD IMHSI'ltlKS III-- CANAliA. zd On a branch of the river St. Thomas, at Cape St. Ignace, is another steam mill. The deals maiuifaituicd liere aie snipped at St. Tliomas, I'rom which place it is only fws miles distant. A water mill is situated at Trois ?aunions, the deals from which are also shipped at St. Thomas. Tlio capacity of the three above-named mills is about n.ooo standards. Last year a new steam mill was built at Trois Pistoles, about 1 20 miles above (juebcc, on the south shore. The anchorage there is i^ood "tor loadiof; ships of any si/e, and the capacity of the mile is from 2,000 to 3,000 standards. The Metis Steam .Mill is situated about 120 miles below Quebec, on the south shore ; and the .Metane Mill, about 200 iniles;lhe latter.which has been worked by wale., is now being fitted up as a steam mill. .'\t .Vnqin, on the Intercolonial Railway, a mill is placed, the logs are floated to the mill, and the deals are delivered to Campleton, Dalhousie, or Metis for shipment. The capacity of above scries of mills is about 4,000 standards cat b. On the far- famed Saguenay River this firm have four mill-. from which tlie\ ship their well known spruci. deals. This re markable river is navigable for ships of the deepest draft foi 60 miles. On account of the very swift cui rent, a very powerlul tug 1- providcd for tin convenience nl ships coming up to load, theri being no possiliie anchorage on the river except at the mills. The Chicoutimi mill is situated in the DOi;iLr,, BECKETT, & CO.S .lIMHEII LOVES AT .SII.l.EKY. John Burstall, who had been head of the firm for some thirty-five years, died in Kiigland on February 2t)th last. The business is now conducted by .Messr'^. I". Bihingsky, who has been connected with it for over forty years, and John !•'. Burstall, son of the late .Mr. John Burstall. The firm hai a branch office at .Montreal, and another in London, F.ngland. It has for nnre than half a century done a large annual export trade, and before the advent of ''i-. steam caryir.g irade, for a long scries of years exported annually to (ireat Britain from loo to 200 cargoes of timber and deals. Since the introduction of steam a large portion of the business is done at Montreal. Their registered trade mark, .A. .A. and A.B., on first-class and good fair average square pine timber respectively, are well known in Great Britain. Their principal trade is in the export of pine deals and lumber frc.ii Montreal, from whence t!ie\' send many millions of feet annually, their trade stamp, J. B & Co., on deals, beiiig also well kncwn, The square timber is shipped chiilly from Cap Kc;u<;e, the receiving depot ah ive Oi'.ebcc for rafts comingdown the St. Lawrence ; some, liowc\Lr, is shipped from Indian Cove at L e V i s. T he spruce deal shipping is done from the wharves of the Ouebec Ware- house Company, South Ouebec, at the receiving depot f>r birch and other limber and deals. Mr. Iiillini;sley is presidciu of llial •.ompany lo'.vn of that name at the head of the navigation. The mill at tJrand Bay (or lla-Ha liny) is driven by ,vater-iiower. The otlier mills are situated at L'Anse St. Jean ard at Si. Ktienne. The total capacity of these mills is 20,000 stanilards per -eason. 1 wo additional mills, in the Lake St. John district, at the source of the Saguen.ay, must not bj omitted. Tliev are some 60 miles aoove Chicoutimi, to which place the deals are railed. Besides the above, tlic firm handle the cuts of olhcr mills in the province. Mr. Kvan Joim I'riie lakes an active interest in all com- mercial matter^ relating to the development of the Dominion, and he is president and manauing director of the A Gravel Factorv at Kchemin. The shipments of the firm are chielly to Great Britain, the Coiuinent, South America and .\u-^tralia, and their agents in the I'niled King- dom are Price a,ul Pierce, of Loudon. The Hon. Kvan John Price still resides at the oM family homestead near Ouebec. THE BURSTALL FIRM i, one of the oldest engaged in the export ot wo, djoods from Cinada, li.uing bee:; established in the City of Ouebec bv 1 he late I lenry Burstall in the year iS;2, (14 years ago. lie came IVcun Hull, England, and wa^ shortly afterwards joineil by h's brother Edward. The business was carried on lor manv years under the style of II. A- R. Burstall. On the re'irement of Mr. Hy. Burstall in 1^56 ii was changed to K. Bur>tall it Co. In 1857 Mr. Joim Burstall, a nephew of the brolhei s, was admitted a patlnir, and when a few ye.irs afterwards Mr. Edward lUirslall retired, it was aoain changed to J. Burstall & Co., and has so remained ever since. About the year iSfi< Mr. H. .Stanley Smith, of Liverpool, joined the firm, and rem lined a partner for some ten or twelve years, when he retired. Mr. W. 1 1. Robinson then became a member, as representing Messrs. Harrison, Robin- son, & Co., of Liver[)ool. Mr. Robinson dieil in 1S76, and the following year Mr. F. Billingsley, for many years in the employ, was ailmitied into partnership, ,dong with Mr. II. T. Walcot, who remained in the firm for ten vears, Mr. the lire.st are deals and s.|Uare POBELL, BECKETT, & CO shippers on the .St. Lawrence of pin: timber taken together. They have no mills, but confin their operations eniirelv to shipping The firm has lieen established abcut thirtv-five vears. and assumed the nroeiit style in iSSy. The /,■«-,«»<■/ consiHs of the 11 n. Ri-h.ird'K. Dobell, of Quebec; Mr. Thos. Beckett, of I.o-don ; Mr. THE HON. li. U. DOUEI.I- Thomas Stevenson, of London ; Mr. Loren/o Evans, of Ouebec ; and Mr, \V. .M. Uobcll.of .Montreal, with a house in London, under the style of H. K. Hobcll iV Co. Their goods are all hannuer - marked with their registered mark \J'^ or O'dN , Tliey own two coves above Oueler, nannly, Lemesuriers and Bowen's Coves, at the latter of which are ileep-water piers for loading vessels at all states of the tide. •At Montreal they have storage accommodation for square THK WOOD IKDUSTItlPX OK ('ANADA. [ timber, from which port they make shipments principally of all kinds.' For the past two years they have handled the proJuctions of the well-known Hawkesbury mill, ?lso Huell .V Hurdman's manufacture. In spruce they have had in hand Mr. Atkinson's cuts at the Echemin, St. Raymond, and Scott's Mills ; also the deals from several mills on the Lake St. John route, and the entire production of the Charlemagne, Pierreville, and Louisville Mills near Montreal ; also Baptiste's Mill at Three Rivers, with the Warren Curtis HARDLD KENNEDY, who has been established in the port about 14 years, acts as shipowners' agent, and is the owner of Indian Cove, on the Levis side, where most of the steamers discharge and load. He first came out to Qjebecto represent Taylor, Pierce, & Co., of Liverpool, wno were the successnrs of Ja;. Bland & Co. He now acts as buying agent for Pierce, Watts, & Co. He is a manufac- turer and shipper of birch timber. As shipowners' agent he acts for the loUowing well-known lines of steamers : — Elder Demoster & Co.'s London line ; the " Head " Line of o z 5 o o 'J S5 O O s: Ed a .J o OS < and St. Lawrence Lumber Company Mill at the same place. ^The senior partner is as well known in England as he is in the land of his adoption. In the Dominion his na.ne is identified with every movement which has for its object the extension of the commerce of thecoloiiy and the good of the Empire. He represents Quebec West in the Dominion Parliament, and ii a member of the Laurier Administration without a portfolio. He is also President of the Quebec Board of Trade. Belfast; the " Head " Line of Dublin; the Franco-Beige Line to Boulogne and Antwerp ; the " Holme " Line of Hine Bro5., of Maryport ; Bowring& Archibald, of London ; and Petersen, Tait, & Co.'s " Turret " boats of Sunderland. The offices occupied by Mr. Harold Kennedy at the end of Dalhousie Street, are admirably adapted for his business, being built on the river, and from the bay window overhanging the water, or on the outside verandah, a clear view can be obtained both up and down the river as far as the eye or telescope can reach. THE WOOD i:Sl)USTKIES Oh' CANADA. J?^""^' The Indian Cove is probably the largest in the port, and was at one time occupied by Gilmour & Co. It has deep-water loading piers, and is used by several timber shippers in the port for loading. The Montreal branch of the firm is carried en under the style of M'Lean, Kennedy, & Co., and thr. London branch as Kennedy, M'Lean, & Co. Mr. Harold Kennedy is a nenibur of the Quebec Harbour Commission. THE McARTHUR BROS. CO , Limited.— This com- pany was originally .VIc.Arlliur Bros., consisting of John McArlhur, Alexander McArthur, and Peter AIcArthur. timber, they soon became considerable liiippcrs. In 1886 the firm was formed into a joint stock company, the shares all being held in the family, and is now carried on under the style of the McArthur Bros. Company, Limited. Since that time the business of the firm has been greatly extended, •inder the management of Mr. H, T. Walcot, of 17, Gracc- churcii S'reet, London, England, who acts as agent and representative on that side of the Atlantic, and of Mr. Edward Harper Wade, who ac's a? Quebec manag.r and superintendent, and exercises a clo;e supervision over ship- ments. Two of the origin.al members of the firm and com- 0 H y. o u a. They carried on for many years a steadily increasing busi- ness in the manufacture of limber for the markets of the United Kingdom, selling all their production to the Quebec merchants. Finding in dull times and years of depression a dillicully in disposing of their timber, and realising that in good times and years of active Ini-iness a large profit was made by the middleman, they decided to enter upon the shipping business by consigning to andsellingon contract in the I'.iiglish, Scotch, and Irish markets. Being the owners of extensive timber limits, aiul manufacturers of their own pany have passed away. The death of Mr. John McArthur the senior brother in the firm who attended to the Ontario business, took place some -^ears ago, and was followed iti 1895 by that of Mr. Alexander -VIcArtliur, who was well known atid much respected atui liked by very many con- nected with thetrade throughout the United Kingdom, who, from a business acquaintance, gradually came to regard him as a close friend. He at one time crossed the .Atlantic each winter in connection with the business, .Since tliLik'cea«eof these two ol the brothers, Mr. Neil (jordon and .Mr. H. c 7'jl rilK wool) INinsTKIKS OK CANADA. W. Bickel), of Toronto, have been made shareholders and directors, having for some time been connected with the concern. Mr. Peter Mc.Arthur, the remaining and younger brother of the old firm, and who formerly attended to the United States business, and to everything connected with the production of the timber, is now president of the company. In addition to shipping timber of their own manufacture, made on their own limits, the firm also buys largely from Western and Ottawa manufacturers, who sell in the Quebec market. They also carry on a large business in pine~deals, buying year by year the (lilmaur Hull mill cutting of the famous ABC deals, cut from the well- known Gatineau soft yellow pine, and the Gilmour Trenton and Canoe Lake pine deals, made from saw-logs cut on the highest priced limits ever sold in Canada. The company is also interested in the Collins Ray Rafting and Forwarding Company, employed in bringing timber from the West to Quebec, Mr. Peter McArthur being president. As vessel owners, they run steamboals and sailing ships on the Canadian and American Lakes. Their head ofTice is in Toronto, with branches in netroit, Michigan, Montreal, and Quebec. They now hold most valuable timber limits, covering a great extent of country in various sections. They have very considerable mining interests in gold, silver, lead and copper, both in Canada and the United States. Their specialty, however, is Waney Board Pine, which they largely manufacture, and distinguish with registered mark M A B, and registered stamp A in circle. This wool has always been recognised as very superior, and is well known in all consuming markets. The Mc.Vrthur brothers are of good Scotcli origin, the family having settled at Lancaster, in the Glen- garry country, west of Montreal, where the eldest brother, Mr. Archibald McArthur, who is not c()iiiie>:teJ with the business, still occujiic-i the old homestead, and is universally esteemed and respected. Mr. Edward Harper Wade, wlio manages the Quebec business, is a native of Liverpool. England. In iSfti he entered the office of Me-srs. Sharpies & Co. in his native town, in 1870 was transferred 10 Quebec, and remained with the firm till 1877, visiting England each winter and taking an active part in the business as sales- m;m. He then took a simiUr positio.i with .Messrs. Hoberts, Smith, A' Co., and remained with them till the iciirement of .Mr. Joseph Roberts in 1880, when he was taken into partnership by Mr. K. W. Smith, and for six years carried on business under the style of Smith, Wadf, .t Co. On Mr. Smith retiring, Mr. H. V. Walcot, who had been a partner for nine years in Messrs. John Burstall * Co., joincil the firm. In'1890 Mr. Walcot became agent in Eng- land of the Mc.Vrtluir Bros. Compariy, Limited, and Mr. Waiie the Oiiebec manager of the same concern. The shipping b nuns of the company are at Ne wLondon Cove, iti the harbour of (,)iicbcc, and vcssi Is loafted bv them moor at New Liveriuxil Cove, the property of .Mr. Wade, where there is spec ally safe and ample deep water accommo- dation for steamers and ^ailing ships of all size''. BENNETT & CO. are manulacturers' agents, and have been in the bu•^ines^ since 1S75, and the two partners are sons of the late .Mr. Bjiison Bennett, who was well known a' one time as the largest millowner an. I manufacturer of pii o and spruce deals in Ouebic Among the various mills for which Bennett iV Co. act as agents are those ol Sir Henri de Toly Lciibinii.re in the Seigiuurie of I.otbiniere and the mills of the Hon. j. K. Ward, of .Montreal, for both of which Ihev have been agents lor nuay years. I'hey are also agents for the sale of the Delaware, Lackawanna, & Western Railroad Company's anthracite coal. H. R. GOOODAY &. CO.— Mr. Horace Richardson Gooddi'.y carries on husine-s under above style, as shipper (]f spruce, pine and liaidwoods. The spjciality of the firm is spruce, and tb.eir shipments, comprising the Breakey brand, aggregate from 10,000 to 15.000 standards per season. Their registered trade mark is H in G. The brands on the Breakey cut are z isis, /:/. ands, z/zjrds, zzzz-tth-s. Mr. H. R. G.JoiJay iith-' son of Mr. H G. Goodday, late of Paris, Havre and London, who has been well known for many vears to Continental buyers, having acted in Europe for il?altic, Russian, Canadian, and American shippers, and who served his apprenticeship with the well-known house of (J. V. Neanie >V Co. 'Phey 3.'ii represented in the United Kingdom bv ■■"ov, .Morgan, & <.Jo. E. L. SEWELL has been in the business since 1881, and i-. a spruce manufacturer, owning three mills, one c 1 the St. Lawrence, 30 utiles above Quebec, and two on the Lake St. John Railway. He manufactures solely for t.ie English market, and the capacity of the mills is about 25,000,000 ft. board measure. He does not ship himself, but disposes of his productions each year to one of the shipping firms. ROSS & CO., who were at one time considerable shippers from Quebec, now entirely confine their manufac- turing operations to the Ottawa district, having disposed of their mills and spruce forests in Quebec to American firms for the manufacture of pulpwood. H. M. PRICE & CO.'S business is a continuation of the firm of Hall & Price, who were the successors of the late G. B. Hall, who were the owners of the celebrated Mont- morency M lis. These mills were the oldest in Canada, having been started in 1815, and from them an extensive export to England was carried on, but they were sold some years ago, and discontinued as a saw-mill. This firm has one saw-mill in operation at Price's Siding, in the township of Whitton, on the Tring branch of the Quebec Central Rail- way, the capacity of which is about 8,000,000 ft., and two other mills on the Grand Trunk Railway. They are manufacturers only, and dispose of their production to shippers, but are largely interested in the trade ir. larch railway ties and sleepers, bark, and pulpwood to the States. DUNN & CO. are probably more largely interested in the oak timber trade than any other firm here. This busi- ness was established from 45 to 50 years ago by Mr. Timothy H.Dunn, who is St ill living, and is thef/ovf^rt of the timber trade of the port. Notwithstanding his increasing years, he still takes a lively interest in the trade. Mr. Stuart H. Dunn is now the sole proprietor of the firm Phey draw their sup. piles of timber from Ohio and Michigan, and are agents for the well-known makes of .Mr. Kelsey, of Detroit, .Mich. (K mark), and of Mr. Chenevert,of Defiance, Ohio (CJC mark). W. H. WILSON made arrangements early last year with A. F. & D. .Mackay, of Liverpool, to carry on from Quebec a shipping and agency business, and he ships all kinds of timber, including large quantities of birch and hardwoods. Mr. Wilson is a Canadian born, and has had a thorough experience of all the diflTerent branches of the timber business from the woods to the ship. He has made many annual trips to England for the purpose of making sales ; and he also acts for \V. & J. Sharpies in Sunderland, Hartlepool, and the Te.s ports, where he usually places several cargoes annually. He handles the well-known manufactures of Mr. J. .S. Murphy, who operates largely in hardwoods in Western Ontario. Last year Mr. Wilson handled the finest parcei of birch ever supposed to have been shipped from this port, and which was manufactured by Mr. Veilleux, of Levis. CARBRAY, ROUTH, & CO., Quebec and Montreal.— This firm was founded in 1869 by Messrs. Felix Carbray & h'rancis Alexander Routh, who are still at the helm. The latter is a son of the late Sir Randolph Routh, of London, England, and, therefore, brother of the eminent mathemati- cian of the University of Cambridge. Those gentlemen, from a small beginning, have, by hard work and honourable dealings, built up a large and lucrative trade. Their busi- ness has been of the character of general commission and shipping. They are also sellingagenis for several important saw-mills. They also execute orders for all kinds of wood goods, and have done a large business with Great Britain, France, Portugal, Australia, and South America. Mr. Carbray is a prominent man in public life, and represents the business division of theCity of Quebec in the Parliament of the Province of Quebec. He is also Consul for Portugal at Quebec, whilst Mr. Routh fills the same position as Portu- guese representative in .Montreal. D. R. McLEOD, as his name suggests, is a native of Scotland, who is now in business as a broker between minufacturers and shippers, also as agent for the sale of timber limits. He has been in the port over thirty-six years, and was at one time a shipper, and is still largely interested in spruce, pine timber and spool wood. He was com- pelled .>y impaired health to give up his shipping business some years ago. Mr. McLeod is well known in England and Scotland, and no man is better liked or respected in Quebec. He is now president of the .St. Andrew's Society, one of the oldest charities in the Dominion. BENSON & CO.— Mr. K. W. Benson trades under the name of the old firtu of his father and uncle, and he bears a name well known to the Quebec trade. Mr. Benson is a Yorkshireman, fi- u Whitby, and was brought up for the navy, but after nine years at sea, he married and THK Wnoii INPfSTRIKS OF CANADA. settled in Canada in 1874. He buys on commission, imports, and guarantees shipments, and sells on contract. The exports are spruce, and all kinds of hardwooer, feeling sure that the demand for same will keep on increasing yearly. The president of the company is Mr. Robert Reford, of Montreal, senior member of the firm of Robert Reford it Co., large shipping agents and owners ; Mr. Reford is also president of the Mount Royal .Milling & Manufacturing Company, of Montreal and Victoria, B.C., and a director of the Bank of Toronto. The manager is Mr. Alexander McLaurin, formerly of East Tenipleton, who is well known to the timber trade throughout the country. .r- 2 zy Ttie Montreal 2)istriof. MONTREAL HARBOUR. OXTRRAI. lias become the cnmniercial and financial capital of Caiuula, and has now a population of upwards of 300,000, two-thirds of whom are French speaking. The business portion of the city is more modern in app-ear- ance than Quebec, and lofty stone buildings have been erected in the principal streets. The offices occupied by the leading banks, insurance companies, and wholesale dry goods firms, &c., are as hand- some and imposing as can be seen anywhere. The numerous fine churches of the various denominations are a notable feature of tlie city both from their number and their architectural excellence. Standing on Mount Royal (from which the place derives its name), looking over the city to the St. Lawrence, spanned by the tubular railway bridge of a mile and a quarter in length, a magnificent pmoramic view of the city and neighbourhood can be obtained. Being situated at the head of the navigation of the St. Lawrence, Montreal has become the great trans-shipping port fir the produce of Western Canada and the Great North- West Territories of the United Slates. The deepening cf the channels of the river above Ou, bee has made the port of Montreal what it now is. They have been deepened from 15 ft. to 27I ft., and a movement is on foot to increase the depth to ,30 ft. in order to admit: the largest vessels aHoat. The canal system of Canada, too, is a very important feature in the trade of the St. Lawrence. Most of the canals have a depth oft) tt. to 12 ft., but steps are being taken to deepen them to a minimum of 14 ft , thus opening up improved water communication through the great lakes to the west, and as water traffic is by far the cheapest means of transportation, this scheme when carried through will form a great f ature of the .St. Lawrence route, and prob- ably bring more trafllic lo Montreal than to Ouebec. In 1845, 640 seagoing vessels arrived in the port,~with a total tonnage of i|069,38(- The value of the merchandise imported was 37, 4^16, 103 dols. and of that cxporled 40,348,^87 dols. Tlie export consisted largely ol grain, cheese, apples, lumber, live stock, cattle, shee|), horses, ,*tc. About tweiitv years ago the exp irt of deals h'oni Ottawa )•/(/ Montreal «as conitrenced by Dobel', Beckett, & Co., and it was with some reluctance that Allan Bros, were in- duced to carry the goods by one of their liners. From that time the trade has grown lapidly, as will be seen from the statement of yearly exports of wood goods of all kinds from the port since the commencement. MKMO. ok LtlMllKK or AI.E. KINDS Snil'rP.I) FUOM MONTRKAI. T,) GRK.\r llRlrAlN AMI oriiF.K CoUNrRIKS. Year. 1877 1878 1S79 iSSo 1 88 1 1882 18S3 1884 188; 1S86 1S87 |88J 1889 iSijo 1891 I.S92 i8iij 1S9, 189; 1896 No. of h'LTl, No. of Tons. 5'. 439 11,034 10,499,951 — 11,348,120 — 13,046,294 — 21.724637 — 16,959,078 — 3'. 457.265 — 37.162,100 — 28,912,376 32,920.390 — 1I7,32".72I — 154,289,618 ... — "62,565,353 — 79 — .. .. l8'l,6l0.0-'9 — 175.372976 — 201,131,226 to Oclobir 22nil. In fact, Montreal is now the trans-shipping port for all the pine produce of the Oiiawa Valley that is sent to Europe, South America, &c. The deals are conveyed during the season in 1 arges, carrving an average of 145 standards each, down the Ottawa River and the Lacliine Canal, and they are transferred direct from craft to the steamer. The export of pine deals to England is mainly in the •1 I n IIIK \V()()I> INDISTKIKS (iK CANADA z hands of six or seven firm?, four Quebec houses who have branch offices here, two Liverpool houses, anil one Montreal firm. The total shipments of last year did not vary much Iroir. the preceding one. lielow we give particulars of shipments of each firm in 1.^94 and 1895 : — Sinr.MK.XTS FRO.M MONIRKAI.p SE,\SU\' 1S94. I-«t. Dobcll, Becketl, & Co. 44,368,013 AlsT 2,437,132 ft, liiaileil ni Charlfmatne. McAnhur Bros. & Co., Limited ... 29,24'>,ocx) W, & J, .Sharpies 27,195,651 Kolierl Cox & Co. 25,859.909 Watson & Todd 20,096000 1. Burstall & Co. I97J9.055 lumber are well known in the Liverpool market, are attended to here by Mr. S. Barker. The following are the totals of this firm's shipments during the past five years : — Total l664i!S,628 .SllII'.MKMS 1-KllM MosrRK.M., SKASON I895. I'eel. DoMI, Beclelt, & Co 4376x072 W. ftj. Sharpies 33 HJ9.854 Robert Cox \ Co. ._ 2S,499,684 J. Ilurslall & Co 23922944 Mc.\rthiir llros & Co 15778,000 Walson N: To('(l ... ... ... ... 10,924000 Kxport Luiiil>-;r Company ... ,., ... S 474 000 K. II I-einay 3,060.679 McLean, KvTinedy, & Co, 576 275 Wm. Kos,. & ( 'o SJii'S? • Benson &. Co 16,830 Total 169,384,195 In writing about Quebec it was mentioned that the deal trade had shift e,l from that port, and the forest produce that at one time was shipped in the shape of square limber is now sent aw ly from .Montreal cut into deals and boards, and it is looked upon as impossible that the tiade will ever revert to the old chiitmels. The tendency of modern shipping operations is for vessels to load wherever possible at the head of the navigation, and a hundred miles or so up a good navigable river makes no increase in either freights or insurance. The removal of the ileal trade Iroin Quebec wai he result of cau^':s already e.xpfiined, but it was taken away much sootier than would otherwise have been the case, in consequence of the arbitrary ;iiid unwarraiuable conduct of the stevedores and labourers, who insisted on conditions the shippers were unable to accept, and claimed a higher rale of wages than that ruling in Montreal. Thus they drove the trade away and impoverished themselves. Some square and waney pine, as well as birth and hard- wood logs, are shipped from this port, but to carry on an extensive trade in timber there is not such good or ample accommodaliiin as at Quebec, for there is here practically no rise or fall of the tide. Montreal is practically a free port for '■hipping, and frequently lower freights are accepted than totjuebec. The shippers here, too, liave a great advaiUage in being able to contract over the season with the steanisbip hnes to carry sawn timber at a fixed low freight. At the head of the list of lilotUreal shippers stands the name of Dobell, Deckett, it Co., and the resident partner is Mr. \V. M.Dobell.the son of the senior partner They were the first Quebec house to open an office here, and they have a tiiuber-piling ground, and sheds for storing lumber under cover, situated on the Lachine Canal. In addition to the large season operations, they receive the bulk of their square timber by rail from Ottawa and the various points during the winter. It is prepared for shipment at their wdiarf, and stored in " moulinettes " on the ice, to be ready for ship- ment in the spring, as soon as the weather breaks. The McArtliur Bros. Co., Limited, have an office here in charge of Mr. G. M. Nicholson. W. & J. Sharpies also have an office, which is managed by Mr. Brennan. The interests of Robert Cox & Co., whose operations in Sr.Aso.Ns 1891 TO 1895. 1891 1892 1893 loy4 1895 Total Feet. 22,613.387 2S.081.745 20.901,801 25.859.909 28,499,6-4 ■ 25.957, 52f' Watson & Todd, who are also well known in the Liver- pool market, are represented by Mr. Martin Power. The Quebec shippers, J. Burs'.all A Co.'s office here is managed by Mr. J. D. Anderson, who has had a long experience in the Canadian timber trade. Mr. E. H. Lemay has been shipping from this port to England for the past few years. He also ships to the West Indies and South America. Mr. Lemay is a member of the Harbour Commission. Tlie sliipbrokers who most largely handle deal shipments are Elder, Demi)ster, & Co., McLean, Kenne ly, & Co., and Carbray & Kouth, The shipments are made either in the vessels of the various steamship lines or by tramp steamers, and a considerable proportion of the tramp tonnage is loaded by Elder, Dempster, & Co. This firm was carried on under the style of Harling, Konald, & Co., but last year it was atualgamaled with Eldei, Dempster, & Co., ot Liverpool, and Mr. Harling, who was previously in (he Canadian trade in Liverpool, came out to Montreal to work up the business, and this season they have loaded about •So steamers at Montreal and Quebec, and have probably done the largest shipjiing business at this port. During the season of ifiyb they have forwarded to England 32,500 standards of deals as follows : — 10,00.) standards to Bristol, 7,500 standards to London, and 15,000 by tranjp steamers to various ports. They are agrnis for the Dominion Line freignt boats, which run to Bi i~!ol and London. Tne view of Montreal Harlijur given is taken from the Custom H<>use, and shows Commissioners' Street, in which tlioroughlare many of the timber shijipers' and sliipbrokers' offices are situated. There is only one export saw-mill in the vicinity of Montreal, the Mona Mill, owned by the Hon. J. K. Ward. It is on the Lachine Canal, about two miles Irom the centre of the city. Mr. Ward's limits are situated along the kiver Rouge, a tributary of the Ottawa, The logs are raited at tlie mouth of the Rougein cribs, and come down the Ottawa River to Lachine, being towed down the canal by steamers. The product is disposed of in the United Sates, British, and local markets. In addition to the lumber manufactured at the mill, Mr. Ward purchases a considerable quantity in the Ottawa district, his annual transactions averaging Ironi 15 to 20,000,000 It. The Hon. J. K. Ward was born in the Isle of Man in 1S19. He served as a carpenter for some years, and in 1842 emi- grated to the United Slates, and shortly afterwards entered into business at Troy, N.Y., purchasing a planing mil!, wdiich he successfully conducted until 1S53, when he removed to Canada. After prospecting for a lime, he purchased a mill jiroperty on the Maskinonge river, in the province of Quebec, where he spent ten years. In 1863 he moved to 1 hiee Rivers and look over the property of Norcrus, Bhilqis, A Co., which he afterwards sold to an American firm, and commenced business at his present place. Mr. Ward has alw.ays taken a deep interest in the question of forestry. The office of the Chirlemagne and Lac Ouareau Lumber Company, Limited, are here ; also the ollicesot the rourvillc Lumber Company, aud the Export Lumber Company, of New York, who export largely to South America, have a resident agent in the city during the shipping season. V/ 7 IIIK WiK)|) IMdSTrtlKS OK (.'ANAHA •-, c . vy. , o -.X'-' In ^ ->\--^ •^ S 'W^ ^ ;>.N " 1 J 3f TIIK \V(,)()|) INIHSTRIKS OK CANAIU. *N Ihe Ottawa 2)istrict THE OTTAWA KIVEB AND PARLIAMBNT BUILDINGS, SHOWING PL4CB WHEUB CRIliS OF TIMBKK ARE RAFTED AKTEU PASSING THROUGH THB SLIDE. HE Ottawa valley is the centre of the pine lumber trade, and is a thriving district. It includes the country on both banks of the Kiver Ottawa (or Grand River as it was forn-.eily called), that on the north shore being in the province of Quebec, and that on the south in the provin.e cf Ontario. The Ottawa is a tributary of the St. I-awrence, into which river it falls at the western extremity of the Island of Montreal. Its length is about 600 miles. On its course the River Gatineau, which is about 300 miles in length, separates the valley towards its centre, in a line nearly per- pendicular running from north to south. It is estimated that over 30,000 square miles of territory are drained by the Ottawa and its tributaries. The district of the Ottawa valley (as may be seen on reference to our map; may be said to commence about Grenville and Hawkesbury on the cast, and to extend to Des Joachims in the west, comprising on the north shore the counties of Ottawa and Pontiac, which are subdivided into townships of about ten miles square, of Rrescott, Russell, Grenville, Carleton, Lanark, and Renfrew. It is ntersected throughout, on both sides of the Ottawa river, with numerous large tributary streams, many of them sur- passing the largest rivers of (ireat Britain. Of those flowing from the north the principal arc the Nation, the du Lievre, the (iatineau, the Coulonge, and the du Moine. On the south side are the Madawaska, the Bonncchere, and the Petewawa. The southern side of the Ottawa is a good agricultural country, being less mountainous than the north shore, but the valleys and rivers traversing the latter, and the tract lying between the Laurentian Hills and the Ottawa is also good for farming. Ottawa is now a handsome and well-built city, and is the seat of the Dominion Government. The streets are broad and well paved, and the public buildings and private resi- dences are a credit to a community which can only boast of sixty years' existence. The glory of the city, however, is the Government buildings, which are a conspicuous object from whatever quarter the town is approached. In speaking of them, Lovell says, "their splendour, their fine commanding site, together with the beauty of the surrounding scenery, place them in a very enviable position compared with other structures used for similar purposes, and must ever be ob- jects of interest to the tourist and straiifi^r, and pride to the people of Canada." In the above il'ustration a view of these buildings appears. Like all other progressive Canadian cities, Ottawa is pro- vided with a perfect system of electric street railways, and prosperity and comfort pervades the place, The city was founded by Colonel By, and was known by the name of Bytown for many years. The site on which the greater part of the town now stands was given in pay- ment as a debt lor wages to a settler named Sparks, some sixty years ago, who benefited largely by the ri.se in value of the land, and the principal street bcrs bis name. Oitawa owes its existence, undoubtedly, to the Chaudiere Falls, which made it the metropolis of tiie Canadian lumber trade, but it has benefited largely by the transference of the seat of Government there. On the north bank of the river Oitawa, and separated only by the Chaudiere Falls, lies the town of Hull, also an im- portant lumber centre. This town was e-tablished in the last century, and the story of the first settlement made here by Philemon Wright, the dilliculties he surmounted, and his dealings with the Indians, is very rotnantic. Philemon Wright was the first Inmbcrinan on the Ottawa river. He caino from Woburn.in the United Stales, arri\ing at the Chaudiere Falls — or the Asticon, as called by the Indians— as early as the year 171)6. It was not till 1797 that he finally decided to make his home in Canada, and on Octobi.r 20th., 1709, he and two companions pitched upon the site of the future city of Hull. He finally quitted Woburn for Canada on February 2nd, iMoo. He was accompanied by five families, and had in his train 14 horses, eight oxen, and seven sleighs. The first tree was felled on the site of the homencad on March 7th of the same year. He brought the first square timber from the Ottawa to Quebec in the year 1807. He built the first slide on the Hull side of the river in 1829, and was elected the first member to represent the County of Ottawa in 1830. About 18 years prior to this the first saw-mill on the Ottawa had been built at Point Fortune, by a Mr. Story. It boasted one upright saw, and it is recorded that when the man in charge gigged back the carriage for afresh cut he Z' \h> would sit down 1)11 tlio Icig and lake his dinner, and wn about done by the time tlie cut was tinislied. With the present saws the ^ame can now be done in four "econds. The" Chaudiiie Mills," as they are known in the trade, are those saw-:nills which derive power from the falls of that name. On the Ottawa sideare the mills of Mr. J. U. Hooih, ami IJronsonsand Weston, and on the Hull side the mills of the Hull Lumber Compi'-'v (Duell ,'^ Hiirdmai:), and the v.. I!. !