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WILD FLOWERS OF CAN ADA

f

The Montreal Star. Montreal,

=*^

BY SPECIAL ARTISTS AND BOTANISTS—

ENDORSED BY UNIVcRolTY BOTANISTS OF BOTH CONTINENTS.

T:.rf^-^j-n

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EmKRHOn remarks in his Essay on N.iture that, were the stars to shine but once in a thousand years, men
would preserve for many jrenerations the remembrance of tlie city of God which had been shown. He might have
said the same thiiii.^ of tlie flowers, which are tlic " stars that in earth's firmament do shine." Did no blossom
brighten the world save once in a thousand jears, tlu; niemor}- of that one jear would be cherished from generation
to generation down through the ages. With what delight, what awe, would man regard each flower, in meadow, moor
or glad'j, as for the first time it stood before him, like Ruth amid the golden corn, to charm with its fresh beauty his
soul, aweary with the dull things of life ! His idea of tiie Creator, his whole soul, would expand with each urifulding
bud, his hopes be brightened and his fears assuaged by the radiant loveliness of the new creation, and his life be
made redolent with the delicate and ravishing odors for the first time floating upon the treuulous breeze.

Hut the stars keep their appoinied vigils everj- night, and by da}- the flowers unfold their blossoms in the
sunny wilds. From one end of this vast continent to the other, which embraces every climate from that of the
fro/.e:i north to the tropics, the earth is carpeted with multitudinous flowers, each coining in its due season, living its
])iire life, and passing away, unknown, alas, to millions who know not wliat they miss. From the stunted pine, Im tiding
beneath its burden of almost perennial snows toward the arctic circle, to the gracefi'i palmetto, flourishing beneath
ail almost vertical sun ; from the slender poppy which braves the boreal climate of bleak coasts and dreary barrens
trodden only by the Ksc[uimaux, to the delicate Soiitliern orchid daintily clinging to oak or cypress, the continent of
North America aff"ords such a va*-iety of plants that not even the botanist can hope to know them all. Dr. Asa Gray,
the famous botanist, devoted half a century to their classification, without bringing his labors to an end. And
Canada has the majority of them.

It is in some respects surprising, but none the less true, that while man is surrounded in this favored land by
a greater variety of flowers than are to be fimnd in any other part of the globe, he is nevertheless, in most instances,
like the idols mentioned in Scripture, which have ej-es j-et see not. The cultivated flowers of gardens and hothou.nes
are known to some whose tastes and wealth enable them to make a hobby of this branch of floriculture, but these
whose duties are too exacting to permit them such pleasures do not sufiicieiitly realize that nature has planted for
their delight mj-riads of wild beauties compared with whose loveliner.s tlie hothouse plant pales and sinks gradnallj'
out of mind. Xature asks in return for all her toil nothing but that we should keep our eyes open.

The dome of her conservator}' is the boundless azure, and the sun itself supplies her with its warmth and
light. .\ hundred centuries are not too long for her to devote to the development of a single plant, yet she will bend
her whole energies to the perfection of a blossom which fades an hour after maturity. No bolt, no bar, no artificial

inipedinient shuts out tlie poorest ainoujf uieii fvoiii llie eujoymeiit of her floral iTi-atious. Surely so j^eucrous a giver is entitled
to man's appreciation of her bountj- !

One lequires no special education lo enjoj- the more striking charms of a Canadian wilderness. The dullest hind revels in
those deep recesses, where, veiled in foliage, some wild, shy rivnlet steals with timid music through breatliless caves of verdure; in
gulfs where feathered crags rise like castle walls, where the uoouday sun pierces with keen ray athwart the torrent, and the mossed
arms of fallen ])ines cast wavering shadows on the illumined foam. With what awe do we look u])ou patriarch trees that have been
hurled headlong bv the storm to dam the raging stream with their forlorn and savage ruin, and how deeply is the soil impressed in
the stern depths of immemorial foresf dim and silent as a cavern, columned with innumerable tree trunks, each like an Atlas up-
holding its world cf leaves, and sweating perpetual moisture down its dark and channeled rind. How delicious it is to float upon
the calm bosom of some sluggish river ov pellucid lake, among the sinuous reeds and gorgeous water lilies, startling perhaps the
wild duck from its haunts, and noting the flashing eddies made by tue darting fish. And with what lofty, nnspeakalile thoughts we
stand amid our Tioble forests, where, perhaps, the crimsoniug \'irginia creeper fills the wood with sudden flashes of color. " In the
woods is perpetual youth." There we learn not less ou greatness than (uir littleness; there the voice of flattery and censure is
hushed, and there we realize our true place in the universe.

But though the influence of the wilderness makes tsclf felt in even the most heedless soul, it is oiilv the lover of plant life
»vho is able to enjoy nature to the full. As the lover of music is charmed by harmonies which escape the ear content w ith a simple
air, so he who knows our wild flowers, not neces.sarily as a botanist but as a friend, finds a newer, grander harmony among the
woods and .sees in meadow and nuirsh and sandy waste beauties, marvelous beauties, which e.scajjc tiie ignorant or indifferent ob.server.

The green and glistening mosses hiding the rough ground, mantling the rough rocks and concealing under their kindly
shroud the dead and decaying tree trunks, the sudden stumbling upon scmie bed of lilies of the valley that uplift their graceful bells,
the sight of a nest of violets, like some bit of fallen sky, or the host of trilliiims which we niav encounter in some quiet vale, all
these lend a charm to every ramble.

It is to familiarize our people with their incomparable wild flowers in detailed form and color, that this work was designed.
Ever since its first pages were commenced, the publishers have been earnestly urged l)y leading botanists to resist all temptation to
make fanciful pictures, as is so generally done in commemorative cards Great stress was laid cm the advisability of giving each
flower just as it grows, just as it looks in nature. Only by this method could it have its highest educational value. The .-uu-cess
of the work proves the value of the advice, for it is everywhere b 'ing received with a most cordial welcome. The parts complete
will embrace nearly three hundred plates, portraying the choicest flowers of every Province and Territory in the Dominion. Many
charming flowers native to the L'nited States have strayed across the Canadian border; that these friends from afar may be
identified in their new home, their portraits are included in this collection— as also a score or two of the striking blossoms which,
chained by the sunbeam, have never wandered further than the States and Territories of the West and .Soulhwoi. Of these some
will be found on Canadian Territory in unfrequented places, and these plates will be invaluable in the work of identifying and
locating them. In its entirety the plates will form a volume of sterling value, charniing alike to the .student of plant-life and to
the lover of the beautiful. If to a better appreciation of the wondrous wealth of wild and native bloom on this continent, this
work brings the people of Canada, the publishers will feel it has achieved a purpose not to be desjjised.

?

NO. I. FIBROU!) RCOT.

NO. 3. FLKSHV l«'UT

NO. 4. RlMjrsTOCK

HO. 5. TfBth

NO 0. CO^M.

THE PARTS OF PLANTS AND WHAT THEY ARE CALLED.

— — — ■•—

'HK //''?"''' or /'/ossom and the fruit find Sirrls to which it gives rise, are the Organs of Reproduction.
The rest of the phint, the Root, Stiin and Leaves ate the Orgat's of I'egetation.

Tile root is that portion of the plant which grows down into the gronnd. Its function is to absorb
moisture from the soil. Ri)ots are either /./'^•tJ//.f (i), that is slender ; ory/<'.f^_)' ( 2^*, thickened. They
are chissed according to the length of time they live as annual, biennial and perennial roots. These
terms are more commonly applied to the plant as a whole.

An iiiiHual plant gets its fn'' growth, produces f'.owers and fruit and dies, in the .same season. A biennial
lives through two seasons. ihe lii.st season is spent in the growth of root, stem and leaves. No flowers are
produced In order to ])rovide fo- the next season, a quantity of food matter, starch and other substances, is
stored in some i)art of the plant, usually in the root. Tliis iK'comes thick and fleshy. Xext season the flower-
bearing stalk shoots up vigorously, seeds are produced, and the i)lant dies. A perennial plant lives through more
than two seasons. .Vll trees and shrubs and a great number of herbs are perennials.

Roots sometimes perform other functions than the absorpti<m of moisture. In some woody-climbers, like
the poi.son-iv3', short line roots growing from the sides of the stem, act as holdfasts, enabling the plant to ascend
a support. Such roots, being produced in the open air. are called aerial roots (3).

h large class of jflants, called epiphytes^ have only aerial roots. They grow usually on the branches or in
the forks of trees, and have no connection with the ground. The weird hanging-moss, that makes twilight of
noon-day in the forests of the vSouthern States, is an ejjiphyte. So are m.iny tropical members of the great Orchis
Family. We are all familiar with the beautiful I)endrol)inms and other cchids w'lich are grown in our hothouses,
on pieces of wood with a bit of sphagnum about the roots. "

Then there are the fiarasitic plants, whose roots strike into the stems or roots of other plants, drawing
nourishment from them. Such is the mistletoe, parasitic on certain trees; the dodder, which climbs the stems of
clover and other plants, and strikes its sucker-like roots into them ; .and the beechdrop, whose roots attach them-
selves to those of the beech.

While the root grows down into the soil, the stem grows upward toward the light and air. It bears leaves
whicli the root does not. Stems may be arboreous (trees), that is, woody, with a main trunk; shrubby, wood}-, but
branching from near the base; or licrbaC'Ous,mA woody. When the stem is so short as to be almost or quite
concealed undergnnind, the plant is termed acauUscent.

According to the manner in which they grow, stems are described as erect, growing np vertically; assurgent,
rising obliquely ; decumbent, x^isXxw^ on the ground, but rising at the ^ViA; procumbent, \y\xi^ flat on the ground;
creeping, trailing on the gronnd and rooting at the joints.

Stems, like roots, are s(,metimes modified for special purposes. Many perennial plants have short and thick
underground stems, whicli serve as storage places tor the food-supply laid up by the thrifty plant for next season's

Ml 7. m.i.B.

N't. 8. ^TIPL'LM.

NO. Q. NHT VBINBD.

. 10. f \RALI.BL VRINEC.

NO. II. LINEAR LBAf.

NO. 12. LANCBOL^TK.

f

i

NO. 13. OVATl.

210.|«. OKRIC tAK

(Pcliaic 1

NO. 15. SfATlL*T«.

FEATHEK VEINBI

TUi. 16. OBCOitUATE.

growth. ThoupU tisually taV-cii for roots, such structures are shown to be stems, by their bearing scales, answering
to leaves. The rooistocA' ( .\ 1 is a thickened iii.clerj^nmnci stem several times longer tliaii broad. The iudif ( 5 ) i.s a
rootstock ihi'-kencd at one end, as in the edible .so-called " roots " ot the Irish ])otalo. The rcrw ( 6) is a compact
and rounded rootstock. The iii//> (7) is a corm, the greater pavt of which is made up of fleshy scales.

Stems have two principal wavs of fiimbhn;, by twining bodily around tlie supporting object ; or by the aid
of tenctnli, modif ed brandies or leaves wliicli serve as holdfasts, as in the X'irginia Creeper.

Tlwrm ari; mixlified branchc.-;. They are doubtless designed to protect the plant against animals that would
strip it of its bark or leaves, if undefended.

l.uives are appendages of the stem, whicli serve as the digestive organs of the plant. They assimilate the
crude sop of the plant into material for building up its tissues. Leaves are arranged on tlie stem in two principal
ways. They are aUiynali\ when tliere is but one at each ioint; and w/wrlcti, wlien there are more than one.
\\'hen the whorl consists of but two leaves, they are said to be opposili .

Tiie lanre usually ilat part of the leaf is called the blade. The stalk wliicli bears the blade is the f^etiolc.
The two small blade-like bodies at tlie base of the petiole are the .f/ii/«/«'.f (8). When the petiole is wanting, the
blade is sessile. The stipu'es are often absent or inconspicuous.

There are two principal modes of vciniug in leaves. When the veins braiidi again and again, and the
branches run together so as to form a network or mesii, the leaf is iiel-vehted (q\. When the veins run side by
side without seeming to branch or run t(jgellier, the \cAi k paralUl-vfiueti {\o). Net-veined leaves arc J eti/ /if >■
venial ( 16) when the secondary veins start from a principal vein nrining through the o'litre of llie leaf from base
to apex, the midyiii. 'I'liey -axm palmately-viined (qi when several veins of about equal si/e start togellier from the
base of the li:af and run out toward the margin like radii of a circle.

There is great diversity in the general outline of leaves. Some of the more common forms are: Liitfar.^
comparatively narrow and of about the same width from one end to the other ( 1 1); f^^/cw;', of same outline, but
broader; lamccdale, narrow but broader at base and tapering toward the apex (12); elliptical, oblong or linear, but
narrowed at both ends; cew/f, egg-shaped, broader at ba.se and narrowed toward apex (13); orbicular, rounded or
circular in outline (14); oblanceolatc, lanceolate reversed, that is, broader at apex and tapering toward base;
spatiilati, oblanceolate, with the narrowing toward the base more abrupt ( 15I; obovate, the reverse of ovale (i6).

The apex of tlie leaf may be aciiininalc, ta|)eriiig into a point \\2\\ acute, more abrujitly ])ointed (17);
f'/'///.vv, not pointed, rounded (13); tiuncate, as if cut off; cmaroinatc. with an iudeutatiou in the margin corre-
sponding to the end of tlie midrib (18); nbcordalc, witli the indentation deeper.

Tlie first four terms apply as well to the base of the leaf Other terms used in describing the ba.se are :
cordate or licar /-shaped, tlie two sides of the leaf coming upward so as to leave a notch at the base (19); reniform,
with a deeper and more rounded indentation or sinus (9); auriculate, with the two sides of the leaf prolonged at
base into nmnded lobes or ears (20); sairittate, with these lobes acute and pointing downward ( 2 1 ), //.ziAfA-, with
the lobes acute and pointing outward (17); peltate, when tiie lobes are grown together, so that the petiole .seems at-
tached to the middle of the \c\xl \\.\); perfoliate, when the leaf is sessile on the stem and the b.ise has grown around

No. 19. CiiRDATC.

■ ao. At'RICULATO

PlREoUATS.

KO. 2]. I'Nnil ATI
KHV\ X.

no. n). oiRDAit.

NU. ao. Al'RICULAID

^0. 34, SAl.iriATP-

NO. /J. !■( lir"LlAT«.

^

Ai0

INU. I4' SKKII>^R

NO. 35, UBNtATK.

Nn. »6. CHRNAIR

HO. J7, INCCmt OH

^o js. i.uiii-D

NO 39 DIVmRD.

it (22) M) tli.at tlic Stem appears to pa.ss throuRh the leaf; or, wlicn two opposite sessile leaves have their bases
grown ti>>;etlicr, as in tlii' 'I'inkcr s Weed.

The marj^in of the kaf maybe cnti)t\ forming an nnbroken line (10); undulate or wavy; sinuati\ more
deeply wavy (23); serrali^ with siiort, sharj) teetli, ])ointiu}^ upward or inward (24); Jintate, witii teeth blnnt and
pointinjr oniwanl (25); irinali\ with ronnded teeth (2(). W'iien tlie.se breaks in tlie iiian.jin extend deeper into the
blade, tlie K-af becoiiies imisid, with coarse jaj^jjjed teeth (2;); /c/W, witii iiu'isioiis deeper but not e.xtending riore
than half wa\- from margin to mid-rib (2S>, i/iy/, when the incisions extend more than lialf way; and dividid, when
the incisions reach tlie inid-ril) (.mi).

Compound Idtvcs have tiie blade split np into separate parts or kallits (30). When tlie leaflets are
arranged like the veins in a feather-veined leaf, tlie leaf is pinnate (30). When arranged like the veins in a
lialmately-veined leaf, the leaf \s />>i/niatc (31 1. Tile divisions of a compound leaf may be further divided, so as to
make the leaf twice c()m])oiind, or three times, or even more.

Sl)ecial forms of lea\es serving other tuiu'tions than those of vegelaticn an- sometimes met with. .Some-
times the end k-atht of a pinnalo leaf is changed into a tendril to aid tlie idaiit in climbing (^o). The tlcshy scales
of /)iil/is (;),iii v.liicli food-matter is stored, are leaves. So are the thinner scales of wintcr-huds, occurring on most
trees and shrubs.

The most extraordinary forms of leaves are tho.se of the so-called /nstrthnyoua Plants. Here the leaves are
designed for the purpose of eiitrapiiing insects and assimilating them as food for the plant. A common example
is the Sarracenia Purpurea or Side-saddle Flower. This has the margin of the leaf folded together so as to form a
"pitcher," closed at the bottom, op.:: at the lop (;,2). In some sonthern Sarracenias the tip of the blade curves over
.so as to form a lid for the pitcher. The piiclier contains a sticky liquid, in which intrnding insects arc drowned.

In another group of insectivorous ])laiits, represented witli 11s by the little sundews of the bogs, there is .a
different jireparatioii f()r a warm nelcome to insect guests. The leaf is fringed with gland-tipped hairs, which may
be likened to the tentacles of a eiutle-lisl). When the unsuspecting insect alights 011 the leaf the surface is irritated,
causing the tentacles to bend in toward the middle. Tims the cause of the disturbance is imprisoned and the
iiourisliing part of its body is digested bj- the leaf Then the tentacles relax. That the insectivorous plant
actually feeds on the insect which it captitres was proved coiielnsively by Darwin. He showed that plants of this
kiii'l when furnished with insects grew mo-e vigorously than when insects were prevented from reaching them.

/n/lorcsccncc is the m.inner of arrangement of flowers on the stem. Flowers are solitary or clustered. They
may be borne on a special stalk, tlie />rditi(il>\ or they may be sessile, growing on the stem without aiiv such stalk.
When flowers are in clusters, the stalk bearir.g the whole cluster is the fieduncle, while the stalk bearing each
individual flower is the pedicel. The small haves growing on peduncles or pedicels, or on the main stem among
the flowers, are called hiaets. They are usually smaller llian ordinary foliage leaves, and often scale-like.

The principal sorts of flower clusters are: the raceme, consisting of a stalk or axis bearing i)ediceled flowers,
forming a cluster usually considerably longer than broad (;,3l; the spike, a ra'-fine with sessile flowers (34); the
corymb, a raceme with flokvers ou pedicels of different lengths, but all reaching to about the same level (35); the

tNSI CTIVOKOU;.

NO 13. NACEMK

NO. 34. SP JCB.

NO. IS. CORYMB.

NO. 30. COMIOlMi tHAVtS
Oft LRAFLKI^.

NO. )6. L'MBBU

e I:

NO M. A HKAD

(TlieHrad )

<0. 3B. CVMI

MO. 40 S.AMHN

NO. 4» I 1-

um/»/, a corj-ml, 'vith pedicels all of the same lensTth (;,6). The /ifai/ a corymb with nodicels very short or wnntiiig
(37); the rt'/wc, differiiiir from tile .-orymb in that its uppermost and therefore innermost fiowersare the first to open (j8).

The complete Hower consists of fom sets of parts— the j.</<»/j (,V)(/I. tlie /</<j/.f (T,qi ). the .sUiiiuhs (39-/), and
ihe pistils {2,qli). The sepals, taken together, arv ttrmed the ntlyx. The petals, together, make np the corolla. Thr^
calvx and corolla together are termed the flora! envelope, while the stamens and pistils are the essential origans of
tlie (lower. The calyx, or outer row of floral leaves, is usually green, l)ul not always. The corolla, or inner row
of floral leaves, is usually delicate in texture and of some other color than green. When the petals are grown
together the corolla h ^atiiopetalous. When there is no sharp distinction betwec".! calyx and cijrolla, as in the tulip
or th ''.ly, the floral envelope is termed \\k perianth.

The stamen [j,o) consists of a stalk or filament liearing a two-celleil box, liie anther, which holds the pollen.
Pollen is the substance which looks, to the unaided eye. like tine yellow dust. The //.»/// (4 1 ) c(msists of the orary
or rece])tacle in which the ovules or undeveloped .seeds are contained, surmounted by the .v/)'/i', a usually slender
stalk, which is dilated at the summit into the st/>>K<i. The stigma is the flat or rounded body on which the ])ollcn
falls. Each tiny pi>llen grain, wluii it alights on the .stigma, sends out a ininute tube which runs down through
the style into tlie ovary. When the tube reaches an ovule, the process known as fertilization takes pl.ice. The
nature of the jmicess is not anderstood. The result is that the ovules develop into .vivvA fiom whicli new ]).ants
may arise, while the i)vary enlarges irit(j the /'«//. The term fruit is applied by the botanist, not merely to the
ediiile kinds, like strawberries, but to every structure which contains the .seeds. The balls that are borne on the
"sycamore," or button-wood tree, are as truly fruit as is the peach.

A flower which has both stamens and pistils is perfect. If ic has only stamens it is staminate. If only
pistils, it is pistillate. When a flo ler has all the members of one set of parts, <'.,(,'., all the st;iniens or all the
petals alike, it is said to be ^-I'^w/rtr. Otherwise it is irregular . Most irrej^iilai Jloxvers have the parts arranged
so as to aid in eross-Jertilization bv means of insects, as the flowers of the Orchids and of tiie I'va Family.

Cross-fertilization is the carrying uf ])olleii, by the aid of insects, from one flower to tlie stigma of another,
on the same plant or on a different plant of the same kind. The insect visits the flower in search of nectar or
honey. He brushes against the anther and some of the pollen tails upon him. This he carries to the next flowei
visited and deposits it on the stigma. It is undoubtedly an advantage to plants to have their flowers cross-fertilized,
rather than to have the stigma receive polkn from the anthers of the same flower. Why, wo do not know. The
orchids, to which our lady'.s-slipper and meadow-jjink belong, often have elaborate contrivances for aiding insect-
friends to accomplish their useful task. Their flowers are always irregular (42).

The f^aiuopetaloHS corolla has several special forms. These are: rotate or uheel-shaped, flat, and with hardly
any contracted part or tube (43V, salver- foruieil. with a limb or border spreading out at right-angles to the tube (44);
bell-shapeil, with the tube open and widening toward the summit, and with no distinct Vuuh (.\ej)\ fit nnel-shaped,
with a narrow tuoe and comparative^v wide limb, like an ordin.iry funnel (.)6); tubular, with a narrow tube, not
widening toward tlie summit, and no distinct limb; labiate, two-lipped, as in the Mint Family U;); ligulati, strap-
shaped, as in the Chicory and most of the Sunflower Family (48).

KO. 4> IRHHOfl AH.

NO 14, 1IALV1II huNMKD.

..*'

.,<?

NO 47. Tl BUWR.

MO. 4D. IIUULATC

' W I I

ti 14. AALVtH ^tiUMtC.

NO. 45. KKLL KHAPII;.

n. 46, rV'NItL MIAriD

HO. 47. T( BLLAR.

NO. ii. IIGUUATV.

- I —

LUPINU8 PERENNI&

PERENNIAL LUriNE.
JUNE-JULY

CYPRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS.

YELLOW LADY'S »L1P«R.

3^.

PEi^ENNlAL LUPINE,

PtATH I.

LUPINUS PERENNIS.

(PEA FAMILY.)

rtKils ttolonifnoiis ; sitms frrcl, ran king or siriel. more c lr<s hairr: Ircin hairy, In^tf-ptlioltd palwtale, Uafttis usually right or ten , /limrts in a Inng, lermina! lacemr. lots',
thou-:- ftlut (it furplf on sfireading pedicfh : cotolla paptlionafous or hutterfiv-shaprd; pods haity.

UK perennial lupine is a handsome and conspicuous plant. The stems grow in clumps and are from ten to tiKhtccn niches high.

The long waiul-'.ike racemes have a peculiar and .striking apjioarance. The very pretty blue and p> rpk flowers entitle the

lupin" ti> a high place among our more beautiful wild flowers. A fonn occa.sionally occurs in which the flowers are pure

white.

The lupines are reprr-.ented in Kastern North America by '.wo .species. One, the plant figured h;re, is native from Canada to
Florida. The other, Lupiiius villosus. is a native of tne s.andy pine-barrens of the Southern States. It has leaves of but a single leaflet. The
pmls are strikingly conspicuous, bei-.i^ covered "ith long, silvery hairs. In the West, on the other hand, there are numerous .species, and
it is often (piite difficult to tell one fjoin the other. All are very ornamental plants.

The name lupinus is fnmi the Latin .../«$, .-. wolf, because these plants are suj. posed to exhau-t or devour the soil. The charge can
hardly be brought again.st out sjiecies, which confine themselves to poor, sandy soil. Wood says of our plant : " It is often called .suu-dial, from
the circumstance of its leaves turning to face the sun from moniing till night."

LARGER YELLOW LADY'S-Sl IPPER.

FLATS 1.

CYPRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS.

(ORCHIS FAMILY.)

I\reitnial ; rof, a tluiltt of talhtt thiih yifites , strtn ertit. one or two feet high, tathet hairy, leafy; leat-es many-nerved, orate, clasping, acute, pubescent; Jtimvt sotitaty, rorelv livo or thrtt,

at summit cf stem ; lip latge. Itoatshaped. father pate yeltait- ; petals dronn, twi'led.

NE of the oddest and one of the fairest of our flowers. The plants usually grow in gioups of two or thiee. When one first
coiaes upon them, in the shade of a deep forest, standing erect Ijencath seme tree, one is sure to Ix; surprised as by tlie
discovery of hidden gold. The yeUow flower often his the look of a r,'.y of sunlight upon a leaf. Tne lip is cmtstretched, as if
ill greeting. This, with the twisted petals standing out at right angles to it, gives a wide-awake effect to the flower, and .shows
it near of kin W the pampered darlings of the conservatory — the Torfign orchids.

To the imaginative there is .something unearthly, fairy-likt , alxnit the lady'r-slipiK-r. The lip .seems fashioned fi r ihe
tiny foot of .some small, elfin woman. One might fancy spirits of the woodland holding their summer revels here. Mayhap .sinie fairy
Cinderella has lost her .slipper, uni.oticed by the prince !

The largv. yellow lady's-s'-pper is to be met with on ri.h, womled hidsidcs. With it is often found the small yellov, lady's-slipt)er,
which has a smaller flov,rer of a brighter yellow, and with a slight fragrance. Both species occur in Canada and in the Hasteni St.ites. They
flower in May and June. Cypripedium is derived from two Oreek words and means " Venus' buskin " — a pretty name, truly. The spwific name
refers t < the hairiness.

"^

-^

IRIS VERSICOLOR
BLUC FLAQ,

JUNE

_ 4 —
LONICERA CILIATA.

►Ly-HONEVSUCKLE.

MAY

JIINK-JUL'.

BLUE FLAG.

PtATB 3.

IRIS VERSICOLOR.

(IRIS FAMILY.)

I^ttmnial, wkoie plant smooth ; rootitotts tontta^ttd <tl the mxUs : itrms rathfr stout ; . -fs qnitf !ong, fquitant, moulv etustetftt at tkt bast of the stem ; flcwets on short pedmndes, larft, blutf

the ihiee outer divisions of the perianth i^negatfd unth yeltow, spreading.

LUE FLAG is one of those hardy flowers that do not hide their beautv in the darkness of woods, but parade it, as if con-
scious of it, in *he broad light of open ni ;adows. We may well forgive a certain lack of nnxiesty in so handsome a plant.
None of the cultivated fl.igs can surpass this, natir-e species in beauty and grace of form. Some of our native species
have the petals prettily l)earded, but in the Muf flag, they are naked.

Iris versicolor grows from Canada south to the Gulf. It is quite a common plant throughout its range, probably
the most abundant s])ecies of ir's in North America. It is to be found in v.et meadows and %i the margins of ponds,
opening its .showy flov lts in May 01 June. The root of the blue flag is strongly astringent, forming the basis of several nostrums in high
repute among country folk.

The pretty name, Iris, is that of the attendant of Juno who iK>rsonified the rainbow. The we[<lth of color displayed by these flowers
well merits the name. They are veritable rainbows of the earth. Versicolor means "of varied colors." So the generic and specific names
express pretty much (he same idta.

=»?

Sfe

FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.

PLATE 4.

LONICERA CILIATA.

(HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

mm

Shrub, branching itnlh gray bark leaves oiate, sometimes cordate, petioled. matgim ciliate (/ringed with kairs\ flowers in twos on slender peduncles that spring ' om the aseits of tht ttavet;

corolla ^tr^oied, funnel-shapi d, greenish-.tettow i- colttr ; fruit a red berry.

• HIS pretty little shrub grows usually in damp, rocky woods. It is a northern plant, not occurring south of Pennsylvania and
extending westward to Minnesota. The graceful twin flowers appear usually in May, before the leaves are quite developed.
They are not unlike those of its cousins, the Linna'a, in theii general form : but are ronsidernbly larger and of a difltrent
color. The corolla has a iihort spur at the base, prcjccting outward, givinp t'le flower an attractively odd look. Each flower
produces a light-red, egg-shaped lierry, the flesh of which is watery and insipid. The two beiTiS on the saue stalk dc not
grow together as in some nearly related species

The fly-honeysuckle, although closely relatetl to the common woodbines and honeysuckles of tue gardens, is quite different in general
appearance and habit. A casii.il observer would hardly su.spect the relationshi,). Even the flowers, with their wide-moutl>e<l and almo.st regular
corollas, do not. at first sight, .seem to resemble the long, tubular flowers of the cultivated honeysuckles. The latter are, moreover, deeply and
irregularly two-lipped.

Lonicera was named for I/jnitzer or Umicerus, one of the old German botanists. The specific name, ciliaia, refers to the fringed margins
of the leaves. Why th<: plant is called fly-honeysuckle is not apparent.

4

if

- ") —
STACHV3 PALUSTRIS

M«R8H KEDOE-NETTLE.

- h .-
SAPONABIA OFFICINALIS.

BOUNCINQ BET.

JUNE- -JULV

h.

MARSH HEDGE-NETTLE.

PI,ATE 5-

STACHYS PALUSTRIS.

(MINT FAMILY.)

ffrenniat . slrm nect from a ctffptn/; ifx't sioii f.mr attglrd, Atitrv. one to th*ci fetl Aic* .' Ita^fi ifist/e. rounttfd or wmf limes iufhotdate at An/, lanceolate at m-ate-lanceoiate : (renate or sertate,
densely doivny. pnbescent ; Jlowers in close verticils, tht whoie injtoreueme sptke-iike ; corolla deeply and wideli tui*^ipped, *»se-ptnk.

I.THOrOII a coniinon plant in the old world, stachys palustris is not abundant with us, notwithstanding the fact that it occurs
o\er a wide range of territorj-. It grows from Canaila south to Pennsylvania, and westward. Hence it is a decidedly
northeni plant. It seems ever a-thirst, and .so clings to tlic marshes and uie moist woods. The rather showy flowers open
in summer. The effect of the rose-red corollas in mass is ([uitc pretty.

There are several sixjcies of stachys in North .\pierica. Of these, some of the southwestern species are much handsomer
than the eastern ones. Stachys coccinea. a native of Arizona and Mexico, has flowers of a rich .scarlet, hardly less vivid than
tho-« of the scrlet sage of the gardens. In Europe, the .species of stachys are well-known plants of hedge-rows, fields and bogs. The ' ' wound-
wort," stachys ar\'ensis. a comt ion species abroad, growing in cultivated fields, is beginning to make its appearance ni the eastern part of this
country. It is easily recognized by its decumbent stems.

These plar.ts do not possess the essential oil which gives the aromatic odor characteristic of most of the mint family. Nor have they ever
been turned to practical account, though the name " woundwort " would suggest medical properties. S/atAys means "a spike," a name very
appropriately applied to this genus; palustris signifies " growing in swai;ips." The popular name of " hedge-nettle " is doubtless derived from
the nettle-like appearance of the leaves.

BOUNCING BET, SOAPWORT.

fhkXA 6.

SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS.

(PINK FAMILY.

Smooth : stems erect >

ascending from a perennial root, jointed : leairs ot^ate ohtnie or so.\tewkat acute, sessile or i*eiy shott-petioled. entire, with three principal veins : ftotcers in close fascicles, the
lots/er on rather long axillary peduncles, the nppei crowded ; corolla pale pink or nearlr white.

ECIDEDLY a handsome plant, adventive from Europe. It prefers to make its home in shaded waste ground or roadsides, and
spreads very rapidly in such situations. The deep green leaves and flowers of a dainty pink make a pretty con'.bination. The
l)lossoms have a delicate, agreeable odor that cnhinces the attractiveness of the plant. Were it not so common, Jie sa|x;naria
would Ik' prized by gardeners. It is not an injurious weed, rarely taking po.s.ses.sion of cultivated ground. It is certainly a more
welcome addition to our w.iste g (Uiid flora than many of its compatriots. The Bouncing Het is spreading rapidly in this couj.try.
It was at one time much i)lanted m gardens, which has aided it in estal)lishing itself far '.nd wide.
The pink family, to which the saponaria lielongs, contains .some of our most beautiful flowers and some of our most insignificant wet.'ds.
Among our native plants the catch-flies, with their flowers of brilliant scarlet, pink or white, are prodigal of ch.ami.

Saponaria means soapy, so named l)ecause the juice of tile plant forms a lather when mixed with water ; officinalis indicates that the plant
is used in medicine. It is the large acrid r<H)i that is officinal.

^

i

f

^ .

=^

\

CALTHA PALUSTRI&
MAIttH MAHiaoLD.

M«Y.

-8 —
CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE.

HOUND'S TONOUE.
JUNE.

Its

MARSH MARIGOLD.

PIATB 7.

CALTHA PALUSTRIS. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Fttimmal smooth; sums rrrcl or ascending /torn a IliickritJ ..»./i/,Jft. a fiml or l:iv high, haii.hmg ,■ hurt; btigkl s,„h. ,„i4n,li-J. co,Jalt or rrmt/orm. »iiu;.'v ilenlalt. tkr lonfr lonr-ptlioUd. Ikt

vt-pet neattjt sesstlr, Jtowen yellow oh long peauitelei ; petols utinliHg.

|ARSH-MARIGOLD is one of the brightest and most conspicuous of our early spring flowers. The golden-yellow blossoms
are set oft' to great advantage by the rich green of the foliage, making the plant truly a thing of beauty. It makes its home
in meadows and bogs, one of the first flowers to appear in such comparatively exposetl situations. The early wild-flowers,
for the most part, prefer the shelter of the woods.

The caltha is one of those plants found both in the old world and in the new. This not unconnnon fact in
geographical distribution, is accounted for on the theory that the land of the Arctic regions was once a single unbroken
stretch between Asia and America.

The marsh marigold is a familiar plant in most parts o'' this country.

In the South, like most northern plants, it retires to
The tender leaves and shoots in early spring are some-

the co()l recesses of the mountains, to find there such a climate as it left at home
times eaten as "greens," more commonly in the old wor'd.

Caltha is from a Greek word signifying a chalice or cup, very appropriate as descriptive of the pretty, cup-shaped-flowers ; palustris
means " growing in marshes." The plant is sometimes called " cow.slips," but this name Ijelongs properly to a Eurojx;an siK-cies of primrose.

The marigold's home, often in the inantlc<l swamp, has little of welcome. Hence, rather than from any quality in the blossom itself,
the marigold in the liinguage of flowers denotes pain, chagrin. The marsh marigold is Shakespeare's " Mary-bud."

PLATS 8.

HOUND'S TONGUE. CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALR. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

stern erect, two or three feet high, ffltiuhtng atwze. son. hotf*: learn ot-ate-lanffolale. Ihe longer petiolfit. the upper sraile. iomelimes .'Mfintitlolr a( hast, hairr ; powers in panicted ratemes; coroBt

red, /unnel'lhaped, not very couspHuoui , frntl consming 0/ /our nutltis colored with ihort hoohed prukies.

HIS plant greets us in roadsides and pastures. It is usually di-nominate<l a wce<l, because as yet we have not l)een able to find
out what it is good for ; we are s<mietimes tempted to give it a worse name than weed when we retiini from a ".-alk to find
our clothes covered with its burr-like fruit. These burrs .sometimes give trouble by clinging to the lliecc of sheep. But if
we are willing to overlook 'his annoying propensity we shall find .some redeeming traits in the hound's tongue.

The contrast between its velvety, dark-green leaves and crimson flowers is refreshing to the eye, and tempts one to
The flowers, .says Darlington, are "sometimes milk-white." The odor of the plant is decidedlj' peculiar. To most people
it is ratlK-r disagreeable. It has been compared, with exaggeration, to that of the nests of mice.

The homid's-tongue is pretty well naturalized in eastern North America. It is not found far from human habitations, its proclivities
iK'ing evidently mcstic. The blossoms o])en in June and July.

Cynogloi ■/ . is the exact equivalent of the popular name — dog's tongtie. The leaves are supposed to bear .some resemblance to the
tongue of a dog.

the gathering.

\ \

^

=^

1 i

BLUE VERVAIN.

P1,ATB 9-

VERBENA HASTATA.

(VERBENA FAMILY.)

JPIant more or Uu hairy; stem ereet^ tall, sometimes six /eet high .■ leaves petiolni, sharptv serrate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute, at twth ends, iomettmes hastate at base, with consfiicnous veins t

jtowers small in dense, panicted spikes ; cotolta deep-blue, satver-shaped.

ITH its tall, upright stems and spikes of dark violet-blue flowers, the blue vervain makes a goodly show among the more
liuniblc weeds of wayside or bottom-land. The individual flowers are quite small and inconspicuous ; but, growing in close
clusters, their rich color is very effective. The leaves, however, are coarse and " weedy " looking. They suggest with
unpleasant force, those of a near relative, the unsightly white or nettle-leaved vervain, which usually grows with the blue.
That these plants are first cousins of the large-flowered, many -colored verbenas of our gardens, seems impossible. Yet,
if we place the flower of the blue vervain beside that of the cultivated verbena and compure them closely, the family resem-
blance peeps out beneath all the magic disguise wrought by the gardener's skill.

The blue vervain is a common plant in roadsides and fence comers, and on the low, sandy banks of rivers. It is found over the
greater part of the Eastern States and Canada, flowering in midsummer.

Verbena is an ancient name for a sacred plant, of no apparent application to this genus An old name for verbena hastata,
"Simpler's Joy," suggests that the "herb doctors" find virtue in it.

In the language of flowers, the vervain signifies "enchantment."

A

i%

FI,ATB 10. ^^

CONE-FLOWER. RUDBECKIA HIRTA. (SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

iVhoU plant hairy ; stem erect, usually branching, one or tsvo /eet high ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, the lower on petioles, the upper sessile; fiowers m rather targe, terminal heads ; ray Jtotvers ligulate,

bright orange-yellow ; dish, dark putplish-biown,

|ONE-FLO\VEP., or " nigger head," as the children call it in the Wesf, is one of the showiest of our summer wild flowers.

The large heads, with their bright colored rays (the outer row of strap-shaped flowers) in strong contrast with the almosi

black flowers of the disk, are very attractive and striking. Like all the sunflower family, the cluster or head of flowers

resembles a single flower. The unobservant usually take the rays for petals, and the disk flowers for stamens and pistils.

The cone-flower grows in dry fields. It would be difficult to imagine a more brilliant sight than a fieUl in June or

J\ily covered with these flowers. Ajiart from the blossom, the plant is not attractive. The stem and leaves are quite rough

to the touch, lx;ing covered with stiff hairs, which give the plant a hoary appearance. The manner of growth is ungraceful. But most

of us are willing to overlook these deficiencies, in view of the beauty of the heads. For these alone the plant is worthy of cultivation,

and would be effective in mass.

Rudbeckia was named by Linnaeus for Rudbeck, who piercded him as professor of botany at Upsala, in Sweden. The sjjecific
name hit la alludes to the hairiness of the plant. The ])opular name, cone-flower, is due to the cone-shai)e<l disk of some of its snecies.

iiMj

n ^

— 9 —
VERBENA HASTATA.

BLUE VERVAIN-
JULV.

— 10 —
RUDBECKIA HIRTA.

CONK-fLOWfR,

JULY.

^-^

r

YELLOW FLAG.

PI,ATS II.

IRIS PSEUDACORUS.

(IRIS FAMILY.)

/Www a deep and thickenrd tootstofk ; slrm f^trd, two fffl high : loiiyi It^ivn swordthaptd, ir* v long and frrct, utancont. the iUm Uavfi thoyUr ,■ flowtrt tuv or three at mmmft o/stem, yettow, outir

segments o/ the peiianth spreading, the inner erect. lyrennial.

LNH (rf tile liaiulsoiiiest of bog plants. We are glad to note that it is l)ecoming naturalized in America. It was reported long ago
from some of the Kastcrn States, and is well established in Canada. It has donbtless spread as an assi.sted innnigrant from
gardens into the neighboring marshes and ditches. It prefers a heavy clay soil in which the thick rootstocks imbed themselves,
M> that it is a difficult matter to jmll tliem up. It is sometimes almost aquatic, the lower part of the plant being occasionally
under water. The leaves are very long and rigid. The large, bright yellow flowers are singularly attractive, contrasting well
with the more connnou blue flags. The rootstocks, like those of the blue flag, are used in medicine. They much resemble those

of acorns calamus, whence the specific name, pseudacorus — false acorns.

One of the showiest of the numerous luiropean s|iecies of iris, iris germanica. the common flag of gardens, is naturalized in Virginia. An

odd s]Kcies is a small woodland plant in lingland— the " ro.ast lieef plant." It has rather inconspicuous, dull purple or yellowish flowers. Its

most striking peculiarity is its odor, suggesting that of roa.st lieef

"^

%

CANADA MINT.

PLATE 12.

MENTHA CANADENSIS.

(MINT FAMILY.)

Perennial, hairy or almost smooth ; stems deeumtient .

neatly erect, four angled, leaxrs oppt^sste, ot^te-lanceolate, the tou-et on long, slender petwles, the uppermost neatly sessile, acute at each end,
serrate, thin ; fiowet s in dense, axillaty clusters, small, white labtale.

LTHOUGH several kinds of mint have been imported frotii Europe into this countrj*, we have but one native species in eastern
North .\merica, the Canada mint. This is not a decidedly showy plant, .although the dark green foliage and the clusters of tiny
white flowers are rather pleasing. The very liairj' form is less attractive, having a grayish asjiect. It has not the warm, aromatic
fragrance of the peppermint and the six^armiut. Gray compares the (wlor of the ordinar>' form to tliat of pennyroyal, likening the
odor of the .smooth variety to the horsemint, monarda.

Nearly all the members of the mint family 1 ave little glands on the leaves, in which is .secreted a volatile oil. To this oil
is due the strong and often delightful odor characteristic of these plants. ICvery one is familiar with the spicy {)eppermint, the aromatic sage, the
fragrant thyme, the lemon-scented balm — ^tiud, among our own native plants, the jieculiar perfumes of the horsemint, the dittany and the
American pennyroyal. Perhaps no other single family of plants furnishes such a v.aricty of odors.

The Canada mint grows in low ground, esiiecially near the banks of rivers. It flowers in August and Septemlier. The stems usually lie
on the grounds, rising at the ends.

The name mentha is of mythological origin. According to the fable, a nymph was transfonned by Proserpine, the wife of Pluto, into the
plant that now bears her name.

^

IRIS PSEUDACORU8.

VELLOW FLAQ

— I? —

MENTHA CANADENSIS

CANADA MINT.

^

PI,ATE 13.

CHICORY. CICHORIUM INTYBUS. (SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

nmmial, icmmHat hairy; not Ionic. IhukrnrJ: tirm rrrcl. mucA btamkti. ckaoHtlrd : lowfr leavr, almml diftjfd, t,mx ffli.i/r.t. iif'/>,-t jciji/<', i.'jspixg. laMtd, ufptrmiul very imatt; hittdl
arranfed alonf Iht iidtt 0/ Ike it-iiului uuilt, rallUr larsr. mill a dtubU mvciucri ^ Jlowti all ligulaU, Nhi.

' HE chicory i.s one of the many plants that have come to us from Europe. The number of these waifs that find, first a footing, then a
home and often a kiiifrdom Oii our shores, is always increasing. Some are not unwelcome guests, but the greater part are our most
troublesome and most persistent weeds. The rapidity with which sucli European plants as the common thistle, the dog-fennel, the
pigweed and the purslane drive tnit onr native plants and take pos.ses.sion of fielils and waysides, would indicate that they have .some
advantage over ours in the struggle for existence. vSuch is indeed the ca.se. The old world plants are favored because they leave
their insect or otlier enemies behind them, when they crass the ocean. Ours have always their wonted drawbacks to contend with while
engaged in an unetiual fight with the invaders.

Thus the chicory has made itself a familiar object in waste places and at roadsides, often proving itself a most undesirable addition to our
flora. It is well naturalized in northern districts, but is yet rare in the Soutli. The heads of pretty, azure-blue flowers open succe.ssively
during the greater part of summer and autumn, " to match the sky," sings Emerson.
The name Cichorium is of Arabic origin.

PINK OR STEMLESS LADY'S SLIPPER.

PIATE M-

MOCCASIN FLOWER.

CYPRIPEDIUM ACAULE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

ArtmmuU,- roots .fibromi, tkuketud, ipringing from a short, Mi. 4 roottlocJk : teaifs large, ovale. manv-iien<ed, fiubescenl. sheathiMg Ifie base of the teajUss Jlower-statk, tt/tuh is somttimus a foot kigh;

Jtowtr solitary, large, subtended by a leaf-tike bract; lifi fiini. fielalt and sepals brownish.

EIRDLY beautiful, this plant is becoming alarmingly rare in settled neighborhoods. Like its cousin, the yellow lady'.s slipper, it
is too shy a plant to thrive near the haunts of men. In the shades of primitive forests, in deep mountain ravines, where the
traffic and turmoil of the world are as yet afar, it finds a fit .setting for its wild grace and loveliness. Something in connnoa
has the nuxxa.sin-flower with the Indian who once shared its haunts — something of his spirit of freedom, all his love of exclusion.

On the .scote of beauty, few of our native plants may compare with this. The large flower, nodding at the summit of its
stalk, its rose-pink lip, veined with deeper red, is seen but once to be remembered always. The lip is not outstretched as in the
yellow lady's slipper, but droops languidly on its stem. There is a cleft down the middle, for all th ■ world as if it had been slit with a knife
making it two-lipped lengthwise.

The pink m(x:casin- flower grows from Canada southward in the mountains to North Carolina. It flovers in May and June. The specific
name, acaule, alludes to the apparently slemless habit of the plant. It would seem more appropriate to call this forest plant " moccasin-flower,"
than "lady's slipiier."

^

T

wiim

gl^^v^ '

A^ t^M^ ^^Elv

\ /pW

H^

— !3 —
CICHORIUM INTYBU8.

CMICORV OR SUCCORY.

— H —
CVPRIPEDIUM ACAULE.

STtMLESS LADY'S SLIPPER.

=^

WILD GINGER.

PIATB IS.

ASARUM CANADENSE.

(BIRTHWORT FAMILY.)

tubatnt,- (uautitctnl. thr Iraf-ttntki atiiinii /mm a hmn, tjnptmg, Ihirkmrd rnalilacl , ImtYi /imgfftiolrj, hrmilh amt ilrrflv iriij,:fm. •tiny, vtlvly-tubtKnl ; fmtr <m a Img, tlndir
ptituHtte tn lk« axil of tht lou-rt /Ai/, apttalaui ; calyx bfttwntih. thue-lotfj, tkt Itittfi sfit failing, acutt.

^NK of our best-known wild flowers; odd loolrinfr little herb though it be, every country child is familiar with the " little

!)rown jiit?^." •"»'"' knows wIuto to look for tlicin. If we are not acquainted with the habit of the plant, we notice the

handsome, diuk k''^''-'"i velvi'ty Ic.ivcs, and wonder why no flowers appear. Hut if we know the secret, we scrape away

the dried forest leaves alMMit the roots. There, hidden carefully away, are the queer little flowers. \Vh.-!t a strange

habit ! Most plants pus!:. tl'?T flowers up into the liglit, is if wishing to exhibit them, and engage admiration for their

lieauty. But the wild ginger coyly conceals its blossoms, and reveals them only to those who know where to look.

When found, the flowers are well worth the search. Apart from its oddity-, tlie calyx is prettily f )rmed and colored. The lobes

are yellowish or light brown, si>otte(l with brownish-purple and brown at the base. They spread out widely, so that the peculiar

arrangement of the parts within may be seen at a glance.

The wild ginger is common, tiK>, in wo<xls in the Northern States, and in the mountains southward. It flowers in April and May.
The meaning ( ,' the name Asarum is obscure. Our plant is called wild ginger because of its .spicy, aromatic rootstock, sometimes
used in the healing art.

MONKEY FLOWER.

PI.ATE i6.

MIMULUS RINGENS.

(FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Prrtnnial : tlimt trtct or aUfndiHg /torn a tkickentii. creeping riwtttock, imoolk. J\m> angUit, uiuallv brancking ; Ifavet ofilomg-lameiiiatf, sessile, keait-skaptA at tise, acute, serrate , ^^owers on long

axillary peduncles ; corolla bilabiate, Ike tkroat closed by a palate, lilac or violet rn color.

ijONKEY-FLOWER is a well-known plant of marshes and ditches in midsummer, flowering up to the beginii.ng of autumn. Tlie
showy blostionis range in color from a delicate lilac or even, occasionally, pure white, to a deep violet. There is a dash of yellow
on the palate that coutra.sts well with the prevailing shades of purjilc and blue. The flowers are set off to .advantage by ti:a
rather dark green leaves, making the effect of the whole plant highly attractive and ornamentcrl.

The o<ld corolla justifies the name. It is two-lipped, the throat being almost closed i.v the palate. The look of the flower
is by no means unlike that of the grinning face of a monkey. There is something intelligent, almost, one might fancy, an
expression of mockery about it.

The species of minmlus, nearly all North American, are especially abundant in California and Oregon. The flowers are almost always
beautiful, and aSbrd every conceivable variety of color — yellows, reds, purples and what not. One yellow-flowered species of our Pacific Coast,
Mimulus luteus, has been imported into Europe, and not uncommonly decks the brooksides of England.
J/«>»«/«j is the Latin for " a little bufifoon "; r«'«^^ni means " showing the teeth. "

%

=*o

ASARUh. CANADENSE
WILD amaiR.

— 16
MIMULUS RINGENa

MONKIV FLOWH.

JU." AUGUST

.-• 1

J

— 17 —
PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS.

WOOD BBTONY-LOUSIWORT.
MAY.

— 18 —
CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTRUIDES.

BLUE COHOSH.
MAY.

s-4»

wu

c>

WOOD BETONY OR LOUSEWORT.

PT^TB 17.

PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Perennial, niftre or /ns hinrv; stems sevtrat Jtpm ii * jM/* wftJi/v rootslocJt, frttt, unbtanfked; Uaxes pinnaUfid. the lonfr more deeply so; Jtourts tn lei mtnal, halted spikes; totolla tuv-hpped, the upper h'p

enned, purple, the louer three-lotted, yellow.

"]X music a discord can heighten harmony. In womanly beauty, features stunewhat irregular can display a charm denied to out-
lines precisely balanced, or symmetrically chiseled. So is it with tl'.e flowers of t'le field and wiicxUand. The ey delights in
departures from thi- pattern, the type. The turtle-head is more interesting to us than a perfectly regular flower of the s;inie
color anil general form could be.

The lousewort belongs to a family of irregular blossoms, itself one of the most fantastic of them. The dark pui-ple up{jer
lip shiKits up some distance alxjve the lower, then arches over Ne'r iiie summit are two small teeth, so that there is somewliat
of resenililaiice to the head of .1 walrus. The lower lip, usually pale j ellow, is much shorter and hangs down. Rarely the whole flower is of a
rich sulphur-yellow.

Pedicularis canadensis grows in wixxls throughout the greater part of North America, flowering in spring and early summer. Tlie narie
Pcdinihris is exactly the equivalent of the linglisli name. It is hard 10 see why so unsavory a title was given these prelly plants. In luigland a
kind of pedicularis is known as " Red Rattle," because th" seeds rattle abcut in the pods.

BLUE COHOSH.

PI,ATE 18.

CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES.

(BARBERRY FAMILY.)

Smooth : stem ereei from ,i -hitk raotstock, btartn/e a lurffe Ihiee-times-eompaund leaf and one or ttvo smaller ones abertw leaflets thin, more or less whitened heitealh, utuaUy t:i^* or threi-tobed ; fiosver j small

panitled ; petals piiiple or yrlloHnsh ; fruit eonsislii.g of two herry-like seeds on thick stalks. I>lue uith a whitish Irloom,

jHKRn the rich leaf-mould is tliick on the ground, in deep wootls, the odd blue cohosh loves to make its home. The small
greenish- yellow or (KcasionaUy purple flowers, o|)ening in May, are not likely to attnict attention. Ihit the large leaves, like
those of the meadow-rue, are sure to catch the eye. Then, toward the end of summer, when the leaves of the cohosh are
already yellowing, its lierries. or rather seeds, tuni a deen blue color. They are one cif the prettiest sights of the woods ai that
season ; often the bright scarlet berries of ginseng and low dogwootl bear them company.

In the Northern States one may encounter the blue cohosh almost anywhere. As we go southward, it must l)c souijbt
for in the moinitains. There is another name for the plant, not cften heard now — " paixjose-root. " The thick rootstock was much esteemed
by the In<lian medicine man. Perhaps a'lxiou.', squawn were wont to admini^ter decoctions of it to fractious papooses, afllictcd willi those aches
and ills which red children, as well as white, cannot escajx:. In some places the plant is still believed to possess medicinal virtues.

J

- 19 —
MALVA MOSCHATA.

MUSK-MALLOW.
AUQUST.

— 20 —
TRIFOLIUM AORARIUM.

HOP ClOV-EH.
JUNE— JULY.

r#

h

MUSK-MALLOW.

PLATE 19.

MALVA MOSCHATA. (MALLOW FAMILY.)

/ !lfni (^nt or t't'O fert high, haity or nca*'\ j'rftw.A / /.'.i:ri fftixoted, palm'itelt dtviiUti, the itivitiiyns liif^fj .■» tl^n : fioitytn lilri;e, in Ike ajr0s of tfu Mpptr leaves and cnm/dej Iv'i'Oid

the iummtl of the stem ; petals ptmk or u^ittsh ; ilamens and pistils united into a nitnmn,

HE inusk-mallow is Kuropcnn. In Great Hritaiii it is a fiiiniliar object at waysides and in pastures. It has einiRrated to North

America and is now uretly well established in northern latitudes. Tlion);Ii a weed, it is not a Inirllnl one, and its pretty flowers

■ entitle it to l)e thought well of by those who love to see the w.i>te grounds decked with blossoms. The Iarj;e rose-purple, pink or

white petals, and the peculiar odor, .suggestive of the perfume tliat ^ives it a name, distinguishes our plant among its less fa'orcd

comrades. " tramps," as Burroughs calls the weeds. W'e are reminded of more highly-prized members of its family — the so-called

alth.ea of the gardens, the showy abutilons and scarlet hibiscus so popular iii con.servatories, the marshmallow from who.se gunnny root choice

confectionery is made, not to speak of the lovely callirrhoes and sidalceas of our western prairies.

The musk-mallow flowers in summer. Its mu.--k-odor is not always to be detected. Two other European mallows, the round-leaved mal-
low or "cheeses" and the wood mallow, a plant with showy purple flowers often cultivated in old gardens, have become pretty well naturalized
in this country.

Pi,ATE ao.
HOP CLOVER. TRIFOLIUM AGRAHIUM. (PEA FAMILY.)

•- decumbent, bianehmg from the base, smooth ttr sli/^htlv pubest-ent : leases J^iioted, trifoliate, with prominent stipules: teafiets oblong, dentate, notched at aptx ; heads dense;

Jtott-e* s yrllou; becoming broom and te/teted when old.

is true yellow is not the color we usually associate with the clovers. " Clover " is more likely to call up visions of rich
meadows red or white v.ith the banquet tables of humble and honey-l)ee. N .ertheless, three kinds of foreign clover with
distincth yellow flowers have made themselves at Ixmie with us.

The hop-clover, so called l.teaure of the re.semblance its liea<ls bear to hops, is the largest and showiest of these. Wide-
.spread a.id al)un<lant in Europe and in Asia, it is small wonder that this flower of civili/.atioii should have reached our shores.
Throughout the middle north and southward to Virginia, the bright sulphur-yellow heads gladden field and roadsi<le, the
flower-- coming out from early summer until frost. Nothing could lie finer than the color-contrasts on these plants, offering as they do every .shade
from the fiesh yeUow of the newly-oiK-ned blossoms to the rich brown of ' ir full maturity and ripeness.

With the hop-clover two other kinds are often found, the low yello,. clover, much like it in appearance, and the quaint little hare's-f(M)t or
rabbits-foot clover. This has long, soft, grayish heails, donbtle,s,s suggesting the pretty name which has come to us with the plant from Knghuid.
The flowers them^elvc« are pink, but are very >maU. AH three of these clovers are wortliless .is forage. But they are ccm.sidernte and keep to
poor land where they do small hann, and pay the farmer an ample rent in their sinu)le lieantv.

■^

A

— 31 —

AQR03TEMMA GITHAQO-iLVCHNIS GITHAGOi.

CONN-COCKLE.

JULY.

- J2 -
LOBELIA CARDINALIS.

CARDINAL FLOWiR.
JULY.

CLer.

=^

FI,ATE 21.

CORN-COCKLE. AGROSTEMMA (LYCHNIS) GITHAGO.

(PINK FAMILY.)

Aritnal; stem tlout. errrt. i -ill /■tait,/irJ. /oi

ttHglfd, (hannrlrd, hirsute; teaies opposite tvitk connate ht\es, ItHear-liimeeoljtf, acute, roug/i and Ad/i
branches; calyx large, teith linear lobes exceeding the coiotta; petaisjite, crimson-purpte.

Jloiieis solitary at the summit o/ the

' HERE are two flowers that grow with the grain in the .; fields of Europe and mingle their bright colors with the gladsome
yellow of niiennig wheat or barley. The rich scarlet ot the poppy makes of the fields sheets of living llanic. The crimson of
the corn-cockles lends them a deeper but quite as pleasing hue. The less harmful poppy has come to America, but re'mains a
foreigner. The ax.kie, ."-worn foe of the farmer, has usuriK'd all the privileges of citizenship.

A handsomer plant than this .-vune corn-cockle 'twould be hard to find on a summer day. The leaves are pale green with a
tinge of blue, while the bloL^oms blend crimson and magenta into a most charming combination. Hut with all its beauty, the plant is a sore
pest. Heing mixed with grain, it has an excellent opjwrtunity to spread over the whole ccmntry — an opixirtunity whereof it avails itself to the
full. The seeds are black, and "hen mixed with wheat, mar in its f.our the snowy purity for wliich the miller toils. It is well nigh
impossible to oust the weed from a held of growing grain.

The agrostemma is nearly related to lychnis, of which several s})ecies have long been cultivated iu our gardens.

PLATE aa. v.- '•■ --'^

CARDINAL FLOWER. LOBELIA CARDINALIS. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

Three or /our fee* high, item cieit, gromed. smooth or slightly pHbcsiynl : leafes alternate, oTale-lcinceolale, irregular Iv and rather araritlv dentate, at nte at ettch tnd, on short fietib/es f
/towers in a long, terminal ntceme ; corolla deep carmine, very irregular ; stamens and pistils coherini;. IVrennial bv off lets,

■IHITTIEK, one of the best and most observant of our nature-]X)Cts, has thus sung the cardinal flower :

'■ TliL' ruil |K-nnotis of Uie t'.nrdiu.il fl(»\vers.
I '.any iiiutionk'.ss upon lliL-ir upriylu stems."

Because its place is almost at the end of the floral procession v,liich year by year takes its way through the fields, because,
t(XO, of its noble beauty, this is always a favorite aimmg out wild flowers. Who does not feel a thrill of admiration as he
approaches the margin of a streamlet and Ix;liolds it, erect and .soldier-like in its uniform of deepest n d, guarding the bank ?
No old world bog or brookside ca.i boast such a defemler. This country excels in the floral beauty tliat thus speeds the parting year. What
autamn wild flowers can Euroj^ie place beside our asters, golden-riKls and gentians?

Vivid red is not a conmon hue among our flowers. The scarlet catch-fly and the cardinal flower, one at the beginning, the other at the
end of summer, are almost alone in color. What odd blossoms has the cardin.il flower ! They are .said to be fashioned for the visits of humming
birds. That is why, we are told, the lip hangs down, for the humming-bird does not rest on the flower but jx>ises herself on the wing while
sipping nectar. Bees also visit the cardinal flower, but thieve the honey through a slit at the base of the blossom, and so shirk the toll they should
pay in fertilization.

A

Jo

— 23 —
AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS.

COLUMBINE.
MAY-^UNE.

MEOEOLA VIRQINIANA.
INDIAN OUCUKKED ROOT.

JUNE.

I

^

COLUMBINE.

PI,ATE 83.

AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Rods ikickfHed, woody : items cluUfrftl, firatKktHi;, smooth ; loufr trarfS oh toitg pfttotfs, tu-ue or Ihrwe compouHit, the uf^prr ntarly seisilf, t:fO or ttirer tofifd or mlirt : Uajtets vaHousfy
Lttioi or ttfjt, gtaiuous bentalk ; Jiowers at tkt ends of tke branches, scarlet and yetiow; se^ts comfiaralnvly inconsfiicnons, petals prolonged behind into spnts. Perennial.

OR wild jjrace, for uiitrainmek'd native beauty, tio flower surpasses our columbine. Makitijj its homo on rugged cliffs, softening

their gray harshness, it is a very Samaritan i>f flowers. Plants that spring iVom the fatness of rich, moist mould have nothing of

the ethereal charm of this sir denizen of the crag. The columbine, striking root dee]) into narrow clefts and bidding defiance to the

storm-king, awakes the glow of praise that piuck and courage kindle ever. There is sumelhiug almost human about such plants.

" A wil(l-ro»<*. a ro*'k-lovtng columbine
Salve my wor.st wounds. "

The blossoms of the columbine are fashioned in curious wise. The five cornucopia-like pet.ils pointing backward, "horn of honey,"

" water-holders," as the name Aciuilegia signifies, give a distinctive character to the plant. They are scarlet without, lined on the inner side

with bright yellow. The foliage is pretty and delicate, harmonizing well with the graceful flowers.

Insects do not seem to lie attracted to the store of sweets at the tmls of the long spurs. " There is honey in the columbine," writes liur-

roughs, " but the bees do not get it. I wonder they have not learned to pierce its spurs from the outside, as Ihey do with diceutra."

>>g

|l \

^

PLATB a4. ■ >

INDIAN CUCUMBER ROOT. MEDEOLA VIRGINIANA. (LILY FAMILY.)

SUM ertet fivm a thiciened roolstott. bearm^^ looie :it>ot htt otherwise smooth : leaivs in Cut tihorls, the lou-rr of seven to nine, the upper or' th*re lu tr.e o-^utt^nceolate, acute, net'Wined
teaivs ; Jtowets on ttjtered pedicels in an nmbel-like ciiulet snbtended by the nppet whorl ; sepdis greenish yellou; rrfiexed,

EKE is another characteristic plant of North .\merica. a dweller in its western forests. Naught has it in common with Europe
and her civilization. The Indian cucumber is a commo.i plant of deep woods in this country. In the southern stretches
of its home the greenish, insignificant flowers commence to open as early as May, ..hile further north they are found blossoming
late ni summer. It is a remarkably well-built plant, a very pattern of symmetry. The leaves are in two clusters, one at the middle,
one at tlie top of the .stem where the clu.ster of flowers ari.ses. An odd feature is the cottony down which occurs on the stem and
leaves, seemingly ijuite l(K)se. Doubtless this is a i)rotection for the bud<ling plant when it first peeps above the groimd. Thence

it is carried up with the stem as it grows. The r(X)tst(x;k is white, but the resemblance to a cucumber is not striking.

Because it was once supposetl to have great medicinal iH)wers, .Medeola is named for Medea, the enchantress, whom Jason bore away

from Colchis in his famous .ship the Argo. It is a near relation of the beautiful trilliums, and belongs to a family that boastsmany of our most

handsome native and cultivated plants.

s/a

<m

PI<ATB as-

CAT-MINT. NEPETA CATARIA. (MINT FAMILY.)

Not uldom fimr fttt high, item zioul, angtfit, fiairv. eftfn purple; Uattz on conspicuous ptliolfs, ovate, heart 'Shaped, coonetv and stiatpty dentate, hoary, pubescent beneath ; Jlotven {n axiUary
clusters, the uppermost forming an intetruptrd compounti rateme; corolla tuo-ltpped. whitish with red-purple spots.

VERYONE is familiar with this homely phuit that loves to establish itself near human dwellings, and is rarely found far
from the liaunts of men. It is one of the most domestic of weeds, which is quite proper, for is it not the special pro]x.Tty
of a useful domestic animal? Who can explain tabt)y's fondness for the cat-mint? Why does its odor tickle her fastidious
taste, wliile that of nearly related plants fails to attract her attention? We do not know. But we do know tliat from
time inunemorial, catnip and the cat have been fast frauds.

There are many weeds with ugly and uninviting exterior, yet houiitif; secrets of rare beauty for those who deign to look
closer. Tlie cat-mint is one of tliese. It is not a handsome plant, perhaps, yet t'.ie small white purple-spotted flowers disclose much beauty
when viewed through a pocket lens.

In a delightful little chapter on bees, John Burroughs shows the cat-mint in a new light — as a source of honey. " Among weeds, catnip
is the great favorite (of bees). It lasts nearly the whole season and viiMs richly. It could, no doubt, be profitably cultivated in some localities,
and catnip honey would be a novelty in the market. It would probably partake of the aromatic qualities of the plant from whidi it
was derived."

INDIAN TOBACCO,

PIRATE 26.

LOBELIA INFLATA.

(LOBELIA FAMILY.)

Annual : stem erect, usuall.v much blanched, hanv as the whole plant is : leaves sessile, the upper clasping, ovate, dentate ; flowers a.rilla».v, the uppermost forming bracted terminal racemts;

calyx veiny, inflated, the tube clfsely investing the tvoid pod ; corolla rather small, bluish-white.

SORRY reputation to give a plant ! But thus old Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of the great Charles, describes a venomous West

Indian spi-cies of lobeha in his quaint poem, " The Loves of the Plants" :

'* AikI fell Loheli.i's si.fibcalin^ breath.
Loads the dark pinion of the ^aW with death."

Although by no means so harmful as this, tlie IiHian tobacco has certainly an ill reputation among plants. It possesses to a

marked degree the narcotic properties shared by uU the lobelias, and was once highly thought of as a drug. It has an

unpleasant, bitter taste when chewed.

The Indian tobacco is cousin-german to our beautiftd cardinal -flower, though the relationsl ,j might tiot be guessed .>t the first glance.

Vet the small, pale blue blossoms of the one, and the showy, red tlowers of the other, are built on one and the same plan. Another relative

of our plant is the great blue lobelia that ornaments marshes and ditches in the fall. Soi..-> tropical species are extretnely handsome, and are

uitich prized in cultivation.

Lobelia was named in honor of De L'Obel, an old botanist of Flanders, whose works are curiosities of the literature of plants. The

lobelia inflata is common over a great part of North America, flowering lato in summer.

^

_r

ii*'

— 25 —
NEPETA CATARIA.

CAT-MINT.

JUNE— JULY.

— 36 —

LOBELIA INFLATA.

INDIAN TOtACCO.

JUIY

^

o

1^

LIVE-FOREVER.

SEDUM TELEPHIUM.

(ORPINE FAMILY.)

IVktU phni imtmth antt /leshy : it m etrit, morr or len fiutnckinf, I^i/'v : Ifaivs irsiitr. pMong or tn'Ctf, ohtuif, drntale : inrtoreicencf cymou, deme, terminating the ytem and hnnckttt

Jtiiuvis t/iowy, /inrfilr, pelttit fixt in nHmf<er ; stamens ten. /Vrennial.

K have no native plant so ncany intiestnictible as garden orpine or live-forever, which our grandmothers nursed and for which

they are cursed l)y many a fanner. The fat, tender, succulent door-yird stripling turned out to l)e a monster that would devour

the earth. I have seen acres of meadow-land destroyed by it. The way to drown an amphibious animal is to never allow it to

come to the surface to breathe, and this is the way to kill live-forever. It lives by its stalk and leaf, more than by its root, and if

cnipned or bruised as soon as it conies to the surlace it will in time perish. It laughs the plough, the hoe, the cultivator to scorn,

bui ((razing herds will eventually .scotch it."

Mr. Burroughs is writing in an uncharit.ible vein unusual to him, when he thus describes the live-forever. It is rare for him to talk of the

worst weeds without finding something worthy of admiration to show us. Has this, then, no redeeming trait ? It is, at least, a pretty plant, with

its purple flower-clusters. When kept in its projier sphere, it is by no means to be despised. It is a native of Europe and Siberia. With us it

flowers in late summer.

PIATB as.

BRANCHING WOOD-VIOLET, CANADA VIOLET. VIOLA CANADENSIS. (VIOLET FAMILY.)

/Is stet. J eiett ot ascentttng from a r<tnlsto,k. bttlnchtng, sometimes tuxi feet high, smooth, leti/v ; teutes htoaillv oitite. cot fate, acute at apex, ci\stset\ dentate-ierrate. the low
petiolci. ttie uppeimost atnioit sessile, stipules conspicuous; Jiottrrs on slentler, axillaiy peduncles ; petals white, veined icith blue.

' on Jong

^EW of our wild flowers hold a highc- place in our afTectious than do the violets. Perhaps, as has been said, this is partly due to
an hereditary fondness for the English violet, which possesses warm fragrance in addition to its other claims to admiration. One
or two of our white violets ha a slight perfume, but even the odorless kinds are beautiful. The common blue violet, the rich
bird's foot, the small yellow vioiet — all are "passing fair."

„ '• BIdssijihs newly horn

Of the May and of Iho morn," - — - — ^— "~

one of our poets sings.

The Canada violet with its blue-veined white petals flushed with pink outside, is one of the most bewitching of its family. It is a
tall violet, growing in deep, rich woods in the northerly zones f our country, and also in the mountains southward. It blooms from May
until late in the summer. Like the bland violet it has .sometimes a delicate odor. In this, as in most of the violets, the side petals are bearded.
This .serves as a resting-place for tht lees that fertilize the flowers while exploring them for honey ; the flower making a bid, as it were, for
Master Ike's visits by olTering him a scat to work at.

%.

^So

1

— 27 —

SEDUM TELEPHIUM.

L.VE-FOR-S> IB.

•UGL'ST

— 28 —
VIOLA CANADENSIS.

BRANCHINO WOOD-VIOLET.

^

"^

PI,ATS a9>

PAINTED TRILLIUM. TRILLIUM ERYTHROCARPUM. (LILY FAMILY.)

SeM stmfle, tvtct from a !*<■»/, Ciitk, otiiiijue rnotitivk, hrttrmg ii -nhnrt tif Ihtf^ Iraift and a single UtrtMr ; Itaws skorl-fifliofed, /iroatfJy m^au, .'Jmm./a/ j/ hai^, coitspimouity pointtd ; flovittx
ftdmmled: upals tkrff^ lanceoiattt grttn ; p€tati tkitt, tiv^tt-tamteotate, white or pttle fiink with darker marktHgi at ttxte.

XCEPT for three or four siK'cies native to the Himalayas aiul Japan, tlie trilliums or wake-robins belong to North America.
I'ew choicer llowers ailorn our forests. Tliey are odd plants, with the whorl of three leaves and the single large flower. Some-
times the llower is stalked, sometimes not.

The painted trillinm is the most delicately beautiful of them all. The dark green leaves .set off to great adv-.:itage the
white or pale-pink petals, ex(iuisitely penciled with deep wiue-c';!or. It is a shy plant, confining itself to cold moist wchuIs and
bogs. It occurs in the Northeastern Slates and Canada, and southward on the high -peaks of the Ulue Kidge and the .Mlcglianies
to Georgia. It is also found sparingly as far west as Misscmri. The llowers open in April and May.

The trilliums are '.rely fragrant. One kind, the erect trillium or bath-llower has a decidedly unpleasant, almost feiid o<lor. Hut
there is a form of the sessile trillium in the Southern States whirli has lemon -colored, deliciously fra ;rant petals. There is one curious
tiling alxmt the trilliums. The petals are very apt to turn into foliage leaves, especially iu rainy v;eatlier. This supports the theory that
petals were originally leaves.

M

INDIAN TURNIP.

PI,ATB 30.
ARIS/EMA TRiPHYLLUM.

(ARUM "^AMILY.)

Corm tiiuk and round, strtn rrfd, the AiJf' tnrttoped ti theatking ualn, bfitrimg on^ or tn-o foliage leafes : teaiYS long pelioUd, ionrnting of three ov.t'.e-obtong, pointed teafiets ; Jloveri :>omt
in J pfimltar, spike-iike tnjtorticence, Ike spadtx, protected by a greennk or purptnk. hHjd'skopeJ Jtorat leaf, the tpuike. /iienniai.

PRING is well within its threshold when we meet the preacher in our woodland rambles. How quaint he is in his high canopied
pulpit! The K'll-tlower tol s to church. The sermon begins, we would like to understand what it is about. Surely the text
must be love antl l)eauty, fc: what else could the woodland pastor discourse on in the glad May-time ?

The preacher-in-the-pulpit or Indian turnip belongs to a group of plants that comprises some of our finest and most
interesting flowers — the goldc club, the skunk-cabbage and the shy calla. Here, too, we find the showier Egyptian caDa of the
greenhouses. But our own " pre.acher " has a certain rustic grace about him that yields the palm to no exotic. What could
be daintier than the curl of the green or puqile and striped and mottled flower-leaf that shelters so cozily the spike of flowers within ? In the fall,
when the flowers have bec<mie a cluster of bright red berries, it is still a striking plant.

The conn is somewhat like a turnip in shajje. hence one of the names. In .May or June the plant may be met with in almost every lertile
wootl from Canada to Florida ai'd westward beyond the Mississippi.

sT^

f

mm '^

t t

— 29 -
TRILLIUM ERYTHROCARPUM.

r ;NTtO TRIlLll'M.

— 30 —
ARIf/CM/i TRIPHVLLUM.

INDIAN Turnip.

%

o

HAREBELL

PI,ATE 31-

CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA.

(BELL-FLOWER FAMILY.)

SUmi utuaUy chutertd from a <rerptng rootstock, simplf or branching, smooth; root ttaifi roundfd, ojtfn herrt-ihapfd, on slendf* petwln : stem leaves linear.

few on rather long stalks ; calyx-lof'ti ivry narrow ; corolla bla., campanulat. . Peienntat.

upper very narrow,- pmert

RACEFUL and fragile, divinely fair, is the harebell. Its flowers are of brightest, purest blue, like a summer sky new-washed by

G'-U a thunder-shower. Few wild flowers have been mure praised and loved by bards than this. It has all the sweet innocence, the
I heaven-bi)rn modesty, of the daisy, " %v'ee crimson-tippit flower," and it has a supple grace that the daisy lacks. A field pink-
-jl starred with daisies is a pretty sight, but the bank "where swing the a/ure bells" is fairer .still.

The harebell is native in tlie northern or more elevated central parts of Kurope, Asia and North America, circling the

northern pole. It has the true bright but delicate l)eaut\- of a flower of cold climates. With us it extends across the continent,

confined to the northern parts in the Fast, l)ut going far southward along the Rockies. It is a shy plant here, but in England ventures out into

pastures and roadsides, iiol having to fiar the scorching heat of the American summer. The dainty bells open here in June auu July. The

style protrudes from the flower like a miniature clapj)er.

The campanula divaricata, which grv.ivs on cHffs in the mountains of Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee, has smaller flowers than the
harebell, and they are more tnily bell-shaped.

\

i PI,ATE 3a.

SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT. IMPATIENS BIFLORA (FULVA). (BALSAM FAMILY.)

Annual; stem smooth, ieshy, much ti*anihei1 ; Icavu fielioled, obt,iHg,oi\ite or otufe, crenatr, glaucous , flowers of two sorts, one kind small and never opening ^cleistogamoui), but producing seed ;
the other lafge and showv. usualU stenle. ha:'ing/our iepiils, one 0/ them enlarged into a spurted sac, and t:fo small petali.

jANDERING along the shaded bank of a briKik in the evening or in the early morning, we come upon a strange plant with
the edges of its leavts all hung with dewdrops as with gems of purest water. This is the jewel-weed or touch-me-not. Its
flowers are beautiful ai'.d very odd. One of the sepals is eidarged ir. ,o a sac something like the lio of the moccasin-flower. This
ends in a spur that is curved on itself, like the tail of a monkey. The flower looks curiously alert, as if it were on the i)oint
of fl\ing. The color is a rich orange, siiottcd with brownish-red. It is not these large showy blossoms that usually produce
seed. That is left to small flowers like buds, that never open. The .seeil-jxids are so constructed that, when ripe, a slight touch

will cause them to burst with force, .scattering the seed to quite a distance. Hence the name " touch-me-not," or " noli r.ie-tangere." The French

call the plant "n'y tonchez pas."

Our sfKittcd touch-me-not is Iwgiiming to grow wild along streams in .southern England, so we are making some return for the many plants

we have receivtnl from the old world. Thir, flower is entirely dependent on the humming-bird and on au occasional insect for fertiUzation, for the

poUeu fulls liefore the stigma is ready to receive it.

%

I

— 31 —
CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA.

HAREBELL.
JUNE-JULY.

IMPATIENS BIFLORA-dMPATIENS FULVA).

SPOTTED TOUCH-ME-NOT.
JUNK

^

\

— 33 -

ASTER PUNICEUS.

njNPLt ASTER.

AUG.— SEP1

— 34 —

BRA88ICA NIGRA

BLACK MUtTARO.

JUNt.

r

^

^

i

PURPLE ASTER.

PI,ATE 3o-

ASTER PUMCEUS.

(SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

S/fm tall, usually four to

ir Jtel high, much ^laiuhed, hiiirv, snmr/imr^ fiutfilr, leaiv\ tathfr long, brotidlv Imicrttlatf. an ultdautl tla^^tng at hasr, ijitite. tt^aiiunlv srrfat/: h^aJs talhfr larf^e,
arianpifiiiiH the ItmHtht-i , / thf iii-tH ^,i ,i\ to /oi m a l,in;i' fiiini,li- ,■ iiinltlac. fttfttntat.

'N those sad, sweet days when the reluctant earth liii^;ers in the warm embrace of summer, loath to ontei her frosty prison liouse,
when

" The maples rciUlen ill the sun,
lit autuiiiii ^^olil the hceclies stand," —

then the " broad-headed asters " Mow in w(«)d and fieUl. How fair tliey arc, these late flowers. What cx(iui!'ite tints their rays
revci, . White and palest ;i/nre, delicate lavender, amethystine blue, violet, rich purple— a glorious company they aic, the asters.
As handsome and showy as any is Aster puniceus. A meadow where

" Tht' f^oldt'ii r(«l is leaning', - .

And tlif purple ajster waves," —

is truly a noble sight. RriRht yellow golden rod, rich purple aster, crown .and royal robe of the qucentimc of the year. It is fit that such
colors should deck the earth in the autumn .si'ason, when the apple trees I)end l)cneath their load of niiUly fruit and the corn yellows in its gener-
ous ripeness. Ah, sail though the antunni \k it is yet a joyous sea.son ! A rich pleasure it is to walk afield, to breathe the pure, fragr.mt air, lo
cnnich the dr>' leaves under foot, to view the thousand lints of .spiring flame and gold around us, and to see the merry asters nodding from copse
and roadside.

BLACK MUSTARD.

PLATE 34-

BRASSICA NIGRA.

(CRESS FAMILY.)

SIfm imtkitk, rrtct. much hraurhed. two lo four fta Au- Uaws pmnateU divtAt\i, the IriMiHal dtviiioH mitth the lor^ett, fanouslv lob<J ,lu,t liwthed ; flatifrs dispoffd in racentft on the

btamhes, smalt, petals /oni , sutfhni,\rllo:i' in eolot ; stamens si i , lui> of them longer.

O the cress family we arc indebted for many of (mr most prized vegetables. The cabliage. the cauliflower, the turnip ate of this
alliance. Here, tiKi, belong tho.se cri.sp, biting herbs that are such delighttnl relishes fur the table — the radish, horse-radish,
mustard and cress. It is to the ac' 1, essential oil which pervades the.se plants that their delicious pimgency is due. I'erhaps no
other family, except the roses, ])eas and gra.s.ses, are so u.seful to us.

Mustard has long been used in mcilicine and as a Lible condiment. Hut it was not until the eighteenth century that the
idea of grinding the .seeds and mixing the powder with water was first concened. The inventor of the new jialate-tickler was an linglishwoinan.
Her preparation was submitted to that lover of gocxl things, George I. His Majesty tasted and approved. Thus was the popularity of mustard
a.s a table article ensured. The bla^k mustard, brassica nigra, is the l)est sort, but is comparatively rare and expensive. The sreds of the white
mustard, brassica alba, are usually mixed with it. In Palestine the black mu.stanl attains a great height ; to this the Master alluded when he
spoke the parable of the mustard seed. ,, - ; .,^.:; , :V;,-:, :;;

ctfe

^

X

— 35 -
POTENTILLA CANADENSia

FIVE-FINOER

MAY

— 36 —
DAPHNE MEZEREUM.

MEZEREUM

MAY.

. Jh— -fi^yt.^

PI.ATE 35.

FIVE-FINGER. POTENTILL* CANADENSIS.

I ROSE FAMILY.)

jt^ms 'lfi:¥itbfttl, stitiiitti! '

nHet ! :<itfi fd tht .t/iijrtW ,■ tra^fi tt.Hale, hut n-tlh Ihf lalrfttl Udllrtf! ili: iihil m ni /o pr ,
I'Hii If iy ^wM»•^/.■ Jt'iurn on itrnitt-r it rit/tiry />,tln>i,/fx , filtii's Ji:r, /Hilf ytlUiu

the (ipftfxtfanff of ft-' ifarlrti. prltolrd ; trafii-ft iittite i

IVtfttHttll.

I n^>alf.

LOWERS are oft cherished not only for their intrinsic tK-auty, hut for their power to ncall the K"I(kn iiionRiits of hfe. Have
lovers' hands nivcr bLcn unclaspeil to ijalher flowors just as beautiful as the anemone, the spritii;l)eautv, and the violet ? So it
would seem, for there is in e .y field a witchery which has no recorded spell anion^ ;dl the tributes of the poets.

^ Till lookeil upon by a loviiij; uye."

\i) loving eye h.is fallen upon the modest little five-finj;er ; its l)eauty is unpraised.
Many a stony field owes nuich !■ 'he (ive-fniKer. Kindly and with pity the bright little cups of gold ami the strawl)erry-like
leaves cover and conceal the barren ugliness of gnuiid which prouder flowers would scorn to shade. Like the licliens and liepaticas that hide the
gray rock-surfaces 'neath a n:antle of green and iniq)le, red an<' brown, the mission of llie five linger is to protect and adorn. It is the spirit of
sweet cl'.arity einlmdieil.

The five finger or cinqueloil is of a goodly family. The fair rose, the luscious cherry, the fragrant strawberry arc its kinsfolk. Though our
modest tlower has neither scent nor tempting fruit. Nature has given a tender beauty to its blossoms. The plant is common throughout most of
eastern North America, flowering from early spring to midsummer.

'^

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c'^-

MEZEREUM.

PLATE 36.

DAPHNE .\AEZEREUM.

(MEZEREUM FAMILY.)

^ small htanfhing iHimI* : Uafrt thtik. of>l<>tis-Ia»ce'>/iUe. smit'th , i.Ki'Oi clnltfirj, afififjnnt; ;citfi .'i hffoie thf letufi ; p,-t,iL »niir : ij/ri- firti plult fiink, salvtr-thapfj, four-lobftl ; ttamfn,
eifht tn HHirthrt , boi-He on ihr calvx-tH^ : stigma capitaU, utnte or neaiiv «'; Jtuwers smfxefiUH by rM turrieSt

U1{N time was young and gods and goddesses c me to earth in search of human loves, Apollo wooed the water-nymph, I); phne.
.Most beautiful of the n\ niphs w.is Daphne, d.uighter of (laea, the spirit of Hie earth, lint the jiassion of the god awoke no re .ponse
within her breast, she tied from his .ulvances. .\t last, lo esca])e his too ardent pursuit, she transforiiied herstlf into a laurel
bush. Thus her name has become that of the laurel like mczereum. Our D.ipline is not .so unkind to the sun-god. In earliest
spring she welcomes his kisses with a rosy blush.

To lay aside the allegory. Daphne Me/ereum, like two of our native shrubs of an allied family, spicc-bush and .sas.safras,
flowers Ijcfore the leaves are develoixd. These prec(x?ious flowers have an oilil api)earance as they appear on the almost naked branches, whilst
the leaves are still in the bud or just o)K-ning. The mezereum is a handsome shntb, whether we judge it by the rose purple flowers, by the .shiny
green leaves or by the pretty red berries.

The mezercnin, like the laurel, is a native of Southern Europe. It has long l)een cultivated in gardens and has esea])ed here and there in
the Ea.stern par' uf our countrj', e.sjx^cially in regions near the sea coast. Its nearest ally among our native plants is the tough-barked moosewotxl.

%

— 37 —

VERONICA SERPVLLIFOLIA

THYME-LEAVED 8PEEDWELL.

MAY.

— 38 —

HYOSCYAMUS NIGER.

BLACK HENBANE.
MAY— JUNE.

MM

Iggi

"^

1^

THYMt-LEWED SPEEDWELL.

PLATE 37-

VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA.

(FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Gtabrom cr nnti ly i->

flouvt J Iff the a tilt of the uppermoit

\\V, sptcdwflls liavc ln'cti Umkid uixm as fluwors of S'X'd fortune. As llic iiaiiii; indicates, to present tlie parting guest with a sprig
of siKfihvill was to ensure him s \fcty and success in his journcyings.

