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Blake. f ^■jwifmppwfiw THE BUTTERFLIES EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA WITH SPEIJAL KEFESENCE TO NEW ENGLAND. Vol. II. Entomological Branch DEPARTMENT OF AOR.CULTU'^E OTTAWA - T II E BUTTERFLIES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA WITH SPECIAL KEiKltENCK TO NEW ENGLAND. Br SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDER. IN THUKK VOLUMKS. Vol.. II. LYCABNIDAE, PAPILIONIDAE, HESPERIDAE. CAMBRIDGE: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1889. Pk.NTKI. 1.Y W. II. WllEELEU. CAMBUIDOE, MASS ^9/ TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vol. II. FAMILY LYCAENIDAE Subfamily Lemonilnae .... ''''^ t^fiius Ciilujiliclis ■••■•••••■ 772 Excursus XXV. The Name, of Butterflies \ "^.^ Calcpliclis boroalis ... "^^ SHibfatnily Lycaeninae ... '^^ Tribe Theclidi ■ • • ■ ~,,j Genus Sfrymon .... '"'^ ^^''''^'''^'^'^'''^- "mr,neta,norpko.i.inBufteme. . ^^^ Sti-ynion titus .... ' .■ . • sot Genus Erora ... '^^^'^ Genus Incisalia :Exccesus XXVIII. Uuhita.aGuideinaauiflcation '[[---■■•■ ''^ Incisalia nipliou ..... '^^'' Incisalia irus ..... Incisalia augnstus C li) Genus Uranotcs • • ■ - Excursus XXIX. Tie Procmion of tie Seasons . ' Uranotes mclinus ^'^^ Genus llitura • • • S50 Excursus XXX. m Adorment of Caterpillar, •••... S.O Mitura dnmnn . ^^^ 861 VI TAIILK (»F COXTKNTS. GomisTlirdu . '"' ' ' oOo 'I'liccla Ontario y_^ Tlircla li])nrops o^- Tlicclii calnniis .... . oob 030 Tlu'cla fdward.sii _ „„„ Tliccla acadiea „„„ Tribe Lycaenicli „. , (iuims Kvercs „„. uUo ^\cv\i&vs \\\U. Lnirjlh of Life in Huflerjii,; g^g Evcrcs coinviitas . ... r,,, •' . 911 Genus Cyaniris „.„ 'T^^c^imvi \\\m. IHt/oHeHnm in Butterjties : Intcmily of Life in Atnerica . . 923 Cyaniris iiseudargiulus ,)27 Genus Nmniades „ , „ Excursus XXXI \'. Oriffin of Varieiies in Butter/lies, Possible and Vrohahle . . 9,50 Noiniades coupcri „_ Genus R\is(icus .... „,_ *057 Excriisus XXXV. The Fiiends and Associates of Caterpillars 952 Rusticus scudderii ... . „„ . _ 'JOi Tribe ChrysophanidI Gcuus Cln-ysoplianus _ „_^ ^y^cvusvs X\X\l. ne Distribution of Butterfies in New England 975 Clirysdiiliamis thoe . Genus Epideniia Excursus XXXVII. Local Butterfies Epidcmia cpixauthe „ Gonus Ilcodes Excursus XXXVIII. Psychological Peculiarities in our Buiterfics ... .993 Ileodes lijijopldaeas , .„ Genus Fcniseca T^^cv^vsWXlX. Periodicity in the Appearance of Butterjlies 1014 Fcniseca tarquinius ,., TAMILY PAPILIONIDAE 1027 Subfamily Pieiinae Tribe Rhodoceridi Genus Callidryas ... ,„,„ •' 1013 Excursus XL. Aromatic ButterjUos j. _ Caliidrvas eubule . . . ,.,„ ■ ■ ■ ■ 105.} TABLE or CONTKNT.S. \U Oorins Xnnthidia . . . ''*'" Excuiisus XLl. The ddu. loni 'luHizittioit of Nm England ,^(.. Xmitliidid nicippc ... " ](mo Gcmis Kurpiim . , . 1073 Excursus XL 1 1. The Sicamiiiff and Migrutiwis uf liulterjH, Eiiroinii lisii . , Ooiiiis Kiiryrims Excursus XLHL Color P.rMnce, of Buttrrfies; the Origin of Colorin Bull, 'rjlies iiUryiiius interior Euryinus j)liilodice Eiiryiiius curytlicinc Tribe Anthocharidi Genus Aiithocliaris Excursus XLIV. ProtecHoe Coloring in Cul.-rpillars ,...,.' Andioclmris gcnutia Tribe Pierldl Gunus I'ontia Excursus XLV. Cosmopolitan Butterflies Pontia protodicc Genus Picris "^^^^^^^^y^-^l- The Spread of a Butterfy in anno Region i^m^u,^.^'. \ ' 1,75 Pieris olcracca 1101 1205 1219 1230 1284 12H 1252 1257 1204 1280 1285 12S8 1305 Picris rapac SubfamUy PapiUoninae Gcmis Lacrtias ^^^^^^^^^-L^V. A Stud;, of Certain Cutervillars ..'..'..[[[ Lacrtias pliiicnor Genus Jphielides Excursus XLVIII. The Butter/y in Ancient Literature a„d Art. By C 11. B. 1077 1087 1090 1101 1105 1111 1120 1137 1139 1113 1117 1151 1150 1160 1103 1171 Ipiiiclides ajax Genus Jasoniadcs Excursus XLIX. JI/<.fo«>M^«,/^//,,-,„,„, " . Jasoniadcs glaucus Genus Euphocadcs Excursus L. Beeepti.e Derices arnng Caterpillars; or, the Defences of CaterpUlars 1310 x-upiiocades troilus Genus Hcraclides . . . ■••.... . . 1327 Excursus LI. Southern Invaders , 1332 Hcraclides cresphontes . . • • • ... 1334 Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS. ii Genus rajulio _ y,,^ Excuiisus LII. T!ic Law of Siiffimoii in ISulterjUt's 1350 Papilio polyxciu's jg-.j FAMILY HESPERIDAE jg,.. Tribe Hesperidi jg,, Cii'iius Eudaimis V\T^ ISxcUKSus LIII. Fjfiu't uf Cold on Development i3s;{ liiu! .imis proteus i.>o/. Genus Epargyreus \vy\ SilxCUHSUS LIV. 0,/,/ Ciilcrpillan jy,,, Epargyreus tityrus jyij^ Genus Achaliuus .... . in, ExcuHSi-s LV, JuiH^ifioiia ill Uahii and hi Life uecording to Locality and Season. of the Year . , ,, , JHa Aelmlarus lyeidas _ t ,.10 Geinis Tliorybes \\-y\ Excursus 1, VI. Some Suifliilar Things nhont Calerpillan 1127 Tliorybes balliyllus ji.j.) Tborybes jiyladcs ^.j^gg GiMuis Tlianaos ii,- Exci-HSLS iiVII. Nests and other Structures made 1)1/ Caterpillars ..... l.(.rj|. Tbnnaos hicilius \\'^ Tbanaos jiersius iiljo Tliauaos juveuaiis _ ji-,. Tlianaos horatius \\%f\ Tliauaos terentius _ \V\{\ Tlianaos iiiarlialis Yvn Tlianaos aiisoiiius iino Tlmiiaos hri/o ym Tlianaos ieeiiis -irm Genus riioiisora V\x Excursus LVil I. The Perils of the Ej isis riiolisora eatuUus |r,in Genus Ilespcria _ i rg- .ExcuRsvs LIX. Anomalies in Geographical Distribution 153J Ilcsperia nioiitivaga _ i-op Ilespcria ccntaurcae jj 10 Tribe Pamphilidi . _ _ -i-i,. Genus Aiievloxipba . . i.--,i ' * ijtji ExcfUSiSi LX. A Budget of Curious Facts about Chrysalids 1554 .Vncyloxiplia nuniitor . . . , igro TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX Genus Pamphila .... P*a» Panipluln mandau ' Genus Amhlyscirtcs . . ^^'''^ Amhlyscirtcs vialis ■ ■ ■ uia Amhlyscirtcs saniosct ....__ ^'''^^ Genus Poancs ....... '^'^ Excursus LXIII. BHtterjIie, as Botanists . ......'''''' ^'f^ Poancs niassasoit • ■ 1594 Genus Pliycanassa .... Excursus LXIV. Postures „t rest and asleep . Phycanassa viator Genus Atrytonc Excursus LXV. The Knemies of Butterflies Atrytonc iDsnn " ^"'^ Atrytonc zahulon , •••... 10]. J. Genus llylepliila Excursus LX VI. Seasonal lUnorphisn llylepliila pliylucus '"^^ in.'JO 1597 IfiOO lfi02 ifior lfi)7 1025 Genus Eryimis 1G3^ Excursus LXVII. The Costal Fokl and mscal Streak of Skippers . Erynnis sassacus ...... ' ' Eryiuiis manitoba . . "''^' Erynnis metca "'*'' Erynnis attalus . '''"'" Genus Atalopcdcs ....... ••■•••■ 1053 Excursus LXVIJI. Flight in Butterflies Atalopcdcs huroii Genus Antlioniastcr ...... Excursus LXIX. Butterfly Vision ••■•... Antlioniastcr leonardus .... Genus Politcs ExcuR-susLXX. *^m,/^«w«yy,■„M«/bmc-//t.anis siir la pcan tWIicnte J'.n y laissant dc sa cuulciii-. LiccoMK 1)K LisL|.:.-Z,e Manchy. \vuv niisti'fsscs dare ik'Vit comic hi rain, tor Icar llicir ccilcaii-.s sliuuld Ijc uasliM away. .Sii.\kivs|'|.:a«i-.-Z,(,(v;-s lAilj,„ir's j^ost. nsualy half a> l,u,l, a=.'a,n as bn.ad: vcrt...x soi.arato.U son.etime.s ,.artlv, sometimes vlKdly nnn oce.pnt l,y a transverse snleati..n ; eyes neitlun. prnnnnent n.', p.-nj ee i ■! ow"'. f orT ""''""-n' '"V"""- ■''""-"° '"^'■■■''^" "*""^^- ""^ """'"'^ '>f t^ mt. half ot the eye; pap.Uac of tonune very loni.^ and slcn.lc-. p.dvhcdral, eqnal he angles ternnnatin,^ at the trnneate or hoUo.ed tip in acicnlar points, tl cetral locess exceedingly slender, l.lnnt tipped: they are attael,ed close to the outc" Kc ot the tongue, con.lned to the apical icn.l, or thereahonts and are ahvavs separ c^l t le d f T T I '".''""" ""'" '"" "•""' "'" '"'"'"« "> ''"•'^'••* continuation vill ntr;;ti;;;r;:":,i;:in:;:r:"^ "-" ^^'""^"'- "^'^'"' •"^"" ^^--^ «'^"<-' '•>'^-"^=>'' ^'^ Prothoraeiclohes reduced to a n.ere lamina. Thorax moderatelv slender, not mu,.h compre,s.se., the upper surface nu,dcra.ely andu-d, son.ctimes ,.. ,i,„.. ics^s, o e mesoscute l„m pretty large, lo.cnge-shaped. fornung about a riuHd angle bclueen 1 o the t^^o .slight, the two pieces togcalier forniini;- post..riorlv a reversed blnnt ennn t 'n t I '""-' """"'' invariably simple, the hind win^^s fre„uen Iv with thread-like tails. Fore .vings : costal nervurc termlnatln.^at from a little less th.'.n h to about two-thirds the distance from the base to the ape. of the costai i a .1 , costal nervure ,vith two or three superior and .me inferior braiu lies : all sin ,?,,;;' n.g he last superior which is fre.,nent.y forked : at least one .f the supe ,^^1 ^ s em Ittcl before the tip of the cell, and the third, when present, bev.n d : the lerior nine united to the nervure by a v..,- slender vein ; the nervure its If en, "s below the apex of the wing; cell closed by a slender vein sometimes almost o lite n^dian nervure with three branches, itself not reaching the border; internal i le S e .hort. running into the sulmiedian nervure close to the base. Mind wiin 's ,' s !,1 768 TiiK ain'Kiu-MKs oi" xi:\v kxgland. iKTviiro tennliintiii;; at or iiciir the midclk' of the iipcx of the c()^t!ll inaririn, xinictiincs cmitliiii; iipWiini frmii near tlic \>»^v a curved |ireeostal slioul ; siili<'(i>tal nerviive with tliree braiielies, itself not reacliini; the bfU'der, tlie lliinl iierviili' ediiiieeted at its l)ase !>}• an exueedinftly slender vein, sneli as closes the cell; median nervnre Avitli three branches, itself not renclilnjj; the border; snl)ini(lian nervnre terminating; nt or jnst \vilhont the anal anj;Ie; internal iiervnri- terminating' si'iierally near the middle of the inner maritin. Kore leics of the female like the other lejjs. altlionjrh vitli less profuse arnnitnr ' tind with naked tibial spines : of the male shorter, and cither the armature and joints a> in tlio female, cxceptim; on tlie last joint, ■where all the apicjd arnnitnrc is wantinir and in their pl:ice generally a sin;;le, trianiiular, slightly curving median hook ; or the tarsi are one-jointed and entirely devoid of armature. Kijrlilh dorsiil segment of male alxlomen entire on posterior margin, thcnpiicr organ niesially cleft and the sides variously ilevelopod, but usually mncli expanded, with a pair of slender, tapering, elbowed or strongly arcuate arms attached to the base, and with no median hook; clasps fornnug slender and elongated or else tapering blades, sometimes liristled at the tip, tlie internnttent organ long and slender, often to an excessive degree. Egg. Tiaratc or ol)lato spheroidal in shape, more or less n|.l,nli.l„c. a>„l tl... lk's|K>ri(lii('. ' TI... l„m..rHi..s .,)• tliis o.,„„|. M.S . n.le a,v sHKillcr tl.,„ th„>.. of anv othn. tMMMly not c.x,...,.tinj, the H.^pcruiao. Iron, wln.-l, ,1,.. a.v ,mi..klV . .^t,ng,„.lu.. 1^ tlu.ir tnopo vivid .olo.s nn.l j,...u.,,,llv ..v iuti.v. Tluh. cK'l.catc. and l,nll,a„t .nariy.ni.hal„la.. an.l th.. lV,|.ili.,n Thos.. ..f ,|„. f,,,„|,, Z,,,. ,,„.,,,., ,.,,. Kvtly fonnc.l thon.oh ..snally sliohtly ....all.T than .!„. n,i,M|,. pai,- •' Jhil.. tl...so of tin. n.al,. are always nnnv „.• ],.., atro,,hi..,|, v., n..v..,. ,o tho oxfcnt tiiat |)r(.vMds anionin' Xyniidiali.lac*. Tl..' <.at,.,-,Mllars n.ay at .".n... I„. .listinoni-l,,.,! f,,,n, all o,l„.,.> i.v the .^n.all sy,, of th.. h..a.l. thnr n,.,n. or |..s. .,nis,.itonn an.l n..v..,. ..lon.-a... .Impo an.l hy tl... I.n.vity .,f tlu.ir 1.... an.l pnd.^.. ti„...i„. „ .,,• ,!;„„, to ;.iid.. rath,.,, than ,.,.....p. \ot a K.w ar. kn..wn t., avail th,.n,.,.|v..s „f th-..' small h..ad. c.xtc.nsihk. n,...k and ..l.lic,,,.. p.,sition .,1' th- n,o„tl,, to '^"-•-•-v ...t" pods s,...d. and fn.it. Tlu. ..hry.ali.ls ar.. l.n.a.l in p.onor- ti.n. to tlKMr l..n;,th. s..hl,nn, an.l th.-n very .li^htlv an.l ronn.ilv. an,.,,- Lited an.l are n.,t only atta,.lH.d l.y th.. hin.ler ..xtrnnity as thoM. of th.. p.-.'v,ons tan.ily, l.ut tiohtly .i,t l.y , .ii,,,„ ,„,,,,, ,,-^^i, ^„.,,„,_^, ^,_^ l>ndy n..ar th,. ,hv,s,on hetwecn th.. thorax an.l al„l.m,..n : th,.ir inferior surta..o ,s n,.arly straight, and dosdy press..! ajrains. ,1,.. H.rli,..- U. wl.i,.h they are ath.elK.d. In ,n,e ov two ins,an..,.s th..y s..,.nn. a sin,ilar position hy th,. tad tast..nino.s al.n.... p.^ohahly fr.un the |..no,h of th.. ..i.enuHtrd ari.a and the riniditv .)f the al).l.)nnnal joints Division of the family. In the lists an.lot systen.ati,. papers that I ..ive pni.l,sh...l wuhin the last ten or lift....,, y..ars. I hav.. vent„r...l to depart tron. the o,.,linary ..nst.,n. of ..nton.oh.uists hy eonsiderino- the Lem- om.nae u.ul Ly..aeninae as snl,fandli..s of one gn^nt jxronp, 'instead of clashing thetn as d,s„net liunili,.s ; hnt .ny reason, for this ..on.-insi.n, have never hcen t.dly state.l. In hrief, it ,n, y he sai.l that these tw,> .r..Mps beat- t.. eaeh other aln.ost i.lentieal relations to thos.. horn,, to ea..h ..tlu.r the I 'ierinae and Papilioniinie. Those wl 10 e.insider these two latter groups as n...n.hers of a single family showl.l r,.gar,l the Lvcacnid lie as Mioilinnii .'iiiil Salviii li:i scM'ilipd a jn v.. rrcoiitly .!(- ,•] nns Tlioi'lopsis in wliich' "Ui, iiiiiii;ili(iii uf Ihc I'l t'lision of ili(. joiiifs of tlip ti irsiis mill (i,|. ^viiii I'l-icd mif." Tl iiw.s" lias 'iii'vi.,- liooii III. siipcios i-oiiii. fi-oiii ('..iitral W 770 THK HUTTKUFLIKS OF NKW ENHiLAN'D. forming i\ f'ainily j;;r(Hi|i of tiiniilar nif^nificiiiici'. Tlic ^tructiiros upon wliicli Olio may draw tor tlio {•haraotirization and ddiiiiitation of tliis irroiip will 1)1' discovered in every t*U\'^v of life. 'I'lie ejfg (litl'er.s in a very marked inaiuK'r from that of any other {^roup howev 'r finiall among hnt- terliies ( with the sinjxle exeeption of the Parnussians), in heinjj univer- sally l)roader than hiuh. ohlate npl:eroi(hd, and f^enerally tin-han-shaped. The ajiri'ement of the two sidtfamilie.s, Lenioniinae and liVeaeninae, in the charaeteristies at this stage of life are so complete that it is impossihle with our slight knowledge of the former, to fornudate any satisfactory diagnostic distinctions ; and they wholly differ from tlie egg of the Parnassians in the character of the surface sculpture, the cells of the reticulation lieing lower than the hounding walls, while in the Parnas- sians the reverse is the case, giving them the a|)pearancc of licing covered with plates. The caterpillar as it leaves the egg is distinguished by the presence of chitinous annul! or Icnticidar elevations, serially arranged on the dorsal side of the hody : these are not found at this stage, at least in the same region, in anv other 'xroup, and thcv are hi're found in lioth of the subfamilies. Tjie adult caterpillar is remarkable for its generally onisciform shape, so that in the Lyeaeninae at least they are recognizable at a glance ; but e\ en where they are cylindrical they dittli'r i'roni those of ■.^•ery other group in tlicir al)l)reviated form. In the other subfamily, the I cmoiiiinae. there is greater variability of form, but we ne\er find any with the great elongation of the body characteristic of all the other families. In lioth they differ from most others and agree together in the incomplete structure of the posterior part of the head, tlie chitinous skull presenting here no downward slope, the softer membrane of the succeeding seg- ment being attached to the skull near the sununit of the head, so that the head i)i'comes more or less retractile, sometimes certainly to a very slight degree, within the first thoracic segment, while the head itself has a very decided obli(iiiity. These last characters, however, they share to a certain extent with the family Pa])ilionidae. Tlic chrysalids of the two groups agree with each other again and differ from those of all others in their compactness and brevity, wliile at the same time they offei' one peculiarity, found in no other group and which holds here throughout both; viz., the head cannot be seen from above, being i)eiit over and forming a j)art of the ventral surface only ; sometimes the same is true of the last abdominal segment. The prothorax, too, is proportionately larger than in any other group, and these pecidiarities of the head and prothorax the two 8ut)families hold in common. Add to this the character long known to be pecidiar to them, the close girding of the chrysalis, with the flatness and uniformity of the ventral surface, characters which with rare exceptions they share together and in which they differ THE FAMILY lA'CAENIDAK. 771 from all other l)utterHi('H, mid it will l)c .seen tliat tlio lower xtaprs of tlicsc two groat groii[).s of smaller biittei'flies have (|uite an many and an important charaeters in eommon, if not, inch I'd. far more in nnmlier and \ahie, tlian can 1)0 found in any other group ot' snhfamilies among linttertiics. It is ([uito true that our knowledge of the r«;il :iihl l ilm- r;\r\f :iiiiilr> nf I III' Uni\y Kycaciiliiiio, 'I'llhli' itt' S'llifflnlih'iM, fi'lsi'it nil ffir iililtufr i''ilii'/ii/hit\ \h:u\ lit Ira-I half as hrna.l a- tlir iiiiiMIr •<( Ihr ImiiIv; tin- lallcr »ra|-.M'ly uiii«rj|,ii in I.OIIUIIliillilO. Ilfail li-«. u'l'iiciMlly I'ai- lc---,lli'ii half a- Inaiail a- tin' iiiiihlli' n| tlic ImhIj ; tin' latlir iiniic ci|- !<■»•> ijin>''i|H|'in Lyciioiiliiiic, 'I'llhU- lit' .■i'th/iiiiillii .<, Iiil.li il 1,11 l/ir fhrijsiilis. rtoily I'liiiiifato. "iiaixMy <'l ur utliia- dii iiial a|i|iiii.| il'i' l-yciniiiiiiic. T'll'h' "/ ■■"i/if'llilih'rs, liilai-il nil tin: iliKltln. I.uliial |i;il|ii iiiliMiii'. .inly ilic iiiiiiiili' a|'iiMl juliit ^iiriias^iii;; ihi' lai'c; I'mr \viiii,'s pniviiUal with a ili^tiiii't iiUiTiial iiiTvim'; himl wiiiijs rican'i'ly I'haiiiK'Icil to nriivr ihc :iImI'iiiU'II. rMl'iii>hi'i| with II ]ifc'c'ii'*t!il iii'i'viiiT, till' rii«tal la'rviii'i'oiily niniiiii'.'ti) tin' mi' Mir ni tlir in-ial iiiafi;iii : fori' tiii»i lit' mall', with farr i'\ri|ili.iiis, wit hunt sjiiiics nr ilau - Loiiiuiiiiiiiie. Laliial |>al|>l well i1i'M'|.i|ii'i|. iioi'itcI. Iiall'or imn'r ii|' I hi' iiiiil'lli' juiiit siii-|ia«-iii^ thr tai'r; fore wiii'.'S wltlii'Xi'i>«>iv('ly bfii'f. harilly iioi-i'i'ptihli', iiiti'i-iial iicrviiiT; liliiil wiii.'s rhaiuu'li'il mi lia'-al liall' to ii'i'i'iM' till' alpilDiiii'ii, wilhoilt a |ii'i'cii-ital ni'i'vin'c, the rustal lU'i'Mii'i' niliiiiiiir lii'ai'ly to till' I'li'l uf till' I'lpit il til u'4in ; l''>ri' tar>i ut' m ili' anii" I aliiiinlinlly lii'iii'alli and at ti|' u iili . I •{ill's I.yoaeniiiae, S l BFAM I L Y L1]M( )N UNA t:. ERYCINIDS. V('stalo> llii'list, Napar.ii' lliiliiii'i'. .\iii|ilii|"iili'» llulfiiiansi'L.'-'. Aiiii|'!iirili)riii stirpi llMr«lii'M. uiili'S l?(ii»il.; Kryiiliiilar U'cslw. ; Kryrill- iti's Mlaiirli.-liriilk'; Kryrinitai' I.nc; V.vy- I'iniiia Ifcrr.-Srhai'ir. IIi't"i'(>;MMli's Walli'iii;!'.; Il('trni|ii (iiuii. Ki'Vi'iiiai' iif Pulviiiiiiiiatiilai' Swains.: Krvi'i" l.i'inmiiiilac Kiihv. . . . lii'iuht hnltiTllii's Kltittcrcil thi'ir vans, azure ami ^'i-ron aiiiiiiiild. AliNOLli.— 77(c I.iijlil iif .Uia. Imago. Head ratlu'i- small ; fi'oiit a litllo liimid, ii little i)i'()liil)i't'iiiit lielnw; vertex- .se|iai'ati'il ri'uiii ncripnt liy a partial stilcaliini in the form of a i.'i'iitriil pit; aiit''iinae cniisistiiiK "f tliirty-twi) joints in out' only iteiin.s, very slemler, tliread-like, sealeil, ahiint half as lonir au;ain as the abdomen, the elnl) rather ili.-itinet. lonii and eipial. oeeiipyiiii; abiuil oi.c-llftli of tho anteiVinie; palpi very small and short, eompressed and, with few exceptions, only the mitintea|)ieal joint srvpassing the face. Thora.x slen- tler. scarcely compressed: posterior anjjle of nu'soscntelliiin well rounded. Fore Till: SIIU AMll.V |.|:M(iM1N \1, I l-> uiiii;> Willi iiiliTiKil ii'Twiiv ilUliii' I . I'Miiliiim ilil'i ilic >ill ii.'iii ill 11(1 urciil l iiiiul nil Nnrlli Aiiiri'iciiii) Ki'liri'ii, tl:i' cii^tul lii'l'Vili'c cllililUjr 111 till' llllililli' nf t ln' ci-.tril iiiiirijiii. Ihi' lllliiT llllir- $.'ln Imi'iM.v rliiiniii'llcil. Knl'i' li'U:« (if IMillc '.'I'l'lllly tlllnl't.-il. lllillllti'. \ rr\ liHl'll «lli>rlrr lli;lll llli' iillliT Icii'H, (Mitlrt'ly « ilhdiii MiMii.-iliii'i'. iiiil clniin'cl Willi Icnii; Imir-. I he l,,r~i rini-Nlini;' nf m >iiii;lt' llllliriili'il jiijnl. Mlilillr liliiilc |n|iy;cr lllllll llif liiml l>:|iiv .\I:ili' nliiloiiiliial iiii|H'iiiliiar^ : ii|i|iiT nrmiii cmi-i^l iiiL.' of :irrii;ili' liiliTiil iiliiliniH iinil'vl mi>»i:illy tlii'niiirli innst nf tli.'ir Iciiytli. Inn nftrii Iciivliii.' it imtcli IicIwitii IIu'Iii, toifi'tlici' fdi'iiiiiii: II li>Mi(|-|iki' pliHi'. iiimI In'mln^ iii'iniilli ^Ii'IkIit. ta|iri'iiii; iiniis ilil'ftai'd lit lli'«t ildwiiwiii'il Mini linn liinkwiilil :iinl »iiini'\\ liiit iiiw iil'il. Iiiti'l'iiillli-iit ur:;illl iml -■> lllu'lily .Ic. i'1ii|m.| ,i> in lii.' in.\l «i|lifMinil\ , in't ;i|i|c;illy rN|iiiii(li'il. Clii-pH Mirliilili' ill form, iiiil ■liHi'i'iiii:' iiiii'li from llin..> of I.mmi iiliKn^. !i» fur :i> I Inivc -rcii, 1)111 Hi-Co|ll|)!ll|lni| illroxc liy n liMi'kwiinl ililTitci'. IoHl;- ill il -.Icln In!'. li:l-lll IlllliiT w lllrll a|i|ii'ai'> to III' 'iiilti' uMiiliii;^ ill l^yriu'iiimir. Egg. ICi'liiiioiil of tlni'iilc ill -liiiin'. iiUK'li hnmilnr tliaii liii.'li. ilonn'.l iiIiomv llic ■.iim- lilil \x il h ;i liirL'i'. 'Ini>|i. cniitrill ili'liri'»«ioii. iiiori' Ml' lr*» nlini|il : I !n' -Mrf:lcn ili'liniili'ly n lirillatril : lln rrlU lillicr iliroii-piriiiiii* iii' ycl'V ilri p. till' lioiiinlilll.' Willis sliiirp, hi'iiriiuj- III .•\f ry Miiyli' of ri'iiciiliitioii a di'lii'iitc ci'iti lllmiu'iil. iiinl -cin'inu- Inwiinl, lint llol lo. thr .'.■lllri' of I'.n-ll C'll l.>~> rli\:Hi"l ili'li.'ill.' -rptllc. Caterpillar at birth, liiiy iMpcrinu' from in rroiiMi:n.'kuiu'il ; llm linnl a- liiruc II s lib' lir-t si'ifiniMil. liy w Irrji ii i~ pan ia liy cm .■rnl ••]■ to wliii I: il i» !■ lonely attarlu'il ; lioily siili-rylliiilriral : all tin' ^iMiiniil-. Iicarinu .a ■lor^al ami. -omniimc- at Inisl . a siili- stlirmatal I'liitiiioiis sliivlil from w liirli arUi' .all tin- liair-- iiml lirUMi's of the body; tlii'-o ai'i' loiiLt. iiiori' or U'^s ari'ii.ati'. iniiiiitcly >piculiferoii>: tih' ImmI i-aNo provldial witli I'liitliioiw aiiiiilli arraiiLicil lonifitiidin.ally in tin' ilorsal I'l'L'ioii ; tii' ~pirack's of llic ciillitli »i"j;mi'iit not liiy:lii'r tlniii tlm^i' of tlic r.'-l of tlin body. 'I'ln' yoiiiiu' I'ali'rplllars of r.i'iininiiiiai' dillVr »o far as ran he jndi.'i'ii from an exam- ination of ali-oliolir ^pi'riniriw of I ~iii^li' sp.'i'ii'- o|- two of Norlli .Vnn-ricaii forms, whicli 1 ow I' to 111,. r.i\(ir >'( \lr. \V. II. IMward- from tln.-r of il..- I.yi-aciiiniu' in llio pos.....»ioii of I liii-ki'M'"! I'liiiiiioii, .!ii"lil» .III •'// till' ~i".'mi'iit> of tin' body. I'nnn wMrh ari.si' till' spiriiiir.T.ni, lKiir>. s..ati.'d oii papillae. In the species e.\aiiiiiu'd (Clirysobia iiiiis and vi'.':rnHi there is -.i broad and short dor-al shield entirely similar to what wo are iiecii.stonied to >ic on the ilr-l Ihoraeie -ei:iii''iil of Ile»peiidae. but iimeli shorliT than the ■..•une on l.yeaeiiinae. broUeii narrowly at the dorsal line to uive better play to the dorsal Vessel li.Miealli : 1 In re is :i|s,, n small Milistiunialiil roundish shield from whicli a cluster of pnpilla-liasi^d hairs arise. The spiviieles are situated between these twcisetsid' cliitinoiis shields and are llol hi;;lier on the ci^ht abdominal scunniit than on the othi'rs. Tliepe is a shmjc sididorsal scries of mtniite aiinnti on eiiher side, oxteiidiiiir the whole leiiiilh of t In- Im.i'v . In foriii.lhe stnicture of tlie head poste- riorly and its relations to ihe scn-mcni behind, there is no distinction from I.yeiit'iiiiiao, so that the peenliarities id' the earliest larval static Icinl eoiinteliaiiee to that view of the Lemoniinac wliii-h uonld re;;ard them as a subfamily of Lycacnidac. Mature caterpillar. Head larue. as broad as the sc^'incnt posterior to it. to whicli it is connected by a incnibranc wliieh is attachi'd to tile summit of llii' head: the lat- ter deeply emaririnate in the middle above and with no posterior declivity, iin.viiled witii iniiiieroiis lonu' hairs bin mver with spines ; body in^arly ei|iial. snb-cyliiidricnl f>r siib-onisciforiii. short, beiiii;- rarely more than three or fmir times as lomr as broad, freipiciitly covered with dense pile, and in addition, or in its place, raiiired hairs or stilt' lilameiits or fascicles of hairs arrany:ed in loiiir'tiidinal rows. Chrysalis. Hathev short and plump, well rounded, with few proiniiieiiccs. but frei|ileiitly enlar;red and to a sliirht deiiree aiiiiiilale at the base of the wiiiL's, lai';;-eston the abdomen: the anterior extremity formed of the lame and broad protliorax ; the head bent over entirely upon the ventral surface ; the protliorax fre(|iieiitly einarfriniite In the middle anteriorly : the abdomen ninre oi less conical, terminatiiisr in a more or less trianjriihir eremasier. which Is disliiict. projectlnjr. and furnished abundantly with I I- llli: lU'llKl!! l.lIvS OF SEW i: NT, LAN I) liiKik- at ItH oxtri'iiilty nnd on the sides; vi-iitral snrriicr of tlio liocly IliUlmccl but iiKiri' or U'** u'i'iitly ftrnmtc. KItlicr siispciKli'il stlilly li\ tin; lull or In ailillllnn, mill mai'ly alwiiy", attacdii'il ri)niiil tin' iiililcllc liy a iiumIIuii itli'tli; clotlicil nuiri' <>r less s|i,'irsely Willi |illc anil aKo «llli Imii.', very Infi'ciiui'nt, lirUlli'-llkc lialrs. Distribution and general characteristics. Tliis Icr*.''! r of tlio two fiilit':iinilii'> <>l' liycMi'iiiiLu' is aliiKi.-t c'X('lii.si\i'ly rt'st rifted to the ti'oiiics of Aim lien. Nut Diii-twciitii'tli of tlio known Hinrics occur oiitfidc thcKU limits, 1111(1 till V iirc I'ur the iiiusl |iiirt confimil to tlic tropics of the Old \\'orI(l. A siiinjc species is foimd ill I'-iiropc, iiiid a few extend north of the tropics ill America; only one reaches the horders of New Kiiate.s, are III' smaller -i/.e ami Weaker strneUirc than the averauc of the Xyiiiphalidae, ami ai'<' dNliiiLtiiUlied l)y tlie leniiity and fraLjilUy oC the wini;-inenil)runos. . . . With very few e.\ee|)lii>ns. the >|ieeies are eoiillned to the shades of the iireat forest whleh covers the lower levels of nearly the whole of this vast re;;ioii. I eolleeted myself. i!70 >peeie> on the banks of tlu' Ania/.oiis. or lliree-lH'lhs of the tilieation of the family — an object of diltlcult attain- ment, If we employ strnetnrid characters only; but there are too many cxcpptioiis to the rule to render it of any use for this purpose. (.lourn. Linn. soc. Lond., Zoo].. ls;;ii;!i.) * * THK SllJFAMILY LKMONIINAK. 775 Tlic insL'cts of tliis i;niii|) "art' of I'iniill >\/v ami uftcii (if \ riircr ami IiivcIUt >|h'cIc>s an' atiuii' tn lii' IdiiiHl. 'I'lii' irn at mass nf tlic species lia\ e a very peculiar lialilt of Inviirlaliiy selillim: ami repdslinr mi llie iiinler siiri'iiee (if leaves ultli till" \vlii};s expanded, tint there are some slrlkliiit cxicptlDiis to this rule. Xyniphl- tllain uhvay." expands Its vvlnjfs In repose, (.'haris [very closely allied to our Calephe- Is] always exposes Itself on the upper surface of leaves. 'I'lie r.rycliias lly as strongly and as rapidly as tliu llesperldiu'. Kinesis and Xyiiiplildlien arc also rapid llycrs. . . . Most of tlu' other tfinra arc weak but ralhi'r active livers. De Xieeville states that the Indian species "all have an extremely rajiid Hi ol' tlii.- InriiC >iil>l;iiiiil\ . ;iml -o in;ui\' iniiccii rati' li'i'iicnil stati'nicnt> liax c liccii iiiailc rt'Lian liiti;' lliciii. tlial I lia\(' tlicniiilit it would 1)1! usct'iil to l)iMii^' touciluT in a cunnirtcd t'oiiii >n(li iut'orjnatii in as IS a\ailaiilc -taitiii'j iiiiint t'nr futnn' in\c>liL;'alion. Tl,.' 1. cniiiiin- nai' have been tVciiinaitly looked ujion as an irnmcnsf rcsi'i'Miir ot' xcrv ini'oniriaious forms, and this has sonntinu's lictn an cxcaisi; for rcfi-rrinj;' liore I'onns which were alui-iaiil or littk' nndnstood. as a lia|i|iy means of riildinii' tlic wrilcr of fnrthci con^idcrinL; the d'lliiadlir- in his way. lint now that Constant liar ha- cleared up some of ihe errors mailo by StoU"", this opinion i s no longer iu-lilialih-. And. lhaid<- lo the recent investiuii tiops of till" jiel feet f(irm- h\ l):(le-. ( joijl man and Sal\ in. the inteiiritv oi' the L:ri)U|) can no lonuer lie doubted. 'riie sonrci's of our int'ormation wilh rci^arcl in tin earlv -ran'e- of th' icmommae an' e\cce(iiii:^i\ -eatlend For the !•: ll'o|iean >[iccles WO ha\-e tile illn-tratiiiii~ of 1 li li'nicr and ( iirti- an 1 the >tal( imaUs ;)f manv writers, toi^-ether with -iM-cimcn inclii'ion of the cateriiillar- ami > now a'.ailable thronu'h >taiidineer. whose did- elirv-alKl- ol the I'jiroiieaii -iiecies in hi.s de eataloune- ha- becai of ;^-real ad\anlaL;i' to the -Indent of lintt(rtli For the .V-iati ic >pe(ae- we \\-A\v oiih the information i^ixcii li\' Moore con Cerninii' a siiiule .-[lecie- |iiibli-hed in his lieiiido|itcra of Ceylon, and -omt' ii'eiu'ral stateiiK'UIs reuardim:' the enji's. Iiy Doherty. in the Journal of tliu .V-iatie S. ciety of l)en;;al for 1^.* continuation of Cramer's I'apilloiis exoti(|ne- ; the two rather brici' notices by (dii-taiit liar cmitained iu letters addres-ed to l>oisdii\al. and piililished in the llulle- tin of tlie F' ■ncli cutoinoloeieal society for IS.VI and IS,")!!; miiiI linallv a i\'\v wiirds only by Hate- in his diilenait jiajicrs on Siaith .Vmerican Tii'pidoptera. Nearly ail ot' tlie-e piil.ijicatioii- refer n- to the mature caterjiillar and chrysalis : Ivlwiird.s only has liiiiired any of the eu'ii's ; the eji'g of the F'^uropeau species is known only by brief description : those of the Asiatic by tlu' lirief notice by l)oherty : the caterpillar iii its earliest stan'e jii-t I'roin the et;'u' is known tor only two or three species of a siiiijle Licniis from North Anu'iiea. tor which we arc indebted entirely to Mr. VA- Wiir(ls. Oinittine' referenc<' to the Libvtheiiiae, whii'li Hates included in this * 'I'll!' i'ali.'r|iill;ir ril'.ri-r.l )>\ Slnir in Sl;i- liclnii- Id .Mrrlinniii.. iii.iyiniii:', cif i|iiito l:i.'lill« ciileriH- (pi. 1. li.:. I) i> -:ii4 li\ l!;ir lo iniolli.T l;iiiiily. Sec uIhivi', |'. Til, noli'. THK srHFAMlLV LliMONllNAi:. I I I group, but vliich we I'xcliuk'. tlu,' Lriiioniinac wiTf (liviiKil liy Wmvs into three divisions, ont' ot'tlu'iu, liowcvcr. including l)ut ii .simple jiiniirs or twt). In tlu'ir recent study of till' Central Anierican t'ornis. .Messrs. (iodnian and Salvin have shown excellent reasons t'oi' inoditviny iliis division of I?ates by groupinji' all the Old World forms and a i'ew ot the New into one division, wliieh they term Nemeoi)iinai', regardin-i' it as a -^idifamily. and all the others into anothi'r under the name of Kryeininae. This hitter division wc shall follow in the statements we have now to make. In the first of these groups, which we should prefer to call a triln', Ne- nicoI)iidi, wo have some notices of the transformations of at least four lii'uera, the Euroi)caii and Asiatic' species mentioned being twoot'tlii't( r tiiaii tiiat ot' tlie cntcrpiilar, and with the Ncry iiitV('(|Hciit. loiiii. s|uciiiit'('i'(iu> liristlcs sci'ii on the larva. hnt 1 icro arraiiu('(l with no rcunlarits- w hatcvci Tlu! next one of the Lcnioniinac whose traiist'orniations are known is an Asiatic s|ic(i('s of Aliisiira, A. |irmiosa. The illiist ,ili(ins (ni I'l. .'i.'! of Moore's work show lis the caterpillar, seen ini a side \iew. as siilionisei- foriii. with a head lieariiifi' iiiiich the same relation to the liody ns we have soon in Xeineohiiis. moderately loiij;' leiis and fusiform hody, and covered with very lontr hairs, apparently not more than six or eiuht to a sefiment ; the description says ••iiiimcroiis dorsal and lateral siiort tine hairs." which we jiresumc means a pile in addition to the loiiu hairs represented on tiie plate. The chrysalis ai>o is t'lisiform. as seen from a top view, and covered sparsely with lonu' hairs, lint is poorly drawn, so that one can liardly \eiitnre to say more, exceptini;' that there is no indication tiiat the head can lie seen, and the termination of the alidomen is apparently almost precisely like that of Xemcoliiiis. exee|itinu' that it is a little more atten- uated. 'I'lie only other information we have rei:ar(lini: the Asiatic s]iceies is a statement of Doherty that the euns of a few ji'cnera he has examined (he does not specify further) are "not so liiiili as wide, smooth, granulate or prickly, not reticulate nor radiate." that is rihlied. W'e turn now to StoH". whose illustration of Kiiselasia crotopus (we use the terminology of Kirliy) is given in figure 7 of his sixth plate. In this the caterpillar is represented as strictly onisciform. \('ry short, covered densclv with hairs rather loinrer than a seiiinent, incliidin<;' a lateral frinjie along tiie liase of the body, with a mat of lirilliantly covered hairs cover- ing the first two thoracic segments, accompanied by a pair of long, straight, tapering appendages, as long as tiie width of the liody, which StolT calls spines. Init wiiicl' we should rather regard as in greater proliabiiity stiff filaments ; the head is comparatively large, but ap])arent]y not more than half the width of the body. 'I'lie chrysalis is nearly of the same shape as the caterpillar, largest just next the basal wing tubercles, taper- ing iiion.' rapidly in front than behind, broadly and e(pialiy rounded at each end. and cov(.'re(l with pile shorter than that of the caterpillar ; further detail cannot be seen. Another sjiecies of Euselasia. K. gelon, figured by Stoir. Iiiit unfortunately only in the perfect stage, is said by liar to be nocturnal in habits, processional, the cater|iillars following one another in a single rank; it is covered with pile (vcliie). and "wholly resembles a caterpillar of a small IJombyx." 'I'he chrysalis somewhat resembles that of 'riiecla. tl i:; THE srnFAMlLY LK.MOXIIXAK. 779 Two specii'i* of Ilclicopi.s, I'lidymioii and c'U])i(l o, iuc fi^uiTd by Stoll", and rL'sciiiMi" I'iicli otlici' considerably, 'ilic catci'iiillai' of i>ndyniion iw rejiirst'iiti'd a?* Iia\ inu' a licad coNcri'd witii si dense red pile, liesides long white hairs, the red jjile fiixinu' it, in the rathei- coarse illustration, a size apparently nnicli ureatcr than reality ; that is. of ahoiit the same lireadth as the body, and larger than the segnient next snccccdinii' ; if this is acennttely represented, it wonlil he very different fioni other lycnioniinae : hut the similar character of the anteiior extremity of the chrysalis, whieli can hardly he thouji'ht to he other than taperinu; at this point, leads us to believe that in both the I'epresentation of the plh obscures the actual outline of tlu? hard |)arts. 'I'he body of the caterpillai' is apparently nearly cylin(b'ieal, but depnssed, feebly fusitbrm. and a little more thtin thri'e times as long' as broad, with fre(|nent long white hairs as long as the bod_\ . The chrysalis is again of a similar shape an:.!I. \NI). hiivo led siil)S('(iiU'nt writers to state that tliose species iiiulerpo their traiifr- torinatioiis 1K'.1- if. l)iit th^ t uliatpver f(i'' such torinatioiis in a roilcd-iip leat. Diit there is no warrant una a statoiiieiit. tiie ein'vsalis licinii' re|ircsente(l in liotli cases as entirely exposed to siew lyiiii;- lU'Xt the niidrih of tiie h'af : the leaf is, indeed, eiirled siijiiilly at tiie eilfic. hut tiiis is eitlier for supposed artistic eH'eet. or else it is uu'iiut to indicate that the eater]iil]ar turns the leaf into a sort of trouuii for partial eoiK'calinent ; hut. if so. tiie trouuii is slifiht and wide open, and there is imt the siiLiiitest senihlanee of n cocoon in the transfor- mation. iicM' is aiiytiiiini' ot tlie sort statecl in tiie text. Imt only that it is attaclicd hy the tail and liy a nii'dian u'irtli. 'i'licse arc all the data we lia\e for the triinsfinniations of the Xenieo- hiidi. Tlu' remaindi'r relate to tlic Leinoiiiidi. and are in fewer cases illustrated. The Hrst refers to a species of Liuinas. uliicli I'xir states is crepuscular in the iiuauo state : his only nientiiai of the transforinations is tiiat tiiey are attached to twiu's !iy their tail alone, hut not free, lyinif alonu' the iwiu' tiiat supports them ; this at least I take to he the inean- iuii' of his expression ( "soudees Ic lonu' de (pieli|ues ranieaiix"), since he contrasts it with the tixctlness of the chrysalis in the uemis Theela, and the more so as he ii>es the same e\prcs>iou with regard to tlie chrvsalis of Aueyluris melilioeus. w iiicli he elsewhere tells ii> i> suspended head down- ward without anv transverse uirtii Of thi.- latt ittei •ipecies he i;i\es a fuller aeeoiint. and says the caterpillar resenililcs Liparis hut is proportionally liroader : that ihe sides are fiir- ■ijied with tiiherclcs or solid points ot' uneipia! ieiiii'lli p la.'cd ill two rows, the upper row heiuii' composed of six points phu'cd oil the hinder si'ii'ments. and tlic lower row of four siiorier points similarly placed ; pale the side of the entire iiody. c'ealiny tlif tail as in Stalaclitis, another genns of tltis tribe, wliich he clscwlicrc s|i(ai<.s of'a.s "not flattened i)eni'atli, and se<'iired riiridly liy tlic tail in an inclined po^iition without ifirdini::." Stoir, indeed, fiirnres the tran.siuiniations (if Stalaelitis ealliojie ; lie represents the caterpillar as cylindrical and siinjitly depre.--sed, of uniform widtli tln'on^rliont. ahont three and a half times loniici' than liroad : the head is hardly more tiian lialf as wide as the li.idy. nmnded and hairy ; the first thoracic seuinent hears a semilnnate shield as wide as the head, and a similar thonu'li smailei- shield is lunnd npon the last seninent, with hlack points on the intermediate ones : tiie se<^nients ai'e distinctly monilifoi'm and a|i[iarenlly are elevated at the hase of slender hairs, lon'/er tlian the segments, which apjiear to lie clusfert'(l to a certain extent in fascicles and which arc acconi]ianied. appai'cntly at the snlistiff-- matal fold, hy a stonter hristle, as loiii:' as the widiji of the Imdy (in each seji'ment : hesides this the iiody is covered with a slmrter pile. i'lic ehiysa- lis is represented without attachment, hut in a perpendicular jiosition head downward, and is dcscrilied hy Stoll' as 'leiiiu' attached to a leaf stem hy its hinder I'xtrcmity only hy means nf a ^tiif liristle (|»oil roide), "hauf;'- iuLj; |)erpendicnlai'ly with its head toward the earth, like the spiny caterpillars of the tetrapod imtterflies" : the chrysalis has a firm ^(■ry similar, indeed, to that of Xemeohins. siniilai' also in its markinjrs and in heinu' vcr\ sparsely covered with lonu' hairs; a dorsal \iew is yi\('n and the antei'ior extremity is apparently terminated hy the prothorax. Finally, wc have the far more satisfactory illustration of Chrysohia. in the tiii'ures !;iven hy Kdwards. and heri' we are also aide to draw upon our knowledu'c of the species from s]iecimens kindly sc nt us lor examina- tion liy Mr. Kdwards. 'flic eii'Lrs of two species ai'e tiiiured and described by him. and tliesi' as well as those of the third. L. \iru'ulti, he has kindly per- mitted nic to see. They are (lattcned spheroids, hroadly domed ahovi', delicately and finely reticulated and heai' at each auule of the >liarp iiexai;(inal reticulation a delicate! iilament no lonn'cr than the width oi the ciJIs. In nais these filaments arc more pointed than in ]ialmei'ii. hut do not otherw ise essentially ditler, tho\u;h fiaured and dcscrihed diflerenlly hy iMhvards: in viru'ulti they are as in nais. Such reticniation is common in the Ly- eaeninae. hutthecells of the reticulation have apparently oiu' distinguishing (piality in Chrysohia, which is that from the walls of the cell toward, hut hardly to. the centre run low. sharp septae, reminding one very strikingly of the similar feature in coral polyps : very ]irohahIy this may proxc true of all Lenu)niinae : while, as far as I ha\e seen, in the (ggs of the Lycae- ninae there is no such radiate arrangement of the walls, though in some, es[)ccially in the Lycaeniili, the centre of the floor of the cell maybe thick- ened and the thickening run in a radiate direction towaul the walls of the K n 782 TIIK l!l'TI'i;i!KLIi;.S Ol' NEW KX(iLAM). \l' cell without riac'liiuff tlicin. Tiie iiiicropylf rosette, wliieh I liave seen only in nuis, i.s a deep int'iindiluilit'orni jiit at tiie very centre of wliieli is a seconilarv minute innictnre. 'i'liat of iiiiinicrii i.-< tij;iire(l liy ICdwards as forininjr a very liroad, erateriforiu, alirnjit pit. Tiie eaterpillarw at l)irth have i)een excellently tifiurcd hy .Mr. Kdwai'ds. hut as I have already given the characteristics ohserved in s[)e('iniens they need not he repeated liere. Mr. Kdwards has kindly si-nt nie a caterpillar of Chrysobia ver- gulti in its second stage, wiiicli is the only o!m.> of tlie later stages of the caterpillar I have seen in this triiie : hut Mr. Kdwards figures that of (_'ln-vsol)ia nais in an excellent manner. In this it appc ars that the cater- pillar is strictly eyiindrical, nearly ecpial, tapers very li-'^ly from ilie middle of the l)ody haekward, more ra])i(lly at the extreme tip, scarcely tapers forwards, and has somewhiit ai)l)i'eviated legs and prolegs. The head, which is constructed precisely as I have descrihed that of Xemeo- hius, is relatively laigcr, heing ahout three-fourths thi' greatest width of tlie hody, and therefore not greatly narrower than the segment innne- diatelv ])osterior to it : aceortling to Kdwards, it is "jiartly eo\cred" bv this liut not reti'actile ; the [losterior border is dorsally I'Uiarginiitc as in Nenieobius. and long hairs are found upon it up to the summit. The body is coa c-red with longitudinal rows oi' s])reading fascicles of short hairs, two upon either side besides a stigmatal series of longer hairs ; some long arching hairs are also found at each extremity of the boilv, and the first thoracic segment is covered with a divided dorsal shield not conspicuously more corneous than the other parts of the i)ody, bristling ,itii 1 lair.- Tile ciu'xsalis h las a shape precisi' Iv like that of Xemeol )U1S, excepting m \wm<. ilightlv longer, and like it is attached i)oth bv the tail and l)y a girdle round the middle : the ventral surface is nearly Hat, with a sinuate curve ; the body is sparsely covered with not very long hairs and the crcmaster, while completely independent and protruding, is not pointed but ipica llv t run-ate, We think that it will appear very clearly from this review that the structure of the early stages and the transformations of the Lenioniinae arc not widely different from those of the Lycaeninae, by no meiuis sufHcientlv so to support the separation of the* wo groups as distinct families. 'I'hert' is, indeed, no more difficulty in harmonizing the somewhat curious differences one sees in the larval and pupal forms of the Lemoniinae than there is in thcisc of Lycaeninae ; there is no more difficulty in retaining any one of them within the group than there is in retaining among the T^ycaeninae such forms as .Spalgis, figured by Moore, or Curetis, figured l)y Ilorsfield, or our own Fenisecii. On the other hand the suixlivision of the subfamily suggested by Godman ami Salvin would seem to be borne out by the characteristics of the early stages. For it would api)ear that we may even be able to sci)aratc these two groups by characters drawn from the early stages. It LKArONIIXAE: TIIH 'JKNIS ('Al.i;i'm;i,Is. 783 woul.l „.,,„ a. if in tl.c NVnu.ohii.Ii tlu; ..jrn-.s ...juht I,,. rhu-nrU^iyvd l.v l.eing nearly mnootl. will, .sljohf n.ti.nlMti..n : tl„. (.;,t,.,-,,ill,„s „. .Im^cl'v clothed with pile, e..ns|.:<.,i..„sK- so i„ ,.n-ti.in delinite renjons. e-,,..,.i.,llv Mt the two extmnities of the l,„,|v ; •■..,.! the ei,rysMli.l. uoul.i MoneMr t.. he ni-.vMys ,,n,, ronn.l the n.i.MIe : winie o„ the oti,er h..,„.| in ,1,. Lenu.niidi a. far MS we y.. I<„uw, the e^^s are .hrpiy n.tieuhm. an.! lihnnentons. the eater;,,! ars an. provi.le.l with t;,sei,.ies ot jiairs d-linitelv nrrannv,! i„ lon-.t.uhnal series aion^- ti,e hudy. ^ivin. ,he,n the ai.peiiran.v '^s J!,,- expre«.. it of a f.iparis : whih. tl,e H.rysaiis is nsnally not ^iri around he m.ddk. hut supported stitHy hy the tail alo.u., the onlv oxeeption tints far ixnown l.eu.- in the speeies of ('iu'vs.,hia H-ured l,v Kdwirds The food plant, of .several of the Xe.ueoi.ii.li nre'known and thev -.re very varmi.s, helonirinj.- to all the n.ain divisions of e.xo.r,nous pVmts cxeeptu.y the j^nMnnospenns. Nen.eol.ius fe.,ls on IJmum.x (l'oh'o„i,^ oeae)an.l perhaps Prinudu ( IVinudaeeae) ; Al.isara on Ardisia ( Myrs'i neaeeae) ; Ilelieopis endynu'on on I'assiriorae an.! II. ,.upido on K'ufu'eae Of the Leinoniidi we know the foo.l plant of Len.onias onlv. which is I'ro" «.i.i.s (Le-un,inusae). The (iauu.petalae seen, to I.e t!,,. favorite^ CALEPriELIS GKOTE AND R()I5I\S()X. fiilcplielis Groto-Rol).. Trans. Am. out. >(ji-. ii: 310 (1,S(J!)). Ti/pc—Papi/io raeiieus Linn. •I:i. iii. wir sinil iiii Hiiiiincl. siis^'^ f irh si.llsl ,1,1 ,lly lill-,,1011. ,|i,. ,|„i-t uilt.MI s|,"i,.|pn, ).ysHanrlt,.rli.,,',.,,|i,.,l:uuiM.|,,.,, Il:,t(. n ' I 11,1. mvlv,.n,l. iMirit..,: l)iain,.Mi,.|,>tMiil, DciiiiniH'ii 15liiiiil,.iii in ,|i,. Aii-cii uci-ffii? llyiSK.—Almansor, ir II • • ■ •, f ^PO' thiiiL' lliiit -niws llolils Ml pi'rfeuliuii Ijiit :i Hide inuiiicnt. >iii\KKni'i:\RK.—Snnnet. Imago (54;-). Head quito small. (kMisclv ti.fted with a n.-n-lv „„ir •, ^ rather .hort, curvi,,, hairs. I..o„t a .ittlo r„U. os,.::;;, '.:,"' ,u?su!ht^ protuberant and surpasses the front of tia. ..yes whil,. in i],e „,,„,. • , ^ ^ them; scarcely half as hi,.h a,.aiu as b,.oad,f„liv„ .,:,"' " T' "'""''^ the sides slightly a„p,.oac.,iu, .ach other ,n ow . p, ' ,:^ ^J :;;":; ZT Ti the antennae, its edge a little roun.led off, in the . id II , le .nl^ rowly .between the antennal pits, where It is not « 'Z^ ^^E^r; . h": b>-oadly and fully rounded; from the middle of a line d.^awn bcVwol ,V, 784 riii; i;r'ni;i!ii.ii;.s oi' m;\v i;N(ii.ANi). il II ft;.Miii :is tlic ahilduu'ii. ((iiiiiicisi'il iil" tlilrty-lwo joiiil^, of \vliicli twclvu fonii tlic cyllii- (Irii'iil, (k'lm'ssi'il fliili. wliicli is M'lT y;r:uliiiilly thickciicil. lo-. liiaii \\\\rr llir brraiilli of the stillk, about llvr liiiu-^ :i-. loiin as '•'•(mex broadly rounded. Fore wiiijrs (39; 10) considerably more tliaii half as loiii; a;riiin as broad, tlie costal niartriii vi'ry sliLrlitly curved at base and lip, nearly slr;iiu;ht aloiiii the middle, tlio ap'cjil :iii:ile sli;;litly less tii;in a ri',;ht aiiLile, scarcely rounded, soiiietiiiies snbfalcale; outer Miar;;iii iU':irly slniiLtlit, scarcely n^niided above tlie middle (d" tlie lower iii('di;in interspace, bi'low that receding a very little, the inner border straight, the oiilei anirle scarcely rounded. Costal iiervnre termiiiatiiiLt a very Utile before the tip of Uie cell; sulieostal norviire with three superior branches, the third forkim; somewhat beyond the tip of the cell; internal nervnre short and runniiiit into the subnicdiaii close to the base. Hind wiii;;s with the costal inar.irin abruptly shouldered and siiirhtly plicated at the base, beyinid straii;ht, tlie apical portion ciirvinii a little; outer liordcr pretty wcl^ rounded, especiiiUy above, the upper aii;;li' rather abrupt Init roiimled olf ji little, the inner border sliixiitiy convex at llrsl, the apical foiir-tlflhs sli;j;lii|\- I'xcised, the outer aiiule ratheralirupt Imt rounded otfa little. I'ri'costal nervnre very feeljle. ruiiniii^ only from the bendiiii; of tlie costal iiervure half way to tlu; margin, in the direction of the basal part of the costal nervnre. Cell half the lenjith of the winir, ami three and one- half tini'.s longer than broad, Siibnied Ian nervnre terminatiiijr on tlio outer border, near the anal aiiule; internal nervnre terminating a little beyond the middle of the inner mariiin. Fore ieirs hni-r. sleiiijer and cylindrical (?), or exeeedinirly sliort and minute, but compjirativi'ly stout, and aborted ( cf ) ; clothed like the other legs ( 9 )• or abundantly furni-hed with long, recunibent scales and hairs, the troelianter attached to the tip of the coxa (J); fore tiliiae three-fifths (?) or one-fourth ((J)tlie length of the hind tibiae: fore tarsi more than fonr-llfths (?), oralxmt two-llfth.s (jj) the length of the tiliiae ; either consisting of a single, rather stout joint, roniuled at the tip, and, like the tibiae, entirely w il lion t armature (J), or agreeing almost entirely in character witli the other legs, jillhoiigh the terminal joint is unsealed (but a|>ie;illy ariiU'd likethe others), and the spines are almost entirely absent from tlie whole tarsus, altlioiigh tlie spurs are very well developed ( $ ). Middle tibiae a little longer than the hind pair, armed with but very few scatlered minnti' spines, iiiid furnished at tip witli a pair of pretty short, rather slender spurs, clothed witli scab's at their liiise. First joint of tarsi nearly eiiual to the three following joints eoml)ined. while they diininish in regular ratio, the flftli ei|ualliiig the third; furnished beiicatli willi (piite long aiul slender, not very fre- quent spines, mostly conllned to an outer row on eitlu'r side, the apical spines of each joint longer than the others, and a little curving; claws very small and pretty slender, compressed. tap<'riiig. Iliiely pointeil. rather strongly and regularly curved : paronychia doubU'. eaeli lobe iis long as the claw, ecpial. curving a little, the upper tapering to a line point, and running (Mose beside the claw, the lower eipiai and blnnt-tipped ; pul- villns very small, circular, sessile. Male abdominal appendages witli the lateral alations of the upper organ united above by about half their length, leaving a slender notch between them ; distal half of the elbowed inferior arm arcuate, curving upward, reaching the rounded hind border of the alatioii. Clasps with the basal half bnllate, the outer slender and cylindrical, tlio basal superior linger half as long as the clasps, very slender, aculeate, setose. Ill THE NAMKS OF HUTTKHFLIKs. 785 This gcntis of imkcd-oycd Lenioniinae is almost {Kriiliar to North America and the only one yet known to oceurin tlic eastern Tnite.! States north of Florida. It.s home i. in r.arth tropieal continental America where not a few .species are found ; it exten.ls, however, into tl e warmer parts of the temperate zone and three or four species are found in the southern half of the United States ; one of them has Ion- I,..,,, known in the Carolinian re,i.non, two or more arc found in tiic ari.l parts of the west, and .me covers a wide, th(mj,d. as yet unknown, extent of the comi- try and has heen found on a few occasions in oiu- northern stales. Thi- northern species has not yet I.ecn found within the limits of New Kny- land, althoufrh first discovered not far from its Imun.h.ries. It prohahfv raufjes to Hra/il. The Inittertiies of this group comprise sonu- of the smaller Lenioniinae : the wings are rather regidarly rounded and of a dull dark red, darker uhove than heneath, traversed \>y slender, parallel, arcuate scries o' short blackish dashes; a marginal l)luml.eous or steel colored stripe, a similar but tortuous one in the mi(hlle of the outer half of the wing and iu'tween these two a series of blackish dots. The only recollection 1 have of their Hight as seen in my boyhood is that they di.l not i^is. ,r.. than a foot or two above the ground. Their transformations arc altogether unknown. EXCURSUS XXV.—TIIE XAMES OF BUTTEliFLlES. \ sfaii.\, 1 oiiriiilloiuK./ ilaiis Ics ail-, i.ii imic/ -nr |c> ^■■M^\ '"Vii' |il ' Ic viT, la lIviLplii'. la cliciiillc; Son his, liraii |iar\ciiii, iioiiti'iix dc sa fanilllc I. iiisccif (1(. tmit laiiu: ci ilc loiitcs cMnJciirs. U liahitiilit clr la faii-f. rl Irs lirtirs dcs Hours. I)i:i.ii,i.i:.— //7/f);,(»K (leu C/iainps. WiiK\ in tlie preparation of the present work I found mvself com- jicllcd by my study of the fauna to make use of a scientific terminology very different from that then mi ordinary use, it seemed as if it niig^it be desirable that at least our comi.ioner species should have English nan?es, which might in time become settled and then endure through all possible variations of scientific terminoloi lar Hritish wcrks noon I pon butterflies, an English nai T. ] noticed that in all the ]iopu- ne was almost invariably given, and that the names adopted by different authors did not al It appeared, therefore, to be probable that many of tl fitet.ired for the occasion, forced. I noticed, further, that for the simil 'ways aorce, many of tliem were manii- Sonie wcie extremely pretty, others apj'carcd ir convenience of agriculturists 99 786 iiii; iirrrKiiiM.iKs ok ni;\v i;N(ii,.\Ni». nil l'ji<;Tisli iiiinit', Dl'tcn Ixiii^'lini:' :'ii(l that sdiiu'tinu' 111' I'll ^■dl•aillv ri'i'fivi't 1. V Xft first list tin I ho iit that attoiiijit ant I th irosonf aro nnlv oli'di-ts at tlio intrdtliictidii nl' nainos wliioli iiiav iioroattor liootinio as stnotly juiinilar. ii tooh nioal soiiso. as tlitiso >v hioh liavo hooii liiM'ii tti oortain otuniium Inittortlios in nthor parts nt' tlio wtirhl. Th tl I lov must iinoo havo noon namotl bv sumo ono aiitl tlio iiraotioi' is odiiiintin lth< V aiuiiiiij; oniithdldii'ists : only rooontly Mr. Sohitor was odm|ilimoiitotl in th Cdlmnns t it' Natiiro I'tir his ; illOOOl iiitl utidd jiuljimont in this mattor th I liavo fiirtl lor sii ppiirt in tlio f'aot that tiiio finds ainon (ionnan trauormantol) jjiven to antiopa, "distolvink" to carihii. ••iidininor-vlinilor" to atalanta, and to otliors not found in this country jfiioli odd nainos as "dc oilo jiafre" and "liooi-bcestjc." I should bo sorry if old ^^opp had not takon this lihorty. This is my warrant and my only warrant for tho iiitrodiiotion of siioh nainos in the jiresent work. It seems to mo that tlioy will possibly serve a useful purpose, and eertainly they can do no one any harm. They oan be simply ignored. They will only survive if fitted to do so. iiii; NAMi;s or itri"ii;iii'i,ii:s. s"; i^i One CMiiniiiinL; tor llir IIi-mI liiiir tlir scit'iitilic Icriniiiiiliiiiv iil' luMtcillit'H w'lMilil III' iiilcriwicil Ml si'clri;^ liiiw larLi'i'ly llif iimiiicn, mihI cNitciTilK tliccMily oiii's, li:iil l)('t'ii licsliiwi'd l>y imlliors wlio Ii;m| rci'ciM'd ii cliisMiciil cilni'ii- tii>ii, mill luiw t'xli'nsi\('ly llir (irrrk in\ ilinlniiy (iiiiirril in llir iiiunt'iii'hi- liiri' i>r llirHc fi'i'Mliirrs. Tlir iii;Miy liinns id' ilir iniinr ul' N'riiii- in iiMrticiilai' wiiiilil >li'll\'' mir. Mmli ul' tliis i> I'lrliiiiily diir In llir r\iiiii|>li' Mi'l liv till' lir^t uTi'iil iiiimrni'hiliii' nl' /iinjciny, Limir. w liii.'i|i|ilii'il jiImi llic llMMIi'.i iit'( irrck llcriM's ill llii' rroi:iii \\:ir In ;i \ii\ iiirpr millilirr ul'sw ;illii\v Inil lilllll'I'liii'S, Mini lli-< i'\MIII|ili' llMS lii'i'll rnlliiuril li\ lr| lii |i i| >l I'll ill ij^isl s iliiwii III llic jirrsi'iil iImv. a Irw iiiiImIiIi' i'\iT|p|iiiii.'- will lie liiiiiiil in Lilrr tiinr.-< wlirii iiMiiirs ul'nlil Si'Miiiliniu iMii in\ lliiiiil In rnr.'- ucrr iiilrniliirril iiiln till' niiiiirni'hilnri' III' l'lni'ii|irMii luillrrllirs : miiiI in iiiir nwii riMiiilr\ llMi'iis, wlirn III' I'linml mi iMi'gr m niinilur ul' >ki|>|ii'i'> uniiMiiii'l. lirllimiL^lil liiiii- Mi'll' III M lli'W ili'\irr, w liii'li wms iIii' iim' nl' llii' iiMinrs nl lnili;iii rliii'ls iit' Ljfi'Mlrr iir li'ss liislmii' I'miih' wliii'li linvr rniiir ilnwn In iis, miiiI liis rxiiin- |ili'. lirsl rnlliiwi'il liy I'lihvMiils :iiiil iiiy>i'ir, Iims linn iMkrii n|i liy iii'iirly illl ,>i||lisi'i|nrnl wrili'l's, sn IIimI till' lilllk nl' llii' >|ii'ri|ir IIMIIII'S nl' mil' I'miii- plliliili MIT linw ill'MWII Irnlll llin.-i' nl' llii' ilil.-k\ nil Mliiilii;ini'.- Ill' nlir I'liiiiili'y. As 111 llii' vri-y wiii'il ••liiillriliy" itsijl, ijnii' Iims Iiiiii iniirli wiiiliii, lillt, sli'Mll^^i'ly. MS il si'i'ins In nil', llir |irrsnns lirsl ijiiMlilliil liy lliiir |iliilii- Innii'.ll li'Mrnillg MI'l' li'Msl Ms>lll'ril I'lilli'illliny llir llrrixMlinn nl' llir llMllir. Ski'Ml Miiil Mnri'My i'mii liMiilly lir I'liliinmlnui-ls. '"Il Iims Minnsril iiiMiiy III ili'V isi' i,r|H'ssi's In I'Xplain llir iiMiiir," sM\s SkiMl. Mr, I'Viilrlirk ( 'hirk- siiii, ill till' ('MiiMiliMii I'liliiinnloyist (.wii: II) thinks llu'i-i' is liiiml i'i'mmhi til lii'lirvi' lliMl llic rniit-iiii'MiiiiiL;' III' till' \\ni'il "iImIis liMrk In i'mtK' l'>ji'V|i- tiMii liislnry. Mini MS M liii'i'iiLilyiiliii' it is syiinnyinniis ms ii'|ii'i'Miiliiiji' tlio (|llMlitirs 111' i'niii|ilrt('licss Mini |iririi'liiin wliiili rli;ii'Milrii/.r tlii' siinl." All lit' wliii'li I ill my iii'iini'Miii't' jinlui' In lu' liniiilniix- < *in' ilislnisls iiiiii'li nl' till' ri'Msnniiiii' ili'Mw n riuiii liii'rn;,;ly|ilis, Inr il wniilil siriii in j;i'iii'rMl tliMt aliinist Miiy iiiraninu,' I'liii ln' ilrawii I'l'niii tln'in liy liili'iiMiiti'isiii if niily siif- fk'ii'ut in^fi'iitiity i.s put in. An lMii;'lisli w rid r, wlnisi; iiiiiiu' I iln not now ri'i'.ill (was it ^[iss Mitt'onl?). lias stri'iinnnsly nplii'l I tlic iilra tlint i\ InittrrHv was simply m lultir sort nl' tly, iMiiiiliiini' to sriirn tlir ('iiniinoii notion, wliii'h si'i'ins to iiii', ms I think it miisl to mII rnlomolou'ists, to lio iinijiu'stiomilily the ciiri'i'i't inii'. iIimI tlii' wiinl is simply iiii fxprcssivr iiMiiie ifivpii to till' I'limmiiiH'st t'onn of linttcrlly tliMt is I'oiiinl in I'^nropc. wlnTc the naiiu' iii'osi', nanu'ly. the InittcrHii's of the jicnus Kiiryniiis, wliirli arc onlinarilv ol' iniii'li the same kiinl of yellow that one tiinlson the liiitterciip, wheneo the name of Imtli. ( )iie feels the jircater eiinliilciiee in this l)e_ cause the term is applied in so many ditlerent laiij^'uajics in inueli the saino way. In Anfjlo-Saxmi, it is Iiiittiir-Hcoipc, which is simply hiittcrtiy ; while some of the variations of this term in ntlier languages are tin; Dutch m riiK lunrKUFiJKs of \kw i:n(;lam). hotcrvlic'p, I'lirlior lintcivlic^'lH', tlic (iciinim lpiitt(rflit;;cl.* Other viiiiiitioii'' of tlir naiiic iiiinie will a|>|)i'.ir ill the |im'tifiil i|ii(itiiti(iiis tVmn (htfi'rt'iit iiiiiLiiiatri's wliicli we liiivc seatteritl tiinMijiiiMiit the |iiTsfiit work. Murray in hii^ New Kiifxliwh tlicfiiiiiarv t-ri;i(i,sii(i). (is:;i);-Ki-ciiiii. itntt. ciist. ir. s..2.");) (Ihso). (.'hitrix ((.'iilt'iilii-li.i) hnrciili.i (in)t('-l!i)l)., I'huris Inn run / (ioilm.-Salv,, IJiul. cciilr. Tnin-. Aiiifi'. nit. .m'., Ii;:ii() (Isco). iiiiici-.. I!hn|i..i: .i:iii-i;ll (ls.s(i), (.'hnrh Imrciilin Kii'li., Syii. ("it;il. I.i'|i., ;il!t Siiniiilihlin 'jnln linisd., >Ns. ilsTl). ri,lilntirlilUhiiri'iilisSi'i\M.,S\>\.\y\. \\\\. I'M^'lll'rd liv (iluviT. III. X. A. I.t'p., |il. II U\V..'2!)(1S72). tl-. 3(lll('il.l. m Atoms i)f CDliir tlidii tiii»l callnl to life, (We iiiiiiic lliriii ImltiTllio). Ilual lazily On clovi'i' swiiiu.s, lliclr i|ni|i nf hipncyiiiado By tliep, lU'iir i|iii'i'ii. alrcaily l(ir ilicir lu'Cil. .M.vitv Hirns.— .,4 Quest, .\ rirli mantle lieilid wear -Maiie of lin>el ;;ijs>amer, Hi-starreil (iverwitli a few DiaMHiiiil (lni|is (pf murninir ilew. .Mknni.'j A.Nii SMITH.— A7/(,7 Oheraii's Apparel. Imago (^6 : :i ; 14 : lU). Head covered boldnd with l)liieliise(|Ueiitly presenting a grimy and rnsty appiarauce. On tho/oiv icuif/.t three of these stripes are e • Compare our own \»i\\ljir(l forCoceinellu, us in the voninmn distich, which ran Uifl'ur- oiitly In my childhood from wliiit is set down in the books. I was tauf^lit to say :— Laclybird, lailyhinl, fly away home, Your house is or tire and your cbllclren will roam. LKMONIINAK: CAI-Kl'IIKI-IS HOUF.AMS. •80 nntorlor lialf of the wiiii; iit oiic-tliinl the illstniicc frdin llii' tip uf llic ci'U to the oiitor iiiiir!,'lii. ll!H }.'i'iirriil (lli'iMiloii III rltflit iim:lr> to llic costal honlrr. ImmiI at imoit tliaii ii rl;;lil aiiiflc In the upper iiicdiaii liili'isparc ami ti'i'iiiliiate* a Utile lieyoiid llie inlililh' of llie Itiiicr borilcr; lietwci'ii tlic iiiecllan stripe anil tlieonter bonier, Init nearer the former mill, exccplltii; ill the iiioHt of the suheostal area, parallel to Its outer lionler, Is an irregularly slniioiis tlirt^ail of steel foloreil scales, slightly ititciisltlcd by an pxtornal lliiinirof liliic'iclsh fulisiliioiis scales; following it from behinil forwards, It suddenly ilicostal interspace, forwanis iind outwards, after- tlirils. In liie middle of liie lowei wards ciirvim; forwards and losintt Itself liefore attnltdiiir tlie still mariiln ; there Is dL'cd obscnrclv on eitiier side with a siibmaririnal stniiiriit tiireiid of similar scale brownish and bliiclxisii fiilii;iiioiis scales, disliinl by half an Interspaci' from the outer border and followed within, at tlie distance of an InliTspiice from the outer border, l)y a series of small black spots In the middle of eacii interspace tlnit in the medio-submedlaii tloiiblc; besides thpso inarl%iu;;s the wiin: Is itreatly but not reiiularly obsciii'i'd l)y iliisiiy s<'ales, the brl^rhtest tints bciiiu found near the outer portion of the cell anil the outer border of tile win;: ; frint'e lirownisli fuscous, a little paler on the anterior and posterior part ove. ///)/(/ I'v/iy.-i Willi four series of lilaek streaks like those above and sindlarly situated, the lir-l indisliuil; the fonrtli commences in the costo-subeostal interspace, just luMieatli llu' tip of tlie costal, <'rosses the npper subcostal interspace l)y a full iuters|)aci''s widtli further outward, n'sumes its former course in crossiiij; the lower sul)costal and aiiain leaps to the same extent outwardly at the subcosto-iuedian and upper median interspaces, after which it asiaiii returns to its former direction and con- tinues iulerrnptedly but with a uniform direction to the niichllo of the inner border; there is a transverse series of unxleralely slender, interruptedly continuous, steel col- ored luniiles, scarcely bordcreil with l)laek, one in eiK'h iiiterspa<'e, in the same rel.v tive position as the transverse scries of lunules in the fore win;;; as there also, the series is l)ent at tlie middle median nervule and the ireneral direction of eitlier lialf i.s a sli^lil curve, its concavity outwards ; a siibmari,'iii;il steel colored stripe, followed inwardly by a row of lihick dots, just as in the fore win;;; frin?;e as above. .\bdomen above blackish minified with jjrayish .scales, below brijilit satl'nni. Male alidoniiual appendiiites (34; 10. 11) with the lateral arms of the n))per oriian bent str(Ui;:ly. the liasal portion stont and swollen, the distal taperinji with i;reat re^'U- liirity to a line point, lient sliirlilly upwiird. .\pical luilf of clasps bent aliout the middle so as to be direi-ted sIraiLtlit liackward. instead of sliirlitly upward and inward as previously, the tip bliiut and rounded; b;isid llniier alionl as sIcikUt as the distal pin'tiou of llie lateral arm aliove, Imt liluully poiuled. Mea>ureiiiPiils in iiiiliiiiii'tres. M.VI.F.S. KKM.\I-K.S. I.eiiL'ih iif tuiiirue. (1 mill. Sinulle 4. Average, Largest. Smallest, , Average. , Largest. Leii""th uf Tore \viti"s 13.25 T.'J,') I.") ■t.ri :iuti'tin:ie hind liliiiie and l.irxi.. I'el-e libiiie ;llld l;Hrsl.. Deseriheil from 2 i . Secondary .sexual dlatiuctlons. On the upper surface of the wiiis;s f have found, in llie male ;ind not in llu' female, a very few uutootlied scales so closely re- sembliiiit others in similar situations in tlie lower Nymplialidae that I think it prob- able they are androeouia (46: IT); they are of a (piadransjnlar form, scarcely enlar^init aplcally , three times as lonu; as broad, the apex truncate with rounded an^rles, the l);is;d lobes ilistincl, broad, well rounded; they measnr<' .l,'i mm. in length or are sliu:lillv larger than the normal scales. ^ Tliis vi'iv r;n-i' liiittertly liiis (inly liccii ri'cordi'd tVoiii two nv three luciilitii's, liiit tlic-c are so widely distant tliiit we niiiy hope tor its detection at iiny |ioii)t witiiiii the limits mnrked on our inii|) (22: ^). It W!is first discovered hy Mcssi'i*. (Jrote mid Hohiiison in Coldenhiini, ( )r;inL;'t' Co., N, V.. ;ind hits wince lieen taken in .Mieiiifiiin (,\tistiii in coll. liiix. .Mich.), the township of Ohio, 111. (Morrison), New Jersey ( I'M wards) and C'oalliiiri;h, W. Vn., a siiiirle s[)ecinien or two ( Kdwanis). 1 liiive also seen specimens tVom Tehiiantepee (.SnmichraHt, .Mtin. 15o8t. soc. iiat. hist.) which seems indLstinj^'iiiHlmhle and which in idl prohahility is (iodman and Sahin's laverna, an iinchiii'itetei'ized fpecicH, which they report from Mexic<) (Presidio), Ilondtiras, Piinama ( N'olcan de Chiriqui, THK SUBFAMILY I.YCAENIXAi;. (91 Calobre, Lion Hill) Columbia, Venezuela an.l Hn.zil. If it i.o the same our species has eertainly a wide ranoe. an.l in anv event i. to be looked ..r in Xew Mexi.-,,, easfrn Colomd,,, Kan.a. and" Nebraska, or UKleed u. alnio8t any part <.fthe tran.n.i.sis.ippian di.triet. The New York epec.men. were taken in July, the Illinois .spe,.in.ens Mnv 7. so that bv comparison with the southern spe.'ies. ('. eaeneus*, it is' probably poi;. goneuti.- : but beyond this we have n.. knowl,.,iire whatsoever of its history hvery fact eon.rrnin- the life, habits and distribu.ion of this butterflv IS of nnportan.-e, and all the n.ore d..sirable sin.'e tliis is the onlv repre- sentative of the snbfan.ily in the northern Tnitcl Stat.'s. It would be cspeemlly .nterestinn- to know in what way th. ..hrvsalis is suspended. Ihe allied species, P. eaeneus, is so common in 'he south that the deter- "unation of .11 generic features in the early stages oughi :,ot to be .liffieult. Has ,s the most important lacuna in our knowledge of the transformations ot Aorth American buttertiies that remains to be filled. LLST (,F UAMSTIiATIOXS.-CAT.KPUELIS BOItEAUS. Ooncrnl. PI. 22, lig. 8. ])i.4: 7. Si,|,. view of |i(.ail ainl iiipciulairos I'liJaru'cd. Willi (l,.fiiUi,f Ic;: sinu'turc. SUBFAMILY LYCMENINAE. Pl<'l)pii Ciivior. EpIiDii+civos Iforbsl ; Ephori Sciidd, Ajjiodiacti Ulihii. Vcriiiiforiii s;irps Itursf. I.vcaiMiidac Stiph.; I,y,.aciiil,'s HIancli.. Hniljc;; I.yoacMid.'s Hoisd. ; l.vcacnuldar Mallciiirr.; Lycacnifai- r,uc. ; UcaPiiiim lliTi-.-S,|,a,.|r.; l,y,.,?Mldo> + KiiiiaMiidos Hiiisd.; l.yca.Miidac+KiMnacidac Dmilil. Tlici'liiiac Swains.: Tlic.'lanac Swai.is. rolyoiiiiiialicla<' liriiaiid. Mieropi Cilicii. (J(id ■«l;i<'l;l..vr. l.nVlit (.ini,n,i,|,.rM Iraiii t)( ImtU'iilics. that <,ii tlic plain. Of cacli sH(.(.| hnlilci sip- An.lyc ni'W .■.vaniis,,n„.,.,. il„it^.„ W lii'ir he piiili il„wiTs and vclluw ..niw. Id kiss tlicin Willi Vdiir lips. K<.Ns.M(ii.-AV^,nin/,sv„./«r/. (Trnnsl.) Imago, irc.a.l small; front Hat ora littl.. tnini.l. „si,allv prnt„l„.r„,t h,.|.uv ,- ,.f Heparat..,l ffoin tli.. .Hxipnt by a ....ntlnu.ins snloati,,,,; a n t „ i : ,? ^ f""' twvnty-djtht to llMrty.fourj,dnts.v..rvsU.n,ler tl,n..,| ill , " "»-t"'^' "f fn-n. - ■ ■ m-uii'-Siiirt;; S::;;r;j;"::,r:r;:;::'^i:;;;;r' ' ■ 792 Till-: i!i rn:i;i'i.ii:.s of nhw i:n(;i,a\1). wiii;rs ■\vitli iiiti'iiml iicrvun' oliscuiv or ohsolcic; liiiul wiii^s with im pri'i'iislal lU'rviirc. tlu' ci^tal I'xli'inliiiir nearly i>r cuiiti' to the lip nl' llu' custnl iii.ir:j;iii. lli<" basal lialf nf tlii> iiiiuT iiiai'iiiii cliaiiiu'llcil to n'ci'ivi- tin' alulniiu-ii. Knrc li'irsul' ma Willi r.aki'il tibial spins ami snini'tiincs a Tow spines, llie lai'si llvc-joinli'il and ariiu'd liko tlio fore Uijjs of liu' I'l'inak', cxccpUnir that pai'oii.vcliia ami piilvilliis are wanl- iiiir. ami, ill tlic plar«' of llie daws. eilln'V slinliMv iiioililli'il apical spines, in' llie same connate, forminir a triaimiilar. sliyluly areiiale, nieili.'in liook. Midille tibiae as sliorl MS or shorter tlian llie hind p.iir. Male abdominal ap|)enda^es nlatioiis, developing dillereiitly npper orixaii eo iisisiini; mainly of I'xieiisive lateral in llie various i;niiips. narrowly iiiiiled at the base inesially, Init always liearini; on eitlier side heiientli a lf papilla tiiitti;iii hail- . Mie al le;lst of ,; also, at the which ;ire exeeediiiu:ly Ioiil'. eiirvin;; backward and miniitely spiciiU • fold separatin;; the sides from the expamled venter, with a series of very nnmerons papillae be.-irinu; loiii;. strainht, laterally exleiidimr liair~; mi the sides cnie or moro lon^'ilndin.-il rows of papillae. Mature caterpillar. Head small, well rounded, ii;iri-ower than llie iian-owesl part. of the hoih . iili, iiiori ii- les» ri'ti-.-u-tile within the llrsi iliorac-ic IlodV coinpai-alively sjiort ami broad. iMiiseiform. the under siirfiioe llatticned, the upper tr.-insver^ely ar(-lied. the dorsal Held llattened ;iiid the siiles olteii more or less i-om- pres,.eil : broadly ronnded in fnnit. the tirsi ihoraiic se;jnient very larue and tumid, iiun-i' sharply rounded beliimi, the hist abdomin.-il sei;iiieiil iiloiic beiiii; about as loiii: as broad: otherwise nearly eipial or tjiperinir sliirlitly posu-riorly ; ;iriiieil with no con- spicuous !ippeiidai;es ; spiniele of the <-ii:hlli abdomimi! se;;nient almost invariably !ibo\ ,' the line which ihi' otln-rs follow-. I.eu's and proleirs very short and small. Chrysalis, liody short, thick, pliinip. rounded, with rare exceptions* entirely with- out aniinlat ions, exceptinir a vi'ry sli;iht, blniit elevat'im at the base of thewliiijs; broadest at about the third abdomimi I se;;iiieiil . laperim; fnnii there in eillier ili reel ion, more rapidly behind than in fnnit. llejid eiilirely on tlu under snrface. the di\ isioii between thorax and alidomeii only sliy:litly marked, liolli I'xiremilies very ''niiliy rounded; tlie whole lower surface slrai;:ht. ofteii iniieli llatlened. Head "it all proiniiient. oeellar proininenees wantinu. the protlnn-ax largely dcM-loped : v^ln^.^, scaiTch r;ii-.ed aliovi' the u-i-m-ral surfai-e. Ilieir i- l;:es not, -it all thickened, '.f, -o- tlior,-iN stout, not greatly elevated, but broadly anhed lon^riludiiially ; :iietalhc-,-i; lar;re al llu- ~ide>, narrow in the middle. Abdomen lar;,'i' and stout, at llrsl broadly areheil lonixitmlinally, in the posterior half tin- slope falliii;; very rjipidly to the tip, wiii(-li is on a levi-l with the under surfac-e. ('remaster appre>sedto the body i,in Ki'iiiseca. only, forniiim an iiidepeiideiit proini- lieneel. In'o.id, the hooklets i^a;;aiii except in Keniseca) eillier waul in;; or placed in a ciirviiiL' row al tli" siijcs ami posteriorly, very slendiT, i;enerally rather short, the stem eipial. the apical porlioii suildenly expamliiii; into a transverse, slightly convex Ininelhi bent sli'oii:.dy o\cr. the apex transvi'rsc. .