•'. Illy Company's extensive inattli, woodeiiware, and pulp works. At the " Uideau Kalis," at New Kdiiiburgh. are the planing and dimension mills of W. C. Kdwards A: Co., Limited, besides which there arc several steam sr-.v-mills in Ottawa and Hull. •- The illustration we print of the Chaudiere falls (or as the name literally means "lioiliiig Kettle or Cauldron," a name j-iven by the lirst I'rench settlers to falls in various parts of the touiitr\ ), conveys an idea of what a tremeiuloua Mow ol water is tonstamly jiassing over these pre- cipitous rocks 30 It. high, and the illi'stration ot the wiiiier aspect of the scene is no less striking. ill the spring the tlood so tills tlie cMannel tiial the falls are quite obliterated, the whole river Iruin shore to shore being a grand rapid. I'l September the rocks below the tails are quite bare, and can be visited in safety ; perhaps the falls a:eat their linest in July, when a thin cijvering of water solteiis the rugi^ed outlines of tlie lower rock.-, and tile kettle is sending u|) volumes of" steam." During the season ot iSqG there has been an active demand for \i in. pine boards from ihe South American market, and it political allairs remain quiet in that part of the world, and no Iresn wars are entered upon, the demand may con- tinue to increase, As the deals from South America are inanufaclurcd Irom the same kind of logs as those u-ed for the makes tor llie Knglish market, it forms a feature of the trade that ought not to be disregarded. The demand Irom the United States this year is expected to be very heavy, and will be welcomed to work olF stccks ot lower grades which have accumulated iluring the recent de- pression and political e.'icilem_.it 111 the States. 'I'lie really good pine timber that comes in the market is all readily siia|)ped up. 1 lie manufacturers of pine lumber and square timber in the Oliaw.i ilisliict sell all their production that is sent to l'.,iigland or anywhere oversea, without excep- tion, to tirms wlio make it tlieir business solely to ship to loreign im- jjorters, and they there- lore have only an in- direct interest in the llujtuitioiis of the European markets. The lumber manu- lacturers do a ready-money business with the shippers ; all transactions are practically for cash ; that is, at ten or, at most, thirty days. ,I,cMiiER Prohuct ok Oita\v,\ DisTRicr IN 1S96. J-'eel. J. I\. Ilciuth, Ottawa 115,01)0,000 buell, 1 lunlinan, ,t Co., Hull 55,000,000 McLaciihn Hros , Arnprior 54,0)0.000 brunson, Wcsion, ,V: Lo., Ouaw.\ 52,000,000 llawkcsbury Lumber Compiny ^2,000,000 tllAlllllMlK KA1.1..S ( . ! I ., \ \ I . \ Keel. \V. C. Klw.inls ,X Co., Kocklamt 43,oi».,o«o (iillii- tiros.. Iliaesiilc J5,iK)0,oi)o fl-'iiitmr &: lliit;Ilsin, Hull 30,000,000 .Slii.'|),iril .V .Mor^if I'nmpany. New Kitinl)uri;h 33,000000 Can.iiia Lumln-r Cninpany, Cark'tun IMace 30,000,000 \V. .Ma^nn \ .Sons, Ollawa I5,imio,ikm) rrmlirnke Lumhi-r Company I3,ooi),i»i)0 Oltawa Luniltcr Company, C ihimtil l3,ooo,')00 t^os^ tiros, llucliiiit;>iam „ 11,000,000 MAclaicn Kila'c. tliu:kin^lltm io,oik),iioo Klock llroi., Aylincr 8,000,000 (jillies \ Co , Arnprior 3,503,030 Tolat « 353,500,000 The sawrr.ills are all worked durinc; the season at llie liiglicst speed it ispossible to attain with the latest and most improved in.achinery. With the preieiit tasl sawing iiiadiiiiery it is found I hat under skilful inanagcmeiit belter re- sults can be obtained than with the elder and ■lower machines. The niachines work with -iicli rapidity thai with ill their skill and train- ing the operatives are Miiable always to keep p.i.e with the saws, and 1 culty Work is soiPelimes 1 le result. I'liere are, However, saw - mills working at less e.xcite- ment an u pressure at which really good WINTER (sCKNB. niainifai.tured lumber is prcduced. The woodworking in.ichiiiery used in thcCanadian mills is to a limiled extent manulactured in the colony. The William Hamilton .Manufacuiring Company, Limiled, of Peterbori)', Ontario, have done much to develop saw-mill tools to suit the e.xport manufacturers, and the Walerous Engiiu Company, of Hrantlord, are engaged in the manufacturi i'f sawmill plant of all kinds, including a system of auioniatic conveyors for lumber. 'Ihey are also the licenses for the manulaclure in Canada of the Kdw. I'. Allis Co.'s celebealed hand-saw machines. At Gait, i.i Ontario, which is situated near a large furniture manufacturing area, there are several wood- work i n g engineers, amongst wliich tlie best k'iowii are .McCiregor, ( i o u r 1 a y , & Co., Cowan >V' Co., and C '. ii t 15 r o s . A t Berlin, Out., .{.acksoii, 'Cochrane, it Co. are -.i mated. American III ichinery also is used, am,' most large mills are iittcd with one or more ■ it the celebrated oscil- lating gangs (or gates, as they are called) of Wickes I3ros., of East .Saginaw. Ihe mills in this district, being mainly engaged in the same trade, bear many points of resemblance, particu- larly as to the cutting ami handling of the logs and lumber, so that from the following detailed descriptions of one or two representative mills a good general idea of the methods of manufacture in vogue can be obtained. All the mills and yards in this district are lighted by electricity. The following jiarticulars of the establishments and pers'.nnel oi the various firms engaged in the export business in Ottawa will, we think, be perused with interest by our readers. The firms most familiar to our English readers are the three shippers of lumber, Dobell, Beckett, & Co., Robert Cox & Co., and Watson & Todd. 33 I UK wii III !Miisii;ii;-; dk caNaDa. DOBELL, BECKETT, & CO , <>r MonlrLuI, Ouebcc, ami I.oiuloii, have ,111 dIVicc in Oitawa, under the niatuge- iiiciil ..I Mr. K. M. licLkcU. ROBERT COX & CO, of Liverpool, wh<> have ofTiccs here (Oiiawa), and at Montreal, are one of the largest shiiipeis u( piiiu Uimlier from the Oitawa district. F'Vom the slaliitics given under the hca ling of Montreal, it will be seen thai the operations of this firm are verv extensive. Mr. H. W. Todd in the business. He was joined by his brother, Mr. .(ohn Watson Toild, on 1st .luly, iH8i,sii,ce which time the concern has been carried on by the two brothers, very successfully. In the year 18S8 they opened an oflice at the C.inada Dxk (i6l, Regent Road), an I their direct imports in pine have been very considerablo. .Mr. J. W. Todd tn'd our representative they have pmbalily hatidleil for the I'nited Stales and (rreat Hrilain during tli': last six inoith- about thirty-two million feet of pine. The firm are directly represe:ited during lire whole of the shipping season by their staiTat Ottawa, Canad.i. I'lity liave olTices also, with their own staff, managed by .Mr. .Martin Power, at 205, Coinniissiotur's .Street, .Montreal. Mr. J. W. Todd covers a wiile tract of country in both Canada ami the United States, buying, at tiuRs, tbe entire cuts of different mills, in goods suitable lor the Knglidi market. They not only import to Liverpoc^l, London, and (ila-go.v but also to the various ports throughout tireal Uritain. Their brand \'^^ 'i '>""' «ell known in the trade. Two other Oueb'jc sbipiiers are re|iresente'l lice dining the shipping season— vi/ , \V. & j. Sharpie^ and ,1. liiir^tall ,V Co. J. R. BOOTH. -Tlie saw-indls belonging to till- linn at the Cbaudirre Kails have the largei'. oiit-piit ol any >aw- 11. NV. lUUU. WATSON &TODD.— This lirm is carried on by Hugh Wi.liam Todd and John Watson Todd, who are the si-lj reniaiiiing ]).irlners. whose porliaits we give. £jj.sa,:,- J. W. T01)l>. The former genllemaii joined Mr. R. A. Watson in pirtnership in 1871, who retired in March, iS"?, leaving J. n. Buoni. mills on the American CoiuinetU, and probably in the world. Thev = ■ d on the limestone blulV- at the f.ilU of the river, «.... lillions of gallons of water boil over on their course 10 the . .Lawrence. The waterwneels are of 4000 horse power, .nd the capacity of the mill is I2o,ooo,ioo leet of lumber a year. Much of this is shipped to (he States. About 45,000,000 feet go to Kngland, mostly in the shape of deals, and some to South America. The mill and lumber yards cover iTxi acres, and Ihe timber limits, at tin' head waters of the Ottawa, from which the firm draw their supply of logs, extci.d over 5,000 square miles, Tiie mill is at work day and night during the cutting season, and employment is given to 1,800 men at the mill and in the woods. A visit to such a mill as this is amaznig and instructive. The machinery runs at such iiigh speed, and the whole place is fitted with automatic c-iriiers for the logs, deals, boards, slabs, and refuse, that the wood in all stages of manufacture at first seciis to move about by magic, Biit in all this apparent confusion there is mjthod. It is interesting to follow the logs going in at one end of the mill and coming out a few minutes after as manufactured BS '?l 01 f TllK WOOD INDUSTKlI'iS 01" CANADA. stuff. Looking out on the ^"ater at the back of th3 mill one sees a square mile or more of pine logs floatin? in the booms waiting for the saw. These timber pjnds are connected by telephone to the furthest extremity with the mill. The logs as required are steered to tho bottom of a chute, over which an endless chain passes. The logs drawn up by the chain are cither passed to the handsaws or twin-circulars to be slabbed, and then on to the gang-saws to be converted chute at the water s level, their further movements are entirely controlled by machinery v.cll managed. The immense handsaws, of course, cut only one boaid at a time of any thickness desired, but the speed with which the truck comes up to the saw and returns automatically for the second cut is surprising. Two men on the moving truck handle the log from their side, while an operator close to the saw controls the truck and the dogs, or niggers, H » O .J H O o o 1 into deals or boards. Phey then travel on contii^uously moving rollers to the "butting" t.-iblcs, at which operators, who manipulate a battery of circular 'jaws on swinging arbojrs, watch the approaching boards, and saw off llieir ends, so as to get the gre.itest possible length out of them^- i6 ft. is the limit. If the edges of the board arc rough or uneven it first passes to the edgers and afterwards to the " butting " table. As soon as the logs are pushed into the by which the logs are turned and held ready for a cut. 'I hesc dogs perform their function with appallinf power and specil. There is no escape from their clutches, and a board is bound to be true when n leaves the saw. The boards are no>v ready to be conveyed to the yard, uud arc cirrixl on endless cha''is to the assortment platform, illuslraled on the next page, and transferred to the cars for conveyance to their destination!. THK WOOD IMibSTUIlvS OF CANADA. 3s It is all the intricate auxiliary machinery for conveying and handling th; stulT which enab'.'isthe mill to record such an output. It would be an impossibi'.ity to handle the amount of stufT" by hand labjur or without automatic machinery. The largest logs and planks are tossed about with lightning rapidity, as though they were mere toys. The outside slabs and refuse are conveyed on rollers to the outside of the mill, where they are received at the top of the inclined table by circular saws which cut them into even lengths ; they then pass into troughs and move alongon an endless chain, and as they pass are sorted by men placed at intervals, who lake out the various pieces, according to what they are suited for, and throw them on to trucks, which are wheeled away as they become loaded. Aljst people in the timber trade in England are more or less familiar with the large American circular saws, but it is necessary to see them actually at work at hig.i pressure to gain an idea of theii capacities or the speed at which they can be used. The logs are here cut quite wet, just as they leave the water, and of course a higher speed can be used than with dry timber, but it is surprising to see the rat- al which the saw passes through the wet logs in -'. cloud of spray. The machine which attracts the attention most is the large " gang saw," or what is kr'^ivn as '■ Wickes oscillating gate," a most powerful macl '.iis, and of which we give illus- trations and particulars on another page. A night visit to this mill is most weird and enchanting. Kve'ywhere, even the booms are lighted bril- liantly by electricity in every part, and the same routine goes on as in the day time. The gangs and circulars, buzzing and vibrating, keep up their mery tune, the logs come U|) the chute, tii; deals and boards are sorted and piled for di'livery, and the roar of the neigh- bouring Chaudicre Falls is the everlasting accom- paniment. Mr. J. R. Pooth, whose portrait we give to our readers, is a remarkable m.m, and his bnsines., carcc. is an example of what may be done by industry and persevera:ice. V o r t ) - four years ago he was a millwright in v.'^'tawa, with no capital but his skill and industry. He rented a mill, and ran its one saw for eight iiiontiis. Then lire destroyed it. There was a smuU mill lying idle on the present site of Mr. Hooth's great establishment. It was rented by men who i.itended to start in business, but the trade fell through. a"d the young millwright secured a lease of it for lo years. He smarted on a small scale with a single saw. His first encouragement came in the shape of acontra-.t for furnishing lumber for the I'arliai.ient juildings, awarded in competition with other bidders. He worked out his contract at a sub- stantial profit, and purchased the saw-mill after three years' occupancy. That was in i860. In war times his business was very slack, and he was compelled to take a partner, but the outlook was so doubtful that the latter retired at the end of a year. Mr. Booth had a large stock of lumber on hand, and shortly after his p..rtner left a brisk demand sprang up, and he sold all he had. This gave him a good start. .\bout this time several tracts ji timber land along the Ottawa River were offered for sale, comprising .e estate of John Kgan, who had owned a tremendous quantity of limber. Mr. Booth was doing a small ,^ isiness with the bank, a,ul the officials had confidence enough in him to advance a sum, for which he paid 7 per cent, interest. With this money he secured a large limit at a fraction of its value, and increased the capacity of his mill by putting in two gang saws. He used all the money he made and all that he could get credit for in buying more timber limits, running largely into debt. This proved to bo a wi.se policy. To-day J. K. BOOTH'S ASSORTMENT AM) LOADING PLATFORM he owns more fine timber-land than any other man in the Dominion. Having more supplies to draw upon, and a bigger market opening, Mr. Booth again added to his mill plant. Fortune favoured him, anH. in 1882 another big addition was neces- sary. In 1892 he had 13 band saws and four gates in opera- lion. This saw-mill turneJ out more lumber iha.. any other in the world. F.re destroyed it in Miy, 1894. In the fall of 1893 he had purchased a mill adjoining the burned property. He '.tied this up, and by running it night and day has mai ;;ed lo keep abreast of the flood of logs coming down the river. Of late years Mr. Booth has been building a railway to Parry Sound, of which we give particulars in a separate article. The illustration we give of the general vi v of Mr. Booth's ini'l was taken before the destruction of the new mill in 1894, which contained fourteen large band saws, four gangs, four twin-cir(iil:irs, and a quantity of smaller machinery. In the forests surrounding Lake Xipissing Mr. Booth's lumbermen cut hundreds of thousands of logs. When he purchased these limits years ago, before the railroad touched the shores of the lake, there were many doubts expressed as to his wisdom. The outlcl for the waters of Lake Nipissing is the Georgian Bav, and how Mr. Booth proposed to get his logs to Ottawa was somewhat of a mystery. Five miles T om Lake Nipissing lo the norlh-east is the Matlawa River, an important tributary of the Otta-.va. Between Nipissing and the Mattawa is the rise of land separating llie waters of the north and cast from those of the west and south. Mr. Booth put down five miles of track connect- ing the two bodies of water, and built a great barge on which he floated a standard size locomo- tive from the Canadian Pacific Railway to his isolated track — a feat that was applauded far and wide in that region. For twelve years that locomotive has been puffing back and forth transferring logs over the watershed. A little settlement has sprung up at Wisawasd, the post-office station at the Nipissing end. A little wojllen mill nestles at the bank of the stream which, farther along, furnishes the power to operate the machinery of the log transfer station. A dozen hands are employed. The wool furnished by the surrounding country is spun and woven into a surprising variety of warm and serviceable fabrics, which find a market not merely in the surrounding country, but even in Ottawa and other cities. W. C. EDWARDS & CO., LIMITED. One of the most extensive and best-known firms of lumlier manufac- turers in the Ottawa district is that of W. ('. Kdwards Si Co., Limited, whose headquarte.s are at Uockland, Ontario, with brancii mills and a city office at Ottawa. The firm consists of W. C. Edwards, M.P., as president, J. f\ iulward-i, 'olm A. Camjron, James Wood, and John A. Cameron, jun. Both in the iMiglish and United States markets the concern is well known, and their production is held in high estimation for good quality and manulacture, tho " Kdwards' cut " of deals being regarded in Fngland as a "crack " s' ...k. At Rockland, on the river Oil i little over twenty miles below the town, they have uvo mills, the larger of which is employed in manufacturing deals and planks for the English market, and the smaller ones turning out boards, principally fur the States. ^bL ^ 1 [W # o J J'y 7 • I zm THE WOOD INDirSTUlRS OF CANADA. i Regarding it from all points of view, the main mill is the most complete and efTicient to be found in Canada or else- where. You can trace in the perfect order and arrangement of the machinery and appliances to secure economy in labour, maximum of production, and safety and comfort of operatives, the organising mind of Mr. Edwards, the president. The architectural features of the mill, placed on a point of land jutting into the river, is, as will be seen from the accompanying illustration, picturesque and businesslike ; inuced, it is an ideal site for a saiv-mill. The building is sound and substantial, resting on granite foundations. On the ground level area are placed a pair of engines, with 24 in. cylinders and 3 ft. stroke, furnishing about 7ooh.p., and they are fed by twelve boilers, in which is consumed the sawdust ; also all the shafting and driving gear for the mill, which is on the floor above. The saw-mill machinery is of the best and latest design. There is no crowding, but in all the gangways ample room for circulation, and the saws and conveying machinery are so arranged, and the operation? performed so smoothly, that the course of manu- facture almost appears to work automatically. Two large Wickes gangs, a pair of twin circulars, two large band-saws, besides three small band-saws for splitting, and twocirculars, are always running, and the daily capacity of this mill is as large as any in the district. The sawdust is conveyed by cyclones direct to the furnaces, and the waste wood is con- sumed in a furnace 145 ft. high and 30 ft. in diameter, built in the yard. The booms of saw logs in the river extend along all the water space between the two i ills — over half a mile — where a stock of 100,000 logs U'n illy lies, and a reserve stock of logs is kept in one of the bays jf the river close by. The second mill, at Rockland, is a board mill, somewhat smaller than the lumber mill, but equally substantial in construction, as will be seen by the illustration, and equally well designed. It contains a gang saw and trimmers, also tie and shingle machines, &i;. I'owjr is supplied by a pair of engines, 22 in. diameter and 3 ft. stroke, supplying 3oo-h.p.,and fed by five boilers. The river frontage of the property is a mile in extent, and it is docked the entire length, 00 that there is unlimited accommodation for loading goods for water carriage. The back of the yard is skirted all tiie way by the track of the Canada -Vtlantic Railway, sidings from which run into various parts of the yard, by means of which ready con- nections can be made with the railway systems of the United States. The ample stock of manufactured wood carried by the firm is carefully piled according to description and quality in the spacious yards, which stretch for a mile in length by a quarter of that measure in width, but with a clear space of 300 yards preserved around each mill. At the east and west ends of the yards the board stocks are piled, and in the centre spaces the deals. A considerable stock of red pine sleeper blocks for the Knglish market has been made this year, a pait of which is in stock and piled in the yards, as well as large stocks of sawn Uths, shingles, &c. The noticeable features of this yard are the carefully- thought-out facilities which prevail for the ready and economical handling of the lumber, both from the mills tor distrii)Ution through the yards and from the stacks for loading 10 rail or craft. The yards are a picture of neatneis and order, and are an example of what administrative skill can accomplish in the conduct of the lumber business. Tl-.e head offices of the company are situated near the main mill, and close by are the electric light generating stations for lighting the mill and the fire-engine house. About Soo men are employeil at these mills, and their occupation is coiitinuous throughout the year, because when the rivtr is frozen up ano claim to have the best equipped and most complete joinery establishment in that owned by Mr. R. Thackray. The manufacture of joinery, especially pine doors to Europe, is — as it certainly should be — a growing business from the colony. Both Mr. Thackray and his energetic minager, Mr. James Davidson, understand the trade and have made it ihtir study. At frequent intervals one or the other takes a ':ipto England to watch the market there and see how their productions are apfireciateJ. The firm have a good local trade in planed wood of all kiiids, plain and orna- mental doors, sashe', blinds. itc.,and are largely interested in local building operations. Like most of the woidworking firms in Ottawa, Mr. Tliackray's has suffered from fire. The business was establishci ill iSjf), and in 18^0 the factory was entirely destroyed. This happened in June, and to show the energy and resources of our Canadian manu- facturers, a larger and more complete factory was ready for work in .August of the same year. The ruling idea on the other side of the Atlantic is to have in wood- working factories every possible labour-saving machine, and that of the latest and best design, therefore with what appears a pio(lcr.ite stalf of hands much more is prnducei' than with us. Much atteiuion is aL-o paid to the design of the mill and the position of the machines for handling the stuff in course of tnanu- fa;ture. Ample kiln-drying accom- Miu.lation is provided, so that only >uasoned siuff shall be used. All these points are carried out to their perfection in Mr. Thackray's mill, and he is thus able to turn out a well-finished, sound door. The dowel door is generally con- ceded by all who have handled them to be the neatest, most durable, and best. It has a better appearance in the white than the old fashioned mortice and tenon door, is less likely tocast, and is stronger, because in the hardwood dowels used the gr.iin of the wood runs at right angles to the frame, and if anyone will try to take one of these doors to pieces he will at once see the value of the principle. In Canada the front doors of dwellings arc more artistically treated than with us, and very varied and beautiful designs of doors, both solid and with lights, are everywhere seen. At Mr. Thackray's showroom a number of fine specimens can be seen. If these goods were once introplaycd machinery for sa.ing labt)ur and insuring good work, specimens of ornamenta' joinery. Some ol" ..ur juir.crv i.^tal)li-hinents could take points in the .Mr. 'I'hackriy is ably assisted in the business by lii^ suns R. THACKRAYS CAR. rapidity with which the operations are eflccled by some and stepsons. Mr. James Davidson is gencrarmanagcr, Mr. ol ihe .American tools. U. J. I)avid>on attends to tin- sash, doi^r, and blind dipail- In all jonuTj g.iods it is essential that tile wood should be nienl, whiKt the sales ami delivery portion is looked aliei by well sea-oncd, and there are three kilns in this establish- Mr. W. Tliackray I lilK wodh IMirsTlillCS ()!■ CANADA, ^^ ndrews napdiis, lioixi of The illustrations on the previous page show two of the six cars which Mr Thackray paraded in the annual labour demonstration in Ottawa last Se|nenil)er. iSoS, and were enlarged and imp They are supplied with power fr very substantial s'.one dam, about i cd from time to lime 'le Ottawa Kiver, A 200 ft. in length, crosses TIIK UA\VKEiHt:ilV Lf.MUEIt Cd 6 MII.I.S. stand layed I i, Importers of pine doors would do uull to conunuiiicale direct with .Mr. Th.ickr.'U', or witli his agent in Liver- pool, Mr". T. K. Nellie. Mr. Thackray has been shipping doors and box boards to Kngland for a number of years, and a ])roof that hi> goods are appreciated is thai his trade in that direction is constantly increasing. Amongst the sawmills in the Ottawa distri':t, tlie following are the princi|ial firms engaged in niaimlacturing fir txport ; — THE HAWKESBURY LUMBER COMPANY.— The llawke.bury mills, ol which we give two illustrations, are situated on the Ottawa River, in the County ot I'rescott, Ontario, on the lir^l break on ll;e Ottawa, h.ilf-wav between mUAM UiLilNSUN. from the Ontario side of the l)ltawa to a large island, giving the necessary heail. The property remained in the hands of the Ilamilton family until the dealh of the Hon. John Ilamilton in iX.SS, when it became the property of the llawke?- bury Lumber Oompany, Limited, the company being composed of tliram Robinson, president ; H. K. Rgan, managiiig director; and R. I,, lihuk- burn, secretary. Mr. RobinsiiO, who>e jjortrait we iire-ent, iias spent all his i)u>iness life in conncclion with the llawkesbury mills. .Mr. IL K. Kgan i^ the son of the lale Hon. Jolm I'.g' n, who was well known in the Ottawa trade eatler in the centiirv, and whose priici- ])al operations were conlined to tlie sijuare and waney timber traile, and he took out as many a^ ico rafts in asing'e THE HAWKKSBURY I.U4IUEU CO.S Mll.l.S. Ottawa city and Nfontreal, The mills were first founded by Thomas Meats in the year 1804, and subseiiutnlly became the property of William and George Ilamilton in ihe year year. .Mr. IT. K. Kgan li: teen connected with the trade all his life, an 1 was one of the promoters of the Oliawa ship canal ; there is no man in the district who has had more D h u% III' VMMili INDI Sll,il> i>| CWAliA pra.tical experience of all branches of the trade, or one who is better posted iii all the movements of the markets. These mills were amonK't the first large saw-mills estab- lished on the Ottawa river, and their output has been principally deals for the Knglish market, where their brand M is well known. The supplies arc drawn from limits on the Du Moine, Black and Sweyo Uivers in Quebec I'rovincj, and on the IVtawawa Kiver in (^lUario. The sawmill is situated at Braeside, on the Ontario shore of Chats Lake, an e-xpansion of the Ottawa River, and some 40 miles above Ottawa City. .\t the time of purchase it had a capacity of 80,000 ft. per day of 1 1 hours, but has been enlarged and remodelled till now ithasacapacity of 250,000ft. in the same time. The machinery consists of twin circulars, a 5f)-in. double cant gang, and two band saws, with all Tiecessary steam feeds and canters, eilgers, butters, resaws. GILLIKS DUOS. CO.S, LTD, MILLS, BUAESIDK, ONf, In M jy la-t twi iif the mill- wore dfstr.iyed by lire. One of llie-e was a spare mill ami uscil onlv in the early spring. Of ihc remaining mills, three iu number, one is furni-hci with a Wickcsoscillalina gi'.i', a ]'.iir oftwin ciicnl.ir«, and a large circular, having two double edgers, iS:c. ; another is a band mill with double elge and bii.ters, with paling, latii two slil'igle nnchine-, and bind re-aiv, the third mill Inving two d, .iling timgs, with their accompanying sl.ibhin,' gaiig-i, and double edgers, ami one circul.ir splitter. In an additional building i- contained a slab -pliiler and butter, also a deal cdger and butter. It i-- prub.ible that the coni|any will add another mill at an early date. Tlicic are in connection with the mills 17 miljsof double piling tram car tracks and a piling capacity for So million feet ol hunber. The town ofllawktsbury and the H.iwkes- burv mills have b>th 'ail and na^iijation facilitio lath and picket niachinerv, &c. These are driven by across compound condensing engine, with cylitiders of j6 in. mJ 46 iti. diameter and 40 in. stroke, -upplijd bv a battery of eleven, boilers. There is also a j; horse-power engine driving deal trimming saws, and an independent engine and dynamo for electric lighting. The piling ground has a capacity of 40,000,000 ft., the lumber being loaded directly from piles into the railway cars, there being some five miles of track owned by the company, and connected directly with main line of the Canadian Pacilij U.iilway. Th j Ottawa, .-Xriiprior and Parry Sound Railwa\ also runs within twc miles of the yar.l, with which connection will prooibly be made shortly. During the early y..'ars of the firm, square timber for the Briiidi market was extensively manufactured in additicju to sawn lumber, but of late years little has been done in t'lis viv. D.iring the present winter, however, thev will i ^^IMHHH l^^^l i^^^i MHltoMi^H^MiiiiiiiilHii^^^^^^^^H GILLIES BltOS. CO.'S, LTD., MILLS, BKAB.SIDE, ONT, GILLIES BROS. Co., LTD.