IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) K 1.0 I.I 1.25 12.2 ■^ M i.8 14 II 1.6 V] <^ /2 >> c^^ o^ ■ :» om. # '*? ■^ -aintinns of (ieoinian inseets in tlie I'-ritisli Museum. Cojiied by George Willis and (irinted in color from live stones by .Inlins IJien c<; Co. THE BUTTERFLIES EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA WITH 8FGCIAL BEFERENCE TO NEW ENGLAND. Vol. I. Entomological Branch DEPARTMENT Of" / rniC' " TURF OTTAWA • ' -..':• " THE <■ BUTTERFLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA WITH SPECIAL REKF.BESCE TO NEW ENGLAND. BY SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDER. IN TIIHKK VOLUMES. , Vol. I. INTRODUCTION, NYMPHALIDAE. CAMBRIDGE: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1889. Printed dy W. H. Wheeler, oambridoe, mass. > ■ i ^30 J. B. S. I ^ vt PREFACE. ' Wi T^Hh present work originated in a plan, devised thirty years ntro bv -I- tlie students of Professor Louis Agassiz, to describe within the com- pass of a series of vohunes all the animals of New England, with special reference to their life histories. To me was assigned, among other sub- jects, he volume on Lepidoptera, and though the origuial scheme never passed beyond the stage of discussion (and the design of a titlepage by one of our number, which I still preserve), it has borne fruit in not a few addi- tions to our knovvledge of " The Zoology of New England," by my associ- ates, _ Messrs. Allen. Hyatt, Morse, I'ackard, Putnam, Shaler, and VerriU to mention the living only. Twenty years ago the present work was definitely planned, announced, and begun, and the greater part of it has been written for fifteen years; but with the increase of our knowledge, nearly all the lustunes of the species have been completely rewritten withm the past few years, in the intervals of work in other directions. Ihis delay has not been to follow the sage advice of Horace, — " Si q,uid tameu olim Scripseris. iu Maeci descendat indicis auris, Et patris et nostras, nonumque prematur in annum, Membranis iutus positis : " * but has been caused rather by the "res angusta domi," preventing earlier accomplishment of my desire. Although very much more extended than I at first contemplated especially i„ the matter of illustration, the work as completed is still Wnt°-S 1 M v/'"^'^ '".''^'' '"'"®''^^°* ^"'^"*'°»' ^°^ i"«tance, has .ccn pctid to the differences in the form and clothing of the head in the various stages of the caterpillar, though the illustrations of the same will partly atone for this omission. I haa also intended to include a descrip- tion of the minute texture of the integument of the caterpillar, and made many preparations for the purpose, but not enough to warrant the introduction of this material. It had also been my purpose to make extended comparisons of the species described with their nearest allies outside the region concerned together with critical discussions, when necessary, to explain the synonymy * Ars Poetica, 380. VIU PllEFACE. employed ; regarding these points, on reflection, as more suitable to a monographic treatment of the special groups themselves, I have generally omitted them to make room for what seemed more fitting and more commonly neglected. So too it had been my purpose to reinforce the descriptions of the male abdominal appendages (prepared while in Europe) by a study of these parts during life ; but the purpose had finally to be abandoned in all but a very few instances. 13ut, as it stands, it is, I believe, the most exhaustive faunistic work on any insects of any i)art of the world. Wiiether its completeness has interfered with its exactitude, or will prevent a pri per comprehension of relations ; whether the work is of too encyclopedic a nature, or is warranted in the present state of science, time only will show. If I have made my descriptions fuller than usual, it is because I do not think our aim should be simply to inquire in what particulars a creature differs from its fellows, but rather to ascer- tain all we can about each sort of animal, its most intimate structure and clothing;, to serve as the basis of the most secure generalizations. Such descriptions may seem unnecessary to those whose only aim is the discrimination of species ; they will, I hope, prove of some value to those who seek a knowledge of species. I have in all endeavored to look to the future rather than to the past ; to keep in their just proportions structure, growth, life history, environment, distribution, and taxonomy, that neitiier should say to its neighbor, " I have no need of thee." Special emphasis has been laid on the proper subordination of char- acters, a matter grievously neglected by the ordinary student of buttcrfiies, who, more than any other virtuoso, it seems to nio, shows the lack of that training which fits men to be zoologists rather than entomologists, — entomologists rather than lepidoptorists. Particular attention and just criticism is therefore invited to the use that has been made of the early stages of the insect, — egg, caterpillar at birth and at maturity, and chrys- alis,— in the definition of the various categories of structure among butterflies, whether families, subfamilies, tribes, or genera. This is a feature never before attempted on any^cale at all commensurate with that found here ; and though the characteristics have very largely been drawn from a limited fauna, such survey as has been made of the fields beyond warrants the belief chat these definition., will not require correction except in minor details or to a slight degree. That a first attempt of this sort will prove to some extent faulty goes without saying. That the old warning cry of " insutticient knowledge " sliould longer stay endeavor, ought to bo a reproach to the naturalist , for herein lies the most hopeful field of pro- gress, and it is to the credit of American naturalists that with them, more than anywhere in the world, attention is paid to the early stages and life histories of insects. To give precision, harmony, and direction to such investigations has been one aim of tiiis work. There can, indeed, be no doubt that tlu> principal weakness in those structures which naturalists have built and ciUcd the classification of but- --* i PKEFACE. IX terflies is due not so much to insufficient knowledge of their early stages as to insufficient attention to what is actually known and puhlished re^rard- ing them. The principal modifications in that structure must now come from a consideration of the earlier stages; and though Denis and Schifler- muller. m their classical work on Vienna Lepidoptera, long ago wrote " Ein Aug airf dem Schmetterling, das andcre auf die liaupen, so wcr.len alio Schwierigkeiten gehobc," it may fairly be doubted whether one in ten of those who, in the century that has elapsed since that was said, have dis- cussed the classiiication of butterflies, liave ever made the sli-ditest exami- nation of the newly-born caterpillar of a single butterfly, or could tell in what points It differed from its own self at maturity. Yet no biolo-ist will dispute that the study of these earliest forms is at least of equaf impor- tance to the study of the mature caterpillar for any correct knowledge of the phylogeny-and hence the classification -uf butterflies. It is only the closet naturalist, with whom the world is now done, that would hesitate The painful fact nevertheless rejuains that one may count on liis two hands the names of those in all the world who have ever contributed to a knowl- edge of the structural characteristics of butterfly caterpillars at birth. It will be tlionght by many that some justification is needed for the course adopted in subdividing the different groups more minutely than is customary. To such I have only to say that if the characters I have pointed out as pertainuig to such grou]is and tlieir relations to those placed above and below chem are not in themselves a justification, then 1 have none, and no words of mine could or should alter such a facf If, howerer, these characteristics represent actual categories, and if at tlie' same time such groupings make clearer the relations which the life his- tories and the distribution of the groups bear to their structure, then words are not needed. On the other hand, I may be permitted to ask one question of such complainants. If this minute subdivision did not affect the commonly adopted scientific names of butterflies (as it does hi many instances) would any objection be raised or any justification be required ? If no' objection would be raised (and who believes there would ?) then is all this outcry against "fine-drawn distinctions" a mere quarrel about words and names, into which, as quite too trivial, I decline to outer. Call thin-s by what names one will. I only ask that the facts of nature be ri.rht?y interpreted; and wliere differences are fouiul, that they bo .dven 'tlieir proper values as nearly as we can determine them, absolutely regardless of the eftect it is to have upon tlie paltry question of names. Names can never have absolute fi.xity until we have absolute knowle.lge of all the facts regarding the creatures they represent, and the sooner this truth IS recognize.l the better for all concerned. _ I, for one, do not stand with those who claim that all our classifica- tions are mere conveniences, momentary artificial strait-jackets for a redundant and irrepressible Nature. In so far as they do not represent PREFACE. Nature, they are artificial ; but they, and not Nature, become thereby inconvenient. In so far as they do represent Nature, are they natural, the expressions of natural facts, and so, convenient and valuable. We gauge their value and their convenience by the closeness of their harmony with Nature ; or, if we do not, then are our opinions worthless ; but let us not suppose that Nature has yet revealed all her .secrets, nor that she will reveal them except to the earnest and devout inquirer. As to the nomenclature actually adopted, I have endeavored to follow the rules laid down by the American Ornithologists' Union ; for though they contravene my views of what would be best at very many points, they seem to me, in the existing divergence of views on this subject, by tar the best yet proposed which are likely to receive final adoption by all. The progressive adhesion to their principles by men holding very diverse opinions makes one hopeful of such a peaceful result. I had planned originally io introduce poetical allusions to butterflies here and there ; but the chance collection of tliese citations showed them to be so much more numerous than I had supposed, that, with tlie aid of several friends, I searched literature for its entomological specimens, and the collection at last became so extensive as to serve for even more than a relief from the dry synonymy they followed, and to permit here and there a seleciion which had some special significance. An examination of the list of authors cited, which includes about one hundred and fifty names, will quickly show how much more generally the poets of our modern world have received their inspiration from the external life of Nature than have the earlier poets. The butterflies treated of in the Appendix were introduced into the work when it was seen that the fauna of New England required but little extension to have it include all the butterflies known to occur in North America east of the Mississippi, excepting such as are found only in the unsettled parts of Canada or south of Kentucky and Virginia. It was, however, an afterthought not entering into the original plan, and could not be made so complete in the important matters of the history and distribution of the species without delaying the work for the collection of material ; it has indeed been written during the printing of the work. To maintain a better balance, I have therefore limited also the descrip- tive portion, added such notes as were readily procurable, though I have doubtless overlooked some important matter, and have separated the species from the body of the work, tliereby warranting the running title at the head of the earlier pages. A few explanatory words may be added regarding some details. In the synonymy of the species I have given only what seemed essential, omitting much that had been collected, with a view of presenting the first mention of tlie insect under each of the names that had been given it, and adding to that only the more important citations, including especially origii.-il descriptions of the early stages and accounts of life histories, and 1 t M PREFACE. XI all original illustrations; and also two other kinds of references —first all manuals in common use. such as those of Morris, Fernald, and French- and second, references tc the unpublished illustrations of Abbot and of Sv'f ■ .:^' '''°''''^' '•'' '"''""'°" "^"i'^^- I '»*^e «nly to refer to Excursus XXV. ihe measurements of the butterflies have been made on the fol- lowing plan for each sex separately: Choice was made at the fme of tlie description, when the largest possible number of specimens were collected of the largest and smallest individuals based on a measurement of their spread of wing; an average specimen of what was deemed the ordinary size was then selected by the eye, and all measurements were based on these three indivi.'