\ttaehed in almost any position by a jrirt across one of the basal abdominal scLi-meiits and feebly secureil behind by seiziiij; tlie silken threads with the joints of the posterior sei;nieiits, or the few hooklets. •Feiiiseca is the only e.xeeiition in our fauna. TIIK SUHFAMILY LYCAKNINAK. 798 Distribution. The Hiihtaniily is represented in ne.'irly eqiiiil numbers on l)Oth liemispliores, thouj^h two of its nicinl)er8, the (^hrysophanidi and Lveaenidi, are very niuch more numerous in the Ohl than in the Niw V'/orld. "The oriental and neotropical regions," says Lang (Eur. butt., 74), arc where they "chiefly abound and are most niagnitiecnt in coloring and design ; some of those from South America, for instance, may bo fairly said to constitute some of the most beautiful olyects in nature." Like most large groups of butterflies, they are far more aliundant in the tropics tiian in the temperate zones, but even in the latter, especially iu Europe, they forn» a large proportion of the species. A v(>ry few species have been considered common to both hemispheres, but with how much reason is doubtful ; many genera, however, have their representatives in each. Q^neral characteriBtics. The nimierous species comprised in this subfamily, says Trimen (Rhoj)al()cera Africae Australis 217-8), thoiiaU of small size, aro, us a rule, remarkable for hriUiaiicy of oolonriiiii atiart of the liind wings, in tlie marginal interspace, is a similar patch, not so diaractcristic, of rounded, pavement like scales. If any noise is produced by tlie movement of tlie wings, it must be by the agency of these two opposing fields. Harris, writing of our \ew England species, says they "are found dur- *Cun>t:int (t':it!il. I.('|iiil. Var. 'I'i) well re- moiiir, so lliat tlicy ciisily cscaiic from view, niiirlvs that their lliirlit i.i u«i'(|ual and spas- iillliou^'h they never lly far away. THE SUBFAMILY LYCAENIXAK. 795 ing the greater part of summer, in the fields ami ai'ound the edges of woods, flying low and frequently alighting, and oftentimes collected together in little swarms en the flowers of the clover, mint, and other sweet scented plants." Every kind of country, says another writer, fur- nishes its kinds: "Woods, downs, fields, roadsides and marshes all iiave their inhabitants belonging to this [subjfamily ; some arc peculiar to mountain districts, and others are content with tiie cold sunshine of the Arctic regions" (Lang, Eur. butt., 74). Considering the variety cf forms peculiar to the vnountains of Switzerland and to those of Colorado, it is noteworthy that not a single species characterizes the White Mountains of New Hampshire, which yet support their own Oeneis and Brenthis. Some of the species exhibit a partiality for particular hours during wliich they fly abroad. Gosse and Lintner have oi)servcd this of some of our species, as will be related in their places. This is jicrhaps more true in the tropics than with us, where the heat of the sun would seem to be sometimes too great for i)east as well as man. "Tiiis limited and punctual appear- ance of many insects is," as Distant says, "an interesting and peculiar phase which has scarcely received the notice that migiit have been expected." But at wliatever hour they appear tiicy are the most spritely of all butterfiies, vivacious even to audacious pugnacity, as will appear in several accounts to be related. Tiiis is the more remarkable and noticea- ble from their diminutive size. Donzel has made the curious observation tliat wiien paired and flying, it is tlie male which flies and carries the female, in the Lycaenidi ; wiiile the opposite is tiie case witii tiie Thcdidi. Structural features. The l)utterflies of tiiis subfamily sliow tlie last vestiges of tiiat atrophy of tlie fore legs wliich is so characteristic a feat- ure of all tlie iiigher groii|)s. Here it is confined to the male and consists in a complete or partial loss of the normal terminal i'piiciidagcs ; in the liiglicst of the three groups composing tlie subfamily, Tlicclidi, tlie tarsi arc armed at the ti[) with a pair of spines which are only slightly larger and more curved than the others ; wiiile the inferior surface of the tarsi is furnished with an irregular mass of spines on either side ; in the next group, Lycaenidi, the terminal armature consists of a single, iiiediiui, tapering claw, scarcely curved ; wiiile beneath the tarsi are supplied with only two or three rows of spines ; in the lowest group, Clirysojibanidi, a single median spine, difiering from the others only in size, occupies the tip; while the under surface of the tarsi is armed with frequent spines, usually clustered upon the sides. The oarly stages. The eggs are generally very thick-shelled, eclii- noid or dcmi-echinoid in shape, studded with connected elevations or with frequent pits ; but in one of our species, the reticulation is exceedingly faint, so as to give the surface a strikingly different appearance. 796 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. ;> } lU The caterpillars are known by their resemblance to wood-lice, whence the term "onisciforni" which has been freqnently applied to them; they are naked or pilose ; t'^i'l" logs often extremely short, so that they I'esemble slugs in their sliding movement. The generally minute head, almost always wholly retractile within the greatly enlarged first thoracic segment, the coalesced condition of some terminal joints of the body, and the atro- phied legs — features shared in part by the Lcmoniinae, — are here devel- oped to such an unusual extent as to distinguish these caterpillars from those of all other groups. They feed ujion various exogenous plants, some groups showing a pre- ference for trees and siu"ul)s, others for annuals ; a single species will often have a great range of food. Indeed not a few of them are not only polyphiigous, but in stress at least will even devour their neighbors whether of their own or another species. Thus Thwaites remarks (Moore, Lep. Ceylon, i : 70) : It is (lilllonlt to realize tlint tlio Inrvae of some species of tlicse lovely Lycaeniilae, s\ieh as Aiiiplypodia, etc., are caniivorons or even cannibal in tlioir liat)its, and do not hesitate to eat their own tirethren of the same brood, when any of the latter are com- mencing their chansie into the inactive chrysalis state, witli their conseqnent inal)ility to protect tlieniselves from their voraeions kindred, wlio devonr them witli avidity. The same carnivorous tendency has been observed in several of our own species ; one, indeed, feeds exclusively upon plant lice, and it is not imi)robable tliat tlie iiabit may be siiared by others in other parts of tiie world, as Dr. Holland has suggested. This habit seems the more curious, as both plant lice and caterpillars of at least one group of Lycae- ninae are often accompanied l)v ants, who seek them and protect them for the same purpose, namely to lap the sweet exudations which How from spet.al organs at the hinder extremity, of which further details will be given under the Lycaenidi. Thwaites, in the passage above quoted, goes so far as to say that the ants actually protect them from tiieir cannibalistic brethren. Natiwe, says he, finds a protection for tliese said helpless individuals, in the instinct of a species of ant (Konnica sniarajidina Kabr. ) \vld<'h, tlnding a substance most palatable to it secreted nalurally from a glandular dediied spot upon the bodies of these helpless lar- vae, talscs possession of tliem as "cows," surrounding each separate one and the leaf on which it liad l)een feeding with a few silken strands of its wel), protecting them jealously and attacking most llercely any living thing intruding upon them. W'hatever the value of this statement, we must confess to a doubt whether the ants »\ni\ the web seen. The secretions which are thus attractive to ants are exuded from an evaginable vescicle in the middle of the dorsum of the seventh abdominal segment, which appears to be found in the caterpillars of all Lycaenidi, but only in soniC of the other tribes, though only a few of them (and these all Lycaenidi) are known to be attended by ants. Some of the caterpillars which possess this vescicle, THE TRIBKS OF LYCAENINAE. 797 but not all, possess also a pair of lateral evaginai)le caruncles on the back of the succccling segment.* Xo such alxlon.inal structures are knovn in the caterpillars of any otiicr groii]) of butterflies. The cluysalids are short, plump and ovate, rarely with the slightest angulation, the head always and the terminal segment almost always upon the under surface of tiio l)udy, in which character they differ from nearly all other butterflies. The Lyeaeninae usually pass the winter either in the egg or chrvsalis state ; occasionally perhaps as caterpillars Imt never as butterflies. When they winter as chrysalids they frequently select as a place of hibei'uation a station on or close to the ground. In general ihey apjiear to be single brooded, although occasionally two .„• even three broods of a spedes may succeed each other in the course of a season. Tlu'y are usually soli- tary in their hal)its, although occasionally a colony of caterpillars is found on a single plant or cluster of plants. Professor Wcstwood long ag.) published em-ious accounts of an Indian species, small companies or which live in the caterpillar state in the interior of pomegranates and even undergo their transforimuions within the fruit. (Trans, cut. soc. Lond ii: 1-y, pi. 1.) Table of tribes nf Ijiraenlnae. based nn the eijij. EggflaUeneatinrate.almo.stasmudi ileprassf,! aljovp as truncate belcw; .■.•iitral (IciM-c-sioii of summit (inolu.linf:, but nut limitnl to. the mioropyliV pill oiu-fourth oi- nioiv tli,. .liamHer ot t he e-'. or the whole summit Hat; an-les of .•ells markeil hv proiniiiomvs riM.ii; eonxpiru- ously above tlie ficneral surface. (JeneraJly lar-er, the central depression (as abov) ..ovcrin- one-fourth to one-half the wiiltli of thee;,'),', the micropylic i)i| ucnerallv diei Tlieelis fused and furnished above in the centre with a large, sunken, subcircular area, in fr.nit of which on either side is a ciirvin- series „f sev- eral smooth, naked papillae ' TheclidI Hea.l nearly or quite as broad as the IkmIv; lirst thoracic segment dislinctlv lai r than the others; seventh abdominal segment wholly free an.l with no papillae besides tliose of the longitudinal series. First thoracic segment; not greatly larger than the others; last two ab.lominal se-'ments fused; uppermost range of bristles laterodursal, these generallv not imnOi lon-er than the width of the body ] Lye^enidll Urst thoracic segment generally very much larger than the others; th.' ei-hth abdominal segment wholly free; uppermost range ot bristles Hubdorsal, generallv almost or ,iuite half as long as the body Cl.rysophanidl. • S^ee also the Introduction, p. l,'); and Pro.'. Host. soe. nat. hist., xxiii : ,r)T-3.5s. 798 TUB IJUTTKKFLIKS Ol' XKW KNCiLANI). T(tlile of trihe.1, bimed on the iitature caterpillnr. Ilcnil oxi'ossivcly small, not oiio-foiirth, sonictinios not unc-^'ixth lln' widtli of llic boily ; iloi>al sliiold of first tlmnii'lc >i(';-8, their dark iirown color,s and liy the delicate ptrijud maikiiios on tlie iir.der siirfaec of the wings, markings which litive gained for these Imtti'rtiies the [)()|>idar name of "Hair .streak.s.'" Their hind wings are also commonly furnished with threantered wlien much sin: viler), secure the stem of the fruit to tiie l)rMiich liy silk where thev iiii< uds and return to the fruit, sumiU)lv w h'l'go their traiisfDrmatioiis. the hiitterflies escaping jire- itli moist w iiiLfs hv the sami' hole ( \\'estwoi)d, Trans, ent. soc. Loud., ii : l-s. pi. 1 ). Tlie clir\salids, too. are similar to those of the other o-roups hut stouter Tl w insects are iiearlv all sinsrh; brooded and pass the winter either in pas the (>irif or clirvsalis : bet the single brooded species which hibernate as ehrysalids among the earliest of our butterflies and complete their annual cycle the south, and vet the ore tl le m iddle of Jiilv — even iiiiieh earlier intense summer heat has no power to rouse the ehrysalids from the deep sleeii in which thev reiiuiin three-fourths of the vear. TIIK (iKNKK.V OF TIIKCLIDl. 801 Tnlih: of 'ji'ui'rii nf TlirvliiH, lidni'd untliffijij. PruiniiU'fU'Ps closely iiii|il<>xiMmtc, at liM>t !i» cliiscii,'' iiiic-tvvcntlclh the illiiinoti",' of llic cu'ir. Kkk <>«»'<' tliiiii twin' MS lii'oail IIS lil^'li Krurs. Kj.';; li'Ms than Iwii'i' ii> liroail as IiIl'Ii I'i'iiiiules, rroiiiiiiiMK'rs ilistaiit, iiol iicarii' than dih- 'I.:IiI the ili;iiiii'li'i- ut llir I'u'^' Mitiira. Promliu'iu'cn at a incilliim ilKtiiiur apart, fnnii oiic-iriilh to iinc-ri'.'hltriilh tlir illaiiiili'r of Ui" Y.\i'i iiioi'o tliaii twii'c as liroail as lil'.'li liicUullu. V.'^ii less than Iwli'c as hiiiad as lilu'li. Siiiiiiiilt of (';.'^' lii'iiailly iloiiii'il uliiiusl lliniimhuiit Stryiiioii. Slllllinit of e^';; tint for at least hi It I In' iliaiiielerof the e;.';,' Tlli'l'lal Tahle (ift/enni'd. husi-d mi Ihr rutcriiillKi' nl liirth. No lialr-lieiirlli!,' series of |ia|illlae hetweeii tin' splrailes ami the series on the latenidorsa rlilj.'c. Kaeh alidoininal se^'ineni witli only one lar^e aiul one sniiill papilla in the liiterodorsa series. Tliiril tliuraele se'.'ini'iil u ith a n:il\i'il papilla on lateral lni>'; the two smaller ailjaeeiit pn|>lllae of last eoinpniinil « ".'iiient one liehiiel the other Tlicola. Third Ihoraeie sp^'iiient with no laii'ral papilla; the Iwdsmaller adjaeenl papillae of last eoinpoiind se^'inent plaeeil transversely Stryinoii. Kai'h alidoininal se;;inent with two lar^'e papillae and one small papilla in the latiiodnrsal series Iiicisniia. A Interosti^'inatal series of liaii'-l>i arliiu' |>apillae Mitiii'it. (Ij-iira and l"raii"tes iinliiiowii.) The materials for a tahle liased on the nialiire eaterpillar are not at hand. Tiihli III' t/ini'nt. IkiwiI mi il,i< rliri/siilis, A delieate dorsal earina on prothorax and inesothorax Incisiilla. No distinet dorsal earina. Ahdonien niiieh wider thtili thorax ; hair-liearini,' papillae eoiiieal. Raised traeery of lines on surface low and ohscure; loii^test hairs nearly lialf as Ions? as seirinents llriiiiotes, Haised tracery of lines on surface ilistiiict and sliarp; lonj;est liairs i\ot oiie-foiirlli the leii'.'th of se^'iiients Mitura. Abduiiien scarcely wider than thorax; hair-hearing' papillae heniisphirical Thocla. (Stryinoii and lOrora not examined.) Tnhle of f/ciierii, hascil nn the iiuinjo. nind wiiiL's without thread-lilie tails, at most lohed at some of the nervnre tips. Hind winiis of very ditl'ereiil shape in the two sexe«, the outer mar^'iii not ereimlale; male Willi a diseal sliirnia on the lore wimr Stryinon. Ilind vviiiL's not ;_'!•( atly c'.ilVerini; in t'oriii in the two sexe-. llind win;-' uilli no excision of the inner marL'in, the outer mari'ln not cremilate; male wit It no diseal st iu'iiia Krura. Hind win;.' with a coiisidcralde apical rouiided excision of tile iniu'r marj.'in, prndnciiiL' a conspicuous lolie at tlie inner antrle, the outer margin cremilate; male with a dis- eal siii^ma on fore wiiiu' Incisulia. HI'id wings with one or two thread-like tails. 8nlimedio-intenial interspace of hind winn aiiically lohed; tail of lowest median nervule a thinl as loii).' as the vviiii.': inali' with no diseal sliu'ina on fore wiiiL' I'raiiotes. Suhmedio-internal interspace of liiiid vvin^' not apically produced ; tail of lowi'-t mediau nervule less than a foiiiih tlie lenirth of tlie wins.'; male witli a diseal sti^rinaon fmc win;:. Antennae comparatively short, the chih short and stout, nearly three times as tliiili as the stalk and only live times as loni; as hi'oad 3litiii'a. Antennae comparatively lonir, tlie I'iiili loin;- and slemh'r, scarcely twice as tliick as the stallv and eiglit times as long as broad Thocla. lOI 802 TIIK BUTTKUFf-IKS <)K N'KW EN'Cil.ANH. STUV.MOX IirilNKH. Sliyniciii Hilliii,, VtTZ. Iifk. scluiK'tl., 'i llsl(i). Tlioclii Aiii'tonini. 'J'Uiie.— Chriinoi'li/iniis mnpaus Hiihn, N'liy, a li'.'til tiifl lit Mmdiii liiwrrccl aluivi' Tii'Ik'-IuviiI Willi liy luillri'ily «{■ lice, Diiiii' ^'iiijil 1(1 (ir i'l>V liiiriii tip fiiiiii iiiilslilc. llimwNiNii.— 77((' li'iiiij iiitd Ihi- Hook. Imago (33:4). Iloftd rallicr liir^c iliii-icly iliitlicd ^vitll sciilcs, mid, rNlni; Init lilllc iilidvi- tliriii. 11 nitliir iilmiidiiiil Mipply id* short, ciirviiii; lmlr'<. Knml nearly Hut, with II >lia;lit lirciiid fiirrnw down tlic iiiiddlc iiliovc; lic^low it. sliulitly tiiiiild down tlie iniihllc. Ill the lower tvtrciiiily ii litth' |ii'oliil)i'r:iiit. mid here only siir|iiis>iii;r the front of I lie eye- ; more than 1. 'If us liiiili iiL'aiii as broad, and nearly or i|iiite as broad as the front view of the I'ycs; iiii 'illeof iipjier border foriniii',; a very slight blunt ridm', the coriurs rather largely hollowed in front of the antennae; lower border greatly nreliod. tli« .sides imrallel. Vertex tnbereiilnte In the middle and on cither side next the outer posterior edire of the antemme; separated from the oeeipnt by a transverse, siniions. somewhat deep ehannel. Kyes rather lar^e and full, sparsely pilose with very sliort hairs, whieli become siiorti'r on every side toward tlie periphery. Antennae Inserleil with the posterior border of the base In tlii' middle of tlie siimmil. separated by a spai-e nejirly or iiIhii-.|:iI rri.'i(iu. till' lowrr piirlioii I'liiitliniHiin ( 9 )' till' liiiirl' iiiiiruln run Vex ami ri>ii'li'riilily i'\|iniiili'il. in llic miti r tlili'il -niiirn I ml cxcImoiI iiiiil slli;litly riiiai'sfliiiiti'. Siiliiiii'illaii ini'viiri' trniiiiKiUMi; mi tlir oiiirr lionlrr JiiMt lioyiiiiil till' aiml iiiiuli'; iiili'i'iial iirr\iiri' li'i'iiilMaliii'.' ■.niiicw lial ln'Viiiiil tin' iiiiclillc of till' iiiiti'i' hcinU'r. Aiulriicoiila wi'diri'-sliapi'il lint liruailly tnincati' at tip. tin' -iilc-. >trai:;lit. llic -lom loiiii. till' liunina iiliont four tinii's as Imiif ai tiroml. Korr tllilai! nliont four-llftiis tlii' li'imtli of tlii" liiml tildin', tlu' tar-1 eltluT siirpas^inc! ( $ ) or siirpaMsi'il liy ( (J ) till' lililai'. to'ji'tln'i' ciiiiiil In tlu' l»vii si'Xi'>; tin' la-l joint I'ltlicr lil\e that of tiKMitlii'r li'ijs ( 9 ) : or -*niall. tapi'iin;;. ami only aniicil \\llli llio continuation of tin' rows of spinrs on the iiinlrr ^iirfaci'. ami iiliovr with vrry »liort nnil (Ii'iisc hiiirs in placi' of sciiics i ^ ) : in liotli -.cxi's tin' tiliiai >pini-i arr iiaiird, ami cxi't'ptiiiK in thi'so points ami their iliiiilnishi'il si/.c tlicy ilo mil ilill'ir from liiosc of tiir olliur li;;;s. Komorii scan'oly frinuiMl wllii liair>, I'xrcpliuy; on the I'orr iri:> of iho iiialc, wlicri' tiii'y arc tliirViiy rlotlieil. Miihlli" titiiiii' arnicil limrath witli a ureal nniny ratlicr rot'Uinln'nt. sliort ami ratlier slcndur spines, and at the tipwitli rattier lonit and stout spurs, eloliieil with seaies nearly to tin? tip. Kirst joint of liirsi allltie loni.'cr tlinu llie tliri'o follo\vinn toLteilKT. the ^eeinid and llflli alionl eipial. and ion;;er than the third and fourth, w liieli are eipiai ; armed lieiieatii on eitlier>ide wilii latinr Inni; ami slender spines, the apleal ones of eaeii joint a little ioniier than tlie others; under surfaoc excepliti'i of the liasal joint, devoid of scales. Claws very small, compressed, liciit strongly close to the base, lieyoml nearly stralt;lit, laperinj;, liic apex very slljthlly lioolld So licstrcnt. Dicli iins Xoi'ircndiift irinvclicl, Niir aiil "rairt' dicli liclilii'i;' Scclclicn, iinil ili'in kli'incs llorz I'oilit da iinli'i' nu'incni Kin.m'r, Kiilili'l 'I'odcssi'lmii'iz. iri'.KKKH.— />(!s Lictl vnm Schmetterlinge. KvEUY eater|iillur in its growth from the egg to maturity cl.inigcs the character of its coating. I do not refer to that periodic sloughing of tlic skin common to the early stages of all insects, the reason for which is quite apparent, since otherwise their inelastic coats woidd be too strait for IIYI'KUMiyrAMORrilOSIS IN lU'TTKUrLIF-S. SO") tlioir r!i|)i( idlv ffn liod IL'S. r>ut 1 cull iittcntioii nitlicr lo tlic tact tliat itli tlic fii>t sldiijrliiiiir of tlir ii)t('p:mm;it an entirely ditleveiit set of aj)- ntlnifcs 18 as.snniec I. Tlu' t ri'sli intejinnien t ot'snl ise(inent innnltniL;'.s mas' be likenoil to a new sprinii: suit, very like tli<' old ont-. hnt lirijilit and clean ; while the ditlertMU'e of armature aeeompauyinjj; the first moult is ore like the dillerenee lietween the di it" r child and ol' a mat ^he dress of our manhood ditl'ers as much from that ot' our int'aucy as it does from the (Iress ot'a savaLje ; in like mamier the clothiuii' ot' a full u'rown cat- erpillar often dill'crs as much from iis clothiuLi' at liirth as i* docs from tiiat of a caterpillar lieloii<:;iiig to a diU'ercnt triiie. To prcst'ut a few examples : 'liie mature caterpillars ot' our hrown meadow hutterflics or satvrs, Satvrinac, have a rouirli skin th dt of multitude of mimitc tuhcrclcs : each of these lulierclcs liears a simple hair, scar<-elv visil)le to the n;d\ed eye. In the youn^ caterpillar of tluse hut- terdies the skin, instead of heiin; supjdicil with an almost innnmcral)le munlicr of micros<'opic hairs, is furnished, in some instances, with an ex- ceedinjflv scanty nnniher of little elnli-shapcd liristlcs. proportionally maiiv times loiiiTcr than the hairs ot' the tiilult, sometimes much loniiir in fro;it and ln'hind than in th(> midy a butterfly during its varied life from ciiiS; onward, arc ac([uircd charactei'istics. griidually gained in the strufftrle for existence i)v adaptive de\ ices : that is to sav, there were perfect insects before there were cafer|iillars and chrysalids, or indeed larvae and pujtae i)ro[)erly so called of any kind. This is not tlie place to discuss or even to state more fully the grounds for this conclusion. l?ut granted its coriectncss, we n)ight reasonal)ly look among insects in which nietamor[)hosis had been carried furthest for some indications of its still greater development. Now inasnuich as the chrysalis is as complete an example of adaptation to its piu'pose as could well be conceived, where be- tween the two ends of the scale could be interpolated any further meta- morphosis than in the growing an8, teatiu'es common to all tiie j^rou[), as the tirst .step toward a further ntage of metamorphofe ; thus I have neverhocn able to induce any caterpillars of the Papilioninae while in their first sta<;e to protrude the osmateria, with which neverthc'L •-; they are provided from birth and which they use freely in after stajrc-. Ajjain, the siiiifle feature connnon to the appendajfes of the vast nucrn'r of embryonic larvae is that these are ai)j)ar- uutly hollow tubes, haviiiu' presumed connection with basal filands, and thus servinif as channels for the conveyance of fluids, probably protective, from such ji:lands ; for these appendages nearly always Hare at the extrem- ity, being more or less trumpet shaped, and often can be seen to hold a droplet of fluid within the embrace of the lips of the trumpet. It is inunaterial to our [)resent i)urpose whether the end)ryonic or the mature stage of invcstitiu'c and form in caterpillar life be looked upon as the elder ; we only wish here to urge that a hypermetamor[)hosis is now in the process of origination through the difU'rentiation of the larval char- acteristics, of the same kind and following the same direction as that wiiich has residted in metamorphosis from the earlier uniform conditions of structure and life to the later. Considering, however, the comparative luiiformity of the end)ryonic and the diversity of the adult characters, with the naturally more widely varied conditions of life to which the adult nuist be subjected, it may Ix' regarded as probable that the hypermctamorphosis is rather in the direction of the evolution of the later ontologic stages. Ill further support of this view is the fact that the |)eculiar [irotective structures of the first stage — the trumpet-tipjied dermal appendages — endure throughout life in the lowest family, the Ilesperidae, [lossibly also in some Pieriuae, are lost at various stages in other I'icrinae and in the I'a[)ilioiiinae, and never surpass the first stage in the highest family, the Nymphalidae, and ])robalily do not in the Lycaenidae. That ill other insects also the first stage of lar\al life is thus differentiated from the remaining stages I Iiave elsewhere pointed out. I'resumalily this form of hypermetamorphosis will be found to exist in nearly if not all larvae belonging to groups, the most of whose members live in exjiosed situations, and which have anything more than the most "ineo'.nplete" metamorphosis. i ! LYCAENINAK : STUVMON TITrs. 809 STRYMON TITUS.— The coral hair-streak. [Little brown liiittiM-lly (AMrot): cnnil liiiir-^ticiik ((i(i>si'); Mupsus Imllorlly (Ihirris); cherry trrc TIum'Ih (Siiiiiiilcr") ; rural strcaki'il Imllrrlly ( >[ayiiarcl).] ITesperia titu^ Falir.. Eut. sysi., iii:2!l7 (1793). LjU'ncna /iVks Wpstw.-IIowits., (icii. cliurii. Lop"., ii:494(lM.i2). flipcln tilKS Stcpli.. (at. Lcp. Hrit. imi.;.. i:2(!0(lS50);--MiiMl.. Kcp, iiw. 111., x;H4-liy citrcloss priiitiiif; a part of tin' text lMli)iii;n to Cynniris pseiularfiioliH (IHSl);— Saiiiid., lii^.. iiij. fruit. 21!). ti.v'. 22i (lH.'rr..Syii. l.pp. \. Anicr.. 192-110 (isi;2);—llarr. Ins. Inj. vpi;., ;!il 111.. ■_'7.s-27',t (Isi(i2);- Itiak.. rrop cntuni. sue. riiilail.. vl ; 1 l(i (IS(lli) ;— Saiinil.. Can. put., i:9lWl'< (isill));— rai'li., (iiiiilp Ins.. 2(;(J-207 (ISiHl). J'lil'ilio .Mill.. I)rau . in«. (ia., lii'it. nius.. vi ;.Vi. li.^'s. 17I1-17S (ca ISOO). I'lilil'iiiiiiitilii^ titns (iiiil.. Kni'vpl. nuMli., ix:(;il.liSS (isin). I'M^'iiiPil liy .Vliliiit. Draw. ins. Ga., Opnilpr full.. Hiist. sdp. nat. hist., 17:— tiluvpr. 111. N'. A. I.cp.. pi. li, li;;. 9, pi. K. Iii;s. 21, 22, inpil. •Si'liwclit iiilili'r, laiip Liiflo, 0 konniil. ilir Wii'spniliirtp, llir .'schtnpttcrlini.'c, Ininnipit pucIi. Von ZwiIl' zii /wpijr Mit unsicr .Srliaar zii spiclon Ini kiihlpn, Ini siinsplndpn Gfstriinpli 1 .sciii'LZi;.— Z,i'(''/(/er Voglein. Tlipsp lip llip prplly iTPiiii of tlip llow'r.s. Daintily fpil with lionpy ami piirp dpw. Iliion.— 7Vi(> I'h'ti (if the Miilsrimmnr Fnirics Ills lac 118, lis. Imago (6: 24. 2r)). Hpad covered wltli niodprately loni;. Ijl.ioki.sli tirowii Ii.iirs, varied by narrow streaks of wliit" scales and hairs; eyes eneirclpd witli a moderately narrow Iw ' of snow '"liite scales, which reach the l)ase of the antennae in front, but fail of roacliing it, by tlie diameter of tlie basal joint, liehind ; tliose of cither side are united by a transverse, slisiihlly curved band of sinnlar scales just above tlie base of thetonfjne; the compressed and slis^litly elevated tuft of hairs on the summit of the hi ;i,, has a median line of slightly longer Mliite or dull wliite hairs. Tlie basal joint of the antennae Is tislitly encircled by a cup of scales, snow white externally and above, dark brown olsewlierc; nntennae covered with bl.ick scales, annuiated, on tlie lower fourth of each joint of the stalk and on the basal three or four joints of the club, with snow white scales; the edges of these aniiulations are rather even at base, very irregular at apex; club bla<'k with a bronze tinge on the upper surface, mouse brov,n, most (lelicately tlecked with very short luinnte gray hairs on the under surface of the male, the base of each joint more or less distinctly banded with yel- lowish brown, which sometimes expands so as to occupy nearly or (|uite all of the lower surface; the whole basal portion of the under surface of the club is profusely flecked witii white scales, which run up hiiiliest on the outer side; the terminal three or four joints of both sexes are eiitin'ly honey yellow, sometimes slightly infuscated, but at a'.l times have a fulvous appearance to the naked eye. raljii covered with snow white scales on the inner face and under edge of basal and middle joints, on scarcely so much as the lower half of the outer face of the middle joint, on the liase of the upper and sometimes of the inner portion and on the extreme apex of terminal joint, elsewhere with very dark slate brown scales. Tongue luteo-fuscous, edged ex- ?'■ 810 THK nUTTKIU'LlKs OF XKW KN'OI.AND. M ' tiM'iinUy with fuscous. tluMip sliu'litly paler; tlic |i:ipilliU' (61:.'il) >Iunilor. rnd-liko. sliirliily larfjcst in tiic uiiilillc. i-ai/ii ^cparateil I'l'dui its iici^lil)i)r Ijv nearly its nwn leu;;tli, al>(>ut five liuie lonir as broaii ami slicprter tliau hall' the maxilla lifeadth, with six or eijjlit vertical ril)s termiiiatiiii: almve in Ion;.' proilneeil points or l)ristles, as loiiir as the central (llanu'iit. 'I'liorax entirely covered above witli vi'ry lonix, niousi' brown hairs, those of the pro- thoracii' portion vcrv itrav >l»e; and pata^tia tii'ned faintly with (divaceoiis. those at the posterior if the thorax still more sliij;hllv wifii faint lilnisli: liem-atli d witli sil- iiair- Keniora covered witli irridesceni pearly white and dark brown scales, tlie fornur itreaily predoiniii.-itinir- tlie latter more prominent next the lower edire: this ed^e is ratlier broadlv frinu:ed with verv lon^ miiii;led ";ravish wliite and lirownis liiiir- iniii'h louder on the mti limn on the inner half, ami decreasing; in length toward tlie apex; ivered with pearly white scales^ with intermingled blackisli brown scales, scattered especially upon the upper surface and forininii a r;ilher liirire jiiiteli m';ir the apex ; spines black; spurs reddish, tippi bla>'k ; tiirsi sindliirlv covered aliove ;ind on tlie sides with while ■ale occasnina witli iiy relieved by blai'k scales, which, on the upper snrf;iic and sduietiuies on tlie sides, form black >pot>. situated at tlie base of each joint and near the apex of the liiisal joint; tliey ;ire xi larixe ;is to le;\ only a narrow, transverse band of white scales; lin.der siii'face yellow i-h br.iwn; ~piiies lihick; cl!iw~ ivddisli, \Viii;:s iiliove uniform. liUiekish iirowii in bred. ;:r:i.vish slaty lirown in ea|itured specimens; either with the faintest possible indiciition of one or two small. snbmar,i:i- nal.diill (ir;uiire spots next the iinal ;iii;.deof fore vvin;;s ( c( ) ; or with twoor tlirei' more freipieiit and hirtrer siniihir spots sometimes a (1 fjiintlv witli dull orauire the :ipiciil li;df of !lie fori' winiTs. and especially on its lower portion ($' = extr 'ine costiil edire of fore winirs delicately fulvous; both winiis ediied externally wiih a (lelii'ate purplish or brownish lilaek line, the frinite slate brown, but next tin ainil ainile of the hind wiu'.r-. ;is r;ir ;is the lower median nerviile. wliiti' in llie middle; inner liorder of hind wiutis wiili iiiterieinuled irviiyisli white and brownish liairs. Biscal spot on fore winiis of iinde r:\tlier re'.;iihirly olio\:\te. fully twice as lonl:ity brown with a silky lustre (in otlier tlniii bred specimens sometimes delic;ite!y iiiul faintly tinired with viol;iceous). spdtted with black, red iind white, tlie fringe and ed;iiii;: of tlie wiiiL's as on the upper surface. Furr I'-incjs wiMi a somewhat irreLfular. transverse row of seven velvety black spots, narrowly ediieil externally with white, lyini; nearly midway between the inidille of the win^l and Its outer border; the upper three in ;i stniiiiht or sliijlitly eiirvinij row, one on cither side of tlie inferior siibeosial uervnie. iiiid one in the a|iieal subcostal fork; those are ^■nlaUer than the rest. 'uerallv rouiiil sometimes lunate, and there Is occa- sionally a fourth, a dot. m the next interspace above; the two succoediuy: spots arehirtrest. trausverselv ovate or occ;isiou:illv Iniiatt d lie parallel to the upper half of the outer border, the exterior edue of tiie upper spot on a line with the interior edire of the spot iibove ; the two lower spots, in the next interspace below, may per- hap' lusidered as one divided spot; they lie at tlie sanio distance from the outer border of the wiiiir. but a little within tiie direction of the two largest spots, ami are somotlines obsolete, liitwceii tliis row of spots ami the outer border, hut nearer the latter and following its curve is a row of five or six black lunules, increasing in size below. opiMiing outw.ird iind partially enclosing, exteriiiilly. ileep orange spots of Viiri.ilile shape, but usually of ;i uniform size; sonietimes. however, either the black or the oriUi:re is obsolescent, iind generally, the black iiredominates in Ihennile. the orango in the feimile; tlie sjiots are in the same interspaces as those of the previously men- tioned row and the Wiwer is double in conformation but not in size; the upper spots are sometimes obsolete. J/iiui iri'iijn with tlie discoidnl cell closed by n narrow streak of biaik scales, faintly edged exteriorly with white; like the fore wings, they have two series of spots, the inner row eonsistiiiu: llrst of six roundish black spots, Uiirrowly edged willi whitish scales, espiciiilly mi the outer side, a little larger than LYCAENINAK: .STRYMON TniS. 811 the upper spots of the imiLT row o!i Iho fore winijs and sitnnlcil on supcccdiiif; iiiU'r- spiiccs ill pairs; tiie sivond pair are in tlio interspaces beyond tlie cell and are snlipurnllel to its liniitin;; blacl< streak (the lower spottlie onterinost) anil lie midway between It and tlie onter border; tlie upper pair are on a line witli a point midway between tlio discoicial streak and tiie seconil pair. ImiI not i|iiite parallel to tliem : tlio lower pair in tiie median interspaces are on a line witii the npper pair: tiie reniiiinder of the row, when nut olixilete, a-^ it lia> a teiidemy to IxMMHiie in the inali', con^l-'- of two transverse streaks, eilireii. like llie >pots, witli wiiitc : llie llrst straight, lient, waved or curved, liiit usually willi a direction >iiliparailel to tin- discoidal streak, but broader llian it and crossinj; nearly the wliole of the inedio—iiliniediau Interspace, its outer edfie either nearly continuous with tlie interior edije of the lowest pair of spots {$ ), or partly or wholly on a line with tin? discoidal streak ( 9 ) ;♦ the second, in the sncceediii;; iiiterspaci's. is always bent, tlie liinlis stniiirlit. the upper tliird nearly on a lliu- eitlier with tlie streak above { ^) or witli the discoiiljil streak (' ? ). the other por- tion bent inward nearly iit a ri;;lil atiiile and cmitiuiions to the iiini'r liorderof llie wiii^. Beyond tliis row i< a "iiilniiarifiiial series of eiijlit iaru:''. roiiiidi>li. deep or.'iii'.'e ^pot-;, usually lar;:er in tlie feinale. situated in the same inter>p!ice> as tlie-n. Is of the inner row, eacli spot bordered interiorly and, '.o a less extent , e\tiii rlx liy a bent, often aii^iulated, slender, black streak, siirmoiinted. especially iiilcr,, , ly. by a few pearly •white scales ; the two spots ne.\t the anal aiiijle ariMisually i(.' U'lit and the slender space between the black exterior ed^iiii; and tlie Mai-k line linroerinir the whole wins; Is mostly tIMed with a iiii.\ture of pearly white and lirowiiish scales. Abdomen covered with soft, slaty brown scales; lieiiealh M-llnwisli irray, .Vhilions of upper orijaii of imile (34:2,'!) with nearly sipnircd upper and posterior edires. tlie latter produced below into a sliulit anijiiliir lobe ; hipi'it of inl'eriur eilLje loniii'r than broad, well rounded; clasps beyond the i;il)l)ous porli.'ii t:iperinii res'ilarly to a line point; this lamina not so long lus the basal portion. Inilf ;is broad and less than three times as long as broad. MeuHuroMieiitrt in milliinotrcH. MAI.KS. FKM.\I.KS. Length of toni^iic.") mm. Smallest. Averaf^e. 15. 8.26 5, 3.75 l.arjicst. .Siiiiillest 12,5 0.5 4.25 2.75 Aveia!,'e Larifcst. 13.5 7,5 4.5 3.5 1(1,5 i). 5.25 3.75 ■ 15,5 ' 7.75 4.5 3.25 Iti. •iiitoniiiit' 7.75 hind til)i:,''"i(l tarsi fore tibiae and tarsi 5.25 3.5 Male specimens from Iowa and Minnesota dill'er from all others that I have .seen in haviiij; the spots of the inner row of both wiiifis niucli larger, beinu nearly half as larj;e as the subinaraiiial spots of the liiiid wiiij^s. Secondary sexual peculiarities. Tiie male sti<:ina is iiicntioned in the description of the wiiisj;, as is also the roiniirkahle diU'erenee in tlie c(nitour of the win<;s in the two sexes. The scales found in the stiiiiiia (46 : 27) are rej;nlarly and jjently tapering, broadly rounded at base, truncate with slightly rounded angles at tip, more tlian four tiiiios as long as the median width. Length of ianiina. .11 nun. Egg (65 : II). Deep green, the projections whitish, givin;; a lioary bloom to the egg. Tlie projections are about MMt nun. apart, and where iiigiiesl as im the outer walls, nearly half as iiisrh as that ; at tlie base the coarse cell walls continue a short distance after tlie projeciions liave altogether ceased, imiking coarse trhiLignlar cells. but fully half the dia'iieter is free of ni;irkiiigs ; above, the projections sligiitiy decrease ill si/.e as tlie inieropyle (68 : 4) is approached and suddenly stop at its edire, leaving a circular pit .Hi mm. in diameter, lilled with a delicate tracery of polygonal cells about .01") mm. in diameter. Diameter of egg, .!) mm. ; height. .5 niii^ Caterpillar. Firnl kUvji:. Head jet black; month parts pale brown; tips of mandi- bles lilack. Body pale brown, delicately slnigrei'tied with line bhick points ; the lo/.cnge- siiaped shield of tlie llrst thoracic segment sliglitly darker, infiiscated around the •These sexual dillereiiees are due to tlic dlfleriii^ form of the ;uial aii};le in the sexes. 812 TIIK Hl'TTKHFMKS OF VKW KN(;I.AM). ctlKcs. BofDiv till' I'licl of this stiiuc >liiiit. palo irrci'ii, tinc'tl.v irrci'u dorsal >tripi' l)iyin~ to iippinr. fapillau wldtr, conical. I'lcvatcd, pale brown with ii dari: Srowii apex, [lairs tapi'rin^' niiniiti'lv and vory splciiliri'rons, white or pellucid. I.i'iitieU's hi'niispli,>rical. white rinitcd witli brown. I'roU'irs color of h idy. h'_'s ^li^illy iiifilsc.it'' 1. ospi'cially toward the tip. Lenirth. 1.,') nini. : breadth, .1 nun. Sffiind n'ltiji'- Ui'ad slniuntt pale ;;ri'enisli te^taeeons. Iieavily and broadly Infuscated below: l)i'iicath this pallid, the labrnni aiiain infuscated. Uody pea irrecii, with pale, shnder, dorsal, laterodorsal and ventrostiirieatal stripes and. rnnninir from above backward and downward parallel to each otlir^r. similar oblhiiie bars, conneetini; the lon::itndinal >tripes. each erossin^r the wiiole of two seirinent>. scarcely interrnpted at the sutnres. Moderately lonu. l)a<'kward cnrvinir. very pale lirown. >picnlireroiis liairs In the hiterndor-»;il ri'^ion. tliree or four on e.-icli sc^^nieiit on either side and sinular lonir cnr\ iiiij liair- in the vcntrostii.'inat,d reiiioii. liesides very sparsely scattered. shorter, spicnliferons hairs over tlic whole body: ll in:;er ones seated on stellate till' lower nitiririn of the papilhii': skill punctnlate like a tliiinble-liead. very closely rc-einiilinit the surface of tlie cherry leaf. Beneath pallid. Lenutli. :i..'i nun. : breadth. .\i mm. .V specimen apparently in this -taue was descrilied by Mr. S;uinders as haviiii: a tn'ownish bhiek head, a dull ro-y red body of ;i briL'liler tint, with the eili;e> of the dorsal cre>t paler. F-iirtli sUiije. Head sliiniiii; black, with a pale stripe n fro It ; mandibles black. Hiuly above itreeii jilon:: tb middle -eirmeiits. deep rose color at each extremity, tliickly coveri'd witli slior' brown hairs: tlie llrst tlioracie sc'Tinent rosy above. itreeiii>li yellow at the sidi's and a- ;in edsjini: in front : secoiul thoracic seiiinent entirely rose colored; beyond t,d> a wide i|or>al stripe of rose, redneed almost to a line on tlie second and third abdominal sr;fmeiit>. widest idi' if the I.i'iiilth. In mm. .\fti'r S;iiimler- body and behind it the body is rose color with :i ihirker ilal >treak : a siib>tiirni- lal rosy line aloiii; the fold. I'lider >nrfiiee dull ;:reeii with a yelhiwisji lint: leu:s jiiid liroleits yellowish Ltrei Lni^t st'irji' (75 I .'!.")). Ileail shining bhek. \\illi :i dull while >treak across the lower mar;rin of the front: mandibles reddi^li brown. Umiy almve dull irreeii with a yellow- ish tint especially anteriorly: a dor-al diiiU ;;rein .-tripe on thoracic seirmeiits; a | atcli of dull pink or ro>e color on tile thoracic -i umiiits, faint on the llrst and coverinibnt n >niaU imrt of its upper -iirfare, nearly co\ eriim tlie dorMil area on second, aiu' on third redneed airain to a -mall faint p:ileli : po-teriorly a nineh lar^i'r rosy patch from the llftli !ilidoniin;il Ne;;iiieiit posteriorly : on the liftli it merely tiiiires the hinder part jf tin ,'ment. on the next it i- eiilariced to a considerable patch wideiiinir po-teriorly, and behind tliis the wlioh' npi)er snrt'ace of the body i> sv red the snb-ti:;inatal fold I-, al- -V on till' llfth ;iiid si.xtli abdomlmil sejrinent- riider Mirface vellow ish {j;reen. with a few very line brownish liair>. .\bove coxered also with very short brown liairs arlsinir from miniile. pale yellowish papillae. lA';rs and proleirs traii.'~par- eiit :rri I.eiiirth. l.s mm.; brciidth. ."> mm. .\fter Saiimler- Chrysalis ^84; :!7). I'jile brown iiiid ulo—y with many -nnill dark lirown or blackish dots distributed over the whole -iirface. iiKn'e :ibnndaiit aloiiir the niiildle above, appearing ;is a faint, imperfect -tripe from the third to the seventh abdominal segments; surface thickly covered with very -hurt brown hair-. Leiij^tli, 11..") mm.; width. .') mm. (,.\fter Saunders.) Distribution (23:1). This ImtterHy is found over a witlc extent of ootuitiy, c'fossint; tiie cuiitiiiuiit in ii lirotitl licit which inchitlcs most of the I'nitcd .Stiitcs. 'riic sotitlicnimnst localities from wiiich it has liecn re- ported are fJeoi'o-ia "very ftirc" (Alitiot), Aliihama ( tiosse). Missouri LYCAK.S'IXAK: S'illiMOX Tiri'S. 818 ( Edwartlti), Tcxiiis (IJi'ltrairc). N<'w Mexico mid Arizona. In tlii' nortli it occurs as far as tlic sontlicrn Konndary of tlic Canadian fauna and beycuid, for it lias hci'ii taken at Montreal rarely ( Kyles. Lyman. Caul- field), at Ottawa ( Kletclur). in tlie Adinnidaeks of New York (Hill), at London. ( )nt. ( Saunders), and even at Ne|)ij,fon ( Fle'elier) ; while west of Lake Siijierior and east of tlie Ifoeky Mouiita. ... its uortliernuiost localities known ari! New .leffcrsoii (Allen) and l)es>loiiies. Iowa (Aus- ten). Minnesota (Sendder). Manitolia ( Fleti'lier) . Dakota ( .Morri.-oii ), Montana ( ( 'ones ) , licu'ina. Assinilioia (Fletelier). and Old ManV IJixcr, Allierta ((icdil'-'s). In llie luicky Mountain ren'ion it lias lieeii taken in Onlorido liy Itidinii;-'. on the Fte I'ass road to .Sontli I'ai'k (Snow) and at Apex (iuleli and IJailey's Kancli (Mead) ; liesiiles in New Mexieoaiid Ari- zona, already inentioned, and in the I>i^ Horn Mountains ( Kdwards). West of the luouiitains it is only known from the oliser\atioiis of Mr. Henry Kdwards, who has taken it in uortherii Oregon (I'oilland, Dalles) and N'aneouver Island. In New Knghuid it is considered a rare insect, hut has occasionally heen faind in considcrahlc iiumhers and is well distrihuted, at lea.-l over the southern jiortioii. The only northern locality in \vliieh it has lieeii louud is Norway, Mc. where it occurred in ahundance (Smith). In the siaitheru half it has liecii taken at I'ortland. .Mc, .Milford. N. II. 'Miot eominou"' (Whitney): in Massaehusetls. at Williamstown ( .^^cudder), Siirini^lield '•not uncommon" (Dimmoek, Kmery), Mt. Tom ( Lmery). Ilolyoke Ivaiij;c (I'arkcr), Amherst (.Merrill). IJi'lcliertowii and Levcrctt (Sprague). sev- eral localities in the vicinity of IJoston "very rare" ( Kaxim. Sprnj^iie, .^ciidder), \\'alpolc ((iiiild), and on Cajie Cod at llyannis ( Sendder) , .Sandwich ( lictliuiic. Fi; — Lintiicr), milk weed (Ascli'iiias — .^aunders) and thistli' (Cuicii.- — l"i>li). AMiot says his specimens were t'ound in oak woods, freipiintiiii:' the hlossonis c'" redhud (Ccrcis) ; it usually occurs ahout flowers in the most open places, expo.xed to the fullest rays of the sun. Mr. Allen especially states that in Iowa it is "found on t' edg^s of prairies by the woods — not in the woods tlu!msel\es,"a!id in the east it i;-eiierally occurs in the neiyhlioihood of thickets. Oviposition. The only v<^-Hy l.y M,-. Lintnn- at l5.tl.l..lu.,M. \. V.. „„ ,,„„, ... ,„., ,, (.,,„„.^. - .'"ly !h .Ml I.V ^.. Spn.,n.. at W..t l^.x^„..v. ^r,.s.. o„ .Mv i^ tlH' .south rlH. .,„lv .hm. of ..ai„M.v an. tl.u.. of (Jos... in Alahanu.: .Fulv 1 7'-'''"^-;' '••••'•'- '••'-''■Hly . .nMav;l.alW>e.vnHc...n. lav. i,Ml!; '•'"•ysalis, and MTonisa (.aptnn. on Mav -'i] Desiderata. Ti.anks n.ainly t- Mr! Saun.i.Ts. our l,i>ton- of ,1,1. .„„. .•-s.s nearly |u.rf..,.t : l.n, w. .,i|| n,.,.,l a full.... a....onnr of,),., larv.l Hta^'cs an,l ,.s|„.,.ially of ,1,0 vai'lation whlH, ,|n„!„l,..s o,...,„-. = fo,. \-,. Sau„.W.s. .loHmptio,, of ,|„. n,at,„... !a,-va ,lilli...> ,...n,a,kal,h . a.s l./l.a^ 7'^" ;"•'■ '"^" --">".ar,.,.ial.a„.l,l„.,...a..„,o,.i,.V.n.,li.l,t- tn.OK.a,-iy,l.,...n.„„,|,.,s ,, I,.. ...,,,, i..,.,. Tl,.. .li.tnl,.„ion of ,1. --t .n he sonth,.,.,. an,! n-cst..,-,, .sta,...s. an.l tln-on^l, ,1... ....nfal ,,o..,io„, of .N..V Kn,j,Ian,l .s vm- iittl.. i<„o. n. an.! u. alt.,,..,!,.,. M, an uu.n »1">" ".s ll,-ht, [....turns an.! i.a,.aMt..,s. ' ' f.lST ,,!■' II.[A-ST,!ATI(,Ss.-sTliYMu\ TITrs. VI 2;), t;,. ,. i.is„.ii,,„i„„ |„ v„,„, ,v,„..,.i,.„. ,.|. „, „.. 04. Mai,.:i,„u.M„.f,,,. t:i wi;!;:"""'"" "=""• (''If' r/ii/lar. ^n•.^2'. Aiiil|.iii.(,iiiiii,,, ri, T.->, li-. :a, Kiill -:j„wii,.ai,.,.i,i||:,i-. ■'''<■■■*■ si,|,. viru w ill, li,.,.|(l and i,|.|,..,i. OirysuliH. 'Ii'-'* •■'il"r-i;'il, :unI .IdaiU i,f li'!.' Miuc- l'l. .S4, If. ;!7. Sidrvicw. l">■•■• ill:")l. I'liipilhi nil,,,,-,,,.. i:i'"ra .^fiidil., ,Syst. r.-v. A,,,..,-. I.iitt., ;j.' Tli.-..1.| n,.,>. 1 t ., , (1S72). ' i'< ' I.' (|iiii->) Aacti.i'imi. 'l''.il"'.~rhcH,t hula L\tu: Aii.iPiii.-.sl tl,(. i-aiiiin-w l.i,ltiiili,.<. lirldi-.. III,. niiiiJKm -lidii,.. -M.utv llo\v,,i.-7V,.. Ihnnminuhinl. or «lMM,ii,in „|,«ai-.K llii-,.„.,l, ,,„. li^hi Hitl, iiii-i.nv iiioiKii, >i|M.|.v l,i-i.|ii llll' >ll|.m Minillll'l' ;ii|- |.Mil.!n\ i'lM' 111, II- ii'i;!,,,, i.r,.a|.,.i,.|„ii; j,n I llo.i.i.-yAt l'';:ti,; Min-or. 1. fro... w„,„ ,,m,,n..„,;;v ",,;:, ;':,'.V'''""' " -^ >""■"»■ ■'■"'•""•'« '«"'■-" " -:"-"yr^^::":ri:;;::::i;::y;:!;:;rr'j,,;- mianu'lrrs ,|,.anMi„uslhf,o,„tl,.. r,.,„al(.. t \,, „„, ,, • " • " ■^" 'li.„ii(li.,| .«|ii.,-iiii,.ii exaiiiliic.l. '■i 816 rm; iii rri:uKiJi:s ov nkw i;\(;i„\M). comprosspd siihcyllndrlcnl cliili, nbniptly nml lUiiio^t oinmlly ri>iin(l('cliit('ltlii'r oxtrom- !ty, iil most of Iti li'ii!;th, the llr^ttwo iiiid lust tlircc Juliits illiiiliiUliliii{ 111 sl/.o, tlic Ill-it jiiliil very ".liulMly |mi1iiIi'i1 at tlir iipcx; the cliili a lit 'lii imiri' limn oiui-tlilnl till' li'iitjtll (if till' sliilk. viewed rrmil iiliove twiee, or viewed l.it<'l'illly tiiPi'U limes, US stout us the siMlk iiinl. \ lewi'd Intenilly. six tiiiu's ns loiiir lis lumid, the liiHt two joints wiiolly imked, Hie oliiei's only inked helieillll. I'lllpi slioi't mill sleiidei', Inil little liill<;el' tlllUI tllceye. the tel'lllilliii Joint aliolll three- llftlis the leiiiith of the lic'iiilllliiiate and elothed only with reeiinihenl scales, while the other Joints, besides lieliis; heavily scaled, are furnished heiicHlh with a nitlier heavy fringe of in'elly loiiy;, forward ivaehlnir hairs, all ooiiipresscd in ii vertical plane, Kore w liius (39 ; 17) Iwo-lhlrds as loiiij ai,'aln as broad, the costal liorder sll:;liliy convex on Hie Imsal lldrd, lieyimd siniiiihl nearly to tlie lip when it is rounded a little, the outer border nearly slraiiilil on Hie upper two-thirds, re lliiir with a gentle ciir\'c below. Its sreiierai course at an anyile of iiliont ,'),"i'^ with Hic middle of Hie costal border; linu'r border iieiiriv strinidit, scarcely conciive or bcni at the iniihlle, It.i outer allele well ronilded. (.'ostiil ncrvnrc teriiiiniitlim op'. ite the end of the cell. Subcostal with llireu superior branches, the llrst ari--' > : a very little bpyond the middle of tlicircil; tiio second about midway betwce'.i t; . and Hie apox of tlie oell, lliu third il little moro tinin half way between tlie ..eeoiid and the lip of tliu cell, the main stem hardly Hexed at the cross vein c .nncetini; the inferior nervnle with it and Hie median, tliu last only distinct next the main veins, the inferior nervide arisin;; from its middle. Ceil sll'^lilly more than lialf a» Ion:; as the wiiiu and three ami one-half tinii> lonner than broad. Hind Willis with the costal border irrcatly, suddenly and roundly expandeil at the base, beyond scarcely concave, until toward the tlji where It is broadly rounded with- out si;;ii of anjiulation; outer border very reifularly and consldprably nuinded; Inupr border rather slifilitly and regularly bowed, the outer ani;le not rounded, more tliaii a riirht amrle; snbmcdian nerviirc terminating; on the outer border just beyond tlie anal aiiiiie; internal nervure tcrmiimliiij; somewliat beyond the middle of tlio inner niar;riii. .No discal sli^ma imr androconia, Koro tibiae alKuit four-llfths tlio leiii;tli of the hind tibiae, and rather shorter than the fore tarsi, Kemora tliinly frinijcd witli lony; hairs. Middle and liind tibiae of about eipial lenjitii, armed at the tip willi not very lonj^ spurs, concealed alnio>t to the apex with scales. Klrsl joint of tarsi a littk' shorter than the others coinbined, the second nearly as loiii: as the tl.ird and fourth lojicthir. and a little lomrer Hinii tlie llftli i Joints rather i • 'iidantly armed on either side beneath with nioderalily imij; and sleiidi'r spines, the a,. ,il ones of each joint loiiffest ; iiiider surface of all tlie joints l)iit the basal devoid of scales; claws very small, compressed, taperinj;, ciirveil only a little, lliuiy pointed; paronychia sinirle, rather broad, compressed, laperiiifjf a little, curvi'd sli^litly toward the claw and also inward; imlvilliis minute, projectiiiir. Egg. Ue>;ularly cchinoid, more than twice ns broad as h\fih, more llattencd lioneath than above, broadest below Hie middle, the surface profusely studded with elevated conical points, witli live lower stellate riiys diversrinir from them toward all ueijjlibor- ini; points, formini; everywhere a pentai;onnl reticulation, tlie cells of wliicli are ex- tremely small, >inaller llian in any other of our Tlieclidl. .Micropylie area llalleucd, but not siiiikcu. lii.! This Amorican genus of Tlioclidi is better rcpfcsented soutli of our lioiiiidarv tiian \vitiiiii it, at least two speeies lieing found in Mexico and Central Anieriea. Our own species has Ijcen foinid in aiiundance only in southern Arizona, and apart from that has a very anomalous distrilitition, lieino; only Uiiowii in the northeastern United States by a epeeimen caji- tiired here and there. i • FAVOUITi; lU'nKUM.V IIAINTS. 817 'Pile hiittcrllit's arc vitv Ix'uiitit'iil ami llif -rxo (lill'cr in (>cili)ratiiin alxivc. 'I'licir wiiifr.H arc jiri'lly well rumiilcd. tlc.'-liliilc of tails ; ilirx arc (larl\ l)ru\vii aiici\c. all the liiiid wiiii:^ cxrciitinj;- the cusliil iiiarjiin ( Iciiialc), or iinly tlic inidilli' |Hii'tinii nl' llnir oiilcr linnici' ( malt' ), iiiclaliii' iiliic : Ix'iicatii tlicy an' dI' a ilullt'i' liiiii', the Inic wiiiui's jiartially tiinci'snl ill the iiiiddk- nt' llic initcr hall' l)y a scries ol' cuiiiicctcd reddish s|ints, tlic iiiiid wiii^rs with a siiliiii.ii'iriiial scries nl' iiide|ieiident s|piits and an extra- mesial, tdrtimns stripe ut'the same eulnr. Tiii'V seem to appear on the \\in;f t\\i<'e in the year, in May and .Inly, and hilicrnatc in the chrysalis state. .\i)lliinj:' iiicire is knii\Nii i>t'ih(ir his- lorv tliaii is liki' uii' -ipiis .p' llii' -1I1I ; WliiHir Ihi' \\ ilp| iii-c< liiii'.' like llii'kii> n' l\:ut\i\ And t':i' Ml IliP' lipihli \\ i' a pkiiiil> •liaiiii' ; Wliaar llir Ipi r »« iiiL'> dwi r lln- u liili-rhivrrv -iml, Ami till' lintlirllv llll> likr :t -Iniv III lit <>' '(iiiil; Wliiiiir, likr aiTiiw >liiit Irai iipi'« iiii-iin liipu, Till' ili'a.iriiii-ll\ lpin'ii> llir >aiilip'lit llinni '. Oh! tlii'liiiiiiiy, liiiiiiiv ili'll. u liaiM' I >aML' III m'c Tliu ru.Mi' ami ilir |iiiiiirip«i', tlir ilrai;.'ipii ami lice I >l.vel)(i.N.vl.i«. — Tlic lliiiiiiii, ll'oiiiij Ihll. IVrorNTAlN valleys, in my oxpericnce, arc the licst Inealitics [\n- secnr- infi linttcrHics in niimhor and diversity. Thcii' picntil'id moist nrc, and perhaps more than normtil midday warmth, with their di\crsity of siirtiieo render them fav()rid)le plticcs tor ahiinilanei' and richness of plant-life, upon which of course hntterfly existence depends. It docs not, however, follow that diversity of (lora is correlhitcd with variety and almndanec of butterfly life. 'I'he ishind of Nantucket, for insttmcc, has a very diversi- fied flora, and tsiine as is the iispect of the sonicwhtit monotonous snrtiicc of the island, it is everywhere clothed with vcrdnre except upon the sea- shore w the stec|)er parts of its hhiff's. Vet its Inittertly f'anmi is esscn- tiidly meagre and oomparsitively nninterestinjf. I{iver hottoms support a luxuriant vcfjetafion. Imt imless tlu' siu'face is lii'okcn or viiricd liy jfleams of siuishinc and the free current of air attract some: others seek the lilossoins which there aliound ; while every particle of .nnimal matter in the pathway is sure to he visited liy a nnmlier of ditfcrent species." ('['ra\cls on the Amazon. 170.) Vet he who would content himselt' .ith these places, where tlii' ahnn- t th 'I' n meadows or even fa\or ihe d r\' past ure >tl otner.- M foil. the tangle which ";rows hv fences and in the conntrv or skirt the edges of woods : others seek the depths iif open deciduous woods, csjicc- ially hefore the foliaj,'e in full-leaved : while not a few vastly prefer the hill-t. ps 0| len to th marslies clann >u]\w kmds, and even rockv ledires are the uidookcd for home of otherr It IS on Iv th dvi'nt uroiiH lovi'r of natiu'c in all her moods who will make the liest aurelian. It takes a lonjj: time to t;.\hanst all the possiiiilities of a uiven district. hut 1 .. with its elevated meadows, iiroUen surface, al:nn J.ant Howers and hreezy hillsides and its (iroNihiity to W'achiisett is one of the lii'st localilies in New l']ni;land. Amherst in the same state is favi ralily situated, and >o are several towns in \ew Hampshire which Monadnock o\crlook>. Indeed whc --.n :: !ocal collector of enter|irise a.ul spirit is to lie found, it would c ino. -leni. from the variety of his captures, as if his were a parlicnl ^rly f'-'v ired locality. I douiit inilecd, if there is a spot in New Kuu'land ( I'.i ss we except the heavily wooded unsettled parts of niuihi'm Maii i \\hichare not likely to he favored in many a year with the presence ..i a local ento- mologist) whei'e it woidd luit he easy in a siujile suMiin'i to olitain within a radius of ten mih's on»'-half the nominal specii s ot'all Niw Kiig- land : and tlieri' are not a tew in which more than one huiuhcd species have hecn secured. Alio'it Boston the choicest localities are the less settled districts ahout tin \\\r- Hills, Prospect Hill in Walthaiu, the rcjrion ahout Waverlv ami the .Mid. ERORA LAETA.— The spring beauty. [Tlic' s|iriii:.' hi'uaJy 'ScinMci); lilin' -iroaki'il Imitcrily (Mayiiaril).] Theclu Ificln I'Aw., Proc. Acnd. nal. sc. /'><)n(/yst. i"V,limi.,.!2 (IsTi). Philiiil., 18(!2, .I.')-."!!!, |>l. 1. li^s. 1, 'J (ISii-J); Tlni-hi fl„(hihl, VAw. l'r«-.-. Kiit.mi. >■»•. Unit. X. Aiiicr., i, ThtMlii 1, li,s. 1-4 (is(i)i); I'liilad.. ii: l."K lsi);j|;-S(u>kl.. I'ruc.liosl. sd.'. -FiTii., Mull. Mt\. 8r)-Sli (IS84);— Kr.iidi. nal. hist., xi : 1177 (IsiW). Hull. .•list. f. S., a77-27S (IS.SII): -Mayii. Kiiriiicil l.y <;i<)vrr, III. X. A. i.i p., pi. H. Hiilt. N. !•:., .'tT-SS. |)l. 8. dfts. 47. 47 !i (188(1). liu'. 7; pi. M. II.-'. !i. iiir.l. Full iiiaiiy a l.ailic fairc, in Cuirt full ni't Ili'lii'lilinL' iIh'MI. Iiiiii -irrcily I'luiilr. Anil « i-lit llial IW" >nr|i lannrs, sd r.ilkrn «iill. .\ni| [.'iililni r;;lrc, lur I.iui' woiilil liiT prov iilr ; < li' llial, wlicn llirni lli" '.'or-iim^ Klic liihl duft, .■^oinr our. that wmilil w illi L'l'aic In' i;ratifi.li', Ki'iini liiiM woulil ^lial tlii'in privily ^way, .\nil lirinL' In Inr >'i prci'lmis a pray. Sl'ICNSKll.— .)/|/(../j(,(Hl«S. Iliiw wonld, I say. inllU'ini's In' lilt'ssid made Ity lixiklnL' on llicc in Ihr li\ Ini: ilay. SUAKTSIIAUl;.— .V'DOli'/. Imago 14". •*'.•' Ui'iid I'DviTi'd ahoM' witli sjilninii diirk nliviiciiiii> scales, miii- j{le(l with a <«■*» butt" ones, the Iwm' of the antenriiie siirronnded liy lil.'iek Males and between thoni * loone cluster of white scales; the usnal sleiidiT riin of snow white scales siirroiinils the eve and the front is tilled between thein with blaekish bruwn ■■.i 820 Tin: lU ri'KHKI.lKS OF NKW KN(;i,.\ND. 1.' ii i! scnU'-i. iiiimili'd ilowii lln' midillo with ii loose ely with white; apical joint Idackisli brown, marked with widle lieneatli and at base abo\ e. .\iitenna<' bhickish lirowii with a purplish tinne, thi^ outside cd' tin' basal joint ni;irkecl witli wliiti' and the li.i^e of ;dl Mie joints of tlie stalk ilinhd' tlie b;ise of the club ratlier l>roiidly an- imlated witli white; two or tlirei- of llie apiciil joints of the clnli wliolly oranire ; tin' otIuM's (hisky lieneath. sometimes tiiiired witli oi-any:e: ton;;ne lilacki^li fns<>oMs, ilark Inleons at extreme lip. Thorax covi'rcli. Winirs above bliickisli brown, scarcely and irrei;ularly mottled with jjray Urown. Fure tcinijs haviiiit the costal edsc dark oraiiiro bulf and the outer edite blacki~h. the base of the wins with a few bluish jrray hairs, the surface either uniform, witli a few iiiconsplcuon- dull jireiuiisli blue scales on the basal half of the win;! below the lell (J), or sprinkled profusely witli dark metallic blue scales next the base, foriiiiiiii' a brilliant patrli. exteiidinir from tlie siilicostal nervure to the inner border ami limited outwardly by a line runnini; from tlie middle of the upper border of the cell to the ba.se of the tast median nervule. tlieuce to tlie middle of the lower m"ilian nervule and thence to the inner l)order crossiuir the nervules at rifiht anjiles (? j ; friufie pale buff, beconii'is ininiiled below with jiriseous and at the extreme base oranije buM" more or less obscured with icriseous. Uiiid trinys with the outer edfi;c blackish and the wiuir covered [irofusely with dark inetallic blue, either contlned to ii piitch about as broad as an interspace, restiiiir on the blaikisli maririn of the (uiter border between the upper niedian and internal nervures and includini; minute, faint dusky spots in the middle i>fore reachinj; the outer border, however, it bonds to the tip of the upper median nervule and sends also a faint shoot of dusky scales liack upon that nervule; iniuutc. faint, dusky, suliniaruinal spots arc found in the blue Held in (>ach of the Inlerspiiccs uTow in;r h'ss dislinct toward the anal anirle ( (J ) ; the anal aiiijlc is marked ln(;onspieuonsly with reddish oraiiL'e and the frinjie at tliis point is of tlic same color; elsewhere it is pale on the apical hiilf. larL'ely obscured with u'riseons on the liasal half. biW enlivened in tiiis part witli more or less frec|Uenl. dull. rechli>li oranjie scales, Ueneaili, iireenish silvery v'ray. Fare vhirjn with the costal maririn llcckcd with reddish or;iii;re sralcs ; crossiuir the middle (if tlie (Uiter half id' the wiiiir is a series of reddish oranse. ipiadrate. sliirlitly transverse spots, bordered within faintly, without distinclly but narrowly, witli bhick. foilowi'd in the latter case by a similar ediiinii of white scales; the series consist-., Ilrst, of a nearly stniiirlit row of live spots, one in each '-'•nsecutive interspace above the lower median nervule, the next to the upper spot —•inetime* removed a little inward but usually all foriniuju; u slifxlitiy curved band, ilhwted fnun the middle of the o\iter half of the costal border to the middle of the outiT foux-llfths of the lower median nervule : and second, of a similar obsidescetit (In the g always obsolete';-) spot, transversely linear :ind jilmost wliolly made up of only the black ami white liorderinu:; frini;e iliiU redilish oranire. paler on apical half, abovi; and below larirely obscured willi fuscous, especially at tip. lliiiil triiKjs wall two row- of s|)ots >iiiiilar to tliose ..f the fore wiiifrs; the inner row consists of ~iib- ! LYCAKXIXAE; KHORA LAI/l'A. 821 L'liiitiiiiKiiw <|ii)t^ I'driMiiiir M tiit'tiious iiarnnv stripe, vitli np:ice : the outer series of spots is pretty rcLrnlarly arcuate. >ubpaiMllel to llie (inter border and removed from it b_vi about the width of an iiiter-p:ice. that in the upper half of the meilio-submeiruiii interspace a little further from llu' ba«e: the spots are sniuU. lriani;ular, or sometiincs roundiMJ. decrease in si/.e upwardly above the loui'r median, afe found in each interspace below the upper subcostal iiervule siiid lire fiiintly and narrowly bordered with iniiiLrlcd black and whiti-h scales, the black seldom present on the sides: the wiiiit is slenderly cdircd with ;i pali' line bordered exteriorly with blackish and the frinirc is recldisji oraiii;e at base, pale at apex, and below tipped with black. .Uidomen black above tinned with pale blui> and pale brown on the sides: lieiicatli w liili-h or -livery i;riiy, .\ppeiidai:es not studied. MAI.KS. KKSIAI.E8. Jleasureineuts In inillinietres, Leuiftli of tonKue, 3 mm, Sniallest. Avpriigo.| Largei^t. Smull('.«l,l.\verii^'e.| Liirfrcst. V).!< LeliL'th of f(Mi- wiiitr antennae IiIikI tiliiao :ini| tarsi fure tiliiueaiul turHi. :i. 10.2 y. III..") 10,-) i>,2 Described from 1 t ,3 9 ■ Egg (65: x), I'ale pea Ltreeii, the raised points lioary, alioul. b;l mm, apart anil about .02 iniu. Ill liei;:lit, Mieropyle ,1 inin. in diametiT, coiisistluj; of about live uiieipial. kite shaped, central cells surrounded liy a crowdeil mass of penta,!;onal cells with their shorter axis about ,Ul mm. in bniitli, directed toward the centre, Ilei<:ht of e;:i;, .;12 liiin. : diameter, ,72 mm. Distribution ( 23 : - 1 . 'I'liis is tm oxfctdinsrly rare litittortly in tlic ctift, liavinjr betsii taken on vory few oCftisiDiiH. i)ut tliesi' siiow it to be widely spread. It litis been t'oiind at St. .lotieliini, twenty-five inilcf from (Quebec (IJowles), London, Ontario (Saunders), the Cutskills, N. V. (Edwards), Atlantic City, N.J. ( ,\aron ) and ( 'n;ilbttrnii (Kernald). On my last eolleet- iiig tour in the Crniylock Ilopjier at Williamstowii, Mass., where I first heuan mv elwse tor l)nttertlies more than tliirtv vetirs titro, innsino- o\t.r the btitlerllies wiiojw ettrly stages were unknown, my thon^lits turned to the present speeies. and rceallinfr tliereiiy the lines I had ;iii' dv jilaccd al it.s hetul in this work, I re|ii'uted them aloud, almost iincMii-rionsU . I htid not <;iiic iialt' u di>-ifn ok m;\v i;.\(;!>AMt. •I' wliore liu'ta aliirlitcil at my very feci. AltliDiiLrii it was the first time I had seen this (•hannin;:;'ii!)j('ct alive, I instantly recoffiii/ed it: in anotiier seeuntl my net was o\er it ami I siiDiiieti lrinm[)iiantly : — lliiw /iitrr, 1 say, mine eyes heen iilessed made i>y i lie ton t'ar apart, etmsiderini;' the freshness «it'lhe late specimens, til snppdse them all to lielonj;' to one lirood. The tiist lirood a[i|iears in the iioi'lh early in May ; Mr. Saunders's s|)eeimens wen- taken in (.)ntario May 20 and -J-J, I'rot'essor F.'rnahrs at Orono May IS. and Mr. Kd- \\ard"s specimens in \\ Cst \ irj;iiiia, A|iril 17 and very early in May. My specimen trom \\'illiam>towM, a t'emale and in execlleni condition, was taken .lime o'K Mr. Aaron's from Now Jersey, July 1, and I'rol'essor .Smith's at .Norway, mi July '2'2, the last also in very jjood condition, and certainly ii tr at all ruiilied. The second lirood nnist, therefore, appear late in .June ,md in Jidy. and the early ap|)earance of the first brood indicates that the insi'ct prohalily hiliernates in the <'hrysalis state. As to the hautits of this insect, all (unless the New Jersey sjieeimeii, and pci'iiaps the Lonilon, lie exceptions) seem to have heeu taken in mountainous rc!:;ions. Mr. Saunders took his specimen in a wood ; Mr. Kdwardf om- of his ai the liottom of a fri'shly dug jiost hole near a hop vine. Aline war- taken on a road mto a mountain ravine, just hefore it eiucr.-i rill woods from partially cleared ground. Desiderata. .Manifestly we know .so little about this insect that every ran ai...tii ii is i»irilnitii.ii imSJuitli AiiuTicii. .tit: 17. N'cunilioii. /.;,/,^, 5."): 2. .'>iilc view vviili lioail and appen- J*!. 1(5. lii:, s. I'laiii ilajrcs cnlar;;!'!!, ami dotails !iliii Mill.. SciiiM. >y>t. ic'v. Am. Iiiitl.. I'.l l.vcii- (|iiirs) lliiliii. Vcrz -ilnniMt. 74 (IsiC). 'J';i/ii:.—f.ii:i(!i nijihun llnhit. rpiiii lii> |i:iintc'(l \vinL'«. the luiltci'lly liiiaiiiM, ii L'ay lilii>.>(iiii dI' tlic >iiiiiiy *ky. Wir.i.is (i. c'i„\iiK. Imago ' 55 : 1 ). Ilcail >iii;ill. ili'ii^cly clotlinl with sciili's ainl liiii^i liiiii'>. iiriliiii^ fiimviin ir ciirviiiu ilciwinviii'd. Kniiit lU'iii'lv Hat. very little >M(i11i'1i. l)iit l)ciM'atli n little tuiiiiii, liarcly Miipassimr ii^. n-ont df tlif eyi-s; nbove liulUiwoii in a. Imiad, slmllow iliiuiUL'l (Iduii till' Iroiil : ii> bioml !i» llic I'ycs on a Iront \\v\\ ami vaniiii; in height from soiiu'wliat loss to rscaivdy more tlian lialf as liii;li as luMail ; npin'i' border forniliiir n distinct ridjjo in tlie middle, its aniiUi insideralilv lioilowed in rroiit of the antennae; lower bordor stroiiiily and nitlier s(|narely arched. Viili'\ almost per- fectly ll.it. witli a sliy:litly raised rid;;(! at the onter hinder portion of eacli antenna. and separated I'rom tin L'ipnl by a very consplcnons, strainlit. transverse eliannel, deepest in theiniddle. Kyes rather lari:e ami fnll, r.ilher clensely pilose witli inoilenle hairs. .Antennae inserted with tlieir himleredire in the inidille of the »niiiniit . separated bya space cMpitil to or rather larirerthan tlii' diameti'r of the second antennal joint, the basal joint naked J c(Misideral)ly lonixer than the al)doineii. conipo>i'd of thirty-two or thirty-three joints, of which from foiirU^en to sixteen form the cliili. which is elon- Sfateil, cylindrical, depressed a little, nearly oi|iih1 for most of its leii'ith. incri'.Tsliiii in size only at its llrst two or three joints and on the last fcnir or live dimlnisliiiiL; ratlier gradually to a blnntly pointed apex, the apical joint beinif exceediiii;ly nunnte ; it is fully tliree tinii'> as broad a^ the stalk and aboni live times as lonu: as broad. I'alpi slender, about half as loiiita^ain as llu'eye.the terminal joint abont three-(|narters as lonirasthe pennltimate and clothed with reciimbeiit sc.aU's and a I'ew hairs, the other joints furnished profusely witli lari;e. ioni; scales projecting: on the under snrl'ace bntsnrpassed by a moderately heavy friniie of lom; hairs, all compressed in a vertical plane. l*ata;rla small, (■xceediiiirly loiiiiand sU'inU'r. arched, and. exci'ptlnu next the borders, tnmid, a little more than three times as bniit .is broad, tlie inner border nearly -traiu'hl. the basal half narrowini; slinhlly. t!ie .apical half eipial, less than half as liroad as the broadest porti(ni. and terininatiii^ in a well roiindi'd apex. Kore w iny;s (39: l:!> about three-fonrllis as loni: ajiain as broad, the costal inarL'in roundly and pretty stroiiijly bent at a short distance from the base, beyond that 8lriii;;lit. very sli;;htly curved backward at the tip, the outer a,\\\!,U' scarcely ronndetl; oiilef marurln very slightly ami reiinlariy rounded, jnst above the middle of the wing 11 little full 111 the $ . its general direction at an angle of abont sixty or seventy ilegives with the middle of the costal border: the inner mariiin -traiiiht. its onter iliigle slightly rounded; cost:il iiervnre terminating a little beyond tlie tip of the cell; subcostal witii three superior brandies, the tlr-l :irisliii;at or ii little beyond the middle of the upper bordi'r of the cell ; the second, tw o-ihirds the distance from there to the origin of the third, which arises jii-t before the apex of the cell : the main vein bi'yond the origin of the third Is curved downward to meet the cross vein. I'ltlier slightly iind then continues in a straight course ( ? ). or pretty strongly and tlieii springs back to resume Its former stniight course ( ^ ) ; the cross vein Is very feebly developed es- pecially below; cell a littl" less than hiilf as hmg us the wim; iind about three limes as long as broail. Hind wiiius with the costal imiririn stroiiiily convex next the ba«e, beyond nearly straight, onter angle varhible. onter imirain well ronniled. very sliithtly prominent in the middle of the medi;iii region, at least in the ^, the tips of the middle and lower ?j^ :i^ ■■ 1 mi 824 TIIK lU'TTKUrLIKs OF \i:\V i:\(;i,AXl). median ncrviilns iiiin'o or los slii;liily ami numdly proiliifi'il. Iiiiht liorilci' nitlior Htroii<;ly ami roiriilarly roiiiiilrd, just before tlic tip considcratilv iind mmKlly ciiuiriri- iialu, Icaviiij: a roiiiidfd lobe at tlio tip, (lin'ctt't tlio- raeii' -ieiriii.'iit liear> a transverse antei'ior row of ten or twelve warts rinillin;^; lon;^ curvin;; hairs ami a laterodorsal pair of similar ones, all ahonl half as ion;; as tlic nhiloniinal dorsal oni's, F.eijs not very lon^. pretty slender, tapering' reicnl'irly. I ho flaws moderate in length, taperin',', very little curved. Chrysalis. Viewed from above the outline of the body is slcmlur, snbpyriform, hardly twiee as lonj; as broad, sc'areely and very broadly hollowed alon^ the po>ierior half of the thorax, the basal wlnir proiiilnenees sc^areely penrejitible. very broadly ronnded in fnpiit, still more so behind. Viewed laterally, the hollowinj; between lliorax and abiloinen is very sli:xht and jiradnal ; the thorax is liiirhesi and eipial on the posterior third, the front portion enrviim downwaril in the are of a eirele w hosi' radins is abonl lialf as lomr as the body ; the abdomen is liiirhi'st and sli^jlitiy hii^her than tlic thorax on the thinl seirment. thonith scarcely hiither than lliosc in front ini tin' snc- ceedin;; two, their enrve beinir very broad and low; behind, the abdomen falls in a very rapid cnrve, the whole of the eiv;lith ant' tlO^ ami 4")°. It i.s re|)re8eiited yii either side of the liocky Moiiiit;iiiis hy i(leiiti(';il and perhaps also dis- tinet species : all of the species of the eastern half of the continent (>eeiir in New Knjihinil, two more aitimdantly in the south, one in the m^rth. The ojroiip is represented in eorrespondinj^ portions of the Old World liy the closely :dlied genus Callojilirys. The hnttertlies are of medium or small si/e for Thoclidi. The fringe of the hind wings projects slightly at the tip of each ncrvnle, particnlarly at that of the lower median nervide ; the extreme anal angle is slightly pro- diicetl and ln'iit downward at right iingles ; the w ings ;ire uniform dark hrownish iil)ov(\ the disc of the female iisiiiilly tinged more or less w ith a ruddy color, lieneath they are neiirly as chirk its aliove, csjicciiilly on the hasal half, which is separated from the otiter hy ii tortnons line, ooeasion- allv rendered eonsiiieiioiis liv a liordcring of white scales ; ji darker zio-za"- band, mcn-e or less distinct, crosses the onter half of the wing and lietween the two there is often a hoary field ; the margin of the wing is filled with cloudy markings. The hnttertlies are among the earliest, appetiring in onr latitude late in April or early in ^Itiy, Hying iisnally for little more than a month ; the 82G rilK lir'I'TKUKMKS OK N'KW K\(;L.