— The fimiof Oillies Bros., consi-ting of James, William, John, and H.ivid (iillies, four SI 11-, oi'the late John (Iillies (him-elf a promitienl lumberman on the Mississippi, a tributary of the Ottawa Kiver. a g.r:eralion ago), commenced business at liraehide in the year i.S7,5, buving the iiills at that place, and the limits on the Couionge Kiver belonging to the Kev. Menry Usbornt, and lia\e since been actively engaged in the manufacture of sawn lumb r and square timber. take out a considerable quantity of square and waney white pine of large sizj and tine i|uality, which has been sold to a leading Ouebec exporting house. L'ntil lately the mill has sawn mostly for United States and South American markets, where its product has enjoyed a reputation for good manufacture and regular grading. During the past two or three seasons, however, the company has turned its attention to liiitish markets, and by continued careful attention hope to win for their goods a similar re- » nil-: \\(Mii' iMirsTi;iK> i>i- cANAHA ^i shore some t had been 300 ft. ulars, th all :saws, \ TOSS J4O veil, ileal > for / of liles 'atk lain rior the ■tly. the 11 to in will I nte 0 a ind a "g- ,iiy led re- 1 putation there. In the past, Messrs. W. & J. Sharpies, of Ouebec. have bought their red deals ; and Messrs. Watson iV Todd, of Liverpool, England, the> whi e pine d-'als. Messrs. Watson fi Todd also 'ake their 1897 tur of white pine deal.-. The company also manufacture b.iards and planks, refjular Knglish stock size , as well as sidings ot all thicknesses. Tner total output last season exceeded 35.000.000 ft. li. M. 'I'lie firm employs some 2 jo men at t^.e milU, and 600 in the woods, and have over 1,2)0 square niil.'s cf timber limits, all of wliijli are on waters tributary to the mill. In iHy4 the firm was changed to a joint stOwk company, known as the (lillies Bros. Cm., Limited, with the four membjrs ot the original firm and four sons as the shareholders and directos, tlnii making llirej consecutive generations who have been engaged in the business. R. H. KLOCK a. CO.— .Messrs. James B. and Rob.Tt .\. Klock comprise the firm of R. II. Klock >V Co., whose head olTices are at Klock's Mills, Ont. Besides maiuifi.turing sawn lumber they have for many vcarsbeen brick, stone and iron, 24 x5b ft., a;id contains one IJ5 h irse-power bailer and a 75 horse-power engine, with arc and incandescent dynamos to light the mill and lumber yard. In the mill there are 300 electric lamps of 1 1 candlj pawer each. The p,)wer hou>e also contains one Worthing- ton I'nderwriter pump, capable of throwing 1,000 gallons of water per minute, with four hose attachments. The fire Iirotection is the (rrinnel! sprinkler system, there buing over 900 sprinkler heads in the mill, supplied by a tank holding 24,000 gallons of water elevated 95 feet above the ground. The said tank is also supplied by the Undervvriier pump mentioned above. In the lumber yard there are ten miles of sin.ill railiv.iy track' to carry the lumber from mill to vard, which requires ;;o lumber cars. There are also five miles of standard gauge tracks laid with s^i lo. steel rails to accom- modate cars to load lumber for shipment over the Ottawa, Arnprior, & Parry Sound Railway. The mill contains three Allis band-saws and one Wickes gang, two six and o !•• four sa'V-L-d'.;i-T', and twi elevcTi =aw-trinniers. The THE SI', ANTHONY CO d MILLS, WHllNKY, OXf. •engaged in thesqiiare limbjr bininesi, and purpose taking out a small ra!t clurii:g the approaching winter. Their mills are located at the fillowin.; points: o:ie steam saw-mill, with lath and shingle iuill^ and planer, at Hunficid, Ont. ; one steam mill at .Sloore Lake and one band and circular fiiill at Aylnier, (Hiebec. ST. ANTHONY LUMBER COMPANY.-l.ocated at ^Vllitlley, at the loot of L )ng l,;ike, 144 miles west of the City of Ottawa, is .^iuiated one ol the most complete saw- mills in Canada The proprietors are the St. Aiithonv Lum- ber Company, which is composed of Messrs. K. M. J'owler, of ''''icago ; Arthur Hill, of Saginaw ; and E. C. Whitney, in. oager, located at O.tawa. Tlie company purchased hmits from Messrs. I'erley & I'a tee, of Otta va, in 1892, and have since secured othL-r Jiiiiits, until to-d,iy they possess nearly 4 10 scju.ire miles from which to draw their supp.y of log<. Tliese limits arc 00 the liead waters of the Madawaska and its tributaries, an.l are said to be among the bjst in Ontario. Tlicy contain a vast amount of virj,iii white pine. Their properly at Whitney coiisistb of aonie i,,ioo acres. The mill was erected in the spring of \'i')~, and on July 25111 sawing was commenccil. The main building is 8tix2jH ft., with shingle mill 48x52 ft., and lumber shed 32'<276 ft. The saw lioor of mill is without po^ts, the roof being sujiported by a truss. Tne engine and boiler house is 81 >'82 ft., built of bric'.i, stone and iron, c jve.'cd by an iron roof. It contains eight boilers, 60 in. ^ 20 ft., each boiler having eighteen 0 lu. flues. The engine is an Allis Corliss of 900 horse-power. The power hou e is of mill is supplied with all the htest and best labour-sav/ng machinery, such as steam niggers, steam feed, steam flippers and kickers, required to handle logs and lumber. The output of the mill is white pine lumber, lath, and shingles. The ca|)aciiy is 200,000 ft. per day of 10 hours. Over too me 1 .ire employed at the mill, and about 500 in the woods in winter. McLACHLIN, B ^OS.— The mills of the above firm are siiuate.l at Arnprior, at the conflaenc.- of the Mada- waska and O.tawa rivers. Here a little more than fo.ty years ago the late Daniel .McLachlin purcha-td the water power and 400 acres of land in the township of McNab, within the limits of which the municijiality now stands. Among the first buildings to be erected by .\Ir. .McLachlin was a water-power saw-mill. This was in the year iSb2. A little later another mill was bailt, and both these mills have bjeii running every season since without inlermissi >n. A third mill, op^^rate I by steam, was built in i.'s;! on the shore of Cli.its Lake, 'oat w.is d-:stroyed by fire tour years later. It has siiue been replaced by anolier, built by the present firm, while in the year iS.j a fourth mill was construjled. The two hist-na ned mills are equipped with every pos- sible ajpliance which scijnce has invented for the manufac- ture of lumber, and the quality of the nianuractured product speaks well for the enterprise of the proprietors. During the sawing season 700 men are employed, and from Qoo to i.ooo are engaged in logging operations in the woods. The annual output has reached as high as f^o, 000,000 It., aUhougli last season only 55,0^0, oj ft. were in 17 teh manufactureil. The piling grouiiJ is said to be among the largest in the world, there being t jn n.iles of track. The firm of McLachlin Uros. are owners of vtry extensive limits on the Madawaska, Bonnechcre, Petawawa, Amable Ju Fond and Coulogne rivers, and a few years ago purchased Spo miles of virgin timber land on the Upper Ottawa. Their logs are taken a distance of about 400 tnilts. and two seasons are sometimes rci)uired for floating ihcni to the mills. The business to ilay is carried on by .Messrs. H. F. McLachlin and (!laudo McLachlin, surviving sons of the late Daniel McLachlin. Tiie firm of GILMOUR & CO, Trenton, have run a large sawmill at Trenton since 1X75, in connection with which thev have had a planing mill and doer factory, and a portion of the production has been shipped to England. In i><92 they purchased extensive limits in the Lake Nipissing district, and they havcereiled a fine, l.irge mill at Canoe Lake, which, being on the route of the new I'arry Sound Line, is, therefore, in direct railway communication with Ottawa, an 1 they are transferring some of the machinery from Trenton to the new mill. Tluy have some splendid pine on these limits, and this winter they are taking out waney board pine lor the Knglish niarkft. The name of (iilmour has been long known and rtspntcd in the timber trade, and it is yo years ago -ince thtv coini'.ienced shipping stjuare and waney timber from Ouebec. The RATH BUN COf/PANY, Deseronto, is well known in Britain, the Cape, and Australia, as manufacturers of pine doors, mouldings, match si'lints. Jic, but it is not genefully known that it is one of the Urgest trading concerns in Canada, and an establishment in which the conversion of the products of the fote.^t to their fullest extent is carried on as an exact science. The factory, or it would be better to say the to'rn — for almost everyone of the 4,000 inhabitants dcjiends iliriclly or indirectly on the Kathbi'ii Company -was established by the father ofthe present maiisgins director. Mr. Iviward W. Hathbun, in 1S4S, and the scientific i rinci| le ofthe original plan on which the works were started has been steadily worked out, with sich success that numerous llouiiiliing industries depending on lore-.t products fur the raw material have crystallised round the saw-mill bu>ine-s, till the works have grown to their present gigantic proportions. The com; any own la-ge timber , in, its on the rivers flow- ing into the Bay t f Ouinte, on which Ojicronto is situated, ami they ate worked in such a manner as to secure a perma- nei:t sufficiency of tin-ber to justify the eslablisluaent of suhstamial industries at this locality. Other features of great importance are tlu economic manipulation of the coarse and rcfu.se products of the forests to enlarge and per- petuate the yield therefrom, and the profitable utilisation of the waste of the mill. The plan adopted by this company was inspired by the frequent depressions in the lumber trade which influenced operators at suci' periods to cut the choicest trees, which alone would vield a iinrpin of profit, and thus lowering the average qualitv ar,c value ofthe timber remaining. Soiue idea of the extensive operations carried on at Deseronto and nei^'ibourhood, which provide ei;iployineiit all the year round to about 3,000 men, will be gathered from the following list ol de|)artmciUs or interdependent busi- nesses, each one the logic I and natural oiitconn; of some other, and all dependent .n the ciul on forest supplies. In addition to the large saw-inill there is a sash a:-.d '"'or factory turning out about 500 doi rs per day. Ther^ .e also in detached buildings: — The machine and blacksmith . Warten, of Toronto, who is also president of the Traders' Haik of Toronto, senior partner of the firm of Warren Bros. & Roomer (wholesale lea, coffee, etc., merchant-), one of the largest firms of its kind in Canada Mr. Warren is also president of the Metropolitan Street Railway, and PMectrical Railway in Toronto, and a director of the Manufacturers' Life Assurance C mpany of Canada. The vice-president of the Company is Mr. Geo. M. Warren, who has the management of tfie mills. The Parry Sound Railway. U. R. J. R. BOOTH, of Ottawa, has recently built a new railway which runs from Ottawa to Parry Sound, and traverses a fine limber I ountry, and two mills are already erected on the route. He turned his attention to railroads first to get an outlet for his lumber. He heliied to gel the Canada -Vllantic to Ottawa, in order that there might b;a more direct route to Atlantic ports and iidand cities. He financed the project from beginning to end, and the structure was ready for trains in the remarkably short space of nine months. The building of the bridge over the St. T^awrence was a notc.vorthy feat of engineering. The site is at the head of the Coteau rapids, thirty-seven miles west of .Montreal. The river at this poi'il is divided by two islands into three channel.'^. The lurtli, or steambua', channel is S85 ft. in width. The centre channel is 2,210 ft. wide, and the south channel 930 ft. Tne total length of the bridge from north to sju'.li shore is 6,150 ft, or i5 miles. Th-.; bank-s and intervening inlands are low, an.l slope toward the water. I'or lliis reasjn a low-level bridge, with a swing over the steamboat channel, was decided upon. In the steimboat channel the velocity of the current is ssven miles an hour, and the dredges and barges used in the construction were in constant danger of being ru 1 into and sunk. Tlie curren'- was six miles an hour in the oth.;r channels, and the navigation ol the lugs and barges was txcetdingly dilTicult. The first caisio.i was lowered by hydraulic jacks from the deck of the barges, but this method was slow and was abandoned for the block-and-tackle system. Difficulty was experienced in placing the caisson adjoining the pivot pier on the sjutli side, oA'ing to the great depth of water, 30 feet, and the velocity of the current, which at this point is the swiftest in thu vicinity of the bridge. The swell made by passing steamboats was severely f jlt. The caisson capsi/ed after two unsuccessful attempts to place it, and its load of railway iron tell into the excava- tion. The next atte.npt to pla: it wa successful, an I no further trouble was ex,)erience.l at this pjint. Tlie pivot caisson, on account of its form of construction, presente.i a tremendous resiilanca to the current, five tugi and a large sidewheel steamer being unable to hoi 1 it in the swift w-iter. Eight anchors, each hove w.th a i J, -inch steel wire cable, were let go i,oJofeet above the bridge line, and the cables slacked away while the caisson dropped back into positim. A floating plant furnished the electric light for night work. The su|)erstructure is of the riveted lattice lype. The spans were erected in a sheltered bay, three .'niles distant from the bridge, and taken on barges, floated into place and lowered on to the masonry. Notwith- standing the velocity cf the current, the work was very successfully carried out. This was the first instance in which a large number of spans had been made ready and stored un.il it was desirable to place them on the nnsonry, and also the first time false work had been so built that the spans, when assembled, could be moved off it and loaded on barges, without tearing down any portion of the false work or interrupting the work of erection. The erection of the superstructure was begun September ist, 1889, and the last span was fljjted into position February igtli, 1X9J. Trains were going over the bridge the following m irning. After its completion, Mr. Booth decided to build the Algonquin Park .Air Line from Ottawa to I'arry Sound. .\ party of 2; surveyors was sent out in the tall of 1891, drawing provisions on a hand sled. They endured severe hardships and privations. There were said to be insur- mountable engiiifering difficulties, but a satisfactory route was louiid. and in July, 1H92, work wai begun at Carp, the next station west of Ottawa. That year ;6 miles were built. In iH9;, work was begun eastward from Parry Sjuiid, and 52 miles altosjether were constructed. Seventy- two miles of rails, from Eganville to Whitney, were laid in 1894. Last year 30 miles were built, and this year will close with 50 miles, the last sLrelch of track, to the credit of the contractors. The grades are ea-;y. Thestart at Ottawa is 250 ft abjve sea level .Vt Summit cut the limit, 2,ooj ft. above sea level, is reached. Kro n thee the grade descenis to s8j ft. ab^ve the sea at Ge )rgiaii lUy. From Whitney to the summit, the rise ij so graiual as to figure only i per cent, a mile. The location of the terminus of ihe road at Parry Sound is e-pecially fortunate. On the western side of the Indian R^iervation on Parry Island the engineers found a natural harb,)ur with a perfectly protected channel, deep enough fir the largest sleamshio on the lakes, and three-ei^liths of a mile in width Djcks, a roundhouse, and other railroad buildingi, a;id tivo grain elevators, each of i,o,)o,)ii bushels capa;i;v, will be erected at the Parry .Sjund ter- minus tluring the coming year. The Square Timber Trade. n.E square timber tr.ade of Ottawa was, twenty or thirty years ago, an important industry, and in those days there was a constant proccision of raits down the river during the season. The decline of this trade has already been dealt with under Ouebec. Last year only four rafts came down, but amongst them was one of remaikably fine timber brought Uowu by Mr. W. Mickay, and purchased b^ Dobell, Beckett, >V Co., of which we give an illustration. There are, however, some signs of an increase in tliii trade. During the past season a full average of recent years has been taken out, and this winter it is currently reported that more square timber will be manufactured than for many years past. Messrs. Gilmour A, Co. are tpk'ng out square timber at their limits on Caiue Lake. The Gillies Bros. Co., ofCarleton Place, are manufac- turing some fine waney and square pine, and R. IL Klock >fc Co. are taking out two rafts, about 350,000 ft. square, and waney ; and the Shepherd A Morse Lumber Company are getting out square timber this year for the English market. Amongst the square timber dealers at Ottawa, Mr. Wm. Mackay and .M^. .\. Eraser are well known in the trade. 1 he former gentleman commenced shantying in 1841, and went into business on his own account in 1843, taking oui his first raft on the .Madawaska river in that year. Since that time he has brought down a raft every year, and his mark, WM, is well known in the English market. The s in the manufacture of squared timber is ciiormjus, especially when it is of large growth, and will liL illK Unuh INI'r*-ri;lhS hK CANAI'A square over iS in. It m»v be taken thai lo per cent., and that ot the bt>l clear stufT, ii wasted. When ihe logs are inanufaclureil into lumber much of this wa.ste is avuiiled. The operMtions of this trade are extremely laborious and full of adventure. In following the cour^e of nianufaclurc and trans[)ort, when the whole i|uantiiy required has been hauled out ol the woods, which is Rentr.)lly atcompli'hed which usually contains 100,000 cub. ft. Each crib consist! of j6 to 36 pieces, and contains from Soo to 1,000 cub. ft. The raft descends the various falls on the river by inclined planes, called " slides," erected expressly for this purpose. .\ single crib is passeil at a time, so that when all are ovi-r the raft must be "hauled" up again, or re- made. This occurs as often as slides have to be passed. WJf. MACKAYd SgUARE TIMBKH KAKl'. by the middle of March, and when the .ce breaks up. it is floated down to the main river, and formed into cribs of logs (each 24 ft. in width, so that they will just pass down the slides) by 'siring pieces," "traverses," or withes, tare being taken to avoid injuring the timber by any attach- ment. Seventy, eighty.cr a hundred of these cribs form a raft We give an illustration of the timber slide a with a ciib passing through ; and, also, at Ihe Vcginiiing of the Ottawa .Section, an illustration of the point on the river where the cribs are collected and " rebandcd " into the raft again, which operation has to be performed manyj^timcs between the forest and Quebec. A CRIB CF TIMBBK PA85IXO THROl'GH THE 6LIDK. 1st? by len re- Kew Brunswick. ^y of i-er aft /# NTH. the year 1784 the provineeof N'uv. Uruns- ^'''il' ^*'''''' f'"'""-'^ P'"'t of Nova Scolia, but in the f' H ' I !*'■''•'■■ year, after an influx of Loyalist exilej .'"Tiiig^' from tile newly eonstituted republic of the A'^-x?;^ United States a new province was erected, and f'^"' named New Brunswick. This piovince is situated between the parallels of 45 and 4S deg. north M>i latitude, and the meridians of 63 r'.eg. 45 min. and ^'~ deg. 5oniin. west longitude. Tliegreatest length north I'nd south is about 230 niile«, and the greatest width about 190 m les. It will be observed that the province has water on the south, cast, and part of the north sides, the whole giving a seaboard of about 545 miles. It will further be no'ed that there are two great liver systems, the St. John and .Miramichi, with another important one, the Reatigouche ; while tlure are numerous smaller rivers, which, with lakes, lei sect the province in every direction, afTording fa' .iiies for floating timber from the interior to the coast. -And where this is not possible the railway provides the means ; for in proportion to population New Brunswick has probably more miles of railway than any other country in the world. The population of the province, according to the census of 1S91, was 321,265. A glance at the accompanying map will not only show- that the province has excellent facilities in river systems and seaports for the prosecution of the wood-exporting trade, but it will also show that a very large section of the area of the province is still covered with standing timber. The total area of the province is 17,400,000 acres. Of this amount some 10,000,000 acres are granted, and over 7,400,000 acres are nngranted. Of the latter some 4,400,000 acres are held under licence by lumber operators, but there are still 3,000,000 vacant, and a large portion of this is not even surveyed. But in addition to this total of about 7,400,000 acres partly under licence and partly not. the 10,000,000 acres of granted lands include 1,647,772 acres of valuable timber lands, owned bj' the New Brunswick Railway Company, who secured it between the years 1873 and 1879 as a bonus in connection with the building of a line from Fredericton to Woodstock, and points further up the St John River. This gives a total of over 9,000,000 acres of timber lands. But to this again must be added much more (included in the 10,000,000 acres of granted lands) of valuable timber land held by private owners. For example, Alex. Gibson owns 200,000 acres on Nashwaak,and some in other places ; the Nova Scotia Land Company have st:ll a considerable tract, and numerous individual operators own each from a thousand up to nearly forty thousand acres. If, therofore, we add together all the granted and ungranted timbe.- lands in the province we get a total that must exceed three-fifths of the total area of the province. It is true thnt this is not all virgin forest. With the exception of the 3,000,000 acres of Crown lands still ungranted most of it is operated on to some extent, though not in the case of the leased Crown lands and New Brunswick Railway lands (over 6,ODo.ooo acres in the two) in such a way as to exhaust the forest. It is safe to say, from the data furnished by the Crown Lands Department and the New Brunswick Railway Company, that there are over 10,000,000 acres of timber land in New Brunswick today on which lumbering opera- tions of some sort could be carried on. Of course, there would be a good deal of small timber on this land, the larger sizes having been removed from all sections operated on. As to the kinds of timber found on these lands, it may be said that spruce predominates, Gnlv a remnant is left of the pine forests of for rtr days. (Hher woods found in abundance are cedar, birch, maple, beech, and hemlock, with also some ash, poplar, ;;nd others of le-s commercial value. The export businci-. i> at present confined to spruce and birch, 'lith a little maple and beech, for irat'satlantic markets ; a id spruce, cedar, and a little hendock for the American market, and spruce chiefly for other markets. What pine is cut goes to varijus markets, but is a small item. F'rom the fact that so much land is unsurveyed it is impossible to give even an approximate estimate of the quantity of any kind of timber standing in New Bruns- wick, and according to an estimate made by the Crown Lands Departnu-nt, an acre of green spruce, with the logs cut to 9 in. at tlie top, would yield an average of about 3,000 ft. ; but Alex. Gibson states that 30 years ago he coul.i get 10,000 of merchantable logs ofT an acre. .'Vfter 10 years a tract that had been culltd to 9 or 10 in. would igain be in condition to yield merchantable logs. While neither cedar nor hemlock will grow again when once cut out, the spruce will reproduce itself rapidly. The Crown lands officers state the yearly natural growth of spruce to be 4 percent. Some of the operators claim this is too low an estimate, especially in some sections. Speaking now of the Crown lands (owned by the province, and administered by the Government), it may be stated that they are leased in blocks of one or more square miles, and for a term of 25 years. An applicant must deposit the upset price of 8 dols. per square mile, and then at a public auction duly advertised must be prepared to meet competition ; for the block will goto the highest bidder. Sometimes the operators agree among themselves as to certain blocks, and will not bid against each other, each securing his lot at the upset price ; at other times there is fierce competition, as in Decem- ber last, when some lots on Miramichi waters were bid up to one hundred and ninety dollars per square mile. It is claimed that the long lecse system, adopted in 1893, which enables a lessee to renew his licence from year to year for 25 years, is much better for the forest, since under the old system it was to his interest to clear off everything possible during the year he held the lease, as a competitor might re- lieve him of it the next year. The stunipage on spruce, pine, or hardwood logs is one dollar per thousand super ficial feet, on pine timber up to 14 in. it is one dollar per ton, with 25 cents for »;ach a.'^itional inch ; on spruce timber 50 cents per ton; on hardwocd timber up to 14 in. square, 90 cents ; on cedar log?, 80 cents per thousand feet, with proportionate charges on other products, fhe Crown lands are divided into i% districts, and Government scalers scale the logs and report to the Department, which levies stumpage accordingly, the amounts being payable on August ist of each year. Hemlock, which was formerly cut in large quantities for the bark alone, the wood being left to rot, is now charged stumpage on the full scale. In addition to the land bonus and stumpage the lessee must also pay the annual liccjnce of four dollars per square mile. He may be required in any year or every year (to prevent the locking up of lands by speculators) to cut, at the dis- cretion of the Surveyor-General, an amount equal at least to 10,000 sup. ft. of lumber for each square mile held by him, or pay the stumpage on that amount ; but of course the regulation is not enforced so as to be oppressive. The rate of St jmpage or the annual licence fee may be increased at the discretion of the Government. Every pine or spruce tree cut must make a log at least 18 ft. long and w*A THK wool; INDr'STRIKS OF CANADA. 0^ %\ nQi\%i ^9 \o in. at the top end. It is not necessary in this article to give any faller particulars of the law relating to Crown timber lands. Anyone desiring a copy of the Act can get it on application to the Surveyor-General. The total amount of stumpage coliecied on Ciown lands in 1895 was 100,143 dols. Speaking generally, a'jout 100.000,000 sup. ft. of timber are cut each year on Crown lands. The mileage receipts in 1895 (licence fees and receipis of sales) wis 40,000 dols. T;ie total receipts from Crown lands in 1896 wero greater than in 1895. There are a s;ore or more of the large operators who hold from 100 to over 400 square miles each of timber limits on Crown lands. The following i? a statement of the lumber cut on Crown Jands in the year ending October 31st, 1095 :— Spruce and nine logs (nearly all spruce), 81,289,061 sup. ft. ; hemlock «ogs, 15,815,314 sup. ft.; cedar logs, 9,676,642 sup. ft.; hardwood logs. 1 16,2 16 sup. ft. ; hardwood timber, 3985 tons; spool wood, 2,881,200 superficial feet; 9,506 pieces piling; and small quantities of posts, poles, railway tiers, firewood, and other minor products. The 1,647,772 acres hela by thaNew Brunswick Railway Company include some of the finest timber Knds in the province, stretrhing from the South-WestMir.S7943 .Scantlings 15, 138,000 12/ 7<>< So rill", wool) IMU'STUlKS (IK CANADA. ritces. ShinRles 2-'9 761.000 Lalhs 205.47^000 Palings Picke's .... Knees, &c. . Kflilw.^y liis Kirewood n,irk lor tannini; . Lilhwooil It ich liinliLT White pine limber Woo 1 pulp Spool wo .J and tp • I.74O.OOD iSj 000 7.S94 91.73' Cords. 2S,7I2 2;.75* Ox) Ton*. 6.751 4;j 450.909 2 3o,07tt 12,267 1.596 4657 I4.63.S 48,507 H3-5i6 i.4)0 IV1-. 44.2J3 5 "73 87.274 38,i(.S Ton". (Ulur l>inds lumlier Sl.ooks, bo,\ Shciks, olh--r VVootl for pulp Oll.cr articlei I'i'ii'S r.)!e5 ro-,H Mast> anti spar^ Spruce iKitteni DoU. 20,160 364 19. 544 4,186 4.9-9 co,552 1.934 1,149 576 5.197 Thi; value uf spool wood .inJ spool;i, ami ol wood pulp, f;ivL'ii in thf abuvu tabic, is in adilition lo llie vrevioiisly- iiaiiicd total value (/f 4,0,;,;, 01.5 dols., and raises the grand total 10 over live million dollars. 'Ihe 5t. 3ohn district A VIEW IN Sr. JOHN IlAlttUlli. Ill'", lir>l lact to be noted in connection with the lumber trade ot the I'ort ol' St. John i-i th.it the supfilv conies in three way-. There is, tirst, thai which is cut at the .'^t. John mills, or nianuractured farther lip lln river and hrouHlit down in lighters or moms; -eiond, there is the supply hiouj;lit in liuhters troni a dozen small ' ^ ports arouml tin- head ot the Hay ol Kuiidv, some hoiii the New Brunswick, and some Ironi the Nova Scotia side of the bay ; third, there is the supply hrounlit in by rail Iroiii mills in the interior of the province. Takiiifi first the St. lohn Kiver source^ of supply, it must be noted that this river, which is over 450 miles loiiKi and has numerous tributaries, several expanding; into lakes, drains an immense territory, not onlv in N'ew Brunswick, but in the State of Maine and the I'rovince of Ouehec. Reference lo any nood map will show th.it in the portion of Uuehec lying bcl ween the Si. Lawrence river and the border of Maine and north-western New liiunsHick, the summit uf the watershed, which there runs parallel with the St. Lawrence, is selilom more, and ollen less, than ,^0 miles from that river. 'I"he lesult of this is that a very large section ot Ouebec is drained sou'.hivard by streams running toward or forminj; part of the St. John system. During the present season, lor exaiiiiile, W. H. Murray, of St. Joliii, has a crew ojieralin^ within 50 miles of the City ot Ouebec, and he and several other St. John operators are laruely interested in limber lar.ds in that pio\ince. In the same way, a very large section of Northern Maine is drained by the St. John system, and here aho the mills at the port of St. John secure a very large quantity of logs. Dealing first with Ouebec, it is lo be noted that the timber lands in that province are lield under lease from llie Government. Almost all the lanes in the rtgioii to which this article refers are already under lease. The law provides that such lands are to be leased at public auction. If a man desires a block that is not yet under letise, or the r/ TliK W "111 IMirsTK'IKS 111' CAWIiA- lease of wliicli may have been allowed to drop, he makes applitatioii, and names a price. This is adv'ertised, and his oiler is made the upset price at a public sale. The highest bidder then secures the lease, and it can be renewed for a practically indeliiiite term on payment of charges, one of which is the payment of an annual fee of three dollars per square mile ; this rate, however, being bubject to change at any time by the (iovernment. He must also pay 65 cents per thousand feet for stumpage. Again, a large portion of these lands is surveyed into loo-acre lots, and any /o/;a- tidc settler may go in anywhere after securing a location ticket, for which he pays eight dollars, and take possession of a lot. He is given three years in which to pay twenty- two dollars more, and become the owner of the lot. The result of this system is that some of the very best lots arc thus taken up, and the lumber 0]ieralor must buy his timber o\'er again from these settlers. Of course he does not have to pay an annual licence fee on lots thus taken up by settlers. The law further provides 1 hat a man having twelve children may secure a lot without charge, and there appear to be many such men. The effect of this takiiig up of small lots is that ojierators must have a large number of .scattered camps in the woods ; and they al-o buy a lot of timber from the settlers, who cut and haul it to the streams. On the shores of Temiscouala Lake the land for a depth (jf several miles from the shore on all siiles was granted under -eigniorial tenuie under the ohi French /iijiiiu-, and enterprising lumberman and storekeeper has his store built so that half of it is in Ouebec and half in .Maine. A Maine customs elhcer would be likely to find him busv in the Canadian end of his store, beyond the reach ot Maine laws, and a Canadian customs official would no doubt find him over in Maine. It is said that he literally sleeps with his Iiead in (.ne country and his feet in the other, and L 1 all'ord to smile at the trade restrictions of both. .■iegarding New Hrunsuick lands and regulaticjiis, the reader is referred to the general article on New Brunswick. Operators in New Hrenswick, Ouebec, and Maine arc met by a dilTereiit system of scaling in each. In Outbec, on all logs up to iS ft. the top is taken ; on all above that the diameter of butt and top are taken, added together and divided by two. It therefore pays tlic operator to cut short lengths. In Maine the tip is always taken, and an allowance maile for an additional inch in all logi over 25 ft. Hence logs may profitably be cut long in Mair.c. In New lirunswick the diameter of the top is also taken, and an allowance made on logs over 24 ft., and in this province all lengths are even. For example, a log 27* ft. would be scaled as 26 ft., and one 2~ ft. 11 in. would be taken as 24 f t , and so on. It is ne.