.uals. This will account for the occasional lacunae which were ntver filled by measurements from different individuals There remr.wis only the pleasing task of tiianking those without whose generous and welcome aid my work would have been shorn of half its value. From the moment of its announcement, years ago. assistance has been offered from a hundred sources, from persons in all walks of life many of them then entirely unknown to me, who sent notes and speci- mens of the greatest importance, especially of the early stages of our butterflies; so much so, that at one time it was difiicult to pursue the systematic outdoor studies I intended, so constant was the flow of needed material. The memory of those first beginnings of the work will always be fresh m my mind, and in particular the kind assistance of lAIiss Clarissa Guild and Messrs. J. B. Hambly, W. Saunders, C. A. Emery, J. A. Lintner C. L. Hamlin, and F. A. Clapp, who were constant in their' transmission of specimens. Since then, most important material of the same sort has been received from Judge Chapman of Florida, Dr. Riley of Wasliim,'ton (both of these with abundant notes), Messrs. H. Edwards of Xew York and 1. G. Sanborn, F. If. Sprague, and G. Dimmock, of Ma,ssachusetts, be.<^ides Misses Soule and Eliot and Mr. S. Lowell Elliot If I have not in con- nection with this mentioned Mr. W. H. Edwards, it is only because I wish to make special acknowledgment of repeated and constant favors throur-h a score of years in the gift and loan of specimens, and the use of drawings A\ithout his aid the book would be far more incomplete. Then, there are many from whom I have received hardly less important favors, including longer or sliorter lists of captures with their seasons, which have been o*f great importance to me, the loan or gift of specimens for description, illus- tration, or dissection. I do not know whether, in the lap.se of time since some were received, I can now recall them all, but I set down their names as they chance to occur to me, and among them will be recognized many a known entomologist: Messrs. J. G. Jack, Holmes Hinckley, E. L. Morton, Roland Thaxter, Samuel Henshaw, Roland Hay ward, P. S. Sprague and son James Angus, N. H. Rishop, L. Trouvelot (who painted also many of the insects), C. S. Minot, Profs. William Cook, A. !• . Verrill, Sanborn Tenney, Messrs. J. Q. Shnte, N. C. Greene, E. R. Reed, II, Gillman, W. V. Andrews, H. H. Ballou, C. P. Whitney, A. B. Foster, Profs. A, S. Packed. E. L. Mark xu PREFACE. S. I. Smith, Mrs. A. G. Whittemore and H. P. Nichols, Messrs. A. Babcock, D. W. Beadle, S. Stebbins, G. J. Bowles, Theodore F. McCurdy, E. Norton, E. L. Graef, T. L. Mead, J. E. Meyer, P. R Uhler, B. P. Mann, Wni G. Fish, Gol. T. W. Higginson, Drs. G. F. Waters, J. C. Merrill, Walter Faxon, Wm. Wittfeld, Eevs. C. J. S. ISethune, W. P. Alcott, and W. J. Holland, Profs. Ct. H. French, C. H. Fernald, T. C. Chamberliu, A. J. Cook, Messrs. Charles Wright, W. llowells. Curl Braun, J. A. Allen, M. W. Harrington, G. W. Belfrage, E. P. Anstin, Austin Bacon, B. Billings, James Fletcher, J. E. Chase, Wm. Couper, A. II. Grote, C. J. Maynard, J. M. Jones of Halifax, H. K. Morrison, F. P.. Caultield, G. M. Dodge, Profs. H. W. Parker, F. P. Atkinson, Lawrence Bruner, L. K. Gibbes, Misses Harrington, Mary E. Murtfeldt, Mattie Wadsworth, Messrs. John Akhurst, E. A. Schwarz, C. A. Davis, H. H. Lyman, W. D. IVIarsh, E. M. Hulbert, Baron Osten Sacken, Drs. Edward Palmer, G. M. Levette, H. A. Hagen, Juan Gundlach, George C. Webber, and Messrs. Eobert Howell, John McCallum, Charles H. Peck, Tryon Reakirt, C. T. liobiuson, A. W. S. Ritchie, I.'. A. Blake, L. L. Thaxter, E. T. Cresson, 0. S. Westcott, E. A. Popenoe, J. Boll, James Behrens, and G, W. Letterman. Nor must I forget the favors received from European friends, — the late Drs. Boisduval and Herrich-Schaeffer, Dr. A. Speyer, Herr Chr. Drewsen, M. A. .Sall^, Herr von Prittwitz, Herr P. C. Zeller, M. Th. Goossens, and J. Jenner Weir, Esq., as well as the authorities of the British and Paris museums during my visit to them. Mr. Sereno Watson has given me very welcome assistance with the plant names. Acknowledgments are given upon the plates, or the explanations accom- panying them, for many favors from friends, which need not be repeated here ; but I owe a special debt of gratitude to Mr. Edward Burgess for his kind aid in drawing for me the abdominal appendages of our butterflies, and in most cases of making the dissections himself at great expense of time and pains ; and my acknowledgments are due to Mrs. Todd, of Am- herst, for her permission to let me copy her painting of New England flowers and butterflies, which has been used for the temporary cover to the parts during the issue of the work. Finally, I have warmly to thank my colleagues. Profs. Wm. M. Davis and S. W. Williston, Messrs. L. 0. Howard, C. V. Riley, and Charles W. Woodworth, and the writer of the Excursus on p. 1257, who have consented to prepare chapters upon subjects related to my work, but with which 1 was not sulficienLly familiar to do them justice, — chapters which have added in no small degree to its value. It should however be distinctly stated that these writers, and particularly Messrs. Howard, Riley, and Williston, are in no way responsible for the terminology of the butterflies mentioned in their respective sections. The names are there employed as they would have been had the chapters been written by myself. S. n. SCUDDER. Cambridge, June 9, 1889. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vol. I. PREFACE *""■ LIST or ILLUSTRATIONS ^^^ INTRODUCTION. -L The Gen'kral SiRDCTURE OF BuTTERrriEs .... l The Egg ; ■ 2 The Larva or Caterpillar g The Pupa or Chrysalis g? The Imago or Butterfly 35 II. The Modern Classification of Butterflies iiistohicallv considered 5-2 III. The Physical Features and Faunistic Division's of New England 7.5 The Physical Gkography of New England. By W. M. Davis 7,') The Climate of New England. By W. M. Davis 86 The Zoological Divisions of New England gg IV. Studies on the Emrryological Development of Eovanessa antiopa. By C. W. WOODWORTH .... n- \)o KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF BUTTERFLIES ]05 FAMILY NYMPHALIDAE j^g Subfamily Satyrinae ... „. 115 Genus Oeuois '** »...! .6'J ExcuEsus I. ne White Mountain of New Hampshire as a Home for Bulterfies . . 127 Oeiieis scmidoa ... , „ . . . 131 Ociieis jiitta Gciuis Cercyouis Excursus II. The Clothing of Citerpitlars jpi^ Cercyonis alope , ,, Cercyouis ucpliele , _, Genus Eiiodia Excursus III. The General Changes in a Butterfly's Life and Form 175 Enodia portlandia ,on XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. ■Ill; Vaok Genus Satjrodes 187 Excursus IV. TAn Eggs of Butterflies jgo Satjrodes eurydice ] g;i Genus Neonyniplia jOQ ExcUKSDS V. Till' Modes of Siixpencicjii of Chri/saliJs 201 Nt'onyrnplia pliocion 20H Genus Cissia 20S Excursus VI. The Geographical Distrihulion of Butlcrfies 211 Cissia eurytus 21t Subfamily Nymphalinae 222 Tribe Apaturidi 228 Genus Clilorippo 231 Excursus VII. The Ancestry of ButterjUes; the Primaeval Form 2.35 Clilorippe clyton 241 Tribe Nyniphalidi 249 Genus Basihircliia 230 Excursus VIII. The Means emploi/ed by Butterflies of the Genus Basilarchia for the Perpetuation of the Species 200 Basihircliia arcliippus 207 Basilarchia astyanax 2S0 Basilarcliia proserpina (astyanax-artliemis) 289 Basilarchia arliiemis 294 Tribe Vanessidi 306 Genus Polygonia 399 Excursus IX. Dimorphism and Polymorphism 315 Pdlygouia iuterrogatiouis 319 Polygonia comma . 332 Polygonia satyrus 344 Polygonia faunas 348 Polygonia gracilis 359 Polygonia progne 302 Genus Eugoitia 372 Excursus X. Butterflies at Night and at Sea ; out of Season and out of Place . . 376 Engonia j-album 379 Genus Euvanessa 387 Excursus XI. Butterfly Sounds 392 Euvanessa antiopa 397 Genus Aglais 4I3 Excursus XII. How Butterflies winter 4] 3 Aglais milberti 420 Genus Vanessa 43O Excursus XIII. Butterflies common to the Old and the Neu> World; where did they originated 43g > '-'» TABLE OF CONTENTS, xv Vanessa atalanta ^ 4.1 Vauessa huntera >g7 Vanessa cardui _ Ann Genus Junouia _ ^oy Excursus XIV. The Ways of Butterflies 49 j Junouia coeoia 404 Tribe Argynnidi gQ^ Genus Euptoieta cqq Excursus XV. The Origin and Development of Ornamentation in Butterflies ... 510 Euptoieta Claudia gin Genus Epeyeria _ coa Excursus XVI. Antigeny ; or Sexual Diversity in Butterflies 531 Speyeria idalia co- Genus Argynnis . g-r Excursus XVII. Lethargy in Caterpillars g-^ Argynnis cybele 55^ Argynnis aphrodite g(.3 Argynnis atlantis g,^ Genus Brenthis g-o 'E^CVRSUS XVllL Glacial Beminders ; Our Oldest Neu> England Butterflies ... 588 Brentliis myrina gog Brenthis montinus gQi Brenthis bellona »f« r , . 703 Ucnus Anosia ..... AlKlSW ploXippilS . . ^ .' liU . 700 Subfamily Libytheinae . . ■ ■ ,^j j-^g Genus Hypntus .... , , . j'53 EXCDRSUS XXIV. Fossil Bulterjlies Hypatus bachmauii ^^'^ 7G0 > » Vol, II. FAMILY LYCAENIDAE Subfamily Lemoniinae Genus Calcjiliclis ^^^^J^siJsXXY. Tie Names q/ButUrJIies Calephelis borealis ■•■•■■■•■■■. 7S5 SuMamily Lycaeninae ... Tribo Theclidl ..... Geuus Strymon Excursus XXVI. IJi/pemetamorphosh in Butter/lies Sti-yiiiuu titus Gcuus Eroia Ex^sXXVIL r..i,.,W..,,/«.r.//...,;. 'F^oHieB..^,nau.s . 8,7 Erora laeta -oi/ Genus Incisalia Excursus XXVm. Hahil as a Guide in Classification ........ Incisalia niplion Incisalia irus Incisalia augustus Genus Uranotes Excursus XXIX. The Procession of the Seasons Uranotes melinus . , Genus Mitura Excursus XXX. The Adornment of Caterpillar. Mitura damon . . 767 772 783 783 791 798 802 801 809 815 819 823 826 829 834 842 846 850 856 859 861 h -I TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVU Genus Thecla ^"' 003 Excursus XXXI. Sexual Dkenity in Legs, Wings, and Scale Arrangement ... 872 Tlicck Ontario .... vr- o7.j Thecla liparops C77 Thecla calaii us . . 00 r 035 Thecla cdwartlsii onn Thecla acailica gna Tribe Lycaenidi g^^ Genus Everes „„. UUa Excursus XXXII. Length of Life in Butterflies ggg Everes comyn*as n,. Genus Cyaniris „,„ "^^cv^^va \X\in. Digoneulism in Butterflies ; Rtensity of Life in America . . 92.'} Cyaniris pscudargiolus no? Genus Nomiadcs „,„ Excursus XXXIV. Origin of Faricties in Butterflies, Possible and Probable . . 950 Nomiadcs couperi g_.. Genus Ruslicus „,_ Excursus XXXV. The Friends and Associates of Caterpillars ggg Rusticus scuddcrii ..... ncj 904 Tribe Chrysophanidl ^-n Genus Chrysoplianus o-. Excursus XXXVI. The Distribution of Butterflies in i\ew England 975 Chrysophanus thoe n-. Genus Epidemia noo Excursus XXXVII. Local Butterflies gj,^ Epidemia cpixauthe _ _ go,. Genus Ilcodcs . , „„„ 'E^cuiisvs XXXXlll. Psj/cliological Peculiarities in our Butterflies 995 Ilcodcs hyi)opliIaeas ong Genus Feniseca ,^„„ Excursus XXXIX, Periodicity in tie Appearance of Butterflies ioi4 Feniseca tarquinius iQjg FAMILY PAPILIONIDAE j^,- Subfamily Pierinae -.^^^ Tribe Rhodoceridi _ ,„,„ Genus Callidryas ,„,„ Excursus XL. Aromatic Butterflies -.q,- Callidryas eubule .... in-, lUao XVlll TABLE OF CONTENTS. Geni's Xaulhidia IqjjI Excursus XLl. The Colonization of New England 1064 Xautliidia iiieippe jQgg Genus Eurema \m^ ExcuKSCS XLII. The Stcurming and Migrations of Butlerfliea 1077 Eurema lisa jQg^ Genus Eurymus iqoq Excursus XLIII. Color Preferences of BMerflia; the Origin of Color in Butterfies 1101 Eurymus interior j^qjj Eurymus pliilodice jiii Eurymus curytlicme Wl^ Tribe Anthooharidl ^y^,. Genus Authocliaris ... 1130 Excursus XLIV. Protective Coloring in Caterpillars 1143 Authocliaris geuutia _ 11,7 Tribe Pieridi ^^j. Genus Pontia , . nr,. 115b Excursus XLV Cosmopolitan Butterjlies Y\^i^ I'ontia protodice i ig.. Genus Pieris _ ,,-, Excursus XL VI. r/{p 5;,«ffrf 0/ « ^aZ/wy/^ w ff „e«, ifft^i'oa (with a map) . . . II75 Pieris oleracea -i igi Pioris rapac -^ggg Subfamily Papilioninae ^319 Genus Laertias _ -,230 Excursus XLVIL A Study of Certain Caterpillars i234 Laertias phileuor. ... _ -xa,-, Geuus Iphiclides p-n ^^cv^s^s XhWll. The Butterflg in Ancient Literature and Art. By C. H. B. . 1257 Iphiclides ajax ^264 Genus Jasoniades ... i gsn Excursus XLIX. Melanism and Albinism ^285 Jasoniades glaueus ,00^ Genus Euphocades -.oq- Excursus L. Deceptive Devices among Caterpillars; or, the Defences of Caterpillars 1310 Euplioeades troilus jo,. Genus Heraclides . 1307 Excursus LI. Southern Invaders jggg Heraclides cresphontes ^ 100 . '* mi ^ TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIX Genus Papilio ExcUESUS LIL The Law of Suffusion in Butterfies Papilio poljxeiies FAMILY HESPERIDAE Tribe Hesperidl Genus Eudamus Excursus LIII. Effect of Cold on Development Eudamus proteus Genus Epargyreus ExcUESUS LIV. Odd Caterpillars Epargyreus tityrus Genus Aclialarus Excursus LV. Variations in Habit and in Life according to Locality and Season of the Year Aclialarus lycidas Genus Thorybes Excursus LVI. Some Singular Things about Caterpillars Thorybes batliyllus Thorybes pylades Genus Thanaos Excursus LVII. Nests and other Structures made by Caterpillars ...... Thanaos lucilius PiOl 1350 1333 Thanaos persius Thanaos juvenalis Thanaos horatius Thanaos terentius Tlianaos martialis Thanaos ausonius Thanaos brizo Thanaos icelus Genus Pholisora Excursus LVIII. The Perils of the Egg Pholisora catuUus Genus Hesperia Excursus LIX. Anomalies in Geographical Distribution . Hesperia montivaga Hesperia centaureae Tribe Pamphilidi Genus Aucyloxipha Excursus LX. A Budget of Curious Facts about Chrgsalids Aucyloxipha uumitor 1373 1378 13S3 ■1386 1393 i397 1399 1412 1413 1418 1423 1427 1432 1436 1445 1434 1458 14G8 ■•476 1486 1490 1493 1498 1500 1507 1514 1518 1519 1527 1531 1536 1542 1346 1551 1554 1558 XX TABLE OF CONTENTS. Grniis Pnniphila ^503 Excursus L XL iHiat Fumiliei of PlanU are preferred by Caterpillart ? . . . . 