\N|). ■f,- .'! i IHl niiilo arc iilniost iilwiiys more iiiiincniiis tlian llic f'cniiilrs, sunictiincf to ii iiiiirkctl extent : tlie e^'f.'^ luitcli in alxtiit u week and tliiix lielore niidMini- iner tliey are all in einysaiis, t'roiii wliieli the imtti'rtlies (Id not enierjre until the iollmviini sprinn' ; I'or all the speeies are MinLjle hrooileii. whether in the north or south. The liistory ot' tlie lOuropeiiii Caliophrvs is identical. The transt'orniation* of all our species arc known. The caterpillars fet'(I upon llotiaci'ac. f.i i"aceac and Coiiit'crac. I'hi' i)ntterllies arc not rapiil tlii'rs and on aliuhtiuLC, as tn. , t'liMpicntly do. the wiuirs ai'c held erect and the liindcr pair inunccliatcly rid)l)cd toi^cther up and down, with a slow irri'^u- lar niovenient ; this is coninion to hoih sexes. The t'lijis are ot" a very depressed, echinoid shape, profusely studded with prominent tnherclcs, connected liy ridjres. The juvenile larvae arc furnished with a laterodorsal elus'erod series of lonji hairs, some tapcrinij;, nearly erect and curvintr. others e(pial, straiirht and directed liackward : the ventrostijiinatal fold has a somewhat similar clustered scries of loiiy hairs, whii'h are microscopically spicidcd. The inatiu'c caterpillars are similar in jicneral appearance t(» those of 'I'hecia, the scffnicnts more moniliform. the liody proportionately hroader in fi'ont, and the latcrodorsal rid!,'e anI:iii>. :iviil:iiis,(»riilii (i('iiinMil:i> l:UiLri'ii>. i|ii;ir s.iiivi' nlnit ! Iti'L'liii <'t i>|>i> i'l:ii iu'iilii|ii:iiii iH»tiilii, N'lilii rL'ii Mil I'l'.lc's inii »!• \otiilciit— All sini I'Miiilio ii:itiis iiiilnsc-iilu Osriilaii." u'i'iiiiiuis niiiii' -MUM' ulcnt I Miiiriciiiii si |i(is*('iii \ iriraiii fiirarl, Alas lias imli'lii'as a|>i>'iii mi, clicul Ai>Iivl> ai'tis (lii-liiis In aiTc, Itiisa I'liliant I'liiliiiiii'lai' I'antii. (>|ii'> <|iilil all'criiiiti' Ciiras. noiiiiiiiiii rari; lic.'iia nil pi'arli'i' aci'iiiiiiias, I'lu'ul Alisiiii I'aplliii, ilii' Vdlans aeic, l!ii>il iMiliaiis I'liiloiiillaf caiitii! (jilrMi(|ii(' liiii'iini vaL'Uluiii iliris iKinnir Kriu'iira Aiiliiiniii fci-irc >iiii ; Aolas i|iiaiii|ii aliill, inalliin i'um iimri, t )iMiii i|iii>il iliilcr I'.-t I'aili'iiti' piiliiiro. lirUMiai' i|iil ('il|illilil raplriit lalMJi'i' (iaiiilla. i{ iMiiras In-cvcs traliiiiiln — All >iiii i'Mpiliii; vivaiii ill iM-mri'. <'i>ii<'i>laiiii|\in uiiiiii caii.'litr ixili'liro. F. \V[nASfiiiAM]. Till'; habits of liuttirtlies are of extreme anticpiity. They are injxniined intothc vei-y tcxtiu'i; of their lives. They arcohh'r thau.or atleastas old as, the patterns which adorn their winjrs. Moreover liutterHies have two seti of habits, and these statements are equally true of either. Tiic habits of their earlier life as a crawling cater|)illar find no place in their aerial life ili HAUIT AS A (illltK TO (LASSII'K ATION. 827 tl on tho wmtr, aiiu vice vcrsti ; iltli(iii;r|i ill isoiiic we iiiiiv finil ccrtiiin coiii- iiioii cliiiiactcriftit's Kliarcd l)y jIic two, »>* in Satvrinai'. the l< ci.-iirclv Wiivf ( >r tl ic That tliis in true tbilowin t'niiii tlu; tact tliat certain itpccial lial>itH cliarnc- 'riiiiM till' iiKxlc ot'tliifjit ut'tiic Satxrinat', wliicli toss 18 U'v'i/.v larffc ji;!^)!!!)^. tlieiusrlvi's la/.ily up and ilowii at* tiicy iiiovo Ifisni't'ly IV>»m s|miI Ik spot, foiind to a jiTcattT or lens (Icffrcc in all llic nii'iiiiicrs of tiic Mulit'ainily even in our White Mountain i)Uttertly, which inhaliits a place antl suhjected to external conditioiiK fy all or nearly all the Lyeaeninae, cer- tainly hy inemhers of eat'li of its three trihes, and so far aw we know, it i8 done hy no other hutterHies. 'I'lie dartinillar with many allies, perha|)s hy the whole tril )C to which it heloiiirs. Sli-rht tricks of inovonient. as o f tl le dd utiden elee d. )f th trie rhrtmjx <>r the wiiiirs when ahirmed, or ot the position ot the antennae, arc shared l)y many. This is e(pially true of the manner and place of aliiihtinu;. Who ever saw one of the Lycaeniili settle instantaneously like a Pam|)hilid? IIow it douhts whether it has found thi^ hest place, or whether on the whole it will aliu;ht now or not I So one migiit jjo throuj^h the whole cataloj;ue of the ways and lives of biittertlies to (iiid that the fainily tricks ; this in itself shows that liahit as a }i:eneral thing must be olderthan the wiiii;- pattern. Tint if any- thiiiii more were needed to show it, it would appear lii the facts of mim- icry, where pattern [ilainly shows a far greater pliancy to the summons of natural selection than can be afMrmed of habit ; ar.d tiie niinierous eases of protective resemblanec tell equally the same story ; heri' habit lias often moiihh'd pattern, or at most they have abetted each the other. As wc must invariably discard the slightest notion of anything intentional on the ])art of I'le protected form, we cannot say, for instance, that the AN'hitc Mountain bjttcrfly alights on a gray "ick, in preference to the ground or a twig of Vaeeiniuin, in order to gain the ])roteetion atlordcd by the resem- blance of the under suri'aee of its wings to the mottled rock, i)Ut rather 828 Tin: iM ri'i:i!i-i,iKs oi- m;\v knci.and. tliat till! ipriPlrt't'iM' ciiloriii^i' nro>^i' tVuiii ilnliiiliit nl' aliiilitiiiir lit'i'i', uliilc the secoiidiiry li:iliil , iii;iy lie of the utmost iii'l in ntt(>in|it.s to note tiic iiil('n'i'l:itioii>lii|i.s oi'miiiirr : iiiid tlioc :i> well iis t'cii- tiirc'i ol' actual sti'ii''liii'(' must Ix' acconlcil iliu' nt'iH;|it in our classilicatioiiti. lint m'itiicr shonld lie iliMU'ii'd iVoni its fellow, and if in lli«' jirt'sciit woi'k I shall lia\ (' ilonc anylliinu low ai'd tlicir |>i'(i|ii'i' cuinhiinition and tlu'jiinl valuation of ilic two i si'.all iia\(' -ikcci (led in one of ni\ aims. J'llili' I'/ njicrifn iif litcimlii', lnnti'l nn tlie <','/;/. (I'll Willis I'liiirx'. oliM'iii'iii.' ami illiiiiliislijn;; !lii'i')'ll> iiipliou. I cllwall?^ lijii' :iimI rU-.in nil. tin ' it! N well ij|>i'n IrUD. ( .Vii;.'iistus liiil kiinwii.) I'lilih' "'' .-■/"'('iV.t, lni.li il nil till' mil I'i'ilhir III Ifiiili. Iloijy |>:ili' L'i'ciii. Ilia 1 1 illi yi'ljowl.'-li lii'ciwii niplion. Uuilv very pale L'ri'ciii- INiw Irus. (Aiij^iiHlUN nut kiiuwii.) 'I'lll'le "/ .t/ifri,'.t, himril mi Ihr milttirr mlcrjiitldr. Hudy iiiarkcij willi IlL'hlrr liiic's iiImiiu' llir liilrrn ili J ;i<>\v. ami >'■ Mi> lislliici ni|ilioii. 'I'lii' I'liiLrJlihlliial lliir- _-i ii, ami >ii li-is dlstliH'l fruiii I lie -ii urn I inis. No ilUliml Iciii^iimliiial limr. (a I hast iuiik' iiiriilloiu'd liy II. Kdu nils) uufjiistliSi 'J'lllilf 11/ KjlOril'S, h'tSffl nil till' clil'lJl'il'iS, AliiliiiiM 11 liravily iiiaiknl wiili lilaik. Itlai'k Miarklii'.:- nf aliiliMMi'ii ciivcriir,' iiiii-t of the sm-fai-c aim' c tlic spiraclrs iiiplion. lilai'k iiiarkiiiu> <i I Diirkci' color." of tlii' liasiil half of liind \viii,'« iiciicalli di-lliic|ly limit. I on llic inner «idc liy 11 wliiti- or wliiti>li I l.iiiiL-' niplion. Darker liilois of l«a«al half of hind w iiu-s lii'iicalli very iadisliiiclly or not all limited \\ iiliiii. Oiiiei' lialf of hind « iiiu'" iiioo' •>r less liespiinkled. especially near iiiari;in, with pali' lilac seal's, 'z\\ ill.' it a lioa'y Mooin Irns. Outer half of hind wings pretty 11 id for in nist reil. darkest next tlie Mmr{;iii itugustus. I.VCAKMNAi:: IN< I>.\I,1A NirilON. K2y INCISALIA NIPHON The blinded clfln. [Kl'iiwii IiiiIIitiIn (.VI I>; iii|>lLnn l.iilli'jily MI:ii'i'i:iii<|i"l rlffii t>i'ii iIhsi): Klili'lirr. (iMIiiy); /iilr •■\iit. -cliniiit . 11: 7. 111.'. 'jmi-'Jiil < .in. tiil.. \vi: '.••.•-!I4 (l>iN(j: Krcn, )i Hull. (|(*'j;l). i;i-i. I'. S.. iTii-'j;: fl'»>'i;): .Mayn.. Itiiil. N. '/'/(('<■/" 'I'V'/c" ».ii>il. -I. ■■(■., I,, i>. Aimr. i:.,:i(i-;t:. 111. .■(. il-». 4'(. J.'kiiI'MI). nrpl., lll."i-|il(l, |i|. :t.l, ll;.'». 1 -I (l,s;!;li: - I'ilrli. Inrisiilin iiii'li'Oi .Mill.. SiuiM. .>i\.|. ii'v. Trans. N. V. .SI. i;.'rli'. » |M."iT, 7411-711 Am, liiill . IIJ i I^7J^ (I'<.'i7l; 4lli l!r|'' ""^- 'ns., ."-.'i^* (K"ill|; /'<(/. iVi" /iliiiihin .\lili., Ilniw. ili>. :iplli.i phiiiH'. I''al.r. Wlial liunil wiiiiM rriisli lln -ilkiii-w in.'iil Hy, Tlir >iinnj;i«i ,:( |iii'iiii>iaMl .Nprii'- iiimlnns. r.i'i :ill-c' il raiiMil rllnilillir plll'r-1 >k\. Will' IT I III ««an -iiiL'-.a iiiil tin .iin"» ilmnlninii-!' Nut lliliii . SIIKI.I.KV. .\ii i'imIiimIii'iI ln'i'i'/r iM plav . Mils. IIIMWS. Imago (6:l.'l, '.':'.; 13.- n. Ilriul ((ivriid willi rnsl-ml >(ali~ ami hair-., lIu' occiimt Willi iliill olIvnctMKis trn-iMi liiilrs nrrhinir for" aid ; eyes ciiririliMi, i'xi'c|illii'.r alxivc. by a nariMW line of wliitc scales; lii'liiml tin- t-yc iiicnnspiriKin^ iiiiil ol'li'ii liacki'il Uy some black scales; hi Tront exteiiillnir ii|> l" ami In fnnii i.|" the basal iinlciiiial juliit. the t,\v(i series cdiiiiected just almve Ilie ha-e iif tin' tciiiirne by a ii.irrnw line nf minified white ami liiMwnish scales, llasul joint of mil' iinae hliiekish briwii. iiakcl. expo^i'd: stalk bl'ick, tiniii'il next the base with yelhiwlsli brown, each joint emirchil very narrowly at the base with snow while sealer, whieii on the nmler inner »iile expand into a eon- slileridile Irianirnl.'ir palrh; einb velvely blacki-h hrown. the la. I tliree or four Joints liilco-r.rriiiriii"iis. beneath tinjied >\illi t'errii;:inoiis. and al the l.a-e fiirnlslied with an e.vtonslvu wliite palcli. !ia>al mid middle joints of palpi nniformly covered bencith with II heavy tuft of ;ri"eatly I'lonuated scales, smiw while mi the inside, speckled \\ ilh miiiLiled black, white and ferril;;ii|oiis mi the dill side; terinimil joint not tilfled. covered With inimrled black, wiiite ami feriiiirinmis scales. Tollu'n'- dark ;;reeiM«h brown, the bas;il third dirty inleods, the apex ilnll ;.'reeiiis|i yellow. 'I'liorax coven d sparsi'ly aiiove willi ioiii; iiiid i!ellc;iti' dull olivaceous lireeii iniir-. broviiiisii on posterior portion, tlie palairia incons'iii'iimisl^ ed;ied wilh whiii^h scales, lylll;; bencalh the oliv.ieeoiis scales: lielicath. the Ihorax is profi|..i'ly clothed Wltii very loiiLt and di'lic.ite. niiii,:;led silvciv uniy. browiii>h .iml ferrnu:imi(is hairs. Femora ed;;e(l within with jieiirly wliile sc:ile'-. "ii the onl^ide and abo\e with shity brown scales, the lower surface mid espcciallv its edtre- fiirnisiied with very lonir, eiirvin:^. iniiiitled liliiish white mid ferriiu;inoii> hair-, tibiae jiml lar«i coveri'd with dark brown scales with iii;iny iuterniiiiicled white scah - uioslly conllm d to freiinciil narrow mnnilalion>; spines i)l;ick; chiws Inlemis. black i pped. WiiiiTs above dark l.'1<'^^.v brown with a ferrn:;iiions reileetion; eitlier tlie inner lialf of tlie posterior border is more or less bri^iitiy and exteii-ively tiiiited witli ferrn::i- noiis ((J >. or the outer two-thirds of eiicli w ini; except the border ilself deeply tinircd With forrnjiinoHs, which blends jjnidually into tlie brown, and which ' jiversed by line!) of brown scales marking tiic veins (^ i. The outer bonier of h winirs i.s •PI. 3, til,'. 0 is iiuoleil, lint I c;iiiiiiit learn that it ua.« cm r piihh .cd. % ,49 l| if 830 Till. Ill I "ii;i!i i.ii;s oi m:\v i;n(,i,ani>. oiIuimI Willi t)l;ick. III!' iiiiMili'x rrfi|iii'iiil.v hliick ii|i|M'i|; ihr frliiu'i- cif thi' fnri< wln^^ N lihii'M^li Im'dwii. Iiitrrnilitfil iil tlii' iiiiiliiU' ul' iIh' liiti'i'>|iiii'iw with iliill uliiti', towanl wiiii'li tin' Irlarkl-li scilli's Ix'ciiilic liuliti'r ciilorrd ; tlir l'rllli.'i' dI' IIic IiImiI \viii|{ Ih loiiu;<-»t mill lil:ii'kl>li at tlif iiri'viiU' tl|i!<. fNcwIicri' iliill wiilir, iivcrlaiil iiii tlic liitHnI twD-tirtliK with ilark Iti'uwn ncuIcm, !4iiiiii'tlnu'.i titit{i'il in part, cspct'lally In lin' I'l'iiialc, with I'l rni'iliiiiiis: Inner rdirc nf liliiil \vlni;?< with inti'rininuii'il nlati' In'own ami palo halr^. Di-cai spot on tin- i'ori> wliii;'. (if male vi'ry Miiall and very liirnnspicnon,-*, ncariv (ili'ivatc, tin' inilo iml pill I'liilv iiind.'d, l.."i mill. Idiiir. twii'c as loiii: as Imiad, iliirk ;;ni\isii Imiw II. I'ostai iiiai'i.'in uf liimi wiiiijs sHalirlil . Hie cnilcr ani:lr broadly riiiimled, till' cinii'p in:iri;ln ri'^iiilarly rmimli'd. llir rnniidi'd priiji'cllcni of the lower median nervnle seareely laru'er than llial of ilie mlililie iiervnle. liotli illstliiet. Hein'alh : (iirc (/•iiij/.f yellowlHli hrown. fnliifiiuMH bencatli the inedlan nervnri-i two transverse burs of dark einnanion brown cross the ce'l, the Inner slltflitly borderiul Interiorly with biaek. the outer ediied Willi II few wlilte scales; an Irreitiilar. broken, dark einnainiin lirown band, edited externally by a slender line of liiack scales, lior- dcred coiispiciion^lv w it ii white, crosses tin' wiiii;. with a i,'eiieral direclion siibpaniliel to Hie outer lionler. at less lli,:n half the distance from the middle to the outer ed^o of tlie winir; from Hie cost.ii hordir to Hie median iier\ are it is Irregular in direction and lias a sliulilly inwaril cr)nrs". striking Hie latter just lieyond Hie mlddieof Hie upper liranch: In tlie inedlan iiili'rspaces it consists of two Iniinles openliii; Inward, the inte- rior borderof the upper arlsinii lieyond the exterior border of tlie upper portion of the band, the extcrli.r liorder id' the lower irenerally -tarlin;; from tlie Inlerior liorder of Hie upper: when the lianil crosses the ineiIlo-siiliineide l)v a line of lilack ■ale inetimes conllnent, Inconspicnons wlien the band is nniforniiy dark ; inwardly the base of tlie wiim Is tilled witli a mixture of black, lirowii, dark oranjri'. white and roseate pearly scales, forinin;r irreirnlar. dark and roseate iiatches ; outwardly the band is Imrdered by another much narrower but consltlcraiile band of dark fnlvons and pale roseate Si'ales, the latter predoinimiting, giving it a gray appearance; its outer limit is marked liy an extreiii'iy zi^rzag, some- times slender, sometimes conspicnoils line of lilack scales, most coiispicnoils and ex- tendin;^ nearest Hie liorder ill tile inedian interspaces, in each of which it forms a ^. I,V( AKMNAl'.: IM ISAI.IA Ml'lloN. 831 Ht'joiiil tliU III!' ^^lMa N (lurk rinniiiiiiiii l>ni\Mi, i)|p?»ciircil li\ [■rciiy liir«i'. trlaiii.'iiliir |i;itclu's iif loiHi'lv crowilril, «lii|i', lildrsciiit «riilc>», niic imlrli lii'Uvrcii ciu'li ilili I- hpuci'. liirrrii^iiii; III sl/f l(p«.'ii'il 111'' inilcr iiiiL'li' 111' iIh'mIii:;. IIic scnlrs iihkI Im ci'iiwdi'il lit llii' l>; till' lrlllll:;l<— . Wllirll III'!' '., Iml slliflilly m iiiiiiilnl fii.in lliciii, I- >lt- tinted II row ol' ili'llcilti' llll-lir> 111' |inli' I'liM-ali" -iCIllrH. ori'il-'liiliiilly iili-nli Ir ; riniliMlinll boriU'l" liiti'l'l'iipti'il with liliick mi cltlici' -Idc nl" ||i<> iici'Miri' ll|i»; wliii: rnvciTil iiNn with loiiif. r^riiltcri'd, I'xriTilliiu'ly di'Mciili' lmli'>, wlilli' nr I'lih mi-, iii nlinsi In llu- C.iliir "f tlirlr |Hilllt 1)1" nrlnln; frlimi' llliuh il- mi llir il|i|ii r -m Iik r. Inil inmr Millr- ftiiti'il mid lirli;hl>'l'. .Vlidnmi'ii riivi'i'rd with inln','li'il -lato liruwii mid ici'iiy hr'iuii -I'Mlr". Ih'IumiIi wIHi ii few sjicirt >ilM'ry lii'iiy In Irs. r|)|n'r rdu'"' id' iiliillmit id' iii.ili' ii|i|(i'r uriiiiii (34 : •-'! i ii lllllc iiiiii'i' rmiiidly {ii'iMliiri'd ni'\t tin- liotluMi uf tin- iinli'li th'lil In I. iiiii;ii-lii- : -<> Inn till' iillli'l- linsli'l'lnr Inl)'' Is sllnlitly lir^iT illl'l Ic-- |niliili'd : il:i«|» la|irrlllL' \ rl'y Vr\i- nlarly lhi'mr.zhiiiit. Mi'a»iin'iiii>Mt.'« in iiiIIIIiik'Iivs, l.('ii>;lli il' tiin;.'iir, 'i.T.'i iiiiii. LfiitJlli iif full- wliijis ll..'( aiili'iiiiai' lihiil tlliliir and tai'.xl ,. full' lililai' and lai-sl.. Secondary sexual peculiarities. Km' llir male ^tl^iiia. >ii' llic drsi rl|Mimi id' tin.' fnrc winirs. 'I'lu' M'lili's rnmi tlie >tii.'iiia i46:'Ji'ii are simitcr than In llic I'thei' -iirrlrs of the i,'''iiii-;. belilL; but little nini-'' thiiii tlnve times ii-i Inii'j as lirnad with sli'.dit liasul lolies. a well round'"! iip.'X ilii'l se.ire'dy cniiveic sides, e(|ii'il In the mhldl'' lldril. Egg (,65:7). C'mii|di.'tely studded with Idiiiit rniileal Inliereles .iil7-.UL'.'i iiiiii. lilith and id' ahniit the same dliimeter ill their base, (•mineelid by coarse rldijes id" nearly ei|iial elevatimi and iiveraiiln;; .lib;'"! iiiiii. Iirniul, so us to rnrni in the liiti'r-|iaees rude triiiii^nlar pits, whose Iniiiror diameter Is .o:l.S mm. and the shorter .ii'.'."> mm. : the ^vldth of the rude liexiiLton of which each prniiiiiiciiei' Is the centre Is about .(is mm. Ill diiimeter; the siirfacu of the tubercle is crowded with transverse wrinkles; the >nr- face of the pits has the peculiar appearance of frosted ulass. MIcrnpyle rnsclte (68; 7) .111 mm. Ill diameter, sculptured wllli iiilinite raised lines dividliii: the llimr into broadly ovoid cells, the loiii;er dl.'iliicler of which Is abmit .017 mm. ; the centr:il cell, which Is .iios."> mm. in dltiiiieter, issnrroiiiiileil liy only three or four of the oval cells, the loiiufcr (Instead of, as elsewhere, tiie simrter) diameters of wlilch are directeil toward the centre. Color not very palcijreen. the reticiilatlmi white. Ileiijlit, .3H iiim. : lireadth. .78 mm. Tills oytg (litt'ur.i from tiiat of 1. irus not only in size but also in the much lesser remihirity of the iiiarklnjrs, In the rnjjoslty of the surface of tlic cells, in Imvliiir thu walls of the cells low, liroad. heavy and wrinkled, instead of hliih, abrupt . ciiiipar- atlvely slender and nearly smooth. Caterpillar J-'irfl sl(i mm. ; lircmith of dorsal linlrs, .01 mm. ; IciiKtli of sliorl lateral hairs, .0(il mm. ; breadtii of space between laterodorsal row of liairs, .1 mm.; leiiirth of loiij; lateral hairs, .l,"! mm. : leiij;tli of dorsal warts, .042 mm.; leiiiitli of body. 1.8,") mm.; he|i;lit, .24 nun. : lireadtli. .;i2 null.; lireadth of head. ..'12 iiim. Liint utiiije (75:24). Head yellowish. Hody pure transiiareiit u;reen. with four loii;;ituIu one iimtunce I have (ouiul them luteo-oi'hrueeuii>. s;^2 TiiK hrri'Kiu'Lir.s of m;w kncu-am). 'i^ ' « 15 iiixl Miinlv •il witli vi'llowisli l)ri>wii sliiiri. hairs. I.i'iisrtli. II. ( Sanboni.l Ili'acI pale ln'owiiisli wliitc, sliiniiiir. Hcxiy above yirci'ii. but Mitli a tiliiri'of yellow; dorsal ari'a boriUred by a l)ri;:ht wliilisli yellow line, sides becoiiilii.' Male"" below; sub>lliriii;ital fold marked l>y a bria;lil wbilisli ye'low line; llr--t tlioraeic seirinent paler Ilia II llie ri'st of tlie body, soiinwli.-il |iolis|ii>d and williont iiiarkiii^s ; under sur- face Nliiihil.v paler: leifs wlillisli. sliiiiiiii; and seiiiilran>pareiil ; proleirs ;;reeii. lipped Willi wliill^li. I,eiii;lli. hi nun. (.\ I'ter Saunders. ) Chiy.salia 1 84 : .is. loi. Nearly nnirorni blaeUish brown tliroiiiilionl. tinned with ver> dark. liieoiwpieiioii>. vi'llowish brown in a broad dorsal patch on the ine>otliora.\ and to a ufeater or li I'Xlenl, bill irreiiiilarlv. on the dorsal roirion of the abt 111 llie whole prolliora.x ami the basal wiiiii tubercle. More or less blotclied witli the -am over tile whole iiinU'r surface; a sii'iider raised clorsal line on the anterior lialt )f ilie I. '>otliorax; ih" raised lines are blackish, the hairs blackish orreddi>h: spirii- eles ilark luteins. I,i'i.;;th. '.i.T br(>adth at thorax. I nun. ; at abdoinen, Ti iiiiii. heiiiht at ttior.ix. t nini. ; al ab loiiien. 4.:l,'i iniii. ; ien^rth of liairr .'l-.;ti)inni. Distribution (23 li). Tills Imtti'fflv is SI iiu'iiil)cr ot'tlio Allcj^liiuiiiin if oivi'ii l)v i'iuiiia iiiul is |i('i'li;i|is most :iliiiiiilaiit in its noi'tlicni Iiiilf; it Aliliot iiiiioiio' tlic iiiscci.s ct' (icoroiii ;i.s ••very I'lii'f," aii'l jii'oliiilily occurs only ill till' iU'iolil)cirli(i(i(l ut'tlic iiKniiitiiiiis ; with tliis oxcejitioii the (•oiitli- enuost lociility tVoiii uliicji it is ri'iiortcd is I'liiliuU'lpliia ((Jfoto. Hlaki'). It sccnis to II ecu scldoin takoii wi'.st of New York, liiit Kdwiirds ac I'cilits it to tilt' "MiddK" States" and Kcakirt (|iioti's it iiiiioiio; tlu' l)iitti'r- tiics of till' iuicky Moiiiitiiins of Colorado as diU'criiio; in no respects from eastern types. Indeed it is not iinpossiiile that tiie ('iililorniii eryplion des'-rilied l>y l?oisdii\id may prove to lie this species, which it I'ertiiinly closely reseiiililes. Kdwiirds eri'dits it to tiio western stsites without speci- fication Mild in my Uiitiiilo list I added Texas, luit I cannot now recall on what authority. To tjie north it lias lieen taken tit Allisniy tind l»etli- lehem, N. \. (Liiitiier), Lonihin, Out. *Miot common" (Saunders). Sorcl ( DTrlijiit), .Moiitii'iil very itire (Caiilfield), Ottawii iihiindant (Kletdier), and Halit'ax, N. S. "iint uncomtiion" (iloiies). and il has liei'ii t'oiind in widely separated localities, — In \. more aliiiiK Kii- laiill V at the Slltll h th an ill the north. It has hecn tal ken in Noi\\;i\ (Smith), Oroiio (Feriiidd), Ilidlowell (Miss AN'adsworth) and Urmiswick, Me. ^ Packard), Milt'ord common (Whitney) iind the White Mioiiiitains, \. II. ( Saiihorii ), where I lia\(' taki'ii it on (he very summit of Mt. Madi.-oii, .").">sr, .\iii|(i\i'r (Sanliorn, .'^ciidder), the \ iciiiity of Roston (Harris, Meirill, l'";i\oii, ('hijip, Mayiianl. Sciidtler), \\ tilpole ((liiild), Spriiio|icid ( I'lmcry, Diiiimock ), .\iiilierst ( Parker), Middlehoro (Iliiiiilily ) and ('ape ('oil, Ma.^s. (l'"isli) ; and Farmiiio;lon, Conn. (Norton). Food plants. The caterpillar feeds on pine, proliiihly on several s|)ecies. AMiotl specifies ••sliiirt-leii\ cd pine,"' wliieli Dr. ( 'hapimui sup- poses to he I'iiiiis iiiilis .Miclix, thoii!j;li P. iiiops Ait. is nientioiied on one MS. (il species Hr. ('hapmaii thinks is not found in (Jeorjria) iiiid P. tiieda Kiiiii. on another. Mr. Siinhorn liiis taken it on white pine (Piniis stroliiis Linn.). Mr. Saunders does not specify the species of I-V(AI;MNAK: INCISAMA NIl'llDN, 833 pino on wliii'li iu' f'ouiKl tin- larva. Mes(ii>. Faxon and Merrill have alwav.-< t'onnd the hntli'rfly near red oi'darn (fliinipcrns) and conjecture that the larva nv.ty live upon iheni ; while Mr lOniery has alway.s found tlie linttertly upon Lu|iinus pcrennis I^inn., anion}; the scruli-|)iiu'.s of the plain.s in the neii^hburhood ot'Sprinix'icld, Mafs., -M'ari'ely ever upon the pinen tl lemselves Nor is tiiis at all an ini|irol>alile lood plant : i'or Ml Sep- tember. 1)S7:J. Mr. i". 1*. Mann recei\i'd tinni Mr. .\. ('. I'ealjodv, will in ) collected it in Coucui '. M; I hir\a of' this •ies t'( a I'ri'.sh "■arden Iiean nod: "when receixcd. the lar\a had eaten into the pod, and had eaten a bean within, and it ate more allerward. changed to pupa in Sepleniber, and the >|i It leen deterUMIiecl bv nie troin the el trvsalis ,hi.-l 1 never hatdied. Life bistoiy. The buitertly "com d> d in Aiii'i and the lure part (if ?dav," writes I'Mtcli : it does not, hii\\e\er. appear until the \(iy last of .April, soinctimes not until .May : it becomes abundant at the end of the first week of .Mav and continues to tlv flirotmhout the month, Init •1- loni scon It all in June ipjiarenfly the feinales appear males, a nd accordiiiii to Me: ibir.idant than tliev. Th as soon as the LintiH'rand .Mcske are. in LUniral. more 1 iiicli hatch ccrtainlx w ithiii a I'oi liiiuht and )ro 1 M; b;-bl v iniicli SI ooncr ( ten dav I'lct. her) :iri id ill tiie latter half of IV the 1 irvae attain inatnrilv toward the cut lof.li line and the liist half of Jiil.\ of tl lit plaiulv this niatnriiin' may be irreatly delayed. itl ism the case rcia ted le bean-pod larva. The chrysalis remains iincliaiiucd until spriiiL;'. In the south, accordiiiLT to Abbot, the biittcrllies make their ap|iearaiii(' the last of .^^al•ch from wiiiteriii n. Hi ds wh ilcli lia\(' lastcil since earix in fliine o f til P irceediiiL'' vear. Habits, flight, etc. The butterll\ may be fonnil iipou the llowers ot Gnaphaliiim (Harris) and often on or near red cvdars (I'axon, Minot). Mr. I'^mery liiids it freiiiiently upon the llowcrs of lii|,ine ( Lnpiiius perennis) ; .Mr. .Mtbott says that in the south it frcipient s oak wiioiis anil bord ers oi swanins It iiiav oltcii b.' <| iscoM'red lis larriiu the t rtinl- of pine tree*, upon which the t'emalc alij;hts to lay I'j Mr. Flecclier found it flyinj; alioiit the lops of pines thirty feet froiii the lattercd, but still before d : but on a siib; t dav when thev wi iseipien lie obtained bis eirg.s, thev were found in "Greater abundance in a field horde enng the pine grove, where a gi'cat deal of the herbage was made up of .Vntennaria plantaginifolia in flower. Maynard speaks of the biittt'r- dlands, and savs he has found them flies as freipienting .sheltered wooi "feetling on the sweet scented flowers of the loeiist, but early in spr thev are fond of restin"' in the briirht siinli":lit in tin woods." Ill"- The fliii'lit of" this biitterflv rivsembles that of 1. augiistiis but is slower when undisturbed. \t other lini as when it meets it-- mates, it is \ei 'qiilek and jerky" as Fletcher describes it. It does iiol persistently keep so 'OS 834 rilK Hl'TTKKKMKS OK NKW KNCr AND. I 1! lU'iir llic trnmiKl. I»iit ot'leii Hies ti) a considcrMlilc lici":lit. Mr. Faxon remarks tliat small comiiaiiics may In- .seen from six to IwcIm' t'cct aliovc tlii' ground sportiuiT al)oiit codar tiTcs, and adds tliat tlicv vcrv nmcli |)rt'H'r to romain alxint tlic same tree. 'I'lu'ir lial)its ot' movinfj; the liiiid \vinf a place doesti le caterpillar seek for ( Ininifc to chrysalis ? We have nmch to le urn about the distribution of this butterfly, and no parasites are known. LIST OF ILLUSTIiATIOSS.-ISCISAUA SIPHON. U I' nor ill. Imago. I'l. 'J3, II;:. ;l. DislriliiiliDM in Xortli Ainoricii I'l. fi. tii:. 21. T'Vinalf. upper surfaco. E'lij- ri. (i."i. ti;;. 7. I'liiiii. lis: Jliciiipvlc ('iili-rin'lliir. I'l. :.■>. liu'. 24. Knll iirow ii I'alirpillar. Cliri/aiili.t. PI. SI, IIl'. 3.S, 40. Siili- views. 2;i. .Male, liotli surfaces. 13: 1. I'hiiii. Iicitli surfaeen. 34: 21. Mall' aliiloiiiinal appi'iidiigcH. .S9: 13. NeiiratioM. 4():2lt. AiiilrueDiiiinn. INCISALIA IRUS.— The hoary elfin. [Ulai'k linnvii liair sinvik Imtlerlly, swimp lirowii hair streak Ijiitlerfly (.Vbliot); hoary elfln (.Scuililei); pearly streakoil liiaierlty (Maynanl).] ) Piilfliiiiimnlii.i iriiH fiml.. Kneyi'l. iniMli., ix: HID. (iT4 (1M!I). (.•i Hol»i|.-I,e('., I.l^p. .\liiOr. sepl., Tli<;l„ I.ep. N. Aiiier., !I7 [iris] (lsii2); -Kreiwli, Tli'flii inm rnr. (irsdci- Kiliv.. Cat. Lop. Aiiu'r..41 ns77);— Fern.. Bull. .Me., (1S,S4). Tlifrhi irun ntr. mossii II. Kilw., I'ap., i: lOI-lirj, pl.iii, li-s.."), , IIl's. II). 4(ia (iss(i). III ('i.M((i'/ ini hull., .■12 (1S72). .s Si'iiilil., SN-t. rev. .Vmer. .'^yii. l.ep. .\. Aliier.,"J7-OS(lSli2). 'I'liirln henriri lirole-Hul)., Trans, .^nier. elit. SIM., I: 174-17") (ISO");— Sciiild., I'roe. lycaknin:m; : incisalia lurs. 835 Host. SOI', nut. liisl., xi: 37s (IStW);— Kdw., I'ap,, i; I50-IS2 (1NSI);-I'"eni., Hutl. Mc, 82-84 (lSS4);—Freiidi, Uult. oust. LI. S., 2";i- 275 (1880). Ki;.'iiiO(l liy Alilmt. Diinv. ins. (in., Ornilor (•(ill., Hdsl.sdc. iial. Iiisl. IS, lit;— (ilovcr, III. N. A. I.i|.., pi. It, li-s. 10. II; pi. K, ligs. 18-21); pi. II, lif;. s, InccI, '•Su Spi'inij rcHirns. ami, willi liiT, l.dvc. Whom small sweet lurks In licavcn aliovr. Coy hiillcilly, coii-cooin'.' ilov<>, I''on(l yonlli and maid: Ay, ill ^'lad lii'arls aii' lellini.' of, Hut mine." he said. (iiiAVF.s.— 77)p Cliffs iif (llriiiliire. Pretty (lower that .Fnne renu'inhers lllossom that .July foriiets. \. U. GUUTK. Imago (6: 19, 22). IIi;an(iw white scales encircles Iho eye and basal aiitennal joint. I'xeepliiii; tiie Ijack of tin' antennae; it is slender in front of and above tlie antennae, and the two are nearly eoiuiected by a similar band ; ist above the lonitne. Hasal joint of antennae naked, blackish ; stalk and base of club black, conspicuously anniilated with while at the base of each joint, more broadly beneath than above, oxtoiidinii; in a conlliieiit, anjtulated streak over tho ^vllole under surface of the base of tho clnb. and soinetinies prolonged delicately to the cidorcd tip; rest of club dark velvety l)rown, the terminal two or lliri'c joints luteons. Basal and middle joints of palpi jii'av. with intermingled l)lack and white scales, "^treatly eli>n;;ated into a tnft, freiiuently wiMi an infusion of lonir. Inleo-ferrn- •liiious scales, the black scales tlie lon;;er; above, and al>o the terminal joint black, with but few intennin^led white scales; extreme lip wldle. Thorax covered above with exceedlnjily Ions, line, tow-cidored iiairs, >oiiietiincs tinged with a very pale firecnisb blue, the pata«la witli very pale brown, dull hoary and a few scattered dull ferrn;jrlnous sc^alcs; beneath, covered profusely with moder- ately lonn. hoary hairs, with some Interrnpted, short, brownish ones, I.e;;s blackish or dark brown, the femora almost entirely ciniccah'd by a profusion of snow wliite scales and tufts of rather loiiir, white, and testaceous liairs on the under border, tho tibiae with a similar coverin;; of white scales, especially on the inner side, but less freiincnt, tlio outer side liaviiij; iienerally one or more distinct dark patches; tibiae above with a slender annulatiou of white scales at the tip of each joint and a few scattered scales 111 the middle of the upper surface of the liasal joint; beneath yel- lowish brown ; spines black ; claws dark ri'ddlsh yellow. Winirs uniform -:! mm.), lliree or four times as long as broad, sub fusiform, roninled at eitlier end, blackish brown. 'I'he upper half of llu- cross vein connecting tlie llrst and second in- ferior subcostal nervnles of the fore wings is bent strcuigly Inward in passing upward, partaking to a certain extent the downward curve of the veins at this point, seen in the male. Costal margin of liind wings slightly concave, its outer angle abrupt, scarcely rounded, the outer border slightly and roundly aiigiilated in the middle, even 886 riiK lU'rri'.uri.iKs or \k\v kx(;i-ani». !il' is M i in the iiiiilc. till' pnijci'tion of the iiiiilillc iiii'dinn iiitmiU' cxct'ciliiisily sHirhi, tlml (if tlu' lower inciliiiii iicrx ulc ilistiiict. Ik'iU'ittli : /"iv' irinijs liyilitor oi' diirkiT Ki'ii.visli tinviiy bniwii. iiiiidi' up nf a mix. till-'" (if lawny, very pule irreenisii and tiiirlv vlolaeodus lirowii scales, tlio last prcddiidnatln,!; next the liase, the (Irst np(in tlie apical half, tlie pale setiles mainly scattered anioni; the tawnv beldw the median nervnre it is diiUer Cdldred : then imetimes a taint dnskv liar at the exlreinitv df the discdiilai cell; alioiit twd-lifths tlie distance fniin tliis liar to tin.' outer Ixirder. -.nliparallcl tn i he latter, and cxleiidinLt dver the liriiihter part (if the wim; Is a luirniw . transverse, irre!;ii- lar, white and black stripe (the intfr side lilack, the (inter white"), which is some- tiiues cdutinnoiis, l)ut lielnw tlie upper median nervnic is usually liniken into sliiirt streaks, each erdssiiiiian interspace, and placed ulteniately a little witli'n and a little withdiit the ircneral din'Ctidii (if tlu- stripe; t'lerc is a nari'dw m;ir;;iiial. deeper cinna- liidu t:iwny l):ind, dceasidiially made hoary liy abundiint pearly scales, dfteii cncldsinir sniidl, (jjirker splits (ir hiiiu;ilii(llii;il stre;iks in the interspaces, followed by a slender, iiulistinet line of pahr sc;il(s, and ;i;;!iiii liy a liand similar to the m!ir;;ii!al biind, but narrower, not so djirk, iind siinnonnted in each interspace by a small, often obsolete and iisiKiUy indistinct, lihickish, s!ii;itt;itc spot ; frliii;e white, interrnpted broadly at the nervnre tips with black, ei!j:cd at the extreme base witii liluisli black scales. Jlhid irui(/ii with a very broad, nearly uniform, very dark reddish brown band in the basal half of the will};, composed of very dark piirplisli brown, ferrn^inoiis and violaceous, or pe;irly, or even occjisionally bright irrecn scales, the lirst predominatlnf:; the inte- rior edire of the bami is always iiicoiispiciious and fre(|ueiitly ol)liter;ited ; when pres- ent, it is iii(iic:ited liy the sliiilitly p;ilrr Irise and occasionally liy a line of darker scales, sdinetinns p;irti;illy lined \\ illi wldlisji ; it st;irts fi'dui tlie inner Imrdcr, mid- way between the exterior edfre of the liand and the base of the winu, and extends in a linep:irallel to the border as far ;is the median nervnre, wliere it liends at ri.;rht ;iiiKles, and terminates on the costal margin : tlie exterior limit of the band is more lrre<;nlar, but preserves the same jreiicral direction ; it is marked by a narrow edu'in;; of w liite scales, wliich is sonietlnics wliolly or partially obsolete, especially in tlie middle por- tion, and soniet'Mies is precedcil iiiconspiciiously tiy a slender line of black scale it starts from the costal lionU'r at alioiil tliree-llftlis the dist;ince from tlic liase of the •he border, and is almost always here it is broken and crosses It farther removed from the winu;. crosses the lirst inlerspace at rlirhi ;iii;rles bordered more conspi, nonsly with while at this p tlie upper sulieost;il interspace in the same dirccti< base of the wiiij; by al/oiit tlie width of an interspace ut this point; the succeeding Interspace is crossed in continnation of the primary course of the baud ami the line is f.icii usually bent at an aiiu:le, with a slraiirlit course, but sometimes curved or even bent toward tlie tip of the lowest mcdi;iii nervule. where it reaches its greatest ont- w;ird extension in crossinic at riuilit ;inu;les the upper nieili;iii interspiice at about tlirce- llftlis tlie distance from the li;ise of thewiiiK: from here it passes toward the inner border over the two snccecdiiiii iiitersp;iies. usually in a series of dcscendhii; steps; and then by a sliiiht outward curve reaches the inner border n little before the tip of the abdomen. Ueyond this Is a paler band, lis broad ns the interspaces, made up of a mixture of pale slate and tawny scales, the portion on the lower half of the wing Usually more or less brightened by an adnii.xture of white scales; the outer border of this l)and, espeeiidly on the upp(>r Inilf of tlie wins;, is Ul-delined. but when most dis- tinct consists of a row of blackisli or ii;irk reildisli brown zijjzajfs in eacli interspace, sometimes reduced to a series of spots or dots, subparallel to the outer mariiin of tli wiiifr; that in the interspace next the inner in;ii'uin consists of an oblhiue dash edging tlie upper portion of the aiiiruhir excision on the Inner niargin of the w inland is met by a similar one eily;in;i the hnver portion of the same, and w hlch is limited exteriorly bdve liy II few loii.if white scales. Ueyond this band the wing is dark reddish brown, 'uade lip of dark tawny scales, frei|nently with a few intcrminjiled green ones, and olisciired and rendered hoary by cloudy, seatler>'d pearly scales, which are almost eonlliKMl to the lower two-thirds of the wing, Imt are usually absent from a small spot I.ViAKNlNAi;: INCISAMA lUl S. 837 In till' Idwct ■.iihiiiiMliaii iiiloi's|piiri'. uiul puiliall.v so in ii r.ri'irs of obsciiro iiiiirniiial sltots ; fn'nut'iitly tin- lumry iiiiirkin^'s of llir postiTior liiilf of tlir win;; iirc lliiiiti'd !>>• II nearly >tnil^lil liiii". foniii'il l)y llu- Iowit half of llic oiilii- niar^rln "f tlu' broad band and it* i-oiiliniialion : outer fdi;c marked by a line of dark reddish lirown scaie> ; basal liairof the friiiite reddish liiown, a|di-al lialf dull white, iiiterniiiled at thenerv- iircs witli l>laeki->li lirowii. Abdomen eoven-d above with iinr|ili~h blaek and rieh deep lirown seales. on tlie sides witli the sami'. liut with frei|neiitly interspersed pale lirown and w Idtlsh siales : beneath ^rraylsh white, brownish toward tip: outer i-d^e of aiatioiis (d' upper )r;r.in of 111"' ^o4:2i) almost slral:,ht. tlie inferior lobe iiiconspienons, broadly rounded: clasps sioiiderer tlian in llu' other -peeie^. ;ind liiperinj; rejrnlarly. Measurements In iniliinietres. Lenu'th of fere Willi's iiiiteniine hind lil>l:ie :inil t:irsi fore tibiae and tarxi Variations. One spe<'imen from Norwav, Me. (No. 1.">L'7. .Mils. Vale Coll.. S. I. Smith I diU'er- from the norm in w:iiiliii:r the e.xcesslve proloimalion of the scales at tin' tip of the nerviiri's of the hind \vinL's, and in liavin;; the male disciil »pol id" llie fore wiiiils small and seare^'ly more than Iwiee IIS lona as broad: the outer marv;in of the fore wiiiy;s is also narrowly ho:iry. slinilar in color to the border id' the hind wiiias. This same combination of characters is also found in a male from Needhain. Mass. (taken as early as April an). whi(di Mr. Whitney has shown me. Two females, one from an unknown locality. I;iki'n ^lay I'i (Wliiliiey). and tlie other taken in \Valpole, Mass. (.Miss (iiiild). liave eipially entire wiiirs and lioary ediicd fore win;.'s. and tne former has aKo the upper surface of tliewiiifrs distinctly tin^rcd with olivaceous. .MihoiiLth these characters >eeni to be thus corr.i!:ited. tiicy cannot be deemed of more than incidental value, for a male from Middleboro, Mass. {Ilambly). which possesses the short sexual dash, has at the same time hind winjrs wliieli are distiiiclly tailed and fore win^s witlioiit ho.iry scales: so too a specimen from .\lb:iny. N. V. (Lintneri lias the principal tail of the hind wiiius only half as broiid and twice as lonir as usual. .\ fcmali: from .Mbany sent mi' by Mr. l.intncr dill'ers from ordinary specimens sim- ply in a ;rreater straiiihtness of tlie extr;i-inesial stripe on niiiler surface of the fore win>;s. and in the i'lit of tiie color lieyond the stripe on both w inus ; it has a dci'ith'dly olivaceous line; but :inolher spt'cimen from same locality stainls in botli these rcspei Is midway between this form and the tyjiica! inis. They illnstriite an extreme of col- oration In a special direction, curiously accompanied by aniore than u-n:il straiirlitness of tlie extra-mesial line of the fore win;; beneath. In every other particular it is perfectly ntatched by other specinieiis. Suffused variety. Ixiis. iin s iiitlilii;r peeii liar .about it excepting: that the I'olor is iin usually dark (like otlier specimens 1 haveseeii from Centre ; beneath the lilaceous powderiiii' of tlie iinir- gln of till! wiUiT is waiitim;. as if to ^ive intensity to the siiiriision of the other parts, which Is brought about in this way : the row of roundish dark spots, normally situated on the fore winij, half way from the irre;{iilar extrii-inesial band to the border, and on the hind wins, one-ipiarter way from the eorrespondliiK mesial baud to the boriler. Is present, the spots a little ditrused ; the darkest portion of the irregular btiiiil is also present tis a mriis nj' niiitihir k/H'Is and between them the whole space is iK-cniiicd by a powderim; of lihieeoiis or hoary sc:iles, beins the ditl'iision of the white portion of said band broken more or less distinct'y into spots by the dusky ncrvnrcs: on the hind Willis the inner liami is lost, »■• it freipiently is in otlierwlse unsnil'iised specimens, in cloudy hoary patclie.s over ilie base; while midway between the snilused hoary belt just described ami the nnirKin of the wiiiu: is another broader, cloudy belt of hoary 838 rilK 151 rrKllFLIKS Ol- N V KNCLAM). i I or lllncpoiis sciiU"* more spnrsi'ly snitli'l'i'd than ill tile "IiHiisimI licit and cnlivciH'il in tlio lower nieilian iiiters|mee liy the normal dark spot of this plaee which falls In its middle. 'I'lic wiil;;s I'xtcnd ;'0 mm. Secondary sexual peculiarities. The dlsciil stijrmn of tlic male is dcscrilied iinilcr llic fore win;;, 'riie scales which oi'cnr tiiere (46 : 2."i) arc pretty larfjc. (|Uad- r.iM'.;iilir, aUiiil four tim 's as loii^ as liroad. the ap^'x triitii';Me with rounded amiles. the liase faintly lolied. Bggi65:'.t. 111). Shell very thill, shiniii'; and smooth, oriiaineiited witli very lush ridf;es, arraiified with some rcKularily ; where they cross each other tlilcUciu'd, form- liij; stelliite, six-rayed proinineiices; the lines coimectinvt tlio extreniltles of the rnv ■■. form rciinlar hexagons, .11 mm. in breadth; the thickened centres are .0:5 mm. in (iiameter and at least .02 mm. liiiili; the connecting lines are delicate, straiiilitand less elevated than the centres; the cells are arraiiiied in rov.s. one of whkli is nearly lior- Izontai. and t''.e <) a space compar- atively sniootli. MiciMpyle rosette .1!' mm. in diameter, the cells nearly circular, liiit an?;nl;ir and avoraiiini; .iiL'.'il iiiiii. In diameter; the central one circular, .1117 mm. in diameter, and siirr2 mm. Caterpillar. First ataijc. Head (79 : 12) pale yellowish, ocellar Meld lai'sie, nmnd, black. I5i)dy very pale ureeiiisli yellow, Hit; dorsal liairs provided willi excessively miinile spicules, which on the same side are a little fiirllier ;iparl tiiaii the widlli of tlie liairs; spiracles brownish witli a wliilisli anniiliis in tlic miil n line at the outer I'dije of the dorsal area, and with nn iiifniliiteral (?) yellowish line; siilistij;nialiil fold yellowisli : ninler surface yellow fireen : upper surface with many short, stilt', lirown liairs. I,cn;rlli, 2 mm. (.\ftiT Kdwards.) 'I'liird .iliii/i . I5ody red brown and dull yellow ;ireeii ; a n'll dorsal band, taperiiiir to a point iH'hind, with a mediodorsal j;reeii line; rest of dorsal area ;rreen, but including a little red brown space on eaciise.u;inent; sides rcil brown, with a jfreon infrnlateral ('/) lino; snbstijrmatal fold ,:irecn, fenfftli, i5 mm. (After Edwards.) L(iiitKli'e un iIk (aiiiidiaii I'lieiiie It. It. \v(sl ut' Calu'ary. I'liese luralities are vi'ry tar removed from its |)resiiined liome. In .New Kiiy Messrs. (iroti-and lioliinson trom ilie ^ame stale, as wc In New Ilamp ilH l(V l»roH essor Fernald \\ lio t'olllK d it conimon a t Or OIIU. sliire it lias lieeii luiiiid al .Millord Wliil lu \ I : III Mi saeliilsells at Sprinj^'lield (Kniery), Ne<'dliam ( W'liilney ). W'alpole ((iiiild), Mid- dleiioro. not iiit're(|iient ( Ilainlily ) . at Turkey Ilill and Maiden ( I-\ H. SpraLTiie). and on N'antncket (Sendder); in Hliode Island Mr. Hainldy t'oiind it at Portsmonlli and in Coniieeticnt it is reported from .Xorwieli (Sendder) and New Ila\tn ( Sinitli Mils. Vale (' Oviposition. I'.dwards tells ns tlial tlie )• d at tlie iiiisi' (It a H. stem of wild |diii Kifti ditii d I ecu were olitained l>v liiin trom an eiieioi'ei female, and they were laid in a hiiiieli, all lint one attheliasoon the up|ier le. P roli.iiilv 111 nature tliev woi lid h ia\c lieeii scattered on dirferent iwer stalks and not clustered. They are evidently laid, Kdwards re- marks. "Just at the riu'lit season tor the eati'rpiliars to seize the newly .V little too early or a little two late miulit lie fatal." the heim; ••iml insl trom the Idossom and teiidei-eiioimh toiind plums plums in this instance la'in for so minute a caterpillar. Food of caterpillar. .Vhhot states that the caterpillar ludsonthe '8wam p Imcklehorry" — prolialdy, says I)r. Chapinan, N'aecininm cory ni- hosiiiu Linn. .Vhhot also . k (>(' tlic Jiulas tree (Ccrcis caiiiulcn.sis ) tiiul wild plmii." mi tlic fil;j;c ot n\vani|i.-i." Habits of the caterpillar. On iliis point we liavc only tlic olmcrva- tions of l-'dwards. On Icaxinir the cii'f ^(■a^(•l•lv more of tlu' shell i.s i-att-n than ('iicHii'h to pcrniil cLiros. ••'riic vonntr larva at ont'c makes its wav lip the stalk aii eiioiii;h for the head to enter, and thereafter the caterpillar spent most of its time with head in the cavity." The drawings ( 75 : -'J, •_'!{ ) which I owe to the kindness o|' Mr. lOdwards show this well. When a inoult a|>|iriiii<'luMl il ('aiiic mit tiMl tilliiT nii the ^'nlc oT the pitna or on llic leaf. . . . Wlicii half ^rown It scciiumI to li:ive its head and shoulihu's liuricilal h'ast. from il \. m. cine ilay Ik :i v. .m. Ihciu'xt, with a<> withdrawal nhscrvi'il liy ino. and I looked al il rn'i|ii('iill\ . t iniiiii; ojieii the plaai the excavalinii wimiIiI he found reachin;; iiuile acni^^ and ai'dund llie pnlpv slonc which in the earlier Iiirval sialics w.'wnel eiilcn. Itiil afln' I liird iimnil this w.i> eaten and Ihe eiilire plnia excavated, hi Id c:i~c \Mi^ till' ^Viiii I'.-ili'ii I'NC'pl at Hie I'lilranci'. Life history. 'I'lie eaiTnsi males of this linltirlly appear in \fw Kiiulaiiil alioiil the I'llli or -J.'ith (d'.\| 1 tl It'll and tlierea ifter I leeome alMllM III k, llie tenia .Mav lales aiiii laiit irenlly make their advent during the first asionallv he olitaiiied lit tresh s|ieciiiiens mav even oci toward the middle ot'.Intie. I'siially, however, titter the 2(ltli of .May only riiit lied siieeimens. in iliinmis died llimliers, will he foUlK 1. Tl ItpotI the \\;||K' 1 itilil alh't' the middle of .Iniie : tl e eirifs are ley continue laid in the latter half id' .Ma\ and in dune, lint all the instain iiiowii to me in the ft I nortli iire <> f those laid afti'r the first week II 1 .June : thev hatch in less tl itin a wei k— I low mill h 1. IS nniiiiown, nor liiivc we aiiv statistics coneerii- 'u\'r the tiiii ' ol' pupation, wiiicli iindoiiliteilly coiilintics o\cr the winter. Mr. Edwiirds, h iwcM'f. oldained I'o'ifs laid in the middle of' May in West \ ii'i;iiii:i, vviiich leiti'lied in li\i' d.iys, the caterpillar cllall^fell to clii'ysali.s tliri'c weeks and this liil(ern.ited. .'^trjiii'fi' to -a\ , tiiis huttcrth , accord- in :fo .Vhliot's notes and ; IV lie judifcd from iOdwanls's lirief slaieiiienis, docs not mike its appearance in (teoriria iiiiy earlic'r than with us. Ahliot ctipttircd specimi lis Ajiril :20 and lired one from the chrysalis .May (!tli j I IIS IS iiearlv svncliro- while .•K'cordiiijj; to his notes. I. iiiphon. which will nous in its iipptiritimi with this species, appetirs in ( icorjiia a month earlier. So, too. from \'iiiicoii\er Island I litive seen siiecimeiis of the present spe- cie ttvk tiikeii .\|iril 2.") lie oi)ser\a It tl tioiis id' Mr. [jintner on this species for iNdK seem to me t( if this species so well tlitit they niiiy 1 le coiiimi'' ;iti(l n'oiii'r o ic en as a f'tiir tnerajj:!* sttitement for ti jilace where the liutterfly is c (1111- nioii. .Vfter nieiifioniiio- tlmt one male was taken on April 27, lie goes on to sav : — (In llic I nil iif M;iv. at I III' next vi>it made. Iintli sexes were fimiid ahiindmitlv. most I^VCAKN'INAK: INCISAMA IKl'S. S41 of tliciii soiiii'wliat worn. SIxlv iinliv i(liml> wi'It taken in iiliinit llircc Ihmii-' lUccl- ini;. I'i'('\ iiiiis to II o'clock, niucli (lie lar;;ci' |iro|iorlion of caplin'cs c(in>i>lcil of fcniiilc lisci|nciii to Unit lionr. the in:ilc I'fc the niofc nniin'inn-. On the •.'.'jtli tli(',v Avere still iiimnihiiit. .Inne 7lli I'inl Hlli. ii fi'W iniich worn weri' seen; on llie I.Mh it WHS (iliserved I'of tli; hist time for liie season. It lieini; sin^'le hr iiil. Habits, flight and postures. A I'diiio ti> Alilmt ilic liittt<'i'lly Irc- qili.'llt.'* the hlossdiiis iit'llic fed Ixid ( ( 'cffis t'iiii;i(lctisis l.iiiii. ) in olil liclds 1)11 tlic liofdcr.s ut' sw:im|)s. Mr. Ilutiilily iiciticcil it in (i|mii s|iii('c.s m in- low |)iti(> tires; l)iit .Ml-. I.,iiitti('i-, wild lias li>iiiid it so :iliitiii|;iiit iicai' All); )iuiy, .'Siiy.s it ciiu l)c .sw('|ii troin its rest on tlic Iml sandy ni id. tlioiio'li "tlio niiilc wii.s ot'ti'ti takt'ti while fcsiiiio- cni IhisIics liy tlic mad side." Ill llii,'lit it is (ii-iliiiarily tlic least actixc ot' llicTliccliili, tnr. tlii)iio|| wlicii used l)y the |)i'es( iiec ut'a e()iii|iaiiiiiti iil' its own kind it can alai-tned Of aro filiow as o't'cjit aetixity as any, its ordinary iiio\ cmcnts. alono' llie sandy roads it loves to t'i-e(|tieiit, are i-atlicr sliioo-isli tiian Inisk and ik'ixoiis, and ilh th ill kcc|)iiii^ with this it litij^s the o-p,, to|»s ol' tlic low whortleherries : and even when distiirhcd I'ai'elv rises ahove iind or lli<'s jii»t on ii le\ el w le's head. \\'lieii (|iiii't, the winjrs i>i'<' elcv;ited and closely ii|)| )|-essci| : tlie wtnjfs it to l)c a little inclined, the heiit >t' th icsl- nre very apt to i)c a little inclined, iiie Dent poriton ot iiie iiiiki jiair re: illiT flat U|)oii the ordiind. Like the other species of the oelins, it ntlis the hind wiiijj.'S toLfether. hut when coinpletcly at rest, all the portion of the fore winos iiclow the lowest median iicr\tile is <()iicealed hy the hind wino^s. The antennae are straioht, — cxceplitio' the vertical lietid at the hase, — iilniost i)ai-allel with the liody. hut turned sliifhtly (low iiwai'd tind di\(ri:'cnl at an aiio-lc of ahoiit KXt." Desiderata. Our knowlcdo-e of the distrilmtion of this insect, espi'o ially in the west ami aloni;- oitr northern Ipoiindary. h jncs iiincli to hi; desired, especially in view of the capliiri's at ('aiiniorc and NaiM-oiiver. Considerinji the lenoth of time the female is upon the \\ino. \w need to cnipiire especially during,' how extended a period the eo'i^s are de|)osited : and the time when the lai-\.i mattires iHi'ipiiilly iinascertaitnd for the north. A\'e need ftirthcr notes upon llie |iii||)|frj ill' the luillcrily and the xariatioii t)f the l.'irva, as well as a lull knowledm' of its food plants; it is liaidly prohahic that it is confined to plum, and the indic'itioiis of Aljjjut. •tad liintner should he i-eo:arded. No paiasilis arc known. LIST OF irj.U.STI!.\TI<)\S.-l\rls \l l.\ lltl'S'. (ii'iieml. ( 'lir!i!<(i!i.i. ri. i'.K tiir. 4. Di.-liiliuliun in Norlli America. I'l. si, t\is. •'i;. Siile view enlar^cil. /■■!/(/■ i)i. Dorsal view, ri. (!."i, liir. n. CulcMcl. :«. :!i. si.le view... in. I'liiin. iiiimji'. r)S:8. Microiiyli'. PI. 0. 11;:. I'J. Mule. n|i|icr siirfin'O. Ciihrpilhir. 2i>. Female. Imlli sd./iices. PI. TS.lljrs. 22. 2:t, -'•■<• Knllfrrown. ;M: 22. JJale aliilominalappeniliiL'P.s. 70: i2. Front view , i Iieail, tirst sl-ifre. 4(i: 2,"). AmlnieoMiuin. io6 i III «^ m 842 Till; lUI'IKKI'LIKS OK NKW KNCLANK. INCISALIA AUGUSTUS -The brown elfin. [The liriiwii illlii (Si'iiildiT); lirowii »lir.fknl ImltiTll) (Miiyiiiinl).] 'I'/ii'riit (iKilUKllin Klrh., I'Miin. Iiiir. aiiirr., //c ■«(//(( (((/(/".t^H.'i Mlii., ''I'llilil. Syxt. rev. lv;'J!»H, |il.;i. liiTH. t-ri(ls;nK— .M"rr.,Syii. I.7 (IS74); Mull., I'-lt-l.TO. HON. «>?. 123 ••.l.,ll','. liw,iiip.-JTl»il>'(>'J); -al aiiti'iinal joint and sonietiiucs tcrininatiii}; behind In some rufous scali's; thcsi' rows are md eomieeted above the iiiontli by a similar l)and. Basil joint of .inlenii.'ic reddish brown, with a few white scales po>l('rlorly ; Htalk of antennae bliekish, with snow while annulations at thu base of eneh Joint, ('spti'lally broad beneath, where lliey occupy nearly half of the joint; at the base of the club, beiiealli, llie white si'ales coalesce and form a larae patch, exleiidin;; about one-third way up the club; club blackish or lilackisli brown, the iipical and peiiiillimate joints hoiuy yellow and some times one or two of the following joints are partially discoloreil witli the same. Basal and middle joints of palpi tufted with a urayish mixture of white, rnfmis ami bl.-uUi^li brown elou^tated scales, the lirst predomiiialinu ; t.rmiii;d joint clothed with bhukish brown .scales, and excepting upon the upper surface, w ith a few seaitend white scales, especially on the inside. Toii){Ue pale testaceous at base, dusky beyond. 'I'hora.x covered above with Ion;;, soft, delicate, dark mouse brown hairs; pala^la with scales and hairs of similar color ininH;led with ,s()ineof a pale tint; bcMicath, the tho- rax is covered with grayish h.'iir.s, intermin^jled at the sides with many rufous hairs Femora lovered on eitliev side with pearly scales and beneath dotheil with lonit ^rny and blown hairs, the hitler most abundant on the hind pair; tibiae and tarsi covered with dark brown scales bavin.;; a purplish relleclion. the tibiae with a few iiiter- spriiiklul white scales especially on the fore leL;s. on the inner side of which tliey prc- (loiuiiiate, and on the outer side of whii'h they form two transverse lines crossinj; the le^ at the middle and apex of thetiliiae; the tarsi arealso banded conspicuously ■with white at the apex of each joint; beneath they are yellowisli brown ; claws ilark reddisli. \Vin,i;s above dark soft sliite brown, w ith very slight and ilelicate, dark, brassy green rullections, especially in sunshine, either occasionally ( (J ) iir usually ( 9 ) with a slight \ V- I,Y« AKNINAK: INCISAtJA AlCISTrH. SI 3 tlll!{i! iif illlU ft'lTllitllHiil-. Iirxl till' iliml :iiiuU' oT tile lilliil « il|i;>i ; llu' fi'iililli' ilUu |)(iH- Hc-it'S II few lirlullt I'crniiillliills o- cinilllXi' si-illi-" Just tlryolnl the ll|)i\ nf tllr illsrnliliil Cell •>( tilt' furc wliijj'*. mill liii" llii' wlioli' iipiicr ^Hlli!i ilcixn'i- « illi iliill fcrriiL'laciii- ; \viii«- 'I nlsiiil (Ifliciililv Willi lilMck; lilml |)iilr l'iii|iii>iilly wllli i\ line of i.'i"i'i'iii!*li iHiirly sriilr >int(il ii|>iiii tlic luitcT mai'iilii. I'liiiii llir lip of till' lowii uiiiliiiii inrMili' in ilic .'in;!, .iiali'; Im-iil liiilf of till' fi'iii;;!' Iilai'kisli Iiimnmi. ii|>ii-iil ImH' p. 'ii'ly uliilr mi Ilir Imr >\lim-*, liilcrnipli'il ill till' iicrviii'r lipi wllli lil.nki-li ln-ow n ; on IIh' liind uliij;-. ^iinllur, but with tilt' wlilto sciilcs «'xli'ii>lvi'ly Huppliint mI tiv lilncki-li umi-. l)i>iiil (j.'i.ji mi fori' wliiUM of iimli' of ini'illiiiii hI/.i', I.'.I iiiiu. Imit;. ulinviil''. Iinniilly luiiiiili'il ill tlit; tip", fully twice IIS Ion;; iin liroad, (■miipoMcil of MrKkiHli lii'ouii s<'iil>'>. Coolal lioi'ili'r of liiiiil wliiiis >inii^'lii m' -liu'litlv rmiMili'il, IN .. .ii'i' iiiijjli' \i'ry limaiily rmiinlid, Ilic oiitci- inirilcr rallicr ri^nlarly rmimli'ii ^^rarcly Ir.sn so In tin' fcinali-l. Ilic projections of the iiicilinn iicrvnics very sli i. IJciicatii : iiasc of llic furr n-iiii/n, a-> far iis ilic Iran^virtc siripc, rc(lili>li li«ny Willi a few iliiil slate lirowii scales s.atlci. near llie siilicosia! iicrviirc; llie parts covered by the hind wiliys dull slale cnhrrcd ; Ix yoinl Hie lnin>verse stripe ociiiiiccoiis, B few |)aler scales scattered upon tiic upper half. Tin' liansvcrsc siripc crosses the wins siibparallci to the outer border, at about Iwo-lliird* Hie dislam'c fri.in Hie Imse to tiie outer iiordcr and consists of a naridw liaiid o"" Maekisii, or vi'i'y dark rcdcli^h brown scales, soineliincs liordereil e\' liorly, more or ic-.s disliiiclly. with >\liilc; It is Irreifiilar ill dlri'dimi and varies coii--hlcrabl\ ii diirercnl Iniliv idiials ; iisiia!l\ it is nearly slraiiihl willi iiii an'jiilar IpcihI inward li.iwccn the siilicosial and niiiliaii inr- viircs; about iniilway lietwccn it anil the oiilcr iiorder is a series of lilackisli inler- spaceal dots. Iliiiil iriiii/.i crossed III the iniddlc liy an irreitular line of blackish sinles, preservini; a ircncral course siibpariillel to the outer li'U'der. oceaslmnilly, and esp. c. liiliy iicar tlie iiiar^fiiis liordered exteriorly with wliilc; it starts mi the costal iiiarLiiii at about three-lirihs tin ilistaiice from tiie liasc and crosses ilie ilrst intcrsp.ice in a straight line; next it follows the iierviirc onlwiirilly for an ccpial di-lance and then crosses Hie iic.^t iiiti'i'-pace at a ri^iit aii;;le; from here it sweeps nroiind by a deep inward curve to an fipial i istaiice oiilward at the upper inedlaii iicrv lire and, having crossed two Interspaces ai riiihl ;iiil.'Ics to llie tierviires, is bent considerably inward a^aiii and seeks Hi.- inner lionhr, u licre, after soiuerMiies suireriiiy; a sii'jht oulv\:ird bend. It teriiiliiatc> at about tli.' tip of Hie alidoineu; witliiii this median line the wlii^ Is lllled with blackish purple and bri^lil cliiiiatiioii reil, the former predoininaliiii; l|i-xt tilt' median line and upon the outer lower half and freiiiieiitly liorderiiiii Hie eMremity of the cell, the whole speckid witli scattered very pale purplish scales; out- side of it, broadly toward Hie costal, narrowly lowiird Hie inner iiiarulii, liie win;; is ocliraeeons next the stripe. inerLiini; i^r.idiialiy into reddish lawny, wllli which tin! outer margin is liroadly bordered, esperially icxl Hie anal ani;le; the whole id' llils space is also sparsely ileckcil wllli vi'i> pale piirplish scales, ami comI.iIiis. midw.iy between the median line and l!ie oiiler Iiorder (inarer the median line on Hk' lower half) iliid mostly or entirely in Hie ochraceoiis space, a series id' ni'iiiite liitersp;ici-,il blackish spots, which are frei|ueiilly seated upon paler ochraceous spots and iiornially form sai;ittale eappinss to Hiem ; In the middle of the exiision of tiie inner border, at tile very margin, are a few while scales aiiii the marLClnid row of white scales seen mi the upper surface next the anal am;le Is repi'ated beneath; Hie outer margin Is deli- cately bordered liy a lirokcn line of lilaeklsli scales; frliii;c of both wliiu;s very similar to that of the upper surface, lilaeklsli purple at the anal iini>le; Hie excision of the inner iiiary;in of Hie hind wliii;s Is friimed with loin; white hairs. Occasionally the wliole uiuler surface of the wiu^s is suIViisimI witli a purplish li;;lil. .Vbdmiioii covered above niid at sides with luirplisli lirowii scales, miuyled with some pale slate brown scales next the tluu'nx; beneath with grayish hoary scales. Kdufcs of the notch of the upper organ of male (24 : ;12) separated; Hieiil;itlons slliriniy slnnoiis; lower posterior aii<;leof alatious proiliiced to a sliarply pointed incoiisiilcnoiis triaiiu;ii- liir lobe; biisjil halt of upper edge of clasps a little rounded. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ M['> ^ ///// 1.0 I.I !fia 2.5 •^ i» 1112.2 1^ 112.2 2.0 118 iiii 1 1.25 1.4 1.6 1- 6" ►• V] <^ /a ^^ % > / ^ ^. >^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 87i-4S03 4 \ :\ \ ^ o^ O^ 844 TIIH HIITTKUFMKS OF NEW KXCLAND. I S; K Mi'iisiiritiiriils in iiiilliiiirlics. ! .M.M.KS. Ij 1'|-:mai.i:s. ^^ I.ciiuili il iMii-iic, I.J."i mill. I siniillcsl. Avonijff. Liii-f^cst. | Siimlloct. Avcnigi'. Liirgi'st. LcllL'tll 1),' fii;'i' uill^s .llltc'lllllir hIikI lilii.'ic mill tiiisi.. lure tlliiac and tni'si.. ll.T.-( 12. i:l 11.7.-) l'J..-| 11!. iia II. ;i a.8 (• . i<> 11. T.-) I' 4. 'j.r> T.-ri Hcsciiliccl tniiii2!) i,V)9. Secondary sexual peculiarities. Kor tin' inaU; stiu:niii. ?^cc tlic dcsi rl|ilinii \u'j: aliiml >i\ linirs ImiiriT lliaii limail. nearly ei|iial. with sliiilitly roiindeil i|iiiiilraniriil!ii' eiiils. Geographical variation. The fonii I. a. irinidos. fdiiiul on the I'iieille ('o.-ist anil loiikeil nil liy iii.iny as a di^tiiiel species, iliU'ers but sliijlitly thoiiLrh with ap|iarentl.v cimstiincy fi'iiiii the eastern type. It is sli^litly llie larjjer, never has the median stripe of tlie miller surface pecimeiis). Chrysalis. ■•I'iteliy lirowii, ceen found in Arizona (Ivhvards). I'tidi (Palmer) and even in Ctdorado. Notwithstandino- its Ol i'lUTcnci' in (Jalifornii and Colorado, it has not otherwise heeii rejiorted in she I'nited States west of New York (Albany, Lintner), hut it follows the .Vppahichiiin ciiain to West Virginiti. A specimen iii tlie Yale Col- lege museum. No. 17(12, is creilited to the District of Colnmhia (Dodire). Noi'th of DIM- l)oiindary it occurs its fiir ctist as Ilalifiix, N. S. "not uncom- mon" (Jones) and h;is l)een taken at Quebec (Howies), Hero'crville (Fyles), Montrcid (('auKield), and e\('n at Ijondon, Out. (Saunders); the western type occiu's on the Saskiitchewan iis stated and at \'anconver Island (Fletcher). In \e\v Hnirland it is widely distributed and will probably be foiuul in abundance over all the wiltler portion. The northernmost point from «. lA'CAKNINAK: 1N< ISAI.IA AlC U'S Tl'S. 840 wliicli it li;is liciMi i-('i)()rtc(I is N'orway "very (^oiiiiiioir' (Sniitli). mid it is iilsK t'omiil ;it OnuiD, Me. ( I'-criiiild). It lias hccii takiii in .Miltunl. \. 11. "ratiicr (■oiiiiiion" ( W'liitiicy ) . In Mass;icliiisctts it lias liccii fuuiid liv many idiscrvcrs in scNcrai |ilaccs nca; '.ostoii. and is l>y no iiicans vuw ; it has also hocii taken in And(i\('r (Merrill, Alc/tt, SanKoni, '^cuddcr), Mount Tinii and otlicr rocky hills near Sprin'rHidd ( l)iiiiniock ). Middlc- boro (llaiiihly) and Mast l''alinonth on Cape Cod (I*'i>h): a single niale was taken at New ,'laM'ii, Conn. (Sinilh, .Mns. Vale ( olleu'e ) , and 1 ha\e t'oiind it alimidant m Nantiieket. Food plant of caterpillar. I he food plant is nnknown. Mrs. Kd- warils t'onnil her speciniens ••erawliiii: upon hare uraiiiti' rocks, near patches of Sednin." I am satisfietl that the caterpilhii' found hy nie on \'acciniiiiii and formerly referi>(i to this sjiecies does not helonu' here. Haunts. Ihe hiitterlly prefers roi-ky heaths where N'accininni and other low shrnhs grow in patches. It often flies in coin|iaiiy w ilh Cyaiii- ns pseii(larr such a |)roteeti\-c rcscmhiancc the more important to it. On alighting, the liutterHy at once hegins ridihing the ujiraised hind wings hackward and forward over each other, their cxti'emitles moving 840 I'liK m'lTKin'MKs OK m;\v kxci.axd. over a space equal to ahoiit n fonrtli or a til'lli of tlicir widtli ; tlic insect rre{[iiently si(lle(< alxmt — even during tliis action — witl. a twitcliinjf niovc- inent, ais it' seeking' a .■initai)le place of rest, tiiongli tliis i,s done without ret'ereuce to the sun. Desiderata. 'I'liis insect has never iieen reared and the egg and early- stages of the larva as well as its liahits are (piite unknown. Kven the food plant has yet to h;' found, for the only caterpillars we know were foiuid fidl fed on the rocks. One shoidd watch the action of the females during June, especially al)out Kricaee.ae or Itosaeeae, which are perhaps more likely than other plants to prove its food. Our knowledge oi' the geograi)hical distril)ution of the huttcrlly leaves nuich to he desired, for on account of its early Hight and easy disguise it has, no doubt, heen over- looked in many localities whei-e it occurs. LIST OF irj.rsri{ATioxs.~i\'<:isMji.\ AUimsrus. di'iii'riil. I'l. ;!+: ;!■_>. >[;il(' Mliiliiiiiiniil ;i|M'i'»il''>g<3s. ri. i:!, I'lL'. 0. Dislriliiiliciii in Noitli Amoriea. 1(1. liv'. 'J t. Anili-ucoiiiiiin. Jiiiiit/'i. .V>:l, Siilc view with lifml mid a|)iioii- Pl. {!, tij.'. 25. I'l'iiialr, holli viii'liii'i's. ilaftt's I'lilar^'cd, and dclail.-i of tin' stnii'- i:l:3. IJotli sm-fai'c>. tare of tlic li.ys. rU'.WOTES .SCrDDKU. IJranotos Si'iidd., Mnll. l?iill'. c., iii: Tliccla \\!\r> Aiictni-uni. lOT (ISTH). (Nol ('alii|KC-ai'a Hon., 18.">1,) <,'alli|iarciis Scudd., Syst. irv. Iiiiil.. ;iO (ls72). Ti/iic.—Striiinon inelinus Hubn. Till' dandy linllci'llv, All i'\(inisiicly di'cst, Hi'l'm-c llii l)ai>y"s rye .')is|ilays liis m'IvcI vest : In vain is Iw arrayi'il In all tliat '.'andy show ; Wiial liiisini'>s lia'lli a maid Willi siN'lia fopiiisli hi'an!' ii\'i"ii)S. -T/ie .')(U.iii, Image (54:1>). Iload ndlicr small, densely clnlhcd witli scales, wliicli above arc firreatly elevated and eiu'vi^ forward, ami on llie n|i|ier part of the front moderately sii|i|ilied with nitlier lonn, coarse hairs. I'ronl scarcely tumid below, snnkcn above, espi'cially in a short, and broad shallow ,i;ronvc down the nuddle. in no part, except- inir below, advanc'cd as far as the front of the eyes; nearly half as lni;h nirain ,is broad, nearly or (|iiile ei|iiallinir the < ye in l-readtli as seen from llie front; npper bor- der not raised in the nnildle. lint infrinirinir on tlie more elevated vertex, the corners considerably hollowed in f''onl of Iheeyes; lower border very stronijly archill. Ver- tex slijrhtly tnuud in llie middle, higher Iha i the summit of the front, forming, on either side, pretty lari:e. ttradiially swollen buttresses to the bases of the artennae, and separated fioni the occiput by a straiirht, broad and rather deep, transverse channel. ICycs rather lai'sre and full, sparsely pilose, exceptiiiij; (jii the posterior llftli, with mod- erately short hairs, longer beneath, .\ntcnnac placed in llie middle of the anterior half of tlie summit, or a Utile in i.dvance of il.aiid separated by a space fully cipiallin^ the width of the second antennai joint: considerably longer t linn the abdomen, con- sisting of iliirty-two joints, of which thirlecn or fourteen form th(> club, wliicli is lenrly four times as broad as the sliu;lilly compressed stalk. increases vi ry gradually LYCAKNINAK: TUK (JKNUS IKAXOTKS. 847 111 size to iii'iir till! tiji, wlioro It oiid.s in ii lilmitlv nniiuloil yet slit;litly niiKuluted iipex, four joints enterliij'; Into the (lliiiiniition of si/e; it is neiirly live tliiies ns lon^r ns liroad, niid riitiier stronirly ilepressfd. I'lilpl slisjlit, nearly Imlf ns lonir ii^'iiln as the eyes, the tenniniil joint a little lon'jrer than the peiinltiinate and seareely elotlieil witli scales, \vliile the other jnints ar<' fnrnished on the under surface with a e(nisiileniblc mass of lon^ scales and a few hairs, all compressed in a vertical plane. I'iitairia exceedingly loii;x and slender, scarcely arclied and not liiinid, but witli a lon^itndinal. transversely ronnded ridire, a little removed from the inner border; four or live times as loiij; as broad, tlie basal half taperiiii: sliifiitly, the apical lialf ('(pial, half as broad as liie liase. the apex bluntly ronnded. Fore winirs (39: 12') scarcely more than half as Ions; airain as broad, thr costal bor- der expanded somewhat at the very base, beyond stralitht tliree-foiirtlis of the way to the lip, which is then curved sliirhtly backward, (Inter bonier roundly and slijjhtly lieiil at the tip of the njiper median nervnle ( (J ), or at tlie tip of tile lower subcostal iicrvnre and a little more prominently ( ? )• the iicnerai course of the bonier bcinir at an anijleof about 4.")^" witli tlie .iiiddle f)i' the costal border: inner liorder straiv:ht, the anjile ronnded. Costal nervure terminatinir scarcely beyond the tip of the cell ; sub- costal w itii three superior branches, the llrst arisinj; a little beyond the middle of the upper liorder of the cell, the second halfway between this and tlie third, wliicli arises just before the apex of the cell, the main braiK'h tiexed ilowinvani in the least possible deiiree between Its orlirln and the cell termination ; veins closliiir the cell very obscure tlirouuliout. Cell slinhtly more than half as Ion;; as tlie win;? and fully four times as loiii; is bro;ul. Hind wliii;s with the basal half of the costiil border pretty strongly bowed, beyond nearly straiv;ht. and then curved backward to the tip of the upper siil)costal. where it joins the curve of tlie outer border with a well rounded, regular curve ( $ ), or with a rounded, soinewliat abrupt allele ii); the outer liorder is a very little convex, more so in 9 than in ,J , the pnmiinence of its upper iiortion in the latter dimliiishiiis the curve. At the tip of the middle median iierviile is a iniiinte, short tail, and at tlie tip of the lower median a very lonu;. thread-like tail, nearly tw ice as loiiu: as the w idtli of the intersjiace at its base; the inner border is nearly strai^'lit beyond the basal expan- sion, but viu'V broadly and slightly ex<'ised jn-^t before tlie aiicx. where the an^le is alinipt but rounded oil'. Snbnii'(!ian nervure ti'rininatin^ on th(> outer liorder just next tlie anal aiiiile J internal nervure terminatiim a very little lieyond tin.' middle of the inner liorder. No discal stii^ma and no aiulroconia. Fon? tibiae aliout fonr-tifths the length of the hind tibiae, the fore le^s similarly developed in both sexes, the tarsi e(pial in length to the tiliiaej last joint of tarsi either resemblinu; tiie same part in tlie other le^s ( $ ) ; or very small, bearing at its un- enlar^ed tip only a pair of neiirly straight spines, the continuation of tlie row at the sides, ami havintr its upper surfaces covered witli very short ami close hairs ( J ) ; there Is greater disparity between the tarsal spines and spurs in the female than in the male, the spines In the latter bolii^ s|nir-like, but little shortiT timn the spurs; otherwise, and excepting that in liotli sexes the tiliiiil spurs are naked, the fore leits are like the others. Hind and middle femora very thinly friii.