Tlie Latin name of the genus is tmcwl to a pretty legend. When Jesus, the cross on hisshouhlei, was approaching the

pl.ice of cnicifixion, a maiden pitieil his sufferings and gave him her handkerchief Tlie Saviour wi|)ed the sweat and Wood

from his face witli il ; and lo, a perfect in\pression of his countenance api)eared on the cloth ! Kver since the true likeness

(vera iconica) has hecn preserveil at St. Peter's ami is revered as pos.sessing marvelous healing power. The maid was canonized and 'S known as

St. A'eronica. Some of the speedwells were formerly valued as i uedies, hence the application of the name to them.

When

*' The M.i> sun -shed** an aiiilior li^hl
On new-lt-aved wiHxlsand lawns t*twcen,"

then, at grassy roailside and on mossy hank Inok for the sky-hlne spikes of the thyme-leaveil sjieedwell. Creeping among the grass hlades,
almo.st hidden from .sight, modest and retiring, is this little flower. Une must look closely or the tiny blossoms will elude the eye.

BLACK HENBANE.

PLATE 38.

HYOSCYAMUS NIGER.

(NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

/.«/> .•

uholt plant tucij'pitbritepit ; item f*eil, t>nf nr tu-yt ffft htgh. *.Mnd Inf.f, la*gt, uith rlitfpiig fntfrt. mutr or tthlomg. (oar\fl\ lintthfj : tto^trt i latge, tessiU in the iixitt of the //nirj,
/oimiHg iomenhat uni/atrnt/, let mimtt lutemei, iototttt /nnnetxhaprtl ,\e//intiih tilth Jaih leim

IBOI'T old huihhngs and in waste grounds a curious, ill-smelling weed is sometimes met with — the henbane. The plant itself is
coarse, hut the large, funnel-shaped flowers are rather handsome. They are of a pale yellow, bea\itifnlly veined with dark
purj)le. Nevertheless the weetl has a suspicious look, the very coU)ring of the blo.ssoms reminding us of that of venomous
ser}X'nts. Appearances are not deceptive in this case. The henbane contains a highly poisonous principle, hyoscyamine. It is
especially fatal to fowls that eat the .seeds, hence the popular name. Hyo.scyamus is from two Greek words signifying "hog's
l)eans," for hogs are said to eat the plant with impunity.
Hyoscyamns has been much used in medicine. In excess it causes loss of .speech and distorti(m. Wi-sely prescribed it is of high value.
Quoth (juaint George Herliert : "The litrl)- .l.> v-laMlv lual cmr flish

ilecanse that tiu-y titnl their acquaintance there."

The plant was esteemed as a dnig in very ancient times. It is a native of Kurope, and has become naturalized here.

The henbane is related lo some of imrmost useful vegetabksaiid tosome of our deadliest poisons. The l>otato, tomato and egg-plant arc its
relatives, as well as the black nightshade, the stramonium and atropa belladonna. In which category, of banes or blessings, to place the tobacco
plant is a matter of individual taste. ■•■ ■• .3'

"-;^

A

— 39 -
CENOTHERA BIENNIS.

EVENINQ PRIMROSE.
JULY

— 40 —
LYCOPSIS ARVENSIS.

SMALL BUQLOSS.

JULY.

";^

EVENING-PRIMROSE.

PLATE 39-

OENOTHERA BIENNIS.

lEVENING-PRIWROSE FAMILY.)

Bifnmtal. more or ifsi haii

sum «*tA-/, rtfHatiy tArr* to Jit e ftvt MigA ; Ifaifi oMomg-lartffolalf, thf lower four or Kfe imAet iotg, xAort-petioJeif, dentalt . Jtourrt 'urge, m /owe termtnat
lacemfs ; petals /onr. yetlott; u-fIA Ike talvr-limti botne oh lAe titmmit of the ouitv.

The birds fly homeward. The hum of the bee gives place to the shrill note of

Y the stttiiis sun the western sky is crini^oiieil.

the " Katy-dicl."

" One hy oiif tlic flowers dose,
I.ily .itul dfwy ritsc.

Shuttini; tlu-ir tt'iiiiiT iH'tals from the moon."
Hut liMik ! This homely wnyside weed whidi showeil to the bright sun only unopened buds or withered flowers is undergoing a
transformation. The bu<ls expand int<i large, pale yeilmv flowers, exlialing a delicious jierfume. Wondrous instinct, this of

"Till! llowiTs lliat I)low wlu-n tlu- !u- it of the liay is o'er."
Why do some flowers open at evening while their iieiglilxirs love llie bro.id daylight ? We cannot tell, any more than we can account for the
night-loving habits of owl or whippoorwill. It may Ik- that the icnotlicra has chosen the night time that it may l)e fertilized by night-flying in-
sects. Perhaps the whippoorwill has acquired niKturnal habits in order to feed on such insects !

Night flowering is not an uncommon hal)it with tropical pHtits. The lovely " night-blooming cereus" of conseri'atories, the familiar moon-
flower are nocturnal bliHimers. Northern flowers more rarely oi)en by night. Possibly in cool climates where there is no tropical superabundance
of vegetation, all plants have a better chance of fertilization in the daytime.

SMALL BUGLOSS.

PI,ATB 40.

LYCOPSIS ARVENSIS.

(BORAGE FAMILY.)

L

IVhole p!ant coi'ered witA rough Aairs : stem bramching. six to eightfen ineAfs AijfA ; Uaws otitomg, the lower petioltd. Ike up^r clasping, coaruly toothed; /lowers ik terminal, bracteit raeemest

colyi fonifiituoHs : unolla imolt. /nrinet-\hopea aith u eiiifeit tithe, blue: uutleli /our, wnnilni

" There [wppies, nmltliti);, mock the ho]>e of toil ;
There the lilm- Inijjlos-i pattits the sterile soil."

[RABBF. clas.'^cs the bngloss with the poppy as an injurious field-weed. .So it is in Kngland and Europe generally. It is

making its ai>lH.aranee in waste ground and mar dwellings here, but is hardly enough at home yet to have l)ecome a

dangerous wecil.

Though the stem and leaves are coarse and covered with rough hairs, the flowers redeem the lycopsis from the charge of

ugliness. They are bright blue with red stamens, forming a very jjretty combination. When growing in large numbers

the effect of the plants in flower is quite striking. The name " buglos.s" is apphed to several related plants. The lycopsis is

properly " small bugloss." The " viiK-r's bugloss " or " blue weed " (Echiimi). is raturalized in the Ea.sttrn States, esjx-cially in Virginia. It

has blue flowers like those of the small bugloss, but considerably larger. The Itorage family, to which these plants belong, is composed chiefly

of coarse, rough, hairy weeds. A notable exception is the Ixauliful Virginia lungwort or bluebells (Mertensia) which is quite smootl

.^

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^

PLATE 41.

TRAILING AKBUTUS, MAYFLOWER. EPIG/EA REPENS.

(HEATH FAMILY.)

Sifms riffpimi;. (tntrfii wilklimg, tMilisfi h,iii j ; MtffrM/hmi' : l^ivi f*fU**lffi. ittftHatf, ntMlf, hnirlshii/ti-ii, thick, nrrntffn ; /timvrs in drH\r rlit.f/rn ,■ niiollit fiiiii. Junnfi-ihapfit, much exceeding
Ihecalyi, haiit m the Ihrnal , /louris 0/ luit kmili, nne uilh thiiil ilric .in./ /.</« Jilaiiiemls, Ike other uiilk long ilyle and thorl jilamnli.

'O siirriil lliiwt'rs of faith niiil liiipo.
As swti-Oy iKiw as tht'ii.
Yi' hl<M>iii oil many a birchen slojn-,
In many a pine ilark jjlcn."— WiilTTiKK,

' The Mayflowers."

l"ri';R tin- I'uritans landed on the hlenk New KuKland coast they passed through a terribly severe winter. The first sign of
returning; life and h()i)e was the appearance in the Plymouth woods of the sweet blossom, which they christened the
" Mayflower," in fond remembrance of the ship that bore them to the nesv world, tf the bloom that gladdens the hedges
of old Kiigland in the fairot of the months. vSince then the "matchless, rose-lipiK'd, honey-hearted trailing arbutus" has
had a never failing significance to the pilgrims ami their descendants,— emblem of their .struggle and their hope.

" Puritan flowers arc the type of Puritan maidens,
MiMlfst, am! simple, ami sweet,"
writes Longfellow.

In the first rare days of spring, on the wooded hillside, where the first faint rays of the sun have warmed the frozen soil into life, we find

the " pale pink flowers," almost hidden beneath their leaves. What a delicious fragrance they exhale; what a subtle, indescribable fragrance !

Truly this is the choicest of mir wild flowers.

OTJi

BLADDER CAMPION.

PLATE 43-

SILENE VULGARIS (INFLATA).

IPINK FAMILY.

f^ennial; items jw.x./A, hiamhinn /ii^m nettr the hase ,- teaivs itfifioM'te, sesMle, orHite-ttlHcetitate. acute, Ihickhh, with a /iromineni miilrih, the upfti-rm»it rettuceii /.» scitle-tike brads; /lowers in

pauicleii cymes: .j.'vr laii;e, injtatct, net-!vine,t, -i/ten fiurplish ; petals Jiiv, triv iteticate, while,

RETTY is this ]>lant that has come to us from Iviirope, atul has become well naturalized in easterly regions. It is often met with
at road.sides and in fields, and may be easily recognized by the rnricms inflated calvx. On this account it is sometimes called
"cow-hell" with us, while in Ivngland it is known as "white bottle." The name, " Blad<ler Campion, " refers to the .same
characteristic, campion meaning, ' gni\\ n:; in fields." The calyx is further remarkable for its exquisite veining. The petals
are pure white and very delicate, fading ipiickly. Shelley's line,

,,,,.,, " I'lowers that ilie almost liefore they sicken,"

w<mld aptly describe them,

The genus Sileiie contains many liandsoiiie s])ccits. Of our native kinds, we might mention the Pennsylvania catchfly, which has large
pink flowers, delicately fringed. The scarlet catchfly has blos-simis of a flaming red. Those of the royal cateliflv (sileiie regia) are of the same color.

Silene is named for .Silemis, a gwl of Hacchus' train, whom the tlreeks represented as an old gentleman, in a highly intoxicated condition.
Many of the species are (piite viscid. .Silene antirrhina, a small flowered, night-bhxmiing species of dry fields, has dark colored, .sticky bands
lictween the joints of the stem.

-T.

-^

EPIG/EA REPENS.

TRAILINQ ARBUTUS.

MAY

— 42 —

SILENE VULGARIS (INFLATA).

tLAOOER CAMPION.

JUNE

5^

FIELD IRIS. ROAST BEEF PLANT. IRIS FOETIDISSIMA.

sum trtct, trtfpittg twtUock, one or tu-o J,-«t High, ttyijy ; t^mtltaw

(IRIS FAMILY.)

\ih ti}}t!i<-t IhilH th^ ,;t»titr nun. i-nitfoim, trly a(*te i fiqwttt on thorl f^tuHcUt lit tht tummit of tht item; ttpali PurpUt
totfii'* titait thf prittii J^t>Mniti/.

" Blue fliiKH. yellow fliiKs, flnK" "II freckled,

Wliiili will villi take.' Ytl'ow, hltn;. speckled !
T.iku V liiili ymi will, »|K;rkk(l. liliic. yellow,

Hail ill its way has not a Iill<iw."--CHKISTINA RosSRTTr.

' IIK fl.igs li.nve nUv.nys l)ecn favorites witli the poets. In Europe there are so many beautiful kinds and they prow in such nhundance
that it woiihl Ik; strange if they did not attract lovers of Nature. Slielley, whose deseriiitions of plants are always appropriate,
who had a wonderlul faculty for humanizing and liriuKin}; near to us the flowers, loved to sing of

" Ilnwd (laK-fli)wtrs. imrple, pranked with white."
limer.-nii, who ni.i> he ranked with llrvaiit .ind Whitlier in his knowledge of wild-flowers an<l in the beauty of his
descriptions of them, alludes !• I the flag.-, that Iwrder the lake-- in the .\diroiidacks :

" I'ilts of (lat;s that Kleaiiied like Iiayoiiets."
Iris foBtidissima is a I opean species that has lucnmc sparingly naturalized here and there in the North, having escaped from cultivation
in gardens. It is a conniiwu wood plant in southwestern Knglaiid. Tlie people call U " Koast-beef Plant" because its odor is supposed to
resemble that of the viand so beloved of John Bull.

^

CELANDINE.

PIATB 44.

CHELIDONIUM MAJUS.

(POPPY FA.MILY.)

Mmlest. yet withal an ilf.
Hold, and lavish i>ftlivsvif;

A pfrrnitiai, somtwhal glaucimt ; itfmt trtct, m»ch ht<imheil. ft>txiU. t»»tiiiHiH^ a yttiow juut- ; traits tuixt. pinn.iutv /tiit^it or Jiv '/<(. i/t;mrMts coarsely tcothid or Ittbed ; ftoitxn un^Uatt

OH a t'lHf! p,^nnttf. tattiff imatl; wpith two. tnutil ; pctali /our, mmfi /tiii;er .wlJow; ttam,.is ttumcious.

"There's a flower that shall he mine, Since we neeils must first hnve met

•Tis the little Celandine. ' ''-'ve seen thee liiili and low.

Thirty years or more, and yet

'Tw.'is a face I did mil know ;
Tlion hast now. j,;o where I may,
Fifty j^reetin^js in a day." — Wordsworth.

I IKK the bloodroot, its brittle stems contain an orange-colored juice, .so that the plant seems to bleed when woundetl. According to
Wordsworth the flowers are favorites with the bees. In England it blossoms much earlier than with us, hence the name
Chelidoninni from the Greek for " swallow," because the flowers apjx'ar with the "-wallow.
..»ji Delicate as is this little Euroiieaii. it is thoroughly at home in Ivistern North America. We need net regret its introduc-

tion. It is a harmless wec<l, and the Mowers are ;uite pretty. It is often to be met with in waste ground and liedgc-rows.

"Then dost show thv ple.isant face

On the iniHtr and in the wtHxl,

In the lane, there's not a place,

wrote the Lake Poet who loved the celandine and studied its habits.

Chelidonium is a near relative of the poppy, the lieautiful Californian EschschoUzia, and of our bloodroot.

Howsoever mean it he.

But 'tis good enough for thee,"

U^

3.1 ii

<3 —
IRIS FCETI0I8SIMA.

FILLD Ifllt.
J'JNfc -JU^y

■ 44
CHELIDONIUM MAJUS.

CELANDINE

:#■

BINDWEED.

PI,ATE 45.

VOLVULUS CALYSTEGIA SPITHAM/EUS.

(CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.

Vrry leafy, item ereet.

Ill eixfil'-fi tHilies hinh. puheuenl; leavex alUrnale, petiitteit. cnnite, mitcn}»ate. usuailv Irttneate. soMHimei heartikaf-ed, and uni-nufl at baie ; flowert on t(tng
axillary pfduniUi, with Ihhi tariie biaiti iuriuundin^ tile ealyr ; corolla open cantpanulate, white.
"White Clips wllosf wiiu'
Was lliL' l)riKlit cU'w yet <lriiiiiL(l not liy the day."— Sui'.M.iiY. '

UCH nre the flowers of this pretty eoiivolviilns, pure white chalices, open to the sun, closing toward nightfall and in cloudy
weather, This liindweed is a not unconnnon plant of dry, upland fields, blossoming in summer Its erect habit distinguishes it
from most of the sjiecies of volvulus, wliich ar<. climl>ers, as both the Latin and the English names indicate.

A well known .species is the volvulus arvensis, a connnon European cornfield weed. It is wid -ly naturalized in ja.stern

North America and is Incoming a great nuisance to farmers. The creeping stems form dense mats on the ground. Th- plant

manifests i " dog in the manger" inclination to crowd out everything else. One of these plants wa^ placed by Linmcus in his

famous " floral clock,-" its flowers opening at two and closing at eleven in the morning. Like the scarlet pimpernel, the species of volvulus are

suppo.sed to forecast the approach of rain by the closing of the blossimis.

" Illithe-hearltMl or .^.nl, a,« the cloud or the .sun subsided.*'
Some species of voWnln ! are very popular iti ciUlivation ; but tlie plants usually known in gardens as " convolvulus " are ipomseas. The
common moruing-gio.-y is iiKinuea purpurea. The cypress- vine is ipomu;a (inamoclit.

^

BELLFLOWER.

PLATE 46.

CAMPANULA RAPUNCULOIDES.

(BELLFLOWER FAMILY.)

Perennial

repularly toot/ied, veiny, thin,'

■ Item tall, erect, ilightly pnherulent, often paifliih ; leaves alternate, on short, tvini^rd prlioles, the upper neart^ sessife, broadly <M'il/r. cuneate at biise,
Jtourrs !« the axili 0/ the hraet-like upper uaje.\ foimirin .1 compound 1 aieme ,- corolla latge, campamnlate, deep blue,

" Tender hhiehells at whose birth

The sod searce heaved "—.Shh.m.kv.
" llow the merry bluebells riiin."— TiiNNVSON.
iHI.S is one .if the showiest of the bluebells. I» is a native of Etirojic ami Siberia, brought to this country and cultivated in old
fashioned gardens. Here and there it h:!s escaped into roadsides and wandered as far south as I'en;isylvania. It flowers in
s.;mmer, Two other species of campanula are frennent in gardens, campanula glomerata which has run wild in M'i.s.sa
chusetts and other ICastern States ; campanula medium, a native of German>-, long known in English gardens by the pretty nume of
" Canterbury Hells."

' langtiage of flowers," tlu" bluebell is a token of constancy. We might almost fancy sttch a ijuality iti its tender bhic.
The bellflower family is almost confined to lem|K"rate regions, These plants are especially abundant in the North Temperate Zone and in
South Africa. Tliey are not remarkable for any ])ecnliar [nDperties, i..e(!ioinal or other. Their beauty seems their soleeX--use for being. Besides
the bluebells themselves, the beautiful wahlenlKrgias and the jiietty little " Venu.s' looking glass" belong to this family.

In the

VI.

L

I

- 45
VOLVULUS 'CONVOLVULUS) 8PITHAM/EU8.

BINDWEED.

46
CAMPANULA RAPUNCULOiOES.

BeLLFLOWtR.

,,vJNF_ — -

¥

WINTERGREEN.

PI<ATB 47-

PYROLA SECUNDA.

(WINTERGREEN FAMILY.)

Sum fr^cl /rotH \ltndfr, tutht* uttOtlv. suMrrriinrjH

; foliage trmft rnund-tnraU, <-/<nr/v sfrrale, petintej, i-lnstercd toward the Siise af the stem, heiirins! ti terminal, one'Suled raceme o^
fliiuvrs : CijAr amall ; petals Jive, greenish white.

lUR wiiiterjj[reens are anions the most iiiterestinK of our wild flowers. 'I'hcy were formerly considi-'red as belonging to the
great heath fainil> , wliieh euntaiiis so many of our beautiful native plants, lint they are now usually placed in a small family
by themselves. Tliey are (|uite handsome little plants, with their cluster of thick, shining green leaves and their white or
greenish blo.ssoms. In ]>vrola .scounda '.he raceme or cluster of flowers is oddly one-.sided. This species is quite widely
distributed in liurojie and in Northern Asia as well as in North America. Here, it is foand, secluding itself in deep
woo<ls.

It is not from these plant.s that the fragrant oil used in flavoring confectionery and for other purposes is obtained. The checkerberry
or false wintergreen is the simiee of the " oil of wii\tergreen." The name jiyrola means "a little pear." The thick shining leaves somewhat
resembling those of the pear tree. The common name refers to the evergreen foliage. We have several kinds of wintergreen it' North
America. One of the most c<immon is the " shin-leaf" fpyro'a elliiitica), the leaves of which are supposed to heal hurts and bruises, hence the
common name. Whether its curative ])owers are confined to the member indicated or not, is an unsettleil point in medicine.

-^

LIVERLEAF.

PI,AT£ 48.

HEPATICA ACUTA (AUCTILOBA).

(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

[ l,ms^ ftcdnnrted, snhtendr.t hv a Ihree'teafed intttlHCrg
'am-ns an<i fii.,ti/s num-'< I'n. Perennial.

Acau/eseent, si'/t-haity. rihtts Jibrt>nf. itnitend. /inw a i'i,,tt t,>,>t'.l,\lt : leaver 'in liinf petuile\. renif-iim. ttiiee-l.ibed, lubes ainli'li ; ft<i:
stnintatinji a la/yi : petal, mine ,■ sepals petal-like, pink, lai'emter m blue, siimetimes while, uuia/ly eijt:ht or ten in number

"The siiiiirrcl-rnps,'' a graceful ooiuiiaiiy,
Hiilr in tlirir Ulls, a suit aerial liluc—
Sweet lli>wers tliat nestle in the l.atnlilesl nooks,
And yrt within who.se sninltest hnil is wrapped
A world of pronu,st"' — ltKV,\yT,

OKKOWINO fast in the fiKitsteps of the skunk -cabbage and the trailing-arbntus, indeed often precetling the latter, conies the
<lainty liverleaf. In March, or even, in southern 1 ititndes, in I'ebrnary, the buds, " wrapped in bml-coats hairy ami neat," jieep
out of the ground at the first summons of the sprnig sunshine. We have two sorts of hepatica, the round-leaved and the acute-
leaved. The former has floweri of every shade of blue, from almost white to the deep color of a tropical sky. The latter has
flowers of a delicate ])ink or lilac. Which is the prettiei, twoi.id be diflicnlt to say. The roinidleaved species is native also in
Kuro|x.". Hoth kinds are widely distributed in ea,stern North .\merica, the hepatica acuta preferring mountain regions. In re-
lor of the hepatica, Mr. Burroughs writes : " There are individual hepaticas, or individual families among tliem, that are jjweet-
gift seems as capricious as '.he gift of genius in families. Yon cannot tell v.'liich the fragrant ones are till you try them."

* ,\nother n:n!K' for the hepatica.

gard to the od
scented. The

St.

=se

■M

^7
PYROLA SECUNDA,

WINTCRaRECN.

jure

- 48-
HEPATICA ACUTA .ACUTILOBAi.

UVERLEAF.
UAV

h I

— «—

SHEEP LAUREL.

KALttIA ANOUtTIFOLIA.

JUNL.

— SO-
EARLY WILD ROSE.

'<OSA BUANDA.
JUNE.

lit

w

• PIATB 49.

SHEEP LAUREL KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.

(HEATH FAMILY.)

Smalt branching ihruh. on, /,. Il„» /,„ *,,* .. A„* g,ar : /™.w ,ll,t.l,rat ... oH,mt-„fal,. ,«lir,. Ihuktih. g„rn al>,nr. glonron, brntiltk. mulnh /•,om,«fnl, /taurts m rorrmMtf cluiUrt, IJU

>v«»f iM/y sh.nli ti.t-iiHg Ivvtmil llirm, mating IMfm laUtal ; cmolla shall ,tim^nnlalr. JltrlaifJ.

" How lieautiful the soliil cylimlers of the laiiih-kill, now just before sunset, small ten-siiled. rosycrinisoii l>asiiis."— Thorbau.

\V all our wild flowers, the Kalmias are perhaps the most charact.-ristic. These noble shrubs with their magnificent dusters oI■pin^•
flowers and the shining, laurel like leaves, are the crowning glory of our forests. Neitljer linglish rose nor French lily can vie
with the Kalmia in majestic l)eauty.

The sheep-laurel is less stately than Kalmia latiSlia, but is quite as handsome. The dark evergreen foliage is a fine setting
to the mass of blushing flowers. In spring, when the light green of the young shoots is mingled with the deep color of the old
leaves, the contr.-ist is charming. The sheep-laurel, like the American- laurel or calico bush, is supposed to lie iwii.sonous to cattle
and sheep, hence the name sheep-laurel, or lamb-kill, as it is sometimes called. In spring, when there is nothing else to serve as pasture, the
young shoots of the Kalmia are devc jred often, it is s<iid, with fatal results. The sheep-laurel flowers in lay and June. All the kalmias are
North American or West Indian.

EARLY WILD ROSE.

PI,ATE 50.

ROSA BLANDA.

(ROSE FAMILY.)

mA, one fo thtft ffet high, much hfanthrtt: slein\ ^nmfttmi'.' Mit.wc ymalt p* ukUf. «..M(i//r uitli-iiil , Miir. ptnmttr utih nt-r ... yf.rn /Aj/tff\, ;ihiih atf oblong or oboiiate, sharply Sfrtatt, obtnsr ;

\tipnlfs laigf : jtvU'Oi iolitai V or in Int/y cotymbs. pria/i pint.

"\ rose einlx.wtTf.l . , -

In its own fjreeii leaves ' .* ,

Hy warm winds lUtlowered, %..

Till tile scent it j;lves
Makes faint with too much sweet these heavy winj;ed thieves."— SHRI.I.RV.

HAT flower is so universally loved and admired as the rose ' It is nearer to us than any other. In olden times it was held sacred.

The (Ireeks and Romans never omitted it as the crowning ornament of their feasts, One Romati >MniH'rc)r astonished his guests

by showering rose leaves tipon them from the ceiling of his bain|net hall. The English early took it as tlf r n.itional flower. The

classic poets never wearied of singing the praises of the rose. In 'Ik- lays of the troubadours, rose ■ 1 nightingale were ever

united in the songs addressed to fair wi mien. ICvery Hnglish bard, from Chaucer to Swinburne, has laudi " the (|ueen of flowers."

Hut the rose, whether we think of it as the gorgeotis "La France" or " Perle de Jardin," prodticts of centuries of

cultivatioi., or as the wild, sweet hedge-flower, cannot be over-praised. Our own native roses are unri-aled in the world. Their blossoms, with

the five pink petals circling the golden center, nestling among the dark green leaves, are very visions of beauty. Then, when the jietals have

long fallen and the summer is waning,

"Scarlet Iwrrieslell where bloonu'd llie sweet wild n>se,"

^

■^

J%

m

— Jl —

FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE.

STEIRONEMA CIUATUM.
JULY.

— 52 —

GREAT WILLOW-HERB.

EPILOBIUM ANQUSTIFOLIUM.

AUGUST.

Ti'rriri'iLatiiiimwWc '

r

"■==^

FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE.

PIRATE 51.

STEIRONEMA CILIATUM.

(PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

'irfnniat ; stem ft eel /torn a ctttPing toettitixk. Analttt, ckanneleii : leatei opp.Mttf on I'ntg. iiliiilf f>ftiolfs. ox\tU. \rty diute at thf apex, th m x^mv. flnuYrx oh sIfHder. arilliiry ptdunclet ; talv*

Jiif-parltti ; fottitia b»ight yfllow. wherl ihapfj, fiif-lmfteil ; itatnetn fitr^ wttk Ittf otkrr tuttimemti hetnrfn tttem.

" The flowers thnl love the ninninf; stre.ini.
Iris and orchis aiul the cariliiial flower."

RY.\NT mlKlit well have added the fringed loosestrife to his array of brookside plants. It is one of the cotnmoiiest and most familiar
objects beside the streamlets. Its brigi • yellow, fringed blo.ssoms open in midsummer, often \\\ company with the delicate blue
dayflower and the rich rose-purple swamp loosestrife. It is an upright plant, u.suuUy growing quite tall, as " flowers that love
the running stream " are apt to grow. The fringed loosestrife is a widespread plant, growing from the far north to Florida and
westward almost across the continent. It is a curious fact that a<|uatic plants, or those that grow by running water, often have a
broad range. Doubtless their seeds are carrietl far and wide by the water, giving them the l)est of opportunities for generous
dispersion.

The name loosestrife has been applied to a number of quite di.ssimilar plants. The yellow-flowered loosestrifes are lysimachias and steirone-
mas. The pur^ile loosestrifes are species of lithrum. The nearly allied swamp l<K)sestrife is docodon verticillatus.

Steironema is from two Greek words meaning "sterile threads," in allusion to the rudimentary stamens; ciliata refers to the fringed i)etioles.

PLATE sa-

GRE.AT WILLOW HERB, FIREWEED. EPILOBIUM ANGUsTIFOLIUM. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

rwi ftett, um'itjni-ifj. nfti*l\ tm.'oth, uiuiiUy pnxph^h : Ifttxfx nllfrnale. ihfti fftit*!rH, laneeotalr. atHlf. matgin ohuuieh Inolhfti : fl<tn'fts in <i lermtmll racfmf. ihowv : pttah, four, tosf puiplt;

itiim^m ftgkl : pi'Ji rtftt, iong, liMfuf, aitglfti , ffed\ : I'M tmall. firitung it /«// 0/ long whit* Moiit

E have two native plants to which the name " fire weed " has lx;en given. One is a coarse, ill-smelling plant of the sunflower

family, with greenish, rayless heads. The other is the showy willow herb. Both owe their name to the fact that when lands,

especially forest tracts, have been burned over, these plants soon make their appearance in the cleareti ground and cover the

blackened soil with a fresh mantle of vegetation.

" No matter how t>arro» the past may have tieen,
'Tis enoujjh for us now that the leaves are green."

Both these fireweeds have delicately plumed seeds, which wing them afar in every passing breeze. So the fireweed often appears suddenly
in a bunicd over and des<5late tract, without having been seen before anywhere in the vicinity.

Tlic great willow herb is found throughout wide areas of the North, ranging southward in the region of the Rocky Mountains.
It displays its spikes of purple flowers in late summer. Few of our native plants are more showy and striking. The plant is hardly less attractive
in fruit than in flower. The long pmls, splitting open, reveal numerous, tiny brown .seeds, each tufled with a fairy-like plume of white hair,
much like those of the milkweed.

St.

m

— ss —

SPREADING DOGBANE.

APOCVNUM ANOROS/EMIFOLIUM.
JUNE.

— 54 —

SMALL BEDSTRAW.

GALIUM TINCTORIUM.
JUNE.

?f

■«

PI,ATB 53.

SPREADING DOGBANE. APOCYNUM ANDROS/EMIFOLIUM.

(DOGBANE FAMILY.)

Stfm smotttS. much hfatukfJ: Iraifi ofifnttitf, nkorl-^tioJrtt, ^utattlv attitf. ska^^lv mm-nntatf 11/ a/Mr. nmmdM at txttf ; jloHtu im n^n tvmfi: ra/ii imall, /tt-t'ParteJ. ihtisiimt aetti* ; corolla

campanulatf. Jitflotfi., lohn rfjtftfj. fnif pink ur M.Mr/v wktte, stjmrm >iv ; pottt lomg amd ifemdfr.

F.\MILIAR butterfly with detp oninge-red wings veined with black, known in the books as the .inhip/ius, visits the dog-bane
as wfU as the milk-weeds, whii'h the early liotanists held to be its kin. The later students of flowers declare that tliere is no
family tie between the plants Can we not repeat Mr. Gih.son's question : "Which is right, the insect or the Ixitanist ? "
The true dog-bane is usually considered very dangerous, as the name indicates. The subject of the figure, the
spreading dog-bane, nevertheless, charms the eye by its Iwauty. The leaves are of a rich green. The flower is a delicate
rose-color or crini.son, liellshaped, the lobes gr.acefully rolled back. It is usually classed with the weeds, but is not an injurious
one. It demands a cool climate and does not range very far .southward. It blossoms in midsummer.

The Indian Hemp (Apocynum Cannabinum) is much more inclined to make itself troublesome as a weed. Kecause hardier, it is more
common and widespread. The fibrous bark of its stem has given it the name, "Indian Hemp." AjxKynum means "a plant that a dog
should keep away from."

PLATB 54.

SMALL BEDSTRAW. GALIUM TINCTORIUM*. (MADDER FAMILY.)

Stfnis wya*. atCfnding or rfclimii'i; JoinUtl. f'oHt-amtclfd. oHgtri tettotirty hiipiil ; Iratft im whorls 0/ /our or ttr. lituar to oftlitHC^'laU, ohlttnlt. thf ptomiotnt mid-rib hitpid ; flanfrs tmall, on

iko't iptruding prdier/i, in Ifa/y, tymoie clnttrrs ; calyx very minute; corolla u-hit'^h, three or four lobed.

"]N summer one may discover, in marshes or moist meadows, a small, wl ikstemmed plant with tiny white flowers, reclining on
the grass and other herbage around it. Pull a piece of the stem and run youi finger upward along one of the angles. It
is quite rough, like the surface of a file. So are llie margins of the leaves. This l)ristling little plant is the small bedstraw
or goos( -grass. It is found almost everj-whcre in North America, as well as in Europe and Asia.

There are numerous species of galium in this countrj-, all of them rather insignificant plants with greenish, purplish
or white flowers. Galium circaezans, the "wild licorice," a small plant of thickets and rich woods, with dull purple flowers,
has a root with something of the flavor of licorice. Another common galium is the " cleavers," a Kuroiwan weed intrtxluced into this
country and plentiful in fields and waste groimd. The sweet-scented bedstraw, "galium triflorum," has an odor in drying somewhat like
that of the vanilla grass.

The bed.straws lielong to the great madder family, which contains many ornamental and many highly useful plants. The cinchonas,
which furnish quinine, rubia, the sourct; of the useful dye — madtler, and the coffee plant, are memtiers of this important order.

't'Kually kuown Rs ('. trifidum. _*'-'^'

C^.^..

— 55 —
BUTTERCUP.

RANUNCULUS ACRIS.
ALL THE SEASON.

— 56 —
LABRADOR-TEA.

LEDUM LATIFOLIUK.
JUNE.

mmmm

r.

w

-^

I

BUTTERCUP.

PLATE 55-

RANUNCULUS ACRIS.

(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

/tinmial. Aairt tAiti a tlittUi ••/ Ihiikrnr,! nhio : sum nnl pom a •hMl.lliut tiMilit-t. iramt >nl ; Iniri moslly ,lmtlnrd ,il l^tr. hmt fi-lhi^ntdn^h f<lrM. Jivisumi vtrKHufy bM *mj

lU/t ; /tontii tatgr, Iftminating tlu t^amkn ; fttatt Jiir, teltmv ; stttmemt amtl futilt mmmrnm*

" The ^ohU'ti kin>;-cup shint'S in the merry month of Mny." — Sot'Thkv.

ERIi it is the ' ' queen of the mniiths ' that brings the buttercups. Their Rold is a meet .liadein for royal June. Of all the glorious
|uinorum.-is spread before us by the changing seasons, thai of a meadow yellowed o'er with the bright corollas of the buttercups or
"king-cups" 's the most glorious. Thoreau, who found his chief pleasure in watching for and chronicling the wild flowers as
they api>ear in succession, has this to say of the buttercups : " The clear brightness of June was well represente<l yesterday by
the buttercups along the roadside. Their yellow cups are glossy and varuisheil within, but not without." The hermit of
WaUlen is happy as usual in his description. The jK-tals of the buttercup arc as if painted with oil colors on the inside, while the

outer surface is of the usual glossless yellow of yellow flowers.

Burroughs' observation on the profusion in which Kngli.sh wild flowers grow as compared with ours, is well Ixirne out by the l)ehavior of

the buttercup ami the ox-eye daisy in this country. When the ox-eye daisy gains entrance into a field, it is soon thick-starred with white and

yellow. When a meadow is invaded by buttercups, its green quickly melts to gold.

r

LABRADOR-TEA.

PtATB 56-

LEDUM LATIFOLIUM.

(HEATH FAMILY.)

Small tktub, trttl. hranckt»g. tlrm wnotli ahmt ; travfi 4/VrMa//. on ikotl prtwtft, oAhtf n» avaU-lanefoltitt. obtn.-
lalkff tiemsf, lermimtl clmiltrt , imolla wkitf, Jiif-part/d iilmint lo tkr Ajv , ^ni ..

ick. smooth abot¥. tawi¥ tmollv ^tualk. marfimt rrfotmU: /Ifwfrs in
lUd, iplitlimg Jtom Sas/ upuotd.

MRRICA is indebted to the heath family for the handsomest of all her shrubs. In truth, we have not the glorious heath itself that

m England and Scotland paints each upland m<H>r with the bright purple of its fairy bells. Hut we have other plants not less

bc.inlifnl. Our superb rlnKlodendrons, with their great clusters of pale pink or rosy flowers topping ma.sses of dark green

foliage ; the azaleas, with their blossoms of white, pink, rose-red. orange or fl ime-color : the royal kalmias ; the sourwood. with

its leafage of delicate green, turning to a fiery re<l in autumn, and its panicles of white, deliciously fragrant flowers, not unlike the

lulls of the lily-of-the- valley : and the sweetly cxlorons pepper bush.

Worthy a place even with these is the Labrador-tea. Its dark green, leather'- leaves are covered Ix^neath with a rust-colored wool, which

.shields them snugly in the bud. The deep color of the upper leaf-surfaces contrasts well with the white flowers. One w<mld exi)ect fragrance in

these blossoms. No, they are not scented. But the leaves, when bruise<l, exhale a faint, agreeable aroma. A dec<x-tion of the leave", ',:. sometimes

used as a tonic, hence the popular name. The Labrador-tea is found in deep woods and bogs in the Northern States and some pr rt? of Canada.

"^

HEDGE BINDWEED.

PLATE 57.

VOLVULUS (CONVOLVULUS) SEPIUM.

(CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

Sl*m cUmkiHg, iw.m/A or mfattv m : /i-jiyi altf»H.ttf. tmi^ pftKttrit. i,,iM\'i4/,tt-<ir;iti; hit\ltilf "»- uj^il'atf at ttaw. atulf ,ii u/Vr ,• /itrveri (>« Jung atiltary ^ditmli'i, with /.-(v /ttrfff, oiutt hractt

tmrliifiitig tkt calyx ; loniita ufitH lamfiiiHutaU, wHiU or toif-cotottd.

'*T1k' Itifidwt'tMrH ivciry Imiis tliat jjlow
A» lUlicatcly hlushiiiK lus a shell." — ClII.IA Thaxtek.

I associate it with holiest

\\\V, coiivoivnilus sepium, Inndwccd, or morniiiK K'"''y i'* •'•' '''' '>^^*'t now. It alw.iys refreshes me to see it.
morning hours. It may prcsiilf over my morning walk and thouglit.s."

So writes Thoi^aii in niid-sumint-r, when the dog <lays are approaching and the fields are less inviting at noontide than earlier
or later in the day. It is then that we love morning and evening. When the winds of April blow we prefer mid-day with its
wannth for our rambles. In July we cluxxse the rising or the sinking sun for our companion. It is the flowers that we find open
in the fresh morning, with the grateful dew in their cups, that then please us l)est. The morning-gh)ry climbing the lattice to greet the newiy-
ri.seu king of day with its uplifted white or pink or blue corollas : tho man-i)f-lhe-earth that brightens ujjland fiehls with its great, white, purp'e-
heartcd flowers, closing before nixm ; or the ccmsin of these, the bindweed, twining in fence-rows and hedges, such are the flowers which greet
the dawn.

It is a handsome plant, the bindweed, with its halberd-shaped leaves and its white or rosy bells. It is quite a cosmopolite, encamping in
Europe and Asia as well as in North America.

RED CLOVER.

PLATE 58.

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE.

(PEA FAMILY.)

Pnennial, lltms tn/tfii, efKt or autmdins, Au/»v; //u.v, A'«e pttii^Ud, -.vith pritminently-nerrtd. jnst^ltf .\lip»Ui, pdlmatflv hifolinlatr, Iftiflfts brt>.titv ot\tte or obovate, marginali, tUntalf, oppressed'

hatrv ; Jttmfn in dertse /ermmal spiifi : corolla irregular, wil/t a long lulv, rosr-purpte or somr/imes white.

IX his delightful record of " Summer," Thoreau enters for June 15: "The clover gives whole fields a rich and florid appe . .mce.
The rich red and the sweet-scented white. The fields are blushing with the red as the western .sky at evening." Again he writes,
" The rude health of the .sorrel cheek has given place to the blush of clover." What a pretty idyl of early sunnner is this ! How
vividly it brings t)efore our eyes meadows where we have walke<l knee-deep in the green and purple of honeyed clover, fragrant as
with the very breath of heaven. Hut there is use in all this l)eauty. and the incense of the blossoms is no idle gift. When
our clover was borne to Australia and planted there, it throve mightily, but refused to bring forth .seed. And why?
Simply l)ecau.sc the clover demanded the accustomed ministries of our humble-liee. When that faithful little servant was brought all the
way across the Pacific to the plant in its new home, the succession of seed to blossom was at i-nce established. Many a vital partnership like this
subsists iK'twixt iu.sects on the wing and the flowers into which they dip, for in the very act of taking its rejjast a bee, a moth, or butterfly, unwit-
tingly pays its way by bringing iwUen from one blos.som to its mate.

wmm.

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— 57 —
HEDGE B;N0WEED

VOLVULUS (CONV^LVULUI) 8EPIUM.
JUNE.

— 58-

REO CLOVER.

TRIFOUUM PRATENM.
ALL THe SCASON.

^^

^

DANDELION. TARAXACUM.

PI,ATE 59-

(DENS-LEONIS).

!JN. ' )WEK FAMILY.)

/^rtinuat, acttuUiCtmt ,' tootitotk thott, thuk , Uutrs imtwtk or mriii/y so, fittiniififiif. liivisnnis riMiisrlv tiHitheii, thf uppermost » ■ h <>' f.^gesl; scape bearing the large head naked, ho/ton'; tnvolu-

ttal biacts iH two series; Jiowers alt strap-shaped, \e//tw : achenes Jurnished ii'ith a tujt of white hairs.

**The dandelions and bnttercups
Gild all the lawn."— I,owi!I.l.
" Dear common flower that growest Iwside the wa"
Fnnjjinp the dusty road with hannless Kold,
First pledge of blithesome May." — LoWKI.I,.

JOW glad we are to welcome the first dandelion a.s it peers forth in some sheltered comer whet) the gra.ss is taking on a fre;her
green, when the buds on elm and maple begin to swell and the fresh fragrance of soil upturned by the plough is in the breeze.
Chcerj" little yellow heads, awaiting but a day or two of warm, bright weather to show themselves. Sometimes they peep out
in midwinter.

But when spring has commenced in earnest, how " the dandelions fnmi the grass leap forth ! " In a twinkling the .sward
is abla/.e with their blithe faces. Then, when the yellow flowers have faded, the stalk grows on, bearing at its sunnnit the ball of
plumed se<xls which children blow away to tell the hour. We can forgive Huroix; the host of pauper-plants she has flung upon our shores, for to
her we owe the daudelions, so called from the fancied r-'seniblance of its petals to the teeth of the lion.

PI,ATE 60.

COMMON BLUE VIOLET. VIOLA OBLIQUA (CUCULLATA).

(VIOLET FAMILY.)

IWenntat Otamleuent; Irat-es on long peliulrt. htoadiv t'^u/r to almost ufhick/or. d/^plv he,trt-shaped: floityi \ on long, slendfr pedumles .■ ,otolla defp blue, irregular,

shall ttlunt spm ; stam.uf untied hr the Alanieuls adoi'e the aiitheis tiilti a ling aiouitd the pistil.

'•ttver petal prolonged into a

' The violet woos
To hiH heart the silver clews."

-Tknnvson.

I'TER all, we have few flowers that are dearer to us than our modest blue violet. We may lavish prai.se on this or that gorgeous
plant, but we love best the little blos-smn that greets us as a familiar friend from every wootlland bank, from every grassy fence-
corner. What a clear, trnstfnl color is the blue-purple of the dainty, spurred corolla ! There is but one charm we would gladly
see added to those of our blue violet — fr.'igrance. That is what has made its cousiu, the English violet, such a universal favorite.

Shelley's lines —

"And the violet tells her tale
To the odor-seented Rale.
would not apply to ours, at least to the blue violet. Some of our white violets are slightly odorous, for when Dame Nature withholds the gift of
color, she is ajH to bestow the charm of p' ■ «. One other Huroi>ean violet is well known with us, the heart's-ea.sc, viola tricolor. From this
nil the iHiauliful garden pansies are desc, n\; U would 1h' difficult to imagine a wider gamut of color harmonies than the pansy blossoms offer
us. Uut the hue of our common blue viu. •■ jsents as rich a color as any due to the gardener's nurture of the pansy.

■ w^w wn»'iW*-<»»'V''*Tie!'w» 1

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— 'j'l —

DANDELION.

TARAXACUM (OINB-LEONISJ.

-60 -
COMMON BLUE VIOLET.

VIOLA OMJQUA (CUCULLATA).
MAV

^i£"

PI.ATE 6i.

SHIN-LEAF. PYROLA ELLIPTICA. (WINTERGREEN FAMILY.)

PnfHHtal ; ilfHt simfiU, bearinfc *"<' or two c/uilfis <>/ lea^r\

llti- fiii\r itiul a Irrmimil uitrnif <»/_/i'.»:(r» s .■ Irittr^ dccutrfiil nn Ihtir ptttolts, fytoadly (tfale or oblong, obtuse or refuse at apex ;
iinotla five ilfti to Ihr hii\r, f;teent\h whtlr.

" 'Tis sweet, in the j^rccn spring,

To gaze \\\Myn the wakening fields arounri ;
Birds ill the thicket sing.

Winds whisiKT, waters prattle fri>ni tlie ground,
A thousand odors rise.

llreatlied up from hhissouis of a thousand tlyes. — RryanT.

F, at this season, so often and so well sitiiR l)y Diir great poet, we wander through some fertile wood almost anywhere north of Vir-
ginia, we niciy notice little rosettes of tlarlc green leaves close to the grotiiul. Thick shining leaves they are, seeming to spring
str.iight from the soil, tiiisiipported 1>>- a stem. These leaves are evergreen and have sur\'ived the rigors of the long winter, under
the snow. If we l(M)k into the centre of this cluster of leaves, we will find a tiny bud. Ere long this expands into a ' ' pagoda-like
stem of flowers." They are not showy hlos.soms ; hut mtxlest and graceful.

" Flower-liells that expand and shrink. '
They are greenish white in color. Often we may detect a delicate, elusive odor about them.

The origin of the popular name for pyrola elliiHica ha.s been alluded to in the description of pyrola secunda. The wintergreens are a con-
necting link between the heaths and those curious, leafless parasite.s — the Indian pipe and its allies. The " Prince's pine" or pipsissewa is a
near relation.

LC.M.MON MUGWORT.

PI,ATB 6a.

ARTEMISIA VULGARIS.

(SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

f>etenHtal from a tt-iwdy rootiUfk ; slrm tall. n\ind likf. smn.iffi Maw. firbfUYnt ahm-f, often purftlish ,

hfaiis imall iM (1 long, nattrnv pttnuif ; tnwlutte cylindt

leavf^ aitf»mitf. pinnafifid, ttiiiimns sAorfi/y clr/t an
Id/; ftourti purfiltift. nonf of (hem ligmiate.

vheJ. 7fhile'7iiyollv

1

■ /

HO would suppose that the mngwort with its small, purplish or pink, rayle.ss heads, and the gorgeous sunflower are of the same
blood ? Vet so it is. It is with plants as with wn. Rach family has its beautiful and its homely members its children fortunate
or little favored. But the artemi.sias.ire not altogether the tnost jxiverty-stricken of their family. They lu>ve what the gaudy sun-
flowers lack — a grafeftil aroma. The fragrance of these plants is hirdly to be compared to that of any others. It is fieculiar atid
I racteristic ; it refuses to Ix; descritx-d.

The cotnnii, i mugwort is a ICitropcan weeil which has naturalized itself here, especially near the Atlantic coast. Its most

remarkable character is the whitened uniler-surface of the leaf. We have a large luimber of native arlemisias, besides several that have come to us

from ICurope. Among these is the southern wood, a shrubby species, a fugitive from gardvjns. They are all aromatic and bitter to the ta.ste. These

nalities are very pronounced in artemisia absinthium, the wormwood which is so bitter that its name has become <i proverb. This herb is used

ith brandy in the composition of the deadl>' cordial, absinthe. Artemisia was the wife of Mausolus, King of Caria, in whose honor she erected

I famous mausoleum at Halicarnassus.

"%'

■H fei .

— 61 —
8HIN-LEAF.

PVKOLA ELUPTtC*.
JUNE.

-62 —
COMMON MUQWORT.

ARTEMISIA VULOARIS.
JULV.

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=^

SPlvlNG BEAUTY.

PLATE 63.

CLAYTONiA CAROLINiANA.

(PURSLANE FAMILY.)

ft*fnmial; sUm ntak, arising /torn a /;tn,/. 1

ifm/rit iMbft dfcp in thf guiuiiil : Ifatfs oftptnile tm loHg ftetiotfi, fUiplical, ar bnHtiih- spatulatf : Jiotffrs 1
iiunHf; irpals /iii> : pftats Jijr. muck timger. palf pink ; ttamtt< • fiit, allaihrd ttt tlif p*tah.

ilfttilft pediifti in a onf-sntfd, tfrminal

' New art* the Imds on tlie oaken spray,
New the blades of the silken Krass ;
Flowers that were huils but yesterday,
I*eei) from the ground where'er I jwsf. '

-IlRVANT,

S the sap is flowing and k-aves are unfolding, and the rich, moist w(K)dland earth lieaves and bursts with life, with the first sweet
wild flowers that grace the footsteps of new-born spring, comes theclaytoiiia. It is fitting that this, one of the fairest of our ver-
nal flowers, should l)e called spring beauty. Under a sheltering bank or at the foot of protecting trees, arise the frail stems with
their two fresh green leaves and the cluster of dainty blossoms. A delicate little plant it is. shivering in the slightest breath of
wind. The roniul, nut-shaped tuber, deep in the ground, is the only hard, firm part of it. What words can describe the fairy
blossoms of the spring l)eauty ? The five jxtals of an ethereal pink, prettily veined with crimson-purple, are scarce earthly -.n
their loveliness. One woukl feign believe they have fallen from celestial spaces.

COMMON WOOD-SORREL.

PLATE 64.

OXALIS ACETOSELLA.

(WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.)

Acanifscfnt : toolstntk itffpiHg. aaly.

tfilifs OH lom^ pftmlfi, pa!*
Jtonyt i OH priiti

sHt/aff, ptilf hfHfalh, mid-rib prumintnl :

^

tdUly tri/olwliitf, Ifiiflfts tri v bithut. ohcittdalf, giffn and appressfd-kaii fan thr nppft
i/fi m litng as at longer than thf Uain ; pflals Jitr, whtif with pntplf ifins.

"Sorrel, that han^s her cups,
I'''er their frail form ami streaky leave.i decay.
O'er her pale verdure, till parental care
Inclines tile shortening stems, ami to the sha(k'
Of closing leaves her infant race withdraws. " — Gishornk.

kHIS little, elfin, wild-w<iod flower is the admiration of all who find it. It is a sh\ plant, liking Ixj.st mossy nooks in forest .solitudes.

There it opens its elegant blos.soms among the pretty, tliree-i>arted leaves. The petals are whiie, or with a faint blush of pink,

channingly JK-ncik'd with puri>le and marked with yellow at the base. Like its sister, the yellow-flowered " .sour-grass, " it has

a crisp, acid taste that is very refreshing and pleasiint. The woixl-sorrel grows in deep woods and bogs in the northern part of the

continent, straying southward on the C(k)1 heights of the Alleghanies and Blue Ridge, to Georgia. It is also a native of Europe.

This plant is accounte<l the origin of tlie Irish shamrock, the nai.ie having been gradually transferred to the commoner and better-known white

clover. A "four-leaved" W(hh1 sorrel is certainly rare.

A handsome sister of oxalis acetosella is the violet wmxi-sorrel, a native of our eastern country. It has ro.se-colored flowers, turniiij; violet

as they wither. In the world of flowers and leaves, decay's first ministry is often such emiiellishment as this.

"Ble!isin|{9 brighten as they take their flight.''

M

P:

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— 63 -
SPRING BEAUTY.

CLAVTONI* CAROUNIAN*.
APR1L-4IAV.

— M —

COMMON WOOD-SORREL.

OXAUI *CfTOaEl.l.A.
JUNE

m P

" 65 —
GREEK VALERIAN.

POLEMONIUM RtPTANS'
JUNE.

— 66 —

OSWEGO TEA.

MONARDA DIDYMA.
JUNE-^JULY.

=^

PLATE 65.

CREEK VALERIAN. POLEMONIUM REPTANS. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.^

i^ennial from a knoily rOi*iii<Kk. atmi'sl gljfixins : stem tint ot tfiltntmg. ht^tmhtng ; trdw\ tt/tfmjtf. x^it piitnati-, limg t^lnilfd ■ Uafitti Ihtn, .trtj.V lattaitlate, mucionate ; fiowers IM almost
makftl (otyml*s ; t<nolla shoit mmpanuldle. fiif lo6eit . t/amrKi boiHf on the tnhf of ike on:>//ti: pint muik iA.J»/«'r thaH lit/ enlarjiffi /mtlmg rtitvr.

ICSIDES the handsome, many-colored phloxes and showy gilias, there is another genus of l>eautiful plants in the polemnnium

family, tlie gc-nus from which llic family takes its ;iame. The Gieek valerian, or Jacob's Ladder, of Kuroiie, poleniouiuin

canikuni. is riiire.scntcd in this country l>y two or three closely related s|Kvies. Of these the creeping C.reek vakiian is the

liest known and most connnon. It is a frci|uent plant in low, nch wihmIs from the Middle States to Missouri and southward. It

tlowers in May and June. It is a pretty plant, with weak, spreading stems, coHijKiund leaves and loose clusters of showy, clear

blue, Ijcll-shaixil H,)Wers. If the name " l)luel>ells" had not U-eii appropriated to other plants, it would be a filtinj; title for this.

There are two other kinds of (i reek valerian in North America. One grows in the far northward and Northeastern Stales. The other is

a native of the Rix-ky .Mountains. Hoth have long been considered identical with the European jwlemonium caruleum. but have been de.scril)cd

as distinct .s])ccies by recent authors.

The name polemonium is from a Greek word for war. Doubtless this is the reason that it has come to signify " nipture" in the language
of flowers. It is a pity that so fine a plant should come to have so harsh a meaning.

PtATB 66.

OSWEGO-TEA. MONARDA DIDYMA. (MINT FAMILY.)

stem fffrt, braitckfd. fout-anglfd, imouth of ilighll_\ fubrn.fnl . Uaivs oppositf peliottd, otntr, ammiualt, ^hatply uiralf. hradi lurgr, tetmtnatiHg the btaHchfs ; intvluctal brads leddisk;

Jtewrts targe; calyx Jive-tootked. lube tHrved; corolta brigkt sea. .it. Inv-ltpped. uppei tip rreet. tower pendant.

'HK mint family does not ctmtain many brilliant flowers. The mints as a rule devote their energies to the pro<luction of delightful

ijiiurs, and seldom care to adorn themselves with gay colors. Tl'.ere are notid)le exceptions in grace of attire. — the weirdly l)eautiful

synandra. the showy false dragon-head, and some of the blue and white skullcaps. Hut none of these is fragrant. The Oswei'o-

tea is one of the few of the mints of Eastern North America in which jK-rfume and conspicuous l>eauty are combined. This may

be said of nearly all the species of monarda. Most of them have large, handsome flowers and a warm aromatic odor.

The Oswego-' ea is a singularly pretty plant. The deep green of the leaves is an excellent relief for tlie vivid cardinal-red of the flowers.

These are deeply and -videly two-lipped. It is a plant of cool, shady places along .streams, usually growing in patches, making a charming stretch

of warm bright color. The anmiatic leaves are, in some localities, administered in the form of " tea " a.s a remedy for divers maladies. Monarda

didyma is tiative in the Appalachian region, as far .south as Georgia, and strays northward.

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-67 —
SPIDERWORT.

THAOESCANTIA VIRSINICA.
JUNE-JUIY.

— 60 —

SILVER WEED.

POTENTILLA AN8ERINA.
JUNE.

SPIDERWORT.

PI,ATE 67.

TRADESCANTIA VIKGINICA.

(SPIDERWORT 1 \MILY.)

ftrrnHial; tool a cluilri ol IliukfonI nhtrt . Mrm r>r,l. ini'.i/* ... Il.lii t. Jfimlnl. jitial: .hr„lh,il by Ihf ./.Ij^lirj; *.ii/i „f Ikr hmf. linr.lf ..> Am. ,•.>/,!/,•. Ki

bmttrj h\ tkf uppft IftttYi; outri Ikn-e pftinmlk \rKmfmls *'»*■/■«, tmnfr tktfe purftr.

\hkf Uaiy^ . /ti>7im

umbfl

HOl'T flowiTs that open only to wither there is a tender cli.inn. These arc the dragon flies of the plant world, epheiiKTal beauties,
expandinj. .it

" The breezy call of iiiceiisi-bnatliiiifr morn,"

fading like vajior in the light of tlie midday snn. Such are the delicate blossoms of the siiider-flowcr. Hrave and hardy they lrH)k
in their dre.ss of rich purple, till the hot sun l>Iast.s them. Then they melt away like wax. The withered, inucilagiti"U'- petals
can Ik; drawn out into fine threads like those of a .spider's web, hence the popular name.
Tradescantia \'irginica is a Ixiautiful iilaut. The (lower-; with their golden stamens and their i>etals il a fine .shade of blue or of purple areas

pretty as they are curious. The spiderwort does not extend north of the Middle State- in the ICast. In the West, it grows in Minnesota, straving

into Canada, and westward to the Kocky Mon .lins. Si'Utliward it ranges to I'iMiida ' Texas. The flowers apiK'ar in May and June.

Another pretty little spiderwort is tra<le--cantia rosea, with pink-purple flowers, a native 01 .Southern States. Some of the tropical spi-i ies are

exceedingly hancUoiue, with flowers tnuch larger than ours.

PtATE 68.

SILVER-WEED. POTENTILLA ANSERINA. (ROSE FAMILY.)

Hnmfi,iiii, tht hiurr trrv imoll and small OHts inUrsffrsfd among tht
i"litati t)» long p^dnncUi, rfilow.

AcauUscenl ; roots /brous, thtckenrd : tf^tilotk iknrt. s^mtttg -'il lung i/..;..w< nt'lins *it Ikr jcimli . Uitr'-:. fittn.n, Sufiets
uppri , oblong, coantlt Iwlked, gltrn uh^n*. nktimfj and tfritrons benralk ; JloKfn

"Full many a j»ein of purest ray serene.
The (lurk, nnfatlumra r.ive.s of ocean l)ear :
Full many .1 tU>wer is iM.rn to blush tirl<H*etl,
And wa.ste its sweetntss on the desert air." — CiRAY.

iANY of our prettiest wild flowers might as well blossom and die in inacxessible deserts, so little notice do they win. VV'e seek out

the shy forest flowers and admire thctn, pas.sing, unheeding, many a blo.ssom ipiite as fair, because it dwells by the roadside — too

near for observation !

Thus the silver weed, a really hand.stmie plant, is noted but by few. Yet its yellow cups and leaves silver-lined Iwneath

make it worthy of praise by all who can esteem tnie grace. It inhabits swamps and low banks of .streams —a northern plant, not

extending south of New Jersey. Like several others of our siiecies of potentilla, it is common to this country and to Euro|ie.

Indeed, the cinquefoils .seem to be a ])eeuliarly cosmnjM)litan trilx-.

The silvery apix'arance of the lower surface of the leaf is due to long silky hairs. The u.sefulness of such hairs, in the bud, is evident, for

there they are a mantle against cold ; of what value they arc to the grown plant is not yet discovered.

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— 69 —
WOOD-DAFFOOIL, BELLWORT.

UVULARIA PERFOLIATA.
MAY.

— 70 —
PINK AZALEA

AZALEA IRHODOOENDRONI NUDIFLORA.
APRIL— MAY

PLATE 69.

WOOD-DAFFODIL. BELLWORT. UVULARIA PEHFOLIaTA. (LH Y FAMILY.)

sum smoo/M, timftf, riiing ffttm a ikott latitstixi hfartng a flutter of Iknkrnrd, 4A»(>mj rtjo/t ; traifs attern,tle. oiMtr. acutf, jr.'.iNri*Ni hrmriilh, Ifif It'U-fr fifrftilialf, the ufiptrmtiit o/rdtxU;
Jit nvr Ittrff, tanpQHmtal* ; f<*iatilk ttgmfmti nt. latnn>lalf, aiitir, fxtU \vltou ; Outt niHtntmg a/ a tkiff^mglrd foj.

" Wlicn our v.iiie wihmIs nn«' mighty Iiiwtih
lllooin to till: April sku's -

R, perchance, somewhat later, in the North, we find the Wlwort nodding its pule yellow flowers in pn-ky wo<xls and copses. When
the flowers blow, the leaves that clothe the stem are only half unrolled The whole plant is wl 'ish with a bliMHn like that of
cabbage leaves. 'I'he leaves seem to be pinictnred by the stem, which apjK^ars as if passing throii^;h then). In reality the leaves
are merely heartshajicd, with the two lolws of the " heart" urowii together, so as to surroutid the stem. Here we come upon an
example uf the defences .so conniion in nature. The flower is intruded upon by crawling injects which pay no scoie for the
pollen they eat — thev do nothing lor fertili/.ition. With a perfoliate leaf to fence tluin out, these marauckTS are discouraged.

This protectiim. slight as it is, tells !o the n<ivantage of the plant in its unceasing battle for life and offspring. The wood-daffodil is a common

plant of Xorth America, extending westward almost to the Rockies.

PLATE 70.

PINK AZALE.A. .AZALEA (RHODODENDRON) NUDIFLORA. (HE.ATH FAMILY.)

Lo» tMnt/* mkfM branctteJ. itiaxsl"*}! . Irii-.-rs /utunlfj at the ends 0/ thr In'tgi. mvff :ancfolalf. mute, mm mndtr, .tluiti" ami halt \ .•« /**• miit nb ; Jiv:f<rs in mmLel-like itmltfn from tdrj^f

ttaty t>udi, af/traitH" 6%'/oft tke tfatvs. glandular, uith a long tub* anu a tpreadmg Itmlf, fiaU pink.

" .\zalt'aH flush li:** islnnd fl(K»rR.
And llic tints of lie.:vfn reply." — Kmhr.son. ■■'•

, nW .if our native shrubs are so admire<l and prized as the azaleas. \o:ie are lK.'ttir entitled to the honor. The beautiful, and
often deliciously fragrant, flowers are of every conceivable dye. Thore of tlie superb tree like azalea, azalea arbore.scens, of the
Alleghany mountains, and the swamp honeysuckle, azalea viscosa, of marshes along the Atlantic coast, are pure white or faintly
tiii^td with pink. The fla'ui- colored azalea, azalea calendulacea. also an Alleghany mountain species, has a corolla ranging in
color Irom bright orange and the hue of living emlx'rs. to a brilliant scarlet.

The pink azalea is the earliest flowering of them all. The flowers appear in clusters at the ends of the twigs, in April and
Mav. Tljcv come with the leaves, or he'ald their coming, as do those of the flame colored azalea. The color of the corolla varies from a li:.;ht
shade of pink to the deep rose of oleain'er blossoms. An azalea busli, covered with these lurgc flowers before the leaves are unfolded, is a con-
spicuous nnirk for the eye of m&n a •.<' in.sect-ininister in tnv low thickets where it usually grows. The pink azalea is ccmniion in the eastern part
of the continent. ;;;■•».

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— 71 —
RATTLESNAKE ROOT.

PHEMANTHES ALBA.
AUGUST

- 72 —
SANDPAPER STARWORT.

ASTER UNARIIFOLIUS.

StPTtMBER.

;t

X

RATTLESNAKE-ROOT.

PLATE 71.

PRENANTHES ALBA.

(SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

/^•'enni smitoth; item frf<t.

tl. eJT^'H tfildiih ; /rtlivj alUrHatf. the l,i:frr i>n 'im.c prliitln. li'/vd ami tirrf^Hltlilv l.yttkfl the ufipt-y Amiiif/v tt\tlni^Hld*-o\uti, uppermost lanceolate: fios^rs in
tantcled, tinxiping heads ^ tHivlutte hell shaprti, 0/ a single row 0/ hratls ; Jtowers alt ligulale,

"The last jmli: flowers that Ux>k,
Vruni out their sunny ntxtk,
At the sky," — IlRYAST.

UNE of these is the nittlesnake-root. The tall wamilike stem with its cluster <if drooping, bell-shiiiKd heads is one of the most
striking objects of the autumn woods. While the last golden rods are lingering in fence corners and along brooks, loath to
relinquish their golden ix)mp ; while asters and gentians are donning their bravest livery in honor of departing sunmu'r, the
prenanthes shixjts up on the wooded hillside, only to hang its head in sorrow at the passing of the year.

The flowers are of an indistinct yellow -white, ii"ig:Mficant enough individually. The seeds are tufted with brown put pie
hairs. When these are ripe, the heads open n-id the seeds are carried far and wide by the wind. The rattlesnake- riK)t belongs to
that part of the huge sunflower faindy, notable for having all the flowers open and strap-shaped. It is in this respect unlike the asters, sun-
flowers, coreopsis and othfr.,, for these have a circle of strap-shaped rays sarroiinding a disk of smaller, tubular flowers.

As the popular name .signifies, prenanthes alba is one of the nvmy plants whose riK)ts it.^ suppo.sed to be a cure lor snake-bites. It is a
common plant uortbw.ird, but 'jccomes .scarce and confined to 'he mountains in the South.

SAND PAPER STARWORT.

PI,ATB 7a.

ASTER LINARIIFOLIUS.

(SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

/>renntal; roots fibrous ; stems eUslemt, tfofnty at haie, erect . slender : team alternate, sessite, linear, acute, one nerr-ed, rimgh on the maigins, the upper mmh rednted. heads large, te* niinaltnj,'

the hianihes, tntvlutre mwh imhiualed. eonsistin^ 0/ numetous. wirau-. green-tipped biaits; layi violet.

" ()n th ■ liitls tile )iol<lcn-ro(l. tind the n.ster in the wckhI.

An'l me yellow .sunllowt r by the brook, in aulnnin lK;auty sttuxl."

RY.\NT is here rather at fault in his reading of

"The culemlar,
I'aithful through a thousand years,
Ottbf painted raee nffliiwers,
Ivxaet to <lrtys. exaet to hours";

becau.se the sunflowers are on the wane when the golden-rods come, and most of the asters are later in flowering than the
golden-r(«is. Nevertheless, there are some early asters which may be considered as flowering with these. Aster liiiariifolius, for
example, begins to blow ere the late sunflowers have passed away, and while the golden-rcxls are in their glory. It is a pretty plant, with
clustered, erect stem.s, short, narrow, rigid leaves, and numetous, rather large, flaunting head.s. The rays are of a lieautiftil violet color. It is a
syUan aster, preferri!ig dry, >V(H«le<l hillsides. Iti such secluded places it is common in eastern North America. It commences to flower early
in September in the South, while northward it blossimis almost up to frost. The tough margins of the leaves have earned foi it the name of
" .sand-paper starwort," in .some localities. As a general thing, however, the diflt'ient kinds ot asler have n<il receiveil popular nunies.

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Otss

SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL.

PI,ATn 73.

POTENT! LLA FRUTICOSA.

(ROSE FAMILY.)

sum iAruttiy, witA a ihiedttv fiitii, minfi truimhfd; ifiirn I'lnt: pf/in/fj. fimnatelv t.imtptutntt. Ifttftfti moytly fiv,-, 'Kta!.to»ally srwH. lantmhlr. -uhilf and serucom tfi'nctitlt, veiny; floittts in

cymti. ot 5i'/iMm at the end\ of the btartihi: , petah live. oiStmlar, Iti tnht yeltoiv ; ttamens itimerout.

"The ht'rbs and sini{)U'S i>f the wiHjd,
Uiie, liiKHiefiiil. ii\]\. viTvaiii ami Hjjrimoiiy,
Itlue-vftfli Jiud trilliuiii. havvkwoed. sassafras,
Milkwettl and murky brakes, (quaint pities and sundew." — IvMKK.SdN.

IPS are tiiuineratcd our characteristic wilil flowers — the ciu<iiiefoil in a phict of honor. The list is giv.n us in the ])oeni entitled

"Hliglit," wherein the Concord sage — the heart of a Oreek philosopher tlirob'oing in liis breast — sliaiply rebukes the students who

" I.ovf not llu* (luwer they pluck, and know it n(»t.
And alt their iKtt.iuy is I.:i'',n names."

Tile cinquefoH, with other numbers of the potentiUa race, is one of the wild (lowers wliicli. in the North, oftenest renews
acquaintance with the obser\ er.

The shrubby ciiuiuefoil makes its home in swamps in Canada and the Xorthcru .States, extending westward as far as Minnesota. It is also
indigenous to Kurojie. It is a very l>eaui.iful plant. The dark green leaves are silky white beneath. The golden flowers appear in l)rofusion
throughout the summer.

To those learned in.the language of the flowers the blos.soms of the ciiKiuefoil signify " maternal affection." If it were " fdial love," the
significance would be clearer, for most species of i>olentilla hug close to Mother Ivarth. Nearly all the cin'.;uefoils have bright yellow flowers,
but there is an odd kind in Arizona, with dark purple petals.

PLATE 74.

WAKE-ROBIN, BIRTHROOT. TRILLIUM ERECTUM.

(LILY FAMILY.)

I^teHHitlt. smooth : nHytitoek thtik. uf'li^ur

ttem simple, ereti letete /'ctiti'it; ti ;
on a ^tnrti feituel . \ep,ti

i till. i<ii!, . iiMit II idliiai \ _rt<iu>t : Jedtei thiimbit-oiMle, atumtiiate. ii'/it.v. veins retitvldted ; Jlo'uer /dtge,
,>,"i',»», petals, thtte. inale-lanieolate. aente, lotated.

lAMv urines tl ■ May breeze

Ileside pure seent of (lowers.

While all things \v.i\ anil intthin^ wanes

In leii^lheiiini; tlayli^ht hours." — Kkvant.

MONO the countless fair flowers tliat paint the ground with r.iinbow hues in the glorious month of awakening, none are more
..cautilul than the trillinms. Stanch natives ,ire the trillinms. Two or three, 'tis true, are natives of Western A.sia ; but these
are little known, and the familiar species .lU' all ours.

The wake robin, or birthroot, is one of the handsomest. Tlie flowers are larger than those of the painted trillinm. The
color of the ]H'tals is usuall> a dull red. Sometimes we find them whitJ, splashed with red at the base, .so as to give a crimson
heart to the flower. The birthroot is one of the flowers that scents the May bree/e, but not with a deliglitl'nl fragrance. Its odor
is distinctly unpleasant— that is, to human nostrils; what insects think of it is another matter. The binhr<H)t is one of the trillinms that have
the flower borne on a .stalk, above the leaves. Tliis stalk is usually more or less bent, making the blossom d- ip gra<efnlly. Theles.sou cmiveyed
hy the trillinm to those who le.id the flower language is that of " shy beauty. ' Trillinm cTcctum grows simthward to Tennessee, and westward
to Miiibouri, but its stronghold is in Canada and the Northeastern States.

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— 73 —
SHHUBBV CINQUEFOIL

•OTENTItX* FRUTICUS/

JUMf..

._ 74 -
WAKE-ROBIN, BrRTHROOT.

TRILLIUM (RECTUM.

MAY

5f

-n^

PLATE 75-

GROUND CHERRY. PHYSAUS VIRGINIANA. (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

Hairy perennial ; item etett t hen vKunit. skkh finK'ttalr, fir,itiiliitif; , leines a/ternti/e or alm<i\t rjpfin^ife. in '.fitiili case one M smiil/er . Itn, firtioled, nia/e, obtuse or acutish, rounded or tt uncaie.
and uHtyitiit lit ha\e, i oat sell tfollted and sinuate : /towers on li i illarv pediiets ; totolla funntl-stiafiid : l •tttiets yettaw,

kHK sandy fields of niidsiinimcr briiifj; fcirtli a coarse little weed, the f;roniid cherry, insignificant and often iniobserved At first sislit
\vc think it is i\ot in bloom. Hut if we raise one of the branches and look underncL'th the le.ives, we will find the odd little
drooping flowers, half fnnnel-forni, half bell shaped. The color of the blossom is pale yello..', with a brown-purple centre, and
more or less veined with the .same color. They sugRcst at once the henbane's lurid flowers. The ground cherry, or physaiis, is a
near relative of the henbane. It is generally reputed to be more or less poi.sonous, but it is certainly not as dangerous as the
Indeetl. one sjiecies, Physaiis .Mkekengi, has a berry which is sometimes eaten under the name of strawberry-tomato. It is the
fruit of the physaiis that earns it the name by which it is poptdarly known. The fruit is a round yeHow or scarlet berry, not unlike a cherry in
apiK'arancc. It is envelojK'd by the griatlv enlarged, papery calyx, hence the name /'/lysd/is, which means a /•/m/, r.

There are many spcciis of physaiis here. One is a connnon weed of gardens and corn-fields, Phy.salis pubcscens, a small flowered
species.

hvoscvanius.

PI.ATE 76.

BLUE-EYED GRASS. SISYRINCHIUM BERMUDIANUM. (IRIS FAMILY.)

WhcU p'ant tmootk : nwts fihons. iirttt nmrni'i"

;ujM.

'ii ,-ti;fttt-i'H iH./iif hinh. jitHlriud. uiiiiiHv Ti(Wi,T(/, Ir<i:rs /<<w.p. hm-ai , (iourn, /i-:

Ill itn HMbf!. jMbUnd-d bv a iJiaUt'

3t

GRACKFUI< little plant with six parted azure flowers that opens in meadows or cm hillsides in late spring and early summer.

It is often unseen, for it grows among the grass, loving to hide itself. If we search for it at ntHm-tinie when the broad sunlight

beats uiMin the iields, we will not fiiul the star-like blossoms " .\K things in this world." writes Thorean, " nuist be seen with

the dew <«i then\, must be .seen with yonlhfnl, early-opcncd, lio])ifnl eyes " That is ihe charm of the modest blne-eye<l grass.

It oi)tns its eves in the fresh morning, but shuts them to the midday glare. T* is while the trees still ca.st long westward .shadows

(m the wet gr.iss that we may expect to catch it awake.

It is not .strange that the sisyrinchinm is called a grass. The leaves, even the flat, winged stems, are grass-like. When one sees it with the

blossoms closed, its true aflinity wo\dd not be gnesseil at. Hut the blue eyed grass is really a cxmsin of the proud iris. The large, irregular, showy

flowers of the flags seem to have little in ccunnion with the six-parted, regnl.ir blo.ssom of the other, yet ti;eir plan is one and the same.

M

isSisLsiZ'K.

Hi

3

s

ill

.„ 75 —
GROUND CHERRY
i>Hrs*i.is vmoiNiAN*.

- 76 —
BLUE-EYED QBASS

IMVniKCHIUM VtRMUOIANUM.

.luNr

<^1

EGLANTINE, SWEET-BRIER.

PLATE 77.

ROS/\ RUBIGINOSA.

(ROSE FAMILY.)

AtucA branched ihrub; itfmt titmftt tcith ilnul, 1

■ f I"

uHrs. ./,/ti,/,i f,!, imiii.nl.
/"At-s itttt);, yjitfttitlMf;. pn

l.a:ri /nniia/.-. I.tilliti u\ii.tjfv li:r in fiiitnhi't. .r..jt.\ itiutf. shitrph ierraU, fvtrtmciv gfandutar beneath;
'iittt/iil ; prliih /iiv, pali' pnik : htp ot'uid, bright scarlet.

"In the warm litdKu ),'rcw lush cgliuitiiie." — SHELLEY.
" 'I'hc honey wine,
or the nioun utifuhleil L')>lantine
Which Tairies catch in hyacinth tjowls." — SiiRLLRV.

^F KiiKlish piH'ts only \Viir(ls\v.)rth knew the flowors as .SlicUey did niul described them as lovingly, albeit Wordsworth is les.s fanciful
tlian Shelk-y, and his pictures are l<.>s " impressiDuistic." Wordswurth, too, loved l)est the shy grace of the wild flowers, while
Shelley tuned his lyie to the praise of the wards of the gardener.

Perhaps no flower combines sn much rvislic wilduess of beauty with a fondne.s.s for dwelling near human haunts as does the
eglantine. One of the loveliest of roses, it has come to us from Kurope and has long made itself at home in the new world.
Hawthorne, in "The Scarlet Letter," givis us a beautiful picture cf the sweet brier bu.sh that grew at the door of the gloomy New
ICngland jail, the one bright object that met the eyes of the u happy pris<mer as she entere<l.

The ex(|ui>ite be.iuty of the eglantine witli its dainl> i>iiik flowers and graceful leafage, is joined to a delightful, penetrating fragrance.
Thi.s comes from tlie es,scntial oil contained in 'he tiny glands on the under-surface of the leaf.

■^n

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i

h.

GOLDEN RAGWORT.

PLATE 78.

SENECIO AUREUS.

(SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

Whole tlant glabrous, at least uhen tnaliiie. stem erect. Msua.'.'i ittiut, /urnnveif: rimt leates on long petiiiles. large, short oblong or orbicular, cordate, cr.-nate : stem leaves lyrale. uppermost

sessile, ilasping. deeply l.mlhed ; heads in a terminal, cor\mhos( paii'.lc, bright vellow. rays usually ten or titvlir.

^HTv sunflower family is the largest among flowering i)laiits. It includes an eiuiinous number of ,sj)ecies, and presents a rich variety of
torms. The iron-weed with its tni)ular purple flowers, the golden-rod" and asters, the sunflowers, cone flowers and coreopsis with
their showy rays, the yarrow and white-weed, the ragweed and the rloi iiur with their insigniticant geenish tlowers, the worm-
wikkIs, the thistles, the dandelion and chicor)-, the wild let'uce and the .sow- thistle —all telong to it. All these many forms have
in coMinion one unfailing characteristic, the flowers are Ixirne in heads.
The ragworts or sei.ecio are a large genus, both in the old world and in the new. In North America there are 'utmerous species, especially
in the Rocky Mountains and in Me.sico. In the Ea.st, the golden ragwort, .senecio aureus, is the Ix'st known kiirl It i.s a dweller in moist
meadows and bogs in the North, lint it prefers the mimntain meadows of the South. It is a pretty and attractive pant, the fresh -^apjiy g.'een
of the leaves in elegant coiilra.st with the brilliant yellow of the heads i>f its flowers. When the l)los,soins have faded, the seeds are riiJcned.
The.se are plumed with .soft, white hair. Hence the name senecio, I'roni siiiix, au old man.

-3tj

(rsausasE".',

— 77 -
EGLANTINE, SWEET BRIEK.

ROSA RUBIOINOSA.

«-r>;

- 78 —

QOLOEN RAGWORT

■UMCIO AURtUS

MAV-JUNK

%■

h

PLATE 79-

NIGHT FLOWERING CATCH-FLY. SILENE NOCTIFLORA. (PINK FAMILY.)

/iMMuai- whole plant vncid /luffen/iit , item ftr,/. ttiualfy luit or thirf feet high, mnch hamheit ; teatrs oppovte. seaite or on ilimt marf^tned petioles, ovate, spatnlate. or lanceolate, acute, veiny:

/tou-eis tn elongat/tl. Aiu./fi/ ctmes : calyr rithei latue, teeth ihott ; petals five, white, twotootheil.

ILENE iHKiiflora is oiiL- of those <xUl ])laiits that <>licii their flowers wlicii most others have goiic to sleep. When tlie wood-sorrel

has folded its leaves tojjether and tlie wild senna 1hij;s itself and shivers in the night wind, tlien the imctarnal catch-fly oixins its

fragrant, white or pink blossoms hy the roadside. They know not tlie brightness of our .sunlijjht, these pale blo.ssoms. They catch

only the pale lustre of the stars, the suns of other systems. The .sturdy bee, the dainty butterfly, visit them not. Their quests

are the dusky ninhtinoths. It is a c•oa^^e unattractive plant as we see it by da\lit»ht, covered uiili sticky hairs, like many of its

conjjeners. Hut it makes <|uite another impression on us, as we mmi upon it al an evening hour.

It IS a plant of doubtful ori>;iii, tile nijjlit-flowiriiij; oaleh flv. Cerl.iiu it is that it has nime to us from thi old world. Alphonse De

Candollc, the great aullioiity on jjcoKrapliieal Ix'tnny, at»"hutes it to .Siberia but it has long been natuialized in Western Europe, wlience it has

been iiitriHluceil into North America. It is pretty well naturali/ed here, flowering in sninmer. The name catch-fly has been given to these

plants because of the sti.'-y hairs wherewith they are often covereil

PI<ATE 80.

TICK-TPEFOIL .MEIBf )MIA iDESMUDIUM) CANADENSIS. (PEA-FAMILY.)

.stem erect Milk branches C'iHI*ailett. hairy ; stipules small, early ilecittunns : leatYS tu/oliolate. oi-ate ot ohlong-lancetilate, atutr, veiny, /tieen above, pater ami hairv beneath : Jloifers comparality/y
■ ■I'ge. in terminal, panicleii iaieme\ coiolla violet pitl pie. biitterftvshapeil.Jiuila lonieilt 01 joinlej p.nt, joints few, ivnndeit.

T is an admirable cunlrivance for spreading seeds far and wide — the development of prickles on the fruit so that they may catch in
the hair of aiiim.iN The maple attains the same desired end of reproduction, by having its fruit winged so that the wind will
carrv it. The seeds of the thistle and of the milk- weed liear tufts of delicate hairs so as to l)e wafted on the lightest breeze. In the
case of berries and other edilile fruits, t!i>- seeds are surrounded with a s<ift pulp, so that birds will devour them. The pods of the
witch hazel discharge the .seeds as if Iroiii ,1 pistol, to a surprising distance. Some western gras.ses have long aw7is or bristles
which iKiietrate the fleece and even the flesh of sheep. The burdock, the beggars'-lice and the tick-trefoil make use of hooked
prickles to fasten theinselvt- to animals. The end in view is always the same — to scatter widely the seeds so that the young seedlings will not
crowd each other out, but U- liorne to " pastures new." The tick-trefoil is a disagreeable plant Irom its baiT-like quality, but is not usually
harmful as a weed. It is rather a handsome plant, especially '" mass. The large purple flowers .ire quite showy. It flowers in the .sunnner.

tffj

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11

— 79
NIGHT FLOWERING CATCHFLY.

SILtNE NOCTirLOH*.
JULY.

TICK TREFOIL

MEIBOMIA IDESMOOIUMI CANADENSIS.

n

— 81 -
FHINGED GENTIAN.

QENTIANA AMERICANA ICRINITA).

jmv_AuausT

— 82 —
ELECAMPANE.

INULA HELENIUM.
AUGUST

m

wiiBimiiimmmiimmm

etfrnmammcmaaKx-tRum

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-!3

FRINCFO C.FNTIAN.

PLATE 8i.

c.F.NTiANA ami;kk;ana (Crinitai. (C.fntian family.*

SuitMttk amatiui : stfmrtrtt mu. ^ f*tau,kfti, ^i mufj .tKni" .

,1/ thr I,

imil %>t the ht.iM.h, », i ij/i i fiifiUft. ihf i/ifiswts mutf-

' Thou Mossom firight vitli aiitninn dew,
Aiiil oi»l(>m! wnh llu* htavctis' mvii liliic.
That (>i>t'ucst \^ht'^ tlic quiet li^hi
Succ«?<ls the kwMi ami frosty •tight.

' Thon wnitcftt l.itc iiid com'st alone.
W'^u ti wr(>.ls an.' iMtri* ami Innls an* tlowii.
.\ni\ iuvA .:nM H'[orti.'tiiiii; <ia\s porti'ixl
The agi'<l year is near his t-iitl.

" Thfii Moth thv 'iwct'l aiitl f|uirt eye
l.nok thnm^I t-^ frinj;fs to th*' sky,
Illiu hlue— ..^ i) that sky let fall
A Hower from its cerulean Vfi\\\."~/Jrva»f.

\IV. fritij^etl Kentiati coiiits tu us whi'i all t-Ise is *lyii»j( or diatl. While IIr* It-nvt-s of iiiai>k' aiul siitiiach arc red uitli the
litH-lic t1u>h thai pnludts tlccay. llu- low land meadows ami marshis ^ivc birth It) this iKaiitiriil llowt-r. The lieaveiily Mtic
of its delicately fritjj?wl l)loss<»ms fleams from the browiniij; marshes like the rain"lK)W (hroii>>h a slcirm—token tliat otit ol
death life shall ^pr»iiji ajjain. Tn lliose who U^»k f(ir tlte hidden meaning of thiiijjs there is stiimtliiui; of 'hope amicKt llu-

tender pathos of

" The hhu- ^jrntian-llowiT. that in the lnct/e,
Notls lonely, of her heaiitetMis race the last."

The Frin};ed Gentian strays southward to (iCor>;ia, and • found westward alino-^t to tlie R<x?kies.

'"*s

PLATE 82.

FIFCAMI'ANF. INUI A Hl.l.l NIUM

(SUNI-I.OWFR FAMILY.)

ijigf "W tt>4>l Itd-.f^ Jfltf; fi^fi'l'il. I'i't /t'^'t HI m»>f loiix .iA/..i*i' o:alf. ,tril,ite .,^^'ll\ fvurii/h, sl^m /akvj cf'.'^fK tti/k it fiirjiitf haii- fii-Mti tatg/-, frtmim,tiiiiii ^iir hianthft ■

/iiilitu iif thf ini<<lu,if liitKf, t kiimtiii I'lHitf . litvi iiunteioHi. iftf naitiiM

" The noisome veeils that wit!-, 'rt profit siirk the ftoil's feriilily from wholesome linvivn." —Siatet/vatr.

W'. of the in:my Olil Wnrlil wt-eil- lli.it ;, iw fniiinl an aliidiiiK jilaci- in North America, i- the l%le("iin|);ine. It is not as yet a

oinnnon i>laiit with iis In i'lvUU and r.aclsiclcs it is niel with iinw and then. R.ither a slrikitiK l>lanl it i.s, with lar^'e. velvety

leaves and brinlit yellow, narrow raseil heads. The name l\k-eami)ane.-- a jiretty name, full of (thj World sn^K'"-''"''''- — is

1^ . derived, as to the latter part. Inim nii/tns. the I.atin word for "a field." The prefix r/f is siii(' u> \k' a niodifieation of the I.atin

■■Sj "^i'"*-' '"•■ •'" :dliid (ilanl. IKleninm

The tliifk root is filled with .i;nni. and was formerlv nnuh used in inetlieine. eonihined with syriip. as a vahiahle tonic
an<I stiniulaiil II i^ still nsi-d .as an ini^'redient in confeclioner\ in the rural (larls of ICngland. It is also nsed with anist- and wormwood .n
flavoriiiK coidiil-.