\t to be noted t'lat in New Brunswick anl Maine the stumpage dues are payable on the lir»t day of July, succeeding th(,' winter's operations ; but in (Quebec, if the logs are to be taken out of the iirovince, it I.OWKli I'.MiT OK ST. JOHN HAKUOLH. is now owned by individual^ the larger portion bv \I:. Thomas, the I'nited States consul in Sweden. The e aiu valuable timl)er lands in rear of this on all sides, owneil by St. John operators. It is also a great hunliiig and fishing region, which aboumls in big game. It may be observed in passing that the Temiscouata railway runs through the lake region, from Kiver du l.oup on the St. Lawrence, to Ednuindstoii on the St.,|ohn,and thirty miles up the \allev of the latter to a place called Connors. A great deal of lumber, chiclly ceilar shingles, goes over this railway and its connections to the United Slates maiket. This railw,i\ forms a link acro.^s country between the Intercolonial Canadian Pacific railways. Speaking of cedar, tlie'^ law requires that it shall be manufactiireil in the pr« unless it can be shown that this is practicallv impossiDlc ; and though some (juebec cedai conies to St. John, the great bulk of the logs are spruce, with a little pine intermingled. Coming now to the Slate of Maine, there are in that state no (iovernment l.iiids, except such as are held for school purposes. The timber lands being owned by private cili/^ens, the lumber operator has onlv the latter to reckon with. The stumpage in .Maine is liigher than in New Brunswick. The Cu^lonis legulatioiis give rise to some interesting conditions in lumbering along the border, ("■jiierally, an operator on the Ouebec side of the line, close lo the bouiulary, cuts also in Maine. Horses are dutiable under llie U.S. tariff, but if a horse goes over the line and returns the same day there is no trouble. As a result, camps are sometimes pitched in Ouebec, and the men and teams go across every morning and back every night (rom their woi k on the Maine side of the bouiulary. At one place an must all be paid before tluv are taken from the laiulings. All charges are a lien on the logs, some of them, as the log-driving and boom company's charges, until the deals are piled on the millman's wharf. The labour lien does not follow the logs out of tlu slaleor province in which thcv are produced, and must be put on within thirty days of completion of work. We come now to the cutiingof the logs. While those firms having mills at Frederictnii or farther up the St. John Hiver carry on their oivn o|)eratioiis in the woods, the St. John city manufacturers ger.erallv make contracts, at so much per thousand feet, lor the ciuting, driving, rafting, and lowing of the logs to St. John. The contract provides that ten percent, of liatten logs will be accepted at full price, but all above that of battens realises only two-thirds price. It is said that the loss on one batten log brought from the head of the river would eciual the prolit on two full-si/ed logs, hence this provision in the contract. Logs must b." 11 in. ' or more at the top, and batten logs are S to 10 in. inclusive. Most of the laf r aie cut on the lower waters of the St. John, within v distance. Of all the logs that come down the river, ally eighty per cent, are 11 in. and up at the top, and run from 14 to 40 ft. in length. Opeialions in the wcjods on St. John waters begin a"? early as September, and crews and supplie. are going forward from tliat liii'e until the winter 1< .s fairly set in. In the past the axe was used altogether 11 felling trees, and it is to a very large extent used yet, bv some operators now use the saw, and this method is grow iig in favour. Hy the old method, the stump remaining wo.dd contain from three to five fei. of the best of the log, according to the deplli of snow. While the operations could not be carried on w'*h- y 5'Z. Til \V(Ki>) INDUSTUIKS OF CANADA. out snow, it is of course possible tn have too much or too little. In an average winter there is tliree to four feet. If much less or much more, the work is morediniiult. As to the lumber camps, one for a small crew is ilo>igned some- thing like this : rooK" QUAUrEU3. DOOIl. O STOVE. O STOVE. IIU.SXS. -V larger one. for, say, loo men or more, is usually made wnh the cook's quarters and the eating room extending across one end, with the rest of the camp devoted to sleep- ing purposes, haviiie two huge " ram-down " stoves, and the famous " deacon seat" — a lung bench, between the stoves and the bunks. Directly opposite this camp are the hovels for the horses, and at either end, completing a kind of square (though the structures are not connected with each other) are the office for the " boss," known as the " beaver house." and the carpenter and blacksmith slio]i. 'I'he camp invari- men (ihev work from daylight till dark), are from sixteen to twenty dollars per month, with board. The camp is always located near a stream. From the stump to the landing the logs are hauled from half a mile to as much as six miles. The main hauling road is kept in good condi- tion, and a watering sled for sprinkling the road and icing it smooth, is a feature of some of the camps. Of course the camps and their outfit vary according to size of crew, but, speaking generally, the men are all comfortably provided tor, and to the sturdy country youth a winter in the woods is regarded as a pleasant experience. Where camps are not to J I emote the newspapers arc more or less regularly received, and in the New Brunswick region a travelling missionary visits the camps and holds occasional services, while the ladies of the Women's Christian Temperance Union send considerable literature anvl desirable knick-knacks to many of them. Then there are pedlars. These gentry, with watches, jewellery, cutlery, and all sorts of small wares, visit the catnps in large numbers. They sell to the men and accept orders on the employers. Thousands of dollars' worth of goods are thus bought by the men in the camps every winter. It has become a regular bianch of trade, and the pedlars, of course, make good profits. There has been avast change since the time,some seventy-five years ago, when Benjamin Glasicr, the pioneer operator on the St. John, would go up river in boats in the fall, with men and supplies, in search of choice pine timber, and not be heard of again until they came down with theirdrive in thesp-ing Very few camps UU.\ND KALLS, ST. .IOHN'8 HIVKK. ably laces toward the south. The writer was shown a iiny, there is a provision which enables any operator in urgent need of logs at his mill to get them hurried along without going into the main booms at all. lie may arrange with people living along the river above the boom limits to make a snnll boom to pick up the logs bearing his marks, raft them, and delivei them at Springlnll. above h'redericton, from whence they are towed dirc-t lo ,St, .[ohn. Over y,ooo,ooo ft. was so rafted last year. After the logs have been rafted there are two towing co:npanies — D. 1). (llasier & Si 111 and r.ipley Bros. — whose steam tugs take and deliver the-afts in safe water near St. John, or deliver them at the mills. The river, half a iiiile ab ive the head of the iiarbiur, enters a narrow and rocky gorge, and al the enhance theie is, when the tide is out ol the harbour below, a fdl over which no craft can safely pass. At high tide there is al the same spot a fall in the other direilion, the tide rising higher than ihe level of the river above. Hence the descripiive term, " reversi'ole falls." At half tide vessels can p ss in per- fect safety in smooth water. Four of the mills are locited below the "falls," the others above. 'I'he gorge near tlij :.OGB LODGED IN GRAND FALLS. falls is spanneil by railway and traffic bridges of, great height. To return to the logs, tlie stumpage charge in' Maine is 2 dols. per thousand ft. for spruce, J'so dols. for ceilar, ami 4 dols. to 5 dols. for pine. In Ouebec the rate is 1-50 dols on spruce and pine (including the 65 cents, to the (iovern. mem). As before noied, very few cedar logs are taken from Quebec. The scaling charges, which in Maine are shared by the landowner and the operator, are about 10 cents, per 1,000 ft. The first item of expense after the logs have been placed on the landings is the cost (from 50 cents, to 1 dol. per I poo) of driving them to the territory of the nearest log- driving company. I'hen the latter must bj paid for their work. The rale of the Mailaw.iska (,'ompany varies from i!> to 20 cents, per 1,000; that of the .Si, John River Log Driving Company, is 20 cents, (the legal limit is 2 [cents) The shear boom tolls are 10 cent-. The Frederictoii Boom Coin|,.,iiy charges 75 cents, for rafting spruce and pine, and r-jdol-. for cedar, full scale. The towing companies charge 55 cents, on spruce and pine, and about oo cents, per joint of 1,750 ft. on cedar. There is an additional charge of 30 cents, for the survey, booming and deliveringof the logs to the mills above the falls. For delivery to mills below the falls which can only be jiassed by vessels at what is icrnied lialf-'.ide in llie harbour, there is a little further chargi;. There are thus, at the lowest estimate, charges of over 4 dols. per 1,000 ft. on spruce from (}uebec, and it may, and generally i s, greater from tlic.-e sourc.'s alone, to say notiiiiig of the e.vpense incur- red, in cutting the logs, and the margin of I iss that is ir.- -vilable before 'hey reach the m i I ly s. .M- thougli log - driving begins in .\pril, it is the middle of June before the lir,-t r.ifts reach llie mills at St. John. It is, therefore, nc- cc^:sary lo re- serve a stock for spring sawing. During the season of l8,.U">.V" "■, and about 8,000,000 ft. was hauled out by numerous -rnill operators to the banks of the r iver at var ions points ab ,ve i''rcHlerielon, and rafted. About 15,000,0)0 ft, was got out on wh.il may be tcrniLd the lower Si, .lohn waters,^ in ( hieen's and Sunbury counties, and t'lere rafted. This would make a total cut on .St, .fohn waters, exjlu'-ive of the Nashwaak, where A'cx. (Jibsoii A- Sans, Lid , cut and manufaclure over 30.1100,000 ft. per year, of about I7o,ooo,.)oo ft. Roughly speaking, alout 75,000,000 ft. of Ihis came ft'om New Brunswick lands. Induilirig (iibson's cut, the St. John region yielded last year con- siderably over 200,000,000 ft. The cedar is all made into shingles for the United Stales, West India, and local marke's 'I'he total quanliiy of pine (loa'.ed down the St. John iloes not e.\ceed ir-, 000, 000 ft. per vcar. It comes alnuisl whollv from Maine ami Ouebec. hire and tlu a.\e have robbed ihe St. Joiiii \allev in New Brunswick of almost all ot its valuable pine. Years ago 22-in. pine timber was lloaled from above l''rede'ieloii (which is .S; miles from Si. John), ami sold in St. John at lour dollars per ton. To-day such timber would easily bring twentv dollars, but it is not available. Ot birch timber and logs, which are cut chiefly between l'"ridericton and (jraiid h'alls, and floated loSl. John, the annual output is w. '. J -J Ws. ^f I III. U.idh IMH --I i;lK> nl' ( AN VI' about 12,000 tons. This timber runs largely to 15 in. Con- siilurablc quantities of the logs arc ':ut into planks. All of the birch goes to the E^nglish markvjt. 'I'he suiiply of birch tiinbei in the province is quite large, anil the output some- times exteeils the capacity of the market. Hut w'lere formerly a I'l in. average was reiiuireil, it is now po-sib'e to marke' 14), and even i' birch timber. It c^.-its the shipper f,om five anJ a half to six iloll.irs per ton. It is in- teresting to note in connection with ti.e St. John river that last season a million feel of deah manufa;lureJ at .-XiJover were floa'.eJ a hundred miles, and a larger quantity fr -m Hiikiok.fo'ty miles, to the m-.nithof the Nashwaiik, and with the millions of feet of Gibson's deals, towed in scows eighty- five miles further to St. John. Th.; deals cut by the Fredericton mills are brought in ligliters to St. John fjr re- shipment to Uritish ports, or are sent direct by veise! to the American maikel. The product of a few other mills along rivei cjmus down thes.mij way, and fn m tlie lower w.iters com.' large quanti ies of spruce I'liewood, to be marketed at tiie lime shipping ports of Rockland, Kockport and TiKiniaslon, in MaiTie. During the last few yeirs llic increase of small rotary mills, or the use of portable rotaries, has considerably affected the supply of logs to S:. John mills. These smaller mills, wlien first intro- ducjd, cut very unevenly. Tluy have been greatly im- proved, and more care is now taken, but as a rule their product does not equal th.it of a gang mill in evenness cjt manufacture. These portable mills have multiplied vapidly in the province, and the product of a large numbe"cjmes by rail to St. J.ihn for resliipine)U. A pjrtable mill CiU easily bj set uji whjrever there is a little belt of tim'.ur njar a railw.iv, and operations carrietl on throughout the winter. As an illustration of th: quantity received by rail, it maybe noted that last summer, when a number of .^;eamers would be in port loading, it was not un^omiiion to see from 120 to over ::o ) carloads of lunibjr on the track at the deep water terminus of the Intercolonial Kiihvay, and this sU|)ply kept up by cintinuDus re.'eipts for days at a time. .\nd there were abo some smill receipts by the CanaJian Pacific Railway at the other side of the harbour. As already noted, the S'.. John milK receive spruce logs from .Maine, (Jujbec, an 1 New Druninick. Those from Maine cojt abjut 0 iIjIs. per 1,01.1 fi. a', the mills ; thoie from (_)uebec, X dols. to S.5 1 duK ; those from New Brun-.vick land- 7.50 dols. to8.5odjls. Hie longest logs come from .Maine, which is explained by the different inelhod of scaling in that State as compired with Oiiebec. So far as quality of woj.I is concerned there is no appreci- able dilTercnce. Speaking now of the milli at St. John, there are fourteen firms operating sjme sixteen mills, cutting from 10,000,000 to 25,ojo.o5j ft. each pir yj ir, though there i;, of course, coiisideraiile variation in different seasons. Nearly all of tlij milii are closjJ during the winter. About ten of these mills are owned by firms win came to S:. John from the United .Slates a g)od nimy years ago, and established the mills to cut the logs brought down frjm .Miine. At that tiiiij, and down to 1S14, there was a duty on New Brunswick and other Canadian lumber imported into the States, but the lumber inanufactureii from .Maine logs was almitteil tree. Hence, an important little colony of enterprising American citizens was established at St. John. Since the duty on Canadian lumber was aboli-hed by the American Congre^;, these mdls have cut m jie or less provincial log-, af.ng with tho.-e cut on the Aroostook in .Maine, .^roo-took i^ the name given to the St. John river in northern .Maine. Aiioiher facior affecting the .Vrostook busiiie--.s, so far as St. John mills are concerned, has been the exieusion of a railway to that region and the erection ol mills, the product of wiiich ia sent by rail to the American market, liut, as already noted, Slime 45,000,000 ft. of Maine I Jg^ came to the St. Jo'.iii mill.^ la^t year. .Now that the I'rotectioniit pir'.y has triumphed in the I'nited States, the duty on Canadian Kmiber, which United Stales manufacturer.-! arc urgently deiiiandiu)', and which the American colony at ,St John w Hild view with satisfaction, may be reimposed. It would, of course, affect the pro\'incial lumber trade to some extent, but in prosperous times would not materially reduce the quantity exported to that market. W'e come now to speak of St. John as a point of ship- ment to the world's mirkets. Krom the days when the earliest British settlers cut and exported limber lor masts for the King's ships, down through the period of the rise. growth, and decline of shipbuilding, to the present lime, when its annual export of forest products varies from a little below to .1 little abt.e three million dollars in value, St. John, New Brunswick (not St. Johns or St. John's) has been an important centre of the lumber trade. The city, wdiich was founded by loyalist exiles from the newdy con- stituted Republic of the United States in 1783, has now a population approaching 50,000. It lies at the mouth of the great river, already described, and has a fine harbour, open all the year round. Within the last two years St. John has assumed great importance as the chief Canadian port for the export of wc>tern produce and live stock to the British Islands from the close till the op.-ning of navigation on the St. Lawrence. During the present winter, for example, St. John has direct steamship service to Liverpool, Ljndon, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Belfast, Dublin, and Antwerp, and a French port. The Liverpool service is a weekly one, the London and (ilasgow service fortnigluly, and the Irish and Continental monthly. There h.is been a service to London for somj years, but the beginning of the laig.r winter business w.as in the winter of 1895-96,50 that it has had quite a phenomenal development. And it is destined to assume greater proportions yearly, for Sr. John is the Atlantic terminus of the Canadian I'acifi: Railwa/, which sjjans the Continent, and also has connection through the Intercolonial Railway with the whole (irand Trunk system. The port is a safe one, and easy of access. An investigation by the Board of Trade of the city, covering a period of ten years, proved that the percentage of loss of tonnage coniing in or going out of the Bay of Fundy to and from St. John was less than that in the approach to any other Atlantic port, regarding which information could be obtained. The low rate of marine insurance is, perhajis, the most convinc- ing evidence. The city has made, iiid is still making, large exjienditures in harbour works to accommodate the increased trade, an,! is in a position to handle all that comes. Reverting to the lumber trade, the earliest was in large pine limber, then pine and spruce, then spruce and pine, and now it is practically all in spruce. The building of wooden ships was a great industry, and thirty yeaisago gave constant employment to two thousand men or more. As many a. thirty or forty ships would be built in a year, and many of the finest and lleetest merchai.tmeii of former days were launched at St. John. It is not many \ears since St. John was the fourth shipowning jiort in the British empire, but since i'^76, or even earlier, the busiivss has steadily declined, i.ntil during the last few years not .t craft of any kind was launched at the [fort ; while through .-ales to Nor- wegian- and others, and losses at sea, the large sailing ves- sels now owned in St. John are but a pitiful remnant. But many smaller vessels are owned in the place, and the people are beginning to nue^t in steam tonnage, Tlie " .Mantinea," l.iunched o;-, t!io Clyde hut year, is owned in Si. John, and a larger steamship is now building for the same parties. The " .Mantinea" made a great record carrying deals from New Brunswick to Manchester List sjason. When shiiibuilding declined, 111, ire a.leiuion was paid to the lumber trade and other induslries, and the ciiy nosv has factories td" many kinds. St. John is a bright, energetic, progressive, modern city, that has overcome the effecis of many severe blows, njtably a fearful scourge by fire in 1S77. As eiriy as 1790 there were two saw-mills at St. John. Of course they wereof very primiiive design. In 1S22 a stcaui- engineand boiler were imported from the works of Boidton it Watt, of Birmingham, Kng., and a steam mill was started that year in presence ol the (ioyeniors of both New Bruns- wick and Nova Scotia. The first cargo from this mill went in the same year to Ciork, Ireland. .Mill: increased rapidly. .\s a starting jioinl, the exports of that year, 182^, may be cited as follows; -I'iiie limber, 79, 122 tons ; birch timber, 7,520 tons ; masts and spars, 2,147 ; poles, ^St ; lalhwood, 10,047 cords ; boards, planks ami deals, 8,277,000 ft.; staves, .: ',)2,ooo pi,'ce5; shingles, 2 S42,ooo piv'ces ; shooks, 268 bu.iclies. 'X\^\\ years Liter the export of deals, boards, planks and scantling had increased to 22,fioo,ooo ft,; in 1S42, to 43,000,000 ft.; in 185;, to 186,314,000 ft.; in 1862 there was a falling off; in 1872,10 2311,039,000 ft.; in 1882,10 2()4,670,ojo ft. In more lecenl years the (|uantity has ll.ictuated between ihe last-name. 1 figures and 300,000,00011. This is, of cjuise, exclusive of laths, shingles, box-stuff, cord- wood, and some other products, including a small amount of timber. The total value of lumber of all kinds exported lo all parts from St. John in 1892 w..s 3,341,061 dols.; in 1893, 3,228,175 dols.; in 1894, 2,599,053 dols,; in 1895, I UK \\nt>\> IMilNnni'S n|- ( ANAl' \ j-s~ 2.Qi>>,9l6. The .'i(;:ures for i8')6 are not available at time of writing, but will not vary very materially from those of 189s. While pine has given place to spruce, and the trade has been subjected to the inevitable fluctuations as to markets and prices, notably receiving a severe blow when England abolished the duties on Haltic timber in i.S()o ; and in a smaller way when bags and cas!;s were substituted for boxes by the West India sugar planters ; the method of inanulac- ture has also greatly changed, (jam;^ suceeded the single saw, and the gang is gradually giving place to the band- saw. In the woods the a.xe is giving place to the saw. The rise of the portable rotary mill has already been alluded t;' The export trade of St. John has suifered a declini- in recent years byth ; rise of West Bay, (!rind-.tone Island, and one or two other places at the head nf the Hay of Fundy, as points of direct shipment to transatlantic ports. Year:, agr) all the deals cut in ihat region came in lighters to St. John. I?ut there arose some dissatisfaction as to the survey of deals, and trouble aUo arose nver the question of wagjs paid to ship labourers. Son e buld s|)irits, theref ire, determined to try direct shipment from the pl.ices named, where all charges would be le^s. The experiment was a success, and proDibly seventy milli m feet of deals was shipped direct last season from West Biy (iru.lu.ling Harrsboro'), Grind- stone Island, Hopewell Cipe (incluclir.g llillsboro'), and possibly one or two other points, direct to British ports. There are still, however, a gre.it manv deals, averaging perhaps 40,030,000 ft. pL-r year, br.iught froni small ports up the bay to St. John lor reshipniLMit. Thev are brought in by rail or in vessels of 50 to 140 tons, which are laid along-ide tlu big sailers or steamers and ilischarged direct into them. In purchasing deals from the St. John city mills the broker or shipper lakes delivery of them on the mill wharf They are of great service to him in correcting his averages or saving demurrage. Fur eximple, he may have several vessels loading. Coirtrary winds or seveie storm may detain the lighters from poiirts uj) tliebay, or from the receipts by lighter and railway he rrray be uirable to secure proper averages. In such a case he can at once draw from the local mill supjilv, which thu.s constitutes a very valuable reserve. It enables him to control the averages, and give prompt de- spatch to his vessels. We have now to cortsider the distribution of the exports of lumber from St. Johrr. There are irow three irnporiarrt markets -the British Island-, the Urri:ed Stales, aird Soulh America, with shiiiments :\\m t > the West Irtdrts, Canarv Islarnls. h'rance, Sp.iin, ami .Virsir- r'i i. To the British market are sent deal>, deal ends, batten-, and some scarrlling and boards. The deals for tiris trade are sevens, nirres, aird uleverrs, j iir. thick, and an average lerrgth ol nk to 15 It., not to be less thair 14.V ft. A de.-irable cargo rs 1,0 jrerceirt. of sevens, jo per ceni '■' -eir., arrd 50 [ler cent, of irines. The United Siatei .kcs deals, plarrks, biards, scant- ling, piling, latris, shrrrgres, lirevood, and some pulpwood. That m.irket requires deals to av er.rge iH to ;o ft. It will take sixes eights, nines, tens, or t\ eU'es, but has rro irse for eleven; air. I wants very few severrs. Tire mo^t de.-,i able lerrgth is 2$ ft., and there is a derrnrrd for 2 in. stuff, though New V'ork will take 3 arnl 4 iir. The demarrd ruirs mostly for eights, tens, arrd twelves. It -hould be nnted that dealerrds are pieces 3 to g ft. long, aird they briirg orrlv two-thirds price. They are only used to make broken stowage, and not shipped because' of their c rmmercial \alne. A random deal cargo, suitable for the New York rrrarket, would be of 4^8,4X10, and 4X12, •) a.id 4 in., and averaging iH to 2: ft. .Scantlirrg, as a rule, are cut to order. .South America takes only scairilirrg and boards, The scarrtlirrg may be 2X2, 2X3, 3X5, ^x^, 3x6, or 4X4 ; in fact,alnr')st any size is acceptable, arrd from 12 10 30 ft. Boards run ^roirr 1X310 |X|2 and I 2 to 16 h., but 50 pur cent, should be 16 fi., arrd with a large percentage rxd, which is used for fenciirg. The shipnrents an' ciriedy to Buenos Avres and Rosario, with some to iMorrtevidco. Air attempt was nrade last vear to reopen trade with !ha/il, with which country St. John formerly had considerable tr.ide. .V cargo of deals, 3Sy, and 14 ft. ami up, was seirt. Sune deals, 3X7 and 3X12, 10 ft. and up, were shipped last vear to Aus- tralia, and much nroie woirld have goire but for the high freights. To the Canary Islarrds go mixed cargoes of spruce and pine, aird to the We-t Iiulies pine boards, all sizes, also shingles arrd box stuff. Uegarding South .American trade, it ntay he rroled that the business was larger and more profitable last year than for a rrumber of years past, but irot equal to that of eight or nin',- years ago, either in volume or returns. The next point to consider is the relation of the shipper to the lumber trade of the provinces. Of course, some nranu- facturers are also shippers, but the great bulk of the shipments are made to transatlantic ports by a few perjons, two of whom, with headquarters at St. John, are not manufacturers, but merely buyers, though aUo to a considerable extent backers of manufacturers. Practically, all the deals shipped from St John last year were serrt forward bv three men, only orre of whom is a ntanufacturer. Tfie shipper nrakes his contracts at all times, and is always open for business. He makes contracts in the fall with a good many operators, and in marry diflerent localitie-, -X coirtrai.t may be for a few hurrdred thousand or several nrillioir leet. If St. John is to Ire the port of shipment, tire ileals are to be delivered on the wharf; if a port up the bav. thev trrii>l be placed along- side vessel. At sev.'ral of the (iulf ports they must also be delivered alongside vessel. It costs the shipper, wherr he has to do it, eighty cents, or 33. fid. per standard, to batteau or lighter deals from tire wharf to the vessel. It nteds to be explairred just here that while the popular measurement for all transactions in the jrrovinces and the United States is a thousand feet, the moment the deals reach the wharf for export to the o;lrer side, the standard li,ySo feet) becomes the basis of cal- culatiorr. I'he shipper irrust also pay the cost of survev, *)d. per starrdard, and the irrsurance on wharf arrd irr trarrsit to vessel. As sales on the other side are mostly c.i.f., he is not clear of the cargo till it reaches its destirration. Vc few deals are sent on corrsigrrnrent. If a corr tract is made to carry a lot of ileals from sorrre port to a ra'ge of ports on the other side, the ilesiinatiorr of each cargo is nearly always fixed before sailing. As to the co-t of deals to the ship|ier. the rarrge at the jrorts u]r the bav last season was froirr .jcodols. !o to'25 dols. per thousand leet for bright deals. All Bay of Fundy deals are bright, as thev are either takerr direct frorrr wharf or from lighter. The cost orr w Irarf at St. John ranged frorrr to dols. to io'5o dols, The relation of the slri])pcr to the small manufacturer is a very irrtportant orre, and this lact does not seem to be fully appreciated abroad. As a matter of fact, a very large proportiorr of the small operators receive financial assi-tance Ironi the St. John shippers. I. is at best a risky business, and ther-e is always a percentage of dead loss, but without ihis systenr the busi- ness could not be carried orr. The snrall irianufacturer invariably wartts cash on delivery, arrd an ailvarrce as well. The writer was shi^wir a lot ot contracts for this season's work, runnirrg frorrr a few hundred ihousarrd to a nrillioii feet each, and in every one was theclau>e " cash orr delivery, except dollars advanced wherr required." .And the advance was in some ca,-es quite a stiff figure. Thus the shipper nrust rrot oirlv I'ay advances and the balartce on deli\ery, but wherr he sells the deals on the other side it is irsually at four or six irronths. Should an operator's logs bj Iririrg up, tlreie is a year's delay. Sonretinres also a pro- \iircial irrercbant will act as middleman between the shipper and a number of small operators. The siripper backs the irriddleman, and if the latter fiil in bu^irress there is still greater loss to the former than if he suffere! i;iKs or cwaiia. ton, Nouvellc (Oucbcc), anil from Halifax ami St. Margarct'b Bay. He has Ikcii in the trade for many year«, anil bears a high reputation for careful, painbtakmg ami upright business methods. Hi> Kng.isli correspondeMts are Price and Fierce of Londcm. With regard to shipments to tiie United States, except in the case of one or two St. John mills which have lhe:r own houses in nostoii or New Vork, the business is generally done through brokers. A lunibjr merchant in an American city, desiring a cargo, gives tiie >chedule or specihiation to a broker, who sends a circular letter to a lot of iiianulac- turcrs, making an olTtr, or asking otie. In this way the order is filled. t)f course there are also a gcod many "random" cargoes sent forward iluriiig the season, to be sokl to best advantage on arrival. I'lie South American business is done for the mo-t pan through New Vork Ih^u.-cs, who place orders with provincial mills. A notable change ha^ come o\er the method of shipping deals to Kuro|)eai; poits. The steamship is more and more taking the place ol tlie?ailer, and I he opining up of the regular winter trade bv steamship with various liritish ports will hereafter cause a further change, as parcels of deals will be sent forward regularlv bv these lines to Liverpool, (Jl.isgow, Belfast, and Dublin, and pos'ibly other ports. During the present winter, for e.taniple, the lii.eto l!clfa^l and Dublin will carrv sever.il thou: md standards to those ports, ami space was also booked i rlv in the season on tiie lines to Liverpool and (Wasgcn.. Regarding rates of freights the range last ye.i- iv.is from .;5s, to 57s. bd. The lumber sent to South .merica goes in handy sized baripies and large schooners. Freights to Buenos Ayns last year ranged from 7.50 dols. to 9 dols. Shipments to the fnited States are altogether by schooners. In addi ion to the large shippers from St. joliTi, there are at least two lirms who play an important part as between the shipner and the -mall maimracturer. l'"or instance, la-l year the St. John fnni of TUFTS & CO., though not niann '■ :turers, sold thirty million leet to the shijipers. They supply some of the -mall manulacturers and take their out- put, buy ileals from some, or act as brokers for other-, the deaN comitig in by rail or schooner. In the same way, JOHN E. MOORE last Near handled thirty-live mdlion leet, his linn supplying manulacturers to quite a large e.\lenl and hand- ling their product. Witn itgard to the future of the St. .John trade, it is lelt that there will bj an increa-ing dilliculty in keeping up the supply of logs for the St. Jolm mills. These mdls, it is estimated, lia\e a total cutting capacity ol .ibout two hundred million leet. Of course, through accident or other cause, one or more may not cut nearly up to their capacity, but each year sees the log supply more distant or encroached upon by mi'ls erected closer to the stump ; ard some operators expre-s the opinion that the next ten years will see a \'ery noticeable decline of the cut by these mills. As regards cost of getting logs, both supplies and men can be got cheaper for the (Juebec than the .Maine or New Brunswick sources of timber sup|ily for the St,,Iohn district. 15ut all the timber is not remote from St. John. There is a small mill cutting deals tliis winter so close to the city that the product is hauled by teams to the cil\ wharves. The logs are cut close to the mill. GEO. E. BARMHILL is wcll-knoun a^ .1 St. John manu- facturer and ocva-i'inal diret; -hippcr oi de.d- t') the liritish markets, wlicie the proiluc; ol hi- mill has an ex..ellent reputation. ,Mi. liarnhill ha- been in tlie lumber trade his li'e. His mill is situated at i'lcasaut I'oint, a coi.';''.c ol miles aboNo the head of St. John Harbour, wh-;re he has ample wharves lor piling and shipping the |)roduct. The mill is equip|)2d with a gaii<;. and machines lor making laths, stave.-, and lieailing. .Mr. Barnhill m.uiulactuies for the British. Unitiil Stale-, and South .