^ed with hairs; middle tibiae scarcely shorter than the liliul pair, armed beneath with a few very small, scattered spines, and at the tip with a pair of not very loiii; spurs, half concealed by scales. First joint of tarsi eipialliiiif tlie succeeding tliree, which diminish reijiilarly in size, tlie llftli scarcely loii^i r tiian tlie fourth: armed beneatli as in tlie pre<'ediny; ;:eiius, the spines more abundant beyond the llrst joint; under surface of all the joints but the basal liare of scales. Claws small, eompressed, tapering, liiiely pointed, not very str()ii;;;ly nor reiu;iilarly curved; paronychia simple, rather stout, ecpnil, nearly as long as the claw, curving a little in a direct'oii opposite to that of the claw; pulvlUns minute, projecting. .Vbdoininal appendages; iipiier organ with nu derately broad, well nnindeii alations, the two halves sepuratej on the mudiaii line above by a broad, rather shillow notch, fe 848 riiK i;rrri:ni-Mi:s ok ni:\v knci-and. ciifviiii; to a |)oiiil in tin- iiiiililli', fiinii>lii'd willi stn)ny;ly ri'ciirvfd liilcriil ariiis; cliisjjs sc:ii'i'(ly so Idii;; ii» till' ii|)|)iT ori^aii. slniiijlil , luit very nIciuIcI', liipcriii;; IlirniiitlMiiit, rouildcMl ;ii tip. Egg. Kchiiioid sliaiii'd, not i|Hiti! so sli'oiiirly llatti'iii'd as in 'I'licidii : Uio snrfufi! coviM'rd Willi niimito polyclonal udls. separaK'd liy coarse, stout \vall>, liccoininKfoarst'r and rallicr inori' I'li'vatcd on tlic side> and Ihtc occasionally I'aiscd into proniiiionccs. ,MI<'ro|iylc not sunken, inconspicuous. Chrysalis. \'ic\vcd rroin al)ovi', tlic outline of tlic liody is inui'li as iii 'I'liecia, hnl llie di\ i>iiin liclwccn llic lliorax and alidonuMi is ol ill I era ted. or is only distiimui^liahlo by the sli^ilitly narrow er shape of the thorax, which does not taper posteriorly, and the curve of which is interrupted liy the sliitlitly and very broadly prolrudinir basal wins^ prouiiiiences— 1 he widest part ol' the tliorax. Viewed laterally, the thorax, which occu- pies lijiir the lioily. i> si'paraliMl from the alidectiou not r;iised. but lieariiiir >triii:;lit. short, spicnliferoiis hairs : tin' haticr are ioiiijer in front than on the body ireiierally. Ilookletsas in Theela, but the tip not so broadly expanded nor so closely ai'liressed to the stalk. This i.s a Nurtli Aiiici'ictiii o'ciiiis. coiiipo.scd. a,s tar as I am iiwaro, of tliL' siiirrlo spcfics licit' (Icscfil K'(l , wliosc oc'ojxfapliiciil (listi'iluitidii will he clscwlu'i'c i](l;iih'(l. Il rcnihcs its iKirthiTniiuist limits in New Knoiinitl. 'I'hc hiittiM'liy is of the s;imc si/c as the ,s[)C'('ii's of 'riicchi iiiiil ol' intK.'h the same form, hiit with more iiii;il)]y doiihle hrooded in the north iind triple hrooded in the south, hilicrii;ttiiig as a chrysalis. It is ti long li\i'd insect, and is .■seen on the w iiig almost the whole season. The lar\'a appears to feed on a great vitri(>tv of plants iind the ehrystdis stiite iti the south lasts fourteen days. The caterpillars closely resemble those of Theela, iind judging from Abbot's dr;(wiiios are of a pinkish cidor iihove, greenish below, with dusky dorsal and lateral stripes, the hitter consisting of a series of short ol)li(pie diishes. THE PROCESSIOiN OF THE SEASONS. 849 The chrysiilifi ia similar to those of Thecla, of lighter color, with darker longitudinal markings. EXCURSUS XXIX.— THE PROCESSION OF THE SEASONS. Aiiioii); the falling leiivcs some birds yet sing;, And Autumn lias liis l)Utter(lies lilie Sprin;;. Landoh. No ONK can observe butterflies in the most casual way without having forced upon hini the constant fluctuation of forms that greet his eye. At one time he will be struck by the abundance of kinds and of individuals ; then by the small number he will meet, mostly of two or three sorts. One common kind lie will fancy he has lost sight of, only to have crowds of them burst on him later in the season. He will look for tiie reoccur- rence of others in vain. And each succeeding year he will note the same piienomena in the same order, varied only by the gniater abundance or scarcity of one kind or another. This supplanting of one species by another is in wonderful adaptation to tiie parallel changes going on in the vegetable world, especially among the flowers. I do not know that any of our naturalists or artists have written of the harmony between tiie prevailing tints of a New England landscape at different titnes of the year, and of the insect world at the same seasons. Ouv common butterflies, whicli nature has been at such pains to adorn, show a shifting panorama of form and color from early spring to the time of frost. First, in the sombre leafless woods come the various dusky wings, brown and black, skipping softly in and out among the gray rocks and over the dry leaves and dark jxiols u\' melting snow, v)r simning themselves on dry sticks athwart the sun. Hard upon these, in the time of early violets and hcj^aticas and frequenting the spots most loved by them, follow the little blue butterflies, scarce larger than the flowers. Then, as spring fairly bursts upon us with its fresh and varied hues, come crowds of queenly swallow-tails, lustrous with metallic gleam, or striped and belted with gay colors ; and the banded and spotted purples that court the quiet forest road and the brink of the mountain l)rook ; the soft wiiitc butterflies, that look too pure for earth, less retiring than the last, float about our gardens, alas ! on sad intent ; Mhile tiie brisk little tawny and black skippers everywhere bustle and whisk about. Siunmer, with its lilazing sun and diversified lilossoms, brings us the hot-looking coppers, and all that dajipled band of fritillaries and angle-wings, blocked in red and black above, and often variegated by odd dashes and spots of burnished silver, or by peacock eyes beneath. How they crowd about the spreading thistle blossoms, or on the many-flowered umliels of the milk weed, and fan themselves with content at their sweet lot I As autunm 107 850 TIIK nUTTKIlFLIKS OF NKW KXGLAXD. 1 1 - 1 i ; ^ 1 approaches and the leaves grow (hill, the grain ripens h\ the meadow and the piisti/rcs ]>iirch wirli droiiirht, tiicn come the satyris or nieadow-hrowns. lazily dancing liy the road.«ide and over the thickets which skirt the fields ; in the time of golden rods and yellow and hluc asters the great throng of yellow and orange huttertlies appear ; some of tlicni are with ns throngh- out the season, c unijanions of the huttcrenp, the dandelion, and the nidiicckia ; hut now they swarm, flitting linsily in zigzag eoui'scs over upland pasture and lowland meadow, hy marsh and hrook, in field and fen, ci'owding around the open flowers, or dancing in pairs in mid-air. *»* ('oiiipiirc *(iiiic similar iilwcrviiiiiiiis (in tin' scasoiiHl sui'cosloii of I']iii'»peuii moths by Wcriieliui'^'iii his I)cr si'hnicUcriing aiiilsriii lelifii. Hi'ilin, ls74. See pp. 110-117. URANOTES MELINUS.— The gray hair streak. [Ui'd Npottcil hair streak l)i>ltcrtly (Alihot); hop iiie theela (Harris); hop hiittertly. hop- eiitiiij,' theele (Kiiiiiioiis); ^'ray hair streak (SciiiKler); },'riiy streaked buttertly (Mayiiaril).] Slri/innn nielinu-t IKihii., Ziilr. exol. .lehiiictt., i :'J'2, li;. l'JI-l-J2 (ISlS). 'I'lii'c/ii iiH'liuuK Westw.-llewit.s., fieii. diiirn. I,ep.. ii;4S(i (1H,V2). CdlUixirenx iiti'litius .Sciidd., Syst. rev. Aiiier. hint., *)(IS?J). UrOiKiti's mi-liitiiK .Seiidd., liiill. liiitV. soc. Mat. sc., iii : 107 (ls7(i) ; Hiitt., ITO, SOS, lii;. 121 (1S81). T/icfld mpliniiK vor.pniUfn II. Kdw.. I'ac. eoast l,eii., li:! [2-2:10] (lS7(i). I'lili/diiniifitiiH r>riii>iin (lod.. Kneyel. in6th., ixMKIl, (!;!,")-(),•{() (ISl'.t). Tlieclii liijiierici liuisd.-I.eC, L(?p. Aiii(!r. sept., !)()-!ll, pi. is liu's. 1-.") (lS3;i);— -Morr., Syn. I.ep. .\. Aiiier., !U (1S(;2). Tlierlit /(looninn Moisd.-I.eC, I.(5p. Aiii(!'r. sept., !l.j-!)8, pi. ;!0, (iu's. l-."i (IS,'}:!); —Morr., Syii. Lep. N. Aiiier., 95-90 (ISii2). TliprUi pan Ilarr., Ililehc. rep. geol. .Mass., 51H)(l,s;);!). T/ierhi huiiiiili Harr., Irs. Iiij. ve^., 1st. ed., 2iri-21ii (1S41); 3il. ed., 270-277. pi. 4. tig. ;t (lsi!2) ;— Kmin., A:,'rie. X. Y., v : 214 ns.-i4) ; —French, Kep. III. ins., vii : ir)7 (1S7S); Hutt. east. U. S.,iV^ (isso);— Fern., Hntt. .Me., 78 (isst);— Mayii., Hiitt. N. F:.,;n-ay pi. 4. tigs. ;{2, 32a (ISS(i). T/iccla .sili'.iiiis Douhl., List I.ep. Brit. Mus., ii :3i (1847). Ptipilin .Vhh., i)ra\v. ins. Oa., Hrit. Mils., vi:49, tl^'s. KiO, 101; xvi, 37, tab. 17li (ea. ISOO). Fiaiired also liy Ahhot, Diaw. ins. Ga., Gray coll., Host. soe. iiat. hist., ■")7; Oenilcr eoll.. ihid., 23;— Glover, III. X. A. Lep.. pi. 2.S, ti-. li, iiied. (Xot I'ap. favoiiius Smith- ,\l)lH)t; nor Tap. pan Driiry.) Why, I have been a butterfly, a lord Of flowers, u'arlarid.s, lovcvkiiots, silly posies, Groves, meadows, melodies, and arbour roses. KK\TS.—En(lym ion. .She (lanees featly. Shakespkark.— Winter's Tale. Ijiii Imai^o (6: 20; 14: 13). Ilcail covered with snow white scales, the front with a larsjc, (inadrato space (whicli readies neither the eyes nor the antennae, and leaves a lar^e patcli al)ove the tonijiie) tilled sparsely with dark brown or blackish hairs, and sometimes also with paler scales, so as, in the latter case, to form a plumbeous patch; space beliind the aiiteniiiie l)la'kisti brown, and with tlie basal antennal joint incon- spicuously edjfcd with sliort, blaekisli hairs j the back of the licaU, especially the upper portion of the sides, covered witlil)laekish scales; vertex, tojjetlier witli the overarch- ing hairs in the ni'ddle of tlie posterior part of tlie head, bright oranj^e. .Antennae blaekisli brown, tlie joints of tiic stalk and of the proximal part of the club annu- lA'C.iKMNAi;: L'KAXOTKS MKMNUS. 851 Intcd at tiasc, imiTowly iil)o o, l)r(iii(lly hciiciitli. with wliitr; iM'coininir contliiriil al llin l)asi' of till' chill liciicatli, and fiirmiiiiia slnirt,, broad white patch; ti'i'iiiinal foiiror live joints of tlic dill) oraiiirc scnnctinics ohsciircd liy fnscons — at least in dried spccinicns. I'tilpi snow white, tlie hasal joint mt.v narrowly tipped outside with a transver>e •streak of hlackisli brown, which reaches the lower corner of the eye; upper siii-face of the terminal joint to the very tip, and sometimes also tlie tip of the pcMnltiniatc jof the posterior portion, or <'hainreable throuirhout, the blue most conspicuous in front, the brown behind; patiiijia (•diied with same, p.aler; beiieatli tlie ihonix N coven^d with dull white hairs, with a very p;ile bluish rellectlon. Kemora n!icreou>, the infe- rior tuft of white liairs with a few iuteriniiii;led dusky (uus; libiat' and Ihst joint of tarsi brownisli fuscous, annulated at tip with white, beneath dull luteous ; spines black; claws and spurs dark yellowish brown, the r(unier dark reddish on apical half. WiUjis above bluisli black, by rellecled li^'hl with a very dark muHierry lustre, the veins, especially of the hind .inns, often blacker. ( lii the middle of the /mjv ii-hiijs i\ very larue, faint, (piadrate, cloudy spot of sliijhtly darker scales ^not <'oulliied to either sex, but api)areiitly more distinct in the female), its corners rounded, exteiidliif? from just below the costiil border to, and just over, the lower niiMlian nervule; it is nearly twice as loiiit as broiul, and is pace the upper blue line is often surmounted by a small, blackish spot, occiisionally supplanted by oranire; thee.\tn'ine anal aiifile has an iiieonspicnons orange spot enclosed between the bhick border line and an upper and outer edj;inji; of bluish scales, and nearly concealed by the soft brown hairs of the lower half of the will!;; fringe blackish fuscous at base, whitish, sometimes obscured with fuscous, at tip, below the tail of tlie hind wings, blackish also at tip, with a medliiii whitish line. Ueiieath uniform, soft, pearly, riiiher dark, chiy brown. occasion;;lly with a decided bluish tinge, the outer border distinctly lined with black ; costiil edge at b;ise fulvous. Fore winij.^ with a transverse stripe of nearly continuous black or blackish brown streaks, bordered externally with white, and sometimes w ith a slight glciiin of orange on the inner side, running from the costal border, at a point a little beyond the middle of the outer half to the lower inedlnn nervule, at about two-thirds the distance from Its base; the general direction is a slight curve, neither parallel to the outer border nor at right angles to the costal niaritin, but about midway between the two; at an Interspace's distance from the (uiter border is a series of more or less distinct, ill- dellned, fuscous or blackish, transverse streaks, often obsolete over a liortlon of the wing. In the middle of the outer two-thirds of the iiiiid iciii'js is an irregular, but nearly straight, transverse series of spots like those of the extra-mesial series on the fore wings, but usually bordered distinctly within with reddish orange: in the upper part of the wing, as far as the lower median nervule. its general direction is striiiglit, siibparaiiel to the outer border, broken invariably at the upper median nervule by hav- ing its lower iiortion bent inward ; in the mcdio-submedian interspace the stripe forms a slight ^, the limbs bent at right angles, the lower one, if either, the longer, and fol- lowetl, in the lowest interspace, by a long, curved, and, at the lower end, sinuous streak, tenninating on the inner angle a little more than half way from the base to the tip; those hitter markings form a rather obscure W. IJi-yond this band, parallel to the outer border and distant from it by the width of an interspace, is a series of 111- deflncd, blackish fuscous, transverse streaks as far as the middle median nervule, usually Increasing in size downward, and occasionally merging into or enclosing 852 THE lUJTTKRFIJKS OF NEW ENOI.AN'D. Hi m idl !li ornnjfe; in the lowor incilliiii IntiTspnce there Is a very largo orniiKe spot, enclosing at Its lower i'il;;e (i roundish hliick spot, iind edaecl narrowly al)ove with l)liU'k. nsniiUy Just nii-etini; al)ove th(M)Mtrr V of tlie W in tlie nxvsliil liiind, and not rcacliln;; below the outer l)order; in the lU'Xt interspaee lielow, a little less than midway t)etween the niesiai iiand and tlie outer l)order, is a transverse black streak, edged ai)ove i)y blulsli wldte seaies, and foliowed l)y liluisli atoms sprinkled more or less profusely on a blaekisli ;troun(l, reacldn;: tlHM)uter border, but al)ridi:e\ cr all parts of tlii' hoiiy and appear to lie most almiidaiil and loniii'st on tlic larger front sciiinfiits and on tlu' latiTodor- mil aiiitlu marking tiic liinitatloii of tin' dorsal llattciii'd ri'iilon ; tliry are mostly lUrccti-'d backward, taperhifi roynlarly, stral;;iit or scarcely cnrvcd, palu or dark tes- taci'ons, deepening somt'times Into blai'kisii and occasionally pale tlppcil but jrcnerally hitco-testiiceous at tln^ base and lU^'penini: in color to a greater or less extent apically ; till' linijrest are not so lonu as tiie abdondnal segments ami tliey are minutely, dis- tantly and most l)rielly fnrnislnMl witii snlirecnmbenl spicules. Liuii^tli. (1..H mm. ; breadlii, "i. I mm. I.eufttli of ionicest hairs aliout .') mm. Described from a dried specimen, found liy .\Ir. A. ('. Sprai;ue at South lladley, Mass., in AULtust. \XHt\, on ('ynoi;lossum. .\ccordiui; to Mr. Spraijue tlu'y were brownish when small, afterwards reddish, ami before Iraiisforinlntf purplisli white. 'Phey did not hatch but were detcrndned from the chrysalis. Chrysalis (84: lilt). Luteo-testaceous, strou;cly iliscolored with lilackisli fuscous on the sides i)f the thorax anil tiecked wltli the same on tin' sides of the alxhuncn, on tlic latter especially about a series of sunill round black spots In the centre of tiio Hrst six sesfuicnts In a lateral series; a sinnlar l)lack spot occurs alimii tlie nu'dian lino on tin' front cdne of the pronotum, and tin' hind cd:;es of bi)tli pro- and metano- tum. in tiie latter case cxtcndiiii; also across the llrst abdominal si'itUKMit ; also on the produced hitnler edj^c of tlie nu'tanotnm laterally next the wimrs; a line Impressed lint! down the ndddle of the mesonotum. 'i'lie dorsal portions of the winjis are more or less tiecked with tlie darker niarklims, but beneath, like the rest of the under stir- face which has a sliirlit but warm reddish tone, the marklnj?s are reduced to scattered, obscure, fuscous dots. The elevated tracery of the surface is usually of the tint it covers, but on the abd(unen Inciuilinif the dorsal portion it Is more or less deeply infnscated and the mammulate bases of the hairs are cverywiie.c more or less Infuscated. The hairs are short, nowhere eipiailini!; one-third tlie leiiy;tli of the ab- dominal sei;ments, lutco-testaceous at base, dusky at tl|). I.enjrtli, It mm. ; breadtli of tiiorax, 1!.^.') mm. ; of abdonien, 4.25 mm. Till! simple specimen .seen was ol)t:iiiiod by .Mr. .V. C. Spraiiue from a larva taken on C'ynoiilossuiiuit South lladley, Mass. The followin,!; description was drawn up many years ago from tlie shell of a chry- salis raised by Dr. Harris. Dull wood brown, faintly obscured witli irreirular, small blotches of fuscous ; the ab- domen tinned with yellowish ; edjies of the sei^meiits both of thorax and alxhuncn and the edfjes of the appendages a littli! infuscated; a blackish fuscous dorsal dash on the nietathorax, tlrst and anterior half of tlie second abdominal sci;ment; lateral central and suprastiKinatal, posterior and smaller, blackish fuscous spots on the second to seventh atwlomlnal sejjments; the net work of raised Hues reddlsii brown, the hairs fusco-lutoous, those in front of the body loiiijer and frecpieiitly l)lack, nsually black tipped. Length, 8.5 mm. ; breadth of abdonien, 4 mm. ; height of abdonien, 3.75 mm. ; leugtU of anterior hairs, .44 iniu. ; other hairs, .27 mm. Distribution (23: (5), This widely spread species will probably be found ill every part of the United States, excluding Alaska. Strange to say, I have not received it nor found a single notice of its occurrence north of our boundary, excepting that it occurs rarely near Montreal (Lyman), and is found at Vancouver Island (Fletcher) ; yet along this border it is known in most of New England, at Albany, N. Y. (Lintner), Cleveland and Rockport, Ohio (Kirtland), northern Illinois (Worthington), Wis- consin common (Hoy), Dallas County, Iowa (Allen), Dakota and Mon- 8.Ji TiiK lui 11:111 1, ii;.s 01 Ni;w i:n(;i,ani). i" t:iii!i ( I'Mwiinls ). It is alxinilant in nil tlic soiitiitTii statcn, occiirriii^ in K!i)ri(la MS far soiitli as liiiliaii liiNir ( I'al iiitT), ( 'a|ii'(in :in(I l''.iil('i'|ii'i/(' (Si'li\v:ii'tz) and ill Texas at WacK ( I5fllra.j(' ) and tlic Uio (iramlc ( hint- rii'i', Aai'itn). It is even recorded liy |)iMil)leday as an inliaMtant of X'enezni'la. (iodniaii and Sahin la ( I'nitlcr ) , and also in Nevada, ne:;r Trnckee ( Mc- (ilaslian) and in Aii/(Mia (IMwards). It is not only I'onnd e\crv\vlierc in tlie yreat interior of tlie .Mis>i>>i|(|ii N'alley, Imt a|i|parently in tlie ele\ated ])l!itean i'e;>'ion, lia\ inn' Keen ln-oiii,dit t'roni ( ieorLretown ( Mead ) , Manitoii and I'jii^deintm's Canon, ( 'olorado (Snow) and St. (Jeorifc, Ttali (Pal- mer). In Xew Knji'land it is nnn-e alnmdant in ilie sontli than in the north, hnt has heen fonnd as far as Norway (Smith) and Ilallowell, Me. (Miss Wadswortli) : in New llani|i-.hirc, at Dnldin (Faxon), Miit'ord (Whitney) and Snncook, N. II. (Tliaxter) ; while in Massachnsetts it has hem taken in sneh ele\ate(l jilaccs as Mt. Toliy (.Sjiraifiie ) , Amherst Notch and Princeton (Scndder^ and the lo|i of I'diie Hill (Sciidder), hesides numer- ous lower and more •.oiitherii localities. Food plants and habits of the larva. In the north this eater])i11ar appears nu)st fre(|nent!y to he fonnd on the hop ( Ilunmlns Inpiiliis Linn. ) , devourinji' the heads and cansinji' much injury ( Harris ) ; indeed in some plac<'s, farmers hiue on this account ahandoned all attempts to raise the plant. In the south Ahhot states that it feeds on "parsley haw" (Crnt- ac^iis coceinea I^inn. is (ifrnred. and C. apiifolia is mentioned in IJoisdii- vals notes), jiine and snap heans (hy which Dr. Chapman says common mirden heans are meant). Aecordinjj 10 lioisdnval anil Le Conte — on Al)hot's authority — it lives on Hypericinn (II. :iin-enm is the species men- tioned on the orijrinal), and hence they named the species hyperici. Fi- nally Mr. A. C. Sprau'ne fonnd the larva in < eiural .Massachnsetts, on Cynou'lossnm otHcinale. Such a variety of food plants seems extraordi- nai'v ; each belongs to a separatt- I'annly and tlie Hypcricaeeae and ("(Miiferae are nearly at the antipodes of exogenous plants. Tlie caterpillars fonnd on ('ynoglossum were very active when young, stretching themselves out in walking so a.s to he very slenii;illy even until the iiiiiiilli' nt' Si|itcmlii r. Mr. !•'. II. S|irii;:U(' In even tak ell iilic Oftolur 1(», lit W'iilhistoii. .Ml Till' (Mtci'iiillars t'oiiiul liy Mr. .V. ( '. S|iriinii(' on ( 'yiii(j;l(i<.sii 111 were tiikt'ii lit tlic ciid lit' Aiiyiist ill all stiiirc liic III' tliciii clialiiicd to cliryrtiiliH toward tlic cud id' .'^c|itciiil)cr. nii that it is |irnliiiiilv' tliiit it liiiicr- iiatcs ill tlic |)ii|ia d stall cxtciisiN (■ iiiciiiiiraiii III tl III ic extreme soiitli. Jiidu'iii.L'' iVmii Dr. (' 'I'- ll otil er III) tcs. tlie liiittii'llv in .seen t'loiii tl IC lllllltllc (I t' .M ireli to tl •I IC middle of Nosemlicr and ii ilcss the hrootls led.h tollow each other with such rii|iidity as to heeoiiie cntii'cly contoiiiii Htatciiiciits would seem to indicate three hroods, a|i|iearin<:' ahoiit the mid- dle ot' March, the middle of fFniii' and the middle ot' .'^e|itemlicr, iiiidonht- edly ovcrlapiiiini' and Lrrowinu; successively more niimcroiis in indi\ii hut hulls ■pCCIII •IIS taken liv I'aJii It Indian l{i\er. Klorida toward the end of .March were riihlicd and raLr.U'cii, so that in central Florida it |irohahly apiiearsi hy the first of .March. The duration of the chrysalis stale is f< ourtcen davs, accordmove. Anteiniae inserted in tlie middle of the anterior half of the summit, and separated from each other by a space e(|ualling the width of the basal antennal joint; consiMperior liranch. than that is boyon tlie widtli of an interspace at its l)ase, and with a secondary tail at the middle median nervule. fornnni; oidy a sliiiht. nut slender projection; inner maririn nyond the anal ani;lo; internal nervure terudnating beyond the middle of the outer border. Androccmia remarkalily stout, less tliau tliree times as long a> l>road, i|uadi'angular, with e(|Uid sides, the stalk very short. Fore tibiae from threo-(|nartcrs to four-lifth> the lenglli of the liind til)iae. and of the same length as tlie fore tarsi; fore legs similarly developed in tlie two sexes, ex- cepting tlu' last tarsal joint, whicli is either like that of the otlier legs ( ? ), or very small, bearing at its unenlarged tip oidy a pair of nearly straight spines, the ccuitinua- tion of the row at the siiK.. und having its upper surface covered with very short and close liairs {^): otherwise, and excepting that in botli sexes the tibial spurs are naked, the fore legs dill'er from llie others in little but th.dr size. Femora Dnnly fringed with liairs, rather more thickly on the fore legs, and especially in the male; middle tibiae but little shoiter than the hind i>air, armed at the tip with rather short spurs, almost completely concealed by scales, but with no spi.ies, or at least none that emerge above tlie scales ; (Irst joint of tarsi ei|ualling the three succeeding, the sec- ond and third e(pial, shorterlhan the ijftli and longer than the fourth; armed beneath, on eitlier side, with a clustered row of small, crowdeil. rather slender spines, a single one on either side of the apex of each joint longer and spur-like ; under surface of all the joints but the basal devoid of scales. Chiws small, compressed, slender, taper- ing, llnely [lointed, rather strongly and regularly curved; paronychia simple, rather stout, ecpial, as long as the claw, nearly straight; pulvillns very minute, projecting. Male abdominal appendages having the np|>er organ much as in Thecla, but cleft above in such a way that the notch terminates sharply; llie hiteral arms are less delicately pointed. Clasps gibbons at b;ise, tapering rapidly b(>yond to !i lliiely drawn out point. Egg. (ireatly depressed echinoid-slitiped. as broad :\l summit as at base, the siiiuinit slightly ilepressed: studded al)midautly with riillier large, greatly elevated conical prominemu's, conneeteil with the neighboring ones by I'alher obscure and slight lint somewhat coarse ridges, which run up the sides of the prom- inences as Initlresses and give them the a|)pearance of miniature volcanic cones ; to some extent tlic'y are disposed in regular mws. Micmpyle rosette not grciitly depressed, rather large, composed nf a number td' nearly uniform oval colls, divided by delicate lines. Caterpillar at birth, liody niueli as in 'riuelii. Laterodorsal series nf liairs con- sisting of two neai'ly eipial. centrally silu;ile(l papjll.ie. side l)y side, the hairs borne liy tlieni spicnliferous and of ecpial length; and besides these a supralaleral series at the anterior margin, supporting a shorter hair. In this genus is also I'ouiul a latoro- stigmalal series of papillae similar to the last menli(Mied and situated like them at the anterior margin, bearing a spicnliferous liair but slightly shorter than those (d' tlie laterodorsal series, lienealh the stigiiiiita is on each st.y;iiu'iit t\ cluster of f.'ii papil- lae, bearing hairs of nearly eipial length directed onlAvard and !iliout half iis long as the width of the body. Mature caterpillar, Ilody largest anteriorly, very gently tapering, liie last or last io3 858 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. i m i-- i Ml ! ■ two scfTiiicnts more rnpidly, the last rather broadly rounded and at extreme tlii sub- truneate; each soijnioiit rather strongly hunclicd, fallinf^otl' abrnptly at posterior ninr- ghi. ■nith three niedhm depressions, one very slijjlit and dorsal, one more distinct a>id lateral, and one much deeper and connecting witli the one above so as to form with it a C, open anteriorly, at the deepest i)art of which the l)roadly ol)ovate spiracles are sitnated ; on tlie second thoracic segment, the upper two depressions run together into a transverse sulcus ; a)id the first thoracic segment is marked posteriorly by a very deep, dorsal, transverse, lozenge-shaped dci)ression with enmrginate sides, and in front of it a central dent: anteriorly tlds segment is tumid; pile of uniform length all over tlie body. Chrysalis. Diil'ering in form from that of Tliecla in tlie consideral)ly grc. -er ine<|iiality of the ceplialothoraeic and abdominal masses, tlie abdomen being fuller and sliorter, more sliortly and stoutly oval, tlie parts in advance tapering more rapidly, scarcely interrupted l)y the rounded liasal wing tubercle and nowhere eciual, to a uai'- rower Ih-.'hI; in particular the tip of tlie abdomen is more regularly rounded, and the thorax more compressed, llair-liearlng papillae higher than broad, scarcely broader than the bases of tlie liairs which are short and spiculiferous. Tracery of raised lines as in Tliecla, Tlii.s Anierii'iin genus probiibly occupies all the eastern part of the nortiiern continent south of the isotherm of 50°, including the Antilles ; ii single species occurs in the eastern United States and finds its northern limits in the southern lialf of New Enjiland. Tlie liutterHies are of nearly the same size and shape as those of Tliecla, and resemble them also in having an oval disk on the fore wings of the male and two unequal tails on tlie hind wings ; they are dark brown above, having the disk more or less deeply suffused with yellowish brown. Be- neath they are deep green, tiic fore wings traversed by a straight submar- ginal white strij)e, bordered interiorly with brown ; a similiu- but tortuous and extra-mesial stripe occurs on tlie hind wings, wiiich arc also provided witii a few wiiitc daslies at the tiase and some brownish spots next the outer margin. The butterflies are double brooded, appearing (at least in the north) in May and August and hibernating in the chrysalis state. They are very active. Gosse, speaking of a Jamaican species, says : — It pursues its game of aerial play with its fellows in incessant and unwearied per- tinacity, half a dozen or more whirling about each other in the air with a rapidity of contortion that tlie eye of the observer vainly attempts to follow. Often two or three will begin to play around an orange tree and in a few seconds others which we had not seen before, coming from no one knows where, suddenly join in the gam- bols and thus the little group increases to eight or ten which after a while separate and disperse invisibly as they came. Their small size and great rapidity of motion ''oubtlcss help to produce this etl'ect. Tliey delight in the full lieams of the burning sun; the hottest part of the day is the season of their greatest activity and even the sliadow of a passing cloud will spuil tiieir play (.\nn. mag. nat. hist., (2) 11:272). The eggs are of a greatly depressed echinoid shape, resembling those of Tliecla, and studded with conical prominences connected by rather coarse ridges. <;: I; TIIK AIX IIXMENT OF CATEUPILLAUS. 859 The caterpillars are rather stouter than those of Theela and with more distinct dorsal and lateral fields. Tiiey are green, marked with reddish sj)ot8 in a dorsal and lateral series. They feed, so far as Unown, on eoui- feroiie and endogenous plants. The chrysalis is slenderer tlum that of Thecla, the abdomen heing as hiirh as the thorax. It is of a brownish color. EXCUItarS XXX.— THE ADOliXMENT OF CATEllPILLARS. There is a ditl'iTi'iioy bptwoeii a irnili aud a butterfly; yut yourlpiiltc rfly was aj^iiili. .SllAKKSl'KAUi:.— C'"»'iO?((H!(S. Ix this section we propose to speak of the variety and style of coloring found in caterpillars witiiout reference to the meaning or origin o+' their markings, which we shall discuss separately on a future page. The colors of catcrpillais are by no means so various nor the patterns so com- plicated as is the ease with the winged butterfiies themselves. l>ut it is nevertheless true that as a general rule the different species may be sci)a- rated from one another with consideral)le certainty by their markings and colors alone, ^^'ith caterpillars the variety of the dermal appendages goes far toward making u[) the general appearance of the creature, and by their .aid, combined with the colors land patterns, the separation of species niay proljably in all cases be tolerably sure. I'nt excepting in so far as their tints are concerned we have here nothing to do withiheapijen- dagcs attached to the body, but only to the surface of the head and body themselves. The vast majority of butterfly cateri)illars are green, though but exceedingly few of them, if indeed any, ai'o nniforndy green throughout. Most of them are longitudinally strii)ed either with lighter and darker shades of green or with yellow or various shades of brown. Many of them have the additional adornment of points of I)righter or darker colors, which are almost invariably confined to the Utile jiapillae with which the body is almost always studded. Such are the vast majority of the Satyri- nae, the Pierinae, the Ilesperidae and the Libythciinie. These longitudi- nal stripes are i>y far more common than elsewhere in the middle of the back, where they mark the course of the dorsal vessel, on the lower portion of the sides, where they mark the allignment of the 8])iracles, and midway or about midway between these two ; when most variegated the stripes are multiplied, especially upon the uj)per half of the body, and often show a greater degree of intensity at the extreme anterior or extreme posterior end of each segment . Other green caterpillars are marked with oblicpic stripes, which gener- 860 TIIK lUTTKltl'LIKS OV XKW KNCiLAXD. hi ;l)l. m ally part from the diirker incdiodorsal line at about sticli an angle, a^i LiiljI)o('k reniark.>. as tlie rilis of a leaf part from tlie main stem. Tliese ol)li(|iie stripes almost invarial)ly run down the sides from in front haek- ward, generally cross two or three segments, and may or may not join a stigmatal line l)elow or the dorsal line above. Such markings are found almost exclusively among the Lyeaeninae and iiere are extremely com- mon. Some shade of dark greenish iirown is a verv couuuon "round tint for the eatei'piliars of luittei'tlies, and these are ot'ten longitudinally striped, as is the case with the larger part of the Argynnidi, \'anessidi, etc. Here as before the stri[)es are more eonnnon in the neighborhood of the stigmatal line ami the dorsal vessel. l>ut tlu'y are more commonly broken by the varying intensity of the colors, and are fre(|uently accom- panied by an edging, which is l)Ut tiie ground tint intensified at their border. A considerably greater variety is also seen hero from the more or less definite ari-angement of thi' differently colored papillae in trans- vers(> lines across the body, so that by the comi)ination of these two forms of transverse and lontfitudimd markiuii's almost anv conceivalile nattern niav arise, and one I'i winch may l)c liigidy complicated. Tims a bright colored spot marks each segment of the abdomen above in Euvanessa antiona, giving it a very different aspect from the pepper-and-salt coloration jf its near allv, llamadrv IS lO o f l' uropi Then there are those caterpillars which, upon a bright gree n or olive ground, find all their conspicuous mai'kings in dark stri])es encircling or almost encircling tiu' body, iind generally especially '"inspicuous upon the upper siu'faee. Such is notably the ease in the genera Iphielides, I'ajjilio and Anosia, and less so in Ciuelidia ami Ku])hydryas. Or the lighter and darker colors of tiie body may segregate in a more massive way and exceedingly conspicuous broail bands follow the length of llie body, us in some of the Melitaeidi of Euroj)e ; or they may congregate in large dorsal, saddle-like patches, as in all oiu- species of IJasilarchia and in se- eral of Papil lionmae, eitlier m th leir earlier or latei stages. Indeed it is in the Papllioninae that we find perhaps ujjon the whole the most striking and extraordinary freaks of coloring to lie found among butterflies, the ffreat variety even amonu' the few yvuera found in North America beino- only an intimation of what may l)e found in tropical ri'gions, where the subfamily is so nmch more fully represented. The eye-like spots of the swollen anterior segments, colored in such an extraordinary and admirable manner, the opalescent and jevellcd dots which besprinkle the doi'sal surface, the brilliant flesliy appendages which sometimes adoi'u the sides, the fre(HU'nt contrasts of such ci^lors as bright orange and velvety lilack, not to mention the curious difl'er<'ni'es in the markings between the earlier and later stages, reveal the possibilities of natural selection in the 1 1 LYCAKXIXAK: ^nTU^A 1>AM()\. 861 adornment of (•atcrDilliiiN TI,,, ,. i -ii- . i .ir(i„iiais |lu,„, l.nil.mit colors :,re iiorhnns only „„..i. Ncb^ lHMr,.o,..e.s..,„n(,t' protective o.n.at.riM. ' ' JVo ^-0 .poken only of the l.o.Iy ; yet tl... I.ca.l .lu.nkl not l.c over- bio.^"- """?•' r/ '■""' '•'-'<' •"■"-■ly the .unc color as the e , , , . , ;""""•" '^'"i;-- of it,s own wliicl, nier t )i single w„r,l Tl>n ;o uv »mface, sonietnne.s ni,stenino-. sometime, (lend '« often punctate or rngulose with .lelicute tr.cerv V. , l -'.nit .0 n.ention the ocelli, whi,.h nnder lo " . '^ '"' g.-uund n. .on.e .tWking .ay ,.y rin,. of pi,n,ent p:.;;;:; t:!,:;;!' "^'^ MITtTRA DAMON.-The olive hair streak. [C;n..>n hair suvak InittorMy (Al,l,o.) : a.ihun, Tl„.,.|a (ItaiTM • ,1... „„■,, , • T/»''/a ,l,u,u,n liar,-.. Ilitd,.. r.' ' rm '"'i^; '"' " "^r"'' ■^*' ('««•'>• m^.,ix:(K)2,e4o,.,.4i.,i.s.t4.i.n,i.i';si;: t!.:;!' ;!;;■:;:, i':!!^''-^'--'-" -y-i-p. x. r/ipc/rt duUHLltUS MVslw.-Hcuits., (i,,,, tliiini. r,o|i., ii:48i!(lSo2). r^icus unjwus llul.n., Vor.. .dinu.i,.. 74 riiecla smilach l!(,is,i..r.<.('., i/.,, vni,-.i- -Pt.,o7.,os, ,,,.,;,,,,,, ,.,(,,.,,;!;,,,,,.;• »>ii- Li'li. N. Aincr., 9S-9t) (Isili); — Mi.MI. AiniM-.. Hn-lii-j (isGi)), riK^rh, >,!m,vthh ir,.n-,.8<.liaclf.,forrc«ij JMn r„s!„n-s I,-,hv., Tn.Ms. A r. om ^111'.. iii:2()s (IsTi). (-Ni>t Pap. siiiiaoflii^ Dnii-v.) Tiio>rs„.v._r„,s7/,w,/-/,i,We«ce. Ofsn,.||„ni,.iTy,iii„il,l,.. MimiiL- spirit J •"^"AKi.:si...;A.ii:,-/.o,-(.V /;„/,o„rV /,„.,, antennae aro so,n..ti,uos foM.ul a few ..v. , Ti " '"'■'""^ '"'"■■^'- ''^•'^^■""" "'« an.l a narrow l.r.-ak benoath, l>v a rating- broad I'n '. "r" "'""''' ' "^''''"li"- """ve SG2 rm; iu'tikkfues of skw i;x(;i,ani). I 'III V-sliii|iicl biiiid (if .-iinilur scalus. Ha.siil jdiiit of uiilciiimi' black; stalk ulossy pur- plisli black, iiituiTiiptcil pretty broadly at llic base of eacli joint willi ^vllite scales, soiiietiiiies partially obsolete nlxive on the l)asal half of the antennae; <'lnb jjlossy blackish lirowii. tlic wliite annnli at the liase conllnent l)enenth anil extemlini.' apically over nearly half of tlie elnli; tirniinal two joints dnll oran;;e inleoiis. the inci>nres of some of tlie adjacent joinl> sonu'times faintly tinned wilh tije same and occjisioiialiy rnnidni; in a line down llie infero-intcrior snrface of tlie wlwde club, liasnl and mid- dle joints of palpi covered Avitli lonu wldte scaU's, the extre.ne liase of basal joint and the np|)cr surface of the ndddle joint with dark l)rown scales, which are also scattered iiifreiiuently anionj; the white scales, especially on the outer surface of the middle joint ; upon the under tufted surface of these joints a few blackish and ochraceous liairs arise, extemlini: l)eyond tlie white scales; ternunal joint l)Iackish brown, tipped ■with white and often with a liroailer or narrower liand of white scab's down the inner edire of the under stirface. Tonuiie Inteo-teslaceons on l)asal half, fusco-testaceous l)oyond. Tiiorax covered above with oiivaceotis brown scales and lonir hairs, tlie patairiu elided with a few [laler scales ; beneath with profuse, l)nt not very lonjr, dirty gray linirs, and a few scattorelirfaee like tlie hairs of the under surface of theliody; tibiae and tarsi blackisli purple, annulate with white and willi miiiirled liiackish and wldti — white at the tips of tlie joints, the iniiiirled colors at the liase and middle of tlie tiliiae and the middle of tiie lirst tarsal joint; tarsi beneath luteo-fnscous; spines l)laek, claws dark reddish. \Vin;j:s above tiull lilaekisli lirowii, the lower portion of tlie fore winirs as far up as the subcostal ncrviire and excludinir the base, and a rather broad band at the outer mariiin, either lirassy ochraceous ((J) or tawny (?). the color traversed by blackish brown veins; lower iiuier jiortion of tiic hind winjrs (usually as far as the suliccstal nerviire, and exelndinu nearly the basal half of the Willi; and, at the outer iiiaririn, a narrow band, wliicli usually develops, in tlie interspaces, into blackisli luiiulcs seated on the maririn, but often separated from it, near the anal anirlc. by a slender line of white scaler) either oliscure lirassy ocliraceous (J) or tawny (? j, traversed, as in fore wlnirs, by blackisli vein--; friiiLreof botii winu's liiackish or brownish fuscous, the imuie'liate base marked, on tlie fort' winjrs indistinctly, on the iiind wings distinctly, with white, faint merging into bright; tails black, tipped with white, the base with a few lawny scales, Discal spot of fore wings of male 2, .5 mm. long, oblong oval, tliu inner extreiiiily slightly the siiiallin', about twice as long as broad, dust gray, IJeiieath green, llocked with a few ferruginous scales, Tlie portion of the fori- wiitgs covered by the bind pair pale slate brown, tiieniediiin interspaces nion' or loss sull'uscd with ferruginous, and a distinct, transverse, snow white stripe, suliparallel to the outer bonier and about as far from it as twice tlio width of the interspaces at the outer bonier, transected by pale brown scales along the nervules and Imnlered on the inner side with ferruginous; it is very nearly straight, usually nearest to the outer border In the upper median interspace and, starting from just below the costal bonier, reaches the loivest median nerviile; here it is broken and crosses the next intersiiace farther from the >nter border. reaeiiiuL' the inner margin by an angular, lyi-shaped, often ol)siile.-cei ,treak, luiit strongly inwjird and tending to unite tills baud with the mesial liai..i of the hind wings; costal border mtrrowly edged wiili fusco-ferruginous; outer border, especially on lower half of the wing, frei|Uently edged narrowly with ferruginous, the immediate margin usually furnished with a delicate line of white scales, interrupted at the nervnres; fringe pale, obscure fuscous, palest on the lower half of the wing, Ilhid iciwjs with a very tortuous snowwhitc stripe, bordered on the Inner side with dark ciunainon, crossing tlie wing just beyond the middle; starting at about the middle of the outer half of the costal bordc'r. it crosses tlie subcostal inter- spai'es. siibparallel to the outer border: is then bent suddenly inward toward a point a little witiiin the centre of the w ing. and. having crossed the interspace beyond tlic LYCAKXINWi: : -MITUllA lUMON. 86^ illsc'oi(l;il cell, it hoiiils nuniii. (|niti? ns snildeiily, toward tin' outer iimi'iriii and rcai'lios, on tlio ncrvulo dlvidinii llio iiiodian intpi'space, its ^rratcst proximity to the outei Imrdel" — from two-ltiirds to tliree-fonrtlis t!ie distanrc from tlic Uii-^e to tlie outiT marijin of tile wlMir ; iiavinir crossed tlie lower median interspace as a slnmirly bent crescent, o|)eninir ontward. it is ayain bent nbrnplly. crossinL' tlie next Interspace, ns near the base as tlie Imiid at its origin, as a bent crescent, openinir outward, and the last, a little more distant from the base, ns n curved streal<. opeiiiiii; and directed inwaril; tlio bnnd terniinntes near the tip of the abdotnen. Near the base of the winj; arc two streaks, colored like the extra-mesial baiul,l)Ut with the position of the colors reversed, one above the subcostal nervnre and one in tlie d'.scoidnl cell; the first is pnrallel to the liiitinl i>ortioii of the extra-mesial band and is from one-third to one- lialf the distance from tlie base of the wiii^' to the baml ; the second is irreanlar in position and direction ; usually it is bent at risjlit aniiies, the lower linil) nearly obsolete ; sonietiiiK's it is merely a straight stripe, either parallel to or bent away from the base at an ansrle with the llrst streak; it is always situated coiisideralily fnrllier fr(un the base than the llrst and usually approaches the inward curve of the mesial band so ns to bo separated from It by only tlie width of an interspace, .V very little beyond the outermost point of the extra-mesial band there is a row of four or five small, usually transverse blackish spots, distinct only in the median and siibmodian interspaces, lyinsr subparallel to the outer border, each spot narrowly aninilate witii wliite atoms; in tlie lower median interspace, a little bey6nd the spot of this series, there is anotlier similar one, the space betwe('ii lllled witli obscure ornnse; and, similarly situated, next the inner border, is a white spot, often tiisected transversely by a black line; the outer maritin of the winu is distinctly bordered with white, interrui)ted at the ncrvure tips; upon this, ns far as the row of spots, often partially envclopinsr tlicm, and lessoniii!? toward the an.al angle (where It is often supplanted to a irreater or less extent by ferruuinons scales) the wins; is itray with blackish or ferrmrinons scales, lariiely sprinkled with snow white atoms — the latter color often predominating in nnnuli as broad as the intersiiaccs, giving the appearance of obscure large spots seated on the outer margin ; nervure tips on the lower half of the wing bordered with black ; extreme anal angle with a inimite black spot ; basal half of fringe dull ferruginous, mili >pols. A siii^ilc I'ciniilo I'roiii Loii;: Uliiiid ((iriU'i') Ims tlic iip|u'i- ^urfiicf ciUircly liljickish brown with im linviiy scalus, oxccptiiig ii very (vw iiRi)ii>pU:iiously sciUtrn'cl near llie liiiicl iiiaririii of the liliid whirrs; tlio tnlU lire of tlic usual k'liittli, and the cxtra-nicsial band of thu under surface of tlie liliid wiu^s is less tortuous tliaii eoinmon. Length of fore wiiijt, l;t..j mill. Secondary sexual peculiarities. The discnl sli;;ina li >|inis, ami a iKisici'd-ccuii'al. supnistiiTMitital >i'rli'> <<( ^liiiilai' >|inN irrnwln;; ^Minrwliat (ili>t'iirc iMisicridrly ; and sonu'tlnic". a nnu'iilar. iiiri'a'tiiriiKilal -li'ipc: >liLrniata ln'i^lil l\itiMiii«. tlic li|i« ^vliilu. Till' ni'lwork fif hUcrlacinu- ridirf- i- cnnciilnrun^ witti tin' '.'rii\inil. tlif rMi;c- ill«iiiii't Imt (Iclli.'ate, low anil ci|ual. forniUii.' toU'valily lar^ic cclU. IIm' llimrof wliirli i» iiiinnti'ly pnnrtntc. the punntae (ivatc. Tlio >pai'>i' dark Vu'nwn pili ■ 'ii-Nt* of liair- wliicli are k'ss than a third as luni; a* the abdnniinal M'siUKMits. tippc ■' villi Idarki^li fn^inns, nnimti'ly spicnlil\'r: Imttcrtly i> n nicinlicr (if liotli ilic Ciimli- niiin and Allco'lmniau t'iiuiia!i, licinj; t'oiiiul in all the Atlantic statf.- tVoni northern Fli)ri(la to Ma.s.sachn-ctt^. W'v know ^•(■^y littlo of its wc.'-tcrn extension a.s it has been seltioii. oxpressly roeoidiil. Imi as it i.s founilinthc south as far west as northwestern Texas and in tin north to Dakota { Mor- rison),, it prohahly everywhere extends to the (ireat Plains. W'ortiiinir- ton say.s it oecur.s in Illinois. Saunders records it from I'oint I'elee in sonthern Ontario, and Dininiock took it at C'nndierland (iap. Kentueky. In Xew Eno'land it occurs only in the southern portions and seldom in any great ahnndance. Its most northern known locality is the Aicinity of lioston where it has lieen taken in ^^'est Ivoxliui'y. Hyde I'lirk and Dor- chester "quite, ahundant" (Faxon). Lynn (Merrill), (^uincy ( 1*. S. Sprague), Wyominof (^lorrison). ("anihrido'e and Milton (Ilari'is). lUue Hill (F. II. Sprague) and Walpole. INIass. (Guild). It has also hecn found at 8pringKeld (Fmery). Mt. Tom (Dimmock). llolyoke Kanoe (Parker) and Holyoke. Mass. (Stel)l)ins) : and at Xew Hritain ( l>im- moek, Ilulbert, Scndder). (ruilford ( Smyth — Yale Coll. Mus, ). Farming- ton (Xin-ton) and Xew Haven. Conn, "'aliundant" (N'errill. Smith. Ilarge- — Mus. Yale Coll.). Haunts. Tlie butterfly may be found almut red cedars and will hardly be found where these do not occur. The under surface of the wings of the butterfiy so clo.sely resembles the color of the leaves of the red cechiv that when it has onee alighted upon this tree one can only discover it by jarring the trunk and startling it again tu flight. OvipoBition. The eggs are laid near the tips of the l)li)ssoming twigs of red cedar, a largo number being found by Mr. Hulljert and myself on these spots, while the less forward twigs were sought in vain for a single egg. They were generally tucked in or near the chinks of the overlap- ping scales but sometimes with no attempt at concealment. The female lays with wings erect, first rubbing together the hind wings slowly for a time, then rajiidly, immediately after which she hedges about as if to get into a good position, extends and lowers her abdomen, deposits the egg, withdraws the abdomen and then Hies away. The sight of the process suggested that perhaps the rul)biug of the wings may here be the icy) 866 THE BUTTKUFMES OK NEW ENGLAND. ■il IIP A i nl |. tU : 1 H ! ! raero result i.f the eorrellnteil action of muscles with those working to force tlie egg downward in the oviduct. The duration of the egg varies, but iiveragcH al)out a week. Food plant. Boisduval and LeConte. on the authority of Abbot, state that this catcrpilhu- feeds on Sinih\x — hence the name they gave ; but in chc north it oceurs only where .'^niilax does not grow, and it is the univer- sal oj>inion of those who have sought its haunts that here it feeds only upon red cedar ^Tuniperus virginiana Linn.). It has always been observed in the close vicinity of this tree, and independent notes to the same effect have been C('ntril)uted liy Messrs. Merrill, ^'errill and Faxon. Mr. Fnxon has for many years obtained specimens Hying about an isolated cedar in tlie vicinity of Boston, and within a year or two Mr. E. M. Hul- bert and I obtaine< Tlii'i'l:i Kiilil'.. III. Ma^., \\: Jm1(|sii7i, TiIi'i-.—I'iiji. Hjiini Wifit, Ven. I t ir , m ' I5t i i Mi'iiL' "•iiiiiiiii.rvd'.'li «i'lMiiiri' Art Kit iiiili'i'iii liiKJi' wulil \( rw.'ilii'T ; K" lii'l Kcl I 'liiiiiiiiii'r liii'l ki'i Clihii.'. liiil vMilIil Ml' -i (>4|ii'l;m; I'liil uaiiu- nil Ian.;. iT rliiiin;' <'iii(il I'ml -li|i r «ilihi|i< mill '■< i.c|i ••m wolil. \\y.n\:h.—l>ir W'liiicr. Imago i38 ; 4 1. Ili'.hl -111:111, ili'ii-rlv vlnilu'il witli «c:ili'>. ■iiid iibiivi,' with slmn Imli'-i nil till" I'rniil llic^ liMii- nre <'xci'i'illiii:l.v -li'H't iiinl -piirx'ly -ciittfi'cil. Knuit not nt nil in'oiiiliii'iit. nliiio-t ilnt, imn'ly -iir|i,i— >liii; tlip rrniit nf tlici'Vi's, sliiilitly sunken down till' iiii'lilli' iiiuivc. hi'liiw viTv -liirlitly tuinlil : twice 11s lil!;li ns l)r<)Hil, or n very lltlli' li'— iIkiii that. I'l'niii twn-ililials In ilirce-cniurti'r- tin? wliltli of thu eyes us si'uii ill I'l-'iiit : ii|i|ii'r Ims Ifi' iv'i-i'(| to a vrry -liu'lit rlilgi' in the iiilildlc third, the corners I'dii-idiTiihly liiiildv.i'd In frnnt of the eyr-*, Icuvcr Ixirdin' .-trimirly arched. Verti'X n very Utile tiinild In the nilddlo. with a sliuht »li;n of a trniisVerHe ridire lichliid the mldille. (Ill either -Idi' I'dniliiiir 11 >werted wlt li t 111' liliider od,y;e of their bases jiist ill ri'iiiit i>r llie middle nf the -luiniiit .and -cjiarnted rrniii ei'ieli iitlier by three- i|iiaiier- the w idih id' I lie an I en mil pit ; u I unit hall' a- hiiiij aj{aln ns theahdompii, con- -i~liiii 111' I'rnm iwi niy-eiu'hi to llilrty Joint.-, ol' wlii
  • " '" ''"-' d ■ liaviuira ucaierni directiini at an aiiijle of about ilo with tlie middle of the costal maririu : tlie inner niaririn strai,!;ht, tlie outer nni;le rounded olf. t'ostal nerviire termimuinir jUst beyond the tip of the ci'll; subcostal iiervnre with three -uperior branches; tlie llr-t arising at or a little bey|iari' at its Im^r; tlicri' is iiisd a ^rcoii'liiry very sllixlit |ii'ci|i'(tlc>n at till' tip of till' inliiilli' i Man iii'rviiie; tlic inner iiiai'iiin is nitiicr bfiiaiily convex, nmre stfoiiifiy ne\i tlie l>ase, ami just liefnre the ii|i amrnlarly, thiHiith but little, I'lnai'uiimte. Sulnncillan nerviire ternilnatlna iin tin- (niter liuriler, just by the anal nnu'le: internal nerviire ternilnatlna beyoml the inidille of the Inner niarL'lii. Amlroeoiiia slemier, >iil)iiineeuliite, about four tinier as loni; as broad, siiliei|iiai liiit taperini: sllyhily on apicni Inilf, tiie apex liroadly roniided, the stall; very loiiK- Kore tibiae aliinit three-r very HiniiU, similar to the prneedlna joints bearlnii at Its iim'nlar;,'eil extremity simply a pair of slliihtly curved spines, dlf- ferlni; in no respect ",0111 the others behind and Imvlnji its iippi'r surface tiilckly covered witii extremely short hairs ( ^ ). .\11 the femora of the male fund male only) iieaviiy friniied iieiieath witii lonir hairs. Middle tlliiae more tiiaii six-seveiitlis tUr leii',:tli of tlieiiimi p!iir, arineil beiieatli Avitii a very few short and slender siilnes, and at tip with rather ioiii;, tapering, scaly spurs. First joint of tarsi more than eipiailinii the rest taken loiretiier, tiie otliers nearly ecinal, ail fiirnisiied tx'neath on cither side with a elnslered nniss or row of small, not very slender, crowded spines, aMlniilo one on either side of the apex of eauli joint being longer, spnr-Uke. flaws small, stron;,dy eompresseil, tapcrini: to a line point, strongly curved or lient iiefnro tlu! middle, with a small, liasal, triaiii:nlar, laminate tooth beneath : paronychia simple, slender, nearly eipnd, enrviiii; .a little in tlie ite direction to tiie iiook, than w hicii It is ,■! little slmrter; pnUillns very niiiiiile, tiiriisl forward, nearly circiihir. Male alidomiiial appendiiLres ; iipperor^aii with such broad aintions as to It nv( In tiie middle lieiiiiici a broad, deep noti'ii. tiie liottoni of wliicli is sipiarely cut; the alations tumid, well rounded, of aliont ei|ual icnifth and breadth; lateral arms very loni;, slender, taperin;;, llneiy pointed, strongly recurved ami wholly eoneenled next the linier surface of the illations; cliisps about as long ns the upper oriran. strnijiht and rather slender, a little uiblxnis ed cciiinoiii-shaped. as l)road at base as at suminit. a little depressed and iiifiindiliuiiform at tiie middle of the snmniit, covered everywhere with irreatly and aliruiitly elevated prominences, cfmnected with all about them liy heavy well- dclined ridaies, scarcely disposed In rows, leaving between tin' ridges deep holkiws with abrupt sides, ttbr)vo ijufoming smaller and confused, the fipenings between the ridges assundng more the form of pits on an otherwise nnlforni surface. MIcropyle sunken in a not very deep jilt, oliseure. consisting of a few ratlier large, oval cells around a minute, central, circnhir cell, and surrounded by a very few roimdisli ci'lls of about the same size, tlieir wails faint, imt not very delicate. Caterpillar at birth. . Uody of iie;irly eipiai diameter thronglKuit. The last coni- poiiiid scirment tapcriiii; and rounded at the tip, Itatlened cm the (iorsal area up to the laterodorsal line; lielow this sloping to the somewhat laterally produced Infrastlg- matal margin, Laterodorsal series of hairs consisting, upon the abdomen, of larger, centrally situated, curving hairs, about as long as two segments, and outside and a little posterior to tlicni slndlar, but shorter and im)ro recuml)ent, backward directed hairs, one of each to a segment In each row. The hairs below the spiracles con- sist of three on each side, on each segment, one very lontout as tlie preceding, the apical joint similar to it. but only half as broad and taperins; slightly, the inner palp consisting of two joints similar to tlie apical two of its neiglibor. but a little smaller. Spinneret small and linear. Laiiial palpi apparently consisting of a .single cylindrical, very slender joint. Rody inarlied with longiluduiiii and ol)lii|ue stripes and bands, pretty regularly arched longitudinally, but elevated more anteriorly than posteriorly, and sloidng almost uniformly o\ er tlie whole abdomen, l)nt iimre ra|ildly on the last two se; ments; viewed from above elliptical, the anterior boriler broadly rounded, broadest on the middle of the thoracic segments, taperinu posteriorly very gently to the seventh abdominal segment; l)eliind narrowing to a more sharply rounded tip; dorsal area narrow, ilat or slightly sulcate; sides iiretty high, tectiform; sulistlg- matal fold rather prominent. unif. Spiracles very small, almost round, or a very little ovate. Legs very small, tapering, the last joint very slander, the claw minute, deli- cate, curving considerably ;iiid rei^uiarly. Prolegs very short, rather stout, each fiir- uislied at tip with a douljle pad and each pad witli a d\' the tails with a brilliant orange spot : beneath they arc of various shades of gray or light brown with double or triple, more or less complete, common, marginal rows of small, pale spots or streaks, and on the hind wings a series of colored crescents, which become quite large and conspicuous beside the anal angle. The fore wings of the male arc furnished with an obovatc discal spot. The butterflies are all single i)rooded. and appear in the New England region about the beginning of July and lay their eggs about the end of the month. The eggs in some cases do not hatch until spring, or if they do, the caterj)illar probably hibt'rnatcs without feeding, and the insect re- mains in the chrysalis state — generally in June — from eight to seventeen days. The caterpillars feelu' lillcd \\-m\'. that lirod Inr >i)iglit. ; She iilai'i'il in lioi' winiri-, for nii'Miorip Of lior pri'li'mli'il criini', tliou:,li crime none wore: Since wliicli that Klio tlioni iii Ik.m- wings ilmli licare. Svr.ssvM.—Miiinpotmos. In a previous excursus on antigcny* we called attention to some of the ditfercnces hetwcen the sexes as seen at first ghuice in the color or color [)!ittt'rn of the wings. Antigcny, however, does not confine itsel." to such superficial ap[iearanccs. It is seen quite tis nuich in the more essential features of the structure, in the wings, the legs, and occasiouiilly even in the antennae. Sometimes it affects the contour of the wings. Indeed, it is a very common thing to see such differences as appear in Chlorippe, illustrated on pi. 1(5. fig. 7, where, besides minor differences, the hind wings of the female arc fidl and roiuided, while those of the male are angulato, the outer margin being nearly straight. The hind wings of our species of Pieris also differ considcrai)ly, those of the male being more prominent at the extremity of the sid)Costal ncrvules while those of the female are more regularly rounded. lUit the most conspicuous case among our own but- tertlies is in Strymon titus, where the fore wings of the male have a pointed tip, and the hind wings have the inner angle sharply defined ; while in the female lioth the tip of the fore wings and the inner angle of the hind wings are broadly rounded. So, too, sexuid dimori)hism may affect the direction of the veins of the wings ; usually the difference i)ctwcen the sexes is slight and concerns the point of origin of one or two of the upi)er branches of the subcostal vein •Seep. 531. I ; I } SKXUAL DIVKRSITY IX HUTTEIU'LIKS. 873 of'tlie Front winffs ; luit occasionally it is very inarkcil, as in many of the hair streaks, where th(! l)raiiclies of tlii> sniicostal vein near the end of tiie cell are thrown far out of place to accommodate a patcii of peculiar crowdi'd scales. 'I'liis patch itself, moreover, is a feature of the males alone, and oeciu's in many hair streaks where the |)osition of the vein is not altered. < )nc of the most curious patches of lis kinil is I'ound in the males of certain yellow huttei'flics. of the ycnus Kurymus, altliouiih wholly ali.-ent from oiliers intiinate'y allied to tlicni ; it is u little j)atch of lustreless scales which occurs at that part ol' the liase of the hind winfi:s which is alwa\s covci'cd hy the IVont winjis, so tliat it is(|uil( nccaled from sinht. I'atclics of a dilferent nature also marl; the nude sex : llm> next tiie miildic of tiie lower iiicdiim vein of the liiiid wiiiys allies, we have a thickeiiiiiL;' and imcr.-ion nt'tiie meni- hraiie. formiii!'' a little pocki't and coii>pieuoiis fruiii its co\ciinu' of hlack scales. In certain swallow tails, as in our Laci'llas philciior. (lie inner liorder of the hind wina's ot' the male is folded hack ii[)on itself. coiic(>alinn' some pure white llo-;s-like scales and hairs, which are apparently ex|)osed at the will ot tlu' crcatui'i'. when it is iiuninu forward in tii^ht. 'flieii. aii'aiii. tliere is mucii \ariety of male aihu'iuciit in sjiecial modili- catioiis ol' hairs m- scales iijion the wiiiiis : the patch of the hair streaks, just meiitioiie(l. is one instance of this ; anoiher example is found among the t'ritillaries in a row of Ioiil;'. t'ulvous. partially erect hairs along' the upper edge of the cell ol' the hind wings : this is accompanied hy a curious apparent thickening of the veins in the middle (.if tiie fore wing, due al- together to file presence of a multitude of small and dcMiscly clustered black scales crowded against the veins at this point. .\ faint ol)li(iue patch of minute and crowded lustreless scales, accompanied by long silky hairs, is often seen crossing the wings of some of the satyrs or meadow- browns ; and if we were tt) go for our examples oiitsith' the I'angc of our own species, these cxam[)les might he multiplied indelinitely. Sexual dimorphism shows itself in the legs in the projiortional length of the diU'erent pairs in the two sexes, in the special dc\-elopment of certain joints, in tiie aiipcndages, and in tlic clothing. It appears remarkably in the appendages of the two high<>r families of butterflies, Xymphalidae and Lyeaenidae, and especially in tlie latter family, where the terminal appen- dages of the fore legs are nearly or (pute lost th le males, .'ukJ are as conspicuous as on the other legs in the female. 1 have not discovered that the differences in the length of the leg-joints follow any general law, although ther(> are few of our luittcrflies whose sexes do not vary in this particular ; this form ofantigcny is also most conspicuous in the Lyeaenidae. The males of certain Chrysophanidi (Chrysophamis, Epideuiia, Ileodes, 874 THE nUTTERFLlFlS OF NKVV ENGLAND. I Feniseca) also present anotlicr curious feature in a tumid swelling of the basal joint of the middle iind hind tarsi. Finally, the fore legs of the males of Nymphalidae are frequently furnished with a spreading brush of hairs ; or, in other butterflies, the thighs and shanks of the middle and hind legs are supplied with curious ])encils or fringes of stitt' hair, which appear to have the same sijinificance as similar adornments in higher animals. There are still furtiicr ways in which tiiis form of antigeny could be illustrated from the members of the lowest family, but these are so interest- ing from several points of view, and so universal in the family that we will reserve tiicm for separate treatment. »,• Korrcfi'reiici's, soi> llic l)il)lioj;rai)liy nii p. .W). :■• the end of ExeiirsiH XVI. if 1 1 'I (» '/'nhli; of till- .•'jiciii'g iif TheHa, bused on the egg. Erect lilameiil.'^ at cell aii.u'lc:i very loiiL'aiul slemler, tapering to a point Uparupa. Erect lilainents coinparatl\ely >liort, thick ami liluiit. Filaments apically truncate. Filaments closely crowileil. >.|ont, a* broad as lieiL'lit above cell walls calanus. Filaments rather distant, slender, higher than broad, sometimes twice as high as broad acadica. Filaments apically roinuled edwardsli. (Ontario unknown). Material is not at hand for a satisfactory table based on the eatorpillnr at birth. Table ofitpecieK. baaed on the titature caterpillar. Head black edwardsli. Head green or pale greenish brown. Head with a transverse black lielt across whole lower part of face liparops. Head at most only infiiscated below or with a black stripe contined to the bas^' of the frontal triangle. Hody nearly equal, tapering oidy on the last three or four segments, so that the liiudcr end is moderately broad calaiius. Body tapering considerably from in front of the middle backward, so that the hiiidcr end is very slender acadiea. (Ontario unknown). Table o/.specien. based on the chrysalis. Body covered witli hairs half ns Nmgasone of the abdomiMiil segments liparops. Hairs of t)ody hardly if any more tlnin one-fourth as long as one of the abdominal segments. Tracery of raised lines on body no higher at the intersection of the cells thaii elsewlicre.... cnlanus. Traeery of raised lines with distinct though minute wart-like elevations at the intersection of the cells. Cells of tracery small ; hairs very short, their spicules obscure edwardsli. Cells of tracery large; hairs moderately long, their spicules distinct acadica. (Ontario unknown.) U 1-1 f L" CAENINAE: THECLA ONTARrO. 875 Table nf species, bancd on the imagi). Darker colors of the haiul crossing iniddin of outer half of iiiider rturfsu'o of fore -.viiig edged on the exterior, but not on interior, side witli white; upper veinlet closing tlie cell lient strongly, the lower linil) enorinously elongated Ontario. These smne darker colors edged un both sides with white; upper veinlet closing ecll straight, no longer than the lower. These same colors forming iiuadnite spots, generally edged only with straight white lines on exterior and interior sides. The white edging fornnng a broken line by being considerably shifteil in position on either side of the median area liparops. The white edging forming a continuous or crenulate line calanus. Tlie.se colors forming circular spots, generally completely encircled with white. Ground color of under surface slate brown edwardsH. O rouiul color of under surface pearl gray acadica. THECLA ONTARIO —The northern hair streak. [The northern hair streak (.'sciidder) ; Ontario streaked butterfly Maynard).] Thecla Ontario Edw., Trans. Amer, ent. Boe., ii:20{»-->in (ISIW); Butt. N. .\iner.. i, The- cla ii, tigs. 1. 2 (liStiO);— French, Uutt. Kast. U. .■^., '2(ijVJ(Jt!(lS8G);— Mayn. 31-;!2, not the plate (18.><(!). Butt. N. Kngl. And darted up and down llic buttcrlly, That seem'd a living blos>om of tlieair. Bky.v.vt. . . . I'll leail you about a roun)• lloixd blackish, the eyes cncircdcd, excepting next iintcnnae ami the usual space in its vicinity, vith snow white scales, narrowly interrupted beneath, con- nected by 11 similar transverse Imiul just above the tongue ; ,■' narrow longit.ulinal stripe of Ions;, mixed wliite niul brownish liairs ot. the vertex, connected by a similar but slifflitcr line jiist in fnuit of the antennae ; l)asal antcnnal joint eilired behind witli white; antennae purplish black, anniilateil with while at tlie base of the joints of the stalk, narrowly above, broadly beneath, forminfr l)y tlioir conlluence at theba.se of the club, a pretty large, white patch, with a few scattered blackish scales; club velvety black above, slightly oiiscured witli lioary beneath, the terminal two joints orange. Basal and middle joints of palpi while within and without; the upper outer apex of the basal and the upper outer margin of the middle joint l)lacki-,h brown; terminal joint blackish lirown. tlie apex and extreme base white and a few white scalc?4 beneath. Tongue luteous at base, fuscous beyond. Thorax covered above witli dark mimse brown liair>. the prolhoracic lobes with blackish brown and the from of the thorax witli greenish and bluish gray hairs; beneath, with pale bluish hoary and on the iironotiim with grayish hoary hairs. Vc- mora covered with nacreous scales, lleeked with dark brownish scales, especially along the lower, iuiu r liorder, the lower udf^e well tufted witli grayish pearly and dark brown hairs, the forjiier in excess; tibiae wldle. lleeked willi dark brown scales, whicli especially c-oliect along the niedian line of the upper surfaee. wliicli is lirokon aubaiiically and termiiiales before tlie apex ; tarsi liiack, broadly annulatcd at llieaiiex of each joint, and at tlie middle of the llrst. with white; under surface fusco-Uiteous ; spines testaceous, black tipiied: claws ferruginous, darker apically. Wings above lustrous blackish lirown with a very slight ferruginous rellectloii. the velu.s very sliglitly, the scales snrroundiig the discal spot of fore wings In the male decidedly, black; outer edge of all tlie wings black, preceded, in tlie lower niedian interspace of tlie hind wings ami below that, by a slender line of while scales ; tu tlie il It il 876 TIIK BUTTKIJFLIKS OF NKW EX(iLANl). k I sumo intiTspacc. iiiul. usually, to ii lessor extent, in the succoeiliii!; liiterspncos, ami also in till' upper itieiliau iuterspaeo. there is an nraii;;e lunule. seated, at least in the lower nieiliau inlerspaee, upon a suiall lilaeki-h -.pot. Ha al half of l'rini;e fnseoiis ; apiial hair in the fore \vinirs and In the sniieostal and uiedian Held of the hind 'winfis jtrayish pearlv; beyond this fiiseons or naereofuseous. with a pale median line; tail.s hiaek. lipped, and the inm'r ed;.'e of I lie lonucst one liordered. with white; inner Held of himi Willi's ohMMired l>y irrayish hairs. In the male the oriirin of the seeoud superior suheoslal nervnie Is scarcely removed l)ey. Siniillol. i:t.7.-) 1 Avi'i'iii,'!'. I.iirjici't. 8iiiiilli'st. A MM iigr. longest. Length dI' lori' wiMf,',i lllltl'IIIKM' 14.-J.") a. 4.4 U.tt 1 liiiiil lili'iMc :iiiil t:ii>i .. fiii'r liliiac „ii(l tarsi .. Dt'scrllicil from 2 i , 1 9 . LuiiKest tails varyiti); from 1.23 to .■).05 mm. In liMisitli. Secondary sexual peculiarities. For llic illscal >tinnia of tliu male sec llu; (;csiri|)tiuii uf the I'oi-c winn; the r-calos from tlic stigma (46: ]'■>) (litliT from those of all tlie others li' l)oinst iiiiicli more^tradiiaHy tainTinii at the base than at the tip, so as not to lie lohcd at all, and to have the side-* Mror.Uy cnrvcd thronsrhont ; It is also slendiTer. lii-inii nearly fonr tinics as lonii a~ lirnail, with a well rounded lip like that of T. edwariNii. This rarest of our 'riiuclac^ is evidently a iiu'iuIxT uf tlic .Mlcoiuniiiin t'aiiiia (23 : ''^) ; it lias liei'ii totiiul. llo^vovc■r. in vcrv tc\\ lucalitits : — near [iOiuloii. Ontario (Koail). Ainlici'st ( MiTviil ) and W'altiiam. .Mass. (Tliaxter) ami I'lantsvilk'. Conn. (Slicpaid, Yale Coll. .Mils.). Mr. Road oaptin'od a nialo in July. yiv. Tliaxtci' liis on sumac "in tlio middle of tilt' hoiM-y season." and tlifsc arc llic only recorded dates. Donlitles.s like tlic otiier species it is sinole hroodcd and to lie looked tor in .Inly. \o other hnttei'Hv conliiied to our ("anna is so little known. LIST or IIJ.UsTHATIoXS.-TIIKCI.A oSTAHIO. I'l.'j;!. lij. s. Iii^trilmliiin i]i Nnrlh .Viiicrica. Imiiii'i. ri. ti. litr. l.'i. Male. Imlli Mirrai'e>. ((ijiied li'iiii i;dwarcl>".- limjifs in lil< lUilterlties of Ncirtli Aineliea. vul. i. ;U: 1."). .Male ahiliiniinal aiipendaL'es. 10: in. AMilrueiiiiiuni. THECLA LIPAROPS. The stiiped hair streak. [TheO-eechee lirowM liair streak Imllerlly (Ahlicil) : slrcake.l Theclii (llirris): while striped hair sl:'e:di (Seiidder): wliile liurdereil streaked liiiilerlly ( Afaynanl).] T/n'rlil lii'i'ri'p.i Li'C., Holsd-l-eC. Lep. l.'i7-l,")S (IsTs): Butt. east. l'. >., 2iii!