1567 Panipliila manilnn j5(5g Genus Aiiililysciitcs j5j'5 Excunscs LXII. Cu/or Rclnlioiis h iioccrn ednnrdsii 1921 • frenohii . . ly23 Ph H'ocera animdersii iy22 lileyi . . . iy2i ADDITIONS AND C0PT1ECTI0NS . 1925 DATES OF rUBLlCATlON . ^^^^ INDEX . • • •.•••• •'•'3.'» LIST OF SURSf'RlBERS, MAY, 1889 I"''' n LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Vol. I. rORTllAIT OF JOHN ABBOT ^,,„,,,^,,^^. Vol. II. PORTRAIT OF JOHN LbCONTE ^,,„,,^,. ^^ A Sekiks of Figurks showing the Changks miRiNo FurATiON in Antiic ''"'' ciunis GENUTIA. (Lent by Mr. W. H. Edwards.) ^gg Map showing tub Puoukkssivk Distuiiiution of Pieius uapak in America BETWEEN ISGO AM, ISSMInldnl) Opp<.i/. fa^n USH A Series of Figires u.u.stkating the Constriction op the Median Giimi IN the PlPATlON OK Fl'PllOKAHES TROIMS. ( Hy Dr. C. V. Rilc.v.) 1324 A Series OF Figures iua-stuating the Mode of Fixation of the Cbi;master OF THE ChRVSAMS in THE PaI, C OSSTRrCTEI. HY THE C.iTERPU.LAR OF DIFFERENT BUTTERFLIES. (By Dr. C. V. RiloY.) 1(594 Vol. III. PORTRAIT OF TIIADDEUS WILLIAM HARRIS Fromspi.rr. Butterflies in Color ^^^^^^ ,_j^ Butterflies in Black .,,,,. Colored Maps of GEooRAniicAL Distribution .. jg,.,., Male Abdominal Appendages " 3'i ■): Neuration of the Wings <• •jo 1 1 »)o— l* Scale Patches and Folds of the Wing Membrane found in the Male Butterfly .... •■ ,q ,f 'l-O-l.T Androcon'a, or Scales peculiar to the Male Sex •< 40.51 XXIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Side Views of Butteuflies, showing Appendages of the Head and Thorax (excepting the wings) pi^te, 52-60 SIlSCELLANEOUS SteUCTUKAL DETAILS OF THE ImaGO Plate 61 Internal Anatomy of Anosia plexippus <• gg Embryology of Euvanessa antiopa (in color) " 63 Eggs in Color and in Black P/afc* 64-66 MicROPYLES OF Eggs .< 67-69 Caterpillars at Birth (much enlarged) " 70-73 Mature Caterpillars (mostly in color) « 74-77 He.u)s of Caterpillars at different Stages " 78-SO Nests of Caterpillars " 81 82 Chrysalids in Color and in Outline •• 83-85 Miscellaneous Structural Details, mostly of the early Stages . " 86, 87 Hymenopterous and Dipterous Parasites •• 88 89 Physical Map of New England (in color, folded) j,t end. Isothermal and Faunal Map of New England (in color, folded) . . At end. Map op the White Mountains of New Hampshire (in color) . . Jt end. THE KlillMA. Ill liPiid linns. I'au'cs U and li!. l-\,r i a iKiii'ir.i.Aits rcnil iiriri;i!i-|.iKs. .!;; jiiid :'.."i. •• cA I i:i;i'H.i.M! /■('(,/ I'liitvs vi.is. Ill tc\l. I'an" i:., Iiii..> :il Miiii :ii;. /■'.„■ ■I'licsinr ,•,,/,/ Ti.inai'r^ i07, lilU' 17. /•'!//• Hh'.liuMl /'..'i/ llll'llitlll. 111. Inst liin's hilt •> and .s. /•'()/• laritcr rctui Inn^ri.r. l."lL'. lilK! L'.S. /-n/Miidt^Oll /■(•(/./ (iailllilc. l.'i.'i. line 20. I ii'ani tliat jiitta was disi'uvi'r.'d liy I'rol'. ('. II. I'uniald at Hie DruiKi-Sldlwal^'i- Im;;, in ls7:i. l);.|'(iiv .Mr. lii'aiiii caiiio to liaiiuor. lilt<. line ."). l-'iii- Sii'iiaclti'il iiirals i-M yr>li'ril;iy. "I'is for l;ir;;i' iUlilll.lls lliiil u'iil'i;r"()ll lU'l'V, Nut lor a lKiiH\v-si|i|iiim' liiilti rlly. 1 mil :i tliiii.u' uf rliynir ami n'lloiiililias. Tlir niuiiiciitai'v ra'liilniw vu the >|iray JIaili' liy the tliiiiidiTiiii.' lorrcnl uf iii'i'irs lives; No iiiaitiT ulii'llicr 1 aiii here or there; 1 !-lill eati'h .-iiiilieaiii!-, (iKoiidK Ei.ioT. — T/ie S/'i'inish Gupsi/. rpHE word hiiiterHy is a popular term for ti f' \v of the Iiiirlicr families of -L scaly-winged insects, or Lepiclojitera. -Vlthough for niiuiy years sys- tematic writers have fretjuently used the terms Pjtpilionidae, Klio[)alocera, (jlobul! 'ornes or jVchtdinoptera with similiir signification, tlic groii[) is not a natural one, — thtit is, tis an asseniblao-e of lejiidopterous insects, it has no cipiividents of etjual value and weight. The groii[)iiig is sim[)ly a con- venience, not the exnression of a natund division. The four iiunilies ot scaly-winged insects which arc tlnis !isseml)led mtiy, however, he usutillv distinguished in their perfect state from the other families liy the tliickcning of the tips of their antennae, so as to mid\e the latter apjiciu' more or less chilihcd ; also hy the totid idjscnce of any laterid ajipendagcs to the separate antemial joints ; and l)y the want of a i)ristle-like extension of the costal ner- vure ot the iiind wings, hy which it is caught to the front p:ur, — idl whicii features obtain in the majority of other Le[»idoptera. They dilFer also, i)ut in a very general way only, in hal)its, hultcrllies nsmdly holding tiieir wings erect when not in use, almost invariably tiying oidy by day, and in their transformations seldom spinning any cocoon, the hinder end of the chrysidis being provided with little ho )ks l)y which ti linn hold is had of a butttm of silk spun beforehand to cling to; while other Lepidoptera generally fly 2 TiiK i!i'ri'i;i;i'i-ii:s of new kx(;i,ani). by ui^lit, i'\|iim(l tlicir wini;s i'lilly ur cvt'ii incline tlicni downwiinls when at 1'e.st, \Mi■ jtiir trffllriK-r m ,' Hrst kni th.e Lepidopt to fl ic ancients ni the in.-ect trilics am \\'ilhont enterinu; in full upon the characteristics of Icpidopterons insects m Lii'nci'a I. we shall in this inlrodnction Hrst examine tl le u'encra 1 strnctui of hnttcrtlics hotii external and internal, in the \arion' stay'es of I'xistence. as a lia^is for a knowledge of their proiier clnssKication. ^\'e shall next utiiiie sucji a cla-^siljcaiion I (h ly means of a liisiorical snr\'ey of former en- th illow this liv a stndv of the physical features ol' the territorv with whose i> uttertlies and liutterti\- faunas we lia\c most to do, and close Willi a ih special investinatioii of the earliest lieiiiniiinys ot' life within the eu'ii's of Imtterriies. We shall then he prepared to discuss the ditferent sorts in svf^tematic detail. THE FJKi All in»ri'ls, liKi'uix', lii'iiii I'cirlli woi'ins. i'\- nl' liiiltcrllii*. ami IIu'm' liriiiir fiirtll •A JKiril >ii'i>l!iiiri' ri-fiililiii'^- a i^nilii of liiislanl ^:lll'^l>ll, lull uliii'li iiiti't'iially i> li<|iiiil. Aliisiiii i,i;.' '/'iii/lnr's truiinliitiou. I. 'I External characteristics (1'i.ati.s 64-69). The ei;"j;'s of hiittertlies arc composed externally of a thin pellicle, separa- ble into the base, walls anil iiiicro|iyle : the first is usually Hat, destitute of tipecial markinjfs, servinjjf simply as a held of attachment ; the walls aro viirioiisly .scidptiired and compose the rest of the cirjJ:. excepting the minute mieriipyle, which oeeiipies the very summit, and is made up of a rosette of exoes.sively minute cells. THK EC.C: KXTKliXAL ClIAIiACTKlMSTlCS. Those e-g,, tli..n-li wUvays ciirular ..r voumWy i.ulvlR..ln,l* in section, vary greatly in «I,ai.,', and air da..e.l in ..nc ..I' tl'ie .•liaptens ..f this work into l)aiTcl-..hai.u(l, glc.l.nlar, tiaratf and hcniisphcrical. Tlie first aiv tlu' most common, vary nnich in. proportionate heigi.t an.l aiv nsnally ■dso r.M.ed vertieally, the ril.s varying in onr speei.s tron. eio-ht to thlrtv or forty m nnmher, the former ol>taining in some sptries of' \'anessidi " ihr hitter .n Knrema. Where the rihs run from hase to summit, the s'j.ae.. between them is always l.rokon up into (,ua(h-ate cells, i.v nnu'h more fre- quent and generally more delicate raised transverse lines. " lint the character of the rihs varies in different species almost as much as the form of th.. co-- Itself , and wlnh- some of these eggs are two an.l a half times hi-her than hroad, the height of others exceeds their hreadth hv verv little ;"some are tlmnhh-shapcl, sugar loaf-, flask- <,r acorn-shaped, while others are even fusiform ; so the rihs may either he coarse and heavv, or delicate, stron.dv cHonpressed an.l greatly elevated ; they may he as large at their ch^es a^,;! their liases, or wedge-shaped ; the cross lines are usiiallv verv delicate hut m a few species they vie with the vertical rihs in stoutness and near or upon the sunimit of the egg are often niueh heavier than elsewhere. Harrel- siiaped eggs occur in every family excepting tiie Lv.'aeiiidae. _ (Jlohular eggs occur only in the Satyrinae. Xymphaiidi, and Papilion- mae I hey air always a little flattene.l at the hase. The surface is either simply rugose, as in the rapilionini;e ; or covere.l with .rv minute and very mei.nspMuous cells, as in some Satyrinae : or is l.roken up, as in Xviu- phalidi, hy very high and thin partition-walls into pre.tv regular deep hexagonal cells, from the angles of wlii,.li threa.l-like filaments proic.t to a considerahle distance. Ilemispherieal eggs are only known in the Pampiulidi, an.l anion.>. them we fin.1 great uniformity. The surface, apparentlv siii..otli, is hrok.Mrup hy exceedmgly delicate lines into minute, usually liexao„iial cells, the flo.ir of winch IS pr.,fusely filled with shalhiw micn.scopic puii..tulati..ns. AAith the sole exception ..f the genus I'arnassius amono- Papilioni.lae, n-H'I'nu m „„t,n. America, tiaratc or echinoi.l eggs are :.onfinc..l t.. an.l mclu.le all of the Lycaeui.lae, hut in one genu., Heo.h.s, the base ..f the egg is broa.leiud t., such an extent that it is oiilv bv suff.Tan.v that it ...n be classed here ; it is rather .lemiechinoi.l ; the surfiu'c ..f tiaratc s j. marly always hn.ken up i„,o cells of varying sixe separar..,l bv .H:;inct livavy walls, win,.!, are sometimes .,f uniform h.'ight throimliout,'at .itluMN pmlueed lit the angh.s into tubercles presenting on ch.se examination a ve.y (.lifterent eflct. '' The egg shell, without taking into account the in.'rcas.-.l thi.'knes. which IS often given to a large part of the surfa.v by ri.lg.s an.l ribs, is always *I)c.ho,-tysr,ys tli.t in ll„. E:,s, I,„li,„ ,.,- pr.,l.,l,lv ,,„■:„,. >i,„|,lv ll„„ UhmtIK .,lv...,...s .■a..m.l. forma, tlu. ,■- is l„.xal,..,lral. win.-i, .i^..|.v l.r,.. 1 f,.'/ ' "" THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW EX(ILANI). moderately liojivy iind toiigli. It seems to '-e tliinnest in the Vanessuli, but tlie presence of liijrii tliin ril)s prevents one from readily examining tliroiiLrli the shell the nature of the contents or the eonut the usual term is one or two days. In Ancyloxypha numitor, the first two stages occupy two days and a half. The Ihin/ pi'vlod is first indicated hy a decided and significant change in the distrihution of the spots or of the tints. Either tliere is simiily a distinction ])etween the jioles, or more commonly, an aggregation of the Hecks into larger more or less irregular spots, forming a narrower or hroader liand around the middle of the egg, at equal distances from the h ise. Dur- ing this period, which doiihtless corresponds to the formation of the germinal I land, the organs and parts of the future caterpillar, whetlier they are in their primordial condition or have assumed the contour and divisions of the growing insect, lie wholly in an annulus upon the sanio plane with the liasc of the G^ra^x this seems almost imiiossihle in the eloiiirated fusiform c"'"' of hurymus pliilodice, hut I sec no reason, from the ohservations I have made, to believe that this embryo departs in any way from tli(> general law. This period is generally longer than any of the others, occupying in nearly all the species I have <;!;.ierved fully one half of their einhryonic life ; in Limochores taumas, however, it occupies hut two or three days of the twelve or thirteen usually passed in the egg. In Euiihydryas phaeton the *ni!ii-k fiu'fil luiiiionils ivfoi- to tlji' pliu-; otlicrs to tlio lijriuc- (iii llic iplaip. TllK liLlTKia LIK^S Ol' NKW KNlil.ANi). icci'ssion ot'tliiji stiiji'f i.>t iiiarkriti' poles lieing yellow. In Aneyloxyplia nuuiitor (66 :o")) iri'egnlar rau'ned patelies of deep oranue red make tlieir appearanee, I'neirelinii' the eyji' willi an areliijiela^'o of eolor. In Liino- eliores tannias the ehanji'c is indicated, first hy an alteration in the position of the retldi.-h Hecks which now con,i;reji'ate in the n|)|(er half of the ejiji', — a i'lian;;it which seems analoji'oiis to tliat ret'erred to in iMiphydryas phaeton ; then hy their colleetinu' into streaks similar to tiiose of Ancyloxi|iha nnmi- tor, rnnnin"' irre^'iilarlv in overv direction ; and iinallv l>v their still y,ri'ater concentration into a hroad .spot, sneli a.-i will next lie descrihed in Krynnis metea. In this latter species the opacity of the shell does not permit the t'arlicr sialics to lie witnessed and the lirst indication we ha\e of anv chan^ie tl rs the aiiiK arance of an oliscmv fiiscons hand or cloud across i me sale oi the ciii^', extcndiini' from the extreme liasi' a little way o\i'r the sinnmit, its edges full and rouiaU'd ; afterwaiil it contracts, ocenpyinjj' only the middle of the side. Tl lere are then mk th dicati of at least three snecessivo stages in this period. \i/., the polaiily ol' the contents, tlii' appearance of a central ammins a nd the definition of a larLi'e lateral spot : the tir,-t t wo correspoi d to the formation of the primitive hand and the last to the dcHnite eonstrnc- tion ol' '1 ■ad. The duration of the first sia^c seems to lie shorter tl lai) that of the two sneceedinu' ones, which are alioiit cijual III leno-tl The Papilioninae, owinu' to the grealer tenuity ot' the shell, ofH'r lietter opportunities liir the I'xaminatioii of the couleiits of their euys than the Ilesiieridae. I ha\e not, h owcMr, taken special noti' of tluir earlier lifl In lioth I'apilio polyxenes and lOnphoeades trolhis the flecks and streaks are dark green and reddish lirowu, and in the huier portion of this period assume a definite arranu'cmeut, skctcliiiiL;' in a \aL;ue wav the contoiu' of till' euclosi'd lar\a. whose coll IS \ isiiile from ihe summit of the viXiX '• th dermal ajipendagc.