Iinil.i lleleiiinm i-- a .lalne mI Ivuropi' and of western Asia, as fir sontheaslward as the Himalayas,- " the heaven kissing hills."

O^---

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— 83 —
ARROWHEAD.

8*0ITTAH!* LATIFOLIA (VARIABILIS).

JULV

— 8« —
WILD ORANGE LILY.

LILIUM PHILADELPHICUM.

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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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WEBSTER, N.Y. 14J80

(716) 872-4503

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ARROW-HEAD.

PIATE R3-

SAGITTARIA I.ATIFOI.IA iVAKlABlLlSl.

(WATHR PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Filiroi.sf.'olr.l. uijiilrufnl. vraiifno'..' I»;r«lial: Iratn on l,;,s . h,'ll,.:,fflit>l,s. nrl>,mr.l.,l„l.h,„g,ll,ilrm I ,ul.,lr llir lobis .yftru A...;,. Mu» Iht trsl •>/ Ihf hlule.Mme ot .tmlr . /I,.:,fr, mwHircK'US.

prdu^Uttt <•' /" .ih^ tl\ (J« II uttkfti i,.i^. ttte t>i\lillttli' fifli'-.t. Iki- it,i>f.ifi.iir i(/>...r.

"TlitTf was nevtT m\sttTy

lint 'tis liKUriil ill tlic flowers."— /^wi^r.vi'W

MONC. iIr- wild -flowers n\w may find the iniMtni of f\ery hiiiiiaii passion, instliiol. thouf;lit. Joy and sorrow, plvasiiri.- and pain,
tliarity and liatc, .ill liaye their sii;n in the plant-world. In t)ii> arrc .v-head we .seem to have an emblem of war, ol" war after the
fashion of the eistwliile-dwellers in our country. It is as if tli;- weapons hurled with the Indian sachem hail s])nniR; into life tinder
till' iullueiKe of some ma^ic spill. Inmxeiit arrow hea<ls are these that rise on their shafts out of the iiuid and the water. There
is no veiioni on tln-ir points, they destrox no livin.i; tliini; yet they mimic well the prin itue inslrunient of death.

.'sai;itt.iria latifolia is a common plant in North .Xiiie'ica. The cluster of liiijjht ..{leeu leaves with the stalks of white flowers
m are to be seen ill every shallow pcKil, i;< everv Im.n and iliteh. '^lie well opened flowers are ipiite pretty. I'Ni>ecially so ale the
lUes with the heart of ({oldeu stamens circled by the three milk-white ])et lis.
have several kinds of .Sat;ittaria. of which '' inittaria latilolia i-. the illo.st common. It is much like the bUiroiican .Arrow-Head.

airoiii; the
stamin:,te c
W

*■«

WiLI) ORANCiI- LILY.

PLATE 84-

LILIUM miLADHLPHICUM.

,11 Y FAMILY.

/Vri'ifMiii/ '//wi fieri from a uiijt

:.'/'. hi

■■th . buiiuht'i^ to;,tii,t^ Ihf iimmil :
l' ilii:ii'J, btitJf j:\itf litH4ri>hilc iii,-h

in ;,«,.!/. ,./ Iitf .
:(,;l ailk fill /ill . ,/

^lilf laiiif'i'iit'- aiiilf piiitiUfI ifiiifil : H<i:>ri s etfft. tfimitiiiling Ihf hi,i»ihfy;
I. :iitk long fttuntftth ilmt tfiyatllf dHthfH

, KM' handsomer flowers than the wild lilies are to be f(miiu in the meadows or woods of Mortli .\merica. The charm of these plants
is never lailinj;. I'erliaps no other '".oweis that lack rrajjrance a^e so much admired. Tluvare elcj,'ant plants, the lilies. The
■"Jto—'i* A ^ simple, upright stems with their ciicles ol smooth. (;reen le.ives so rej;nlarly disposed, and tiieir crown of suiurb flowers, -what
B t/t Iw' more of beauty Could Nature IksIow on them ? We are not di.sappointed by their sceiillessuess. A perfumed t)raiit>e i.ily would

B-< strike us as an incoiij;ruity. — inueli as if 'twere p-ainted.

Tlioreau ass'K-iates the f)ran^e I.ily with the spirit of niidsummer. He draws a fiiK- picture of the laiidscajH' at that
season and jilaces this flower its central fiKure. "Tile red lily with its torriii Ci'lor and sun Ircd led s|Jots dispen.sinn, too, with the outer
Karnunt of a calyx, its pvtals so open and wide apart that you can see tliroiij;li it in every direction, tells of hot weatlur h is of a hamlsouK bell-
shape, so upright, iiid the llower inevails over e cry other p.'.rt. It belongs not to spring "

I.iliiuii I'hiladelphicnin is by no means confined to the vi<'inity of I'hilidelphia. It is coinmon in the iiorthea-.teiii .Slates, extending west
ward l)e\oiiil til. .Mississippi and sou'liward to N.irth Caroliii.i and Tennessee.

dt.

.5^

-^

I**!)

— 85 —
WILD YELLOW LILY.

LILIUM CANAOENSE.
JULY

— 86 —
OX-EYE DAISY, WHI TEWEED.

CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM.
JUNE

M

I 31

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WII I) Yl I.IOW I ll.Y

Pr.ATE 8s.

ILIUM CANADI-NSi:.

il.ll.Y lAMll.Y.)

sum ftmf.'r, h,ll. r sing Jn'i'i u f'jitf' pu'liiiigftl at Miff iiiiii n

iittZ-xlttfit ; /'iKct oi-tttf lantroliilf. ^^>fllf, iii .-■ A"i/j i\f font tit ,w i', mittuti-lv lti\f-iit on Itif tn,ni:ini iimt 'fiHi; Jtit-ier.. brll-^huf'fd. niHlilim; dii l/if
sitmmtti 1'/ Ihf tuiiHtkti : ifpali «.•/ cAinA/, uniwf.f'/A'ft' U'ith hinaii /titifil,- !>/H't\.

** It was the timt' when lilies Mmv,
Ami clouds are llii^lu-st UJ) in ail."

IirS 'IViuiysiiii l)i.j;ins one of his iiumitalilu sliort (kkiiis. How (kli.nlitliiUy snij^H'stive arc tlu'se siiiiplc lines ! Wliat iliarininj;

vi.^ioiis of cool, gray-coliiiiiiicd, Kivciicanoiiicd woods, of iVcsli. grassy, lilicd meadows, the ]>oel's words invoke !

' While the Wild ( Ir.iii.ne I, il\ prefers ('ry soii, the Wild Yellow I,il\ thrives hest in moist meadows .nul low woe k1.^. It is a

more Insty pl.nil th.ili the other, taller ami more ahoinidinj; in s.i]>. The hell sha]ied flowers, on the other hand, are smaller an:l less

hrilliant than those of I.ilium I'hiladelpl'icuin, as i a]>t to he the case with stroni; );rowinj; Jilants. They driHipon their stalks,

while those of the other siHxries are boldly erect. It is a more nuKh.t plain 'li.)n,i;h not kss handsome, mayhap. The color of the pel:. Is is nearir

a trne yellow, the spots are inor' brown than p.'rple.

The lily .sh.'ires wilh tl'.e rose the honors of (xx'try and soni;. The injniiction of the .Master to " consider the lilies " li.is Ikcii will olxyeil.
liards of cver> time .in(. lace have vied in sini;inj; tlie pra-ses of these f.iirest llowcrs.

The Wild Yellow Lily grows over a wider territory than the Oran.ue Lily, ranging farther both to Xorth and .South.

OX-l-YF. DAISY. WlllTI Will).

//''t/'iJfKIti />firttnitii\ itittts t^tiin, tiiMi; , Iriilv, yli\'ti/lv f-ii'^tii-tt ;
J'-UK . tuli.il f.iiHHile\ ; tnt»Jt4,

PLATE 86.

CHRYSANTHI-MIJM !

i;iI(.ANT[ll-MUM. (SUNFLOWHR f-AMII.Y.)

tit.it ifaJf\ /I'lii; />rfi ii;t, nriii--

.ir-tlv

'.<f;:/ Oiitl t.tnth^.t ■
^. :.ktt. . <i,xk Ho:.

-.fr ml ■■•}':

lit'. I tatfiinc. hli IN

,Ufti->ih>J . hf,tii' luiKf.

\'LRYTniXG depends upon tlu' point (.f \iew. The flower that delights the eye of the l)ainler and inspires the poet to P.iriias.siail
lli.i;hts. is the dete.'tation of ihe thrifty farmer. The ()x-I'!\e Paisy, so mnch admired by lovers of Nature, is the liano of every
cnltiv ited lielil wherein it gains a foot hold. It i> a hardy jilant. When it can, it li\es on the fat of the laud, yet it will thrive in
the ])oorest. lea.st hosjiitable soil. Wordsworth, in a note to a poem oi\ the Cave of StafTa, Vtritcs. — " Tixin the head of the cohnuns
which form the front of the cave rests a ImkIv of ileco-nposed ha.saltic matter, which was richly decorate 1 with that large, bright
llower, the ox eyed daisy. I h.id noticed the same flower growing with profusion among the bold rocks on the western coast of
the Isle of Man, making a brilliant contr;i.>t uith their black and glooiin- surfaces."

The OxI'.ye Daisy, sturdy vagabond of field and roadside, is of the s.uue genus as the aristocratic Chr\santhcmums of ganleirs ,cnd con-
servatories. It is a handsome jiiant, 'tis true, but it owes uincli of its fame to being often taken for a humbler but more delicately beautiful
llower. the irne ICnglish Daisy.

*-f

A

I

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— 87-
TURTLE-HEAD.

CHELOHE OLABHA

— 88 —
LANCE-LEAVED LOOSESTRIFE,

STEIRONEM* LANCEOLATUM.

?T

PI,ATE 87.

TURTI.i: lli-.\n. CHia.oNH ci.abka.

(FIGWORT FAMILY.)

tl'fiolr f^tattt '

h-imitiil, fimitfit ifiifs; lUtolU tM/'Hfin •am/Htnutufr. hivhpffit. atwttv in Ihf thi>Mit; f.'tJfititamf»iJoHi. \*ith a xvilige oj d fljlh.

"Tlie itiillioii-hauiU'tl sculptor iiioIi]s
Ouainlt'st biul and hlnsKoin folds,
Tile niillion-liaitdcil painter pours
Dpal huts aud purple dye."— A'w/<'/si)n.

lll'tX we dimly roali/c th(j iiiminicral)le forms ami colurs with wliicli Xaltirv diversifies the kiiidly matitle of vi'i;etati<>ii that covers
this aiiiient t;lohe and hides its stern rock-ina.sses, we must mar'el at her tine.-iliausten and iiUNhanslilile feiiiiidit\ . X 1 two
■ijieeies, no two individuals, are fashioned just alike. livery hlossoi", every leaf, every twig has its speiial form and feature, l-laeh
petal has its peculiar hue, and lui two colors are ([uite the same. The dyer whocomiiiauds all the rain bow tints that art has drawn
from lifeless coal-tar, is resourceless as compared with "the million-handed painter."

In the autumn season when the cicada shrills from yellowing willows and every scene and sound is suggestive of the ])as.sing
of the year, we may make a new ac(|uaintance at lirooksides and in swamps. A fine plant, with dark green leaves and large, white, rose tinged
flowers in close spikes This is the Turtle head. The two-lippeil corolla has an nndenialile likeness to the heail of a tortoise, with the mouth
clo.seil. It llowers in Septemlx'r and October.

:&0

^

PLATE 88.

LANCF-l.FAVFI) I.CX^SFSTRIFF. SIFIRUNFMA LANCFOl.ATUM.

'RIMROSF l-AMlLY.)

SIfm erert. htaHchnig aboi'i\ iltniii't

vA, /<)M^ ann/^if. smii.'lh leaifs •i/t/Hiiilf, sfailf or on \harl, uingfil, ttlmtf fii'tfl^i. imtuilhnh, oirhng l,t»iYi'/,Uf. i/i ittr at iififi . jY»«v
,1 \tllin\ f^<h</h I II fit iif<-pl\ Jiif tltfl; (ototht Kttalf. tiiffijrUd, liifvi Itkilhfd at itp, i .

the I.ince-leaved I.(K)Sestrife. This is a plant
)f Me.Nico, am' to Texas and Dakota in the

^l''TI\\ growing with the common h'ringed I.ofise.strife is a more elegant .species
' marshes and of low. fertile woihIs. It ranges from Canada to the (iulf
\\est.

The true Loosestrifes are s]iecies of I.ysnnachia, but the Steironemas are so clc-sely allied that the name may not unfitly be
applied to them. All have yellow, fringeil corollas, dainty and pleasant to the eye. They belong to a fai,iily famtms for the
elegant beauty of its ineml)ers. The Primioses ' lemselves. represented in this country by small, pink -flowered, rock-loving
plants of the North, are, in luirope, among the mo.st l)eautiful and most cherished of spring wild-nowers. In ICngland two spi-cies arc esiK'cialiy
f.imous, — the common yellow printrose, so <lcar to the people, and the fragrant cowslip. Then there are the glorious, many colored Cyclamens,
ivell known to US in cultivation, natives of Sontlurn Miirojie and the Levant. We have the odd and surpassingly lieautiful .Shootnig, Star, some-
times called the American Cow.slip, the curious Water Feather with its swollen stems and the cunning little .scarlet-eyed I'impernel, naturalized
from i;uro])e.

St

M

"^f

It.

PRINCF'S IMNK, I'll'SLSSLWA.

PI/ATE 89.

CHIMAI'HILA UMBHLLATA. iHhATH FAMILY.

S/ftn I'tfcl /xuti n ilfiiilii

f'/'tHK n>iil-sl«< t. tin/i. MilKtrlli :

^■,/„

• u-luith Iff /tiHr fir /fTV, Ihirk, shilling atutir. o/imiitf iii'ni-<i/,iti . \hitiplv
vmft : p,l,its Hv<\ f'hiiis/i : \/'imins tin, unt/ti'i ^ /•ttrfi/,-.

•nitt.\ iii itlf ill I'olli iitits ,■ /loivers fi-.f in n fittig

\IV, Clumapliila iiiiilnUatii." writts Tlioicau in liis JDiinial of " Siimnier. " under date of July 3, 1852, "must have been in blussoni
some time. The hack of its ]>elals, ' cream colored, tinged with purple.' which is turned towards the beholder, while the face is
^* towards the eirlh, is the hand.somer. It is a very pretty little chandelier of a flower, fit to adorn the forest floor. Us buds are
nearly as handsome. They appear to b': loujj in unfoldinj;. "

The species of Chimaphila, ne-ir relatives of the wiMterHTeeii, belong, in the fitness of things, to .\merica. They hariMonize
well with the peculiar life of our j;reat forests. Thiy would be out of phicc in lCny;laud or in ICgypt A beautiful little plant is the Prince's Pine,
worthy of its aspiriujj name. The dark, shininj; leaves,— " I do not know any leaf so wet-i^lo.ssy," saysTlioreau, — surmounted by the little cluster
of pink imriile llowers, make a siuKularly elegant coudiinatiou.

The I'rince's Pine, or lei us call it by the Indian name, I'ipsissewa, is tound over the whole breadth of North America from the .\Hantic to
the Pacific, ecpially at home in the forests of the Ivast and of California. Cliimaftltila means " winter loving ; " the leaves are evergreen.

CALOPOGON.

PI<ATE 90.

.IMODORUM (CAI.Ol'OGON) TUBKROSUS.

(ORCHIS FAMILY.)

J>U' III II fililili-it II

III t:i ,' stiiiithiHi: Mil/rs lit hiiSf. iitlil a il>ii;ti' /.>//./C'' fiit/: Imt Im
,»!•• Ill lit! \tintniit lit tlif iiit/if. iTiy ini'^iitiii . pink iitiii fimfiti-

r-tiiriii'iiiii/i\ fiitmllrl'tviueil, ijciili- III tiiilli rmt.s ,■ Jfoiirrs

V, have ma-iv beautiful orchids in Nor'h America, even outside the tropics. These northern orchids <lo not i^row on the limbs i^f trees,
but out of the ground as if they were ordinary plants. However, .. l.Hik at the llowers is enough to satisfy us that ordinary plants
these are not.

Perhai)s the fuiesl of our native (>rchidace;e is the C;dopogon. It has no graceful foliage to enhance its charms. The single
grass-like leaf, is easily overlooked. It is a plant of " llowers par excellence, all lowers, naked llowers." Hut the rare beauty of
the blossoms :uakes anything else uinie-ce.ssary. The rich, delightful rose purple is accenluate<l by the varicolored hairs with
which the lip is "lieardiMl." It is royally lovely. The .sight of the Calo]):igon blowing in grassy meadows impresses the most indiflereut
l)eholile'-, and is rememliire<l ever after with a thrill of pleasure.

Limodorum tidierosus i: a denizen of wet meadows and marshes throughout Ivistern North .\uierica. It is a connnon plant in tlie I'.ast, but
westward becomes cpiite siaice. In the S(mth there are two or three kindred siK-cies, adorning the pine liarreu swamps. The llowers arc sometimes
faintly fragrant.

"1^

.%

It '

^

— 89 —
PRINCE'S PINE, PIPSISSEWA.

CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA.

JUNE

— 90 —
CALOPOGON.

LIMOOORUM (CALOPOQON) TUBIHOCUS.

JULY.

'-S. ''^ittiiW^itmlUMi*- ^11 i"Ti>iWWijj litrniiniMWn

«■*

WILD i.ii.Yor thi>vai.i.i-:y.

PLATE 91.

UNIlUl.lUM (SMILACINA) BIFOUUM.

.11. y lAMIl.Y.)

St/»ii iimplf, Hnb*tttubfd, ftdt /t<>

tftpiHx, srti/v fttohtint. ;^/(iA»rtw5. iftr/f, ztv-:tijt : tfawt t:ii> or th*ff, petiittni. hrtttiitlv iniifr. or irnilorm, ttcHte ■ y/unrii small, >hott-prJnelUil, in a trtnnnat,
minutilv timilfit uurmf ; yrftitts Jnut , re/lftfti, uhtti- ; ilttmi-m Jt'ut , ft utt a tfdttish btt*y.

"Tlic N'liaillikc I.ily iif tlic Vale.
Whom youUi inaki'H so fair ami passion so pale,
That the IikIu of it^ tretniilotis lu-lls is seen
Throtijjh Iheir pavilions of leiuler ^rww." ShcUiy.

IIIv T,ily-of-thc- Valley (ConvjUaria), S(i common in ICuroiK', is vtry rare in America. It grows wild in the Blue Ridge and Alleghany
Miinnt.iins. We have a little plant in our northern woods which is not utdike the true I.ily-of theValiey. hut which l.ick.-- its line
attrihute of fragrance. It is the Uiiifolinni. — I, ike so many of the Lily Family it has a delicate, almo.st fragile. l)eanty. There is
almost always a ccrlain ex(|nisite reliiiemcnt of form in the lilies.

The I.ily-of thcA'alley sigmfies "the retnrii of happiness." We may well transfer the significance to oiir ])lant, that opens
Its tiny while blossoms to the halmy bree/es of May, sign that winter's icy reign is at an end.

The I'nifolinni liil'olinni is a native of Ivniope as well as of North .Vnierica. It is found omIv in nnrtliern latitudes, or on high mimntains.
With us it is common in fertile, nutssy woods northward and on woiuled mountain sununits in the South. It is one of our man> wild-tlowers wliicli
have not an Ivnglish iianie. That of " Wdd Lily of the A'alley " would he appropriate.

I'ASQUE-FJ.OWF.R.

PIRATE 92.

PULSATILLA HIRSUTISSIMA.

(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

lytfnntal. utinU filant halt

hi; finiH a y/iint •ii

<,tv

■i//.....

■nil l.mi:.

Mitltail at Ihf SMmmit oj III'- ylfm . ^rfiuli iimallv M I. /unfile .

\ilkv han
itamrnt i

. Kxil l,a:vs fvtialnl, pitiHUlrly pailfil ilihrt \ti-in l<ar<-
4»lf»(>Ht . tar/ifhJuiHii/ifi/ ii'ilh long, pi. mine tails.

snialUr. Sfiiilr ; fiowtt taigf.

"When trelliseil grapes their flowers ninnask,
.\nil the lU'W horn tendrils twine.
The ohi wine darkling in the e.-tsk
I'eels the hlooni on tlie living vine." — Fmrrson.

\yiV, fancies, in the spring time, that not only the tree trtmks with the streams of .sap coursing throtigh their trunks, not oidy
the burstitig buds ami the upsi)ringing tlowers, but even the hard rocks, the soil, water, ever\thing, is pulsating with life.
Nature, in her protracted silence, has gathered strength for a new song.

While the hepaticas, spring iKanties and violets are putting forth their tender blossoms to adorn the eastern woods the
western prairies are glowing with their own llowers. It is as if the sky had fallen ti|K)U them, they liecome sheets of blue.
It is the blossoms of the iias(|ne-llowers, newly oiHiied, that at Iva.ster tide deck the landseaix". Like daisies in luiglish
meadows tiny spread over the broad expanse of plains.

The I'nlsatilla has ;; large blossom. In color it is a delicate purplish-blue. It is mtich like the llowers of some cultivated .species of
Clematis, The llowers are succeeded by heads of seeds with long, silky, silvery white tails, like those of the \'irgiu's liower.

cjtu.

I '

Nl

I ■ ' I

— 91 —
WILD LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY.

UNIPOLIUM (SMILACINA) BIFOLIUM.
WAY— JUNE

— 92 —
PA8QUE FLOWER.

PULSATILLA HinSUTISSIMA.

MAV-JUNt.

?4:-

COLUMNAR CONH-FI.OWF.R.

PIATE 93.

KUDBF.CKIA QJLUMNARIS.

(SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

A'<vi/ itnipU, tttilt/ :

slfmt ttHttftfit, httliichfit, ainiUil ami simile, talher minulrh- fi/ffiii
an finiif fifilnHi/i-.\ ; n-nfitiiil^ * xlntili it,il nt iiiluHlinn ; »((vi »i

ril l>Hh,\,vtit ; Irajrt fiiHHti/e Jt'ilh tinriit nt iiittrfolitlf, Harrtiw haJttH, the tittwt pftwtfti, tlw upper sfsuir ; heads
>iNM/<-ii)iii, ti'fliifit, yftliiu- or piiipliih, iiiHtH longer l/mn the mtrriiw iniit/uriat hmili.

\\\'. most hiauliriil Iuiii)]Knii wild flowers make tlu-'r homes in liedge-rows ami waysides. So thickly settled are many parts of the
. Old Woild that the flowers must needs find room in tlie ecrners and Uye-ways. Here, oil I'/ie eoiitrary, they have the ran^e
V of (jreat forests and boundless jilains. lience they are shyer than their transatlantic eousins. Instead of comiu); boldly out into
\ illa^es and towns and exhibiting their charms ti> all the world, they seek homes in w.Jodland solitudes and lonely vales.

America has preserved a fine forest flora and a no less varied prairie vegetation. Amonn the characteristic plants of the
plains, two >;re.it families are predominant. The I'ea Family contributes the lupines, vetches, lead-pla;its, prairie-clovers. The Smiflower
Family is repre.sented by the golden nids, asters, bla/in^ stars, csreopsis, sun flowers and cone-flowers.

Of tliese last, the Colunmar Cone flower is one of the iirettiesl and most showy. The lon^; cylimlrical disk ami the driKipinj; rays j,'ive an
ihUI liHik to the heads The r:i\s are sometimes <rimson spotted or even entirely crimson, tmuli like those of the Texa.i v'oreopsis tinctoria. The
Culunniar Cone -flower grows from Minnesota south to Texas.

AMERICAN SI;A ROCKI-T. ClAKIL

PI,ATK 94.

i;i)i;ntula iamericana). (Cress family.)

I Jill lit iiiimiiil : \teuii ei'-il 1

hli'ln liiiim liiil : l,'ilj/i iiUetittlte.
)h-il peiluillfil III /.'rt.v, -»x '"

fthmnle 0
; Ulieliie.i

\putiil,li: iihtitii- ,1/ it/>et\ liipetliii: mill shi'tt petiole-
pitiih /.'HI piile pint . poih jtr^hx. tuo jointed.

iitnlote 01 oliteniely dentate , linwerx

N interesting class of plants a r those that inhabit beaches an<l .<alt-marshes alony; the coast. They are rarely handsome plants.
They are apt to have clumsy, fleshy stems, swollen joints aiivl inconspicuous pinkish, white or green flowers. They are usually
scraHgly and missha)x;n, with a weatlier-l)eati.n Icxik. None the less, they are full of interest for the observing;. They are
excellent illii.strations of the effect of environment on organisms. Their mode of growth is such that they offer the least possible
nsi.stance to a.ssailinR winds. Their fat and ruRged stems, full of sap, possess almo.st inexhaustible vitality. They u.sually contain
more or less .salt, absorbed from the briny soil in which their roots are fixed. Wonderful i- lIic power of .some plants to .select
certain minerals, present in minute i|naiility, from the soil, for use as building material. Just as tin inollnsc takes carbonate of lime from sea-water
for its shell, or the coral ])ol>p lor its .stalk, so some plants ab.sorb various salts which they jmt to use in their domestic architecture. Some, like
horsetails and grasses, strengthen the exterior of their stems with silica. Certaiir maritime ]ilants take in nniell iodine and bromine, — elements
invaluable to the photographer. Cakile Kdentula, a plant of the northern .sea-coast absorbs more or less chloride of .sodium, common salt.

k.

M

— 93 —
COLUMNAR CONE-FLOWER.

RUOaCCKIA COLUMNARtS.
JULY.

— 94 —
AMERICAN SEA ROCKET.

CAKILE COENTULA (AMEDICANAX
JULY.

V

SI.RVICl HI KKV. SHAO HUSf

PUATK 95.

ami;i.an(;hii;r botryapium. (Rosk family.)

.S/i»mA lit \mtit/ itfe Mil/ fti fritiHn ifH /i-it in kfiuhl ' ifh K>ai hiiik : Irat-fs ulli'iHiilf ml iiilhri limg fifliolfi, oMong ofdtr. timHttnt in wmfit hat cotdalf at tiaif mtitniiiiiK at apfx. ifitatf. tittghl gti-fti
ami immilh aS-. ■ . fiittf anil /latifiirHt tvMrallt . ;fniif-t\ in t/unt fairiMfi. afififitimg Iff fat t ttte ieaifi, /i/tali fiir, oMuHg. white.

" When the hiiiI'UkIU (ills tlie h<Hini,
Dissolvfs till' i-nist, ilisplni << the lliiwers "—

£y- '■J^R'^''' "^ '''^' '''■'' Aimrican slinil)S In ka|> into lilcKiiii is the Sliad l)Usli. It is ;i novel si^lit. that of a Sliailhiish covcrtMl willi its
«*1>^~>i:ffl|| nay wliitf lilussonis wliili- tin- sliiKnanl Uavis arc still sln|iiiin f^miKlV i" their lilankcts The- .Vinclaiichiir just as its llowirs Ue^in
to l>lnw is thf most showy otijirt in tlu' sjiriii^; wixkIs. Most of thi' larlv spring: llowtrs are shy, low yrowinj; liirhs, I'lsllinj;
nniUr liaiiks or ainoiin the r<M)ts of tu-is lint tin- liravt Shad luish llannts its wliiti- banners IiIkIi anions the other shrubs of the
forest. Often it attains the dignity of arNireal height. When siunnier is at its prime, when the fine, liri(;ht (jreen foliage of the
Shadhiiili is well ileveloped. it still has its >;lories. for then it is eovered witli 1>. i^ht red berries, l)C'antilul berries, and of such a
(leliKhtf'.il, |>ii|nanl flavor ! There is sometliinH " wmhhIv," snKHestive of out of-ihK)rs al«mt the taste of 'he service-l)erries. — " sarviees." they call
them in the Southern Mountains. There tlu y are nuieh esteemed for |)reser\es. Whole families, armed with axes, go out on the hillsi<lcs for
"sarviees." The trees aie ruthles.sly ent dowri to ^;et the Irnit.

TRICOl.ORF-n (".ll.iA. (

PI,ATE 96.

II lA TKICOIOU.

(Phl.O-; FAMILY.)

AnntuJl. (»ififufnt. ■^trm f»f(t fttanihitijt Of**** *"''" '*^ ^*' frtftf; IrtitYt aUi'tmtlf Ihf to:\n prtwlrit. Ihf Hfifif* »m\lv ^fsuiU. funnal wumfnls Kartouh- finrat : ftauttt few /w deme, rvmnse cluftns

al thr fHits '*/ ihf /»ni»ifyi-s . rotitUa talker laigf ^uhmi-I ihiifint f»f>f Haitim- limh /i,. (ti/t. siamim ,/iiv, (unnf an Ike eotolui

"%?

,^.j,i KOl'I'S of |il: \ts jKenliar to .AMieriea, whuli are of the Xew Worlil mdy. ajiiu'al t'l us, much as when we enter an Indian
eneanipn-elit and li^ik upon the laees of In«iuois or Semir.oles. So with (iilia. This j^reat genus of beautiful ])lauts is entirely
confined to North and South .\meric.i, mainly to the I'ormer continent. It is one of the I'hlox l-'amily. the other members of which
are largely Aniericau, tiK), All the handsome I'hloses with tlu ir white, pink, crimson. |>urple or blue corollas are al)ori>;ii;al. Mo.st
of the ("lilias are natives of the sonlhwestern States.

(lil'a tricolor belongs to California, ami is loinul over jiretty much the whole of tli.it state straying northward It is a
surpassingly iK-autdul little plant, perhaps the handsonust though not the showiist of the geiuis The coKilla is of three .shades, which contrast
with each other admirably. The ttdie is bright yellow ; there is a baml of rich, velvetv purple in the throat aiul the border is of a clear lilac tint.

One of the uu>st gorgeous of .Xmericai' plants is Oilia coronopifolia. the oulv species .grownig wild east of the Mississippi It lias narrow,
tubular flowers of a vivid scarlet, and finely dissei led leaves.

! «

•^ 95 -
SERVICF BERRY, SHAD-BUSH.

AMtLAIJCHIER roTRYAMUM.

-96 —
TRICOLORF.D QILIA.

aiLI« TRICOLOK.

I: fi

— 97 —
SCARLET HONEVSUCKLE.TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE.

LONIOIfIA SEMPEK-VIRENJ.
MAY TO OCTOBfH

-98-

BUNCH-BERRY.

CORNUS CANADINSI*.
MAY

ii

'j^-

SCARl.r.T HONF.YSUCKI.H.

PLATE 97-

TRUMP-T HoNHYSUCKI.F..
(HONl-YSUCKl.H HAIWIl.Y.)

i.(^ni(:i;ra si:mi'i:rvirf.ns.

Si>mr:i/iiil uihxty : stenit tlimbin!:. almost hfihatft^us li'uunii liir fttuiniil . .'Airtj t'frfi**-ttf, the ttm-rr /tftinled, ufifrr sn.'te, ttfipermoil u-ilh ,\>»Hate httsrs. oi'iiff, \/i<ti:-miiftiiti,jti\ gliiHtoH^ hinralfi .■ /lowrn

iH apptoxiHuiti' u-Hnili at tlie ihmmit n/ tki xtrui: n>it>tta tubttliti. lou** fti*t Baircrc, «//<•» fowftatathvtv opfti.

" Aiiil !)iil licr steal into the plo.iclieil bowTr,
Wlicre Mom-ysucklcs. riiKMU-il liy tlie sun,
l*'orl»i«l ilu* sill! U> enter ;-'likc favorite.;
Maile pr<nnl Ity princes, thai advance their pride
Against 'V..11 )»)\ver that hretl it." — S/ial'i'^piUiir.

IIK l..)iicysucklLS have ever Ik'Cii j;re;U I'.ivoritc-i. A rustic cottaj,'o with l.ittictil porch i)'cr;ro\vii willi hinicyKjicklc is tliu poet's ideal
alioile (if contented peace. The her lines of jwicsy are always to lie found in lowers of roses and honeysnckle. 1 1 entertains as its
es]K>cial s;nests the hnniniiny; liird hy day and the sphinx-moth liy iiiKht.

While tin oiniiuiu cultivated honeysuckles. I/jiiicera Cid'rifoliuiii aim I.onicera Japonica. are admired for 'heir ciitraiicin<:

franrance, the Scarlet Honeysnckle. one of the haiid.soinest and .showiest of the (jeiins, is \v;.iiting in ]KTfuine. Its lonj; scarlet

corollas liave a ;iale yellow liiiin.L'. In Nature, as in Art. vermilion seems a costly dye. When he.stowed uixiii a llower, it paints nsnallv onI\ the

outside of the con-Ila, the iiniei surface lieiug dij'ped in a less reijal htie. The Scarlet Honeysnckle ranijes from .Southern New luij^land, soutll-

ward and westward, but strays northward. It is most ahundant in the numnlains, llowiriii); in early .iinimier.

%

BUNCH BHRRY.

PI,ATB 98

(,()RNUS CANAOKNSIS.

(DOC^iWOOl) l-AMll.Y.)

Siifrtilicos,- : fifmf less l/ia'i ti f,wt titgli. uttthi-t li,i

flrntit-r. ■ ttiZ-iNK. :»o«i/i nK^t^f"^il , /ttlttlgr /mifi nfifiosttr. emuttrtt ttt ttif iitmniil ,1/ llir \lfm
:rHiili-tfl-itf. IH 1: fafiit'itr ilmlfi utlh tin iHliilmif nf Jotii :iliilt lf>r,rs.

I /(« %ii»»ltitf n ivliint ,• fliinvn imalt.

HICN S'lrinj; has yieldei' her saptre to yinni; .Stunner, and j-lorions June li is come glowm.i; with life and passion, the deep, cool
w<M)ds 'hellir some llowi rs that lireaihe the spii.t of an earlier month. Such is the Unncli her; which opens its small greenish
llowers ill tile midst of four white leaves I'lat look like ])etals. This smallest <if otir do;..'woods may 1k' met with

" In its hme and lonely nook
( In the mossy liank."

almost auywiiere in moist Northern wooils, and in the liljjher momUaius southward. It is like a reproduclion in miniature of its
showy cousin, the I-'lowerintr jlojjyvood. that l.i'ghtens our wtwids witii its arUireal snow drifts in early spring. 'Vi> those who are not in the secret,
its stems scxin to liear Inu a single large flower ahnve the circle of leaves. Hut if we CNamine this appaietitlv solitarv lilossom we will find that
there is really a dense cluster of tinv llowers, each with its own corolla. The four large white "pet.ils" are really not petals ai all, lii:l liracts.
In late sunimcr a little "Inmch" of hrilliant scarlet berries renews the iKauty of t'ae plant, hence the ]ioiinl,ir name.

«

i'

— 99 —
WAVY-LEAVED ASTER.

«8rEfl UNDU1.ATUS.
JULY

— 100-

LONG-LEAVED 3TARW0RT, 8TITCHW0RT.

STELLARIA LONQIFOLI*.
JUNE.

.1

i!

III

:>

H.

wavy-ij:avkd asthr.

PLATE 99.

ASTKR UNDUI.ATUS.

USUNFI.OWr.R FAMILY.)

K,n.l,;l <lin,l, :

Hfv xti'i'i t\f, I. mitili hiiKulifil. riUll'i mhmUly Ititiiii /}nf;t-yitl. ,if ,!!/• tlif It'itm, ottrn /on) fiVI hlRk ; titot-lfatft litMgprlioUtl. i>:\itr, rflttiatf. rirnutf . l,tuft U€mlfu;ei on wtngal fi^ttoln.
It/'/',! u^nt>',iMtii/,ix/ii»f;. fHltit : liniily t ,n i-mtitrly ttixpiiuti on the ttttiiii '■■•1, fotmiMX " Anjfr. teimimil /•^liiiclf, tatbft snhill.

T often seems as if the flowers were glad to Ik; alive. Hryaiit felt this when he wrote —

'■ H.'M' vc no joy of all your biirsttiif; hiuls,
.Ami rr;tj.;ranl lil(n>ins. ami ine!o<ly of hinl.s
To whii'li your y^mng U-avt's shiver ?"

Is there any one who h.is watclnd tlie Veinis h"ly Trap itniirisoiiinK in its wniulrons grasp some wretched little insect,
who can avoid a sense of a crnel intelligence in the plant ? .\nd in the antunm, when we look into the faces of the Asters
that bow to ns so trustfnlly is we pa:s, - are they mere masses of senseless vegetable tissue, in no way in touch with the soul of the ITniver.sc ?
Of the .\sters, the wavy leaved Aster is one of the earliest to flower. In th-.' South it has tmroUed its a/iire rays and has begun to
open its vellow disk (lowers before the end of August. In September it is well out ekerywhere. The color of the strap shaped rays is a
clear lii;ht blue, witlmnt the purple tini;e the Aster flowers usually have. The disk flowers are yellow when they first open, but soon deepen
to a rich purple red that hannoui/es admir.dily with the cerulean av s. .\-ter luululatus is a l)Iant of dry soil, preferring rocky thickets
and hillsides.

PL, ■'E 100.

LONG-LKAVED STARWORT. STHc:HW()RT. STliLI.ARIA I.ONC'.llol.lA. (IMNK FAMILY.)

Quite smn»rh , itrn f

, Ttiifili f<tanthi»f; ii-.

f'.it/.il whilf /I'HL-'t 'luin thi' f-/*ii'^ . \ttiMiii\ iiH.

JI.K,,

n» \iin>iet pfti'C'l^.

■I hiiitui i\ni,- : f<fhils fii'i

i:"m

!|(>N('i I.Iv.W i:i) ,ST.\R\\( )U'l" dwells in moist .grassy meadows and in bogs, in the n<irlhern part of Ncilh ,\nierica. It has not been

fouuil soui'i of the Middle States. It often grows with the Small liedstraw and the Marsh liellllnwer. l.ike these, it has small

white flowers, .and weak, often roughened, stems that recline on the grasses or other plants among which it grows. The tiny while

stars tipen in midsummer. The I,ong-leaved Starwort or Stitchwort, as it is often called, is a near relative of the little chiekwi-ed

that is such an inveterate ])est n ganlens Th'.' most showy of our liative .six'cies is Stellaria Pubera, a ileni/en of riK-ky woods,

which has large wl.ite flowers ■ ''h clark anthers. The Starwort is a token of " AfterthoMght,"

The St,irworls are of a group of weed like plan's with small, insignificant ttowirs that belong to ,i family renowned for the splendor of its

often ex(piisilely perlumed blosM.ms, The si)ec:es of Lychnis. Dianthus and Silene. —the CiK-kles. I'inks and l",itclifiies, are the showiest of

plants. It is a striking instance of the unexpected relation-hips th, it carifnl study brii.gs to light. — that of the royal Carnation and tin- liund)le

Stitchwort. It is but a step fnin the lu-niely to the lieautiUil. from the kmly to the proud.

^4

r

4^

i

— 101 —
BLACK MEDICK.

MEDICAOO LUPUUNA.

— 102 —
PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS.

HABENARIA FIMBRIATA.
JULY

m

\'\

1^

I

M

t

! 5

I

^-^^

"tf

Fihioiis-toi'lftl annual: itfmr /w

PI,ATE loi.

BLACK MKDICK. MHOICAuC) l.UI'Ul.lNA. (PHA FAMILY.)

r f*iVHnihnl to almnst rtrcL tnnch-tnatithfit. hitsMie : lirifi Iravrs on liini;, ufffi on \hott prtioles, Irifotioliile : tfitlifts tttoadlv oihifntat or oh>!^itr. ^ma>r;ini:li-. <trntaff :
fftiTtrn IM filnulnial htadi : fiolia \maU. f<alr yelloif : /ntj leniloim. unnklrj, alnio\t hlatk.

r Rrassy roadsides, from earl\' summer to frost, an ir.conspicuous. iistialh' prostrate, plant with snirdl heads of yellow flowers nia\' he
noticed. It has trefoil leaves, and we take it for a yellow flowered clover, lint is it ? Let us examine llie tiny, roughened, black
sied-poils. They are (|uite different from those of the clover. No. this is the Hlaik Medick. sometimes known ;is " None such,"
a near relative of the clovers. It has come from the Old World. jK'rhaps with clover-seed, and is now tluiront;lily at home in a
Kreat part of North America. It is especially widesjiread on the .\tlantic Coast.

The name Medick is an anj;licization of the hotanical name Medicago, said to l)c derived from Media, the home of one of the
sfK-cies. Our plant is called lilack Mediek, hccanse of the color of iis pods. The proud title of None such it owe.s to its reputation in ICurope as
a forage plant. It is not u.sed for that purjxjse here, though its relative, the Lucerne or .Mfalfa (Medicago sativa), is coming into favor in that
regard. The lucerne is an erect, handsome plant, with bright green foliage and clusters of showy purple flowers, (|iiite unlike its jxior relation,
the humble nonesuch.

PLATE loa.

PURPLF. FRINGFD ORCHIS. HABFNARIA FIMHRIATA. ((ORCHIS FAMILY.)

tVhnlf f'lant smooth; toot.> ./«,//■»(-</. /)A»,

ft^m tall, sttirt. ifafy unth a lr:i \/ji-attiini; states at />asr : IfaT^i oJMtr-lani •ii/itt, •'l<tn\f, tla^/tini; /•titallrl jvim-il : /fortvis i« a 'fminal htarlfti
nurmr, targe, purplf : tips sta/tetl. fkrfffinititt. Ji-fply fiingfti : ^pHi quttf l.tni:

HliRlC is a pleasure in finding one of cmr shy orchids unfelt with auv other plant. What a "dear, delicious thrill" it gives
one to come upon a lady's-slipju'r in the forest depths, or a meadow bright with calopogons? These flowirs are alwa> s strange to
ii-i. though we may have gatheretl them year after year, though we may have studied tlieir minutest cell. They are not near to us
as the rose and lily are. Thev are apart, unfamiliar, almo.st uncanny.

None of the orchids of tem]K'rate North America m.ikc a finer show than tlir Purple Fringed Orchis It is superb, as it rises
from meadow or Ixig. "Why does it grow there only," asks Thorcau, "far in a swamp, remote from public view?" It is somewhat fragr.nil.
reminding one of the lady's ,slip]K'r. Is it not significant that simie rare and delicate and beauliftd flowers should be lomid only in unfiei|Ucnled
wild swamps? Yet this, surely, is not a fault in the flower. .\ l)eautifnl flower must lie simple, not si>iked. It nmst have, like this, a fan stem
and leaves.

The fl .s of the Purjile I'"rin>.ed Orchis are of a lovely lilac hue, the large lip delicately fringed. It grows from Canada south tn North
Carolina.

■^

-%

I

— 103 —
BLANKET FLOWER

OAILLARDIA AMBLYODON.

— 104 —

WATER KNOTWEEO.

POLYaONUM AMPHIBIUM.

JULY,

■^?

^

Z'

'* t'. f
■i

PLATE 103.

BLANKHT f"l.()WFR. GAILLARDIA AMBI.YODON. (SUNFI.OWHR FAMILY.)

Afotf m Jt-ts Itinit itnuiiiil . \li-tn

•in-t slr»tU*. toun't, not fvrreiltHf; two frfl in hfit:ht, i^an»gl\ /ttumti,:!.
uiitliiti latlin piiimiMftil : iieaits taigf, sotitaty, irtmtHtiliiig thf f>uiHtki<

triitff ntlfitttitf. r/iii/ti>c, ahtinttutf at tntif, ohltmg at mtitt-. »/*.i»
;i'f//r MMmftitHt ftronttnh tays aftitit one iHih long

•ti:t\ tthith'it III entile.

' is itinkiilt to rwilizc '.he great diversity of the North American flora until one iK-comes a traveler and explorer. A journey of a

few hundreil miles in any direction brings one into the mid.st of an entirely new plant life. If we .start from Hudson's Hay or the

ci>.\st of Labrador, where tlio vii;etatiiin is e.ss.nlially Arctic, we will encounter a different set of plants in Canada ami the Northern

, ... . -.^-. Sl.iles, another alonii the Atl.nitic Coa^t, a fourth in the Appalachian reeion. a fifth in th.' pine barren conntrv of the (inlf St.ites.

i«- ■■ ''i.;wi ^> and a distinctlv troiiical flora in Southern I'Moiida. Wislward we will find that the Mississippi X'allev has its peculiar plants, so has

the I'laiiis rci^ion, and '1 exas, and the Kockies and the I'acilic Coast. What flower can at once blossom under the shadow of a

snow-clad peak and in the torrid sands of New Mexico? As well inij;ht Norway and Sonthcrn Italy tr\ to aj^ree on the same floral end)lem I

Two Rreat families that dominate the landscaj'e of the i)rairics are the Crass Family and the Sunflower I-'amily. To the la.st belong the
hand.sonie Caillardi.is. These are, like most of the proi>er pt drie flowers, excee<lingly showy. The ra\s ,ire of a fine shatle of maroon, a color
that often occurs amoni; the western comiHisites. The ap]K'arance of the brij^ht colored he.ids makes one think of them as snidnams caught and
helil to earth for a sjiace.

ill

■I !■

PLATE 104.

WATFR KN()TWFED. POLYCONUM AMl'HIMIUM.

(RUCKWHHAT FAMILY.)

.Vi'Wj tintnchtng hi-lnu , cieet'inii in mint 1

ifiilei. nmtnij; 'il Itie /innti. eieil
'inoollt loiiiiii'it I

II tiiienilini; mil iiiifii.iii, I1..I ,if>-; ,■ , Im ei iiUiimir.
heilititiofiiit ,11 base . //",(,■>, in teinininl ,/iilr ttti

in lung feliiil,!

/mm w,'i,i^iAHiirc'«j ilieatlti. iisMte-tihtong , obtuse.

"Rosy IVilyKnnum, Inke-tmirKin's pride."

MICRSOX paints the Water Knotweed with one stroke of his skillful brush. No nudtiplication of arljectives c(mld serve to indicate

better the ajipearance and habit of this pretty aipiatic They are fascinating plant--, these water growers. In the swelternig lieat

of the dog (lays, how one envies them their cool, deliglitlnl home See how yon<ler poiul weed an<l si«.\nrwort wanton in their

perennial bath. These ilo not coiUent themselves with a short plunge, only to emerge again into the blistering air. They revel in

a i-onstiMit wetness, needing no rain or dew to refresh them. In winter theii roots fitul snug, unfrozen hiding placts in the soft nuid

of ])ond or .stream.

Tin Water Knotweed is a conunon enough jilant throughout the North Temperate Zone Not only in North America is it at home, but in

Europe and in Asia. With ns it is most abundant in the North, being rarely met with south of Maryland and the Ohio Valley. The lower part

of the stem creeps in nuul or saml umler the water, like the nKitstiKk-- of the water lib The upper part, bearing the smooth green leaves and

the spikes of crimson blossoms, rises above the surface.

*

I

lO

h

^

Rl.OOD-ROOl

PIRATE 105.

SANC.UINARIA CANADF-INSIS.

(POPPY FAMILY.)

AftlHlf\ff»t /iftfiimttl :tt/ti inaHgrtfil fH

n'lttstiH t: ihtiit. tftii i. HMditllv hutiifhhif; : /rtiivf (»»i /niri^ firtiolrx. /inniitlv tfm/ium, di-ffilv lubfil. Inhfs Hsttally i
timx/'i'i/iiNi fni , \rfii/\ I no, MHiii ftithng , fif litis ti 11 mrt int s , ttfilniif;, pH)e wlitlf : sliitMfHS mittiv.

iri. gluHfnux, ffffttiiHv heni-tilh : fliti

N' tlu' open, k;illfs.s wmxls cif Ajiril, ill tin.- North, but southward as uarly as March, oiif of our most beautiful wiUl-flowers —
the Saunuinaria -Rrctts tliu waiuUrtr. Out of the rich kafiiioulil, on separate stalks, s])ear shajied leaf buds aii<l conical flower
buds sli(M)t up. The latter open first, into white corollas of sever.d jietals, Kuardini; a golden heart of stamens. The leaves unfold
more slowly. They are odd leaves, prettily lobed, and covered with a gl.iucous bloom. I'lowers more chaste ll'aii those of the
bli«Kl root, the all-l>eholdiii)j sun does not ji'i'^^' upon. They are stainless, without trace of the black nioultl which gives them birth.
Dark decay is transformed to unsullied purity !
The l!l(H)droot has a red juice which flows if the ])lant be wounded ; hence the name, ,Sani;uinaiia.

" SiinKidH'iriii, from wliose l>rittle stem
Till- nil iln)]is f:ill like IiIimmI,"—

wrote Bryant. One feels a RUilty sense of having murdered a living thing, when he plucks the blood root. The thick rootstcx-k is full of the vital
fluid. This orange ri-d juice abounds in the I'oppy Kamily, though not usually of so vivid a color as in the .Sangninaria. It is very acri<l to the
taste. The HKitstock was formerly much valued in medicine. Ours is the only sixx-ies of Sanguiuaria.

■rh

&

I.

PLATE 106.

BUR MARlC.OLl). BlDliNS L/HVIS (CHRYSANTHHMOIDHS). (SUNFLOWf-R FAMILY.)

Wholf plant jf/.iAi.

/■'til III firv /i\t kliih. liiitiiilltM!! iiHf,'tril :
tiiiiiiiiiiliiii; till- tiiitiiihfi ; tiniilHiti- 0/ mil

Iiil1i-i iifi/iinilr. f^Xiiti-. oNiiMi; litlti-rolilli; ciMtirlv »rrYatf. iliiiMiiiiilf. itttliri llilii, fii ii^hl ei/'fii
Ii-iiii1i hiiiils. liiii i-iff/it III l,n, fiiiiitiil} iiiilU, dright yi'llnw.

I. MOST all the burs are jiroduced by hte summer or autumn flowers. Mayhap it is then that the struggle for existence is fiercest
and the necessity lor scattering the .-Ae<ls is greatest. Resides tlie Sweet Cicely and the Wild Comlrey, one cm recall very few
.-.pring flowers that have prickly or otherwise bur like fruit. Among the commonest and most persistent of the fall weeds that
attach their .seeds by means of hooks or barbs to oi-.r clothing and to the hair of animals, are tile Spaui.sh Needle, Bidcns bipinnata,
and the Stick-tight, liidens frondosa. The.se are unsightly plants, the yellowish flowers being borne in rayle.ss heads. But a near
relative, Bidens hevis, is one of the showiest autumnal flowers of ditches and Ixigs. Its large heads are circlcil by bright, gol len-
yellow rays Thesi, with the smooth, fresh green leaves give it an air of elegance. It is not a very common plant, and is thus prevented from
l)ecomiilg the nuisance that its vulgar congeners are The Bur Marigold is so called l)ecause of its resemblance, at a ilistaiice, to the yellow-
flowered Mar.sh-Marigold, whose place it takes in the autnmu flora. The I.atin name, liiJois, refers to tl.j /<■<■//; or awns of the see<ls, usually two
ill iiumlKT.

— 105 —
BLOOD ROOT.

SANQUINAfll* CANAOENtW.
MAY.

— 106 —

BUR MARIGOLD.

SIOINS L«VIS (CHNYtANTHIMOIDES).

AUGUST.

^

^%^

PI<ATE 107.

CAMASS, WILD HYACINTH. CAMASSIA KSCUI.IINTA. (l.II.Y FAMILY.)

Sfttfif mat fit, rhixg /torn a t nth ft /tin;f. mitt t'titfi , tfiijfi tlititftfil at titf hiHe. ti'iiK, tlHfiir : Jtou'ft^ ffw in it fiiilflfit ttiiftttf, t,iif^f. nti iitthft tiitif; fifiliifti : sffiiti w 1 . titnffntiitf, itfiitf, iliffi Miu ;

itiimfni 1/ 1 . />»// iiH iitiiniltf. Itttef-tfllfil m^ml,

NH iif llu- lust kiiiiHii .111(1 iiidsl (iluii (Irstrili^d of Iviii;lisli wild-lluwtis is llii' coiiiinoii Wild Ily.iiiiitli or Uliitlicll, Scill.i iiiiiistMipta,
an iiiiil itinii, Sd to sjiiak, ol llu iiiltivatcil Hyaciiithiis oritntalis. It is an cxi|iiisiti'ly fragrant plant, Ix-'lovcd of tin- pcKls. Keats

sink's of till'

".^haili'il Ily.iriiiUi. al«ays sippliirc O"''" "f Hit' MiilMny."

Wc liavf no triiu Srilla, l)nt our Cainass is a olosuly rtlatid plant, nuicli like the Wild Hvacinlh of Knglaiid in appearance,
tliounh lacking its delightful perfume. Many of our jilants are uufranrant. while their Old World cousins are deliciously odorous.
Hut «i' may console ourselves with the relliction tli;d theri- art' ])eenliar iKrfnmes amont; our flowers, all onr own. The incense of tlii' .Sweet
IV'P|K.rlmsh iCletlira), for instance, is strictly .Vmericm.

The I'lscideiit Cainass is [i plant of the northwestern jiL-iins. Its su])erlp, dark hlne flowers arc .-imont; tlu' Moral wealth of the pr.iiries.
The name Ouamash or Cainass is of Indi.in origin. It is alw.iys plc.isant to come across plants with Indian uaiiies. They are almost sure
to Ik' melodious and suggestive. They prove that long Ivfoie the (Lile faces ever saw the wild-tlowers of our coinitiy, the lerl men knew and loved
their graceful hlosKoms,

PLATE 108.

SI'URR|-:Y. SIM-RC.lJl.A ARVHNSLS. (PINK LAMllY.)

^tfttit itMitfifit, »nu Ii tiiittit lifit, nxifitittnf;, fiiitvsrfn/ : tfatfi »iitti>:ttv tiufiit. in
ffitt : frtit/i /iff. u'hitf. mil tiuivfi t/iun tHf mtvt

tin! tt ■ f/inii'i \ lyii itmitft, tn'/iiif fifitii-ftt, in titiilHtrlv brtli'tfit, tftmiMat. ith /mt'intoiit fviitfx : ir/iitt\ ti:''. f'lit'ff
xtiimfim usually IfH : pint \hi»t iitiiii/. foiHfn-tnil fiiffitiHt; llif ni/cr

III'! place to .sie hairopean weeds," writes liiirrouglis, "is in .\iiierica. They mil riot here. They are like hoys out of school,
leaping all hoiuids." The reason for this is th.it in Miirope s) iiniili of the land is cultivated that tlie weeds are [K'Ht up in corners.
They an' rigidly kept down, and prevented fvoiii spreailiiiy; into the fields. The\' are like cliildreii under a taskmaster's eye, longing
for the wooils and the meadows. Hut when they have estalilished themselves here they have the wliolu continent to roam
over. Their energies, long co'ifiiied, Iniist forth and defy all discipline. They break through every restraint and spread hither and

yon, often into cultivated lield.s, little fearing the slovenly attacks that are apt to he made iipnn them.

The Spurrey is one of these fast spreading Old World plants. In a comparatively short time it h: s heeii siwn hroadea.st in the Atlantic Coa.st

region, often extending fir inland. It is an inconspicuous plant, yet it is not wanting in beauty for those who care for more than the showy

loveliness of large flowers. 'I'he narrow, clustered leaves and the white petals have a certain delicacy alwHit them, .as if the Spurrey had seen better

days — had been born to somelhing In iter than a tramp life.

cTt:

.^

M^

^yIjJ ^^

11

'r^j

/

J

!07 -
CAMASS, WILD HYACINTH,

CAMAUU UCULCNTA.

— 108 —

8PURREY.

SPIROULA ARVENSII.

MAY.

l\i'

St.

PLATB 109

TAl.lNU\i. TAI.INUM Ti:Ri:Tllt)I.IUM.

'URSl.ANH FAMILY.

it///«/ maigiHt: /touttn in minHt/h

.S//W-I rtH\lfrf(1, tifiHg /torn n ihi'il, thuk HKi/t/mi. ^talv h'tik Ihe \y%ligfi of J.ilttn teiltft : Intivn tlatlfirti Hetif Ihf hli^, /tr^ltv. nano;i; rrmtftfit uifit h\ lh<-

bra.lftt, hHg-fntHH^Uit tymt-y ; frtiiU tiu-, ptiU fiink, fiiiiiit~n>H\ ; tlitm,-»t hii»i<-h'ii> . lUfiiuU Ihin-t^ltfii.

"Sc.iri-e less llie cli'ftl>"'"; wiW-flowir sciiiis In I'lijoy
Hxislfiirt, tlmii the wiiiK>'il pluiulertr
That sucks its sweets." — tliyaiil.

gOF.S not till- Ci Ititiibiiic or saxifraKi'. that striki-s its r(M)ts into crcviivs in the liviiijj rock and cxpatuls its flowors in tlie open air,
rtvcl in its life? How tliiii !.-.:ls leap fnui! the narrow ])rison house into the glad snn-lii,'ht ! These tlilT dwellers are like ships
riiliiiK at anchor with sails .spread, — one fancies they chafe for freedom.

Talinnni teretifolinin is a close ally of our i>retty little .'^prinj; beauties, as well as of that niuchinalinned ^''^den weed, the
imrslane. It is, oddly enonuh, confined to serpentine rocks, fixing; its rootstock in what scanty si.i' lias colli cled in their clefts. It
jjrows there oidy ]Hrhaps because the roik in decay snppliis jnst the fiKid needed b\ the plinit. It exp.inds its handsome, rose-
ptirple flowers under t' e iidlniiice of the hottest sunshine, in which it sums to gladden. The llowers last but a short time. They pav the I rice
of speedy dea;h for overindulgence in liunt and warnilh. It obeys the stern law of coni|K.ns;ition. I'lowers th.it open in c<ki1 shades last the
luiigest.

THRF.Fl.KAVKl) (ilNSFNC.

PLATE no.

ARAl.lA TRIFOLIA. (CilNSFNG FAMILY.)

liant low, pftrnntdt ; ilrm simptf. ri,-tl. i/ftiff-p, molt.

/to;f.-i s

« o haul. I.I
wM.j/A -.t'hili-.

i,l,,l liih, , I,,,
t a ton,; itol'

-■, M»,v in o :t'/ti'fl loiii: l>fliol<il. lomftoHHtl hiirl<-li Ihi,
umfitt. iiiiiftiltil Ai' a /r:f gii-fnnli irtloit fii'iiii-i.

■ to Jilr, ofito'ifi or oMoHfeolalf. flljr/t/v srriatf :

"The rose that lives its littU- hour
Is jtri/ed lieyoml the st-ulptureil rtower." — /Irvtttlt.

W', |x)et niiv;ht have used the i)i,i;weed or the shepherd's purse for his coniparismi. Art is lonj;, but Natl '.■ is eternal. All the

ni.isterpiicis of siiilptnr or of jiaiiiter are n. iiau^;ht cniniiared with the liniiiblest liviil}; aiiiiiial or plant. The former are the

■ phaiiloMi Work of brush and chisel. 'I'lic latter is molded by an eiisinery universal as spnc, iiatieiit as time 1 The tiny flowers of

the Ciinsenn are worth more than all the lllited colniiins of tlii' rartheiion. These are iKantiflil with the beauty of mere oriiaiiieiit.

lint those possess the hij^her beauty ui bieritliini;. responsive adajitation ; they have leanii.' in the si liool of ex;'erieiice to jiarry

their every enemy, to strenj;theu all helpful ties.

The Three-leaved Oiiisi'Uj; is often met with in rich low w<»m1s. The cluster of small white flowers appears in April or in May. They are
followed b\ a few small greenish lierries, viry ilisajipoiiitiiii; tootle who has seen the brilliant scarlet fruit of the b'ive leavei, (linseiiK. The small
round tuber, deep ill the ground, has a biting taste, but not the wirin. pleasant flavor of the other species. The Three-leaved Ciinseng is coiiiinon
in lui.stern N<irth .\nierica.

V,

h [ II

m

tm

"-t^:.

mi

^k

^

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W 1 I < -»

ri- - 1^

— 109-
TALINUM.

TtLINUM TERKTEFOLIUM.

JUHF.

— no —

THREE -LEAVED GINSENG.

ARALIA TKIfOLIA.

M«v.

PI<ATE III.

HNCHANll-R'S NIC.HTSHADH. ClRC/HA Al.l'lNA. iF.VF-NlNC.-PRlMROSi: FAMILY.)

A small filani tvilk sUndtr cft'efiivj; tM>,'yti\:ti, nsuatly .ilohtti/rtous ; strwt nrak. nrd, hi(inchi»f; ; li-ti:rs o/>/to.\itf, l,'ttv-p,/iol,if. Ihin. toats.ly :.»Uha1. ttrMtf at afirx, rimnilrit ot conUiU at />iiir ; Jiourts fnv,

loH^-Pi'iUcelU'it . in inmitiitl nufm.s. small . /'■tali '.w., uhiif ; /* ml luspnt. on trfti-x- .i f;ulueh.

PLATE iia.

HAWK-WHF.n. HIKRACIUM VKNOSUM. iSUNFLOWFR FAMILY.)

/V#**H»M/ ■ f(W'/j fihtoMi. tliiiUi/it; itfm rrrrf.

.Ill ligul,,!,:

<iho'\tli . fhint-l*fti»lt'tl, hairy, '•Tins fonspicii(fii>

AWKWIUCnS arf to the luiroiKati liotaiiists what thi- Astirs are to ours. Tliere are ahiiost inmimerahle speeies am', 'arieties in the
( )1(1 World. ^Mailing into eaeh other in ahi'o-.t inextrieal)le idnfn.sion. In N'ortli America we have ijnile a nnniiier of species, both
in the Ivast and in the West, hnl liy nc tnean.s the diversity that iHrpIexcs the transatlantic student of botany.

Hieracinni X'cnosuni is the eavlie^t to flower of our ea.stern Ilawkweeds. The heads of clear yellow. strap-.shaiKil llowers

open in May '" l'"-' >^outli. in Jnne further no; thward. The leaves are mostly clustered at the root. lyin.i; flat on the

Rronn:'.. They are rather large and (juite hairy. The veins are dark purple, K'^'i'iR "" "''"I "'"I very pleasiii'r aspect to the leaf.

The Veiny Hnwkweed is a plant .)f. opi'ii hillside wixmIs ami clearings, preferring a dry .soil. The heads expand in tlie early morning, but close in

the heat and glare (;f mid day. Those who take their walks late in the day miss these golden flowers. This spi'cics is sometimes called Kattle-

sn-ike weed, l>eing one ol the iiuiumerahle reputed remedies for the iH>ison of snake-bites.

.'-7

"^

"■J?

N the aforetime, whevi K'ings from another world deigned to vi.sit the ICartl:, aad men held converse with g.'KMl and evil genii.

vaiious herbs and simples served those who de.dt in magic. SoUij plants had powers for good, others for ill. The witch kept her

caldron aboil with weeds gall:ere<l in forest and fen. The enchanter culled ]>otent herl)s by the light of the moon wherewith to bless

or blai.t. li.itli the I.atin and the I'aiglish name of the Circ;ea would indicate its use in .sorcery. ICrasnuis Harwin has a note to his

" I.ove.s of the Plants" in which lie mentions this tradition. Circe was the beautiful witch who well-nigh lured the wandering

Ulysse.s froai his plighted faith to Penelope.

Circa-a Alpina is a small, delicate plant of deep, moist woods, connnon northwanl. Ire<|uent on the higher mountains of the Southern

• ountry. It has small white flowe.s. with a little pink in them. Tlie fiuit is covered with soft, ccrved jiriikles. an<l acts as a bur. It flowers in

early sunnner. t)ne would hardly look for this pl.mt among the relatives of the ICvejiing Primrose and the showy Willow-IIerb, yet with them it

justly claim.s alliance. It is native in luirope as well as in this country.

i K.

cTwl:

4r

ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE

CI"»C;«* *LI>'N*.
JUL/

- 113-
HAWK-WEfcD.

HItRACIUM VtNOSUM.
AUGUST

■fM

5;

— 113 —
AMSONIA
AMSONIA TABeRN/CMONrANA.
MAY

— 114 —
TWISTED STALK.
STREPropua Roseus.

MAY.

w

AMSONIA.

PI,ATE 113.

AMSONIA TABF.RN/flMONTANA.

iDOGBANE FAMILY.)

f\'fi-nni,;t : slrm one /i> thtfi J,tl htiih. inwMh /.xct'pt :^h,-n ^uit,' vottn^i;. tfit-ff ; /•■UrS allfi ttatr. f'om i>:\ite »t nhtong fn liHrtti-hiHfeoliitf : jiiKu

tiHiil cvMO\r ^,init'!r : ealyx xmitl! : caniUtt dull f'liif,

XliAR relation of lliu familiar ilog-baiie is the Amsonia, native of the Southern States, extetuling nortluvanl ou'.y as far as North
Carolina east of the Alleghany Mountains, hut coming up as far as Ituliana and Missouri in the West and straying northward.
It is an erect plant, rather a rank grower. The stems usually rise in clusters, in o]ien places iu woods, generally near water. — thus
often telling a wayfarc. th'^t a spring is not far off. The llowers are rather small. The color is a singular pale and almost livid blue,
a .shade nut often met with in flowers. On the whole it is rather a hand.'^ome ]>lant. though one is more apt to third- of it as r„id
and pi(|iiant tliati .is pretty. The blossoms o]ien in May or June and are succeeded by two long narrow pendant pods. The .stem
contains a milky juiee like that of the .lUied family, the Milkweeds.

The tlowers of the Amscmia illustrate the arithmetic which ICmersou had in mind when he a.sked,

" \Vll>- Nature lo\es the milil'ier five,
.\iul why tlie st;ir-f<inii she rci)eats."

for it is true that the parts of the flower are more apt to Ix- in fives than in any other number. Tlierc is ui very apparent reason for this,
unless five p' ';.'< can lie wrapped more co.sily about the .sensitive organs of the flov.er in the bud than four or si.x.

"^

PtATE 114.

TWISTED STALK. STRHl'Tol^US ROSHUS. (LILY FAMILY.)

Sit-m tall, nccf from a ikott loolilock, /inlnctiiiig : Uatri otule or oMona, atut,-. f>itt,tllii :ri*i,,l. ,,tnfi'nfr «I/ f>ii''\ trifi'ti on both lides, matgiHS iiliat^ ; Jioiitt i ><» ilrtttii'r itxiltaiy piitlith, riAf'cA atf bfHt

Hia< t/lr itiiitJi,- , /i<ti,inltis{-f;mf'ils nr. /'Mif-lilh,

" I saw the bmlcrowucil Spring ^o forth.
Stepping 'laily onward Noilh."- /Cmfison.

]F we follow the march of the bnihling season, from Georgia to beyond the (Ireat Lakes, we will find in moist niouutain wixkIs in the

South and everywhere in the deep forests of the Northern parts, an odd, lily like plant. It has forking, /ig-,rag stems, with a

cla.sping, bright-green leaf at every angle. The blossoms are small They are almost concealed by the leaves as they hang on

their stalks fmiu the underside of the stem. In color they are i>ink-purple, a delicate shade. They are distinctly pretty flowers,

small though they b-. The peculiarity is in the stalk, which is bent or somewhat twisted, hene-e the significance of the plant's

scientific and popular n.ames. Sli,plof<iis is from two I'.ri \ords, meaning " a twisted f<K)t."

The flowers oikh in May, or, in the Southern .Mountain.s, an exceptionally etirly spring brings them out in April. They arc followed, in the

late summer, by bright si'arlet, showy l)erries, much more conspicuous than the blossoms. The leaves are often discolored, late in the sea.son, by

the attacks of a parasitic fungus, which gives th .'ra a .striped appearance.

M

"+i?

'a

— US-
ARIZONA WYETHIA.

WYETHIA AHIZONIC*.

- 116 -

SMOOTH ROCK CRESS.

ARABIS LAEVIQATA.
M«Y

PI<ATE 115.

ARIZONA WYETHIA. WYF.THIA ARIZONICA. (SUNFLOWKR FAMILY.)

P/renntat, sq/t'kairy; Ufm frect, ralhrf tt'tut, not afhKr •mi- finU high. .i/nttinf;lv hijtichfii ; i («»/-/< ij.rj ahiHit one f^Mt limg, ellifttu oi oblong, ucuU at holh rwt/i, uith u /nomiuettt mid-rib ; xltm f,-at^s itnalfi-i,
otMU: Mpfirimost <iiisf>ing ; hi\nis Itttgf, ioltt^tt y itt ike fiids o/thc bttiHchrs ; outet biitct.f of iHvolHfie teof-likr ; tays eight to turtle, liiige.

ARI.Y ill the century, when the plants of the setlleil ] .is of Kasterii North America had l)ecoine fairly well-knoxvii to Ixitanists.

anient collectors l)egan to finil their way westwar'l. 1 lie course of .science is always in aiUance of that of empire. ICie ci\ilization
had reached the banks of the Missi.ssippi, explorers were tn'.versing the vast wilderness beyond. Some soujjht the head-waters of
the Mississippi. Others ascended the niiiddy Missouri. Thoma.i Xuttall, an Knj;lish botanist who came (juite youii>; to this
country, was one r.f the most indefatigable of these pioneers. He collected extensively in Arkansas. Then, growing bolder, he
joined an expedition that pushed across the continent to the Pacific. Hundreils of new plants wi re thus di.seoxcred. >"or his

fellow-explorer, Nathaniel Wyeth. Nnttall named a new Reiins of the t^unflower Hainily.

Wyethia is one of the numerous i^enera of this family confined to Western North America. The spmes are mostly Californian, though

some .are widely di.stributed in the ''cky Mountains. They are rather coarse plants, with ''ir^e, yellow-rayed he.ads and resinous juice. The large,

starchy roots were eaten by the Indians. Wyethia Arizonica is found near running water in the mountains.

Mi

1

PIRATE Ii6.

SMOOTH ROCK-CRESS. ARABIS LAEVIGATA. (CRESS FAMILY).

Whole plant quite smooth: toot uither thici. petenniat; item erect, simple, leafy; rmst-teatvs tosulate. oh margined petioles, spatulate; stem-leatrs oblong, uppermost taneeotate, clasping by an oiiricu/ate base,

obsentelt Jenlale fi.'Uti » small, white, in terminal racemes: petals ,foui : pints tong, linear,

I" we wander through the woods on some warm day in winter, when the melting snr.v di.scloacs here and there the hardy leaves of
Mayflower or Winlergreen, we shall find en hillsides and nmssy rocks small rosettes of leaves, green alxne but wine-red on the
under surface. This is the Rock-Cress, a common plant distrilnited over half the continent in the temperate zone, from the north,
south to the Gulf, and westward into Minnesota. When winter has stepiHil from the throne of the year and blithe spring sways
the sceptre, a stalk shoots up from the midst of this cluster of leaves, be.iring clasping leaves and smad white (lowers in a wand-like
duster. The flowers are small, and have nothing of remarkable interest about them. They are succeeded by narrow p(xis, pinls
many times longer than the flowe/s themselves, and scythe-sliapwl

The Rock-Cress — so named, of course, because of the station it ol"ten takes in clefts of rocks— belongs to a genus of ratlier insignificant plants
x> idespread in the temiK-rate zone. .Ml have flowers much alike, smad and white, or greenish, .\rabis lyrata, a plant of difl's in the .\ppalacliian
region, but growing in sandy soil near the coast, is perhaps one of the iiandsomest sjKcies. The flowers are larger and of a purer white than is the
cas<- with most of its kin. . ..• _

.K

'4ji

-'' }■

— 117 —
MARSH SPEEDWELL.

VERONICA aCUTELLATA.

,)l/NF

_ 118-

EARLY SAXIFRAGE.

SAXIFRAQA VIRQINIENvSIS.
MtV

s^

"-^

MARSH SPF.F.DWKLL

PIATE 117-

VERONICA SCUTll.l.ATA. (I'K.WORT FAMILY.)

Stfmi iUmlft. (-Kr/ijHjp 1.'/ f<dsf, often ptihiiictttn !!rijet stoiiiNj, frcd ami tfafv ab^tr : lAi^ff a^poiife, Inirtii htmroUttt'. tti-iiti: tifnttttr : racrmfx avilUtiy./nti-flQurtyd, dniiti-il. a i/,t :ig-ziig : Jtotivts on long,

^/(-»fl//■'. spK-iliting "t I ejt^xfj pfitiCi-h . coiolla smtill. siih^'i !'hilf'<tl : f'-nt f/.ttlr'iiit. ftto,iilt-> l/iijH long. t.fO lohfil.

HAT is this jilaiit with liny, long-stalked flcnvers that i;wws whtixver hoji nr ilitch .ilTonls it tho moisture it ilchjihts in ? It is not a
lianilsiinii.' plant, nor .t convpiciions one. The small blossoms mirror the sk\ Ihiy ,i;n/e up to so lovingly.

We are always attrac >d to a flower of a/ure color. No matter how insij;nilieant it may be, no matter how coarse and weed-
like the .stem and leaves, for a touch of the color of the sky in the blossoms, we forget the rest. That is why we love the tin\'
.si>eedwells. and have made them the emblem of ho]>e and godspeed. They have also come to signify "womanly fidelity," a nuality
well typified in the tender blue of the blossoms, liliie flowers are alwa\ s linked in our thoughts with some high virtue. The
pretty "Hluets" typify "innocence," the Harebell, "constancy." the lilne Violet, "faithfulness." Their garb is of heaven's own hue. The
Mar.sh Speedwell is found almost thronghoul the North Temperate Zone. In iMin 'le. Northern Africa, Northern Asia and North America, it is at
home. Here it is found in Hritish Ame' ica and in the Northern Stales, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, flowering all summer. The ikUI little
capsules are flat and deeply notchetl. The name stiileHala relers to the reseiriblance of the fruit to a shield.

PLATE ii8.

EARLY SAXIFRAGE. SAXIFRACA VIRC.INIFNSIS. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

f\-rrnnwl : stem tifcl. nmch-hancln-J, haii

t'tit-lfii't'.^ clu.iti-t^'it itl Iht ba^f. OH iho't hiottil ptti"U\, tliomhi.- o:utr oi nAitrM//", coiturlr ctrnatt'. obtu\t- :
opfn, fvnosf fill nidi- ; f^'tals imait. tcltilr; fruit contiiting of tuv foltit'lfi, icaicfly Hnitftt, xpi>\ttUng.

tt-ni l<inri muili smaller, bracl-liie : /Itnvers iif an

MONO the fir.st of "the blofMiis of early Ma_ " — or, in the South, with the flowers of April — comes this little saxifrage. It loves
•o grow on rocks, .striking its sturdy roots into their clefts, though it may often be met with in l(M)se, sandy soil. The leaves are
clustered in a pretty rosette at the base of the stem. They li'.e through the winter, and are often purplish or wine-coloreil l)cneatli.
Fidin the midst of these a bud shoots up in early spring, .soon unfolding into a cluster of small, white, live-]K'talled blossoms. The
fruit which succeeds the flower repays a moment of examination. It consists of two pods united at the base, but bending away from
each other as if tugging at their fastenings and striving to get loose. The jioils are tipped with the curved styles. The I'arly

Saxifrage is common in Kastern North Amerie.i, as far west as Minnesota and .South to Georgia. It is comjiaratively rare sonthward, but is

common in the North.

The saxifrages are very numerous, and are often exceedingly handsome plants. They b'-'.ong. for the most p.art, to the cooler parts of the

northern hemisphere, though some I'ollow the high summits of the .Andes to the .soulliern extremity of Soiuh .\merica.

:^0

%?

— 119 —
HOOKED CROWFOOT.

RANUNCULUS RECURVATUS.
MAY

r I

— IJO-
CALLIRRHOE.

CALI.(RRHOE INVOLUCRATA.

JUNl.

I

I

^=^

HOOKED CROWFOOT.

PI,ATE 119-

RANUNCULUS KKCURVATUS.

(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

nrf)itil.ltl\ i'brit atut t»i>!ltrd : liotvftt III

Stf'» nfcl from a thicHtiwd, bullhUke b^sr, fiinute. uiJfh fiiun,-htii£ ; /i-d:fi kaify, thf l'*ui-t .in IoH}; fi-ftolts, liir nf-^' "H ifho/ otht, fhif^^lift. Ill-' ilhni-i

lai/y (orymbt, small ; ufiah refitxed, tnHurt I/him tht- pttle-_:\".^-t/ pftali ; ochtHis Inns-bfakfd in dasf liraJx.

HE Crowfoots, which h.ive Riveti their name to one of the liirRost of plant families, are very numerous in North America. The
spearworts that dwell in the marshes and the ^;ay yellow buttercups of the meadows, are species of Ranunculus. So are some less
^howy plants that inhabit deep shades and open their pile blossoms luiobserved. Amovp; these is the Hooked Crowfinit. In May.

m every fertile

"\Voo<lsi'U', wliiTc in liuli* companies,
The early wiMllowcrs rise,"'

this Raiuuiculus may be encountered. The iusiKuificant flowers f;ive plaex- to a round head of seeds, each tipjx-d with a l.)nK, curved IkmIc. It is
to the likeness of these seeds to the talons of a bir.l that the name Crow/oot refers. Kaitiiiiai/iis means "a little frog," liecause most of the
Crowfoots and buttercups grow in bogs and ditches, where AV««.t lifts his voice in noi.sy chorus.

Tile Crowf(H)t Family is an as,seml)laKe of plants of very diver.-e feature. The buttercui>s themselves, the Clematis with beautiful white or
purjile flowers and long-tailed fruit, the dainty .\nemones, the brave little Hepatica, the rock-dwelling Columbine, the gay larkspurs, the haudsome,
treacherous aconite and the feathery- flowered bane berry, are of this kindred.

CALLIRRHOE.

FI,ATE ISO.

CALLIRRHOE INVOLUCRATA.

iMALLOW FAMILY.)

irii"!'' f'J.iiit hairv ; ti^t thickfnfd, fitsifotn

; sifms I'iMstrtril, much-hianchi-il. Ifa/v ,
laigt', s'tli/aty, oh limg fn~ilHMcU^. fufttrt

Ifitrrs alh-iHiite, lii»ffpflu'lftl, ttfffilv ptilMiaMt-clf/l . liivhioHi T<i»iViM.*/v loh'J ; ftipHlf\ tatgf ntitt fitomnifn' ■ /iourrs
<t'-it Itfit thirflfa'.vil imj^tlmi,' : fifliih mufh f\,ffthng tht talyv, pm»f'.f.

X the northeastern part of our continent, the .Mallow Kamily numlx-rs among its niemlwrs few plants Init weeds, introduced Irom
Europe. True, we have the Hibiscus of river banks and uiunhes, among the most gorgeous of our wild-flowers. Hut with this
exception, ot-r Ea.steru Mallows are not very handsome i)lauts. On the western prairies, however, we may see this family in its
glory. In sjjring, the plains are pink and white, .scarlet and pnri)le, with the l)lo'-sonis of Siilalceas and Sphaeralceas, Malvastruuis
and Callirrhf)es.

The sjiecies of Cp.lliahoe deserve a high pl.ace among our most beautiful wild-flowers. They are (lueeiily in their array of
large pink or rosepuqile blossom.s. They are mostly low plants with thick roots. Callirrhoe involucrata is a native of the land just west of the
Mi.s.sissippi, ranging from Minnesota and northern reaches to Texas.

The name of the genus, Callirrhoe, is that of the fabled ilaughter of the rivergod .\chelous. who marriol .Mcmaeoii, the matricide, one of
the famous " Seven against Thebes." It is a pretty custom, that of giving i)laiits the names of the heroines of the beautiful Hellenic mythology.
For the religion of the old Greeks, above all others, throbl)ed with the Spirit of Nature. . ■.

ff

^

c.

w

ROBINS IM.ANTAIN.

PI/ATB tat.

KRK'.HRON BKI.I.IDIFOUUS. (SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

PrtfttHial, utt/i .( ikml totUitixk./otmitig »Jf\fti aJUr jtoutrttig , hain ,■ j/.wi ^lett. a/iioliii Inv hif[h,l<:t/y Mow; rim/Ifiitrs ithoi-cte or iftitutatt, pclioUd ; ili-m-tfaiti ohltmg-jfatiilatt to !ti»ut)laU, ilasptH,^, ;

/ii-titlijfu;luigf: tays HHmttuHs, whitf <i> palf b!vf.

iiTnll the flouers in tlie nii'ilt.'.

Tlii'in IiivL* I iiiosi tlifsc (loiiifs wliite and rede

Stii'li lli.it men (.lUcn Iiaisits in our Uiwii,

Tt» llii-'in 1 lia\L' so ureal affcclioii,

As I siiyil crsl, when coiiieii is the Maiu."

HK 1-. -tty little RiiRlisb d.iisy, Bellis porcmiis, stint; by the Kentlo-snulcd Chancer so loiij; ago, is not founil in North .\nicrica. But
ii nearly allieil SI)ecie^ , Hellis intei;rilolia, sometimes known as the "Western Daisy," is native in tlie Southwestern States, coming
as far towards tlie northeast as Central Kentucky.

A connnon plant in the eastern part of the continent is Erigeron l)ellidifolin.s, .so named from the resemblance of its leaves to
those of the true daisy. It grows in thickets and on rocky hillsides, preferring dry soil. The blossoms open in April and May.
Tlic he.ids are large, with yellow disk-liowers and m.iny narrow, white, pinkish or bluish rays.

The significance of tlut nr.me by which it is jxipnlarly known, " Robins Plantain," is not <iuitc obvious. Perchance the resemblance of the
leaves in shaiie to those of the connnon rib-wort or plantain, and the time of flowering, when the robhis sing loudest, will explain the odd title.

"'^\

GRASS OF PARNASSUS.

PIfATE 123.

PARNASSIA CAROLINIANA.

(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

ilfm-Uiif si>Ulafy, i/a^pniff ; /f'furis solitary.

Jt'kt't^ plant xmiHtth .- st^mt ilmtfii'it, fffcl from a creeping tootfto,!!. icaf'ose ; i,ii*t-l,arei on fleniter petioles. o:ate, offtuse. tmnt-ate or snbcor .ale at htse. thiiiisti .

tenniHilting tlie \tem\ : petals /i;e. yellowiilizvltite. trim : pel feet stamens Ji.e, stei lie ,loinens fijteen.

[KDICATIvD as it is to the a' le of the nin.ses, the Grass of Parnassus should be the poet's own flower. Vet this lieautiful plant, that

would lenvl itself readily to rsc and .song, has been le.ss prai.sed than many an itnlovely or uninteresting flower. It is a singularly

elegant plant, rising (Uit of the rich, moist .soil like a naia<l from her mossy conch. The luscious green of the smooth leaves, the

large blossoms crowning the almost bare stems, their white petals delicately ncr\'ed with greenish-yellow, — what could be more

exquisitely lovely ? Parnassia Caroliniana is frefpient from Can.ada to Plorida and west to Texas. The flowers open in early

summer.

No family innnbers more interesting and beautiful plants among its mend)Lrs than docs the Saxifrage Family. Heside the Gmss of

Parnassus, this group contains the currants and giK)seberries w. h their tart, delightlul fruits, the showy Hydrangeas, the delicate little mitrewort,

the .splendid M<Kk-()range, the Ja'^inesi- Dent/i.is, .so much cultivated, and the curious alum-roots. Except the species of Rilx'S. — gooseberries and

currants, — none of our representatives of this family are of economic value. It i.s for their elegant beauty that we prize them.

4*

ii? ill

c

— 121 —
ROBIN'S PLANTAIN.

ERIQERON BELLICHF UUS.
MAY.

- 1J2

GRASS OF PARNASSUS.

PARNASSI* CAROLINIANA.

JUNfc

c^

PI,ATB laa.

THISTLH. CARDUUS (CNICUS) DISCOLOR.

(SUNFI.OWF.R FAMILY.)

.stem free/, titlttrr slont. tumettmts \i

.'A, huim-hiitg , nMtt leaif\ tatge, item-ltitres imallet. all l>hinafelv /inttetl "t iltviiteil : .^enineHh ludeit iimttiHtl/ietl. the teeth
heMtath . htads ittthtt latgr ; inititntn- mtirh itHhrinttett. iiitcts tifiptii tftth tpiites ; Jtatten HHmtmui. fimfite.

'•tifped. grefH af>m'f, ;< hite-tomentou

.VMorS iiliiiils .nil- tliL- thistles, yit cipiiiio;! dinVrs in re^nrd to thorn. Soini- of us consider only tlifir weed-like habit .iiid their
IiristliiiH atuicir ntsiihies, pronoiuaiii^ them the most noiMime of soil Ihievi.s. Others look at them from the asthetie standpoint, and
find K'o.it Inaulv ii' the heads of purple flower; and the phuned seeds. The thi-.tle was the e,nl>lein of Scotch nationality, — nohle
and kinilly within, lint resolute to witli>l.ind aj^j^ression witliout. In the Ian>;na^;e of florters it si^jnifits "austerity." This (piality
is its outer v;arment. .\t heart it is gentle.

Carduus discolor is the .^liowiest of our eastern thistles. It is a con.spicuous ohject in the open fields where it oftenest
Hidws. In early summer dumps of larj^e riHjtlcavcs. whitened like a miller's coat Iwneath, mark where sfmn the tall stems shall rise. These
Ix-ar numerous heads of tl(,.,ers. As the spring leaves protect the stem, so the blossoms are safely jruarded by the bell-shaped involucre of many
firm leaves, overlappinj; each other like .shint,des on a roof Ivacli is tipi)ed with a .shaip. spreading spine. The thistles are wi.'d-protccted a^ain-st
most herbivorous animals, temiitin.t; them willi their display of sappy );reen leaves and stem, only to repulse them with their formidable array of
.spines.

Pi:,ATE 134.