\niei ican markets, and generally sells the goods on the wharl. When he docs make direct shipment ol' a cargo to a Transatlantic port, every deal is slaini)ed uiih his name, " (i. K. Biriihill." Great piles ol deals so st.ninpcd were on his wharl uhen the writer visited the mill in December. .Mr. liarnhiU's annual cut is about 1 ;, 000, 000 leet. .Most of his logs are cut on leased limber lands in r.oi I liei n New Brunswick, (Quebec, and Aroostook. The cut is practically all spruce. The mill is ecpiipped with all machinery requisite to produce well-manu- laclured lun.bcr, and cue is taken to ensure this result. PURVE8 & MURCHIE, formerly W. ('. Burets, have a splendidly cquippeil new mill at the head of Si, John Harbour, on the site of one dest roved by lire a ccuple of years ago. The new mill was operated last jcason, and during this winter additional plant is being added, giving it a total capacity ofabcut 14,000,000 feet. The equipment, which is modern in every respect, includes a gang, an improved double rotary, edgers, trimmers, lath and I'ox machines. The product is a fine elass of lumber, running evenly, and well linislied. The firm get part of their I' g supply in .Maine, part in Quebec, and this vear are getting out five to six million feet in New Brunswick. IV.ictically all of it is spruce, but there is a little pine and cedar, the latter being sold to other manufacturers. The firm own about fifty square miles of timber limits in New Brunswick. Two-thirds of tieir cut isofileals for the British market. Most of the balance goes to the United St.ites, but some to South America. Shipments to the Uniteel States are made direct. Deals for ICnglaiid are usuallv sol 1 to shippers, although in years past .Mr. I'urves ha-- made direct ship- ments. This gentleman has had the experience of a lifetime in the St. John lumber traile. His parliier, .\. H. Murch e, is a young mar. who was brought up to the businesr, f ' Ids father and grandfather are both still engaged in lumbi.iing, the lalter, Mr. James .Miirchic, being ihe veteran of the St. Croix and ore ol the best known ol New lirunswieko[)cratois. The firm of HILYARD BROS., is ore of the oldest among St. John mill-owners. The l.iie I'hos. Hilvard established the busi. ' ss in 1.S53, and since his death, in iS;;, his sons, Thomas \ -"iid Henry Hilyard, have carried it on. The firm foin erly .uilt many sliips, but that industry declined. They ha\e, however, special facilities on their property for repaiiing vessel-, and their "bloeks "are much in use. Their n.ill is situated at the head of St. John Hat hour, where they ha\e fifteen acres for yards and v.harvcs. The cap.acity of the mill is io,coo,ooo to 1 1,000, 00c leet per year, and it is equipped with j^aiig ard single saw, lath, box, and keg niachines. They cut a litile jiiiie, but nine-tenths of the output is spruce, l.ist season they cut lumber fiir the Uniteel Kingelom, Unite 1 States, South .Americ.i, .Spain, France, and the West Imlies. The firm lia\e two humlreil square miles of timber lands leased from the I'rovincial Covernmenl and the New Brunswick liaiUvay Company. It is chielly on the Te'bii|ue river, but thev have also some on (Irand Lake. On tlieir lands are spruce, ceilar, and a little pine. Their cedar logs are sol.l to other mill . .Most of their spruce lumber went last \earto the United Kingdom. The firm have a large local trade in boxes, keg-, ami staves, and make some pickets and box stulf for export. Hilyard Bros, rxjinn direct to the Uniied States, but for other markets their product is Usuallv sole! to other shippers. Their mill i- well equipped, and produce-) a well-manufactured arti.le and the linn have a high reputation in the trade. The following United States firms ha\e mills at St. John,, bet are only irittrested in Uniteel Slates tr.ade, as they only sell fi.r oilier markets when the price i- very tempting and the .American market very dull. Thev cut some for South .Ameiica, and last year cut seme for the Knglish market, but under normal conditions I heir relations are almost altogether with their own countrv, aiiv So'^th American business being ile>ne lhre)ugh New York houses. The firms cut tcceiher well up to a bun lied million feet in a year, the range being Iroin a eapaeitv of ten by the smallest to over 30 millions bv the l.irgest firm. The cut, of course, \ aries a go hI deal frtHii Vear to year. The firms are :-8TKTS0N. CUTLER &C0: IVILLER & WOOEM/iN S. T. KING 4 c"NS J F WARNEK & CO. CHARLES MILLER. ;;UNN BROTHERS L M. JEWETT. JAMES HAMILTON &C0 Mr. W. H. MURRAY is pmbibly mo e widely known in the teriitorv draineil Ir,- the St. John River than any other mill- owner and I'.iiiibLrinan on those waters, h'or forty-five years he has been engage.! in the businesi, and his father was al-o a lumnerman in tiie ilays when pine timber was the product lloate.l down the river. Until 1S73 .Mr. .Murray resided and operated mills at SpringhiU, some miles above redcriclcai on the St. John Kver. But in iS6,S he hail acquired an interest in the mill property at Marble Cove, just above the "fall-," afoul a nii'c above the head of .St. John harbour, including the mill anel 13 .acres of land fronting on deep water. In iS;6 the mill was destroyed by fire. Inthesame \oir the present buildings weiv erecteel, and in 1882 Mr. Murray b.came sole proprietor. Hi has since made many im|irovements in the plant, until the mill is one of the best e pi ppcd on the rive'. It ha- g;!ng aid rotary fi)r long lumber, and nr chines formakirg Isths boxes, eoo| erate stoek and such small products. The (Jieater portion of the out- put is ill deals, for the Knglish market, but some of the product gets to the United States and some to Si nth. S7 WW, WiHii' IXDrsTlMKs 111 C.WVhA M I i|f-5/i^° WHARVES mmi J T Gi-o >^;M^ America, being soid in nearly all cases liirecl from the wliarf. There are ample wharves and yards, with dry houses. Mr. Murray manufactures alx.ut 17,000,000 ft. of logs, but this does not nearly re- present the e.\tent of '-ir. 'iperations. His annual cut of spruce, pine, and ^cdar logs is about .(0,000,000 feel, and he therefore has many millions to sell to other mills. Over 900 stjuare miles of limber limits, situate on the Hig Black, St. Francis, ai .Main rivers, and 'I'ermiscouata Lake, are held bj ■ in reserve, and from year to year ha\-e an inc, ^ng value. .Mr. Murray, although 65 vears of age, maintains a close personal oversight of his e.Mensive operations, which he directs with the energy of youth. On all matters conceriiing the lumber in- dustry he is an uncjuestioned authority. He liolds the important odice of president of the St. John River Log Driving Company, and is a director of the Freilericton Room Company. In Mr. J. Fraser Gregory, his conlidenlial clerk or manager, Mr. Murray has a valuable assistant. Mr. (ircgory, for a young man, has acquired a remarkable kiu>wledgc of everything relating to lumbering on St. .folm waters, and the writer of the general article on the St. John district is much indebted to him for much valuable aid, as well as lor several of the photographs aecompiiiiying il. Kor Mr. Gregory is a [i fn f \' "Mil i\|i' ^ri:ii> < ly {-w \\<\ very skilful amateur jiliotographer, and in liis frcijueni trips to the camps or ilrives has secured a fine col- lection of pictures. Mr. Murray reposes complete ccjnfidence in llie ability of Mr. (IreRory in all busi- ness matters, and the latter is als'j tecre tary-treasurer of the St. John River Lot Driving Companv. and St. John mana- ger of n. I), (jiasier & Son's lleet of tug- boats OM the river. RANDOLPH & BAKER are one of the leading firms of lumber njanufaclurers in St. John. Their cut last season was 21,400,000 ft., whi'.Ii is about the average yearly pro- diiclioM of their mill. .\l lime of writing there arc iZ.ooo/K'ofl. of deals, etc., piled on their wharves. This is all sold, and await- ing shipment to the British market. Prac- tically their whole cut last year was for that market, but some years they ship con- s i d e r a b I e to the United Slates. The village of Randolph, wliicl) their industry has built, is on the thore of the St. John river, about three mdes above the harbour of St. John. They c a n h o Id 3.000.000 ft. of logs at once in the boom along the shore by their mills, and ihey have a quarter of a mile of wharf- front ;.t the mills, where schooners and lighters can take cargo. The linn's mill, of which an illustration is given, is ecjuijiped with Iwogangs. three lath machines, a stave m.ichine, and a head- ing machine. Live rolls and gravitation carry all the products from the mills to the wharves, every pos- sible labour-saving appliance being utilised throughout the mill. The saw- dust is carried by bells tc the furnaces and burned. The olher mill ref ise is also burned there, or in two huge modern lime-kilns that are coruiected by a tram- way with the saw- mill. Right in rear of the saw mill are inex. haustible quarries of the finest quality of limestone. Tlie hr.ul ^7 ■| 1 ! !■; W ' ' IVi'i -'I !:|l. >r r A^ \:i \ from quarry to kilns ii only about t.400 ft., ami as the latter arc on a luwcr L-levation bfsidi; the wharves, the stone is simply hauled out and dumped into the lop of the kilns, while the fuel is run down on iramcars from the sawmill to the furnaces below. I luge sheds hold the barrelled lime. The firm make llieir owii ';)arrels, which roll by gravitation from the coopers' shop into the kilns. In iH';4 '''c firm turned out 65.000 barrels of lime. It is chietly sold in the United Stales, but the duty hampers operations in that market. Nowhere in the worlil, perhaps, is there an oppor- tunity for the joint prosecution of the lumber and litiic industry equal to this. C. I'. Maker, and his b(jn, C. J. liaker, live at kandolpli, which is a singularly picture.que and beautiful spot. The firm own eighteen houses, that furnish twenty six tenements. They employ about 1O5 men in suuimer. Their lumber, nearly all spruce, comes down the St. John ri.er. A. P". Randolph, of this firm, is president of the Fredei'cton Hoom Company and of the People's Bank of Fredericlon, where he lives. Their deals for the Uritish market have been generally sold to local shippers. W. Malcolm Mackay handled their cut last year. An experience of forty-four years as manufacturers and exporters of lumber lies behind the present-day operations of the firm of ANDRE CU8HINQ ft CO. During the last year they erected a splendid modern mill on the site (jf the one destroyed by fire, and on the same site on which their first mill was es'.ablished in iS;2. The place iscalled Union I'oint,al tile edge of the famous " reversible " falls, on the .St. John river, about a mile above the head of St. John harbour. Before entering upon a description of their mill, a view of which is presented in their advertisement on another page, it mav be observed that the long experience of this firm places them in an exceptionally favourable position as manufacturers and importers. Twice they suffered the loss of their mill through lire, and each time saw a new structure rise, equippcu with better machinery ; and the mill of today has the most modern appli- ances, including band-saws for cutting any size of lumber in the most satisfactory manner. Their ainiual cut is about thirty million feel of sjiruce and pine, chiclly the former ; and during the last year they sliip])ed lumber direct to United Stales ports, Argentine, Brazil, Australia, West Indies, and Canary Islands, and sold a lot ofdeals for shii)inent to British ports. Their sources of supply are three ; the State of .Maine, the Province of Ouebec, and New Brunswick. All of the logs come down the St. John river. About half of the total comes from Maine, and there the firm carry on their own operations in the woods. Of the balance, about half come^ from Ouebec and half from New Brunswick. No firm in the provinces ships to a wider range of foreign parts than Messrs. Cushuig X- Co. The cargo they sent to Br.izil List season was the first that had gone there from St. John for some years. Regarding South American trade, this firm are admirably equipped for cutting to suit thit market. IJurmg last summer they loaded several cargoes for a New »ork firm of brokers for shipment to Buenos Ayres. The brokers sent their own in,|x;ctor, .Mr.Tordoff, to oversee the sloM ing of the cargoes. In an interview with a representa- tive of the St. f;lw Daily Sun, .Mr. Tordoff said : — '■I am agreeably surprised at the quality of the lumber bemg sent to the vessel by Cushing .V Co. I have in my tmie inspcx;ted cargoes of ,pruce and pine at almost all the important shipping ports in Canada and the U'nited Slates. 1 he spruce lumber which Gushing ,\; Co. are supplying for this cargo IS the equal in appearance and quality of any lumber I have ever seen. It is fully as good in point of manufacture as the best Ottawa pine it has ever been mv duty to inspect, and I have handled some of the choicest cargoes ever loaded. This is a general cargo as far as sizes go, and I can safely say that no fault can be found with a single piece of it." Representing a house which ships many millions of lumber every year to South America, Mr. Tordoff should be a competeiil witness. All the lumber shipped by Cushing .t Co. to foreign ports is branded with their initials, " A. C. it Co." Their mill is a large, as well as a splendidly cqui|)ped one. I he mill proper is 226 x60 ft., three stories, on a stone and brick foundation ; the floors are respectively 16, 12, and 12 ft. in height, affording exceptionally good light. The boiler-house is 48 x 96 x 22 ft., and contains six boilers. It IS removed iT,h. from the mill, and outside of the drive ail connections are of metal. The n-ill is provided with double engines of 50a h.-p. To facilitate night work, a dynamo supplies 325 electric lights, including 10 arc Ughts for the yards and wharves, The mill has a edacity of 150,000 sup. ft. per day, or 45,000,000 ft. annually, without any night running. Having procured so complete an equipment, the firm are confident that the brand A. C. \- Co. will always be recognised as representing lumber well manufactured. T. HoAVIT? ft SONS, brassfounders, manufarlurers of engineers' supplies, etc., whose advertisement ajjpcars in this issue, with illustrations of some of their specialities, have been established in successful business for over half a century, their trade extendir.g througlicjut Can.id.i, and to the United States, Kngland, and Australasia. The attention of engineers and steam fillers is especial^' directed to their announcement. Tfie Fredericton District. ST. JOHN IllVEli, JUST BKI.QW FREDEUICTOX. HK city of Kiedericton, on the St. John river, 85 miles from its mouth, is a very beautiful little city of some ten thousand inhabitants, and is the capital and seat of Government of New Brunswick. The river here is about halfa-mile wide, and just opposite the lower end of the town is the mouth of the Nash- waak, the stream on which Alex. Gibson it Son?, Ltd., cul annually about 30,000,000 feet of lumber, their town of Marysville being three miles up the Xashwaak, FreJericlon is the headquarters of the Fredericton Boom Company, which rafted about 1 37,000,000 feet of logs last se.tsoii at its booms above and below the city. The company employs from 500 to 550 men and begins work in the early part of May, usually concluding its work in October. There arc twelve booms in all, but the rafting is done in two of them, one two miles and the other three miles long. The work has been greatly facilitated of late years by a loading machine invented by \V. p. Hanebry, superin- tendent. There are almost innumerable marks on the logs. L vc 111 Wiiiili iMil slIMKS iir t'ANAliA tomiiig as tlicy do from so many dilTurcnl loiitraclorN ; but long fxpcrii-iicu fiiablcs ilic " catch marker " to detect tlio>o of cacli mill-owner as tliey pass singly, and the " sorters " arc able without dilliculty to separate anc! send the log-^ to the " hitchers," who put them in ratlines, about J5 lofTj in each. Hut these, for accuracy, are .\f,%\\\ examined a^ they pass to the boom pole michinc, under which llijy are floated, aid two bo mi poles thrown on each ratline. Thence they goon to the " b )ttom ni.ikers," who pin the boom poks, and they arc floated next to the loading machine. 'I'liis is composed of a steam hoisting inachine, and an ingenims combination of ch.iin ainl platform, so arranged thai the loader?, or logs for the top of the rah, arc floated ipvcr a sunken ch.iin and by it hoisted upon a plalform which throws them down upon the raft; the m.ichinc at once reverts automa- tically to Its fo. ii,T po^ition, and is ready to load the next raft. 'I'liis machine will load ^oo joints in a day, but the average is about i.'-oa per week, a^ c nii- p.iied with i,;oo joints under the old system, when horses lumber direct for the United States market, hut deals for transatlantic ports are taken to St. John in lighters. I'here are several mills at Fredericton, cutting together from twenty-five to thirty million feet of logs each year. There are also some mills of small cap.icity scattered along the river above I'"redericti>n, for nearly two hundred miles, lideed, there is one very large mill on the Aroostook, away up in the State of Maine. It has already been noted that dtaK from some up-river mills are floated to Freilericton. The product of others is shippi il by rail, chiefly to the I'nitcd States market. I here are several large tracts of hemlock on the St. Jolin lictween Fredericton and Woodstock, from which lumber is cut and shipped to the I'liited Slates. Fredericton ha> been regarded .l^ an .idniiralile site for a large pulp mill, and the late I'Ahvard Jack, C.F')., jaU prior to his death, a vcar or two since, was devoting much attenlii.n to the subject. It was stated that a company had secured an option on a f.ivourahle Mle. It is pointed out that there i^ abundance of spruce to be got, Ujtii by rail and ))0\.\IJI Fli.VSEK \ SOXS' AHKKKEKS MII.I,, FUEliKUKTOy. -lucl joinl coiilaliis and men had to do the woik. ,\ I .-so loj;;. A inachine takes the place of 15 ur z\ men. a formerly tlure had to be several loading places, with men and teams for each. I'ikLt ilie old system the company was seldom able to coiii[ilele the work of ra'^ling b lore the river closed in the fall. Now there i- no diliicuUy in that respect. After the rafts have pased Iroin the sur- \cyors to the towing companies, the boom conipaii)'s respop'-ibility cca-es. There are always some unmarked log-;. These are sorted out and sold at am lion, the pro- ceed- being (li\-ided /;,' i;tl,i anic.iif. the various loy-owiiers intiresled. The b.ioin company has a factory ion lected with ils unices, where it mainifa. lure^ wedges and pins (or its own work. Hon. A. F. Raiulol|.li is president and treasurer of the company, and the other directors are W. II. Murray, C. I''. Woodman, V.. I,. Jewell, and II. .S Miller. Large schooners go up the ri\er to Fredericton and load water, while only a short diilance .Iway, in Oueeii's I'ouiUy is a valuable coal deposit. .\I.iny S.ottish readers of Till-; TiMUi-::; Tk'.\|)v:s Joirnai. will recognise an old aeiiuainlance in Donald Fraser, of DONALD FRASER & SONS, .\berdcen Mill, Frcdericlon. Mr. l-ra\ spruce deals for the Kngliili market, sold to the shippers ; firm uf James Murchic A Soti', who liavu mills at several hut the firm alsn iiiaiiufacturcil about six million tcilar imims in Ntw Brunsuiik. The niciiilKrs of the firm of !.lii'>({les, a lot of laths anil tlap-boanls, ami filled some Hale .V MurLliie arc, tl.trcforo, ihorounhly reprl•^ell•.alivc orders for dimension lumber for the I'liittd Slates market. men. The \'ii.turia mill is conneLted both by rail and waier // HALE & MURCHIE'a VICTUHU MILL, FUEDERKTOV. The !o(;s are all got in New Brnnswick. Associated with Mr. I'raser are his sons, Donald I'Va^er, jun., an I AiLliibal 1 I'Vascr. have a larii feet of cellar into shingles. R e f e r e n c e ha s already been made to ALEX. GIBSON & SONS, LTD.. whose lie. lis are pLicel on lighters at the mouth of the N a s h iv a a k, opposite Fredericton. .\li\. Ciibson is termed the " Lumber King " of New Biunswick. With three mills at .M.irysville and two at lilackvillf, he has marketed from his own mills a thousand mil- lion feet of deals, etc., in the last thirty years. He owns over two hundred thousand acres of timber lands, and has ether large tr;.cts under lease His annual cut of lumber is about foity millions, and this year wdl exceed that quan- tity, while he generally buys as much as he cuts, and is, therefore, a very large shipper. Last year's annual special issue of this jjumal devoted four p.ives to illustrations and descriptions of the mills .•'lid timber property and trade of this firm. Mr. (iibson is the owner of the Canada ICastern Railway, and also of a large cotton mill at Marysville. He is the largest individual em|)loyerof labour in New lirunswick, and the most striking personality in the industrial life of tl.e province. ■' ^-l, ii ■ 'IIIK WdiOi IMasliatS ( '•■ CA.NAHA. The Mifamichi Sistriot THK MIUAMICHI lUVKH AT CHATHAM. '..^ UK .Miramichi river is closely aasociatcd with the beginnings of ihc timber trade of Canada. It had, like the St. John, its pine limber period and its prosperous days of shipbuilding. The trade of the present day is chiefly in spruce deals, -.vitli some business in spool woo(!, and the pulp in- dustrv gpjwing in importance. This j,;real river, some J 20 miles in extreme length, has numerous important tributaries, and drains an area of many thousands of oquare miles. In one direction, its largest tributary, the South-West Mira- michi, has its sfiurces so close to some tributaries of the St. John tiiat they practically interlace, and a man may start in ' canoe from the mouth of the Mir.Tnichi, go up the South-West stream, and by a portage of oniy si.\ miles launch out on St.. I hn waters and lloat to thecity (jfSt. John. Some of t't, we lind ...jiving into it Iro.i' the South, the Marnaby river ; then, from the north, the I'diou-f which has itself an important feeder in the Oungarvon ; n"\t, from the north, the iUrtholomew, the logs from which are cut at Blackville i.id the deals taken by rail lo the mouth of the N.-.sh\vaak, and floated lO St. Job;' for export ; aiscr, from the south, Cains river, which rises in York ("ouiity and flows through a corner of Sunbury into Noithumberland. All these streams are the scene of imnortant logging operations. Turning now to the North-West branch, we iii.d that it has a large tributary cai! . the Litue Soutli-West, which runs b.ick quite near at one point lo the l as nuuh as si.\ miles. Crews number from a dozen tea hundred men more, and vages range from I, i to twenty dollars, with some workmen getting as I. as twenty-four dollars per month. While some of the manuf.acturers get their logs cut and hauled bv contract, most ol them send in their own crews and supplies. vSoine crews are in the woods as early as .August, but generally sneaking the operations are in ful swing by October ist. Tne stream-driving bejins in April, anti the first logs arrive at the mills generally about the |s| May. The great bulk of the cut is spruce, although on the lands drained by the Miramichi are to be found abundance of cedar, hemlock, birch, maple, and beech. Of course some hardwood is cut, also some cedar and hemlock, while about live per cent, of the total cut is of pine ; but spruce is the great staple. The spruce logs cut on the Mir.imichi r.mge from 14 to 30 fee-, and ten inches and up at the top end. K.ich operator on , he South-West, if he is on one of its tributaries, floats his own logs lo the main .South-West stream, where a log driving impany takes charge of them and lloats them to the boom lit liis, which begin about nine miles above Newcastle and extend three miles. The cost of driving from the brow to the boom is about one dollar per tiiousand feet, and rafting fifty-five cents. Each manufacturer tows his own rafts to his mills. There is no log-driving company on the North.Weat, but there is a boom company which charges fort\-Hvc ceiiis tor rafting spruce, and fifty cents for ratting cedar. Including land bonus and licence, stumpage w is \V(iii|> lNI»lsll;lK; lib' CANAliA, duei, and the cost of cutting and delivering at the mills, the cost of logs last year was about .'fy./S per thousand fei;t,and this year the figure will probably be a little higher. The quantity of logs rafted through the South-West boom each year since 1890 was as follows: — Sup. ft. 1890 67,492,000 1S9> 34>397.oooo I4,sjo,ojo 14,297,000 The average is thus ab(^i'.t 1:1,000,000 ft. for the North- West and 50,000,000 for the South-West booms, with a few millions eai;li year that are not passed through the booms. A considerable portion of the cut on the Norih-West is in sinall lots from numerous owners of granted lands. The Miraniichi region has at various times suffered a good deal from forest lires. The operators say the (lames have done more than the axe to destroy the forests during the last halfcenturv, while the great .Miraniichi lire of i.Sj; is on record as one of the greatest calamiticL in provincial history, attended as it was by much loss of life as well as proptrtv. We come now to speak of the mills and their wiirk. There are nearly a do.;en miil-i on the thiitCL-n mile^ of river bjtrt'ejti 1, )jgijville a:ii B'ijjctown. Lo.;iTieville, Cliatham. ami Xelsjri are on the south shore, and Douglas- town, Newcastle, and Hridgetown on the north side. Chatham and Newcastle are enterprising town;, an 1 there are pr(jbably lil'teen thousand people living in these towns, and along that tliirleen miles of river, and the line farming districts stretcliing back from the river. With the Uiinber industry, the valuable salmon and other fisheries in the rii'er and bay, and the fertile lands contiguous, the people of Mira-nic'ii are fortunately situated. The mills begin sawing about .May ist, sometimes a little earlier, a:id coiuinue until the middle of November, though some are closed earlier. It is worth no'.icing that the first steam saiv-mill ever erected in Canada was built on the Miramiclii at Chatham, on the >iie now o.;cupied by the mill of William Richards. It was owned by Hon. Joseph Cunard, and was set in motion with great ceremony in presence of .Sir Howard Douglas, (iovernor of the [)rovince. That mill h.i i five gates, and it was predicted that the monster would strip the whole region of its timber in twenty years. I'robably any one of the larger mills on the river today would with one gate cut as much ^^ that oUI mill with five, and still there are logs to S1W. The cut of spruce is almost cxcluiively for Irans- :ulanlic markets and almost wholly for the United Kingdom and Ireland, though there are also small shipments each year to France, .Spain, and Mediterranean ports, Sjulh America, and Australia. The deals cut are chielly sevens, nines, and elevens, with some eights atid other sizes, all to average i.) ft. to 15 ft. in length. .\n average ran of 1 igs made intJ merchantable de;ds will give a specification of about 50 per cent, 3 ■. 9, ,i5 per cent. 3x7 and ,? x .S, and the balance 3 x 11 ; l)e-ides the usual run of boards, scantling, fourth quality deals and ends. A tnillion feet of logs will give from 70 to 75 per cent, of se\'ens, nines, and elevens, and the balance in board", bc?ntling, etc. The average price of tleals on the wharf last season was about 10 dollars per thousand feel. Contracts have been made for next season at 10 dollars, and in sonvj case? at \q\ dollars per thousand superficial feet. In speaking of the lumber shipped from the Miratnichi, it nmst be pointed out that the total includes a considerable quantity, p'obably 15,000,01.0 ft., th.it is not cut on the river, but along the streams, emptying into the bay, both from north and south. outside of the mouth of the river. This winter, for example J. B. Snowball is cutting logs on the head waters of the Tabusintac, at a point about 70 miles north from his office in Chatham, yet he has to fljal those logs nearly bo miles out into the bay, and then tow the rafts 30 miles down shore and up the liver to his mill at Chatham. Ernest Hutchison also gets some logs on this stream, and tows them past Chatham to Douglastown. On the Big and Little Tracadie rivers, emptying into the gulf 50 miles up the coast from Chatham, J. B. Snowball gets out about 9,000,000 ft., and cuts it at a mill at their mouth, carrying the deals in lighters to Chatham for export ; and still farther up the coast, some sixty miles from Chatham, is the Pokemouche river, down which logs are floated and towed to Cliatham. On the south side of the mouth of the Miraniichi are also some small streams, from which logs are in like manner towed to (.'liatham mills. Again, there is a mill owned by William Kichards at Boiestown, so.ne sixty miles from Chatham, but situated on the South \\est Mi.amichi. The deals cut there, some two or three million feet, are brought by rail to Chatham for export, for the Canada Kastern Railway, which connects Chatham with Kredericton, carries deals to both places. Those from Boiestown go past Blackville to (,'liatham, and those from Backville past Boiestown to the mouth of the Nash.vaak, opposite Fredericton. Boiestown, though nearer Fredericton, ships to Chatham ; Blackville, though nearer Chatham, ships to Fredericton. There are unsurpassed facilities for loading ships on the Miraniichi. It is a magnificent river from its mouth up for more than twenty miles. For example, the river at Chatham is fully three-quarters of a mile wide, with over twenty feet of water at any wharf, and forty-five feet at the principal one, with a depth of eighty feet in mid-stream, At all the mills above f-oggieville the ships can take their cargoes direct from the mill wharves. When the mills are all running, and the river is full of ships, there is great activity, thousands of men being employed. It is also to be noted the .Miraniichi district is well served by railways, and can ship tinber to the United States market by tail as well as by V, ater. The total .Miramichi shipnents to transatlanti." ports lait \ear were 108,000,000 superficial feet. There were also shipments of shingles, laths, and other small lumber to the .State-, and some local trade with I'rince I'Mward Island and Nova Scotia. It is not probable that the present average cut of seventy million feet or thereabouts on the Miraniichi will be increased, b It rather decreased. .Nor will the average be greatly increased in any one year, because of thediHiculiies attendant upon river driving, as so much depends u,/on the weather in winter and spring. Every year sees some timber hungup. It may be noted that practically all of the timber lands tributarv to the Miraniichi are Crow.i lands, or lands owned by the .New Brunswick Railway Company. There are no very extensive tracts held in fee simple. Under the regular tioiii governing the culling of timber on these lands, there is a chance f jr the spruce forests to reproduce themselves ; and thus, while the average size of logs has been decreasing, there is no absolute clearing of the lands ; and they will, therefore, be a Source of timber wealth for m:iny years to come. Certainly the more desirable tracts are becoming more and more remote, and a decrease in the out|nit, and an increase in the price must be looked for as the years pass, but there is no danger of a sudden extinction of the industry. This ha reference to spruce. .As to the other woods, their time of greai usefulness is still of the future. The advent of the pulp mill has caused some stir in timber circles on the Miramichi, especiallv as one conipanv has appeared at the booms as a keen competitor with tin- sawmill-owners for possession of the small spruce logs offered for sale. As a measure of self protection the mill-owners bid up the price, and virtually agreed to take a lirgcr proportion of the small-sized logs at full price from the jiarties offering logs for sale. The chief effect of the pulp- wood o|ierations is the cutting of small trees that would m a few years make saw-logs. The pulp mills will take logs running down to six inches at the top. They buy a great deal from small operatorj in various places near the mills, but at least one company has secured the lease of some blocks of Crown timber lands, and manifeits a desire to secure more. While everybody recognises that the pulp business is certain to crow in extent, niiinions dilTer widely as to the attitude the (iovernineiit should maintain with regard to the 'L WW. WMCili INIirsTKlKH OF C'AXAl'A^ size of trees t'le pulp makers sliould be allowed to cut down. There are two mills on the Miramichi making sulphite fibre, but there are as yet no mills for mechanical pulp. The wood taken is spruce only, and may vary from a small saw log down to a stick live or six inche: at the tcp end. The wood is chipped, sorted by machinery, cooked in brick- lined steel digejtors, in a solution of sulphurous aciil, for about eleven hours, then treated as paper stock and run over machines and dried. It is shipped in an air-dried coiulition, i'l tightlv-compressed bales. The wood costs the inilh about five diillars per thousand leel for near-by, ordinary stuck, but large si/es brciueht from the head waters have cost one company as high as six dollars and a half Oneofthe mills uses about ten million superficial feet in a year, the other expects to rei|uire about twelve millidu feel. The spool wood industry of New lirunswick has its their own price, to the combine, and his mills are idle ; while other operators who sold some last year are unable to make any contr.acts for the present year. The market is limited, and the combine have control of considerable tracts of birch timber land fur their own supplv. The Hon. J. B. SNOWBALL, member of the Senate of Canada, and manufacturer and >!iippcr nf linnber cm the .Miramichi, is personally known to the traile from .Vlgiers to Scotland. Kacb vcar be visits some of ilie markets where he selN. I lis annual .Miramichi wooil t r.ide circular, i^sued for the last eighteen vears, has been a valuable epitotne of the tindier trade of New nrnn^wick, aiul in a more general way ol Nova Scotia also, with Iran-atl.iiUic port^. .Vs a luanu- fatturer. Senator Snowball has been ideiuiiied with the .Miramichi trade for over ihirlv \iar>. His mill at Clialliam, an illustration of which ue give, cut last year some J, II. SNDWIiAI.l.'S Mil. I, \r fll.Vl'IIAM, greatest development on the Miramichi, where some three or four nnllion feet are got out each year. The wood is of birch, and the lot;s are cm for the mill in f uir-foot lengths, down to live inches at the topeiul. Many of the loi!s run to 30 feet or more iii length, t.'l.nk, Skillings, it Co., of (iUe-gow, have three mills, cutting 2,500,000 ft. in a vear. One mill cuts lo.noo ft. per day, and the lirm's Miramichi manager, Mr. Charles D. .Manny, says that in eajli day's cut there is an uuavoiilahle waste of at least 1,500 ft. of good spool slock. If lliespools were made here, itcoidd be utilised. It is stated on good authority that spools could be made on the ground in New llrnnswickand shippeilacross at very little grealercost th.ni that of uuikingand shippingthespool wood, just now, however, the spool wood industry is in a peculiar position. The great thread ■.onibine has led to a move- ment on the part of that corporalion to Kintrol its spool wood supply. As a result, James .