- seem to lie formed at an earlier |ieri(id than we should anticipate, and ihrough means ofiluau the parts can lie more readily ri'Cog- ni/.ed : in this instance I I lelicM' III all olliers. Hie eoforei I flecl. ks are move clearlv indicated on the side of the lar\a nearesi the summit ot'the ey-y; and appear as little jiapillai' or tongues, often spatiilate in form, projet'ting from the liody and so o\crlap|iing I'aeh other as to form an intricate net-work. At this time, the close of the third period, ilu' half-formeil lar\a lies in a coil aroiuul tlic ( 1 tl i(U', its head and hinder ex- tremity 111 juxtaposition ami in tlie same |ifaiie. The change to the J't>i(rl/i and final jn n'lxf is a \i'ry short one, and ii TiiK i:(;(;: inii;i;nai, cuAXdivs. this |,rri,Ml tli<' Imfv;. iittiiins its (.ml.rv..nic inMt.intv l.v cN.vclinnlv i,,,,;,] -rnwtl, : tl.c ciiVMit ,.ni,c .-o.,,.. Ini.nvr Mifii.rs lor'i.s .m-.v .■Mnii'l.'.l I y Mii.l tlu' 1k.;i,I nni.l.i.illv iimxcs m !itt|,. ,i|,„;ir,|- :n„I in„:,r,|s. ,|„. 1„„.t pur- ti..iis ,,ftlw .•iMl.Tior s,.o,n,.Mts sli,l,. uv.T til.. „,,|,,,. ,„,rli,.,is uftlic |M,Mr,-i..r ernes .■m.l liic li.M.l .MTiiim.s tl„. ,,.|itiv ..f tlic smnmil oi' tlir siniciiir,. : in tliis |M.siti(,ii tlic huv.'i is to lie iliiiiHl Just lid'oir (■iiicr-inu-. Twciitv-f.Hir iM.i.rs l„.t;„v lnl,l,iii,n-. ,|„, ,,..„. „|' I.:„,,|„,i,,„l,.s tmilus ■<\u,^y< t\u- iM.u'i.n.i,,;,. uftlns stiinv: tl,.. inMn.lil.Irs ,.r tl„. |,mvi, ,n;,v then 1... plninlv s.rn. liMi.uinn- s,.,,;,nil,..l fVun, ,,„•!, ..thcr like onlinM.v M|,|.,.n.l;in,.s, wl.ilo 111.' I.-M.l is j„st l..-in„i„„. ,., ,„ist i.nvMnls: siii.s,.,,u,-i.tlv lli,. Mniiiii.I is s,, '■•"' ' ''"' '•.-•^' '''"f 'I"' "li.ldl.. line. ..ftl.c in;.n.liM,.s (tli',.ir MTnit..! clo-.w .■nili,,- „v..r ,.;,..|, ..tlur lik,. (■..o-wlurls) li,.s dinrilv nvvv tUr suture wl^H, M'P'i'.it.'s tl,.. (uuith M.i.l filtl, s.-n.cnts .,f th.. al,.l„Mu.n : tlu- i!i„r:..M.. s,.,.. MKHts ,nr s.. i„.nt ns t.. I.rino- ,|„. 1„,„1 ..y,,;,,,, ,|„, ,,|„l,,M,inni vhv. the ■ ip.'X ..ftlic (mniil.. ,,n the th.nt .,f the \w:u\ Ivino- just nt .,:• sli..;,Hv i„ ,,1. v.iMr.. „rtl„. suuuMil oCil,,. ..o-M., t|„. iK.irs ..fti,,. sniHl„rsMl :,l.,l.,n,inal s,,.;,.. ■■"■'■ .lnv.-t..,l t,nv,„-,l ,,n,i int.TlMp ,l,.,s,. nf ij,,. „pp„sit.. si.Irs, ..x,.,.ptiMo- „„ til.' tu., i.tmuhmI s.-nu.nis wlinr fl„.v miv .linrl,.,! p„st..no,K . VII this -nnvtl, .s,.|Hvt...l in » sin-l,. .Imv. .Inrii.n. wl,i,.|, tl,..|,.,nM tn.in.'nllv ,.|,„n.., s Its p„s,t,nn l.v twirlin- in tiu' slu'lL i, M,ov..n.cMt prnlmMv pr.Mln.v.l l.v ,!„. mm! Mt il,.. .I.TUKil Mpp,.n.|Mo-,.s,.ft|,.. |„„|v : th.vs,.. .,s I .!,,1| lH,vMli,.r si„,„. ••Mv p.-Mliir t„ tl.is stMo-.. „r,!u. ins,.,.i-s lif... I„.i„n. |„..,. nn, in,l,...,l mI ,1,.' .■Mt tn.ni III,. ..,oo-.,.„v.l,.p,.. l.nt at tlir (irst ultin- of tli.. larvii. in Krviiiiis MMt.'a. F,Ini..r||,„-..s laiinias, and ,I,.mI.'i1..ss all tl,,. (.iIi.t INmi- I'' "'• "'"''•'■ •'"■ f''i'-'' l-'i-'l i< n,ark..,I l.v a laf.Tal l,l„irl,. ,|,.. ,.|,,„„-,. ''•'"" 'li'' tl'inl tn tl... tonrtl. p.ri,,.! is in.li..at...l l.v a nn„.val „C this p.iH, to tl„. snnnnit of tl... ,.n-,o- an.l tl... app..M,-aM,... within i, ..f , ,1;„1<..,. .n.all,..- sp,.t ,h.. ,.,,.,n.lil.I,.s. In K.-.vnnis ,n..t..a this pat.'h npi,.s the wh„|.. ot tl... npp..,. ,hi..,l „(• on,. si.K. . ,r, I,., „_,„„,, |„.„|,|„,,, ,,.,„.,,,. ^,^^, ^^^,^^,^, sMi..: tl...,la.-k..rsp.,tin,.lu,l..,Iin it is fansv.a.s,. an.l .vnit;,,.,,. an.l „,...„,•.„„ that s„|,. wl.m. the pafl, is ia..,i.-,.st. a littl.. al.ov.. il... n.i.l.M.. .,f th. " Kn,.y,„ns phih,,!!,.,. th,. ..ha-.o-,. is in,ii,.at...i l.v th,. ass,„,.pti.,n .,f a plmn- ''-"i.shuoa,..! in Knphy.h.yas pl.a..t,.n l.v a ,uT„wi„.. pah.,...ss at th,. I.asc ^'■'<1 ot .ln.oin..ss at tl... snn....it of tl... ,.on-. In n,.a..|v all th,.s,. instan..i.s ''"' '''""■- •'••"•■^ "'f'""" " «V <•<• l.nt,.|.ino-. hnt in th..s.. I.utt,.,-Hi..s whi,.h n'uuun a Ion., wl.il.. i„ th,. ..n-j,- stat.. (..x.-hnlin.. .,f ....n.-s.. tl.„s,. whi..], l.ih..,- tmto ami «1.,..|. havon..t l.i.,.„ l.,-,.u,irht at all ,n.,l..r ..on.si.Wati.m ). this l'eno.l may last f.n- two .„• th,.,.,. ,lays. I„ l,ntt,...Hi,.s whi..h I hav,. .sfn.li,..] t ... ,hn.at...n ,.f tho v^y:.sU^tv in th.. sn.,n....,- va.i..s f..,„n Kv.. t.. twn.tv-sc.v,.,, 8 TllK llLTTKltFLIKS OF \K\V I;N(;LAM> THE LAIIVA on CATEIU'lI.LAli. Miii'ii. liiTil, w ilh jii>t our iii^liiKi.— Iliiil i)f '.'rowtli : lli'i' i|ii:il{lv \\;i>, nili'i'iiilhii'-IIKc, 'I'u iill-iniii-riiinlv ■.cIiti :i Imf .\iiil witlii'iil {iiii'niii>>ii Of .iikiii'.>, when till' cnMiiiri' >l(i|i« lis iiiriil One liillilllr, I'lllliT to liKik ll|i lit Ili'llM'n. (•!■ Iiirii ii«li|c fur iliiiiii;!' (if iiliiiii'iit. ltl!(>\v.\i.N<;. — 7i'('' O'll'iii Sii,ilil-<'(ii> C'lHiiti-i). i; External form and characters. Caterpillars of l»utterflie!i dirt'er in no siiiiiif t'oatiiiT t'loiii tlmx' of moths. In "(.iioral, tlicy may I)L' saitl to lie lonj;', cylindrical and uniform, usually more or less flattened lieneath, and to lie eom|)osed of two rc^dons, perfectly distinct t'roni each other, — a head and a liody ; the former is a horny, com- pact, more or less appressed, ^lohular ease liearinj;' numerous apjiendaires al)out the oral orifice ; the hody is divided into thirteen nearly e(|ual Heshy seiiinent.*, tlie anterior three of whicli form the future tiiorax, lieariu"- each a pair of more or less horny five-jointed leii's, armed at tip with a simple elaw ; the otlieis, which form the future ahdomen, hciny provided on the third to the sixtli and the last seiiiuents with a pair of stout fleshy prolejjjs or stumps, hearinu' at the ti|) a series of minute hooks ; all the sejiinents of the hody are pro\ ided with hairs, tuliereles, spines or filiunents, and some with lateral openings, — the >pii'ucles or lireathini;' pores. The head and its appendages (87:1(;). The lu'ad is divided hy a .-iilure into two lateral halves, Imt near llie niiddh' of the front this suture divides and leaves hetween its fork> a trinnu'ular s])ace, the frontal trianii'le or clypeus, which is often characteri.->lieally marked ; it is down this middle suture that the head splits when the inteiiument is cast lor pupation : at previous exuviatiims the head is cast entire, hut at the final moult the two halves arc [)arte almost always very incon.-pieuous and can often hardly lie discovered in the e:n-iier larval staues (70-80). llie two can best l»e seen in Anosia. .lust lielow the triannle and as broad as its base is a verv short iiiece, yen- eially inconspicuous and welded to tiie triaiiii'le, most distinct in the I'apili- oiiinae, called the epistoma, to the lower edi:e of which the labrtim is altacheil ; tiii' latter is usually bilobed by a very dee[) excision of its front border, li'enerally nai'rower th.ui tiu> e|)isloma, to which it is attached by a Ijeshv I'iiiiic, is always broader than lonu' and moves freel\- back and forth Tin: ( Ai'Kiini.LAit: sii!i( iiiii; ov iiii; iii;ai». u|Miii tlic iniiiiilililc-*. till' ii|i|icr liMX' of wliicli it .«ci'\c.- In inutict. Tlic iiiiiiilililc'^. Kill' III! citlici' s\(\v. iirt' (■((iii|Mi,sc(| ciicli ot' ;i >lii(rt, xcry .>tniit, tiiinicl, lioi'iiy |iliit('. I)i'();i(lciiiiiji' I'niiii tlic lni>r :i|iiciilly, it-' ii|)i('iil (■(lji:<' iiKdv (li'iiwc, ami I'itlicr straij.'lit ami clii.-icl-likc nr suiiicwiiat serrated, the ti'etli Usually triaii^'iilar (86 :->2). neliiml tlie iiiamliMes lies tlie liasal poitioii lit' tlie maxillae. — a flesliy mass lieariii;;' a lar;,'!' lint sliurt ami sniiiewliat iiiammitt)i°m jniiit : tliis in its turn lieai's an inner ami an niiter |ial|iiis ; the inner is nrtlinarily nnii'li the less eiiiis|pieiinns, ami eunsi^ts nt' imly one nr two joints, whieli jii'iierally reseinlile, luit are smaller than, the |ii'niilti- niate or the apieal two joints of the outer |ial|iiis ; the latter usually eoiisist;* ot' three joints, the apieal two at least heiii^' of a partially horny eonsisteney, eai'li of them eylimlrieal. etpial, ami usually iiiiieh smaller than the pre- eeilin;;', the last lieiii;^- always miiinte ami fri'i|uently almost impereeptihlc. These two palpi are erowdi'il tofi'ether just at the liase ot' the mamlihles. ( )i'('Upyiii;X neaijy tiie whole of the reiiiainiii;^' portion of the under snrfaeo of the head hetwi'en the liasal portions* of the opposing;' maxillae, is the hihiuni : its hasal portion reseiiiMes that of the maxillae : it liears apieally on either side, just \\itirm the inner li;ise of the maxillary palpi, a pair of minute, slender, two jointed laliial palpi, the Itasal joint of whieli is eom- paratively hiiijr. the apieal wvy minute: Ketweeii these two the apex of the laliium is peculiarly developed, heinii- tumid ami liearinjj; on a swollen hasc a small, conical, slender. de|ieiidini;'. horny tulie, forming' the spinneret, iliroiii;h an oritice in which the tluiils jiass when the insect spins silk. The antcnuae, lyinu' just outside the liase of the mamlihies. are composed of four joints; the Kasal joint larye, fleshy, mammit'orm, pressed upon hy the base of the widely expanded jaws: the second mueli smaller, usually half as long as hroad, and ha\ inn' a somewhat horny consistency : the third cileiiderer than the second, much, sometimes tiirice, loiiiifr than broad, cy- lindrical, nearly eipial. aliruptly truncate and lieariiii;' at its tip a \ery long tapering bristle, usually much longer than the rest of the antenna ; beside this bristle, but not in the middle, is situated an exceedingly uiinuti fourth joint, sometimes ilitHcnlt to distinguish. The ocelli (86 :- 1, 2')) are situ- ated just behind and a little above the base of the antennai'. They gener- ally ha\e the appearance of smooth hemispherical wavts, some larger than others and oeeasionally somewhat protiilierant, six in number in most ma- ture caterpillars, of which Hvi' are generally arranged in a more or less open and regular curve, whose convexity is t'orward and whosi' anterior limit is freiiueiitly marked by a slightly impressed line; the sixth lies behind the others though at no great distance : the genera diti'cr somewhat in the varied relations and exact position and size of the ocelli. The head varies greatly in general contour, especially about the summit, which is oeeasionally iifodiieed into long, pointed horns, or bears elongated thorny tubercles or .stout pricklv spine;*. It y also uenerallv covered to a 10 'iiii; i!i riKui'ijKs OK Ni;\v kxci.axd. ik 'if: I groiiirr (ir less extent liy |i;i|)ill;ie nr tiiliercles lieiifiii^' slioi't or loiiir Iiiiirs, (ir else liiiirs ;ii-e tumid Mi-isiiiL;' direelly tVoiii the siirt'iiee : fur liiiirs in stinio f'orin. eitliei' sessile ur seiiieil (in iiii|iillMe. iire mIwiivs tiinnd n|Mm some jiart (if tlie lieiid : I'M'ii III' the I j\c;ienid:ie. where this reuimi is reli'Mctiie witiiin tlie fii'sl tiidl-aeie .-eunieiit (78-80). I h:i\f here (h's<'ril)ed the he;id iis it :i|)|)e!irs. nut in its iiinr|)lii)hiL;ieiil rehitioiis, 'liiere e;iii lie no (|iiesticin thiil ideidiy tlie lieiid is eoniposed of t composed, as has heeii stated, IIS). The iiiteu'unieni is only occasionally, and in special areas, ot' a corneous nature, heiiiu' usually more or less leatln'ry : the intimate stiiicliire is e\- ccediiiiily variable, as shown hy .Minot (.\rcli. mikr. anat. iNMi ) , ;ind wdiilil donhtless t'lirnish excellcnl points ot' distinction ;ind aihiiity if carel'iilly le riiiii's of the liod\ resenildc each other esseiilialK . studied. I'll tfcv niav ln'iir \ci\' ditlereiit orii'ans or \ai'\ ciinsidcrahlv ithoiiuh in >i/e : the lir-t and till' last. howc\ er. otteii ililli r from the others in their u'l'iicral app ance more tiian the rest do amoiiL;- tlieniseU cs. 'i'lie lirst is alta<'hed to the head liy a eiintiimation of its more or ii'ss coriaceoiis intcu'unieiit. and \aries more than any ot' the others in si/e : sometimes, :is in liycaeninae. it is xciy tumid and jieimits the head to lie entirely withdrawn \\ithin its t'olds ; or the scii'ment partially co\ers tlii' iiead. as in the I'apiiioninae, and hears a pair of extcnsiiile scent oi'uaiis : at other times it is exlremely small, t'orni- )Uoinetimes. however, as in some .\rL;yiiiiidi. a part of it is more conspicnoiis. The leiininal .-euinenl diti'ers I'rom the others more by reason of its position than from any other caiisc : f'rei|iieiitly it is .-imply rounded behind ; at other times it tli'\ eloiis, as ni <'li ippc and the .^aty- rinae, a pair of backward project iiij;' lapi'rinu' prolonualioiis : \ery often it lias a sliii'ht central tnbercnlated extension, rsualhthe hairs are loiiiicr ■#• i >;J TIIK (ATKlil'llJ.Ai;: .v|'i;r( TlUK OF Till-; liODV, 11 ■J niM.ii llii. ...o-incnl tliiiii u| ,iiiy utlicr : nnd lik,. the lirsi si-incnt it srl.l..ni ifcviT l.c;.i-s !i|)i.cii(li.M-(.snf(iiiit.. the snnu' cIimimcI.t ms the rest oftlu' lm.lv. With tlicso ("x.rphoiis, liuwcvcr (nnd the |.nM'nc.. or n\>snwv of lens i,„,l .s|.irach's) till' J..iiit.-< of tlu- IkmIv :nv very siniijjir to ..mcIi otiicr. Tliry iii;iy lie (livi(lc "..,1,... „. ,1,.. .„hi..,., I,.. ,11.,;. ,; I I. "";'"'; "";" '•••■"""■■■" .l...,v.,-,., ■:,!.,. .,,1,- ..