GOLL> THKliAD. COl'llS TRIFULIA. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Smthtth. ileaulfieenl f^eyrnnial. icith d iltneler, cieepiHg
r\ feeding the Itaiei ■

Oi'fst.<rt ■ leaves em hng. ilfmter fietipUs. trrmite, leajieti henadly wfitj^.'-shapfil hbfd anil Jfnlatf. veiny; flowets solitary, o» '•ediiiictes usually
./•.i/* uhtte: /let.ili mtiih smaller; stamens namei^nis ; finds ,'« ^fireading stifies, long-beaked z^ith the sttle.

S the happ>- May-time, while we roam through j;rass\- meadows where the patient, soft-eyed cows stand knee-deep in herbage, or
search leafy woodland or mossy bog —

"(ilail as the mflden sii-'iiiK to ^reet
Its first hve Iciiflft's jilny " —

we shall lind a little white-flowered, shiny-leaved plant, hiilini; in dee]), cool woods and .swamps. This is the Gold-Tlir ^ad.

We wciiider at the name, .seeinj; only >;reen leaves and snowy blo.-.soms. Hut if we scrape away the siihagnnm or dead leavis amid
which it fjrows. wc shall learn the answer to the riddle. The slender, creeping rmilstock is brij^ht yellow, and Uxiks like a bit of golden wire, lo.st
ill the moss A delicate little plant it is, .'ly and shrinking. It is a Hnropean flower, as well as native here. With us it is wide-spread in
Kriti>h .-\nierica and the northernmost States. Occasionally it is met with in "bear-wallows ' on mountaiu-tops, as far south as North Carolina
uud Temiosee. Ci>/>/is iiiiaiis tit/, the name lieiug given these jilauts becau.se of the divided leaves.

Vellow-colored roots are of common occurrence in the Crowfoot Family. Some of the meadow-rues have them. They have given names
to the Goldcn-Scal and the Shrub Yellow-root.

'-^

1

-: r

3m-i^

if il

•I

- 133 —
THISTLF.

CARDUUS ICNICU8I DISCOLOR

'24 —
GOLD THREAD.
OOPTM ...,;m.ia.

\r

"-^

ARKTHUSA.

PI<ATE 125.

ARhTHUSA BULBOSA.

(ORCHIS FAMILY.)

IjMite smooth ; stem erect /torn a small. 1

■ Uaz'i-s cohii^titin 0/ shfalliiiiK. memloaHiiceous spates, excef't one. uliieti is long, linear
latjie. tii^r puiple : iip paitlv peniliilous, ypotteil, :iestetl :^illt li ".

lit ffiass-lite: /li>;i%*r solitary, terminating the stem.

"June 2, iSs.i.— Arelluisas art Hliiiiiilaiit in what I iiiny ^'all Aretliusn meadow. They arc the more striking for growiug
in sneh green localities in i.ieatlows. where the t)rilliant nurple, more t>r less red, contrasts with the green grass." — Thotcau,

1' a flower combines decided iiidividualily of form with sr^ice and beauty and exunisite fraRraiice, it has all that a flower can
have. All these unalities are iniited in Arelliusa. It is unsnrpasse<l anions our w'ild-flowers. We fiiul it in moist meadows, where
the j.;'''"'^ ''•'"* '* tenderness, and at the same time, a brilliancy of color not elsewliere seen. It is a low plant. The .stem bears
several scales, and a single long, narrow leaf. At the summit nods the .solitai^ flower. Occasionally there are two blossoms on
.j^i^ the .same plant. The color is a rich puqile. The hanging lip is bearded with a fringe of pinkish hairs, and is somewhat spotted
with deeper color. Arelhusa </ften grows with its C(msins, Calopogon a. id the Snake-Mouthed I'ogonia. Its color is richer, a true
purjile. They have blossoms more nearly roseate.

Arethu.sa was a ixautiful nymph, beloved of Apollo. To escape llu- attentions of the g nl of day, she was transformed into a foinitain.

•J

PLATE 126. ;I; .',""■ •"■■■■

THORN-APPLE. jlMSON WF.F.O. DATURA STRAM0.4IIJM. (NIGHT-SHADE FAMILY.

Smooth, sneeiilent annuo! . slei

•cl. btishyhia,. ihfit. leafy r leat-es alternate or ttih-opposite. long-peli'tled, e,Hltselv liouale-tiwthett. btoiulty oltlle ; fioweis on tery shoit pettniii li\, in
'Olyv tubnlai, Jiir-tootheJ ; eoiolla luhutar-fann^'l/oim.limb Htv-tootheii, ii'hite ; lapsnte spiry.

the folks of the item :

IIIvX tile early colonists of Virginia e.stablislieil their first settlement, they named it Jamestown, in honor of their King. One of the
first of Old World weeds to follow thein to their home in the wilderness was the Thoni-Apple. Struck with the blazonry of
this plant, the sturdy pioneers of the Old Dominion dignified it witli the name of Jame.stown-Weed. With the true American
fondness for contraciioiis, this has I)eeli shortened to Jimson-Weed which name it l)ears to this day.

Datura Straminiinin is supposed to have come originally fr. "i .Simthern Asia, but is now well naturalized in most vvarm
climates. It is a coiniiioii weed in North .America. The large white llowcrs ojien at sunset in every barn-yard and bit of waste-
gronril. The blossoms, and, for th.it mailer, the whole i)laut, e.xhales a rank, <lis.igreeable oilor. It is reputed to lie poisonous. The .seeds are
said to have be^n eaten by children with fat.il results. They are contained in a globular eipsule covered with prickles, hence the name
" Thorn .Vjiple."

A .species nearly related to the Thoni-.Vpple is D.itnra Tatula, a Soiitb .Vnierican iilaiit growing wild a'.ong our Atlantic sva-board and in the
Southern States. It has lilac-purple flowers and purplish .stems.

A:

cjX~^

^Bi^niBi

— us

ARETHU3A.

ARCTHUaA BULBoe*.
Mav

— 126 —

thorn-apple, jimson weed.

DATURA STRAMONIUM.

JULY

r

TOAD-FLAX, BUTTFR-AND-EGGS.

PI<ATE 127.

LINARIA LINARIA (VULGARIS.)

(FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Smiwtfl ami iomeuhut fihu

t'ui ft^ti'Mtniil ; i/cw( ,iftl. Ifil/y, aim^/f »t titanchini^ : ffatrs allrinatf. shi>tl-^ftU'J,\l, linear, arutf <tt t*ot/i ftiili ; Jto-.tfis Humetims. tit lonir, trimttta! taiftitrs : corolla two-
iiff**^' s/'itrtfi/, ;tith the tkiimt chu'tt by a fitlfale, ortjHge antt yellow,

NIC of tlic pRttiest of weeds is tlie Toa<M*liix. It is a coniinoii plant of (.ur waste-Krouiul and waysides introduced from Europe.
The stems are v.ry leafy, faiily slia};>;y with leaves. These are narrow and rather pale. The showy tlowers are in limj;, spike-
like clusters, ".'he corolla is pale-yellow, with an orange-colored palate. Hence the appropriate if not altogether romantic name
of "Butter-ard-Kggs."

Thor.au writes of it, — " Linaria vulgaris, Butter-atid-Eggs. Toad- Klax, was seen the 19th of June. It is rather rich-
con r-'l •., ith a not disagreeable scent. It is called a troublesome weed. Flowers must not be too profuse and obtrusive, else tlie.\'
ncipiire the reputation of weeds. It grows almost like a cotton-grass, so above and distinct from its leaves, in w.anderiug patches higher and higher
up the hill,"

While the blossom of the Toad-Flax is ordinarily irregular, it sometimes happ ns that an almost regular, five-lobed corolla is produced. It
is one of the best-known cases, in plants, of relurn to an ancestral type.

The Lin,iria is fertilized by bees. 'I'he palate is pressed down by the weight of these insects, whereas, .such as have lighter bodies, butter-
flies, for example, are refused admittance.

PI<ATE 128.

RED RATTLE. PEDICULARIS j'ALUSTRlS WLASSOVIANA.

(FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Steitt sittootlt, eieit. htatii lit'tii. leafv . lettiex attei nate. yhoit piltn:

',/. /ititMtltifiit.
etrit. litliHliii

\eKinent) linear. t<iotliett ; Jfim-en in tliort, tpike lite laiei
. lil^iitte, iifrpti lip helmet- ihapett, liKtfi hiitttd ati'l Jliil.

I at tile eiiiii <'f the hiaiuhes : ialvA- iliott-titbitlai , t:tO-fle/l : coiolla

CC)MM( )N plant of lx)gs and n;oist meadows in Euroix- is Pedicularis palustris. It is known as K^'d Rattle a.nong the country folk of
iMigland, because the ripe seeds rattle in the pf)ds. We have not the typical Pedicularis palustris in this country; but a variety,
named after the Russian botanist Wlas,sov, is found alxjut lludsim's li.iy, and .simthwestward to Oregon. It is an ereot, branching
plant, with cut leaves and numerous IIdwits. These are reddi>h-puri)le i'v color, and tw<>-lii)ped The lower lip is broad and
jK-ndant, while the niipir is erect and arched at top, somewhal like the mediieval helmet It wants the con.spicuons l)cak of some
other kinds of I.uusewort.

The numerous .species of Pedicularis are nearly all liiund in .\rctic or Snb.irtic regions, ur on high mountains. The.sc plants are sr.spected of
preying upon the roots of other plants, but this li;is not been defniitely established. A number of closely-aP'ed plants of this family are known to
be partly parasitic, like the Covvwheat ( Melainpv rum). They all have green leaves, however, and are -lot entirely dependent on other plants for
their living, as are the .dlied family, the liroomrapes. These have the leaves reduced to mere scales, and are destitute of green color.

?55'

'■^

m

•'•'•Btnmmi

.11 1

'iil

i'

[i t

liiii

li-'-

I.

— 127 -
TOAD-ILAX, BUTTER-ANO-EOQS.

LINAHIA. LINAR1A VULOARIS
JUNt.

— )38 —
RED RATTLE.

HOICULARIS PALU:<1RI8 WLAS80VIANA.

f

^'"'

AMErtlCAN CENTmURV,

«*B(*TI* STELLAR!*.

— IJO —
•SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW

OAUUM TR(FL"RUM.

JULV

^

AMERICAN CENTAURY.

PI/ATE U9.

SABB VI lA STELLARIS.

(GENTIAN FAMILY.)

Smooth ptobtjbU annual :

t e'ect, n-fdflv branching : Uai-es opposite, sfsstU, hmrsi oblong fpatiilatf, nppfttnosl linear acute at both cntis, niatgin
lobes fijv, lonx an J nario:tl\ lineal . corolla iotatf,Jiiepdite<l.

I nearly so; /loneis in open, leafy cymes ; calyx

IIIv true Centaury of Europe, a smooth little plant with pink flowers, is more or less naturalized alouR the shores of one or two of the
Great Lakes. The Sahbatias, a pri'-s of beautiful plants most atmiulant alonj; the Atlantic Coast and in the ,'^outlK■rn .States, stand
for the Cent.'-.ury here. Most luiri'iican plants are represented in this coinitry iiy others more or less resembling them. Upon the.se,
in fond remembrance of tlie dear flowers of Old KuHland, the early colonists loved to bestow haiglish names. .So we have Cowslips,
liluebells. Mayflowers, Centaury. A good usage, for it has transferred to the unknown i)lants of the New World some of the
wealth of as,sociation posses.sed by tlieir transatlantic ccmsins.

Sabhatia .stellaris, which has received the Centaury'' .lame along; with others of its sisters, is a beautiful flower of the coast-l)orderinti marshes
as far South as Florida. The usual elegance of form Oi the gentians i-- displayed by it. Its handsome flowers are nt)rmally of a clear pink

"As if a lib- r..,she<l
With ■•■ rose's retl heart's title," —

but are sometimes white as the driven snow. They open to the sun of midsummer. An upland species, S-ahbatia angularis. has a rich, entrancing
fragrance to the blossoms. Some .species have a perfect, five-pointed, yellow star in the center of the corolla.

-v^

I

SWEET-SCENTED REDSTRAW.

PLATE 130.

CAI.IUM TRIEI.ORUM. (MADDER FAMILY.)

'inent niutiifi llispnt fiou'ert

Stems rirat reclininfr. biancl.mg, /ont-an^aleil angles sli/ititl\ uiUf^e^t an-i utioneli hispi'l . liOles in tt-hoils of Joni l<i MX. oblong lanceolate, rniiiionate, rnaignn ait,l pt,
on long tMiee./touvieit. atillaiy peduncles , coiolla small, 11 h rlshapect. four. par ted, greenish .- frutt cofeiea with hookett prickles.

HK perfume of tl.j orchids is often too rank, too earth\ . too suggestive of the .slime from which they arise, to Ik; grateful to us.
Tlioreau has it tiiat the snake mouthed Pogoniais is distinctly reptili.in in its i.dor. lint there is a tropical. clind)ing ircliitl that
yields a fragrance unsurp.issed. It is the vanill.i. from whose pods the funiliar essfUti.d oil i-. expre>se(l. .Snme of our North
.Vmerican plants mimic this (kIoi. One n( these i^ Trilisa. the \'aiiilla pl.mt. used in the .Soutliern .States for flavornig tobacco.
Two familiar grasses, the .Sweet X'ernal drass, imported from Murope, connuon in tliL June meadows, .md the Vanilla Crass exhale

the same perfume. Oddly enough one of the insignificant little Ivjdstraws, Calium triflorum, has sometliing of this aromatic fragrance. When dried

the leaves give forth a faint odor suggestive of vanilla.

The sweet scented Ix'dstraw is a common plant in deep, ricli wooils Its weak stems bear leaves in circles of four or .six, and tiny greeni.sh

flowers The small dry fruit, when ripe, clings to us by its numerous tiny grajjpling li(K)ks. It is found over the wllole of this continent and also

in nuicpe. The small blossoms ojien in June and July.

>t

?.'

-- 131 -
MARSH EVERLASTING PEA.

LATMYHUS PALUSTHIS.

— 132 —
COMMON TANSY.

TANACETUM VULQADE.

AuGusr

MARSH FVF.RLASTING-P[-A.

PLATE 131-

l.ATHYRUS PALUSTRIS.

(PFA FAMILY.)

SlfiH frfctyOrrfeliHiHi^, usually m< ir nt f.-is uin£fif smooth ; sltpiilrs fimmim-nt. omli-laitcfouilf. ammtHittf : ttiijfS finnatf. the ti'miinitl Ifajicl rfiangfd into a ilin>lft [fmliil ; Uafitti oblong-tanCfolaU or

tt»ra> .titntf ,■ Jtortrn jeiv i» Inns pfiiinilttt idifmts : toioitd inmpaiatinly small, ftluf.

^OR those who look to the flowers, not fur the ever-present lesson of beauty with a purpose, tint to trace some siKnifie.i.iee in the blos-
soms to human thoughts, emotions, passions, the Ivverlasting-Pea bears the messageof 'enduring happiness," a pleasant meaning
truly to shine t'rom the face of a flower.

The Marsh Kverlasting-Pea, I.athyriis Palustris, of Kuropc, is also foutid in the cooler parts of North America, across the
'breadth of the continent from the storm-tossed Atlantic to the vast Pacific. A-S tlip name tells, it loves the plenteous moisture of
liogs, where its fre.--h green foliage and pretty blue llower i-ariwt the ground in great nias.ses of bright color. A smooth plant is this
Wild Pea, with mostly winged .stems. It flowers in summer.

There is something honest and substantial alxmt the Ix'auty of the Pea Kamily. The locusts, with their great clusters of white or rose-
colored blo.ssoms, the purple masses of llie Wistaria, the clovers — white or scarlet, crimson or yellow, the brilli.nit spikes of the lujiines, all have
this (|uality of solidity in their loveliness. They suggest fragrant hay, honey — amljer-colorcd. starchy sc'ds full of mitriment. Even sucii as are
not valued by the farmer borrow the .seniblan-je of utility from their coiisin.s.

COMMON TANSY.

PLATE 132.

TANACFTUM VUl.C.ARF.

(SUNFLOWFR FAMILY.)

.VA'wi alalfrous, errct, usually tuv or thn-r /'ft high, Irafy ; leaifs on winged prtiolts. hipmnale, the segments pinnatiAtI, ultimate dr.'i\ioHS sharply toothed : heads in a terminal, rather dense eorymh, on

clafal.* peduncles rayless : achene obionical ; pappus of Jiim scales pattlr united.

HE yarrow, the ox-eyed daisy, the wormwoods, — these are near relatives of the Tansy, humble way.side weed. A native of Europe
from the icy Arctic Ocean to the shores of the warm " Middle Sea," and of Siberia, it was brought to this country by our grand-
mothers, who loved a bit of tansy in a nose-gay. Driven from its corner in the garden by the advance of civilization with the prouder
flowers in her train that have banished the modest favorites of a less sophisticated generation, it has sought refuge in the bye-ways.
It is now a common weed widely distribute<I in the Ivist. and is making its way ever further .ind further westward.
Despite the absence of the circle of bright rays that make allied plants so gay in flowering, it is not an iig";" plant. Th-- small, yellow heads
and the gracefully cut Raves go well together. In an odd varietv the leaves are delicately cris])ed like those of the spinach. The meaning of the
name Tanaeetum is unknown. liqually obscure is its significance in the language of flowers, in which mystic dialect it is the symbol of a "declara-
tion of war."

-^

«fi

— 133-
8PREADING ASTER.

ASTER P«TEN8
AUGUSI

— IS't —

YELLOW FOX-GLOVE

DASV6T0MA (QERARDlAi OUEBCIFOUIA
JULY

•^

SPRF.ADING ASTKR.

PLATE 133-

asti:r i'athns.

(SUNFLOWER FAMILY.^

ntfnniaK rnitgh-pubf^CfHt ; sUm spmenhtit httItU, fmt, uitltly imtmhinii ; n'ot-Untft mvl'-. not otritttU ; ilfm-lfavfs rJaifilng by il hfoitihaf^tt basf, obl<>ng-i'i^ili\ yiually Matt&u-tJ in the mttidlf, mn-
i^JHiite, lathfr titifk ; heads long-fietiuHiled, racemtutty amnged oh the upper side of the hiandtes : trnvlmere much imtiiiciiteit. hracts gteen tippe^t ; rays ihouy, v:olet.

V, are told by thi.- hermit of W.ildcn of tlie part the asters and goldeii-rods play in the eooiioniy of the insi^ct world, when fading snmmer
carries witli her one by one the flowers whereon the tiny, win^;e(l lK)tanists depend for snstenancc.

On the last day of Septenil)er, " By the roadside at WaUlen, on ihe sunny hillside sloping to the pond, we saw a large mass of
golden-rod and aster, s>."\cral rods square and comparatively fresh. Getting out of our wagon, we lound it to be resounding with the
hum of bees. It was about one o'cliK-k. Here were far nu/re flowers than we had seen elsewhere, and l)ees in great numbers, lK)th
bumblebees and honey-bees, as well as butterllies, wasps and flies."
There is no handsomer aster than the Spreading Aster. Others have finer foliage, glossier and more shapely leaves, but none excel it in
beauty of flowers. The head, yellow centered with its Uirder of deep violet rays, is like a cheery rouiul face in a fringed night-cap, .smiling and
happy. A more regal color than that of these ray flowers of aster patens, twould be hard to find. It is almost precisely the shade of rich purple-
blue that belongs to our connnon Klue Violet.

tM !

YFLLOW FOX-GLOVF.

PLATE 134-

DASYSTOMA (GHRARDIA)

QUFRCIFOLIA. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

Stfm ftfct. branchtHg glabfous unit mote ut less g/nut.'

/rates ai'termttr. o.'ntf oblong in onthnf, f'tmuttifid. thf Hpf>t»moit alntoit enttte ; /foufn
smalJ fivt toolhrd ; coiol/a latgf, eampKinHlatf /unnel/orm, bttjtht yfllou-.

m shi'tt ftetiiiH

iH letniitut!. btatfi-it tacfMtfi .- talyx

FLOWER nevtr absent from an Knglish landscape is the Digitalis, Its long spikes of larj^e, dr(x>ping, purjite flowers stand sentinel-
wise in tvery pasture and on every hillside, in summer. The children love these tlowers. They pull them and i)lace them on their
fniKtrs, sportively callin)^: them Fox-gloves. The jK>et< have much to say of them. Robbie Bums, in one of his sweet idyllic songs,
numl>ers them with the fairest flowers of his K-loved Scotland —

'• Mourn liltlf harel>ells o'er the lee ;
Ye stately fox-cloves fair to see ;
Ye woodbines iiaiigiiiK l)onnilie, , __, _ . _ ._, . __ _ __

In scented bow'rs;
Ye roses on your thoniy tree.
The first o" dow'rs."

Yet this, like many another fair plant, hides venom 'ncath its beauty. The deadly alkaloid, digitalin. a valued medicine when rightly used,
is a dangerotis jKiison to him who swallows it unwittingly.

Gerardia (|UercifoIia, a tall plant of copses and oi)cn W(kk1s in North America, is nut unlike the Digitalis of Europe. Its yellow blo.ssoins are
shajK-d like the Foxglove lx*lls, so that it has lx?en named Yellow or Fal.se Fox-glove. It is a smiK)th plant, with the lower leaves cut .som-what
like those of the white oak. hence its specific name. It ranges from Canada, southward to Florida and westward to Minnest)ta.

,a

I

- 135-
CHECKERBERRV.

OAULTHERIA PnOCUMBENS,

— !:•; —

SHOOTING STAR.

OODECATHEON MFOIA.
MAY JULY

m

■m

>'n

1

.,,^:ii

If

V J^

if

■'''.

1 1

■ 4

i :

-W!

.

m

1 ;

■n

i^

CHFCKFRBF.RRY.

PLATE 135-

GAUl.THKKIA I'ROCUMBF.NS.

(HFATH FAMILY.)

Suffrutf scent, smooth ; items lou-, et fit from Iuhk. urmdtt. ttf/pimg. mtody tixttstthki ,■ /e,tir> fi^tgttfn. thUk, u^^t %mt/aie ihtntHfi, i/iot t-fieimUii, otutr, muifomatf. skat ply serrate; Jtowert axillary, on
hi acted Pf duel i ; Jtoj^^i tng'calyx small, fitf-lootked ; corolla cylittdt ual-Hneolate, Jit^-toothed, Ufhile j capsule jltf^etled, berry-like, smrrouHt^rd by the emlargetl,/teshy calyr.

;Ol'SIN-OKRMAN tn the l)e;uitiful trailing artiiitus is tlie small Ciaiiltlifria, imc of the most dcliciously fragrant of our native plants.
The shining green leaves ilo not f.ill in aiitninn. but remain through the vinter, sale-liidilen utnler the pitying sniw. The tlowers
are small, and single on their stalks. The white corolla is shaped like an antii(ne nrn. As it withers it gives place to a small,
berry-like fruit, whiti h at first, but turning a vivid red. This has earned it the name of Cheekerberry in \e\v Ivngland. Some-
times it is calU<l Partndge-Herry, but tliat name righll'ully Ixjlongs to Mitchella rei)eus. Like the true rartridgc-Berry, it spreads a
welcome fea.st for birds th;.' do not migrate to the South in winter.
In the mountains it is known us Tea-berry or Mouutaiutea, and its leaves are tisetl in various decoctions highly esteemed as remedies.
When crushed the leaves yield a warm, aromatic fragrance, much like that of the tender inner bark of the Cherry IJirch. Partly from f'c Checker-
l)erry, ])artly from the birch-bark, the fragrant Oil of Wintergreeu is obtaineil. The true Wintergreeu, I'yrola, is odork>ss. Gaull' i)ri)cum-

bens is native from high northern latittidcs southward, in mountain wocxls, to Georgia.

SHOOTING STAR.

PIATE 136.

DODFCATHFON MFADIA.

(PRIMROSF FAMILY.)

l^/tctty imoalk ;

Htti fibtoui. tkictenftl, cluitficii; lea\fi alt taJical, lutgr, uttli'Hg m .thtnutr, tihtnu-. oh marxiuf'i ptiiolfi. ruth^* mwv, mtirgim obiiurtly nHuate ,■ aafif strnplf, one foot or ji' /« hetgkt,
htc*ing at iu*nmit n hiiutfd umM of latgi- Jttrrt^'t : ioiolta fivf-tttbed, lobfs toitH rejltxed.

" Wliere the Iwi* siick.s, tlierc suck I;
III the Cowslip's hell I lie ;
There 1 crouch when owls do cry."

f ^-^t^WJvn^'^H is Ariel'.s elfin song. Kven in Shakespeare's time the Cowslip was a favorite flower. Men likened its fragrance to that of the
' 'hmf^U^k "P^ °^ kine, fresh from browsing on the i)erfumed meadow grass. Xo plant has won itself more into the life of the lingli.sh-

' it. We have looked for a like flower here whereon

I'-^^F-

havt

grass,
an hereditarv fondness for

speaking races than thi~. In this eountrv

to liestow the treasured name.

We chose a handsomer plant, the Shooting Star, .ind christened it "Cowslip." Hut, alas 1 it has no fragrance. Few

showier, more l)eautiful flowers adorn our land.seapes. What an odd plant it is as we come upon it in riKky glen or on wixxl-
land bank, with the cluster of sm(K)th green leaves and the hare stalk, from out of their midst, r,usiug the cluster of flowers ! Quaint blossoms are
the.se, looking like white butterflies with folded wings, alii for a second at the summit of the stalk. The petals are bent backward. This, with
the pointed cluster of stamens, gives an alert look to the flower.

^,

.3i

'^,

'>i--

FIfATB 137.

MAY WHHD. ANTHHMLS COTULA. (SUNFLOWFR FAMILY.)

/"ubescent annual ; stem erect, fitaniHiHj:, oh,- Io /.■■./ au>l a haif jfH hi)ih, leajv : Wavfs alUtniilf, finely Uisietitd, iexmen/i nattouly lineat ,■ lieails ml 1 titty at the enii\ of the btanches ; lavi half an inch

long, white ; rf/j* ytllan:

"June 25— Marutn Cotuln, or Mayweeil. Why so name<1? Just !«?gins, with its stroiiK-scentcil leaf. It has taken up its
positiou liy the roadside close to the ruts — in !)atl taste." ThoreaH, " Summer."

^

]()MI'; plants are endowed with odors as disagreeable to us as the scent of another plant is grateful. We wonder at the repulsiveness
of the carrion-flower, for instance, or the skniikcal>l)age. Hut if we reflect for a moment that plants exist for themselves and not
for us, and that we have made some of tliem useful to us by adapting ourselves to tlu-m, while others to which we are not drawn by
ties of habit see in offensive, we will cease to marvel. The rank odor of the Mayweed, then, is of use to the plant it.self. How?
I)<iubtle.ss frii \ uisects are attracted therel)y, or unwelcome quests are repelled. Most of these malodorous flowers are fertilizeil
by flies, wh^ olfactory nerves are tickled by other perfumes th;in those that appeal to bee or butterfly.
We may wonder with Thoreau why this conunon roadside weed lias been called M'vweed. With us it commences to flower in June, except
in the South. It was introduced from Kurope, but is now common everywhere in Eastern North America.

^M

%

C's-

F.NGELMANNIA.

PI,ATE 138.

BNGKLMANNIA PINNATIFIDA.

(SUNFLOWHR FAMILY.)

Wholf filant roui^h-fiairy : item e*ftt,oHf t

■ tifo /fft high. hranckiHg iihiue: too/lrair^ limg-p/tioh-d, /'iHnately PartfJ, ti-gtnftiU t(ianflvl(hilhi-'i :
PfftHinlfi : tHiolitfif mttih tinhtiiiittti : MV5 bti^ht yrUo-v : nchi'Hrs i<mgfi''»fif.

i4fiftrimii.il stem-laatfi sexiiU ; AciiAc im fottg./fu'-Jtojtftfit

I IKS is one of those rough, sturdy plants of the sunflower family that find life on the prairies much to their taste. The fierce solar
beam that would soon scorcli and wither the delicate little flowers of our eastern forests or of the western mountains, is as grateful
as morning dew to the denizens of the great plains. They have iK-conie fitted during countless generations to with.stand the
uidiroken power of the prairie's midsummer sun. Nature his tenderly clothed them with a garment of shaggy hairs or of fine
wool, which keeps the moisture within from escaping and prevents the heat without from entering too freely.
Engelmannia is a rather coarse plant with deep-cut leaves ,ind small yellow heads, not unlike those of its relative, the garden fever-few, in
general appearance. It is found in Kansas scmthward to Louisiana and westward to Arizona, straying northward.

This plant was dedicated by two of the greatest of .\inerican botanists to a third. John Torrey and Asa Gray, who worked together for
many years in bringing to knowledge the plants of Western North America, nameil the Kngelmainiia for their distinguished friend and co-laborer.
Dr. ICngelmann, of St. Louis. Eugelmaini was an able and exceedingly industrious botanist, who studied the pines, oaks, grapes, cacti and other
very difficult groups.

-^M

i I

k

I

— !37 —
MAY-WEED.

ANTMFMIS CjTUL*.

o,

I

- UP -
ENQELMANNIA

INOIIMANNIA CINNAIItlD*

^

PtATE 139-

YELLOW MHLILOT, SWHKT CLOVHR. MLLILOTUS OFFICINALIS.

(PEA FAMILY.)

Anniiitf, .iwiirtM I'f nM*lv so:

st^m etfft, sonifuhul Uirafi- . ^tipitlex IttiutoUitf. ifttitfi-fi'tinUil : Iftzirs ali^na/r, hng-fif Holed, pinnaMy trifoUMatf ; Ifaflets tiboi-alf-obhng, shatfih ifrntuff, oHtuse at apex,
tt( ulnh ,it t>asf : Jloueis small, yellmr, in Irttg, slenitet. a i illaty racemes ■ pint e vceedtng the calyx, one or tiiv-secitej.

"jK tile Old World, whe-e land is cullivakil to the utmost, where soil so barren as to be apparently worth'ess is made to yield bounteous
crops, the lesson of tilth has perloree b-en better learned than by our own fanners, who have a .vi<!e continent to choose from.
Ileuce plants that are scorned by us as worse than useless ate jin/ed by the Ivuropean agriculturist for for \ge. Among the.s a.-e
the melilots, yellow and white, eonuuon here as weeds of wayside and waste-grouud, but rarely used as pasturage. In the Old
World the young shoots are esteemed for this purpose, especially as the melilots will grow in the poorest soil.

The Yellow Melilot, like its sister, Melilotus alba, has come to u.s from Kurope. Wide spread in Eastern North .\merica.
it is working its way steadily westward, esiiecially along railroad tracks, stealing a ride now and then like any human tramp. It finds a congenial
soil in the loose earth of embankments. It is rather a conspicuous plant when growing in quantity, the bright yellow flowers making a brave
display. Its delig^ful fragranc;.' when dried has earned it the name of Sweet Clover.

LARGE-FLOWERED BLUE-EYEH GRASS.

PI,ATE 140.

SISYRINCHIUM GRANDIFLORUM. (IRIS FAMILY.

IVtcHnial, guile smiM,h :

foots clustcted, fihtous. rtetlty : stems /tatteneit. wiHgeit, longer than the Icates basal lett^es shall, m, yibtanac-otis. upper, long, iinear. grass-like : Jlotters on slender pedicels, in art
umbellate tlHsler fiom a sp,ithe 0/ two leatvs , peitanlh seghients sir, ovjleotsloitfi, hlne-purple.

.\NY plauts of Ka.st'.'rn North America are represented by corresponding sjiecies in the western part of the continent, often without
any related forms being found in the region Iietween. Thus the Hox IJlder, Button-wood, Spikenard, Sweet Shrub and scores of
ot..er herbs, shrubs and trees have their counterparts on the Pacific Coast. So the pretty little Blue-eyed ('.r.\ss of meadows and
fields eastward, is replaced in the country that slopes to the great we.steru ocean by showier .Sisyrinehinms, with larger flowi.

Of thene, Si.syrinchium grandidorum is |)erchance the finest. It is an elegant plant, with its amethystine flowers in a severely

simple setting of narrow, grass like leaves. It is one of the jilants tl-.at Thoreau would call "all llower." The foliage counts for

nothing. It is lost in the grass amid which the Sisyrinchium grows. This Blue eyed (^.rass is rather a low plant, the stems not exceeding o.;e

foot in height. Its flowers, usually rose purple in color, are occasiona.'/ jmre while. Our eastern blue-flowered siKcies sonvetimes produces white

blossoms. Sisyrinchium grandiflorum is native in British Columbia and thence southward to Northern California, and in Idaho.

iH'

mi

i !

- 139 —
VELLOW MELILOT, SWEET CLOVER.

MtLILOTUS OFFICINALIS.

jUNl

- MO -
LAROE-FLOWERED BLUE-EVED GRASS

StSTNINCHIUM aRANniFLOHUM

?r

»t i

KING'S ERITRICHIUM.

PIfATB 141.

SONNFA (HRITRICHIUM) KINGII.

(BORAGE FAMILY.

Funninl, ttnitly-hair\ : stems four to right im hrs hiiih. \fiot in/^lv tttanckej, utther ItkXfy ; leases altetnate, the latiicat clustereti, Imt^-ltettoleit. spatulate. stem-leaves sessile, oblongs obtuse, papillose-tougheuett i

Jtowets in iteuse. spike like racemes, pauicled : co>olla-tuf*e short, limb spreading , Ji\i-lobed, u-hite . Kuttels rougheteii.

iXIv of the most uiuittnictive of plant faiiiilics, if wc take it as a wliole, is that of the Horages. Coarse, hristly plants they are, for
tlio most part. The fruit is usually eove'-ed with hooked prickles that catch ill the hair of animals, whether worn by the original
owner or a successor. Ivven the dear little Forfjel-me-not would be an unattractive enough plant, 'S wc saw only stem and leaves.
It is the tiny blue blossom that looks up at us like the trusting face of a child, to wliicli the Forgef-me-not is indebted for
admiration.

These rough Horages are wide-spread on the western prairies, where they lind the conditions favoral)le to the peculiar
dispersion for which they are adapted. Soniiea Kingii, Ix-tter known by its oUL'r name, Kritrichiuin, is a native of the Pacific Coast and of western
Nevada. It is a low plant with thickened roots and rather dense clusters of suiall white flowers.

It is interesting that the Sonnea, like .so many western plants, is wx'U |)rovided with hairs, doubtless as a protection against the excessive
droughts which often afflict it.

BFAR-BFRRY.

PIATE 14a-

ARCTOSTAPHYl.OS UVA-URSI.

(HFATH FAMILY.

/jJW shnib uilh seals bark : stems trailn

'iiuh biamheit : leatrs alternate, shoitpetioleif. thiik ami ettigieen. spatulate to oblong-obazate. obtuse, mill itb tliitk anil piimiinei
rtoifet eit raeenie: ; eoiolla unetilale. pze toollieil. teeth le/leieil : fiuit a small, leil.five or ten-seedeit drupe.

/towels III leiiiiinat^/en-

II IS tittle trailing shrub is found on rocky hillsides in the northern part of the Northern Hemisphere, circling the globe. It is a near
relative of the Trailing Arbutus ami the Checkerberry, resembling them in its habits. 'Tis a handsome little plant, with thick shin-
ing leaves and small clusters of white llowe.s, succee<led by bright red berries. Its name, both generic an<l specific, is a translation
into Greek and Katin res|)ectively of the Knglish, Bearberry. Mayhap Master Hruin finds the fruit to his liking, but to its it has not
a pleasant taste.
Another species of Arctostaphylos is fuutid on high mountain-tops, and in ^;^il.urctic regions everywhere. It has black fruit. There are
many .species of Bearberry in the Western States, parlicula-'y in California and British Columbia. Some arc handsome shrubs of con.siderable size,
with flowers white or flushed witli rose-i^olor. These shrubs were also much developed in past geologic periods. In Cretaceous and TcrtiMr- strata
numerous leaves have l>een found which are supposed to have l)elonged to species of Arctostaphylos. Indeed, the genus .se>.'ms to have been more
predoiuiuuut formerly than it is now.

cte=

JL

f'

I'M

— HI —
KING'S ERITRICHIUM.

SONNE* (CRtTMICMiuM) KINOII.
jUN'

O4

- 142 -
BEARBERRY.

ARCTUSTAPHVLOfi UVA-URSI.

I

■■\o

Pl/ATE 143.

HF.DGF-MUSTARD. ■ SISYMBRIUM OFFICINALE. (CRESS FAMILY.)

An»uaJ : stfm fii'it with lvitlf-sptfa<tiMg biiiHchfi. tuoif or If is hah v, t:to or thtre ^rrt hii;h , feinrs alt fr note, munortatf pinnati/iii. sfgrnrnts foanfty ami i

on the tiraHchrs, irry smatt ; petals /our, pate yellow , futtts slender, erect, close to the stem.

tegitlath toothed; Jlowers tacemosely disposed

HIv Cress-Family, which Ki\<-'S us so niatiy delicious vegetables, is al.so famous for the numl)er of troublesome weeds on its roll of
menibership. TIil- wliillow-Kraxs, the Shepherd's I'urse, the hated CharlcxU, the i)ei)i)er grass, the winter-cress and many other
plants oft condennieil by farmers, belong to this large family. ()l these tile Charlock alone, bane of grain-fields in IJurope and in
the northern part of this continent, needs the full array of toothsome delicacies afforded by its relatives, to oalance its account of loss
and harm.
The Hedge Mustard, so named, doubtless, from its haoit of growing in hedgerows and shaded waste-ground and from the resemblance of
its small yellow flowers to those of the true mustard, is another of the weeds for which we are indebted to the land of the black rat and the English
sparrow. It is inidcniably an ugly plant with its stragglnig branches, rendered rag'^ed looking by the small slender pods close-preased to the
stem. The yellow blossoms are much like those of the re«t of the family. Indeeu, among the cresses, the differences betw'-eu the flowers of
different genera and si)ecies are almost limited to color.

Sisymbriiun officinale is a common weed with us in the East, flowering in early summer.

WHEELER'S CH/ETADELPHA.

PI,ATE 144.

CH/ETADELPHA WHEELERl.

(SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

Perennial . stem erect, much branched ; tourer teafes narroivly linear, the uf'fietm,'sl mere scale-like bracts; heads single at the ends of the branches, nearly an inch high , tniolucre 0/ fire, long membra-
naceous bracts, and a few muck shorter outer ones ; Jtouets all ligulate; pappus of rigid bristles, in fiie sets, one bristle of each set being longer and more rigid.

g?T'KIX(i the earlier half of the seventies, explorations were conducted !)y the t'nited States War Department in the region we.st nf the

one hundredth meridian, under the charge of I.ieu'. George M. Wheeler. Portions of Colorad i, I'tah, Nevada, New Mexico and

Arizona were traversed and investigations in every branch jf .science were made. One result of this admirable survey was the

discovery of a large nuud)er of new plants. One of the oddest and most notable of these con.stitnted a new genus which Gray called

Cluvtndelpha, liecause the bristles on the seeds are a.sssmbled into groups or " sisterhood.s." The plant was named Chtetadelpha

Wheelcri as a compliment to the director of the survey. When will our undiMOvcred plants Ix; sought for?

'IMie Chatadelpha is a low jilant with wiry stems, which look ijuite bare with their few small leaves. The heads of flowers of a bright rcse-

color are very pretty, and are all the more conspicuous for the nakedness of the rest of the plant. It is native on the arid plain.s of Western

Ne\aila, near the Arizona state-line, straying northward. 'Tis a rare little plant, having Ijccu encountered by only one or two collectors.

fe

.J?0

nrniiiiT

Kiii

— 143
HEDGE MUSTARD.

SISYMBHtUM UFFICINALE.
M*y-SEP

— m —
WHEELER'S CH/CTADELPHA.

CH>CTA0C1-°HA WHEEi^CHI.

i

!i

.■

— 145 —
FIVE-LEAVED QIN8ENQ.

CANAX (*R*U*I aUINQUEFOllA.
JUNE— JULY

— H6 —
VELLOV/ OR CAROLINA JESSAMINE.

OILtEMIUM SF.MPERVINEN8.
MARCH— APRIL

^-

PIRATE 145-

FIVE-LEAVKO GINSF.NG. PANAX (ARALIA) QU1NQ.UHFOLIA. (GINSFNG FAMILY.)

Si w ftrtrt /torn a /it

, thickfN-'ii nfot, from Ihtff to /nWiy inehft hinh. MHitnlfi, raikfr ziYiik : /,ij:.'< tArff im a uhotl, .\/,-i
UiMteolatr, afHlr ; Jtoufts small, tvhiti-, m a l.tmimai umfvl : /*Hit a j

(//■» -/V/k*/a/, pui'tnatt'/y
maU, frU bit 1 1 .

omfntuHd ; Uajiets fitf o*

, I'bhmg or oboxKxif

saiigmg.
his pocket

Paiia
Ijeirits.

HIS handsome little Ginseng is liecominR scarce. Where it formerly grew in patches one must needs search long now to fin<l a
single plant. The five leaved Ginseng is by no means so common, as a rule, as the t1 ee-leavcd species. The thick .iromatic root
was once much esteemed in medicine here at home, and still hrings a nnind price in China, wl ither much of it is e.\|)orted from
this country. Fortius reason it has he u almost exteiniiiiated in many parts of the United Slates. In the A])palachiaii region,
where it is most at home, the hunt for it has Ikcii very destructive. In the South, wliere it is known as " sang," large parties camp
out in the rich mountain woods in which it grows, and search for it day by day. The laic summer is usually the time chosen for
as then the red berries are very conspicuous. When his supply of tub.nx-o is low, the numnta.neer carries a bit of Ginseng root in
as a substitute by no means uupalatai)le. Hut the greater part of it is sold at the nearest "store."
X quinquefolia much resembles the three-leaved Ginseng, but may be distinguished easily by the spindle-shaped r(«it and the red

^

St

YFl.l.OW UR CAROLINA JESSAMINF.

PI,ATE 146.

GFL^LMIUM SHMPERVIRFNS.

LOGANIA FAMILY.)

Climfiing. wmrwhat ihrnbhy, ^uiif smootM ,■
axiHary dutlers ,

■^tfm ilfHdff, hranchins, Irafv : ft^itt
corolla largf, campaHula(i'-/Hnn'! /■•>

nftposilf, shott-pfliiU^d, oiMff, ai utf, rounJrtl al hasf, ihf upftfr sutjarf shiniMg ; floufrs in rather drnsf, shot t'^fduncUd,
IM, ttiY-lohfd ; itamrns fiiv, anthru arrotv-ihapfd ; stylf fihform, bfiiring tuv tHK>-Iobfd stigmas.

'The soft, wnrni ni^lit ^\iml flutters

t'p from the dint lajjoon,
While the timorous shadows hi''-.- Ihem

I'rom the red new risen moo. ;
The scent of the jasmine lingers

Like 11 hin>>norons pain diviuf,
Till the night'Tnoth reds iu its fragrance,

I>runken as if with wine.
Oh, jasmine fiir '
Oh, southetn nijjht most rare!" — .tiio HaUs.

^^"***"S^3^ RACE and elejj^aiice are jjersonified in tlie Yellow Jessamine. It is one of tho nit
'^^^^^^ climbing stems with their dark-^reen. shining leaves and elnsters of showy yellow

most snperl) of the wild flowers. The hi>;h-
!)lossi>ms are a meet jj^arlatid fur the llowery
wo(»ds and swamps of iliu Southern Atlantic and Citilf Stales. Added to its other eharnis. the Velluw Jessamine has fX(|nisite
fragrance. It is not a trne Jessamine at all, the (pilseminm. tiiongh its l">tanieal tiame is a latini/atictn of the Italian for
Jessamine. It is almost an evergreen. The handsome flowers are among the first to (»pen, — in March and April. Yet, al
th:)t lime, llie fields and pine wrxids of the Sotilh ate bright with color. There is no lack of pink blossoms, and blite and
wliile. to add to the lx*auty of contrast to the Gelsemitim's

" Yellnw flowers, the gayest in the 1;

The Yellow Jessamine Klongs to a family renowned for the viinlency ((f the
a beantifnl jilant let it W said, maintains the evil repntation of the family. Hnl
Strychnos, whose seeds are known as Xux X'omica and St. Ignatius' Heati.

iMjison in their juitx's. In North America the I'ink-Root,
in the i'^iisl Indies are those deadly trees, the si>ecies of

-3^

1

"S<?

— 147 —
COMMON FLEA-BEAN,

CRIOIRON PHILAOELPHIUUt.
JUNE-«UGUS1

— I« —

HERB ROBERT.

OERANIUM ROBERTIANUM.
JUNE

f ■

r

COMMON Fl.FA-BANE.

Pi:,ATE 147.

ERIGERUN I'HII.AOELI'HICUS. (SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

/\t^nMi\J : >lfw f*f(t. .^tn.ih-, haity, t,\tr\. itm/>I< fii !<'.! . htit»</ir<t iiKnr umt l^irs ilu.>t--n-it. im ^^hIt^;^t^rl^ /t^tiolts : j//*w /aiiv.i iillt-tHHtf. i-Jii\/nnx, .lA/.'Mj; ft f-iilHlale, ifiatf'h •intt ,.<u*-ifly sfttiltf . hfads

Jtittmtifi a tmcteti cot %'mt> ut thi' u>p ot tht stem . tii\\ Mumct^mi. ftHkisk; ilt^k vtlh'W.

]'.\\' of US do not see licauty in the rase or the wnt- .--lily. Ivven the violet and the anemone win i- versal adniiratidn. There are
not many who, like Wordsworth's I'eter Bell, see nothing in the bright, brilliant, fragrant flowers known to us all. It may be said
of few whose intelligence rises ulmve the commonest ncetls and desires of life, as the poet wrote of his villager, —

"In viiiTi. throiigli every changeful year

Dili Nature U-ail liiiii as iMjfore;
A prinirtxse by a river's brim
A yellow primrose was to liim.

Ami it was iioibing more."

But, on the other hand, there are few of us who can or will appreciate tl.; iK-anty of humbler flowers, of the dtjsty wayside tramps; for "pale
wood-weeds, the voice of praise is silent." Yet many, even when measured by exacting standards of beauty, are not found wanting.

((f the.se ])lanls, often neglected by those to whom the name of wee<l si;.;uifies only ugliness, the I'lea-Hane is one. If its tall stem were
shortened to the ground its pretty heads and eveii its leaves would not Ik- a liad imitation of the Knglish daisy. The rays are very numerotis, of a
rose-pink or purplish color, and .surround a disk of bright yellow llowers.

^

SSI ^1

HERB ROBERT.

PLATE 148.

GERANIUM ROBERTIANUM.

(GERANIUM FAMILY.)

leaves
quaint

MwrA hiattthfit, Mhsutf. tfafy , le<t;-ei oppoiite^ on lont; pfiioits, Ittnately ir.ftal timfi lompfUHil, apprr^utt ka " : pfttutitlfs long, ilfndrr, artllafv, brat nif; one or tun /towers ; sepals fii'e
^ubuiatc-po-Mted, exieeileil ^y the lite pntphsk petals ; ff nit of file catpets wltieh i.irl auav from the arts irhen tipe.

\\V. name "(jeranium" naturally suggests to our minds the brilliant scarlet or pink-flowered plants, with handsome scalloped leaves,
that oniauKut our conser\atories in winter and our gardens in summer. These are not true geraniums, mnk heresy as it may seem
to say .so, but Peliirnoninms, plants of .South .-\frioa. ( >f true geraniums we have several native species that love deep rich woods,
.and several more introduced frcnn luirope, growing as weeds on waste grimnd. Mo.st of these have .small flower-, not at all conspic-
uous. One siiecies, however, (leranium Maculatum, has lx.autiful rose purj)le flowers.

Herb Rot)ert is a plant of our damp w<kk1s in the middle belt of North America. It is a small plant, hairy, with weak stems. The

are prettily cut. (Iraceful foliage is the rule with the whole (ieranium family for that matter. Herb Kol)ert is also found in l{uroix-. Its

name is a ver>' old one in I-aiglaud. To trace it^ origin would be an interesting ipiest.

The flowers of Geranium Robertianum are (juite small, yet very pretty. Their color is a pale purplish-pink. The plant has a strong odor,

rather distigreeable. Somewhat resembling it is Geranium Carolinianum, a common weed of waste-ground and dry flelds.

-M,

■.:^i 'j.->.3^-^-^

-^

-£

— 149 —
PURPLE CORN-FLOWER.

ECHINACEA AUQUSTIFOLIA.

JUNE— AUGUST

— 150 —
TOOTHWORT.

DENTARIA DIPHVUA.
MAY.

r*j*^^yy?wj^jfi?

I

s^^

PURPl.H CONE-H.UWER.

PI,ATE 149.

ECHINACHA AUGUSTIFOI.IA.

(SUNHI.OWKR l-AMILY.)

S/fm simple, etrft from a thick, tatkfi

.■nAA(i. stah. tilati riMtt, Moil \ Irafy bfltt;^- l,t]:ri l,mi;/vtiolfl, UiHienliitf. iti hU at hiilh finis, fr'.ir, nilk Ihifi' fiiiimiUf'Mt »fn*t : A(ii(/t at thr lalht-i fiitulosi
nakfii iummiti oj tht ittmi . lays latkfi mtnutou^. pmk. muih eitfiiiing the imfiiuatfj im\'lHtif.

||VK the bright oraiigf-color rays of the iimimoii Conc-tlowtT or " Klack-Iv.ol Susan " with rose, adding just a suspicion of
purple, auJ you have the Purple Coue-tlower, or u very k(X)(1 iiuitaliou of it. I,ess hairy are the stem and leaves of the
I-A'liiuacen, the disk a less intense and lighter hrown hut otherwise the resemblance to Rudl)eekia Ilirta is close. It is one of
the handsomest of the Suntlower Family. As a rule these plants are more noticeable for showiness of flowers than for elegance
of form. The Purple Coik tlnwer is to a certain extent an excepticm. Rigidly upright as are its stems, tliere is something
of grace in their jxirt, undefiuable but apparent. Still more beautiful is its sister-si)ecies. ICchiuacea Purpurea. This has

Itroader leaves and is less stiff: it is less hoary and of a brighter green.

Echin.'icfa Augustifolia is prolK-rly a ])rairie ]ilant. ranging (rum our We-tern prairies to the glades of Middle Tennessee, and thence

to the South and West, blossoming in early summer. It often grows with the conunoii Cone-flower, contrasting with the vivid yellow and

black of its relative.

TOOTHWORT.

PLATE 150.

DHNTARIA DIPHYl.LA. (CRESS FAMILY.)

PrienHial ; item ei-eit from a long. hoiitoHlat, toothed lositstocit, smooth, umhi aH,~heii ; leairs fitHiiatelr trifoliotate, the lajital on irrv lomg, the lantiHe, two, opposite, on shoit petioles : leaflets oiHlte or

obloni;, weitge-shapeJ at hiise, shaipis toothed, Itotoeis long peditelled in a simple laceme, pniplish.

KRE we have one of the prettiest of our spring wild flowers, — a much handsomer plant than mast of its family. The graceful
cluster of pale puqile flowers rising above the twin leaves, is one of e showiest objects in the April woods. It is a native
of Canada ind the Northern States east of the Mississippi and south , the mountains of Tennessee and the Carolinas. The
dentate iiMitst<Kk is resjionsihle (i>v tlie names, Ixrth Latin and Knglish. It has a pleasant, biting taste. Hut on this ]>oint
we had better reiK.at what lUirroughs has said in his characteristic way, in "Signs ami Seasons" :

" Whfti t was a school I>oy, we used to j^atlicr, in ft |)it'cc of woods on our way to scUiki], llii* roots of a cloiiely allied species
to eat witli our lunch. Hut we generally alj it up lieforc lunch-time. Our name for this plant was 'Crinkle-root.' The botunists
call it the toothwort (Deutaria), also, pi-pper-root. "

Describing the flavor of the roots, he says :

"They were a surprise ami a chalk
radish and other appetizers."

A more delicate species of Deutaria is Dentaria I.aeiniata, which has deeply cut leaves and pale pink or tiearly white fl'.y«.ers.

"They were a surprise and a challenge to the tongue; on the tahle they would well till the place of mustanl, and horse-
radish and other appetizers."

^

"^

j3o

- 151 —
NEWBERRY'S LEUCAMPYX.

LkUCAMPVX NtWBERRYI.

raiasawttar-TTr— r -rrnmiimmiiimr . M

Mi

Hi

ll'i

' (It;

5r

%

NEWBKRRYS LHUCAMPYX.

PIATE 'SI.

;UCAMPYX NKWRKRRYl. (SUNFLOWHR FAMILY.)

//.•►Atji '■!>«*, ^trnni\il, a /iiof .<f ,T«> iM krinkt, ukolr plant t\n<ited zrith hmsr, linidnoHS niwl .■ itfm tiranthinj^, Ua/r Ivlow, ttat^ t;N«/ .■ leaivs twiff in tkriif pinnat _^d : headi tftminatinf;. thf braniPtis

rather large ; imvtutie o//eu\ memhtanaeeitus kraits ; ravs neaity an imk lamg, iteam loioted, or yetlou- at firil.

\ oiKi relative of the Chamomile, Mayweed and Yarrow has K-eti found in the Northwest and in some of the Western States
ami Territories Colorado and New Mexico, particularly. It was iirst o Uceted by Dr. John S. Newl)erry, lonjj I'rofessor of
Cicology at Coluinbia Colle;-,i and a ■ ardent hotani.st as well. To him Torrey dedicated the curious leafless parasitic lierh of
the I'inesap l-aniily, — XewlKirva CouKest.i,— a plant of \V,ishini>ton and Dreson. He found the I.encampyx in Southwestern
Colorado, and Gray called it Xaihinyi in his honor.

It is a reinarkahlt plant, the I.en mpyx. The leaves and stems are covered over with a Itx^.e white " w<x)l," siving
a hoary Uwk lo the plant. The heads are on lonjj naked .stalks. They are quite large, somewhat resend)l!un those of the Yarrow, magnified.
They have a circle of hroad rays, u.sualh light yellow at tirst but s<K>n fading to a dirty white, surrounding a di.ik of the -same color.
Liiuamfyyx is derived from two Greek words, signifying "while" and " head Imud " The bracts or leaves of the involucre .surrounding
the head are margined with white.

The I.encanipyx has not l)eeu described as pos.sessing (nlor, though the strong scent characterizing most of its relatives would lead us
to exiHct it.

PARTRIDGI-; BERRY.

Pr,ATB I5».

MUCHhl.LA RKin NS. (MADDER FAMILY.)

* repine art J toi^ttng at the jmntt, imi^ith . leateil ••pfiitjitr. on ilemtei petioles, small, .^ute. ohtuse at l^'lh ends, ohuHiely U-ithed. lemy : JtiiTsfrs in pait.
tt'ith Jimr spiettding Mrs. haiiy ttithtn. pair pink in loloi : /in, I diupaceiint, Janr-setdeil, ted.

corolla tm, ntai , Ciinipannlatr,

III.S was one of liie flo-vers that Thoreau loved Wst to meet in his rambles alMint Waiden. In his nni(|Ue diary of the days of
"Sununer" he mentions it again and again, ever with a woid of jiraise. Thu> on the twi'iity-first of June: " Mitchella in
Deep Cut \Vni«ls —probably a day (n two. !'.s .sieut iv. agreeable and ri'freshiug, between the may flower and rtimcherry
bark, or like peach-.stone meats." This is a very happy characterization of the distinctly hydrocyanic inlor of the Mitchella
blossoms. Two days later we fiiul this entry: "The pretty little Mitchella Rejiens, with its twin flowers, spots the ground
under the pines, its dowuypetalled, cros.s-.shajied flowers, and its i>urplish buds."

The Partridge Herry is a conniioii forest plant of IJa.stern North America, .sometimes trailing meekly on the ground, utore rarely
aspiring to an alMnle on mos.sy rocks. 'Tis a dainty little plant, with its two flowers so lovingly ]>aiteil on the same stalk Sometimes
tliey become .Si.u:'e.se twin.s, joining a., ,,e. The bright red lurries, sweetish but flavorless, often hist through the whole winter, and are a
welcome .idditicni to the '.M.'ty fa'*; of the birds, Uiat remain true to 'he North through all its siege of snow.

^

■ y.

"^

r

PI,ATE 153.

HFRMiniUM Al.ll'KS. (FOUR O'CL..' :K ! AMII.Y.)

t^fnttiiil, (WwM ijiitt moff or l/ss glau ^MJ ; il.'m frfd, hua^rhing, one ffol high : It-inrx o^/^»iU, oh shott peliole^, otii/i', suhcontaff, oMhyr or nearlv sn at ap^x. mtitgin fntire ; Jtoarrs in simpli' clnttfrs
lit thi' MttHiHtl of thf I aH('he^, fiiiM iuffti'Httetl bv a Anwt/, nifmhaHiKt'oHn brat I, the jt'Moli' forming on iMMf/Nrri-, flto. t-f^itrrUetl, aprlatom : riityr lOni/iitMnftiti', fixi^obfit.

5N'PIL witliiii a gfiicrr.tiim or two the coiicfit was clicrisheil tli;it ildwurs were chiefly made for man. That conceit has vanished as
line explorer after another has foinul scores of lieautiful blossoms in the A^.- •"ts and wildernesses of our country, where, probal)ly,
no luuM.iii foot had e\er trod liefore. In a philosophy which has discanle'l presumption in gaining; knowledge, flowers live, first
for themselves, — incidentally, and only incidentally, .scTving man by their use, or delighting him with their beauty. Herniidiinu
Alipes is an o<ld ])lant, and very h.indsomewitlial. (juite succulent and smooth, the stem and leaves are covered with a light bUxim.
The l.irt;e flowers, in dusters of four to six, are surrounded by a cni)-like envelope of broad thin leaves. Like all the h'our-
O'CIiK-k I'amily, there is no true corolla, but the funnel shaped calyx is colored so as to resemble one. It is of a delicate purple hue. The Ilermi-
diunt lia.s the elegant apiR-arance that very smiHjth plants often have, whether gracefully formed or not. It is too rare and little-known to have
received a ehri.stening in plain Ivngli.sh.

The Inmr-O'CliK-k l'"amily contains many very beautiful plants. The common I'ourO'CliK'k of the garden.s, Mirabilis Jalapa, is remarkable
not only for the fragrance ami beauty of its blos.soius, but for their disposition to open almost invariably at aUmt four-o'clock in the afternoon.
Most of the family are nighldjloomers.

Ji

31

Pi:,ATR 154.

ANHMONH. ANFMONH CANADFNSIS, I'FNNSYl.VANICA.

(CROWFOOT FAMILY.

sum frrct from ii i*/'»7, fvtt-onul mvi/s/ci*. iticholomoit^h biOHihtti, motritr text f-nbescfnl. one or lu-o fWt kigli : tiiiiitnf leaiei tong-/^ltoieil. tleefitvtii-fi unit loothetl : ^trm f.iites senile, tkier^tefl jtov/ers om

}ong peiinntlef : se^lh ^Hir, obutvteiffiiong, nrAi/ijA , fie/ols none.

IfAINTY, indeed, is the little Wooil Anemone that nods to the .dde-glances ca.st through wiKxlland aisles by the early .spring
sun, making way in the W(xm1s of midsunnner for less delicate and IxMder sisters, (hie of the.si' — the Canada or I'einisylvania
Anemone — is not a rare plant In the foiests of the North, but ventures .sotithward no furtlur than Pennsylvania and Illinois,
so that its older name, Caiuuieiisis. is the more appropriate. It is found far up into the bleak Northwest, seeming to revel
in the cool shades of Inireal forests. It is not a striking plant, this Anemone. The forking stems end in solitary, rather
large flowers of an indistinct white, alnuxst cream-color. The leaves are rather prettily shafK-d, .somewhat like those of the

garden Aconite. I, ike the Hepatica. the Marsh- Marigold, atul .so many of the Crowfoot Family, the Anemones have no real corolla, only a

calyx ctuniingly fashioned to do duty f absent row of ixlals.

Onr Anemones, p\ire ami daii"' i,;. .some of them are. are never so showy as some of the South Huro[K-an siK-cies, and those of

Western A.'sia, iaoine of tliese exotic '.' ':.■> ire mnch cultivated, and always excite admiration for their brilliancy of luif.

^

ti '

l.l

fl

ill

'ff

I

_ 153 —
HERMIDIUM ALIPES.

— 154-
ANEMONE.
ANtMONI CANAOENMS inNMVLVANIOA.t

JuNf

r

AcaitUscent pftrnMia/, leavfs and scaprs

STAR-GRASS.

(il«e /torn a ifHittl toiimt I
//,-;.rii tit \»mH

PtATE 155-

HYPOXIS HRECTA.

(AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

»«(. itimrjtAal nuh ; lr,ii\
It : p^nanlh-segmrnts six.

) li'MX'. JtMt'af, grais-liir, rxii-i'JtHX Ifii' siupt . iHi
I'llliius and S'yen u'ilkoitt, bright ytlloiv within.

\ hairy: scapes b<'ari»ff a /r:v lotig-pedicelled

MOREAU, to whom we may .ihvays turn when wearied with the dry technicalities of tlie botanists, sure of sympathetic tlioUKhts al)out
the flowers, has coined a pretty name for this ahnost nameless plant, "The yellow Bethlehem-Star," he writes. " is of a deeper
yellow than the cistus, a very neat flower, grass like." The true Star of Hethlehein (what a pretty thouj^ht-freighted name, by the
way) is a native of l{nn)]X', but is often met with in grassy meadows and roadsides in the ea.sterii part of North America. It has
long, narrow, onion like leaves, and white, almost transparent, six-petalled flowers, each with a green vein in the center.
Hesides giving a new tiame to the Star-grass, the naturalist of Walden has furnished ns with a simply-worded portrait of it, much easier of
recognition than those cimched in the semi-Ivnglish Latin of the manuals.

Hy])oxis Ivrecta is a small plant. The six divisions of the flower are greenish and hairy without, but bright sulphur-yellow within. Nature
is frugal. When the flower is upright and almo.st closed she puts the bright color on the outside as in the Columbine and i'ink-root. But when
the blossom is spread out, the inner side of the (letals displays the chief decoration.

^

w

PI^ATB 156.

WATER I'LANTAIN. ALISMA PLANT/* GO. (WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

HHiiil : rinit\ (I bHHch I'J fibu

s/rm thicln-Hfd at basf, smoitt/i : Uairf all radiait. <m lone p-'tiitli-\, tnatf and ondct/' at base: main nrrtfs parallel, u-inlits i eliculated ; floiLtrs small in a large
pantile, >epal^ ttitee. t^ieen . p,t,tli thiee, white : stamens n\iiall\ sit.

l|lU<ATKn, and quite closely, to the otld Arrow-Head is the curious Water Plantain. It grows in mud, or the shallow water
of ("itches and bogs over a large part of the world. The leaves are clustered at the base of the stem. Tliey much resemble
those of the connnon Plantain or Rib-grass (Plautagoi in form, hence the English name and the specific part of the botanical
name. Sometimes the whole plant is under water. In that state the leaves are much narrower. This narrow-leaved form
is much more common in Europe than in America.

The fl wers are like those of .Sagittaria, the Arrow Head, but are nuich smaller and less .showy. They are in a large,
open, branching cluster, expanding successively thronglK.ut the summer. Alisnia, of unknown signification, is from the (ireek.

Plants are like a good many of the merchant's wares, — they find their wa> about the country more re.adily by water carriage than by
land. This is eminently true of sea-iilants, and is also the rule with those that grow in or near lakes and rivers. Our native sjiecirs of
Crowfoot which grow on the laud are almost entirely native, while our acpiatic species are most of them found also iu Europe. Many other
water-plants are in the same case.

tJw—

■.::Sxi

K^tm

ty,

- 153 _
8TARQRA8S.

HVPOXIS tRKT*.
JUNE- OCTOBER

— fiO-

WATER PLANTAIN.

*U»MA PLANTAOO.

JULY

fSSSSUSKf£

CRANRF-RRY. OXYCOCCUS

PlvATB 157.

(VACCiNIUM) MACROCARPUS. (HEATH FAMILY.

S^ali shtui Uiilh sifniifi.

t-^pins, btan

hiHf; slrmx ; Inttvt altfuiatf, on i^iv shtui prtit*ti-:, /iiirar t)t tiarroitly flUptiiat, obtuse at both rnds, mart;j>i
beiit\ilti ; /tinrfu mi sifmlfi axiltaiy pi-di(fis ; tmoltn lobfi fuut , ri>llt-il-biicli ; fruit a /out-ti-Unl, yfii bftt

entirf, somfTvbat rrvotu/r, shining aborr, palf

UT few 1)11^' plants prodiuv hijjhly tsteoniLd lV\iit. Still siiialkr is the nunilxT of siicli plants that are widely cultivated for their

ministry to till- tahlu.-oiiu of the I luLf is tliL- larnir Craiilniiy. Its iK-rries are too sour to be much relished uncooked, but are

liiKhly prized for sauces and jellies. They are more easily preserved than other small fruits, .and so are greatly prized for winter

use. The Cranberry has arrived at tlie honor of almost invariably accompauyinj^ the Christmas or Thanksgiving turkey, that

l.unous biril, sedate and solemn when ali\e. but an indispensable auxiliary to much merrymaking after his departure from this life.

()xyC(K-cus Macrocarpus is a native of jK'at -swamps, extending southward to North Carolina and westward to the Mis.sissippi.

It is rather common on the Atlantic Seal)<)anl, but Iteconies .scarce in the interior. It i>nts forth its small purple flowers in early summer, riijening

the red juicy berries in Oetol)er. The slender trailing stems are covered with small, shining, evergreen leaves.

The Cratdierry is abundant in Xew Jersey, where nuich of the crop raised for the market is produced. Of late years the fruit has been much
damaged by a peculiar parasitic fungus, known as CranlKrry -.scald.

PIATE 158.

ROUND-I.EAVHD MALLOW. MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA. (MALLOW FAMILY.

^.x'/ lung and IhickfHtd: itfms afrenJinj; nt finMumbrnl. btttn

slendei , uxillm

him;, sti lutf, miiir
y fii-diceli . ifpats_ti-

* /»•» pii!\'ti'iil ; h,itv\ ulti'i naif. I'M long pflwlfs, iiibiiuiiii <tnd dfi'plv irni/iii ni, 1
, pelttii Jiir, d<'liniti\ btuiih-U'hilr : itiiiufHs mid pistils united into a column.

tiutle. appiessed pubescent ; JIo-j.-ers on

|()MM()X as a little weed in waste-ground ;.nd gardens that are not too will cared for is the roinid-leaved Mallow. A native of
ICumpe ; it was early brought to this country and cultivated with its sisters, the Musk Mallow and the High Malljw. It was the first
to cscai)e 'rom the constraints of the gardener into the lawless freedom of waysides and fields, and to make itself at home there. So
it is now the most wide spread of the hairopean Mallows in tliis country and comes nearest to being a troublesome weed. One
wonders that it w:\s ever thought worthy of a place in the garden. No one woidd think of cultivating it now — enriched as we are
by so many new and beautiful plants. Hut in the early days jf our countn,', when medicine as an art was primitive, house-wives

versed in " herb-doctoring " thought highly of the curative power of mncilaginons drinks made from the juice of the mallow.

Mnlva Rotundifolia may be easily recognized by its round, long-stalked leaves and its small pale blue or sometimes pinkish fl.)wers. The

fruit i i peculiar. It consists of numerous flattened seeds, arranged in a circle. Every child has eaten these cheeses, as he calls them. Malva is

the Latin form of the old (Ireek name fur these jdants.

St-

=5S

m>

t

M;

ti (I

— 157 -
CRANBERRV

OXVCOCCUS IVACCINIUM) MACROCARPUt

0

— 158 —
ROUNO-LEAVED MALLOW.

MALV* ROTUNDIFOLM

JL'ME

c

r

PI,ATB 159.

GROUND IVY. GI.ECHOMA HnDHRACHA (NI-PF.TA CjI.FCHOMA). (MINT FAMILY.)

Sf^mi errfping and tin'ting itt the {"ihU '»» mft,-I\ ilfcttmbftit finti-uitsli'tl, hhntit^ : Innfx flfifiojtti'. fir/hiffit^ roHful-ifin/itim. deff<l\ iiftiatt- : /fo:irii 111 uli»th tn tlif ,1 1 r/i u/fflf i^tnn. ihorl'PedictUed : eal\x

Uih»tfit, with pir iiu't-fHUMlfit tirlh ; fontjtu mur*: luMi;rt . I;{ii-/ifip,it, di'f/t ('./«»'.

ORDSWORTH. ilLScriliiiig a llowtr wliiili \w ileus imt name, has giwii us a happy word -picture of the little Ground- Ivy :

" Tlit're, cleaving to tht- ^rouiiil, it lies
With niulntudc of jnirplc eyes.
Spangling a cushion gn:en likf moss."

The Ground-Ivy doubtle.ss cnnie to us from Murope ; yet it is so wide-spread in Eastern North .\merica. and is met with in
such remote, out-of-the-way places, one would almost believe it indigenous to our continent. It is a neat, little plant, with its lowly creeping
stems adorned with round, heart-shaix;d leaves and few-flowered dusters of small Mne spotted l)lossoms. It prefers gO(Kl fertile soil. Mcst
often it is met with in low, moist woods, wliere it has small dark-green leaves and pale flowers. A form that loves open meadows and the
banks of briioks has Ioniser stems, larger and lighter-cotoreil leaves, and llossoms of a deeper blue. The (iround-Ivy flowers in May and
June. It is very approjiriately named from its habit of growth and the ivy like leaves.

One of its Knglish names is dill civer-the-dronnd ; another is Ale hoof According to Darlington, " the herb was employed in England
to clarify and give a flavor to ak until the reign of Henry VIII., at which perimi hoi)s were substituted."

i I

PI<ATE 160.

YELLOW WOOO-SORRFL. OXAI.IS STRICTA. (WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.)

St/m MMniif\ ft<

inilifs lo two /frt hi^h mtuli f't.itt, tinf hat* t i" M>mftiitii-< n<\ttlv miuitti : It
luti or thief I'll .iing.jitijiiim pediiiitlfi : iipali Jii'f , pflal^ fiir .

„I-I,.H

ilfiider pftiiitfi uitiittiil sliputri. In-t,ili<itate It-a/ti't'i
I. e., with long itytfi and ihott ilanifni 01 litf utna.

iiilatf and ~j.rdsf-shapfd, flowers

Iv who knows

"Tlie love
Of rivers, wooils and fielils,"

and searches them with patient care for the beauties tluy eoinxal, sees many things that escajK? the heedless eye. The faint tinge
of red or purple that covers the grass under fool when in flower, the yellowing of the pollen-covered cedar, are mis.scd by a thousand
where they are obser\ed by one. Small i>lants. iH-rfectly beautiful in their way, arc unnoticed save by those who know where to

look for them Such a flower as the Yellow Wood-sorrel, cowering in deep shades, nestling in gra.ssy fence-comers— few, indeed, think of stooping

to examine the pretty three-parted leaves and the dainty blossoms.

The species of Oxalis have an e.xceeilingly clever device for preventing close or self-fertilization, that is, for keeping the pollen from falling

on the stigma of the same flowci. luthei the styles are long and the stamens are short, or the styles are short and the stamens long. Hence, the

aid of insects must be invoked and cross I'ertilization is secured.

The crisp, acid taste of the Wotxl sorrel is familiar, It is due to the ]iresence of small i|Uantities of oxalic acid. Much the same tart quality

extends to the Sheep-sorrel, a very dilTerent plant.

i iff!

fc.Wi)-*'?tt&j''''^.^«,^T^^;?5<ss3B»«ria«ii3»iM

*aa9Si

w

If M

n

m^

-^■i-

I

— 159 —
GROUND IVV.

OLCOHOMA HEDCRACC.A. (NIPIT* OLCOHOMA).
MAY

— 160 —
YELLOW WOOD-SORREL.

OXAUa STRICTA
JUNE

r

PI,ATE i6i.

MARIPOSA LILY, BUTTERFLY TULIP. CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS. iLlLY FAMILY.)

Smooth pftenntii! : itemi rf fit from a ualy bu/K fIftHom. ifiarin^h hianckrd; UavfS few, navtow, Uneat
the omifr thref nat^uu. jtr»c<'«, leaflike, the thtee inner d'^J, t'oHiair, nith

ftttwrrs latge. solifarv at the enili nf tkt htattfket;
I fiiHliitf jtldMjHlttt. liiiiiv J.pte.\Mi'H neat the f>ase.

uKttenti of the /vrianlh jir.

■^

I^^^N till- face of llie k1'>'«^ "" other area of cqii.nl size cm show as many strangely fasliioiied flowers as California. Hers is .1
ve^jetation unlike any other in the world, peculiar and almost a thinj; ajuirt To behold it is in Chalmers' phrase to fed
"the expulsive (lower of a new atTeetion."

A plant that is always identilied with C.ilifornia is the su|n-rli Mariposa Lily. Calochorlus venustus. It i-. a native of
the coast mountains, almost throuj;hont the length of the Slate. The stem, lca\'- md bulb are somewhat like those of the
onion, but the l)li>ssom is unique. The three outer leaves or sepals are green and inconspicuous, but tli' three larnc, hollow
petals are exceedingly sliow\-. They are usually purple in color, varying from almost whi'e to a deep, rich lilac. The markings are striking
and characteristic. Near tl'.e summit of the petal is a reddi.sh-puri'le' s]k>\, rather faint ' tline. In the centre is a crimson-brown <1<' bordered
with bright yellow. -At the base is a cavity containing a gland, covered with delu aairs. Altogether there is a strikinjf simil.n ity to the
markings on the feathers of a iiadH-k. or rather to the circular spots (m the wing> "f m.iny liutterllies. So the ti.une Bnttirlly Tnli]) is a very
appropriate >)ne ; for here, as elsewhere, mimicry in nature crosses the Itoundaries we --et uj) Ijctweeu her kingdoms, animal an<l vegetable.

at.

PI,ATE i6a.

LONG-TUBED RUELLIA. RUELLIA CILIOSA. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.)

f^ennial ; itemi ttitng from j kHoUeiL

illker V
itxiti ,

...'.ii twil'ihkk, A.ii • > likf the n'k'itf fltitt mm A A'.im. krj ; /rtjrv* afi/tinit/ ,tw tftv ifintt fflmley.
tafyx It^i buitt/ffiitinlfii; mtotia U'ltk .1 loMft ilrndfr tuir aittt 'ftrailiNg, /HHitrt-shafirii binder.

^ii'-. tiblu^e : H" '■»! clustered in the leaf-

\\\\\ Acanthus is a well-known genus of Old World plants remarkable for the beauty of their foliage. The Greek.s admired the form
of the leaves and imitated them in art. It is said that the idea of the capital of tlie graceful Corinthian column, so much used in
the later Hellenic architictiire. w.is suggested by a basket of Acanthus leaves on a grave mar Corinth. We have many repre.senta-
lives of tile family in Amerira, esjx.-cially in tropical regions. f)utside the torrid zone tliei. .m comparatively few.

Our showiest genus i>f this family is Kuellia, named by the old I-icnch botanist. I'himier, for a compatriot, Jean Kuelle. The
flowers are usually jnirpk !)lue, occasionally white. They are something like those of the Kour-o'chx'k in shape, long tubed, with a wiile twirder.
One southwestern species is night flowering.

Ruellia cilios;i is a piiqile flowered species, common in dry soil in i .istern North America, flowering in mid summer. It runs into many
varieties, some of them quite dissimilar in appearance. Like so many other plants, it produces two sorts of flowers, the large show\ nies designed
for insect cross-fertilization, and the small. ajK'talous blossoms which are close-fertilized. In case anvtlung hapi>ens to the first, tlu plant is still
sure of producing seed.

^

if

J

i:

— I-,3
ROUGH HEDGE NETTLE.
STACHVS *>PER*.
JUNE

— 164 —

ZYGAOeNljS

ZrOAOENUS OLAirUS
JULY

a

! i

at.

ROUGH HEDGE-NETTLE.

PLATE 163.

STACHYS

ASPERA. IMINT FAMILY.)

Stfm etriC. ime to lArfr/ert Aiahi/tmr atigUtt, .inc/.'j rr/» -nr/v hnfiiit : /rtiivj o/>^>.\ltf. shifrt-p^llii/r't. tn-ale, frrnatr, atattik j/u^iT. louHttftt at tnls^. fiufvurMt .• /Iiiweii In tthotis m thfttxih tiftMt

ufftrmMt, t*ia*l-ltltt Ifiix^s : mit'lln tttrnutat . /.■i.'-/i^/Vi/. muitt ruffiting thf fixr I't'lkat, nimfamu/ate latjfJC.

" Now luittiiiitrs fire linrtis slowly lltrou^h tlif wihmIs,
Ami. iliiy t>v il;iy. Ilu- ihiul liavi's lull mil iililt,

Ami, tii^tit Ipy tUMlit. Ihv monitory Mast

W.iils in llic kty lioli'. tillin); liow it piiiw'i]
O'lT empty 111 Ills, or iiplaiul solitudes,

( »r )intn wiiie wavi- . .iinl now the jiower is felt
Of inelaneltoly, tenderer in it> mooils

Than any joy imliil);cnt summer dealt "Wii.i.iam .\i.i.in(:iiaii.

IF all our Hed^e-nettles tliis is, i>erliai>s, the most common. In low, sluuly, moist woods, or on the hanks of hrixiks,
Stachys asjitra is to 1)l- nut witli late in tliL- season. I"or it is in August ami Si]>tfmlK;r, wlitii the leaves of Willow ami Kiittnn-
wootl are turning sere ami yellow, when loiusts and grasshoppers swarm in the parchetl grass-fields, ami the world looks faded
and old, that tin; smal' pink-purple hlossonis of this Hedge-nettle expand — a.s if to clieer the waning year in its melaneholy. It is
frequent over a great part of North .\meriia. esjiecially in the uorlhern part and southward in the mountains.

It is an odd fact that wliile plants covered with much soil hair or down are mostly dwellers iu dry. sun-exposed places, those
that have angled .stem.'., with stiff, betil-liack hairs or prickles on the angles are, iu the main, marsh-growers. Most of the Hedstraws — the Marsh-
hellflower. 'lie Tearthuml) that grows in tangled masses over the low swaiu]) vegetation, well fixed liy its prickly holdfasts — go to ]irove this rule.
In the case of all tlic.se plants, which have stems too weak to stand erect, yet are nut provided with tendrils or rootlets for climbing, the advantage
of the contrivance is plain. But why it should benefit stiff, upright jilants like the Hedge-nettles to be so furuislied, we cannot, as yet, understand.

ZYGADENUS.

PLATE 164.

ZYGADENUS GLAUCUS.

(LILY FAMILY.)

Smiwlh , sltm ei fit from u ttrrf-, ualy t>itlt> : tratft mmlly clusirrftt itt tht ».«>f. toHK, timar ; iltm-leai'f\ muik smaller, ttart-ttke : llnwers oh long sleMitrr pMl(rls tn a terminal nltemf ;

pffianth nut tilt uttk oia*v at fntfe, ji r-/>i.r'*i/.- trf;mriit>i ffannj! a larfrgtamtt at \iir.

IKKHAPS no family is more tiuifonidy distributed in this country than that of the l.ilies. Oraut Allen, in his " I'lowers and their
I'edigree.s," argues that wheat ranks by descent as a degraded, (l"gencrale lily. If we agree with him, then indeed is the lily's
dominion wide and rich. In ornament, as \ve)l as use, the lily tritx. hoUls a lofty place among otir plants. In the cool shades of
the deep forests of the eastern part of the continent. Clintonia. the Lily of-the- valley, Unifolium, the Twisted-.stalk, the Uellllower,
^'.:s^^/ff;^ and the Trilliunis flouri-h and form a gooilly phalanx in the floral beauty of the wiKids. In the arid, sun-b.aked deserts of California,
Nevada, and Arizona, C thx-hortus, the onion-like lirodiieas. the true onioi's, the Yuccas, and like plants, grow in prolusion. The
allies of the I.ily in the Ivist are often fibr.ius r(«jte<l. exposing much rofit-surface to the soil even in winter, for there is always jilenty of water in the
soil. In the sonthweNt. on tlie other If.Md, where the rainy se.isoii ts very short, and air am', earth are as dry as a lime-kiln during the rest of the
year, these ])laiit« have usually thick Imlb-likc roots, which pass the dry season in the .soil, their moisture snugly housed by the scaly wrappings,

Zygadenns glaucns grows ij Canada and New .»,iglaud, thence west to -Miimesota and northward. It is not a showy plant, yet it has
elegance of form, withal. The flov ers are greeiiish-ycUow. The leaves are long atul grass-Mice.

M

■^

A

ROCK-ROSE

HILIANTHCMUM CAROUNIANUM.
JUNE

-. 166 —
SQUIRREL CORN.

DICENTR* CANADINSIS.

ill

.Ji

511

^^^:f.W:flfill^mei^:'lli. Ill};ll|ll fliWH^"-''

fw^n^

%^

|lli-l

m

I'i

;-^^

ROCK-KOSE.

PLATE 165.

HELIANTHCMUM CAROLINIANUM.

"1

(ROCK-ROSE FAMILY.

irmj eted/rvm ileHxie* tefpin)^ nn^-siWks. l*r,im A/»tjc, tvrv /lit fry : ronf /^'oir^ nblung to fthoi-atf. ^Um Ua%fs alte* naff, ikotiprlutlfit, fiUpiualiatt>f\'Jiite mr^tal u-ith itiff ham : jtouYn f^'v, /m-^

and >hi>ivy\ with fiit, obtn\Uf . fHgatiow^, yf\lt*xv p^uih : sliim/Ms tri v nMWi'fCHi ; f^ni imf-<fllfJ. mamvs^rtirii.

\ its a^iHCt Iheliiw ctmiitrv of tlie Southern States is very jx;culiar. Almost perfectly flat, the soil, i fine white sand, which the hri>;ht
■^nniinefsun renders excessively disagreeable to the eye, covered with nothing lint pine trees, with here and there a swamp where the
luld cypress thrives, it is dest.late in its monotony. It is a relic of the past, this pine-harren .strip alonj; the Atlantic and the
(Uilf Coast. In its geological horizon it is of the Cretaceous period, the age of gigantic reptiles and great trees of the pine family.
The pine and cypress themselves represent a primitive form of lite that is on the wane, that must .siHin follow the uncimth saurians
dating from the same era This strange country hides in its pine forests and si>haginnn-covered swamps the most characteristic

vegetation in eastern North .America, a vegetation least ailulterated villi Old World tyjies.

.'\ pretty flower of early spring in this part is the Carolina RiTk-rose, llelianthenuim caroliiiia:iuni. It nuicli reseiiihles its sister, the

I'"r(ist-weed. hut is of luir.:!ilei growth. The stems are less rigid and the leaves fewer and broader. The flowers are large and hatidsoim , ami

bright yellow. TIk petals last but a short time, soon dropi>iiig off.

mJk.

ffavft (tnd itafif I

PTvATE 166.

SQl.'lRREL CORN. DICENTRA CANADENSIS. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

ri/Mc t<-'m iUmirr i,h./-j.w*i tthirk Srat iwi.i.7, louii,/,-,/. M-ll>>n\ ilhtt^tfit tu/rr^; leavei timg-ffltytl/J, tiki/cHfJ hrnnilh. I^HaUly mutk dnucttJ ; Jt^mfrs f^it\
ptiitcthii tn a (tf./i/mv .(tirm/ ytrv ifirgtUt . ^tali foMt , pntllr Hnittit. f^.tming il Itftjrt-skafirtt ,.,^.)//,j ljf,i:^/H4tirit at hjtf.

N odd, pretty little plant of <mr spring woods is the Squirrel Corn, Dicentra Canadensis. The leaves and flower-stalk rise from a

cluster of sm.,11. round, bright-yellow tuliers, Ikmcc the <iuaiiit popular name. The leaves are on si'parate stalks, very finely

divided and v.hitened on the unde surfac-e— <lelicate leaves, well suiting the dainty flowers. These are very odil, like those of the

related .sjK'cies, the lUeeding-heart of the garden, on a small scale. They are heart-shaped, with two .spurs projecting in opposite

directi ins at the base, i.iid almost pointcil at the apex. They are whitish in color, the ti])s tinged with purple. Tile ixlor is delicate

and delightful, with a faint suggestion of that of the Hyacinth, hew jierfumes cannot be compared with others. Says limerscm :

" Ity f;iti'. not option, fru).:;ii N.-tUir** jj.ivc
OlK si-elU lo hyson ami In wall flow't-r. '*

Vet no two odors are ex;.c".ly alike. Nature is ecmomicil, like a cle er housiwife, who can make Iwo dishes from the same fruit, alike yet

difi'erLiit to both i-ye and palate.

Much like the Sipiirrel Corn is the ipLiint nntcliman's Mree-ches. which has broader fl<)weis, not fragrant, and a scaly bulb instead of

ch'sUicd tubers.

'i"- -J

Sx)

- i«; —

DEIR aitAtSi MEADOW BEAUTY

KHIXIlk vmoiNic*.
Jul T «uausT

»

m

p
fl'

Nil

POISON IVV, POISON OAK.

HHUS RADICANS

•r'A:in I IMWII mwiiiWI ^HI»HMII '

f. .i«' n -y.TV*i»^;f- s ii

%="'

^

PLATE 167.

DEER GRASS, MEADOW BEAUTY. KHEXIA Vr^GlNICA. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.)

P^^of thtitfrn-tt: itrM f'Jft.Aju.,'

It ,'fts kit Mile; Uttiti (i/fpLisilf, nrarly ses-\iU, in'ute. a< u/r at dttM .
timattng thr A»u«.A^j; petali. fout ; uamciti fight

ittf. f/ittt/tlv ,i**»^ii/f. with three

IvACIIIXt'i il~ grc.il ('.tvclupmni'. in tlic Irni^irs is a fmiii'; if luiiulsoiiK' planls, rcpreseiitctl willi u^ liy lliu pritty Kliexi:is or Deer
C'ira>s. 'Plii-v -.xxk. ]i1 nits nfiiitist imaiiows an'l Irngs. imislly aloiiK the .\tlaiitic scalioard aiui in tlio .Snutln.'rii Stales tlial arc laved
by llie Giilt" of Mexico. Tlu tlowcrs are lar^e anil liamlsoine, pink or jinrple in moit kimls ; xellow in a speries t!iat jjrtms in
the piiie-l)arrens of the South.