\itou, (jf Nuwcaslli', who has been in the business twenty live years, (inds himself will) two veais'eut on hand llial he caiuiol sell, except at 26,000,000 feet, and that al Tracadie, thirl v miles up the coasl, 0,000,000 feet. .All of tlie>e deals were n.il shipped, but he purch.ised soiu". and his tolal ship, ments "'ere 55.000.000 feet. He owni .15,; miles ol timber limits on Crown laud-, and has a tweiityHvo years' opet.iling prisile-ie on 150 miles m ire. P. E. NEALE is well known to the trade on bolh sid<-. of the oeean. lie i> a native of l.iverpo-.l, and w.i' in the trade there lor seven year-. ,\Ir. Neale has been on the Miianiichi for some nine years, lie i- noi .1 mamd'aclurer. bnl a -liipper and buyers' agenl. He hasacipnred alhorougli knowledge of the Miramichi limber trade. ,^nd has In en very snecessful in his bii-ines-, buying direel from the m.inii facturer- on behalf of I'".nglish firms. Last vear .Mr Neale bought and -hipped eleven million feet of deals to (treat Uritain and liel.md. I'irm- wishing to buy diiecl wc.idd do well to coiniinniicile with him. liridgetown, the home ol E. SINCLAIR, a short dis tance above Newcastle, is oi\c of the prettiest spots alon^ the TiiK w.ioii ixi)rsTi;iK.< or c.\y\\>\. h river. Mr. Sinclair has here a fine mill, a view of which appears, equipped with a Mil\vauk( j rotary, and lath-wood and shingle machinei:. Ships load direct from the wharve'^. He cuts annually ah(. t 5,000,000 ft. Some is cut into c'cals for the Briti'-h market, and some into dimension lumhcr for markets in the n'-igh- houring provinces, where it is carried in his own vessel". The laths and shingles eo to the Anicrican market. The cut, of course, is chiifiy spruce and the mill turns out fine lumhcr. Mr. Sinclair owned at the clo«e of Ir.st year I'ver 1.(0 sipiare nn'les of tinihcr limits on firown lands, and has siiKe ac(|uired additional h'ooks, some of them sharply competed for at the public sale". I[e is the owni r in fee simple (f lleauhair's Kland, ahout a mile long and half a mile wide, in the Miramichi, clo'e to his home, and on this inland is a tine growth of spruce that is every year inert asing in value. .Aside from an honourahle and are shipped by the firm 'hemselves to the United States, while they nipply staves for harrels for the pork packers on Prince Edward Island. The (tit of % 'I'lir, \\(ii>n iNhrsTiMis ni' cwmiv Ihe llestigouclie 2)is!rict beech. There HE Restigouche district differs from those of the St. John and Miramichi in that while the latter have reached their highest limit of production the Restigouche cut of timber is still increasing. For there is a great deal of virgin forest on the Restigouche waters, capable of producing a much larger annual cut than the figures of past years. Spruce and cedar predominate,but there is also some pine and a good deal of birch, maple, and is practically no hemlock in this region. John. Thera are logging camps on the Restigouche and Tobiqui;, not more than five miles apart, but the logs reach the sea at points several hundred miles apart. The Upsalquitrh reaches down close to the Nepisiguit. Bearing in mind what has been said of the reach of the various streams, and their tributaries in other districts, it will be seen that New Brunswick is intersected in a most remarkable maimer. The Muskoka Lumber Co., which owns over four hundred square miles of timber limits on the Restigouche and Kedgewick, and stretching down towards the Upper St. KILGOUK brilVKS' MII.L KX CAJIPnSLLTO^N. Nowhere else in the province is cedar so plentiful, and at present over one-half of the limber floated down the river is cedar. In addition there are numerous small mills scattered through the county cutting cedar shingles, and it would be a conservative estimate to place tlie cut of shingles in Restigouche Couiitv last year, at nearly 200,000,000. All of these are exported, some by rail and some by water, to the I'nited States market. Of the logs from which shingles were cut last vcar, not more than half were brought down the river, the others being cut near the line of railway. As the heavier spruce timber on Resti- gouche waters has not been cleaned up, the operators are able to get somewhat larger lugs than those in o'.her parts of the province. Hence, instead of con- tracting for logs nine or ten inches and up at the top end. the rule is eleven inches and up. The spruce tut in the Restigouche mills into deals yields 45 per cent, of nines, 20 per cent, ol elevens, 22 per cent, of sevens, eights, and battens, and 10 per tent, of twelve inches atid up. The logs are 16 to 2.; feet long, and average 16;, to 17 feel. 1 he Restigouche river, which empties into Bav ( haleur, forms part of the boundary between Ne.v Brutiswick and Oiielxc, and receives tributaries from both provinces. It is .about 200 miles long, and one of the most famous salmon rivers in the world. Its principal tributaries are the Metapedia, I'atapcdia, and Kedgewick from the north, and the Upsalquilch from the south. Those from the north drain a portion of Quebec, and hence many Quebec logs come down to the mills near the nioutli of the river. It is said that two-thirds of this year's cut of spruce will come from tjuebec lands. The main river reaches down sf) close to the St. John that the waters of th? two systems practically unite, and one may go in a canoe from the mouth of the Restigouche, almost without lifting the craft, to the mouth of the St. John waters, will be able to float part of its timber to Campbellton, near the mouth of the Restigouche, and part to St. John. While most of the lands drained by the Restigouche svstem in New Brunswick are owned by the Crown, there are some granted lands, and it also drains some of the lands of the New Brunswick Railway Company, described ina previous article. Thus logs brousjln to the mills are from four sources, as follows : — From Quebec lands, from New Brunswick (,'rown lands, from New Brunswick Railway Company lands, and from other lands held in fee simple. While there are logs ^ 1 cut quite close to the booms, there are drives brought in from points 75 miles up the river. The boom is 4 miles above Campbellton, and the limits extend for i) miles. Each operator brir.gs his own drive to the boom limits The charge for railing in- cluding shear boom charges, is 55 cent- |'jr 1,000 ft. for spruce and 70 cents lor ccL.ar. Cedar logs are cut lo tj 20 ft. long and 10 in. and up at the top end. Sprues logs cost about .•<6.50 per 1,000 ft. at the mills, and those under 11 in. at the top end are two-thirds price. The Re-tigouche is a very good stream for log driving. The timber lands ailjacent are nearly all under lease to various operators, but as yet only a comparativey small portion is operated nn. Following are the quantities of logs Moated down iherlver in the last three years: — Sup. ft. Sup. ft. spruce. cedar. 1894 15,01 0,000 6,000,000. 1895 15,000,000 0,000,000. i!i<)6 20,000.000 13,000,000. There was also brought out in i8c)4 some 34 tons pine timber ; in I'tg-, 95 tons ; in 1896, 155 tons. While there is now practically no birch or other hardwood cut, the supply of these woods is very large. Qn the Restigouche, as eise- I.IMBKII riLE AT Kll.GOL'li SHIVES' MII.L. /■ where, there is abundant opportunity for the development of the pulp industry. We come now to speak of the shipping ports. For many years Dalhousie was the only shipping port of any import- ance, or of which anything was known abroad. Logs were cut at various points near by, and floated to the mill there, or deals were brought there by rail from Quebec points for export. But a powerful rival, and one of steadily growing importance, has arisen in Campbellton, some sixteen miles up the river. Mills were erected there, logging operations were extended farther up the river, the railway was extended down to deep water, the channel dredged, and Campbellton developed into a lumber centre of great importance. Not only does it shipthecut of its own mills, but largequantitiesof deals from Quebec province are brought in by rail and loaded on ships and steamers at the railway wharves. There was a great deal of opposition of the interested kind to be over- come, and much prejudice, but the fact is now established that C'ainpbtllton is destined to become an important lumber shipping port. The official map shows 15 ft. 9 in. to 20 ft. 7 in. in the channel at low water, spring tides ; and 25 ft. 9 in. to 30 ft. 7 in at high water, spring tides. During the last season the Kamsiialen (s) went out drawing 19 ft. 7 in. of water, before the dredging had been completed, and the Ardaiin,;/i (s) went out, drawing 174 ft. at neap tide. There is a rise of 10 feet on a spring and 7 feet on a neap tide. It is estimated that about sixteen milfion feet of deals cut in the province of Quebec were shipped last vear from Campbellton, Oak liay (just across the river), and Dalhousie. I'here is twenty feet of water at the wharf at Dalhousie. which is also an excellent shipping port. Campbellton, which is a divisional point on the Inter- colonial Railway, will derive additional importance troin the f.ict that the Bay Chaleur railway, running down the north shore of the bay, is to be operateJ hereafter ai part of the Intercolnnial system. A railway is also projected, to run from Campbellton across New Brunswick to Grand Halls or \'an Buren, Mdine, or the St. Jjlin River, con- necting with the Bangor and Aroostook railway, through a very richly timbered region. A divisional point, at the head of navigation, with several railways making it a point of junction, the town of Campbe'.lton, which has had a very rapid growth in the last few yeirs must continue to ailvance in population and importance. Dalhoii-ie, the termiiiui (if a short brancli line of the Intercol inial Railway, is nut so fortunately situated, though its facilities as a shipping ji jrt are u;i4ue-.tionab!e. Apart from cedar shingles, the Restigouche mills cut very little lumber for the American market. GEORGE MOFFAT, the Dalhousie mill owner, cuts deals lor the British market. At Campbellton there are three mills, those of KILGOUR SHIVES, DAYID RICHARDS, and W. W. DOHERTY, which, in addition to shingles, cut deals for the British market. Over at Oak Bay, on the Ouebec shore, J. D. SOWERBT, also manufactures deals. "There are a number of mills which cut cedar shingles only, and it is estimated that 75,030,000 shingles were maimfactured last year within a do/en miles of Campbellton. Cedar will pro- duce about 8,000 shingles to 1,000 superficial feet. A machine will cut abo Jt 15,000 per day, and they are divided into five cla s, ranging from sixty cents to two dollars per thousand at the mill. KILQOOR SHIYES, of whose mill a view is pre- sented, is very largely interested in the Restigouche district. The mill is situated at Campbellto.vn, and is equipped with nudern m.achinery for the proiuction of spruce deals, palings, planed and ma.ched boards, bjx stuff, and shingles. Mr. .Shives holds the lease of nearly three hundred square miles of valuable timber lands. His cut of logs this winter will bj about eight million feet of spruce and cedar. Deals are cut with a m )Jern gang, and for cedar there are seven shingl-; machines. The products of thi-> mill go to a wide ra.ige of markets. The shin^'es go ti. the United States. The deals, palings, planed and matched lumber, go chiedy to English and Irish ports, althoa;rh last year .Mr. Shives shipped two cargoes to River Plate and two to .Mar- seilles, France. .Mr. Shives cuts his lumber carefully, and in piling the deals in his ample yards now follows the method of the Ouebec and Ottawa districts, piling them on edge instead of Hat. -Mr. Snives is recognised as one of the most enterprising and progressive timber owners and manufacturers in northern New Brunswick. The total shipments from Campbellton and Dalhousie to transatlantic ports are elsewhere set forth. W'nile, as already stated, the lumber cut on this river is capable of great expansion, it by no means follows that there will be a very notable increase ; for the great bulk of the timber lands are under lease to a few large operators, wlio are in no hurry to reduce the possibility of producing a large proportion of wide deals, by exhausting the forests in a short period o'" time. Their present aim is rather to conserve the forest wealth by making a limited yearly output of logs. The Bathurst 2)istriot ATIU'RST is a small town at the niiiulh ol the Nepisiguit river, in (iloucester c oumv- Tliere is a broad harl)i}ur inside the bar, with a charniel through which vessels drawing i_i feet of w.itcr may go up to the mills. Large vessels usually go up and load until they draw 13 feet of water, and go outside the bar, where there is spiendi I anchorage, and coni|)lele their cargo from lighters. Besides the Nepisiguil, which is about eighty miles long, and has its source in a chain of small lakes, there are over half a dozen shorter streams emptying into Bathurst basin. From the north side are Little, Miildle, Tetagouche, Grant's Brook, Millstream, Nigadoo, and ICIm Tree streams, and from the soutli Bass river. Down these various streams are floated ten to fifteen million feet of logs each year. The stream driving is usually easy, and logs are not often hungup. Mostol the cut is 1 if spruce, but there is also some pine, cedar, and birch. There are two large and three or four small mills in the vicinity of the harbour. For a number of years past only one mill was cutting at Bithurst f.ir the transatlantic markets, but now there are two, both of them under strong management ; and the lumber industry around Bathurst is in a hcilihicr condition than for many years. Some of the logs that come into the mills are cut from granted lands, but there are in Gloucester county, tributary to the Bathurst mills, large tracts of Ciown lands, on which is valuable timber. Here, as in other portions of the province, there is besides the spruce timber a good deal of birch (yellow and white), and other hardwood? ; also cedar and hemlock, and quite a sprinkling of pine. The cut of the large mills is chielly spruce deals, with some pine and birch ; but there are also a good many cedar shingles cut for the United States market. The owners of the large mills have leases of crown timber lands, and thus a constant source of supply forlheir jaws. .\ railway runs from B.ithurst along the suuth shore of Bay Chaleur tu the gulf coast at Shippegan, and connects at Pokemouche Siding with the Gulf Shore line which is being extended from there southward toward the mouth of the .Miramichi, opening up a most valuable timoc region. There are valuable limber lands all along this line, and at Burnsville, some thirty-six miles from Bathurst, there is a mill, the product of whitli. some two or three million feet of opruce and birch, is railed to Bathurst for export. T.iis r ;ion is rich in wood suitable for manufacturing pulp, and that industry is certain to have a notable development. There is a practically •:/, llll, W IK 111 IMUsTKir.'^ "1 ('AN\|i\. unlimited supply of spruce of an excellent quality. Patlnir^t has railway connection with all parts of the ccnlir.irt, being on the main line of the Intircf knial Railway; aid the latter connects at (Jltucc^tcr Jiincticn. mar Ralhurbl, with tlie Caraquit line. The laittr line runs to Shipptgan, and la^t jtar a line, callid tl.e Gulf Shoic Road, was extended downtl.e (nilf Coast from a yoint tailed Poktmouihe Sidirg to Tracadie. Reference was made in the Miraniichi article to Snowball's mill al 'J'racadie. The:e railways ccnr.ccl that mill with the rc(;ion north. Af there is 30 fr. o[ water at ?hi[petan, which has been declared bv Sanford Meming, t' E., to be an excellent terminal [ oint for a fast sieamshi|) line to luirc pe, it would be an easy matter to tarry lumber or pulp by rail frt m any point en the Caratjuet or (lull Sht.re lints f( r export from Shipptgan. A Mrcng American ct nipany has a block ( I lifty square miles of land near Tracadie, bear- ing, it is tstiniated, loo.oco.oco ft. of timber, and this com- pany proptse this year to erect a mill near Tracadie. and ship their lumber by the Gulf Shore, Cara(|uet, and Inter- colonial railHay?,or by water frt 1:1 Shippcgan tothe United Slates market. 'I'he (,'araquet and dulf Shore lines open up an txctcdii'gly rich ugion, in soil, timber, fish, and game. and the liquidators, W. H. Thome and Richard Turner, and the busii.css is carried on under the name of Adams, Burns, tV Co , w ith T. D. Adams, resident manager. The pro- pcty includes mills at Balhurst and Hurnsville, stores, offices and cottages at Bathurst, some eight or ten thousaiui acres of fine timber land on the line of the Caraquet railway, the lease of 150 square miles of Crown timber land at Burnsville, and 250 5(|uare miles on the streams em|tying into Batl irst ba-in ; aUo the Gulf Shore Railway, which, with the Caraquet line, giyes a total length of eighty miles, connected by the latter line, with then mills al Burnsyille and Balhurst. Tliese railways, connected as already stated, with the Intercolonial sjstem, tiayerse a country rich in soil and timber, and contiguous to coast waters from which salmon, Idh^lers. oysters, mackerel, cod, herring, smell, and ether fish, are taken in abundance for shipment abroad, while the coast region from Shippcgan down to 'I'raeadie and .Miraniichi is one of the le^t in the wtrld for wild goose, brant,and duck shooting. Adams, Burns, iSi Co. assumed control something more than a year ago. Last year their deals were sold on the wharf, but^heicafier they will probably ship direct to transatlantic ports as was formerly done. Their total ship- .vn.AM.s, r.iKNs; .t^ cu.'s .mill at i:,\iiiiiisT. .Speaking again of I!alhursl, the three or four small mills luar there cut some four or live million feel of lumber, t hielly lor the proyincial and I'nited Slates markets, but al-o some deals for the British market. The total shipments Irom Balhurst in Tiansall.mlic ports last year were seven to eiuhl millions. This vear they will be much larger, as one linn li.'id only got fairly settled tlown to business toward the close of last season, and the oilier had s,,inc logs hung up. This year's shipnienir should reach or exceed fifteen million leel. .\s to si/rs, the deals tut at B.illniist run aboiil llie same as those i ul on the Miraniichi. It may be added that there is room lor a large imrease in the export i4 lumber from the Balhurst tlisiriel, as ihi' timber supply is l.iige and log-driving generally eas\-. The advent of financially strong conip.inies has made a great change for the btlter in the liinbei prospects of the region. Deals cut at Balhurst have ,111 t xcellent reputalion, and are always In tlem.'niil. ADAMB, BURNS & CO. .-re the proprietors of the mills and other properly fur nu 1 ly held by the St. Lawrence Lumber Co,, Ltd., in New iirunswick. The [iroperty wa.s bought by .Adams iV; Co., of New York, from the receivers in London ment this year wil' be from eight to ten millions. About one quarter of this firm's cut this year will be pine. Their birch lumlier. Irom 'A to s iiiehes thick, is markeil with their own initials, lor it is of exceptionally fine c|iiality. Both white and yellow birch are abundant on their laiuls, and they cut the latter exthisivel). The mill al Burnsyille has water power, and cuts uvo to three million feel. Theie is here an extepiionally line site lor a pulp mill, willi an un limiteil supply of wooti ,incl pure «aler. Adams, Burjs,i'i Co. aie finaiitially a strong toin|'.aiiv anil very enterprising, having exlended their laiUvay and otherwise improved the property since they assumed control. Mr. 1'. J. Burns, who has l)Len for twenty years the superintendent of the mill at B.ii hurst, of which a view is here giv'eii, still fills I hat position — a guarantee of good work. .Mr. T. 1). .Vdains is a most competent .iml energetic manager, ami understands the business thoroughly. THE SUMNER CO. whose headquarters are at Monc- ton, are very extensively interested in the Bathurst district. They purchased the (Ad Stewart .Mill and other buildings and property on the iiorlli side of the harbour, and put modern machinery in the mill in time for last season's £aw- '1 ing. The mill ii now cquippcJ fir cxccll.-nt work, and has a tapacily for abjut ciglu million fuu'.. The tuL this year will be six or seven million feet, most of it spruce, but ^omo pine, cedar, and birch. There are lath and shingle machines in the mill, and the firm also make onion boxes for export to 13,;rrnuda. The Sum- ner t'onipany are very largely interested in timber lands in NiW Brunswick, lulding the lease of 200 square TUB riUMNRIl t;0.'S MII.U BATHUHST. AT miles of Crown timber lands. The firm are the largest shippers of railway ties in the province, and last year exported over 150,000 to the United States. The lirni, in addition to their Bathurst mill, have a rotary mill in Kent county, cutting deals for this year'.i trade. Last year the firm sold their deals cut for the British market to W. M. Mackiy, from their wharves, but they shipped lumber direct to the United States and the West Indies. They own several vessel i. Since acquiring the Bathurst property the company have taken an important place among the lumbes operators of New Brunswick. They also conduct a whole- sale and retail hardware buiiness in .Mnncton ; and Fred W. Sumner, the nunaging directt)r, represents We^tnioie- land county in the Legislature ol the Province, and has been five times mayor of .Monclon. W. 11. T. .Sumner, th; other menibjr of the lirni, wai one of the pioneer rail- way cotitrajiors of New Brunswick. Tfie %\. Croix 2)istriot MR St. Croix r'ver forms part of the boundary between New Brunswick and the State of Maine, and its tributaries drain lands on both sides of the border. About thirty miles up from where the river empties into the l!ay of I''undv, thetown> of .St. Stephen, N.B., and Calais, iMf., ate on opposite sides of the stream, and a litttle farther up Milhown, N.B.,and Milltown, Mc., face each other. The tide alTects the river as far as St. Stephen and Calais, having a rise and fall of 24 feet. At high tide there is about uS feet at the wharves. Schooners go uj) there and load, and at what is called the Ledge, four miles d(jwn, the largest steamers may take cargo. Spruce, hemlock, bircli and other lur,i\vODdj, and aome small pine are loun 1 on the S: Criix. To-.- rivjr is ab jut 75 miles long, and the main stream is formed by the innction of tW') quite large ones, one rising in New Brun'-w u k, and the other in .Maine. iMo,t of the large linibjr has bjcncut, for the St. Croix has bj;ii an important shipping point lor many years. Tiiecninlry has all \y-i\\ cut over, but there is still a large amount of small and medium stock, and extensive operations are still carried on. Tiie mills are at Mdltown, with oiij or twosmill ones Luther up. Their total capicity is |)robably sixty million feel, but they do not cut ovjr firly millions, an.) this year the total will fall a good deal bel iw that figure. Ah ml half of the cut is spruce, and the otlur half hemlock and pine. Tlie logs are cut on granted lands, and are cut down to seven inches at the top, iox a log 20 feet long. I'robably half the toMl cut conijs from M linj. T.ie lan.ls are in the hinds of a few wealthy firms, holding from 50 to 150 square miles each. There arc falls on tiie streams, and by damming some of the numerous small lakes great power could also be developed on the upper St. Croix waters. The region is considered an excellent one for the production of wood from pulp. The stream is provided with good facilities for log-driving. In addition to the lumber cut at St. Croix mills there are probably twenty million feet brous;lit intJ St. Stephen by rail from other mills for export. Witli the ex- ception ol some orange-boxes for Sicilv, and some lumber cargoes to South America and the West Indies, the whole export trade is with the United Slates. Tiie mills cut dimension lumber aiul frames to order, and iK'ver consign cargoes. Of the lumber brought in cars to the wharves, about fifteen million feet is from New Brunswick mills — chiefly on the Upper St. John river. t)f the operators on the St. Ooix, H. F. EATON & S3NS, of Calais, have se\eral mills, and cut in an average )eai about twenty millions. 'I'liey have cut as much as ihniy millions. JAMBS HURCHIE & SONS, of Calais, cut less on the St. Ooix but besides liiree nulls in one group at .Milliown, they have one at I'.dmundston, one at Benton, one at Deer Lake, one, anil an inteiesl in another, at l-'redericloii, ai.d oiu at I'rinceton. The latter is a box mill, owned by .Mr. James Murchie. Tiiis firm cuts about thirty million feet ol long lumber, twenty-eight million laths, and ne.irly a million bjx shiioks, and sixty million shingles. H. F. TODD & SOWS, of St. Stephen, were formerly large opcators, but their cut is now sm ill. A. H. SAWYER, of Calais, who ships via Si. Stephen, has two mills on the upper Si. John, cutting tome even or eight million feel. In St. John County, between the towns just described and the city of St. John, there are two small ports, St. George and Musciuisli, from which some lunujr is exported. Usually one or two cargoes are sliip|)ed eacii year hom Musquash to the Biitish market. Tliere is still con- sidera'jle spruce in the regions adjacent to these small ports. Shediac to Baie Yerte. Jlll'^ first sliijipiiig port of any im])ortance on the Ciulf shore, south of .Miramichi, is Richi- bucto, in Kent county. There are no large operators in Kent, and the county has been strip|ied of most of its large timber. There is a great deal of small spruce, and the facilities for pulp inamilacture in the county have lieeii discussed at consiilerable length in the local newspapers from time to time. .A greal many railway lies are cut in Kent county. Some sjiool wood lor the syndicate is being cut in the county lliis season, for it has in some sections a line growth of birch. Speaking gener.illy, the county is well wooded, but the tiuanliiv ol timber available lor deal stock is small. J. & T. JARDINE and EDWARD WALKER, of Ricliilnicio, are well kiKiwn as shippers of deals to I'",iigl.ind. ATKINSON & M'LBOD and HENRY 0 LEARY are also in the trade there. WILLIAM BRAIT, at Kington, and J. D. IRYINd, at Buclonche, are other Kent loiint)- minu- facturers : and small mills are numerous. There are no laige mills in all ihit sectinii Ironi Mu.uniclii ilowii the coast to S'lediac. .\t the 'itler place the mill of E. J. SMITH cuts only s"iiu' two or three million leet per year. ()! th;; deals sh.ppjd from S'leliac and I'oinl du Chjiij (uhicli are near each other), some come down from Bii-t niche a:ul oth;r Kent county points; some ci'inj up from points along shore farther south ; and some are brought an by rail, Xiinierous smill mills conlribute to the total i- si-i forth in the aniui.il statement ofexpjrts. In the whole region from Shediac arDUiid to Baie \'erle there is onlvinie iinportaiit firm ol lumber operators, J. L. BLACK & SON, of Sackville, who are nianulaclnrers and direct shi|)pers of deals to the British market. They are owners of saw and grist mills, owners of large tracts of timber and farm lands, carry on farming and stock-raising on an extensive scale, and conduct also a large com- mercial business in the town of Sackville. Their chief lumbjr mill, of which we give an illustration, is situated at the head of tide on the .Xboushagan river, four miles '7" \\i" i|i i\hi -1 i;il..s Ml ( \\,\|i.\. from the Strait of Northumberland. The mouth of the stream is eight miles from Point du Cheiie, where the ships l.)ad, the deals bein^ ta'ven thjre in rifts froii thj mill. The firm have a sejonJ mill farther up the s'.reani. .Mesirs. Hlack & Son own 15,030 acres of timber lands on the head of the river, and, in addition to their own cuts, purchase logs from the owners of adioininT hndj. The and a few shingles. The mills are equipped with water power gang, lath-cutter, and shingle machine, and the product is a will-manufactured article. The firm have found it to be more satisfactory to ship direct Id the British market, their present Knglish agents being Karnworlh >V Jardine. Mr. J. L Black, the head of the firm, whose portrait appears, has had a v.Ty su-cussful business career, cut is ni )stly spruee, although tliey also ship considerable birch, beeeh, ami maple, in the form of planks iV to 4 inch js thick, 7 in:hes an 1 upwards wide, ani 14 to iG feet lon^. Tiiey CD' ab)utf'jur million feel of logs themselves, and, iiicludicig what lh.;y purcliase, ship from six to seven million feel of lumber each year. The spruce is cut into deals, bal- lens, long seaiillin^, boards, planed and matched, laths, and is one of the b»-,t-known men in the province ; for, apart from lumber, he is the largest tanner and stock raiser in his parish, and his general store in Sackville is the centre ol a \ory e.xtcnsive business, covering every branch of general merchandise. Mr. Black represented Westmoreland county in the New Brunswick Legislature for seven years, but declined further service, being too active // llli; \V(Hiii iMii .si'lMl Ml' CAN'AliA. a business man to devote a pruat deal ot attention to pulitits. His son, Frank B. Blatk, was, at the begiinung of this year, taken into parlnursliip with him, under the firm name of J. L. lilack iV Son. There is a large amount of spruce tut in the district, but it is chiefly by port- able mills. The lands are all owned by private indi- viduals, aTid many of these cut on their ow[i properties from five hundred to a thousand logs a year, delivering them at convenient points, or several owners will unite to furnish logs lor a portable mill. The result of this is that these lands are being rapidly cleaned up. There are no large timber areas left in the section lying in the triangle formed by lines from Bale Verte and Shediac through to the head of the Bay of Fundy, having the Gulf coast line for its base. The rule in cutting logs in this region, from which the large timber has been culled, is to accept any tree that will make two logs of 14 to 15 ft. each, the smaller half 6 in. at the top end ; but even smaller ones are cut. And every year the available area is growing less. Hence there must be a veiy notable decrease in shipir.enls within the next ten years, possibly earlier. In addition to spruce, there is some hemlock and birch, maple and beech on these lands. Of the shipments from Shediac and Cape Tormentine a good deal, the product of portable niill.s, i.