-2«S, liif. Ami'r. sepl.,i)li-l(K). pi. ;!1. ti-s. 1-4 (ls:l:!):— 74 (lssii);--.Midill.. Hep. 111. Ins., x: !l2-9;i .\Iorr.. Syn. Lep. X. Anier., fltl-ilT (Isiy);— (issl);— Kmi., Hull. Me.,7it-sO(lss4) ;— M;iyn. Seiuld.. liidl. KiilV. sue. nat. ^e., Ill: 111 (Is7(:). Unit. N. i;.. J!'.'-:!:'., iil. ti, li-s. :is, ;lsa (l8sU). 7'/(ec/(( ,s7 /•/;/';.<<( Harr., Ills. iiij. ve,:;., 3ileil.. I'lipiUn Alili., I>i'au-. ins. (ia., Hrit.. 27U(ISU2);— Murr.. .Syn. I.ep. X. .Vnier., 101 Mus. vi : .jl, li-s, U>."i-l(i7 (ea. ISOO). (ISli-.');— Kd\v..l!iai. N. Anier., i, Theela ii, IIl's. ;!-(l(ls(i!n: Syn.N. A, li.itt...">l-.V.> (1S7-J): Kiu'iiivd also hy Aliliut. Draw. ins. Oa., — Sannd.. Can. enl.. i : !)!I-1IW (IHdi)) ; Ins. inj. Ocmler eoll.. Host. see. niit. hist. 22;— Ulovpr, frnil, 17(1-177, Ii-. 1S7 (lss;!):_PaeU., Guide Til. X, A, Lep.. pi. H. Ilir. 4: id. p;, tig. 17; pi. ills. 2(17-2OS(lSi0!l);— l'"i-enc|i, Kep. 111. iiis..vii: (J. Ii-. 2; pi. K, IIl'. .'l. iiieil. . . . .dead .luly, w hose children the sweetpeas .Vro sipped liy luillerllies willi w inirs iislir. 'roDlUNri'.ii.— /« Aiii/i'"' < I, let nie, true in love, liul Irnly write, >^u\KV.>iVV.\KV..— .Si)iinet. Imago (6: 11). Ile.iil black, with iutenniniili.'d brown scales, especially in the miil- dle of the front; vertex with a short, lon,i;ltudlnaI, median stripe of w'liit(! hairs; eyes encircled with snow white scales, exteiidiuii from the lower anterior ediie of the an- tennae down the front and around nearly to the antennae aiiain. interrupted narrowly 878 TlIK lU rrKKFLIKS OK NKW KNwL.\M> I ■ ;.t at the busr of the palpi witli lirowii srali'> ; a liroad. >lniif{lit laiul just aliovc tlio toiij;iii', ['oniu'ctiiifi tlu'sc twn. Aiitt'iiiiai' linm/.o black, the jojil.-- nf tlie stalk ratlior broadly but ii'ro;{iilarlv uninilaled at tin- base «ltli white: rlub velvi'ty black above, beiiealli -^iiow Avliitc at l)asc. beyoml oliscurc Idackish brown, soiiictiiiies faintly snf- fnsed wltli oranite, the tcrniinni fonr or ilve joints entini.. "iiiijte l)otli above and below. I'alpl white, the outside of the extreme tip of tlii' basal joint , *'"■ upper surface, the ontsi to of the upper outer border (ii\h\ sonieiiuies tlu '.nole upper border), the inside of the u,>per imn'r border ami a few hairs of tiu; outer frlnire of niiddli joint t)lack o" blacklsli browu; apical joint lilackish brown, the apex and l)»se am a few scales al(ni;j the i.jwer ••(!};(' white. 'l'ou;;ne pale luteons on basal third, Ixyond infus- cated ; papillae (61 : tt) testacecnis, ecjual, bluntly rounded at til), witli a slender, acicular, apical spine half as lon>; as the widtli of the papilla. Thorax above covered In front with dark brown, elsewhere with mouse l)rown or sometimes jirayish brown hairs, tliose of tlie patajihi slijjlitly tluired with (irccnlsh grav. the anterior scales of prothoracic lobes often pide ttray ; beneath covered with ■wiiiti' Iniirs and scales, the latter nUn:?led with urayisli scales on tlie sides; femora white with widtc hairs l)encatli. the sides speckled scnnewhat w Ith lilackisii brown; til)lao wlnte. with a snl)apical, blackisli l)rowu. ext<'rior patch and a sinnlar obscure one In the mUldle of the liasal two-thirds ; a few dark scales are also scattered irrei^n- larly ; tarsi black, the apices of all the j(jiuts and the sides and a median annnlation of the basal joint white; beueatli luteous; .spines black; claws lutco-fulvons. Winirs aliove uniform l)laekish brown, the hind wlniis softer, all the wini^s, l)nt especially the front pair, witli a very faint olivaceous re '.ectlon ; edjLjcd narrowly along the outer border willi l)lackisli. which is itself marniued iulcriorly with a line of snow white scales on the lowest iiiediaii and innermost interspaces of tlie hind winy;s; the hind winirs occasionally with an oliscure, snljinarfrinai oranire spot in the lower median interspace, sometimes I'oliowed in the succeediiif; interspaces by a few orange scales and usually with the itreator distinctness just above the anal anijie; tliese orange markings are always seated in llie lower median and mcdlo-submedlan interspaces upon an oliscure blackish sjiot which Is present even when the orange inarkings are obsolete; fringe grayish br'/.vu fin the fore wiinis and the upper part of tlie hind pair, merging into blackisli brown toward the anal angle, and in tills darker portion enlivened by a line of while, running through tlie middle; at the extreme anal angle wholly wliite in a narrow space; inner edije of secondaries witli Ion:;, grayish lirown hairs, just above the orange siiot in a miniiti' space, while: tails liiack. tipped, ami loii;;er one edged on the Inner side, with white. Discal stigma of fore wings of male obhnigolio- vatc, 1.8 mm. long, about twice as long as broad, at cither extremity running in pro- jecting teeth along the nervures. oliscure, ihirk grayish fuscous. Superior sniicostal nervnles of fore wings of female arising nearer tlio apex of the cell than in tlie otlier species; the main stem of same not slightly lle.xed beyond tlie last superior lirauch as in the other species, Imt forming a very consideralile angle wltli Its previous course. Outer margin of liiiiil wings pretty regularly curved, below the longer tiill a little excised; tlie longer tail nearly iialf as long again as tlio width of an iiilerspaec, the shorter one nciirly !is long as tlie width of !in Interspace. Ik'iieatli dark brown, frcsli specimens, espcci:illy of the female, with a very delicate, rufo-purpllsh sheen liy reflection. Furr wiiiijs having the extremity of tlie cell marked by a large, very liroad. ipiadrate, slightly darker spot — in fresh specimens often tinged with rnfoiis — generally Increasing In depth almost to black toward the outer and inner edges and then lined witli a row of bluish white scales; the siiot Is nearly or quite as liroad as the iiody : outside of this is a very iiroad liand. only slightly nar- rower than tills spot, colored and liordereii like it, imt liroken and the parts removed successively inward to so great a distance at tlie uppermost and lowest median ner- vules, as to give the wing tlie appearance of being covered with a meaningless, irreg- ular series of white stripes, whence Harris's appropriate name. .\t the two points mentioned, llie outer white border of the lower portion of the baud Is nearly or ex- actly continuous with tiie inner white edging of tiie upper fragment and the Inner cdg- fiilil iiii LYCAKNINAK: TIlKfl.A I.ll'.VKOl'S. 879 Inj; of the portliiii I'lnbniciMl in llic iiu'dlitii urea is iisiiiiUy coiilimioiis wilii tlic mitcr ediilim (if wliitf scalfs iif llicdisral spot ; so thai were it imt fur tlio darker lli'Uls of the band itself and its outc'r limits of l)laek. we conld not readily make llii> markings vC this species aecord witli tlie ifeneric type: tlie dill'ereiit parts of thi' liand lake tin; gciiorul conrse of thedlseal spot, lint above the snlienstal iiervnre it is enrved rapidly inward to the eostiil border, or. more fre;in;; of tiie patch above and of the diseal spot, and its outer edjje in continuity with the interior border of the snccecdlim portion of the band; below tiie submedian ncrvure, the band takes an entirely diU'eient shape, its two portions formiii!; a broad V whose iiinlis, sometimes parted, lie at an anijle of about l.'i^ with each other and are broader at tlieir extremities than at their junction ; the outer cdiie 1 f niiiT : III! till' I'll I'l' wiii^- t Ills i- iMiii-|iiciiiiii^ 111! I \ ill I 111' ilUc.'il cell. 1mI\M'i'Ii llif clUcnl Mill it ami t lie iiu'^ial !> iinl. I>rl wct'ii I lie iiii'->i;il l>.'iMil uiiil I lir siiliiii;ii>iriiiiil row i'( -Wfnkt, iiiul, fiiiitlniiiiiis Willi till' lullri, II ciirx iiiir ■itrriik, wliiili I'lijlowx. nciii-l\ in ilic linsc, the suliiiioclliiM iicrvnn': tin' wIkiU' nl' Die liiiul «liiif-i liclnw llic snliciwiiil iicv\ iiri", mill. I)iis;illy, lii'liiw llii> ciwiiil iicrviii'i'. lii-^iili' llu' oriumr liiimli's. niiil i'xrr|>liin; tlio rvlni-iMcsliil I III 1 11 1. N >iiiriiM' is iillci^rllici' wiilllillir ; the suliiiiai'uliiiil inai kiiiy;^. i\ri'|iliiia tlir I'ditliiil jiwt luciitioiuMl. iiinl llic oraiiirc iiimiles si'iiliMi (HI liiaric s|inix nil tlic liliiil wiii'jTs. iin^ c'litii'cly alisi'iil iiml lin' U''ii''ral ciilor of llii' liaik |iai'U inoi',' iii-niy ii|i|ii'ii:irlii'-> llic cnlui' nt'llii' ii|i|M'r -mM'ai'i' tliat is llnl'llial. Secoiidnry sexual poouliarities. Knr the iiiali' >li;;iiia nci' tlic ili'.>rri|ilinii nf tlio I'lirc! V. iii;i. I'lin scaicN < 46 : I •< wlilcli >t.iii(l I'l'rcl ii|i(>ii ll liai'diy ilill'ir I'miii tiiii~c of T. calaiiiis i'xci'|il In liciny: slnniirly lulinl at llic lia-i'. 'I'licy iirc a llllli' iiinri' tiinil lliri'c tiiiii'> a> loiiir a* hmail. willi ■.iriiii^lii or scm ly nimcx --icli-^. nearly i'i|Uiil thriiiiifiiiiiil ami as lii'nail ajiicaiiy as liastiliy. Egg (63 : 17). Sli^'liily llattciu'il liclii« . \ rry hroniliv n mm led iilinvi', polluclil white wlii-ii ciiiiily. In'isilinn- ulinvri- with rcitiiiariy lajn'riiii,', sii._'|itiy iinaiiito, iilninst luMe- iiliir. iiliititly |i()iiitcil lllami'iits. which ariso rpiin tiicaiiirlcs n( ilir coils, ami mi tliosldc.s nearly Ivvii'c as ion;; as the diaiiicli'i' nl' the cells. ( 'eiU iKilyironal. .Ml.s-.O'J.I iiim. in aveiMLte iliaiiiclei', liiniiideil by walls wliicli are i|Uile as lii;;li or even twice as liluh as IhicU. licrpeiiilieiilar: almve. the cells are siimller ami tiie lllaiiicnis shnrler: tlic Moor of (he cells shows four or live Ihickeiied |ioiii' >. l-'ilaiiienls. ,ir.'."i-.ii:il inni. loiiii and nc.'U'ly or i|iiite .1111.". inni. in ilianietcr at liasc, lleij;lii of r'.'i;', . 1.", mm. ; hreadth exclu- sive of lilanients. .il.". mm. Caterpillar, lursi stmu \1X ■■ '.'). Head fnsco-caslaiieon^. deeiiiMiinu lo liliiek lu'low ; lalinim and antennae |iale: maiidihlcs cast a neons; oec'ili black, lloily |iiilc ureeii. above move or less pallid, nnifonnly besprinkled with black points. Tosterior hall's of llio lateriMJorsal rowoiily liiilf as loiiu; asilmse in front. 'I'll i I'll .•'hull . Head trrceii. edited in front with black, labnini ^irccn. mamlibies rosco- crtslancons; anleiiiiac pale irrecii : oci-ili black, llody pale uriiss iri'ci'ii m ilii sliL'htiy 'irkcr jireeii dorsal line and olilii|nc lateral siripes. Conicoiis disk of llrst thoracic se^inent traiisvcrsel\ ;iiid iire:;iilarly diaiiiomi shaped ; siilistiLriiiiital fold pale; hairs pale fiisco-roscaii.. Spiracb's white; lcij:s pale arecii, the daws castaiicoiis. I.iint slii'ji' (75 : ■-';, .'.'-M. Head (79 ; '.'H ) very pale arecnisli testaceous, ^vitll ii ratlior l)road transverse black licit from behind the ocellar area, crossiiiir the fidiital trianslo just aliovc tlie lower cd^e but broken at the edsics of the triaiiL'le by tlie p;de suture; ocelli and second joint of auteiinae of tlic color of llie head ; llrst joint id' aiileiinao ami e;irilo wliile; labruiii and mouth iiarts testaceous. lioily iirass a;reen. the l;itcr:ii portions a little paler and witli slislit indications of paler, irrceiiisli yellow, slender, obliipie stripes on tlio sides, licsidcs soinc pale almost linperceptiblL' m(iltliiii;s above, more or loss coiincctoil with the ol)li(pic stripes, and sctliii;j olf a slijflitly darker dorsal line, which is most intense ami ilistiiictly inarj;iiie(I with piile on the leruiinal sejiiiionts. 'I'hero is also a very faint and narrow substiy;- iiiatal band, and mi tlie ilrst thoracic so^moiit a dull iirowii, rhombic, dorsal shield with Its posterior aivuic proilnced. Tlu! whole l)ody is covered witli spicnlifermis. erect liiiirs. roseate brow iiisli aliove, colorless below, most of which arc siiort liut have a tendency to be imijrer and slightly curved aioiifi the outer iiinrjjin of tlic dorsal rcf;ioii, especially in front. They are seated on scarcely perceptible i)apiUae, niicroscoiiically stellate by what are aiijiarently thin clefts, si.x in number, ladiatiiig from the hair and covorinj; an area .04 mm. In diameter. .Spiracles pale testaceous, edjied with a narrow testaceous rim. Tlie skin lias a sha.iireemnl appearance, with closely crowded siiallow pntictiwitions less than .01 mm. in diameter. I.eus and prolens (86 ; 27) of the color of the body, the latter apparently trilobed, the claws testaceous. Length, .12 mm. ; breadtli. .'!..". mm. ; lieiglit. ;'. mm. ; length of longer hairs, .O-.-t mm. ; of sliorter hairs, .15 mm. ': d>: LYCAKMN'AK: TIIIX'LA 1,11'AKOI'S. S81 Chrysalis (84: L'M). Dull, (lu>ky, yoUowlsh lirown smiiclliiH'^ wlllia rciMMi tliiire, protty iMiuiUly (imicil with bniwiilsli riiscous, Imi nKi-t. Iri'iiiuiilly alini;; ilit- liiiier bonliT of the wln,'s or on thu alulimicii iilxivo tlio milnu'li's, wlu-rc! tlio . . . soimalim-st form II broad liidlMtliict, band; il l)la('kl.-ili fnscotis dorsal line on the abdomen made up .f Hlmllar acciim nlatlons of dot", ami sonictlmi's oliscnrc. Tlic notwork of Intcrlacinir rldiji's is darker llian llu! ^ronnd eolur and forms moderately sized eclls, covering most of tin; body but nearly ohlHerati'd on tlie sides, and Indeed (d'len seareely to be noticed bnt for the llltliMvarts ^vhl(•h oeeiijiy the anu'li's !ind whh'h aro as larso as above; the halr-i are very abundant thrmnjliont the body and longer than usual, at the extreme front sometime" half as lonjr airaln as on tin- baek; they aro white, eroet or lu'arly erect, taper at the tip to a delicate point and bear delicate Utile spicules, nearly eiiual, sonietiuies nearly erect, from ns Icnii; as half the width of the hair to Its whole wMtli. scarcely more than their own length apart. Spiracles lutcons witli wiilte lii>s. r.en^th, H mm.; bri'adtli at thorax, :'.') mm. ; at abdomen,!.,") mm.; lieiiilit at thorax. at lir^t alidominal seiruien'. :! mm. at niiddlo of abdomen.:!.'.") mm.; lcui;tli of hairs, .•_'-. 1,'p mm. ; diameter of i le papil- lae wldch support lialr.s, .o;] mm. ; of tlic papillae fonml ;it the interseetion of the network, ,02 mm. Distribution (24 : 1 ) . Tlii.-i l)iittcrtly Ls widely distrilniti'd iiltliough nowluTc iihmidiiiit ; ix lucinbor of luitli tlie Alk'y;li;ini;in and ('iirolinian faiiii;is, it cxtciids from tlie Atlantic border to Iowa ( I'arker), eastern Neiiraska (Carpenter) and Kansas "rare" (Snow) : and even to Mani- tol)ii (Tyrrell t. Fletcher), Dakota and Montjina (Morrison) and eastern Colorado (Snow, Packard) ; soutiiwiird it i.s recorded from (Jeorgia '♦very rare" (Al)bot) and t'oidlmrgh, W . ^'a. (Kdwards) ; and towards its northern limits from southern Michigan (Harrington), Adinmdaeks (Hill), Albany tind Uethlcheni, N. Y. "occurs rarely"' (Lintner) ; and beyond our border at London (.Saunder.s), Ciuncron Ltikc (Mead) and Ottawa, Ont. (Fletcher) and at Montreal (Saunders). It appears to l)e found througiiout New Englantl, although everywhere considered a rare species. In Maine, it hits oidy been tidvcii, ;is tar as I am aware, at Xorw.ay (Smith, Vale Coll. Mus.). In New Iltinip.sliire it has been re[)orted from Mt. Moriah snid Tiioruton (Faxon) tnid from Milford "very rare" (Whitney). In .Massachusetts it Jiiis l)ecn found about Boston (Faxon, P. S. and F. II. .Spnigue, Harris, .Minot, Dim- mock), Walpole (Miss Guild), Andover ('rreat), Springfield (Kn ory) and Williamstown (.Seiulder). Oviposition. The only egg I iiiive ever seen was one I found on a shadbush and had just been vacated by its owner, who wtis found upon a neighboring leaf. It h.td been laid upon the side of a twig, about two inches from the apical bud, under the lea (65:17), iis it were, of one of the old leaf-scars. It bore a striking resenililance to the ijrav Icnticles scattered over the bark, a resemblance which could iiardly fail to be pro- tective. Larval food plant and habits. The cateri)illar of this butterfly has been found on a great variety of plants. Mr. Saunders has taken it on 882 Tin: nrTTKKKi.ii'.s or m.w iaoland. tliDrn ( Cratiiof^iis ) ami ^pccimcii-' id'civcd tVniii liiiii fed (in iipplfH ; Dr. Dimiiuick liii.-* takrii tlii.«i itr ail alliiil f|K'cii'.-< on apiilc : Mr. Lintiiir snit it III nil' a> t'l'i'ilinir mi ciiltivati'il |iliiiii«. ami I lia\'c' t'uiiml it mi sIukIIiunIi, iii'lani'liicr raiiaili'ii.'|iraLr iu> 1 miLT ai'o '"!' .1 a rlir\«ali» mi ai'i'iiiiiiiii. iiiakiiii;' il rcrlaiii lliat it i'nl alMi mi Krica'i'ai'. ami l>r. lUiuiiiiMk lia> .-iiii'c taken tlir larva in xmnc niiiiiiicr mi ai'i'iniiini roi-vmiiii.'i nil ; Aliliiit .lays tliat it lixi'M it' till' Ai|iiiti)liai'('a(') ami mi "iiarniw leaved, ,ia;^^t'd. Iilai'k jaek oak." wliirli l>r. ('lia|iiii;iii tliiiiks is |inilialily (^uercim mi niill\ llv Itesliyi. ;llid this s|ii'('ie Aliliiit's drawings in tlie I'ritiMli Miiseiiiii. Aliliiil alsii iiieiitimis (^iiereiis iiilira and adds that it t'eedn ( in iitlier (iak«. ami iii\ nwii cati'i'iiillai's tmik readily to oak leaves; in t;oiiie tif Aliliot's drawinus wliieli l>r. l>iiisdii\al received frmii Major LeCmite ia a inenioramliini liy the latter that it also ti'ed.s on ehestimt (another of the ('ii|iiiiir(iae ) : and tiiially ca^icd s|ieeiiiieiis which I had iiiaiiy yeiirs au'ii |iartonk treely ifw 111 ow ( l^alicaecae ) , ai (I will liii a \ear or two I have t'miml it in nature mi tiie sanic tree. On esi'a|iiiii;' t'rmii the eirir, tiie little l,ir\a leaves a hole at the very Miiinniit alioiit a i|iiarti'r ofa iiiilliinctre in diaiiietir. At first the cater- pillar cats holes thrmiji'h the leaf, hut atterwards it eats holes or hiti'; tl ic Cilii'i' imlilli'reii itl\- : when t'lillv l^'owii and it i> lalv lliLi: Its me il at tl le edue of the leaf, the first thoracic sejiiiieiit i'oin|iletely covers the head ami the t'diic of the plant so that one cannot see the operation. It is very inac- tive and prefers to ii main mi the leaf' it has liCLrim to eat, and hoiiic- tinie ■ does so even wlii'ii decaved or drv liefore it will leave it fi or anotlier th fresh one actually tmicliinf;- it. Mr. Liiitner loiiiid it luirrowin^ into cul- tivated pliiiiis and eatinjf out their interior, much as Incisalia irus does (Rep. ins. \. Y.. iv : l."i7). Pupation. In u'cttinii' ready for its ehaujije. the first indicatimi of which is seen in a chanu'c of color from irreeii to a pinkish in'owii, which eotiios 1 feediiiii', the caterpillar spins a very little silk on am hefii ore tliev have ccasei 1 passi;s a irirtli arouml the Imdy lietweeii the second and third tliorac takes such a position on the silken carp.'t rts to have tl seji'nii'nts : it then attached ends of the ^irth far in the rear, so as. apparently, to help remove the skin at the cliaiige. It tiiics, however, an exceptionally loiijr time, from two to four days, to ett'e' t this ehanu'e, and when it is accomplished the jrirth is found in the suture between the first and second aliduiiiinal segments. A chrysalis found hy Mr. 1'. .S. Spraguc was attached to the upper surface of a N'acciniuin leaf, which, inclmling the pedicel, was exactly the length of the chrysalis ; the tightly drawn girt was attached to the outer edges of the leaf, wliieii were thus drawn together, forming a sort of trough. lACAtMNAK; THKCLA l.ll'AUOl'S. 883 Life history. In tlic nortli tlic Itiittcrtly apiiinrs curly in .Inly, lint few iTconls of its cuiitMri' arc to lie timnd iu'tiirc tlic 12tli, Init it has licoii Incd \>y Dr. Dinnnock liftwccn .Inly 1 an*! 4 anil liy niywi'lf .Inly |>ra;,'uc tnok one poor female at licxcrclt as late an tilt' 14tli) and the cfrijjs laid in .Inly icniiinnc inihatclicd niitil sprinfr. Tliu caterpillar makes its way tlircinj;li the shell at iihont the end nf the first week in May, iiecomes fully ^n'own from the middle to the latter half of .Inne, and the chrysalis state lasts from twehc to sixteen days. In the Bontli, acoordinji to .\l)l)ot, the Imttcrlly appears (piitc early in .May, after a chrysalis period varyinj^ from ci^dil ( V) to eighteen days, lint there is no record of a fccon 1 lirood. Habits of the butterfly. This ImtterHy appears to lie somewhnt local, and is never foiuul a-vay from thickets. AMiot says it "froqiients oak fields and swamps"; it is fond of the Howcrs of sninac (Hlins). Its llij;ht is very (piick and nervous. \\'hile settliiiij: itself after tliglit it rnlis its hind wings together, like its allies. \\'licii it starts to walk, the antennae, parled at aliont a right angle, are alternati'ly depressed and elevated from a lillle aliove the plane of the liody to a little hclow it. The front pair of legs, which when at rest are raised to the lircast, are now liroiight into requisition, and e\en if there is nothing to touch, as there is not when walking on a plane surface, they arc still alternately and constantly moved in the walking style. \Vhcn resting, it stands on fonr legs only, its liody raised at an angle of about 30" with the ground, the wings erect, hack to hack, the lobes of the hind pair jnst clearing the surface, the costal margin of the fore wings brought forward so that the ti|) lies \i'rticidiy over the base of the iibdo- nien ; while the antennae arc spread at a right iiiiglc and elc\ated above the piano of the bodv so as to lie nearlv at right anulcs to the surface of rest. Parasites. The only parasites ei'rtaiiily known arcTachinid flies which Dr. Dimnioek raised in xwo instances, one on .Inne 27 from a clirxsalis which pupated .Tunc 17, too late to attack any inorc of this s[tecies the same year; the other emerged from a caterjiillar found on apjile ; nn- fortiinately the specimens have been misplaced. A larva supposed to belong to this s[)eeies, and which was found by Mr. F. G. Sanborn on Vaccinium. was fed to maturity and commenced to prepare for pupation by siiinning a thin carpet of silk and passing a few threads over its thorax, when I noticed a discolored spot on the middle of one side betv.een the last tlioraeic and first abdominal segments ; the next morning a Tachina larva was seen to have left it on the side of the under surface of the second segment and to have changed to a [»iipa, the case of P.-^^ ■i''l S 3i 884 riir, 15L rn;i!Fi.ii:s of nkw KXiii.AN'i). i which iit lii-jst was pali' yolh)\vish hrown hut aftcrwavde ehanfied to a very dark inahoLrany lirown : the tied plants are to be .1. Its 1 ivmeiiopterous itarasites are tinknowii. LJST OF ILLVSTliATlOXS.-TIIECLA LIVAltOl'S. ;• ! ilffljf K'jfj. ri. ti.">, li-. 17. I'hiin. ('•iti'Viiilhir. I'l. 71. li-. •-'. Catci-pilliU-Mt Ipirtli. 7.'):-7, ;!l'. M.itiiiv i'iili'r|iill;irs. 7ii:-J(l. KninI view of hcinl in lil'lli staj: Troli'L' seen from above. si; ' '/inimiltii. PI. 84, lii;.28. Siile vi.'W. I'l. 0. fl^'. 11. Fpuialc, liolh suifaccs. 34:17-111. JIale alMlominal appenilagcs; top. rear ami side views. 40: Is. Ainlroeoiiiiim. Ill :ll. I'apilla of toiiiriio. (IcHcriil. ri. :;i. liir. 1. Distriliiition inXorlli Aiiicricn. S'J:17, 19. Kroii.^tallieilariim, a parasite. I LYCAKXINAK: Tllr.i LA CAI.AMS. 885 •?i THECLA CALANUS.— The banded hair streak. [Rlac'U luiir .sli-cuk liiiltci-|ly (,\lih..i); Ipiimliil liiiir slrciik (SiMidilcr) ; liMinlcil liair >tr('ak liiitlcrlly; liirkory >Uv^ I'aii'rpilhir (I'Mrkanl); liaiidccl hair >lri akcil liiillrill\ (Alaynanl).] HksHchk (iniKiliis (.■()/(()(»»• IliiliM., Saimiil. 'I'/icr/ii fulnnv HuNil.-I.cC.. \.<^\\. AniOr. exot. sclmii'tt., i. I.i'p- i. I'ap. ii. (iviil. i, ^r\<\.. ll-J-IU, iil. •Jit. liu's. l-,") (ls.!;l) ;— M(iit., K'tislii'i C. Annati 1>, liirs. l-l (isnu-lil). s^yii. I.i]i. \. Aiinr., IC) (ISiIJi ;— (irotc-Holi., Strijiimn ftdnnus ll\\\n\.. Iml. ex. l.i'ii., 2 Ti'aii>. .Viiicr. ciitiiiii. soc, i; IT'J-1711(IS(;T). (1S21). ■' Tlifchi inirrlni'iiiii Ituisd., \\i:\, .Sue, cut. Tlicclii ciiht'iini IKiulil., List l.rp. Itiit. Kr.. (2) xii-^s (is.vj). Mils.. Ii:30-;!1 (ISH);— .*!i'ii(lil.. I'liM'. H(j>t. '/'//< 'Vc (/cm'/k (irotc-Iiiili., Tiaiis. Aiiicr. SOI', uat. liist.. xiii : 27'J-2T(t(Is7il):— liiitl., 12S, cnlnin. mjc, i : ,",JIW-.'4 (Istls);— ."^aiiiul., fan. 308. tii-'s. 122. Kii) (issi);— .Mitl.ll.. lic'|i. ins. I'li.. ii :(il-lil (IsTii) :— (imir. Can. cut., ii : 105- 111., x;".l3 (18S1);— Kchv., Can. cut., xiv : .Vj lt^(lsT()): xix: IT'.l (ISST). (1882) ;— Kcni.. liiill. Mc..SO-,si. liL'. 21) (1SS4); I'njii/in Alili.. I>rau. iiis. Cia., Hiit. — Kiviicli. Hiilt. cast. r. S., 2(i;!-2ll."). Ii-'. 7:! imis.. \ i : ."m, li-s. UI2-U'4: .vi:l(l. til>. (KssO);— Mayn., Hiitt. N. K., ;l:!-;!l. pi. 4. tij:>. si (,-a. ls(i;i). 4(1, 4ila (18.Mi). Fiu'ili-ccl liy (ilnvci-. 111. \. A. I.cj'., pi. 28, J'dli/omiiKdiis faldcer Oot\., Kiicyil. nielli.. Iiu'..'i: pi. I!, liu'. li: (il. K, li^'s. l.'i.lli; pi. I, llif. ix:tiO(l, 033(1810). 0. lA, cluii'nii il'ciiN. i) s(in imii', I'assc. I'liiniiic line pi'iisci' lie puOsic uii iraiiiiMU'I l>i-: NKit\' \i..—f.i's ji'ti>illiini>. lint it llic wliilc T liiiiik mi tlicc, lU-ar rriciid, All losses arc rcshincl ai' ' shitows end. SlIAKKSI'K.VUr. — .S'oHHC/. .*() IHU UCI ., I !l|. IIMI'.CIC IllCl [Ptl-^fl en IMM ,ICl Ml iniildlc jiiints nf palpi ciivcrcil Willi wliitc -.eiilcs. tlic apical tliil'd ot' the middle jcdnt ■ ' ■■■•■'' ' ' ' ■■■ of the same dnwiiwai'd iipini the outer edu;o iV. .'J ■ m inner cuiic iiencain : :ii iiie iia>e "i Liiccmn neiieaui few iidditiiiiiul scattered wliite scales, nut fcirniin^ ,'i (dose patch and cMcii the tip 111" the antennae nut more than a siiii;le ioint further tlniii almve: clnli black, cither covercil lu'iieath and nt tip with exccedir.irly mini'tc, scarcely paler oliiaeeoiis hah* (J ) or. the teniiliial three or four joints and a narrow line aloiii; tlio under sur- faee. or sometimes even tlie whole of the uinler surface ami sides, tirifrht fulvous (^ ). T the distance from the lower outer angle that its origin Inid from tlie upper outer iingle of the wing; usually, however, it is alirnptly, thougli but sliglilly, broki'u at tlie iipjier median nervule, being removed inward sliglitly at this point; the same thing usually occurs also at tlie lower mediau nervule; yet the liaiid not iiifreiiiiently continues on its ctmrse at this point aiul reaches still nearer the outer border at its very termination; occasionally the upper extremity of the band is bent nbriiiitly inward or outward and, llmiUy, the spots may be so related lliat the outer white edging forms either a nearly continuous, gradually curving line, or a series of little curves, or a series of dentiitions or steps, tlii' angle not in the middle liut at the lower corner of each spot; the widtli of the band also varies, in some lieing three or four times as wide as in others; usually it is alioiit the widtli of tlie eye: it varies but litlli' in geiii-ral location, although in a few extreme spi^eimeus liefore me, it varies from the middle of the (Miter third to the middle of the outer two-tliirds of the wing. Outside of this is a subinarginal line of nearly or quite connected, delicate, transverse, blackish streaks, edged internally witli white 1 i I:) ; ' LY('Ai:XIN.\Ki rilKfl.A CALANTS. 887 scalfs, closely parallol lo the outer bonier, but often bout iuwaril at the upper extremity ; it docs not i-eacli citlier l)or(ler; the white editiuff soiuetiiucs forms a con- tinuous line ami sometimes a series of l)i'oail si<;ittite strcal.artialty iudependeiit spot-^. the upper outer aujile of each of wliicii. in the upper half of the wiiiir. Is usually placed a little outside of the lower outer auirle of tlie one above, tliat next the costal border lyln^ alioiit mid- way lietwceii tile course of the l)and and tiiat of tlie spot at the extremity of the cell ; this rnlo never holds with tlic spot in tlie upper median interspace: the spots iii tlie lower half of the band l)ecomo eloiiwHe ipiadrate. that iu tlie niedio-snbmedian inter- space eitlier straiijht or nearly sr), directed upward and inward friuii the sulmicdlan nerviire. or is bent in tlio middle, the auiile pniutiiiir inward : tlie lowei'iiiost forms a l(m:i. straliiht streak, never bordered on tlie iiiu.'r side witli whitish, ruiinliii; toward the liase at rl^lit angles to the previous sjiot when the latter is straiiiht.or to its niuler half when it is bent. Nean-rtlie outer border of tlie wiuu' than the outer Ixu'der of this liand is a row of very narrow Idackish stripes. sli;i;htly curved on the upper half, stroujily curved, opcuinir outward, ou tlie under half of llie wiiiit. liorderi'il narrowly on the inner side witli bluish, pearly scales; liiat In tlie lowest Interspace varies from tills, belli;: a straifilit streak, parallel to that in tlie extra-niesial liaud; the wliole of the medlo-submediau interspace Ijcyoud tliis band is thickly Jiowdered with lilnisU liearly scales; in tlie lowest median interspace, and to a iiiueli less decree iu tiiosc following it. souu'tlmes even as far as tlie upper subcostal interspace, and also slightly 111 tlie lowest interspace, tills liand is followed l)y oranile luuules. seated, in the lowest luediau iiiterspai'e. upon a l)laek spot ; the outer border Is narrowly eddied with blackisli fuscous, followed liy a slemler Hue id' blnlsli pearly scales ; tails as on upper surface. .Midcmicn aliove and at sides lilnckb h brown, witli a vi'ry dark, slicrht, vl(daceed with narrow, oblicpie li;iiids of Mliitisli ;uid greenish; the venlrostlgniatal fold is pale binisii white, milk white on tlie seventh al)domiiial seanient, and liordercd with roseate above, exci'ptiii;; ;it the very tip; beiie;ith l)biish ureen ; body completely covered with miiinte, whili' w.arl^, cmittin'.i wliiti>ii li;drs; spiracli's white. Legs and prolecs bliiisli green; claws of former fnscoiis. L(Migtli, Kinini.; l)readtli, 4 mm. ; height, 2..') mm. ; length of long h;iirs, .4.s mm. ; of sliortones, .HI mm. Vounu'er specimens, !) mm. long (, fourth stag^j?), sliow a more decided dill'eronce be- tween tlie Icngtli of the hall's, showing tliat the cliange in tills respect from tlio juve- nile to the matiiri' iiirva is ;;i-adiial ; in these the loin;er hairs were .2,") mm. and tlie short ones .04 mm. in lcii;;lli. These speeiiiiens also liiiil the dorsal stripe entirely w;iiiting on the second to tiflh abdoinimil segments, and s'imetimes tlu' liorderiiig lino and the lateral markiiiLrs were obscured. Later in life, with no change of inti'gnment, the dorsal stripe may sometimes lieconie nnifonii in color over the wliole body. Other full grown specimens, taken at llrst botli by .Mr. Saunders am! myself to be quite distinct, oll'er so many points of dllTerence that I add a description of one of tliem ill full ; It is the otlu'r extreme of the variation (75 : 2'!), Head very pale green- ish with a brownisli tiniie, the baseof the triangle with a broail bhick baud ; antennae witli tlie b;isal joint white, beyond very p;ile greenisli brown; ocelli white in a lilack field; labriiin white; mniidililc> reddish brown. Body briiilil velvety grass urceii; a faint, narrow, paler, dorsal lino, from tlie middle of the secoiul thoracic to tlie sixtli abdominal seginent, bordered by a darker line, more distinct posteriorly, and behind the sixth abiloinlnal segincut forming a not very broad dorsal baiul; this again is bordered, distinctly only on the posterior segments, with piiler green; on the sides of eacli seginent there is a narrow, Indistinct. oblic|ue, pale st reak, bordered on either side, but more conspicuously below, with darker green ; the veiitrostlgimital fold is paler green, bordered above by a broader band of darker green ; hairs reildisii l>rowii; spirai'ies pale brownish, tlie posterior half more dis- LYOAENINAR: I'lIIXLA CALANUS. 889 tinotly niarkctl. Loj^s very pnlc greenish, tlie lust joint a little iniuscnteil externnlly. the tips of tlio claws reddish brown; prolegs grass green, pale nt tips. Length, 13 mm. ; brea pale green, witli reddish lips, or reddisli brown with pale lips. Lengtii. il mm. ; breadth, 4.2.j mm. : heigiit, ;i.75 mm. ; length of hairs in front, .,'!(! mm. ; lengtli of hairs on body, .2;} mm. From specimens bred on oak and received from Mr. Saunders. AiKillii'i- (h'.icrii>ti(>ii. Oreenish brown, more or less fuliginous, tin; raised tracery of surface more or less infuscated. There is an obscure dorsal stripe on tin; i)rotho- rax and front of mesothorax, obscured by fuliginous; sides of niesotiiorax tinged Willi fuliginous, .\bdomen above willi an obscure dorsal stripi', most distinct and broadest on the tliird se<:meut; and a series of dark, infralateral dots in tlie middle of the segments, whicli become large, oblique, lilackisli blotches on the fourth to sixth segments; between this series and the wings, and including nearly tlie whole of the second segment, the alidonien is light yellowish brown; spiracles faintly brownish fuscous. Wings dull, but pale luteous. flecked witli brown, thel)asjil tul)ercle marked above with black. Kyes black. cous|iicuous; iirotlioracic spiracle pallid. Hcneath wood brown, the apical halves of tlie appendages infuscated. the antennal clubs blackish; an inrnscatcred on butternut and scut in Mr. Ilull)ert. Distribution (24: 2). This i.s imidi luorooxtcnsivcly distriliiiU'd tliiin the iirecetliiig Ixittcrlly. :it h'a.st in i;ititii(lt\ In'injj coiiiinoii to tiit' Alle- ghimiiiu iiuil Ciirolinian f;imi;is iiiid oven i'n('n)iicliin>f ii littif on the Caniidiiin. Southwiird it occurs in Cieorfii;i "coniinoii" (Ahiiot), Alaiiama (Go:*se) and Virginia (coll. Ainer. ont. soc). Westward it reaches to Michigan (coll. Mich. Univ.), ^\'i^ic(msin "not rare" (Hoy) and Iowa, — Des Moines (Austin) and New .letterson (Allen) ; and even to eastern Nebraska (Carpenter), eastern Kansas rare (Snow). Colorado and New Mexico (Snow), and northern Texas. li'Hoisduval's auretoruni be the same, as is probable, it even extends to Cali'brnia. Northward 'M ^'!'f}i m 890 TIIK HUTTKRFLIES OF NEW KXOLANl). 1 ' Mr. Saunders reports tliat it is "coinpixnitivcly common" iit Montreal* "where ctlwanlsii is eitiicr unknown or eoniparatively rare" and it has also been found at London, Ont. (Saunders, Keed) and Ottawa, abuiulant (Hillings, Fletcher). It seems to occur throughout most of New England, hut has been taken in Maine only at Xorway (Smitli) ; in New Hampshire it has oc- curred at Walpole "quite connnon" (Smith) and Milford (Whitney) ; in Vermont at Hellows Falls (Merrill) ; in Massachusetts at Andover (Treat), Woi)urn (Siuite), Dorchester (P. S. Spraguc), WoUaston and Quincy (F. II. Sprague), Cape Cod (Fish), Amherst (Parker), Spring- field al>undant and Mt. Tom (Kmery), Leverett, Mt. Tol)y and Montague (F. II. .Spraguc) ; in Rhode Isliuul at Providence (Packard), and in Connecticut at Plautsville (Shepardin Yale Coll. uuis.) and New Britain (Ilulhert). Food plant and liabits of caterpillar. Mr. Saimders has I)red tliis cater[)iilar ujxin oaks, ai d Mr. Abbot states that it feeds on red oak ((^uercus rubra Liuu.) and other oaks (in his Hritisii Museum manuscri[)ts il. fulcata Miciix. is figured) : and he adds that it feeds also on hickory (Carya), a nu'ml)er of a neighboring family. Dr. Packard has found prc- 8umal)ly this s[)('cics on Carya glabra Torr., and Mr. Ilulbert has bred it on the allied liuttcrniit. Juglanscinerea IJnn. Poisduval and LeConte. how- ever, state that it feeds on s))ecics of Crataeous, a irenus belon^iii"' to anotiier division of augios|)erms, and tiiis somewhat doulitful statement has been extensively copied without verification ; a specimen of the imago in the museum of tlie Michigan University, iiowever, is labelled "thorn"; and I find in Al)bot"s manuscript a statement that it feeds on "parsley haw," l)y which a Crataegus is prol)ably meant. It devours the leaves by eating holes through them, not touching the edge ; it is rather slow in its movenu'nts. ditl'ering consideiably in this res[)ect from T. edwai'dsii. It is a caiinii)al, too, in its small way and when short of food lias i)cen seen to devour its younger and weaker brethren. The caterpillar varies greatly in markings, as may be seen by our il- lustrations, in which extreme types iU'c represented, one being grass green and almost inunaculate, the otiier of an impure color and marked witii a l)road and greatly interrupted dorsal stripe ; no i)ne would at first take them to be identical. Seasons, 'i'he butterfly makes its first appearance toward the end of June, and continues to emerge from the chrysalis until after the first week in July — the females prol)ably tiu'oughout July. It is nuich more abun- dant during July than subscciuently, but occurs also during the whole of August and has even been taken in the first week of Septe.nber, but •CnultleUl siivs, jiciierallv nirc, but iibiiiuhuit in 1S74. I , LYCAENINAE. TIIKCLA fALANUS. 891 wliethor taken in June or September, all hclonjj to one hrood. The eggs, wliirli I have received from Mr. Saunders, arc laid all ihrougli July and early in August, and perh'ips sometimes remain unliatched tlirougliout the winter. At otiier times, as in cases recorded by Saunders and Wortliington, they hatch in a few days, but in each case these died. It is toieral)ly certain that if they hatch, they hibernate without eating (as the action of Mr. Worth- ington's caterpillars would indicate) , and that the egg may also hil)ernate,* as there is no indication of a second brood, even in the south. Eggs vvhicii I received from Mr. Saunders early in August dil)ot and (iossc, the biutcrtlics emerge late in April or early in May, after twelve days in chrysalis. Neither makes any allu- sion to a second iirood. Behavior of the butterfly. In Georgia, according to .Abbot, these buttcrriics are found in oak woods and frc(picnt (lie blossoms of "Chin- qucssiu" [? Chinguajiin, Castanca pumila Michx.]. In tlic west, Allen took tiicm in company with T. edwanlsii "on flowers of the Symphori- carpus wiiicii grew on the prairies, in hollows tliat wei'c moist in the S|)ring time. They were also founy lihn, licvi'tl l)y Eilwiirds (Oiin. out.. xiv:52), tlic aliiiiulautly disprove. K F- n V -a rr. ■ ■1:1? ; ii>. ■ 892 TIIK HUT'i'KUVLIKS OK N'KW KNdLAM). III Sopti'inlxT in ciicli of tlirt'c clirysiilids lie cxin'Cted to Iiilicniiiti' : liotli of these luiiy lu'long to tlic Hiiiue speeios of Exorista. Hesides thin tlie eater- pillar is attueked l)y a species of Tetnin^tielius, T. tiieeiae (89:0) wliieh once eaiiic from a chrysalis reared from some larvae sent me by Mr. iSaimders : only males were obtained. Desiderata. Is the larva ever found on thorn? AVhen do the eggs hatch? and if in the summer, what do the yoinig caterpillars do, or where betake themselves? \\'hat are the charaetcristics of the eaily stages of the I'aterpillar? In what ti'rms shall we describe the Hight and postures of the buttertly? .Are the males really more abundant than the females? Those wishing to obtain i)arasites may be sure that wintering ehrysalids contain them. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONfi.— THEVLA CALAXUS. (Iciifrnl. [iitiiijo. PI. '.'4, li-. '2. Distiiliiilicin in NdHli .Vuieiicii. p|, ,;, ,•,,,. ,4, i.'enialo, liotli Mirfiuos. sn:(i. TcliMsti.lnis 11 lac, a pa,asitc. 14. ,,. Mair, l.dtli surfair.-.. 17. Kxinisla tlici'Ianiiii.aiiarasito; head. 111. lOxdrlstatlicilariiin. a parasite; wiiij,'. /■■'.I'J- PI. (1.5. 11;,'. S. Plain. (i.S:l, >Iifrii|ivl('. C'llirjiillnr. Pi; 7,j. li^'. 20, iti. >iik' views. C/irilsolin. PI. 84, (i;,'. 2.'). 27. Side views. ;U:24. .Male aliiloiniiial appemla^'es, side view. i'>. The same, vieweil I'roiii helow in imtlifie. 44; 1. .Stigma nf fore win?; i;re;itly en- larged. 46; 22. Androediiiini frtun the stiiinni. til :5. N'enratio) , fine winjr i . 0. Nuuration, fore wing 9 . THECLA EDWARDSII.— Edwards's hair streak. in 11 li' [Kdwards's hair streak (Seudder) ; Kdwards's streaked hutlerlly (Maynard).] TliprUt rdifanlsii Sannd., .MSS., [see Trans. Anier. entdni. soe., i: 172 (1SU7); Can. ent.,i: 9S-i)il (ISiilM] ;— Seiidd., Pnie. Host. .soe. nat. hist., xiii : 272-27(i (I.S7n) ;— Kreneh, Untt. e:.st. V. S.. 2111 (Is(;(i);^Jlayii., Itntt. N. E., .!:!. pi. (!. rtirs. ;i!l,;!!)a(l.><8li). Tlicchi faUicer llarr., Ins. inj. veu'., 3ded., 270,IS(12);— (i rote, Can. ent.,ii: Klo-Kl'^ (1870); xix: 17!t (1S.S7). Tliecla ctihtHKH Grole-lioip.. Trans. Ainer. entoni. soe., 1:172-173 (1807) ;— Sannd., Can. eat. i:!»S-!t!) (18(!!1);— .Middl.. Uep. Ins., 111., x; 11.3(1881). Tliec/d J'abricii Kirl)., 8yn. eatal. Lep,, 054 (l'<71). Flirured in Glover, III. X. A. J-i'p., pi. 1. 11),'. 4, ined. (Xot Polvoni. falaeer(iod. ealainislliilin.) nor Uusl.arin. The wild liee and the Imtterlly Are liri;_'ht and happy things to see; I.ivingljeneath a sunnner .sky. Ki.iZA Cook. Sie taiizen iind tatizen wold allzinnal Uin eine Unde ini gr(iiu>n Thai. Kkiinkh. Imago (6: 10). Head liUieklsli hiMwn. the suniniit overarched hy the prulhoracic hairs; a broad band (if snow-white scales borders the eye la front and bcliind, con- ne<'ted, just above the tinigne, by a transverse band of white scales ; a few pale scales are arranged alonji tlio median line of the vertex ; posterior outer border of the basal joint of antenn:ic edged with white scales. -Apical half of l)asal joint of palpi cov- I.YCAKNlNAi:: TIIKCI.A KDW AUIisll. S!I3 iTi'd with iliirk l)ri)Wii sriilcs, tlie cimtlmmtlim of llin>c wliiili lirciik the cniiliiniily nt" the white hnml eiicliTUnj; the eyes; outMidc of iiihhilf jnlnt hull" whilf. hiilf lihiik, illviik'd In 11 liiu', niiinhi!; from tin- iiilihllc of tho iipk'iil half of ihi- iipiitr t'dsif tollu.- inldd with a fow lirownisii scale if the basal half of the lower ediro; Inside of basal and iidddle joints wliito terniiiiai joint l)laek. wliite-ti|>|)eil. and with a ;:reat nianv white scales at llie l)asc. iparlicuiariy above and lieiientli: soniethnes Ihe liasnl half, exccptin;.' the sides, wlilte. Antennae liiackisli lirown.eaeh joint (d" the stalk and the basal ones of the clnb ratlier broadly anniilated at the base, the white scales frciineiitlv conlliieiit ami forndnii an elonjjate irianiruiar pateli at thel)ase of the einb, especially In tlie male, Itiier side <>( a luteo-fnlvons patcli (itenerally more or less obscured with fuscous in tiie nnile) which extends over the whole under surface of tlie club, broadenlii^i toward the tip and occupyiuir tlie whole cireninferellce of tlie teriiil- nal three or four joints. Uas-ii half of tontrue Inteo-testaeeons. Tliorax covered above witli obscure nioiisi> brown hairs, scarcely liuycd witli oliva- ceous: prothoracic lobes covered with dark brown. iiiiMirled with some pale and artty hairy sc'ales, soiiietiines witli a iirecuisli tiiiiie; beneath, tlie thorax is irrny with lon;;er bluish white and sliiuter blackisli hairs; femora covered with white scales, specki-d more or less with blackish brown, beneath covered w ith lonir white hairs w ith a few interminjiied l)lack ones; remainder of le^s dull Inteous, obscured above mainly willi blackish brown scales and a few whltlfdi scales (the latter especially at the apices of the joints, and a siibapicd patch on the tibiae), on the siiles niiiinly with wliile, with scattered blackish scales ; spines black, elaw> lilackish. liiiircd witli red. \Vi ibove unifonn dark irravisli slate brown. occa>ioiiallv almost blackisli brown, fresh specimens witli an exceediimly sii^lit (divaee( /lleclion. the veins, usuallv In the male onlv, and llie outer edires blackisli brown; basal half of the costiil ediie of the/oiv ifiiKjs indistinctly fiisco-fnlvous. Hiiitl ti'iixjK aluiosl iihvuys (?; mdly ((J) havln;; lu the lower medliin Interspace, very seldom also In the medio-snbmedian In the fenmle, a snbmarfiimd, iieiieraliy small oraufre patch ^when most distinct, developed as a hiirii Inniili') seated (Ui a blackish spot, the latter •reiierally oljsolctcj outer edife of the hind wiii^is with a line of jieariy white scales as in T. liparops; discal spot liii fore wiiiiis of male obloiii; obovate, three times as Ioiijl; as Ijroad, ibseurc dark itravisli fus subcostal nervnlc >f the fore wiiiirs on either side )f the oriy^iii of the inferior nerviile nisideniblv curved dowiiwai 'Uie-thini wav across tiio cell, at al)oilt the middle of llie outer two-thirds of tie latter; upper cross vein closlm; the coll transverse and In ciuitinuallon of the lower: outer maririii of hind wlii,i,'s above the louirer tail straiirhl. the latter but lillle loniier than the width of an lnters|)ace, the shorter one very slii;lit. Hencath uniform ashy slate brown, tlie extremity of the cell in each winir imirked by a spot very sli^iitiy darker than the irround color of tlie w inu'. and airreeiii!; in illier iiartieiilar witli the spot ill T. liparops; botli wiuirs are en by an extra-mesial b;ind, the ireiierid course and position of wliicli. in all its varia- tions, corresponds to the similar biind In '1'. calanus ; but it is made up of entirely inde- pendent, tliouj;h closely contiguous and sometimes even partially coulluent, spots of a blackish brown color, completely encircled, althouirh less distinctly above, below nnti on the inner side, with white; the spots of the fore wiuj^.s vary ijreatly in shape; usu- ally they are transversely short oboviite. the upper ones roundish, tlie lower often ipiadrilte orreiilforni; on the liliid win;:s those above the lower niedhin nervnlc arc roundish, with a teiuleiicv to become train sely short obovate. Outside of this band, on the fore wiiiiis, is a submarfiinal eontinnous stripe of slender. Iiiinsvcrse, blackish streaks, closely parallel to the outer border, cdjrcd narrow ly on the inner side with white scales and followed externally by a delicate llnsli of oran^re. itenerally 1. ;). Avorajre. U..T H.Ut +.5 3.2."i Iiiirj.'Ost. I.l.-. SnnilleKt 13. 3.7n Average. n. 3.4-> Lnrfr<"'t. 17.2.'> H.7S hind liliiae anil tarsi, t'lii'c tilihii and lai'si. 4.S 3.tl D.MMiliiil Irinnta J .JlsJ. l-tini.'ir tails vary in;.' In len;,'tli from 1 .75 to 3.2.i ; aver.,i 2.1, ? 2.7S. Secondary sexual distinctions. See description of fore wln^' for the appear- ance of till' mile stljini. Tlic si'ales foniid tlieri' (46 ;20) are rll)bi)ii-Ukc, scarcely lapcrliu;, the slde> beini; parallel, the tip well rounded ami hardly any;nlated, while the l)!i> ' is iinitnl It'll. ci|nally on i);>tli sides; the lamina, exclusive of the stem is a little mure tli.'in three times as lony; ;is broad, and dlll'crs from that of '1'. iMhinus In Its ;rrcati'r slcndi'rne-.s ;iiid the iiicipiality of form of the two extremities. Egg (65:2). Prnndnences very lii;;h. smooth-tipped. .HiU mm. apart. .O'.'.'i inin. in dianielcr, llic riditcs rather slender, uniform, abrupt. .ihis."i mm. tliick: pits angular, and at most ii'j.'i mm. in diameter, the bottom marked as in ']' <'alaiiiis; at the .summit assiiiiiiii;j nincli more the appearance of pits, occiipyini: sc;ircely more than half llie otherwise uniform surface. Micropyle rosette (68iL') .07 nun. In diamoter, conipo-.i it. their brciiilth Till- 1 d of a minute central circle, surrounded bv four oval cells, dirocted toward ouijcr iixi .o:i mm. Ion;; .■mil their shorter half of that. Ilciiiht. .14 mm. may lie di-tiiii^iiished from that of tlie preci'din,;; species by the itliness of the tips 111' the prnmiiiences and their Ltrcaler distance apart; also by the iialuro of the liilerspaccs, wliicli jire not circular pits, as in that specii's. but a.ifrec better with the slmil.ir parts in Incisalia. Caterpillar. I'mirth sliajr. Head shinin.ir pitchy black, tiie b; with it wliite or pellucid narrow band. Hody scarcely taperiii.ir in iiilv.ance of the seventh abdominal sejimeid the extremity very bluntly pointed ; ui'i/./.ly brown, mnrki'd willi dull, dirty paleyellin\ Kli brown j dor- sum of the tli'st thoracii; se;rment and a dorsal stripe, exceptiiii; on the anterior edj^e if the trlaiiirle )f the (■()nd thoracic cut. iirW.y'.y brown, the stripe distinctly bordered as far as tho seventh abdominal sciiineiit, narrowing posteriorly ; the rest of the body above dull dirty pale yellowish, the sides of each seiinient with a .short and broad oblique streak of iirizzly brown, the upper edge only of which Is well dellned because faintly bor- dered with dirty whiti-h; the ventrostijfuiatal fold is paler than the iijiper surface niid is bordered abi.'ve with a very Indistinct band of obstliict pnti'li iit eacli cxtrciiilly, iiuixt prom- iiii'iit III! liliulcr sf;:iiicnt'4 iiiiil tm\ lii^ a scrirs of spots nlmii; Its I'l'iitrc from ilftli to nliitli [llrst to (Iftli atiiloiiilimll sruiiH'iils Inclusive of dnll u'rc'cnlsh i,'niy. tlu' lilndcr ones Itclni; almost illanionil sinipi'il. " Ills specimens wiTe l.'p mm. Ions;. Chrysalis (84; 2!M. Dnll yellow Uli hmwii. sllnlitly flossy, vitli nniny small spots of a 'larkcr shade of lirown fre(|nently collected into Irnanlar streaks ami lilotehes, pa tlcn''ii'ly In an obscnro hand aloni; the la'.ero-stlmm.tal reiilim of both thorax and abdomen and a ventral stripe on the abdondnal seitnients. The network of Interliic- In;; rldj;cs is composed of snndler cells than In the other species, eoverinu most of tho b>)dy, as distinct on the sides as on the back ami havln^j at their liitersectlnir anjiles Utile warts; the hairs are rather distant, vi'i'y short, as limit on the body as on thu front, exceptlm; some on the very front cilirc of ihe prctlmrax which are fully three times as Ion;; as the others, taperinii throniihout, lint bln'illy pointed, distinctly and very minutely spicullferous; the other hairs are cipial, blmilly ronmh-d at tiji luul their splcnles so excessively ndnnte as scarcely to 'ic illstlntjnishcil w Ith a hl;;h niamil- fyhij; |)owerj spiracles Intooiis. Iienittli, 10 mm.; breadth, 4.. "i mm. ; helH;ht. 4.23 mm.; lenu'tb of hairs In ircm;ral. .oil,") mm. ; Icnitth of hairs nterlor cilire of pro- t horax. .'i mm. Distribution (24: .">)■ Tliin biittt-rriy is ii iiiemlicr of tlic .Mliolmi'iaii tniuiii, (M'l'iipyiiij^ ii fumpafutix oly narrow strip of ti-rritory, .so far as known, from the Atliiiitic more; tliiin inilf wiiy aiToss tin- coiitinciit. It is niri'ly found nortli of Lat. 12% nor, in the ciist, often .• ri m ■"j^T flf 'W 81)6 iiii; III riKHKi.iKs (ti' m;\\ kncland lir jf i liiivf Itct'ii ill Mii;rac;ut'). and S|iriMjrlit'ld aliundani ( lOincry ), as well as on (-ape ("(111 ( I-'isli ) and tlir i«laiid nt' Nantiii'ki't, wlicre it i.s I'xtrcnu ly iiiinn- dant. Haunts. In Nantnikit tin' luittcrlly in contined cxeliisivoly to tlu> iin- nu'iliatc \ icinity nf tlic road.-* tliroiijili the .scrnli oak.-* ; d.-icwlifn' tlii'y arc not to 111' t'oiiiid. not cM'ii on tlic t'dji'c.-* ot' tlic oak niiniiilicry. Mr. Stinn- dcr.'* \vi'iti'.s tVoin liondon, ()nl. : — Tlu' luittcrlly Is iicvit rduinl In «i't |ilni'rs wIjitc wHIcpws iii'o Hlmiiilniit Imt on dry (^ruiiinl wiu'i'i' D.'ik Imslu'o iir<' I'diiiiniin ; iiiilcis wlicii si'ttli'il iiii Mowers In tlii> vli'liilty, tlicy wi'rc> nlinost liiviirliilil.v roiiinl cm tlicsc oiik linslii's. sonicliincs on llii' iiiiclcr snr- fiU'c of 11 li'iif . Us If M-ai'i'liiiii: f :• 11 sniliililc pliici' of ili'posit for I'U'^s ; wju'ii llicy wvro (lri\<'ii from tlii'^c they rrhinicil i. a >liorl tlinc iis if tlicir liu>iiii'ss iiinoii^ tlicsu slinili- \vii> loo lni|iort:iiil lo lie >i'l a>iiii . Food plant and habits of caterpillar- TIh' caterpillar, wliieh lum only liecn t'oiind liy .Mr. .'launders, feeds upon oak. eatiiio; small holes in the leaves. 'I\i jiido;c t'roiii tlic aiinndanee of the linttcrtly on the island of Nantucket, it is prolialily found on (^nercns ilicifoliii. Miss Middleton adds hickory as a food plant, lint prolialily liy confn^ino it with the prc- eedino: species with wliii'h it was formerly eonfoiindeii : in the ornii- luentiition of tiic lar\a the two are very distinct. It is, ho\ve\-er, not ahsolntciy certain that the larva hero dcserilied liclonj^s to this 'cies, Hiiicc it has iii'\('i' liccn reared ; lint as Mr. ,'*>aiiiidcrs has found t *er- fly alinndantly and always alioiit oak linshes and since this 1... ..i was ohtaini'd hy licatiiiir tiic same liiishes later in the season, and there is no other species to which it can he referred without involvinLT i^reat ditKcnl- ties, one can hardly help accepting; Mr. .''^aiindcrs's theory ; yet the Coin[iarati\(' si';ircity of the citcrpillar and aimndancc of tlic luittcrlly is certainly curious. The caterpillar moves ahont with comparative rapidity, in marked ilistinction to the sluo'o-ishnoss of the allied species. Life history. The Imttcrfly is most almndant in rliily. Accordinjx to Mr. Linlncr's oliser\ alioiis, it appears sometimes as early as the 22d of -Fiiiic, liiit usually not until the lOth of .Inly ; toward the last week of this month the females iiejfin to ontniiniher the males, and they continue upon the wiiiif throughout .\uji:ust, in the latter part in scanty mimhers, and are now and then seen diiriiii,' the first wet'k of ."^eptemher. In Nan- tucket one year I found liotli sexes almndant and fresh, thonjih .soine fe- males toiii. on .Xuirust ;• ; three-fourths of a larjjje nninher eaiitured were females : on the ."itli they were slightly less ahiindant and less fresh, esjiec- ially the males. Prolialily most of the eggs tire laid early in Aiignst, thiingh I have taken a pretty fresh female as late as .\ngiist 28 ; they doiihtlcss continue throughout the winter, although Mr. Saunders writes i.vt AKMXAK: riri:(i,\ i;i)\v,\ki>sii. 897 tllMt ■ioiiic c^l;'-* ui'Iio' 'ili'il ill I'linrnii'iiii'iit liMlclii'il l:it(' in llii' ".'iiiic m'simhi. I tliiiik tliis inii.-l III' cxci'iitiiiniil, Iml. it' ikiI. iIkm tlic insert iiiii>i winter aw 11 VDiiiii.' l;ii\ a. Till' call r|pillai' liccipiiic- tiill uinwii in .Iniic ami tlic t'lirV'^iili.-t niM\' lie luiiki'ii tor I'roin tlie in ii idle ul' dimt' to tlic in ii Idle nl' July ; it(« (Iiiriitiiiii is iiiiUninMi. Plight and attitudes It is an excciMlinMly lively insect, and it isditti- cnlt In I'oIIdw (iiie in its i'n|iiil, (•liiiiij.''i'iiMc liiulit. It is very |iiiij:naci(iii«, iiiu' seldoni stirrinj; out witlmnt nicctinji' and lia\in;f a tiissci \\itlia tcllnw ; it will dash nut at cmtv passin;,' j;i'afsliii|i|)('r. 'riie nialc tiir cxi'i'cds tlic ((■male in activity. W'licn aliLilitcd tlic \\inj;s arc licid creel, tlic under pair covcrini; hall' the lower median interspace of tin; liirc \viiin;s ; the antennae, eiirvinj; t'orward at the cxtreiiic liasc, are straij^ht. raised at ahout an aiiiilc ot'JC with the hody and divaricate ahont M) . When not 8() alert, ill the shade, the tinteniiae may divaricate as much as lOlt' and he dropped to tiie same plane as the hody. In walking; on a perpendicu- lar surface, it uses all six leirs. hut when it stops it witluh'aws to the hreast one or liotli the tore Ic^s. I have only once or twice seen them riih their hind winjfs, and it then appeareil as if liotli hind "iiiLTs were moved toifcther over the fore wini^s, and not alternately. Parasites. Mr. William Saunders fdund sonu'cjirysalids of this Iniltcr- Hy which he reared infested liy 'retrastiehiis saiindersii, which hiliernatcd in the chrysalis case and m le its appearance after the huttertlies ot' the followintjf year were upon the wiiiLT. Desiderata. ( )ur lirst olijcct must lu> to raise this insect in order to prove tiiat tln' supposed earlier stiiL''es are really its own. and to sceurc i^iill di'scriptions of the earlier stall's of the caterpillar: our next to determine in what stan'c it passes the winter. .Notes upon the sonihern and north- western distrihiition of the Imttertly are also dcsiralile. Doc.s lis parasite attack other caterpillars V If not. and, as appears from ahove, it escapes from the chrvsalis oiilv alter tiie next scasitn's caterpillars are tione. what does it do with itself till tliev come aiiainy f.-(.t i,''- /,/.s'/' iiF ll.LL'sTUArioSS.-rilEci.A K1)\VM;!)SII. (iflllfll. llll'IIJII, ri.'Jl. lii;. :'. I)i-iriliMiiiiii ill N'ortli Aimrica. I'l. (!, lb. |ii. .Aliilr. Imili .iirfaccs. /;,/,,. ol;ll. .M;ilr ;ili(|i)iiiiii;il ;i|ili('iiil;iites. I'l. tl."i. ti-. •!. IMiiiii. •"': 'I- Ni'ia-MlioM. (is: -J. MiciMjulr. 411: 'JO. .\ii>lriicuiiiiim, Cif, ,. ,://,,,■ (;il \w\\. ( '/n-'isiili^. I'l. 84, I'l;,'. 2'.l. Siilc view. onlai'L'i'iJ. Willi (Ic'liilN uf tin' striicliiro of Iho U'-j. "J 898 Till-; la'TTKHl LIF.S OF NKW KNlil.VNIi. f! THECLA ACADICA.— The Acadian hair streak. n Tlirc/ii (ii'dilii-d I'Mw., I'ror. \<-.\i]. ii:il. -c. 'I'/uda unulifi'ik Wliitii.. I'l'dc. Host, soc Pliilml., IMii-J. .V), pi. 1, liu'>. II. M"-^''-i; •'""■ ii;i:. lii»t., xii: lli-J-l(ili (IMISI. N. .Vliicr., i, 'I'liiilii 1. lii;. o-T (ISd'.l) ;— I'aik. Thicfa liunif \Msi].. Ann. Soc. cut. Itrl.'. OuiiU' Ins.. -Jli.VJdHdsiilMi-Saiin.l.. Ciin. mt.. \ii: l:; (lS(i!li. i: . 111., x: !':! I'/cfhi riiniKs I'Mu.. 'I'rans. Anit'r. cut (ISSU;— Kirncli, Hull. >':i>l. I'. >., •J(1M--J(il »...-.. Mi: ■JOT-'.'IW (IMI). (IHSdl:— Mavn., iJntt. N. i:..:u. iil.i;. li-'-. II. .,. _, , ,,, ,. , , ^jiijlj^^,., l-'i-iin.l liy (ilov.T. 111. N. A. I.cp., pl.l'S. ni;-/n' rHli,:,n>i.-.i l-Mw.. I'v^r. A.a.l. li-. IT; I'L H. 'i-- -'M'!. M. tLMl. iuod. mil. ><■. IMiila.l.. iMi-J. tS.; (iMlL'i. . . . 'I'll till' >liMcl\ i;rci\c lie uiui.'- lii« u:iv. .\mi1 Ici'N in IiciJm' llic riiplnn* nf tin' ilriV— Kiiiicr 111' liMiks : ami ^cmn. to ^lail lii,« 'yc.-. l-'runi llh' >\viM'l liiivMT. liv nalnrr liirniM, arise l'iri;;lii liMiiiis III' virgin n'mlli- aiul lii'«h-liiirn liulli'rilics; Willi lii'iilii' lliMt ni'irniii^ I'mni llirir liall'-yrar's slrcp, 'I'll lly ii'iT lliiwi'i-- u lu'ic lliry uci-c wnnt'tu oivt'|i. L' I! .Willi:. .Mine I'yc anil lirart air al a imivlal war Iliiw III iliviili' till- e-uiiiiMi'sl iif lliy >lulit. Sii.M\l>l'K.\l(i:.—.S'ii« ;!('?. Imago (6: Ki). Ili'ail vilvi'iy lihu-U. liu'liil almvi' al liiinlrr cdiro witli bl.'icUish brown; hoiicatli. snow wliitc; tlic ini's ciirircli'il with siinw wliiti' scalos. iiitcrrnptcil narrowly hi'low ainl hmail'i.v almvi': vrrlcx with a slii;|it nioiliaii liil't of wliiti' liairs; oiiliT liasc 111' aiili'iiiiai' I'lliti'il « itii wliiti' ; niitrr i-iiiir ol' ilarU pati'h liohiml unt"nnac bonliTi'il with whltL'. .Vnti'iiiiai' piii-plisli lilark. llu' basi' of tin' jnints liroailly aiinii- lati'il. pspi'riallv lii'iicatli, \\itli snow whilo. ciiali'sciiii; at tln' lui^o nf tin' cliili l)i'iii'ath Into an I'lmiLrati' pati-li : rliih vi'h fly blai'k. tin' last two or thri'i' (S) or f lu' (?) joints, rari'ly Iho whiiU- nmli'i' ^iirl'ai'i'. faintly (, (f i or lirilliaiitly y^) coloix'il with oran.iii'. which in tlic male is always dliscnrcil with fii»coii«. I'asal joint of palpi wliitc. tippcil with black on the niit-ldc. the niiilillc juinl white mi the iiisiile and above, except inir a larire black -jml til the ll|i almvc ; and mi the mitslde. excepting broadly at the lip and beiicalh. nearly to the base; leniiiiKil joliil black. slii;htly tippcil with \\ liite and u ilh a 'ir.iad u liile aninilatimi al llie lia>e. inlerrii|iti'il mi the ujipcr ilinci' edj;e. 'riiii;j:iii dull Inleuiis. 'I'lmrax covered above \\ itli Imi;.' nimi^e ;ir;iy hairs cmicealiiiir 'Imrter paler h.iirs and scales ; priillioracic lubes cnvereil with iniiiufled brouii;iiu! ifray hairs; beneath, the llmrax Is covered willi bliii-li hoary ••ind ~ilver.\ lir.'iy hair>. Femora iridescent pearly \\ hill', specked \\ Hh . I I'l-w blacki..li scales; lieiie;itli lilaekisli nbscnred by tho lirofn^e lie:ird iif silvery 'j.r:\\ Iniirs; tibiae like the feninr/i with a larirc. snbapical, c\ierii;il. bhickish patch ; basal i liird of Iia^al 'ai'~;il julii' .na. kish ; the rc^t of the joint ^r;i.\ isli \\ liite. lieiieal h liiirii-rii-~e(iiis ; other jninls black, llpjied wiiliwliil''; spines black: cl;n-. bhick^ li red. Wintr- above iiniforni. soft, ".nstroii... blacki>li shile brown, worn specimens with a Very sH'ilil oliviiceiiiis tliiire, the veins, and to a very >liy;lit dettree the cil:;e of tho tlNcal -i>iil mi the fore wiiiu> of the nuile, blackish; costal edite of fore wiiiL^s, CNpcciiUy near the b;i»e, tauny : miler cila:e of both winirs dUtlnetly bnl narrowly hor- de red u ilii black ; ill the lower inedian inters|)iiee of the hind \\ inir^ and ijcnerally, to a less eviciit. in tliose >iiccecdinit it. a r.'illier larLte, siibmaryrinal. oi';ini;e, liinale patch, sealed upon ;l lr:iii«\cr-e bbieki-h slilLra and >e|i;ir;ited, by ii ~leiiilcr line of ii.'de bluish while sc;iles. I'rmii the black border; frinue of fore winj:s ;ind of llie iipiierlndf of the hind p.'iir fii~ciiiis at b;isc. pearly fiiscmis beyond, with a very iiicmi~picii. oils iiiilc iiii'ili:iii line; in Ihe lower median interspace of the liiiid wlny;s and at the I'Xlrcinc ;in,'il n!i::le bl.aekisli ;il liase. while beyond; between the two, black with n median w liite line ; tail~ bl;iek. w hite-li|iped : ilisc;il spot mi fore w lllj:s of iii:ile snniU, '* I LYCAKNINAE: TIIKCLA ACADK'A. 899 ol)loiijj ol)(ivnti\ till' iimcr ciul IiImiIIx |"iiiili'il, iiriirly llirci' tiii.i'^ jis Ii.hl' iis broad, b'lU'kisli irniy, cdiiiMl iiiirrowlv iiml iii-un^.iicMiiiisly willi hliu-k. Siilicdsial lu'i-viilo on ektlicr siilf of tlio cro-^^ vi'iii tlosiiii; tin' cell ciirvcil ii liitU' dowiiuiinl. tlioiii.'li luit >o nnicli as in llio otliiT >pr(io> ol' tlu' ii''"!!*: ujipt'i" cn»> vfin ilosinir tlii' ri'U noarly transvcrso, and in conlinniilion of the lower. Fori' v.ini;> scarcely so broad as in tlie otlicr species; onler niaruin of llie liind winu:>reirnhii'ly cnrvi'il. iis Ic.nLii'r tail scarcely longer tlian tlio l>roadtli of an interspace, tlie sMdrter very sliirlil. IJenoalli unil'onn Inslrons. rallier d.irl\ pejirl urav . w llli a faint lavender ri'lleclion — paler itniy lUid witliout tin- lavender n'lleclion in old -piciinen^. l',\lreinity of the ceil of tlie/'i.iiv i'v'»;/.s marked l)y a transverse, stnii^rlil . narrow lil.'UK streak, nsnnlly lonjiest aliove. entirely and narrowly eiicii'cled willi wliiti'; midway lidweeii this and tile onter border and snliparallcl to tlie latter is a series of I'lirlit small roiindisli black spots encircled witii white, one in eacli interspace aliove Ihi' lowest : tlie upper four are placed in a sliL'ht curve, the an' of a circle whose ei.ni re is at liie liase of tin wini;; tlio fourth to the eiurhth form a nearly straiiilit series, parallel to the onter border, the llftli II little within tlie line: the liflh and sixth .•ue the lariicst. the llrst smallest anil the rest nearly ciinal, about onc-fonrtli tlu' >i/.e of the eye; tin' -.evcnih iiiid the eiirhih are npproxiimited, their white edu:in.it eoiillncnt. Heyond this band i- a ^nlinniriiinal series of not very prominent oraiiiie Ininili'^. often obxilete. exccplinu: in the median inter- spai'es. snrinonnted by blackish and the^i' by while scab's. tln' whole piirallel to the onter border. 'I'he spiiee belween tliis ami tin' border is often mm'e or le>s infuscated and the (Miter margin is njirrowly edi.'ed with bl.'ick. -nrmonnlcd in the nicdi:ui and snb- inedi:in .'ircas by a sb'iiiler white line, •^ometiim^ I'onlinned as a pali' incinispicnons line aloiiii the whole onter iiKiririn. Kxtreinity of the di^coida! <'ell of tin- Uin'l viinis bonlei'i'd as in the fori' wiims. but. m-ce-sarily. with a longer -treaU: then' is aUo it somewhat similar serie- of ronmli-h -pot- .'uid stre;ik>. enciiileii w illi w hite : the npper four ;ire plriced in an are w hose I'cnlre i« on the inner liorder. next tlu' middle of the alidmnen ; the llfth and sixth lie on a line w ith tlie llr-t. parallel to Ihediseoidal streak ; the seventh consists of ;i snbreniforin spot, toward v hi'h the discoidal streak points and the direction of which it freiinently si. iws; tile 'ast i- a loiii: and slender, cnrvini; or bent streak, in tin' lowest interspace. Iia\iiis ii direction iie;irly at riirlit iiimles with the .ir"neral coiirs.' of the lower portion of the serie- ami cxtendin;; toward the base farther than the tip of i lie abdomen ; lln' roundish s|ini~ of i Ids ^..ries ari' m';irly ( i|n:il in size, the llrst a very lit lb' the hir^'esl : iisiiallv they ;ii'c ver> little hu'LTer than the spdis of the fore winiis. 'I'liere is a siibm;iri.'inal series ui' or;inL;(' liiniiles \ai'nn;r Lireatly in size, eonllneiil on the b'Wcr half of the wiiiii. each surmounted by a lilai-k line, almost saj^itlate. ediied with white, and followed by dnsky spots. ;rl\iin; place In the lower medi;in and lowest interspaces to small, blackish, triani;nhir spnts and, in the niedio- snbmediiin biterspace. to a very larue ilnsl. < s|Mit. profusely sprinkled with c;iernlean, which almost divides the otherwisi' eiiiurly eoiiilnont oi'aii:;e s|i,i|,; outer lior.ier rteliontely eil^'ed with black, siinninmled by a slender line of wliite scales; frin^'c ami tails nuich as above. Abdomen iiboNc like the upper siirfa;-v.- of the wiiii;s, ib,. tip mid si,l,.s ;;rayish, boneiilh white, cdired w ith irrayisli: abitions nf upper orLiiin of ni:ile (34: li'O well ronmli'd, but sli;rliily am;led iit the upper dUtal edire. Hie lowiT edu'e prodnceil to a trianunlar lobe, ovi rhippinit the cl!isp«; the latter s|r;d'j:lil and ne;irly ei|n;il beyond tlie sliirblly yibbniis base, with w liieli the apical portion is bent ;il ;i sliL'Iil jiiiLrle. Moasnri'iiieiils in inilliMielres. ' |] ' I.ciiLrth of stimiiii of < l.n-i.-.'. .snuillist. .Vxei-aLri'. l,;iri;es|.' Smalli si. .\\er,-|.j-e. I,;ir;:('sl. Length of lure wiie.'s I'J.T.") l.'i. Ki. I.'i. j 111. I lii..-i anti'iinae ii.T."i T.'J.'i T.s 7, 7.."i 7. 7 hiiul tibiae and l.irsi 1. -l.."! I..'i I..". ' l,."i ; .-i.-.'.-i f lire tibhie and tar.-i -■'•' ■>.- ;i.."i ."...'i ,'t.7 i II. i!-'!* Described fr.ini l:i ' n . . l.rii-ih of l.niuc tails > 'j,'.|--j.7.'i: v" 2-!l-'J'' 'Heth fdl'O Icirs iif this inili\ idiiil wei I licin ei :iii-e; iliej s|i.iiili| have been the same leiiv'th ; tliev m,i.| have been siiinti d at le.ist ene-iiiih liiiiirer. ' X : ?-.^c il 900 Tin: nrri'KiiKLiKs of ni:\v i;N(ii,ANii. I'" Secondary sexual distinctions. Scr dcx riptum of fnii' wimr for uiiptarnnce ilrs i>f till' -iauu' 1,46: :.'l mtv cloudy rrsi'iiililc tlioso of T. '■■.■111. ^iilii'iiMiil. liroMilly roiiiiili'd iit llie of llic -liiiiri.'i. 'I'In cilhlilll-i. licilli: li>^^ lllilll foiii' tiiiU's as loll;; ji- I'l'^ ti|i, lull witli t!h ~iclt's of till' Imsc sliyihtlv loln-il. Egg (.65 : 1 'ioM^lv rrM'iiibrniit tliiit of T. llllllllS. llllt SL'.il'l I liiiih. iiiiii Willi soiiu'wiiat ili'i'i'ii' iMi<'ro|iylli' |iil : |ii'oiiiiiK'iu'o-i sli'iiili'l'. tapi'riii^. ti'iiiifati', iiuii'li fai'tlii'i' aptirl tliaii tlu'irowii liiiu:lii. iiniforiii in I'li'vation, about .01"i iiini. tliirk at tip; tlic rolls iifi' siihcirciilaf. aM'rairiii;; .01 iiiiii. in liiami'tt'r. riTkoiiiiii; from tlu' ci'iitiv of till' ualU ; lUi' iiiiiTo|i\ \v pit i- .oi;.', iiiMi, ill iiiaiii.-li'r. lli-iiilit of i';;n. .1 iiiiii. : brcadtli, .7l' iiiiii. Caterpillar. I.;il an':i. iiMro or li'^s .listiiu'tiy marked with whitisli. First tlioracii -eirnu'iit with two faint, pale ^roi'iiisli Intoroilorsal lini'.s mill on I'll lior side two obliiiiu' lini's. incliiud from abo\c baikward ami downward, the upper as iiidistiiu't. as the laterodorsal line, tlie Iow.t liiiited w ith yellow : beliind this segment the body is similarly marked ; there is a p;rir of very ilisliiiet laterodorsal while lines, approximalin^r a little at the anterior extremity but otherwise piirailel, I'Xleiidinu; distinctly as far as the end of tlie -eveiitli abdomiinil seLrmeiit and indis- liiietly to the tip of tlie body: there is a ilislinet lemon yellow, soineliuK's vvliitisli, ilifra>ti;:matal line, comineiieinj; witli the ilislinel liaiid of the llrst thoraiii.' seyiiient and exti'iidinir to tlie lip of the body; on the sides of the body between these two lines llieri' .'ire on each seLvinenl two fainter. n;irrower. olili<|iie. whitish linos, the lower in broken eontinnation with tho upper id' the pretoiliiis; seirmoiit ; beneath lliiiforni irreeii; hairs wliiti' or I'olorless, striiiitht or slii;htlv enrved, the loiii;er two or three times lonirer tliaii the shorter, those of thellrsi tlioracie seirmeiit brownisli spiracle pale brownish encircled w itli pale. Leas very pale \va (1' iirUer ). Wi. consm •eonniion {\h northern 111 1I10I8 (Worthiniiton), Miehigan(Mu.-. Mieli. rMi\ . ), London, ()nt.(Sannders — to whose indet'ati'j;al)ie re.searelies our [irineijial knowiedj^e of tlie insoet is dne). ()tta\va( Uiiiinij.-i), Montreal ••very rare" (layman), I'Mthleheni and Alliany. N. Y. (Lintner) and I'liiladeliihia ( lilake. Kdwardi*). In New England it is rather widely tlistrilaited, havinfx heen found in Montiielier. Vt. (Minot). Milford ••very rare" ( Whitney ) and Nashua, N. II. (ILirr. Coll.). Willianistown and Cape Cod. Mass. (Seuddcr) and FarniiiiiTton. Conn. (Norton). Haunts. The iiutterllv occurs in wet places where willows abound (Saunders) : un specimens were taken ahout thieki'fs frinirinfr streams. Food plant and habits of caterpillar, 'ihe larvae feed on dif- t'erent species of willow (Sali.x), eatinji the iea\('s from thi' edj:e inward. They arc very supjile in their movements, their hody eurvinff like that of a snail, as they pass from one leaf to another oi" from the upper to the under surfaci'. They move slowly, and if kept in too close coniinement are suhjeet to a species of diarrhoea whii'h often proves fatal. At such a time one refuses food, yrows pallid and siirunkt n. and at it.s worst stands in an archiujx posture thrnstinj^ out and withdrawinji' the head. When thus stretche larval skin, the separation of the thorax and abdo- men beinjf evident; then the skin splits and np|iarently is withdrawn by the shrinkafje of the membrane alone, which frcipuiitly ninains covering • I do not fliul these iiotiivil in (iucliiiiin mol Siilvln'n HlDlnL'iii I'l'iitriili-iiriicrifann. mh a, I'- - .; 902 THK BrTTKRKLlKS Of NKW ENGLAND. I ; i h n a part of the alxloiiu'ii, but frcncrally collci'tfi »h a flirivcllod lumi) at the tail. At the eh)se, the girtli is t'muul |)a!scin;j: over tlie eieeoiul al)iloininal scijiiient. Life history. The i)utterrt,v generally appearei about the 10-15 July, although it souietiuies oeeur.