|„M,.,v,: ,n„. I „„„; ,|,„„,„ „llh, .n,.a.s„s Willi... M...M.,|.,il,.„.i„.„l„.,-... .My ( Am. „i,l.. viii : .VIl ). n„.||,.;,. .„|J ' " nvM.n.r ,.f „■„.. s,.ir,„ ,. ..„ ,h,. hi,,,!...- ,1,,.. i,,....,, „, „,■ I L. L: N a n J ull o . nido M-ni,.|ils of lrpi,l„|ii,Tua. larva,' l.v l>i'. >i,iia,lc, '""'iuil 12 Till': m ri'KiirMKs of xkw hxci.axi). 'I'lic tluinicic Mini ;il)(lize. In tiie leniainini;' \vni|ihaii(lac, liiat is. in the Satyrinae. we find a (irciijcd ihlU'i'cnce, llic t'ninl siihscL:uii'nl miiy a lillle hii'u'cr than the rc-t or scarcely larger at all. anr:^uicnt (li\i(lc(l into six siii)- scu'nicnts. A sinu'le exce|ption only has hcen nolcil in the Hiiecr. species that 1 lane Keen alile to examine, anil that is in the i']nroiieap. 1 lipjiarcliia liyjier- anthns. which has only timi' siihscuincnts. the front one no larii'cr than tlu^ oihcrs. while jiniira. ]ilacent onr IK'speria monti\ai;'us has only four and the same is the case with Ixvo species of Thanaos. persius and hicilius. while Thanaos jnvenalis and another unknown spicies auree completely with the hulk of the IIesperia lid rcLiarilinii' the iiiands lia\iiiL;' their Fiiiall external opening' upon the .-iirt'acc of the hody. These may he diviilcd. perhaps naturally, into two groups, according as ihcy occur upon the tho- racic and alidoiiiinal scgiucni.- ihe caterpillars of al glands aiH' apparently found in laitlertlies though lliey arc licst know n, as tlu'v are the must striking, in the caterpillars of the I'apilioninae. Here they are found 111! the dorsal surface. Iiear the name of osmateria, and consist of a tork-sha|MiI sac which, ordinarily drawn entirely within the iiody, may lie aliiio>t insiantancouslv thrust out throuuh a transverse slit in the first tl loracic seyii lent, 'ihis oruan when thus exiriidi'il is u'cnerallv of a liriuht >lor and exhales a m oi'i' or II ss decided odor differiiu accordmu' to the species, iiciiiu' M'arcciv perci ptihie in liacrlias and \arying lliroi iLili al recs of offensiveiiess to a truly sicki'iiing sleni'h in Iphiclides. Thee I on- ,-lruclion of this organ has hecn dcserilied in somewhat diflerent terms liy Stiider and Kliiiiciisiew icz, It is really a development of tlu' integument and the erIU at its iia>c are glandular, llieir secretion heing perhaps dis- <'hargcil throiigii poic« of the adjoining ciiliciila. "It may he assumed,'" l>i savs i'lininocK. •that the oilorous secretion accunndatos in the imimiuated I'lli; CATKltni.l.AI!. CI.ANDS Ml'KXIXi; KX ITliX AI.I.V. 1. nils jiiid is I'lccil hv til, H'lr t'xscrticii. ' WluMi witlidniwii, ( w itli (iiic III' its liorns (III citlicr inicridr sidi^ nf tlir I, ml til llic lil-st ;iii(I()| :ii'f'iriliii;X ti> Stii(l Kl,iiirli.i,.«i,./. i.iit Idthr tliir,! NIC S|ICci(S. I'illlilio lluicl I. nil .•|-1(V lIlMt II dclic;l|r lllllscic is iltlilcll.Ml tu tl li.'is It- iiis(|-ti(iii. iici'Di-diiin- til Stud !<■ lip III' I'iK'li Inn 11. Wlllc innisifwi.v. iiiii„.| "- f<'i'i:i lire witlidriiwii. :iiii| tl "I'ly iii"\«' 'jiiitc iiidc|ini(K.iitly III' tlir -itl I'l' "li till' diirsiil. iiiit McciirdiiiL;- to Klr- liiat till" I. IIS cxiiliiiiis \\ In-, diirii l.U' \Mllidr;i\v;il. iiiu ■.Ullls lit till' ti|). Til,. (..MiTsiiiii ,,f tl ii'r. iiiid that tl H' lIHMliinillKlll ■•' ' ''X flit' iiiiisciilMr I'imtra, 11,111 ,1!' tli,. walls II' osiiiat,'iia is iiri'siiiiialily ImuiLiiit til,. Iliiids (ifilic I),id .•ill tl III' ill,. IhhIv, wliicli f y into the ic\,'iNcd ,is l,.ria. I .'ill ill,, liiiltcrllics wliich dii mil |i.issfss liMvc ,'xiiiiiiiicd, nil the ventral si orccs iiiisiiiiicli, Ii()\\,.\i.|-, as Hiialcria arc I'liniislu'd, I irtiicc 111' til,, first tl ill rruiit ,it' and lid wt'i'ii tiie first jiair ,if' I mniri,' scii'iiii'iit, difc-ilv i(',i;s, with a iiiiir,. ,ir I, .■X!,.iisi|,. lilaiMor-lik,. v,.si,.|.. (86 :.;ri ; 87 :l(l), wl,i,.li wli,.|i witl |irnllllll,Ut dr |ircs(.|its a lraii>M.rs,. slit \ >urfii,.(. ,if' til,. I'a|iiliiiiiiiia,. : and piissc'ss tliis inf'criiir \(.si,.|,.. it I'l-y similar tu that whii-li is t'liiind ii|iiiii tli,' ii|i|irr iniisinui'li as iiuiu. nf ih,. I'a|iiliiiiiiiia,. uiiiy ii,. iircsiinicd that this iir^;-an inav lia\-,. \cry siniilar to tlii. iiifiri.ir olaiids of th,. first ili niiciit. lint is f'01111,1 a little li,.|iiiii| th,. iiiiddl,. of tl s,.\,'iitli ali,l,iniini oraei,. le liorsal siirfiic,. nf the il s(.i;-iii,.|it and is inilicat,',! I point, throiio-li which (Ii,.r,. mav li ly a traiisM'rs,. slit at th \,'si|.|(.. wlii(.| nay h,. oi.,.asionali\ |iriitriii||.d a ininiit,. y'loliular 1 s(.eins 1,1 s,.eretea fluid of ureat attra,.|i,in to ants. T| III soiii,. >ort, inasiniieli as it is lis \,.siele prolialily ,.xists in all th,. I. iiiiii as wi.|| as ins ,. Tli(.elidi, am! tluiimh it has not h a point \,'a,.- iiir ('liryso|i|iaiii,li it ,|,i,.s ,i|.|.ur in th,. Ki found 111 aii\' In addilion to this fi iro|i(.an Thestor halliis ii'iii of n|and there ar,. f. extensil,. ornans or ,.ariiii,.|es. wlii uiid in xnwtv sp,.,.i,.s lateral (.lulitfi alidoniinal si.u-imnt (86:11; 87;ll.l'.i). T| sileorii-ans which wli,.|i fully exsert,.,! aiv ..ylimlrli.al. it lu.spriiikl,.,l with spi,.|ilif',.r,iiis n,.,.,ll ell may lie si.cii upon the sides of th lest. ,., insist of (.xti'li- u itii a r,iun,|e,| s 11111- hav.. I es : (.xcptinu" ill Tli(.st,ir iialliis I >vvn iiiial.lc to find tlu.in in any -ronp bcsiiK's the Lvacnidi and licre they are liy no ni,.aiis invariaiil .r(. first ,ilis,.r\ed liv IV.tzhold ami tl y pr,.si'iit, Tli,.s,. curious app(.ml yiaiiil f,iun,l upon the si.Huu.nt in f ic attiai'tion to ants of || itral an\' iiili or aecoinpanies rlic (..xiriision of iIi,.m. h il s I'oni was first noted liy Ks|i,.|-. Wli,.th iteral orn-ans ,if th,. (.ii^htli " '"" ^<',^iii''i" 1^ imcertain. In th,. Indian Ciin.tis tlu'ivs (fin-mv.l Horsli,.M,('at. Lep. K. I. {'0. i.iil. 1 li.i;'. •> — 1 III ( as staled in ex pl.pl.), IC TlIK (ArKKl'll-I-AltS or NKW KNCiLAM). ^ 3 a.s explained to nie explicitly l)y Mr. de NieoNilie, tlicv li>nii iiiinieiisc nnii- retnu'tile pillar.-;, iloiiMiiiLi' the lieiuiit of the IkmIv at this point ; or rather ill'.' hotly is tiiiis elevated and from the siunmit of the jfillars "issue when ahinned two lon_Lj lilanients or tentacles frinjicd with very lonir hairs . . . wjiich it whirls around wi,,. .litoij-ether astonishing rapidity, tlonhtless to friiiiiten away iclieiininon flies." 'I'lu' caterpillar Mr. y hairs exposes still more sui'faee to tlu' air, and this j;-ives a hetter chance for spreading' any odors which they may sc(!rete. Moth this or^an and the osmateria are so constructed as to present, savs Diminock, "the "'reatest econom V in the use of an odoi'ous thud l)y exijosmj. •sut Idi'niv a hu'i surface moistened with the fluid to the surrounding air." It is in evi ry deirree [jrohahle that other ahdominal glands will he foimd in eateipillars just from the I'gii', for the flaring-tipped 1 arranged with which si ian> seriallv many juwnile and some adidt caterpillars are I'iei'is) niay frc(picntly he seen under the microsco])e to •lothed {r. ■xude at tin' tip a droplet of fluid, ll sumel , as in similar aitpcndage; the hase of the hair, which le source of wiiich I'an only he |)re- lower Lcpido|iiera. to lie in a gland at 1 IS always moun ted upon a eonici l>i It th l'='l illii ns I.- a snhjcct upon whicli no writer has yet ventureti either experi- ith< mentation or (lisciission Otl icr sli'uctures in tlu' caterpillars of various I vcaeiiiniie a t hirt I may pos.«il)ly lia\i' some similar purpose. Internal organization (I'hiie 62). In coii>ideriiiL;' the externa! cnist of the caterpillar and its appen(higes, we lia\e lieeii iihle hy its very orgaiii/alioii to examine each part separatclv without I , .ifusioii : for, l)y the ilivision of the hody into distinct regions, and of the regions into separate rings, eacji hearing its special aj)pendages, t\\v mind can readily locate these and recall ihcm when necessary. The same will also he found to he true of the future stages ot'the animars existence. A\'heii. howc'Ncr, we come to the internal parts, the ease is generallv dillerciit : for hoth now and later the organs inn in a longitudinal course through the hody and disregard in great mcasuri' not only the jointed strin'- tiire hut e\i'n the regioniil di.-tinctions uf the hody. 'I'o systematize our examination, therefore, we iiiiist treat them differently, and, ■^epar.itiiig tln'Ui into natural suhdiv isions accortling to their functions, discuss them in that scipience which promises to give us the clearest conception of their use. .\s the hasis of the whole, we have the structural framework of the aniiniil, its outer crust ; and since power of movement is the primal need • 'I'lic lir«t M".;iiiiiil •111 llic I'iulil ill ilin— liciiii;' icl|-!ii'tcil hfiKjalli il, iillil .-u altoirrlliiT lirlil'.- Il.ulirr i> till' lii'-l lliiii'ucir. the liiiiil Dili of .-iL;iil. TIIK CATKIilMKLAK: IXTKltNAI. (.KdAXs. 1 'I of ii livin.;- crontiiiv, we .sIimII fir.t c.nsi.lcr tl.c iiiiis,.|,l:,r svstcn!. tl.nMi-I. whicli Hk' fi-ai.R-\vo.-k and its ii|)iK'n(la-es luv m.-vcd : next we .sl,:,Il take np tli.Mlifri...tive .system, the i.rovim-c.f wl.icl, is f„ ,,n.|,arc .•ni.le nutriment for the insect; tiie further preparation of this nutriment i)v oxvirenati(m reipiires that we should folh.w with tlie respiratorv svstem : and the distri- l.ution of the nutriment over tlie hody l.v the eireuiatorv svsten. eompU'tes the circuit of tlie reh.ti(m of food to tlie creature : hut whether the natural action of tlKvso systems l,e voluntary, as in the first n.enti,.ned, partiv voluntary a-id partly involuntary, as in the second, or whollv invohuitary. as m the last two, they all require t(. I.o l.roufrht int.. rt'lation" to the will of the animal, or their vital aeti.m ceases ; we shall therefore consider n.'xt the n.^rvous system, tlio seat of volition and sensation. A\'e shall follow this with the o.]an,lular or secretory systen.. since its sole in.lependent represen- tative IS th.' or-an which serves to secrete silk, l.v means of which the caterpillar is al.le to walk where it needs to procu e nourishment. These are all the systems which have to d.. simply with the life of the individual, iM.t there is still aiK.ther, the reproductive, whicl, must take the hhrlu-sj place as related to the life of the species; tho,.,uh in the •■aterpillar tlii« remains m an eml.ryoni(! c.mditi<.n, a conditi.m ..f pre|.aration for future devel..pment ; and finally we shall ccmsidc l.rieHv the .rllular system whose extreme development is confined lo the larval' sta-e and is intiiiiatelv related to all the other systems. Muscular system. The muscular system of caterpillars consists almost entirely of Hat r.l.i.ons of simple muscular fii.re. For c.mvenience sake and also to a limited extent as a natural .•lassificarion. tliev mav he divided mtu those oceurrinu- in the head and those confine.l to the l.ody". The head is mostly filled with conical muscular l.iuidic.s.' i„ta<.lied l.v tlu'ir Imses to the upper and lateral portions of the posterior two-thirds and to some extent to the upper porti.m of the anteri,.r thir.l of the vault of the head : the apices of these conical mass,, convi^fe toward the mid.lle hmgitudmal line of ca-'h hemisphere, ami then pass downward, terminatin.., m the lower half of the head, in a white, j-listenim;-. tendinous cord. Ivii'o- ,|..stl,eliuid the optic nerve ami reachino- down into the man.lil.les. whl.'h they serve to close. The extensors of the mandil.l,.s are attached lu'liiud an.l helow the o..elli. and pass directly t,. the outer l.ase ..f the mandihles winch they enter l.y means of a tendon attached to the interior wall of the same The retractors of the lal.rum are sliu-h,, fiat, muscular ril.l.ons attached at one extremity ah.no. ,]„, whole ,.f its upper interior ed..,. and at ll..' other to the fi,cialtrian-le: the lal.rum is drawn inwards l.v' a .loul.le muscle, winch starts al...ve from its attachment ah...- ,,„.h s'i.h. „f ,h,. median sutu.-e al.ove the fiicial triano-le, an.l passes fr.rlv .lownwanls. the muscles ..t the two si.les c.mfiuent, diminishino. i,, l.rca.lth downward and tcrmmatin- „, a sin-le teii.lon atla.'hed t.. the mi.l.lle ,.f the lah.um 18 'I'llK Isri'lllltn.IKS OK NHW KNdl.ANI). A liMiul (II' rililiiiii. uiiidc u\> of siiii|il(', luiin'itiidiniil, |iiir:illcl, iniisfiiliir Hlircs llcctcil into two cniitiyiKiiis sri'i|is, tlic inner tlic niin'owci'. runs from one end uf ilic liodv to ilic otlicr. near tlic >kiii, lii'twccii the s|)ir;i('l(>s and tin- \cntr;d side of tlii' l)od\-. In lOnpliucadcs. Iiowcmt, llic duiililc strips foiiii on cacli side one liroad riiilion niadr ii|) of fi-oni fifteen to t\ventv-fi\i' inde|)endeiil. similar, conti.ii'uons cords. Kacli strip is |iro]pcrly made np of a series of liands, one to each seji-ment, exteiidinu' across its entire leniitli, and tliey ai'c permeated liy miniile traclieal \tv--cls riuniinii' maiidy at riu'lit angles to the direction of the lilirt's. From the antci'ioi' end of the inner strip of eacii sejj;ment. a slender iniiscidar strap runs ol)li(piely to the middle of the ventral line of the scii'nient. I5eneath the insertion of the longitudinal liaiids sets of nearly parallel lint slightly converuinji' hands run to the \oiitral line at the middle of the front of the sncceeclina'. or at the postirior edjfe of the same, seiiinent. Aliove the spiracles, on each side, arc three slii;'htly oiili(|ne innscnlar riliiions, the lowcrnxist lyinu: nearer the inte,iiiimi'n tracheae. t tl lan the other its I. tparated : the oesophajiiis is | viiled also with other loimitiidinal niuseles, and tu a less extent wi th tr iro- ins- iiiK ( aiki!1'IM,.m;: inti;i;\ai. out. ass. Ill t 4 I Vfi-jc I'liciicliiiy liimils. Tlic small inlc.