~ taken to those points by rail. For example, some lumber cut in the upper part of Sackville, which is close to the head of the Bay of Fundy, is railed to Tormen- tine, while some that is cut near Dorchester is taken the other way to Shediac ; and at various points along the branch hnes running to the tw.j shipping points named portable mills are at wjrk. The distance from Sackville tJ Cape Tormentine U about 36 miles; from Dorchester to Shediac (near Point du Chene) 30 miles, and along shore from Point du Chene to Tormentine about 50 milts. Passing round the cape, the larires' mill near Bale Verte is that of HAZEN CDPP, Port Klgin, who cuts two million feet, or a little nure, per year. And passing on still to the Nova Scotia shipping ports of Tidnish, Northport, and Pug- wash, the total shipments are made up in the same way of the product of numerous small mills, scattered wherever there is a bit of timbe- within easy distance of a shipping point by rail or water to the places named. And along this coast, just as around the head of the Bay o( Fundy, the extent of the annua! export must inevitably decrease. If markets are good, not much difference may be noted for a year or so, but the present rate of cutting is much greater than the average of growth, and therefore cannot be sustained. M. WOOD & SONS, and P. Q. MAHONEY, of Sackville, ship a few million feet of deals each year from the out-ports of Sackville. J. S. HICKMAN, of Amherst, ships a small quantity also, but his largest business is done through Tidnish, and Northport, farther down the toast. -'iiri: m l.:,..!LM 7^ liir, WOOD iNi»i sii;iis oi' tanaha. Kova Scotia. Ill'; |)r(iviin.tof Ni:v,i Sccjtia is siiuatc between 4,;" and .17" imrlli latilude, ami bo" and (17" west k.iigim 'c. Its greatest leiiglli is about 300 iniks and ti.e width So lu 100 niilei. It is eoMuei-ted with New Hrunswiek by the nariuw isthmus of Chicgnecto. The island of Cape Breton, wliieh is part of Nova S.utia, is separate frunithe rest of the pro- vinee by the narrow strait of Conso. The pr ivinee has great wealth in its gold, coal, and iron mines, its fisheries and its shipping;, while the lame of its apple-producing region is world-wide. The coast is indenteJ by numerous good harbt>urs. The climate of the province is h^al liv, and not severe in winter. The area of the province is estimate ! to be 1,5,44 ),ooo acres, of whici) nearly onelitth is likes and streaiui. The rivers are .ill shirt, as no point in the province is more than si.xtv miles from the sea. So far as the Uimbjring industry is concerned, Nova -Sjotia olVer- a iiuicli smaller lield than New lirunswick. 'I'lie i-land 1 I Cape liretoii ha-, practically no spruce timber that woLild make deal stock, though it has considerable hard- woo.l. Ill the rc>t ol the province the area of good timber lands is stated to be aboal 2,700,000 acres, 01" which over 2,ojo,oojacres are held by hinibcr operators in blocksof from a few thou-.uid to, in one case, 250,000 acres, and in small lots by fanners. The ollicials ol the Crown Lands Dejiartment say tiiat while there i- still a large area of lands uii^ranted, it would really be impossible to pick up any large traci of valuiblc ti liber |)ro|ierty. For tenor lilteen years past the larger operators have been increasing their holdiiigs, or new oiijs hive come into the lield, with the result that what Criiiii 1 iiids no V re.iiain aie either inaccesjible at presci.t, Ihr iU'.;h lack of railway facilitijs, or are not worth buying for their timber. It niuil be e.K|)lained that there are no leases of Crown timber lands as in New HriUHwick. 'I'he lands are b)ug!it, a-id held in fee simple, the only rights reserved by the Crown liiving relation to minerals. When, therefore, it is s-aled that a lirm holds so many thousands or hundreds of thou-ands of acres, it is meant ihal they are the absolute owners. Tne only charge for Crown lands is forty cents per acre, and there is no land bonus or licence or slumpage charge. The only case where a stunipage rate is charged is wlvire one operator secures the p.ivilege of cutting on the pro|)erty of another, and then the rate is decided by ])rivale arrangement. The Government has no regula- tions to enforce with regard to lumbering. An olhcial statement jilaces the average stumpagc produc- tion of the lands at 2,000 sup. ft. per acre of merchantable spruce, 1,500 ft. of heml jck, and 500 ft. of hardwood. This is computed .is an average over the whole territory, as some lands yield only spruce, s iine hemock, and others hardwood; while in some sections all are to some extent intermingled. Spruce and hardwood are the woods of commerce at p:e;ent, and the proportion of hardwood cut is very small, and chielly (if birch. It is worth noting, however, that oak said to he equal for many purposes to the best American is founJ in (Jucen's, Lunenburg, and .Shelburnc counties. Spruce, henilojk, birch, b.-ech, m.iple, ash, oak, jioplar, and ;> little pine ( omprise the chief wo N of Nova Scotia. As all jiarts of the province aie relaiively near the coast there are no long drives, ainl the facilities f.ir conveying the logs to the mills and the product from the mills to the ships are e.\cell-jnt. So far as the operations in the woods are con eriied, they do not differ liom the methods in New lirunswick except that the crews are smaller and there are a great many more rotary riiills at work in proportion to the total cut. The axe is still the chief implement for cutting trees. The ollici.il slatement belote quoted states that the annual denudati' ■ of timber for export from Nova Scot a does not exceed 1 so,ooo,ooo ft., and for local coii- SuUnptioM is set down at 15,001,000 to 2o,oo(),')oo ft. more. It is claiined that territory can be rcculled in lilteen years, which is allowing .1 longer period for growth than New Brunswick operators say is necessary in that proviiHc. The lands, except some around the head of the Bay of luindy, liave escaped any l.irge fires, and the loss by lire amnially is estimated to be not more than one per cent. With a cut not exceeding the annual total named above, it is claimed that the forestwealth of the province would reproduce itsell so as to furnish a practically inexhaustible supply. But, as elsewhere shown, there has in the last year or two been un- usual activity, especially on the lands of farmers and holders of small tracts, and this, it is now predicted, will reduce the total provincial cut very materially within the next few years. For the owners of large tracts will not greatly increase their output — indeed, they cannot, without soon stripi)ing the lands of merchantable logs. All this, of course, has relerence to spruce. There are some very fine belts of hardwood in Nova Scotia, from which the cut has as yet been small. The pine is pretty nearly e.xhiusted. It is unnecessiry here to inike more e.\tended reference to the province as a whole, further than to give a few figures. I lie tradr .d navigatior returns show that during the lis.al ye.i iiig June 30th, iSo:, the total value of forest products c irted Ironi the province to all countries was a little over two million dollars. This iiicludeil spruce and other lumber, 1,020,617 dollars ; planksand boards, 690, (76 dollars; 1 iths, (jo,0i6 dollars; firewood, 59,646 dollaVs ; piling, 46,477 dollars ; bo.x and other shooks, 45, .S5 4 dollars ; scantlings, 27.927 dollars ; ends, 22,893 dollars '• '"K'. -^,iS5 dollars; and various other articles from the value of a lew- hundreds up to ten thousand dollars. Shingles, which in .New Brunswick figured for 450,909 dollars, only amounted to 9,423 dollars for the whole of Nova Scotia, wdiich has nocedar of commercial value. The statement of last season's shiiimeius to Transatlantic ports is elsewhere given, and, in addition, the province has a large trade with the U.nited States, notably in piling, firewood, laths, and hemlock ; and also with South .America and the West Indies. The follow- ing table shows the countries to which the lumber exported, with values, during the relerred to :^ was fiscal year 1895, above Country. X'alue of lumber (Ireat Britain i?i,o62,339 British Ouiana 12,005 British West Indies II 1,9 '6 British Africa 3/165 Newfoundland 16,280 Total Biitish limpiic ... 1,206,505 -Vrgenline Republic 13S,I44 Brazil 5.701 !• ranee 19,652 Ilayii... O.SS** Madeira 11,9:8 St. I'ierre (Martinique) '3.5 '7 Spain... 4.S2 Sjianish Bossessi )nsin Afriia 12,190 United Slates 491,12) U. S. of Colombia ... 1,021 Uruguay »,o.U West Indies, Danish 1,027 Dutch 1,148 ,, Spanish 114,639 828,273 Grand lolal 82,034,778 We pa's now to a description of the diHercnt districts and shipping points. Phat portion around the head of the Bay of Kuiuiy is treated of under the head of the Bay Ports. A' line wuuii iM)rvn;ii;.s er Canada. Tfie Si Mary's l^iver Sistriot. IIT- MARV'S RIV'KX, and the shipping port of I-iscomb at its mouth, are well known to British importers. This river flows into the Atlantic about yo miles east of Halifax, and is the most easterly shipping port for lumber on that coast. From there all the way around Cape Hreto Island, and up the gulf shore almost to I'ictou. there is very little timber for export. IJut the St. Mary's river property is very valuable, and is now in the hands of a strong; company. The MOVA BCOTU LOHBER COMPANY own the mills, and about 70,000 acres of line spruce lands on the head of the river. Kxpert cruisers have estimated that the company can cut 10,000,000 ft. a year for ten years, and then cut four or five millions a year for a practically unlimiied period, as there is a hardy young growth, and fire does not spread in these forests The spruce is of the tough, hardy nature peculiar to the coast lands. The company have some deals noiv on ihoir wharf, and will cut this year about ten million feel. Were all the large loi;s taken o(T their properly there would slill remain a very fine chance for a pulp mill. The ten million feet referred to abjve include about a million feet hauled into the river by farmers whj own lands along its lower waters, and there is a large amouEit of such timber available, in addition to the company's own prope. ..y. The river affords splendid water power, but the company employ steam in their mills. The logs from their own lands are driven from forty to fifty miles, and are easily floated. At the mouth of the river there is a gang and rotary mill, and also a mill lor making box shooks. In addition to spruce there is a large quantity of very fine hardwood in this region. The product of the mills is lightered three miles to Liscomb, where the largest steamships can lie and load. When pulp mills multiply in Nova Scotia the St. Miry's Kiver property will be of even greater value than it is at present. Reference is made to the Nova Scjtia Lumber Company in the article on llie Hay I'orts, as the company own valuable property near I'arrsboro, and ship from West Hay as well as St. .Mary's River. Dr. C. W. ik-wson, W. T. Pipes, Clarence I'urdy, and Samuel Kree.iian, of .Kmherst ; John \V. ami Job Se.imau, jf liarroiisfield ; and John Gillespie and G. K. Prcocott, of Shulee, are members of the company. Tfie Eheet Harbour district. HEKT HARBOUR, lying 45 miles to the e.ist- ward of Halifax, is, next to the latter, one of the finest harb JIM'S along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Into it How the IC.ist, We?l, Little, Killag, anil other small streams, which drain a \erv v.du.ible spruce region, Deals from Sheet llaibour have long been known on the British and other Kuropean markets, and Loiu'nand a high price. Cable inquiries for "Siieet Harb lur deal> " show that they have a special value where known by the English and other importers. TIj- spruce found in this region is of a very tough fibr ■, and the excellent mills produce a well-finished deal. There are both saw and pulp mills at Sheet Harbour. For the former, there is enough standing timber to turn olT 150,000,000 feet of saw-logs in the next twenty years, and, for the latter, an .ilmost unlimite.l suppl>.for the region has never been swept by fire, and is covered with a thick, hardy growth. While much of the larger limber has been taken ofi", there is a good deal of still virgin forest, and the growth of the young spruce has been very rapid. .Moreover, the annual cut has not been hirgj enough to exhaust any portion of the laiuls. The rivers are short, and it is a very easy matter to get the logs to the mills, while there are sjilendid facilities for ship- ping the ])roducl. Lari;e vessels can go to safe anchorage close to the mills, and lie in a land locked harbour, havirig 22 to 24 feet of water, and mure than twice that depth a short distance out. The mills on both the V.-nl and West rivers are operated by water-|)ower, and either could get a t River property, HON. A. R. DICKEY owns 18,000 acres of hardwood timber land, cliielly birch, with a large amount ot black birch, also bird's-eye maple and other woods. Hon. -Mr. Dickey li.is about 50.000,000 ft. of birch on this jiroperty, and during last summer cut several million feet, part of which is now at the mill. There is also some spruce scattered through the hardwood, and about 20 per cent, of the total cut each year is of spruce. There is a mill, with gang, rotary and jilaner, operated by water-power. A thousand ton ship loaded there last season. This is a very valuable hardwood property, and the wood is not surpassed in quality by any shipped from Nova Scotia, At Liscomb, still farther east, Hon, .Mr. Dickey owns 4,000 acres of good spruce land and a mill site, but does not carry on any operations there. J •■7' u TilK WtMiD INDrSTlUF^i OK C\NA1>A. Tlie Halifax district :/ ■^f >^- HALIFAX FROM OKDllOK IsL.VND. AI.IFAX, wiih a |i(i|Hil.iliciii of alir.ut 40,000, is will known as an iniporlnnt mililary anil n.ival station, as a port of call for the l-;ngli.-li tnails in winter, anil as a po't with a inaKni- liccnt harbor and a very widely exteniled trade. It is a ptjrt easily reached from all part> of the worki, and its merchants and shipping; men are wideawake, enterprisiTig ami progre>^ive. It has for a very loiiR period enjoyed a lar^e trade with the West Indies and South America, as well a^ with the British Islamls. and other European ports. The harbour is about six miles in le'igth by an averaf;c of one mile in breadth, deep and safe, and at the north end is connected with Bedford Rasin. a splendid sheet of water six miles long and lour miles wide. The facilities for loadins; ships at Halifax are excellent, as there is deep w.iter .md onlv a s!ij;ht variation of the tide. Ships load beside the wharves, and there are no wharfage or dockage fees, in f.ict the port charges are merely nominal. Alihtiugh there are no sawmills at Halifax cutting fcr export trade, the port is, next to West Hay, the largest lumber sliipjiing port in \ova Scotia. 'I'he deals are almost all brought in by rail, some Irum the vicinity of Windsor, which is near the waters of the Hay cl I''inidy, and some from Amherst, which is 13S miles away, anSt. ^Wargaret's Bay Disfriol lengili N'GI.ISH importers are familiar wilb. the name nf St. Margaret's Bay as a Xo\a Scotia lumber shipping port ; for deal cargoes have been shipped annually from the port to the British market for inore than twenty-live years past. I'our rtreams, the Indian, Ingrain, Hubbard, and Kast rivers, each from 25 to 30 miles in npty into the head of St, Margaret's Bay, and they in turn connect with lakes that intersect the territory drained by them, ft is, therefore, a well-watered country, and one in which logging operations can be carried on with ease. The streams afford excellent facilities for driving, and logs are never " hungup." Spruce, hemlock, and hardwood arc found on the lands drained by these streams, the greatest portion being spruce and hemlock. The region has ne\er been visited by fire /< TlIK WlJOl) INDUSTKIKS OF CANADA. and the limber is, therefore, all in Rorii condition. The annual cut has nnt been large, and consequently the forest shows no sign of e.Khaustidu. further than that the very largest trees have been thinned out. The ,,pruce th.it grows here is th'j variety known as black spruce, and makes bright and attractive deals. The facilities for establishing mills for the manufacture of mechanical pulp are specially excellent. The e.vpensive plant required makes water-power a very desirable accessory, am! on these short rivers are several falls, and also pl.ices where, by the simple process of erecting dams, great power could readily be developed. Thus, with abundance of wood, pure water, water-power, and excellent shipping facilities, the chances for pulp nianuf.-icture are tempting to those interested in this industry. The black spruce makes a clean white pulp. The largest vessel afloat can easily loail at Si. Margaret's Bay. The mills are twenty-one miles west of Ilalita.x, The annual shipments total about 10,000,000 ft. Logs are cut ') in. and up at the top end, and the deals show the usual run of sevens, nines, and elevens, [-"or years the firm of N. L. Todd & Ci . owned the property at the head of St. Margaret's Ba)-, but a year ago last DeteinlKr it was pur- chased by the well-known firm of YOUNG BB08- CO-, LTD — This company have been engaged in the lumber businisj in Xova S.otia fur mure than twenty years. They shipped f.om ihe head of the Hay of Furuly carrying on their logging operations on lands owned by them at River Herbert and other places in Cumberland County. This property they sold out, and in its place pur- chased that at St. Alargaret's H.iv. comprising a well-ei|uipped mill, wharves,yards,houses, and 6-H,ooo acres of well-'.imbered lands on the various streams already name.l in the preced- ing paragraphs. The mill is equi|)ped with gang and rotary, lath machine, and in.ichinerv for turning out planed and tongued and grooved ' lumber. All the machinery is modern, as the mill was thoroughly refuted a few years ago. This company has always enjoyed an excellent reputation as manufacturers, and as a reliable business firm. The company has :i paid-up capital of .*i6o,ooo — a sufTicient guarantee of financial responsibility. Practically the whole cut of the miUgnes to l'".uroi)ean ports, though there is some local trade with Halifax, and some shipments are made to South America and the Tnited States. Some ol the deals for the other side are co'i signed direct by themselves and some arc sold to other shipper?. Thus far the tr.ade in planed lumber hp.s been cotihned to local markets, but thecompany are « I' equipped to do an e.\port trade in this line. The members of^ the company are n.F. Young, president ; I). P. Young, treasurer; and C. W. Young, secretary. The offices are at St. Margaret's Ray, but C. W. Young live* at St. Stephen, New Brunswick, where he is largely interested in other manufacturing enterprises. Young Bros. Co., Ltd.. are the only manufacturers ai\d shippers at St. .Margaret's Biy The Bridgewater District. rCST of St. Miugarei's Bay a stream called the (iuld River empties into Mahone Bay, but only a couple of million feet of lumber each year is cut on this property. Further west we come to the La Have River, and then the .\ledway, the Liverpool, Jordan, ami some smaller streams. Ppeaki.ig generally of all this district, there are cleared lands along shore, then a belt on which is found hemlock and hardwood, and slill further back, near the sources of the streams, forests of spruce and pine. This is the only part of Nova Scotia where pine is fouiul in any consid-.rable quantity. A remarkable feature of this region is the great number of streams and small lakes intersecting it. Near the head waters of the La Have, a stream called the N'ictau.\ rises, and flows in the opposite direction towards the liay of I''undy. The tributaries of these two streams and the small lakes so interlace that they form pr.aclicallv two parts of the one system. And all over the country lying back from the shore, from St. Margaret's Bay to Tu-ket,the same wonderful network of streams and lakes e\i-ts, alTording unrivalled opportunitv for tloating timber. By the simple damming of a small lake, a head of water can be got that will enable the lumbermen to tloat the log- down brooks that at the first glance would appear impassable. IC.acli river, with its lake expansicns, reaches over to the territory of its neighbour. There are splendid water powers sea tered on the dilTerent streams, and the milh are all operated without the aid of steam. The great bulk nf the valual)le timber laiiils in all this region is owned by the firm ol E. D. DAVISON & EONS, LTD. Thev own over .;<«i,ouo acres, and are therelore the largest land holders in the province. They are also the oldest firm operating in the province. For though the present firm was established on the .\Icdway in i'-4o, and on the La Have in 1^(15, their ancestors have been getting timber in the district since 1700. (iradua'ly they etdarged their holdings of timber lands, without greatly increasing their output of lumber, and as a result they are to-day the owners of tracts of timber on which no logs have ever been cut. On the La Have River they have 50,000 acres on which no logs have been cut for twenty years ; and 30.000 acres on which none have ever been cut. It is {stimated that their lands will produce an average of 4,000 feet of timber to the acre, which would give a total production, from a I their property, of ,Soo,ooo,ooo ft. Probably a quarter of this is pine. On their Medway property of 40,000 acres, they have about 60,000,003 ft. of hemlock. N'o operali.\(ord junction to Pugwash, ami on to I'ictou, and another branch running Irorn Truro to I'ictou, and on to Canso. Erom Cauio to Truro is 123 miles, and from I'ruro to Halifax 62 miles. From Truro the other way to Oxford Junction is 42 miles, and from the latter place by the shore line to I'ictou is Oy miles. From Windsor Junction, •4 miles from Halifax, the Dominion Atlantic Railway runs through to the Iky of I'uiuly coast aiid along it westward to Varnoutli. Now, along these various lines, from Oxford junction to Truro from Truro lo I'ictou and Canso and Irom Truro to Halifax and along the Dominion Atlantic lo Windsor town, tlicrcr is a good deal oi limber land, some ot it in small and some in large blocks. '1 here are no very liirge mills located on any of these lands, but many small ones are at work. In some cases the mills are quite clo.se to the railway n others it is possible to utilise small streams ; in others small sluices, just wide enough and deep enough lor a deal, are constructed lor miles to carry the deals from the mill to a point on the railway. A good deal of this land has been cut over for the large tinioer, but there is still consit'erablc virgin forest scattered through it, It will never produce a large annual cut, but is capable, under judicious management, of producing a considerable quantity annually for a practically unlimited period. The rule in culling spruce on these iaiids is lo take nothing below twcue inches at the bull. While some ot the log^ are cut on the lands of faimers, and while this scurce of supply mutt greatly decline, because great activily in the last lew years, the most ol the la.ulsare held by two large operators, who will be in no hurry to deplete their own source ot supply. One ojcrator dedans that in his opinicii the Ulal cut ol Nova Scolia will be ■ clutei r .-.rlv oiie-lhird within three years, because the pirui ^ mi h by that lime have cleared oil nio;t ol the iiierchaiitable jgs en laimcrs' l.'rds and the smalUr tracks, whii^'thc large owners, recognising ?' WW. Wiinh INI'T^IKIKH nr "A. the increasing value of their properties, will not very materially increase their own annual cut. The regi n specially referred to in tliis article thus far does not exteml any further west than a line drawn 3.Qro,> the province from St. Mart^arol's Hav to Minas Rasin. T. G. McMULLEN. of fruro, was l.iu year the largest operator in the whole province. He owns 150,000 acres of timber land, and his an..ual cut is about 20,000,000 feel, although last year he cut 2&.ooo,ooo feet. Mr. Mc.MuIlen has been engaged in the trade for 25 year;. He has a barl mill with a cap.icity of 40,ouo feel per day on the St. C'roi.x, near Wii.lsor ; two rotary mills on ihv. Shubenac.idie, near Truro, and a number of roiary mills at oilier points. One valuable block of 3..>,ooo acres of his lar.d lies between St. Mary'> River and Canso. He has 5,000 acre fear Parrsborc, but is letting ihe limber grow on tlui. iraik. On the Si. Ooi\. ivir Wind.-^or. ho owns the land on b )lh sides of tlie river, ai .iiiiul a Like 24 miles long, b'.'giiining tive miles up fr'.. a ■ mill, llo has raised this lake 12 feet, and by means of j,..tes is able to get water for stream driving at any lime of ihe year. Jle coulJ utili,>e here a force of 2,000, li. p., and ihe properly would be of great \-aUie for the manufacture ol pulp, as wool, watei'. and power are all at hand. On a 1 ,rge portion of .Mr. .McMullen's lands no logs have been cut, and, at a moderate rate of culling, lie e>tiniates that he has a source of siipply of 25 niillioii por vear perpeluallv. All hisile.i!- .lre^llippell from Ilalifa.x and f'iclou, cliietly from thefirnier : irt. His agents are Farnworth & Jardine. of Liverpool, who 1- i "lie his lumber throughtheir agents in England, Scotland, Ireiand, and France. Lumber can be shipped from the port of Halifa.\ at any time of the year, winter or sunim_>r. Mr. Mc.MuIlen thinks the lumber shi|)nienl from Nova Scjtia will be about the same lor 18 17 as it was for i8q6. ALFRED DICKIE, of Stewiacke. is iiow on..- of the largest operators in the province. He has bjen engaged in the business for eight years, and owns 65,000 acres of timber lands in t'olchester, Pictou, liuysboro, and H.ilifa.\ counties, and, along with T. N. .Mc( : rath, owns i.S, 000 acres more on Tusket River in Yarmouth and Uigby counties. On all these laiiiU is much v.iUiabIc timber, and \\r. Dickie preserves it bv purchasing nan of hi^ amuiilcul Iron, other landowners. He hM,^ a gang and r..t.iiy mill ..t Slewia:ke, and, besides the steam rotary at Tucket, ^ineotller^, principally small rotaries at various points. To his Stewiacke mill, logs are brought as far as forty miles down the Ste.viace'iver. All the deals frum the bS.ooo acres first referred to arc carried by rail to Halifa.N for export. All the lands at Tusket arc tributary to the Tuket river, and the deals will be shipped from Tusket and other parts. In Djcembjr. the banitk? " Ruby," 1 ,y)Z tons, was chartered to load in July, at Tucket .Mr. Dickie cuts boards, scantlings, laths iks, and ships to the liritish, French, \ >rth African and I'.S. iiurkets. Contracts were male la>l fall for a i ,it of tibjut thirty-two millior feel, of which .1 !i millions is at I'usket. Tiie ,i:inu.d cu, hjre- af.er will bj b.'twecn tweir,\- in I thir'y millions. Bay of Tundy forts. m I.K.ADING openator expreses the view that last year's cut of lumlier around the head of the n.ay of Fundy will never he exceeded. I le eslimaies that over 100.000,000 it. of deals were cut in that region last vear for the Ihitish market, besides the shipments of iioards, scantling, laths, and piling to the I'nilcd Sttiles (the board cut alone would be 10 per cent, of that of detils) ; and ti considerable export to South America. The 100,000,030 ft. or more for British |)ints includes the c|uaiitity lightered lo St. .lolin for re-shipment, and the direct shipmeiu from West Ha\', Crindstone Island, Hope- well ("ape, .Mil,, and one or two other small ports. It is to be noted that the cut in this region is by a very large number of small operators, getting out from lesi than a million to, in one case, fourteen million feet. Beginning at M. .(ohii atid g'iir.g up the coa^t. the places and shipments, with point of re-sliipment lo British ports, are as follows : — Tynemoulh Oeek, live million-, St. John ; (jiiaco, five millions, St. John ; Big Salmon River, finir lo live inillions, St. John ; I. iltle Salmon River, three millions, St. John ; (ioose C'reek, one and a half millions, St. John ; Foint Wolfe, live millions, St. John; Alma, 'liree and a li.ilf millions, niosllv ilirect from Herring Cove, but some to St. Joiiii ; West Ki\er, two inillions, lirindslone Island; Crooked Creek, two ami a hall millmns, (irindstone l.'.l..nd ; also from this region the pro.hict ol iwenty or more miaiies taken by rail to the coast ami lightered to (Irindstone Island iir Hopewell (Jape, some eight millions in all, these rotaries being quite close together, ami not m ire tlian twenty miles from the coast ; next come .Monclun, Dorchester, and Sack- ville, Ironi wliii li but little i^ shipped for the h'.ngli-li market Passing on to the .Nm.i Scoii.i shore of the b.iy, there are — Ri\'er Hebeil six imllion leet to (ii indsloiie Isi.ind ; .lUo here and at .loijgins, further on, sever.il millions from sm.ill rotary mills ; TwoRiwrs, two and a h. ill million-, part toSt.Ji>liii and part to (Irindstone Ll.iml ; .sluilce. three .ind a half mioions, St. John ami (irinilslone Islaiul ; Sand.s River, half a million, St. John ; .Appk liivcr, eight millions, St. John ; ICitoiivilk , lour mdlion-, St. Ji.lm ; .Adviicate, two and ,1 half millions. West Bay and St. John. The West Hay sliipiucnls are el-ewhere given. I'lie figures given in the ab.ise list are last year's cut for the British market at the phues naiiiL'd. There have been some deals s'lipped dirca huni Fi\e Idaiids, near Wi.'st Bay, but not a large quantity, .ind none last .ear, except what went by w;>\ of West Bay. Nothi.ig is more certain than that die cut aionnd the head of the Bay of Fundy "nust decline to a iiurked extent. As aire, dy observed, a great many rotary mills have been at wi,;k. J'here ha- b.;en a keen ambition to iiick up desirabl, bits of timber, and the portable mills eiubled the operators to clear small tract- which could not be made otherwise available. But these tracts are being thinned out very rapidly, and some fiiiii-. who cut several millions last year, li.ive got their properties pretty v.ell cleared up. .\ leading shipper iiredicls lh;it next sea.on's shipments from the Bay ports mentioned in this artii le, whether direct, or by way of ,St. J.ihn, will not bj luich more than two-thirds as large as those of 'as' year. And at the recent rate of activitv, a great dicliiie of tl'.v; large export trade from that region is onlv a question of ,•> lew years. Here is a sample of the item- iha. one sees frequen'ly 111 the sniall counlrv newspapers of that section of the provinces. What it describe- is multiplied over anil over ag.iin in that region. " R. P. Solev's new portable mill of some ,(; II. P., that ha- ju-i fini-hed s.iwing ;ibout 400,000 feet of deal at New Brit.iin, I'lve Islands, will lie iiijveil to l.yi'ii immediately, where it will be kepi running at full speed iill winter. J. S. Tlionipson, ol .New Britain, I'ave I-I..nds, has gone into the w.ioils for ihe winter, about tivo miles from his own residence, and has a number of men eiuployeil, logging for .Mr. Laurence I'eppard, of (ilrcat Village, wliioe portable mill will soon be in position in this locality. 'Vi\c cut here will likely reach 300,000 leet." It is thus that a great many millions of the yeai's annual oiuput are produced. Here is another paragr.iph : -"Things in the himb.'ring line are going to hum at Big Brook, Lome, where Mr. .Mired Dickie, of Slewiacke, has lioiighl a l.irge tract of limber. Already he has i.iken three steam mills in and a large luiiiiber of men are going in." .Vi. Anihersi compaii) sunt an expert cruiser over thu wliol ) region bjlweeii the New Brunswick border ^nd .Minas Basin, and his report was that in three or four years the only shipment would bj of lumber cut by tlu few operators h iKliiig la;ge tracts, and ihit some of thcs.- would have to show a reduced cut. Tne avail- able small tracts of land, he said, would bo cleane.1 up so far as nurchanlable logs were concerned. I'i.e ha> dune a good ..cal of damage in this region T / ! One company have had 3,000 acres burneJ over. When Ih'^ happens all ihe trees must be cut at oiia-. It is st:'.ted thai portable mills, and the ind.unmable refuse they Isave, are respcnsible for many fires. In connection with the Bay ports a reference may be made to the trade in piling. This class of lumber goes altogether to the United Staler. The sticks are required to average 40 ft., and loj in. ,ind up at the butt, at least half of a cargo to be i; in. It may run to <■) in. at the top. There is a good iLal of pilini; >liij)pj.l, ahhough the market is n 31 ati unlimited 0:10, bcinf some, times overstOwked. .lohn E. .Moore shipped 27,000 sticks from Si. John in I'i.i^, and abojt 16,000 in 189'). .\ll ofi' came from piints up thj H.iy, from wliieh also miiiy direjL >hipnients are mide. In one we.'k la-,t yeir, for example, E. I. WHITE & SON, at Suuls Hirer, cle.ired 14 schooners with cargoes (jf [)ilin'4 lor I'ni'cd Slates ports. It h.is been argue.l that this cutting of tree; fir piling spoiled wliat might, in a few ye.irs, bj good logs h'om wliich to m.uiufacture deals, and it his even been urged th.it an export duly s'.i ).i!d be levied on every stick of piling sent uut of the provinje- So far as the regi.jn around the head of the lUy it con- cerned, however, ihere appears to be very liiile m tlu iirgument. There are sei- lions where the spruce tiees grow very tall, very straight and slender, with scarcely .i:iy branches ti'l near lheto|), and they staiul so thickly togethei tlial they laniiwt increase in diameter unli.-,s the forest is ihinneJ out. .A' ibis would be impossible, and since nothiiu' better than a batten log could ever be got out of them, the objection to cutting and shipping them as piling loses its force. .At least, that is the opinion of persons who, from the deal- shippers' standpoint, took the trouble to imjuire care fully into the whole matter. Ni!venheles>, more or le^s good timber for deal stock is undoubtedly sacrificed to the demand for piling. The largest operator in all lliis lii\ region i-, CHARLES T. WHITE, who own.a mill an 1 40,000 acres lA limbei land at Apple River. Xova Scoiia : and a mill and id, 000 acres of timber land at I'oint Wolfe, New nruns- wick. At the two places la-t yeai, Mr.W'liiteciil about 14,000,000 leet of lunihi r lor the British and ^ lutli .