-* as early as the very end of June ; it remains u[>on the wing until the end of the first week in August — pcrha|)s lorger ; the eggs are doubtless laid during the last of July and remain ludiatehed until s[)ring ; the eaterpillars i)e('ome fully grown in the latter part of .Fune, and aeeording to .Mr. Saunders remain eight or nine days in ehrvsa- lis ; my own oi)servations u|)oii this ])oint were not so carefully noted as they shoidd have l)een. bui I think specimens received from Mr. Saunders remained nearly fourtei'U days in the |iupa. Desiderata Tlu' distriliution of this liuitertly needs particular attention ; the time anil place of the deposition, the season of hatching of the eggs and the duration of the chrysalis state are points which need investigation. We rc(piire also a description of the eiu'licr stages of the larva and notices of the tliglit, hal)its and postiu-c of the liuitcrHy. .\o parasites are known. Has the larva anv other food tlian willow V LIST iir n.i.rsTi!.\rioys.— ini:ri..\ madk .\. (iinii'Viil. Vlii'iisiilift. PI. 24. li;;. 4. ItistriUiiliuii in Nurlli Aiiiorii'ii. I'l. s4. Ml'. H"i. SMc vii'W. /■;. li'.'. ti). 17. Dorsal viow>. I.S. Partly i|.>i-sil. panly lateral view. Til: 'I'l. Kidiit \ li\v (if licail, sligo v. PI. (>."). IIl'. I. Side \ ii'W. i'litrrjiilliir. THIlii: I.YCAKNIDI. BLUES. # (•( Pai'lliiiiios iMilyoiililhaliiil Wicn. Vrrz. t'ivi's (|iars) llirli.-t. AiK)l(«rciili's liiiliiii'r. !.>> irni.lc« Kirli. : l.M'aoiiliiao tpar.-i) Hull.; I.vrai'iii.lac' ([larsl (iiii'iK'o. t'ii|ii.liill ScMi.lili'r. lliU'il IIIm' a raliih'iu . -jiarklinu' a.- a ili'wilrop, (illltri-ill;r as u'nl'l, a:i.l ll\cly as a swalluw. Kai-li li'fi liU uiMvi >h;'iinl,'aiii| In ra|iliiii' wInu'O'l liiin I'p til till' lii'a\cn>. \XU.N. Frail fcrlilc sprite's !— the I'lilMri'ii of a ilrcam! l.lKo moll'... ilrpinl.iit 111! Ilio Niiniiy lii'am, MviiiL; hill ill tli.'~;i!i's iiiOiil.'riil ki'n, Aiiil \\ lirii lliai li^lil w iiliilraus, wiihilrawiiii; llini. Iliiiin. —fir. I nt't/if Midsiiiiinur Fniries. Imago. Coliii's .Tliiivc principally violet : rliih of .■iiiti'iniai' usually cipial lliroiiirlioiit iiinsi (if its I'xtoiit. Imii; and slcmlir. liriiiir iiIkhii llirr.' liiiii-^ as broad as tho si^lk niul from foiii' to iho times loiiL.'1'r tliaii liroad. I'.itairla loni; and sliiidiT. usually alioiit two and 11 half liuii-'s loiijjiT limn liroiid ; snlioosial niTviiro of foro wings with throe ( < : 1 lACAKNINAK: TIIK rUlIU', LYCAKNIIH. 903 k siil)iTii>r ln-iiiulic^: llii' niilrniin^i I'nrki'il. tlic iu'r\ iwi' it~iir niiiiiiMir in ;i very ilii'i'cl coitisi' to ju-t lielow tlifti|)iil'tUi'\>iiiL'; iiiiili'ncimi:! hiillU'cloi Iiaiicd. rmciirly Ixviilcd ; tarsi iiriiUMl IxMicatli xvitli nnlylwo or tliriT ro>\ s of >lciiilrr »|iiii<'»; Tore lar>i of male arinoil at li|i with a >iiiL'li' nu'iliaii rhtw. hroail at l)as<' ami rapiilly tapiTiinr, scnrrcly curved, rppur ori il° mall' aliilomiiial a|>|i('iida.u'c^ riiniisliod not with hriiadntiitioiis but with iril)lioiis (■x|)aii>ioih . Iioariiiii l)a( kw ard or dowiiwarcl dirci-tcd laniliiaL' or lioolliarp -I point: intrond tti'iit or^'an not so lonu: as in 'I'lu'clidi. l)Ul of «innlar ^liapc Egg. Tiaratf. almost ccpially trnncati' abovi' ami hcloM . rcirnlai'ly stmldcd on tlio onm'i'tcd liy a nundi thinner tracery of li ili siiles witil stout. riMinded proMlillellc Iin(s. fonnimj: eeils of a -\/.<' proportionally <;r<'ater than in 'HHTlidi. Mii'rop_\iie pit comparatively siiallow. minute, with slopinir walls. Caterpillar at birth. Head Itarely narrow erthiiii tlie lir~t timraeie seuinent. Dor- sal liairs arramied in ii laterodorsal seiies. a lonuand a .sliorl liair to as.'.'nienl in each row; snlistiu;niatal series witli three l>ristles to a seiimenl. Mature caterpillar. Hody scarcely lifoader. proportionally, than in t'lirysoplia- nidi. I>nt nmre ^o tlian in 'I'lieelidi : po-terior portions ol' -.eirnu'iit^ sli^'ldiy elevated; body covered witli raised, six-rayed, papili.ati' dots, each liivinir rise to a very short hair, tliose attlie extreniitie^ of tin' l)ody and mi the suli--tii.'matal fold twice as long as the ollu-rs. Chrysalis. Body very varialile in proportions, but lonirer llum in Theclidi in com- parison with its heiu'ht, and especially wiili a relatively loni;er abdotnen ; dermal np- pcnda^o eon~i>tim; of cylindrical luiirs. which are unircn-mly t.'iperin;;. provided aliundantly witli nunnte -pieidcs, wliicii diver,i:e from the stem at ncarl_\ ri.;.'lit an;rles. This tril)c' of [.lyciu'iiiiiiic. cniiiinuiilv- known as liliU'S. art', like tlio violuts iinil liejiatii'as they ri'.scmli'.c, tin' Iiiirl)ingorsi of spriiio' : sonic of tlieni arc anioiio- tin' oarlicst liiittcrtlies to escape troiii tiio ein'vsalis. iiiid aro prci't'dt'd cmly liy tliosc Nymplmlidiii' wliicli liiin'riiiitc in the [X'l'i'i'ct stiito ; tlii'v are aeconi|iaiiied !iy tlieir allies*, the Ineisalitie, and liy some soinlire species of 'I'lmnaos. ;ilniost the oidy early Ilesperiaiis : like the hitter, they frcipiciit tliickets and ii-iialiy are seen only liy persons w ho seek them. They arc most attractive Inittertlies. with thcii' delicatdy tinted winjf.s of vjirioiis iiziire hues, their spa.»inodic tlioht and playfnl piiii- naeity. They iiiay •• lily he di-tiiioiiished fri'in other I.,ycaeiiinae hy th.eir slio'iiter liodies and Ltenei'ally more slender strnctnrc and Ky the caenilean tints of their upper siii lace : lieiHalh. thehiiiti wiiios nre tisindiy stipplicd witil snn!" and niinieroiis. ocellali d s|iots and ;ire a!mo,-t never fnrnishcd with tails, there iieiiio- lint a sinole exception aniono the I'liiro- pi'iin and North Aniericati o'cneta. Iiiiiiid color distinctions on the ti]iper side of the wiiio-s me very common hctwetii the scm s. jirincipally in the rephicenicnt of liliie areas liy lirowii : ;ind eonsc(|iicnllv. no doiiiit. hirnia- phroditism !i;is liecn more commonly rccoo|ii/ed here tiiaii w oiild olhci w iso he the case, riie tribe is remarkaMc tor the stnictiife of the androconia or sc;des pecniiar to the male sex. which in no other oroiip of htitterflies iU'c liattledofe-shapvd, with headid niarkino> jiniiiriv arraiiocd. Speyer hits noticid ( Isis. iN-l.'i, 17"i-ll(' is iicmt piH'sciit ill tin otluT tr of LycMciiiniic. Tlic LyciiiMiiili Innii ;i cliiiriirtcristic iind iin|ii)rt:ii)t I'l'jitiirc ortlic imtic: Hv fiiiiiia c)l' l-jiroiic and to a ccrtMiii extent i>\' we.-terii Xnrlli Aiiierieii iiieK especially, in liutli eoiintnes. in iiKHiiitaiiKHis reyunis ; luit lliey e(iin|>(iso iiii insiuiiilieant part of the I'aiina nl' tlie eastern part ot' our coiitineiU and are a linost wliolK unknown in Sontii Aiiiei We are not tlierel'ore surprised to find tliat not one ot' tlie ireiiera t'oiind in New l']iiLrlai)d is of peeiiliariy Aiiieriean oiiuin. all Keing also repre- sented in the Old World and on the I'aeilie coast ; in marked contrast to wlia t we have seen to lie the ease ainolii;' the Thei'lidi Tl o-n-s are of a \ cry di pn>.-ed. echinoiil shape, studded witii pnijec- tioiis connected hy delicate raised lines. They are laid siiiirly I he hirvae i'eeil upon herhaccoiis plants, principally upon liCLiiiininosae. rather than upon trees ami shnihs. as ihe ThiM'lidi : ihcy taper less than tlio>e of the other lironps. M ore iiiaii an y other Lycaeiiidi they are provided \\ itii an ahdoiiiinal sccretiiiii' vi'scicle and cariincles, attractiM' to ants which licconie tlu'ir conipanions. Kiiller di'tails will lie Liiveii iindi'r the species.* ^\'e>twood says "tl lint occasiona le ciirxsalis i- generally attached to the stems of plants ; ly thisslatt' is passed lieiieath the surface of the earth." I liiid no repetition >r verification of this latlerstatement ; |>erliaps it had its oriii'in in the t'act that sexcral iMiropcan species are known to half burrow thcin^t'hcs in the iri'oiiiid I'nr pupation, piolialdy the lictter to secure their ta^lciiiiiii's. The iiiscct> .-oniclinio hiliernate as chrysalids, hut oeeasion- liown in the perfect all\ as lar\ae or excii in tiie vj^is : luNcr so far as k state. ( )iir t'ew >pceies are \arialile in this respect, and perhaps represent all tlic.-e types. 'I'lie iiiiiulier of jreiieiatioiis is saiialile. some s[)ecies lic- in;i' siiiLi'le. sonic doiiMc. and one ot' ours e\cii triple lirooded. In one ot' our s|(e('ic>. polyniorphisin runs riot. < )n the other hand. I'aker reports one instance in which pupal lil'e in a I'.iiidpcan specie.- contimied for two veais ([•int. nionihl. mau'., xxii : I'd). T'll-li'. "f iirnrrK iif Ijj'-iii'i\i'li. I'li.fi'il (iH Ihe fjii. Kl:il nr ilfj'i'i >>i'il |Mutiiin uf ii|i|ii'i- -iirliirc s,':irci'ly li;ilf llic iliuini'liT (if tlic ciiu'. Ku'u' li'>> lliaii liiilt :is lii.'li us l>r<>:i lii'iiiLd. (^yaiiii'is. Kliil iir ili'ii: «>ii| iiiiriiiiii nf upiici- --iii'l'Mfi' iimit lli;in liiill' tin' ili;ujirli-i' uf tlio o.u'g..Riistloiis. (Niiiiiiihli'.* iiiil M'i'ii.) • "irr ii -lllilinaiy of llir spcrirs iiiwliicli criill^ prinloilliy iiir ill tlio I'l"'"'. Itii>l. llii'.c l«ii «iN III' Mr;;iiiinl iiliili>iiiiii:il |i:i| ilhii'. Two scrii'.- of Iciilii'Ics on racli siilc of lioilv aliovi' -iiii-iirlr^ Everos. Three .-ei'ie.i of lenlicle.i on iiicli .-iile of liody iiliovc >|iiraili'.« Cyililli'ls. A series of snnill lenliele* on the iilidoniina! seirnienl- in fi'oiil of tin- liilei-oilni>al |iii|iillac ItllStll-US. (Nojniacles not seen.) Tohle (if ijenera, litmud nn tin- nxihirc inii.rpiUnt: The onler niaririn of lh<' nurrow dorsal area of llie l)oil.v niarlved \i\ eoin|iaratlvely proininenl iii-lslli'>. Last seL'inent of body liroad and irreatly dejiressed Kvores. I,ast se!;nien; of liody eoniliaratlvelv sjemli'r and nioderalely depressed Cyailiris, Uody ciotheil everywhere w ith uniform pile, thi' speeial sulidt('ri( tlic Imsiil jninl ; Imniv iiniiier tlian llie iilnlnMn'ii. cdniiicwed (if iil>iint tidi'tv-two juinls. of wliieii tin; liisl iwi'lve form a depressed. I'ldnuiilc' clnli. tin- llrst tlui'e of w Ideli l)r(iayo, the apical jnint Iliree-iUllis as Imi;: as the pi'niillimale. ami prd\ Idi'd dnlv willi n'enndienl s<'ales ; other joints also furnished heneath with a eiirvinir frimte df \ery Innir, thick scales, all I'ldsrly cduipressed in ii vertical plane. I'alauia slenilcr. .■irclicd lunuilndinallv Imt scarci'ly Inmid. very sm;dl. ahont two and a half times hmuer than hrdad, tapiM'iiii; ;;railn.Mlly and ri'itularly. witli strai;ihl sides on t!ie hasal tun-thirds, heyond wliicli Ihev are iMpial. lieiit sliijhtly outward, so that 111- wliole Imii'r m ir'^rin is aliinit strai:;lit. and liluntly pdinleil. Kdre wiii:,'s 39 : '.'o - twd-ildrds as Idii'j: MLraiu as l.road, the eiid mMr:;in. the inner mariiin slraii;ht. the au'.'le rounded. Costal nerviire lermiiiMllnvr opposite tlie middle of tile outer half of the cell, eonllueiit for a part of the time with the lirsl superior siilicostal nervure; sulicosial nervure with three supe- rior hranehcs ; the lirst . ari •;ircely lieyond the middle of the llpp.'r inaririn of lliu cell, riiiis at llrst into i h.' eo-tal. is eompleteiy eonllueiit witii it for a siiort, distance, and then partiiiii ''lom it . ends on the iiiai'i:in opposite the apex of '.le cell; seeomi superior hraucli a, -isin;; at aliont. oue-fonrth the distance from tlie < .iifin of llie lirsl to tl le apex Wh I'll; and the lliird at a little more than half vv ly from the oritrin of the SI ml to llie apex of the ceil, forkiiiif liefore the middle; cross veins closini; the cell cxccedinifly faint and Ir.insverse, bent at a sliiiht aiiifle: cell scarcely half as loii^' as the wiim. ami three and oncdialf limes loiiiter than broad. Hind wiiiiis with the costal niaruiii well curved, more siroiiirly on the liasal than the apical half . the outer border simiiMly 1-1, nil, ii., I VI ry fnli mi the upper half, and per- haps rather more so in the J lliaii in the ^, the medio-siilimedian interspace very sli^iitly .ind roundly ciuarLriuatc. the lower median ilerviile furnished with n very slen- der, thread-like t,ail, considerably Immi'r than Ihe wiillli of the iuteispace.s at its base; inner maririu rather stroiii,dy convex near the base, beyond strai4{litly excised, tlio aui;le Mbrnpt but broad. Siibmediau nervure termiiiMtinLr at the Mual aiiL'le: internal nervure teniiiiialinir at mIioui the middle of the Inner liorder. .\udroconia rounded cin.adrate, the stem less than half as louit as the lainiua. Fore tibiae three-i|UMriers tlie leimlh (d' the hind tibiae; fore tarsi not so crowiicd with spiiii'« as on the oiln-r le;rs. .,e;ili'd lieiie;illi. tli ami imt ^o liiu:li for it- hrradlli : (•(pvi-rnl >villi iiumI- pi'ati'ly iinimini'iit ami mn cruwilril liilnTrlc-, ( nccttMl liy lliii' raited liiu't fciriiilni; MilM|iiaclrale "i' rlmiiihoiil celN. l>\it with im ■.iilmr.liiiati' inluTi'lcs. Iln' mli-i'iipUt' ii"! Mlllkcll. Caterpillar at birth. 'I'lio lirail i- a- broail a« lliu ImhIv oi liarilv nniinw im- iIi;iii llu' lli'-l tliiirai-ii- >i'i;iin'iil : frmital trimiulc larin'. iiioiv tliaii lialf a> liiuh a- lie ln^ad, in'ai'ly a> lu'oad at base a> lili;li. Hciily siibejlliidrle. seareel\ la|iei'iiiL' li'dii 'ii rimil back wan I. Ilielli>l eiiiisidernblv lai'srer than llie ullier llHifacic -ej:iiieiiN, fiifih (1 Willi ratlii'l' sliorler brJNtle-. Iliaii tlie I'e^l ol' llie bdd.v, few in niiiiibei- and reiiiiliii'ly ilN- |)i)>ed. 'I'lie (itluT seLrnients have reiinlarly di^|iii>ed apliendaue- a^ rullov*: — a >nb- ilorsal series of liiu;li papillae and lnim', taperinu hair-, a- hmii a- the whllli i>( the body, on tlio tlioraeie and llrsi el^lil abdominal >ei;Mient-. a lillle In advanei' of the middle; a lalerodorsal series "f small papillae u llh >horler hairs, on the sanic seii- nieiits, centrally situated ; a latero-ti^'malal >eries (d' liiirli papillae w itli eoniparallvely sliort triiiiciito (.but not. a- repre-eiit.d in 71 : .".elnblieil) bristles, mi the llrst si x abdomi- nal segments, two lo a segment, one anterior and a little lower with sliijlitly loiiitcr l)rislle. llie other posterior and liluher. 'I'liere i> al-o a -Indlar but loiiLier infralateral bri-lle. anteriorly placed, on tlie tliird liior.-ieie seiinieiil : and an inrr:i-tiirmiital -cries of loiiir hairs three lo a si'umenl. of whiidi one is central, on a biub papilla directly on the siib-tiitmalal fold, and the other- areoii lowi'r papillae, one a little lowi'r and anli'- rior. the third above it and posterior. 'I'here arc al-o -erics of liairle— leiiticles or aiinnllas follows : a snpralateral scric- on tlie ihor:ieii' and -l\tlito -cvciitli abdominal seirmciils, the former lame, tlie latlci' -mall ; a Literal series, larije on tlie tir-t eiitlit alidoininal se^rmonts. a small, infralateral one on tin fourth abdominal sei;inenl ami on all the seirnn-nls a small, snpra-tiitnialal scries and on tlie abdominal -cu;meiits a small. iiifrastiL'iiiatal series; tlii'-e last 1 have been unable to \eiify since iiiy notes were ni;iilei. Ml hair- and liri-llc- are microscopiciilly -piciilcd. Mature caterpillar. Ilcinl hardly more than om>-ieiith tliew idtli id' the body. IJoily loiimitndiii.'illy :irelied. niori' abruptly curved in front and behind, iiioie stronsily in front llian behind, lint in Hie middle with a narrow dors;il lli'ld and tci'liforiii sides, the iiiuisiires deeply enl. On mo-t of thr si-;r|,|,,||t- there i- !i siihdor-;il ^roiip of spicilliferoiis liairs. wliicli in tlie e;irlicr -ta;;e- ;irc -iiliei|ual. ion^'. creel and forward onrviii';. but biter are tiiieiiiial. ti -iiiiile louirer one enrv iiii: oiitw:ird. the -horlcr ones erect. The crateriform animii of thi' ilr-t -t;iu'e coiitiniie- ;it hva-l into tlic next ; full notes were not taken. The caterpillar ditler- froni IIkU id' Cytmiris in the •ireal breadth and llaliiess of the Last abdomiii;il -I'liiiicni and in the iimic Literal pii-ition of tile eariinclesof the eiu;htli abdominal -ci;-ment. Chrysalis. I.oni: and slender, nearly four time- a- Ion:.; :i- li. oad tlic -idc-. viewed from iibove. p;irallel and slrai;;lit from the ba-c ol' the win::- to lli.'ir tip. beyond which the abdonieti tapersa very little and end- In a ioiej; i-llipiic ciir\ e. \'icwi'd lat- orally, the iibdoinen is highest at the third ami foiirtii abdominal -e^nnent- and is very broiidlvand rcu;iilarly areheil: ami. aUlionuh not liij:li. the upper p;irt id' the iiintli seij;- luenl is perpend I en lar; tiMii-versely llieabiloiiieii i- rcirnhirly rounded, formiiii; pcrlnips a little more than a si'inicirclc; threi'-roiirth- of the tony;nc expo-cd. the inner edsii's of tlie lei;s restlii;; iinaiiist it; basal wiiiii pronilnenci> appiircntly alloitetlier ;il>-ent ; surface of the abdomen transversely, coarsely and Infreipicntly -triated. piirticiilarly on the hinder jiart of the sosinionts and with vc . di-l;int niiuutc wart-, perhap- \'t-'20 on the dorsnin of a siniile seirment. ^ivinii rise lo lonii. nearly cipnil, apically taper- init, pretty slender liair-. Similar hiiirsare found all over the thorax where they are slijrhtly lontter. The body, says Dr. Harris, i- -lisihtly contracted lateralis 'Kd'oi'e l\w iniddle, broad- est behind the luiddle. more olitn-e befori' than behind, ;uid the thorax project- -llithtly aliove. This gcmis is representctl l)y four or five s|n'(ics in tlic iiortlu'iii iioini- M m ■■'■ 1h- r-' 'fa M •m^ ?,^^ I 'is.' ' I 908 rilK ItlTTMItrhlKS OK NKW I.N'dl.AM). f|ili(n'. Dill' ill till' ( )l(l \Vt)rl(l. ami tlic oilu tm in tlu' Now, in liotli I'liiitinents I'Xti'hdinji' t'nnii ocean tn uccaii, tims cncirclinfj^ tlic jilolic ; its ikh'IIi'TII limit in imtli worlds is alioiit Lat. '*i7 ' ; in Anu'i'icii it cxtciids south to [^iit. 12'^ \. — almost to Sontli Aincrica. — wliilc in Kiiropc it only rcaciics Lat. '^'^, and in Asia almut KvcdcM^rccs t'lirtlit r. to Kasdimirand nortlicni Cliina. lU-sidcs wliicli tlic u't'nns i'cM|)|icars in India and the Malayan ai'diipclago, wlicrc scvi-ral species arc found. 'I'lic transtorinatioiiB of Hcvcnil «|)('cief are known ; one Ainci-icii'i t'oi'in is found lliroimlioiit New Knii'land. 'I'lic l)iitteiHics ina\ lie y the presence of a thread-like tail at the tip of the lowest median ncr\ulc of the hind \vinM;s: on the upper surface the wings arc violet in tlie male, dark hi'owii sutliised on the disc with the male colors in the female. Hcncath tiiey arc \i'ry jialc brown with taint niaruinal markings ii\cr most ot' the outer hordi'i' ; these markiiiirs on the hind wings are intensified in the median interspaces t'orming. especially -pot snrmoui ted I IV a on ill the lower one. a hlackish irht lunule : then- is also an extra-mesial scries of hlackish spots or dashes, nearly straight on tlii' fore wings, strongly tortuous on the hind, licsidcs a transverse dash at the tip of the cell and on the hind winu'.- Th itterlli are mpic of round spots near the liasc. iiolvji-oneutie, the iialeouH'an and iirohahlv llu' nei gean species hihi'rnating in curled leaves an full grown caterpillars and transforming to ciirysalids in May, ahout a forttiight liefore the first hrood of liiittcrtlies appears. The lOuropean huttcrtly, accoreen found on Lotus. Aiithx Mis. Medi 'irifolinm. I'isum and Onol)r\(l IIS iiKl even on iil laninus iliilc ours are known to i'vvd L n' (k I'liaseolus, Desinodinm. (Jahictia, Tritoliuni and Astragalus. The eater- pillars of the Kuropoan species are know n to hnrc the husks and devour tl ic peas o f r isiim : and an e I'litirt'lv similar liahit has hccn di icovcred in iiic ot' the Californian sjiccics hy Messrs. \\'riglit and Jliley, the latter oi" that l^veres ainyntula "lives within the pod of Astraga- wlioni writes me Ills leucopsis. fre(pieiitly in connection with a noctiiid and a ciirculionid larva and always leaves the pod to pii|)ati'. While it feeds normally upon the vouiijr and tender seeds, it also si sliows ([Uite a carnivorous projicnsity and will eat its associates just mentioned when they are not too acti\o or lar; I'lie caterpillars are elliptical in form, flatter and more elongated tlian in Cyaniris, with a flatter terminal segment, of a greenish col dark dorsal stripe and many ohliipie lateral lines. or, witli n til f ; ■ ,' * "■ ,i m TiiK i,i:N<;rii ok i.mk <>k i-.n ikim i.ii: 909 Tile clirssiilids ;n(' Inn;." mil .'•li nilt'i'i'i' lliMii III <'\:iniri>. iiciii'r iicarlv f'oiii' tinic" loiiLTt'i' tliiiii lii'i' III, tlii'iiliildnirii liiii .>li;.r|itly iiiurc cIcMittd tliiiii till' tlionix. iind till' wiioli Imiiy coMTcd with ion;: (li>Iiiii! iiiiii.- Iiv wliicli tlirv iiiiiv rciidily ]><• di^tiii^'iii>lird ; in iidnr tliiv if.M iidilr tlif rati r|iilliiiw, Ul' HIT ( iiirkiT and f^iiottcd \> itii liliick. /•;A•^•ry^^x'^ xxsii. lkshtii df i.ii'k i.\ ncTTi:i!r/,iEs. Vhitnr liiiiiiiliif: ■'Itiiviil ill inii-jilf aml^iplil nnd red, lilitiM l\ Mll'l lilllrlv l<> IIIkI ll'n, Willi l(fl«cl'» llir lll> r\ «illi.' «lill :i-lll(PH . KImIIIII llirnllvll llli' lillr IHH'M ; r.iii till' >li'>ii iiihl Ilir ;irr III! my \v;iy; \\li;il i- tlir \.\\\\ III' "iirriiw '; r.lillii- .III ilii- u ill:: w itii tluucr- fur rv>l, llilhii- iiml ilillliir :i- liki- iiir Ih-I ; I III >lii' Jii> III' till' uliili'! .Miiiiili > ;iri' iiKiliy tu >i:i>k iiml In jilliy, rill' iMi til i- uliiil ami till' liliir -kii'«'>iiiilc; Miiiiitr" ill:; I - far I'ill tu-imirriiw." Ai(ii>ix \Vi:ii«ii:i:.- '//ii Hull, rilij. Al'liKMANs arc t'i'('i|ii('ii!ly askcil liow iuiii;- luitintlii* li\c. liy tliis i(< iri'iiiTiillv liitaiit wliat is tlic Icli^itli of lili' nf lite iiiiillirc iliM'Ct. Af in HciuTiillv kiiiiwii. carii sjit'cio pasMs tliriiiit;li diic r\clc ut' it,- (xistfiiri' (iiicf a year, tiiiiiiji'li it very tVcijiiciitiy lia|i|iriis tliat Iw u, tlircc. cir cxcn niiirc iftMici'iitimit* .sucrccd diic aimtlifr diiiiii^i' a -iiiulc m asuii. and it luss lii'i'ii sii|i|i(iscd (tliciujxii iii'MT |iru\tii) tu III- till' (M-r witii Miiuc liiat two or more years arc rr(|nir(Ml tur this cycli' : as !,■, kimwii to lie tnic of sonic otlicr iii-i'cts. !)iit witli rci:aiil to tlic IciiLilli of liic i,f tiic laittcrtly itself, tlici'c is not a little \ari( ty : wlieii tlic disii|i|ii'araiice ol' a L:i\eii luittcrtly is in eonse(|iicnce of' the a|i|iroacliiiii;' cold season it may well lie and often is the case that the Imtteitly has nici'cly Limie into winter (|niirters to ajiiicar auaiii on tju' win^' the cii-iiin;^' >|iriii,u. In ciise> like these, the duration of life of a hnttcrtly may lie as hnii.!- as i iyht or nine iiionihs or c\'cn more, tor there arc liiheinatin^i' Imttcitliis which cmciLic from the chrysalis liy the liciiinnin^r of Anuiist or even in -Inly. Init which do not ;;o into winter (|narti'r» until Septcmlier, Octoher or c\cii NoM'mlier, thi'ii apiioar a^jain the next season as soon as advanein;;' sjiriiiiL;- lias Iicmimi t(i make itself felt, and eontimie upon the win^i sometimes tliron;;h .lime, 8iinietinie.s even into ,lnly. It is im|io>sil)K' to »ay certainU' wlictlu'r or not the indi\ idiials Hyin^i' latest in the s|iiinii- niimher ainoni:' them any which were earliest to escape from the clirysidis in the picccdiii^r season. But xctting aside the chances of capliire liy their enemies, llicrc is no reason to lielievc it impossihle. jiiid that they may >pciiil and prohalilv in niiiny instances do spend fidly ten months of the yetir in ilie winged con- dition. This conclusion may he reaclu'd also in another wtiy. We may add toifcther the ordinary life period of the egg. the time it takes thecaterpil- i ' :-; • in-; Iffl 9J0 Till-; ItLTTKUKI.lliS OF NKW l,N(H.ANI> .-.^ r iir tit rt'ufli iii;itiiril\'. !ini 1 til I' il i)t' tilt' el irv>iili,s mill III IIh'hc llilx lltlML liiittcrllir.o we mIiiiII tmitK I'iikI tlitil iIii'M' >Iiii'r,-i luifctlicr i)<-i-U|i\ on the MvtM'iip' iiiDi'i' tliiin two ininilli!' 'I'll iiiiiiillis inii^t tlurcrui'i' III' till' ;iM'i'iii:r tii|M lit ii|iiiii llir>\iii r i'('iii!iiiiin' Miiiiy iiiiiy li\i' I'li'M'ii iiii)iitli> or cM'ii tw(|\ (• s('ciii> |)i'cilpii Ml'. I'l tcrlU' iiiiiv I'liiiiiiiiii' til Ic llic tiiili' Mi'trl' till' first ('"■••> iin- liiii- liiid. I'sifOfiiillv ill till' r.'isi' lit' lliiiM' wliii'li liiy Init cnic :il ii liiiii', wlirir llir(';ij;H ilii nut iii'\t'lii|i ill liu' iiMii'ii's ;it iiiifc. lull slinviv iinii iiy (Ir^ii'ccs, iiiiil sn ill'!' (lt'|in>iti'il ill .-lli'i r>sici|i iiNir :i ciilisiilcriililr |irliiii| nt' lime. ill ;ill 11 rl it'll' ill till' ( ';lli;i(li;ill l'!lilci|iiii|ii;^i>t nil this .-lllijri't. Mr. \\ . 11. Kil\v;iriU liiis |;ili(iiril tci >lii>\v tliMl i-'j;'^" hit .'iliiinst iii\;ii'iiilil\ Itiiil liy lnil- ti'i'llii's tr(':*li tViiiii till' I'lirx s.'ilis. mill tliiit llic Imtti'itU ilir> mmhi utter tlu' I iviiiij: I >)' tl I' {■ii'Jy This pi'iiM's i|iiiti' too iiiiii'li, tor it' it wen liiiltri'llv wiiiild liiiiilK IIn iiiinc llimi a wirk. Tliiil iirc ut'li'i liiid li lllltllTliil'S SOKII nt'tlT • lull I'l'uiii tile rlirys.ilis i« I II liililitli ii r< true lull tliiii' ail' i|iiih' as many rasi-s, wIiitc cjijr laying;' is ili'layiil lur a (•iiii.- ut' liiiir itlii's will -Imw that it is raifly tlii' I'asf lliat all ihc I'^i'^'s laiil f\cii witiiin t\Mi ui- ihiTi' ila\s of each uilu'r. Imt that tlicx' niiituro liv ili'ifri'cs tuu sluwlv t ur -iir rajiiil u\ i|iusitiuii. ill which the i'^m-.n arc laiil in in!i Thi'i'i.' aiT ut' I'uiii'tic \\li('ii a i;riiili'r nnnilu'r arc laiil ill a siniilc ilav. Imt the rases are tar mure niimeruiih where ('"■"■ lav- iil;' I- eiiiiiiniieil u\er many ilays. and sunietiiiie.- |iriiiialily over sevi'ra ill il weel II IS 1)U- -ihle that llie dnraliiiii ut' the lil'e t>i' luitterflies is i:reater in the iiur th tl lan in tiie south .\- une a|(|)ruaehes ihe tru|iies. iiiseeli\ uroiif hird- and utiier creatures an- far mure destriieti\e ul' Iniltertly life tliiii with us, and the elianee ui' luii^ life ii|)iiii the wiiii;- must lie j^reatly less- oiii'd with the n miieruiis lialiilities tu disaster which Tl •M'rtake the p im th liiitlertly ill the warmer rej^ioiis. lliere may e\eii lie a (lilterenee in tins respeet lietween ilistiiets so -.ir r each other as West N'irLrinia and New Kniilaiid. For certainly my own experience uf the uM-rlappim,'' ut liroods of diilereiit liiitterHies as seen liv me in New Hiiifland is verv dirt'oront from that reported liy Mr. Kdward.s in West \'ir^niii;i. and iiiasinueh as these hruod luiiuw eae wi th us. the diirereii h i>th tliercl with irroater rauiditv in iririnia than till ly exaii<;ci'a ted. u jndia' from the .statistics that I have culleeted t'rom uhstM" vat ions made in the field hutli hy myself and luimeroius correspondents, I am in- clined to think that, in the case of thi).sc hiittertlies which are horn and die the same season, the average length uf life of the mass of them, that is, omitting mention of those which, cutoff early, come to an untimely end, to he nut far from four to five weeks, varying in different sjiecies from three to si.\ or seven. Of course it is impossihle to arrive at any very ac- I I.V< AKMN VK: i;Vi;i!i;s (UMVNIAS. nil ciiniti' tlclcriiiiiiiiliiin ret: iipccics we iidin;.' tlii". "iiicc in ilic cii.-ir ot' imy piirtirnliir arc iililijitd I" liii«i' iiiir ('(iii(lii>iciii> nii iili«ci'\ nliipir" ol' I lie linn.-' wlu'ii till' I'.'irru'Mt liiitti iIIk'.x ui'it Mill, will II ilii \ lici'Miiii- iiii>>t Mliiiiiiliinl , uIh'II iIic iiiiiiiIici'^ |ii'n'i'|iiilily iliniiiii.|iri'iiiM'nH licciiinc nlil ami wuni. and w lifii llii' la.-t were seen. It i> |iailii'iiliul_v (litliriilt ti> iliciiic ii|i(pn tlic avcraiic ape nt' inili\ idnal-. whin, a- is nut intV('(|iii'ntly tlic case, a lirDiiiJ nl' Imllrilliis i< an;^iiiinliil li\ i^iiiiliial arirctiun* tiir a \'>t\'^ licrinil III' lime, liiri'i'. linir ni' IIm' vmi k-. It i* ii;:ain ilitliiiill in llir lasr lint a IrW lit' tin 111, iiki' Millir nt' nlir I- nf lliiisi' iinttcillii ■•. anil llnn' Ai'u'x nniili. wliirli a|i|irar U|iiin llir wini;- in iiiii|-«iiiniii IT, rcfciNf a -IK ili'ii ai'i'rs.^iiiii til till II' iiiiniiiri's a niinith i>r iwn aliir tlir ail\riit ui tlit oai'liot anil tin'ii niiK lui^iii t Iv ll tl irir cifi;'^ I. lur line, ran lianllv lii'iii \c tlial ail lin>i' lailii-l iii(li\ iiliial> |p(ri>li luliiri' tlir xiiMiii I'm' r'^'^ iviiil;', unit tl Mil lliink I'riiiii llir lunilition ut >|iriMiiiiii>, wm-r anil wursc IH the scaMili |ii'iiurc>si that Miini' III' the i ai'!l('>t MM' tu tlir la>t anil ai'c u|ii>n till' winy' Minictinirs I'm' twn ami tliii'c iiiiintli> nt'ilii' ytar. •,• ^'l-'' II li;l|il'nMI llli- -llKjril \i\ \\ . II. |:.|\\;lliU II Mil. illl., siii ; lill.'i-l l|. nt' EVERES COMYNTAS.-The tailed blue. ['I'lii' lrii«l hlilf i.lllli rllv ( A1pI...1i; I .iiinii|;i, l.iilIiTllv i Il;iii i- I ; liiiliilMili' (SrinMiT).] I'filiffiKIIKttiiK nniiinilita liiiil.. Kiifvrl. i'liiiiih} <■!,), niiiliis Kji'li., Syii. riiMil. I.ip., iiu'lli.. Ix : m*. (iim (|N|!IK— D'Trliiiii. Ciiii. :i.')ii ( IsTli. mil., \: 'Jill (ismi);— Miirr., Syii. I.i'|p, N. I'hl,, ins Ci.in;iiilii> \\\\\i.. •^su. i"M:\\.\x\<., Aiiiri-., S! ( In;-Ji:— lliin-.. Iii>. inj vi';:., :!.! i:.'i:! ( isTi ). I'll.. 'JT.") (IMil'l; Km run'rs|p., 'JT.'l ( ISIBIi. Ar-jiis ciiKOJiiliiH HuiMl.-l.rC.. I,i'|i. .Viiii'i'. sopt.. I'Ja-fJI. pl. ;li!, iii.'«. i:-if (ls:l:l), I.ilf'iiiitl cniiiiKtiiis Dmilil.. List l,ip. Itril. imi^.. II: l.'t-ll nsiT);— i;,hv., Ciiii. int.. vill : 202-'.'a,-) (ISTi;);— Miilill., |!,.|,. ins. III.. xMl.VlH! (ls.si);—Ki'ni. ,111111,. Mr. !i;(-!i,''..ii-.;;-j (|NS4):_ Kiviiili, Hull. I'iisl. r. '<.,iii'.'-'.'iit.iL',s| (l.v^r.i: I'.rin X riiiiifiiili's Sriiilil,, !Sy>l. rrv. Amor. liiill.. .'t."! i|s7'J>; liiill,, lltii, I.VJ. .'ins. IL-. lo.'! (l^Mj. I'li/'ilin AMi„ lH'iiw. ins, (lii., Mrit. .Mils,, \'\i; 'iM. lull. •ii-'(,r:\. ISINI). I'"i,i.'ariil iiImi liy .Milmt. I>r;nv. Ins. tin., Ilrlllli'l II., iliist. SIM'. ll;ll. Illst. Id:— (illiMT, 111. .\. A. I.cp., pi. y, Hl'.:!: pLli. li'.'. 11 : pl.'Jil, -Jiiiyii., Iliitl. .N. K.. IIP. pi, .'i. 111.'-. ,'iij. ."iO;i 111;-. :l; pi. iT. Iii:s. li. !i. Hi'-; pi, -.'s. iIl's. !i, 11; Yj' n-! (ISWi). pi. K. li,:.'. 7. iiii'il. . . . Sylplir iii'Tiin, si «p!i'niliilr, i\ si li'stc, (Jul -I'liiMail Mi|li;.'ri 111 \iii;;l liril.v a III I'uis. I'iPMMIl It.- I.I I'(i/ii!liiii-l;'siiiiir. .Mini- ryi« liavi ,lraun lliy slnipr,.. . Vrt ryi s ilijs ruiiiiiiii.' uaiil 111 L'l'ipri' llirlr art; 'I'liiy iliaw I. at what Iliry scr, kimw nut Uii' lii'iirt. sn.\Kr.sri:.vi!K..— .S''//(«ef. Imago (6 : '.I, III ; 14 : 2). Iloail cipvi'iril w illi liliick sc'iiU'.s with a ilistiiirt bonier of \vliiti' nroiiiiil tlif wlinli' oyiM'xt'i'ptiii^ nrxl tlir anii'iiiiiic niul just hcliiiul tliciii ; the ciliriiii;. Iiowi'vi'r, is cirried aloiiij tlir iiiiirr siili' of tlu' aiiti'iiiiai' niiil there arc a very few white seales on the outer |iiirtiiiii of the liasal auteiiiial joint; lower half of the .siiles wholly while; liasul ami niiihlle Joint of the pal |ii while, the latter wholly lihiekisli brown above ami on the apieal fourth of the miter siile ; a|iieal joint lilaekish lirown, .^^^T", i)12 liii'. Ill ri'i:i;ii,ii;s oi n'kw kncland. rf' 'il ii till' \lM(li'l" •'lll'fai'f mid tlir lip wliilc; illilriiii:ii' lihirkisli. ailllllllltoil 111 Uic li.'lM' of oacll joint Willi wliito. iiiiu'li llic hfninli-l on ilir ninlci- iniiir >in!'!ii'c wlii-rr II Dl'tcn stri'U'lii's ovr fully liall' d' ilif ji nl ; lli lirowii. nl'lin Willi a I'lir- plish liii^f. Ilic apical llii'i'f I'T I'l'iir ji'iiiu (liri\ «lii(c ; hi'li^w dull lii(i\vi\i>li vcllciw , ashy lownni tlic l)a--i' and -duu'liiur^ alnni;- ilic iniddlc lini'. ■runirur palcdirly luiccu^. 'I'liorax ciivcriMl alinvrwiili lilarl!i lirnwn liaii-.uvi'i'laid prol'iiMly Mitli hoary lilnc hail's I jf ) or inori' >pariiii;l\ uilli pale lirowu hair.> (9 '■ '!"' slu'iildci' i'om-is niili bhicUisli hnnvii sralo' iNlyfiii. i^picially cxli'i-nally . with paU' >cak'^ and. in llic ^ . over- laid by bluish hair-: licnoalh whili' wilh a faint urayisli ycUow \va«li ; Icirs -ilvcry w'liili', scarcely spi-ckfd wilh lilacl;isli. tin- lia>e id' the tarsal joinis heavily iiiarl%e(l above with lilacki-li Im'ou 11. lea-l -o on ihe iiasal joini. 'Pip of llie spurs reddish; spiiii's black, daw.- b'^iiihi ii--iaceoii- \Vin:;s abov vj either of a ilark lu-lioii> purplish viidel. the onler biu'(ler< f fore viim- to the width id' an interspace, bill generally willi lis iiilerlor limit ill-di'liued and ihe costal inary;iii of the hind winifs rich dark brown, tlie nervnles. especially in the outer half of both wiii^-, nioro or less du-k\ ami imrea-iunly so toward Ihe bonier \ J ) : or iieariy uniform rich dark lii-lroii- brown, the middle of the winit- \\llhaii indi-liuet ruddy hue ($ I. /•"'icc ('•/),;/.>■ with Ihe coslal edije whili', llic tip of the cell marked transversely witli an iibsciire brownish dash, imiisliiicl of course In the 9- l''i'iiis<' with the basal half dark brown, more distlmMly -o aloiii; the outer half nf the base. mi.\ed with while ne.\t tin' ba-e, the ouier lialf silvi^ry white, lliii'l "•('»;/.<.■ the oilier inariiiii ill Hie (^ id'teii ha- a dark border a- in Ihe fore winns, and in bntli sexe- ha- also 111 iicueral the followinir markiii;:-. which are -oiiii'linie- partially or wholly ob-o- Ifte : in eacli of Ihe inediau inler-pai-e- a icmnd black spot, id'leii iiiary;iiiud externally ^vlth blue, and separated from the outer bordi'r by only a uarnpw black space ami .siiriuouuted by a larire oraiijfi' liiuule: in tlie iiiedio-siibnnMliiin interspace a transverse black spot similarly siiiiated, inaritiued exteriorly, and scvmctinie- interiorly, but often faintly, with a lino of blue atoms : black spots similar to iho-e of the median Interspaces also oftoii occur in tlit lower subcostal ami siibeosto-inediau inier-paees. but. If mar- Joined at all, oily with blue: the tail is black with a while friiiiie. Kriiiae while wilh a pale dusky line before tin' middle; at the iiervure tips dusky on tlie ba-al halt. Ueneath nearly uiiiforin pale steel or siitin -jray. a sliade duskier toward the ape\ f -ilx dark brown spot- al-o encircled narrowly with white, siibparallel to the outer bordor, Olio 111 the inodlo-subinodlau Interspaco. and one In each of llio the sui'eecdiiiif Interspaces aliove it ; tho-e in the lower subcostal and subcosto-inedlan iiUersp.nci's are roiii(.\ed fartlier oul\vard tliaii the others by their own width: tlie upper ones are transversely oval : that in the lower mediiin liiterspiiei' siibircceuliform. a little diago- nal, tlio lowest tiMii-versely liuejir; the outer niar:;in is narrowly dark brown, followed inwardly by :'.ii ecimiily narrow but ob-enre ed^inu of pale or dull white, most distinct In the Interspaces; this a^aiii I- followed by pretty hiruc. transverse, o\al. cloudy spots, and those at a sllirht distance. or;il about an Interspai-e's tlistanco from the mariiin. by a similar series of darker curved bars, opeiiini; outwards, more distinct and broader below, rrliiiie white with a dusky line tlirouirh tlio middle, lliml irinijs with a small round black spot encircled with pale in the iiiiddli' of the co>t.i-subco-lat inlerspnce, Just beyond the llrst divaricalliui of the siibi ulal, ami another in the niidille of iho lower luilf of the c(dl. jn-l beyond Ihe llr-l divarication of the median ; the outer limit of the cell is marked by a liiU' of pale brovMi scales. edy;cd witli Dale, and there is an Irromilar oxtra-inesial row of roiindlsh or transverse oval, blackish or blackish brown sprts encircled with whitish: one i- found In the losto-siibcoslal Interspace midway bctwooii tlio spot fonno'-ly mentioned and tlio outer border of the middle of the Inter- space; a second just below it in the eedlntr Interspace; the next two are nearer the inarfiln. one below the other in the lower siilicosial and subeo-to-iiiedlan inter- spaces, boiiiir more than midway frimi the tip of tli 11 to the oii'er biu-der; oiieiii the t I.VCAKMNAK. KVRIiKS (•(»MYNrA> HI 3 lower nifiliaii i> ill lii'okt'ii idiiliiHintion iif tlic >lrcak ill ii|"'\ of ihc I'cll. :iii(l lli:il in tlic liiti'i'iiiil inli'i>|>a('(' i« ilii'i'i'lly liclciw It : uliilc tlinl of tlic ii|)pi'r iiicirniii and llio ilonbli' ciiu' I till' nn'(lii>-*iil>ini'cliai\ nri' paialliO in llniii ami niiilwav hctwiMMi llicin ami n pafalli'l liiu' ilrawii from tin' s|»il In the siil)i'i»t()-im' aKo il Miiall hlac'kl-ih spot on tlic liim'f l>or li'r. iniihvay liclwi't'ii the \y.\sr ainl tli<' spot in llic intornal intcrspai'i \\h inter Imrder is eili;eil witli hlaeki-li as in llic I'ore wimr, darkest below and I'ollowi'd a^ tlnre liv a paler space; next follows a ti-aiisvcrsc series f)f variahlccliarai'tcr : in the sniicostal and siil>costo-im'dlaii interspaces a ret rails versely siilioval lilaekisli brown -pots ; in tlie median inter-prices are roundUli velvety black spots. eilL'ed with i;li-leninii pale bbii or opalcx-cni scab-, parlli-nlarly within: in the iiiedio-sniiniediaM interspace is a thread i>( black scales occasionally eidivencd with opalescent ; follow iiiL' this series but removed sli^litly fnnii il. exceptiiii; in the int'diaii Interspace' IS a series ( f -p'lis, abovi' tile median liitcrspaccs. similar to ihose isto-niedlan interspace is they .'ire l.'ir;;-!' and very broail. deep oraii:;i' cre-<'i'nt- <'ap|tiii : the opalesei'iit rim id' the black spots, and tlieiii- nf the siil)inari;liial mw, cxceplinir that the one in tin frc'inentlv liniicd wiih oraiiire; in tli -iiIk riedian inli'rpac selves cdiied within to a iircati'r or le^ extent with black scales; in the niedlo- silbiiiedhiii Is a tr.'insver-e. broken bl.'ick line soniet line- enlai'i''iinr to a spot, enlivened bv dull oraiiii 'ale l:lil w lille w itii white frini Kriiiifi' .MiiliHiien above blacki-h brown with a few bliil-h hiiir- near the bi 111 I'ore w iii'.is. Use; below w liite. Ipper or^;in of nialeappendai; (34: L>i'..L': 1 cry short the sides produced ti'ianirnlarly behind .'Mill curved downward, till' l.'iter:il :irins very -lender and -tnniLdv recnrved. ilea-lll'i'llll'llis II 1 iiiilli MAI.! i.cii'.dli iif tiiiiv;ne, l> iinn. Smallest. '.I..'! J.7.-1 •j.'jr> 1.73 1 A M'ra^'i-. Kai-;.'e.«l I.i'll-lll of f.iie Willi: anli'iiiiMe hind libliie and tarsi . fiire libiae iiiid t;il'si . III.'A- li. ii.ll 2.3 I.-I.2.-) ".•J.") H.S KI-\MAI,I';.S. Smallest. .\verat'o.'I,iirgost. 1(1. •-'.5 1.M .•|.;j.-i ■2.85 I,-). ;(!7.-i Accessary sexual peculiarities Sc'iltered upon the iijiper surface of the wiiiirs. ap|);iri'iilly with no leunlarity nor selectii'ii of place, are androconia of the niirnial battledore slnipe (46::'.l <■ the lamina with ei|iial sides, broadly rounded apex, scarcely li>li;ri'r than broiid ;ilid slndded with about llfteen closely crowded rows of liead-liko dots iirr.'iiiiicd loiiiiitiidimdly and rcyiibirly ; stem les- lh;iii half a- loii^ as the lainiim. exjiaiidini: irradiially as It joins it. 'I'liey are iiiiuli sni.'illcr Ih.'iii the ordin;iry scales, avi'r;i:.'iiiir aliout .ims mm. in breadth. Egg'65:L'oi, Surface covered iiniformly both abciM' and on the -ide- with raised rounded liiillion- point-, hii.''ier on t.lie -ides th.'iii on top. ;ii'i';iiiired in tolerably re,mi.ar obliiine row-.;ui'l ;ivei';iLiinn- ."I inm In dl-tiice iip.irt ; tlie-" are connected by line rai-eil ridjics of mncli le-- elcv.'ition forming' toler.ibly rcirnlar cells, the snrface of which is delieiitely punctate. ( 'olor delicate pea ureeii.tlie elev.'ited portion- white. Toward the inicropyle , 68 ; ."i. I-I the tubercles beeoine -mailer and closer and are more irrei.:ii;:ii'ly idaced ;iiid tl.c cells of I'onrs, bei .nne smaller and often pi'iil.i^:onal. Tlie inleropjiic sjiacc i- sharply bounded by an ii; xiilato perlpliory. is ,'ibont dl mm. In diameler. arreeiier in color, with ;i tracery similar to that of tin- iieiuhborlnj: parts but still -iimUci' 111(1.1 more dclniite. the cells avei'auiiii;- aiioiii ol mm. In diameter, (inil only the outer olie- pntietiite. lUiimeter of eu'j. .."i mm.; heiiihl. .22 mm. ; lieJLrht of tubercle-. (12 mm. Caterpillar. Fifsi shi.,, Ilciid (79 : :lili black, nearly as bro;id as body. liody pale irrcen. siibey lindcW'nl. \\>-»t\y oipial. I.ejrs Inteons. l.enuitli. .T.'i iniii. Tliiril niiiij' . lie:Ki ti'M. pic<-ous. deeply and narrowly cleft ;it the crow ii. smooth with a very fe.\ rather bmsirand ixlrenicly delicati' hairs. Hody rusty brown in short lonKitnilliial patches. oil)t."l with pallid yellow, with a darker dorsal stripe initwardly edfii'd with dull, pallid yerK/w the lower portion of the sides with a series of darker obliipie stripe- foriniiii;a l>ri) iiiid tlic siiU-M tinned witli .ri'i-iciiiis Ir. in I'n' iiiimiToiis dusky riiim'd aiiMiili :iiid p:i|Mll:U'. t'nniiiflcs of riijiilli !ilidiiiiiiii!il -ciiiiii'iit \ lli'st, iioliccd in tlilrd slajti'') pallid. Ilic spicules oraiiae or |>nU' salinini; wln'ii at irst tliry arc mil wlmlly « itiidrawii Iml Imik liki' llcsliy cups with I'orniitalcd cdircs and arc a lillli'iiiorc llian .1 inin. in dianicicr; iniilway lictwccn spli'acli's of same sc^niciit is a lonir. creel, laperiiiii. straiiriii. spiciilifiToiis. needle- like spine of a iln-ky color ■•Mid alioiit as lontf a* ilie liin:,'csi liairs. 'I'liere i» also a broad, tiaiisverse iMcfl liclwceii the spiracles of liie scvenlli alidoniinalscifineiit. .iccii- pyiiit; al le:i>l a lldrd of llie space lielwei'ii lliespiracio l,iisl shii/i- I 75 : :'.7. II). Head (,79 : ^if* i piceoiis ; lalirniii palliil al liasc. beyond dark easlanei'ons Inniile* -eparati'd from e.aeli other by their own width, the convexity iipwarcl, I'aeh upper liinnle of (me -icitiMent also formiiii; with the lower liimile of the next siie- c.'odin;r segment an inlernipted obliipie line altcriiatiii.!; witli a series of olilhuie pale ';iK's. Whole body, luiw ■cii the -.tiyrmata and the dorsal sHipc .iiiil ispecially at the vines id' tile laller. Iicspriiikled witli pallid stellate papillae, each beariiii; a short brown >piciiliferons hair and with black, stellate, papillate points lieariiii; a shorter brown spiciilifcroiis hair I.e^s i;rccii. witli loii^j; ca-.taiieoiis daw: proleirs ::i n. Lenirtli. '.'i mm : breadth. - ."i mm. Chrysalis i84 I '2. i; Tale nrecii. the alidomen brownisli yellow, the thorax" and uiinr> di-laiiily and iiinmtely >potted with blackish fnscons ; wiims willi about three narrow, bnisiitndinal. iilackish bands, obi h pie with respect to the body, exlendiiij; from below upward and bii' kward;a blackish dorsal stripe iiiternipleil on the abdomi- nal sejrmenls; sMpr:i~lii;Mi Hal s.'rii >f ratiii'r siiorl. oliliiiiu'. blackish dasln the abilominal ^eiinienl- 1.1 itndinal dash in il> itmnalion Iilackish; spiraeb's Inleons. I.eiiirtli. 7.'J."i mm.; breadth at abdomen, l.r.'i mm ; leimth of thorai'ic liairs. r. mm. : length cd' !ilidoiMinal hairs. .."i mm ; lieiL'lil ai .■ibn-oien. l.."i niiii. .v'iV Distribution 1 24 : Tliis ti (l-t:iilt(l and >iiiMlli'>t of New Hliej- liitid lilii('>* is tlic most uiih'ly (lisiriliiilcd. nut ntdy (iccii|i\ iiio llic t'lill extent lit' uiif Alli'o'liaiiiuii mid ('iirii|'mi;iii t'nmia.i. Iml (icciiiriiio' Imtli iiortli and siiiitli of tlii'iii and c.xii ndiiio- fium llic .\thiiitic tn tlic K'ockv .Mittiii- taiii8 iiiid ill tilt' iMi'tli lo tilt' I'acihc. It iia^ licin fniiin 1 Ms f:i rtli an '•ari'tie Anii'rii'n" [(iicat Slave Lake'r] ( K. I'l. Ko.-s. I?rit. .Mti,". ). Devil's I'urla.ov. Liard K'iver. Lat. :>!>' 2.V N.. L.mo-. li'C' 111' W. ( Me( •..niu'll) iUli I til mill of ilic >n .kiil.'l u'waii l\i\('r ( Sciiddcr ) . altlioiioh ili,. onlv ulluT poini- iiortli of tin- I iiitcil .Stales t'ndii wliieli it is repoi'ted are ell as I)iil)'('i'in and Wdndy Moimtaiii (Dawfim), nearer tl liiiiiiiilar\ Liiiidon. ()iit., w Iwre it i< ••nut vi'ry eiuiiiiiiiir' ( Satiiidei's ) , ()ita\vii. a single s|ii'eiiiii'ti i i'letelnr). Clialcaiioiiay Hasiti (.lack). :iiid Muntreal rare (l)l- I. V man i . ."'•'uiitlivN an I it oceiir,'^ nut oiiK a.-i tar s\>* tlie (iiiU' of .Me.\iei» — .\|ialailiicida, I'"la. ( ( 'lia|imaii ) . Alalnima ((in.s.si>), Imt oven in Central Ameriea — Niearafrnii and Ildiidiiriit^ ( I'uit. Mils. ). sontli- I.VCAKMNAF,: KVKUKS CO.M YNTAS. !)15 cm Mcxii'o, (iiiati'iiiiilii uiiil ( 'o.'^tn K'icii ((iii(liii:ui ;ii)il SaUin)- \\ c^t- (I it ex t('llll!i s in ahiinilaiK')' to Ihc ecu It nil pari (il tl If (■(intinciit, — W iiisiii ( < 'liainltiTlin. Ilov). Iowa (Allen. Austin. ().-li(irn. I'aikci'), Mit:eiU'rallv either on one side of tlie liase of the leaf-^talk> oi- some ere\ iee or in the axiU ot tucked in lietwi'cn the Hov hiid s in the I eavc.' Mr. Kdwards savs thev IV on eh (lossoins anil Ivmm's I I, II. >l>l: lined e^Tii's from coii- Hneil t'einales wiiicli wi .1 i:il on the tender terminal leaves o f l)e: mo- ll ••(h ited epositeil on tlu.' voiiiiii leaves anil on li k diiiin of el. Food plaats. The .'at.'rpillar tec. Is upon v; th.'ll ower. ■ts of the head Tl le eijii;s lia t.'li in from three and :i half to four dav.' n" iiiv r. -[leileza I'apitala, lliaseolus per .•'iiniinoiis p csmodiiim iiiarv hints lan.li jum, ii[w cios .it (iahictia and clover, It is. IX .1 saiil to {\'vt\ .ni red-root (.\hlmt) till' ra;.'-weed (.Varon) whatever they may I"'. I do not tiiul iiny I etrnmin' lilts an-wcnni' to tl M'Hc niunes. Habits of the caterpillar. IlarrLs •itatOM that the larva livei> solitary. in the lietulc. oi Lespedeza. This I have found to lie the .■use. the cater- pillar preferring:' th.' Iv.'a.l- 'xi'ii when thev arc mature and ha\e little siie- ouloiiec. ( )n clover Mr. Kdwards found the tender leaves '■ ■■ I'A m:. ;- '' '.- rapiiUy oaten hv ttu- very yiiiine liirvKc. ii siiit>le iiirv n I'athiir mit | from tlic uiipcr sur- face] two or tliri't' furrows, tn- wultli nf Us li.i.lv iiii.l sl.h- liy si. if. .\s Miey licraiiie lartfcr tlii'v si'cuiiMi to fi'i'il oil till <-aly'—« oi llic tlownrcts cxoliislvi'ly. .•iirvliii; ilifTii- splves to till" surfaco of tlu' .lovvr lw»»«l, were eaten. I: ! 910 Till; I'.rnr.iM'MKs ok ni:w i;n(;i,ami ■A\ A catiTiiillur t'ccdiiiij: im ;i |il;mt rioiiri.-iliiiii;' well in WMtcr wislii'd to ciiiiniri' to ('1m'\ .-iilis ;iiiil i';irly on Aiiiiiist '2't touk ii|i |Misiiii>ii on the iijipcr Hiirtiicc ul' 11 lc;it'. 'I'lic next (l;i\ , noticiiii;- it liiiil kept tlic siinif position l)nt .sccnii'd ii littlf less visiiilc tliini iicl'orc. I oli,>ci-\i(l liiiil it li:i(I wovi'U toffftlicr two o\ i'fliiinirinjjf Icinfs witli a wcli ol' >ilk. so as cntii'i'lv to con- coal it from view alioxc. ( )n Anynst 27 a. M, it luiil spun a loosi' iiand across its l)o(lv and noiicinLT tliat llic ovcrliamLriiiu' liavi's sccnicd now still a little nearer I (lis<'o\ered tiiat ilie tip of one was attaelied liy a few very sliii'lit lonu' threads at coiisideraMe distanee from eaeli other to the leaf on wliieli it itself resteil. Tiie head of the lar\a is eonipletely eoiieealed while it is ri'stinj;' lor the ehanuc to oeeur. Life history. It is triple Itrooded: the tirst liutterllies appear from till' sixth to the tenth of' May and the hrood usually lieeonies alanidant in five or six days and ecnitiiuies plenty throiiLiliout the inontli : liy the mid- dle ot .lime, -onietinies iiy the end of the first week it lias disappeared. T le eiT'. are iloiilitlc d toward the end of .Ma\ and earlv in . Inn they hatch in a few ilays. tli<' eater|iillar ji'row s rapidly and the chrysali(< continnes Imt a short time.* for the second i;'eneration usnaliy niaken its appearance lietwecii the sixth and ninth ot' July . occasionally as early an till- fourth and sometime* as late as the Iweltth or titt<'i nth : it is ahnndant ill the latter iialf of tiie month hut afterwards hecunies rare, altlioii^jli fresh specimen- ma\' ottni he ohtained the last of .liilv and even viTV earlv in .Xnu'ii'^t and a t tion makes it- thc lattci' half ( - ma\ cw - Ml Itrll '■inn aiH " ■ Mec. >f Ju 1- :llo n> coiitinnc on tli<' ,\iMu until the third iiencra- The c!:j;s of this hrood ;ire laid |irincipallv in «c olitaiiied liy me lieinu' laid .Inly II to 11' and il: the cateriiillar-. nritnrinij: rapidly, attain iheir growth duriii!,;' the ond week in .VnL;'H«t and after nine to elcNcn d 'lit in the chrvsa- lis ( llai'i'i« I till' rliii'il li^Micration appi-ars. alioiit the nineteenth or twciitictli the niont'i. tlh«n;_di -ometinic- as early as the fifteenth, and ri'iiiains •t the end of tiic third week of' S(>ptenilicr : tl tile Wlliu Until at lea 118 hi'ood must la\ iT* e:,;ii-.> early in "«epteiiiliei'. ^i\ iiiL!' the caterpillar time to attain its full lirowrh het'orc winter and to hihernate in this condition ('which analo>_ry with ii- Kiiropcan adwl ( 'aliforniaii representati\ cs renderw wholly proliaiile I . r> \.pril l:itli ( ( 'hapinaii ) and the second ahoiit • III Mil- -uulli Imii .-ii;!!! ilays, ; (inliii- Ici AMiul. i.vcAKMNAi:: i:vi:ui;s comvmas. ■••17 Jiiiii' 2 I ( A.l>l)i)t ). (r.issc iiu'Mtiinis Mil' insect oil Aiiiriist 2.') in Al.'iliaiiiii, and I liavt' seen inliiicil siicciniciis tVcni (Iforjrin tiii\(ii llic la.-t iil' ( Jctoin r (OciiiK'r ) • iMlwanis say,- tiial in West N'iiiiinia ••liicrt' inii.-t Ix' scMial siicrcssive Im'dixIs. as iVcsli iniii\ idiiai- air sicn cmiv iimntli t'luiii April to Si'iitciiilnT." The (late ( Marcli 2li. IS:.'.')) yivcii iiy Harris iiir tiif tinndt' tliis insect in Massai'liiisctts is e\i(|enii\' an eiTor. Behavior of the butterfly. 'I'lic tliiihi df tlie Imiik rtly is ijiiick and iiei'Vdiis and it is itself so small and dclii'.'ite lliat une easily loox- -ijjlit iit" it iis it ilmildes in amlont aiinini;' tlie lurliau'c. <>\tr tlie t ul' wliicli — unless MTV liiw — it is ran'ly seen. It- tlii;lits are iit'slmrt dniatioii and it ;iliulits t'reiilieiitly at'ler some seeniid-. ul' nnceitaili i|ni\ erini:' ell llielieails ur lerininal leaves ot' [ilanls .'iiid low -lirnlis and \ ines, esjieeially of l pcr- pendieiilarlv or [larted ;ii an aiiLde uralidiit l.V. rnli llie liind wiiii:'- n|i and (low 11 while tlie tore w iiil;s w ere niotiindess. Variation and dimorphism. It i.- not surprisini;' that a iiolyponentic insect witii so wide a di-trilintion slioiild lie t'oiilid very \aiiaiiie, Imt as VI t no dilfereliees lia\e iieeii [loinleil out in snceessi\e lirood- as iiiis liei'ii- (liMie witli its Kiirizc of diirerciit iiidixidiials to which .Mr. Kdwards has ealled attention i> marked. Iiecaiise there seems to he no rennlar i;ra- dation lietween the two. lint two distinct sets in size. Mr. ImIw ards thinks these diU'crences appear wherever eomyntas occurs, Imt tlie only marked cases 1 ha\e noled came from liOii^- Island and Cape Cod. and I lia\o tliouiflit them conlineil to the antunin liroid. Mr. hlduards calls atten- tion to the fact that in West N'irLi'inia tlie female is diiiioipliie. "most of this sex here Iii'Iiil;' Mack, the others Idne with liroad hiack niaruins."' The same is the case, rarely, in Lonn- Island, hiit I lia\e not seen it else- where'. Desiderata. If f^m hardly lie douliled that this \arialiie insect is one of those whose successive general ions prex'iit a ditl'erent aspect, as is the Civse with its hjiropean eoiiirener : oli,-er\af ions should he directi'd toward this point : the ilimorpliism of the teinale indicated liy Kdwards should ho looked into and its raiiije in tiino and space stiidiestiirated, and the condition in which it passes the winter determined. ^Ve have Imt imperfect knowledge of the food of the larva, as may he judged liy eompar- I- , I' ^1 m 918 Tin: i!Lrn;i!i'i,ii:s o;- m;\v i:.\(ii.AM». iii}^ tiio list ot kiiiiwu t'ood |)lant."i (•<' tlic Anicricaii ami Kun)|)i'an speoici* : Hiiaiiy, till- llii;iit ami attitmlcs ot' the ItiittcrHv .-liinild l>c imur fully stiidiod and [tarafiilcs ot' Ixitli v^'^ ami lar\a .sluiuld \>v di.-iCdvrrt'il. i.isr or ii.i.rs riiATioys.- i:vi:i;i:s co.i/J'.v/m.v. /■-';'.'/. ri. ii."i, liu'.'Jii. tiMii|iii' \irw. lis; ,">. IJ. .Mii'iMpylc. i'ulnrjii/liir. l'\. 71. 111,'. .'). Culcipilhirnl iiirlli. 7">: ;1T. 44. .M:iliirr riilrrpiilai-. Iiiiiiiiii. I'l. (i. IL'. !•. .Male. IhiHi surfaces; coIdiviI. HI. KiMiialr, ii|i|iiT -iirfari'; roliiri'il. II; -J. .Mall', huili .iii'ia.'i'<: |>l:iiii. M: 'J<>. °J7. Male .iliiluniiiial a|i|ii'iiil:ii;i's. aili'Jl. Ni'iiraliuii. 7!': :>ii-l>s. Kimit \i('w« ul lirail. «ta'.;i'« i, tii:;!l. .Xiiilniniiiiiiin, Hi. V. ">.">; :i. ."ii.lc vii'w willi licadaiiil aiiiiciiilai^Cg dii'iisd/is. iMilaiu'i'il, Mill ilrtails nf WiX slilU'llirc. ri. .si|, II.'. I-.'. 4s. Siilc virws. (ifiifniL 47. Kiilaiunl. I'l.i'l. lu'. ■">. DKlriliiiliim ill Noilli .Vmi'iiiM. CVAMUI.s D.VLMAN. t'y.iiiiris |>;ilm.. Vi'li'ii«k, aivnl. liaiiill.. x\\\li: ii:i, !I4 i |s|ii). r:ii"\ — l'iii'. (iriii"liis l.lnn. Ill tlii'iriiWM lii'iulit K.'illi:ii:iii Imurrs. ."sparklr «iii'li I'aiiiliiiw liulli'rllir-. Tliat lliry iniirlil l:iliry tlir iMi'li lliiwci's. Tlial iMiiiiil lliriii ill llir i. Ilrail i61 : 12 > siiiall, lU'iisrly I'liitlieil willi scales, wliioli nn- tufted alioMi till' liasi' (if till' aiiliMiiiai'. inul prm iilcil «itli ii ruiisidi'i'abU' iiiiiss of Idii;; erect hairs. Imiue.st and most .'iliMndant in llie iiiiddle of tlio front. KronlviTv ueiitly curved transversely, very sliulilly fullest lielow : from a little above t.lie middle, downwiird, barely siirpassiin: the front of the eyes, not so elevated above, but vannely ;;rooved lon;{itndinaUy ; scareely twice as lili;h as broad, as tiroiid as the front view of tlie eyes ; sides panillel, upper border s(|iiarely e.\elseil, its aii^'les sli:;litly lioUowed In front of tlie antennae; lower border slronjily rounded. \'ertex not vaulted, but with a .slittht, low tubercle on either side, midway between tlie antennae and the middle of the hind border, abruptly elevated behind the antennae, forminna transverse rid<;e for their sup- port; separated from tlie occiput l>y a rallier deep, sliiflilly curvintt groove, its middle uurviiiLC forward, the sides forniinu: a riulit anulewilli each other, the anterior slope of the ijroove the more iiliriipt. Kyes not very larKe. moderately full, delicately and ilistantly pilose on the lower two-tlilrds with very short hairs, incrcasluj; in leiiiith downward. .Vntemuie inserted in the middle of the summit, separated by a space eijunl to tlie width of the intennal |iits, sli^jhtly longer than the abdomen, composed of alioiit tliirty-foiir joints of w liicli tiie last twelve or tliirtecn form a clut) similar in all respects to tliat of Kveres, excepting tliat tlie tip is more broadly rounded. I'alpi slender, scarcely more than half as Ion;; aitain as the eye, the apical joint very nearly half as lonn as the penultimate, the whole under surface, and particularly that of tile basal and middle joints, furnished with a mass of loiif», erect, ilelicate hairs, as Xowfi as the apical joint, w hicli liecome shorter aplcally and wliich lie in a vertical plane, but not compressed. l'ataa;ia small, slender, nearly llat, scarcely arched lonjfitudliially, two orthreo times LV( AKNINAK; IIIK (IKMS ( VANIIUS. 919 Iniiitcr timii bniail. iiiin'iiiiir vrry !.'riulii;ill\ aiid railipi" rcirnlnrly. Ii\it to a Ic^s ilc'rrcc near llu' a|"'X, Id a liliiiilly iioiiiiiil lip. wliii'li i- ^carcrlv iiinn'd ilnwinvai-il. Kciri' Willi; 1 39 111 I a I II Hit t\vii-tliii'(l> a> loiii; au'ain a« liniail. tli -tal iiiai'L'iii vci'v sUjllitlv and rcu'iilarly liiiwcd. xai'i'cly iiicirc sd at tlu' liax-. tlic miici' aiiiili' alirM|it imt roiiiidi'il (iir. tlic (iiitiT hiinlcr nirvcd a litlli' at cilluT end. inai'ly »lrai:;lit in tlic mid- lUe linir. pcrliaps a llltlf fiill>r in tlic J . its ircncral diriclion at an aiiiili' dI' alicnit i;.'>° wltli till' cnstiil niarain, tlir iniiiT niai'itin straiirlii. Ilic (iiilir anirU' well rounded otl". Postal niTvin'e teniiiiiatliiir a little liefore the tip of the cell: •iil)ici>tal with tliree siipericir liniMches. the lli'st arisinir at .'dioiil tlii'ee-lirtli- thi' distaiiee I'mm iln' ii;i>.(i to tlie api'X of the eeil : tlie second at ahont oiic-roill'tli way rrnm tlierc to the apex of t.hcccll; the third at siiiic distance liefori' thi' apex of tin and opposite tliu has pf the second nuMlian iierMire. forUiiiir hevond its middle ; tlie cross vc^iiis closiii<{ the cell arc hcnt at a consideralile aiiL'lc and are very faint cxceptiiiL' iiiiniediately next the main iierviires. Ci'll half as loni: as the winir and aliont three and a half times Idiiiter than broad. Mind wliliis with the costal inariiin ■ J t'.o |M)-itc'riiir (if six \v;irt«; hi'sidcs tin . tlif ^I'miiiiil in |'iinii>lii'il Willi n mw (if wiirts cinitliiii; Idim liiiirs. |iar:illi'l tn nml (iiilsii|i> i>( ilic froiit Ixinlrr iiinl sides of tlic slili'lil; llic last si'miii'iil 111' llic ii1m1(iiii('1i liriirs a siiiilliir rou in a rcvcrsi- pusilidii; bi'siiU's tlic'si', ht'irmd llic llrst tlmraric -ci.'iikmiI . lluTi' is a latorodcirsal siric Inifli coiilral war! dill' lo a -("iimi'iil in caili mw . -il nalcil a lltllo in advance of I lie middle niid ernillinir very Nm;.'. curved. Iiaekward swecpiii!;, tH|ieriii!i hairs: also a \enlrcv slii;inalal row of small warls. Iliree cm each sei;menl. nol iilaeed in a line. I'nnllini; (itraiiilil. di'iicale. lajierinir. linelv iminled liair>. of wldcli ime. a central one. i> iiui^er than the ciilier two, and all are directed on I ward and a lit lie ijow ii\v:ird. so as Id reacli the sMrl'aci n|.. whieli the iin!..>al rest- III addition. Ih re are •aeii side fitnr lollLfilndin.-ll series i>r sinootll lente liirfjer lia\ e each om- ienliele lo a snpralaler.il and an infrasti^in.-ilal - Iwi ■ { tli.in iariier and lv\o smaller: llu' two daced in the niiddh mil consist of n iTie-. two on a s : tiiesnialler imi's consist of :i siipraslisinnilal i:ineiii. at ei|n.al di^lance from either nuiniin. and a latcrostiiiin.'ilal row. one nil :i ~eu;ineiil. placed in Hie middle. I.ei;s \iin\i and very slender, the basal joint sliort. conical. Hie reniaiiid T cyiindrii ;'.' and cipial ; claws pnlly l;iri;e. hmsi. pretty strongly ciir\ed. l:iperinii: prole;;-, short and ralliir sli ul . irli Inil.'ir al l:asc. beyond very ^liort ami half as liro:iil. the hinder pair liiperiiiL' 1ml little. Mature caterpillar. Head well rounded. r;illier liroiider tlnin liie:li. hroadesl aliove t:iperiiiy; very -liirlilly lielow. willi a roniided wliich is rallicr liroad ami 'iill i)ciieath. docked sipnirely at the laliniiii : it is apparently deepest in the iniddle. and has tlie front full. ■I'ri.-iiiiiie \ery lai'ite. iniich lii^lnr Ihaii broad. exIemliiiL' nearly to the siiininil of the liei'il: .a very fi'W Ion:; Inilrs at Hie lower pirt of tin' liead. Ha^al joint of anieiiiiae iK.iniiiiiforni. pretty lariic. second about as ion;; a-^ broad. Hiird not liiuch siiiiiller Ilia 11 the -econil. Iw ice as loii^ as broad. <-yliiidrieal. bear in;; at its apical cdiie a nnmbcr of hairs, wliicli coiiceiil in ptirl at le;isl Hie foiirlh joint, (icciii six in lliiniber. of iiiiiforiii si/.e. like a llalleiied iiemispliere in shape, live placed in a >lroiii;ly fiirvini; row. eipiidi^taiit from t^ich other, and separalid by less tlian their own diani- fter. Hie lower two opposite Hie posterior base i>( th> aiiteMiiac. the otliers curvinu liackwio'd. the upper four on tlie are of a pretty siiiiill circle, the sixHi behind the other-, a lillle fnrlher reinoved from the nppermosl than from the fourth from the top. and formina with these rallier less iliaii a .'iLrht aimle. Ijibnim lar'je. very broad. Inilf asloiiL-'as broad, the outer aii:;le- nare but rounded oil', the mii.dle iwo-llftlis of tlie front iii.ir:;iii roundly :uid coiisider:ib.y exei-ed. .Mandibles armed at the Mp Willi lari,'e. trianirnlar. bluntly pointed leelh. lu:'f as Ion;: a;;aiii a- broiid. Maxillae with Hie inner and outer Jialpus exactly -imilar in -i/e and -liape. Hie pen nil i mate joiiil beiim about iw ice ;is ion;; as broad, tapering. Hie apical niiniite. conical 'I'lie a[iicnl two joints of the labial palpi are similarly shaped but much smaller and proporlion- ntely slelideri'r. Spinneret Ion;;, and bcyomi the conical base ei|uul and mil very slen- (ler. Hie lip bliii lly rounded, directed verticiilly. Uody pretty re;;iilarly arched loiiL'ilndinally . willi tlie posterior edae- of Hie se;;- nients elevateil a lillle. and lliii- sliow in;; the divisions plainly : the sides of the body slope abruptly, w ideniii;; considerably ;il Hie l.jisc. View cd from above elliptical, ii bout I'lHialiy rounded in front and behind. co\ ered w illi minute dots, wliich a closer inspi'c- tioii sliows lo lie made up of a raised centre from wliich radiate six nearly liori/.ontal, verv short r:iv», and from the centre a rather short liair: these arc so thicklv St rib iitcd as to ^ive Hie appearance of a dense pile; provided also with a laterodorsal row of ratiier ion;; hairs, four sli;;malal fold. Veseicle of seveiitli and lateral caruncles of ei;;hHi abdominal se;;inenls present (87:14, 111): cliiws of leu's Ion;; and very slender, heeled a' the base, taperini;. very gently curved ; last joint of ley;s ion;; and slender, eipial : prole;;s armed at the tip w itii n double, curviii;; row of hooklels. about ei;;hleen in uiimber, very Ioiil; and very slender, scarcely tapcrinir, cnrviiii; strongly and res»'"''l.V' l'"' •'!' bluntly pointed. Chrysalis. Scarcely more than twice as Ion;; as broad; viewed from above, the de sirai:;lil from the liiisal wiiiar tubercle to the mi )f the alidoinen. but ■{•■:% LYCAKNINAK; TIIK CKNIS CYAMKIS. 021 s dlvprsiliitf 11 lltlU'. !*!> tliat tlio body is <'(iii«iil<'riil]|y liroiidcr i.l ilir l.'ittcc pliicc ; tin- biisiil wins tiibfi'i'lo M'lircciv bri'iiks llic cuiitiiinily (if tlu' liiu- forwanl. wluTf it W well nrclied, the front 11 litlU; iippressed ; the posterior Imlf of llie iihdoineii Ims iiii elliptic curve, foriiiliij; an arch whose heliihl and lirei'.dth at hiisc are eipial. Viewed laterally, the thorax Is liljilu'st in the ndddle of the posterior linlf of the mesothorax, senreely fiiUins; posteriorly. In front cnrvini; at llrst a little more rapidly, and then directed about eipially downward and forward, in nearly a slrai;:ht line, to tlie front of the thorax. Alidouieu hi;;hest, and very little lii^^lier than tlie tiiorux. at the third .segment, on either side of it for an e(|nal distance, in front to the extreiiiily. vi'ry broadly arclii'd ; beyond this point, posteriorly, curvin;; very rapidly downward, so as to be perpendicular iit the junction of theeiy;htli ami ninth >ej;iuent.s, ami Inflow tlds cnrveil a little forward; transversely the middle of the thorax has the sides sloped toward each other at an an;j;le of aliont Hi)\ scarcely or not at all hollowed in the middle, the sides below nuil the siiinndt eiiinilly and rather broadly rounded; transversely the ab- domen i.s re^tularly roumled, fornilnj; a perfect semicircle; the tongue exposed three- fifths way to tip of antenmie. Interposed between the inner edsjces of the legs; basal wing prominence consisting of a very slight, rounded eleviition. Body covered with a delicate, raised, Interrupted network of lines, contiinious in a transverse direction, not elevated at the Intersection ; surface l)etween traversed by exceedingly delicate. Impressed lines of varying depth, and furnished here and there with a wart bearing a straight, erect, short, tapering hair. Hooklets of crenuistcr very short and exceedingly slender, the stem ecpnil and nearly straight, the apical lobe bent suddenly over and strongly iippressed to the stalk, transversely ovate, broadest apically. TIlis in !) widely distril)utt'(l genus, oeetining in l)otli ltenii.splicres, from tlic sotithern limits of tlie Arctic regions to Lat. 30° \., iind on the Asiatic continent even further south. The highest [)oint it reaches in either henii- Bphere is about ti.i" N. Lat. In the western world it occurs throughout the United States (excepting in the Florida peninsida and perhaps the immediate borders of the (Jidf of Mexico), and heyond almost to the treeless region of the north. It is still a matter of doiilit whether wc have ntore than oiie American siieeies, with the ]>roi>:d)ility that we have not ; hiti, if not, it is an extremely variable form with a most remarkable history, which will be related tinder the species : nothing wholly compar- able ^vith it has l>cen oi'served in the Old ^\'orld. The butterflies are of -x lovely violet hue al)ove. the female paler and having the eo.stal border of both wings, and the outer margin of the fore pair, i)roadly covere'r surface dark l)rown ; l)eneath, the butter- flies arc pale silvery gray or whitish, with a sui)marginal series of black- dots, followed inwardly by arr )W-slui])cd spots, often confluent, so as to cloud the wl;ole margin ; besides, the fore wing has a transverse series of obliipie, tluskv dashes lieyond the middle of the outer half, and the hind wings a tortiioiin extra-mesial series of dusky spots, of varying size, some- times even forming a fuscous cloud ; two dusky dots are found midway between this and the base of the w ing. The species are ai once monogoneutic and digoneutic, according to the latitude, and probably \'o some degree the season. This has been well made out by Kdwards for the American 8[»ecies, and is also claimed for the ii6 II- 1 922 TllK ULirKUKUKS Ol" NKW KX(il.AXl). w \i ■^ Kuropciin l)v .IcniuM Weir ( Kiitom., xix : oO-oi) : aiul tlie two droods (lifl'cr t'nmi tiuli otliir wlRicvir tlicy occur, with nlijtlit cxccjjtioiiti. Hut wliotlicr single or doiihle liroodfd, tliry liilnTiuUe in tlie i'lirj>idi« .-latf, and the iningos of tho first {.'oneration (or, in tlie north, of the only f;en»'rn- tion) an- ainonj; the mtv carlicf't liutttrHies to emerge from the ehrysnlis, and may lie coufiidered triu; harhiiigers of spring. The most delicate winged of all butterflies, and (]uite as active as most, they not only Hy when nearly all insect life is still l)ciieath the spell of winter, hut seem no shorter livctl on that account. Like violets and hepatieas in color, they tly in tlie season of these flowers. Tiie eggs hatch in a week m' less, and the chrysalis, if it docs not |)ass over the winter, gives out the IditterHy in ahout three week-*. If there is a second generation it diH'ers from the first, or agri'cs with its latest memiu'r and (lies in tluly, and is much less num- erous than tlie |)receding. Speaking of our species, (Josse says (Lett. Alal)., 114-ll."») : — It iipiicar- to he very |Mi4;iiii(i<)U> . attiickiiiif with C^uixotu' kiiiiilit-irnuitry any lii- truiliT, nil matter Iidw iiuil'Ii bifjtger than itself. It is panicnhu'ly fjanicsonie a fi'W hours after sunrise; tukin;; its stand on some prominent leaf of a Imsh. it rnslie- "ut upon every bntterlly that passes hy ; then they iicrfurm sueli swift and tortnous (volu- tions tiiat tile eye is uiml)ie to follow tl.eni : this lasts only fur a few seconds; fur haviii;; pursued tiie traveller three or four yards, tlie [hutterliy] returns to the very same leaf, to wateli as lie fore. . . . 'rids eoii-taney of resort to one individual leaf or twiy; is very sin;;nlar ami nua'counlalpie : s times lui my approach to one -d situated it has tiecu alarnu'(l and (hiwu to a consi' ihle distance, hut, t.'ikimr a tliitht round, it returns to tlu' place; and piiseiitly there is the little thiui; alifihlinii on the very leaf ai;aiii. The common Kuroitean s|)e(ies. C. argiuhrs, is deserihed l)y Meyer Diir as iidiahiting the low and liillv parts of Switzerlant'. up to the hcii^lit of 27tM) feet, where, in siuuiy spots near the Imrder of Icat'v forests, it hovers singly, at some dist:uice from tlie ground, around the projecting liram-hes of trees. It does not settle on the ground, nor, like; other Lycaeninae, tly in meadows from flower to flower. — its whole conduct agreeing rather with tliat of tiic Tiicclidi. Our own sjiecics is constantly on the gruund, alighting on damp spots, l>ut like its European brother has no passion for flowers. The transformations of the species are pretty well known. The eater- pillars feed somewiuit indiscriminately upon flowers, seed vessels ami leaves of a great uumlicr and exceptional variety of phiuts. rarely the same even gencrieally in Kin-ope and America, though as a general thing the sanu' families are selected : thtis among the Hainniculaceac we have Cinticifuga ; among C'ruciferac!, Xasturtiinn ( in confinement), and among .\uaiardiactae, Hhu.s — all these in America only. Among l{ham- naecne, Khanmus in both countries and Ceanothus in addition in America ; among Sapindaceae. .Aesculus in America ; among Legumii'.osac, Kobinia und Uoryeniinu in Europe anil in America Erythrina, Apios and in con- mm lUfJONKrTISM IN miTI'.ltri.IKS 023 finenient Trif'tiliiim ; amonj^ JjDSHcciic. Mi I'lliis am) l'ini> in Kurn[ic iinil Spiraea in America; and ot'utlicr tnniilii'.- dt |H)|yj)rj,ili»n!!i plants'. Ksdial- lonia and Hcilera ill Kiiropc and Corniih in America. Knrtler we have amonf^tlK' (iamopetalac, Vil)uriuim. one <>(' tiie ('a|iritiiliaeeae, in America ; iiniong C()ni|>oHitae, Cnscnta in Knrope and Actinonierin and ^'erl•e^*ina in America, besides Dinmrphante.i, aenltivated fWrm ; amon;^ KriearoMC, Erica in Knrupc and Vaccininni in Amriic;! ; t'lirtiier. Ilex in liotli cdimtries : and in cDiiHiii 'lit, in Ameriea, l{ejf*tlcss iis InilliiMlii's. I.iaiiit llr.M.— ^l (iiinkit mtil .Sinaitier Itntisc. In ai,l plural hronded ImtterHies with an extensive distrihutioii in lati- tude, the numher of generations* varies with the length of the season, and this will account for the apitarent waste we often see as winter approaches, for such changes must he griuhnil, and in intermediate districts irregular, dependent upon the season. Where, as is sometimes the ease, some c' salids of each hrood li\e until the following spring, it manifestly uics little difference how short the season may he, or how snddenl\ and ^itectually any hrood may he cut off; these chrysalids. and so the species, will survive. That this feature is more common than is generally sup- posed is shown hy the increasing numlier of proofs liniught fo:^^ard of lethargic tendencies in caterpillars and of persistent torpor in many mid- summer chrysalids. Tt is also indicated hy the variatioi in the numerical projiortions of different hroods ; the winter is the severest season, and eonscfiuently the spring hroods are ordinarily, and under simple conditions would always be, less nmnerous than the summer or autumn limnds; generally the broods go on increasing in individmils as the season advances : ftt; I, ■*!l?l ^t>i 924 THK Hi: nKKI-l.ir.s ok M;\V KNtil.AM). f!' I)iit ill Hdini' it in not fi), iiml it iiiiiy lie |ir('Niiin<'iii; t'lijovt'il tlic |>ri\ il('f.'f of a ."ccoikI hrood. or. in oilier woi'iIh, tliosi' ill wliii'li a piirt ot' the clirysiilitls tail to pcrMint until the t'ol- owiiij; w|iiiii^. Ill lilt' ciisf ot'oiir tiyc r swiillow-tiiil, wliicli in I'ouml t'ni III Ala-kii to I-'lorida, I. liiitti'i'dv wliicli is >iiit;li' lirooiU'd in tin- l. an prolialily ('(I'ci'tt'd liy tlu' liiifffrinj; (l<'M'lo|iint'iit of sonic catrriiillar.s and tin- diMj)o- Hitioii ot ciirvsaiids to winter earlv \\'licrc\er in a doiiMc liniodcd Imt- tcrtly the s( nd lirood is less ainiiidant than the lirst. it is jtroliaidc that the liiiltcrtly is partly .