-tiiic iscdvcnd wiiii lioili iiaii>viT>c and loiijritiiilinal bands of fliicU, white and u'lislcnini;- -ndar lis>iic : at its antcTiiircnd i's|i('ciidly, wlicrc tlic alinicntarv canal is uicatlv cunstrictcd, it is thickly cc.vercd with sliort lonaitndinal nuisclcs, whose hinder extrem- ities dovetail into other ionj^'er sets; liesides these, there arise from tlie middle of the [tosterior end of the inlestine a nmnlter of parallel hand- of muscidar Hhre, which emiiraee it diananally, passini;- aronnd to the ventral surface of its anterior extremity; stai'tinji' just in front of the |)osterioi' in- sertion of these, and interlacinji" with them at riyht angles, is another shorter set of parallel mnscles, whose other extremities are attached to the l)ody-wall ; still further, a set of four independent jiarallel muscular hands passes lieneath and supports the jMisterior end of the small intestine, reach- 'my a stroiiir liiiml of iincstiiiji' iiinsclc.-t, ii!!'' then cnlarjics slijrlitlv ami the iiitcstinr licLi'ins; tliis alsu cimsists oC a straiulit cn liiidrical i>\' iiiiisciilar tissue. Imtii Idimitiiiliiial and tiilie snri'(inn(le(l liy thick \\: eneirelinj:'. tlie t'ornier es|M'eially dislinet and nunddin;^' llie iii'.erior walls into very prominent lonu'ilndinid ridiics ; of wliicli tliere are seven or «'ifiht in llaniadryas; it isofei|nal si/e tliron<;liout, a little more than half the diameter of the stoniaeli. and generally extends half way from the enil of the ^stomach to the end of the liody. The colon is a siin[)le straijfht tnhc eajjalile of considei'ahle ex|iansion. lait ot' the sanu' size as the intestine when not distended hy excrement ; nsnally nnich shorter than the intestine 1 nearly f^loliiilar when distended, it is sometimes (as in Callophrys) an< nearlv as lonir ; the inner surface is smooth. of the excrement from the hodv, pt'rmittiiifr the ready passaj^c The salivary j.dands are a pair of long' flat rilihons, extendini^ from their attael nnent at either side ot' the antei lor end of tl le oesopliaijiis hitckward. hesiiK' the alimentarv canal. In Anosia thev are strai'dit. taperinu: sliL'ht- ly and rejrnlarly to a hhmtly rounded tip. and look like Hattened liiaidcd con Is. 1 )emu' CO mpressed alonf.' the median line, while each side is det excise* I'oh 1 at re.uular f tl rei|uent mter\als. mto heac 1-lik. iironnnencc! Ii vn'onia thev appear as scarce Iv t; iperinu' tortuous threads, and reach tl middle of the third thoracic segment, where thi'y ap|)ear to in- closely c(ai- iiected with some of the tracheal tuhes at the i)aseofthe laterodorsal spines. They are straij;'ht, <'ylindrical. and scarcely taperinjf in Ilamadrva.s, hut form lari^e and liroadly tortuous tuhes in Callophrys, their extremities at- tached near the niidiUe of the thoracic rejiion to the dorsal vessel. In the lower families they are flattened and rilihon-like ; in Kurynms hent a!)rupt- ly outwai'd heyon.d the middle, taperinji' rey-Ldarly to a liluntly rounded tip : ill Kparjtyreus uniform in 'hian m'sscIs are much slinliler and shnrtcr in I''.iiplineadcs and Kparuyreiis than in the liiii'hcr luitterllies. Respiratory system. — The respiratnry (ir«ran,s of caterpillars cnnsist nf tracheal \essels. — cylindrical tiilics eiimpnscd nt'elnsely compacted, shininLTi sihcry, spiral threads, enveloped, nr at least the principal steins, liy the thiimest pnssililc investineiit and ramityiiii;- endlessly ; they lane their orijiin at the spiracles, situated on either side ol' the hoily on the lower poitinn III' the sides nt' the Hrst thoracic and first eiji'lit alidiiminal scfrments — in the last seiiinent a little hiffher np the sides than in the others, and es|iceially so in the Lycacnidae. The trachea' trunks di\idc at their very nrij;in into a eonsidcralile iinmlier nt'eijiial nr nearly eipial Iiranehes, which at once push their way into ilitl'erent portions ot' the nciii'hliorinii' orji-aiis, prescntinij; an appeai'ance resemlilimr the aerial runts nf snme trnpical tree ; most III' them reach the stoinai'li and, dinrmishin, at once lirancli at wide anifles and riimity all over it, every t'nld ni- loliiile hcinj; tracked hy t\vo or three nf the finest nt" the threads; the intestine is trav- ersed nnly liy the finer tracheal tnlies ; other .shorter Iiranehes permeate the riiiatinji' iirgans, attach themselves to the imiscles and the nerves and track alonj; the cord-like Mppeiidajjes. Eiu'li si't nt' tracheae is ennneeted at its hase with the set in trnnt nl' and lii'hind it hy a tiilio as lar>>;e us any ol' them, which emits several slinrt Iiranehes : thus it' any s|iiraele is closed liy ai'cideiit its iiciji'liliors may do service for it. These vssels are somewhat modified in the anterior portinn of the lindy : the tracheae of the first alidominal segment are larjicr and liranch more extensively than those nf any other si'jiinent (althniifi'h tlii' sjiiracle is no larger than the others) their ramifications extending to the anterior ex- tremity of the stomach; while those of the third and second and es|)eeially »>»J! TIIK l(l'ITi:i!l-l,Ii;s (»r NKW KXdl.AM). llic M riiiid tliiiiiicic scji'iiuiit, wlni'i' tlurc ;iif nii .<|iirii('li'>, ■•ire siiiiill iiiid <'(iiii|i:ii'ati\('ly iii('iiii.<.|iiciiuii<. iiiiil I'onnct'tcit wiili llic iiiiiii'li in the first :ili(|iiiiiiM:il M'L:'iiu'iit licliinil liy iiiily ii siniill lon^itiKlinal caiiMl. 'i'lic first lliiiriicic x'Liiiu'iit . wliicli liiis !i siiiriiclc iind liciu'i'iiliv diic of lariicr si/c tliaii ii.«ual. Iicars. Iidw v\ it. an ('xt('iisi\ c linncli ol' Iraclicac. Ilic anterior lirandi of tliis liniich su|)iiiirs tlic licail ; it ai'flics iipuaril on cacli side alonji' tlic liindiT rih^v ut' the head, until it meets tlial of tlie o|i|iosite side, when tlie is re(|iiired to iiai It ll leni A,« an(t soon two join so stronj.dy that eonsideralile force the only mark of sejiaration is a pale line on the dusky snrf'aei as they meet, tliey liend toward the head, then separate and run side Ir siile iieneath the nniseular mass which occupies most of thi' lieatl, over th (lollhle eel) hali fanj.dion and r'ur\c o\er toward tiie lai'min. ISefore unit- injj'. these two o|)po.site ln"anehes emit from their anterior surface simil hranches. wlu( h aU ocni'a th til u' nniscidar mass towan 1 tl lar le anterior and lower part of the head , lonie curve upward and emhraee the iniiscu- inass from lieh wa\ l.ct ween th iracK aiut lie top o .f th id thi« tirst-mentionc(l archiiiL;' liranch emits from its jiosterior surf .tl ice a slender otisiioot. wiiich, toiiether with another lirancii, eomiiiu' almost direct from the spiracle, pass toward the tracheae of the opposiite side, and unite at tlic nuMlian line with a similar set from the opposite trachea. Circulatory system. The circulatory system consists mainly of the ." — a straiii'hl tuhe. Ivinu' alonu' tlii' middle of the hack, next •dorsal \( tlie i.^h jiellncid fil it seciiis to lie composed c.\l<'rnally of an exeessi til le w hit- Ill. It is of xarvini;- shai iinpl le and iim slenilei iidiii:^ ill a well-rounded tip at the extremity of the iioii ic iiei\oiis cord as far as the middle of the third ahdominal sciiiiient ii tl IIiiiiiadr\i liiit 1) ■yond this point, where i t is attached to the wall of the aiK 1 ret liiis the same as tl le next seiiinent it hody, it suddenly expands to a much larjft'r .- far as the se\('iitli aliduminal seji'iiieiit : here expands into a i'usifonii reser\oir and then tap in ( 'allo|)lirys it is comparatively larjjft' and ecpial as far as the third ali- doiniiial seiiinent. thoiiyli it expands sliu'htly at the point of attaehment of tl to the I'lK 1 of the body the salivarv Lrlamls mar the middle of the thoracic reirioii. T lie iloi'tt \essel is very clastic and tlexihle. and when one side is [luIled even pretty forcililv the other reinain.- III iilaci' It is seen to he sli3 iiliiiiciit;irv I'liiiiil iiml ('.\|imii(U iiitn :i [iiiir kI' IkIk's, In iiciir the liji lit' llic iili(liiiii('n. \'i(\\((l t'nini iilimc. iIk' cciiliMlic u'ltii^rliii i"iiii>ist (iCii piiir nt' iiciirly j.'1m- liiihir cir >iili|ivrirnnii lnlic.-. <'liiscly jniiud liy tlicir ImuT cilLifs, nv at Icii-t in iu\l.i|Mi-:itiiiii : tli('\ iil'c sitlliitcil ill the xci'V iiiiililii' iil' tlif licMil. jil'-t ;i1im\i' till' iM'i^iiillillu' lit tin' .•ililiiclit:uy cniiMl. illiil (111 ;i level. al)ii\e. with llie tip|) of the t'nnit.'ll tri:ni;;ll'. I''rnlll tiie luwcr illllerinr niiter lllinle nt' eileh luhe, till' optic iu'r\e, liirjic at liiise. lint ;;'rii(hiiilly t;i|ierinu' lieyoiiil, pusses ijowii- wiinl, ti)r\V!ir liy a secondary innscle. which runs haeUward licside the cord for a short dis- tance, divancatinfi' slijihtly. The i,Mnulia of tlii' iiody-scicments, wliicii are similar in ijfcncral character to till' suliocsopliaii'ca! piinrlion, are situated in or near, iiciierally a little in alvance of, the middle of each scirment. as tiir as the seventh ahdominal sejrnK'iit. where there is a pair, in close proximity, one liehind the (itlier. and with these the nervous cord terminates. All the iianjilionic disks are eoiineeled liy a pair of rihhons, lii'iierallv Iviiin' in sneh close proximity as to appi'ar to lie sinm-le and straitflit. hut antcrioi'ly they are separated some- what widely. In Icavinu' the sulioesophajieal jxanu'lion, the nervou.s rililions run nearly parallel, or with only a sliulit outward enrve, tit the firs' l»ody-u:an;j;lion. Stiirtiiiii- ayaiii close together at the middle of the posterior liorder of the first jiaiiiilion they diverge in straight lines, lint very eradnallv. until tliev are nearly twice as far apart as tiie width of the first jianjrlion (which is often twice as far removed from tin second as from the suiioesophafical iXanjrlion), and then convernv more rapidly and enter the second uanLdimi 24 TIIK lU TTKIirLIKS or NKW I;N(;I-ANIi. lit its Diitcr imtci'ior Imrdcr. Tlic (listfiiicc t'roni tlic .sccoiid to llic tliinl L;;iii;ili(Hi is ctU'ctcd in a siinilar miiniicr. 'V\\v tuiirtli ^imifliuii i> Itiit Uttli! rciii(i\(.'(l t'nini tlu' third, iji'inji" in fact iioariT to it tlian tliu latter is to tlie point of ffrcati'st divcrii'cnt'i' of tlic ril)i)oiis in advance of it ; it is sometimes situated in the middle of its se^i'ment as in iMiphoeades, sometimes at its anterior edji'e as in Anosia and Kin'vnnis ; sometimes wholly within thonuh at the posterior edfre of the last thoi'aeie seiinu'nt, as in l"^pin'^\ rens ; lietween the third and fonrtli ";an the larg-er, either apjtear almost to coalesce at their ailjoming edges, or t!ii'y do completely coalesce, as in Knphoeudes and Epargyrcus. From the second alidominal segment haekward, the nervous cord does not come in liim tlio rliu. •<1 lit to (tcral and (tills mull' iidy : iiiiii ; il or I duct nmning hack alonjif the jiidos of the aliiiioiitaiy canal, in a straiglit, sli"litlv wavy or tortiioiisi course, to a jjoint varying from tlic! middle of the thoracic to the l)ejrinninfj of the ahdominal segments ; and second, of a larger i)iit still very slender sometimes flattcnei. In some, as in Cidlophrvsand Eui)hoe- ades, the stouter part of the vessel — .dwa'/s the jiart before any reversal of direction — lies whidly upon .'h.e ventral siu'face beside its mate, l)ul in others the two lie removed from each other in the lower portion of the sides. There is consid('ral)le variation too in the point at which the first and seeimd reversals occur : in some the first is iit the second al)doniiual segment (Ilamadryas, Polygonia, Callophrys), in others at the tliird (Kurynuis, Kuphoca(h's), while in Kpargyrcus it is at the fifth : the second reversal is always at the first or second abdominal segmeui : and beyond this point the narrowing tube has always a uku'c or less tortuous course. Throughout, the alimentary canal is closely hugged. Reproductive system. Tlu; orga.\s of generation, as far as they are developed in the mature male larva, eon ist of a pair of compound organs, ^ 26 Tin-: HUTTEHl-LIKS OK XKW EXCiLAXD. tiituated in the luitldlc or posterior part of tlie dorsiiiii of tlie fiftli abiloininal segment, iiul connected l>y a slender tlu'cad to minute bodies in tlie poste- rior po ion of the under surface of the hist segment. Tlie compound organs or testes are placed next to the alimentary canal, those of the oppo- site sides in ju.\ta[)osition but with no direct communication. They are more or less elongated, ovate or reiiiforni in shape, bright colored, and (juadrilolied, containing each four similar ciiaiiiliers in a row from in front backward ; the anterior extremity of each testis ends in a very short and slender thread. .Iv.^t !