Rhexia Viri;i"ica is the n\<^--i common species, growing; in g'''^^.'''. moi.st Kfi"""' from Canada .soullnv id to I'lorida, and west
to Louisiana and Mis.souri. The hlo-sonis open in midsuninur. lasting but a short time. The lour hu>;e petals are bri.^ht rose-
puriilc in c lor, well set olT by th.- lar^e, !;oldeii yellow stamens. The veins of the leav; s are parallel, at least the larger ones, giving a charac-
teristic appearance to them. The margins are fringed rtith tiny hairs.

The odd, urn sliajx^d seed poi!s are mentioned b\ Thorcau : " Ti.e searlet leaves and ^tem (.1 '.!: Rhexia. some time out of flower, make
almost a.s bright u patch now in the I'leadow as the flowers did. Its seed vessels an' \>erfc'C' little cream pitchers of graceful fo;m."

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PI-ATE 16B.

pniSDN IVY, POISDN ()\K. Kill S K ADICANS. (CASHEW FAMILY.)

-tht.t It ■■■

•■ h ...i. /K '^iit^'y I ff'fi-i'l.'t ,- IV-J//.7,
1/ /«»»(//> , ^Mi's /»i ,■ , itatilrtti 11, M

r, ti.tt/f. tfittiittiil tiafiett, Lttemt Hearlv letu'li; matgim

ft Hit. a MIHil// ttfMpt:

NOWN as Poison Iv\ when it grows a- a climber, ai:d .is I'oi^on Cak, e . ^eiallj in the South and West, when it is an upright or

creeping shrub. Klius radicaiis i~ one of the commonest and most justU h.ited of weeds. In spring the young eoppereolored,

shining leaves arc virv teti:pti::g to the eye. the hunches i,f ,vliite berri^ • in aiiluiPM are no less pretty ; it is undeniably a liand-

si me plant. Vet for all that «,- woiiM thinkfidly sej it disaiipear f.never liom grove nnd field and way !de-ils biauty is but the

a!!iiri.:-.:cnt of a i' 'is. ,r.,.r. It is be.'aiise of its vuiMin.-us pro]Mjrl;cs !h:it wi ibject lo tliis plant, and its still more vindeut sister, the

Swamp Do^ w. ..d. Tiie cause of its poisonous ac'ior. on the skin wit.i whii h it comes in contact was long a mystery. .Vs a rule

it is oiih the nio-t cKidlv isolated poisons ihat afT-ct by niere eontacl. The I''>i -on Ivy hold's no fatal alk.doid like those that make belladonna,

aconite and mix vomica fatal. Tlic rid. Hew. is r^.id wlieti a certain ba/terium w.is found always to accompain this plant. Doublk-ss it is this tiny

or,i; i:ii -m tlint catirs t'l, p t of the ski'l and c Mises the ch.a.M' 'eristic watt like su.llii.gs by its p.jisouous ixcrelious.

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PI,ATB 169.

CHOKE-CHERRY. F^RUNUS VIRGINIANA. (ROSf FAMILY.)

SAriif' nr imall hrf nrtit f{t,ty~htoun hit k , t,a-,fi aUntuttc.

Ill /'iii^ iirnilfr fifltoUs
I f//iji V ittcfmfi. smut' ,

Otiitc, ,11 »tr tit .lyiiT, u,n iiiTiv/di tomidfj at fiiise. .\tittfit'l- aftrt fiiti'ly srt ti^tf, ttin;ltt e, >
pf tats fit ^, -.' Itttr . Jititl (/ itttitll tit itfVt I'l tiit^tiit-t,\l lit ii.'ltii.

'ih'jv, Itttli' Wiirtxth ;

IT is tlu- Rose l\imily lliat fiinii'lifs thf poetry of diet. The Oniss F.imily, tlu' I'ca Kamily, the Cress Family and others cuutril'Dle

toward the substantial ]>art. but to the family of the Uose we are indebted for mauy lusci ms fruits. It is a group of plants very

near to us. Many of them have been cultivaKil the \^ orld around since the time " where history blends with the twili;cht of fable."

;.^^i=^~;;..-d We love the beauty, the fragrance of these plants. They are not stranjje and foreijjn as the Orchids are. We iiiij;ht lill jiages

)^'f^J^S^f4i)^ with a mere list of the fruits of the Roses that are relished as food. Siiflice il to mention the almond, p^arh, apiicot. strawberry,

blackberry, raspberry, aii|)l ■, pear, (piince. plum and cherry.

To .stop with the last — our native cherries are not good lo eat as those we have brought fro..; Europe. The Wild iiUuk Cherry has the

plensantest flavor, yet the fruit is a trille biller. It is too small and li.is too large a stone to be of nuich value. The Wild Red Cherry has a sour,

di.sagreeable taste, llmv unpopular the Choke cherry is, the name forcibly cvi<lenci.s.

I'runus V'irgiuian.i is fouiul throughout ea.steni North America, except in the extreme Xurth ,iiid the ln\v country of the South.

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PtATE 170.

PRAIRIE CLOVER. KUHNISTERA (PETALOSTEiWON) VIOLACEA. (PEA FAMILY.)

St*m erfcl from a ituH( f^ticnntdl 1 out. utmost ^m-Mth. hr-\», hine. I^yfv. ^polffd ••< 'M lUx' k • ko' ,,l cl.t'i>i\: /,;]ri-\ ,ih,' glii'utm'.ir. .>,U^piriihUi\ l.:.//.'t^

/itf-tixifiiif.pftali, fXtftt t^ sfitn.Utui .1 huh i< •iiUtheii t« tlir ia!}t . ftotnt" on ittt- iiaiie't tnt^. '<"i

" I'Umcrs tliiit willi nm- srark-t ^Umiii
Covir.i Iniiiilnd U'li^iu"^. iiltil sceiii
To <t't tho hills *>ii lire."'

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^^•J.NI,Y of this great wide country could Wordsworth have t' ought as he wrote those lines. They would ill fit the neatly framed
^r**! I'jigli-h lamisi.ipe, indes>, perchance, the healhcovered mountains of North liriuiin were meant. The pi>et tells us in a note
that he has in mind a llowi r ol the liilly country of the .South. Wh.it it :s would be an interesting pu/zle. for the mountain.- of
the .South are too heavily wooded to be " set on tire " by any flowir not borne on a tree. Ui.t it would be .1 hapjiy picture of our
f^i broad prairies, wheie llowcrs of every color form a single variegated carpet over huinlreds of si'iiare miles of pl.iin country. Of
tliese nolle are more .showy in mass or beautiful individually than the I'rairic Cliwers, I, ike most brilliant (1 iw^rs. the leafage is
.subordiiiafod to the blossom. It is the upright spikes <jf crimson corollas that make the Kuhnistera viidacea so handsome .1 plant. The spike
lasts long. As we usualb find it, there are withered blossoms 1. low, and green unopened flowers at ti:o top, with a circle 01 newly-opened
flowers lutweell.

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CHOKE-CMtRRV
pnuNus vinaiNiAK-A

PRAIRIE CLOVER

«WHMUTt»t» i»»T««ITlMOKt V10L»CC»

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pi,att; 171.
SEA-PINK. SABBATIA CHLOKUIDES.

(GENTIAN FAMILY.)

Wh„!^ f>l,(nl s,m^,th ;

'I rrfit, %ln\f or ipariHjih hinnfifd, leafy Mow; nmt hai'fs sf>at»htt^. fiftin/i-it : x/i-m leaifi Ihh-ar-hMccolalf, \fssi!f\ the upper rettiui'd to hrarts ; flowen latxf, {•'tmtnatitt^
the hranciif\ ; tontlUi-lohi'i usiutUy It-n. sfPiiKtIe almoal to the dasfy .\p<itu title, mtunmate, much lnHger than the nurfow (alvr-loba.

Tho swect-tiriar rose has tmt a fnnii iiion- lair,
Nor art- its liiirs more iK'auteous than thine (»wti.

Subbatia, flowt-r iiuisl bmtitiful aiitl rare !
Ill lonely snots ItlooininK "n^i't*". nnkno-.vii.

So spiritnal tliy look, thy sli in so li>;ht,

Thon sfrnn'sl not from tlu* <lark t-arth to j^row ;

But to belling to heavi-nly regions briijht,

Where nij^ht ronu-s not. nor blasts of winter 'jIow.
To ine thou art a pure, id'-al Hower,

So (li'Iicate that mortal touch mi^ht mar ;
N"t born, like other flowers, of sun anil shower^

Itiit wauileritJg from thy native home afar
To lead our thoughts lo s()niw serener elime,
Heyonii the sliadows and the storms of time,

JoNKs Very.
\ AHHATIA cliloroide is ". gloriously handsome plant, more handsome even than its convener, Sabbatia stellaris. Along the Atlantic
aiuhiown l>y the Oulf Coast as far as Alabama, it is first amon^thc " plt-ri'-aut flowers" tliat border the " fair face of water weeds "
turtied to the sky by tlie salt marsh ponds.

The leaves do nut attrart attention. They are seventy simple in tlieir elegance and grace, an effective foil to the superb
tluwers. as ])lain j;()I<l sets off most advan*agei>usly the brightest gems Hww may we descril»e tliose flowers ? We may speak of
sepals and stamens, but how 'jnnvey an iilea of the exunisite e«»li>r and form except by pencil and Ijrush. The petals, usually ten
in number, .stimetimes only eiglit, occasionally twelve, are of a deep rose culor, tlie hue of the sky.

" A i morning .Iriuks the aiornin.i; 'tar."
ere the .sun has flooded it with his glare of work-a-day yellow. In the centre of tiie tlower-cup is a dainty >t;ir of a clear yellow-gre»'n color. It
is again a color of the heavens, the rare tint stmietimes observed in cloud-land just after the sun has gone do'vu. We getieraliy look upon the
blue flowers as reflecting ihe color of the heavens, but why not give the pink, l!ie white, the yellow, some small share in the honor ?

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^

SHOWY ORCHIS.

PI<ATE 172.

ORCHIS SPECTABlLiS.

(ORCHIS FAMILY.)

Pfiinl f^f/fcUy smooth. J1fik\ , roots fiht<

.Ill's lit tf.^.u- dii.f II ti ' mni.tl tiitiiirit. fi'.i
vn/. upp.i lip Ivt'ii .fl.lpi-'t, tilill/l. rfil,

■»if .1 ,■ I I'll ill htoadiy ihintile, I'htuir at ttpfx. titprt-inf; towttrd
11. ting, ti'hiii-.

, t/iiilriii-tt. t.'ii^tfii-it : »/. «i /iiiiii'it: t-tn !
tlie Jlfulhiiix liiw . Jl.iu.i i/i<',i.-'"'<"""C''n'. "/A" tip lim-t <t,.ip,:l. Iit„,.p. rp:, . /.j.-.vi lip,

MONO all the bc.'Ulifti! tiKiiilicrs of the noiiiis Orchis which ,i;i\ es its Tiaiiie ti> the mcst wonderful of plant families, I,iiin;cus chose
our little siKH-ics to Ijfar the UMnv S/>ir/ii/'i/is. The choice has licvi' criticiscil. Doubtless this O chis sliouhl luuc been called
/'h/(/;/cI— l)e-'.uliful— latlier Ihau S/'ir/.iMis showy.

A truly lovely plant is this (juaiiit (leni/ei\ of rich wchhIs. The cluster of a few lar>;e flowe-.s jieeps out coyly above the
brij;ht grten, iiiicy-lookiuj; twin leaves. The blossom is twolijiped, the upper part shaped like a helmet, lijiht purjile ; the lower
lip pure white, open. Orchis siKCtabilis blossoms in May or in June. Katlier 11 rare pUuit it is, for, though widely distributed,
oneiloes not find nuieh of it in any one place. It j;rows in the mountains of (.leorgia, and from there northwarJ to Canada, and beyond th'.-
Mississippi. It is \is»al!y met with in low woods, but often ventures up on hillsides. It lovtjs to nestle beside .some decaying log, feeding "" the
rich soil formed there.

Orchis is the " belle " among flowers, .Surely we would
belle, but one who.se beauty is enhanced by not iieing paraded.

■all her so, without the aid of any " language of flowers." She is nut a flaunting

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SEA-PINK.
SABBATI* CHLOROIDCB.

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SHOWY ORCHIS.

OMCHIt IPi uTACILia.
MAY

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CANADA ROCK ROSE.

PLATE 173.

HELlANTHEMUiW CANADENSE. (ROCK ROSE FAMILY.)

ilntttifil, btaHfhing, iftv Iftsjy : /ratei altftnafe, /*om tiiiplnal to ith!iinifi>ialr. ihn
num^toHs UamrHs , lati-rjtowffs tmai/er. ofU'it af>e-UiUmi. in />■.

ftv puhrufnt, fipftiallv bfnetxth , fariu-r fiownj Military, iliUi // . r .■'.J » ».' fxials, muiil/v in/frlitf, uulh
-//«.■(,•» n/, >j liUayyclusien. uunllyft-rtUe. ivifh cumpatatnviyf^u- uamtHi.

I URT.M ."I herbaceous plants exhibit a curious i)hciioiiKn<)n in the late fall. If we examine a .Scarlet-sage, the Salvia cocciuea so
popular in cultivation, tlie luoruinn after the first frost, we shall fnul the hark cracked near the ha.se of tlie stem and crystals of ice
protruding. It is that horror of cold weather, thehnrstinj; of water-pipes, iniuiickcd in the plant worhl. The pressure of the sap
within the stem has split the b.irk and. as it flows out. it is frozen in tiny icicles. The i.' m u! i Rock-rose is a famili.ir example of
the same resistless force. It is often known as Frost weed on this account.

Heliauthemum canadense is a plant of dv\ sandy soil, or SiUulstoue rocks, common in eastern .\orlh America. It flowers in
summer. It is a ratlicr stiff plant, with .slender rigid stems and narrow leaves It is completely clothed with fine hoary liair^. The odd thing
al)ont it is that it produces two kimlsof flowers. Thi earlier onesare lar>;e. with showy, bright yellow jnitals and many siiuneiis. These .ire more
ornamental than nsel'ul, not oft.n jirodacing see<ls. The later ones are small in cluslyvs, oflcii without petals ,uul iisuall:. fertile.

PI<ATE 174-

DUTCHMAN'S PIPE. ARISTOLOCHIA SIPHO. (BIRTHVVORT FAMILY.)

/vrfnr/,. ittlh a littife lt-a/-iiJkt bract , ,('».'..'.j Uitnitttti

» ^r, iilitf, iniihiti-, 'fi">l-f> 't"i'./ <'r <thtusr- at .j/i^t palf h^matli : fio-u.yrs solitaty on axillary
V »ii»» f.i". bfitt IH llti- mtiitUi 'tmhflat. ffiiriiiiing.

AMIi Nature likes to uidiend her dignity and disport herself .iccasioually — perpetrating oddities in her world of flowers— flora 1-

freaks. Such are the l>lo,ssoms of nioit of the linthwort l'~.imil> , to which our quainl Wild (iiiiger belongs. Some of the tropical

Aristolochias have flowers of enormous, almost grotesipie si/c.

.\s the North excels in beautiful herbaceous wood-dwelling plants, the .South is remarkable for the nnni!<er and showine.is of

wo<«h -climbers, iu the same way thai air-pl.mts reach so great development in the tropics —

' Whn^c ]i.itiitiiiintiv III Uif trL'c-u»|) evrw
\tv liJilt" way lionses im the ri»;iii id Hi-.tveil."

Plants to thrive must .gnnv up out of the tangled, sunless juii;.;le. Iv\ en as far north as the .Southern States, .iir-|)I.ints appear and high clliiibcrs

are numerous.

The Dutchman's I'ipe is a plant of the Apjialachian region, ranging from Canada sonthw.ird, but is most abundant in the mountains of the

Virginias and southward. Its wiKxIy twining stems ascend trees or even the faces of cliffs to the height of thirty feet or more. The leaves are

handsome, round, lieart-.sliai)ed. Hut the remarkable llower catches our atteiilion first. It is bent in the mi<ldle mil has .some faint resemblance

to a small pipe's bowl and tnlie. The tnlie is pale vellow. .sticiked ami spotted with dark purple. The limb is almost black,

-*?

CANADA ROCK-ROSE
HEllANTHCMuM ONtOENSt.

_ IM
DUTCHMAN'S PIPE.
ARItTOiOCHIA SfPHO

5r=

FALSE VIOLET.

PI.ATE 175.

RUBUS DALIBARDA. (DALIBARDA REPENS.) (ROSE FAMILY.)

Acaiilescftll, leans anttJiouTt-ittilkx tising fmm sifmiet . crrefit»ti nfil-itoii-i. f'ubi-aftit : Ifii:
pcdHH^lfs ; tu/vl' Hiuatiy fivr-tt,-JI : pfUlh flv>\ lihtte ; stamrii^

> IfiMii-pfltoWti, b radii! y in iilt to utblfulio, 1 i'ntilti\ iif>liiif ill i(/>,- 1
M«»if-ii'«-> ,- J mil itin^iitinjf n/j Humlvr 0/ lUy, imf;\iYileit itnipis

title ; Jlo-ueii '-'It long ileniler

IKFERENT iilaiits, distinct as to their fai ilics, rest-mlile each other remarkalOv , .iTonlitiK good ilhistralions of what Darwin calls
" i)arallLl variation," that i^ of two orgaiK^ias descending from separate ancestors, hut approaching eacli otlier in character. The
Goat heanl — a large herb of tlie Rose Family, willi a huge cluster of small wiiite llowers — has almost its d<!nble in the genus .-^stilbe
of the Saxifrage Family. Leaves, (lowers, and fruit, and even having the stamens and pistils on separate pla-its are alike in
both.

In Dalibarda we have a plant of the genus which contains the BlacklHirry and Raspberry, resembling a stemless, round-leaved
Violet. Sogreat is the resemblance that .Michaux, the fine old French botanist and voyageur, cliiistened it " Dalibarda VioUeoiUes." It is a
plant of Canada and the Northern .States, common northward, but not growing lurther to the south than the mountains of I'enn.sylvania. It loves
to grow in c<iol, mossy woods, opening its cjiie or two small white llowers in early summer. ICveii the blossoms are not unsuggestive of tlio.se of a
white flowered Violet, while the romul, heart-shaped leave- and creeping stems remind us strongly of some of the VioleS. It is certainly not much
like other s{)teies of Rubus, and many have coiusidered it distinct I'roiii them.

mt,

PI,ATE 176.

TALL SWAMP-THISTLE. CARDIIUS (CNICUSi MUTICUS. (SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

Slrm lOHlftitnn eight /eft Ai^-A fiuin .1 thiikrHeti iin't-^liik. angUii unit ilii'ite, leal'v. le.:ivi allei Hale, fimmltifiil, legnieiili lineal. Iiiiitkeil. yfiiie-tififi\t : 4rti.i. fr.-c, litig^ , bell-ifiiiptit iiitii/ti-ie -if many
* tmbiiiiiteii. bitiety fiiiiiteil, .iiiti/tHnnt fititrt "titrls jttinr's piiiple ; tiiiollai all tubulin • futfipm it lull .1/ iiktte hahs.

inWLIATION is tile proverbial idea in connection with the Scotch Thistle \\'li> should it not apjily to all these sturdy herbs, kind
to friends, but quick to rclie' oes ? Deal gently with the Thistle, .iiid xou need fear it not. Handle it roughly, and it is not
slow to give you proof of its power to defend itself.

The uiistles, with their soft, juicy stems and leaves, would be victims of ever\ herbivorous animal had they not found how

to protect tlieiiiselves by means of their outwoi ks o| spines and ;.rickles. Vet, ai. plants accpiire new means of defense, animals

learn to ad.ipt fheiiisilves to tlie changes. .Master Donkey has t' iigluned the skin of his tongue and throat, so that the wickedest

Thistle is a toothsome morsel to him. They are provident, self sulTuieiit plan's, these thislks. Not oiil\ are they well anned, but they have a

clever contrivance for spreading themselves over the fields. Their light. pUiined seeds are cauglil u)) by the lightest breeze, and sail away in

search of new homes,

" .M:iU(;rL' tlio farmer's sighs."

Carduus muticus is .i plant of bogs, especially in the northern part of this ccmntry. It is a tall Thistle, one of the highest.

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~ 175 -
FALSE VIOLET.

RU808 OALIdARDi 'REPCNItl.

J U N t

- 176 —
TALL SWAMP-THISTLE.

CAROUUS (CNICUS) MUTICU*.
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— 177 —
COLORADO ASTER.

Aartll COLORADOENSia.
JULV-- AUGUST

8UR CUCUMBER.

SICroS ANQULATUS.
JULV

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IMAGE EVALUATION
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WIBSTSR.N.Y. 14580

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COLORADO ASTER.

PIiATE 177.
ASTER COLORADOENSIS.

(SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

Siems cluitered, low, rtsint; from a thut >tv»/, Itturs ob<n\tte or ipatulatr, tUrply tUntate mth Amtate tffth : hta<U tatjif. siniiW itt tkf iuminit J thf stemi : tHtvlutrrf nm-'tslinff 0/ HuntfroHj cloiety

imfirnatfi1, /i«c.i» tanceotalf cittnfiouHil bracts ; rays Humrrous, ^iiuielinirs as many as/itrly,

ijl'ZZLING beyond compare are the Asters as a group of plants. There are so many species of tliem, and they vary so greatly,

running into each otlier almost iiiextrical)l\ , that to distingu . h even the connnon kinds is not always easy. Darwin says in the

" Origiii of Species," that great .storehouse of significant facts in biology, that r. s]Kcies behinging to a dominant genus, that is, a

genus of many species widely di.stribnte;!. is a))t to produce many varieties. Haviiif.' -verconie all competitors, the mcinbers of

r.uch a group have lei- nre to devote themselves to .stirimprovement. War at an end, the arts of peace enli.st activity. Variation

increases, and Natural Se'ection fixes ai:d develops the .-arir.tioi.s useful to the ph'iit.

The Asters have po.sses.sed themselves of tlij length and breadth of Norta America. The marshes of the coast know their dominion. Kvery

field, grove, hill.side, copse is decked with their gay flowers in autumn. Even the bare, desolate cliffs of the great western mountains show their

peculiar, !ow, Sioutrooted Asters. One of these is .ister Color.adoeiisis, which grows at a hi^di elevation. The short, clustered stems bear each its

larg'.', violet-rayed head. It is a handsome little plant, lowly but well able to take care of itself in its bleak home.

i'i: i 't.

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PI,ATE 178.

BUR CUCUiMBER. SICYOS ANGULATUS.

(GOURD FAMILY.)

,*ci*. t/im/'ing t>t slf Hitei ,/ irked teitdrils: 'faxvs attfUtaU. Iimg-fxholrd. (".frpir hratt^kaprtt. uHcnlalety thrrf m- tixx-lohfd. ttthfs acitf. margi.* denlalr ■ /liKtYrs m mofrions, Ihe stfrilf im fnrymhs,
thf ffrtilf in hfads; ctnollafitv-lfit'rd, apfn tvllsliufed ; stamen) f'lirrinK f>y antlieis into a i.ng : j'ruit ofatr, totfrei, with pritktv histi \.

, ins odd climber is an inhabitant of low grounds by the borders of .streams. It (xrurs spa'iiigly from Canada and New England sonth
lO Florida, but is almiulant in the valleys of tht- Ohio tind Mi.s.sis.,ippi and their tributaries. Il ex tenas westward as fir as Minnesota
and Eastern lexas. The greenish white, not showy bloss'ini'' liegin to ojKn in midsummer, continuing to ex))aiid as late as
Se()teniber. The fruit is the most characteristic feature of the Sicyos. While the staniiiiate fi )wers are in loose open clusters, the
pstillale are borne in dense he: ds. They develop into one-seeded ]M>ds, forming collevtively a rnunded iii„ss, though each is separate.

They are densely covered witli straw-colored prickles, hence the popular desiginlion, Hur Cucumber. The name indicates the relationship of the

plant to the Cucunil)er. The I)Ot.iiiical name, too. is the Greek one for this jiopular vegetable.

The family of the gourds is sparingly represented in North .America. On the ivestern ])rairics and in the arid desert region of the West,

dwell most of our rjpre.sentatives of this group. It is a very useful family, numlxriug among its members such widely known plants as the gourd,

squa.sh, cucumlKT, pumpkin, melon and water-melon.

A

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irj O

— 179-
8TAR FLOWER.

TNKNTAMS AMERICANA.

MAY^JULY

ANDERSON'S CROV/FOOT.

DANUNCULUS ANOERSONII.

%^m' .

ii

STAR-FLOWER.

PIRATE 179-

TRIENTALiS AMERICANA.

(PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Stfm limf-lf. smivtM, using /torn a umg, trfef'ins,fth/.nm rikti-thvt; tt-uYt

tldh iHfls, sessilr : JinuY

J mimitr ,». ulrti ,- /.»//./v' Mnrt iw a tvhorl ,tt /iir to sn'tn. sitmf «/ thfm laiRfr lltaH the otJlfrs, laitieolatt; utulf at
ili-Httet (I.I iHiii V pfituHcles : orrolltt tottiU, fft/rn-lo/vti ifhite.

"Whcn-'star-fliiwirs stnw tin- rivulet's side. "- Bryant.

■■NMnniTTLE and piqu.iiit is the Star-flower, or Chitkwceil Wiiiterj;rccn, as it is sometimes called from a slight resemblance of the
IR^HUfl^l flowers to tlie white blossoms of the Cliickweeil. It is a native of the northern p.irt of our contimiit, growing southward along the
^HQ^^S ISlue Ridjre into Virginia. It is not a common plant, though al)undaiit in some localities. A iK-culiar little plr-.nt it is. The
D^BHm|^| 'f»iS' slender underground shoots fnjni which the low .stems rise are sometimes two feet long. The leaves are home in a circle at
E^^HI^Bk the top of the steui. There are Uiually .seve-,, of which three or four are larger than the others. If one holds these leaves to
the light, ihev %vill reveal a very pretty syslem of veins The tiny blos-som is borne on a long, slender stalk springing from the
axil of tlie leaf. The flat corolla is while and usually scven-lobed, showing that it tirst consisted of seven jietals. which have unite<l. I» is
unusual "br a plant to have the parts in .sevens, thus. Kour, or five, or six is a common number in the plan of flov.'ers, but seven petals or
stamens rarely occur. Of " The Hles.sed Damo/el," Rns.setti tells us that

" Tl.e stars i,i Iicr hair were seven."

~i^

m.

1 } ■'■
HI:

1

! ■

ANDERSON'S CROWFOOT.

PI/ATE i8o.

RANUNCULUS ANDERSONII

(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Ftrtnntal from a largf clniler t>/ fhit keiud, fibmus toots; stem etect^ smooth, tearless, or neatly so. one/tonYied ; totit teatvson long petioles, mmh itwtiled, divisions tinear; sepals /Sve. tesemfi/ing

petals . petals laige. tounttetl <>» ot\ii\ite ; aekene iii/lale,l , style shott. ml tett.

kO those accustomed to the bright Btittercups that yellow our meadows in May and June, the idea of a pink Hutlercup is an absurdity.
One might as well talk of blue Roses and red Il.irebells. We have some Crowfoots that are white-flowc.ed, but pink ones — pshaw !
Stop a bit, though. Let us leave our familiar haunts and visit the Great West, home of all that is strange and unacc<mntable in
the flower kingdimi. Ivven pink buttercups grow there.

Rammculus Andersonii. which, in plain Knglish, we may call Anderson's Crowfoot, is a .small plant of the vicinity of the
Great .Salt Lake, and thence as far west as the Sierras, and straying norlh, it n::»y be met with. The stem rises from .i thick, scaly base, very
uidike the ordinary growth of these plants. It is commonly leafless, the leaves being chistered at the root. Occasionally, there is a small leaf on
the stem. The flower is the extraordinary part of the plant. It is large and of a deeji rose color. Kven the .sepals are delicate an<l margined
with pink. The fruit, l(X), inflated and .vith the .seed by no ine.ins filling it, is <lin"erent from that of other crowfoots. It stands tpiite by itself

To n turn for a moment to the colors of bIos.soras : Grant Allen tells us that, as .'lowers advance in type, they pass from yellow, which is
the lowest color, through pink, red, and lilac, to purple and blue, which arj the highest. Hence, until the Rose can display the regal blue, .she
cannot deem herself tlie iiueen of flowers.

,r.

II

■"r^— "--"■"•""■ 1

"il?

/ Q^^M^\

ffl^>, MI^^M

\^

— 181 —
EARLY MEADOW-RUE.

THALICTRUM DIOICUM.

MAt

— 182 —
CLOSED GENTIAN.

aCNTIANA ANOREWSII.
AUGUST

iiF'

1
\

I
I

I

a

IT

^1^.

J

I

EARLY MEADOW-RUE.

PI,ATB iHi.

THALICTRUM DiOICUM.

(CROWFOOT FAMILY.

Smooth; root-slock ihott. thickenfit. yfj/w item emt. fianuttlolflv ^^ll«.Af^/ (i^ii'**.- traifs on toitf; f^rtioles uht, I- nr litlateil atitl ./.ii/fwc "' ^'"*'. Irt talflv i^iYtal timf\ comfiounil, Ifoflels hiotuVv
oiMtr. dfff-ty !oftrvi; Jtn-.ift i t/inci I'liti./otmtne ,1 /liigi' fiilHii If; i..imfM.\ <•/ ilci ilr Jtfirn ttioofiin,i: on lilijoi m fi/omrtitx.

OMI-; plants tluit lack showy, l)right-col()re(l fluwcrs, make up for the want by the Rrace of theii- foliage and Iwariiig. Sueh are tlie

Mtadow-nies. Their blossoms, jjreen or wliite, are not handsome when takm individually, yet in clusters they present a very

pretty appearance.

"AM .irt- nKdi'il by encli one.
Nothing; is j^4(o(l or fair atone."

The leafage has the beauty wherein these jjlants excel. The leaves are large and cut into many leaflets, like those of the Columbine.

They stimewhat resemble the delicate fronds of the Maiden-hair Kern. As the stems ire often dark brown in color, the likeness is

carried a step farther.

The early Meadow-rue is the haiulsomcst of our Thalietrnms. A sylvan .sjH-cies, flowering' in early spring, it is naturally more delicate and
gracefid than its large, coarse, meadow-growing, summer hloomiug sisters. The leaves droop on thtir .stalks. The large dusters of staminate
flowers, consisting merely of a small green calyx and a utunber of stamens with hair-like, down-hanging filaments, add to the pensive. dnH)ping
aspect of the ])laut. The stam-nate lli>WLrs, being little more than stamen^, are. of course, yellow. The rather conspicuous, feathery, red-purple
stigmas give their color to the pi.stillatc clusters.

Thalictrum dioicum is a plant of rich, wooded hillsides, conuuon in the Eastern States and Canada. It flowers in April and May.

CLOSED GENTIAN.

PI,ATE 182.

GENTIANA ANDREWSII.

(GENTIAN FAMILY.)

0ui/f smooth: lUm r-*ftt. uiw/k/c. ohi, urriv hh

irJ, Ifiify; /fa:fi ffi/tositf, almost xfisilr, narronvtl nt baif. aintf at apfi\ thut. ttitrk grfftt abovf, palf bntialh; jioivrrs lari^f in arUlary
c/uitrii; iorolla blue JtiiH uktif fohli, rlowj. not lobnt, muvh r.tifrdt»g thf lahr.

tXSPICrorS in Ihc autumn landscape i.s this o<M flower. Thoreau has ^iven us a picture of it in " Autunni.' So well
dt>es his description pliotograph the outward ai>j>earance and manner of life of the closed Gentian, that we cannot do better
than quote it here :

*'Sept. 2S, iB.'iS, P.M. To C.reat Fields viii Centian Kane. The jj^ntiaii (Andrewsiii now j^i'iierally in prime, on low, moist, shady hanks.
Us transcendent hlne shows hesl in the sha<U' and sfi^^^ests coolness; contra.sts there with the fresh j^reen ; a si>len''ul hlne h^ht \x\ tlie shade,
tnrnin>; to purple with aye. They are particular almmlant under the north siile of the willow row iu MerrieU's pasture. I eoutit fifteen in a
sinnle cluster there, and afterward twenty in (*eutian I.ane near PMint's Brid>^e, and there were other clusters l>elow ; bluer than the bluest iky, tliey lurk in the moist
and shady recesses of the hanks.''

It is such notes as these, jotted down day by day, as the flowers described appear in their order, that bring us into tnie intimacy with the
platit world. It is as easy to become acquainted with a man by e.Kamining" the structure of his bones and !)y studying; his brain from the
physiological standpoint, as it is to know a plant by measuring its diflerent parts and gazing at sections of its stem through the microscope.

" The old men studied maj^io in the flowers,
Antl human fortunes in astronomy.
And an onini|M>lence in chemistry',
Preferring thinj^s to names, for these .vere ntrtt." — Kmf.rson.

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-- 183 -
CREEPING PHLOX.

PHLOX REPTANS.

- 184-

BLUET.

HOUSTONIA C/CRULEA.

MAY— JUNF.

If '

i

r

CREHPING PHLOX.

PI<ATE 183.

PHLOX REPTANS.

(POLEMONIUM FAMILY.)

St^ms fitni; sUmJ^r, irfrfimg : Irmri ii/r/Hnit^, rttthrr trmntr, sftatnUle iit ofnuMtf, on I'f.'r/ (tliaU pfliitlfs. ronnd^d at afifv, itcN/t' tit ^dif ; /toifffs in . twi. i Ift miHiitiHg rmi btamhr^ ; catotta

tti*gf, tuhe loHi: ami ilfHtift , limft ipntt.iirig. fiw-lvhftt ; slumfm fiif, httiHf o» the fO'Utta thbe,

IK feel .T certain pridi- in claiming the beautiful jjenus Plilox all for ourselves. None of the specie.'', are found outside of North
.\nicricM. In elei;ance of form and beauty of coloring 'twould be dilTicult to find their i)eers the world over. Kroni the tiny
Mo.ss I'ink that charitably clurhis the uroinul with its dense mat of stem and leaves and spangles it o'er with bright bloss(>ins,
to the tall Plijox Maculata that raises its full cluster of rose-purple flowers in meadows, or the gorgeous Phlox Drummondii that
adorns the prairies, all are beautilul.

Phlox Keptans is one of the most elegant of these plants. I'rotn New York to Georgia and through wide stretches of
Canada, it opens its large, blue-purple, fragrant flowers in nioi.st, springy places along the mountains. Its time of flowering is May. The stems
creep ahnig the ground, often to a great length, bearing i)airs of bright green leaves at rather distinct inter\'als. These sterile .shooLs grow like the
I,inn;ea or some of the Sl>eedwclls. liut the stalk that bears the flowers rises upward in true Phlox fashion.

In the language of the flowers. Phlox signifies " unanimity." Is it oecause all are united in admiring the beauty of these plants?

X

t

1 1%

fe

BLUETS.

PLATE 184.

HOUSTONIA C/ERULEA.

(MADDER FAMILY.)

Root'itocki filiform ,■ ttfmi tuftfd. slfmif* . btaHihina: Ifavfs spatuUUf. tftf root-lraifs on lUndrr peltolts ; stfm-traifi ifsule. /vi v tuitntw : flown s letminating the tlh/otm branchft, solitary

ia}yx itry mui/i, /our'/ot>rd ; lorolla with a long s/rnJe» tuh/ and a spuuidina . Jont-lolvii bordrt .

■f

i>f contentment are the meek little Bluets.

Swet'l tlower, thou tellest how hearts
As jmre aiitl tt'iuler as thy leaf, as low
Atul hiiiiilile as thy stem, v, ill surely know
The joy that |x-ai'e iniimrts. "

MHIJ-MS

^) The lines of Percival might have Won addressed to ti'.e Houstonia, so aptly do they voice the si)irit of this little plant.

HoustcMia Civrulea is a common plant of fields and roadsides in ea.slern North America, opening its azure, yellow-eye<i
blos.soms in April and May. Burroughs has a pretty conceit in regard to this flower. "The Houstonia," he writes, " — 'innocence ' — flecking
or streaking the cold spring earth with a milky way of minute .stars." It grows in patches, often covering the ground for considerable distances
with a slieet of tender, celestial color. It has the same meek, lovable Ijcauty that belongs to the T'orget-me-not. The name of" Innocence" is the
best that has been given it. The tiny leaves are noticed only when we pull the plant. As it grows, only the blos.soms meet our eyes. With
what a niiKlest, trustful ga/e they look up at us ! It is like meeting the eyes of a dear friend to come upon the Bluets in the spring-time.

^

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CUT-LEAVED PHACELIA.

PI,ATE 185.
PHACELIA HIPINNATIFIDA.

(WATER-LEAF FAMILY.)

tr^o/f fi/ilnf fiirsutf ; >li-m eta I, htdnthing. Iritjy : tfltfi ltttii:f'rti<'!etl, finniilfly tliiutfttj'ir Inuyt fiir fimrs. tbf u/iper Ihttetiftifs. itiristom •^niitislv /fth-it HMttt'ii't/ifd : /touris in fvmiitf i.i. r*»/j ;

(tnollii !<h<>tt~itimf<itiiuhtt.\ iif'<'t,Ji!'^-ltthetl,puipie in ct>.''<i ; nl/vr /t-'nn/rnt. ittiiouiiithii; the capsule.

\\V. Cut U;i\i(I riiniili.'i is a i)l:int uf \\w iiKJiintaiii rijjiou of casttTii North Amirira, ranging iiorlliwcstward into Illinois ami Canada.
It is tspc-cially abundant on the western slopes of the Alki^liauics, flourishing on shaded clifTs. In such locations it unfolds its fresh
green leaves and clusters of pretty hlue-purple flowers, in May and June. The leaves are daintily cut or lobed, giving a delicate,
grncefiil look to the plant. The blossf)in is an o]K'n bell-shape. This I'hacelia usually grows in profusion, making one of the most
attractive objects of the mountain landscape.

" With wise instim-t Nature si'cins
To harinoni/e Iut wide extremes,
I.iiikidi; tile stronj^cr with the weak.
The hauj^luy with tlie soft and meek."

Often a high cliff of .shale or Hinestonc is fairly i)ur]>le wiili its flowers. It has but one disagreeable quality. The whole plant, but
especially the blossoms, have a strong, unplea.sant odor, unlike any other, rank and weed like in quality.

We have not many I'liacelias in eastern North America. Tlie little I'haiclia I'arviflora, a plant of fertile fields, is common .southward. It
has ]i;de blue cnp-shapcd flowers. The most beautiful of our eastern species is the Miami Mist, Phacelia purshii. a flower that fully merits its
romantic name. It is a delicate plant of gras.sv meadows, with blue and white, handsomely fringed corollas. In the West there are a great many
.species.

■^

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BIRD'S-FOOT VIOLET.

PI/ATE 186.

VIOLA PEDATA.

(VIOLET FAMILY.)

nrrfHttial iirtiHlfiCfnl; toiit-iliKk i/Kul, /lunmlr ; [,aj'f

j/.'Ki/. . P'ttKlfSt thrfe to /fir /iwi itivhtrit, iln'i\t<ms Ictvit ti»ti lir/t. ultimalf u'smt-nti It mat ; Jitm-fn targe on tottg pfduHclfS ; corolla
with a shot t hluiit s/iMt ,• petals ohttwile .- stigma laige, withoNl a beak.

I HAT plants go further toward giving character to the spring flower-life than the Violet ? Whether it be the upl.ind lx?ech woods

where the Yellow X'iokt grows, or the mossy bogs, haunt of Hland and I.ance-Ieavcd Violets, with their white, bhie-veined

blossoms, or rich deep woods where the tall Canada Violet loves to dwell, or gra.ssy meadows, home of our dear comtnon blue

Violet, wherever any flower m.iy grow,

" Tints that sjxit the viiilet's iretal."

Sandy fields and dry, pine-covered hillsides have their Violet too, the hand.some.st, gayest violet of all. ' Tis the beautiful

Hird's-foot, with its l)arted leaves and great lilac-colored flcivers. On dry shaly hills a variety is sometimes found with the two upper jjctals of a

rich, dark, velvety purple, the other three retaining the ordinary lilac color — a truly royal flower. The leaves are ctit into narrow segments,

radiating outward .something like the toes of a bird's foot — hence the popular name.

The Hird's-f(X)t Violet is a common plant in the samly soil of the low-lying coa.stal plain, and tm hillsides further west. It is found from

the Atlantic, northwestward to Minnesota, thence, more abundantly, southward to tht Gulf. In April and May, when

" I'Vesh K^'t.s-ses fringe the niead^tw l)ro«ks,
Then mildly from its sunny nooks
The htue eve of the \ iolet looks."

J.

li'U

- 185 —
CUT-LEAVEO PHACELIA.

PHACELI* BIPINN«TIFIO*.

MAY-JUNt

— IB6 —
BIRD'8-FOOT VIOLET.

VIOL* I^DAT«.

MAV-JUNt

"^

NEVADA WILD ONION.

PtATB 187.

ALLIUM NEVADENSE.

CLILY FAMILY.)

Drrffdtv \mtwth: tm^t' Hf/ wmf Ihan lb*:

'I ing ttom It muHvrimt^it Am/A.- Ira/ nnflr, dlifftm: f"itt;i-t lh<iH
tffiati sir, lanci-oUtf acuU; itamrm iHcluiieit, jir in numhi-f

ihf w,i/>c, How

If ij /ftmiiiat Mm/v/. wHilf or piniiih;

ANV Willi Oiiiiitis arc found in North America, csiwcially in the Rcnky Minmtniii rc'Kioi and in the desert country of the

Sonlhwist. Hut even on the Alhnuic seaboard there are a very respectable number of them. Allium Tricoccum is a conunon

kind in the northeastern part of the country, occurriun aluiin the mountains down to the far South. It has a larije white bulb

of n mild, pleasant flavor, very popular as a vegetable in the AllcKhanies. Allium Ceruuum occurs over a Rreat part of the

continent. It is one of the hanlsomest of the Onions, with larj^e pale pink or rose-':olor flowers. Allium Cauadense is the

Conunon Wilil Onion of meadows and pastures, wlio.se flavor is .such an unwelcome intruder in spring milk and butter.

The Nevada Wild Onion is a plant of the western mountains. It is found in Utah, and westward to the eastern slopes of the Sierra

Nevada in California. It is a low platit, only two or three inches hinh. The .stem bears but a single leaf and a cluster of white and faintly pink

blossuius. This onion is ix)pular with the Iiuliaus. Tlie Utes eal the bulb, which pas.ses with them by the name of " urge."

SKULLCAP.

PtATE 188.
SCUTELLARIA GALEHICULATA.

(MINT FAMILY.)

Smoiith or itightly pubfiCfHt: ttrm frfd. muc/l ht(.nthrj. ttol fViyrdiig l:fO ffi-t in krighl: .V-i:yi appinit'. i/litt t-prtiolfii, ohhng m^alf; fioAtrs latgf. axiUary; cahx small, tnv-lipftfd: corolla
lahtatf. hijv r lip mittH laigrr lha» tht arckfd upper •"tf. fmargiHiitf; slamens JitHt , fonifotrd bv the upper lip.

AND.SOMRST, or among the hand.somest, of the genera of the Mint Family is Scutellaria. The two-lipped flowers are usually
large and showy, the leaves and the cut of tlic whole plant neat and graceful. The color of the blos.soins is bright blue, usually
variegated with white. The most beautiful of our eastern siK'cies is Scutellaria Inlegrifolia, a plant that grows impartially in dry
open \vo(k1s, and in moist, grass> meadows, throughout the greater part of eastern North Anifrica. The snmll Scutellaria Parvula
has pretty little blue flowers. The Mad Dog Skullcap is an odd plant of ditches and banks of streams, flowering in late summer.
The Rock Skullcnp, Scutellaria Saxatilis, is a delicate species with creeping or erect stems, round, heart-shaped leaves, and blue
and white flowers, a rare plant and very beautiful.

Scutellaria O.ilericidata, so called becau.se of the helmet-shaped upper lip, is a common plant of moist ground in the North, and is
occasionally met witli in the mountain regions southward. It is a hand.some plant with dark green leaves and large, bright blue flowers, opening
in July and August.

The name Scutellaria has reference to the shape of the calyx in these plants. It lias a flattened appendage that has the appearance of a
" small vessel."

^

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R

H'

— 1H7 —
NEVADA WILD ONiON.

ALLIUM NEVADEN8E
MAY— JUNL

— 188 —
SKULLCAP.

•OUTILLARIA OALIRICULAT*.
JOLV

%'

TWO-LEAVED MITRE-WORT.

PI>ATB 189.

MiTELLA DIPHYLLA.

(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.

Jif. fppoiill.

/yrrniial. „l-frfsif,l fuh^<.,>,l, ,.,rf ,,/.,l ,.„;,.. ihutei. J. ,lrm „nl. omhamlirj, nanilht,, ,,„l-lr,itr, hmdh imil^. Htmlly HtYlohfJ. Iohx l^l„.le,l . ,l,m Ifaws l.i': jlmoit J«.
/«>n'A<Ari/. yruurii ii«u//. w*i/, in a l<mj[, ilrmlfi UrmimI laiemt; calyi /iiffaiUil , friilli /iir, /minialf; Ouil u itipsult.liiio-braktd by 1,'ir fritnleitl tlyi ..

.\' Mny timu, while

"Tlir stir
of the soft hrce/i" rnfHitiK tile memlow lUiwers "

hriiiKS clown showcTs of wliito .iml pink Ikimi blossom-lailon trees, and si^lis amid the tender Rreen of newly-opciud le.ivcs, n
<laility little plant npix-ars in fertile shades. A cluster of long-stalked lieart-sliape<l leaves it has, and from the nii(;-,t of these
rises a slinder stalk. Two leaves stand opjiositv vacli ollu r midway on the stem, whicli ends in a Ion;?, wand like cluster of small
white (lowers. Pretty lilossimrs they are, tliounh so tiny. The five petals, delicate and soon falling, are cut and friuued. When the blossoming
time has passed, tiie capsule ciiiens, disclosing a ninnber of iniunle, black, shining seeds. It is an odd seed-vessel, that of the Mitella. It is
sli.-.iK 1 sonulhing like a cap or mitre, hence both luinlish and I/itin names. Bishop's Cap it is sometimes called. A nea'ly related ph'ut. the
False Mitre H-orl, a handsome plant with heart-shaped, brown-marked leaves and a close spike of feathery white flowers, is known as Tiarella,
the • Little Tiara. "

Mitella Ilij-'iylla is si-attered but fcrjiid in profusion from the eastern borders of the United States and Canada, thence westward to
Missoiui and souii'. \orlh Carolina. The specific name /'//>//i//</ allnr'cs to the twin stem leaves.

X

COM.MON MILKWEED.

PI,ATE 190.
ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA

CORNUTI). (MILKWEED FAMILY.)

S/tm t,i/l, stimt. tt*ftf, tealy

''it-fS tt^posilr, thf ufipi-i mini iilUrntlU, thitrt pfliflrd. ,t/>fi'n^ lu oTtt/^ofilon/! , mutttUtt or t itti\h at tiitif, niiiirona/f at apex, taMi-Htiisi- Ivtirath . ttowfts mimetom
in a tillary, ilatktd umbrli ,- lalyr and ^alalia fiw parted ; itamen\ united inta ,1 lube iHrtnuunl'it ttv a ,fiiv lotvd 1 rurvn.

i|()\V'N in the twittom lands, or along roadsides and in meadows, tiny seeds with white, silken plumes are caught up merrily by the
wind rnd are lorne far and wide over the country-side. These are the seeds of the Milkweed, furnished, like the Thistle seeds
with a well-contrived parachute. There is a dirTcrence, though. In the Thi.Ule, the soft white bristles represent the lol)es of the
calyx, the- ttdie l>ei!ig grown to the seed. lint in the Milkweed, the silky hairs are growths from the coat of the seed, within the
jxkI. This ]>od is boat shajied and pointed, oi>euing along one side only.

Asclepias Syriaca, the Common Milkweed, is a tall showy plant, decidedly haudsoine in appearance. 'Tis a native of
ea.stern North America, though Liinueus thought it belonged to W'estrrii Asia when he named it. It is a connnon weed, flowering in early
summer, and ripening its .seeds by the beginning of autumn. The stout stem is full of white, sticky, milk-like juice that exudes copicnisly when
the plant is wounded.

There are a large luiinber of other milkweeds, some very handsome. The Butterfly- weed, Asclepias Tubero>a, is one of the gaudiest flowers
of summer fields.

3t_

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L.

- 189 --
TWO-LEAVED MITRE-WORT.

MITILLA OIFHVLLA
MAr

— IW —

COMMON MiLKWEEn.

AiCLIPlAS SYHIACA (COCNUTI.)

■^

PLATE igi.

ABRONIA TUHBINATA. (FOUR O'CLOCK FAMILY.)

H'hote plant cmfyfd Kith ihort. nscid pubfscfHfr: item riftt fir piofumhfHt, much btanchfd; Irafrs oppftiitt, OHf smaller than th.- itthfr. Inrti^-prtiitltii, ofitusf at afii'V, roHntti^it an't uni'ifUiit at
/itiif: Jtitufis in a hirati, Sitt-niunttfd try a maHv-li'arrii involut'rf ; I'omlla nitnf ; calyx sa/r'ei-s/:.lfirit, »'itA lung tubf anii /i!>^-lobfJ bonirr.

MONO the many curious flowers that inhabit tht lioc plains of 'lie great Southwest, none are more [)ecl.li^r than tlie different
incinbers of the l''onr ()'Ch)ck Katnily. Mirabilis — "wonderful" — I, inn;eus named the best known gi^'i'u^ "f the family, that to
whieh our familiar i^nden friend, tlie Hour O'Clock itself, liclongs. Truly these are won.'.erful plants. The flowers are as gay
and delicate as any, yet tliev have no petals. It is the calyx, usually green and inconspicuous, the weatliei-l)eatcn outside
of the flower home, that takes on the bright colors usually peculiar to the corolla. The fruits are < dd, winged and surmounted
by the withered flowers. '"". ..-n, the time of flowering of many of these plants, when all respectable plants are thinking of putting
•ip the shutters and going to bed, has sonieitiing weird about it.

Abronia is a genus of which there are many si>e'Mes irt the Western States and Territories. The flowers are not so large as those of the
Four O'clock and other relatives, ')Ut ni;ke u]' for their smallrnss by their greater numl)er.

Abronia turbiuata is a beautiful iilaut, a native of California, N'evrula and eastward to Texas It has rose-colored, fragrant blcssoms.

k

WILD CLEMATIS— VIRGIN'S-BOWER.

PLATE 193.

CLEMATIS VIRGINIANA.

(CROWFOOT FAMILY.^

/^^fnntal :

\tfiH\ inMif-riAu/ u^Hntv. i/i-nji-t. twining ; traiys altfinalf, Icr.x-pfttoled, tftnaf' ; Ifaflfts ovat^. Mimr-f/iat liibea. loanfly lO'ithfii. pmnttd ; Jta-vrrs nnmrnins i.i "prn panitlcft rymfs;
petals nont ; vpalt /itut , n/iitt : stantrns num^ntns ; aih^nn tipped zctik thf Aifif plnmuu ityUs.

"Tllo f.ivcir'.l tluwiT

Which ht>ji.st,s the iiatiu' of Virgin Howi-r "

"IS one o,' the plants wherewith the Minstrel of tne North decks the ir.Iand b-ower of his fair Lady of the Lake. The Kuropean
Virginitower, orTravelei's Joy, is a common hedge plant in the Old World. Its stems are loaded with a profusion of fragrant
white flowers. It has l)ecomc the emblem of safety— why, it wimld Ix- difficult to fancy. In tliis country we have a nearly allied
Clematis, Clematis Virgiuiana. It possesses most of the attributes of the Traveler's Joy, weak stems that recline in tangle<l masses
on shrulis and tall herbs along s'.-eams, bearing great du.sters of yllow-white flowers. Tl'.ese blossoms are scenlei!, l)ut not so
sweetly as are those of the Old World sjiecies. They are gre.it favorites with the bees, wlieu Clover and Linden blossoms are
withered and gone. On any bright, warm day in Augu.st one may find the Clematis flowers fairly dark with the honey-gatherers. The plant is
not less l>eautiful in fruit than in flower. The fruits are plumed witli long, silvery, silken tails, wliieh are curled one annind the other. The
whole cluster looks like a " St. Catherine's Wheel." A plant loaded with these heads demands the artist's brush to depict it ; words are uuc(iual
t.i the task.

.-fu

! t ■' M

— 191 —
ABRONIA TURBINATA

tFOUH O'CLOCK FAMItV.t
iUIV— AUGUST

- 193 —
WILD CL!-MATI8 VIRGIN'S nOWER

CLEMATin VIRQfNIANA
JULY— AUGUST

I 1

— 193 —
PICKEREL-WEED.

PONTEDERIA COROATA.

- 194 _
PAINTED CUP.

CA6TILLEIA COCCINEA

I!!

■

i i

i I ■^

ciL

PICKEREL-WEED.

PIRATE 193-

PONTEDEHIA CURDATA.

(PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY.)

Aijuatu ; itt»i iinil loMg-firtwhti rtMt-Ifyi:rt rtMtig /».•«! a stout, ft erring tintt-stoclt : ilrm-lrit/ soltliirr, father lo it: />ftiol<if, t/it' f\is^ »/ tMf pfttole sttitttkiHff ttif stem ; in\itr, heitl-shitpftt itt f>iisf.
ohluif Itt itpft ; jiiiiins in a tetmiHitl if-tke fiom a s^fitttlinf; tmut ; pfnanttt irtegulai , yH»net-stiiiJ>t'ti, tuthti^fij'ii. of sit pa> llv UHitfit si'jimrHts.

"Jnlv I, 1S52 -- The rich violet purpU- of ilu- I'ontrtlerias was tht *mirt' slrikin^- a-; tlie l)I(>ssoiii-- \mtc still
rare. Nalurt- will soon t>e very lavish of lliis Mm- alonj; the river sides. It is a rieh sjtike of blue (lowers with
yellnwish sjKils. Over all llie.se llowcrs hover ilevil's needles in their /.i^-wi^ lli>;ht." TiioKivVC, "' Summer.'*

-MORIC striking ami characteristic water-plant than the I'ickerel-wcetl is not found in North .Vnicrica. Tliroiij;hout tlic eastern part
01 the continent, as far we.stward as the Canadian Northwest, Minnesota and Texas, tlie I'ontederia grows. It is for tile most part
a coast plant, co'nmon alimj' the .'Vtlantic seaboard and the Gulf. 'Tis comparatively rare in the interior. No one plant among
the denizens of oiir ponds and shallow, sluggish streams, is more distinctly individnal. No other goes .so far in giving tone and
character to our n(|iiatic ve.ijetation.

" Gi'l<lniotli-hannted beds of Pickerel -llower," make bright the surface of the trout h.iunted pond in the forests of Canada
and Maine, and gladden the d;uk bosom of the Georgia ]>ine-l'arreii pool. In the soiitlKrn part of its range, the I'iekerel weed eoniineiices to
blossiiiii late ill M.iy, and in the North it is still lloweiing in Setilemljer. The individual blossoms last only a short time, but it is a long while
Ijefore all in the cluster have expanded.

PAIMED CUP.

PLATE i'-4-

CASTILLtiA COCCINEA.

(FIGWORT FAMILY.)

/ioot patasilu-; itenli bttliiclttni; /fi

nfisr til,- hits,', tifit, fimieufiiit angtrit. f'u*'tsrf»t. I'ftiii fiiitplii/i: toot-UitJfs ^o\ji!otc. iihlotifi'otnO'^ile to fp,ttit/itt,- ; strm /I'lt-'i's ttltfrnate, lotifti, or partett ; flowfll
til liimtndl, fiiitil^il sti'li-s; I'ltuts ■nnally utfi///. iiloit consfilt iiohs t/ian tllf vfUoti HHit nit, ,U/f>i\ tuiiy/i/'fit'it cotolla.

"The fre.sh s:ivaiiiias ->f the Saiigaintiii
Here rise in jjentle sx-elLs, and the long s™sfi
Is mixed with rustliiif; ha/els. Scarlet tuft,s

Are ^lowinn in the jjrcen, like Hakes of fire;

The wanderers of the prairie know them well,

And call that hrilliant llower the I'aiiucd Cup."— Hkv.vnT.

11

UK interchangeability <d parts to be observed in the plant-life of glade and meadow is very striking. In the Trillium, for example,
whether a petal shall remain a petal, or slide back to its first estate as a leaf is a matter wholly within the <kcision of a heavy rain-
fall. Ill many blossoms it is the calyx, in many others the corolla, that is gaudily painted as the inn-sign for hungry and thirsty
insects. In a third and arge class of plants we find the brigiitest color is lavished not on the blossoms at all, but on the leaves
that snbtenil the llower or cluster of flowers. In many luiiihorliias the floral leaves are tinged with brilliant hues while the
'.liLiiistlves are insignificant. In the olien cultivate. 1 lutphorbia Marginata, lu-w jnetty well naturalizeil in many parts of North America,
the nppennost leaves are streaked with snowy white. In some tropical s|)ecies brilliant sha<les of red, color these leaves. Again, in the Arum
I'amilv, it is the s|ialhe or flower-leaf rather than the blos.s<ims that appeals to the sense of sight, purple or mottled in the ,'skunk-cai)bage, white
in Calla I'alustris.

In l''e Painted Cup we have a remarkable instance of this sliilliug of color from flower to leaf. The corolla of tin- Caslilleia is pale yellow
or reddish in dye, iml the bract that accompanies each flower is of a livid scarlet. CastiKeia Coccmea flourishes fnnn Canada to Texas, blossoming
in summer.

%^

^^

— 195 —
MOHAVEA BREVIFLORA

(/laWOHr FAMILY.)

.A

— 196 —
TWIN-FLOWER.

LINN/EA BOFIEALIS.

ll ■

fl

r

I ' I

iWOH,

PLATE 195-

^VEA BREVIFLORA. 'FIGWORT FAMILY.

Imw, annutt!. atrmi ilfnU-f. usually fKCm'ttnl /i<}iH th,' 1-ai.e ; lon-rr Iraivs eppintle, thf itppfr til/rrmltr, laHifnltt/i; poiutril at holh fmU, \ht»t-p<ti<>lfd; Jtowtt axilttity on ift<f t pfdaHilfs; talvr hbes
ji-.f. hdiu>:vl\ i'^'ont; , , iinfllii Mtttill, ti,t*ltppfti .M-A a tilth,} i..».s/»um.j«.i haiiy Piil.il'. Ihtfe tij the fiif jliimms i ii.tiNi,-Htit' y

MOST industrious t'avelcr ill llie great West was Colonel, afterwards GoiKTal Prcniont. In 1842 he ci)niinandi.(l a parly wliiili
traveled from Missuuri to the Wind River Mountains. The expeilition returniiij; reached Missouri unlj- four months after starting;.
In the t.illowing year a more extended journey was inulertaken. This lime California and Oregon, then almost liuknowu to
ICnglish speaking peojile, were reached and partly explored. Several accidents befell the party 011 the homeward path, and
finally, a large part of the liolanical collections were destroved liy a sudden rising of the Kansas Kiver. What remained ])roved
of great interest and value. A careful report on the plants collected was written l>y Dr. Torrey.
An unknown plant was discovered liy the parly on the banks fif the Mohave River in California. This was described as a new geinis by

Dr. Gray. I'ntil recently only one sjKcies of Mohavea. the \'iscida, was known. It is a native of California ami Arizona, blossoming in Spring.

The tlowers are yellow, dotted with puq)le. .\ second species has been coUeeled during the Death Valley expedition, a pi. ml with yellow llowers,

obscurely doited, sometimes iKit dotted at all, both are small, liranching plants, not showy. Mohavea lirevillora was found at .several points in the

Death Valley. We would not 1k' surprised to hear of this plant from British Columbia.

PLATE 196.

TWIN-FLOWER. LINN/EA BOKEALIS. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

Spiltttlxly puhewfnt. pt'tfnHi^il, if-m\
p.u,>

Irt tteyptni;, -"WfTeAil/ tiw ifl. tritfy: li-ittrs oppoMti', petlolftt, ,<t\tlr or oh<n\tl^ ^^ ohiritliit
■"'A'. I" Hi It J pritunt If: itiiyy small. Jitf-tixilltfit, totolla paU pink, i ,impanulatf-/MH»fl-J,i

, slKHtty ii'-Hittf, iriuy, thutith, /itiivfts stcndfy pcJuflUd,in
m, Jiir-l,,tii;t, almt'st ff^uiir.

" He .iiiw Ijeneath dim jiisles, in o'lornus 1k'<1s,
Till- .sli^llt I.ilili.iM hiiit>; its twin-lMiru llt-ails ;
Ami hU'ssctl ilir iiitnimiu-nt urtlic in m ol" llowirs,
Wliirlj Itri'.iilit". his swccl I'.mie Ihruu^li tin- iiortluTn howtTs. "

I {.M IK. SON.

j b'T whoever (piestions whether Ijnerson was a ptK't, find four liiiiis fnini any other singer that describe a flower more bcanlifiilly.
.\iid no ll.nver is belter worthy to be beautifully describeil. \ol only in its pure loveliness, but in its associ.ition with the man
who gave to botany a form and a purpose, it belongs apart.

It is this shy creeping plant of the family of the Honeysuckles that the great Liiinxnis "the man of flowers," chose to
iK-ar his name. It formed part of the armori.al bearings of his family, and was adopted by the Linii:ean Society of Loudon ujxm
their coat of arms. Truly this small plant has been highly honored, yet with what a graceful modesty it bears its fame !
The I,inn;ea, as it should be. i.s found in the northern part of the North Temper.ite Zone, the world arouni'. On the steppes of Siberia,
in the pine forests of Norway, among the hills of .Scotland, by the lakes of Maine ami of Canada, Lituiaa Horcalis is still at home.

QW

\^U.

!?=^r y^r)

4rU

-St, 3.'-

— 197 —
ARIZONA SISYRINCHIUM.

SISYRINCHIUM ARIZONICUM.

— 198 —

FLOWEilING DOGWOOD.

CORNUS FLORIDA.

1 V

^

tlLAi

PI.ATE 197-

AHIZUNA SISYRINCHIUM. SISYKINCHILM AKIZOMCUM.

(IRIS FAMILY.)

tons .

tilt ; stem Uify, creit/n>m a iluili-r ofltii
sifin ictlVi-J ihoriet . tki- t:cv uppet tntnt/^n

kfnitl fihitius fiKt/A. j.'f iiitrr.iiimptfifeit, with
Hint; a ipiiCiw suftfeiittitii^ t/ii' yl.i.i't-r ,■ jtitnt-t

i-if : ritof-leiiifi ht MtilV'tiHfttt-latffttlatr, pfomiii
j/, »i./,'i pf.liifllf.l. Uigf. hinlil yflliiw.

VICRYHODY lani'liar with tlie delicate little liliie-eyed j^rass will dceiii the idea of a yellow-lhiwered Sisyniiehiiim as very strange.

Yet there ate '.vo >iHcies native ill the Simthwesteni Slates .vhioli have lirif;ht leiUDiiyellow liUissoiiis. Sisyrineliium Caliloriii-

'-•mil, a native nf iiiiii>t ineadnws almig the I'aeific sealioanl, extending from sonthen; t )rev;on down to San Diego, is one of these.

The other is Sisvriiiehiinu Ari/otiieum, a l>lanl of cool springy places in the nionntains of the territory from which it takes its

iiaiiie. 'Tis a much larger plant than most of the .Sisyrinchiuins, with wide grass like glaucous leaves, and showy large llower.s.

It was discovered at Willow Si)riiig hy Dr. RotliriK-k. nouri.shing at an elevation iif ahoiit seven thousand feet. It has since been

encountered in other localities in tliat most interesting region.

In the philosophy which explains the color of llowers, a change of hue — such as this from yellow to hhie, as hetweeii Western and Kastcrn

species — means response to an insect preferring the new color to the old one. The stiuleut of (lowers must iK-rforce study insects, whether he likes

them or not. A view of Nature to h^' comprehensive, has to rise a'puve the fences built for convenience sake between her fields.

The genus Sisyrinchium is entirely Anierieun. mo>l of the species occurring in the Impiial parts of North and South America. The blos-
soms are always delicate and eidiemeral. Our ■.mmon Uaslern si)ecies Sisyriucliiiini Ilerinudiaiium, has been I'omul in a bog in Western Ireland.
Ai)i)arently it is truly itidigeiioi's there, imiiro ile as that m.iy seem What bird, driven of the wiiul and tossed, in its plumage, or within its
muddy claws, brought the seed from far Anui ;. .i f

FLOWERING DOGWOOD.

PLATE 198.

CORNUS FLORIDA.

(DOGWOOD FAivlILY.)

T>fr, ufualh smali, somftimfi/'O

uliit f'Viiti ini-olucre

St^

.' Ilii:h. fkiil ^^tuyitti bi t:, tt ; />■ -v j ,ipp,i;itr. iftttt t-piti<)lt''t . ttj\itf . ti.tit.- at ht^th ,tiJ.<, :,-itii,i;tiluiitii^ hftf.itlt . JitHtvis Itt i/t'tist- hiitttx \
tifftiHt nliitf. petiil-titr. itft 'tita/r, I'tiitv hiaclt . ,,'i,ili\i .i»i,i/.'. Krerniih-_\rltf>U',oJ/tiHr pftal\

" I)ogwcx>d-stars llir sUipes ari- studding, Mouse-ear tufts the hawthorn .sprinkle, \Vli:it does all this ha.stc ami hurry

Ami I •^ce I'M;.ie<i witli rose MeiUi. I pra)- —

lilooiiis njKiii the imrple-lmililiiijr Thi ilirk Iieil of i>erjwiiikk' .Ml this <itit-iliHir liii'.li ami llurry

Imlas tree. I*'reshiT yrows. Seen to-iia\ ?

A'^IK'ti-ta.ssfls thick are tlroppinx I'p ami ilowii are niiil>;es daticiii^ This pres;igiii^' stir and huinniing

.\11 alMuit On the grass; Chirjt an<l elutr.

Anil the aliler-kaves are cropping Mow their g.iuzy wings are Klancitig Affiiii / it tititim that Spring is coming:

HroaiKr out ; , .\s thcv i)a.ss Spring is here ! "

.M .V Ri; A K KT JUSKIN PkKSTON.

I • >N\]CKT the slender creeping stem of the Hunch berry into a stout trec-trtmk, niiiltiiily its wliite-bracted dower duster by thousands
and increase its circle of four leaves into wide spreading umbrage, and you h.ive the b'lowering Dogwihxl. It is among the giants
of the fore.st what the Huncli-l)erry is to the other low plants Ihiit nestle at their IVet. Small but sturdy, and showier than idl the
rest. It is a sjiUndid sight, the Dogwood, in early spring, when its white petal-like (lower leaves cover the almost naked branches
and shim glorious amid the tender bud<ling leafage of wikxI and copse.

" Snow-flakus that lilush to \k ki.s.sftl by the sun."
In summer it has a second flowering, this time a wealth of bright red, clustered berries. In autumn it blazes forth in a third glorj- of color.
The leaves have turned sc.irlet and make llie l)ogW(Mjd resplendent in the bright October woods.

The Dogwood signifies " duration." It is all the more lasting because a slow grower at first. Thoreau has something to say of this : " J
am struck by the fid that the more slowly trees grow at first, the sounder they are at the core, and 1 think the same is true of human beings."
" The ilower that blossoms earliest fades tlie first," writes .Southey. I'"ast growing trees like the .\ilanthus .soon decay.

'^M^

tfl

-^

tfl

— 199 —
PALMERELLA DEBILIP 8ERRATA

(LOBELIA FAMILY.)

[

ir ]'

— 200 —
PUBESCENT COLUMBINE.

AOUILEQIA PUBESCENS.

III

III

i . 5

y

k

PLATE J99.

PALMERELLA DEBILIS SEKHATA.

(LOBELIA FAMILY.)

Ifntniceout. ulabtoui: sfrm \t^Hjrr, ipariHulv I'tanftint, rtrtf. frtt/v: lfa:rf tiH^iir-IitNtfotatf, itn inth ot ta-o /<»»?, 111 v narrow, acntf at bttth fnds, sfuxtfitv sffratf, the nppfrmo^t rfilittiti to
ttaitou' bratts; fiourts in a t^nnm.it oHf-siJfit tan-mf oh long xlrmtfr f^ttHmles, wtolta tjtt>-ti/>prit, thf tut*f ilfntt,-i , riwrt/znif /*#■ rii/t.r.

ij^jJjWJ^ KHEMINKNT for l)eauty is the I.ol)elia Family of plants. Tin.' I,' il)clias tliemselves are almost always liaiidsome. Some of the

" tmjiical species arc exctcdingly showy and lirifjht-coloreil. If ca>tcrii North America the family is represented liy the single

genns Lobelia. In the West several oilier small };enera of odd plants are fonnd. The species of Downini^ia, small, smooth, mnch-

liranehed plants of California, Oregt)!! and Nevada, with deep bine, yellow-centered llowers are sometimes t dtivaled. Nema-

cladus, a tiny sprea<ling herb with milky jnice and flesh colored blossoms, is fonnd in the Sierras of California, in Arizona and in

New Mexico, and strays may pos-sibly be fonnd in liritish Colnmbia.

Palmerella is a curiims and little-known plant of California, a >;enus of a single species. It was discovered by Dr. I'almer, in the Tantillas

Canon, near San Dietjo, in Sontliern California. The variety, depicted here, was first found by Dr. Rothnx-k in Ventura Cimnty. Gray named

the genus in honor of the first finder.

Palmerella is a rather tall, slender, delicate plant, with narrow leaves and spreading branches. The blossoms are very Lobelia-like in ap-
pearance. The tnbe i ^f the corolla, which splits open with age, is white, wooUy-hairv on the inner surface. The limb or Ijorder is spreading, deep
violet in color. It is altogether a very handsome little plant.

PLATE «oo.

PUBESCENT COLUMBINE. AQUILEGIA PUBESCENS. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.

Sltms ftffi /t-om a stotit f'liimttttti; . ',<i/r inol-^lo,i, glo^tonf nfor Ihr hur, f'tthr\,-,'nt ot-o:^. r^

Ir-iiVfS imilUrr or it^lHtint; ; irffoli liHfO

»/7»MI>v< !.mt^ ftrttolrrt. triH.itf^v fiii/^'utt
\ aiMti-; fr/ltili chting in long .\fi14n.

it; A.I,'/./i Ititfr-f-oit.-t. :o'\li;f y/i.l/>r,t. t-'lltrJ: firm

j^^il^JJ^OW plants have migrated in the ages of the past, how new surrotindings have gradually
''W\ ■ tj;' prolound interest in the history of our planet, is a.scertained when naturalists break new gro

transfiirnied them, and mnch else of
ground.
Aiinilegia PnlK'Scens is one of the new plants discovered by the recent government exploring expedition into the Death
Valley of Calilornia, and published in the elaborate report of the botany of the expedition.

Few regions in the United States have attracted more attention than the Death N'alley. The desolation of the snn-b.ikcd
tract with its soil cifbot alkaline sand, covered where it is dry with the characteristic creosote-bush and in nioisl places with grease-
\v<K)d, can hardly be exaggerated. Vet there has been a great de.al of superstition about the Death \'alley. The dillicnlty of obtaining ilrinkable
water in that arid basin, where the soil is so alkaline as to be covered with a while iticnistation of salts of soda, is chiefly res]K)iisible for the horror
expressed in the Valley's name. Vet, dreary waste as it is, the Death Valley and the momitains thai circle it have proved very interesting to the
botanist ; its rigors have produced in plants some remarkable modifications.

Our Rock-columbine of the eastern i):irt of the continent, gives place in the West to many s|iecies, some with red flowers, some ellow,
some blue, some purple. Aqni!e:-;i:i I'nl)esccns is one of the yellow-flowered species, nearly related to Aipiilegia Chrysanth. It was collected by
Mr. Covillc, in Tulare CmMity, Caliiornia, in the Sierra Nevada.

-^

..sIl)

—^

Jo

at.

FLOWERING-FERN.

PI,ATE aoi.

OSMUNDA REGALIS.

(FERN FAMILY.

FfontU smo<tth, rtsini; fmni n thtrk. hiitil itH>t-fltxlt : lutifi- fftifl \trtitt, pinnnUs Utiear vr ttblonfi, .srinilr, nf>fnttx/i at apfr, iinimlftt or MificoKtittr <(/ An/-, rr/wj pumtitlfilt ; upprr pttrl "f /iiiii,!
tfitite, prHHuUi iftlHtfJ III Hatrnw fintHctitf of tht' ilutchii, miwiit-tl ivilh thf tinmimttH-biniiii iiiri, w/jith are .v/VAcu/ imiitstum.

"Tllill tall fiTll,
So slnU'ly, of tllt> qlU'iMl ()stiinn<la naimil ;
IMant lovflicr, in its own ri'tiri-«l ahofU-
On ( .rasiru'iv's Itcacll, than naiad l»y tlit' side
Of (Irrcian Itnjok, or I.ady of tlu' ^It•rc,
Soli- sitlihK liy the shorts of old romaniu." — Wordsworth.

ICHLY (Iocs the inowLrintjfiTii (Icsltw tin.- nanif Rcj^alis, for truly royal is its l)c:iriiiK. t'lilikc mo.st Ferns, wliicli love the shades
of deej) wihhIs or <Kvi.!l in the slielttied crevices of clifls, the Osniunda );i'"W'' hol(ll\ (ml in oiien l)oj;s or meadows, and has no
fear of bein>( .seen of all. The tall sterile fromls, hriohl, deep ^reen in color, are in fine contrast with the smaller fertile frond,
cinnanion-colored with the clusters of sfxjres that closely cover it. A fern apart is the (Jsminida. The Ironils are little like those
of Maiden Hair or I.ady-l'ern — their beatity is Iheir own.

Osinunda Regalis is found almost everywhere in Xorth .\nicrica, lit! especially in the northeastern i>art. It is also very
common in ICurojK' and in Asia. Two other species of Osmnnda occur in the higher latitudes of Xorth America. O.suiunda Cinnamomea, a more
common plant even than Osmunda Kegalis, is a coarser and less attractive fern. Osniunda Claytoniaua is also not uncommon in wiiie stretches of
the Western World.

PI,ATIv 202.

COFFEE-BUSH. STUARTIA PENTAGYNA. (TEA FAMILY.)

Shrub, sir fret oi Miiir high, htlrk gld\--btti;fH ; Inttvs attrrmite. /n-linlftl, rjtit^ ,»» nblnnfr, tiruff nf both rmO, ithscurfly srrratr, puf>'-\tf>/ and orfrn y^ltun-istt hf-tifijtli ; Jti'uri t hti^f. wtilarv;
ptLili /i:r t>r ji i. infmitliir i)t tib,iiiiti-. in^Pft <i»<l it<iit,tli- ,tn the m.n^in ,- j/./m.'M.v nnmrn'tt\ : /fml a pi'hitcit fi: <--.iiiiili'ii t,ip'ii!'\

ICill favorites among cultivated plants are the magnificent Camellias, prized for their elegant foliage as well as for their handsome
flowers. The Tea Rose, Camellia Japonica, grows to the .size of ,i large tree in its home in the island empire of Ivistern Asia.
It is much cultiv.ited in the South, hecoming a large slirnh that endures the mild winters of that latitude without ])rotecti<in.
Two species of Camellia, scpar.ited l>v I,iini:ens as a distinct gemis luidcr the name of Tliea. are ammig the most invaluable plants
cultivated by man. These are Camellia (Thea) \'iridis and Camellia liohea, from \vh< se varieties all the tea of conuuerce that is
not mainifactured from hay, is obtained.
Ournearest native ally of thi.s beautiful genus is .Sttiartia, of which there aie two species in the Simthern States. One, Stuartia \'irginica,
inhabits the low country along the coa.st from \'iiginia .simthward. The other, .Stuartia rentagyna, is found in the Cumberland and Alleghany
mountains, along the bank.s of streams from Kentucky to Georgia. It is a tall .shrub, or perhaps, sometimes, a small tree. The foliage is not
unlike that of Camellia Japonica, though of a much lighter green. The flowers are Ix'autiful. The petals, five or si,\ iii number, are pure white
within, but greenish or purplish and silky haired without. The filaments of the stamens are usually dark imrple.

■^

Jo

— ?0I —
FLOWERING-FERN.

— 202 —
COFFEE BUSH.

■TUARTI* PCNTAOYNA.

Q^

PI,ATE ao3.
YELLOW MILKWORT. POLYGALA LUTEA. (MILKWORT FAMILY.)

Strmi MniMlH, ntit, htamhtng ;tinn Me hiisf, lea/\

rs I'fiiniiU, t/i, \t.m .'r.trn \tnaUr-t . t<t»> foltil'- oi \f'itlHlal,\ it, lit,- at f'ot/i rtiili,
Oblimx ifllifi at thi- M.iii-./ inmmili i'/ Mr- iltim, tlH^l^t niiiHXf in rn/ot.

Ill, t If, ft til,- llllti-ll

,,l /•liimiHrHt ; /illW:-

Iir.RFA'KR \vi' fiiiil liri^lit color liivislieil on ;i llowir, wc may s.iftly coiicUidu that il is for IIil- ptirixise of alliiriiii; insects for fer-
tilization, riants wliicli are wiiul I'erlili/ed, that is, which prodiiee an aliundaiicc of ])olk'M which is siinjily hlnwn l>y the wind to
the stij;nias of other llowers, rarely or never have highly colnreil blossoms, Tlial is the case with the ])ines and cedars, the
willows and popl.ns, the t;ras>cs and sedges. Itrinht red or oranj^e yellow in a llower is almost always an invitation siyn.""!
to the eyes of insects that lly by day. The Hiittcrllyweed is a good examiile. IIow well th-; bait succeeds may be noticed on
any l)right summer day, when the gay cirange clusters are covered with a hungry swarm of insects gret.t and small. In the case of

t)ie Cardinal-flower, it is the hinnmin};-l)ird for which mine host the plant hauj^s out his bliKid-red si};n. Moreover, these vivid colors are almost

always conjoined with some irre.i;nlarit\ or addetl intricacy in the plan of the llower —making it the counterpart of the form of its win);ed minister.

This is tr.ie in Cardinal-ilnwer and liutterlly-weed. It is also illus'.rated in the Yellow .Milkwort, who.so oddly fashioned l)los.sonis llarnt almost as

vivid an oran>;e as that di.sphiyed by the Ihittertly-weed.

■«

PLATE 204.

EPILOBIUM RIGIDUM. (EVEMNG-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Illy i(f, r-truii mnifilf. fifft oiilv a fttf iiichfi hiiih. ti'Hit ,1 \Irii,tii iinit-UiHk : teiilfi iiii in V ih,'i-t wmiffil />fti,*lfS, liiiffr (ipfifi\ilf, uppfr iiifi-itltrrimtc, fit. ) lutriituti ,i/,i/m/.;.' ■ t,> i>b<n\ite
g/aHfuui ; JtouYi-i Imgf, iixillaiy to Iht bia,l-hkf m//v> li-iitfs. strnitti pi-UhHii^ii: ofary cotei fit with afim u-hiti' g/niittutai fiiilv.s, , in ,■ : stix »i,i /<i '.».■''■

ril.OHIUM Rigidum is one of the many species of the West. It grows in the Co.ist ran;j in Oregon and strays North. Tt is a
lu'.ndsome plant, not tall, but upright and strict in its growth. Th-; flowers are large and showy, of a rich rose purple color.
While asually nearly smooth, there is a variety which has the stent and leaves covere 1 with a dense, white pid)escence. The
capsule in which the .seeds are cont.iined is club-shaped. .'\s in all other Ivpiloljiums, it is four-celled. When the fruit is mature,
the four valves split apart, usually curling u]i and allowing the seeds to escape. The capsule in this condition is very pretty.

With the exception of the Fire weed, the native Ivpili.biums of eastern North America are not \ery showy plants. One
KuroiK'an species, the On at Willow Herb, I{pilobiinu Ilirsutum. is naturalized in the Northeastern States and in Ontario. It is a handsome plant,
with large purple I)los.soms In ICngland it goes by the odd name of " Codlins-.nid-Cream." Strangely enough, there are a great many Kpilo-
biums in New Zealand. While the small flowered Hpilobiums fertilize them.sclves, the species with large showy flowers that readily attract insects
shed the ])ollen before the stigma of the same flower is ready to receive it, making cross-fertilization a iicee».sity — with all the gain of strength
where breeding in-and-in is avoided.

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— 203 —
YELLOW MILKWORT.

POLVOALA LU71

— 204 —
EPIL03IUM RIQIDUM.

(EVtNINa-PDIMROSE FAMILY.)

^-■

BROAD LEAVED FIREWEED.

PLATE 805.

EPILOBIUM LATIFOLIUM.

(EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

St^m etftt /torn II ifit.t Uf'ttv KHitiiihi. uiujt ht,iH,li,,t. iui,h>//i, ,it Irmt at biist. lYty Ifa/v ; Irtiirs tmnlh- "/■/•i'm/i-. "Vitt' /UMiC'fiHf to liK^uIumfohttf. (r. v ohi, nrtly tiMtltcI, urtnly Sfsstti'. glau-
cous; /t»;.rtxii.t •ttittyin toHg ilfHiUrpfitunilfi.JormiHgti ttuHinal. tctify rairme ; pftals latgf, "iirnm/y of)itttitf ; ptui athcr iln>rt, cun'fd i sreiii vfty itnalt, willt dirty wlutr iiima or lulin.

Hlv Ri-nius ICpilol)itim is a very large one, especially in the tcniii(.rate zones. It is cliiefly in nionntainous reginns that the species
are I'ouiul. They are in'.ich alike, for the most part, and it is one of the ililTiculties of pl.int elassifiiation to ilistingnish the dillerent

forms. They appear ti; grade into each oilier. Some closely allied .species are thoii};lit to hyliridi/.e, hut that suspicion is always
dilTu'iilt to pii \e. Most of the Iviiiloliiniiis are handsoiiie plants. Some are very showy, willi large Ilowers. These are nsually
white, pink or violet in color. The seeds are very intcresliiin and alTord valnalile characters for dassiiicatioii. Tliey are very

small, hrown in C(vl(r, and are often covered with tiny ])rojectioiis like the papilhe of the tonnne. They are furnished witli a tiift of hairs or

"c.iina." wiiich is ini outgrowth from the seed-coat. Tl:e:.e hairs are white, lawny, or c'linanion-colored. l!y means of them tlie seed is carried a

long ilistance hy the wind -'hat cliief of .sowers.

I, ike many plants of high northern latitudes, IJpiloliiiim Uatifolinm is widely distributed in the nortlierii hemisphere. It occnrs in Arctic

America, I'lurope and Asia. In North America it e.xteinh- soiithwanl to Colorado.

■^

(jt,.

Vv'ILD MOCK-ORANGE.

PLATE 2o6.

PHILADELPHUS INODORUS.

(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

A tail shrutf -i-rlfi i/»ucv*'"'C. ^'<

»»i A»«v ,i,*>iO-A.l»*rt/ */(-w»i ,- Ifiitn offioiiti'. i/ituf-fiftiolftl, f'f'oitfv fHAitt'. oiumtitot/- at of>fV, rnijuy ^ tifniatr.smitttth to puh,i,t
Jiouin lotjif in ivmei ot theemti o/tlic luigi ; pttoli obovotf, whitf, muih 1 mti'-r th.in tlir afHli" calyy-lobt's.

it b,'H.,iiti, pKimiHi'Mtly thire-ivinrd;

j.WV .T good man and woman bears a grudge against parents otherwi-<e heloved. Why did father, nr mother, on the fateful day of
liap'iMii. give to an innoceiU victim siieli a name as Adiia or Aminadah, Jemima or Melielabel ? In n.imiiig ])l;ices a. well as
ch'ldreii there is the same plentiful lack of fitne.ss or originality. Gre.it are the rv'sponsibiliUeS of a christei'er; seldom does he
heed them ! As with men and women, villages and cities, so with plants.

It is a pity that the beautiful Mock-orange, so fair and fragrant in itself .and with so decided an individuality, if one n.ay
so express it, should be called M. 'k uraiige. The superb white, goldew-hearled blossoms are dilTeieiit enongh fniiii those of the
Orange to make it worthy of a name of its own. \'et it has come to signify "Counterfeit" becaii.se of this mylhical resemblance. Its other
popular name, Syringa, Klongs of right to the Lilacs.

There are seviTal very lieaiitlfnl species of I'hiladelphns in N'orlh America, although none of 'hem are ipiite the peers of the Mock-orange,
riiil.idelpluis Coronarius, which is originally of .Southern ICurojie. I'hiladelphns Inodorns is very similar in leaf and llower, but lacks perfume.
It is a tail slirnb with slender, gracefully curved branches. I'sually (|uite simiolli, il is sometimes more or less hairy. It dwells by the banks of
strea:ns ill the nioui'taiiis of the .Southern St.ites, from Virginia to .Mabama. The large, pure wliite blossoms open in May. The soulheru
mountain region is the very oaradise <•! haiidsoine llowcring shrubs.

A smaller s|K'cies, I'hiladelphus Uirsutus, is found on cliffs along the rivers of the .Southern Slates. A handsome western sjtecies is
i'liila ■.Iphns I.ewisii.

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BROAD-LEAVED FIREWEEO

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-206 —
WILD MOCK-ORANQE.

PHILADILPHUS INOOOF.US.

%'■

PI,ATE 207.