-iiiulc and partly doiiMc In dcd — that is. that theeiirly d of >ftli ;ri\t'ii vear is made up cp d it'thcdii I descendants ot' each hrood le preccilint^ vear, P Oecasionallv. the dilierenec in the mimliei' of In nods aH'ccts the mode >f hil lernalioii. 'I'lie lilaek swallou-iaii. for instance, is triple hrooded in tl IC soiitli. am 1 hil lei'liatcs as a lillttel'lK am I peril al-o as a chrvsali I chrvsali in tlu' north it is doiiMe lirooded. and hilicniatcs only niir(mentisni or pol\ m;(>i|(.||| i^iii. ihen. is either a de\iee of iialiire for the hotter perpetuation of the ppeciew, hy \aryinjr the eoiiditiuim of itf exif- teiK'c at any ^riveii time, ami so miilti))lyin<: the chances nf siieeessl'idly iiieelin^ opposiiiff or nnfa\orahle aj,M'iicies ; or it is simply taken ad\an- tuh Home if li\ natni'c a- a mean.- thus to vary the comlit ' itl on- Th rolileni ditiicnit ot solution wliieli it carries in its train is this le particular th lecies — ami It won hi aiiliear to I le 11(1 \erv iineommoii occiirreiiee am 1 to he t'oiind anion'' moths as well as hiittortliec — the reciilt of wiini- iiier dormancy in the caterpillar or prolonged lite in the eliryHiilis it' that ili I) )v some iiiie\|)h(incil common imimlst 'P tl IC caterpllla the chrvsalidi< that arouse after htharj;y. and do not liiheriiate. more trcfpii'iitly thai III otherwise tlo this at siicli a time that the rcsidtiiiir hiiltertlv tlies with its nc ews and meet instead of with it.s hrethren ami tiistcrH, 1. e It hrid^'csii over with con.-i|it', antl in halt' I < Ill/I'll III' inure lit tlicM' \M' tinil ijiiiti' -iiiiihu ili>|, all nl' v> hiih arc tl iv Kaiiic (lii'ci-tiiiii riic Kiii'ii|i('aii tiiiti)i»r-flitll (.\^lai» ni'tiraii. tin' r\ani|ilc. is ;.'iiu'rally (liii liii lii'il iicraHKiiialh a tiiiili' hiunil i-' ininliunci It IS (IIIC III' il niniiinrst nt' I'',iii'ii|i('aii lintli'i'tlir>. am I rcarhcs ti'iiin tlic Nurlh Capi' til the .Miilitcii'ant'an ; imr rnn^nncrii' -[n'cii's. ilic Ainciicaii fiirlnisi'-^liill, is laiiiy t'liiiiiil snulli ol' llir inntln iiiiiiiisl parts t<\' the I'niti'il States, ami yet it is tii|ili' liiiioili il in all parts nt' Caiiail.i. Km'II Ki'i'iithis iiinntinns nt' the White Muniitain^ i" prnlialily ilnnhlc liriiiiiled, wiiih' all the iiMiiiiitaiM speiie> nt' Knrnpe are single liriioileil. Kveri's ainyntas, aifaiii. oeeiir-- thronuhunt I'lnriipe. with the exeep- tiiiii lit' certain nnrlherii and iiuitliVM stern pnitii:;-. and is dmil'le lirmidcd : nnr tailed liliie, named li>r the reseiiililance tu its I'.urnp* an coii- ■icnci'. and li\' sunie careless authors cniisiderid identical with it. is also a wide-spi'cad insect : luit e\en in New Kni:laml. which is at tlie iiortlierii limit lit its eastern ran;i('. it is triple lir led. 'I'lie wide-spread Kiiropeaii liliies. U'nstieiis ar;f|is and \\. aenon. the sih er-stndded Miie. are iisiially placed anionir inomi^oiu'iitie insects, and the latter certainly has only a sinj^le lir I in KiiLrhind (where it is the only one ot' the two found) ; .Meyer I)iirisin fact almost tlii' only author who claims these species a8 dij^oiu'iitic ; liotli ot' them occnr in soiithern Kiirope : onr pearl-studdi d violet ( Hiistii'iis sciidderii). closely alliid to these and an insect hardly known south ot' the Canadian lioider. is donlile hroodid. Our eh(i|nerint^Ie or dmililc liroodeil. Hilt the most >ti'ikinji i>xainp!c of all will he fmiiid in the s)iei'i(! of the iremis Iphiclides. The Kuropean I, podaliriiis is eontimd to the Midiler- rain'fui region, whilt^ oiir zelna swallow-tail hclonj^s to tlii' southern half ot the I'liited States : tlio roi:;ions are therefore fairly com|iarali|e : vet wc find no mention of more than two hroods of I. podaliriiis, ■while ]SIr. Kdwards has shown that, even as far nnrtli as the Appalachian \alleys of West N'ir;.'inia, I. ajax has four ami soiiietinies five gem rations diirinji- the year. These eases inlii:ht perhajis he multiplied, and it should he added tlint »i* |: § "< 'J2G riii: iirrn;i!n,ii:s or m;\v i:\(;i,ani). thcrp is III) rt'\('i>al oi' tlic rule : iininiip nil tlic liutti'rHicti |ir()|K'ilv com- |l!in'l)li' on the t\M> (•cilltilK'Ilt-*. lllin- is im siit(//r inshntn' irlirfi till' Kiir(ij)i'iiii hnllirthi liii» nmr' lirmuls tlinii llir .\i})irliiiii . Tins roMiilt of :i coiniiiirir^on ut'tlit iiniiiiiil iiistorics ot •iiiiiliir Kiii'i>|i('iin ami Aincricaii luittcrHics tliii> tiiniirilic- liiit iinotlicr instaiKc of tliiit inti'ii- Hity wiiicli si'cms to charactfri/c all lite in Anicrifa. Tln' rxpt'iiditnri' of nervous and vital cMoriry. an'ainst wiiicli physicians vainly invcij^li, which supLTanniialcs our nicrchants. lawyers. I'lerjiynien, and other profe-sionai men. is not induced liy the simple passion foi' <;ain, place, power orknowl- t'rci)aration of the present work has i)een that studies of preci>cly the same nature and undertaken inider sim- ilar external conditions ar<' ai m|ianied hy a \cry diU'erent mental (*tafe on the two continents. In I'jiropc we are content to ])lod industriously on, unconscious of the need of relaxation : in America we bend with ner- vous intensity to our work, and carry tlie same exi'itenient into the relaxa- tion which such a life ine\ilal)ly . After a long alisence in Kurope, a keen ohserxer may excn lie directly conscious ot' tliis (juick- ened lite. .N'ow to what sh.dl wc a>ci'ilie such pccuiiaritie> in animal lit'eV Nat- urally we look to climatii' influences, and our attention is first attracted hy the well known fact that if we com|iare two places in Kurope and America h;i\ ing the same mean annual tempt'rature, the extremes ot' \ariatioii will prove nmcli greater on tlii> -^idc of flic .\tlanlic. For example, while the mean annual tcmpci-ature of' New Viu'k is ahout the same as that of Frankfort, the summer ti'mpcrature ot the formci- is that of Home and its winter that of' S;. Pcterslmrg. Moreo\-er. *he changes from sununer to winter and t'rom winter to summer are nioi'c immediate in Anu'rica : (U', in other wwrds, the sununci> and winters are longer hy almut three weeks, "^uch long and hot .»ummcr> .arc of course t'':, orahh' to the mMlti]ilicati(Ui of hroods in hufterflics whose iii>tory .allows a repetition of the same evcle more than once a yc^ar ; the length ol the w intei' i> of slight chiue. as compared with European su. imers ; and this alone would almo-^t st'cm capahle of' producing the variation we i.ave noticcif in the numocr of hroous fh [r n an extrenu'ly interesting article (Actcs heh se, is.-,;^, i,S8. 1;")0) on the effect of oiu' climate on manners and customs, written hv the i,Ysiliic ' W'liat a t'litinf is liit'orc Hie future inlialiitants of our arid jilaiiis I Ditfi'reni «'s will lie found in all .tlici- climalic |)luiioiiiiii.i of tlic two Continents. "From Hiiropc as a stano, ,:•'!" says l)lodi;iit,* 'mIic Aincri- c,ai\ cliinatc is ^iiiLTularly extreme iiotii in tcnipcraliiic, liiiiiiidity. (jnantity of rain, wind, and cloiuiincss or sensihie liumidity. I'iie oscillations of the conditions are loii^- ai,fo pointed out. iins e a hro.iilcr lictirinu' than the al>o^e statements would imply : for they arc charactcri>tii' ot' the eastt'iii chores of liolli worlds as opposi'd to the '" c-tern the meteoroloji'ical phe- nomena of ilie eastern I'nitcd States licinji' almost jirccisely parallehil hy those of mc.'thcrn ("liina. where ;;rcat cxcisses of temperature oec'.ir. with wiih' \arial>ility, Ioiil;' and \\iiilci>. and rapid traii.-ilioiis. I'crhaps on these yroinuls we can mo>t simply account tor the ditreri'iieo in tiie iiumlier of hroods in certain huttcrtlics on the two continents : hut, if so, then it follows that we oiinjit to antieipati' >iinilar ditKicnccs lictwccii the lu'oods ot' some of the >pccic> t'oiiiid liolh in I'.iiiopc and in e i-iteru Asia : a point alio it which we I'aii as-^crt alisolutciv iiothiMii. tor want of data. These ;:rounds. however, will certainly he iiivufhciciit to account for the dilferences to which wi' have alluded in man : for what contrast eonlil well he Ljrcater than that existini;' lictwecn the national character of the Chinese and i" it of the .\merieans I "We arc rather forced to hclicve that the causes of the distinction hctwceii the Knropean and the American, if these are (hn ■) phv>ical uiicncies, mii>t cliieflv lie souiiht elxwhere. I, m"^ ' it CYANIRIS PSEUDARGIOLUS - The spring azure. [Till- spriii- :i/tin> (Srinldci-) ; pilr l.hif l.iitliiilv (.\ta\ iiiiril) --Tlic c|illri-ciii fnnii-. li:iv« roi'L'iviMl •ipi'cilir Miuiii's; C p. iKriic Uliic l.inia luiltciilv (Jl:irri.<): ^|l|•ill.l.' ii/iii-c (.Siiiildii). C.p.fi'ilariii: DiilltMl .•i/iii-e (ScmliliT). r. p. ih'ijUcIk: I'lilc :i/,iiit i(iiis).r) ; uziirc hliic hiit- liTtly (Iliirris) ; smnlirni a/iirc \ki\v azuiv (SciKliIri-),] .l/v/».« po'iidnniiiiliin Hi)i«il.-I.i<( ■., Ia^|i, Mril. inns.. ii:4."i (IS4T);— IMw., rnic.t'iil.soc. uiiiiJr. sept.. Il,><-tl9, pi. ;!li, iIl's. 1-,-. (IS.'l;l);— I'liihitl.. vi: 'jnj-'JOii (Issni ; Hull. N. .\inor.. I, .Morr., Syii, I.cp. \. Am., S2-S;t (IS112). I.y,., i|, lios, l.,'l (isTO) ; il. pi. I.yc II. Ill, pp. 1- Lycneiiii psetdlnnjioliis rio\\h\..]M. l.i^t. m (issi); »'iiii. imii.. v ; •.'•JH-'.'it (Is;;!); vii: *t'lliii!it(ilii!.'y i)f llic t'nitcd Stiilcs, p. '."Jl. 928 riii; lu 1 TKHi'MKs oi m;\\ i:.n(.i.ani) ( I 81-.S2 (is:.-)); x: 1-11, li-. mi (is:> ; f.ip.. iii .ll'l/Ms •ihliiniiiihis lt(ii-il -l.i't ., I,Ol> a'>-!t7(l,>*.s:!);_K,-,.|icli, Krp. ins. III., vli:!5,s .\mi. srpi., pi. ild lii:. :! (l^o:l). (is7t); Hull. iMi.-i. V. .■<.. ■jsiU'jiM. iiii>. ;x- (IHSC); -Mi(1SS|); FiTM. lliill. Mc. !HM>i, \\i> •;ll (1SN4); M;i)ii.. Mull. N. !•;., :«t-4n, pi. 0. Iljfs. 4!t, 4i»ii-l). 4yiii'-.M', 411(1 (IrtS(i). Ciijiiihi ii.ifiiil.iri/l'ihi.i Kirli., Syu. I'.il. I.i'p., 371(!H71). IHi'hi'uis iiiii;ii'liir;ii"lii.s Klil>.. Syu. cat. Cliniiirtu iinriiihrrni'ihin .Si'ucM., S\«i, nv. Am. I)ull.,:t4(ls7l');- Itiilt.. 17I-17!!. W^, li'.'v 8t,;!.'>.!l''-l.V.' fls.sl). /.fir'lt'il'l itsffnhirtjiohis form rinl.iri'tl I'Mw., Itiilt. N. .\Mirr.. ii. pi. I..m'. ii, lii;<. ."i,."i, H(1>S4). fVAMUls I'sl'l lnlJiillll r^ \ |ill.A( i:\ NKiHV. Till' iImi'K ni.ilc 111' ilir ..piiiii: I'nrni. Lijriii'ii'i jtKfiiilnfijhih.s liirui iiiiini I'Mw., Hull. \. .Vmi'i-., il, pi. Lye. ii. litf. 7 (is.«i4). lYAMHIS l-SKrDMtlilill.rs NKIil.HIC I'A. Cjldtiin's ii'ilnii Hull.. Kill. aiiiiT., i: "i.'i (ISN.1). OYAMKIS l'SKll>Allli|i)l.l S I.IIIA. Tilt' • liily spring iiiulhcni fDiiii. I'ohfiiiiiiiintii.s hicin Kirli., Kauii. Imr aiu., Iv; 2!)!>-:!0n„ Syu. I,op. N'. .Vui., !tO-l>l (iNii-J):— llarr., 111", llij. vt!«., ;ttl (Ml., 27.'). lii;. KM) ()S(i'2). Lijrivnii liiriii DoiiM., I.isl. I.cp, Bill. iiiii«., il: 4.'')(lH47l;-Slm'k,, l,i'p..'<'^>''t (l><74). i/iiinns nil' (■(( .Si'UiliL.Svsl. if\ . .Viii. liiill. 81 (H7'J); C'liii.ful.. viii:(>l-iHi (IS7I1). Li/Ciieiiii imnuiliiiyi'il'i.i fnrin hn-in Kijw., Bull. N. Aiiicr., ii, i>' I.yc. ii, lii;. 1, 1, 2, 'J (1H,H4). Lij<'iii':i'i ;).«>i(i/(i iil'ihis fonu iiiiiniiuulii Eilw , Unit. N. AiiiiT., pl. I,yi'. Ii. tl;;«. 3, (ls,S4). <;VANiiiis i'.sr,ii>A'!i;ii)i.is \ idlacka. The typical spriiiir fiuui. Liji'iicnn riohi K.hv., I'l DC. cut. Sil 'I'lic >uiiiiucr fiu'iu. l.iiriuii'f iH'iihrlii Ivlw.. I'hm'. acail. iial.sc. IMiihhI., ls(!2,.-i(i (lMi-J( ; Itiitl. N. .Viii.. i. I,yc. ii. ti.'-i. l-ii (ls7()) : -Saiiiil., t' 111. cut., i; liH). (IH(ill) ; -l.inlii.. raii.oul.. vii : l-J-J-fi:! (Is7.-i); Km. loiitr., iv .■>.")-."i(i(Is7s) ;— .Miilill., Itcp.iuM. 111., \:!Mi(l,Ssl). Cil'liiiris Vfijlrrlii Scii'M.. Sysl. rev. .\iii, liiitt.. ;U (lS7-i); Can. i'iit.,viii: (il-iiii (lS7ii). l.iji'itiHti ji.tinnliiniiiiliin fiinii neiitcctii Kihv., Itull. N. Aincr.. ii, pl. Kyc ii, tins. 10, ID, 11, 1-J, i;i, 14, 1"), 1.-. (1SS4). I'lipi/i'i ariiii'hin Siuilli-Alili.. I.('|>. iii.s. (ic...,-J!)-:!0, pl. 1.") (17S7);— Alil'., Diavv. iiH. (i.'o. Ill-it. iiiiis., \vi ;,")7, 212 (ca. IMX)). I'flil'iiiiiiiiiliisiiniii'his llarr.. Ililclic, Ucp.. .VHKls:',:!). I'lili/iiiiiiiiiilii.', jtsi'iiihiriji'ihut Oii.ssc, Kelt. Alali.. 144-14.-> (1<>7);-1I;mt., In>. iiij. vei;., ;)il ^ ^ p«l., 274, ti;;. lil.)(lS(i2). l.ijciii'nn itsi'iiiliii'iiinl'i^ Ivlw. Butt. N .Viii.,1, pl. I.yc, ii.ti).'s, 4-(), 2 pp. (1S70), Li/i'iii'ii'i iiseinliiri/iiiliis t'urni psi'.Hilarnio- his Kihv., Uiitt. N, .\mcr., ii, pl. I,yc, ii, tij;,i. x.ll, I", IS, l!)(tsS4). riiilad., vi: 201-204 (iMWi); Trans. .Viii. cut, I'liliimiim -'us ili'iilniyi'ilKs llarr., MS., gi)c.,i : 2S7 (l.s(')7) ; Hull. X. Am., i, I,yc. i, lii; l-4(ls(lit). Kilt. CUT., lt..i (Isli'.M, Ki'.'urcl liy (lldvcr, 111. N. A. I.op., pl. 2H, Vymiiri.i rinhicin ScuiM . ( an. ciil., viii : li;,'». 2-4; pl, .\,lii.'. 14: pl. K, lii.'H. 4, ">; pl. K, SI-"*'! (l>*7lp). IlL'S. 1), rif ji.f'iiiliifiiinhi Ii; pl. (f, Ii'.'. 10, iiiol. niil'ii'i'ii (N'l'l rapi'iii ar^'iiiliis Miin., ImiI pai.iilily Scu.lil., Hull. ItiitV. .. iii: 114 (l><7il). I'ap. hiiiun (.ram). 5':i \':iitrc avcc Ic ]iriiilcm| i~. iii'iunr a\ cc Ics r'lscs Siir Tailc ilii /i pliyr iiai;cr dans nil cicl iiiir; r.alanii «ur Ic -cii'i ilc- tlciirs i'l peine iS'luscs, S'ciiivrcr lie pailiinis, ilc lumii^rc et il'aziir; Si>i'.inant. jeiine eiicor. I:i puii'lre ile se.s ailcs, S'l'iniiler e.iniiuc iin suiiltle aiix vnfltes OteriiellCH, Xiiilii ilii papillon le (le«lin eiidiaiitij I! Ki -aie iile ail ili^sir, ipii jamais ne sc pose, .;ilislaire, elUenraiit Imile chose. Uetouriie eiiliii all ciel cherclier la voluptO Lamahtine.— Ai' l'aii!Ui>n, . . . tlioii art niiieli ton fair To lie ili'alli's I'oinpii'si ami make worms thine heir. SlIAKK.SPKAllK. — .S'oH)l«f. Imago (6 : 1. :!-.">..'*. 12; 13 : 4. 7). lloiid envoreil with lilaek sciiles and liiiirs, with a Idiiiiitiidiiial lino of whitish hairs ruiiiiln;{ down tlie middle of the front and siinimlt, fnriii.shed behind with a mass of forward reiicliin;; darl; lirowii scales with a few iiiter- niiiinled white one., upon thoin ; sides, especially licliiw, iilinost entirely whili; ; eyi) ..JP I.Vi AKNINAK: CYAN'IKIS I'SKIDAIICK )|,|S. •12!) lionlorcil i'i|ii;iU.v liy ti in'i'lty l)roacl I'iiii «( |iiiri' wliili' sc;ili"-. iiili'iTiiplnl iit tlic li;i~r of tlio iiiitciiiini' .'iiiil sninrliini's for n coiisidcriili!!' -paco hcliiii'l tliciii iiinl (•(nmoclcil i\[ llio loMi'V P'lrliiiii (if tlic fniiil In- 11 s'miilni' -wliili' biiiid: li:i»al jniiil nf iiiilciiiiiic lippiMl hi'hinil with wliitc. I'.ilpi alimol iMitirrlv silvery wiiitf. ill li'ii-l llic iipprr porlimi of tlio iiiiclilli> mill apical juinls hlai'k. the friiiao liclow wliilc niliiirli'il ullli Mark ratlicr pnifiiscly In the apical half Aiiloiiiiaf lilack. the jcalc> and Ion;;. violaceons liairs, iieeoiniiii; pah', aray and iirin- n on the prollnn-ax: beneath covereil with white hairs ami seaii" I. \\ hit. . the tibiae nincli ni.'irkcd with iilacklsli brown. espei'ially at the ba>c.and the middle of each half above and lo a h vliile Spur- dark I ipped : spiiii'- bl;ick. Claws yellowish lirowii, edited wllii blackish. Willi's aliove (in llie form neglecta) nearly uniform sij^hily pale blnisli viidet willi no approa(di to purplish, llie ceiilral parts of the wiims occasionally very sliiihUy paler, the hind wiii^s usually to a eonsiderableexteiil beiiiu whitish bine exc'cpliii!; :ir the base and the outer liorder and in the vieinilv of the nervnles; the stal subi costal nerviiler and (K'casionallv most of tin' other nervnles in llu' fore are faintly tinired witli hoary violet, the subcostal nervnles lipped niiiintely Willi blai'k, between which the costal edire is hoary bine, but on thebasal lialf fiiscinis ; the oilier border is I'diicd with black in the hind winjrs as a mere thread, in the fore winiTs narrowly bin slju:htly iiifriiiLriiiL' on the costal niaritin above, alteiinutinn- to a iin're thread below : hind v\ iiiy:s with a siibmaruinal row of small, indisihu'i. somc>- tinies obsideti'. deeper bble spots (^ irof 'hi ^anie or a slightly fainter vioU't upon tlie fore wimis as far upward as tlie iniildleof the cell, andexeepliiii: a broad maruiinal belt, half as broad airaiii as an interspace, whicii. with the costal inariiin and a slender transverse streak marking; tlii' tip of the cell. Is blackish brown ; the inUldle ami sonie- tiines the whole of the outer povticm id' the \ inlaeeons space beeiimes rather suddenly violaceous only along the lale. nsiiallv with scarecl\ a violaceous timre: hind wiiii 1 basal half of the median and siibmedian nervnres and oei'asionallv to a slithl extent >n till snbi stal iii'rviiri most II lh< st of the winy: beinit pale, almost white occa- sionallv f.aiiitlv and slinhilv tlecked with y:ravlsli. inosi of tlie costal border as far as the subcostal iierMin sli and the whole extent of the nervnres ineliidiiiir the lip of the cell marked to a y:realer or less extent with grayish fiiseoiis. somelimes haviiiir un olivaceous tilitfe ; outer iiorder edsred with a thri'ad of lilaekish followed In a slender pale liii and this l,v a siiliniary:lnal row of blackish fiis lis spots in the interspaci (9) ; inner niaririn of hind winu's as far ;is the snlimcdiaii. pale: friny;e of forewiiiL's pale, broadly and abruptly inlerriipled with lilaekish fiiscoiis or urayish fiiscoiis al the uervnre tips ill till' lower half, above mostly blackish fiiseiins, inlnnt.ly tipped w ith pale and sometimes narrowly iiitirriipted with pale In the interspaces; fringe of hind rked wliiLTs pale or whitish, the li.asal lialf ■asionally ami very incoiispicnoiisly wltli fiiscoiis and also vure tips. •asionally very narrowly iiiternipied with fuscous al \U< Above (in the form violacca) niiifonii bluish \iolel. inclining; to purplish, il iliid winj;s fiis- wiiiu;s seldom any paler tliaii the fore winirs. the costal eilije of the fori cons on the basal half, beyond hoary bine iiiterriipled at llienervnre tips with blackish the outer bordi'r is edaed with black in the hind wiiijis as a mere thread, in the fori wlnifs narrowly, lint sliyhlly infriiiuinu: on the costal nnnxdn. abovi mere thread lielow (normal j ) ; or nniforin ipiite dark slate brown. attenuated to a if the ner- vnres occasionally tlecked distantly with blue, the outer border of the hind win-.'s edjied with a thread of black, followed sonietliiies by a few inconsplcnons blue scales; inner niarjiin of hind wiiifjs more or less llecked with white or uniy ( (J , form nif,'ra) ; or of the same, perhaps .i little darker, violet of the normal male iin the lower iniior r; •■«.■! m I,: 930 rill-; iiriri:i;ii.ii:s in- m:\v i;\(;i,ani). portiiiil iif tile \viii!;». uii llu- furc win; far iipw.u'il :|^ (lie inidilli' nf tlic cell ail'' mit- w a I'll to M illiln tlu'ilislaiirc'ut' the wiilili nf an inlir-ipaci' fniiii the imlrrliunliT. hcyciiid wliii'li It is (lark or lilai'ki»li lirmvii ; the ti|i of the rcll faintlv iiiarkcil In- ii traii>V('rs<;, (liisky streak; nil tlio liiml wiiiL's. I'Xi'cptim; a liroail. ilark liaiiil cm tlii' costal mnrjiiii. ii inariflnnl tliri'ad of lilack on tlic onirrhorilii'. ami a siilMnaririnal siTlrsof small, blackish spots in the interspaces: tin- violi'l is mil iiiijforiii in tint. liec(niiin!r very urailimlly ami very sliiilitly paler mi llie mili'r portion of the fore winvts ami liathed in a iniicli paler or whitish tiiiiTc ovir all Init the liasal half of the meilhin area or over at hast llie spaci' helweeii tile iniihlh' siihcoslal anil tile iiieiiian ilerviiles ; I lie inner iiiar^'in of till" lilml wiiivTs wliilisli ; $ >: friiiue of fore wiii^s niore or less fnscoii^ at the exlivinc liase. licMiiiil u liitUh. aliriiptly ami ijemiallv not very liromlly iiiterrnpleil Willi lihiikjsh fii-coii- :ii III!' nerviire tip-. ofirM ami rspi'ii.'illy in the upper half of the Willi; alimi-l eiuirel,\ lilackish fiiscdii-; irii 'f liind \viii;rs whitisli, soiiietiiiics enlireiv -o. Inii in. diell >\,- ■lire. I 1. .'I'eatir or h'-- rMenl , -1" liallv lielow. liy fiiscon- ami ri'eipi.'iilly iiilernipleil aliriiplly ami raliier narrowly with blackish fllSCOlls. .Vliove ill (lie form luoia nearly niiii'onii liliiish vioh't, scarcely In ilie least imlin- iiisi to piirplisli. the ceiiiral part- of the \\ iii'j;s occasionally a very lillle paler. Iml the liimi \vlii'j;s -I'Moin paler than the fore wini's, ihc cosImI ami hram-lies of the subcos- tal faintly iiiarkeil willi lioary \ inlet, lipped raiiilly with fiiscons. belweeii which the costal edirc is hoary liliie. ilie rcmaimler luinir fii-coii~; ilie miter border is nliic'l a- a mere thread with lilackish. iiifn ipii'iilly espamlinir very -li:rhtly on the upper pnrlinii of the fore winiis. but iu'V.-r bi the exlciil ih.it occurs hi the oilier species ( (J ■ i or a little darker vinh't. im'linin;; sli^h.ly mioit in purplish upon the whole of the hind w in^s and on the lower bas.-il portion of tlic fnre w inurs. excepting the I'xtrcine base, as far upward as the middle nf the cell, and mitward In w ithlii a dislaiice frnin ilie outer linrilcr ci|lllll tn the « idlh nf an inler-pacc nll the Inwer pnrtlnll nf thewill^. and to a lillle u'r^-alcr .li-laiice abn\i'. in ail of which it is ijark fiiscmi- : In I lie lia-al half of the cell, ihi' \inlri ofit'ii rMciid- In i|s upper limit and the tip nf llic cell is as deep and marked li\ a diiskv. I raii«\ .r- -Ire.'lK ; Ihe lil'l nf llle Idlld W ilia's eipial a- that of tin fnre wiiii witii a blackish llir.'.id. Ill' niter bnrdi'r nf the hind wiii''s is ri]iif .mieiinie- I'xpamiiinf niinnlcly jit the nervnre tips, ami is followed by a siil)iiiar:iin;il ro>v of -iniill bliiekisli spots ($ ); the inner border of the hind wiiiys i> -.oniew.ial paler; friny;c of fore wiiijis nios'iv lilackisli fiiscoiis. interrnpted iibrnptly and either very narrowly or jirclty broiui tli pule or whll- •iil and fiiseniis i»li at tile iiiler-pi lielow the nicdinii m'r\ Ilie often p'llc mi ti on lln- apical h;iif; I'riiiL'e of liiml win;;- n-nally wlillisli, interriipled abruptly and narrowly, iimre limadly ln'lnw lliaii .-ibnM'. with bi'nwiii»li fiiscniis; snmetinies aliiinst wlinlly fii-.cnii~. III. mull y;.'iirral!y whiti-li mImim' lie mid. lie siilicnstiil iierviile. Hciieath . in Ilie form neglecta ' uniform wry pale a-h :,'ray. scarcely tiiiixed with pale bluish. Fiifi irimis with Ihe apex nf the c( II marked by a shiKh'r. transverse. ilisciirc. piilc fiis streak I'du'cd faintly with pale; middle id' llie milcr two-llflhs of Ihe win:; uilli a Iran-verse, ii-iially mostly obliterated series nf pale •a-i.iiiallv .lark, fu-c. ill-. \crv -lemler. -Iiorl bar-, arranited. -o far a- pre-ini. as in ihe nllicr f.irin-: .'III 'r margin ii-nally cliri'd i.'ry fainlly willi a Ihr.'a.j nf pah' fii-ciiis. within wliicli is sniiieliiiKs a -nbniaruinal series nf faint, pale fiiscmis, -imill, round spot- and more freipn nlly a serie- .if sllulitly ihirkcr but still pale fuscoiis liiniiles. distant by iimvi' than an iiiterspuce from tlie onii'r border, w. '1111111'/ or 1.'-- di>iin('t on llie iipp.r liiilf of the will'.;. KriiiL'e wliii.'. narrowly and abriiplly interrupted lit the ner- viire lip-, on the apical half with dull fiiscmi-. Iliinl ('•i»;/.« with a basal serie- nf llir.c small, rmin.li-li. blacUi-ii -pni-, snineiiiiie- -.'arcely edsfcd with pale, in tlie en-ln— iilicn-tal iiiter-pac. the iiii.Mle of I lie l.iw I'l' hal f •>( the cell and the iiilernal liiti'rspaec the low.st frei|iientlv and the middle mie ■;isinn!illv absent ; the lower- most is sitiiaii'd ;it the midille of the basal lialf of the inner linrder and the three form r.illier iiior'- than a ri'j:lit anirie; the lip of tin ell irke.l .ibscnrelv ill till i.vt ai;ninai;: i vaniims I'm:i hakcioi.In. 1)31 fiiri' « ill anil lii'Miiid il i» nil (■xlr!i-iiii-.i;il irirmilar >ii'ic« nl' ^iniill lil:i(ki^li or il.irk fiiscous s|)()t> or (ll upper iiicdiaii iiilerspat-'i;^ arr fi'<'i|ii('iitl> alwi'iil and nflcn iiiaiiv id' tln' iitln'i>. tin' up|)L'rm(>.st Iji'iim llic ino'^t pi'r>i>ii-iii ; ilirv arr ui'iiciail.v rcdiiciil in iMini did* nr slfiidcr sti'i'ak>, l>nt when prrsi^nt iIm',\ iiiid(ri;o ijii' -aini' xaiic-l> ni (•.nii tlinl ludd^ In viiilaccrt; tlio f>uli'l' inaririii "f tin' \viiii.' i- laiiillv idncd witli a lliii'a i id' pale I'n-- ci>us. fiilldvi'd l)v a -nlmiariiinal »iriis of >inall luund >pciN, laiu;c>t and darkot, ;j;fnrrallv l)la(ki-li, on the Inwci' lialf of tlic winii. .■•niallci-. paid'. sonii'Unii'> idiMilrtr. Init ui'iit'i'idlv palf fii>cini> mi llic upper liall'; llii- i^ I'ollnucd hv a -crlo ol pair fii-ccnis, siriiiiy:lv lii'iit lint'ar Innuh's darkiT lu-arrr iln' iniiiT Imrdci'. nt'icii oli^oli'ti' touai'laiit at tin' rarlli"-! from llic oiiicr Imrdrr liv from and a half to two iiitcr-paco. Krinifc sihi'i-v wliiti', orca^iomdlN . ('■.prcially on iho lower lialf of tlio Willi;, lleckcd »liniill,\ with pale fnx'inis. Hcncatli (in thi' form violacea i iinirorm pale ash •.'ray, oeeasioiiall.v he^'rinieil sllu;iilly with fiiM'oiis liii< ireiierally with a faint, pale l>liii>li tiinie. /•V.c »•/(,,/.< with till' apt^x of llie cell marked by a rather slender, eipial. seareely lieiit. traiisvei'si'. fus- cous streak; luiilille of the outer t\>o-iifilis of the wiiiu with a transverse, coiisuh.'ra- blv eiirvini; serie (d' six fiiseoiis or blaekisli fuscoiis, short, inoderalelv broad bar- sometimes very faintly and narrowly ediieil willi pale; tlnit in the lower snliensial luterspai'i' and those in the inleispi lielow il are arraii;:eeiii liar, opeiiiim il> -oil! the upper lialf of ihe -winu'; in the ini'dio-siiliin,di;iii inlers|iace il is iie\ er bi'iil KriiiL'c al liasi- bluish ashy niiiiiilcd with fusciMis, .Ml lip while, iiilerriipled abriiptlj and iiol very bniadly with dark fnscoiis. often exteiidiim to the bii and 'Oinetiiiii" ■upyini; the whole apical lialf. Hi, ii-iiiiis with a b;isiil series of tliri'c rallier smiill. round. Iil;ii'kis|i spots. laiiill> ed;;ed Willi pale, in the costo-subcostal interspace, llie inhldle id' the lower half of the cell and the intermil iulerspace. til" hitter -iluated next the middle of the basal half of the inner border; Ihe upper IWi. s|, I, !~ , -ire I'll ,-1 lilii willl the Inwernio-I s|iol of tile extra-mesial series to be mein ioind. and tin- lnwi-r two mi a lire with the upper- most spoi of the siniie seiies; I He lip of I lie cell i~ nuirkeilliy a t raiisverse. rat her slender, eiplal. fiiseoiis «|reak onlwiird ; bevmiil this is a ir; srarcelv ciirv iuL' h.ah «. e;icll nprllilli llsVrr»e seril d' eii;hl blackish, lilaekish fu-eou- m fus- cous spots, very faintly rimmed with w liilish ; all iml that in t lie medio-submedian iniir- spsice, which is traiisver-eiy curved or bent, opeiiiiiir inwards, iire usii:illy rmiudisli or oval, but occiisiomilly linear, especially in the siilicosiii-iiieili;in interspace. \\ here it is either loiiu:iluiliii;il or sliirhil) iliauomil ; the iipperii.— t is ~li;.'liil\ laruer lh:iii tin- others and siunel imes iaIiihN liiiearl.v mitwiir ! ;i lill le : tin- upper I w o. in the coslo- siibcoslal and upper siibcos|;il iiiiersp;ice-. are p:iialli ! to the upper tw o spois ni the liiisal .series and reino\eil mitward frmu tlie lip of iln ^ ell by their ow ii w idili ; the four siicceediiii;' ones form a u'eiiily ciirviiiu row opeiiiiii: upwards ami a little inwards, that in tlie lower subcostal interspace varyiiiir from mii-fmirtli to oiie-h;ilf the dis- tance froiii the tip of the cell to the outer border, that in the lower median interspace jilst below the slrciik at tip of cell; the spot of the siibniedio-iuternal interspace is nearly iii continiiatimi of this ciir\e and at tin' iiiiddle of ihe outer border, luat in the inedio-siilimedian beiiiv; removed further outward and about oue-lialf tlic width of an interspace; the outer inaru:in ol the \\\u\; is edued with a delicate fusions line. followed bv a snlpiuarLrinal series of small, roiiinl. dark fiis at ail eipial disiam bv sjeii'l 'r. |i fll- -Iniii spots ;lv I follow III ;ii;;uii. leiii or curvinn m m V I > ' ■HtViiailH U32 Tin: lurrKKiLiKs ok m;\v kncland. 'i; i^F ■■; i'^ ■| li. J! hiiiiil )!• liiw*. (iiilsidi- (if which the whole whii; U til'U'ii lull I lo a u ry >liiilit or fvni n considoiiilih" fXlciit v ilh brciwiiNh fiwcons. !■ ■■ilvcrv white, oCti'ii iiiiirkiMl Id a ^lialit (Icitrfc >villi riiscoiis nii tlir Imsiil hull' ami iiiterriil't.''il illiniptly. iiMiiilly very narrowly, ?*(iiiu'tiiiie> rather liroailly. witli lirnwriish fuscous at tlie nervuri' tips. Iteiieath (ill llie form lucia) iiiiifonii inile aoh ijray. with a faint, pale hlnisli tinjip. Fiiri- ^riiKj.i witli the apex of tlie cell marked hy a moderately liroad. eipial. transverse, dark fii.scoiis •-iri'ak : middle of tlie oiiti r two-llftlis of tlie wini; with a transverse, eoiisideraralily ciirvin;; series of .-ix dark or blackish fuscous, siiort, moderately liroail liars, sometiines very faintly and narrowly edired with pale; all liiit the upper (me are arranged in a eiirviiif; or nearly siraiuht row. subparaliei to the outer border wiiiie tlie uppermost, ill tlie next to tile lowest sulicoslal inlerspaee, is removed in- wards from llie line iisiiaily by a little more than its own iem^tii: ail (d' the bars are s(niietiiiies transverse, Imt those in tlie siibeosto-median and upper, and sometiines the lower median in'erspaees, are fr' 'iieiitly (lia;;(mai, directed from above downward mid outward ; outer border edifC'i with a thread of blackish fnscoiis. often obscured above, followed by uii oliscnre, siibiiiari;iiuil series of small, dark fuscous spots in the interspaces, followed at an ei|nal distance by uii oiiscure, dark fusemis series of eoii- liiinous sinniu curved, transverse bars, between wliicli and the outer border tlie ncrvnies are frci|iientiy infnscatcil. and tlie whole mariiin of the winy: is usually wiished ill a dull, (discure. fnscons tinw Friime .generally pale aloii.:; the extreme liase. beyond irrayisli rnscoiis or wliitisli. interrupted rather narrowly and abriiplly with lihickish or blackish fuscous at tiie iiervnre tips. Hind iriinjK with a liasal series of three not verv lariic. round spots, faintly edficd witli pale, one black one in tiie subcostal interspace, one lilack or dark f-.scous one hi the middle of the lower half of tile cell, and a third black one in the internal iiitersiiace. the latter situated at tiie middle of the basal iialf of the inner border, arraniied ill relation to the extra-mesial liaiid, as ill violacea ; the lip of the cell ', marked liy a transverse, moderately slen- der. iial. fiiscous streak; lievond till exira-niesiiil, traiisver- series of black- ish or blackisli fu' coils iHMilrate splits, narrowly and indistinctly edjred witn pale, arr.iiii.'e(l (piite as in violacea, but w itii those 'u tlie two parts of the series almost or iiuite eonliniion- wlieii the inaikiii'.'s are otiierwise distinct: but nsnallv ail tlie iiiark- inirs ill the middle of the wimi are blurred and run tojjcther to a considerable extent, MO ns in extreme, but not iiiicoiiimoii exiimplcs to present a ^ruytsh fuscous, lar^fc. Irrenular. central, siibtriaimiilar patch, bounded externally by the outer limits of the exlru-mesial -pots, above liy a line comiecliMir tile middle of tlie lower liorder of the cell and the lower siilicosial uervnle. witli projections extendiii;; toward the two eosto-siilicostai spots, ,'ind lielow by :i line c'l'Mcctiiiir the middle of the lower liorder if tlie cell and the siibiiiediaii in rviire where I'Xtrii-mesial liaiid crosses it ; tin outer border of the wiim is liroadly bathed, usually to a coiisideralile extent, thoiifih sonielinies but little, with dark itrayisli fuscous, boiiiided interiorly by a /.ii;/.a^ line, formed liy a series of stronsjly bent, narrow bars in each interspace, darker than the rest of the enter border in speeiineiis where the oeur liorder Is not pretty ,u;riiiiy. and reacldiii:. in the iiiiddle of the interspaces, to 'lie dislaiice of oiic and one-half inter- sp; be widllis from the outer border: witliin this, even in tlie darkest specimens, may !i snliniiir.irinai if r;ither small, blackish, .'oiiiid spots, and ii blackisli lliread eilifiii!; the border. Krin^re white, in the lower two-thirds of the winu often more or less uray, iiy an iidmixlnre of fnseous. and throiijihout interrupted iibriiptly and rather broadly at the iier\nre tips v, ith dark fnseous, .Midoinen above black or blackish brown, sides profusely covered with tiliie scales, piirlicularly lielow. under surface while, often with a jellowisli or blnish tiiiiie Male iibdiimiiiai appendaires ^34: J.'i, ,14) : upper or;;aii furnished oiilslde posteriorly with a biilboiis, siilitriaiiiMilar lolie, beiirhiy: at its inner extreiriity a short, pointed, inward directed thorn ; clasps with the bulbous base rather larjie, the thorn a little curveil ■ind fullv one-fourth as loiijr a^ain :i'i the hMv. lACAKXINAK: (VAMUIS l-SKlDAUdKH.l S. !I33 CVANIItlM |-.SK.l'l>.\ltlil<>M'S NKOI.Kl'IA.' MAI.KS. KKMAI.KS. M i:i.~l(l.:i Itl.-IT. ,i 13.-I'). l(i.-lti.."> 1(1.-17.16 lllllCIIIIIII'. tt.-7.4 li.T.VT.^i T.i'i-T.'). , 5..V(l.."i liiiiil tiM:ic iiiiil tiii>i. . 2.75 -l.-ri ;t.7.V4.l ;i..V4..') II.-j') 11.11 forctiliiiir aii.l liirsl. . •2.--2.S' •J.-J.".-.'.4 •.'.((-•.Ml li -J.rj-'J.U .'I.IH ;!.ti-4.-i •i.5--J.S 'J-.V-J-M (-YANIKI8 l'NKrilAK(il(»I.Ctl VIor.At'KA. MoiisiiroinPlitN in iiillliiiii'tO'N. Ii4'ii).'lli of fore wiiiirs aiitriiiiai' liiiul liliiae and tar>i. fort' tiliiuo and tarsi . MA I.EM. KKMAI.KS. SiiiulU'!-!. [.Vvcraijc. I.»r;:i'M. Sniallrsi. Avorajfp. LurgvHt. li..-. 14. il..-| 2.4 I.V i;.r> i;t..-i ;!.."i •I .» 14. ti. 10. 4. Mia-iiniiictit* ill iiiilliniili'i>. ■•i;il>Ait(iloi.i-.« MAI.KS. jsiiialli'st. .VviiiiL'!'. I.arm'st. I.CII^'tll o( ioii' «illl.'> aniriinac Iiiiiil tiliiar am! lai>{. full' tiliiac ami lard. IL'. ll.'J.'i •J.l 14. tl..'i M..-i tl.T.") .'i.li •j.;t KKMAI.K.1. .Siiiallt'st Avi'iaift', i:). ti. :i.4 •J..') ia.d (1. 2.0 l.arjivBl. 14. 0.25 :i.o 2.5 Dimorphic foima. I'iie (listiiictloiis heUvi'i'ii tlu'so liaM' lat'ii imiiilcil out aliDvu iu lU'scrihiiiu: till' iiiarkiiiu's r siiliiiiar llir iiinn- ri'iiiiirkiitili' >iiir(' llir -.aiiic part nf the iimliT siiri'iii'c i-< (inili- luav llv iiiiirki'il : on llir iiihUt »iirlaci' lln' exlia-iiir^ial >cric> of -iiidl^. in Imtli the fniT ami liinil \vliia~, i- rciiinvccl i)iit\varil> iiiid lia> liL'CKiiic I'lMilliU'iil «illi llii' »iiliiiiar:;iiial -I'l'ir^ iil' ImiiI liais, making; the iiiaik- iim- (if tile uiiici' linriici' iiiiii>iiall\ lica\ \ . w liiif lln' ~in'ar->lia|iril markiiiu'^ <■( tin" siiliiiiar^'iiial r><\\ arc I'c'laiin'il. liitcii-illi'd. |iarllnilarl\ mi llic lilml « iiiu;^ ; in llic fore w'nas llic spill of 111.. ncM In till' Inwi'i- «iil)(ii«liil liili'ispat'c i* rclHim'tl liulcpiiKlcnl of the oiitrr iiiarkliiit^. iilllii>iii;li rcMimvcil far towaril llu' linnlrr; al IIk' lia-i' iif tiiu liiiiil \viii;;s, till' liiwii' «p(.| i« ali>i'iit . \\ lillr tlic -.pol^ of tin' coslD-siilKMoial iiilci'>pacc ami nf llir cell ai'c .•iilarncd and di'c'pi'iu'd in lint, and ari' pci'liap^ a v rn Utile iicai-cr llic liasc llian iiMial ; llic apr\ nf tlic cell is niily niai'ki'il liy a >U'iidcr, pale fn>cnns streak, sn lli.il I lie cciitri' nf the hind winifs. iiisieail id' IicIiil' heavilv lilnlched and Infnseiitcd, is alinnsl cntirc'ly nf tlic pale ash univ nf the liasul enlm- nf the wiiii.'. while tlic inar- uinal inai'kiii^s ai'c ln'nailened. and mi tlnir liiiiei' iiiai'^iii decpi'iied in linl. prescniiii!; an appcaraiiee in niarkcd emiira-i In the llnl'inal l\ pe nf lllcia, 'I'lle llppel" -iirfaci however, li'livos no dmiln In « liieli nf the fnrms of tlie species wesliniiid r. fi'r lliis iilicrr.uit individual. A \ci'\ similar speeiiiieii. lint with the disc nf the idnd w iiiifs lieiicatli heavily iiifii-eated. i- llijiired li> Kdwards Itiill, N. Aiiier.. ii. l,\c, ii. ll:;. l'.". ). .\ rather cnrimis $ spccinicn. slmw in;; an e\i diii::ly early staL'e nf siiil'nsimi in the saiP" direelinn as tlic iiisl was taken li\ Mr. 1". II. Sprauiie. in Wnlla-tnii. .Mass., mi M.iy 111. The only way in whiidiit dill'crs from the ordinary fiiiiiilcs in «lii<'ii liic siih- iiiesial lrin~\erse band is disiinei.is in tlic riiiiniiii: tnvn liicr of the in^iii-siilicn»tal spots I d' ihi- series whirli are here nearer the base iliaii n«iial. lu'iiiu in dircci .iiid straiirlil enniiniialinii of ih.dnskv streak clnsini; the cell w it li Hie same spni~ of llic basal s.'ries. roriiiini; in Hie eo»io-siilieosial inlerspace a -irikiii^. diiiiii>-liell shaped liar. W llnr e miter exlrcmuv is c niieetcd licncath with a cniitinnmis. slenderer, curved si ri'iik. formed nf the discal sireak am! tlu' Inwcr spnis of liic siilnncsial series; and tn-c-lller loli mill: a e,'i| ilal elirsiv c T ( y llpnll one side and its reverse mi the ntlli'r. Hermaphrodites. Kdwards lias il^riired i ISiitt. N. .Viiii'r.. ii. pi. I.ye. ii. tlir. I'.'l) a specimen taken tii Cnallmruh. W, \:i.. in which tin' lell winirs wiili llu' limly liave male cliaraclerisi ie>. w liili I lie w iii^s of Uieri^lii »ide are colored as in the female. Mr, Kdw.-irds it wa> a male, as appeared mi e.vpnsini; llie Lreiiilal oru;aiis Tlr spceinien is now in tl.e collection of Dr. W. .1. Holla ml. ami a^ no >iicli emiiiiry iiail c\ er before been made. I ;|s|'< ciisisi, of aboiil a dozen siibcc|nal. snlieirciilar. pnlyiroiial cells arram;ed armmd a ceiiir.al point. with distinct 1 1 loll;:! I execssivi-h delicate w alN. and is simaleil al Hie boiioiii of a verv I.YiAI'MXAi:: (VAN! IMS I'sKIDAIiCK M.ls. !i:]r) 4 lli'iiil (link. >liliilni!. t'lioliMit lii'nwii. iii'c'lliir llilil lilm k. -IlllllnfV |lit wllicll i« II I II II It III III Ml. ill ili.'IIHi'ti'l' : till' llllll'l'oiMli lliu I'l'ljo oT III!' ifrlirnil >ill'riirr lll'i' .nil lillll. Ill ilhlllli'li'f. ('i)l(il' III' I'L"..' lilllli'l' |i:lli' ul'ii'M. till' i'li'\ ,'llril |i.i||iiiM> whili' I|i'ii.'lil. :l IIIMI. : liri'ililtll. ..Mi IIIIII. Caterpillar, l-'nsi . |iiili' 'I'.iii'li Willi'', iiiiiriii'iiilv M'i'v iiiimili'lv. iiml unili' ilrii-rly |iiiiiriiiliiiiil «lltl li|'in\ II -IihIn ; llrsi llllll'llclc si'lillM'lll W illl 11 llnl'xll -ll ii'li I 1 1 1' I 111' m!. il' 1 1 1' I 111' I M I' I.V . till' |l(l|illl.l',' ill'.iill II Ililll-UUIl ; llH' lllI'lfiT |i;l|(lllni' 111' llie llmly ;ll ( tin' Imily rnlnr. iiiiiMihili' witli liliK'kl-li. Ilii' -Miiilli r iiiir-^ lire Itruw iiUli. 'I'lu' IimIin Iim\i' iim iiiimmIiiU' lljijii'iil'illiri' ilili' 111 llii' |irr>''lli'i' of fxri->^ivi'!v Miliiilli'. iTiililiiilv ili-l lilillli'il. niiMil |Miiiil» ii» If I'nr ihi' ■li M'lliiw or III ■.iiiiiiiii'i' iriTi'iii^li uliiic iiriii-liiiiiilh i-iililNI I.i'iiiiiii .'ili.iiil L' IIIIII. .M'liT I'^ilvMinU . 'I'liifil st>i:i, . Ill ■»|ii'iiiu. |imIi' L'l II. wliill-li iliir»;ill\ . il-il:ill.\ Willi :i iin'illnilni'N'il. iil'li'll illlrrril|ill'il I'rilili-ll ~t|-i|ii' I'i'iilll lllr ^iTiillll tlllirill-ir III III!' ,i\l|i .'llMlnlllilllll »r;.'- iiii'iiNt III ^iiiiiiiii'r v.'iriiilili . iiiill'iir |imIi' ;;i-i'i'ii. Iiiiiiiiiciiliili'. iln' lir^i ilmnirir s.'iiiu.'iii liriiwii, ill -iiiMi' ilur-iilly iiii'l liiliTiilly iiiullli'il w itii iliirU ^ri'in .iiiil Iiim\\ ii : iiriM^ii.ii- illly viiiiiti- tlii'iiil'^liiiiil nr I'll! uitli il wliilc ^iiIi'IL'iiiiiImI -lri{M' in iiiitiiiiiii iliill :.'i'i'i'ii. iiiiiir ur U'— • iiiiivki'il Willi liiiiwii. I.i'iiirtli filiuiit :'.."i nun. \:ii'i' I'MwiinN i. I'uiiifli siii'ir. Ciilnr viirhilili' IK lii'i'iii'i'. I.i'imili iilii'iii '1111111 /.,isi ^h„ir f75: -'11. .'.'.I. III. r>j. llfiiil i79: iliirk A I'll r IMwiinU iiiK. In'iiiiillv I'llui'il iiliiu I ilii'l lii'liiu w illi iihii'UUii : li'i:iiii:lr lilli.'ci| w'itli liliU'kl>li aili> I'.lifi'il ilNUnilly Willi lihii'k : iiiitriiiKii' iril" ; lie. Hi w lilti' ill ;i iiliick lli'M : inniilli |iiirl-i ri'ilili-li .■ilmvi'. wlillNIi licluw, III!' i'i,i;i- ill' llii' iiiMinlilili'^ liliirk. Hi illy 11 1 nil 1-1 wiiiti' Willi .1 vi'i'y jiiili- I'nsi'iili' liiii,'!': 11 lunnw . I'.iiiil. ilii-ky. iliir«iil 11 lie frmii Uir >i'riinil lli.inirli- in till' -ixlli aliiliiniin.'il Nr;:iiu'iil--; mi .-illiri' «iili' or ilic ili'st iiliil'iniliiiil -I ifiii 'III :i liili'i'iiiliiroiil Ii'ianu:Ml.'ii' i;ri'('iii>li imltli liaviii:; lt> Iiiki' mi tlic anli'fiiii' i'iIlti' 'it' till' i'rli'> of vrry I'aliit. irri'i'iii^h. iiiilii|iii' •ilrijH'^. mir III a ^I'yfiiiriil : lii'iii'alli. M'l'y pa!'' ^ri'riijsli : warllri- wliili' i'\''i'|iliii:i mi till' lali'i'iii|iir-al patili ul' tln''lir>l alulmninal si'iriiu>iit w Ih'Ti' tiny ai'i' lilaik : liair» sliul't . li.-irUwaril rill'\ I'll, w liiti' ; -.|iir;li'li'^ wliitr. I.i'ir* very |i.'ili' yilliiw i«li ; (■law> fiKcmi-: |ir(ilru'» \"i'y pal' L'Tri'iii-li I. 'iiL't'i. In ."1 iiiiii : liri'ailtli. ;'. '.'."i iiiiii. : Ii'n'.;lli uf Imiil liillf<. '-I mill. ; 'it' ~!im'l "iii''. .ii."i- '"! inin. Chrysalis i84- M. V'>. 14). Tppcf Mii-r;iri' li'.'lit linnviiisli ycHmv with a MTy faint yi'llii'vi-li fii,--iHK iliii'-.al liiir: |iriitliiii'a.\ infiKi-ali'il ami inarki'ij willi lilackisli in ilic iniil'lli' .'Hill at llir »iilrs. .\li'»iil!iiifax ami llr»t alulmiiiiial ~r:;tniiit lilacki>li al tlic iliir~al liiii' ami with a -mall lilacki-li fii-'ini-. -put m-xt tin' wiiiu:- ; I^kiiI wiiiir liiliivilc lippril u itii fii-i'iiiw ; III in I til till' -ixtli .■ili'liiinimil M'^iiii'iil-- Willi a 1 raiisv I'v-i', lilarkUli fii--riin-. lali r;il -trrak. iiiri'r.i-lm; in -i/.r pn-lrrinrl, ; pii-lil'lur Nranii'iiK a litlli' iiifii-- rati''l. I'ml'T -ni'fai-'' liitrmi-, -par-' ly ami faintly H|i|'ll|l>|i'il Ullli ftl-riiil- ilnU arraiiu:i''i in liiiiLritmlinal mw- I'hr riiNi'il Iim- w lili'li rilu ( liii' liiiil\ arr ilark In-uwn- Isli yi'lldw; wai't- at lia-i' nf liair- lirow iii-li. tin' hall's smin'tiiin'- pale siiiiU'tiiiir-i fiiscmii. a lillll' lini'.ii'r on till' ri'mit nf prnlliiiiiix Ihaii on tlirlimly iti'iicriilly. Spirarirs wlillo, liiin'i'i-i'd witli liiti'iiii-. Li'iiiilli. ' nun.; lirlLflil al tlimax. L'.i;."i mm.: wiillli at siiiiii'. L'.L'.'imni.; Iniitlit bi'twi'i'ii llim-ax ami aliilmni'ii. .'."1 mm.: wiiltli. 'l.'Ti tiini. ; liciLflil of abilmncii. I.l.'iinm.; wiillli of -ainc. .'l.:!.'! iiiiii. ; Iriiiilli "f liini:i'r liair- .111 IIIIII. ; of -^liiiftii' liiiii'-i. I'J-. I I mm. !i?<.i '^:% \ 'm Nomenclature. In iIk' -yiii>iiviii\ im !itiiiii|ii lin- linr Inin ih.'hIi' tn ciiii-iiilci' llic ( 'alil'iiriiiuii t'uriiis. Imii mily tliuxiiii ca.'^ti'rii .Viik riiii. Dii'sc, it wiiiili! .xcciii, cim liiiriy lio icdiicrd In ilircc, tlui'c licino- jiciirccly iiiiv (lill'ci'i lice t'M'ii ill tliL' .'soiitli lictwoi'ii tliu.-ic forimrly con-itKri'il iii? .■^pocics, iinili'i' ilii' name- lU'olccia aiid |im iiilaii:iiilii-, exi't'iitiiig in ..^i;'. niid in tlic 'j;JG rm; m rii;i!i i.ii:s nr m;\v kmiland. m m ^^^ .;i;l m sliplitly (ItM'jicr tint ci. ;i» will ;i« in -iicli nili^r slijrlit liiircri'iii'i'.'H iis ii|)|K'iir ill ('i>iii|i:ii'ir'i)n nt' tliriiinri' t\ jiirnl cxiiiiiplt',-. m I'liiiiplctc iiiiil csirty fniiisitiim uppfMrN lictwi'cn tin' two. Ijiciu iiihI \ i(il;ii'c;i liciii^j init ciiriy ntvl lute hicilllicrs lit' till' siiiiic lirunil tin re i> iil-n cviTV i;i'iiil;iliiill ln't^ccll tlii'in ; lull hell' llir i':i»c i« iilliTiiJ. tiir. (ir-l. llirrc i« ili • ilitlcii'iici' in liie tiiiif III' MpprMi'.'ini'i' iit'lrn nut liiiiml in tin' hirL''<'i' mmiI ~iii i ilrr .'^iiiiinici' InrniM, !\ii»l .■^ci'unil, tlicrc i-i 11 I'liiTi'-piiMiliiij; scixri'^riitinn ut Im ni-. Mini ;i trnilcncy of iiitcrui'iiili> In rcM'tii'ilf cliiM'lv one nv tlic ntlicr iiri'inilinf;' In llifir tiinc uC oclosiiin. MiirjfiiiMlM on tlic ntlirr liiiml sccni' U> iiii' inily (iiic nl the !»tu>ilily «liL:litly inni'i roiii- iiiiiii tlian iitlii'r.M, Init imtMiin New Kii;;l.'inil ut lcii>t : mi i^i'in uil ruii.^idcr- iitimis it sliiiuiii III- Iniikcil till' ill til xtri'iiii'-it type in tlit'ilii'ci'tii>ii >>)' liiciii wluTc li(ri:i prnpcr iJiM'-i nut rxi-t : liiit I ijii iml m'I' tliiit we jfiiiii iiiiytliiiif^ lici'i' liy llir iiM' iil'ii scpMi'Mti' nniin'. I'lirri' i>. Iiuwi'mt. an cxt'cptimi tn lie iiniilr in I'aMir ut'tlic iisr ul'tlir ^iilimilinutc irriii iul^tm Im' tlic iliiik liiiiiur- pliii' iii.'ilt' III' tlic rare \ inlai'cii. Distribution 1 24 :•') . 'I'lii- ililii'Mtr liilli Imitci'tly i> alri'ady kninvii iiMT a va>i fxtfiii 111' tii'iiiiiry. A- alrraily .■«tali'ii. it lia* \aiiiin.>* t'orins prr\imisly limkiil iipmi a^* aili»tiiii'i spi'i'ics. Iia\ inii ili>tiii('ti\ c iri'iiu'rapliical liminilaiii's. It ii('('iir> in Alaska (Dall). iml until rii'intly — imlci'il ^ill^o till' printini;- nl' my map — lia» iini hccn rcpmlril tVimi any of llic ri'- iXimi liclwci'ii lliat anil liii' Inwcr Saiskatclirwan (Kirliy;. wliicli is llic iiiin'i' siii'pri-iiiiir .|s nu ini'misiiicralilc rulli'rlimi,* have liccn iilitaiiKMl t'roiii tliri-c. Now we kiiiiw ut' it f'rmii Ti'lrLii'iipli ("rci'k, Lat. AH", Lung. 1.'^" (nawsun) anil ('as.-iar trail, irii iiiiK- wot ut' Itrasc Lake, Lat. ."iM" 2'-i' N'.. IjuiiM', l,'t() ir W. (Daw-un). ( )liiiT\visi' its nurtlicrn liuniiilariott cxtcml tu nut t'ar nurili uf tlii' MMitlicni I'Xtrciiiity t>\' IIuiImiii Hay ; t'ur it has lii'i'ii taken a! liake Winnipeg; ( Keiiiiieiitl. Scinlilei' ) , at Martin's Fails. Alliaiiy K'iM'i' ( liritisii Miimiiiii). tlie suiitlieiii eiM^l uf lialirailur and Antieosti (Cuiiper). Tlie extreme western iiuiindaries ut' liiis nurtli- ern [lurtiun ut' its range are ipiite unknuwii : Imt it lias lieon taken in Dakuta. .Muntaiia and Ne\ada (Ivl\varil>) and is t'umid in N'ietoria ( Kletelier ) . I-'nrtlier smilli mi the Paeitie I'uast it assnines a distinctive t'urin, t'urinerly emisidenMl anuthers|)e('ies (piasiis). lien' it Inii* hoen t'uiiiui tVuiiithe smiihern huiindarv ul' ( 'alit'uriiia and Arizona to central ( alit'oriiia oin and according to smne aMthorsas tarns Oregon. It is also reperted tV Mexico, as noted siiu e mir map was printed. I'";ist of this the .«[)(.'ciefi is t'oiind in all the Uockv Mountain ri'gion ut' I'tah, Culuradu and Wvoniiiitr. Ka.st ut' the U'lcky Mountains it occur? in all the (nilf states excepting Florida, although it docs tiot appear anywhere to touch the (iiilf. but Iins lieen recei\i'd tVoni central Texas (Hcltragc). is montioned l)V Gossc from ecntial Alaliama, and ligiired liy Ahhot t'roiii (i ikiiith tliiuiii^liotit New ICiijiland. It (H'curis ahull 'i^ MtV- I.VCAKNINAi; . ( VAMIilS I'SKl |»Alt(ilOl,l'S. 987 The early t«|)riii<; t'oiiii of tlu- lun'tli, kiiuwn im lii<-iit, in CDiiliiu'd to the norlhrin portion of III! this iTfrion, not occinrinji Hiiiih of New Mn^hmd and Now York, cn' i|itiiij{ in the cxtrcnu' wvt-f . wIich' it lia- liccn liikcn in northtu'ii Coh)nido. In tlic t'tist it has Ix'cn taken nn fai' south an Von- 10 M 11 nd on IjOllir Ish itui, and in liie \vf8l i- »l laif a t I tacinc W ThcNO |>oint8 indicate just about its I'Xtrcinc smithri'ii limits. It has not boi'ii iT|>oi't('d ill thi- west hcyond Montana. 'i'JR' form |)iasu8 in found in California, Arizona, and norihern So- ')iM, hilt wlii'thiM- ii I'vtcii N into Vcvad.i and l^tah is as vi't nnci'i'tain it has not heen ri'[ioiti'd from that rc'jjjion. Over thi wlmh^ of the rc- niaiiiiiifx territory eo\ered l>y the species the forniH viohi< • a and nejrlecta oceur and indeed extend a loiiji' way into th< cirion ii|ipioprialed Ity Incia ; but the dark form of the male is peculiar lu its soiitheri limits. 'I'liis last ot I leen I'oiiiu I in 1 'eniisvnania ncu' as tar norili >avtoii <)! no. It la indeed not known norlli of ( 'oalbiirjih. \\ . \ a. (except liiat it is re- ported as taken by (Iraef in the \ icinity of New York),iH)r in anv part of Ohio and llliiioiH, iiiit it has been obtained from ' ieoi'< II'., ma, west- ern NOilii Carolina, eastern 'rennessee and e\eii -oullieiii ( 'oloiado (Ed- wards ) . In .New Kniilaiid liicia has been everywhere I'oiind : it is extremely abundant in the northern half, not at all ii iK'oniiaon in the ecu tral plU"- s llll- tioiis, but comparatively rare in the -onth. ^ iilaica is by no mean common, but havinj^ generally lioeii inistaken for one of the otlu !■ foi'ins and so produeinj.; a confusion of statements, its exact distribution cannot lie fully determined. It is, howexcr, rather more common in the south than iiindaiii thron^i'lioiit the district. the north, while ne:,decta is eiiuallv 1' Haunts and abundance. ( ) len decid uous wood rhetl ler ry or Bwanipy,are the fa\ spots, and in the west is never t'oiind on the jirairies, but at the bottom ot' the deo[) woodcl ravimv beside the streams. Oviposition. Tlu' eg^s are hiid upon thi' biujs.or the calyx of the flowers tliemsehcs ii' they Ii.mvc already opened, of the plant on which the larva feeds. .\s the tlowci.- ot' these plants are always clustered, the co-ir.s are the more ditticnlt to discover because tliev are tucked in between the flowers often well out of sight. 'I'lie eggs hatch in from four to I'ight days according to the season. Mr. Kdwards says; mine, found in May by Miss (iiiihl, hatched in six days. Foodplants of caterpillar. Egg.s and cater|)illars have been found on ti large niiinlier of plants of very varied character ; and as might be expected of a polyphagous caterpillar it will eat under stress not a few m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT«3) 1.0 I.I 2.2 It: i^ 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 J4 ^ 6" — ► V] <^ /} "9;. "% > #1.'^^ % ^;^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MA!N STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M5B0 (716) 873-4303 V V :1? \\ -''\ ^ j- i , ■ 938 THK BUrrKRFLIIvS OF NKW KN(tLANI). 'M other plants. Of tlioso wliii-li arc its proper food may l)c iiistanct'd Ciini- ciiiigii nu'cinosa, acx'onliiig to Edwards (Haniincidaceac) ; eiiinach, on vvliicli Mis!< Morton haa seen it lay eggs (Crneiferae) ; Ceanotlius ameri- canus, on which ^^r. Mead i.nnid larvae (Hiianinaceae) ; Aescnliis ealifor- niea, according tgnniin()8ae) ; Spiraea i?alicifolia. on the blossoms of which Mr. P. S. Spragne found the full grown larva and about whi<'li I have often found the butterfly hovering ; I have also obtained eggs from females enclosed » ver Amelanchicr canadensis, on which they laid in prcfercnr c to ( 'ornus ; but the young larvae would not touch tlic leaves and died (Rosacoae) ; Cornus, on which the larva was first founil bv Mr. Saunders and afterwards the eggs bv Mr. Kdwards, and on which the female was seen to lay eggs by Dr. Howe (Cornaeeae) ; Vi- burnum acerifolinm, on which Professor Comstock took the larvae (Caprifo- liaoeae) ; Verbesinu helianthoides a!ihe calyx, and follows the stalk of the pistil to the o\ ule. Finally, belated larvae are compelled to gnaw the seed vessel after it has become woody, and in several Instances have been found eating the stem below the flower It is not un- usual for the larvae In conlinenient to eat of the white involucre of the (lower, but I have never observed them eat of the leave.'b, even when no other food has been given them. Dr. Diiuinook, liowcvor, fuiuxl tliat tlio lai'vae wliidi he Ijrod on \iU'- ciniiiin ate away the mirtacc of tlie leaf while young, l)iit later ate the leaf entirely tiirough ; and the young larvae which I persuaded to cat huekthorn ate cireular holes .25 nun. in dianu'ter, in the iijn)er siui'ace of the leaf. The behavior of the larvae in the pretjoneo of ants has for no species ot Lycaeninac been so well and fidly described as for this species by the same indefatigable observer, and the following accoiuit is accordingly ex- tracted bodily from his different writings : — 1 very soon noticed tliat auts also frecjuented the spikes, and supposed that the honey-sweet flowers drew them, but presently saw an ant runnin,": up and down the back of one of the larvae, drumming autl gesticulating witli its antennae, ami was surprised to find that the larva, though feeding, did not seem in the least disturbed at the treatment, neither withdrawing its head from the bud nor wincing in the body. It evidently knew well who was treating it so famiiiai'ly. . . . The llrst day I had seen two species of anls engaged, each of medium size, but now I found a third and very small species operating in the same manner, and In one case .six of tliese were busy over one larva. Hut tlaMuovements of all the species were similar, . . . They run over the body, caressing incessantly with the antennae, and undonblciiUy with the object of persuading tlie larva to emit the lluid. , . . Much of the cavessing is done about the anterior segments, and while the ants are , . . absent from the last segments, the tubes . . . are almost constantly exposed to full (!xtent, and so reimiin. without conlraclhi until the ants come tumbling along in grt^at excitement, and put either foot or anten- na directly upon or close by the lubes, when these are iusliuitly withdrawn. J'he ants pay no heed to ;lie tubes, so far as Inuchiiig Ihciii with inleiilion, bul at once turn to [the median gland], caress the back of that segment, put their mouths to the orl- flco, and show every sign of eager expectancy. . . . [Willi a leni] a movi'meiil will speedily be apparent, and there will protrude a dark green mamnilloid membrane, from the top of which exudes a tiny drop of clear green lluid. This the ants drink greedily, two or three of them perhaps standing guiird over it. The denio-istrations of the ants are of the most gentle nature, caressing, enlreating, and as the little creatures drink ill the lluid, lifting their heads as if to prolong the swallowing, there is a raanife.it satisfaction and delectation that is aiiiusliig to see. They lick away the last trace and stroke the back of the segiiii'iit, and wait to see if their coaxing mails anything. If not, they run about, , , , but presently all return, ami tlie caressiugs go on as before. The Intervals between the appearance of the globule vary with the conditions of the larva. If exhausted by yielding to the frecpieut solicitations, some miiintcs may elapse, and the tubes meauwiiilo will remain concealed ; but a fresh larva requires little urging, and the mere Intimation of the presence of an ant in the m \m i 940 TIIK BUTTERFrJKS OF NEW KN(^,LANI). I If. ■fm I'm m vicinity is ("iionsli to eaiiso tlie tubes to piny rnpi'lly, and one glolinle to foUovr anotlior, sometimes wittiout a rctractins; of tlio meinbiane, and l)ofore tlic near ap- proacii of tli3 lints. I liave connteun(lant by the middli' of .luly, although the males are often still greatly in i.xcess in the latter half of the month, and in spite of their great delieaey these inseets may still be seen in Hep- tcinher. This l)r()od does not seem to be so abundant as any of the preceding, and especially as the very first, the reason being that some of the earlii'r ehrysalidst'.o not give birth to the butterfly until the sueeecding year : thus Dr. Dinunoek obtained a caterpillar on Vaecinium which pupated on June 17th, and so should have emerged as a member of this July brood, but which did not give thebutterfiy (formhu'ia) until the winter (in a warm room). So Abbot in (ieorgia bred one of the forms in March from cater[)illai's which went into chrysalis the last of the preced- ing April. These facts with the relative numbers of the different broods and the experience of Mr. Kdwards in West Virginia, to be mentioned, would seem to indicate that the spring brood is made up from chrysalids of all the broods of the preceding year. I lia\c given above the facts regarding the appearance of this insect as known to me in New Knjjland, and mainlv as written manv vears ago, so as not to confuse the account by statements of the results of others out- side of New England. But it cannot be said that the account formerly given by me (Can. ent., viii : (11) is as there giveii wholly satisfav>tory, or accords fully with what is known elsewhere. That all the different forms of Cyaniris, in eastern America at least, belong to a single species is as good as proven ; but that their relation to each other is as simple as I formerly supjjosed is by no means sure. If, as thei'e i-egardcd. negleeta is only and always the child of eggs of the same season, and the other forms of eggs of the preceding season, how does negleeta appear so early? There is a hare month between its first appearance and the first appearance of lueia. And yet the females never appear among the first, and if we are to look upon the earliest negleeta as born of eggs laid the same season then in a comparatively cool part of the year all the transfor- mations must take place within three weeks. Now in West Virginia Mr, Edwards has found it to take more than seven. The only alternative that seems to he open is to regard at least the earlier negleeta as a part of the first brood, which then becomes triniorphic. This is the view of it, essentially, which is taken by Mr. Edwards, who has h.id a far wider experience in rearing this insect than any one else. The first spring form in West Virginia (where lucia proper does not il-^ mi ■';-l ^■ 942 THK nUTTKRFI.IES OF NEW ENGLAND. occiu') is followed, aljoiit tlio tiiiu' when those are liiyinii tlieir oggs, In- large exaniplcf? of the .siiiiimer form, the hulk of wiiieh have disapjiearetl before the caterpillars from the^e eggs are mature ; and l)y the time these large huttertlies are i|Mite gone appear the regular summer butterflies in direet descent from the early spring form. In aecordanee with this, as far as they go. are tlu' ol)servations of Dr. Howe of Yonkers, N. Y., who one year found the first male lueia on Apr'l 4, the first female April 12; while on the 22d of the month males of negleeta were taken; here only ten days intervenen iiuition, nLVor in a direct course, but liovoriiig anil (inivcriiijr alioiit one sjnit. ni\er alighting without seeming to he very uncertain just -wliere to on. Ifniiuli alainud it will move otf more rapidly, hut still with the same wayward motion, rarelv rising as high as one's head. Ilie heats of its wings nie auuh hts frc(iupieii( ns I'ri in their charming color, which, in tlie sunlight is intense [in the foiin violiiceaj.as luar as may belike Salvia patens among liowers. Tiiey frequently congregate, especially the males before ♦he fen;i). wlien tliey nro pimunl hut not set. Tlu' hody is tlioii l)oiit in sucli ii way that while tho nltihnncn and Idwit cdni's of all the winji'H lost ii|hiii tlio enrfiici', the thorax is ele\attjd at an anj;le oi' l"»". The antennae arc de- pressed so that fill V are on ii IItic with the (tuter iialf of the costal niarj^in of the fore 'vings ; they divaricate at the siinie time at an anj^le of HO' or even us nnicli as 110". Polymorphism. I have reserved for the i)resent section a I'nll account of the various forms assumed l>y this insect, altlioiinh it liaslx'cn necessary to state many of the facts in treating of the life hisioi'v. and other topics. The species is spread iver almost the entire Norlii .\iucrican continent. In the extreme noi'th from Lahrador to Alaska it is sin;^le hrooded, but appears in two tonus, lui'ia and violacea. diflcriuu- larjicly in the heaviness of the markings ot the under surface ; whet'.icr one oi' the other form lli<;8 before the otlu'r, docs not appear from any observations on the spot, as tliese are loo meajirc, but there is eerlaiuh nothiu}'' to show that it differs in this respect from what we find further south. To examine this Ave must confine our attention to the eastei'u half of the continent. Mot far from latitude 4.")' \. two new |)hcuonu'na appi'ar : the butterHy becomes double brooded and trimorphic, and the third form with still lighter markings, of which the second brood is exclusively composed, ap[)ears also as a member of the first brood, the three forms succeeding each otiier at least within a montii in the order of the heaviness of the dark markings of the mider surface, viz. : lucia, violacea, neglccta. Confining our att(>n- tion for the moment to the first l)roo(l. observations would seem to slu>w that in tho northern [)art of the licit of its trimorphism, the form neglccta is eomparati\ely rare, but that in i)roceeding farther and farther south it becomes proportionally more and more numerous until, as about Albany, N. v., it luis altogether usurped in numerical importance the place for- merly o.'cupic(l by lui^ia, which entirely disappears at about the latitude of 41', except (|irobably) in inouutiiinous districts. At the same time the second Ijrood, although a[)|)arcntly not more the j»roducl of neglccta than of violacea, becomes iiu)re abimdant. We now rciU'h another bolt of country in which we find the butterfly again dinior[)hi<' in the first genera- tion,— violacea and neglccta in the order ot' their appcaraiuic, and the Kunuuer generation as before. 15ut we have iu)t far to pass, say to .'JS" or 39^ N., before wc reach a new condition, in which tlu' first form of the first generation becomes sexually dimorj)hic, the males aj)pearing under two guises, one blue above, the normal violacea, the other dark brown, violacea-nigra ; and this apparently continues as the condition of things as far toward the (lulf as the species extends. There can be little doubt that this succession of changes in i)assing from north southward is modi- fied and interfered with to a considerable extent by the Alleghanies, and that on their Hanks, in very near vicinity, we may find at least some exam- P i mm uv KY( aKNINAK: CVANIIJIS PSKI'DAltCK (M'S. 045 pleH of iill tlit'sc t'oiiiis. Ill ;i(l(Iitii)ii tlici'' iirc I lie rollowiiifi; iiitciv.-iting points: Mr. Ivlwards finds tiint tiic iicu-jcctii of llu- (irsi lnond in W rn\ Vii'Ljiniii lire Iitr<:;i'r tliiiii lllo^t of tlidf^c of i lie sccimkI linxid imd ^iNcs totiic former the distiuciive .spt'ciid iiiiinc |is(iid!n'i;'ii'liis( |)rn|i(i' ) : Inil iiiiisniiicli ns some of the second i)rood iiri' of tiic sjiiiic size, mid no u('iii'li<' I'oniicction between lartje and larjje of tiu' same year lias liecii shown : and as, fiirtiicr [ to the north, all the larijcr neirlecta so far as I have sc(>n thciii conic frotn tlie second lirood, wc do not sccin warranted !n applyinff a distinctive i name. Mr. Edwards lias fnriiicr noniinaliy scurcLiiitcd an iiitcrnicdi.ite type iietweeii hicia and \ iolacca in the reyion wiicrc tiicse exist fou'ctiicr, callinjir it nurginata. and l)y means of it attempts to sliow tliat liicia and viohicea tly at tiicsaine tim(\ whicdi his own statistics sliow is not the ease if "niarifinata" is ioolvci' upon, as I ha\(' always doiu', as only one phase in tlie variation of liicia. an opinion which is conliinicd liy findinji' in all the range of this polymorpliic and csjiecially toponior|ihic hiiltcitiy no place where one Hies without tiic otiicr. from Alaska and \'ancoiivcr to Lahra- dor and sonthern \ew Enuland. In the extreme west, on tlie Pacific slope, we Inuc a new form, piasns, must rcscmhliiig neglccta. which so far as ohservations have gone appears to he single brooded in the north, doiiMc lirooded in the south and to show no dilf'erence hetwcu'ii the liroods : as sharp a contrast as conld well iie fonnd to the charact'M' of the species elsewiiere : and it is the more strange as in Arizona (thongli, it should he noted, iiniong llic moiiiitaiiis) an ashen tinted form of violacca appears, to ivhieh Ivhvanls has given the varietal name einerea. 'I'his foiiii piiisiis occurs as far m-rtli as central ("alifornia. What is found to the north if that is not well known. At N'aiicouvcr, how- ever, Incia and violaeea arc met witli and vioia<'ca at least in Oregon, and it wonld seem as if, in the intervening area, not only Incia hut also violaeea nnist disa])pear and leave only the more weakly marked Pacific rejiresen- tative of negleeta as the remnant of tlii^ ]>olyinorphism of the first hrood, and which does not hcconu^ digoiiciitir- until left in possession of the Held. It is ^^r. Edwards's lieiicf, a|)parciitly. that in the east at least the varions forms perpetnat(! themseh-es ; or at least that "nearly all the Imttertlies of th(! first generation must come in direct descent from their own form of / the year hefoi'i'" ; and thit the pi'ogcny of tlu> lirst generation of negleeta / in Wi'st N'irginia ("pseiidargiohis") eiiiicr gi\(' tlie same form the next / year or the same large negleeta ( "pseiidargiohi.s"') tli(> same season. This/ docs not seem to mi.' to stand on so good apparent grounds as he would appear to think, for I niiicli donht wlieth(>r even his quick diseernment can distinguish in a dried and di'ad chi'ysalis tiie dill'erenee lietween the forms,' and most especially hctween negleeta and '"[isendargiolns."' It seems far more probable that the tlir(M' s|)ring forms are made up indiscriminately of all the forms of the preceding year, as is apparently the case with Iphicli- 119 ir'^ ' m W:-}}' W' K -r H i^^ 946 TIIK HUTTKHFUKS OF NKW i:.\(iI,ANI». ■i:iivi (IcH ajiix, wliicli i.H liorcomorpliic in tlio siunc sense, tlionirli iictt to tlio winie (Icree, us tliix species. Hut tiiis pliiinly is a point wliieli a earet'ul nnilti- plication offarts will alone dear np. Miscellaneous. Tiu! androconia. ot'tlu; form Ineia at least, witli wliieli only I iiave expei'iniented. ai'c uii(loul)te(ll_v seent seales : tor when the finper is rnlilx'd over tlie upper siirt'aec of tiip tore win^ of the innlc it will bo found to lia\e an odor, exee.ssively faint indeed lint perceptible, whicih I <"an (ndy compare to tiie odor of cnislied \ioJet stems or perhaps to newly stirred earth in sprinji'. NO odor is perceptiiile when the same ex- periment is tried with the female. Mr. Kdwards tried the experiment of plaoiiiff chrysaiids of tin: species on ice. but MiifortMnateJy without success, as all died. Parasites. .Mr. Kdwards has found four parasites attacking this insect. One of these is dipterous, Exorista thcclarum (89:17, ID). "This de- posits egj^s on tlu> skin of the larva whih' in the second larval stage,"' and tin; maggot pierces its way into the interior and comes out again when the catcr[iillar is full grown : of a dozen larvae sent him by Professor Comstock all lint one were found to be infested with this parasite. T^ir. Kdwards in 1S7t' (•liiiiatcs iiii< 1 .;>■ a '] p:: LIST OF ILLUSTRAriONS.—CYAXIRIS PSEUDAHGIOLUS. PI. 21, fig. 89 : 17. 19. General. 0. Pistributioii in North America. Exoristiv tbecliirain, a parasite; The same ; wing. Em- PI.65, flg. 14. 01)lique view. 1.5. Surface sculpture. IS. Colored, side view. 68 : 6. Micropyle. (^atefpillar. PI. 7.">, lijcs. 29, 1)9. Mature caterpillars. 40,4.5. Sa!iic,(lorHal view. 79; 2S. Front view of head, stage v. 87: 14. Lateral caruncles, eighth abdom- inal segment, 19. Hinder extremity of l)ody in out- line, to show position of vesicle ami ca- runcles. y48 TIIK HUTTKIU'l-IKS OK NKW KNdl-AND. Vhrysdlin. I'l. fM, (Ik. no, •i;i, 41. Siilc vi.WH. Illlililn, I'l. (i, 11;;. 1 (iii'uli'cl;!). .M.'ilc, Imth MirfiiiTs. :l (Niiilari',1). .M:il(>, lidlh Miirr:in>. 4 (llCU'lccl!!). iM'inull', lllipiT MlirfllCT. ft (\ liiliii'i'in. KiMiirilr. Il|i|i('|- Mlli-faiT. H(luciii). .Miilc, Im.Mi Mii-riic'c. I'l. i;i. \Vs. I (liiclii). Mii'c, iipi"T Kiirfiiro. T(liiriii). ^i'l'' Ni'W, iindiT Kllrflll•l^ ;l(: :l:l, :I4. .M:il<' iiliilniiiliial :i|>p<'Ii>I:I'.;('h. ;n): Id. Nciinitioii. 4il: .'10. .Viiili'di'iiiiiiiiii. .Vi:.'i. .'•Iili' view \\[\\\ liciid aiiil (i|i|i('ti- iliiuc.. (■nliiiM.'cil.iiiid (li'liill>i..f tlu' structure iif llir W\i*. (il : l-J. Kriiiit vliw ..f lu-ail, ilcmnliil. NOAriADKS IH'MNKU. is ■ii • Notnindcs llldm., .Sj>l. vorz. lick. l. ii'V. .\iii. lnMI., :i:i (Nul .Vui'diliaclii- lliilm. |S'2,-).) (I.ST'J.) Ti/iic.— I'iiji, semianjiis Itatt. . . . Hkpsc llitic l)rl','lit-cycil thlii«f< 'I'lial llci.it alniiii the air. Ill a/.iirc \vln;;s. Kv.\Ti*,— C((liV('i'sc. fiM'tili' on llir liiiicr. illsllini mi llio 1 (ititiT Imlvcsi ftil siiiiic'Uliiit iimri' tlinii Imlf iis loii'; :!■< Ilic wiiiir 'iml ni'iirlv lnnr tliiios im liiiii; ns lii'diiil. Illiiil \vlii;i-< ^^llll the I'listiil iimi'iilii lm\ liiji tlic ImisiiI third nillnr slnniL'ty cdiivcx, lioy I >llulitlv convex, the oiilei' iiiiii'i'lii w r|l roiiiiilcil, I'lillnr I'lill. Ilioii^'li roiiiidcd ivt tlir niipcr iiMLili'. tlic inner niiir;iin cinivcx, tin' outer iiiiy;ie IjruMdiv ronmled. Snli- iiiedlim nervnre ti rndniilini; next llie imid iiniile: iiilernid nervnre lerndniiliML' neiirllic iiil(l(ile ol' Mic Inner lionl 'r. Ani; Inst joint, of tiie fore tiirsi llki' thos.' of the other le!j;h (9). of pro\ ided with coiHiate eliiws. reseinliilni: those of Kvoros (^). MIdille tlhhie llve- wlxlhs the leiitttii of the hind tiliine. provided with short, taperini;. sealy spurs. First joint, of tarsi seareeiy lonuertlian the tliree sneeeedinir jIKS. 951 undergo tlic cycle of their cliangcis more timii oiuc a yciir, and tliiiy oppor- tuniticH are not only multiplied l)ut varied. Ordiirary variation, due to unknown ov divers^e eauKCH, as well aw that whieli springs from latitudinal range and dinlinct elimatie influence, ap- pears in butterflies as in other creatures. In thc>'e cases we suppose advantageous variations to I- [x-rpetuated and intensified hy the survival of the fittest, through tlu; laws of inheritance. IJy slow accretions, a species multiplies into varieties, each departing from the other and frtJUi the original type, luitil all hecome firndy fixed as species, again to undergo division. Now Just as the climatic inthiences of latitude aji- pear to he an important factor in tlie development of new forms, so the dillcrence of the seasons nniy work similar alterations in douhle brooded hutterllies ; we have merely to supjiose the zclira swallow-tail, for cxani)ile, to hibernate exclusively in the imago state, to fix the variety I. a. ajax as the only form that will survive ; on th<' other hand, let the insect hibernate as now in the chrysalis and be oidy single brooded, and this form woidd become extinct; suppose again both features to hold with different sets of individuals, gradually <'ouunniucating this lenih'ncy in greater and greater foi-cc to their oflspring. and we should behold the spring and sununcr \arieties changed to separate spcci(s. 