>ehind each testis a delicate pellucid thread arises, wliidi passes [losteriorly and a little downward until opposite the spiracle of the sixth alidominal segment ; here it jilungcs downward toward it, and passing tiirougli the mass of tracheae to those of the seventh segment, sweeps around toward the iiicdioveiitral line of the body, and, passing through an independent muscular bundle scarcely larger than itself, whicii stretches transversely across the body at this point, enters a minute whitish sac, situated just beneath the termination of the intestine. The ovaries of the female are situated in tiie same place as are the testes in the male, and consist of a pair of long ol»o\ate sacs, bluntly rounded at eacii end. vertically disposed, approximated, but with the lower end curved outward ; they are white, and each consists of a liimdle of four similar tubes. The whole structure is completely homologous with the corresiioiiding parts of the male, and as will be seen the future development of the parts in one set is paralleled by that in the other. Cellular Bystem. A caterjiilhir seems made to gorinandi/c : the muscles are few and either serve to give action to the alimentary canal, to transport the animal to a feeding spot, or to remove the old integument to admit a larger growth and greater capacity for food : they will not enable it, by rapid movements, to escape an enemy ; those of the head — ami there is little but muscle therein — are almost exclusively attached to the jaws ; other organs serve tlie same purpose ; the general cavity of tlie iiody is mostly occupied l)y the alimentary canal and its a|)pen(lages : spinning glands fill some of the space, and they are used only to give the insect a foothold when eating or travelling in search of food ; air vessels supply the means of using the food for nourishment ; the nervous system is very slight and most of its ramifications are addressed to the muscles. Yet a coiisideralile por- tion (if the iiiatt'rial in the ca'. ity shows that this gormandizing has an imme- diate ol)jcct ; — namely, the storing up of nourishment for future use during the great changes that are to occur during the subsc(|uent (piicscent state ; for, completely enveloping the alimentary canal and its aiiiiendages and oc- cupying all possii)le sfiace between this and the muscles, the fatty bodies are really the most conspicuous portions of the interior organism of a caterpillar ; it is upon this that the parasites feed and in conse(iuencc of the loss of it that the animal attacked by them finally perishes. TIIK ( III!VS.\I-|S: i;Xli:i!N'A[. I'KA'I'lltKS. 27 rilE I'UPA OR CllHYfiALIS. Tlic fiiiiil I'liiliriicc, the lindcr ki>-. Wliiili lii\c Id its ('.\|ii'i>>iiin liriiiu'>. Arc lull llic liiisk till' iliry«:ili« Wi'iir> (in it> wiii'j-. Al.lci: (MiY.— /,((^')i^ I.ifi'. External features. Clirvsiiliils of l)iitterHifs prcsi'iit an oiitwanl !i[i|iciiraiir(' essentially dis- tinet from that of either the eaterpillar or the iniaji'o. (Quiescent in eondi- tion, orf^iins of motion are useless, and are therefore I'liveloped in ^heatlis and folded eompai'tly upon and yliied to the iiody. \>hi('li on its part is en- tirely corneous for its better proteetion, and shows little of the primary distinctions into head, thorax and ahdomi'ii. 'I'he head is seldom distin- guishalile from the thorax liy anythinj;' more than a sutiiral impression, or is slijflitly prominent, anil althoujrli upon the ujiper surface there is a more or less distinct rcffional eontom- clearly dividinrotuherant and conical or jiyrami- dal, apparently for no other ohject than to protect the parts heneath, although these would not seem to lie so important in the ccouom\ of the future insect as other cephalic organs which are not so carefully giiardi'd : the [tosition ot'the eyes, howe\er, is such as to render them more liahlc to injury, and il is noteworthy that these promiiu'iiccs arc more marked in tlu' Nyniphalidae which hang liy the tail and swing in every hreeze. and in the Pa|>ilioninae (87 :!!) which, although girt around the middle, ha\i' the ante- rior part of the l)ody projecting to an unusual degree, and lieing fastened hy a loose girth have some fri'eilom of motion, than they are in the other grou|is. In the Piei'inat', however, the same ohject is I'llected hy a single antei'ior projection in the middli of the head, which in a girt chrysalis 28 TlIK ItlTTKHFLlES OF NKW i:X(il.AXl). wiiiild pnitoct tlu'tif jiarts of the lirad ii.s cHVctiially as tlic (loiililc corniitiDn of till' I'apilioiiinac. It is evident tVoni tlic coiulitioii of the parts in tlio I'ierinac, as from tlu' nearly or (ptite ecpial development of all the parts of tlie eyes in all bnttei'Hies, that tliese projeetions are not for the purpose of atlordini;' additional space for tlu' material wliieh is to form the |iarts ln'iieath. At the lateral hase of the i)arts eoverinii; the futiu'e eomponnd eye is a strongly enrM-d, moderately hroad and ecpial, simooth hand, which I have termed the ocellar rihhon (86 ::i2,2.'J ;87 :"24) hecaiise it seems to he cor- related with the enrvin;:' row of ocelli of the larval head, the anterior cnr\inj; limits of which are generally marked in the larval head hy a distinct imprcssiein (86:24). At the upper posterior part of the head the antennae take their rise, at some little distance apart, and at once diverge from each oth otlier, i)assmt ahdouiinal sci;mcnt : lieneath and on the sides the thorax semhlmi'' the In th is entirely hidden liy its own appendages and those of the head ; the wings, suhoval in form and of course very much smaller than in the imago, are spread over nearly the whole under surface and sides of the thorax and the hasal four segments of the ahdomen, the hinder part almost entirely con- Till-: cmiYSAMS: KXTKKXAL FKATL'KIvS. 29 cciili'd iiy till' iiiitcrior, wliii'li aro siiporiinpoMcd upon tlii'iii l)iit iillow of their apiKiJinincc ti» ii |>t'i' snrt'a'-c is stron;;Iy cin'vnl : in tlic Hi'sin'ridac, liowovur. tins i.-* not tlu" caisi'. TIr' tenth scifnicnl is pciMi Marly niodiliod to lorni tlu- ciTniaster or anal hnftoii (87:1). a more or li'» tetra(|netral. tapi-rinfj, i'urvin<>\ lihintly docked in'oniinence. its convexity iipward, lioniolon'ons with tlie anal |)late of the caterpillar, its apex and soinetinies its interior tmrtaec tiirnishe(| w ith a \»'ry laru'e nunilicr ot' lonj;' and sleiider. cylindrical, cor- neous hook>. sironiily crooked and usually thickened at the (listal extremity. Iiy means ot' which the chrysalis is securely t'asteued to the silk the larva has spun. Ill the Lycaeiiiuac the extrciuity of the alidomen is so cnr\i'd ovci' as to lii'ini;- the eremaster upon the under surface and it simply forms a slii;htly tumid mass. Iieariug the lio(;!;K-is on its outer and posterior edji'cs. At the inferior Itase of the eremaster. upon the ventral sm-faee of the ninth .dxlouiinal sejrment. is the closed anal oriKee, its ?< ides lii'oadly liiit sliii'luly tumid and these a^ain often hounded liy cur\ inj:' ridj;es endinji" in an anterior tulicrele. IkiuioIohous. ms Uiley has shown, w ith tlu' anal pi'olejjs of the calerpillar. the whole part lieini:' often so ureatly developed, espec- ially in the Nyuiphalidae. as to crowd still further the \entral surfaces of the seu'iuents just anterior to it. The spiracles arc transverse slits hounded liy semilunar lips and occur on the second to the eiLrhth ahdoniinal segments, those on the second .■lucl third heinj;' partially concealed hy the upper ptu'tion of the wind's. ( )ccasionally (e. a lateral continuous or nearly eontiimous lidiic of considera- lile prominence, and there is also t'rei[Uently a siijiht median ridu'e : trans- verse ridji'cs of any cousiderahle prominence seldom occur and are then usual!\' conlincil. ;il least the conspicuous oni's. lo a sin;n'le sei^inent. and especialh' to the t'ourlh alMlominal si't;iuent. Internal structure (I'i. 62. fiu. -'i. For the sake of readii'r comparison. wi> will follow here the same order pursued in our account of the internal t'ru'aus of the eaterpill.ir ; hut so little is known ol' the xariatious in the internal structure of ehrysalids of liutlerllies. thai oui' account nnisi he very im|perfi'ct. Muscular system. The thorax is almost entirely ^iveu up to nm.seular liundles. the principle portion of wliich. for the movement of the future will's. isdi\isil)le into Iwd sets. ( )ne ol' these sets is restricted to the lower part of the side.-, of the ihoi'iix. and its fihres are directed from the liase of the w inji'.- towanl the middle .il' llu' lower surface, those of theojipo- Tin-: CIIIJYSAI.IS INTKHXAl, STlUt TllM:. 81 (iitf .sidt'f iiu'lininii' towards each otiier at !V littlu more tliaii a rij^lit anjrlo. In tlio \' -.shaped .-ijace Itetweeii them, and hichidiiifi all the upper domed part of the meKothorax, is tlie otluT set. nmiiinif loii<;itiidinally in super- imposed hiyers. In jreneral tlie nmsch-s of tlie aluhimen seem to l)e situated nmeh as in the larva, l)ut are more compact antl almost or alto- gether h)nraiielies arising' ahiiost tojiether at a very slioi't ntration of the thoracic ganglia. IJetween the cephalic and thoracic ganglia the nervous cord in Ilamatlryas, where we have studied it most attentively, is moderately hroad, flattened and douhle ; the thoracic ganglion, which is a compound of the five ganglia succeeding TIIK (ATKltl'lLLAH: INTKltXAL OUdAXS. ss in the lar\ii the tii (except sucli as are ah.«i(ti-hetl In sHu ) , iti situated in tlic front i)art of the niefotliorax ; it is oval and evitU-ntly composed of two inuMpial, anterior and jiostcrior, ch'nients, for slijfiitly in front of the middle it is pii-rced liy a vertical ijassajre of eonsiderahle size, and the portion in front of this has a slijiht, independent tumidity ; from near the middle it emits lateral nerves, douhlo at their origin, which pass lowaid the winifs. and just before the hinder end a I'ather prominent nerve, wliich nms l)ackward lialf way to the ahdomen, parallel to the main con, ...d lU'arly as larjie as it, evidently fecdinj:^ the lejrs ; besides these there is another similar pair, also running,' backward l)nl divarieatinjr a little, which orii^i- nates from the widest part of the posterior portion. Itehind this Lranirlion the cord is very slender and a little before enteriuif the abdomen emits a pair of slender but very distinct nerves, which are directed backward but divaricate considerably, passinjj; to the infiated lon_i,'itndinal tracheal canals ; there is no jjanjxlionic enlargement at their ori;;in, but it perhajis indicates the site of the former sixth body j;anjflion. Innnediately on enterinjj the abdomen the nervous cord fif)iK(irs to thicken and forms a ps"udoL!:an^lion of an elonji'ate, fusiform shape, terniinatiufi: just i)efore the fii-st alidominal ganjilion ; this a|)pearanee, however, is produced i)y the fact that throuuh- out the abdomen the cord is overlaid by an investment, mainly ])ellucid, l)Ut not pelluciani;lioii ; while the third and fourth H'anulia were se| eiiarated liv ahout the diauiete the latter i;'anirlit III. At "il hours the eonditioii was more as represented liy Newport at IS hours in Aglais, the fourth, fifth and sixth uaiiiilia heini; completely amaljrainatcd into a single loiiu' ovate mass, while the third, thoujrh eh'arly distinct from the mass hehiiid it, was separated from it liy only less than half its own diameter, very short, stout rihiions unitini;' the two : it was also of the same size as at 4S hours, and the second ii'aii;i'lioii, instead of travellinu' toward the third, as Newport asserts, retained very nearly or (juite its own jilace, liiit was rei luceil ill size, heiiu ii'raduallv aosoi •hed 111 This alisorjition was entirely effected at ."I'l 1 amaliramation of the place liy tlie con th loiirs, a> was a Iso tl le com third iraiiiilion witli the nia th th liel mid It. Th ilete 'ond iranylioii then is not amali^'amated with the third, liut disaiipears in place — a point (jiiite in keepinj;' with the lesseiiinjf inniortance, hut eontinued in- te luniiln'r ncvcrliyali^orplloii (Ilor. M)i'.cnt.I{os>i., xv.). TlIK (ATKItl'ILLAK: INTKUN'AL OlKiAXS. S6 in l(nf.'th ami liccdino tlio ctfl'ront ducts ; wliorc tlicy enter tlic sac tlicic is at tlic first a slijilit l)iill»iiis enlargement, anil it is jnst lierc that the most rcmarkaltlc growtii takes place : the l>nliis increase so as to I)econic notiee- al)le : then a constriction takes place in their common union witli the sac; tlic neck |)rolonjrs to wliat is finally a slender tui)e, tlie ductus ejacnlatorins. as larst intricate, common and indistinguishai)lc, l)ut loose, convoluted mass whieli fills the last four segments of the nhdomcn. TIk.' testis is clasped by fine tracheal vessels wiiicli suddenly expand from the larger tul)e of one of the niain stcni> arising in the fifth al)domiiial segniciif. In the mature chrysalis it is cranuned witii spermatozoa, which in Aglais are of two sorts, one larger though only ahoiit tiirce-cpiarters of a millimeter long and pretty regularly tapering, the otiier shaped as cluhlied filaments less than a (piarter as long. 