OENOTHERA XYLOCARPA. (EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

lYifHHial. fttim a dtfp thuknifd lool, am ilfui-til ■ tnitn o-i l^im^ Jt,li<i!,-s, fniii,i/ift'f. :i'ttli Ikf ftnttiMv 'ifiifr, h>\ttl-ih,ifi^<l ti-niitnjl t'tftf much the Ant'r*/, pttht%cfnt : fiir.t'fis ixrilhirv,
sraili-: mlvi uilli •! .^Iftnit'i, /m \u/r liihf ; pi'tiih !>ln:i\ nfii^'tirtv /ii\it/\fiiifidt .■ (V(/>j/(/c tiififriM}^ ftiiin ttast' In ttfir-x, fom-ivingett, iessil,\

IvXOTHIvRA i.. almost cnlin-Iy an AnR'ricaii K"-''"'^- Only r^ siiijjle species, a native of Tasmania, is indif^unous outsiile of North
and South America, though several are introduced intu Juirope. It is in the parts of North America, lieyond the troi)ics, that
the Reniis is at its be.st. On the gras.sy prairies and arid regions of the Western States and Canada there are a great many species.
Most of them have large yellow llowers. Some few are pink flowered, others ■.vhite. tEnothera Rosea, a Iniidsonie species of the
Southwest, has showy, rose-purj)le blossonvs. In tlK allied genera, G )detia and Hoisduvalia, now usually considered as .sections
of GJnothera, the flowers are rose-colored or lilac. Mo.st of the s]K'cies that have white or yeUow flowers turn reddish in
withering. These plants are very diverse in habit. Some are erect and .strict. Others branch widely. A great m.niy of the p/airie and desert
S|K'cies are almost stendess, with the leaves in rosettes on the ground an<l the flowers on naked stalks. Such is the mode of growth of (iCnothera
Xyl(X?arpa, a .species recently discovered in the De.'th \'alley in California. As is stated in the rejKirt of the exiiedition, " The plant grew in the
well drained granitic soil that surrounds the me.idows." Because pl.nits usually llour.sh best on a special kind of soil they hint to the geologist
and the miner what kind of rocks they are likely to lind beneath.

-'%

X

PtATE 208.

STORKSBILL ERODIUM CICUtaRIUM. (GERANIUM F.'^MILY.)

/iHftNil/, item ilemli', mii./i t>ia»ihril. fiHtVMfnl ; Ir.iir
/VituHilrs. piUiii Hrf III Mum/if/

alliniiil,'. /iiiiiht.'i-/i' .i/^yr,ti\l, fifim.ti iMnmriils *ilth<-i i.m.iir, haitv; tt.':,'r

imii// . ,,it/h/\ fiii\ /'•\tii\t :i'tlfi tU'- t'liii; ilyi,-s whiik r^Il Aj,t fxim the >i iii itiui fiiium ■ nunlril .w/A .r,c

7. I 'I nmK-f hi!f cluftei^ on loitt;, O' 'ail'itiniviiarv

■H57T.<OI)IUM Cicutarium i^ a plant ol :he northern part in" the northern hemis()here, cirdiui; the globe. It iscomnion in Europe and
Asia. In cistern North America it is known only wher ■ it has been introduced from Ivurope, but iu the northwestern part of the
continent it is undoubtedly native.

The Storksbill is a low plant, covered all over with soi", hairs which are usuallv more or less viscid. When very ymiug the
stems are erect, but soon incline to spread out and form tufts. The flowers are sin ill, and of a pale ])ink or purple color. They
grow in a cluster, usually of three or four, but sometimes as many as twelve The Iruit is ' he most strikingly characteristic part of
the plant. It consists of five carpels, each tip]K'd with a long rigid style. These, attached iu a ring abo'.t a central axis, form the fancied
" stork's bill." When ripe, however, the illusion is -udely dis]H;lled, for the styles curl up, leaving the axis exposed.

IvriKlium is from the Greek name for the heron, iloubtless in allusion to the beak like fruit. The genus is closely allied to Gcr.inium.

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CENOTHERA XVLOCARPA

(tVCNINO-PHIMnoSE FKMILV )

— 208 —

8T0RKSBILL.

ERODIUM CICUTARruM.

— 309 —
WRIGHT'S CROWNBEARO.

VER8e$IN* WftiaHTII.

— 310 —
RETICULATES CLEMATIS.

CLEMATIS RETICULATA.

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PI/ATE 209.

VERBESINA WKlGHTll. (SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

stem ftfct. }faf)\ not uwseil, s/xiri»gl\ ftrumAi-ti. nmcA. ftijiV V / leatrs ofipostti; sesM'l

"'ale tir •ihlotif:, tathir .\fiiiipiv senate, Ihitk, ftrominfutfv fetiieii, sniAiHw; heinii tei
' tthlohg : titvi nmiiei<mi, i>Nt>nj;"iiife, mtith eiteetti»]i the iltsk.

latin)! loMff atmmt

_jf^jNK of the earliest of the many collectors who have labored to bring to knowledge the rich flora of llie Southwest, was Charles
Wright. In 1S49 he accompanied an expedition of I iiited Stales troops sent out from San Antonio, Texas, to Kl I'aso, New
Mexico. In ihis interesting region, then little known and only recently annexed to the I'nited States, Mr. Wright made large
collections of botanical .s|)ecimens, which were named by Dr. Gray and published under the title of " l'lant;e Wrighlian;e."
There were a great many siHcies described for the first time, and some genera new to science. Wright afterwards made extensive
and valuable collections in Cuba. A great deal of our knowledge of the flora of that island is due to him.
Wright also cohecte ' largely in Tex.is. bringing to light many interesting plants of that region. Among these was a Crownbeard,
VerlKjsina Wrightii, one of the many plants which bear the name of that " Prince v)f collectors" as Gray calls him. It was discovere<l in the
mountains near Austin. Texas, and was first descrited as an Actinomeris. It has strayed northward. It is a .showy ])lant, the stems growing in
clusters frtmi a deep root. The leaves of the main stem are opposite, those of the branches alternate. The heads are large, with bright yellow
rays a full inch in length.

RETICULATED CLEMATIS.

PIATE 210.

CLEMATIS RETICULATA. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

S/em hn haernus i

s/txhtl\ ritHtJv. niNili hitim/teil, <timtfinj:, tmmtlti : leaiei of'/i>\ife, fittinale : teaflels irien to utile, pe/mjetl, liipiuiil, o/f/ititi; -oiiite in innleliin
•.••■iiint. imootit, tAiei : Jtim^ers tin tiiHg axiltati- ftitumles ; fietats mine; se/>ats /rnte, Ifitiltts t ; aehenet wit/l long ptumosi tiiils.

lite, stionsly retieiililte-

jHW gronjis of plants present more variety in lent and blossom than is exhibited by the species of Clematis. Tlic Virgin's Hower
and the Leather I'lower seem (piite di.'-similar, while the rare and beiutilul Clematis Verticillaris is very difTerent frnni either.
Some are erect pl.mts, citliers high-climbers. Some have white iVagraut blossoms in clu.sters, others solitary long-stalked flowers,
in form nut utdike a i)i])e with its stem. Others have huge open flowers of a rich jnirple color.

Cleniatis Ueticulata lias flowers .solitary on axillary .stalks, much like those of the familiar Leather Mower, Clematis V'iorna,
which is .sometimes known by the name of Dutehnian's Pipe. That title belongs projKrly to AristohK'hia Siplio. The colur of
the blossoms of Clematis Reticidata is a dull greenish purple. The chief particular in which this sjiecies differs from Clematis Vionia is in the
veins iif the leaf, whicii are very prominent and form a net -work, hence the specific name.

Tile Reticulated Clematis inhaliils the Southern Stales, growing from Snulli Carolina lo h'lorida and westward, .straying north. It prefers
dry open grmnid in the pine-barrens. The ;)eriod of flowering begins in May and lasts until Jtily.

The name Clematis w.is given by the classic herbalist, Dioscorides, to some unknown eliml)iiig plant, and was aj)propriated by I,imi;eus to
tlie pre:.cm genus.

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— 211 —
GREAT LAUREL.

RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM.

■H

— 212 —
WAX WORK, CLIMBING BITTERSWEET.

CELASTRUS SCANDENS
JUNE

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GREAT LAUREL

PLATE 211.

RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM.

(HEATH FAMILY.)

jmal/ tree, n/ten thlitx (eel hte^. miie/l hianckeit: le,ttef ttUemttle an rather >ti>Mt pettitlei, ptKKUte. nA/mii,', f^imteit, Ihiik, ei-ergre
trrmirtit/ finds : >i»t}//it titrt;e, bel-.tven bett-ifmfieit iinit nitate, irregular, fiiv-lolietl ; stamens ten, on the torolla ;

H : ftairers in itenie nmbellate clusters from tarije, scaly
taf-sule ittS'Htv, tii'e-felleil.

'u^' '^'^^^'^ "' ''"^ ""'■*' Rloriously lx?autiful of American shnibs is the Grciit Laurel, RlKKiodemlron Mnximtim — a full cousin to the raiii-
'^J^ "^.^i l)oweil Azaleas. Handsome as is the American Laurel, it cannot compare witli the Great Laurel in size or in majjnificencc of
tlowers. RluKUxIemi'oii Maximum often liecomes a tree, sometimes reaching the hei>;ht of thirty-five feet. The trunk, usually
twisted and strajjixlinj, is yet often stout and straight. Tlie leaves are larger and of a less glossy green than those of the Kalmia
Latifolia. The flowers are individualiv larger, and occur in clusters of much greater size. A n^re sui)erl) object than a well-
grown RhcHlodend.'t)!! Maximum in full blossom, is not to be met with in our forests. Tlie color of the flowers is ]>ale l>ink to

almost pure white, with spots of yellowish-green on the corolla. Roy.ally l)eautiful are the great masses of these blossoms, with a good

background in the sombre green of the foliage.

The Great Laurel occurs fref|uentl\ in Western New York .and Ontan >, and very sparingly in .Southern New Ivngland. It is very common

in the mountain region from Pennsylvania southward. It grows along .ill the w.iter-courses, often f mning almost impassable tliickets. It is in

its prime of flowering in June : . \vi,cn l.rm.ks send up a cl.ecrful lune.

And groves a joyous sound."

WAX-WORK. CLIMBING BITTERSWEET.

PI,ATE 212.

CELASTRUS SCANDENS.

(STAFF-TREE FAMILY.)

tl'iKulji kltmber ; items tleiuiet. Jea/r,

,H''it : lea:es alternate 'I'l s/en.ier ftelt.ile\, orate. painte,t at aper, a, nte at hase, senate : fi rt-eis in bradeit canlfumntt raeemes at the eniU af the young
branches; calyx lieat iti/; at,jii;a:e ttifit, l,> :t'hieh ttte petals and stamens are attached.

"In human works, thouj,'li latmr'ii on with \r.\\n,
A thousand niovi'mt'iUs scarce one jmrpose yain ;
In (khI's. one siiij^lf can its enil pr<Mlucc;
V'-i serves to second, too. -.oine other use." — roPK.

10ME plants, as Thoreau expres-ses it, fl^iwer in fruiting They produce small blo.ss' ais, of no particular interest or charm,
reserving their .store of pigments for the ailornment of (heir fruit in .Vutiunn. They seem to find it less e.s.sential to have gayly-
painted blossoms to attract insects, than to 'K-ar bright-hued fruit to catch tne eyes of bir<ls. Beauty ever masks <luty in the
pageantry of Nature, and the brilliant dyes of fruits are but so m.my invitations to the fowls of the .air, thus iniknowingly enlisted
for the transiwrt of seeds a hundred, mayhap a thousand miles from home.

No group of plants are l)etter endowed in resix;ct to fruit-color than the small Staff-tree Family. There is no more vivid
array of hues in our .Autumn wckkIs than that donned by the species of Uiionynuis or Hurning Bush. Not to mention the crimson-reil of the
leaves, what l)rigliter tints are foinid in Nature tlian the red-purple of the pods, that burst';ig, disclose the seeds wiih their scarlet arils ?

Scarcely le.ss gay are the colors of the Wax-work. In the fill the climbing stems are loaded with orange-yellow pods, each containing
from three to six scarlet seeds. Celastrus .Scanilens blossoms in May. Tlie flovvers are greeiiisli in color, not showy, but disp)sed in gr.iceful
gr.iiK'-like clusters. The Wax-work or Climbing Bittersweet is common in E.astern North America, usually growing in thickets along streams.

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— 213 -
COMMON HEAL-ALL.

BRUNELLA VULQARIS
JUNE-SEPr

— 2H-^
8NAKE-M0UTH POGONIA.

POQONU OPHIOQLOS5OI0ES.
MAY— JULY

J

mi

s
lii

f ^

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c^

COMMON HEAL-ALL

PLATE 213.

BRUNELLA VULGARIS.

(MINT FAMILY.^

fa^k thtcr intUfHtl^it 6y a nmMjett mfmtiruMUtitnit tirdil; talvt Hty-ltwtkftt, iomrwtutt iWo-ii^peti ; inittjla ntiXrty Iwiir as long.

: wf tw/, tut* lipprit.

tei mimtf sfiikfi

T is often a (lifliciilt mailer to dfteriniiie wliethtr a jilaiit is truly iiKli^eiiotts to a country, or wlictlier it has l)cen intniiluced throuuli
the haiul nf mm. In the cnse of Norlli American plants that are also natives f>f I-'urope, tlie prohlem is sometimes exeeeilinnly
eoi'.'.plieateil, for the oiiportuiiities for tlie importation of ICnro[H;an weeds into this country have l)een uintsually k'xxI. a"d tiie
spread of sue'.i weeds, wlien intrudiieed, uiicomnionly rapid. As a Ki^"tral tlnnj;, if a ICuropean plant is found 'i ICastern N'ortli
.\nierica, hhI not in tlie western part of thi continent, nor in Asia, it may lie dcmlitcd that it is native here lint if it ranjjes
up into the northwest, and iidiahits nortlieri \sia. the chances are that it is truly indiHcnons. .So it seems to be jiretty certain

t'.iat Ilrunella Vulgaris is native in North Anurica. It is fou il in temperate re,;;ions almost everywhere.

In North America the Urunella is met with in mead as. open wooils, an<l at roadsides, thronnhout the continent, n<irth of Mexico. It

lie:.;ins to flower in June, and contiinies up to frost. It is ii t a showy plant, usually jjrowinj; modestly close to the ground. The leaves, stem

and liracts of the spike are often purplish. The flowers are blue or white, rarely pink

SNAKE-MOUTH POGONIA.

PLATE 214.

POGONIA 0PH10GL0S30IDES. (ORCHIS FAMILY).

It'kiiU f'liltil Quitf imoiitfi; timti Jihri>M<, Ihu kfnrti, tluileifit: sirm etfti, itmfi'f^ sir to eigHlrfh imhri kigh: tfaf^M t:.o, (l,ii/n>ti;. onf mfar tltr middlt of thf stem, oiutr, M/ other near tlie summit,

braitttte; fiourrs large, ttottttimg; sepals ami fietali atike, tamefo/ale; tifi heastted.

NIC of the handsomest of our many beautiful orchids is I'o<j;onia OiihioRlossoide-i. A plant of me.i<lows and bogs, it is often found
with its pretty relative. Arethusa. but llowers a week or two later. It has a wider range than has Arethusa, extending along
the .Xtlantic Coast down as far as Florida, and reaching westward along the Great Lakes to Minnesota and Manitoba. The
oddest thing al«iut its geographical distribution is its («currence in Japan.

Many genera that are represented in Ivistern North .\merica by a single .species, have a si.ster representative in eastern
Asia. Hut there are not many i<lentical species found in these two localities and nosvhere else. This similarity in the flora of
these widely separated regions, is one of the most interesting and most discus.sed problems of geigraphical distribution.

Pogonia Ophioglossoides is a handsome p'.ant. or rather a handsome flower. The leaves are not conspicuous. It is the blos.soni nodding at
the summit of the stalk that attracts o>ir attention. I'sually the flower is solitary, but .sometimes there are two or even three on a stem. The
color is a pale pink. AlbiTios son^'Mues (xxur. The blossom has a peculiar fragrance, not agreeable to most people. Thoreau disliked the
plant on account of its odor.

-^

•it?

-J&

— 215 —
8H0WV DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES.

DICENTRA eXIMIA
MAY -AUGUST

— 216 —

GROUND NUT.

API09 IruBEROSA)
JULY

JgBBM

11

?i"

PLATE ais-

SHOWY DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. DICENTKA EXIMIA.

I FUMITORY FAMILY.)

Sa/fr iimtf lroii\ ffm ,

iii/i', <hoit t'X't-stihk: /fiitvs OH hmg ^luttfi. mmch Jituvtni. Hltimtlf \fgmf'i/s ttttmr. glautniti, npetiatly beneath ; 0,mvti /« a hng fi,jHHi/f,t ,
ntfgHtut, ralkfr laige; pftati jnHt, tht tuff outer with a tfty titint blunt ipnt oi jik at ha^e

OME (irtkTs of [ilaiits tlierc nre that seem to have no nieml)ers that arc not iK'niitiful. Others are entirely insignificant. The

'I'iB.^Hfe •'^•'<>''lraKe l";iniily, lor instanre, is notid fur the h.iiiilsunie ])Iii!its that it iiieliides. No plants that ean jnstly he tenni'd ngly belong

-^^'^^™™ t" it. While, on the other hand, almost all the plants IjelonsiiiK to the rifjweed aii<l Goose-foot fai'I'.ies are unlfeantifnl and

weed-like'. In the I'nmitory Family, beanty is the rnle. The comtnon Fnmitory itself, a native of the Old \Vi>rld hnt largely

natur,-:lized with ns, is a handsome plant. The .s|K'cies of Corydalis, with their delicately dissected leaves and one .spurred yellow

flowers, arc very pretty. The d.-iinty Alle>;liany \'inc, ,\(llinnia, of the .Appalachian region, nracelul in its leafa^;e and with small,

fragile hxikinn flowers, is aniotiK the fairest ol our native plants. Tlien there are the Dutchman's Ureeches and the Squirrel Corn among our early

sjiring wild flowers.

Another species of Diccntra is the Miperh Dicentra Ivximia, of the .Appalachian rcKion. This species iKcnrs si>arinKly in New York and
Ontario, but is cimnnon in the mountains of \'irgiuia, the Carolinas and Tennessee, flowering from early in the spring until late in the summer.
The foliage i.s ctwrser than that of our other siX-fies, hut the rose-purple flowers in graceful dnwping clusters, arc very handsome.

iXa*

Tf

PLATE 3i6.

GROUND-NUT. APIOS (TUBEROSA). (PEA FAMILY.)

1(4 bpaHiheit. I'ltmhiHji m ,^, lining , undfigmii
atntg at a/i

fit hiixHrtlf tw,iiiiig j/n.l// ntumt tatvm ; leai'fi alleinalf. fieltoletl, pinnule, Iriiftrli uinally five or serfn^ ovate or ofate-lanceolate,
I . lonmirtt III ha^r : Itoweii in close, ratliei ikiirtpednniled. axtl/aiv riuemei.

" Whcrt' the ^roiitid-mit trails its vine"

j.S one of the valuable ])ieces of information possessed by Whittier's " Iiaref(M>t Hoy." More learned than some of his fellows is he.
for not every country lad knows where to seek the little nuind nut-like tula-rs that every urchin loves when found. Where .shall
we look for them ?

Gruwiiig usually in low grounds .ihmg broiks, climbing ove i.nccs and hushes and weighting them down with tangled

masses of leaves and flowers, we may usually encduiiler the ,\pios. ,1 is wide-spread in Ivastern North America, exlen<ling west-

\\i.\i\ as far as Manitoba, Miiniesota and Louisiana, and sontliw rr' !•. l'lori(hi. The foliage is very handsome, a dark rich green

in color, not ui like that of the Wistaria. The dense clusters of flowers ajipear ": late sunnner. They are of a peculiar s!i.ade, intermediate

iK'tween cliocol:ite br<iwn and vioUt-pnrple. They have a faint grateful perfume that has Ken likened to that of V'ioli.'ts, but the resemblance is

not striking. The tubers are i)ften pear-.shajied, h.-iice the name Apios, which is the Greek word for the pear.

Accordi/ig to Kalm, a Swedish botanist, who traveled in North America in the earlier part of the last century, and who sent ntany of our
plants to I.innaus, the Indians knew the Ground-nut as " Hopniss."

J^^

'Ml

Gprr-

^

StiiH 'njr. ttnt fxcrttlimi 'Ik^'' •

MONO the

PLATE ai7.

PUGUNIA TKIANTHUI'HUKA iPENDULA). (ORCHIS FAMILY.,

iiHf iitfkfx IH kngkt. »mi*ii/A. itltAfy mttHlfht. /ra/v. tisini: from ttH vMnMi; lultrr, IfillYS iti/i-tH<i/<\ huHliUy olHlIf, in^ilf nnit r/iii^m;:. nffrn /yintli\h;

" I'low'rcts of the hills,"
wc may miml)i'r the fair little orchid, T'ogotiia Pciiilula, one of the shyest and most difTiciili to find, yet one of the most daintilv
uniiTfitl, of thoM^ almost Thvays rare plants. A plant of upland woods, it may be met with during the latter part of summer,
Ihrougliout ICastL-rn North America. It grows in Ivastirn Canada ami New ICugland, and from there to Florida and Wisconsin.
Kare almost everywhere, it is much more so east than west <;1 'l.e .Mleghanies. The love of seiUision manifested by such plants

as this may have l)ecn in the mind of .Sidney l.anier, when he wrote

'* lU-autiftil ^jlooms, M>rt tliihks ill tlii' noon day fire,
WiMvvooil piivai-;..'*, t'Wis<-ts ol lone Mi'sire,
CliiiiiilKT froiii I'liainlKT jiiirud with wavtriiij,' .irra.s of loavi-.s.

Cells of tile )i,i.ssioiiatr pKa.siirc of prayer to the soul that ^;^ievell,
riiri' with a si-iise of llu* pilssiiix of ■'^'li'il.'* tIiroii;.;li lliu .V(m.(I,

Ci.ol tor the (Ititifiil weiKllillf; ol ill with j;ooil."
While our other I'ogonia have usually but a single large t^ower at the sunnnit of the stem, the ptuiiiila generally has two, three or even
four blos.soms, iKKldiug prettily on their short stalks. These are small, and are apt to esca]ic notice, for the stems are short anil usn.illy nestle
beneath the shade of other plants. l!ut when we stoop to examine them, what a wealth of loveliness is revealed ! The <n.aint jiretty fortn of the
blossom is not less attractive than the color, which is a delicate rose, or rather lavender. The hanging lip is daintily crisped, like .some tiny sea-
shell. The stem ari.ses from a peculiar white tuber, like a little potato. The quaint fruit has earned it the fanciful name of " Three-Birds " iii
some localities.

'^

fe.

BITTER-SWEET.

Fi,ATK 2i8.

SOLANUM DULCAMARA.

iNIGHTSFADE FAMILY.)

with l;n) la Jiitii- smallfr

ftrrrnntiil: InWfr /larl rf sirm «*i.k/v, ufipti ftitil /ti'rmisi'. thmhtng; Ifytzfi mittf ot U\i pubeutntt lii'atf lit <ntt!iiii\ iihliisf or at'utnh fit aP'-t. ,iinliitt\ lnult

ti-ajtiti at biise, toHf; firtm/rtt: Jioivets tn o/vn ivmfs; comttif tatati; Jiir-ttibftl; Jiuit a two-crllM rta bitry.

|,NR of the many

"rittC'l lloHiTN that the (lid World ),Mve the New,"
as liryant puts it, is Solanum Dulcamara. .\t least, the liille. sweet if petted once, now no longer needs to be. Much cultivated
in gardens many years ago, and even yet occasionally met with about country houses, it is well established as a weed of roadsides
and w.-iste ground. It is p' ver a troublesome weed, and lor its real beauty we shiuild welcome it rather than regard it as an
intruder. \ somewhat wiMidy clind)cr, it piefcrs to mount low walls and luidergrowth. The Bittersweet is unainbitiims and
rarely ascends to any great height. The bright green foli.ige, tlie ]iurple, yellow-stamene<l (lowers in open clusters, and the scarlet berries
form a brilliant array of color that comes and goes from early summer until frost. The iruit is populaily supposed to be poisonous. Very likely
it is not entirely hartnless — few of the Nightshaile Family are — but it is surely not as dangerous as it is .said to be.

Thoreau descrilx-s the berries : " The Solanum Dulcamara berries are another kind which grow in drooping clusters. I do not know any
clusters more gracefid and beautiful than these drooping cymes of scarlet or trai:sluccnt, cherry colored, elliptical berries with .steel-blue or lead-
colored purple pedicels."

X

W

m

THi

;!i.

217 —
P060NIA TRIANTHOPHORA.

, (NNDULA)

318-
BITT^R-oWEET.

SOLANUM OULCAMAKA.

"IT

GALAX-LEAVED SHORTIA.

PI,ATE aig.

SHOHTIA GALACIFOLIA. (DIAPENSIA F-\,W1LY.)

SufftHlfiCfHl, itriiH/AwrM.

»tt tltii i \JrH<t^i . ttfipiMg: /(".iTi't liiiiif-pi'littliil, h> ,!,/li ti!\tle-til>!:>n\; fit iiJ/nnit ttihii ulill . hayr toltnileii ur hi'<iil.\llil/>fi1, tl/>fr tin
flimi-ii iiH l-mg fifttuHi/rs, lathfi luiRi- ; ttifiilUt wAi/r, fitv^if/l itlmoit to Ihf frnyf, tohes detiiatc ; stylf itmg^, rxieittil.

-(■/f .ti-ii/tttf, t/iicJt. veiny;

t'RINC. till- latur part of tlic c'inlitccnl'i coiitury, Andre Midiaiix, a l*'rciuli travc-kr and nattiralist, was sent by the French
KDMrnnient to America to eolleec .shrniis and tree> lor l)otanical j^ardeiis in I'Vanee. lie remained in this comitry many years,
making lon^ eolketinj; trips every year. He estat)lished .several botanical gardens, one at I'hiladelphia, another near New York,
a third at Charlesion, .South Carolina. Here he kept the i)lants collected on his journeys mitil he onUl .send them to iuiroi>e.
lie tn.i(le frc(|ueiit excursions into the inouJilains of tlie Southern States. Many plants of that tntercstiu); region were fir.st named
and discrilied by him. While collecting near the heailwaters of the .Savaiuiah River, in northwestern .Soutli Carolina, he found

a curious little shnibli> pl.int which he believed to behmg to the Ilealli I'"aniily, 'Phis he mentions in his journal.

Wlieii (Uay visited I'aris he had .in opportunity to examine Micliaux's herbarium. Here he found this odd plant, a fruiting specimen

without name. lie dcscril'ed it as a new genus, dedicating it to Dr. ."sli.irt "f l.uuisville. .\flerwards another species was discovered in Japan.

Then the original species was rc-discovered in the mountains of North Carolina. Recontlv the ilistrict where Miclia\ix probal)ly first found the

plant was explored, and great <niaiitities of Shortia were found in the valley of the Whitewater, in Oconee County, Soutl' Carolina.

UMBELLEb SPRING-BEAUTY.

PI<ATE aao.

CLAYTONIA UMBELL.ATA.

iPORTULACA FAMILY.)

/Tail/ lou; hetbitif

t luHi; finm ii ttnti tt ii'im rout ; Iftnri <m /OM.u nr<i* fietiolet, eattliHe tuv, oppvitU. ihorl-^iolfj, /ti's/ly, nfkn-atf-sfiattiliitt-
fiotvfti /fw in a sntilr NwM b'iitVfH ttif tttii itfm-h-ttirs ; ifpals roumM : />i-/iifs hltlt Itrngfr, pule pint.

ttlniDyl othiciilai, iibtmf at tifiex;

' WImt Hro tlicne, you tutk ? these lirlicate Ihitijjs
Willi |« l.ik iis airy as frtiicy's witiKs.
And iliiiitily piak as a iiiaiilin's ilirtk
WliiMi she thinks iif the love she cniinol speak.
Why, tlicie—PIl wliispfr a secret to you.

Nature is dreatning of flowers. It's true.

Thesi- arc her dreams. wtlL'n she wakens and shows

lli-r ni.' ■vt'lons lily. Iitr jifrt'ei-t rust-.

Iio yon i.'iiik siuii thrills to our hearts they'll liring

.\s iluse litii • dreani-tlowers I'ounil in .Spring ' "

Utt two pretty little Claytonia

ias of Ivastern North America, the narrow leaved Virginica and the broader leaved Caroliniana, are
among the iK'st-known and most beloved of our wild llowers. Hveryone is familiar with them, and loves to meet them in llie
spring wooils. In the West, es]K'ci.illy along the Tacilic Coa.st, there are ipiite a number of .species of this genii^. .\iuerican
with the exception of a few species in Northwestern .\sia and jxissibly one hi .\ustralia.

Claytonia Umbellata is a native of the Sierras of western Nevada. It is a low plant, delicate and tender. The .veak stems
liear a single pair of leaves, from between which the stalks that bear the pale pink blos.soms arise. It is otherwise not unlike the
Claytonia Cartdiiiiana. Strays of theso beauties will be found in unexiiecteil places.

rn^rn

h.

tf ■

FT

Wl

— 219
GALAX-LEAVED SHORTIA.

SHOflTIA aALACIFOLI*.
JUNf.

— 520 —
UMBCLLED SPRING BEAUTY

CLAvrONIA UMBELLATA.

%■

^

BONESET, AGUE-WEED.

PLATE 221.

EUPATORIUiM PERFOLIATUM.

(SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

Stem ilottt. fffct. ilottny-puhfMi-n', .itthft littl ; leairi oftfumtf tt'ithctmniiU tuiirx, otttlf-lant'rolale,seiralf,i;iYrH above, :chilifh antt ilowHV on the Hitdet iiir/je, ; lii\nt\ mimeinus i.t tennimll, C'^mf<titin(t

aiiymffs: tnfotmte t>//e;i\ tineai btatts : flouvn t!tl tubular, whitt ; piififms of iibi/e btiittes.

.F :ill the flow:?r.s that deck the meadows when the year is just entering "the sere and yellow leaf," none are better known to
country pejple than the lionesct. It is a conspicuous plant, coarse and ank in its growth. The tall, stout stem, well proyide<l
with leaves, bearing aloft the groat cluster of white -flowered heads, form a whole that is sure to attract attention. The leaves are
opposite on the stem, and their li.ists have united ,so that the stalk seems to pass through a single leaf. ()a this account our plant
is s-wietinies called " Thoroughwort." Tlie llowcrs are great favorites with insects in the bright, late suuuner days, when
sweeter Honey-cups are faded.

The leaves are sprinkled with tiny glands containing an acrid resin. When held to the light, these glands appear as miiuite points of light,
thickly scattered over the snrfac«s. It is in this oil or resin that the snppose<l nu-dicinal virtues of the plant are contained. The Honeset, as its
name betokens, was once a much esteenieil men\ber of the rural pharmacopiiia. With the lioneset but llowcring a few days later as a rule, its
haughtier cousin, Eupatoriuni Purpurcum, Haunts its huge pink clusters. It is a plant worthy of a more ari.stocratic name than that it bears —
"Joe-l'ye Weed."

YELLOW VIOLET.

PIRATE 222.

VIOLA F^UBESCENS.

(VIOLET FAMILY.)

^Iff frftt. iimplf, iOMftinifi a/itot o

r' htf:/i. /■iihfi, rut ; /eitii't toHtut-oTutf. <lfff-/v ht;itt>hitf>ft, oMuw ot fi,nnfr.t it/ -ifir t . i/f*«/.iV, (.>/?-/>« V>
ifi-M/r : itifiiU.y talhrt la: ge ; Jiojvrtijf.v on si^ndi't iivilhiry fmiiifh ; hntihl yvllow.

} on long p^liittfs, Ihf ufifteimost utmost

" Wlun bct'chcii buds tw^in to swell,

.\inl wihmIs tlu' bliK'-binl's warblf know,
Till' yrllow vioU't's inoilfst boll

I'ceps from the last year's Uavt's bebiw.

Ivre russet fields their (jrreti res\nue.

Swtet (lower, I love, in ton-st bare.
To meet thee, when tliy faint perfume

Alone is in the virgin air.

Of all her train, the hands of spriujj

I-'irst plant thee iu the watery mould.
And I have seen thee blosstmnUK
Heside the simwbauk's ed^'es eold." - HkvanT.

R. lilTRROrCiUS criticises this jhwiu hecattse of the inaccuracy of some of its statcincu*^ % Tlie yellow violet lirs little if any

perfinne. It blossoms in April in the South, hut furtlar northwaro in May, lon>; after the last "snow-hank" has disappeared.

"There is a j^reat diversity iu the
Tints thai spot the violet's |K*laI."

Ever>' shade of hhie, white, yellow, purple, and even rose is met willi in the handsome llttwcrs of this ^^eiuis. Though not as
Cfunnion as the blue and the while, yellow violtts are hv no means rare. Tbt'tt' are tlireu or lour varieties of tlieiu in ICastti u North

America, and several m"a* in the West. \'inla rubeseens is the best known nf these. It is a conunon plant in ICastcrn Norlh Amc'ca, reailily

distinguished from the related Viola Scabrinsenla by its heini; mnre hairy and of not so bri^'ht a ^r*vn.

»T^

— 221 -
BONESET, AQUE-WEED

6UPAT0HIUM PtRFOLIATUM.

ji!nr

— 222 —
YELLOW VIOLET.

VIOL* PUBESCEN8.

«f«

GOLDEN HYPERICUM.

PIRATE 223.

HYPERICUM AUREUM.

(ST. JOHN'S WORT FAMILY.)

Shruh aur or l:m/rrl hieK.ilrmi iiidrlv ht anclirii 'ectfv. h,:rk jenitisli. iliu-itjy: Invfs uppmilr. ihmt-prlMUd.iMang o> Mong-^mili: murtmmlf. imoalli, slauioiis b'nialli, punctale : flown ! laigr
st'/itatvor tH fyh,rs : firtii/i broadly ohmuU ; stamtns numnous: tapsiilf vvalf, partly three-ceiltti, tippfdwilh the pfnistcnt atylfs.

.HIvocmimoii Hypericum Perforitiini of Europe, tlionm.;lily naturalized in Eastern Nortli .\iuerica, has been known in HuRlanci from time
imnicmorial as St. John's Wort, and is regarded as of supernatural potency. A time-honored legend, once universal, still obtain.s
in some of the rural districts of Great Britain in regard to the eve of St. John. The notion is that if one watch by the door of the
;-irisli church at midnight of that vigil, the ghosts of those in the parish who are to die during the following year will be seen to
enter the church, each bcaruig his coffin. The liarmless and commonplace-looking weed of the fields known as St. John's W^ort.

was once believed to aid this gruesome power of vi.sioii.

We have many species of II\ pericnm in this country, many more than are natives of the Old World. Allare tidy pl.cnts, some are strikingly

handsome. Petnaps the most beautiful of the genus is Hypericum .-Vurenni. a native of glades and river-banks in the vSonthern Slates, from

Teimessee to Georgia and Alabama, and ranging northward. It is a straggling shrub, with leaves of a fine green and large golden-yellow

llowers. The numerous stamens give a dainty 1(m,k to these blossoms.

J

St,

BUTTERFLY-PEA.

PLATE 224-

CUTORIA MARIANA.

(PEA FAMILY.)

Slemi xlendrr, xmtH>lh. tttrumbfnt. asfentting, r-tftt or t:finr»t; : ItaTfs allt'iitate, lnHg-petioli-il, pinnatfly tn/titiiitr. rn/A small Ittntrnlatt: itrpiilf\ ■ ttajlels oblong or ovalf-laiu-rolate. mHcraiiat^. triny,
pate bi-nealh : Jtawen targe, on tu illaty ptilmtcles ; calyx iMbMlar-rampanMlate.fii^t itlieti : stanilaiil large, erect.

RI'Ujl'KNTI.V it has been noted that in the New World the ve.getation of the tropics extends much further northward than in the
(Md. This has been demonstrated in regard to the grasses, and is equally true of other plants. The cause, doubtless is that
sununer in this country lias heats unknown in parallel b.i's of Kuroix".

Tlie Huttertly 1 i..i belongs to a group of plants of the Pea I'amily that arc nearly all confined to tropical or s\d)tropical
region.s. Yet it is found in America as far to the North as southwestern New York, and straying further North, returns llience
to Florida and Te.\a,s.

It is a hcautilul plant, as cxcinisitcly graceful as it is shoWN . In very poor soil it sometinKS grows upright, but usually trails along the
ground or reclines on low undergrowth. The foliage is of a briglu refreshing green, a singn' irly happy shade for setting off the blossom ; to the
greatest a<lvautage. These are very large, of a rich lilac tint, relieved by touches of deeper inirple. As they stand end on their stalks, they .sug-
gest vividly some large tropical butterfly with folded wings, resting for a moment ere it begins again its liusy ipiest for nectar. The large standard
is a good imitation of the fnldul wings, while the keel answers well to the body.

The flowers ojien in Jmie, when Trumi)et-vinc and Wild-rose and Klder make of each homely field .iiid fence-row, a paradise of beauty.

.-^.

llSi

I

.i''

i^

— 223 —
GOLDEN HYPERICUM.

HVPERICUM AUREUM
JULY— AUGUST

— 224 —
BUTTERFLY-PEA

CLITORIA MARIANA.

— 225 —

LEAD PLANT.

AMORPHA FRUTIC08A.

— 226 —
FALSE DRAGON-HEAD.

PHV808TEOIA VIROINIANA.
JULY.

'

m

P1,ATB aas.

LEAD PLANT. AMORPHA FRUTICOSA. (PEA FAMILY.)

SAruftfn\ itcmi bfcomimz hi rltacfou\ titwants thi" summit much f ..uthrj, smtyt/h or ipariH.zty fiuftrifrul ; Utiifs altr*mttf, ihitlfiiuutili' : Uafieli num/touh on ihotl pettolulfi. pb/oue, mucronaU pubfu^nt
rsfiividli v I'u tht ivtHS brufiith ,■ fio:i' n smijU ii tomg pamuUd ruirmfs : calvr /ive-ttMtlhfd ; prtalt Tvamling exctpt iht itiiudtiKt, »-Ai< A fUi loifi starngm and ttyte

MORPHA is ver>- iicciilinr among our gcTiera of the Vea Family. The showy flowers — fancifully tenned butterfly-shaped by the
old biitaiiists, which distinguished n\osl of the members of this great order, are rep':iced in the lA'ad Plants by small bloss<mis,
inconspicuous whi;i taken separately, though ipiite showy as they grow in tassel-like clusters. These are dark -purple or rose-
color, the exserted goldeii-ycUow stamens making a pretty contrast of color. The corolla consists of but a .single jiet.al, the
" .standard," which is wrapped about the .stamens. The " wings " and the " keel." which go to make up the i>erfect flower of
the Pea Family, have quite disapjiearwl. Hence the tif.iie " Aniorpha " which means "deformed." "i

Ainoq)ha Fruticosti is the most conunon .spei les in Eastern North America. It grows in Pennsylvania, straying northward
and from tliere southward to the Gulf of Mexico, but is much more common west of the Appalachian region, extending across the plains
to tlie Rocky Mountains. It is usually met with in bottomlands along streams, often attaining (piite consideralile size. It was called the
Lead Plant because it was supi>osed to indicate the presence of lead in the soil. If so, there is leiul almost everywhere, Jierhaps in minute
quantities, along the banks of our Western and Southern rivers.

PLATB aa6.

FALSE DRAGON-HEAD. PHYSOSTEGIA VIRGINIANA. (MINT FAMILY.)

stem stiioot/t, erect from a ihoit. pctciintal nii/tiixi. /oui-nugleti, Icajy, branihiHg at summit ; Uaies utteinate sessile, lauceolale or ofate-iiblong, aeuminate at apex, coarsely sertate ; Jfoxvers

large in a simple or compound spike ; corotla labiate, throat open.

^.M.SK I)R.\GON-HEAD is one of the most splendid American represent.itives of the Mint Family. Like the Skull-caps and the
False Snap-dragon, it has no perfume, doubtless depending on the showiness of its flowers to attract insects. Mo.st of this
family have small-whitish or puq)lish insignificant flowers in dense clusters. Physostegia Virginiana, on the other hand, has
large, handsome blossoms in a rather long sjiike or cluster of spikes. They are rose-purple in color, more or less s])otted with
a darker shade. In general apixjarance they : .:uind us somewhat of those of the Foxglove. The foliage is of a dark, glossy-
green color. The whole plant 's smooth, the .stem slender and upright, making the Physostegia a strikingly elegant feature in a

landscaiK'. ,\s it grows in open woods or in upland fields, its beauty is seen to full advantage. It is certaiidy renuirkable that this .showy plant

has not found its w.iy into our ganlens.

The False Dragon-head grows wild from Western Canada and New England .south to the Gulf and west to Texas, opening its pretty

flowers in gradual succession in July and Augu.st. There is a closely allied sjiecies in Kentucky and .south westward. r .

%.

!*[

J=

— 22! —
SPREADING POGONIA.

POOONI* DIVARICATA,

JUNP.

— 228 —
YELLOW FOX-GLOVE.

D*8Y»T0M» PEOICULARI*.

AUGUST— SEPT.

i- i

111

^^■

SPREADING POGOMA.

PLATE aa?.
POGONIA DIVARICATA.

(ORCHIS FAMILY.

1

Iforitr, •*atrau<fr; Jit'urr .\it/il,tfv. liitgf, nthlJtH/i : Sffitth narrint', ;inte-sfirrailinx : /'>* tktrr-hhhfd aid freslfit.

JKRHAI'S the most handsome of our sjiocics of roRonia is the Divnricata. Though not as showy as the Suakc-mouthed PoKouia, it
is more (leHcate. and the flower is mi>re strikingly odd in its structure. Tlie stem is taller than in the other species, sometimes
attaininjj the respeet.iblu height of two feet. It l)cars two leaves, the upper close under the flower. The latter nods solitary at
the smnmit of the stalk. It is larger than the blossom of any other American s])ecics. It is not so brightly colored as that of
Pogonia Ophioglossoides. The sepals are long and narrow, brown in color, while in the Snake-mouthed Pogouia they are of the
same hue as the jjctals. The petals in Pogonia Divaricata are pale flesh-color, and do not spread widely like the .sei)als. The

lip is also pale pink, more or le.ss spotted with yellow-green. The edges are slightly inrolled, giving it a i>eculiar trough-shape. It bears a

raised line or crest along the center.

Pogonia Divaricata is mostly a pine-barren plant of the coastal plain, throwing in either moist or dry soil. It has also lx;en met witii on oak-

covtred ridges in the interior of the continent and straying norlhwanl.

ii«

YELLOW FOX-GLOVE.

PI,ATB 338.

DASYSTOMA PEDICULARIA.

(FIGWORT FAMILY.)

I'suativ itttnuitl : viicid glandular pHhtiCfHt ; ilem rtnt. tt'tdflv hramhfd, Ifixfy : lfa\fs miaU in ou/liitf. the tippf*
ritturts on ilrndf . a i illiit v pfdkntlfs ; toiitlla itlr/^r. Ktmpanntatf, ttt'i'-lippi\l. thnmt

titn,rf*/ate. fiinnatiAd. the liihei fiinntitefv tmtthed, upfieimnst miii fi
imltv , \tiimeni /iiui in piiin, iinthei * timiily.

ACH season of the circling year floats a hue all its own in its bannerets of field and wiMxlland. In early spring, white and delicate

shades of pink and blue are the nii^'^st colors of the sweetly sinii)le dress worn by the first wild flowers. Queenly sunnner K'gins

her reign with a blaze of crimson and .si-arlet and purple, the proper hues of royal state. With the later summer C(mies the season

,,.., .i/»*, of yellow. The flowers catch and hold the golden sunshine that is ripening fruit and grain. It is the time of the bold .Sunflowers,

•f' ' •'■•A. and the brilliant Ciolden-nxls follow fast U]>on them. Then, when

"A noble grief
n.t> Iteaiitifieil tlu* wood.s in tlieir ilccay,"

the last wild flowers — Asters and C.cntiaiis — put on the color of the sky. a deeji and tender blue, well in keeping with the mild sadness of October.

Coming with the .Sunflowers, attuned to their bright yellow, are the Dasystomas, the False or Yellow Foxgloves. Of these, one of the
most familiar is Dasystoma Pedicularia, a handsome, liu>liv-liranched plant of dry hillside wikkIs. The large, bell-shaiwd, light yellow blos.soms
are not unlike those of the European Fox-glove. This species ranges from Canada and New England to Arkansas and Florida, bloss( .ling in
.August. The whole plant is covered with sticky, glandular hairs.

^

J^\

— ?■/■■> —

BEACH PEA.

LATHVRUS MARITIMUS.
I'JNK

— 230 —

TRICARDIA WATSONI.

(WATER LEAF FAMILV.)
JUNE— AUGUST.

I

fi""

BEACH PEA.

PLATE 339-

LATHYKUS MAKITiMUS.

(P-^A FAMILY.)

I loHg-ffttHHiUii ricem/i, ttluf-puiple ; pinii lalttned. pointrd, ffw-sffiUtl.

*tUhfr staut, smectk, hianchtmg. ilriau. Vjn. /Aiirj alutiau, almo\! j
htamcktHS tfniiiil; Jlifivftt Jr:t' i

lORDSWORTH, viewing nature as it .ipiKarcil alH)Ul his inland lumii.' hy the heautiful VVe.stinnreland Lake, wrote of flowers that reflect

. "The coinnion couiiti-tiiuu'c of cirtli aiiil sky."

Rut, in the Beach I'ea, we have a i>laiit tliat mirror- llie hue of se.i and sky, tlie clear green of the cjccaTi in its leaves, the fresh

blue of the s\unnier sky in its blossoms. It is a plant of the .Vtlantic coast, from New Jersey to the shores of the Northern sea.

It is also found on the Pacific seaboard, northward from Oregon to the Arctic Ocean. It belies its name "Maritimns" to

a certain extent, by appearing on the shores of the Oreat Lakes, iK-rhaps as a survivor from the distant time when old

ocean covered their beds.

It is a hand.somc plant, the Beach Pea, much recalling the form of its lovely relative, the .Sweet I'ea of our gardens. The stem is erect

when vimng, but soon learns to depend on other plants lor support. For this purpose its branching tendrils are well adapted. The blossoms are

rather small when compared with those of most Wihl I'e.is. In color they are deep imrjile-blne, almost violet, fading to a lighter sha '

The Beach I'ea flowers in late summer. It is n<it confined to the New World, occurring in Knrope as well, where

" The tired ocoaii crawls aloii^ tlu' hfai-li,
Sobbirij; a \vorillfs.s sorrow to the uuioii.'*

PI,ATE aso.

TRICARDIA WATSONI. (WATER-LEAF FAMILY.)

Imu fe'tHttial: itemi haity. branihtng /torn nf.i> lh< ki^f xtufttliti; . IfaiYi alui n^u. "*/,>«,. thf fowrr long p^tiolrd. Ihr Hpfifi m\tte. atmoil ussilf. fHliif, acute nl h*ilk e»ifs ; flawfis fertf ih a

brarted iiti/me: OMtrr three irpalt muiH enUrgeJ in rmit; eotolta pntple. slig/lttji Jittdaitd,

" Ilehuld a purjjle flower.

I-'aiiitinv; throujih heat, liaii^ <lowii her drooping head,
Hut sonii n-lri-sliL'ti with a welcome shower,

Hej.;in .vyain her lively he:iuties spnrad.
And with new pride her silken leaves ilisplay ;
And while the sun doth now more gentle play,

Lay ont her swelling husoiu to the stniling day."

i RIC.XRDI.V WATSONI is the only species of its genus. It is one of the many rare plants of the great We.st that have been collected

a few times by professional botani.sts, l)ut are almost unknown to plant lovers in general. It was found at one or two points among

the foot hills of nuiuntaitis of Western Nevaila, about four thousand feet alM>ve the sea. The discoverer w.is the well-known

L I" ' botanist, Sereno Watson, to whom Dr. Torrey de<lic.ited the species. The name of the genus, Tricardia, means "three hearts," a

pretty allusion to the large, meinbran.aceous, beautifully veined outer .sepals, which are heart-shaped at the base.

The Tricardia is a handsome plant. The flowers, i)ale purple in color, are small, but dainty. The corolla is sha]>ed like a delicate little

tea cup, except for the wide-spreading border. The most con.spiciious parts of the plant are the large thin sepals, that remind us of the pajx-ry

involucre leaves of some of the Four-o -diK-ks.

The Water-leaf Fami'y, to which our plant belongs, is remarkable for the almost total absence of any important qu.alities. Most of the.se
plants are verv beautiful — none are of value economically. .Some authors have united them with the Borage Family.

=«

-^

M

\

— 231 —
STRIPED MAPLE.

ACER PENNSVLVANICUM.
JUNE.

— 232 —
ROTHROCK'S NAMA.

N*MA ROTHROCKII.

i (I

! I i I

k

STRIPED MAPLE. ACER PENNSYLVANICUM.

^MAPLE ImMILY.)

Small hff. u-iln aeidi-r tmnk ; ha*k giav-j^tffn. -ttth ttati g-:.-i s'ri,itii>HS : ieatfs lurgf, /•ulvs.-rH/ uflfti nmns, shot/ in-alf oi nlmosl otht-ular in OHllinf, t/trrr-loliM. /oA'-i arnmiHatf,
■/t ttiiultle-sfi I aU : Jl irts ilemtrr/^->iii filed, in dioojtittg ijt'mrs ; pi-tali ol>j:al,' gieentsh, mit,k toMgri i/ijH Iht talyt-lotvi ; apings it//nitl At.vn/ tinil tlii'risrnt.

clout

iHf j';ariltin.rs were to iiiii>re->s (i)rest -trees into tlieir service, they ini;;lit well liesin witli the Maples. Always hairdsoiiie ami
graceful in trunk anil spray ami foliage, tliey are easily our first favorites. Whether in tliL'ir native forests or amid the tamer sur-
roun(liM.i;s of park or lawn, .t well-i^rowti Maple is a thinjj of l)eauty. Seveial UuroiK'an s'.iei-ies, the Norway Maple, the soealled
' ■ S.\ caniore " ( .\e' - Pse.ido Platanus), and Acer Canipcstte, are much oullivated in A.nciea. They are not more l)eautiful than
several of our native species. The stately Sujjar-niaple. whcse sap cmtaiusrich store.v of delicious sugar, the .striking looking
Silver-maple that grows with willow and birch alon<^ our rivers, and thi" superb Red-maple, that dons a garb of crimson in spring
and ag' in in autumn, an first among our eastern maples. Several Rocky Mountain species are equally handsome

Of the smaller species, the prettiest is the Striped or Rock Maple, Acer Pennsylvanicum, a native of Eastern Xorth America, from Canada
and New Kngland to Mimiesota and south. ,ard along the mountains to Georgia. The large, bright f.;reeu leaves and the greenish-yellow fiowers
in gracefullv dnwiping racemes, give it a very different look from other maples. The br.ik, which is oIiv>?-green with ilark striix;s, is an odd fea-
ture of this little tree.

ROTH ROCK'S N.VMA.

PtATE asa.
NAMA ROTHROCKil.

(WATERLEAF FAMILY.)

Rtwt perf»H'll. U'Oody ; itrm htanctitng />om thf tstif, Ac»Ali,*i>«i, lifttiflt iltJtkfd with d ihoil wliitf fiubfMfmr ; leiiwt allr^itjte, Mth-frMilr, naitoirlv olilong. deepl\ loothM, otititse dt dfifx,
bait dcutf. hahr; /touvn nmrnirtoiit IM d dfntf leymiutil ilmtfr ; iotolta funntt-tkaptd. little tanger tkjn the sepdti.

K^jSQICRlv we have a genus .almo.st exclusively North American, only a single si)ccics of N'a-na l)eing found outside of North anil S<)Utli
~ \;3 ■^'"'-■'■•c.''. The only foreign s]x.-cies is a native of the .Sandwich Islands. Thi;.se plants are tropical or subtropical. In this country
most of the species are inhabitants of the Southwest. One, Nama Jainaiceii.se, occurs along the Oulf coast as far e.i.st as Florida,
and is also found in Mexico and on some of the West India island' . The genus was named by I.iiuiieus from i Greek word mean-
ing " a spring," Ix'cause most of the six'cies are found in moist places.

Nama Rothrochii is one f>f several s]Hcics of California. It is found along the Kern River in the southern jiart of th,''t
State. growin.t; in low me.idows. It is a local plant, occurring in a very restricted territory. It is Inndsome, low of stature, with narrow, deeply
cut leaves. The whole plant is covered with soft hairs. The flowers .'.re <piitc prcltv. rose purple in color, forming a crowded. s|iike like duster.

Nama Rothruckii was nap-.ed by Dr. Gray in honor of Dr. J. T. Rotlirock, botanist to Wheeler's IvxjK'dition, and author of the botany of
the report of that expedition.

0

^

PALE CORYDALIS.

/iit'inia/, -.ihilf f>!atil sniimlh. x'/iImk

PLATE 333.

CAPNOIDES SEMPERViRENS (CORIDALIS GLAUCA.)

(FUMITORY FAMILY.)

i/f'"( (T(*. /, ntHi/i h'iinfbi^il, usu.i/.'i lat/ti-r itttut : /imrr ,>ttfs mufh ilinfitfd, upfifrmmt Hfarh ■
coioilti t'C/f irtrgutar, with a single, (onsfitfU'tmj sfiut : fitkfi itiHg, namut:

t.'if ; jlouris in luoie ot /f\s p,iHuiiil taiemti;

"June o, l8,«i3. 4. V) a. M. -CorvtlaJis ylaiu-a, a .lelii-ate >;laucoiis p!alU rarely met with, with delii'ate flcsh-colorcii ami yellow flowers, eovercil with a j;laueous l>IiM)ni, on
dry r<K'ky hills. Perhaps it su^jiests gentility. Set it down as early as middle ol May or c.irlier." — Tii'tRu.vi'.

HIS liantlsoiiic plant, rare in ninny lixalities, is yet not an iincomn'oii tenant of ilry rocks. It is met with in the wide raiiKes o' the
ICast and far to the North and We.st. Commencing to fliwer in May, it puts forth its blossimis bravely ven as late as Ann i.-<t.
thongh the scorching heat of the dog-day sun upon the rocks whereon it jrrows has completely withered il- leaves. It is odd that
so fragile a liltle plant can bear so sturdily the heat that blasts everything else about it.

The foliage, like that of all the plants of the iMunitory I-'amily is delicately cut aiul dissected and is white with a light
bloom. The flowers are small. They are oddly lashioued, a spur protruding at the base. The prevailing tint is a delicate ro.secolor, while the
tip is (if pale lemon\ellow, an cxcpiLsite coinbiiiation.

The Fumito'ies. like theis .-ausiiis the Poppies, are almost always delicate plants with brittle stems. They difTer in their irregular flowers.

WHITE AVENS.

PLATE a34-

GEUM ALBUM.

(ROSE FAMILY.)

stem hiKutf. tynl, wxdtly hranikfd iif>mr. £igziix 1
litt>.-it httjttls; stifmUs ratkrr targe i blow

f-iKrj. uimfiiiMiiit i» mitie ,'ri.n ample iintt t.mnil 'fiiftsfi.if'rtt ; t/em-t,\i:<t of tktee t/tomf>n--n7iiU. cthii srly senate titul t\fjeii ohiCHtely
in a /e:v-jtitweie(t lermiiial Ciiryinfi ; pettils Jive, iimiti ; ae/ienet iKnitleit 'in the le.eptiicle, tipped ni:lt tiie /leaked slyies.

>H()rGlI the r.ose Ramily are usually liandsome plants, there are some remarkable exceptions to the rule. The Agrimony, for

instance, a rough-l'airy weed-like plant witli insignifi'-ant yellow flowers and bur-like fruit, a comnum denizen of woods and

thicket.-, posses.ses little of the family elegauw. The White Avons, too. is a plant not nuicii to be praised for outward beauty,

thoi.gh revealing much of interest to him who is curious enough to examine its stiiiclure. The stem is hairy, the leaves

rather coarsely lobed and tixnhed, the flowers small and unattractive. Much showier than the live white petals is the head of fn-.if .

Ivich separate fruit is tipped with the nuich elongated .style, which is curiously twisted aliove the middle. The upper part breaks off when .. Id,

leaving the lower part with a hook ;il the end, so that the whole heail forms a bur, ready to take hold of anything that comes along, and steal a

ride to ii new place of sowing. The White Aveus inhabits rich moist wooi's and thickets, throughout Eastern North America, flowering pretty

much all summer.

.Mlhotigli Oeinn Album is not a i)articularly haiulsome plain, otliirs of the genus possess claims to gi«Ml looks, f.eum Rivalo. the I'urpie
Aveiis. common to this coiintr-.- andl-dirope, is quite a pretty pi. ml. tieum Radi.itum, a species with bright yellow flowers, native in the mounlaiu.-i
of North Carolina, is really .showy.

J

^Pl

lij

Ifl '

— 231 —
PALE C0RVDALI3

CAPNOIOES UMPERVIfltNS.

JllNF

— ?-)4 —
WHITE AVEN8.

aeUM ALBUM.

JUNK-SEPT

^^^99. u.

^

Crfe^

VETCH.

PIRATE ass.

VICIA CRACCA.

(PEA FAMILY.;

PrrfuHiat fiiif'fstfut ; itt'Hi ili'ndft , btanihittg. climhitifi hv I^Hitrils ; hairs aUt'rna/t', pitniatr, It-a/tffs tfn or tweh'e pahs, the Uaf fndiHS

ilt-n\f itti i-mf.^ ; fototla violet-blue, mu,h exceeding tite calyx ,■ pint btoad, flattened, feic-i

n ir tendlil :
edcd.

flmcets in Iting-pediincled axillarv

MONG field weeds in the Okl World, Vetches or Tares have long been known as tlie most troublesome. The parable of the sower
and many other allusions to these plants in the Bible show how much they were detested in the East thousands of years ago. The
connnon Wteli, \'ii-ia Saliva, is the most abundant species in ]C\irope. and is a serious pest when it gets into grain-fields. This, a.s
well as several other Old World species, uas become naturalized in North America, but has hardly made itself known yet as a
noxious weed. Our native species are rather shy and retiring plants, confining themselves to uncultivated fields and to woods and
thickets. Vicia Caroliniana is one of the prettiest of our Vetches. It is a delicate little plant, with slentler rncemes of white or
bluish (lowers, not uncommon in ope:i dry woods, especially southward. Vicia Americana is larger and coarser, having pale purple flowers.

Vicia Cracca is a native of Iv.irope, as well as of the n(>rtheastern part of North America. It is found in Newfoundland, and thence along
the Atlantic coast to New Jersey and soutluvestwanl to Kentucky. It is a hairy plant, tiie flowers in dense clu.sters, blue at first, becominsr purple.
A good m\ny other pl.iius have tliis chameleon (luality, and in a higher <legree. The flov.x-rs of the Changeable Hibiscus are white in the
morning, pink at noon, and liright re<l by sundown. A bright pink Phlox has, in early morning, a light blue color, which gradually passes to the
normal hue of the flower. To the naturalists, who ever leek an explanation in a gain, this habit suggests an attractiveness to a widened variety
of insect ministers, just as the fishennaii changes his bait so as to catch a new kind of fish.

WATER LEAF.

PIRATE 336.

HYDROPHYLLUM VlRGINICUiM.

(WATER-LEAF F.\,\\ILY,)

Kootstnck shoil. scaly; stem erect, spa'

■m;Iv btanehed, a /oat or two high : leaivs /est; scattered. toHg-pettoled. pinnatiHd, segments aTate-lrHcealate. deeply and sharply loathed ; /laivers in conipoitnit
•nes; cr'ol'a bint, e.rceeding the Harrow calyx-lobes, open bell'shaped ; stamens considerably exserted, anthers lineal,

" IMants that hourly change
Their hh)ss(iiiis, through a tjoutuUess raiij^e
Of iiitiTmiiiKliiiK hues;
With bucMini;, fadi;.),', faileil (lowers
They stailil, tile woliiler of the bowers
I'roiu morn to evening dews." — WoKDSWORTH.

iLOWIvR.S of the Water-leaf are arranged in the l.rm of cluster known as a cyme. The blossom in the center of the cluster
opens first, then the next, and so im to the outerrao.st. Thus we luive "budding, fading, faded flowers" on the same jilaiit at the
same time. It strangely enhances the beauty of a newlv opened blossom that there should be both withered and niioppued
flowers bc^>ide it. The fullness of life is a'.' the fairer if youth and old age are beside each other to afford contrast.

Hydroi>liylliim \'irgiiiicuin is a plant of rich woods in Eastern North America. It is most common northward, but is not
infretiuent at higher altitudes in the South. It blossoms all summer. This Water-leaf is a handsomer plant than mo.st of the
others. The dark green leaves, <keply cut and lobed, go well with the blue-purple flowers. These are lacking in odor, as in most of the family.
When the Water-leaf is endowed with odor, it is usually disagreeable, as in the Cut-leaved Phacelia

S4*

w

- 235--
VETCH.

VICIA CRtCCA.

— 216 —

WATER LEAF.

HVOBOPHTLLU'f VIRQINICUM.

Bjm

%^

k

AGRIMONY.

PtATB 237-

AGRIMONIA STRIATA.

fyrentn'al; stem etfct fi om a ilmlet of luheroHs-t/iu irnfJ nm/x. more .u If;
'.t'iHi niiiifi mitiUii i>n<s />ff:irin;j/ir:it-t.\ .'imu'i, /ti sUiuii

(ROSE FAMILY.

li'inv. s^<itnit.'h' Am «'//'■/. .V.J7VJ tiilt'rrufiti-ft piniutlf. witli aai 't!\-tt>«l/t,ii stipitli's ; linfitts five '"^ xn'tti, obloiig-oboviite,
.^fiiki-like niirmrs; fifliih fit;: \f!loiv ; Ji iitt tuo afhfiies fncjo-'ftt m ihf /nmy, /.ip-i/itifit-J caiyxtulie.

" iKriLVi' lint lluit riije kTn>\vUilj;c takes away And stumbliiiK jciicss becomes tirm-footed art :

The charm that nature to inv cliilclliooil wore, I'lowers are not tlowers unto the poet's eyes,

I'or, witll that iilsi(,'ht, coiiietll day liy day, Their heauty thrills hiin hy an inward sense ;

A jjrealer liliss than woiuUr was hefore ; ' He knows tliat ontward sc'emings are but lies.

The rcid lUitli not cli]) the poet's winxs,— Or, at tlie most, but earthly shadows, whence

To win the secret of a weed's plain heart The soul that looks within for truth may guess

Reveals sonic clew to spiritual things. The presence of some wondrous heaven! iness." — ^Jamf.s Ru.s.sei.i, I.owki,i.,

IF woodland phiul.s could l)e called " weeds," the title would belong t- the Agrimonies. But, as denizens of the fore.st are hardly
" plants out of place, " it dtx.'s not seem quite fair to bestow so opprobrious a name on plants ,so little harmful. I'nsightly and
coarse, our species of Agrimonia certainly are. Tliey are, for the most part, rough-hairy herbs. The flowers are .small and
inconspienotis, with orange-yellow petals. Tlie fruit is more interesting. It consists of two achenes, much like the " seeds " on
the outside of a Strawlierry. These are coiopletely enclosed in the ca'yx, which becomes liardened as the fruit matures. It is
oblong top-shaped, beset with hooked bristles, making it a bnr.
Agrimonia Striata is known in most of the Iiooks as .Xgrinionin ICujiatoria. That, however, is a luiropean plant, quite diflferent from ours.
Agrimonia Striata iidiabits woods and thickets, preferring a rather rich soil. It ranges pretty much throughout extra-tropical North America,
flowering from July to the end of summer. It is common almost exerywhere. An interesting feature is the root, which consists of a cluster of
fibres. Some of these are thickened at the ends like the tiilx.'rous roots of the Sweet Potato.

v;^

FORGET-ME-NOT.

PLATE ^38.

MYOSOTIS LAXA.

(BORAGE FAMILY.)

Roolstocka sUnilet, ctfpittf! ■' ^'ff "'".A fnamfini, ilnumhfttt nt ithn,il eic,

" When to the flower.s so beautiful,
The I'allier gave a name.
There came .1 little blue eyed one
(All timidly it camei.
And standing at the father's leet
Anil gazing in his face.

ti/v. ttpfiif^iiil hiin 1 ; Uiiry.^ ,t!ti' niitt'. ohltinf^liimroUilt: tinfird utth lout; It, apptfsseii fytltys ; Jtiftteft utiall, in hmj^,
'i>/!a A/m/'. /Jir-A-A',/, /;///,* et,:ffiiing tfir fi r,--i Ir/t t-.i/t-r.

It -said in low ami trembling tone.s.

Yet with a gentle grace :

■ Dear Lord, the name thou gavest me,

.■Mas. I have forgot ;'

KiniUy the I-'ather JiHiked Him ilown

And saiil, ' l"orget-me-nol.' "

klll.S beautiful little plant of marshes and slow running water has been praised and admired since the dawn of history. Some of the
.sweetest lines of ICnglish poetry have been inspired by its meek grace. The emblem of undying love, it is idetitilied witli the holiest
sentiments. The shy blue e\es, with which it looks up from its humble home by the brookside, .seem to .speak of modesty, con-
stancy, iniKwence — all that is most noble. No wonder that with every Kuropean peojile it has been a favorite.

Though we have not Myosotis I'alustris, the true European Forget- me- not, in this country, except where it has beccmie
naturalized, we have a nearly-related species, Mye)Sotis Laxa, which is considered a mere variety of the ICnropean plant. It is found in shallow
streams, from Fastern Camilla .southward as far as North Carolina, flowering all summer. It has blue flowers with a yellow eye, even .smaller
than those of Myosotis Palustris,

1^

4

!

I

— 237 —
AGRIMONY.

AQRIMONI* STRIATA.

JUL'-SEPT

— 238 —
FORGET-ME-NOT.

MVOeOTIS LAX*.

MAY,

n

^

ROTHROCK'S SPURRED GENTIAN.

PI<ATE 339.

HALENIA ROTHROCKII.

(GENTIAN FAMILY.)

sum imtxit'i tifct, miiitt hiiiit.hfit, Itll'iri slrntUi

I lint;/!-)/, tingles ^tightly IthiR/'ii : /'•ii-i'I np/iimf/, nilt'i>;t'fi /lilfitt . ijnitf at tl/'ev. .sfjM/(-. thuti.
axtllaty pdumlf\ ; corolla J'our'iitb^d, li)b/s ai-ati, with lotig sprfajing spurs.

<m !ong, sl''ndfr.

JONC. sinirs, or c\ liiidriciil extensions of the petals, with glands at their ends holding the nectar Ihit insects love, are of frequent
1 1(\ urrence among plants widely different in other features. The Columbines, Larkspurs and Aconites in the Crowftwt Family have
then!. They are eonspicmms in the Violets. The Toadflax and other Figworts also po,s,sess .spurred corollas. The long nectarilerous
spurs aid greatly in giving the odd, irregular appearance to the flowers of Orchids. In the Gentian and allied laniilies such spurs
are rarely met with. So that the genus Halenia, in which these projections are usually very prominent, is quite easily distinguished
from its relatives. Halenia Oeflexa, a species with greenish or whitish-purple flowers, is found in New ICiiglai'd and F.a.stern
Canada, and thence westward and far northward. Halenia RothriK-kii, a much showier plant, grows in Arizona. It has been coUectet' only on
Mt. Graham, where it was fotmd by the ind'.l'atigable botani.st for whom it was named. It is a handsome plant, low and with slender branching
steins. The leaves are smooth and narrow. The blos.soms are showy, bright yellow in color. The spreading spurs give them an odd look, not
unlike the flowers of the Coliunbine.

In some species the spurs are occasionally wanting. Whether this is ever the case in Rothrock's Halenia, we do not know.

■**i O

SMALL PERIWINKLE.

PI,ATB 340.

VINCA MINOR.

(DOGBANE FAMILY.)

Stfm iiymnt'fiat ja*'dy at thisf, ptiKumfwitl, tritfy. vfty strnxuti . IratYs opposite, sliort-prlwlfd, (».-«/c. obtHse, smixnh, Ihickish, shining abott, etrrgrffn : fioztfrs siilitarv in arils oA" tippft ffaifS,
shottpMn/tl^d : (titalta salt-fi-shaprd. fitf-iiihtd. Itihrd s<jm/-7tftal obliquf : ot'ary ttil/t .'.. <i glands at basf ; fruit a pair tif slander J'ollii Irs.

. HE Small Periwinkle is an Old World ]>lant, a native of Central and .'Southern Europe, extending eastward into the region of the
Caucasus, and northward, though ]nobably introduced, into England. It delights to dwell in cool, moist woods. It is in old
graveyards, with tlie ivy, where, especially,

"Tlie periwinkle truil.s its wreatlis."
In this country it is sometimes cultivated, but it is not often met with outside of burial-places. In cemeteries it is always at
home, covering the cold groinid with its kindly shelter of dark green leaves and pretty blue flowtrs. Here iuul there it lias escaped from thc-te
shadeful haunts, but very sparingly. Its period of flowering is usually protracted, but May and June find it in its prime.

Vinca Minor is a .singidarly elegant plant. No term better indicates its character. The stems, slender, liailing upon the gnnnid ; tiie
leaves, dark green, smooth and polished ; the flowers, with their .salver-shaped corollas, whose lolx'S curve upon each other like tlie volutes of a
turbine-wheel — every part is beautiful and graceful in the extreme. There is .something restful about the color of the blossoms, a light, clear
azure.

I'hini is from a Latin word meaning "a baud," because of the long wreath-like steins. The name ' Periwinkle " has the same origin.

*f- -

'

II I

iifi;

I il:[

»r«

— 239 —
ROTHROCK'S SPURRED GENTIAN.

HALENI« ROTHROCKII'

- 2-10 —
SMALL PERIWINKLE.

VINCA MINOR.
M*V.

— 241 —
DOG'S TOOTH VIOLET.

ERVTHDONIUM AMERICANUM.
MAY.

''^

— 242 —
WATER ARUM.

CtLLA PALU8TRIS.
JUNE.

WT

m

n

^-

I I

DOG'S TOOTH VIOLET.

PIvATE 241.

ERYTHHOMUM AMERICANUM (LILY FAMILY.)

Si^m urat. utiHg from a Jtif-. i.tth^t itnittl. sta.'f-iiktfiti tttrm ; f^f !tU filtiuli h-arimii /.-ivi <i^*fui/c traiys aHtt ii uttititrv Hntdttiz ttntiYr ,■ Miivf •tli'ong.tamcfytiatf, iKHti'at ^tt/i rwi/j, w/A"' '■ur/act

tuoitlrd : /*.»/.!«/* .tf'jpw nt\ Ml, lir-t'fi Xfli'iri, i/Sf/.ii/inv til thf tif't,

l.N' llic iipcn woods of March or .Xpril, oir- cnmes upon a rare symlioli>ni of Death ami Resurrection. Thick iipoM the >;nmnil

he 'he ikail le.ives of autuinn, sliriveled and frayed by blasts frnm the north. ,\inonK these sere stre\vin>;s arise a thoiis.ind

tender flowers of the Ivrythroniiun. Here is one sturdy enouj;h to hear aloft the remnant of what was once a spreading oak leaf.

Near by is a blossom which can scarce expand itself through the rift in the withered maple-leaf that nirds it alxmt. Flowers

more chaste than these the all-beholding stni does not shine upon. They are stniide.ss, without trace of the black nioul'l which

gives them birth. Dark decay is transformed to unsullied purity.

In form these flowers are lily-like, with the segments curved back nuich as in the Turk's Cap. The color is a bright, rich yellow, contrasting

pleasantly with the red-brown of the long anthers. They are among the most striking of the early wild llowers ; they are named " Dog's Tooth '

l)ecause of a fancied resemblance of the snnll white bulbs that develop from the parent one to the teeth of our canine frien<l. I.iniuens, who had

a fancy for making botanical names by translating the i>opular titles into L.itm, called the common ICuropean sjn'cies, lirythronium Dens-eanis.

PLATE 242.

WATER ARUM. CALLA PALUSTRIS. (ARUM FAMILY.)

ntat ; foiytiliKk itout. riUngalfJ : Uai-fs nfatr-krot tshiifleit "n utiker itrng dHali-i ftfli'U'. fhort-ft^'tilt-ti ; /fii»v»J im sr/mrii/f j/u '*i in an nfi/onn ifitjill.r .■ spiilfii vficn, ukitf, iharp-^ minted;
toufr Jtoutispfijnt, nppfr ojtfn itamlnate onl\ ; lljmrni ji.r ,■ /luit 11 cluiter qf irpatate ifd brrrtta,

kHE WaterArum is no exception to the rule that in this country the most beautiful .and interesting of the wild flowers must be sought
|y,7 ^ for in deep forests or in the tangled fastnes,ses of swamps and lx)gs. In Euroi>e, Primrose ami Violet, liluebell and Poppy grow-
in the open fields and roadsides, while the wood flowers are pale and insignificant. With us, however, the fiirst, and, what is slill
[ .'J more strange, often the most gaily colored of the flowers are the most hermit-like in habit.

Calla Palustris. which is a plant of KnroiK- as well as of America, is nuich more retiring here than there. Like a recluse who
has been forced into uncongenial publicity, its first u-e of freedom is to retreat once more to solitude. It grows in deep, cool |Kat-bogs, and
like so many of its .sister Arums, it is a Ijcautifnl little jilant. The l)right green of the large, heartshaiK-d leaves is an effective setting for the
milk white of the inner side of the floral leaf, and the golden treasure of flowers that nestle against it on their club shaped .sp.idix. Their
rootstock is long and thick, creeping amid the moss. The Calla blossoms in mi<lsummer, later than most of its allies.
The Egyptian Calla, that superb favorite of the greenhouses, is a Richardia and not a true Calla.

■V

M

^.

i

— 243
ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT.

APHYLLON UNIFLORUM,

JULY.

— 244 —
BEARD TONGUE.

PENTSTEMON PUBESCENS.

JUNE,

%-

"1i

ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT.

PLATE 843-

APHYLLON UNIFLORUM.

(BROOM-RAPE FAMILY.)

/iaiil fftitUH-rtht/f. -.illhi'mt j^ti-t I

mlftifumitii. ihtitl, iimfifror hiaHekttg <,lem, xihifk ttti'frrrit mlh %mall ^^pifixitt ^taUs. f»Aj// titf ttuffiaie

•tiotlnit malUr , oit^ /fi'Tit-rrtl u a firs t tsiHg ftom ,tH MniUigntuiJ, shxtl, limfi'e or f'ntmi'^IMg \trm, tl'^lt^ t% (ofrrftt mtlt jWi
■iu*i\/; Jlttuti i titlhti M'gi ; it'tth'Ju Jit^-tofyrit, tuv-iififir^i. tkf louei ifit fit Jinx , ilamt Hi \hiul,-> l/tai thf i-ttntjta tultfi.

'f^ NMISTAKAIU.K. imlecd, is the iiKiral that nature ha'< |«)i:iti.'il for us in tlic spectacle of parasitism and its results. The sure
ile|{radati(in tliat follows the habit uf living ujmhi tlie exertions of another is illustrated as plainly anions plants as anionR
animals. A wholesale instance of parasitism and consiquenl degradation is that of the great class, the Knngi. HaviuK
rendered the jHissession of gn^iM-colorinn matter for the digeslii.ii of mineral food useless. I>y their haliit of preying upon otl-.er
plants and ui)on animals, they have gradua'ly lost the power of existing independenth . There is in Nature no inluieiit
tendency to improvement. In conditions of hedthy struKgle the fines of adapt. ition carr> a plant up tlu- l.idder of life. When
the plant gets its food without elTort, hy sheer thievery, these same forces of adaptation liriiig it down to lower and lower levels of existence.

S(mie of the higher plants have started uixm this downw.ird path. The Dodders in the Morning-glory Hamily, the MistK-toe^ and the Indian
Pil>c arc examples. Many of the Higworts, though possessing grt encoloring. are partly parasitic, their roots att.'iehing themselves to other plant .
An allie 1 family, that of the Hroom-rapes, has l)ec<iTne cimiplctcly parasitic, all green-coloring having disiipiieared.

The One-floWered Cancer root, Aphyllon I'nitlorum, helongs to the la.st family. Ti.s a small plant of a tawny or almost white color ; the
leaves being representeil bv tiny sc.-iles. It is par.isitic, uuuUy on (ioIde:i R il* a;i I Aster*, bhm )!ning in .\i)ril a:i I May, or even later. It has
an extensive range in North America — from Canada to the (inlf of Mexico, from the .Vtlantic to the I'acific.

iii '

c'»

BEARD TONGUE.

PLATE 244.

PENTSTEMON PUBESCENS. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

fWfHHUit fiubfittnt ; ittms ttsNallv t/tntftril tutui; /ii>m a ihiiit. thitk rt-'t ttiKk. umfilr K-'n.r. hiati. h/J /..wjn/ thf mmmif : toal/fUJ^i oju// oA/oKC. lirHtilty. loHif-fiftiiifftl ; ttem-lfaifs opposite,
smile, oblimg /anreth'aU : finittrs satkft taige,Joiming a IhyisuiJ pamtlr : lUiuila tn,^ lipprj, Ihs^hilfilleit with a tlfniet\-l<raiilfit palntt.

kHIS p.'etty plant is not unworthy of its family. Helonging to a group of plants famous more for their iK'auty than for anv oilier
(juality, it is inferior to few of Ihem in ai)pearance. It is a native of Kasterii North .\meriia, ranging from the srahoard ti the
midconiinent and south to the gulf, extending into Texas. Though rare, it is found in New Kngland and Kastern Canada, but
abounds further South and West. It is a denizen of ojk'U wikmIs and tliitkets, and of upland fields, liking best a dry sau<ly soil.
The large showy blossoms are in a long, narmw cluster, the lower o]K.ning first, the np]Kr o|Kning in .slow succession until the .ipe.x
of the inflorescence is reached. The pericKl of flow., ring is liom May in the .Sonth to as late as July norlliw ird. The corolla is two '■ipiK-d, almost
closed by a projection or " palate" covered with soft white hairs. The color is usually a pale purple, varying to almost white oii Ihe one hand,
,-?nd to a deep rose-purple on the other. One of the five stamens — the name rentstemou signifies that five is the num!)er of those organs in this
pla it — c insists merely of a sUiIk without an anther. This stalk or filament is iK-arded like the palate.

d

1^

1 Vi«J

!.■-» - 1 ■'■■ IK,

"^"

-^

— 743 —

SKUNK CABBAQE.

svMPLooARPua FcsriDus.

APRIL-MAY.

— 246 —
FRITILLABY.

FRITILLAni* PUDIOA.

Mii

l1*

SKUNK CABDAGE.

PLATE 245

SYMPLOCAKPUS FOETIDUS.

(ARUM FAMILY.)

flOHl ftlttt' smthK^. />ifltHt.I

nni/j/i>.X /Ac " JWi/ itfi-ptn^ :

li-a-rf apt^-iiriiig atfrr thr ftvurrs. fl,>k\. Jong l>rli<tlfit. ,fj*tff-'rt>/ong .
iut'leHtUd hy a Utgi, Atuhi-ihti/ifii^ jli-thy. fHttntftt ipatkf.

fi ig/il gtrr't : Jlitnrfs in it \fiort, if'-u.tr. toumlej sf>a>tix^

rR(^<l !■■ lias tliL- Siuiw drop, ami this coiiiitry the Skunk C;iM)a>;o, as the cnrlir-t wild flo-.-.tr <if spriiij;. In terlaiii localities in llioso

lir.'t warm da.s ot March, o iven, Hi.iyliap, iii February, when winter takes a lireatliing spell -.vhile nerxing himself I'or his List

stniji.i^le. this odd i>lant appears. No other sij;n of lile is there in meadow o: forest, .save the Alders that lianj; their yellow tns.sels

liy stream or pond, shaking out .showers of Roldeii jxillen as the breeze lifts them.

VVIu'ii t'arlli !i;illi tVU Ihi- t)re;it!i <if spring,
Tlu>u>ih rt on her <it livertT's wiiij;
Tlu- Iiii,\;i'riiix frosts of winter i-lin^."

Out of the cold black .soil of big and meadow rises the pointed flowcrleaf of the Skunk Cabbage, exqtiisite in form, curled like .some dainty
-sea-shcU. Dark purple is its color, mottled ami striped with yeUow. Concealed near the base of the cavity of this hood-shapeil leaf is the round,
compact .spike <if flowers. When spring is well advanced and the early flower-leaves have melted in mortality, the true foliage-leaves ajipear in
tnlts, lar^e and of a brigh. dilighlful green. A very hamlsome plant is the Skunk Cabbage, despite its unnielodious and unpleasantly
s";^gestive name.

It is the characteristic <Hlor fo~ .ihich the SympliK-arpus is most famous, "a strong <Hlor like that of the skunk and also somewhat
alliaceous." writes (Irav. T'.-.c strength and disagreeableness of this odor have been much exaggerated. In the open air it is barely notitx.dile.
Its function is to attract the !'ies iieces.s;iry for c.-ossfertili/ation.

'

44i

,o

;iL

PR HILLARY.

PLATB 346.

FRITIl.LARIA PUDlC.A.

(LILY FAMILY.)

^fm frfft from a compact, si'ji'v bulb: foMi to lufixr indift litgli. nmfitV. ijiiilf iw.-oM ; //iiivi v.v. .'inrat. ailr-iH^itf. "f'/nuilf ot wkorlfd ; rfo.-ir* solitary, Irrmittit/, notitliHg . /tr-»i,iN/A ,.im-
/HtHutiilr: ifgmftiti iir, ofitaittfytiou, otamar-yfUou: 'i<tk somf pmtplf ioiot . <afis»U- o^ttifJ-obtoH^', obtmsely iiXilH£M,

.•it ■ "'iil7,^*a.-\ N I 'St )M IC is the tulip like flower 01 l'Uiro]K'an meadows ami bogs, the Fritillary. Kritdlaria Melcagris. It is a low pl.int, not
, I m ifvi'i nnuh over a iVxit high, with narrow leaves and a single nodding tiower at the top of the stalk. This solitary olossom is IkU-
\ shaped, dull red in color, with odd lines and markings of a deeper hue inside.

i.r, Like so many gei-.e-a of Western Huroi)e, l"ritil|:'ria apjK-ars in Western North America. Merc, instead of one or two siiecies,

there are a Imge niunber of forms. All are iH-autiful plants, graceful in habit and showy in flower. The color of the blossom is
aluii:<i always red <jr re' lyellow, with spots and b.irs and checks of deeper red or purple. Fritillaria I'ndica is one of the best
known of these plants It h' sail extensive range in the Koe' y Mountain region, from Nevaiia and I'tall to the southerly stretches of Canada.
The usnally solitary blos'om ope,..-, in earliest sprii.g. Th" flower is niuch like that of tl'.e .■\d<ler's Tongue, bell shapn'. the signuiits spreading
slig!itly a' 'he tip. It is of an orange-yellow color, with a suggehti-ii of purple, not spotted nor clieciiiiered like most o' the genus, 'file stem
rises ir- ni a scalv bulb, like that of a ',ily. I'ritilliis, I.atiii for ilice-lHix, has for resemblance sake, given tii.s flower its i ame.

^.

-m:

jf.

— 347 —
ROUND-LEAVED SUN-DEW.

OROMKA BOTUNDIfClll,

MAY

— 248 —
MICHAUX'S SAXIFRAGE.

S^XIFRAOC MICHAUXII
APHIL^JUNE

- ■r■^.^i??.■-T^.;■-

i^i'~ :tKy\y!^'J'p;''r'

4^4

ROUND-LEAVED SUN-DEW.

PI,ATE a47.

DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA.

(SUN-DEW FAMILY.^

/.Aitri all taituiiJ, tosuate, on long slfRtifr

iltate fir/ittffs. ortttiutitr, Ike ma'StH /uniirit u-ilk vuiij, glanj-ti^ffit, rntJnk hairs: SiOfir i/rHitit. h^.iiiHH il ilfHiifr, ftw fioavrtd. one-sittfd
rUtfmf, uttnuliMj^ us IkeJIiiuris expand; phials nhile, Jilf ot jii ,■ stamfm hit or itx .

Not to nieiitiou the

^H\V plants excite more Rencral interest and concern than those that live wholly or partly on animal food

BactiTJa and many of the Hungi that live parasitically on animals and man, there are isolated nroui)s among the higher i^lants that
snpport themselves to some extent hy entrapping and assimilating the l)odii.-s of insects. Tile I'ilclR-r-plants or Siile-saddle flowers,
si>ecies of Sarracenia, are ge.)d examples. Of the same habit are the smaller and less known Snn-diws, cousins to the famous
Dioiuea, Venus' Fly-Trap.

The s])eeies of Drosera are natives of sandy bogs, mostly in temper.iti' regions. The margin of the leaf is fringed with red
hairs, each tipjied with a mund gland. From this gland exudes a drop of a viscid li(iuid, that glistens in the sunlight ; hence the pretty name,
" Sun-dew," This strange secretion has nuich the same .solvent (nnver as gastric juice. When an unwary gnat or other insect alights on the
surface of the leaf, the marginal hairs, as if they saw a dinner before them. l)end in toward the centre of the leaf, cover the unfortunate visitor
with their sticky secretion, and so hold him prisoner until the tissues of the leaf li.ive digested as much of him as they can. Then the hairs return
to their normal position, awaiting another nical,

Rotundifolia is the most conuut)r. siKcies of Urosera in North .\nierica. It flowers in kite sunuuer.

^

sx

dt-

MiCHAUX'S SAXIFRAGE. SAXiFRAGA

PLATE 248.

MlCHAUXll (LEUCANTHEMIFOUA). (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

ISttnntat ; vnth a ihort roohliKk ,- itfut tint, hairy, mmh hfjHckt.i : lontlm-YS rtiinlate. tin /ung. Aif.tn.V /^ftioies. i*h,n<a/r i>t sputuLtie, strm li-atn short-pttio/td, nppft*ninl A>,rt7 /i*i*, all (Oai trty
taciniatf-tnotk.-d : /toufif in <ipfn, mmpmntl tymfi : pflttis ftiv. nhitf, thrft 0/ IMem hr^iit ihiiprd at baif, the iilhfi t',111 mlriount: /ruit. luv dm-rgenl /utlnlri.