\mericaii markets, the laltei taking about lour millioi leel. Mr, While oiim.iu. , that there is a luiiHJred million feet of standing timber, chielly spruce, on each of these properties ; th-tt is, each will vield about that ipiantity with proper care. With a moderate cut each year, the properties would be pr.itically inexli.ius- lible, as the youiiL' timber grows rapidly m that re.;ion. \'essel, drawing i.SkvL of water can lo.id .1' Point Wol j, where there is an easy ami safe pl.ace to lie; but a ve>-. 1 drawiig I-'' feet can only go out at spring tides. .\l .\p|ile Hiver, vessels drawing 10 t.; iSfeel lo.id for Siutli .\ni-'iic.i, Mr. While having loa led as many as a do/eii there for that ni.irket during the I.Mt ve.ir i» two. Here, too, vessel* lie in an easy berth, I'he mills cut ,111 rx.elleiit qualilv of lumber, and Charles T, >Vnite, whoje portrait we h.ivc pleasure in |)re^enting, is known as a wide - aw.\ke business m.m of ineius au.l ability. lli-> houij I, in S.issex, New Biunswick, but most of his liuie is spent at his milK. He is prepare I to dispose of cither or both of these timb r properties to a purchaser who is willing to pay the |)rice. PRSSCOrT A QILLE3PIE own \ 7,000 acres of timber land at Saalee, and cut from three to four million feet cadi ye.u loi the British market, shipping from Grindstone Island. Their property has all been cut over, but still bears a good deal of merchantable spruce timber. THE 8HULBE LUMBER COMPANY own 10,000 aere,. of which about ,?,ooo has been swej>t by (ire. On the remainder there is probably ten million feet of merchantable logs, and a thrifty young growth. About twenty-live million feet has been shipped from the property in eight years, and ie^,rx)o pieces of piling. THE NOVA 8C0TU LUMBER COMPANY referred .0 in the article on St. Mary's River, includes members of the Shulee Lumber Company and .Messrs. I'rescott A (iillespie, and, besides the St. .Mary's river property, owr.s 31,000 acres at I-;eonon'.y, on .Min.is B.isin, abjut eo miles from Parrsbo.'o. Thi.-, property has not been operated on for six or seven years, an 1 there will be no hi nber cut this yeir, possibly none for two years. The spru.-e has grown very rapidiv, and it is estimate 1 that thirty-tiec or forty million feet is now l.irge enough to cut. Tlie p.operty is one '■( the m )st valuable in the region around the head of the B v,\ I'nc de.ils will be shi iped from West B.iy, being taken oat in ;i jluers. It may be .added th.M this year the Xova Scotia Lumber Co., the Shulee Lumber Co., and Pre.,cott .V- Cillespie. will pu'.^their dcils toge. her for sale and shipment. Including St, Mary's River i.ut, they together expect to m.irket eighteen to twenty million fir!, THE NEWVILLE LUMBER CO. pr\ice timber lands Oil the line of railway, ten (;r eleven mi'e> from Parrs- lijro, having b night it from Young Bros. Co. About til'ty or sixty million feet of spruce has been cut off this property in the last eighteen \ears, and it is estimated ibere is forty million feet of inerebantable logs standing on it to-day, besides a thrifty smaller growJi. That the sliruee grows rapidly there is shown from the f.act that this winter the present company are li.gying where Young Bros. & Co. had crews in eight years ago. I'here is a gang mill .it New- ville, and this year the cut will be six or seven millions, d'lie deals arc i.irried by rail to the company's own wharycs at I'arrsb iro, ami lii;htereii to \\ e-; Bay for i\|iori to the Bill i-li 111 irket. RHODES, CURRY & CO., LTD., of Amlur-:, uhusead. verii>emem appcu- e'>e- where, are laigelv interested i.i timber land>, rhe\- own 15,000 acres aloni; •ii.- Iwvt c donial Railw.i ,-. :i • .. / in my inile^ from ,\iii'i rsl, and cut there li ■:n i« ■ lo 1 wo-,iii.l .1 hall inillioo leet of Inmb.r each ecu, chhtly for their m.inuli lurin.; eslablisbmciil, althoos^h .1 liltle is s'lijipel |o ill I'liiled S'.ites, an I uiiilly .1 >.Ui;o each ye.ir to SmJi .\ neri. 1. Tliev 1 c .1'-, niemh.r^ of the Sh-'el lliruj: I. 111 11 C >, ,cii 1 li .\'eiv\ille Lumber Co. 8. H, WHITE & CJ i-.c . ^.il.Miilr pro|„oi, . I mill atl.uile-ilno Kucr, .X!'. , C M B38rWlCK*C). ,11 Big Sahn .a Kicc; : and lli ALMA LUHBERINQ CO. at .Mini. I- I. h ol llie^e pro-ieti -^ will \ ield .1 1 ol ol sever. il luilli ■:! Icel of sp'iKc I' 'T .1 ;i, .i.li. illv ill l.''iiiile p 10 I, l^ well w ill re I, his gill sli,|iji.iie I uiliiics an 1 would be v.ilu,ible soiiues of suiipir fn p ol 1 m II-. C)l course the lie.ivy limber h.is been ciu'o:!, C & J PRESCDTTal Crooke.l Creek, 010 D PRESCOTT n Wr ; Rucr.and H W * W «. ROURKG at (_)ju, I, all in X ,v l!nin-,,vick, au -miller lo'ir'i- and oper.itoi- al 'Oi; 111'. Oay sb e., I'.i soig , yer the .V .y 1 .'i.! i ,',,1. ,, KBLLY BROS. ..id PU08L4YBR01 iK. lirb IB B 8AR1HIL.L. of r.v>. N. e, .„ . . i.; Liable till ^.-id, a id .et abju t en Mii.ics T. will -K. Hi three million feoi each per year. The Shulce Lumber Co. is elsewhere referred to. L. TUCKEB. of Parrsboro', has bought 12,000 acres on Moose River, and will cut five or s'.\ million feet, as will also C. F.& F. R. EATON, of EaKinvillc. Following the N'ova Scotia shore of the IJay of Kundy westward.the ne.xt opeiator of importance is 8. P.BBMJAHlH of Wolfville, who has a large track of land, some of it recently acquired, and who will erect a mill on the Avon river (which flows iito Minas Basin) and will cut fi 'e or si.v; million feet, to be sluiced four miles to tide water, a. <1 then lightered to Hantsport for shipment. Ills cut is chielly for the South American market. 'riu' beautiful and historic Annapolis Basin, an arm of the Bay ot l<"undy still farther west, and directly opposite to St. John, iV.n.. has an important lumber trade. PICKLES ft MILLS, of Annapolis town, own about 15,000 acres on the Nictaux stream, and haul the lumber to the railway, on which it is brought to Annapolis for e.xport. They cut tour to five million feet, and ship chicHy to South America. The Bear River, whic': empties into Annapolis Basin tw.'lve miles below Aimapolis, is a very important stream, for its east and west branches, with the lakes along their course, drain a valuabL- timber area, <-nd offer magnificent water power. While most of the heavy timber has been cut, there is still a supply for a moderate output for a long period ; and tor thesu|)ply of pulp mills an enormous quantity of small spruce. For this latter purpose, also, the splendid water oH'ers special facilities. The town of Bear River is ;.iur miles up the stream, and vessels drawing 18 feet ^o up there to load. Hah a mile abjve the town the east .iiul west branches unite. Only a mile farther, on the ea~t branch, is a cataract. .\ competent engineer has estimated that these falls would fill through the vear two iron pipes three leet in diameter, carrying the water about a mile to a favourable site for a pulp mill, and there giving a 200-foct head. I'ive nules above the falls the same stream enlarges into a lake 6 miles long, and average of one mil'.; in width. This lake itself could ..isily be raised to give a 12-lbot he.id. Small tributaries connect with other lakes, and the west branch enlarges into a similar system, also affording an opportunity to utilise water power. All around thei^e lakes are tra'.;ts of spi uce. very easy to secure and Uoat to the lower wateis. In addition to the holdings of resident owners, amounting to many thousands of acres, there is a tract of 25.000 acres in the very best watered district, owned by a United States c^mpa.iy. now in liquidation, and it will probably he thrown on the market. 'I'here is very little pine in ihi-i region, but considerable hemlock, and a great quantity of small and mediumsi/eu spruce. That it wasonce heavily timbered is shown from the tact that ( larke Brothers, who own 8.000 acres on the river, got a million ami a i|uarter feet 01 merehanlable loys from 100 acres. Ol coui-c there is very little utsucli timber land now lelt in the vicinity. In connection with the establishment of the pu'ip inda try in this region, it is to be noted that there is a regular scluioner packet ser vice from Bear River to St. John, and a chean rate by rail over the Dominion Atlantic Railway to Halifax, so that the Knglish steamers from either port can be utilised : while schooners for the United States sail direct from Bear River. Thus, wJiilo the e -port lumber trade from Bear Ri\er at present amounts to only si.K or seven million feel per year, the facilities for manulacturing and shipping pulp promise for the dis- trict .1 much larger business in the future. And as South America is showing a demand for hemlock (an order for nearly a million feet being received last season), there will probably be an increase in the export trade in sawn lumber. CLARKE BROTHERS are the only lumber manulacturers on Bear River. They have a rotary mill at head of tide, a gang mill at Morgantown. two miles above, and another rotary on one of the lakes. They own 10.000 acres of timber land, but are carefully preserving it. aid of an annual cut of five to six and a half million feet, fully two- thirds of logs are bought from small land-owners near the river and lakes. Clarke Brothers ship to Cuba, South America, and the United States. Three large Cuban firm* together take from two to three million feet per vear from them. In .additio 1 to their Bear River output, the nrm purchase about a million feet from parties farther down the basin, towards where it joins the Bay of Kundy. The firm own the land for a consider.ible distance on either side of the finest water |)ower on the Bear River. Theycaiiy on a very extensive busiiie:s as general merchants at Hc.ii River. ami are owners of five vessels, ranging from 150 to 500 tons, engaged in their own trade. Ihey recenty received an order from New York for a cargo of birch, beech, and maple lumber, to be used tor interior finish of bouses, which is a new departure in provincial trade. The members of the f'ini are W. \V. and \V. G. Clarke. Their card appear? elsewJiere in this issue. Farther west, on the shore of St. Mary's Bay. which is another arm of the Bav of Fumly. is Weymouth, on the Sissiboa river, a stream that has its sources very close to those of the Bear River. At Weymouth, CHAS. BURRILL CO., and G. D. CAMPBELL eacl. cut about two million feet per )ear. Up the stream a few miles is a mechanical jiulp mill, w ilh a cap.icily of about twe;itvtons per day. in successful opei.ition, shipping its product to the United States. Fenir- teen miles In m We> mouth the film ot bl£ Hi LIVEEOS.. Iri m old Frar.ee ha\e bought a large tract of land, and spent consider.ible money with a view to doing a li.mber business the product to be taken by a pole railway t(j Weymouth lor shipment. I liev have not as yet operated to any extent. All the lumber shipped fromWivmouth goes to the South American. West Indian and United Slates markets. A little below Weymouth, at Metegban River, BLACKADAR EROS, cut Irom one to two million leet per year. No other operations of any magnitude are carried on along this shore until we reach J'usket. to which reference i» made elsewhere. f-yn-ycmn'mut. .viMwt.iv' . iwii m— m mraf nwww—hi iiiiwiiiia m Ef British Columbia. I'ART frdii its mineral wealth, the timber lands of British Columbia constitute its chief resources ; and now tliat their value is being recognised in the export markets, we may look with increasing confidence lo the future to bring greater prosperity to the iumb'jr trade of the province. Of the 382.300 square miles which form the area of British Columbia 285,554 are wooded — a large proportion, indicating the steady supply that can bt . sured for many years to come. In the ,iast, fores: fires have denuded the country of much, of its timber, but they were hardly avoidable in the unsettled state of the Colony. Fortunately, as the greater part of the and readiness to take an excelle.it tiniih. Hitherto the red cedar — a rich wood for interior work — has been better known : but the yellowctdar is steadily coming to the front. Cypress is grown in great profusio.i in Vancouver Island, but is most plentiful on the north coast, and has attain'id celebrity as the material out of which the Hydah Indians built their war canoes, sixty feet long. In the first illustration we give a view of a forest in British Columbia, affording some idea of the monarchs which grow in that wood-favoured country. Almost all the timber attains to great heights, and, as will be observetl, the density of the woodland is con- siderable. Among the merchantable timi)ers is white spruce, which finds use in wood-pulp manufacture and in making doors, packing-cases, etc. ; in the latter instance a very large supply being necessary to nie.t the wants of the A BIUTISH COLUMBIA KOIIEST. best timber is near the coast, the fires were unable t>. effc.c any serious inioads upon the mo.^t. accessible surplies— owing, of course, lo the luiiMidily of the clini.iti. ,ind the dense foi'-st growths there louu'l. Soiui' ton.y varieties of timber are i'ouiu! in the Colony, and cupui5 fir lias .ittained the v.iilesl celc;bri' v. Probably its n\i;>t important teslimouial CMnts from Dr. Nanscn, whose vessel, the " Fran'.," in t'le late .Vrctic voyage, was made of tli.s wooil. Hxiierience in those northern regions showed its wonderful strength and elasticity, and should lead to its further popularity for similfir purposes. Grown on the coast, '.he irei; attains a height of 300 ft., for specimen> have been (ouiul with i». base cin.unifeien:e j'pproaching y> h. Height^ of ISO It. may be classed as laii average si/.s, with a di.imelci of 0 ft. Cotnpared with I)ougla.< fir, .-.o far a-i streiigih is concerncil, 'h' yellow cedar g-o\vti in lliilisii Cohamhia m-jrits atler.iionlorits large dinien;ic 11 -, dar.ibiiiiv, various industries in tinned goods whicli thrive along tlu co.ist, Wlien tlie supply of Douglas fir shows evidence of e.\liaustion, the colonists will probably regaid hemlock as its mccessor. Aniont; the manv excclient cabinet woods in'.hr province ar,- while pine, maple, alder, and the arbutu>. .V!lii.)ugb the local tunber supply is everywhere plentiful, there are, of murse, localities where it is more proluje, ar 1 among the-e t'ne best kiicwn are thoieon Vancouver Island, ali/iig the V'raser Kuer, in the Westminster district, 011 the Binrard Inlet in .•jonth Vancou\er, anii the principal inlets of the coast as far a.5 Knight's Inlet. Looking at the connnercial aspect of the Unti^-h Coluin- biii limber bcsiness, it is gratifying i" note thai the cloud ol depression Ih.-.l long darkened the | r.i^pects has been lilied. According tc I'u report of the !'>n*.i>h Columbia Board of Trade tor li-wj the 'juanlity ■ ut during ihose twelve months was ii2,H8.(,64o feet, or .ibnut 40 per cent, more lli.iii 111 \i\\, t'.ie f.ireij'i de;na;;.l not 'Jiily being con- 'mm»y^ ^^'■Jy llir AVOdl) T\-l)T:sTniF.S f)l' CANAD.V LOGS AT .V MILL IX BRITISH COLUMIilA. sidurablv lar>;ijr but ino u wiilely •ii'liibule.l, Thi.' I'or- inati.in'uf the CENTRAL. LUMBER COMPANY—a com- b''iauuii of tlic princij) i! ci|) lit ui.lla oil ihj Pacific Coast — hai alia iiii,)roveJ piicej for the e.\;) irtcrs. To deal with tlij qu.iir.itv of timber cut every year, over fifty >aiv-iii.lls are eii^.ijjj, the apjiearaucc o; one of tlu>e, with it5 Ijg su|)|;ly re.i.ly to ha;iJ, being admirably de])icttd in our seco. il view. The cliii;f sh.ppinj centres are Vancouver, Moodyville, N'e.v We-lmiiister, Cb-'iiainus, X^esuviu. liav. Victoria, and M iplc Bay, .in J in i ^o ) tlie (jernianv Liverpool I'lyniouth Cjianton liip.n.M'.i were is folloivs: — I'"cel. 1,407.764 y'i;,^'io . . i.i'io.Ooi (jibtiltar Dieppe London Melb.iunie Adelaide .Sydney 1 ielagoa Bay . . Shauf^hai Tientsin San Fran> isco I'remanlle lijuique Valparaisij Buenos Ayrtr^ I'licre were al^o a few iiiini:r shipiient Feet. 1.797,000 101,900 ;. 810,336 3.Jyti,34o i-M34,o shows llie valuable railway ami sliippiiin facilities possessed hv the BRITISH COLUMBIA MILLS AND TRADINa COMPANY — tlic largest shippers in t!ie province, and who can be ajiproached through Messrs. Vny, Morgan, iS: Co. Located on Hiirrard Inlet, it is admirably placed for export busines?,' eight vessels being able to load at the same time 4ilong its wh.irf.i^e aid ste.i:n.'rs of 30^0 tons havin.; been Mills, as well located as the head esta'ilishmer.t. The Royal City Planing Mills have a river frontage of 1,650 ft., ajid the Canadian Pacific RaiUvav also runs through the yard. Here are two sawmills, a sash ;i:id djor mill, two planing mills, and other branches, while the company have the further advantage of drawing their supply of logs from their own timber limits. For th; Royal City Planing .Mill,, the timber TKAIN OF LOGS, UOYAL CITV -NULLS C.\MI', despatched therefrom, while the railway track of the Canadian Pacific Railway runs through the yards. .Several acres are occupied by the premises, and the capacity of the saw-mills is 200.000 It. per day, between 150 and 200 men being em- ployed. At False Creek, Vancouver, the company lias a branch establishnieni known as the Koyal City MilN, while .it New Westminster it r)perate-, the Royal Cilv Planing is obtained from limits on tlu coast and up the Fraser River, a powerful team of oxca being engaged in hauling logs for the mills. On the Fraser River the limit is fourteen miles from the bank and the logs are conveyed to the river by the logging train shown in our four; li sketch. This establishm.-nt is kept well employed on local demands, the foreign ship- ments biing chiefly sent from Van.o iver. r 'Pm'' %. s "--•;! •,^-..,{Jk • rf;«i », ^ slr^im^B THE IIASTINUS - .. ., .MILL. .UJUOU'-.-K '.i^o rilK Wuob IXnr.sTI.'US ny canaoa. i Among the other leading concerns in Rritish Columbia we would briefly refer to a few of the more important. The BRUNETTE S&W-MILLS COMPANY, LTD., do a consider- able export business, their output of lumber beinp 100,000 ft., and one of the special features of their trade being the manufacture of salmon-bo.xes business with the United St.ates, their output of lumber being i ?,ooo ft. a day and of shingles i ;o,ooo a day. At Victoria MESSRS. JAMES LEIQU & SONS operate the Point Ellis Saw and Planing Mills ; and the SAYWARD MILL AND TIMBER COMPANY, LTD., do a large export business to Au?lralia and Canada ; another i iiportant works LOADING LUMIiEK FOK E.\PORT- The MOODYVILLE LAND AND SAW MILL COMPANY has its property iin/iii/!iatcly uppositeX'ancouver, having been .Mablished by the late Mr, Setc .Moody several years ago. ■fi-'-'-c jHqi it ha> beet, ^i^/ler it.- ^jvoent proprietorship. 'i'l.c -v^uipinent of ihe niiK »»'/the mot modern de-ciiption, and ch'- 4rea of the t:tf-''^r U^^t owned by the company is both extensive and vak.,.'.- A' .^»naimo , iln- splendid -aw-mill owiii'd by MB. ALtltWl MMLktl ■ ucca-i. 11- ally makes forii/n shipments. Making a .^pe' /ky of red <. l '' jw.i I. ill., /// -■ - li'utii^j .- . ui umber.. Vii ant lail4)! of the Crown ••< A.ic = 49,263 -• I '7J.7'-'' •'79 rilK WOOD I.\DUSTU1E8 OF CANADA. NEW BRUNSWICK AS A FIELD FOR IMMIGRANTS f THE Province of New Brunswick offers an inviting field tor persons wishing to settle in a new country, where there is room for growth and development, without the h^irdship and isolation of pioneer life. The climate is very healthful, and the extremes of he.it and cold, because of proximity to the seaboard, are less marked thrin in regions farther inland. The general article on New Brunswick in this issur shows that a large portion of the province is as yet unsettled. For the individual or group of persons desiring to take up land and enter upfin the pursuit of agriculture, the (Jovern- mcnt has made s|)ecial provision, enabling such to secure free grants of land in lots of loo acres for each person or family, subject only to conditions which would in ai\y case be fully met by I'oiiii title settlers. There are Mttle- ments, called " free grant " settemcnts, in various parts of the province, which were formed by immigrants from the British Islands, and in one case from Denmark, and which, within a com|)aratively few years, have esta- blished nourishing cointnunities, where, formerly, the forest was unbroken. The Settlements are all within a dozen miles or less of railway communication with all parts of the province, and are also within easy reach of neighbouring and more populous settlements. Hence the people are not in any sense debarred from the enjoyment of the refine- ments of modern life. Thus tlie parents make not only a home for themselves, but are able to give their children an education and a start in life in a country where there are almost unlniiited [lossibilities of achievement to tempt the ambition of the younger generation. For new settlers just beginning, with no more than enough money to get fairly located on their own land, there is always an opportunity to get employment with older settlers, or with the lumbermen, when home work is not pressing, and the rate of wages is good. The lumbermen also afford a market for products of the farm. The new settler has the privilege of fishing in the streams, and the forest is a splendid hunting- ground. For the farmer with a little capital there i? always an opportunity to purchase a jiroperty in alreadv settled dis- tricts, for in a comparativelv new countrv lliere is always more or less movement of population. This movcmcu is not caused by poverty or nccessiiv, but is the result of a certain restlessness or ambition to tempt fortune in new fields, which is, in fact, inherent in thj Anglo-Sa.xon race as developed on the American continent. There is, there- fore, always a chance for a man with a little capital to buy a partially or even well cultivated farm in a settled community. Nowhere is the thrifty farmer more independent than in New Brunswick. The s lil is pri ductive, yieMing grain, vegetables, and all the hardier fruit-. Hi? fuel is at liisdoor, in the hardwood timbjr that aboumis. He has ready access to the markets. The province is peculiarly adapted to m'.xed farming and the development of the dairy industry. There are butter and cheese factories scattered through the province, and the (i&vernir.ent supports a dairy school for a short season in each winter, where young farmers may learn bv practical work as well as careful study under skilled professors, not only how to make cheese and butter, but also how to take care of live sttck and the inost suitable breeds of cattle to keep for ilairy purposes. There :ire county agricultural societies, a provincial farmers' and dairy- men's associaiioii, who-e aniuial nieeliiigs are of great value ; there is a semimonthly journal published solely in the interests of farmers ; exhibitions of stock and produce are held in the various counties every year, with a grand interprovineial exhibition, industrial as well as agricultural, at St. John city, where the products of other provinces also appear. In every respect the .agricultural community is active, intelligent, and progressive. The uiululaling surface of the province tits it admirably for sheep-raising, and the abundant and succulent grasses produce a very line grade of mutton. Cattle-raising is a valu.ible industry near the marsh lands in Westmoreland county. This winter, for example, Mr. Joseph I- Black, of Sackville, whose lumber mills are illustrated in this issue, has fifty cattle in one ol his barns, and with them had in the autumn 4,000 bushch of turnips, raised to form part of theirwinter ration'^. Fodder corn grows readily in the province, and while New Brunswick does not equal the west as a place for the production of beef cattle, yet cattle-raising for the local market is an important item in the farmer's economy. He can raise liorses, cattle, sheep, hogs, and poultry, and pr.actically all the food they require. Wheat-flour is so cheap that it does not pay him to cultivate that grain, but he can raise oats, buckwheat, rye, barley, and llax, and the province always has a surplus of hay for export. Potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots, parsnips, cabbage, celery, and other vegetables yield large returns. Apples, plums, strawberries, raspberries, currants gooseberries, and other fruits are a source of profit in their season. Wild berries are very plentiful in the season. Passing from the agricultural wealth of the province, it is to be noted that it has great wealth in coast fisheries, where oysters, lobsters, salmon, cod, mackerel, herring, halibut, haddock, hake, pollock, shad, alewives, and other lish are plentiful in their season, .uid give employment to a con- siderable population. S )n.e of the best sporting rivers in the world for salmon ami trout angling are in New Brunswick. The timber wealth of the province is sufhciently set forth in this book. It has mineral resources of great value in lime, gypsum, granite, coal, manganese, and doubtless others that are \ et awaiting development. As lor manufactures, t he cities of St. John, Moncton, and Fredericton, and the towns of St. Stephen, \\oodstock, Marysville, Chatham, and others, have imnortant manufac- turing industries. There are five cotton mills in the pro- vince. Wood working factories, rolling mills, machine shops, boiler and engine works, nail factories, saw factories, foundries boot and shoe factories, woollen mills, tanneries, brass works, confectionary and biscuit works, pork-packing establish- ments, and many minor industries, are operateil to a greater or less extent, and, considering the total population, furnish employment to quite a large projiortion of artisans, who, in turn, consume the farmers' products. The province has pro'oably more miles of railwav in proiKirtiori to the population than any other country. This fact, together with its large extent of seaboard, affords admirable facilities for trade and ii'.tercommiinication. It has already been pointed out that .St. John has, this winter, steamship communication direct with London, Liverpool, tjlasgow, Dublin, Belfast, and Aberdeen ; with also occa- sional sailings to and from continental ports. There is also a steamship line to the West Indies and Demerara, and one to Boston, while there is close conneclion by rail with all parti (jfC.iiiada and the I'nited States. Thus the province is in close touch with the world. As to educalioral advantages. New Brunswick has an admirable system < f free public schools, culminating in the University of N'ew Brunswick, and including a normal scho<.)l where teachers are trained. The province demotes a large pnrtion of its revenue to educational purposes, and tiie school.s are supported by taxation on the whole people. L'very child has, therefore, the opportunity to secure at least common scho;jl eilucation, and the standard of the schools is always high. They are under the control of a Board of Education, a ciiief superintendent, and a staff of capable inspectors. The Melho.list Church has at Sackvil'e a splendid college and university, richly endowed, for the education of children of both sexes, and many of other than .Methodists go there to complete their course. The Roman Catholics have a fine college at Memramcook, and there are academic and other private schools ; while in Nova .Scotia, within easy reaeli, the Church of ICngland, Presbyterian, and Baptist Churches l.ave each a university of their own. All the great Christian bodies are well -epresented in New Brunswick, and churche; are found in every little settle iiient as well as in the villages and towns. The moral and religious tone of the people is of a high standard. Information reganling ^ew Brunswick can be secured from the Agent-Ciencral for the province, Mr. C. A. DuflT Miller, London, or from the otTice of the Surveyor-General, Fredericton, New Brunswick. TllK M001> INI)l'8TUIKS OF CANADA. THE RATH BUN COMPANY (OF CANAOA). (AGENTS: BRYCE, JUNOR & WHITE.) Telegraphlo Address: "HYOSOTIS. LOMDON.' Telephone No. 7715, Kinrt'a Cross. The only Firm having a complete Stock of PINE DOORS, 1^^ -^ MOULDINGS, &c. SHIPPED DIRECT FROM THEIR OWN MILLS IN C\NADA. SPECIAL QUOTATIONS FOR EX SHIP ORDERS DIRECT FROM CANADA TO ANY PORT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM- ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES POST FREE. IlVII>ORTERS OF »Y7 , BIRCH, ELM, AND OTHER CANADIAN TIMBERS. PIANO KEYBOARDS, dc, in carefully selected Wood. ^8^ Wharf Road, €ify Road, CITY OFFICE: 22, BASINGHALL STREET, E.C., AND AT 107, BATH STREET, GLASGOW. ■iu^ o^^ .9>^.\^^^ IMAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I Li iM 122 L8 1.25 u 16 ,^=:^^ III = 11=;= ^ 6" ► y9 OilR SAW-MILLS ARE IN USE ALL OYER THE WORLD. Plans Furnished and Experts Supplied to Erect and Operate our Machinery. London Representatives: Messrs, JOSEPH BAKER & 80N, 53, City Road. rT ▼•▼▼■▼ TV ▼▼▼▼V't'^'T'^^t't t t Vt t ▼▼ y V" WATEROUS ENGINE WORKS COMPANY, TIIK WOOr INDl'STKIES OF CANADA. ROBERT COX & CO. SHIPPERS OF ePine Deals and Pine Boards, Pine Sidings, Red Pine, Deals, &c. OTTAWA, ONT., CANADA. AND 209, COMMISSIONERS' STREET, MONTREAL. Chief Office :— 16, CANADA DOCK, I^IVdRPOOC WATSON & TODD, FIRM ESTABLISHED 1874. DIRECT SHIPPERS OF As PINE BOARDS « PINE DEALS. ^^ HOLD LARGE STOCKS. PRICES ON APPLIOAIION. OTTAWA AND MONTREAL. CANADA. 169, REGENT ROAD, CANADA DOCK, BENSON & CO., TIMBER MERCHANTS, QUEBEC, CANADA. Specialities : Of ci,ll cleaoriptiona, out to opcler ±1 required* COMMISSION OR CONTRACT. A.B.C. AND ZEBRA CODES UEBD. ll / a-- TUB WOOD lNDUSTKIt>! »)K CANADA. The IMPERIAL LUMBER COMPANY, Head Office- SB &. h7, FRONT STREtT EAST, TORONTO, ONT. CHAS. D. WAKUEN, President. London Office — Suffolk House, Laurence Pountney Hill, Cannon Street, E C «YI)NF,Y Je C. THOMPSON'. Manager. Mills— WARREN, ONT. OKO. M. WAKUKN, \'ioo-Pre8iilent. Manufacturers and Shippers of PINE DEALS, BOARDS AND SIDINGS, In all sizes and qualities, J. BURSTALL & CO., Timber Hercbants and Exporters of Wood Goods. II ad Ojlic- 125, 8T. PETER STREET, QUEBEC, CANADA. llnuH-h--!' 57, Qrac hurch Street, London. Board ot Trade Buitdine, Montrc.il. CARBRAY, ROUTH & CO., Lumber and Shipping, QUEBEC AND MONTREAL. Ordtrm for mil kindm of TImbmr Ommlm, Bamrifu, mla., omrofully oxaculoit* ~ BaTaBblSHED IN 1869. - 9^ri)e4 ^ 9/lureiie. Manufacturers of Spruce and Pine, All kinds of dimension Lumber, Laths and Box Stuff. ST. JOHN (West side), NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA. Thos. II llihj.iirl llfnrij Uiliinr.l Manufacturers of Spruce, Pine and Hemlock Deals, Boards, Planks, Laths, Pickets, Boxes, Nail Kegs, and Heading. Address— HILYARD BROS., ST. JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA. Manufacturer and Shipper of Spruce and Pine Deals, Lathe, Staves and Heading:. PAIRVILLE, ST. JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA. Manufacturers of Spruce and Pine Deals, Laths, Spruce Staves, and Cedar Shingles, NELSON, MIRAMICHI, N.B., CANADA. F. E. NEALE, Shipper of Spruce Lumber & English Buyers' Ageut, MIRAMICHI, N.B. W. A. HICKSON, MANUFAOTUHKH OF SPRUOE AND PINE DEALS. LATHS. CEDAR SHINSLES. & NEWCASFLE, MIRAMICHI, NB , CANADA. Y, r. Dsident. s, mio.. Lice als, !S, >A. :s. & ! 1 1 i i 1 ' T1:E wood lNl)USTiUK.S OF CANADA. ANDRE CUSHING & CO., ST. UNION POINT MILL, JOHN, N.B., CANADA. MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN LUMBER AND •A BOX SHOOKS. WHITE PINE A SPECIALTY. Special Attention paid to EXPORT ORDERS. Brand— A. C. & CO H. THE WOOD INI>USTR1E8 OF CANADA. T. G. M^MULLENi MANUFACTURER AND SHIPPER OF SPRUCE AND BOARDWOOD LUMBER, ALL SIZES. Correspondence Solicitea. TRUHO— NOVA SCOTIA. Cable Address :— " McMULLEN, 1 «URO." ALFRED DICKIE, Manufacturer and Shipper of Hprucc Deulu, Board.s Sciiiitlirg, Laths aod Sbooks ; abo Hardwood, any size, and Jiova Scotia Pine Deals. Correspondence Solicited. STEWIACKE— Cable Address :- NOVA SCOTIA. "DICKIE," STEWIACKE. RHODES, CURRY d CO., LiiiuOd, AMHERST. NS- SAW MILLS, PLANIN" '"LLS, CAR WORKS, MACHINE WORKS, FOUNDRY. NOVA SGOTIH LUMBER CO., LTD., Mills at Sherbrook, Economy, end Shulee, Nova Scotia, Manufacturers of Spruce Deals, Scantlings, Boards, Laths, etc. ; Birrh, and other Hardwoods, all .^izes. Head omco-AMHERST, N.S. Corrospondonce Solicited. CaWo Addreas-" HEWSON," AMHERST. s3i^ . sons. ST. .,,,^ -MANUFACTURERS OF .v»^ ^ # % .^N> #^ ^'' &%• ^#^'- McAvtty Pop Valvr. ^Otffftow Vcitlt]/ 8ig\t Fteil Lubricator. •HlfWlTE FOR I'WlCBiW AND Cn.'Tn.I^oaXJE. I-i'/. Ui'.il'r. W. W. CLAHKE. W. G. CLARKE. CLARKE BROS., Manufacturers and Shippers of Spruce, Pine, Hemlock, and Hardwood Lumber, all dimensions. ORDERS SOLICITED. South Amer/cin Orders a Specially. BEAR RIYfiR, NOVA SCOTIA. Cable AddreM— "CLAKKB," BKAU RIVER. WsUdni or A.B.C. t'odea. K^^l4!c <#. ^ ^^, a> ^/feh <^V NOVA SCOTIA,^%A MANIIAITUIIEKS OF ^ ' Spruce, Deals, Scantling, Boards,^^ Laths, Pulp, &c. ^Also Birch, Maple, Beech, etc., to order, ^i^ Head OIBoo :— AMHERST, ^d^OVASOOTIA. Iho Hardwood, ce Solicited. SCOTIA. VIACKE. LTD., >my, antlings, I other S. • AMHERST. ^Ovtrflow