'i'hc changes in the female organs are exceedingly similar. A\'ith the siiortening of the hody, the first change is in the sinuosity of the thread which unites the ever separate ovaries to the pair of sacs heiieath the aii.i' orifice : iinicomitantly the liase of the four terminal threads of the ova- rian mass l)egin to separate from each other, and this porticm of the ovarian tuljes practically remains merely a set of ducts, tiie jiarts l)eyond forming the ovary proper, developing enormously and containing eggs, usually in varying stages of development in each of tiie four tapering tiil)cs of wiiich it is composed on eacii side of tiic hody, and wiiich are united again at tiic ti|i, and are tiien fastened to tiie wail of tiic fourth al)- dominal segment aliove. Hut tiie important new develo|mients arise, as in the male, just at the hinder extremity of the oviducts, for in a similar way wholly new organs are rapidly developed. Tiie single accessory gland and the copulatory poucii originate on opposite sides, in a;i entirely similar miinuer to fiie paired accessory gland. Ail ai'c at first mere hullinus ex- crcsitiK cs of the hase of the thread mentioned. Hut some develop from this hegiuning in erne way. some in another, until in tiie mature pupa all tiic appendages of tlie liiittcrtly are fully developed. Development of the strings. Inasniucii as most of tiic ciianges in tlic organs from the larval condition to their perfect development take place in the intermciliate (piiescent state, we may here say a word ahout tlic . iimturt' l:ir\:i tlicv will rciuliK' lii' t'uiinil i>ii tiu' iniici' >iil('s n|'t!u> sccoiul :iiiil tliinl tlmiMcic NCffiiii'iit.x, iiii[iL'iirinjr !is omiI |iii(is, iicniiciitcd liy triiclu'iil vcsscN, >itiiat('il jiifv(' iind scurccly in aihiiiict' i)t' tlic iiiisc ot' the tnicliciU' ill tlio ri's|)octivi' scirmciits, tliosi- nt' i)|)|ii)siti> sides dirt'cti'd inwiird cacli ittlicr al)ovc>. 'I'licir (■(iiiiicctii>n witli the l()ni;itiidinal traciical canal. tVuiii wliicli arise tlic threads wliieh |K'iietratt; tlieiii. is so iiitiinare that they have l>een descrihed a> (iriifinatiiiir tVoin them ; luit in reality the winj; ai'ises at the very ontset "f larval lite hy the int'oldinjr of the hypoderni in such a way as to resenihic the halt'-iiucrted finjfiT of a j;h)VO, tiic |i(»int of which at the |)rii|ier time pushes its way outwaril, and when the chitinons onter coat is east oH' a|)|iears as an external instead of an internal or^^aii. The lejjs and antennae, <|nitc new stnictnr<'s. orij^inate anil develoji in a proeitifly similar way. In the Iar\al condition all are infolded hypodermal [lockets. THE IMAdO on nUTTEUFLY. Mill 1)1 wliiil li riii^ ( \|iri'«»i\r iiiiiv icliilr 'I'lli' ilKIIILTr. lllr-|ililli|u|M' III' IllrlrilrW turinM -Intr!- Tliiii' lisniri' iiiir riiiii|iii»iil III' liliiiy «kiii. I M' riiiii>iriiii> lli'^li » illiiiiil. III' Imiiii' v\ illiiii. I'llll '■nlllrlllill^ lllMIl rul'|iiil'i>;ll llliU'i' I'llillril, Ami :i.rilr m> iIh'Ii' IiIIiIii' iiil'in'iiiiiiL' iiiliiil. Ill I'M'i'y I'M' li II lliiiii^Miiil lii'illianls Mii/.i'. AihI luiiiu iii'.irN llii' \;i«l Imri/iiii •s-.v/v. (ii'iiiin'il d'l'i' llii'll' liriiiN llii' iiiiiir> III' Iiiili.'i L^lrani. Aliil lii':iM'ir«iiu II \\:i I'll lulu' li:i« ;in'ii\'i| llii'ii' l'r:iiiii': Kuril «li:illL'lri| Imrk liriulll >|il'illklillu' -|iri'lx» llijiilll, Kai'li |iliiiiii' iiiilillii'> llii' I'li-y tiiii'liiri'il iimni: S|iri'iii| cm I'Mi'li will:;' llir lluHil m':i»iiii» l'Ihw, Sh;iili'il Mini M'l'-M Willi llii' ri'li'-lial Imw , Wllrrr c'lilolirs lilcliil nil ever \al'> ill- ilvr. Anil wiinliiii ill llicir u'liy i'\ili:iin.'i'> \ir. Ili:\i!v \\v.iMHy tlic M('ci|iiit and aiitcritirly and cx- Ici-iurjv aliiit n|inii llic eyes, tiinninLr a |iart ot' llic ii|(il)c wliifli tlicy iicciipy. Tlio iitlicr parts in the stnicliiri' ot' llic lu'iid w liicli i-f(|iiin' ftiiisidonilinii ai'i' the eves, tlic aiitcniiac and the iiiinilli appciidaLiCs. The position of tlu' rifiM lias aircaily liccii stated. Antcrioily tliey al- ways liavo a similar Ixiiindary, Imt posteriorly tliey do not occupy nearly the whole, and soinetiuies scarcely more than halt" of the ^wnllcii mass of which tliev form a part: they \ary too in the tumidity of' the mass, in most species lieiiiL;' quite prominent, while in others and I'specially in the Lyeae- niiiae thev do not rise ahoM the t;'eneral contour ot' the surface of the hi'ad : ordinarily and in the two lower families always they are naked : Imt ill the riV<'aeiiidae they frccpicnily lia\e a poriior at least ot' llic >iiriiice sparsciv covered with short cxcecdiiiLily delicate h;iii'« : and in the Nyiii- phalidae they arc often supplied with a pretty ilcns<' mass ot' rather loni.' hairs, always standin;:' ercci and separate, and oriuiiiatiiii;- at the annles of the t'accts. The purpose of this clothiiiir is ditHciilt to o.au'rstand. ilie eves (86:20.21) are composed externally of cxceediiiLrly inimite hexagonal t'accts. Naryiiiii'. '*o far as I have e\ainiiicitnated liehind the antennae. The (iiiliiiiiiif take their ri:rcat deal of motion upon one another and within the socket, while the other joints have little motion mion one another. 'I'he st;dk is of very nearly uniform size tliroiiirhoiit, the joints usually very much shorter near the hase than in the part lieyond. where they ;ire unif I lia\c soon, are tlio anlonnao olotliiil with hail's. 'I'iio ciiil) is a I'-ciiiiai'lty ot' liiittorHios anionjr Lopidojttora, wlu'nco the torni "Kh(i|ialiir('i-a'" ot'ten appliod to tiioni. It lonsists of a roiiidar thiokt'iiinii' ot'tiio apical joints and varios jrroally in cxtfiit and app('aran<'o : in many ciiscs, liio joints increase in thici i.s a hro.'id field on the nndor snrfaco, oi' the stalk, ( )ften one or two s' ''-.der earinac art' to ho seen npon the imder sni'faeo and some little dimple-like depressions (87:1^) arranii'ed in a loni;it'!din..l row. 'i'ho eontonr ot' the snrtiice is rari'ly interi'nptcd at the joinlin;,;s, lint in the arcnate elnhs one >ide presents a serrate appearance from the proji'ction of tlu' ajiices. am '11 1 h le appemlaLro; if ll 10 inoiitli are tlio lalirui'.i, mandililos, niaxil ll iial The Inin palp if Ih 'iruDi IS only a slii,dit ronnded pnijoetion ot' the eeiitro ( lower liorderof the front, rransM'rsoly eorriiL'ated, soldered to the t'l'onl and thus ininio\alile ; it serves liy its position to unard the ii|iper portion of the to rupture the nectar irlands of (lowers (61 :-(>-.">•"•, •'!'.!- 1">,.">1">7). The liihlinii ilsell' is \cry slightly dcvt'lopcd, heing simply the Iran '■• work, situated helow the oi'al ajierture far removed from the surface, up n which the greatly developed lahial palpi arc su| ported : each side has a cvliudrical raised e(lge. upon which the jointed palpus is -cMted ; usually this wall is low. hut in the groups (such as the I'icrinac) lieariug a dis- proportionately long liasal joint, ii is exceedingly jiroilueed and itself lieiirs '^reat rcscmlilauce to an additional joint. The Inhinl jiiilji!, nn the con- trary, are ex('es»i\i'ly (le\clopcd and ihrce-jointctl. the second joint In iiig aluio-.! iu\arialil\ the lougc-l and u-uail\ nmch longer lh:ui the other two logeiher; in the Ilesperidae it is uftc n mm/ stoiU. The liasal joint is slmi-t, excepling in some I'ierinae, where it o<'cu|iies tlu' larger part of the pal- pus ; while the apical joiiu. usually llie >liiii'ic-i as well as the smallest, and sonu'times (piile minute, is al rarely onc-fourlh as siiiut as the middle joint, iMid though always >lraight. often appears as a mere jioiiit projeciing lieyond the apii'al haij'- of' the middle join!. Ihe paljais is heavily clothed with la''gc scaler aud u-uall\ heavily fringcci lielow and >'imetimes aliove with a mass of long iiairs. ordinarily compactcil into a vertical plane, hut in the IIcsperMae sometinu's so ari'angeil, in ;i t'/ick regidar mat of scale-like hairs of uncipial length, as to give the palpi s a ietrahedral or tri(|Uelral appearance. They thus guai'd the sides or the ri>llcd-up spiral maxillae vv hiih they pass in their coiu'sc ; thev are direclecl upward and somelimes apicii'U forward, clasping the front ol'the held, tile shortest (in the I'apilioniuae and sonu' liemouiinac) reaching only as t:ir :i» the lower edge ol' the front : iisuallv thev are much longer than the eye and in llypatus are fiillv Hmr limes i|s length. The apical joint is usiiiillv clullicd and fringed to :i le>s cxlciu liiaii tiie other joiiiis. The thorax and a)»p«udageH. Theiiiorax of liulterllics. asseenfroiu aliovi'. is eompiis(d almo-t < ntircly ot ilie mcso- and mctalhorax, the pro- ihorax lieing repres'iHed only l»y ;i p.iir of liulhoiis enlargemeul- which I have tiaaned the pri>fii'»meic l<,!n.. (61 :;'>"). and wliiih :irc almo>t always 40 TUK lu Tri;i;ii,iKs oi- m;\\ i:.\(;l.\ni>. 'oiiiis wliicli (III not iniM t li th reduced to ii mere ii[»|iret-.-*ed pellicle in those [£v tore \v<^r' uliortt'd in liotli -exes, ms if in eonijiensution for their :ilro|)li\ . ('holodkovsk\' li rc( (■nth tried to show thiit these lolii les were honioioyuc; seu'nients. Init en tirel V withont siicee,- ot' the winirs on the other thoriiel Tiie ineso- and nietatiioriix. wliieli. ;dthoii,iih iiert'eetlv distinct, seem compose one homou:eiicons whole, form a compact oval mass, the np| ler -in't'ace of wiiich is arched and sides sometimes compressed Th tile most important and is compo-cd of two nnc(pial parts thorax 1- mesosentinn in front and a nmcli smallei'. soioew ihat d"e-sl laiied iiiecc the mesoscntellnm. the apex ot' which cnter> the middle of the mesosciitum. The metathorax, on the other hand, a? ir as it is readily seen, is* com post d al. tasci .f tl U'ce iiiece; aced transverst Iv, tl le (I'll tral itell iiin, ai-o more or k I'dii'cd lictwccn the oth piec( e hemii' tlic mc- th th metascnta. icwcd trom tli< dc. tli< tliese arts le metathorax assumes a much ui'cater importanci ary in comparative dimensions and relatisc jiositions in tl dirt'erent u'ronps. It mav he a(|( led. i'eneral tei'ins. that as rcLjards tl trunk of the imayo, the families seem to he distiiiirnishcd th le ont(tiir of the |irincipal ntasses, while the sidifamilies are depi'iident upon the shape of the u'rander parts which compo-so the mii! mav he iJiittered or plaiteil or hent at an aiiiile Tl lev are eacii composed, o thin doiilile HI 111 o f mciiiliranc, covered on hoth sii faer- with imliriealcd scales and with scattered hairs, the latter partienhirly upon the upper surtiiee and n|Miii the hind winjjfs near the liase. 'I'liis iiilirane is stretched upon a rciiiilar system of tuliiilar rods. il>i (liiiiiile nil termed ncrviirc ir veins, which liinu'c at the liase upon the liodv : thev P conduct the iier\(- and air tiilics to all parts ot' the wit niimlier of vi'iii- in the winii's of insects (38-42) is six, d 'II It. normal IX, disposed to a certain extent in piiirs : the middle pair usually hrauches to a greater extent tlia n the other-, and -iipports most of the niemlnaiic of the wiiii^. in luitter- tiies the fopf^niost vein is always ahseiit (except in the front wini.'s of some male llespt-ridi J : the hiiidmo-t i- also M'ly commonly wantiui;', >o that tl lere are iiMialh on ly five (often only four) principal \v\ itl ins, rather inap- propriately desi^^iiated c(j.stal, subcostal, median, siilimedian, and, wl leu I'lIK liriTKHFLY: STlsn rillK OK llli; WINdS. 41 pri'seiit, pivciistal iind intoniiil.* Tlio precorital. costal, .siilum'tliiin, and intcniid vi'ins are iiivarial)ly simple and terminate at the mari,nn oi' e\ en disappear before reaching it.f The sulieostal and median veins, on the other hand, are as invariably hranehed, and with their (tifshoots snpport nearlv the entire winjr ; the subcostal vein curves downwai'd and the median upward so as to meet, or nearly meet, alxtut the middle of the \vinre the play of neii- ration is usually the greatest, the last su[)eri()r subcostal branch is occa- sionally forked. The noiiration of the wing.s, then, consists essentially of upper and lower simple straight vi'ins, and a pair of middle veins which unite with or a[)proacli each other near the centre of the wing ; and from the outer edge of the cell or lot)p thus formed throw off to the border a muulier of branches. The veins are more closely crowded ne.xt the front edge o'' ihe front wings to give greater solidity to the parts which meet with the greatest air rcsisiaiue in Hying. No cross-veins proper exist in butter- Hies, exci'pting that one occasionally (especially in Pai)ilioninac) connects the median anil suiiniediau veins next the base of the fore wings. All these iiervures and thcii- branches, when they do not run into one another, terminate at the i)order of the wing, and by their extension determine to a great extent its form : fiir though the membrane often recedes between the tijis of the nei-vures so as to give a scalloped margin to the ^^ iug, this never takes [)lace to an excessive extent ; while the thrusting forward of the subcostal nervures of the front wing necessitates a more or less falci- form outline ; or, the great extension of a single nervure of the hind wing, as p.iiti larly of the rliinl median nervuli^ in tlu' r;ipilioiiiuae, or the first median in '■'>< Lycacninae. permits ;i tail-like .ippcnd;.;'!' of great beauty. In couMi'ction with the wings it ^^ill be well to mention the epidermal covering ciiaracteristic of the order to which the butterHics JK-loiig. since it is upon the wings more than upon any other \r.\vt ot' the body that they take the form of scalo from which the name Lepidoptera has lurn dcri\((i. The .vf'//« v are deprr-'^cd >iics ot' a uioim ir less rounded, (piadratc or trian- gular t'orm. striate i (ion tbi upper suitace. usually rounded, al-o decplv ' spiniL'liri'^ c'lilh tlicin I ill tlip iiMwt r lit t Ttii' Inli'i'iial. in ilir fruiii Hinu-. iiiid i— papii' ipM llir siil>»'i'l) fi'-iiil. "iilii'O'iCaJ. r iiliitl. |i('4'iiilly ill Il('«i)c riiltn - -<»iin'tiliu'?» tcl'liiiimtv- illiiiir. anal ami aiiitlar\ liv ninniiii: inli> llii' > iciliiiii. 42 riiK lu rn;i!Ki-iKs or nkw i:N(ii,.vM). am I fiiK'ly tuotliril at tlic apical in; died It an cxtri'mc laillx c.Miansinn I'Xl n |p(ickcts in tlic nicnilirane of the \vinjf. 'I'lic packets lii' (liitrilmtctl, tl ic .xcak's arc arran K<'<1 ir