] .WlVKACiKS are not very well-knov/n plants, though abund;>nt in temp.'rale regions in every part of the World. That is. there is
very little of poetry and sentiment assiK-iated with them — they have missed tl e written word that gives fame her wings. (Jne
l{uropean sjxcies i; , in the l.inguage of flowers, the symbol of affeelion. l)<nilitless iK-cause this kind makes its home on mossy
rocks, nestling in the clefts, lliis idea Ins become associateil with il. Why not give the same lue.ining to our own rock growing
sjiecies ?

Weighty, if nnaeknowle.Iged, is the .lebl of .Vm.rica to the exi)lorers. the men of science of I'.ance. Of this debt the plant
before us serves as a remembrancer.

Saxifraga Michauxii is named after the sturdy Frencli collector and traveler, whoso name is so intimately iimnected with North American
plant-lore. A large proportion of our native plants received names at the hands of this old voyageur. Ivspecially is this the case with the flora
of the mountain '■■.gion of the South. Michanx himself named this Saxifrage. l.,iu-anlhiiiiifo!iti; but, as that name had already Ikcu given to
another siK-cic-". this one has been recently entitled Saxifraga .Michauxii.

It is a small ])lant. gmwiTig in cikiI, springy pl,iees in the mountains from Oe orgii to Virginia, and straying uorlliward. The lea.es are
deeply cut. though the resemblance to thu^e of the White weed, which Michaux saw when he named tlie plant /.eiitantluinitolia, i.s not very striking.
The flowei^ are white, rather !:ir:;e for a Saxifrage.

I

'^

%-

PI/ATE 349.

ANDROSTEPHIUM VIOLACEUM. (LILY FAMILY.)

/y'rnnitlf friim a ronniti'^i ,01m, rmrlopfd in a few /.wc mtmhtitttatfous if<iUx; triiivs till radir.it, naitowly tiHfcir. j^rass-ltU : srjpf rtifi'iiipic tfif leaits ; flnztYts in a ti'tmimll umM ;
t^rtatith .\rgm.'Mlj itx, filar, unilrtl/or atntut half thrir Irn^lh inio a titbr ; fi.'amrnlj of thr itamrm unitrd into a lube on Ihr Ihroal of Ihr pevianlh.

NKAR rclalivf of llic bcuitifiil Camassias and Squills, and therefore of the Onions, is Androstephium Violaceun;. Like so many of the
linllxiiis rcKited I.ilies it inhabits the sun-scorched prairies of the West, occurring in western Kansas, straying northward and
abundantly southwanl to Texas. It blossoms in .spring, like most of th,' ni ire delicate prairie tlowers. VVHiile in the ICast the must
fra>,Mle plants are flowering in the shades of our forests throughout the .sununer, all but the hardiest flowers of the plains ha.sten to
api)ear in earliest .spring, spreading a carpet cf brilliant color over the treeless ground. Then, when summer's heats begin to dry
the lile-giving nioi.sture from the soil, such as live through more than one .sea.son, ripen their .seed and wither away above ground,

leaving otdy the thickene<l rinit or bull) to send np leaves and flowers v.dien spring shall come again.

Androstephium X'iolacenm is a low plant, not above half a foot high. The leaves are narrow and onion-like. The flowers are rather

showy, pale lilac in color. The name Audrostephinni means "a crown of stamens," because the stamens are united into a ring which crowns

the periuuth.

I

AtaHWsient : Irati-s

BUTTERWORT.

PI,ATE 250.

PiNGUICULA LUTE.X. (BLADDERWORT F.-X.MILY.)

'iulalr. off.'OHg-ofiilr I'f ohnj'iitr. Wil'C"" ,fi,lnnt;l\
Jti'uri liiigr. l^ll.^•/./ wllot,- .■ rjli.t Jiirlohtl. /.<»

'Imlf Am.h./ I'lr ^iu: :nth ,«.i
It/'/'tit; lOtoltn l;fo-lipprit. uf'pn

hf l:<tiMr,l. lou

.«-ti/».'v simf'lr, 'inr-ri,>:vfr/,f :n^r /i\'t ,>i Mt ttii;h, I'iscut-lntbesrrnl :
lAirrlttbnt, rmlnif; in a ,.''ntrt t/'in.

L'^INGl'ICrLA VULO.VRI.S, the conuiioii Hutterwort, is a .small, snuwth, pu pie-flowered plant, growing on moist rocks in the
\'l northern part of Europe, Asia and North America. It <loes not grow further south than Nortliern Xew York and Minnesota.
With it often „'row two tiny native Primroses, I'rimul.i I'arinosa and I'rini'.ila Mistassinica. Down in the (lidf Slates, however, in
the shallow pine-barren .swamps, three haimsome species of Pinguicula are lound. Two have blue or violet flowers like I'inguicula
Vulgaris. The third, I'iiiijnicula I.utca, has large and showy, bngnt yellow corollas. This is one of the most beautiful of all the
gay, highly-colored flowers that deck the sandy, pine-covered coastal plain. The corolla is inegular, delightl'ully irregular. It is
two lipped, the lips pivttily lobed, and ends in a short spur. The leaves are yellowish-green, clustered in a rosette at the root. The stalks that
bear the nodding flowers are naked.

Pinguicula Lutea is found iVom .South Carolina to Florida, and thence westward along the (lulfCi>ast, straying northward. It is one of
the earliest of the spring wild flowers in that region, commencing to blos.som in I'Vbruary and contiiniing until April.

'O

■'0

^1^?

M.i

ill

III 1

ill '

\v

V !

— 349 —
ANDROSTtPHIUM VIOLACEUM.

I LILY rAMILV.I

— J50 —
BUTTERWORT.

PINauiCUL* LUTIA.

JULY.

^P*=^c»^

Jt*

NAKED MITRE WORT.

PLATE 251.

MITELLA NUDA.

(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

A f'l>n-^\<it ffubiiintt ftftfnnial, spiriiitnig hv i/r»drt roolili>i ts ; Ifaivt Ittntj-firlu'lrit, > ntif; from thf nxitstiitk. ton tit-heat tikaffii '" lentfoi m. iliinhv rtenatf : scaf<fs ilrndcr, usuallx Ifafiei'. hi-aring
ij ilendtr few-fiovjtyed taceme ; pttah fivt, greeniih^ pinnattfid ; frttit a oitt-tetied^ luv-beaked tapsuU ; ierds black, smooth and it/imitg.

1"'I.< )\VI'"R may appciil to us irrcsistilily b,-causc wlicu we were children we (gathered it into posies, or wove it into garlands. From
its very lack of either di(;nity or beauty that mij;ht forbid familiar appropriation, we deemed it one of our favorites. It was like
a liomely, Rood-uatured little si.ster, who receives all the more love because she challenges no admiration. There are delicate little
plants of the woodland which rejoice in a charm refused to the Haunting .stout-stemmed flowers of meadows and fields. They
may not have showy blossoms, nor bright colors, yet there is an indefinable something, a wild forest grace that they have aii<l that
other plants have not. Just as the birds of the tropics are endowed with a rainbow plumage, but lack the daintiness of form
and the sweetness of note that enrich the forest songsters of the north, so the plants that grow in tlie full glare of the snnnner sun an 1 arc
painted by him with myriad hues, are less bewitching in lbo>e luirlured in woodland sliades.

The tiny N.iked Mitre Wort, whose small llowers have no color l)ut the green of their stem and leaves, is yet a more interesting plant to a
refined taste than the gaudy Sunflnwer. The slender creeping stems, the delicate!\ shaped leaves, the narrow, few-llowereil raceme — there is a
real if indescribable attractiveness about them all. The curious little capsule, faiiciiully compared to tlie mitre of a bishop, with its two short
beaks, is much more interesting than the blossom. It opens wide when ripe to tlisclo.se the shining black seeds. Mitella Nuda is found all the
wav from the North Atlantic Coa.st westward to the Rockies.

^

%

f^tftiHtal acauffffrnl nhoJf ftUnil ^fricroHX

PLATE 252.

OXYTROPIS LAMBERTI. (PEA FAMILY.)

■ scafifxand tfatri ttsiH/: from a thiik. rnkhty toiUstihk ; tram tonf;;'vl.oli-d. piimatelv lompotind : trajifti tiumfrotif. tinea*; acute at ftoth ends;
en Humeious in Itracted racemei. atmost teaite ; calyx cytiHditcat, Jif^-tiiotti-d ; evtotta H'hite or pur p:

IN the Western prairies, a very peculiar disease of cattle has long been known as " loco." The airection usually makes its appearance
among st<ick in early spring or in autumn, when there is little nutritious grass for grazing. The disease is undoubtedly
cause<l by fee<ling on certain plants of the I'ea Kamily, hence known as " loco-weeds " or "crazy weeds." At first these plants
are eaten only when no grass is to be had, but when the animal has once acquired a taste for them, no other food has any attraction
for it. The disease is a nervous disoriler, finally resulting in mania, U)ss of sight and de.ath from exhaustion. It is difTicult to
guard against, as the I/)Co plants are very eonunon, and the malady seems impossible to curt after it has once made headway, for

the afflicted animal dies of starvation if it cainiot obtain the beloved poison. .V parallel here to the deadly grasp of alcohol and opium upon

higher creatures !

Tin; reputed I,(K-os are .several si>ecies of Astragalus, notably .\stragalus Mollis.simiis, and Oxytropis I.ambcrti. The latter is a eonunon

plant of the Western States and Provinces, iuh.ibiting the Great Plains fmm Canada to Texas am' from tho Mississippi to the Rockies. It is a

showy plant, covered all over with long filky hairs. The flowers are in rather den.se clusters, occasionally white, but u -u, lly violet or blue.

.^

w

^t-?,"

— 2b\ —
NAKED MITREWORT.

MITELLA NUO».

WA. JUL.

— 25J —
OXYTROPIS LAMBERTI.

(PtA fAM(LV.)

JCINL

w

a

DWARF RASPBERRY.

PLATE 253.

RUBUS TRIFLORUS.

(ROSE FAMILY.)

'i(/iMC. '"' usuallv Jecumbfttt, /t,>m a s-h-nd/r, somnvhat ttthkly ntotstock ; stifiu/n sma/l ; Uavrx loHf-fftiolni, pinnately tn/olinlaU, more tarfly quinatr, !i-ajtels th->mbic-o:nl,\ ihatply
Sfttate and ufumrely lobtd ; ftouvn one lo three on ihoil glandulai peduHiles, smalt; petals five t<> ^eJeii. while: f>uit imali.

" If I wiTc a poet, my .s\vt't.'tt.'st soii^i
Sltniihl havf the bouqni't tif siuppcrtiong,
Witli a raey smack in evvry liiU'
i-'re>m the savaj-o juice i>f the imiscailine.
The russet t)er>iiniiion. tile !)rowii ])apnw,
The red wild plum and the sunimer haw,

Service-berries and mandrake fruit,

Sassafras bark and ^insen^' root

Shouhi make my verse pungent ami sweet hy turns;

Ami the odor of ^rass and the freshness of ferns,

The kernel of nuts and the resins of trees.

The neetar distilled hy the wild honeydtees,

Should he tlirown in together, to flavor my word.s

With the /est t>f the woods and the joy of the birds.

Who sin>;s by note, f'-om the pa>;e of a book,

So sweet a tune as the l)rawl of a brook .'

Shall Homer or .ihall Anacreon

Suggest as nmeh as the wind or the sun ? "

SAt'KICK THOMPSON, in these vigonms lines, points to the trutl: so many youns poets are apt to forget — that the best inspiration
comes in tlie home acre, in its every day Howtrs and fruits, in its sunshine — creator of them all.

Among the many delieiovis fruits that we owe to the Rose Family, some of the iitiest arc produced by members of the genus

Rubtis— the Raspl)erries and IUack!)erries. In tliis country we have two fine Hhickberries, the high Iilackl)erry and the low or

I)ewlK*rry. Two common Raspberries, a red-fruited one, and a black one, are also native. The showy Purple Muli)erry, Rubus

Odoratus, is a Raspberry, Init the fruit is insipid. It is a plant of flowers, rather than of fruit, promising more than it > ieUls.

Rubus Trillorus is usually placed with the Raspberries, though Gray remarks of it — " api>ears to be nn)re properly a IJlackberry." It is

a I(»w plant, the stems usually trailing on the ground and rising at tlie ends. The lea\'es are of three, or sometimes five, leaflets. Tlic ilowers are

small, with white petals. The fruit is small, cotisisting of a few loose grains. In color it is dark red, with a tart but not unpleasant flavor.

The Dwarf Raspbens is a northern plant, ranging from Labrador Ut llie higher parts of Xew Jersey and westward. It ilowers in June.

INDIAN PIPE, CORPSE PLANT.

PIRATE 254'

MONOTROPA UNIFLORA.

(PINE-SAP FAMILY.)

P!ittit pttiautu. litihy, ufiitisA , iliil tii-it. jWiv/A, hfaung Humrtom iW.i//. ujlf-Uke Irtivfi aift a unfitr !,t't;f fitiitri- at summit; Jffittis t:i^ to fii'

enUtgrd at dilic; stamens mostly ten, with kiilnfv-skafn-4 anthfis; scfjs numetous, vety sma'l.

. scaleliltf ; fift^ili M. natty fiir, u'edgt'Sliapctt,

I Hi;\ luncrson emitm.ratts " quaiiil iiipcs " anioiii; his " herbs and sini])lfs o( the wood." he iiiii--t have the Indian Pipe, Monotropa
I'nillora, in mind. This is one of the oddest of jWants. It has an indivKhiality all its own. Us relative, the I'ine-sap, a native
of ICnropeaii, as well as of Anieriean woods, has far less eharacter.

Tiie Indian Pipe is leafless and has no green color. The stem is elotheil with scales, which .are all tliat is left to it of leaves.
The whole ])lant is nsnally white in color, l>nt is often of a Uhiish, more rarely of a pinki.sh hue. It is fonnd in the deep rich
woods of latest autumn. The early frosts often overtake it and turn it black like a withered Kun.rus. Like the Fungi, it feeds on
decaying vegetable matter in the soil, its want of green coloring-matter preventing it from taking nourishment from the air. Probably, when quite
yimng. it is a RH)t-parasite.

Growing in clumps in shaded woods, it has a most uncani\\- look against the black rich soil. There is something ghostly about its uidicilthy
wliite that makes the name of Corpse Plant very .iiipropriate. Xo less to the point is its more common designation, " Indian Pipe." Tlie straight
stem with the nodding lliiwei at top imitates very neatly a small tob.acco pipe.

iur

!h

— 253 —
DWARF RASPBERRY.

RUBUS TRIFLbnuS.

Cv.

.. \h

I; M\

— 2S4 —
INDIAN PIPE, CORPSE PLANT.

MONtTROPA UNIFLOR*.

JUNE-SEPT.

Fl

?ri""

SCENTED WATER-LILY.

PI<ATR ass.

CASTALIA (NYMPH/EA) ODORATA.

(WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

ihtui, tlmk, iiJUn f-ttipltih bi'neatlt ; Jt'i:

I liinii'pi-tlitncUtt ;

-Sni;i,i,KY.

f. Itiii .'■, \[>aitH^ly htanehitl ; ttttt'fs tii»g-f.'lii>lftt, oilniHKtt, iihliii^ at afiev, dcfpiv hfiirl ihapfti at />itM- with ,i iiiirum

tfpjts/iiiii : priiitf many, :ihilt: Kiaili'it; into ^t.uiii-n\; slanhm tmiiii:

" I'loaliti^; watirr-lilics, hroiul and wliiti',
Wlliili tit \hv luk that ovi tIiuiik Uit i(l;;i'
Willi tiKiDlili^^lit liealiis of tlli-ir own watiTv HkIiI.'

Ql'.M.LY bcaulilul is liryaiit's [licturc of tlusc su]K'rb flowers:

" To-nutrrow tioiin
How jtnmiily will tlu* watt-r-lily ride
Till' hriiiuiiiiiy pool, ii'irUKikin^, like a (iiiccn,
Iltr circk* itf l»roa(! k-aves."

We coiiW hnve no more faithful description of tlic Water-lily al home, her many white petals guarding tlie golden heart of

the flowers, resting lightly on the still water, surrounded liy the flat green leaf-pads. This is one flower which we can vaunt as

having iierfuiue, while its ICnropi'an sister has none. Castalia .Mba, nuich like oiir Odorata in other respects, is iiHxlorous. There is a handsome

variety of our coiunion white-flowered species that has petals of a delicate lilnishpink or even of a deep rosy red color. .\ Florida .species has

bright yellow flowers.

Castalia Odorata is a common plant of North America, e.sjiecially in its higher latitudes. Southward it seems to disappear in the interior, but is
frequent along the coast. The delicate perfume that makes the Water-lily so attractive is l.uking in the southern form. The time of flowering
is from June to the doseof snnuner. The many-rowed jietals unfold one by one as the risi"g sun reddens the surface of ])ond or stream, closing as
he begins his journey through the western sky to sink to a new da\.

YELLOW POND-LILY.

PLATE 356.

NYMPH/EA (NUPHAR) ADVENA.

(WATER-LILY FAMILY.)

Smixttk aifuatic : nh>titiHi tU^t, tAnitn^tt: tfuii-s thnli, u.
pntuHiled; Sffitxis Uiually nx. largf. yrlUm

„il.y Jinali,,
prCali mot,

lilt iiini; /tffiii/rs, ('I'll/, -,'W'Mi.',
iintft"iis, small: stamrm tr»f

i'A/««c at afn , dffpl\ h^attiltapta ai Aj.if-. mamin (>/im.»W> tt<-ntale; floieers long
tiiimriaiii; /rHit frnpimtui, coHStsttng nf mtmetom unitt-d carpils.

" Where tile dark waters lave,
Wllere the tall rushes wave.
Safe from riule winds that rave,

Iloals tile fair lily."— Ari.o HaTK.S.

NKAR relative of the beautiful Ca.stalia is the Yellow Pond-lily, Nymphaa. The name Nymphaea is usually applied to the White

Water lily, the yellow being called Xuphar. The name was given the Water-lilies by the Greeks, who appropriately dedicated these

aipialic plants to the n\ niphs of fountain and lake. The Yellow Pond-lily is .sometimes called Frog-lily or .Splatter-diK'k, for it has a

depraved taste for growing in slimy ponds and sluggish streams. It is altogether a coarser and less handsome flower than its be.iutiful

cousin. .\s in the White Water-lily, the leaves float on the surface of the water. They are much like those of the Ca.stalia, but are

oblong instead of round. They are light and spongy, full of air, well fitted to rest on water. The flower is not handsome. The

showiest part is the caly.^. This is colored to look like petals. Usually bright yellow in tint, it is sometimes blotched with purple-red.

'i he Yellow Water lily is even more common in this country than its aristocratic cousin. It is a very familiar object in pools and bogs,

flowering from May until the close of the season.

O

C'S=

-_^

u

nr«^*i».^,'-^T^*JT'"F-'»!!W" m''"'> .'pn^w ^1

fi

— 2« —
SCENTED WATER-LILY.

CA8TALIA ODORATA

y^u.

— 256 —
YELLOW POND-LILY.

NVMPH/CA ADVENA.
JUN!.

— 257 —
TRUMPET FLOWER.

TECOMA RAOICANS,

JULV-AJQUSr.

— J68 —
SCARLET-FRUITED HAWTHORN

CnAT/EQUS COOCINEA.

MAY,

iitiii 11

^^

TRUMPET FLOWER.

PLATE 357-

TECOMA RADICANS.

iBIGNONIA FAMILY.)

S/ri» xomfwAat nvm/v. . hm*niis Ar motUU ; leaivt a^t^nttf. futin itftv ci>mst»m<t: Iftift^n hrttadtv iwatt, fiftiolfj, e'l-iivtr tttttaff, ai-mlf itl a^v : fluzefrt tn J^Hir l^tmimtl t'ortmhx : ftilyr \malK
ftiv^lmttAfii : n*tolU litigf, fHKHfJthtiftii. fiv^to^ii. i.'tgkllv lm*-hf,w*t : ilammx ini7m(M/.- /f mi/ ii mtnitit; tmo^tlleil i'<i/in//.

JfeinSt'MMKRS a|)])r<);ii.li is hiTaUlfd l)y a glorious array of iKMiitil'ul IIdwits. Just as a charmitivt soiij? is eticorcil and rclwaU-d,
M) vvc arc- lavorcd with an ccIid of Spring in tlif l)losso«is of late Jnnt- and early Jnly. Then it i-- that the fragrant VMV-r s|)rea<ls
its wide, flat dusters of tiny while saiK-erslia)x.'d flowers in hedges and along brooks. Then Uie WiUlrosi'S, delieate ICglantine
and >howy Carolina Rose, anil the glorions clinihing I'rairie Kose, make glad the heart with their dainty tiveiietalleil hlossonis.
Tlirn the wild Morning-glory decks harren fields with her trilmle of white, jmrple hearted ihaliies, fading all tiu) simjii.

" White tliiy willi ^nif tliiit duir slmrl iLu is iloiii' "
Then the ~iiiiertiTntnijKt Crcejier, uiulispnte<l cpieen among our native clind)ers, hangs her great festoons of scarlet trumpets from trees and fence-posts.
Few plants that grow .so fa.' iiort'iw ird suggest more vividly the luxuriant vegetation of the troiiics. This is not strange, as the Trnni])et
Crce]x:r belongs to .i family almost exclusively tropical. The haiuKonie Catalpn arid the l)eantiful Cro.ss Vine of the South. Hignonia C.ipreolata,
are among the North American plants of the Hignonia Family that have emigrated farthest from their home near the ecpiator.

Tecoina Radicans is found fnnu IVnnsv Ivania, straying northward and south, to Florida and Texas, It is much more connnon in the valleys
of the Mississippi and its trilmlarics than in the Fast.

SCARLET-FRUITED HAWTHORN.

PLATE 258.

CRATAEGUS COCCI NBA.

(ROS»^, FAMILY.)

tkfii yItrtiS uttk tfii-fffotfH ^»»* .■ lUmi famtikfd H'ith stout, itnligtli i>r u'/g^tlv t^<

-i^ tkorm . /niM^i /o«c Pftiolrtt, bttiattlv aiMte to alur 'ft orbicular, trnncatf or lutvoritj/f itl
>Xt: prtitU fivf, wmiHnf>i, miar, tvhttt ; /rutt a aarUt, /muttdfd drup*.

" Th*- hawthorTi I will \n\\ -ri' its links <i' siller ^rey.
Wlieif. like :in ani-d man, it sl.'mIs at hrcak (i' ilay.
Hut the sniixstft's iiosl within the ImisIi 1 winn.i tak' away:
.\nii a' to be A jKisii- tn my ,iin <le:ir May." — HcKNS.

HKSF; pretty lines of Bums are hut a few among the htindrcds sung in pnise of the F'nglish Hawthoni — the " May " that decks the
hedges of the old island. .. ,^^.,,jj. ^^.,„, ,,|„.,.^„„, i,oney-«wcet.'

in the liright, joyous Knglish .spring-time. .Ml the jxiets have united to sing the praises of the Hawthorn, even as they have joined
in celetiratuig the U-aulies of the Rose. It has come to lie the emblem of " hoi)e," just as the I'uri'an leathers look the Fpig;ca,
upon which they Instowed the f.imiliar n'.me of " Mayflower." as the syinhol of promise.

The F.nglish flawtliorn is sparingly , s-ery sjiaringly, naturalized in some of our Fasten districts, where it was first planted in hedge-rows.
We have several native species of Crr .:egns, none as har. ' onie, nor as well known, as the Ivun;(K'an Cral;egus Oxyacantha. Of our native s|)e>cies,
the Scarlet- fruited Hawthorn. Cral:e, tis Cocciiua, is the most famili.;r. It is a low, straggling shrub, with large thorns, clustered while flowers
and bright red berries. The thorns on all this iribe of idatiLs are stunted and hardeiicil branches : they serve to discourage browsing on the part
of hungry cattle, and aptly illu.strate how well Nature's works can lie contrived " a double debt to pay."

;5^

-^

^^.Jjj

— 259 —
VELLOW-RATTLE.

RH1NANTHU8 OfllSTA-0*ULI.

■Iiw..

■"1

— 260 —
QAURA LINDHEIMERI.

lEVENINQ PRIMROSE FAMIL> ■)

i-

t

lilfli

III

ii i i

m\'

1 ':

!"

';i ■

II

I'll

YELLOW RATTLE.

PLATE 259-

RHINANTHUS CRISTA-GALLL

iFIGWORT FAMILY.)

Annua/; .tt»t f

•: f ham/trtt ijhm--. /.»w»MiMf/^(/. siMivi/A or u'lfihltv f-ntvir^iif
.'•vtAfii. »umbiaititctt>iis. /;ri'ttit eiti, >ged tiflei fic.>tttng; catv

.v.iicr itf'Umghiii,-fitlitr<-. sttitrflv tt-tiatf, ttf-ptiutr, jrtufr. m»i ; fu /tot ftretnf a fHf-iittnt. leafy spikt : t\ityx

JXK of tliL' rootjp.inisitic proup of the Kigwort Family is tlit- Yellow Rattle, or Common Rattle, a native of EuniH' and R\issi.iii

.•\si,i. and al-o of N'lrtli .America. Khinunilins Crista Galli is a much rarer plant in .Vnicrica than in the Old World, occ'irrin).',

s])arin;;ly alonjj the coast and in the mountains of Northern New luii^lami and Eastern Canada, thence extendiu); to the north

shore of Lake .Sui^rior and northwestward. This geoK' 'pl'H' dislriluilion of the Rhinanthus is g(Mid evidence of its being truly

native, altl'.oush it may have been intrmluced at soiuo points nlonx the coast. In Great Hritatii and other ICnroiiean connlrie.s,

where it is p.'uch more connnon than liere, it often can' s j;rcat loss by its habit of preyinj^ on other plants.

It is an erect pl.uit. with simple stem, opposite leaves, and odd y irregular flo.vers in a onesided spike. It is not unlike the Red Rattle,

I'eilicnlaris I'ahi-tris. in general ap]iearance. The name Rhinanthus means " Nnsetlower," ' •.•cause the upper lip of the corolla of some species

once placed in this genus is beake<l. The sjK-cific n;imc, " Crista-gadi." means " Cock 'scomb," perhaps in reference to the shape of the curiously

inllalcl fmilMig .-alv x. Tlic name Vel'iw R.Utle, like that of the Red Rattle i- d\ie to the noise of the rifK- .seeds in the pod.

GALRA LINDHELMERI.

PLATE 260.

(EVEMNG-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

vw bn>ttlr. fif.i -I M ftett /'ian,/tf\ : Uaiv< titui nnU. A.^rtr lyittU ptnn<tli'itt, ufifii'i mt^il almo.if rtttttt : llott^t \ tn huntnf, trt mi Hal rateiili'i : rrt/t r /wV mnik fricti}Hseit ^fumit
th^ i^i>tlf iK.tir, ft'H'/xtV'f ; f>ft.il\ fiyui , (.>,i»7,7it .v(/. filti, fit <in Inf ufififr ilii*r 0/ tti4 jinivti , itam^M\ iiefil ■ IU-.IIV iitm'nt iiw,*./A. foHiitttglftt, Itir Jtt\fS -'tHjifd.

' I fi*ft a tlewcr l»^c in every j;alo ;

The uindsth.tt fan Ihe flowers.
.^:ul Willi Ou'ir \vt Iconic Uri.':ithiti|,;s litl ilie sail,
Tell uf sircntT hmirs —
Of h'Hits thai jjliilc unftit nwav
Heiiealli llic skv ol' Mnv.

'■ The spirit iif the jjciitU' soiitbvvinil Crtlls
I'pmi his hhif Ihnmc of .lir,
.\n<l where his whisjH-riiig voice in niiisic falls,
liciiiitv is hixMiii;; IhcTc :
TIic hri^;lit ones of tlie \-alU'y lirtMk
Tlieir sliinilM'is ami aw ikc." -J. ft, 1'i;hciv,\i.,

Ills li.nndsome plant is :; native of the prairies of Texas, that paradise of beautiful flowers. It was first foun<l by one of the most

l;ni«i ^ indefatigable <.f the collectors who early traveled through the Great West ami labored to bring its flora to knowledge. Tliis was

^ !■■ I.indlKimer who cullected chiefly in the I mie Sta. State. His spoils were wcirked up bv Dr. Hngelinaun and Dr. Grav. and

til. result was pnlilidied under thj name of " I'lantie I.inilheimeriaiue." The sjiecies of Ganra that bears Liiidheimer's name was

first tound bv him near Houston, Texas, It is a tall plant, sometimes growing to the heiglu of six feet. The odd, onesided

dowels ojieii successively in .\pril and May. They are large for the genus, the [letais pure white at first, but becoming pink as they fade, as do

so tr.any white and yellow flowered plants of this family.

There are (|uite a numlier of .sjiecies of (laura in North .America, all of them with pretty, slightly irregular blossoms, (ianra lliennis, the
most common .^ix.-cies cast of the Mi.ssi.s-sippi, has pink flowers. Ganra Coccinca, a native of the Western prairies and munutains, i.s rcnmrkible
for the color of the small blossoms. Rose-colored at first, they deeixu to a vivid scarlet with age.

"ii?

.,5*^

— g

-^

•

— 261 .
BEECH DROPS.

tPIPHEOU* VIKaiNWN*.
AUGUST -OCTOBER

— 262 —
BROAO-LEAVED QOLDEN-ROD.

SOLIDAQO FLCXICAULUt.

I p»n)pu«npi.injj»mm>"iiiiiJW

J

1

I'' I* 'I 't IB i

i' f

j7*

St

BEECH-DROPS.

PIRATE 461.

EPIPHEGUS VIHGIMANA,

(BROOiM-HAPE FA.MII.Y.)

H'lmlf p.'ti'it h'0.1 nli)t'l>uip't'

'iff f".t "litifl f'ttjMt li.-'f f-Titlu, hiilUMj; immrn'Ms stfili u,i:/-hk/ tnti'i

fl.K.,

WVMWV.V. <if lliL- l!r(H)mrni)i- Family closely allied to the Miiall otic llowcroil CaiiivrrcKi , is the Hi e' h-ilrolis. ICpijilRnus While
the .Xiihyiloii all lehe.'. its nvils to those of .\stets ami Goliien nnls, Kpi)''iegus aims at nobler pre-, ilrawiiij; its sustenance troni
the root fibres ol" the statelv Beech. In l.Ue summer and autumn — .September ami October are it-- lavorile months — this
4aainl parasite may be found at the foot of every lii'ech-trce. enjoying; the hospitable shr.de whik it (iini:Mij;ly robs its
host, .V smal! plant it is. The stems are ratlwr briltle. much branched. The color of the whole jilanl is a dull puriil'.-brown,
^n thai the iivins; siiecimens are hardly lo be distin«nishe(l, at first f,\M\i: Ironi the de.id plants us\ially found beside them. The
llowers at the snnunit of th'.' stem are rather lar>;e and showy, dull crimson and white in color. Like t'.e u i\ , bright colored (lowers of the Jewel-
we.d. thev rarely produce seed. That is left to the inconspieutius Ciuderellas-~to the bud like blossoi, lower on the stem -not permitted to
win iuhniration in iipjicr air. Tlie-e fertile blossoms do not open at all. fertilization taking place in the bi'd.

Ivpipluxn'- VirKiiiiana is a not uncommon plant m I\a.sterii North .America. It is fo.md in Cana<l.;, and thence sou'h to I'lorida ami west-
ward to Wisconsin and Arkan.sas.

PI-ATK a62.

BRUAD-LE.AVED GOLDE.N-ROD. SULID.XGU l"LH.\IC.\:.LIb vLAflKOLIAl

(SUNFLOWER l-A.WILY.I

'(.«,»/* .'> uiiihlh fmhfiifnl; \4fm .t^t, on 4' to ,--Hr fWl hivfi btanthmz li*ivar\i fi.' summit. y/ri«.ij.
tlokfth-tfUifU. kradi in m illarv tluildx, foimf^g a itats ttfrninaJ pam

" Crows a wee<l
^ior^: i ulily here l)esi*lc our iiiflUiw sea?--
Tli.il IS \\;v autuimi's ltiir!)in>itr ;nnl pridi*
When liulrs tlu* ciniiniil-tluwrr. wlutM' r'"l-lRMrl Mihiim
(ilovv- liUi- ;( liviiif- ro.il ii]npn llii- j^iiei-n
» )( Uk- mulxuinntT iniiiilows, tlifii liow driyhl,
t I'>\v •U->. lining' hii^lil liki- tnoumiiiL; tiniiie ilith t>in ii
I in- t io]iiei»r<»«i iii»in a liumviiiti lulls,
hw Is ihc Aut;min s flower, ninl lu my Mutl

nuttf.

1 iiniiHtifi' at hutti

■ leaifi '"-iH.ifr n» mittniurd ^ti''!,-t
,. Jiti/ttfuri 1 tea. fii\ft<>:i-/-ii tfitre ot /,/mi .

A token fresli of iK-aiity .iiu! of life.

AniMtfe's Mipreiiic deliKlil." Kichakh W .mson C.M.iiKrt

" Anil tlu- OoMeti-roil lights slowly

Its torch f.tt ilie Auti'iiii' hla/e " -Chma THixTHii

t.ill

m

}>]

■ .MotiK the riMilMile, like the (lowers o( j.;oWl
Thiit t.iwiiv lutMs ti»r thetr j;arileiis wrought,
llei V with <' ishiue (IrooiK the r.oliUii r"<l ' WlIirriRU.

I'*, in Uu> O'-unirw have a j;rtvit Iovl* tor the (*.n!<K'n r<xls. Altlii>uv;h ilicrt arc u few sp.'oics in Iviiropc iMi<| in (tllur parts u{ tlic

Wftfld. the j^enu-^ St»li(la>;'i reaeht s its hlKHest tlevelopineiil in Niirth Anii?riea. The (»nUku hkN are aiimn^ tlie most familiar

wild llower- "T ihi'» teennn^ ectUinetit. pfnt>i mi tlie we^itt-rn sitlc -it' tli Atlantic. eea?»inji; l»» live (hi the inetimry of I'ojipy and

l>aisy antl Ilnwihuni. have he^nn to realize that Ainema has a U:w plants ..f her own ami .sin^ witli ttne accord the (teatUies ot

tlicse vi'i'Viotts autumn flower-^.

N«il >o showy as the ct»iiunon Solidaj^o '.'.niafU-nsis d" litlds an 1 rouUides, hnt more deiicatclv hanilsome. are several wood

I si^'c les ol tlie I**aMern States and C;»nad.i ICasily ehict anion^ these is the !hoad Iravel <folden tod. A deni/en ol rich hillside \ViM>ds.

stly alon^ water courses, this fine SoUda^o is abundant northward, but in ihe South is eonlined to the neighlK)i hood of tli-.' mountains. It

>ss*»ms in September and (Kiol»cr

"i?

^

■^

{(

- 263 —

- -i4 —

CVRILLA RACEMIFLORA.

COMMON PA3SI0N FLOWER.

lOYRIL^A FAMILY.)

PAMIFLORA INC«RN»TA.

JULV— AUGUST.

"T««i»?l!S ^«*fll*!!WS)!

"T'^W^"??^"'

•>!'.f-(M'i?Wi'~'»JJW;i'»,^'-Jf;.'.5'ifl,'y'Yi*^r

mm

!« ! I'i!

11 i

If

PLATE 263.

CVHILLA RACEMIFLUKA. iCYRILLA KA.MILY.)

P .!// r»rf .; 7,rt j,-(

iiA \ii4 . Itiifei 1 /»•

0/ ihf iftthtti .

' .'Ap htttuthtfti. ohinuile HI- at*Janit^iia/r. rntiif. >htti,tiit, tli->i. 1
tJi/ s^tt -iMi . pe(a]a lit*, tprfatling, u^A^.V, /im»/ *i t-^vtr.ir.i ti

■ po.cftf fut^N ttt lit^ig iUiidff iiitt'Mi'i L litit^>rj III l/if />ii>f

" A thmisaTiit Iln*.vrs.
Uy the roatbjde nntl honitTs of th-. swamp,
Nrwl pi'i^y to eiK'li tithcr , >;Ki'sy Umvcs
Art- iwiuklin^; in iho sun. as if tilt- (K'W
Wt-rc ■.111 TtuMlt ytt. ami silvfr walvrs break
Inu) small wa\es. an»l •^pjtrkle its tlioy tumc." — n»iVANT.

kUl', sliallow Siiliasmini swamps that green ihf jiiiu'-'iarre:! ro^i'iii aloiifj the Atlantic and thf GiiH' in
oases in the ilesert. Wherever there is a slight hollow Ijjlow the uionotonoiis level of tlii
verita'ole il.nverganlen sjirin^js up. There are not a few Ueantiful flowers in the dry soil ol" the 1
prolusion ol ve^jelahle wealth rivals that ot' the tropics Not to sixmU of Orchids, I'itcher plaiit>
variety of handsome l1ovverin>; sir. ul)s. Tiie \"iscid Azalea, wiili its masses of i)ink-wliite, IraHrant
with iL-sii.nvv floral leaves, the delicate dro>|iin)< white ..f the I"rni>;e tree or Old Mans Heard •'
io,uco!ore;lclnstersofthe (tvickwlieat Tree. Cliftonia - all llonrish here. C'loseiv .illad to the HnckwliLMt Tree
:i m.u the banks of streams, ami at the eilv;e of pine '):irren p luds, from Vir>;inia to I'lorida and westward a
heautifni. The .<i!ia);e is dark ;;reen, the leaves thick and with a rich j^Uissiness on (he upper si'.rfac.;. The sni:,
slender. n.i;i(l '-..cemes at the base of the young t\\ii;s of the season, lirsteail of jjr.ieefully droopiiij,, they stand
wliich gives ..u odd look to the plant lu flower or fruit

the Southeastern States, are like

rej-iori, moisture gathers and ,i

barrens. Hut in the swamps, tlie

iind I'olyna!as, tlicre is a j;real
flower-, tlie brilliant I'iuekneya,
e hancKonie foliage and graceftil

1, 1 ^hi nil or small tvec eomnioti
.e C.nlf This plant is eleijaiilly
.11 white tioweis ,ire clustered in
bcUliy out, stiff and unbeiidinj;.

CL),Mv\ON PASSIO.N-FLOWEK.

VhWU .'t4.

I'ASSIFLORA l"iCAKNAT.\.

( I'ASSIUN-FLOWEK FA.MILY.

r ..r/ij/. *.r. N

' Art lliuii u

I'nr e;i> Ii t
Oh no! \h;
W'v Iraic

■Twi\i (",<»;

Wlu-u Uk

' rf}' ,

t\pf -It' ]n.- ml'. , <)!■ uf ]ii>\\t-r,
njuvjijfm. or di^-.tstroius sin ^
ii\ n.uiu ili-iuititii. I'iissioii Uiiwir '
■ part- lorulla"'^ ilepth within
holier syi»(>oI . vi*n. h si^ii

in-l m.iii ; a rt?»'or'l ni th tl hom

xjiiiiliif) .\i\ 'li\iiu

■ a 'tf* ntil; fii/m.iti'''t '*'

'Hih\i it94ait lulu rm

1 :kr I If I Kil . f't-ia. h:r. n H:tt , n/iiitrnty HHlh\i into a fnfv fml,t\tni- ihr

C;in('fll'. *1 (h.»t tiuM- wliuh uhsou' siuirlfil .lower

It is th»- Crtis> ! Nt.'\crhaMi I'salmi il'-s lo!i>;iic

I-'itlitT ol' 1ju]H' lo hum, HI (V.iilly suiiji

Than thih iiiuU" It-.tohit in ii (li.rrt s hfc.ivl,

.\ ..fir i)J j^viifhuiic ihf wiM wxuxU anii>it>j',

A p.i^'t with inon- tli.'in h-lltre'i l"Vt' impresl.

A Vkmcoiv to th*' hav-eus '•(' ihu Mt'si." -Sir .\r niii

I'K Vl'.KH

tiW -|iei.!e.s 'h ,
^iH.-eies in cult
Of the
■irj^e ;f.-rr\ lli
in the South

1 'NT, lb. iir\ 1\' ' nil' inpUilmn a cni.iadc. --[aak-. ihronj!: the lips of .Shakesjieare, of

i.iun,
iir 111 Sp
ivatioii
several
.it turns
where It

■' 'S'l^n.-*- tiieH-if'. ft-i'^
\\\i\: li toiiMev :i iiuiaiini ytars .i^n wc'.f. l.riU'd
I-''tr iiiir .iiivaiilajje <.a 111' lallf^ crtis;* '

'I'lie tliciii>;lit ' ' 'ilie monarch lelnni-- -.n the sin){Ml;ir outlines of the Passiondhrwer, lis stamens, pistils and crown of friiij^e,
fi-r I ciitni ic- Kt. died the cross, the nails '.lie croivn ol ihorii'- ct Calvary. Ueiwe the Italian n.nne, " llor della passii,iu' '
ins irar.Mi rincd tlii'. into P.issiflora, " llower of the passion ' MosiU native-' of .-\meriea, esp"eiii!ly South .\merica. .i
ith' r'.i .\-ia and in .\ustr.di.i. They were i,ul\ intriHhiced into laii"pc. e->pecially rassillori Cicrulea, the ntost eonimcn

sjH:cies of I'assion flower Ih.il occur in .S'ort'i .\nietica. the beauliUii I'a-.siiiora liuarnat.i istln.-lvst known. The Iruit is a
yellow when mature. The 'vhi'.e pulp i- r.itlnr sweetish, but of a 11 ivoi not relislKil by most people. It is .ometinies .jaten
IS known as '• Maypops. '

-^

A

m

AMERICAN IPECAC.

. ilit:ht!y finfvHfit. haiiihifn: at suinmil

PI<ATE 265.

PORTERANTHUS (GILLENIA) STIPULACEUS.

(ROSE FAMILY.)

flowers, tlic

rv/ V Ifil'v : /(-,/: vt altftHiile. ,m 'r> v s/im I /i.V/.i//-y, n :fnli'>l,llr <ii d:>-f>lv //ii-r fi't;;t. ^fi/'Hff.^ l,i.f:r. ./.!'/'( w\'. iltfply iiuin-tl ; Ifajlet (ku filiate-
*■' »■//(-. /<((/(■ iiwrf [>iit>, uriii /iiiii-itl/i : //i>.-(i'»i III (/ I III imfi'iif iii/i<"i uiiiif ,■ fitlitis tiir, ufiitf in tint-tuiot,

" W'hfii spritijj camu on with hiul and licll,

Amouj^ tlu'sf r()t.ks did t
Hefurc >ou h.iny my wreaths to tt-h

Tlial jicntlf da\^ witl' iii^;h !
And in tht- sultry suimiitr hours
1 slif^Ucrcd you with leaves and (lowers" — \V\>Hr>s\V()KTir.

"]1N1)R1U) I" till' many plants I if stirp.issiii),' laatity tliat bL-loiiv; l<> tlic Rosl- Fainily, none are hamls(>tiit;r than those 01 the Spira'a
Inlic. Tliu Spiia-is tlii.'Mistlvt.s, M(.aili)\vswiji,t ami IlarcUiack ami the lovely Ma\ -urealli of our f^ardeiis, are of lii^h (listiiictioii
ainniij; llovvers. The Nine-bark, an elei;aiil little shnib of luir riveiclirt"'., with dark green foliage anil clusters of white flowers,
fnlloweil by bunehes of curious ]iurplisli iiods, sustains the familv reputation.

Closely allied to Spinea is the genus I'orteranlluis, of whuh tliere are two very lirelty species in ICastern North .America. One,

I'orteranthus Trifolialns, i;rows in woods along the .\ppalailii .n luounlains, atid Westward to Missouri. The other, the Anierican

Ipecac id the ' herb-doctors," is found in Western .\e\v \'ork, in Ontario, and thence soulhwe's.'vard to .-Mabaina and Louisiana, and

IS Kaii.sas, llowering in early sunnuer. It is a taller and stricter plant than the other, with leaves of a lighter green ami pretty white

IK als usually tlushed with pink on the outer surface. It prel'ers drier ruul more open woods than those inhabited by its sister species.

LUNGWORT, VIRGINIA COWSLIP.

PLATE 266.

MHRTENSIA VIRGINICA.

(BORAGE FAMILY.

riTtoU' phlllt IHtlM^/l, J:,l^lllt\ g!ilU,.

■ i;llt iiii/h'i tonf^ ; Jtonrrs l« 1.01 ymos

• t'ltt yiiii/iff. fifil, i.'.il\ ; Ifiir'n. ti!/r-nniU, till' I'-uyr i<itlf:fifttiihil, nf'tiiiig ui I'h'i: iltf, nbtiH'' itt itfi r. Ulitual J*
/iiiiiiiiii: ,1 tfiiitiitiil fiaiiiit. , iitlw .iiiuill, Jiii-'fiittl^ii ; iiiiiillit luimpfi-^hafi-i, .t^iitt hhi tiin'i -.n lfiii;t'i.

" Blue! "ri» the life of heaven- the domain Suliside, if not to dark-lihie nalivcaess.

Of Cyntliia,— the wide palace ot the snii — lUiie ! ^jeutle cousin oi the forest y reen.

The tent of ilesperas, and all hi.s ir.nti— Married to ^reen in all tlie sweetest Mowers —

The hosfun'-r of elouii^, j^old, Kre>', and dun. I'Virjiel-ine-not. the hlue-hell. and ihat<(ueen

nine I 'Tis the life ot' waters - tM'( ,ui Of seeree\ , the violet — what strauf e powers

.Vml all its Vitssal str.-anis : pools luntiherK'S.s Ilast thou, as .t mere shadow ' \\v^ how ^reat,

M.iy r.e^e. and foam, ami I'rel. hut never can Wheti in an \\\k: thoii art alive \. .ih f.ite ! ■'—John Ki-:aTS,

!s'(^.\\'t)KT .Old \'irgiiua CVivvslip are ainoiig the popular iiaines borne ii\ tile books by this lovcl.\ ,)!ant. .-\ thiid name is much
mine i-oiiimon!v .!p|)|icd to it, especially in the Ohio V.dley ,iiid in the .South — " Hltiebells." .-V number of .•\merican plants
have usurpeti this I-aigUsh name of tin,' Htiropeaii Scilla Nutans illvacinthus Non-se'-nplns), but none is more worthy of tlie
pretly title than this .Nlcrtensi.i. It has la eii called " Virginiii L'owslip." doubtless because of the leaves, which arc somewhat
like those id' t!ie true Cowslip.

There is no plant more elegant than the Meitelisi.i \'irginica. llelonging to a family of ccnrse. rough-haiiy weed-like plants,
it would be coiisidercil one id' the handsomest of its tribe if it beIouii;cil to llie I'-^imroses or the ( -entiaus. Perfectly siuootl'. with
loaves of a rich, sappy green, the vegetative part of the plant is a meet se.liug lor the suiKib llowers. These are trtimi>et-shapc<l, with a somewhat
flaring border, not more lh;!n .-in inch long. .Mthongh tisit.illy described as blue in color, they arc otteit flesh-pink at hrsi, changing to a vivid
blue Often the two colors with ii'termediatc jiurples may be . seen ill ttie same cluster. Merieiisia \'irginica extends fr n.i the \'.illvy of the St.
Lawrence to Minnesot.i and .South Carolina.

Jei

N>

0

Jf

-265 —
AMERICAN IPECAC.

PORTIRANTHUB »TIPUL*CtU3

L_-

— 266-
LUiM'ORT, VIRGINIA COWSLIP

MERTCNUA VinOINICA.

PLATE 367.

TALL BLACKBERRY. RUBUS VILLOSUS. (ROSE FAMILY.)

iiilr. ytu:,.

•rJlHiiig, ht'tliinc; sti'iiti;, miiif til .V'.i (1.
i ionn-f'^ttncUi\l in tiftitfii laifittn; f<i'liin

,\t ptu-k!i--\; /.-.i.-Vi ^uimlii/iti . f>ith.ii,til fi>.'":' [iiituttily li ifolm.utf <it fiitiiHtit,-l\ ijHtn-ilf Uiififts >'jalt\ itniti' .1/ itpfi, sfmif'/v
'■. iif*iti'it/,; It/lit';- i<<,-f'ht'li' Jill. V tttifit w.itiiii, f>iaiiiii: \^vnil <li upf-likt" drAcw. >, parity uuili'J iritu iin ublong bUtck Jititt.

" .Still sits the scliool-liimsc by tlu; rojui.
A r;i;:Kftl ttfk;;;ar suiiltillg :
Anmiui It ..uU tht* Sumarhs j;rnw,
.•\iiil 111.11 kliviry vimsaii miiiiiiii; "- WiiiTTIH.k

I lie Qiiiikor Poet's accurate kiiowleilKt' of plant lilt' i-' not wmHinn heix'. How largely do these two shrubs, the .Sumach aud the

liUickberry. eoutrilmte to the beaut\ 'tour ivaysiiU-, Tlie lllaokherry is always loyely. In e.irly suniuier, with suow-whitt or

1 'uk Hushed l)U]ssoms, Later, in Iho >;lory ot hriyht red aiul then nth hiai k fruit. In autuniu, the wanii pi\r|>les andhrouzes of

tlu- lading leayes are fit o >tnpanH>ns tn tlie scarlet ,iml yerniilion of tin ,Sui\UKh's leave- aud berries.

In niidsuilUiier wliat treasu es ite bestowed on chose who j;<> henyiug in fence dws and old llelds, where the ]irickle-anned

.stems of the blackberry l)eud low beucilh tlieir wei};ht ot Insciou-- Irnit ' When Slrawlierries :.tul Raspberries are none, wlien apples aud jK-aches

and grapes have not vet ripenwi. then it is Blackberry time

Besides the CCTWunon species, there are other edible Bl.icklierries in North America. The Dewberry, low-trailing in Siuidy fields; the

Mountain Hlacklwrrv , utasch like the Tall Blacklierry, but with stems almost unarmed aud with sweeter Iruit. In tin pine-barren region of the

.Southern St.iles the .Saict Blacklierry is a common s|>i'cies.

"^

t^n-nmdt . it/m ftfil, t.itkfi

WOOD NETTLE.

ntk, iif tM.ti u-iih stini.-i'ii' hitu
Jtir.t f » > mttmm i

PI,ATE »68.

LAPORTEA CANADENSIS.

(NETTLE F.AMILY.)

/.-j-'f ii.'lft ntiti' "W /.JHi'. ilfititii , ufak frliiili-f, ..iw/i- <iiuini»,ilf ,rf ii/v t .A(ir/>. 1 iyrmli. f<iif'eui'iil f"-ni\llfi,
li tm tp^ii , iwifM. tiif feititt tfi Initiji 01 in itpfif* UtU u 1 (/.i. i/c» He in iowfi ij I ;

'ii'jii,utinsl\ I fined:

JLANTS, like anim.als, have waste material that is pri«lnced in tlieir life-proee.sses. This is either acemniilated whcrr it will not be
in the way- -stored away like old fnrnitnie ami clothes in a garret -or it is excreted. .Most plants that contain alkaloids sinli as
iiiootin. cinchoiiin and strvohnin, take the loriuer method of disjiosing of their ashes and cinders. These often highly poisonous
substance- ire merely the pr.«Uicts of coinbustiou in the plant — the iiidigestil»k- f-irt of its food. In other cases the waste
matter is i .nried to the surface and exudes from glands or oilier outlets. Nature here, as elsewhere, gives the inventor a hint of
value. Wh.it at first were waste priHbuts have been converted to utmost utility. I;sudati.>iis sought as food by visiting insects

have become the means i>f periieluating the race of the plant. .Viid when, as in the case of the Nettles, the excielious are hurtful to insect, 'uast,

and man, thev are useful still — 'hey serve as means of .stout defence. To rec;ill a word ot"ten in the month of John ilniix.in. how iull is nature of

' ■ hv-eiuls " I Seldom does she fail tiv deal a blow with the hilt as well as the edge of her sw,,rd.

Not quite so veiioiiioiis as some of the true Nettles, yet by ii'- nie.ius inollensive, is ihe Wood Xcltle. Lapurtea. This is ,i common weed

ill rich shaded soil, with large, thin, dark green leaves. It blo.s.soms in .\ngnst and SeptemlKT.

Cj'S-

pp

I 'pi

I

i

I

— 267 —
TALL BLACKBERRY.

nUBUS VU.L08U9.

-268 —
WOOD NETTLE.

LAPOriTE* CANADENSIS

%■

WILD CRANESBILL

Sffm f*e>t. />om a \fi«>l. l/iut. taUiih iiHit\lih.t. i/>an'n:/v lin\

/Ac up^r

PI,ATE 269.

GERANIUM MACULATUM. (GERANIUM FAMILY.)

/<•; li\t ■ '■'<i4f,tr <rt f^',;i hin,i,ttr in rul/nif. fiirptl'I'tl. Ji.i'ion, loheti aiiit O'otlud. the foiii-r on /on: M''>
m,- Ji'-' I'liiK feiii*>"'f'i. uitfiet l,nii> : C(t/\t Jivf-cifjt ; firlaUJiit:

" Ami ^cmfcl r,cr!iininn.
Willi a liMf for iill wild ontie. "

EIGH IH'N'T. tlio siiKiiilIi jHict of till town, wlieii lie thus unite ilnubtless had in mind one of the I'elargoiniiiiis that are
universally ctiltivaled aiul that look as if they could liave no placi- v\ -ww untamed landscape. luen he, ihc most artilicial of
hards, could not di scribe a wild .siiecies as a " jjenteel Geranium." Certainly hi~ lines tell niithiiiK of tlie s\lvan grace and
beauty of onr Wild Cranesliill.

We have no wild flower that is more closely identitie<l with the spirit of onr forests than this. Wherever it grows
abundantly it is an es.sential feature in tlie May woods. I'lilike its i.^^ delicate cousins from Snutli Alrica it languishes and

Irom the

daintily cut leaves
As Ivmerson says :

and pretty rose- purple llowers lose half their i harm when removed

cool

Th«

T

rid
lertv

-•eems out of place in cultivation. Its
ir native setting of virgin soil and forest sl.atle.
" I thoiixlil tlu' sparri>\v's iiuii- fn.iii Imivcn,

Hingiiif; at ilnwil (ill thi' alder linujili ; Im.

I lirna>;lit liiiii lioiiif, in liis m>(, at tveii ; Ilr

he Wild Crane^bill is native almost everywhere in ICa^tern North America. Southward it leaves the hot sandy coastal plain aixl seeks the
1 iniiillltain w<hk1s. It begins to blossom in the South in April, continuing in flower until July in the North. It is at its prime in May.
I'S lite lisiiallv I'lotched with n lighter shade of green, hence the name " macnlatnm."

IK' sillj^s the soiij^, liiU it cheers tint now,
r I liiil not lirinjj home the river ami slcy ;
s.ing to my ear -tliey sang to my eye."

SMALL EVENING PRIMROSE.

pi<at:; 270.
(JENCJTHERA i'UMII

/^l'w«(,J^ v/.-w c)r<7, ,1 Ah)/ (t» th.i li.ii/i. -wi>i,' i'l \,'iin>ts:

HftliJv seaiU ; Ji".

' Nut all the stllslumslless of iiieltliig wiinil
Can move onr lieliig as sweet fiaj!raiirie.s
Steal with insinu.itioii ijeliiate
Into the miiiil. Tlie bite's low ineliHly
I'laiiilive IS love ; tile organ's revereiil lime :
Tlu- horn's iiispiriiig lilast ; the wild .ipiie.il

,A. {BVeNING-PRI.MHDSE FAMILY.)

■ntHiiory :•■• -.'1:11.1! <f:k.\ /.fii,'.- f.'ui. hmlii iW.'.>.--' , ,i.if'in!fx!uS\h.^f

Of hmitliovt Sflitifnt nf all life's dft-p j>ain ;
Tlu- eaj^er cluinur of iIiu 'Iniin's fuTCt? tiuat ;
rmifli, thrill, or rotisf. vet It-av,- us sliil oursflvt's.

.1 A/,i

:.. (A.-

AM mciiiM.i^-
loim- oil tin

i. ur siii or nirrriij>{ swt-ct,
wiiij^s of fmniancf , all cUsirt-

Waki'S at its liiiMin^ with n-sisilfss strt-ss ;
Olfl lirt'ams are in if* keqWiii; ; youth aint love
Wait oil lis will, niul not ihf Ihonjihls which ^^t-rvu
Tht'ir -iwcft bflifsls move with tnorr suhllt* lau.
Swit'lt-r or mori- mvstfriouslv."

.Aui.o H.VTKS.

a

as it is pretty.

A spicit

Puinila. This

westward to K:

I,SII>1-!.'^ the species of (I'jmdiera that open their pale yellow blossoeis when the staring sun has set. tliere are less diffident species
ilial d.) not shun the solai beam While the niKturiial ihaiotlieras have pale blo.ssoms that are usually sweetly fri'grant,

" \'oieeU-ss, yet not •.inlireatliillg.'
those that open m the ilaytime have briglit yellow flowers, little if at all odorous. Their brilliancy of hue renders fragrance
nniucessary for insect in\ itations. These da\ -flowering species do not merit the name of • ICveiiing I'rimrosc, ' One of the
( otnmonest kinds, (J'aiothera Frnticosa, is known by the name of ' Sundrops," which indicates its true habit. One who has seen
a lield in earl\ summer spangled with the bright yellow blossoms of this plant, will acknowledge that the name is as appropriate

s closely iillied to the Sundrops, differing in its more slender
pretty little idaiit love; drv sandy open soil, where it may revel
insas. The fruit is .111 odd eapsuie, cliib-s!iaiH.'d and fonr-angled.

iind less blanching li:iliit and in being not so hairy, is (iMiothera
in the sunlight. It is found rroni Nova Scotia to New Jersey, and
the angles with a n,irrow cork> wing.

,%

Wf

- 269 —
WILD CRANESBILL.

GERANIUM MACULATUU.

— 270 —
SMALL EVENING PRIMROSE.

CENOTHERA PUMILA.

I!l™"t_ '■■.L.Mii!^

'^■

SPINY SUV,' THISTl

PLATE 271.

SO>'CHUS \>PEH.

n

(SUNl-LOWER FAMILY.)

: /mm a» iifiHuiil >t<.-/. i;/ii»4i

<,. . /lHHilf'rit: If
in It 1^1 mi'

■ '^iiiiti' I
,,inl: 1.,.

I'hnf. fiinn^ttifiti III- iiniiiviiffit, iri^ii'.irlv itriilitt
" iiif'iuitlrit; Jiir.vns yflltnv; pup' 1^ of mfl uti.

III! by an auruulati- tiinr. smotitli; hra,h infiiil

rril iiiaiiy iiiicitlur nguri-ssivi wtfil "I tilt same I . lUirope has (jivfii us tlif Sow lliislk-. This plant is (iftcii sccii in waste-

:-;i. iind and alxint (IwilliiiKS niMr mc seahiiarrl, and is lM?i''.iiiinK .'n-iiueiit !ii Uu- West. The Spiny Smv-thistlc, Sonchiis A~per,
may he distiii>;uishid lioin the conitnon Sen liistle. whieh it nmi'i resonihles, li\ Ihe MMre rigid sjiiny tips on the teeth ol its
leaves. It is a eoarse phiiit and unattractive h'xt. nial l)eauty is (|uite lackiiii; to it. Tin stem is tilled witli a milky juice, like
the Dandelion, the Chicory, and the other ni inlnrsit this trihe of the Snnlhnvers. (i.deed, this character, with that of the
flowi rs l)einK all strap-shaiied, would make it seem thi' those hotanisls are ui the rijiiil who ie>;ar(l tlie Chicory Tribe as a
family distinct from the Sunflower.

The heads of the Spiny Sow-thistle are r.ither su'all, with pale yellow llowers. These, ns in the llawkweeds, Wdd Lettuce uid otln rs of
the fanii|\ . open in the early morninj;, closini; in the stron;^ 1 ^ht ol inid-d.iy.

Another .s|)ecies, Sonchiis Arvensis, the Kield .Sow thi-lli. , has large heads of hand.some orange-yellow ilowcrs. It is a not uucoiniiion
plant .along hedges and roadsides.

C^

PLATE 272.

EPILOBU \\ OBCORDMU.M. (EVENING-PKI.WROSE FAMILY.)

, ptirnniiil : totititfKk tathrr tliiik, ntuktv. lending .■••.' ,fu.'i ti/.iiif nn.f ,-i/-,
'•llhri loHg.sltHdr* itttiliiry fifttuHcUs ; pflilli laift^^i'lhiiKhtf . p ^di ,

' l/iiipnl.

.''■(I7'-J ,>ppoilti' on ,hi'ri prli'il^f^ •iVilte-<ih!,ini;, oti: ■ , ■ifiicHirlv iti'it/af'. etaHCml ; ff ■ "
<'iir:i'/i>il lnHnri thuH Ih/ p^duHcUs ; sf^ils I'lvfttd wiCIt miHuU projgtUtms. f'lmit uhiti.i.

" I.'kc as .1 '-liild, when Int^htiny soniuls molest,
Clings rUtse and et'Ser tn tlie niotlier's tireasl,
S<> llif loHtl torrent, .and the whirlwind's roar,
Bnt hind it to its native mountains more."

C.M'SIi many of the lipilobiums grow on high mountain peaks, they are low and stunted in their growth. Lack of the rich soil
from which plants of a lower altitude construct their tall stems and broad leaves, as well as the necessity of hugging the ground in
order to escape the bufFeti, gs of the rude mount, lin wind, prevents them from attaining any great .stature. Many genera which
are represented ,it low elev ions by tall, stout, juicy-stemnicd and broad leaved sjieeie-. dwindle at A'.piiie heights into siiiall. li.ilf-
starved, conijiact plants, tisiiilly gMwing in close tults. Allieit, these high niountain phints, having little opportunity to develop
up-slioi.tiiig stems am' spreading loiia;;c, usually produce large and showy flowers, so as to attract insects from more genial territory.
While the I'oieiitillas of low country meadows are usually incouspicu(ms in flowering but thrifty in stem and leafage, the Alpine sjiecics star both
rock a'ld turf with their briglit yelliiw dower-cups. S.ixifraga IViinsylvanica of meadows at low elevations has large leaves and sappy stalk, but
its flowers are small and green. Saxifraga tVeum and Saxifraga Opiuisitifolia, Arctic and Alpine plants, are of dwarf habit but have large and
brilliant flowers. The Kpilobiums of comparatively low altitudes with erect, leafy stems, such as Kpilobium Augustifolium and Kpilobium
Latifolium, give place on the mountain heights to such low, small-leaved .species as Epilobium ()l)Cordatum.

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IMAGE EVALUATION
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.Sciences
Corporation

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WEBSTER, N.Y. US80

(716) 873-4503

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- 271 —
SPINY SOW THISTLE.

SON''HUS ASPEN.

IL_i;-

— 272 —
EPILOBIUM OBCO°.OATUM.

(tViNINO »R'MR08t FAMILY.)

ju!.Y-«uausi

— 273 —
8TAQ-H0RN SUMACH.

RHU* T-VPHINA.

— 274 —
OAK-LEAVED HYDRANGEA.

HVDRANQEA QUERCIFOL'A.

11 ! I!

Ililill t

III i

i

r

Q^^

i^''lllWlll^ ~ *"

STAG-HORN SUMACH.

PI/ATE 273-

RHUS TYPHINA.

(CASHEW FAMILY.)

SMru/>. tomflimrs Irtmty or Ihirly ffet higfi: young tiutnthn tind pfti'>!F^ li'mt-nl>iii--hh si4l< . .'-.irri f-tnMittf, nf fiiimrniiis Ii-j/fif.^, /fttftrl' ohhiifi-la»cftflali-, acnmina//- al a/>f.r, shatptv srrratf,
Xdr lions fieiuoth : Jlo:i;-i s ym,ill, ];u'fHifh-yflltin\ in a i/cmc. IHyi sold f;tHi,!f; npiijs, pHols oiut i/omriis fivt; f> >iit a sniiUI. louHil ill u/-r, h.stly :iith ifit Miiii.<.

" What is there sailil'iiiiig in the Butunin leaver?
Have thoy that ' >;reeii ami yelUiw melancholy '
That the sweet pm't spake of ?— Had he seen
t)ur validated woods, wlieii lirst the frost
Turns into iH-anly all Oitohcr's wealtl'—
When the ilread fever quits us— when the storms

Of the wild IC<|uinox with nil its wet.
Has left the land as the first uelllf^e left it,
With a hrij^ht !k>w of many eolors hunj;
rpoii the forest tops — he had not si'jhed.
'rile tiumn Slavs longest for the hunter now :
The tre.scast Mown their foliage, and the blithe

Anil luisv squirrel hoards his winter store :
While man enjoys the hree/.e that sweeps along
The hri^ht hlue sky aho\-»' him, and that l>ends
Maniiifiiently all the forest's jiride,
Or whii.pers through the evergreens and asks,
' What is there s;idd'ning in the autumn leaves? ' "

ItKAlNAKD

kHE Stimachs are nhvays haiidsoiuc plants. Hvcii the common Poison Ivy is a pretty climlxr with its lush green foliage and bunches
of white waxy l)erries. Our other poisonous : pecics. the Swamp Doj;w<k)(1, Rhus Veinix, is a K^autiful little tree, especially when
its foliage nas assinncd the bright tirls c)f autumn. The Smoke Tree, Klius Cotiiius, so ornamental in fruit, is often f:^n iu parks
and on lawns. It is taken as the cmole^n of " iiitelleiniiil excellence. '

The Stag-lioni Suu'ach is oni if the most coinin' .Vnurican six-cies, especially northward. It is a tall shrub, usually ten
or fifteen feet high, but sometimes reaching tl'.e height of thirty feet. Tlie stem is covered with fme rusty hair. The leaves are long, maile up of
many lea/iets which are whitened beneath. The flowers, like tho.se of all the Sumachs, are small greenish-yellow in color. It is the fruit,
however, that attract; the eye. This is a small berr>--like drupe, bright red in color, covered all over with bristly red hairs. The graiK-like
cluster of these red fruits is very showy in early iitumn. With tht vivid hues assumed by the foliage, the Stag-horn Sumach is a brilliant bit of
color in the fall landscape.

OAK-LEAVED HYDRANGEA.

PLATE 274.

HYDRANGEA QUERC!FOLIA.

(SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

SfiiHfi, Ihife 10 .

rr /frt high; jlrmK sh,titfi, fiiaHihtng, liark j;rity: IfaiYS oifiuulni or bimiitlv
lami-mtiisf bfmrath, f specially whfH yoHHg; JloKf. s lit an ubliiHg panulr; i

oi utf 'i/iltHf: III oiitliHg. af'Piv thi'flobfil. Ihf lobf
oioUds of ffitilr fioKfis imatt, of Ikf nrnli-al om-s

iigiiin Imi or iMif^-Zobfii, acu/r. serrate,
mmh larger.

^(JST of the beautiful Hydrangeas that are so much (-rized in cultivation are forms of an Kastern Asiatic species. Hydrangea

Hortensis— the " Hydrangea of ganieners." This plant with its handsome varieties is a gixxl illustration of the eflfects of

cultivation, just as the domestication if animals tend.-i to make them degeiier.ile in many respects, .so cultivated pliMiLs are apt to

lose some of their distinctive vigor. When the end of the gardener's art is the "improvement" of the bIos.soms, a common

result is the loss of fertility. The flowers l)ccome larger, showier, hand .omer if you will, but ihe ability to produce .seed is

diminished or destroyed; there is just so much vitality in a plant, if exhausted in one particular task, other tasks must remain

The effect of the culture of the Hydrangea has been to tuni the original small corolla into a large neutral blossom without stamens or

As far as there may be l)eauty in perversion, these massive clusters of pin>c, blue or greenish-white flowers are very beautiful.

Ever, native Hydrang"as usually ha .'e a few large sterile flowers on the circumference of the duster of small ]>erfect ones, doubtless as a lure

to insects. These are especially well -developed in the superb Hydrangea Quercifolia. often seen iu gardens. It is a native of river banks in the

Gulf States from Florida to Louisiana.

Hydrangea is from two Greek words signifying ' ' water " and ' ' vase," referring to the shai>e of its capsules.

undone,
pistils.

=5|

^^

.-3".

— 275 —

CRaNE-FLY ORCHia

TIfULAKI* UNIFOLIA (OWOOLOA).

— 276 —
0I8P0RUM MACULATUM

(ULV FAMItY.)

m

U \ ;■

?«■

CRANE-FLY ORCHIS.

PIRATE 275-

TiPULARIA UNlFOLiA (DISCOLOR).

(ORCHIS FAMILY )

Sum imooth, bmunti/i.

uiyit'tfi .1 liiPXi' cot >H .- /nifit!} nr -ii.'h n /rw icalfs ne»r the Kne ; l,ttf s<'litiii
/io;tri \ ^Moll. hni;i nis/t - p,t ninth .\,j;>nents ItHfttt , sprfiiMng ; lif* br-.

"By fate, not option. frii>;al Nature j^ave
One scent to hyson and to wall (lower,
One sc>un<i to pine-droves and ti> water-falls,
One asiR'ct li) the desert and the lake.
It was iK^r stvTn necessity ; all Ihin^^s

s Ihrtlo:

a/, ttlthrr /o'if;-/>ftiii/At. a:tif, , miiny
fiVMiiet sput , rtiotf than t:vu i- ci> /.'m,i; u

Are of one pattern inaile; t)ird. lieast, and flower,
Sijn^. ])icture. form, space, tlum^ht. and character
Deceive ns, scorning to be many thinj;s,
And arc tint one."

Kmuk.son.

f/i'infrHtr a lonn tnmimt! taiftne;

jIMICRY by Orchids I'f insects of the most widely different families has l)een remarked since these plants were first studied. Whether
these wonderful resemblances are always purely accidental, is an unanswered (piestion. Is it not at least jiossible that the flowers
oi different plants may attract insects by assuming the htus and forms by means of which one imlividnal insect of a
si>ecies is enabled to recui;nizc its mates ? The narrow strap-shaped s^-'pals are often strikingly like the antenna; of insects, while
the broader petals or lip answer for wings.

Tipularia Unifolia is one ol the best specimens of this mimiorj* of insects on the part of Orchi<l-l)l<>ssoms. The long spur
and narrow sepals make a fa;: imitation of the IxKly and win^s of a Crane-Hy, It is to this resemblance that the plant owes both
its iCn^lish and Latin names. Tipularia is fr )m Tipnla, tlie Crane-ily. In this case the imitati(Mi is doubtless accidental, as no one attributes to
the Crane-fly or any allied insect the cmss-ferti'ization of Tipularia.

The Crane-fly O'chis is one (tf the most dithcult to find of our Orchids. It grows in deep rich w(X)ds, and its dead brown color is so similar
to tliat of the withercv* leaves with which the ground is strewn, that its detection is a task for tlie sharpest eyes.

m

a^

DISPORUM

PI.ATE 276.

MAC U LATUM.

iLILY FAMILY.)

Herhaceoui p^ennial ; roo/Sfliiitfrni, fihrnus,pttm a kmittv nuitili.. t . strut ftnt, finktttji : trawsattfrnate. (hi>ptng, ni'nt,: tttuminitle, ilnwnv fiuh/sceKt, t^p^iallv when voung. vfinv : flim'ers fine
to thtff on iltnitft , dtiMfung Ifrminal pniHHtlfs ; pftitlnt/i, titvimtnt six. whitf, spittlni tvith pMifitf , /mtt ttn OTtmt, u-tYf tl srMfd, rftt ffftiy

I POT'.'^KIl nowers setm to Ik.- a family trait olthe Lilies, Tlic iiiarvi-loiis niarkings nf tlii.' petals of the sjiecies of Calochortus,
those heautiful Iierbs of wliidi the Marijiosa I.ily is the best known, are extreme ileveloinnents of this eomnioii tendency. The
purple or lirown dots on the flower-leaves of most I.ilies, and llie less distinct bars and elieckeriugs of the Kritillarias, are more
familiar instances.

None of the Lilies have more beautifully marked blossoms than the little known Disjxjrum ^L^Clllatura, a native of

wooded blufTs along the rivers in the Cumberland and Allejjhauy moimtaiiis, and ranginj; northward. An elej;aut plant is this

Disporum, well worthy a plaee in every garden. The leafage is of a bright tcider green. The blossoms, very broad and open
bell-.sUaped in fonn, droop from their slcnd'-r stalks at the summit of the .stems. The six petals, wide apart and tapiiing into slender claws,
are almost pure white, thick dotted with erimson-piirple. ^' nen these have fallen the plant puts on new beauty, in late summer ; having won
the admiration 01 insects it now seeks that of the birds. The fruit is more showy than the blcssom — a small egg-shaped Ix-rry, bright scarlet in
color. It blossoms, to quote Lowell :

"When oaken wikmIs wnli liuds arc ]»iiik, \Vhen fmiii the liitncysucklc gray

Anil new-come birds, each nioniiiig sing, Tlu- nri.ilc with exiHTi.;ice(r(iuest '_ ^ -_

Wlien fickle May on Smuincr's brink I'wilches tlic tiiirim-^ tia: k avav,

Panses ancl 1-m()\ s not which tv> tling, The ce>r<ir,ge of liis Iiani'iux-ic nesti .

Whether fresh hud and hlotnii again. Cheering his lalior with u note

Or boar-frost silvering hill and plain. > Rich as the orant^ of his throat"

Md

=.%

— 277 —
FALSE IPECAC.

RtCHAROSONIA SCABRA.

— 278 —

BLADDERWORT.

UTRICULAHIA INFLATA.
JUNE.

i

mn

iil

^#"

If

FALSE IPECAC.

PLATE »77.

RICHARDSUMA SCABRA.

{MADDER FAMILY.)

Mitf pHfViti'rit; item deiitnifvHl tn ,n. ,-M(/?ni,', ,/n/i:'t<>mitn\tv /'utni'hfit: Mfir.f -fr.i/*- <»r itS't'-iU, itxui,\ sh'itl peliitli>i, uftfirtmnt f>ai" unitrii at hinf^ into an imitliicte ah<>iit Iht
//<»r.rr-<7w,.//*»t. il.>!t.ii tlentfly ginmiiair, mtyi Jitni to >fifH-lt}hfit. toittlla /nnnel tot mfj, three to n r lot>ed, ii-liile ur fitnttnti, iintt /■<•.> ()»■ Ihte- nutlets.

lOME faiiiilios of plants are easily U'cognizeil as families — all the members resemble each otiier obviously. The Cress Family, for
instance, is plainly of one miiUl anil patleni. So is the Unibcllifer I'amily. The Madder Family on the other hand, is made up
of several tril)fs that are ap])are'itly mure distinct than some families. Yet a study of the parts of the flowers bring out their
relationship ckarly. No out imid su])posc that the climber with .^howy scarlet and yellow flowers familiar in cultivation, the
Manetlia, is a nlative of the homely. \veakstemm<.<i Hedstraws, or of the noble Cinchonas. In tracing; back the tips of branches
to the trunk of the tree of life, the !)olanist often finds a flower's " long lost brother " where the ordinary observer would never
suspect even remote kinship.

Belonging to the trii)e of the Dedstraw.'^, is the rather homely and weed like Richardsonia, .sometimes known as False Ipecac. This is a
rough little plmt, covered all over with bri.stly hairs. The tiny whi'Jsh flowers are densely clustered • ' the .sununit of the stems, protected by the
iipperniiist pair of leaves, which are luiited at base into a sort of cup.

Richardsonia Scabra is a native of tropical America, sometimes straying northward. It is somewhat .sparingly introduced into the South
Atlantic and Gulf States. In .some legalities it is known to the people as " Mexican Clover," s cattle are fond of it.

BLADDERWORT.

FI<ATE 278.

UTRICULARIA INFLATA.

(BLADDERWORT FAMILY.)

Aquatte

/,»-.*•» teaiei iiif>metseii. nin.ti iti:wileit into^'ine. eoptltoiv ilitmoni. ttiese ttenting smat/, ».,»'»i</ hto-titeix; M//",-
JioHvi in a simple tiraeteU laeeme te> niindttng llie iottg ieafie, large, irtegular ,

m-nt /eases in o tftioil, Jliiating hv mean
eoiolla with a ttmspicrtons spur.

of file loige, Jisleniteil petioles ;

\ KITING on the eleventh of June, 1852, Thorcau records the finding of " I'tricularia Vulgaris, common Bladderwort, a dirty con-
ditiimcd flower, lik'.' a slovenly woman with a gaudy yellow bonnet." ICvidenlly the anchorite of Walden did not admire the
connnon liladderAVort, which is micleanly simply l)ecause its home is foul. Had he known the Utricularia luflata we should
doubtless have had a prettier description.

.\ more remarkable plant than this 'twould be difficult to find among our wild flowers. The long slender stem, rooting in
tlic mud at the bottom of po'ids, bears numero\is leaves that are entirely submerse<l in the water. These are dissected into delicate
thread-like divisions that bear many tiny blad<lers. whence the name, '' .icularia. Above these, resting on the .surface of the water, is a raft-like
circle of leaves, supported by their inflated stalks. Home aloft above these last leaves is a stalk with .1 few large bright yellow flowers. Very
odd and irregular blos.soms these are, and very showy.

Utricularia Inflata is found in stagnant pools along the Atlantic and Gulf coast, from the Mari'ime Provinces of Canada to Texas, blos.som
ing all .summer. The tiny bladders that cover the submersed leaves are furnished with valves wnich admit prey — for be it k'Mwn that the
Bladderwort is one of the many plants lliat have turned the tables on the animal creation, and are not foiHl, but eaters.

M

d

UKUS

■n?

^

— 279 —
PURPLISH HORKELIA.

MORKELI* PUIIPURASCEN&

— 280 —

FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.

VAINER* (SMILACINA) HACEMOSA.

:| li

m

^

V;

CJW—

PURPLISH HORKELIA.

PLATE a79-

HORKELIA PIJRPURASCENS.

(ROSE FAMILY.)

fhl/l hjill.-h :

fiit^tisk, tongrr than ttif torolht ;

Ikrenmittl lurb ; tUm tou. putk^^nt, Int/f; Iratvi pimmau. the traAtti Ino Id fomr-ptif l^tt : fiini-rtt fru' tit a cymosr ditfter, mt^lfHiteU by

frttt.'i /itf, A'tWii. uvtlxr-ihafrii, f**'Pif : sfamfnj numi-toui.
"Tile lovflifst fliiwcrs the closcsl clin^j In oartli. I'Votn earth ti> heaveti. witli iniifhtitT witchery

Aim! they tirst Ictl tlu- suii : S4i viitli-is hliu' ; Than i-li>i|iteiK'e or wiscioin e'l'i louli* own.

v«i the soft stiir-Iike primrose (Irem-'lit-d in <li-\v - ItltMnii on then in your shailo, eoiuenteil bloom,

The liappiest *»f S])rinK's happy, fraj^^aiit ttirtli. Sweet lltiwers, nor deem yiinrselves to all nnknown —

To gentlest touches sweetest tones replv. Heaven knows yon, by w'luise j^ales and dews ye thrive ;

Still htiinble .--ss with her low-breathe<i \<iii-e They know, who <nie day tor their altered doom

Can steal o'e man's proud heart, and win his clioiie Shall thank you, taught by yon to abase themselves and live."- John kRnt,X

XClCUOIIsGLY pretty and oiUl i.s this native (if Califtjrni.i. It wa.s discovered by In. Itntlirock iti tlie Sierra Nevada Muttiitain.s,
growing at an altittide of nine tlidtisaiid feet. The original liicality was near tlie headwaters of Kern River. It is a low her-
baceous plant, not above six inches high. The leaves are compound, of many leaflets. Soft silky hairs cover the stem and leaves.
The floweis are of a handstiine rose-inirple color, in a sni.ill, o;-^ii cluster. The stamens with their bright yellow anthers are very
numerous. .\n odd thing about them is that those that are opposite tlie sep.ds have filaments briKider at ba.se and tapering
toward the apex, while those opjiositi; the jK'tals arc tliread shaiH-d. The fruit consists of a number of dry carjiels lil-.e the

" seeds" that cover the flesh of the Strawberry, but the receptacle on which they ate borne does not becoaie enlarged and soft as in that deliciou.s

fruit. Albeit, the genus I'r.agaria to waich the Strawlicrries Jieloiig, 's nearly allied to Horkelia.

Horkelia was named by Chamisso and his collaborator Schlechteiidal, who assisted him in workiiiR up the collections he made on his voyage

in the Pacific, in honor of Johann Horkel, j afessor of phy.siology at lierlin. Some botanists unite Horkelia with I'olenlilla. Tl.is pretty flower

strays North and may have reached Hritish Columbia.

FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.

PLATE aSo.

VAGNERA (SMILACINA) RACEMOSA.

(LiLY FAMILY.)

/■(■/,i/--. .i.MFwiM.i/'. i/".-i'«i' ViiA(/A,-7ferir>j imall.tfhttr, in a teimtnai
itt ii tt^rv, gloititlaf, tTvo-itfiifd.

Stem erret/rom afitthy trntltofk, inwf-.iluit /?, Trtw.,r. Iftfy, ptthrtiil,-tr ,»» ti^nily .'nii^>lh ; Utun aiti-inti/f. 'iihiryMlf, owttrhin
pantile : prtiailh u kerl-iliapi'tt, n i /-itrtrit : JLI men \ \i.r, tntetteit nn thr pet utnth ; ft

"Where leafy shades fence off the bln.stering gale.
And breathes in peace the lily of the vale."— WoROSwoRTit.

N just such places as the I,ily-of-the-valley loves, its handsome cousin, the False .Solomon's Seal, is found. In rich woods, either

low wtxids or on sheltered hillsides, this pretty wild flo.ver may Ik- found. It is extensively dislriliuteil in Xorth .\inerica, ranging

fiom Canada to South Carolina and westward to Kansas and .\tkaii.sas. In May in the South, in the Northern latitudes in June,

the terminal panicle unfolds, and the small white blo.ssoms open one by one. Delicate little flowers they are, pretty individually

and showy in cluster. The whole plant is elegant in its habit. The stem, rising from a rather long, fleshy, white nxitstock, is

leafy to the top. The leaves are lily-like, on very short stalks. In late .summer they are often discolored by a fungus, a Septoria,

which c.iiises them to beojme streaked with brown in an odil fashion. The berries are very pretty, bright red or sometimes pale red sjieckled

with darker color.

The habit and leaves of the plant are much liki those of the .-Solomon's Seal, hence the popular name. False Spikenard is another natne for

Vagnera Racemosa, jirobably iKcause of the resuinbl.uice of the flowers to those of the Spikenard. Aralia Kacemosa.

^

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PI,ATE a8i.

HOG WEED. AMBROSIA ARTEMISI/EFOLIA. (SUNFLOWER FAMILY.)

/lailf, slfiH,t,;l. miiih hamli,,l.lr,i/y, Inirr, al'r>H,iU. ttfHjf, /,rli«/f,t. „H,t itt luicf ^inmiliUJ. ufpf.mml unnly riiliir . rf„nm ^mall !■• umtfrn.,! HmJi. thi tlitih- .iiirs in sUulit. Inmmjl

tiitemei. ikf Jeilllt wlitaiv ih the axilinf tht upPft itatrs. suMfHiiftt hy a netnlvdinrii ti>f<iltaf>nl imvluof.

"^^^ " '■"''^' our most hannful weeds are natives of the Old World. Our duii weeds usu.dl\- cciifme t
''•'^f fence rows, river hanks and sterile fields, n,>t overniiiniMK cullivaled ground. IVrIia])S this more

tliem.selves with due modesty to

predatory haliit on tile part of

the wee<ls of Kiirope is to he accounted for hy the fact that at liome they have heen .icciistomed to grow with cultivated plants for

thousands of years. The Charlock and the CiK-kle are scarcely seen in hairope outside of jjrain fields. .And that because there is

comparatively little untilUd soil for them to inliahit. In the New World the conditions are different. Here the weeds have an

uidimited stamping ^''ound. Cultivated ground is the rare exception, rather than the rule, in most parts of this continent.

So thcRaK-weeils, thouKli usually termed weeds, hardly come under the definition. The Oreat Kaj;-wee«l finds a comfortable home on the

banks of rivers and creeks, while the conunon lloj; Weed is content with the piMirest soil. In such locations 't is ibi. idant. The yellow pollen

that b )th .species produce so copiously in August and September is peculiarly ainioying to hay fever patients.

^il?

POKE WEED.

PLATE 282.

PHYTOLACCA DECANDRA.

(POKE WEED FAMILY.)

Strm tall. Whtfly branchtnf;, stuiutfHt, o/t^n putf>l,y., , itaifs alt^'rnai.:. fiffioM. nfate. ai iitf a/ b-illt ettii\. entire. quiU smoiUf' ,■ //■'■.vr'-3 in simp/e rairwrs. Urmnial at ftnt tut becoming lateral by

tht dfVfhpmfHt of awllaty shoots, apetaloui ; srpaii Jivr, white, fOH£itt<e : fruit a /«> .V. oiacli, dfP'fiifd berry.

f

' WluU Mitaii llitsf lianiKTs sprccKl,
'I'lif.sc palll-s vith royal ml
So gailv car] t-lcil ?
Cdiiies I. ere a pritice to-ilay ?

Such footing wen too fine
i*or fei-t lfs.s ar^^eiitine
Than nian's own 4)r thine,
(Jiieen wliotn my titles obey.

I.owr.i.i..

■•yo

JlCFLECTING upon the conspicuousness of red color in the autumn landscape, Thoreau takes the Poke Weed as an illustration :

"Some which .stand upon our eliiTs (|niU' la/zU- lue with their pnr]ile stems iu>w and early in SeiUemher. Kvery part is rtower, (or fruit,)
sucli is itssuperfluity of color, stem, hrancli, peduncle, i)edicel, jjetiolc, and even the at leii^^th yeUowisn purple veined leaves. Its cylindrical racemes
of Ijcrrie." of various hues, from Kreeu to dirk purple, six orsi'ven inches Ion.,', are graceful i .ilroupinj; on all sides, olTeriu); repasts to the liirds; and even
the sepals from which t' . binls Iiave picked the berries iire a brilliant lake retl, with crimson, flame-like reflections, eipial to anythinjj of tlie kind — all
on fire witli ripeness."

Few plants have been better described. And the Poke Weed, plebeian of the wayside as it is, deserves all Thoreau's praise. There is a
richness, a very abandon of color and life about it. From the 'liicl'. sappy stems to the luscious, purple-blooded berries, it is abounding in health,
vitality. Phytolacca is a commnii i)lant throughout the gi.ater part of the United States and Catiada. It blcssoins from July until the end of
summer. The sticculent young shoots are s( nietimes used as a pot-herb.

§t^

— 281 —
HOQ WEED.

AHMOSI* ARTEMKI/CFOLIA.

— 282 —
POKE VJEtO.

PHYTOLACCA DECANOOA,
JULY,

LARKSPUR.

PLATE 283.

DELPHINIUM AJACIS.

(CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Sifm talhfi /ill/, iim/i// i>> tiftu/v ui. Iraf\ • /. d/fi til/fmit/i; /ttt/v ,tiit/c//tl im/» filiform tiiviiiani; fiimftt ih /ftmmitl. I'touitfit. ifiikr/iif nir/wri. .t/iii»
/l/tf /hf ■ .(/*, /A'' »f-pfr ii»f fifHlM<-\l i«/n .J i>fiHt ; /«7j/.i /uHr, /At- /uo upper plo/ottneit in/,,

t M.I/ pKt/fi t !»(/.» //ir

■>lllf iir pitii ;
•iltr ,p,4>.

^pa/f fitf, ni/.tttil

Hli Larkspur is nii important synilH)! in tlic I.aiiK'iiagc of Flowers. In
of tl'u lark as

nn important syniln)! in tlic I.aiiK'iiagc of Flowers. In general it .signifies levity, jierliaps hy con eiving the <iiialities
transferred to the Larkspur. For, does not that merry songster of the Old World .scorn the prosaic fields, anil delight
into t;ie (li/.zy lieights of air ? Perhaps, again, there is an alert and " ready to-fly " I(H)k abont thi Larkspur flowers
The Purple Larkspur, Delphinium Cuiis(..ida, conveys the idea of haughtiness, while the Pink Lark^jmr, the Del-

m soaring up

llieu'.selves. 'me rurpie i.arKspur, I'eipuiniuni v.oiis«.iua, conveys lue luea 01 nnugnuncss, wiulc tUe i'nik l.ark^imr,
phiiiium Ajacis, is th.- token of fickleness.
The flowers of the Crowfoot F.>mily, usually so regular, as ii< Clematis and Huttercup, are sometimes oddly fashioned. The Columbine, for
example, and the Aconite, have quaiiitlyhuilt blossoms — each and all, that they may b-j counter|iarts to their winged niii'isters. None of them
is more striking in this resjiect than Delphinium. Its long s])ur to one of the .sepals, which encloses the shorter spurs into which two of the
petals are proloni^ed, contains the honey which attracts its ninvitling partners nf the air. Delphinium is from the da.ssical name of the " Dolphin,"
from a fancied resemblance in the flowers to the head of that strange fish.

Delphinium Ajaeis is a European p.'ant, sparingly naturalized in uorthea.sterly regions of America.

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ELM-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD.

PLATE 884.

SOLIDAGO UlMIFOLIA.

(SUNFLOWER FAMILY.^

r (•»n/, tathft iiti/. amiwth ; lemra thin, elUf'ttcil ot ,ntit,--/amr'>/iilr .■ ttiutf at ufifi oud nafumrit ui /hit, , it>,inriv if n alt, only thf mid-vein pramiufnt. uppe*m'nt ivty i-imll ; cIhsL'ts of
hfiuh IH oHf-stiitit »aifmf\, jarmtHX a ttrmn at of^m pttunU ; kiiijs small, /etV'jiou-rrftt ; imitlucie-sca/et linear, ravs /our oi- jive.

' Criu-fful. toss; % ]>lu!m' of j^UmiiiK' K**l'^
Wiiviiijr lom-Iy on the nK'ky U-l^-t.' ;
lA'aniii>^ eawiiffl, Iom-Iv to t>elii»t)l,
Clinging; to thr high cliff's raj^'K*-''^ t'lK^*;

" Ittirnin^' in the imrc Sopti-tnl>er sky,

Spiki- of f^()l(l a>.'iiii'st tht- stainli's-s hhie,
Do yim wiilcli thi' vi'sscis liriftin'i hy?
I)ofs the quiet (lay seem lonj{ lo you?

' Matte* .s not to you, O >(olc1eii flower !

Tliat such eyes of worship watch you sway ?
But you make more sweet the (treamful hour.
Aiit! you crown for me the tranquil day. " — Ckma Tiiaxtrr.

and the

BiyUITOUS are the Golden-rods in North America! iCvery climate, every soil, every a' ;;adc, has its species. Some love the
hot sands alonj; tht* Gnlf Coast. Others llourish in the swamps that border the Atlantic. Several siK'cies are peculiar to the
Alleghany and Hliu- Riilj^e Mountains. The ^;reat jilains of the West are j;ay in autumn with their characteristic kinds. The
naked crajjs of the Rockies give shelter to some dwarf Solidaj^os. Others are ftmnd only on the Pacific Shipe. A Carolina
s|K.'cies I)e^ins to blossom in May, while many arc yet in. flower wlien the first frost comes.

vSolidago tnmifolia is a not uncommon species in eastern and north-eastern rejjions of the continent, growing in thickets
borders of low woixls. It is a tall-stemmed sjK'cies, with the heads arranged one-side<i on the long, curved branches.

k

X

'ill

— 2B3 —
LARKSPUR.

ntl "MINIUM AjACIS.

~7A —

SLM-LEAVEC QOLDEN-RCa

SOLIOAOO ULMIFOLW.

AUUUSI

i^

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I

PI/ATE aSs.

WILD PEPPERGRASS. LEPIDIUM VIRGINICUM. (CRESS FAMILY.)

.Iiniual,- ilfm.-irrl. braHclling. hafv.iilnh.mi ,ii slifUli piihr <,<,!■ lfa:rsall,->H,ilr, (,i/t,-.r.i.c i.,;,!,, ilioil /'rliolf. rivl-lnitfs lyrdrpmn liJid,,a«Unr anjitul,-d. sharl-W ir<ralr,(mite-!lincroUlle to
tttli tmvty itneat ; JttHiYts sutiili,t;irrii^A, ifrn,Ul-petiiir/frtt. i» tfiminul tacemfi ; silnte smatl,Jlat, of/ticu/iir in oii/tinr, matfrinfftj.

V. arc all familiar with Uie IVl>pLT};ra ;s, that small weed so common in fields and roadsides. Its first tiny while green blossoms open
with the (lowers ol' May. The Golden rods and Ast( s find it still in flower. Often it perseveres nntil the first frost of autumn
cuts sliort its career. It comes early aiid sta\s late, ripening many minute .seeds and spreading ever farther afield. The Peppergrass
is said to be an emigrant from the Southern States. If so, it has made itself well at home northward. The whole plant has the
pleasantly p\ingent taste .so common in tlie family to which it belongs, and to this jx-jipery 11a\or it owes its name. Th; root
especially abmuids in the acrid oil which is so ])leasing to the palate in Mustard, Horse-radish and Cres.s.
The Peppergrass somewhat resembles in appearance its cousip the Shc'iilienl's Purse. Like the latter, it flowers through a great part of the
It in.iy he easily distinguished, h ) v..ver, by its more bushy :.^rowth, and its rounde-1, rather than triangular, seed-pods.
Lepidium, the botanical name of the J'eppergrass, is from a (ircek word signifying " a small scale." There are many species in the West.

% PI, ATE a86. ■j_

LAMB'S QUARTERS. CHENOPODIIJM ALBU.M. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

strut ftfft. much f'tttnchftt, OHf lo lix feet hig,h. stt ialf, aUthrnus but ti 'lally " metllly" giatiitlat ; Ifu iii <jM h'ltg slfniifr /f/itttis, laxtvt t >iottifiii -nrtitf ami ititfinlitt-lobrtl ot t<wtfifii, nfiffrmosl linear,

fntirY, gla Niima ; Jlotifrs ,i.tiiU, s fffniilt, ptj'fcl. in panitM spiki's ; i-itlyx fivr-tobfii, lottos cattnatf.

nCAKCMI.Y any plant is more commonplace in external appearance than the "Lamb's Quarters." This lumiely weed of waste-
ground and field, at home i.i the vacant lot, in tlie crowded city and by the side of the <juiet countr\- road, seems the enduidiment
of all that is sordid and uninteresting. Yet even the outer part of tin? plant i:, not unbeautiful to the trained eye. lieauty is not
for all. It is revealed to tho.se who know how to look for it. One iieed.i not to know .••/ic/c, for it is everywhere. Without the
microscope and without any knowledge of botany, one may learn \.u find loveliness in Horse-weed or Mullein. With th'> micro-
si-o]K', and knowitig .something of bot.my, each des|iised weed becomes a treasure-house — with an architecture admirable because
filling, un lasuful and unco])ied.

p'ew plai.ls possi'.s,s more that is interesting than the Chei'o'xHlinms, of which the Lamb's (Quarters is one. The small .seeds, usually fiat-
'eneil and with a biown or black s'niiiing cru^!, are tilings of beauty when ex.iinined. N'olhing in the \^gctable world is more exciui.site than the
tiny coiled embryo that look- like thre.id wound s|iirall>' . _ ■ ,.:-

Chcnopodium Album is now thoroughly ('istributed over a greit part of North America. It flowers ir late .summer.

a

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lllii

— 285 —
WILD PEPPERQRASS.

LtPEO.UM VIROINICUM.

„4Mi'--StPr

Hi

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PLATB 287.

CLINTONIA. CLINTONIA BOREALIS. (LILY FAMILY.) ' '

nienmal : raMitxk sHorl, Ihirt IMllinl. sl.m i/..../.- M,7« cimltted al hast, usmilh lln,f orjmn. ablimg or ohir.ale. shoK-pnwIal. margi,, nlinK .- flomrs/nv. in a Inminal umbel, lai-gr. „pfn

■ •imfdiiulillr,- le/ut/s SIX. x""'isl', lamro!aCr. spy/MtiHg ; Jiiiit ,m eng-sllapril, i/.i>* blueberry.

LINTONIA Horiiilis, lla Xorthrni Clinlonia, is an inhabitant of bogs and cool mountain woods in tlie eastern part of the
continent, ranging from I.aUnulor 'Diithwanl, diicfly along the Ap,ialachians, to the Carolinas, and westward through Eastern
Canada and tlie Nortliern States to Miiuiesota, It is a fine plant, with handsome leaves, greenish yellow blossoms and dark
bine berries in late sunnner. Its flowering time is May and June.
Thoreau has a pretty account of it ;
"Its lH'!uity at presefit coiisisis cliiilly ill its coiiiiiioiily tliree vury liaiiilsomc, rich, clear, dark )jr<en Ic.wcs. which ri^clow describes traly as 'more than a
half a fcHit Idiij;, iihlaiictiil.ile. snu.olh, ami shining.' They are iierfect in fiirm ami color, broailly ohlaiiceolate, with a ileep channel down the innMle, uninjureil by
insects, arehin^ over from a centre al the ground. * * < In fac;, the plant is all grien, both leaves ami corolla. The leaves alone-nml many have no scape— woulil
detain the w.ilker. Its berries are its flower. A single plant is a great ornament in a vase, from Hie beanty jf its form and the rich, unspotted green of its leaves."

X

PIATE 288.

GREEN REIN-ORCHIS. HABENARIA BRACTEATA. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

stem smooth. e7 rt from a .luster 0/ t/iief. iieii. fibr

m ro'its. leafy.- Ieav.-s alt.i Hale. nbo;ale. iipperwo^l litneeolale aait br.jet-l'lte ; tlfiU'ei % in a teimiual 1
mil : ^f>ai ^It.'H. Up M.(i»''*i'. Iliieel'ibi-J ■ polleu masses altaehed to eousptfi'.iis ris.i.ljilanils.

euie, r,.uch e.vceetled by lite bri

. ,HKR]-; is a peculiar pleasure in finding rare things, even though they be not intriasically beautiful or interesting. We prize a little-
T known plant, simply because it is rare and little known. Describing his first sii,.it of the rose-brca.sted Gross-beak, Thoreau write'

exultingly .

" liinl answer to flowers, IhiHi in their abniiil.incc and their rareness. 'Hie meeting with a rare ami beantiful bird like this is like .nceting with

.sonic mre and beautiful flower, which you may never find again, perchance."

The Orchid Family is pre-eminently one of rare plants. Many of our most retiring wild flowers which we may hope to find only bv
forcing our way through deep woods or into almost iniiienetrable bogs, are Orchids. Such is tile leauliful Calypso, one of the least-known and
nio.st lieantiful of flowers. It seems odd ,it first th.it these plants should not be connnon, they prodiue stieli enormous quantities of seed. Shake
the ripe pod of a Corabrool or I,ad\ s Slipper and out fills what looks like a .shower of sawdust ICvery atom is a .seed. Perhaps when seed.s are
produced in such quantity, otih a tew in each pod are fertile.

Many orchids tiiat cannot be called beautiful are attractive on account of their rarity. Such is the Green Kein-Orchis, Habenaria Bracteata,
which occurs .sparingly throughout North America, cast of Dakota and north of Georgia.

«

ml'

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i.

— 287 —
CLINTONIA.

f:i ;NT((NIA BOHEAl IS.

.JUfr, *uuUi»l

-288 —
QREEN REIN-OnCHI&

HABENARI* aRACTIAT*
JUNf

The Strange Story of the Flowers.

Dress Counts for Much. To Catch Dust on One's Clothes is More
Than to Carry Brains in One's Head.

Iin.igin<' a Vcnclian doge, a Frciuh crusader, a coiirtitr of the tii.u of the secoiul
Charles, an ( Ijihw ay chief, ,i Justice of the Supreme Court, iu ll.e fiirmal bla. k of
evening dress, and how much cac li of iheni wouhl lose! Where there is beauty,
strength or i. .^nily, dress <an heighten it ; «here all these are Licking, their absence
is kept out of ini;,d by raiment ui itself worthy to be ad
mired. If dress artifn ial has told for much in the histiuy
of hmnankind. dress natural has told for yet more in
the lesser world of pi. mt and insect life. In some degree
the tiny folk that reign in the an-, like ourselves, are drawn
by grace of form, by (harm of color.; of elaborate display
of their attractions moths, butterllics and beetles are just as

fond as any belles of the ball room. Now let us bear in mind that of all the
creatures ;hat share the earth with man. the one that stands next to him in intelii-
geni e is neither a bipeil nor aijuadruped.but that king
of the insect Iribc. the ant. which can be a herdsman
and warcliousekccper, an engineer antl builder, an ex-
plorer and a general. With all his v.iried powers the
ant l.u ks a pe( ullarily in iii , t ostunie » lu( li has denied
him enlistment in a task of revolution in which creatures far
his inferiors have been able to change the face of the earth.
.\nd the marvel about this pccidiarily of garb whi<h has
meant so nuu h is that it con.sists in no detail of graceful
outline, or be.iuiy of tint, but solely in the minor matter
of texture. The ant, warrior that he is. we.irs smooth
and shining armor ; the bee, the moth and the butterlly are
clad in ilowny vesture, and simjily because thus enabled to
(at(h dust on their i lothes these insects, as weavers of the
web oflifc, have counted for immensely more than the ,int
with all ills brains and char.ictcr. 'I'oimdcrstand the mighty
train of ronseqiu-nces set in motion by this mere shagginess
of coat, let us remember that, like a hum.in babe, every
flowering plant has two parents. These two parents, ihougii i
a <(«nity's breadth divide them, are wedded the insl.int that pollen from the anther of
one of iheni meets the stigma of the other. Many (lowers fnid their mates upon
their own stem ; but, as in tne races of animals, too close interinarri.age is hurtful, .and I

Ijuly'n Slipper niul Ue enterlii({ for
cvt.ir .-iml piiHcn

union v.ith a distant stock promotes binh health and vigor. Hence the great gain
which has come to plants by eng.iging the wind .as their matchmaker, — as every sum-
mer shows us in its pollen-l.ulen air. the oaks, the pines, the cottonwoods, and a host
of other pl.ants commit t(. the breeze the winged atoms charged with tiie continuance
of their kind. Nevtrlhelcs.-), long as the \\ ind lias been employed
at this work, it has ncn yet learned 'o do it well ; nearly all the
pollen enirusied to it is waste<l, and this while its prod.iclion
dr.iws severely upon the stren'.jth of a plant. .\s good fortune
will have it, a gre.at m.my llowers i lose to 'heir pollen yield an
ample supply of ncciar: a food esteemed delicious by die whole
roimd of insects w igcdand wingless. While ants might sip
this nectar for agi ^ without jjlants being any the better or the
worse, a very dilVerent residt has followed up( n the visits of
bees, was)is, and other hairy-coated callers. These, as they
devour nei l.ir. dust themselves with the pollen near by. Yel-
lowed or whiteneil with this freightage, moth and buttertly as
diey s.iil through the air know not that they are publisl.i'ig the
banns of marri.ige between two blossoms .teres or, t may be,
miles apart. Vet so it is. .Alighting on a new llower the insect rubs a polle:i grain on
a stigma ready to receive it, and lo 1 the rites of matrinicuiy are solenni^ed tiicn and
there. I'nwitlingly the little visitor has wrought
a task bigger with fite than m.tny an ai t hnidly
trumiieted among the mighliesi deeds of men ! In
(Mir illustration of the L.tdy's Slipjicr a. bee is de-
tected in the .act of entrance. In the Sagc-tlowcr
he finds an anther of the stamen whii h, jiivoted
on its spring, dusts him even more effectually.

Inn and Inn-sign.

I'.oiiiililiilly to spread a l.ible is inucli, but
not enough, for witlunit invit.uion how can hos-
pitality be dispensed ? To the feast of nectar the '
li|oss(Uiis join their bidding ; and those most conspicunnsly borne and m.asscd, gayest
of hue, ri( best in odor, secure most guests, and are therefore most likely to transmit
to their kind, their own excellences as hosts and entertainers. Thus all the glories of

p3(r«f-flowcr nmt tiw.

, S(lg(^^.lWCT— .Anther of Mamenlilt(Kl by visiting bee.

Ill u

the blossoms have arisen in doing iKcfiil work; their licauty is not mere ornamcit,
but the sign and token of dnly well perfornieil. Our o]i|)ortiinity to admire the r.uli-
aney and perfiiinc of a jessamine or a jiond-lily is due to the previous admiration of
uneounted wiiij;ed attendants. If a winsome maid
adorns he'sclf witli a wreath from the garden, and c-r-
ries a I>osy gatliered at tlie brookside, it is for the second
time that their charms are impressed into service; for
the tlowers' own ends of attraction all their scent and
loveliness were called into being long before.

Let us put rtowers of the lihie I'lag beside those of
the maple, and we shall have a fair contrast between the
brilliancy of blossoms whose m.irrier has been an insect,
and the dinginess of tlowers imlebted to the services
of the wind. Can it be tli.at both kinds of tlowers are
descendeil from forms resembling each other in want of
grace and color? Such indeed is the truth, lint how,
\\M R.><, Single. as the generations of tlie Mowers sun ceded one another,
did difiercnres so striking come about? In our rambles alield
lit us seek a clue to the mystery. It is late in springtime, and
near the border of a bit of swamp we notiie a (lump of violets:
they are pale of hue, and every st.alk of them rise.s to an almost
weedy height.
Twenty jiaces aw.iy. on a knoll of dry ground, we find more violets,
but these .ire in mui h deeper lints of azure an<i yellow, while their stalk-.
are scarcely more than half as t.ill as their brethren near the swamp. Six
weeks pass by. This time we walk to a wood-lot ilose toalirimnungpoiid.
.•\t i'.s edge are more than a score wild-rose liushes. On the very first of
them we see that s(mie of the blossom-, are a light pink, others a pink so
deep as to seem d.ished with vivid red. .\iul while a flower here and there
is decidedly larger and more vigorous than its fellows, a few of the blos-
soms are undersized and |Hiny: the tide of life flows high and merrily in a
fortunate rose or two, it seen.* to ebb and fdter by the time it reaches
one or two of their unhappy mates. As we search bush after bu-.h we are
at la-t repaid for sundry scratches from their thorns by securing a double
rose, a " sjiort," as a gardener would call it. .\nd in the broad me.ulow
.and home wi- well know that for the ipiest we < an have not only four leaved clovers,
but perchancea handful of fi\e and six leaved jirizes. The .secret is out. I'loweis and
leave.-; are not cast like bullets in rigid molds, bu. differ from their ]iarents much as
children do. Usually the dilTerence is slight, at times it is as marked as in our double
rose. Whenever the change in a flower is for the worse, as in the sickly violets and
roses we have obscrveil, that particular ch,ange ends there — with death. I!ut when
the change m.ikes a healthy flower a little more attractive to its insect ministers, it
will naturally be i In sen by them for service, and these chuosings.ki pt up year after
year, and century n century, have at List accomplished much the same result as
if the moth, the I. .lul the rest of them had been given power to create blossoms of
the most welcome forms, the most alluring tints, the most bewitching perfumes.

Relapse Into Old Habits.

In f.irther jaunts alield w-j sh.ill disc over yet more, h is May and a heavy rain-
storm has caused the ])etals of a irillium to forget themselves and return to their

WiM H,-r.

'S(».Tiinb:" iv
"l>.)iil.le"

between us

pt imitivc hue of leafy grocn. A m mth 'atcr we come upon a buttercup, one of whose
sepals li,is grown out as a sin.all b..i perfect leaf Later still in summer we tind a rose
in the .same surprising ca^e. while not far ii(T is a columbine bearing pollen on its spurs
instead of its anthers. Wli.u fiinily tie is betr.yed in all this? No other than that
sepals, petals, anthers and pistils are but leaves in disguise, and that we have detected
nature returning to the form from which a^es ago she began to transmute the parts
of flowers in all their leeniing diversity. 'I'he leaf is tne parent not only of ,ill these
but of the delicate tendrils whic h save a vine the cost of building a stem stout cnoiigli
to llfi it to open air and sunshine. However thoroughf\'. or however long, a li.ibit
m.iy be impressed upon a part ol a phmt, it may on occasion relapse into a h.iliit
older still, resume a shape all but forgo'ten, and thus tell a story of its past that
otherwise might remain Ibr ever unsuspected. Thus i~ it with the somewhat r.ire
" sport " that gives us a morning glory or a harebell in its primitive form of unjoined
pet.ds. The bell form of these and simil.ir flowers has established itsell by being iniicli
more effective than the original shape in dusting insect servitors with pollen. Not
only the forms of flowers but their massing has been determined by insect preferences;
a wide prolusion of lilosscnns grow in spikes, umbels, r.acemes and other clusters, all

economising the time of winged allies, .-md attracting their attention from

afar as scattered lilc)ssoms wcnild fail to do. liesides tins massing, we

have union more iiuiinaie still as in the dandelion, the sunflower and ►!>(•

marigold. These and their fellow

composites each seem an individual;

a penknife disc loses each of them t.i

be an aggregate of blosscmis. >

gainful has this kind ofco-opcrati

proved tl.,it cdinpositcs are in>

dominant among plants in evei

cpi.irler of t!ie globe. .\s to how composite--

grew belciie lliey learned that union is

.trength, a hint is dro|)ped in the ''sport" of

the daisy known as "the hen ai\d chickens,"

where perhai'S as many as a <lc)zen florets,

eac li on a stalk of its own, lay out from a

mc t'ler flo.ver.
While for the most p.art insects have
been mere choosers from among various
styles of architecture set before them liy
plants, they have sometimes risen to the
dignity of builders on their own account, and
withcnit ever knowing it. The buttress of the
larkspur has sjirung forth in response to the
pressure of cme bee's weight after another, and
many a like structure has had the very same origin.- or shall w.
s.ay, provocation ? In tluse and in other examples unninnberc-.l.
culminating in the marvellous en. bids and their ministers, there li.is
ccmie about the < losest .ul.ipiation of flower-shajje to insect form, the
one now clearly the counterp.irt of the other.

If Thou Wilt Not Work, Neither 5halt Thou Eat

W'c must not forget that the hospitality of e flower is alter dl the hospitality

rlovc^r. wilt) four, five
;iiiitsi«-lcr,»vt»i fcp.>rls.

of an innkeeper wlio f:irns and ruqiiiri.- [layment. Vexed as flowers arc
apt to l)e by inlriiders thai consiinie llicir stores wiihont requital, no
Wonder that they present so ample an array of rejjuUion and de-
fenee. l^e^t of ail is sin h a resoiiri e as that of the red c lover, whii li liiiles its honey at
the liotloin of a tube so deep that only a friendly huniMeliee i ,in sip il. Less
erfe<tive, but well worth a monient's exaniiiialiim. are the methods by whic li leaves arc
opposed as fences lor the disdiurageinent (.f thieves. Here, in a liellwcirt, is a
lierfolialc leaf th.it eniireles the stem upon whirh il (;ro»s;and there iji a lloneysuikle,
is a eonnate leal, on mui li the same plan, formed of two leaves, stilT and stronj;,
soldereil at their bases, .^'i^nietimes tiie pi'lager meets jiriekles that sling him, as in
the roses anil briers; am' if he is a little fellow he is sure to regard with intense disgust
a bristly guard of wi. ■ hair — hente the tonimonness of that kind of forlifuation.
Against enemies of larger growth a tree or shnd) will ollen ann sharp thorns —
another piece of maMpierade. for thorns are but br.anrhes chci kcd in growth,
and frowning with a barb in token of disappointiuent at not being able to
smile in a blossom. In every jot and tittle of barb or pri( kle, of the
glossine-s which disheartens or the gummiiiess whii h ensnares, we may
be sure lli.it eipially with all the lures of hue, form and scent, nothing.

ever uimng it may ^e(
tested and .ipprijved.

with four, five
xltavnl hporu.

hu

long testeil and .ippKJveil. In llowers, much that ala first glance looks
like idle decoration, on i loser scrutiny reveals itself as service in dis-
guise. In penetrating thc'-e disguises and many more of other phases,
the student of llowers delights to busy himself He loves, too, to
detec.l the cousinship of plants through all the ( liange of dress and
habit due to their rearing under widely dill'ereiit skies and nurture, to
their being surrounded by sir.mgely contrasted foes and friends. Often
he can link two plants together only by going inio partnership with a
student of the rocks, by turning back the
records of the earth until he comes upon a
flower long extinct, a (ilant whi( h ages ago
found the struggle for life too severe for it.
He ever takes care to observe his llowers ai -
cur.itely and fully, l)ut chiefly that he m.ay rise
from observation to ex|)lanation. from bare
fait.s to their caus.s, from declaring What to
understanding Wlience and How.

The Inn-Keeper Turns Slayer.

One of the sloi k resources of novelists, now somewhat
^ out of date, was the innkeeper «ho beamed in weUomeof
his guest, grasiied his h.and in gladness, and lo.ided a talile
for him in templing array, and all with intent that later in the
d.iy (or night) he ininht the more securely plunge a dagger
into his \ictim's he.irt- if, indeed, he h.iel not already improved
an opportunity to offer to that vii tim's lips a poisoned cup.
'I his im.igined treachery might well have been suggested by
the behaviour of certain alluring plants that so lar fuuii re-
pelling thieves, or discouraging pillagers, open their arms to all lomers— with purpose
of the ileadliest. ( >f these betrayers the chief is the round leaved sundew, whi( h plies
its nelanous vocation all the way from Labrador to l-'lorida. Its favorite site is a peat-

Venus* V\y Trap — ( )pei
with a Welrtinie !

Ruttenii]) with n vptit){ruwin};

bog or a bit of swampy low-land, where in July and .\ugust we can see its pretty little

white blossoms betkoning to wayfaring ifies and moths their token of good cheer!

Circling the flower stalk, in rosette fashion, are a dozen or more round leaves, each of

them wearing scores of glands, very like little pins, a drop

of gum glistening on each and every pin by wav of head.

This a|ipetizing gum is no other than a fatal stick-last, the

raying pins i losing in its aid ihe more <:ertainly to secure a I

h.ipless prisoner, doon his prison house beiiunes asKunach

for his absorption. Its duty of digestion done, the leaf in

all seeming giiilelessness once more expands itself for Ihe

enticement of another dupe. 'I'o see how mut h the sun-dew

must depend ujitm its meal of insects we have only to pull iti

up from the ground, A touch suflices— it has just ro'iM

enough to drink by; the soil in which it makes, and perhap:

has been obliged to make, its nome has nothing else but

drink to give it.

Less accomplisheil in its task of ass.assination is the
common butlerworl to be found on wet rocks in si.uiered
districts of Canada and the .States .atljoining C.m.ula. ^

.Surrounding its pretty violet flowe.s, of funnel shape, .are VSj^t^
gummy leaves whit h . lose upon their all too ^jBr
trusting gu.?sts, but with less expertness than ay\\'

the sun-elew's. 'I'he butlerworl is but a '

land in the art of murder, and its coliimiinc with »p.ir< inwrart of
.ctini! often manage to get away anihtrsixariuijiispuli.^ii
Jiuilt on a very diHerenl model is the bladdcrwort busy in
londs near the sea coast from NViva .Scotia to 'I'evas. Its
little white spongy bladders, about a teiitl, of .an inin .across,
encircle the flowering stem by scores. I'rom each bladder
a bun:.h of twelve or liHeen hairy ])ro,igs protrude, giving
Shut fur suutiucr ; the structure no slight resemblance to an insect form.

These prongs hide a valve which, as many an unhajipy little swimmer can attest,
opens inward easily enough, but ojiens outward never. As in the case of its cous-
inry a-land, the bladderworl at its leisure dines upon its prey.

In marshy places near the mouth of the Ca]ie I'ear River, in the vicinity of Wil-
mington, North ( 'arolina, grows the Venus' fly-trap, most wonderful of all the d'^ath-
dealers of vegetatittn. Like mut:li else in nature's handiwork this jilant might well
have given inventors a hint worth t.aking. The hairy fringes of its leaves .are .as re-
s])onsive to a touch from moth or fly as the sensitive plant itself And he
must be either a very small or a ])articularly sturdy little captive that can
escape through the sharp o|iiiosed teeth of its tonnidable snare. It is one o*"
the unexplained iniz/.les of jilant life that the \'cnus' flytrap, so marvellous in
its ingenuity, should not only be lontined to a single disiriil, Init sh(nild seem
to be losing its hold of even that small kingdom. Of still another type is the
jjitcher plant, or side-saiUlie flower, which flaunts its deep purple petals in June
in many a iieat-bog from Canaila stiuthward to Louisiana ami I'lorida. Its leaves
develop themselves into lidde-d cups, half fdleil with sweetish juice, which first
lures a fly or ant, then m.ikes him ti])sy, and then despatches him. The broth
resulting is both meat and drink to the plant, serving as a store and reservoir against
times of drought and scarcity.

I

IB

i

f

spitality

-;||.-,

Plants as Learners.

Now the qucstiDii is. How • ,imc .ibinit lliis ^ir.iiigo ;iiul somewhat liorrlil mtans of
livelihood? How ilid ])l.iiits of so diverse fuiiiiies 'urn the l;ililes on the insect world,
and learn to e.it instead of lieiiig themselves devmired? A iieyinner ni the builder's
art finds it nmeh more gainful to examine the iiiasonry oi fniiiulalions. the re.'.riny of
avails, the plaeing of yirdrrs and joists, the springing of .inhes and Imtlresses, than to
look at a eathedr.il, a rourt honse, or a lunk, f;nished and in ser\ lie. In like manner a
stndent of iiisect-e.itiiig plains tries to find their leaves in the making, in ,ill the vari
ous stages whieh bridj;e their coinnion lorins with the shapes tliey assume when fully
armed and busy. Avaihii;; himself of the relapses into old habits whieh plants
oeeasionally exhibit under eultivation, Mr. lM<;ksoii has taught us miuh regarding the
w.iy the piieher plant of Australia, the C.f/niMus, has <ome to be what it is. lie has
arranged in a eo.mected scries all the lorins of its leaf from that of a nor-
iinl leaf witii a mere dimple in it, to the deeply pouched and lidded piti her
ready for deceitful hospitalities. .\nd .similar transformations have without
doiilit taken place in the pit< her plants of America, Observer-, in the (ape
of (J > 1(1 Hope have noted two plants J\oriJii/<i </<•/;/,;/,; <;//</ Biblyi
giX,iiit,;i. which are evidently folluwing in the loi.t>teps of the sundews,
and may be expeiled ia the fulness of years to be their eipial partners in
crime. Hut why need we wander so far as Southern .Africa to find the
germs of this strange rapacity when we can see at home a lull dv.cn
species of catchHy. sedums, primulas, and geraniums pouring out glutiii
ous juices in which insects are entangled.' I-el stress d
tinned, force any of these to turn itsatt-.-ntion to thedii
and how soon might not the plant hnd in felony the sii--i
hone: t toil ?

Picking and Choosing.

But after all the plants that have meat for dinner are only a few. The
greater part of the veget.ible kingdom dr.iws its supplies from the air and
the soil. I'lu'se plants, and they are many, that ilerive their chief nour-
ishment from the atmosphere have a decidedly thin diet. Wiicho.us
would thiive on milk at the rateof anint to five hogsheads of waterP Such
is the oroportion in whiih air (ontains carbonic ai id gas, the main source
of strength for many thousands of trees, shrubs, and other |)lant.s. No

wonder that they array themsehes in so broad an expan.se I'uoitt fi.

of Ic.if.ige. .\n elm with a spread of seventy feet is sw.iying in the sum-
iTier bree/.e at least fue acres of foliage as its lungs .iml stonvach.
lUvond the sh.iilc of elms and maples let us stroll past yniuler stretih
of pasture and we shall notice how the grass in patches ju-re and there
deepens into green of the richest- a plain token of moisture in the
liollows_a blessing indeed in this dry weather. In the fir west and
north-west the buffalo grass lias olten to contend with <lnriight for
inontlis together, so that it has learned to strike deep in cpu-sl of water
to rpiench its thi.st. It is a by-woid among the ramhme'i that the
Seau roots go dear through the earth and are clinched as they sp.out fioin
the ground in China. Joking ap.irt, they have been found sixty eight
feet below the surface of the prairie, and often in especially dry seasons cattle would
perish were not these faithful little well diggers and pumpers <onstanlly at w irk for
them. In the river valleys of Arizona although the air is dry the subsoil water is

iiiger, long cdii
, tliiis)irolTered,
a.mce refused t >

AtaplcSc' withp-iiruf

DaiKlclii
rwJy f!T flight

near the surf.ice of the ground. Here flourishes the mesquit tree, Proso/n's Juti-

tlitr,i, with a t.ile to tell well worth knowing. \\ hen a mcsipiit seems stunted, it is

beiause its strength is withdrawn lor the task of delving to hnd water; where a tiee

grows tall with goodly branches, it betokens sui cess in reaching

moisture close at hand. Tluis in shrewdly reading the landscape

a prospector tan choose the spot where with le.ist trouble he can

sink his well. And plants discover provender in the soil as well as

drink. Nearer home th.an Arizona we have only to dislodge a

beach pea from the gn und to see how far in search of food its

roots have dug amid barren stones and pebbles. Olten one hnds

a plant barely a fool high with roots extending eight feet from its

stem.

.\nd beyond the beaches where the beach peas dig so diligently
are the sciweeds — with .i talent for picking and
choosing all their own. Dr. Julius S.uhs, a leading
(icriiun botanist, believes that the |>arts of plants
owe their form, as crystals do, to their peculiarilies of substance ; that
just as salt crystallizes in one shajie and sugar in another, so a sea-weed
or a tulip is moulded by the iharacler of its juices. Something tertainly
of the crystal's faculty in picking out particles akin to itself, and building
"ith thciii. is shown by the kelp which attracts fiom the ocean be ih
i idine .and bromine - olten dissolved thcuigh they are in .i niilliuii times
tlieir bulk of sea-water. This trail of choosing tiiis or that dish from the
least aflorded by sea or soil or air is not peculiar to the sea weeds, every
plant displ.ays it. licet h trees love to grow on limestone and thus dctlare
to the expltirer the limestone ridge he seeks. In the Hcirn silver mine,
of I tall, the zinc mingled with the silver ore is lutrayed by theabuntlante
of the zinc violet, a delicate and beautiful cousin of the pansy. In (ler-
many this little 11. Aver is adaiitiedly a sigii.d of zinc in the earth, and zinc
is found in its juices. The la e .Mr. William Dorn, of So ilh (.'arolina,
had faith in a bush, of unrecorded name, as belokeni'"! gold bearing
veins beneath it. That his faith was not without lound.ition is piovetl
by the large fortune he wcm as a gold miner in the lllue Riiige country
— Ins guide the bush aforesaitl. Mr. Rossiter \V. R.iyintuul, the eminent
mining engineer of New Ytiik, has given stirae altenlion to this matter
of "intlit alive plants." He is of opinion that its unwritten lore among
practical miners, prospeclius, hunters and Indi.ans is well worth sifting. Their obscr-
vatiiins, often faulty, may otiasionally be soiintl aiitl valuable enough richly to repay
the trouble of separating truth frtim error. When we .see how important as signs of
water many jilants can lie, why ni.iy we licit hud other pl.ints denoting the miner-
als which they tspeci,dly relish .is food or t cinclunent ?

The Land as a Larder.

Of more account than gold or silver are the harvests of whe.at and corn that
ripen in our helds. Theie the speci.il appetites of pl.ints ha\e much more than mere-
ly curious interest fur the farmer. He knows full well that his lain] is but a lartler
which serves him best when not part but all its stores are in demantl. Hence his
crop "rotation," his siiciession of wheat to c lovtr, of grass to both. Were he to
grow barley eveiy year he v/oulil soon hnd his soil baretl of all the food that barley
asks, while fare for peas or clover stood scarcely broached. If he insists on planiin^

>

j'L.J^

, Proiopis juli-
ins suinii'd, il is
tr; wlicrc a licf

ilcSfr-'. with pair of

itibstaiuc ; tliat
r, so a siuwicd
ithin^' corlainly
It', ,111(1 l>iiiUliiig

lie IKCIM llrtll

a niilliiiii times

u dish from the

i-,i weeds, every

lul thus dtelarc

rii silver mine,

the abundance

ansy. In (!er-

earth, and zinc

io nil (,'arolina,

gold bearing

m is pioved

Ki(lf;e connlry

I, the eminent

to iliis matter

en lore among

I'heir obser-

iehly to rep.iy

ant as signs of

iig the miner-

iiid rnrn that
in than mere-
hut a larder
llenee his
Were he to
d that barley
ts on {ilaiiiin^

I

I

Epiloliiiini S«tl
with tr.ilhcrcil

barley always, theahe must perforce restore to the land the food for barley con-
stantly withdrawn.

A Vigorous Emi^ ition Policy.

A |)lant m.'V tli igeiuly linil I'mpil ami .Irink, iiour forth delicious
nectar, array itself with flowers as gaily as it lau, and still behold its
work unlinished. Its seeil may be produced ii, plenty, and although
as far as that goes it is well, it is not enough. l)f what avail is all
this seed if it falls as it ripens f.pon 'oil already iverimwded with its
kind.-' Hence the Mgorous emigialion polity to be observeil in plants
of every name, lleiiie the Huffy sails set to catch the passing breeze
by the ilaniK lion, the thistle an.l by m;iiiy more, iiuluding that southern
pl.mt of sill wy wealth whose nings are cotton. With the s.ame intent
"'"" of seeking new Ileitis are the hooks of the burdoi k, the unictirn jilant

antl the bur-parsley whii 'i impress as carriers tie sheep anil cattle upon a
thousand hills. The Tou. h me-not antl the herb Robert .iilopt a different
plan, and convert their seetl lases into pistols ttir the firing of seeds at as
wide range as twenty feet and more. The maple, the ash, the hornbeam, the
elm and the birch have yet another method of escape frtim the home at re.
Their seeds are winged, anil torn off in a gale are fretiuently borne two
huiidreil yards aw.ay. And stronger wings th.m these are |)lied in the cherry-
tree's service. The birds bide the time when a blush upon the fruit betrays
its ripeness. Then the cherries are greedily devoured, and their seed,
preserved from digestion in their stony eases, are borne over hill, d.ile and
river to some islet or brook-side where a sprouting cherry plant will be free
from the stilling rivalries suffered by its |iarent. Yoked in harness with sheep,
ox and bird as planter is yonder nimble sipiirrel. We need not begrudge
him the store of luus he hides. He will t'orger. some of them, he will be pre-
vented by Iright or frost I'rom nibbling yet more, and so without intending
it he will ensure for others and hinis''lf a suiesucccssion of acorns and butternuts.
Very singular are the seeds that have come to resemble beetles ; among
these may be mentioned the seeds of the castor-oil plant and of the /alrop/ni.
The pod of the Biscrrula looks like a worm, and a worm half coileil might well
have served as a model for the mimicry of the Scorpiurus vermUulata. All
these are much more likely to enlist the services of birds than if their resem-
blances to insects weie less striking.

Nature clsewher- rich in hints to the gardenei and the farmer is not silent
here. A lesson plainly taught in all this apparatus for the dispersal of seed- is that
the more various the planting the fuller the harvest. Now that from the wheat-fields
comes a cry of disappearing gains, it is time to heed the story told in the unbroken
prairie that diversity in sowing means wealth in reaping.

Unbidden QuesU, Welcome and Otherwise.

In a field of growing flax we can find — somewhat oftener than the farmer likes
— a curious trilie of plants, the dodders. Their steins are thin and wiry, and their
small white flowers, globular in shape, make the azure blossoms of the llax all the
lovelier by contrast. As their cousins the morning glories .are to this day, the dodders
in their first estate were true climbers. Even now they begin life in an honest kind of
way with roots of their own that go forth as roots should, seeking food where it is to
be found in the soil, liut if we pull up one of these little club-shaped roots we shall

Ititrtltxit Scetl

see that it h.as gone to work feebly and doubtfully ; il seems to have a skulking
exiietjt.uion of dinner wiihoul having lo dig ami delve for it in the rough dirty ground.
.\or is this expectation unfounded. Watt li the stem of a sister iloilder as il rises from
the earth day by day, and it will be ob>erved to t lasp a stalk of flax very tightly ; so
tightly that its suckers will absorb the juices of its unhappy host. When it can regale
itself w ith food ready to hand so very easily, why should it take the trouble to drudge
for a living ?

Pauperism's Desradation.

Like m.any .another pauper demor.alizeil by being fed in idleness, the plant now
.abandons honest toil, its roots Iroin l.u k of exercise wither .away, and lor good and all
it ceases to claim any independence wh.itever. Iiuleeil, so deep is the dodder's degra-
dation that if it cannot fiiul a stem of flax, or hop, or other plant whereon lo climb
.mil thieve, it will simply shrivel and die rather than resume habits of industry so long
renounced ,is to be at last forgotten.

l.iko the lowly dodder the mistletoe is a climber that has discovered
large opportunities i '' theft in ascending the stem of a supporting pl.ant.
On this continent the mistletoe .scales a wide variety of trees and shrubs,
preferring pmilars and appleliees, where these are to be had. Its extremely
slender stem, its meagre leaves, its small llowers, greenish and leathery,
are alleloi]uenl as to ilie loss of strength and beauty inevitable to a parasite.
Rising as this singular ]ilant iloes out of the branches of .another with a dis-
tinct life all its own. it is no other than a n.uural graft, and il is very probable
that from the hint it so unmistakably gives the first gardeners were not slow-
to iido|'t grafts artificial — .unimg the resources which have most enriched
and diversit'iedboth llowers and fruits. Thedodders and mistletoes rob juices
from the stem and brant hes of their unfortunate hosts; more numerous still are
the unbidden guests that fasten themselves upon the roots of their prey.
The broom-r.ipe, a comparatively recent inimigr.ant from Kurope, lays hold
of the roots of thyme in preference to other pl.ice of entertainment; the
Yellow Rattle, the l.ousewort. .uiil many more attach themselves to the roots
of grasses — frequently with a serious curtailment of crop.

Lodgers Qenerous of Qifts.

Yet in this very department of hers Nature has for .ages
hidden away what has been disclosed within twenty years as
one of her least susjiected marvels. It is no other than that cer-
tain parasites of field and me.adow so f;ir from being hurtful are
well worth cultiv.ating for the good they do. I'or a long time the
men who devoted themselves to the study of peas, beans, clovers, .and
other plants of the pul.se family, were confronted with a riddle thty
could not solve. These plants all manage to enrich them-
selves with compounds of nitrogen, which make them par
ticularly v,alu.able as food, and these com[)ountls often exi^i
in a degree far exceeding the rate at which their nitrogen
comes out of the soil. And this while they have no direct
means of seizing ujion the ni'rogcn tontained in its great
reservoir — the atmosiihere. The mystery was only cleared up by a piece of careful
observation. Upon certain roots of beans antl peas it was noted tli.at there were little
round excrescences about the size of a sraill ]>in's head. These excrescences on

S«tl of ITnicorn r!.itit. anottier
.iwistcti emigrant

examination with a microscope iirovi-il to lie swarming with bacteria of minute dimen-
hioiis. KiirlhiT inM.>iigation iiliimilanlly sliownl tliat iIrm; little quests [iaiil a liaiul-
snine )irue for their lioard anU luilniiii; — while they subsistcil in l>art on the juices
oltheir luKt they I)a•■^e<l ii.to the lu-.in or |iea certain >ahiaMe (i)ni|'<Hinils of
nitrogen whi(l\ they luiilt from common air. At the I'olumliian JOx|i(>.-.ition
last year one of tlie strikinj; e.\hil)ii.s in tlie Agricultural It iihlinn set lliis forth
in detail. \ials were shown containing these ti'iy subterranean aids to the
farmer, an 1 larue pnotograi'lis showed in natural si/.c the vast iui reasc of crop
due to the f.irmer's taking bacter'a into ])artnershi|'. To-day these little
org.anisms are cultivated of s^el purpo>e, and (piest is beinp made for similar
bacteria suitable to be harnes^iil in producing wheat, corn ai.d other harvests.

I'l.im.

rerf

«/ Scuq.:.!

vcr.r

icubiH.inin

ing

oiled »*'.rm.

From Observation to E.xperiment.

These are times when men of scieiue arc discontented w:'.h mere observation.
They wish to pass from watching things as nature |)resenis them to putting them
in relations wholly new. In iSfttj Deli.uy. a close observer of lichens, IVlt confident
that a lichen was not the simple growth it seems, but a combination of fungus and
alg.x'. This opinion, so muih opposed to honored tradition, was scouted, but not
for long, lietore in.iiiy months h.id p.issed Stahl took known alga;.
and upon them sowed a known fungus, the result was a known lichen!
'I'he fungus turns out to be no other tl'.ail a slave-driver th.it captures
algie incolimies and m.akes them work lor him. He is however a slave-
driver of an i,-.telligent sort ; his captives thrive under his mastery,
ami increase more rapidly for the healthy exercise he nisists that they
shall take.

The Qardener as Sculptor and Painter.

It isan .ifternoon in .\ugusl and thesultry air compels us to take
shelter in a grove of swaying maples, lieneath their shade every
square yard of ground bears a score of infant trees, very few of them
as much as afoot in stature. How vain their expe< tation of o.ie
il.iy enjoying an ample spre.ui of br.anch ami root, of rising to the
free sunshine of upper airl Hie scene, with its (luiveriiig rounds of sunlight, seems
peace itself, but the seeming is only a mask for war as unrelenting as that of weaponed
armies. For every ray of the sunbeam, for every atom of food, for every inch of
standing room, there is dcally rivalry. I'o begin the fight is vaslly easier than to
maintain ii, and not one in a hundred of these bantlings will ever know maturity.
We have only to do what Darwin did - count the plants that throng a foot of
sod in spring, count them .again in summer, and at summer's end, to find how
great the ine.vor.ible carnage in this unseen combat, how few its survivors. So
hard here is the fight fiir a foothold, for daily bread, that the playfulness inborn
in every healthy plant can peep out but timidly and seldom. But when strite is
exchanged for peace, when a pl.ant is once s.afely sheltered behind a garden fence,
then the struggles of the battlefield give place to the diversions of the garrison
— diversions not infrequently hilarious enough. Now food abounds and
superaboumls ; henceforth neither drought nor deluge can work their
evil will ; insect foes, as well as may lie, are kept at l)ay ; there is room in
l)lenty instead of dismal overcrowding. The gr.ateful plant repays the care bestowed
upon it by bursting into a sportiveness unsuspected, and indeed impossible, .amidst
the alarms and frays incessant in the w ilderness. It departs from parental habits in

iilii^sg

mostasi lishing f.ishion, ])Uts forth blossoms of fresh grace of form, of new dyes, ot

doubled liLignitude. The g.irdeiier's opportunity has come. He <an sei/.e upon

such of these ".-.ports" as he • hooses and in.ike them the confirmed habits of his wards.

T.ike a stroll through his parterres and greenhouses, where side by side he shows

you p.ii les of myri;;d tints and the modest little wild violets of kindred to

the pansies' ancestral sto< k. Let him contrast fiir you roses, asters, tuberous

begonias, hollyhoi ks, dahlias, ]ielarg<uhiinis, befine cultivation and since.

Were wild llowers clay, were the gardener both jiainter and sculptor, he could

not ha\e wrought marvels more glorious than these. In a few years the

brclhren of his guild have brought about a re\olution for which, if possible

'i '.Sy a smi i^ at all to I.er, nature in the open field would ask long centuries. And the

U'l gardener's experiments with these strange children of his have all the (harm

of surl>ri^e. No passive chooser is he of "spor'.s" of promise, but ;'.n active

matchmaker between Lowers often brought together from realms as far apart .is 1' ranee

and China. .Sometimes his experiment is an inst.mt success. Mr. William I'.iul, a

lamous creator of splendid llowers, tells us that at a time when (limbing roses were

either white or yellow, he thinight he wmild like to Jirodme one of bright dark color.

.Accordingly he mated the Rose Athelin, of vivid crimson, w ith Kusselliana, a hardy

climber, and lo, the (lower he had im.igined and longed for stood revealed ! Ikit this

hitting the mark at the first shi>t is innomnion good fortune wilh the gardener. No

experieme wilh primrose or chrysanthemum is long and varied enough to teil him

how the crossing of two difl'erent stocks will issue. A rose which season after season

opposes only indifference to all his pains m.iy be secretly

gathering strength for a bound beyond its ancestral

paths whi( h will ( .irry it imu h farther than his hopes,

or, perhaps, his wishes.

Possibilities of Experiment.

I'.nI iif ){i.crrul;i, maiH|Uenidiiig asia K^^b.

Most tloweis are admired for their own sweet
s.nkes. but who thinks the less of an apple, or a cherry blossom because it bears in its
beauty the promise of delicious fiuil.' I'ut ,i red .Vstr.ichan beside a sorry (Tab, a
'lartlett ]iear next a tough, diminutive wild pear sui h as it is descended from,
an ear of milk> corn in contra-t with an car one fourth its size, each grain of
which, small and dry, is wrapped in a she.ath by itself; and rejoice that fruits
and grains as well as (lowers (an learn new lessons and renieinber them. .\t
Concord, Massachusetts, in an honored old age, dwells Mr. I^phraini W. Hull.
In his garden he delights to show the mother vine of the Com ord drape which
he developed frtun a native Wild (iraiie planted as long ago as 1843. Another
•' sport" of great v.diie was the ne( tarine, which was sei/.ed upon as it made its
appe.aran(e on a i>each-bougli. ihroughmit .•\meri(a are sc.itlercd Kxpenmenl
.Siaiions, ]..irt ( f whose business it is to prov^ike fresh varieties of w heat, or ( orn,
or other uselul plant, and make permanent such of them as show spe( iai richness
of yield; earliness in ripening; stoutness of resislan( e to Ja(k I'rost, or blight, or
in^e( t pests. Suppose that dire tlis.aster swept from off the earth every ce.eal
used as food. I'rol, Cioodale, i'rof. Asa Cray's successor at Harvard Univer-
sity, has so much cnnfiden( e in the l%xpcrimcnt .Stations of .\nieri(a, that he
deems them well able to repair the loss we have im.agiiied ; within fifty years,
he thinks, from Jilants now iincultiv.ited the t.isk could be .accon )lishe(l. Among
the men who have best served the world by hastening nature's steps in the improve-
ment of flowers and Iruits, stands Mr. Vilmorin, of 1 aris. He it was who in creating

I

■

Ife.:

the sug.ir beet laid the foundation for one of the rhiif industries of our time. One
of his rules is to sek( t at hrst not tin- plant which varies most in the direction he
wishes, liut the |jlant that varies most in any direction w hatever. l''roni it, from tlie
inslatiility in its very filires, its utter for^^etfulness of ancestral traditions, he finds it
easiest in the long run to ohtaui and to establish the cliaraeicr he becks of sweetness,
or size, or lolor.

nuch Can Be Done.

Of flowering plants there are about 110,000, of these the farmer
and the gardener between them liave scarcely tamed and trained 1000.
What new riches, therefore, may we not expect from the i iilture of the
future i" Already in certain northern llowcr-plois the tnlliimi, the bloodroot,
the dog's-tooth violet, and the celandine are aliUxmi in May; as Juno advances,
the wild violet, the milkweed, the wild lily-of-thevalley. untold their l)etals;
later in summer the dog-rose displays its charms and breathes its perfume.
All respond kindly to care, and were there more of this hospitality, were
the wild-roses which ilie botanists call />/,!«,/,» and /«<■/</,;, were the cirdinal-
(lowers, the Miiyllowers, and many moreof the treasures of glen and meadow,
made welcome with thoughtful study of their wants and habits, much wcjukl
done to extend the wealth of our gardens. I,et a hepatic a be plucked from its
home in a rocky crevic e where one marvels how it ever contrived to root itself
and tind subsistence. rrans])lant it to good soil, give it a little care — it asks none
— and it will thrive as it never throve before ; proving once again that plants do
not grow where they like, hut where they can. 'I'he Russian columbine rewards
its cultivator with a. wealth of blossoms that jilainly say liow mucJi it rejoices in
his nurture of it, in its escape from the frost and tempest that have assailed it for
so many generations.

Ihit here we must be content to take a leaf out of nature's book, and look for
small results unless our experiments are broadly platnied. It is in great nurseries,
and gardens, not in little door-yards that 'S|iorts" are likely to arise, and to meet the
skill which can ccinfirm them as new varieties.

I )r. \\ illiam Seward Webb, of New York, has a mansion surrounde 1 by spacious
grounds at Shelburne, on the shores ol Lake Champlain, seven miles from buriington,
Vermont. It is his intention next summer to adorn his grounds exclusively with wild
flowers. Much interest attaches to the experiment, for the district, bordering .is it
does upon the ,\dirondaeks, is flor-ally one of the richest in America.

Japan has much to teach us with regard to tlowers: nowhere else on earth are
they so sedulously cultivated, or so faithfully studied in all their (h.ingehil beauty.
Perhaps the most striking revelation of the Jajjanese gardener is his treatment of
flowering shrubs and (lowering trees dis])osed in masses. Happy the
visitor to Tcikio who sees in .Spring time the cherry-blossoms ready to
lend their witduiy to the Kmpress' reception I Much is done to extend
the reign of beauty in a garden when it is fitly bordered with berry-
bearers. Rows of mountain a-'h, snow -berry and hawthorn trees give
color just when icijor is most elTective, at the time when most flowers
.are past and gone.

' In the prac tical bit of ground where the kitchen garden meets the flowers, J.i]).in
has long since enlarged its bill of fare with the tuber of a cousin of our common
hedge nettle, with the roots of the large burdock, commoner still In I'lorida, the
calhi lily has use as well as beauty ; it is cultivated for its potato-like tubers.

Flowers Qathered and Garnered.

Much as the study of flowers heightens our interest in them, their first, their
chief, enduring charm consists in their simple beauty — their infinitely varied grace of
form, their exhaustless wealth of changehil tints. Off we go with delight from desk and
book to a breezy field, a wimpling brook, a quiet pcuid in woodland shade.
A dozen rambles from May to October will show us all the fl)ral procession,
which, beginning with llu trilliunis and the violets, ends iit ti.-; approach of
frost with the golden-rod and .aster, liut wl.o ever formed an engaging
,ac iiuaimanee without wishing it might bec-omc a close friendship i" Never
yet did the observant culler of bloodroot and columbine rest satisfied with
merely kncjwing their names, and how can n ure be known unless flowers are
set up in a portrait g.dlery of their owr. for the leisurely study of their
lineaments and lineage i"

A word then as to the best way to ^'ather wild flowers. A case for

them in the form cjf a round tube, closed at 'he ends, with a hinged cover,

can be made by a tinsmith at sm,all cost, its dimensions shoultl be about

30 inches in length by 5 inches in diameter, with a strap att.ached to

rtrfor.iicii Sialic Holder. f-^YTy it bv. At still less cxjieiisea frame can be made, or bought, formed of

two boards one-eighlh of .in inch thick, 24 inches long and 18 iiic lies broacl, with two

thin b.ittens fastened ac ross them to prevent warping. A quire of soft brown paper,

newspaper will do, and a strap to hold all together, complete the cutl'il.

Our gatlRTcd Ire.asuns at home, we may Avish to d jck a table or .1 nLintel with
a few of them. The lives of unpre.ised blossoms can lie much jirolonged by e.xereising a
little care. Punch holes in a round of cardboard and put the stalks through these
holes before (ilac-ng the flowers in a vase. This prevents the stalks touching eac:h
other, and so dec.ying before their time. .\ small bit of ciiarcoal in the water tends
to keep it ]iure ; the water, however, should lie changed daily.

Flower Portraiture.

A flower will lade at last be it tended ever so carefully. If we wish to preserve
it dried we can best do so as soon as we bring it home, by i)lacing it between sheets of
absorbent Jiaper (newspaper will do) well weighted down, the jiaper to be renewed if
the ])lants are succulent and if there is any risk of mildew. Ihit a dried plant after
all is only a mummy. Its colors are gone; its form bruised and crumpled, gives only
a faint suggestion of it as it lived and breathed. Other and more pleasant reminders
of our summer rambles can be ours, ^\■ith a camera of fair size it is easy to take
pictures of flowers at their best; these ]iictures can be colored in their n.Uur.al tints
with hap]iy effect. Or, instead of the camera, why not at hrst invoke the brush .and color-

box? Only a little skill in handling tl-.em is enough for a beginning.

Practice soon iiic reases deftness in this art as in every other, and in
a few short weeks floral portraits are painted with a truth to nature
denied the U'laided pencil. I'or what flower however meek and lowly
could ever te 1 its story in |ilain lilac k and w hite?
iTini Case. The ai.'.ateur painter of flowers learns a good many things by

the way; at the very outset, that drawing ac:curateandclearinust be the groundwork of
any painting worthy the name. Doth in the use of pencil and brush there must be a
degree of painstaking observation, wholesome as a discipline and delightful in its har-
vests. How many of us, unused to the task of careful observation, can tell the number of
the musk-mallow's petals, or mark on paper the depth of fringe on a gentian, or match

from a scries of dyed silks the hues o( a r..nimon l»iittcrciii)? Drawing and painting
sharpen tlie eye, and make tin- fingers its trained and fiady servants. I'roni the very
beginning of ones tasks in limning Imd and blussuni, we see tlu-m richer in grace and
loveliness than ever before. \\ hen ivild llowers are sketched as they grow it is often
easy to give them a new interest by aildingthe portraits of tlieir insert servitors.
Amateurs who are so fortunate as to visit the West Indies have an opiiortunity
to paint the wonderful lilossoms of the Mangravia, whose minister, a humming-
bird, (luivers above it like a bit of rainbow loosened from the sky.

Flowers In Design.

Early in the history of art the wild flowers lent
their aid to decoration. The acanthus which gave its
leaves to crest the lapital of the Coriiithi.in cohmin, tlie
roses conveniionaliiicd in the rich fabriis of ancient I'ersia,
until they have been thoiiglit sheer inventions of the weaver,
are among the first items of an indebtedness which h:ts
steadily grown in volume until today, when the designers
whofind their inspfration in the flowers are a vast and in-
creasing host. In a modern mansion of the best type the
outer -wmUs are enriched with the leonine l)i'auty of the
sun-flower; within, th;- ii.osaic floors, the silk and paper
hangings, repeat themes buggestcd by the vine, the wild
clematis and the May-flower. The stained-glass windows,

from New York, where their manufacture e.\eels that of AMarici».Tr«

any other city in the world, are exquisite with boldly treated lilies, poppies and
columbines. In the drawing-room are embroideries designed by two young
wom,.n of Salem, M.-!ss.achusctts. who have established a thriving industry in trans-
ferring tlie glow of wild flowers to the adornments ot noble houses such as this.

As one goes from studio to studio it is cheering to find so ni.any men and
women busy at work w'licli is more joyful th.iii play, — whiih in many ,ases first
taken up as reireaiion disdnsed a vein of genuine talent and so pointed to a career
more delightful than any other,— because it chimes in with the love of beauty and the.
jiower of giving it worthy expression.

Nature-prlntH of Leaves.

Whether we have the gilt of art or not, a very pretty apd simple process
enables us to ask a^id receive from Nature .is many of her autographs as we
wish. As the process is new, let it be described with a little del.iil. The
outfit is a couple of sheets of fresh carUin pafier siii h as stationers sill
for maiiiliildiiig, half a do^en sheets of thin linen pajier. and as much tarfridge,
or other paper, smooth in siiilace. The leaves for printing
must be gieen, and neither wet nor dry. One of them, s.iy a
maple leaf, is laid rib side down on a sheet of carbon paper,
and is then covered with a sheet of linen paper tlirough whic h
the outline of the leaf can lie both seen and felt. A piece of
soft cotton, or an old silk handkerchief, is now rvibbed '.n the
leaf, gently if the le.if is temler, with some pressure' if tl." leaf
is strong the finger tips moving outward from the midrib to
the edges of the leaf, ;\s soon as the leaf has gathe.-cd
carbon enough it is lifted and pl.iced, carbon side down, on
the cartridge p.aper which is to rcc live its imprint. To make
*'"">!"?•'• this imprint, the leaf is covered with a sheet of linen paper

•and then rubbed. A dear .and beautiful image will rew.ard one's pains very
soon after the first attempt. With but a little pr.actice an extremely pretty album
can be made from leaves of every type, a touch from a pencil here and there filling
in unavoidable short breaks of line.

George 1i.es.

'

INDEX TO PLATES.

NO.

Alirmii.i tiirbinata • - - icjt
Ar.cr riiuiHylv.iiiii um - - 2_5i

Ani"imimi.i -.iri.n.i - • • 2.^7
Agriiiii iiy - - • - 2,^7

AgrosU'iiiiiiii (iilliago - - . 21

Ague "L'nl - - . . 231

AHmiki I'laiUagci - - - - 156
Allium Nev;ulon-.o ... iS;

Ami)rosia arU'iui.'<ut:rolia - - 2S1
Amclam liicr liotryapiimi . - 95

Amor|ilia I'rntii (isa - ■ - 225
Anisoiiia talif.iKtiiKi'itana - 'i.l

Andri>sti'|iliiiMii Molacciiin - - 249
AiU'incMU' CaraiUusis - - 154

AiUlu-iui-, 1 inula - - . . 137
A|ihylli)n imitloniiii - - 245

A|iius (Iiil]i'r(i>a) - . . - 2i(>
A|iucymHii amlriisxmilc.iliiim - 53

A(|uiU-;,'ia Cana<Icii>is - - - 23

jmlii-scMis - - 200 I

Aral>'s laevigata - - - - 116 I
Aralia trilblia - - - - 1 10 i

Ar(in-.i,i|iliyl(i.-. iiva-iirsi .----. 142
Ari'lliii^a linllio>,a - . - 125

Arisa;ma tri|'h\lUiin - . . 30

Aristoloi.lii.L sijihii - - '74 I

Ari/.ona si^yriiicliimii - - ■ '97 j

Wvetliia - - - 115 i

Arrowlioail ^^ \

Artcmt'sia vulgaris ... 62 !

Arum, Water .... 243 |
Asarum CanaiUnse - - - 15 |

Asrlcpias Syriaca (cormiti) - - 190 :

Aster Coloradoensii ■ - 177 j

— — linariifolius - ■ - 72 .

patens - - - - i;(3 !

pimiwus - . . - 33 1

NO.

Aster Purple ... - 33

.Spre.ailing - - - - 133

imdtilatiis - - • 99

- — Wavy-leiWcd ... 99
.\vens, White . - - . 234
.A/alea, I'iuk .... 70

(rliudodemlrnii/. iiiKtitlora 70

lieach Pea 229

Uearlierry .... i^j

liearil Tongue - - ■ - »44

Ikdstraw, Small - . - 54

, hweet-sceiited - - 130

lieeeti Drops ... - 261

liellllower 46

liellwort 69

liiilens Levis ... - 106

llindweed .... 45

— , Hedge - • • 57

Iiirtlu.^ot . - . - 74
liitter-sweet - - - 212-218

IllaekUerry, Tali ■ - 267

I!ladder t'ami>ion ... 42

lil.iddenvort - «^.. --,-- --.-- 278

lilanket l''lowcr - • ■ • 103

])locd Root .... 105

nine Cohosh - <■.-■• 18

Kycd Grass ... 76

, Ijrge-tlowered 140

- l-lag .- - - ■ i

^'crvain .... 9

Pluels 184

lioneset 221

Bountiiig Bet .... 6

lirassira Nigra ... 34

Brimclla vulgaris - - - 213

liugloss, Small ... 40

Uunclibcrry .... 98

NO.

Bur Cuaimlicr ... 178

Marigold .... 106

Butter-aud eggs ... 127

Buttereu|) 55

Butterrty Pea .... 224

Tulip lOi

Hutterwort .... 250

Cakile cdciUula (Amerie.ana) 94

Calla paluslris . . - - 242

Callirrlioe invciluerata - - - 120

C'alochortus Veiuistus • - 161

Calopogon 90

Caltha paluslris . . 7

Camass ..... 107

Cam.assia cseuleiita - - - 107

Campanula r.ai)uneuloides - - 46

rotundifolia . - 31

Canada Mint - ■ - - 12

Canax (aralia) (luinquefolia - 145

Caneerroot, (,)i-.e-tio»ered - - 243

Ca])noidcs scmpervirens - - '^■>

Cardinal-llower - - . - 22

Carduus discolor - .,-.---- -^ _, 123

mulieus - - - 176

("astaliaodar.-ita - - - 255

C.astilleia eoccinea - - - 194

(.'atchfly, Night-flowermg - - 79

Cal-ninl - . - - - 25

Caulophyllum thalietroides - 18

Celandine 44

Celastrus sc.andens - - - 212

Centaury, .Vmerican - - - 129

ChiEtadilpha Wheeleri - . 144

Cheekerberry . - - . 135

Chelidonium majus - - - 44

Chclone glabra .... 87

Chenopodiuni album - - 286

NO.

Cherry, Ground .... 75

Chicory 13

Chitraiihilauinbellata - • 89

Choke-cherry .... i6y

Chrysar.lhenium ItiicantheniMm - 86

Cichorium iutybus - - - 13

Cinqaefoil, shrubby - - - 73

Cirea;a alpina - - - ■ n '

Cl.iytonia Caroliniana - - ■ ('^

umbell.ata - - 220

Clematis reticulata . . - 210

Reticulated - - 210

— . Virginiani - . - 102

, Wild . - - - '9-

Clintonia borealis - - • 2.S7

Clitoria Mariana - - ■ 224

Clover, Hop .... 20

- , Prairie ... 170

, Red .... 58

Sweet . . - • 139

''offee Bush - . . - 20a

Coho.h, liUie ... - i4

Color.a<i-' Aster - - - '77

Columbine .... 23

, r..t)escent . - - 200

Cone I'lower .... 16

, Cchiinnar - - 93

Convolvulus - - - 45"57

Coptis trifolia - - - ■ '^4

Corn ruckle - . - - 21

Corn-flower, Purjile - - ■ 149

Cornus Canadensis - - - 98

Florida - - - - '98

Corpse ])lant - - - - 254

Coryd.alis, Pale_ - - - - 233

Cowslip, Virginia . - - 266

Cranberry ^57

I n-u ■<B' *"

Crane-fly Orchis
C.anesbill. Wild -
C.'ratcegus coccinca -
CrceiMiig Phlox -
Crowfoot, Anderson's

— - Hooked

i^ucumhei, liiir

Root, Indian

Cynoglossum officinale -
Cypripediiim acaule

[xibcsccns -

Cyrilla racemitlora
Dandelion
Daphne ine/.er'.um
Dasystoma p. diciilaria -

qucrcifolia -

Datura stratiioniuin -
ncer-';r.ass - - - .
Delphinium Aj.acis -
Di-'iuaria diphylla
Diceritra Canadensis

eximia

Disporuni m.ic'ulaluni
Dodecatheon media -
Dogt).ane. .Spreading
Dog's-tooth Violet
Dogwood, riowering
1 )ragon-head. Kalse
Drosera rotiindifolia
Dutchman's Hreecbes, Showy

I'ipe

Dwarf R.isjiliirry
Kchin.ace.' augustifolia
Kglaiitine - . - .
IClecampane
Knchaiiter's ^'iglll^Ilade
Kngclmannia piimatifid.i -
Kpigica : epe.i.s -
Kpilooiuni :iugu.stifoliuin -

latifolium -

clxoidi'tun.

— '-- — rigidnm
Kpipheijus Virginiana
Krigeron Irellidiiblius -

— • I'hiladelphic us -

Kroditim ricutarium
i>ythroniim Amcricaiium
Kupatorium pcrfolialuin

NO,

275
269

25«
■S3
180

IK)

I7.S

8

■4

}

263

59

228

•34
126
167

'5°
166

215
276

■36
S3
241
198
7k(}
>47
"S
"74
253
149

77

82

III

>3»

41

5'

io5
272
204
261
121

'47
208
241
221

Evening Primrose -

, Small

False L'ragonheiid •

; Ipecac

, .Solomon's-sc.'.l

! Vi(^iet

■ Icrn, Flowering

I'ireiveed, Hroad-leaved

Five-finger
I Fl.ig, lllue -

I , W-llow -

! Fleal)ai\e
i Flowering F'ern
i Fly llonevsucklo
I Forget nie-not -

F'oxg'.ove, Yellow - - - 134- ;
] Fringed Clenlian

Frilillaria pudica
I Frit;'" \rj - - - -

I '.iaillardia amblyodon -
i (jalax-leaved Shortia
I tialiutii tinctoriuin

tnllonun . - .

(■ lulljieria prociimbens

tiaura I.indheiincri

I'.elseniiuin sempervirens

Cientian, Closed ...

, Fringed

, Rothroi k's Spurred -

Cientiana .Americana (crit^it.i)

Andrewsii

(icraniuin maculaiuin •

Roliertianum

lie iin allium ....

(lilia tricolor ....

(iirger, Wild ....

(iinscnf;. Five-leaved

, I'hreeleaved

(jlechoma heder.acea. (Nejiela
gleihoma) ....

(iiiMen Hypi'ricur.i • »

Ragwort

doldei' rod, Itro.id-le. • ei!

, F^lmleaved -

("loldihre.id

(irass, i'mc-cyed ...

, Deer -

-, I,arge-flovcrcd

NO,

NO,

""

Na •

1

.'0

(".ras-, of Parnassus -

122

Inula hclenium

82

270

, Star - - - -

'55

■ (lecac, American

26s

226

, Wild Pepper -

2«5

.False ....

277

=77

(Ircck Valerian -

f'5

Iris, Field - ...

43

^

■i

280

Green Reir.-O'i his

t88

, fietidissuna

43

'75

CiroiMul Cherry

75

, pseudac orus

II

201

205
35

Ivy.

1,9

, versicolor-

3

'59
168

Nut - - - -

Ivy, Gronr..! ....
• - , Poison - . - .

HaJienaria liraeteata •

288

■

3
II

102

Jessamine, Vellow or Carolina -
Jiinson Weed . - - -

146
126

Harebell

3'

'47

Il.iwk-weed . - - -

112

Kalmia augu:,tilolia

49

I

201

H.iwthorn, Scarlet fruited

258

king's I'>ilrich''uni .

141

4

He.al-.ill

2'3

Knotwtod, Water

104

>38

Hedge Hindweed

57

Kuhnistcra (PcLiloslemon) vio.

22S

'— .Mustard

'43

lacca . . - -

170

81

Xirltlr Mir^*' -

5
'63

Labrador Tea . - . .

56
'4

2|'i

, Rough

I.aily's Slipper, Steniless •

240

Helenia Rothrockii

»39

-, Vellow

2

'03

Helianthenium C'anidense

'73

l.ainb's (^)uarters

286

219

Carolinianum

'f'5

I.;;portea Canailensis -

268

'■
■

54

Henbane, iilack

38

Larkspur - . . .

»83

'3°

Hepatica acuta ....

48

I.athyrus maritinuis

229

'35

Herb Robert ■ " - "

148

paluslris -

'3'

260

Herniidium alipes

'53

Latirel, ( treat ....

211

146

Hierac ium venosum

112

-, Sheei

49

; ■

182

Hog-weed

281

I.e.ad Plant

"5

I

81

Hoiieysncl le. Fly

4

Ledum latil(jliuin

56

»39

__^__„ Scarlet •

97

l.epidium \irginic inn -

»8S

81

, 'I'riimpet

97

Leiuampyx NcHberiyi

'S'

i

182

Hop<lover ....

20

Liliuin Canadense

85

|.

269

Ilorkelia. Purplish -

279

Philadelphicuf.i -

Hj

1

148

purpui;.scens

279

Lily, Mariposa - - - .

36j

a34

Hound's- Tongue ...

8

, Si ented Water

»55

96

Houstonia ca;rulea

184

, W ild Oiange

84

'5

Hyacinth, Wild - - •

IC7

. Yellow . -.-• - . . . .

H ~

-i

'45

Hydrangea, Oak-leaved

»74

— -, Yellow I'ond

*s5

;;,:["

no

»74
236

I.ilyof-the-valley, Wild -
LiuKxbrum (Calopoi-or,) luber.

9'

Hydrophyllum Virginieum • ♦

'59

Hyoscyaiiius nigcr -

38

osus

90

4

»23

Hypericum aureuni

"3

Linaria vulgaris

'»7

4

7*^

Hypoxis erecta

'55

Linn;ea borealis . - . -

in6

%_

2(>2

Iinpaticns li i (1 0 r a-(lmpaticnu

j Live-for-ever . . . -

»7

\

284

fulva) ....

3»

: Liver-leaf

48

V

I2i

Imlian Cut umber-root

34

! I.<)bclia cardinalis -

22

7°

- Pipe ....

'54

1 inHata -

a6

.46

1 .''obacco

26

1 Lonicera ciliala

4

16,

1 'I'urniu ....

30

' acmpcrvirens

97

NO.

82

265

43
43

U ■

•i

1 16

49
141

104

14

2
286
268

»83
229

>.?'
211

49

225
56 :

2«5

'5'

85

S.i

■,(<l

«4
».S

y
90

i.ii.

27
48

22

a6

4

97

t

Loosestrife, rringcd

, J ,;iiu:e-li:ive<l

I,.jiisevurt - - -
I.iinyiVDrt
l,ii])l'iiis pcrennis
l.vi'.opsis arvensis -
Mallow, Mu.ik -

. Koiiml leaved

Malvamoseliat.i -

lotiindifoHa -

Maple, Ktrijied -
Marigold, ]!'.ir -

Marsh -

Mariposa I.ily -
Marsh Kverlasting I'ea

Hedge-Nettle

Marigold -

Spe'-dweii

Mayflower -
M.iyweed
Meadow Ileauiy •

kue, l''.arly

Medeola N'irgiiiian.i
M''di<agi) lu|iiihiia -
Menu k, Jilaek -
Meihoniia (Desmcidiuiii)^^
Melilolus ortiiin ilis
Melilot. Yellow
Mentha Canadensis
Mertersia Virgiiiic a
Me/,ereiim -
Mieh;'ii\'s Saxifrage
Milk eed -
Milkwort, Yellow
Miinuliis ringens
Mint, Canada -

Cat -

Mi'i hella repcns
Mitella diphylla -

Hilda -

Mitreworl, Naked

'I'wo leaved

Moik Orange, Wild
Mohavea lire.iilora -
Monard.. didyiua
Monalropi iiiiillora -
Monkey llower -
Mu.'wort

inadensis

51 Musk >tallow ...
«,S Musta-d, Jtlaek

17 -, Hedge -

21)6 Myosolis laxa -
I Nania Rothrockii

40 Xepeta cataria

ly Nettle, Rough Hedge -

15S , Wood -

19 Nevada, M ild Onion -

158 Newherry's l.eueanipyx -

2,(1 Nightshade, l-'.nrhanler's

106 Nynijiha'a i'.dveiia -
7 (Jak, I'oison ...

161 (Kiiothera biennis -

131 piiinila

5 I xyloearp.\

7 Onion. Nevada Wild -

117 t)reliis, Crane l''ly -

41 : , (ireeiiKein

137 , Purple Fringed -

167 I — • speetabilis

181 I , Showy

24 i Osnuindaregalis -
101 I Oswego'J'ea -
loi I Oxalisaeetosella -

Ho I stri( la -

139 ; Ox-eye Daisy

139 j Oxyeoecus (Vaeeiniuni) niai

12 earpus

266 Oxytropis I,.-iml)erli

3(> raiiite(i(up

248 Trillium -

190 I'ahnerella dehilis serrata
203 I'aniassia Caroliniana -

i6 I'artridgeberry

12 I'asipie-tlower

25 Passillora ii ■ .»mata
152 I'.assionl'low r .
189 Pea, Ileach

251 Iliitlerfly

351 .Marsh Kverlasling -

189 I'edieuliiris Can.adensis

206 palii.stris Wlassovi,

195 Pcntstemon jmbesecns

66 [ Peppergrass, Wild -
254 Perennial Lupine
16 P< .iwinkle. Small
61 Phacelia bipinnatifida-

NO.

Ill

.•54

14,1

2.52

25

268

187

256
168

39
270
207
187

275
288
102
17 =
'72
201
66

64

160

86

'57

194

29

199

122

'52

9-'

264

264

229

224

i.U

'7

128

244

2S5

I

240

'»5

Phaeelia Ciit-leaved
Philailelphus inudorus-
Phlox, Creeping

re|.'tan>;

I'hysaiis Viiginiana -
Pliysostegia \'irgi'iiana
I'hytolaeea dee-.iulra
I'ickerel-weej
Pine, Prince's .
Pingiiicula hitea -
Pipe, liu'.ian
Pipsissewa •
Plantain, Robin s

-, Water -

Pogonia divarieat.i -

ophioglossoides

Spreading -

tiiaiithophor.i

Poison Oak, or Jvy -
Pokeweed -
I'ulenionium rcp'ans
Polygala hitea
Polygonum ani]il,ibiuui
P.)nd I.ily, Yellow
Pontederia cordata -
Porteranthus stipulaeeus
Putentilla anseriiui -

Can.ideiisis -

frutieusa -

Prairie Clo.er
Prenanthes alba
P.imrose, Kvening

.Small Kvening

I'nini.s \'irginiana
Pulsatilla hirsutissima
Pyiola elliptiea -
seeunda

Ragwort, ("lolden
Ranuneiilus acris

Aiidersnnii

reeurvadis

Raspberry, Dwarf -

, Tall Hla. k

R.-ittle, Red •

, ^■ellow

Pattlesnake root
Red Kaltle _ -
Rhoxia \ irginica

NO. I NO.

185 Rhinanthus crista _,dla - - 259

206 Rhododendron maximum - 2"

183 Rhus radical; s - - - - 168

183 — typhina .... 273

75 Rieh.trdsonia seabra - - - 277

226 Robin's Plantain ■ - - 121
282 Rock Cress, Smooth ■ - - 116
193 Rock-rose .... jfij

89 , Caniida ■ - - 173

250 Ros.ablanda .... 50

254 rubiginosa - - - - 77

89 Rose, Caiu-ida Rock - 173

12 [ . , Karly Wild ... 53

156 , Rock ... - 165

227 Rotliroek's .*!.ama - - - 232

214 Spurred (ientian - 230

227 Rubus Dalibarda (rcpens) - - 175

217 triflorus - . - 253

168 villosa - - - . 267

282 Ruilbeckia coliimnaris - - 93

65 — hirta - - - - 10

203 Riiellia ciliosa - - - - 162

104 i.ong-uibed - - - 162

256 Sabbatia chloroides - - - 171

193 sfellaris - - - 129

265 SagiHaria latifolia (variabilis) - 83

68 .Sandpaper Starwort . - - 72

35 Sanguinaria Canadensis - - 105

73 .S.aponaria oflici. .xli.s . • - 6

170 .Saxifr.iga Mi<hauxii - - 248

71 Yirginiensis • - - n8

39 Saxifrage, Karly ... tiH

270 .Scutellaria galericulata - - 188

169 .«ea Pi..i; 171

92 Sea Rocket, .\meriean ... 94

6i .Sedum telephiuin . ■ • 27

47 Senecio aureus .... 78

7;! .Service-berry - - - - 95

55 Shad-bush ----- 9J

I So Sheep Laurel - - . . ^g

119 .Shin-leaf . . . • . 61

253 Shooting-Star - • • • 136

267 Shortia galaeifolia . . . 219

128 .Sicyos angulatus - ■ - 178

259 Silene noctitlora . ■ - - 79

71 I . vulg.aiis (intlala) - • 42

128 i Silver-Weed ... - 68

167 I Sisymbrium olticinale - • 143

Sisyrinchium A-izonicniii -

Ik'rmiulianiim

granditlornm -

SkiilUap - - - -
Skiiiik C.il lugo -
.Snakcinomh IV-gonia
Sol.iniim (luliam.ira
Soliilago ilexicauius

iiltiiifolia

ijulomon's-seal, taisc

Sonchus asjRT

Soiinca (Eritrithium) K'lgii

SorrL'l, \\ Dod

Sow Thistle, Spiny -

SpceilHcU, Marsh

, Thynu'-leavfd

.Spcrgula arvensis
Spiderwort
Spring Hcauty

riiihellcd -

Spurrcy . . - -
Sipiirrcl Corn -
Stachys aspera •

paiiistris

Staghorn Suma(h

Star-flower

— . Grass . - - -

- — Shooting -

Starwort, Long leaved

, Sandpaper

Steironema riiiutuin
- lanceolattini -

NO.
•97

140
188

-45
214

21S

2f.2
2S4
280
271
141
64
271

>'7

37

108

67

(>i

220

108

166

•63

5

»73

■79

■5S

■36

100

7»

5«

88

Stellaria longifolia
Stitchwort

Storksliill . . . .
Streplopiis roaeus
Stiiartia jicnlagyna
SiK'cory - . - -
Suniat h, Slagluirn
Sundew, Round-leaved -
Swamp 'I'liistle, Tall -
Sweetlirier

Syni|ilo<arinis foetidus
Taiinum teretefolium
'I'anai etuni vulgare
Tans) ....
Taraxacum (dens leonis)
Tea, Oswego ...
Tecoma radicans
Thalictrum dioicum -
Thistle . . . .

, Spin/ Sow

, Tall Swamj) - ♦

i'hom Api'.le . - •

Tiire,ad, liold

Tic;k 'I'refoil

I'lpularia unifoiia (discolor)

'load Max

'I'obacco, Indian

Toolhwort

Touch-me-not, Spotted

Tradestantia, Virginiia -

Trailing Arbutus

Tricardia Watsoni -

NO.
100
100
208
114
202
13
'73
»47
176

77
245
109

132
■32

.'i9
66

»57
181 I

.23 I

27t I
176 ;
126 I

124 '
80 ;

275

'^7

16

'SO

31

67

4'
ISO

NO.

NO

Tricolored ' lilia -
Trientalis Americana
Trifjliui". agrariuni

pratense -

Trillium ercctuni

crylhrocarpum -

Painted

'"rumpet-flower
Turnip, Indi.in -
Turtle-lie.ad . . . .
Twin-Hower

Twisted Stalk - - • -
Unifolium (Sniilacma) l/ifolium
'Jiriciilaria inflata -
Uvularia perfoliata
Viignera (Smilacina) i.ieemosa
V.alerian, (Ireek -
Verbena liastata
Verbesina Wrighlii
Veronica sculellaia -

scrjiyllifolia -

Vervain, Hlue - - - -
Vetch ....

Viciacracca . . . .
Vinca minor
Viola t'anadensis

o Jliqua . -

pedata - * ' •

pubescens .

Violet, Bird's foot -

Hr.mcliing Wootl

Common lilue - . .

.

./.

Violet, Dog's t'^oth

241

'79

False

•75

-

20

■ — - Yellow

222

58

Virginia Cowslip

266

-

74

Virgin'.^ liower -

192

29

\olvulus sepium

57

.

29

spithama.us -

45

257

Wake R'lbiii .

74

.

30

Water .\rum

242

«7

104

-

11/)

I.C.1I ....

236

114

Scented Water

25s

-

9'

riantaiu -

156

278

Wax-work

212

-

69

Wheeler's (^hitladelpha

• 44

280

While Avcns .

'34

-

65

Weed

86

9

Wild (linger .

•5

-

309

I'eppergr.-iss

- J8S

117

Willow herb. (Ireal .

s»

.

37

\\ inlergreen

47

9

Wood liclonv -

'7

.

*35

Daffodil -

- 6^

235

NcUle -

268

.

240

.Sorrel

64

28
60

, Yellow

160

,

Violet, Hranching

186

Wright's Crownbeard

209

.

222

Wvethia \ri/onica

"5

186

\-Jllow I-lag -

II

.

28

Rattle -

»59

60

Zygadenus glaucus -

.64

NO
341
175

222
266
192

57

4S

74
243
104
236

»56
112
144
»34
86

•5

5»
47
«7
6g

368
64

160
38

309

"5
ti

>59
164