'i'liis is one ex- ample of a mode in which seasonal dimorphism may become an originator of new forms. It is plain that entirely similar results may follow from luuMpial lethargy in one brood of caterpillars, such as we find in the fritillarics and the crescent spots. Ordinary dimorphism again, or the appearance of different varieties in each brood, running through both sexes, nuist surely be a preciu'sor of a division in the species ; no ory to butterilies is eti'cctnally esto])j)ed by the statemcnl of two facts. I'irst. that the latest ex])erimcntal researches of physiology show that butterflies have no power of vision distinct and defi- nite euougli to enal)le them to distinguish tin? delicate |)atterns on the wings of their consorts, but only masses of color. Second, that both col- oring and pattern as delicate and as minute as that of the winged butterfly is found in very many of their caterpillars, whoso power of vision (through simple and not compound eves) must be of an immenselv inferior tirade — ])roliMl)ly one that can sim[)ly distinguish vaguely the near presence of objects through their jierceptioii of light and structure of these appendages it would apjiear as if these ditl'ereiK'cs were of exceptional importance and had lieen given them, as l")ufour has reiiiark(Ml, as "the guarantee, the safeguard of legitimate pairing." The diU'erences are sometimes feeble, sometimes extraordinarv ; there is every grade iictween these extremes and the dift'ereuces are very vari<'d in cjiaracter. Here then es[)ecially w(! have a foundation for that pliysiologieal is(dation, not al)soliite but overpowering, which Romanes has so well urged as one of the [)rineipal elements in the origination of species, an isolation which has nearly or (piite the same? force as geographical se- gregation, ol' whose inlliicnee there is no doubt on any hand. The causes of this variation in the-' organs we can hardly conjecture; the amount is immensely greater than ilie dill'erenee in any other structural feature, as may be seen by our plates. Considering how closely these parts are con- nected with the generative functions, their importance as a basis for the originaiioii of new forms and as a basis as well in the classification of forn:S already originated can surely not be doubted. ■A I LYf'AENlNAE: NOMIADKS COIPKHI. 953 We have piTsonto(l l)iit few cxaiuplos, Imt tlicsc will lie sufficioiit to show in how many ways hiitterflicfi may vary and how these variations may l?e a])propriate(l for the d.'veloijnient of species, the distinctions l)C- coming gracUiaily intensiiied into complete and permiinent diversity. This is natural selection. And hy the avidity \vith which natural selection seizes every possible variation to produce new foi-ms, one would fairly sui)posc that its constant action would lead to endless variety. Now if on this theory wc should maintain that all existing forms of animal lite l.avc sprung from a few original sources, then we nuiy fairly conclude that nat- ural selection, hy itself alone, would also lead to iiicxtricahle confusion, through which it would i)e im[)()ssil)le now to trace one thread f)f harmony. That it is not so, th.U the groupings and relations of structure among animals are clear tu the human mind, that they present an orderly arrange- ment and a harmonious intercomhination which ap[)eals to his intcdlectual powers, is sufficient proof that natural sele<'tion, with all its won Irons and pervading power, acts under law, a law of evolution, which is no slave to the forces of nature, hut hrings them into subservience to its ends, a law which is working out the plans of a Supreme Intelligence, hy wavs which man may apprehend, hut hiis not yet comfirchended. NOMIADES COUPERI.— The silver blue.* Glauc.npsi/cha crtupcri (irotc, Bull. Butt'. L'ji-iirna lii/fdatniis Doiil)!., J.lst. Lo]). son. nut. so.', i: 185 (1S7.S) ;— Seudil., ibi.l., i: Brit, imis., il rl.j (1.S47). 198(1874), Lijf.'ionn nfrn Kihv.. C:in. cut., xv: 211 Nmniailes coupuri Scmlil., Can. cnl., viji: (ISSS), 22-2.1 (1870). lM;.'iiri-(l l.y (il.ivor, III. N. A. I.pp., pi. H, Ljicoenn pemhina Edw., Syn. N. Amor. liir. ti, Inoil. Imtt,, 37 (1871);— Strock., I.("p.,"c9, 81. pi. 10, figs, 10, 10, 11 (1S71), (N"ot l.yi'. pcniljiiia Edw., Troc. Acad. nat. Glaiicdpnijche iinmbiud Sciuld,, .Sysl, rev. si'. I'liil. (IMi'J); nor I.yc, lygdanius Doiibl., Am, l)utt,, U (1872). Enloin. (1841).) A wliitc-fai'cd hornet linrlle« liv, Lii'jsa tiininuise ImtterHy.— One ii\li'nl on prey and li-<'a>iire, One alloal on tide.s of pleasure! Maukick TnoMPSO.v.— /)i Haunta nf na^s anil itnam. tin llie lirst view to say, to swear, T love lliee. S\\\\i.v.'^\'v,\Hv..~MiiUniniai:r-\'ilack or lilackish brown ((J");(U'of a darker more purplish violet, broadly bordered on the costal and outer uiaririn with blackish brown, and havinu' the tip of tlie cell nnirked in the fore winirs i)y a narrow transverse black- ish streak and tlie outer margin of botli wings narrowly edged with blackish ($). Costal edge of fore wings pale gray ; iinier l)ornder, transvi'rse, Ijent, black streak, edged with wliito. Fore wiiiijif witli a transversi,' row of six ronndisli I)lack spots encircled with whitish, each occupying the widtli of an interspace, crossing tlie middle of the outer third of the wing, tlie lowermost spot, in the medio-suluiKMlian interspace, donlilo; exci ptiiig the lowermost, whicli is just beneath the one above it. they are arranged in a curving row, the convexity outward, the outermost removed by its own width from a line connect- ing the extremes; tlie outer border is narrowly edged with a double bordering, the outer half dark l)rown. the inner lialf pale. Fringe lirowii, pale at extreme tip. Hind 'icinijs witli a moderately small lilack spot encircled willi white in the costo-subcostal Interspace, just within the first divarieation of the subcostal, and a smaller similar spot in the iiiidcllc of the lower half of the cell; in tlie midi'le of the outer two-llfths of tins wing there is a transverse tortuous row of eiglit ronndisli black spots encircled with white, that in the medio-submcdinn interspace double, that in the upper subcos- tal s(unetinies alisent, nearly uniform in size, each occupying, with its border, from one-half to tlie whole of the width of an interspace, usually rather smaller than the corresponding spots on the fiu'c wings; tliat in the upper subcostal interspace is sit- uated in tlie middle of its interspace ; that in tin; costo-subcostal is removed inwards by nearly its own width; the otliers form two similar and regular curves, the lower median forming a iiortion of either, the lower sulicostal, lower median and submedio- interiial being in one line, the others in another removed farther /utward by nearly their own width; that in the lower niedi.an interspace is exactly beneath the middle of the middle median nervulo; the outer margin and fringe are exactly as in the fore wing. Abdomen above very dark brown witli frei|Uent long pale hairs and on the sides, and particularly at the tip of the abdominal joints, freiiucnt pale scales ; beneath very pale yellowisli. I'pper organ of male appendages (34 :,!(), ;M) with the apex of the lunate lateral alations roundly angled, the lateral arms rather short, roundly bent in the middle and tapering throughout. Clasps extending rather lioyond the ui)per organ, viewed from the ,side somewhat bnllate at base, tapering rapidly in the middle and produced to a slender tij); but seen from beneatli they arc depressed, equal throughont, and bear at the outer angle an acieular spine which lies along the trun- cate apex and is scarcely so long as the l)readth of the same. Mcnsureiueuts in niillinietreg. MALES. FEMALES. Length of tongue, 5 mm. iSiiiallcsi.j Average. Largest. 13. 15. , 10. 7.5 7 -'5 i B < Smallest. Average. Largest. IS. liiiul til)iae iiiui tarsi., fore ilbiac and tarsi.. 4. 2.05 4. 4.4 2.65 LYCAKNINAK: NOMIADKS COUPKl!!. 955 Secondary sexual peculiaritiea. Bi'siilus llic diU'cnMui' in tlio cohirs of tlio upper surface ot tho wiiijts shown in tlie two sexes, tlie anilroconiii (46: 2S), sciittered over the upjier surface of the\vin,s;s. liavo a lamina, very rey;nlar sliorl ol)ovale in sliape, tlic breadtli about three-fourllis tlie leniith, fnrnislicd with ciiilil to ten parallel rows ot bead-like spots and sniiportod by a taperiiiLf i>eilicel nearly half as lonu as the lamina (represented too short on the plate) ; the latter about .0(1(12") in breadth. Caterpillar. Last stniji:. Head very small, brownish black. Body above delicate pink or tlesli color, thickly covered with vc^ry short, line, pink hairs scarcely visible without a magnifyina- f;lass, a brownish red dorsal line from [second thoracic] to terminal seunients, widest and darkest on anterior seL'menls. [First tlioracicj seir- nioiit pinkish anteriorly, with a patcli of diUl irn'cn behind jii>t in front of tlic dark dorsal line on [next] sejiinent. (,»n each side are eiiiht slioit brownish ri'd lini's. tliose on [thoracic] se;;nients bein;; placed nearly parallel with the dorsal line, those beldnd e.vtendiiif; obliquely down the sides and edged above witli dull wldte. A lateral lino of dull white close to under surface extending on each side from [seconil thoracic] to terminal sej;inents, fainter on anterior sejrments. Under surface i;reenisli alonir the middle bordered with pink, which shades jjradually into a pinkish rod line, lyinj; close to the white one which forms the boundary of upper snrfai'c; [leu;s] jjreenish faintly tipped with brown; proleirs urcen. [Length, 12..") mm.] Specimens less than half sirown have a decidedly greenish tint, with a dark, red- dish brown dorsal line; the lateral lines with tliiit cll)^e to under surface ure of a whitish green witli a tinge of yellow; under surface dark green with a In'ow :'ish red line underlying the greenish white one whicli borders the upper surface. Half ^trown specimens are pinkish with a tint of green, as they grow older they gradually as.sume the delicate pink of the full grown specimen. (Saunders). Presumed to belong to this species. Distribution (24:7). Little is yet known of the distriliution of tiiis cliiinning hutterHy, Init it evidently belongs to tlie Ciin;i(li;in fauna and is undoubtedly more abundant in the northern than in the southern portions. Most of the localities from which it is reported lie near the timiual isotherm of iSb". Pas.siiig from the east, westuiird. these are Carbonear Isl., Newfoundland (Gosse), Mu.stjuaro (liP W.), other ]iarts of southern Labnidor and Antieosti (Couper), (iodbout Hiver, moiitii of the St. Lawrence, common (Corneau). Carolina on the south side of the St, L;iwrence (Saunders), Martin's Falls, Albany Iviver (Hrit. Mus.). Lake Superior (Geddcs), Lake Winnipeg (-Scudder). Ib'iiiKK)!!. Man. ((ieddes), Bow River Country, Kocky ^loiintaius ((ieddes), upiier Saskatehewan (Gediles), lower Saskatchewan (Scudder), Ciissiar trtiil near Deasc Lake, Lat. 58" 23' N., VMf 11 \\ . (Dawson) and the ujiper Liard liiver ( Dawson ) . It has never been taken in \ew England, or indeed in the United States, i)ut: the proximity of the locjility Caeoumi ntiturally leiuls us to suppose that it may occur in the extreme northern portions. Food plant. ' only conjectured by 1 rpii um. lilt spc nosae. t with strong probaliility, tt) belong to this cics ; it was found fecdino' on ^'icia craeca Linn., one of the Leoumi- ■km r i\ ^f Life history. The memoranda tit hand are too meagre to estal)lisli anv 956 TIllC BUTTKKFLllvS OF NKW KNGLAND. i ■. ' ii dofinito Htatcmcnt of tlu^ liistorv of tliii iii-iot't ; thoy are (is follows: Dr. Dawson took spooiiiicns on tlic Cas.siar trail in llio liigli north on June 4, on the Liard Uiver Juno 2(i, Coupcr in southern Labrador June 19 and 21, Cornoau found them common at fiodliont June 2;?. Coupcr, conunon and in j^ood condition at Mus(|uaro on Jidy 4, Fletcher one rubhed speci- men at Xe[)igon a day or two later, fn)sse took tliem in Newfoundland, July 10, and at ('acouna Saunders took two specimens, one fair and one rubbed, besides half ijrown and mature cater[iiilars (presumably of this species) on July !!•. With the exception of the first mentioned (in which there is no possil)iIity of error) all lead to the presumption that the insect winters as a full grown larva, changes to chrysalis late in May or early in June, appears on the wing in the latter half of the month. Hies for a full niontli, laying eggs during tlie greater part of tiiat period, giving the best of the summer to the gi'owth of the cater|)illar. Since writing t!ie above Mr. Fletcher tells me that the seasons at Dcasc Lake (ten miles west of which Dawson's specimens were taken) are about the same as those of Ottawa ; the same plants were in Hower that June and upon the same dates in the two places, while the season of both places would be in advance of that of the Labrador coast or of Xe})igon. Per- haps this sutticicntly explains the diifeience in the dates, and should lead us to judge that the butterfly in the moi'c favored localities normally Hies the first of June. Desiderata. This is one of our butterHies whose home is so far in the north that we may say that everything about its history and its early stages is needed information. Our knowlcdfic of the larva is at best con- jcctural, and the dates of its seasons are oidy tln)sc of a few errant cap- tures. The above statement of what is probalile may form a ground work only for further encjuiry. Haunts, character of Hight and habits both of buttcrHy and caterpillar are ([uitc unknown; any opportunity of ob- taining the caterpillars on their natural fooil plants should be made use of for discovering what parasites it has, whether it is attended by ants, and whether it is possessed of both classes of abdominal glands. n LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS.-NOMIADEH COUPERI. General. PI. 24, fig. 7. Distribution in North Americot Imago. PI. 14, fig. S. Male, botli Hurfaccs. 10. Female, both Burfoces. Pl.34,figi>.30,31. Male abdominal appendages. 39: 19. Neuration. 4(i:28. Aiidroconium. 55 : (i. Side view with head and appendages enlarged, and details of leg structure. U^i LYCAENINAK: THH GENUS UUSTICUS. 957 RUSTICUS IIL'BNKK. Kusticus Iliibn.. TiMit. (ISOii). Tiijm.—J'ip. (mjii.i Linn. I rccoiriii/o Tlic mollis, with that ^'rciit (ivorpiiisc or wings Wliicli iiiiikt'H a iiiy.-lfi-y of tlicm liow at all Thi'V ran stou llviii;:: liiitlfilliis, that Ijcar Upon llK'ir lilnc"\viiii.'s sncli red I'mlic-rs nninil, 'riit'v M'cni to scui'ili tlic liincaii' into holes Kai'li lliglit tlu'V take. K. B. Bhownixi;.— .iHi'ji'd LcUjh. mago (55:7). Head siniiU. deiiscly (•ovoit<1 with scalrs. wliidi form a tuft bcliiiul the antfiinai-; providfd also sparsely on llie iipin'r half of the front with short, ciirv- in;;, oroct hairs. Front llat, very sliglitly tiiniid licMR'alh, scarcely snrpassing the front of the eyes; above liollowed in the ntiddle. with n broad lonjtitiidin!'' jiroove; scarcely half as hi}ih again as broad, fully as broad as the eyes ; the sides parallel, the tipper border scinarely excised, its atiirles rather larfrcly liolIo-\ved in front of tlie antennae; lower border stronirly rounded. Vertex not ttiinid, well romulcd louiritu- dinnlly, rather suddeidy and broadly elevated behind the antennae, as their sui>port; separated from the occiput by a not very distinct, because tortuous, broad and luit very deep transverse channel, the skies of which, about eiiually abrupt, form a ri^ht angle with each other; occiput longlttuliiuilly excised in tlie middle. Kyes not very largo nor full, entirely naked. Antennae inserted rather in advance of the middle of the summit, separated by a space l)arely equalling the diameter of the tirst joint, scarcely longer than the abdomen, composed of about thivty-two joints, of wliich the last twelve or tlnrteen form the dub. which is nearly three times broader tliaii tho stalk, four or live times longer tliau broad, very gradually increasing in diiinuter. the last two joints forming the bluntly rounded tiji. l'al|ii slender, compressed, nearly, if not (|uite, twice as long as the eye, the teruunal joint very slender, scarcely more than one-third as long as tlie middle jm PTT 1)58 THK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENdLAND. M ^*. Fore tibiae a littlo niorc than llvc-ri'ilits the Icii^tli of llu' liiiid tiliiae, tlio tarnl clUior scarcely (,J) or nearly oiie-tiilrd (?) loiiijer than the tibiae, but tibiae and tarsi conibliicd nliout equal in tlio two sexes; apical appendaires of tlie last tarsal joint either lilpiues, mostly conllned to two rows beyond the Imsal joint, the apical ones of each joint loMy;i!r, spur-like ; claws sinall, moderately sleiidi'r, rather stron:;ly, but not regularly, curved, beluir lieiit before the middle and slightly liookiMl at the tip, taperlni;, lineiy poi ited, and havlnsj; at the base a larsjo, rcnmded, sii;jlitly produced, compressed lobe; pnronyclila d()ul)le, the superior loi)c nearly as loni; as tiie claw, taperiiii;, slender, but little curved, tlie inferior nearly as Ions imd slender, nearly c witli the lateral alatious extended backward as parallel, taperliiLt spines, slli;litly buUate at l):ise, the lateral arms exces-iively slender, long and delicate, bent about the middle. (Uasps of unusual l)readtli and uniformity, lerini- natius in a very blunt auitle and a double point. Egg. Twice as broad as lii.sli. Ilattened, turban-shaped, the upper surface almost per- fectly liat and extending far toward the stroniily convex sides; lower surface scarcely arched; sides covered witli a tracery of sul)trlan2uiar or trlansular ceils witli com- pressed, "qual walls, considerably thickened but scarcely elevated at the points of conversen -c of the lines of the triangles. .\bove, the cells are sin;illcr ami more rounded ;^;,ubcircular or oval j, tile wails thicker and lower and eiitindy uniform in hiiuhl, with no such (•nlariri'iiii'Uts at tl.e junction of lines. The micropyle rosette is a sunken l)asin of entiri'iy similar cells. Imt on a diminutive scale; and formin.n only a delicate tracery. Caterpillar at birth. Head .i;«>ierally wholly exserted, deeply deft posteriorly between I 111' iiemisphcrcs. a little auitulati' at it^ widest part; frontal triansile very lar^c, coii>idi'r;dily more than half as liii;h as the head and much liiiihm' than broad. Body triangularly subcylindricai, the dorsal region narrowly depressed, tlie lirst thoracic se^rincnt more arclicd, the last abdominal se;rnicnt ;;rc.itly lialteueil, with a tr.-iiisversi'iy oval, sunken, central, chitbious area. f.ie;;s rather long and slender with slender, curving, pointed claws. Whole surface of the body scabrous witli minute stel- late papillae. Tlu; following is tlicarrausenient of papillae and auiinli in wiiicli ail tlie serial liairs are blniit tipped: llrst thoraciu seiiment with a strongly arcuate series of eight tlio sixth nliilniiiliiiil si'iriiiciils ; iK-xt, a hitrnil scries of aiiterliir, central, larjie aiiiinli (.l)eeiiiiilii^' iiirralateral on the third tln'raele. hifili siipi'iiliileral (Ui the sixth to eluhtli aiidomiiial, iiiid verv larire on the sixlli ahdoiniiial secnieiits) ex(eiid- \t\ii from the seeotul tlioracle to the eiulith ahdoiniiial sr^'ineiits; an infralateral series of smaller circlets on the llrst to sevcnlli. hnt hecoinlii}; lar;;cr and lateral on the sixth to seventh ahdnmlnal seiimonts; n laterostlv'lmital seric- of minute nniinll, two to a scament. the anterior tlie lower, nii the llrst six ahdoniinal sejiiiients, found also, hut carried higher np and the hinder fireatly enlarged, on tin- seventh ahdomliial seL'ineiit; also on the second thoracic sesrincnt, Iput at same level and the anterior one only ; finally, a ventrostiiimntal series of tliree hiirh papillae, ea<'h heariniia hair, iilaccd in an oblhpic series : the anterior lowe>t and lii'ariiiir a comparatively short, straijiht, frranii- lated hair, directed outward and a little forward ; the iiuddle a larj,'cr. straij;lit. granu- lated hair directed outward : ai> I ti.e posterior the shortest, a jiently curved. j;ently clubbed, smooth hair, dircct( liacl'lewed laterally, the summits of tlie semneiits are prominently moniliform. with distinct, elevated, subdor- sal papillae in tlic stajrcs follo\vin,i; the llr>t. which are lost in the last stajrc when the body Is covered with a pronuscnons assciniiiaiic of e(pially and rather closely distril)- uted, very short and unequal, pointed hairs, arisinjr from small, stellate papillae. A transverse slit in the middle of the dorsum of the seventh ali> procure the sweets from the gland. Both sets of abdominal glands are certainly present in H. aegon, but Zeller could not discover those of the eighth segment in R. astrarche. Aurivil- lius states that he once found six pupae of the European R. argus under the bark of a pine inhabited by Lasius niger and suggests that it is be- cause of a similar eomiaensalism in these species. The attendance of * Altliougli it occurs in tlie Alps up to about 0000 feet. LYCAKNMNAK; TIIK (iKM'S klSTICl'S. 961 ant.i has \)wi\ ()\>M'v\{'i\ with hotli of our H|>('cies who.ie tnuiHtoi'inatioii.- nrc known. Kdwnnls uinde the foUowing ('.\|iiriincnt» on tlio wentorn sjiecii's", R. melissu : — Oil June !l I iiiti'diliiccd a Miiiiill ant to tliis lama. vlitiUwaN ciinllncil in a >th\ttn tube. Tlic anl soon ili-.ci)VL'i'c'il tlm lai'va, ami run aliont it In jircal ^\<.•i lenient, cn- res.slnsf It Willi Its nntoniiao. ImineiUately the tnlics which I Imil not hitherto seen, befjan to play, ami one or the other, or both together, were exposetl for some nilniitcs, anil iniUHd so Ion;; as till' ant was near. Soinetlinos the tulies were fnlly protrtiOeil, with the tentacles expamleil. at other times were partially withdrawn, In that case coinlnu toitether in a pencil just as has been obscrveil in psemiariilohis. . . . Tlie ant always ended its <;arcsses l)y piittlnij; Its inoutli to the orillee [on the seventh abiloip'- nal se^iiiieiil]. and by its inotions evidently foniid the llnld it soiiiihl. Next day I tnrned in two ants nt the same time, and of a larger species. They ran al>ont tlio ghi.ss as If alarmed at lliulins,' themselves In confliioment, and accidentally one soon toncheU the larva. At once a drop of ijrcen flnid bubbled up from [the orillee] before the tubes made any mo\ cment. The ant saw it and rushed to It, and then liie tuljos l)ejran to play. They had been iiuiet for fully live mimites before, and while I was sitting; by, but now they played intermittently for two or three minutes, the tentacles fully oxpandiiiil and tlien partly retreating. Tlie ants drank of tiie drops four times and then desisted, ruiininii about the glass a«ain. I let them out and introduced one of the small ants, tlie same species as tint experinientcwn the body of the larva, caressing the anterior segments, and then returned to [tiie orillee] and begged again. This was repealed several times, but the larva was obdurate. This larva was near pupation, and was probably exhausted. Tlu^ solicitations are made by the antennae alone, which fly about, drumming here, there and everywhere, the ant manifesting great excilemeiit. I was observing ants In tubes with pseudarglolus at tnis same lime, and the behavior of the two species was idenlical. (I'apilio, iv : U2-'.i;l.) Pupation. Hoisduval states that when K. helhirgus seeks to chiinge to chrysalis it hides itself under the twig.s of plants in such a way that the chrysalis is almost half buried in the ground. Zeller says that the larva of K. astrarche creeps ai)out restlessly when the time for pupation arrives, and he found it hard to satisfy its choice with dry leaves and stems and crumjilcd paper among the living plunts on which it had heen feeding. Most of them changed on the surface of the ground without siiinning : hut some spun in the normal manner, and one "on a willow leaf l)ctwecn stems of Artemisia, which it had drawn together with some transverse threads, forming, as it were, the rudiments of a cocoon." So, too, Hcl- lins found one of the pupae of K. aegon which he reared, lying "amongst a few loose threads at the very bottom of the stems and ])artly in the earth"; while those of K. astrarche were "in nearly perpendicular posi- tions, amongst, and slightly attached to. the stems of the Ileliantheinum [on which it had fed] hy a few silk threads near the ground." Early stages. The eggs are white, tiarate, flattened above and below. E m if •i *:l^ ! I nrn" 962 THK HUTI'KRKLIES OF NKW EN(lLANl). and coviTcd witli iiilrlicatii tnicfry of riiinfd lincH Imving a kind of wluil pattern. The catcrpillarw arc grocn, with or witlioiit a dorsal tttript', and with faint, oliliiiuc. lateral lincH, the luad eapalde of lieinj; extended to a jjn'at length. Tlie ehrysalids are Ion<;^ and blender, almost miiform green, with a full, plump nlxlomon. eovcred with a very delieuto retieulntion of rained linoH. EXCURSUS XXXV. THE FRIENDS AND ASSOCIATES OF CATEIU'lLLAltS. \\::^ l< t' A m Uniwn ami furry, Ciilcriillliir 111 :i hurry, 'I'likc ydur vviilk To ihr !>liiii|y leaf, ur stalk, Or what iidt. Which may he tlw I'liocon spot. Xo toad ji|iy yoti, llovcrlii'' lilnl of prey pass liy you; Spill ami ilii', 'I'o live a^'aiii a luiticrlly. CnitiMiiNA RdssKiri. Onk of the niodt ,"itir]irising statements whieh have been made regarding the cateriiiiliirs of liiitterflies is that they are sometimeti aeoompanied hy ants, wiiieh seem to guard them witii gretit jealousy, running ahotit them with nervous activity, and rushing with open jaws at any creiitiire that approaches. This [thenomenon, fir!>t oliserved more than a century ago. has been repeatedly witnessed by others, hut owing to the fact that the caterpil- lars in question arc very small, usually of the color of the leaf or flower upon which they may be feeding, slow in movement and of a flattened form, they arc among the least known of our ctitcrpillars and rarely are seen by the Ciisual observer. For the only ctitcrpillars whieh arc thus accom- panied iire, as far as known, those which belong to the subfamily of the Lycaeninae, and indeed to the trilie of Lycaenidi or blues, minute butter- flies whose caterpillars rarely attiiin a length of an inch. The cause of this friendship and association is not far to seek, for a slight observation of the action of the ants will show that they have a reason for their devo- tion to the caterpillars. They tend these as they tend plant lice, because each of them has the power of exuding, from special glands at the extrem- ity of the body, a droplet of fluid having a saccharine character, and thus attractive to ants, whose fondness for sweet things is well known to every housekeeper. In the butterfly caterpillars, as has been detailed elsewhere in the body of this work, this gland is situated in the middle of the body on the seventh abdomin vl segment, and now and then, at the solicitation of the ants, by the st.'oking of their antennae, is evaginated and a droplet of fluid exposed, which the ants greedily lap up. Now, although the only caterpillars attended by ants belong to the Tin: riMF.N'DS and ASSOCIATKS of CATKIU'IM.AUS. !t03 l)lu(! hiittfrHio. tln' j^liiiid wliicli Hccit'ics tlic i^nj^an lliiiil i> not ('(mtiiuMl to the ciitcrpillart of these Imttei-tlieH, Itiit \» nlno t'oiiml in niiuiy of their ininietliate allien, namely, in must lA the iiair-streakn or Theelidi, an|)errt, viz., Tomarcs hallns of iMirope. Two ex- planations readily oti'er tht-niMelves : one, that in caterpillarn no little known us are these, it may well he true that the aM^oeiation of the ants with the eaterpillars has escaped notice ; or, on the other hand, that in these instances the glamls secrete a (Inid whii'h has no saccharine injire- diunts. The advantage that it may he to the caterpillar to secrete a sweet finiti attractive to ants is ohvions, since the ants nndouhtedly keep otl many ichneumon Hies and other enemies of the caterpillar, and the mutual henetit conferred hy ant and caterpillar is un(|nestionahle. It is douhtful if in the other cntes the gland ever secretes u Huid having an otlensive quality which might equally serve as a protection against intruders, since this means of defence is prol)al)ly found, in eaterpillars of this group, in organs of u very ditferent cimractor upon the succeeding ahdoniinal segment, and it is hardly to he presumed that two organs, distiiict in their position and structure, should arise in one iind the same animal for precisely the same ohject. The use, therc'fore, of the median gland j)resumal)ly not possess- ing a saccharine character is very prol)lematieal. It should not ho overlooked in connection with this sid)iect that these cater[)illars are themselves fond of saccharine matters. They, and only they, of all our butterHy eaterpillars, attack Howers where honey is secreted, and there is nt least one form descrihed in this work which has come to have an entirely carnivorous diet, feeding upon plant lice hodily for their juices, very likely for the same reason that the ants seek their secreted fluids in detail. So, too, an-2(<«(1SS()). Cupido urinhlerii Kirh., Syn. fatal. Lcp-. iKS(187I). riehciiis sctiihlirii Kirh., lliid., (M (1871V IjijcneiiUs scudderii Scudd.. .'>yst. rov. Am. liiitl., 3;) (1872). Itiislinis scKihlvrii .Siiidd.. Hull. UutT. SuC. iiaf. so., ill : 122 (187ti) ; r»yclio. v: 13 (1S88). Lijcnena UKlcr Kilw., Can. out., xiv : 194-li)5 (1W2). Fi.u'iiri'd by Glovrr. 111. X. A. I.cp., pi. .38 li,!,'. 10; pi. I. till. 9. .\ l)Utt('rtlv (l)ut Mt'wiy lioru) Sato prouilly pprkinjj; on a rose; Witli port oiiuooit Ills lici.«iiiii flow's, His wuigs (all f;l(iri()us t(> holiold) Hodnipt with a/.uro, jot anil irolil. Wido iio displays; tlio spaiiirlod dow Uolloots Ills oyoH and various liuo. .Toil.N (i.\Y.— The llutttrthj ami the Snail. (>. how thy worth with niannors may I sim.', Wlion thou art all tho hotter part of 1110'/ What c iiM miuo own praiso to mine own solf hring? .Vnd what is't hut mino own whoii I prai.'O' thoo'f SlIAKKSl'KAHK. SolllU't. Imago (6: <1. 7). . Iloiid ;,'ovoro(I alxivo wiUi hlack soalos; abroad cirolot of silvery white scales encircles most of the eyes, ruiinln.!; from the immediate front of the UMteiiniio nearly to their back, but separatoil from them by its own width ; the lower por- tion of tlie front is also bordered with white and the sides behind tho eyos are black, more or less profusely sprinkled with white; front between and above tho white marking's black, with ,i band of bluish scales and pale blue hairs runniiif,' down the middle and reachiuj? nearly to the back of the head where the hairs becinio whitish; palpi white at base, with an inferior friufje on the tlrst and second joints of nunjiled black and white, the upper surface, apical half of the lower snrfai . and apex of outer surface of the second joint. Iilackisli; last joint blackish, wliitisli at extreme tip. .Vnteimae black, annulated distinctly at the base of eadi joint of tho stem witli wldto, more heavily beneatli Mian above ; club above black, the last tliree or four joints mostly whitish, liclow fusco-lnteous, brifihter toward tip. darker toward base and often marked to scuue extent, cspi'cially toward base, with white. Tonyue pale fusco- liitoous throuirhout. I'rothorax covered with black scales and lon,i,'er bluish hairs. Thoi'ax covered with recumbent bl.ack scales and lou.it bluish hairs; pata,t;ia witli many steel uray scales, especially exteriorly, concoiled in sroat inoasiire by loni; bluish hairs; below covered with white scales a?iil ratlier short white iuiirs witli a bluish tiu!;o. Leas overod with silvery white scales and hairs, the base of the tarsal joints marked ratlier heavily abovi^ with blackish; spurs covered with white scales to their reddish yellow tip. Spines lilack: spurs brownish yellow, dusky toward the base. Winirs above ratlier brisjlit, uniform, lustrous, purplish violet ((J) ; or with the same color, having a metallic tiiifjo, conlliied to tlie basal tliree-fourths of the lower two- thirds of tli:; winjr, the costal border as far as the upper limits of the cell ami tho outer iiiariiin for more than the width of an interspace bciii^ dark slate brown; some- times the brown encroaches still more on the violet, and the apex of the cell, particu- larly in the fore wiuirs, is marked by a dusky line, while the iiervulcs crossing; the violaceous s|ince aie also brownish; there is a submarjjlual series of roundish dark brown spots in tlio interspaces of the '.dnd wiiifrs, which are more or less surmounted and embraced, especially in the median interspaces, by orange Innulcs, themselves edsred above faintly with black ( 9 )■ '" '"'"' sexes, the costal edge of the fore wings pi LYCAP^NIXAE. RUSTICUS SCUDDKHII. %f) is will to ami llic oiitorhonkTof both wiii;;s distliictly. Ijiit iiMrniwly. tlie apical portion of t-lu' costal inarjtiii of foro >viiii;s very narrowly, and tlic co-tal lionlcr of the hind winits as far as the costal ncrvidc. niarjiincd with lilackish brown; inner inari;in of hind win;;s fnsccnis, heavily lleckt'd with pale bine; friiiirc very palo liUiisli white, infuscatod at the extreme l)ase. Henoath pale honry slate ;rray. Fnrciriiiys witU the apex of the cell nnirked by a pretty lariie transverse blaek bar, attenuated l)elow, encircled with white; midway between this and the onfer border is a somewhat simnins or bent serie.s of six mod- erately larire, snbei|nal, blaek spots encircled with white, snbparallel to the outer border; the upper one is ronnd, the next three roundish or ronmled trian;;nlar, the liftli <;enerally the same, but sometinn's extemled diaKoiiidly to the lower median in- terspace toward the base .>f the winy:: tlie lowermost sometimes roninlisli ))nt usi dly n little linear, havini; the iiiiii. Sniallrst. Average. Largest. 1.5. 7. 4.(lf) 11.15 Smallest. 13.25 0.75 n.To 2.5 Average. Largest, Length of fore wings 14.25 ll.iiO 4.4 3. I4.-J5 (J .115 4.4 14. (i.75 4. 3. 15. tJ.Su Iiiiiil tibiae and tar^-i... fore tibiae ami tarsi .. 4.25 3. Accessory sexual peculiarities. As described above, the sexes dlfl'er in coloring on the upper surface of the wings. The same surface bent's scattered aiidroconia in the male (46 : "ill), wlilch are of very regularly obovnle form, but withthe middle of the I, ' 'i '^ u; wrr U66 THE BUTTEKFLIE.S OF NKW j:X(iLANl). m ^i L.vf W. ■it skies parallel, >iiiiilarlv roiiiiclod at tlie two oiiils, with about ten to twelve parallel rows of coiiiieeteil, inoilerately larife. Iiead-like dots, which do not extend npon the narrowing base; pediccU slender and eipial and not very Ion;;; lamina nearly .(H)(i mm. in l)readth. Egg (65 ; 12-1:!). Of a pale ^reen eolor, the traeery of raised net work beini; frost- white n|)on it. On the sides neijihliorinj; triangular or wedge-shaped eells, which averaite about .04 mm. in length, are often arranged around a common centre so as to give it the elt'oet of l)eing stapiped with a number of wheels, of which the irregular centre is sometimes enlargeii so much as to be .02 mm. in average dl.ameter: the average cell walls arc^ here about .01 mm. thick, .\bovo, the cell walls are of the same thiekne-is. but the average diameter of tlio cells is only about .02.") mm. T'>e average mieropyle eells are about .00;) mm. in diameter with the thinest possi, le walls; the central cells are only .oo7."> mm. in diameter. The egg itself is .7 mm. in diameter and half that height. Caterpillar. First ulnrir (^71: 4). Head (79: 32) greenish luteons; ocelli and sutures black ; mouth parts pale irreen. Body pale green ; papillae very dark green ringed with black. Legs ami prolegs of the color of the body. Hairs hoary, the longer curving ones bmger than the width of the body. Spiracles white encircled with l)lack. Length of l)ody, 1.2.'i mm.; of longest laterodor^al hairs, .4 nun.; of shortest in same scries, .l.")mm. 'ninl Kldi/c (75 : ;lii). Head (79 : Ji.'i) dark olive fuliginous. Body pea-green with a narrow, dorsal, darker areen line, margined by a pale stripe following the edg(! of the narrow, dorsal field and ending with the seventh abdominal segment. Hairs brown. I'apillae and annull blackish, giving a grisly appearance to the body. Spiracles black- isli. Length, 4 mm. F'tiirth ulirric (79 : 'M). Dilt'ers from the preceding only in that a faint, infrastig- matal, pale line follows t'i(^ substigmata) fold; and on tlie sloping sides numerous slender, faint. 'M iiJi LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONH.—KUSTWUS SCUDDEJill. SSif? General. PI. 24, tiff. S, Distribution in Nortli Ainenoa. Egg- flg. 12. Top view. Side view. Caterpillar, tig. i. Caterpillnr at l)irtli. 36. .Stage iii, dorsal view. 38. Mature caterpillar, iiiuelicidiirged. 32-35. Front views of head, stages i, iv, V. 14. Caruncle, 8th al)dominal segment. PI, (i5, 13. PI. 71, 75: 79; iii, { 80: PI. 84, tig. 41 811:15. l(i. PI. C, flg. 6. Cltrimali^. . Siile view. Dermal append;iges. Imngo. Male, upper surface. 7. Fom;ile. both surfaces. 34 ; 20. Male abdominal appendttges. 39:18. Neunition. 46:29. Androconium. 66:7. Side view with head and appen- dages enlarged, and details of the struct- ure of the legs. 970 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW EXCiLAND. !'!'• TRIBE CHRYSOPHANIDI. Papillones riitlH Wiener Vcrzeichnlss. elves (pnrs) Herbst. Villicnntes HUbner. COPPERS. Lycaeninac (pars) Butler : Qucnte. Lycaenidae (pars) Children of li)ilit, and air, and fire, they seem'd; Their lives all extacy and quick cross motion. MoNTrf iMEHY,— Pelican Island. The fairy king of flowers Reigns there, and revels thro' the fragrant hours ; Gem full of life, and joy. Samuel Uookks.— The Voyage o.""^himbus, '}X 111 m "i', m ml Imago. Colors coppery. Club of antennae eciual for rrost of its extent, rather long and very slender, being two or three times as broad as the stalk, and from four to six times longer than broad. Patagia very long and slender, usually three or four times longer than broad; subcostal ncrvnre of fire wings with three superior branches, the outermost forked, the nervurc itscif running in a direct or nearly direct course to just below the tip of tlic wing; tarsi armed beneath with frequent spines, usually clustered upon the sides; fore tarsi of the male armed at tip with a single median spine, difl'ering from tlie other spines only in size, and considerably curved. Upper organ of male appendages formed of a deeply cleft plate, whose lateral halves have the appearance of a tapering appendage, and bear at their extreme base slender, elbowed laminae directed backward ; clasps subequal and at tip bluntly rounded ; in- tromittent organ acicular, not aplcally flaring. Egg. Tiarate, but domed, truncate beneath but not above, the sunken portion of the upper surface, together with the micropylic pit, including less than one-eighth of the diameter of the egg; the pit itself generally, but not always, moderately deep ; surface either simply and finely reticulate, with a scarcely raised tracery, or pitted with polygonal cells, the angles of which do not rise conspicuously above the general surface. CateTpillar at birth. Head as broad as the body. Innermost dorsal bristles ar- ranged partly in a subdorsal series, one long and one short bristle to a segment in each row; infrastigmatal series witli three bristles to a segment. Mature caterpillar. Body scarcely narrower In proportion to its length than in Lycacnidi, but slightly broader than in Thcclidi; segments arched somewliat; body clothed uniformly with veiy short hairs, or with longer hairs arranged In transverse series, sometimes springing from elevated bosses. Chrysalis. Body very variable in form (to include Feniseca) , but either not form- ing a single, uniformly contoured mass (Feniseca) or else a single, long, oval mass, slenderer and relatively lower than in the Thcclidi, and generally more elongated than In tl " Lycacnidi; dermal appendages fungiform'). Thia group contains the stoutest of the Lycaeninac, and is far less numer- ous in species than the tribes already mentioned. Their heavy markings and the lustrous I'cddish or fulvous tint of their upper surface, which has won for them the popular name of "coppers," distinguish them at a glance from other groups. Their hind wings rarely bear the thread-like tails peculiar to many of the Lycaeninac, although in some exotic genera the anal angle is sometimes considerably produced. The disposition of the markings of the under surface closely resembles that in the Lycacnidi, to which they i THE (iKNERA OF CIIRYSOPIIANIDI. 971 are mueli more nearly allied than to tiic Tlicclidi. Many of the species frequent moist, hoggy places, while others rejoice in the full blaze of the sun in arid pastures or by the roadside. Their fliglit is quick, usually short, abrupt and rather infrequent ; they seldom wander far; like some of their allies they are often very pugnacious, darting from their resting place at aay passing object. The insects of tliis group are peculiar to the temperate regions. South of the tropics a single species occurs in South America, two or three arc found in New Zealand, and large numbers in Africa, though probably not apj)ertaining to genera represented in northern latitudes. The mass of the species, however, are found in the n )rthern hemisphere, and especially in the Old World. With one exception, the American genera are either identical with or very closely allied to those of Europe, and this resem- blance is most marked when the species of the western half of the conti- nent are compared with those of the Old World. The eggs are more or less echinoid shaped, generally covered with deep and regular depressions. They arc laid singly, though often a large number may be found upon the same plant. The larvae are shaped like an oblong, strongly convex shield, and like tlie Lyeaenidi they feed upon herbaceous plants, rarely, however, on Leguminosae, mosi, of them pre- ferring species of Rumex orotherPolygonaccae, and tiiey have been known to occur on Solidago and Viola ; in one instance, as we shall see, they are strictly carnivorous. The insects vary considerably in the number of their generations, some being single, others double, and a few even triple brooded ; some pass the winter in th egg state, others in the clu-ysalis, and one or two, it is thought, may winter as caterpillars ; the butterHics never hibernate. They differ from other Lycneninae in their late appari- tion, being seldom seen on the wing before June, but they resemble them in that few of the species fly after August. Table of genera of ChrysnphanUU, based on the egg. Egg studded with conspicuous suiilicn cells. Egs regulnrly tiariito in form; cells sninll. Cells formed in tlie interspaces of conical protuberances Chrysophanus. Cells composed of deep circular pits Epideniia. E^gg broadly and abruptly truncate at base ; colls large Heodes. Egg nearly smooth, the cells inconspicuous in size and depth Fenlseca. Table of genera, based on the caterpillar at birth. Longer bristles at least half the length of the caterpillar; no large bristles alligned with the lateral annuli. Longer bristles gently arcuate, in the arc of a circle whose radius is twice the width of the caterpillar Chrysophanus, Epldemia. Longer bristles strongly arcuate, in the arc of a circle whose radius Is the width of the caterpillar Heodes. Longer bristles considerably less than half the length of the caterpillar; a lateral series of large bristles alligned with the anuull Fenlseca, wr w 972 TIIK BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. !:■ Tcblv of yeiura, haseU iin l/ie imitni . catcrinllar. Body f urnlalied with Hliort hnlrs uiiifurnily distribiiti-d Heodes. Body furnlslicd with loni;,' hnlrs, nrraii^'cd In traiiH\, r-" "lanHCM Feniseoa. (Otlicr tfoiipra iinkiiown.) Table of yeiiefi, based on the chrysalis. 41)do.ni'ii smoothly contoured, last segments not separately protuberant. Only i!ii> lower half of the dorsum of ninth abdominal segment slopinj; forward Clirysophanus. Whole of the dorsum of the ninth alidominal seu'ment slojiinf; forward Heodes. Abdomen with irregular surface, the linal se<:nu'nts I'ormin:; a broad spatula Fenlseca. (Kpidenda unlvnow n.) Table of (jenern, hasnl on the imaijo. Third superior subcostal nervure of fore wiiii; arisiii): at tin' tip of the cell. First joint of middle and hind tarsi in male not ^rreatly enlarjted; disk of upper surface of fore and hind \vini;s not heterocliroic, or only in th<^ female. Fore and lii'id winirs heterochroic above in the female; dub of antenna compara- tively slender; fore tarsi of male jointed Clirysophanus. Fore and hind wind's homo<'hroic aliove in both sexes; club of antenna eomiiaratively stout; fore tarsi of male not jointed Epideniia. First joint of nuddle and hind tarsi in male twvo as stout as rest of tarsus; disk of upper surface of fore and himl winjrs heterocliroic in bulh sexes Heodes. Third superior subcostal nervulo of fore winj; arising far beyond the tip of the cell Fenlseca. ^',:f CIIRYSOPIIANU.S nUBNER. Chrysophanus HUbn., Verz. bek. schmett., 72 (1S16). Type.— Pap. hippothoe Linn. i m As rising' on its jiurplc wing The insect-fpieen of eastern spring, O'er emerald meadows of Knshmeer Invites the young pursuer near, And leads liim on from flower to flower A weary chase and wasted hour, Then leaves him, as it soars on liigh, With panting heart and tearful eye; So beauty lures the full-grown child, AVith hue as bright, and wing as wild; A chase of idle hopes and fears, Begun in fully, closed in tears. Byron.— TAe Giaour. Imago (55:8). Head moderately larire. densely clothed with scales and rather abundantly supplied with long, curvina: hairs of equal length in all parts. Front even, not swollen In any part, except in the least possible degree in the middle below, where it barely surpasses the front of the eyes; half as high again as broad and of the width of the eye on a front view ; upper border marked by the faintest possible transverse ridge, its angles rather deeply hollowed in front of the antennae ; lower border rather strongly, not broadly ronnded. Vertex slightly elevated in the middle and at either side to form low buttresses behind the antennae ; separated from the occiput by a broad, rather deep, slightly curving sulcation, having a slight pit in the middle, which aU'ects the height of the occiput just behind. Eyes not very large, moderately full, naked. Antennae inserted with the posterior border in the middle of the summit, separated by a space eqnal to the width of the basal joint of the antennae; nearly or quite half as long again as the abdomen, composed of thirty- three joints, of which thirteen form the ricpresscd cylindrical club, which is two and LYt!Ai:XINAK ; THE (iKNUS ClIHYSdl'lIANUS. 973 n half tiint's ln-oiidcr tlinii tlic stalk. Ilvu tlmi's longer than lirnad. iiuroaM^ vciy yrail- iially in >i/.e at tlH! I)asc. Is I'niial for most of its U'li^tli and liliiiitly i)oiiiti'(l at the extiviiiity, thivc or four Joints cntfrinji into the ii of si/.c. riilpi sk'nilcr, fully half as Ion;; nsnin as the eyo, the mlildlf joint t:-.;H'riiis only on Ihi- apii'al third, the terminal joint more than half as lonj; as the pcnnltimate and clothed ^vith recum- bent scales oidy. while the others arc densely scaled, especially below, ami furnished with a heavy fringe of very long, projecllni.' hairs. Tatajria very ion^ and slender, ximewhat arched ami slii;hlly tumid, nearly or i|uite four times as lon^ as liroad, lapi^riny: on the basnl half, tlie apical half about one- third the width of the l)nse, ei|Uid or very slip;litly eidarsin^'. nearly strainlit. the tip broadly roundeil; upper border not excavated. Fore wind's (39 : 2;l) two-thirds as lon^ a;;ai:i as liroad. the costal mar;;in siiyilitiy and e(|Uidly curved at hase and tip, tlie middle two-thirds nearly straiaht ; (Uiter niar;;iii very liroadly ami indformly roumled. ha\ In^ such a general direr'tion as to form an an^jio of about i;,"i° with the costal maru'in, tlie auijle rounded olf; Inner border scarcely concave on the l)ftsal two-thirds, the allele well rounded. Costal vein terminatiu!.' sfinie ilistance before the ti|) of the cell, s\ibci)>tal witli three branches, llrst arisiiii.' a little ( J , 61 ; 7 ) or somi'w liat ( $ ,61 ; f< ) bi^yond tlie middle of tlie upperborderof the ci'l lUid ai)out two-tliirds ( J) or nearly tliree-llftiis {^) the distance from the oriiiin of tlie llrst braneli to the tip of the cell; third at the npex of the cell, its forks oriirinatiiisr mid- way ((J ) or a little less tlian midway (?) from the tip of the cell to the apex of tlie wing; cros.s veins transverse, olisolete except next the main veins: cell rather less than half the lenitth of the wini; and three and a half times as lon^ as liroad. Hind •.\iii;:s wit li the costal mar^'in broadly and roundly expanded next the base, beyond nearly straii;iit, near the apex ^lopins oil' toward tlie outer margin, socmer and more abruptly in tlie J tlian In the J- "liter margin ratiier liroadly and regularly rounded, fuller, especially on the iipiier half, in the $ tlian in the J : inner liorder abruptly and consideralily expinded at the base, beyimd straight or scarcely convex. scarcely emarginate for a short space next the tip, the angle rounded oil'. Snbmedian nervure tenninating at the anal angle; internal ncrvure terminating considerably be- yond the middle of the inner margin. Fore til)iae less than three-fourths ((J) or about live-sixths ( $) the length of the hind tiliiae, llie s|)iirs naked ; the tarsi either nearly eciualiing the tibiae (?) or from tliree-(iuarters tly iilaher than a semicircle. Moretliaii tliree-dftlis of the toiijrue Is exposed, Uasal wing prominence consisting of a l)road, low, rounded, slight elevation which wonhl be scarcely notice- able l)ut for tlie narrowing of tlie anterior part of the body. Hody coveri'd ei|Ually with a very delicate tracery of lines, ecpialiy raised everywhere exceptiiiu: at liie points of intersection where tliei e arc mlnnte warts ; they cross each otiier Irregularly, form- ing anirular, moderately large cell- : within the cell- i- freciuently seated a large wart giving rise to a fnuiriform bi'i-tle. the ba-al three-fourths of the pedicel e(pial, mod- erately stout, the apical fourth rapidly expanding to a shallow, greatly expanded, infnn- dibulifori.t disc, tlie hori/.imtal edges of which are fringed witli llesliy clllate lobes. Ilooklets of cremaster rather loiiir and -lender, the stem e(pial, straight on liasal, curved a little on apical iialf, the expanded portion transverse, three or four times broader than the stmn, curved strongly, over tlie apical inarnlii nearly straight, the sides strongly produced laterally and somewhat backward. ■ til f J y , i Tills jfcniis seems to litive but a siiifjle t'onn in Americii. eoufiiied to the eastern side of the coiitiueiit, tlioiigh better represented in Europe where its range is also more extended between the 37th and olith {liirallels. The group comprises some of the hirger Chrysoplianidi. The wings of the sexes differ in coloring, though, at Icnst in the American species, but little in form. The upper surface is copi)ery Ijrown, thtitof the fore wings mostly fidvous in the female, broadly bordered with dark brown on the fore, reddish fulvous on the hind wings : iind is fin-nishcd with transverse series of dark spots, the repetition of those l)eneath tind which are more distinct on the fore wings of the female than of the male. Beneath, the fore wings are fulvous, the hind wings silvery grav, bordered as above ; both wings have a double, submarginal series of blackish spots and an extra- mesial tortuous series ; all the spots on the wings are small and generally round ; besides there is a dark bar at the end of the cell, and at equal dis- tances between this and the base two straight and transverse series of spots. The insects arc double brooded and probably winter in the egg state. TIIKIK DISTRim'TIOX IN XKW K\(il,AXI). 975 The Amoriciin Hpi'cit'.s Hies in .Inly imd at tlio tiid of Aiifru«t. Tlie Imt- tciHicH are ratliir local and tlioir Hifjlit low and not very active. The tjrys are white, echinoid shaped, ^troii^ly pitted and with prominent, rounded elevations. The eaterpillans which are inipert'ectly known, feed upon Polyyonaceae and especially Huniex. The ehrysalis has much the form of that of Ileodes and of a .similar dull bruwn. EXCURSUS XXXVL—TIIE DISTRIBUTION OF BUTTERFLIES IN NEW ENdLAND. The wowN, the rivers, iiiul the iiH'dinvcs frrccni', \\\\\\ liiH iiiir-cutliiij; \vliij,'H he inciiNiinil wide, Nc (liil lie Iciivc llir iiioiintiiincH tiarc iinsccnc. Nor the riiiikc ffriis>ic loiiiics ilclijilitK liiitrlilc. PuouAULV no district of iMpial extent in the United States possesses a greater variety of butterfly life than New England. Extending in a north- easterlv direction over more than eleven detrrcen of latitude and t^even and one-half degrees of longitude, its l)r()a1' NKW i:\(il,ANI). ■■■/ c'liiiractor of tlu' tuil. In New Kiij;laii(I, Iiii«i\(r, imrird iih il is IVkiu one oxtrcinity to tlic otlit-r l)fiu'iitli a vn^t xlitct of tirit't, tliin iltinciit Iiiim tlu? vciv wciikc'Mt proportioiiH. 'I'lif (Ii(*triliiition of liincKtoiic iuthh Iiiih in moHt coiintricn vcit cIohc ('(iiincction willi thi' (lit-fiilnifion of |>liuit». iuid wore it not for tiiis (•o\('rinLC "' );— Uol.sil.-l,cC., I.Op. Am. nepl. f.'.Vl^tl, pi. 3m, ll^fs, l-;i (1W);1);— OuiM-., Icun. rO^ne Biilm., Ins., I'Ji), pi. HI, li;.'». 4, 4 11 (1N»2?K— Mi)rr.,hyii. Ucii. N. Aiii..H4-«3(lM(a);— Sauiid., Can.i'iit., l;.-.7(l*il»j;-(llr.,TniltC(rciit..iil; 2it7.pl. 8*, ll«H. 4, 4a.l. (1m,s3). Vliriiaiiithiinua tlmi; \V( slw.-llrwlls., (icii. ilhirii. Lcp.. 11: 4Um(1*VJ);— lCUili.,(Jaii. Mat., V : 2*1 (ISOO) ;— FroiK'h. Kcp. III. Ins., vil : l.M (1H7H); Hiitt. caHl. V . S.. ixUIsi (iHHe);— Middl., Itcp. III. liiH., .\: !).■> (lf«. .'iL.lla (1k(s«). l.ili'Aiunii time KIrli., .Svn. cat. I,cp., 343 (IM7I). Cliri/sniili(iiiuslii/llnsliM\., Cat. Falir. !,cp,, 17.T (Ml!)). Flu'iirnl l.y (ilovcr. III. X. A. I.cp., pi. iS, tl^'. U, ini'il. [Xut raplliu liylliH (.'ram.] Tliy Hun-ray is lirli,'ht Oil till! liiiltcrllyN wliii,'. Ki.iz.v ( 'ih>K.—Sprin!i. Those III! ruliies, Tairy fuvuiirs, SllAKKMl'KAliK.— .yiilKiiiiiuinr-yiijIil's llnniii . Imago (5: 0, 12). Ili.'nil covered with velvety black hairs nnil scales; ii moderately narrow band of snow white scales and a few hairs runs aroniKl the eye, from the front of the antennae nearly to the back of the same, broadeninjr on the lower half of the eye behind and connected Injfi'thcr by a rather broad, white band above tlie base of the toniine; a line of white hairs starts at the linier edu,' of these bands where they commence in front of the anteiniae, and |)as>in!r <>n the Inside of the latti'r run slrai^'ht backward to the top of the head, where they curve toward eacli other and connect. l'al|il witli the basal and the ;,'reater part of tlie iienullimatc joint silvery white; the ujiiier surface of the apical half of the latter, to;:etlier with the a|dcal third or fourth on both sides, abruptly clmufjinj; to black, thi' white fringe on the under surface often with n few black liair.s near the aiiex; terminal joint black, exceptin;; the under surface and the extreme tip which are white; occasionally the base Is narrowly aunulaled with Avhlto on the outside. Hasal joint of anteiuiae clothed externally with white; stalk black, annulatcd at the base r)f each joint with white, most broadly upon the lower portion of the outside, where, on tiie t)asal live or six joints, the white scales form a continuous line; clul) black, the basal joints narrowly annulated at their base with wlilte. the iipical two or three joints oranue. and sometimes n portion of the under surface enlivened with an infnscated tlufre of the same. Thorax covered aliovc with brownish fulvous hairs, bri^jhtest on tlie prothorax and pataijia; beneath pearly wlilte, the legs the same, the basal half or more of the sn.aller tarsal joints black above; the same joints fuscous beneath, la' 'rally edged with black; spines black; si)urs white, tip|>ed with light castaneous, the |>olnt darker; claws reddish luteous; i)ulvlllus blackish fuscous, sometimes pale at the edge. Wings above: Fon xfiiiijs; second superior subcostal nervule originating at two- thirds the distance from the l)ase of the llrst nervule to the apex of the cell in the male; third superior nervule arising midway (ace. esiiecially in the female. Color of hind wings slightly grayish black l>rown, a little paler in the male tliaii in tlie female and possessed also of a very slight olivaceous relleetion, the base of the median area with numerous long, pale brownish fulvous hairs; the extremity of the cell marked by a narrow, blackish stirak, often broken in the middle: in tlio middle of the outer and of the inner two-tliirds of tlie cell a rather small, round, obscure, sometimes obsolete, blackisii fuscous spot; a similar one in tlio upper portion of thecosto-subcostal inter- space, just within the llrst divarication of the subcostal nervure, and another in the middle of the medio-submedian interspace, a little lieyond the base of the lowest median uervule; a transverse series of eiurht similar roundish spots, often very obscure, crossing the middle of the outer half of the wing; the upper three, in the lower sulieostal intersjiaces. are In a straight row, the uppermost as far from the inner spot of the eosto-snbcostal Interspace as it is from tlie liase of the interspace; the third In the centre of the lower subcostal interspace; the fourth In that of the subcosto-median iuterspai'c; tlio sixth nearly on a line witli the tiiird and fourth, while the tifth is removed inward from that line by its own width, the seventh and eighth side by side in the niedlo-siibinedian interspace and, with the sixth, parallel to the outer border; at the tip of the submcdlo-internal iiiterspaec is an oliliqne stresik, seldom seen, within the row of spots; the outer border is coiispicnonsly marked by a broad, orange niargiii, slightly broader in tlie female than in the male, extending from the inner IjoriUn-, narrowing slightly (at least in tlie male) to the middle sulicostal nervulo and sometimes, to a slight degree, upon the interspace al)ove; it does not quite reach the bottler, being separated by a narrow black margin, upon wlilch are seated, in the liitorspaecs and at the outer limit of the orange belt, rather small, round, black spots; two or three obscure, black spots are sometimes soon seated upon the interior border of the orange lielt in the subcostal .and snbcosto-median inter- spaces; basal half of fringe bl.ack; beyond white, interrupted narrowly at tlie nervure tips with black or blackish fuscous, most distinctly on the lower half of the wing. Beneath: Fore leiinjs pale (9) or very pale (J) orange, the black markings of the basal tliree-(iuarters of the upjter surface repeated, but slightly smaller; there Is a submarginal series of subsemilunar spots, the straight side outermost, at a distance of an Interspace from the onter border; beyond this, the outer border, at least in the upper two-thirds of tlio wing, is silvery gray, enclosing, in the Interspaces, next the margin, but more distinctly below than above, a series of small, irregular, blackish spots ; outer margin delicately edged with black, extending upon the base of the fringe, LYCAENINAE: CIIRVSOrilANUS TIIOK. 979 wliicli bcyoml it is silvory isray. Iliiiil witigs silvery gray, tlic lilacli spots of the Ijasal tliroo-iiuartcrs of tliu upper surface repeiite;! illstiuctly as rouuilisli Ijlacli spots, encircled narrowly witli wliite, ami, in aiUlition, a similar spot in the costo-snlicostal interspace, midway between the base and the spot next l)eyondit; the orange band next the outer border Is repeated Ijencath, separated narrowly by silvery gray from the black edged border, l)ut the blaclv spots enclosed in its exterior border are much smaller than above ; a similar series of l)lacl{ spots borders the interior edge of tiie band, occurring in tlie interspaces as far as tlie lower median nervuie, edged interiorly with wliite; tiiey occur also in tlie costo-subcostal, the upper subcostal and tiie subinedlo- liitci'ual interspaces; fringe much as on the upper surface. Abdomen purplish blaclc above ; tlie lower portion of the sides with frequent Ijrown- isii fulvous scales ; beneath white, tinged with yellowish toward the tip ; tlie male abdominal apjiciidages (34 : 37) liaving the lateral aiatious strongly compressed, slightly twisted outward at the baud, their tips very bluntly pointed ; tips of the deli- cate lateral arms acicuiar, upcurved. Clasps rcacliliig beyond tlic ulatlons of upper organ, the tip scarcely produced, bent inward and scarcely downward. Measurements in millimetres. MA1,KS. 1 vfc..:*u:.s. ^eii,:,-th of tongue, 5.5 mm. Smallest. Average. Lai-frest. ! Smallest. Average. Largest, Length of fore wiiij,'s 10.5 S.6 u.i 3.8 17.5 8.9 6.« 3.8 IS.J 9.2 5.8 4.1 19. 9. U. 4. 19.2.5 9. 0. 4. 20. hind tiljiiie and tiir.si .. fore tibiae and tarsi.. 6. 4. Descrilied from 8 J 39. Accessory sexual peculiarities. Besides the dill'erenco between tlie sexes in tiie coloring of the upper surface of the wings, described above, tl'is same surface shows in tlie male some uiilootlied scales, not found in the female ami therefore jiroliably to be regardi'd as aiidrocoiiia (46:;U). They are asymnietrical long oval in shape, about two and a half limes longer than broad, slightly broader o.- di tal tliaii on proximal half, rather broadly roundetl at tip, the basal lobe of one side vciy prouunent and the stria- tions more or less obliiiue. Egg (65; 19). Cells on the sides disposed somewhat regularly, so that one may trace rows directed ni)ward audio the left at an angle of sixty-live degrees with each other; the ceils are the interspaces between conical protuberances with regular rounded sum- mits, .070;! mm. apart, each connected with the adjacent ones by a thin wall, partitioning the cells, which mounts more than half way i; ; ■ the siiles of each elevation ; tliey produce the etl'ect of stellate ridges, in the middle of the sides very regular, six-rayed, but above exceedingly irregular, then more fre(|uent, changing gradually in appearance by the enlargement of the centre and the dimiuutioii of the rays, until on the upjier sur face the egg is white and uniform, pitted witli little roundish and oval cavities, about .04 mm. in diameter; tlie conical elevations, at the greatest, are about .01 iiini. and the partition walls about .0127 mm. in diameter. Micropyic pit (68 ; K!) .070.! mm. in diameter, the central cell circular, .00;! mm. in diameter, the large cells surrounding it sis or seven in nunil)er, oval, their longer diametei' directed toward tlie centre and .013 mm. long, their shorter diameter .01 mm. ; the secondary cells nearly circular, .0085 nun. in diameter; the whole net work of cells is very sUglitly raised above the surface and very indistinct. Color pale green, lleiglit, .4 mm. ; breadth, .84 mm. Caterpillar. First slcifjc. Studied after death only. Head fuscous, with black ocellar Held. Body apparently dusky yellow, bristles pale. The upper longest bris- tles are .44 mm. in length and the sidcules excessively minute, though larger than in E. epixanthe. Tlie shorter superior bristles are .105 mm. long; the lateral bristles are .14 mm. long and only .00425 mm. broad at base, while the spicules are minute, less than half as long as tlic diameter of the base of the bristles. Length estimated at .9 mm. Chryaalia (84 : 50). Light yellowish browu sometimes an aureous tinge, the tongue a little darker, and 'he inner sides of the legs and the interspaces of the wings rather 'i ' < , • ' ■t \i I-. 980 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. :5 . - ^"1 r,:i heavily innrkod with lirownisli fuscous, h(ivii).a a thijre of reih I'nitliornx witli three small, roniul, l)ro\vnisli fuscous spots on either side, at the nnfilcs of a pretty large trianale, the Inner ones latorodorsal: an obscure fuscons, dorsal lino on the front of the niesothorax and a pair of small, round, obscure fuscous spots on the middle of the same; midway l>etwecn them and the hinder edjie another more distant pair. Abdomen with a lateral, central, a lateroslisimatal posterior, a stismatal posteriin-. an infrastig- niatal posterior, a ventrostisniatal central and double subveiitral. central series of similar, often obscure spots on all the exposed sesrments. Warts supporting fungi- form bristles black; the l)ristles wholly colorless. Spiracles Inteous. sometimes with an aureous tinge; tlic raised lines and their warts are of the color of the body. Length, 'J. 5 mm.; breadth, 4 mm.; height, 4 mm.; length of fungiform t)ristles above wart, .004 mm. : of equal portion of pe(iicel, .(147 nun. ; diameter of basal papilla .01 J nnu. ; of pedicel. .0ns.") mm. ; of disc including lol)es, .0(14 mm. ; length of lobes, .00H5 nnn. Distribution (25 : 1 ) ■ This meini)t'r of the AUeghanian fauna has a somewhat peculiar (listril)iiti(>n. Its southern limits — and it appears to be rarer in the southern than in tlie northern limits of its distribution — seem to be not far from the 3{tth degree of latitude, or perhaps the annual iso- therm of 5;^° ; for the southenunost localities from which it is rectirded are N'ew Jersey (Andrews), l'hiladel[)hia "rare" (Blake) and Cincinnati "not common"' (Dury). To the north it has been taken at L;ike iJ'orge (Perot), Lachine"very rare" (Caulfield), Province of Quebci *pl i.iiud"' (Fyles), Ottawa "in numbers" (Fletcher), Lansing, Mich. (Miles), Racine, Wise. (Floy), and even at Xe|)igon north of Lake .Superior (Fletcher), and recently by ^Ir. Tyrell at Miry Creek and ^'erlndion Hiver in the north Saskatchewan region (Fletcher), these last localities aliout douliling its [)reviously known range. rhruughout New York (including the Adirondacks), northern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, as well as soiuhern Ontario and Michigan it is connnon, and it has been taken westward on this range in Iowa (Parker, Putnam), Minnesota (Scuddcr) and eastern Kansas "rare" (Snow), and according to Edwards in Nebraska and Colorado. The reference to its occurrence in Newfoundland given by me in the Buffalo Bulletin is, I think, an accidental error. I can find no authority for it. In New England it has never been taken east of the Connecticut valley, and the reported captures are few. In New Hampshire the White Motin- tains (Sanborn), Walpolc "one specimen" (Smith) ; in Vermont, Stowe one specimen (MissSoule); in Massachusetts, S])ringfield "not uncom- mon" (Emery, Dinunock), Amherst (^larsh), Mt. Tom (Morrison), Belchertown and north Leverett (Sprague), Lenox "conmion" (Edwards) and Williametown rather rare (Scudder) ; in Connecticut, Now Haven "not uncommon" (Verrill, Harger). Haunts. The butterfly frequents moist meadows, salt marshes, and the springy margins of brooks. In the salt marshes. Professor Verrill foimd it among the sedges. It seems nowhere to lie a very abundant insect, and is only not so local as Epidemia epixanthe. 1. '-S I.YCAKNIXAK: dlRYSOPIIAXUS TIIOE. 08 1 Oviposition. Tlio only t'f;g.«i tliat I have set'ii wfre sonic laid on the in.siile of the lid of a i'lii|) box (Saunders) ; and others laid l>y a female eontined over yellow doek ; the latter (ahont twenty ) were nearly all laid on the seed pods, the only exeeptions hcing one on the stem and one on the upper surface of a leat^ — all near the summit of the plant. Food plant of caterpillar. Aeeording to Mr. Saunders, the eater- pillar has i)een reared by Mr. lieadle on a spceies of I'olygontun. French and Miss ^liddleton say that it feeds on prickly ash ; the latter, however, adds Polygonum to the list and French in his latest publication gives neither, but Kuniex erispus only ; this last ])lant ha also been given me by Mr. Edwards as that on which it had been raised. Life history. The insect is doul.lc brooded, hibernating in the egg state. At what date the eggs hatch is unknown, but the first butterfiies of the year appear in the third week of June, the earliest date recorded being the Kith; they lay their eggs early in >Tuly (mine July 1, ^Ir. Saunders's July •)) and occasional butterfiics are found almost to the end of the month ; the second i)rood a])pears by the twelfth of August, becomes conunon before the 20th and Hies until the middle of Septeml)er : the eggs are laid in this month. Habits, etc. Tiie iiuttertly may be "taken on low i)iishes and tall, flowering shrui)s. never on clover" (Emery), and is said to be particularlj' fond of "certain S()Iii. M ) iff, » •p ' *v w > ^» f 1 ■4i i ■pit nil PTT 982 TIIK BL TTEUFLIKS OF XKV KNCiLAXl). EPIDICMIA S( TDDEH. EpiiU'iuiii Scu(l Alit. tlic vlsinuai-v luittorliy, Wailiiii; mv wonl to outer "iiinl make iM'i^hl, Orlluttcr o'tl'ainl loiivc all blank as tirsl. Ui{( twsiSii.—Pipjiit Passes. Imago (55: !'j. Ilcail modefatcly lariji'. .Icusely scaled, and funiislicdabDvc rather abundantly with very lou;;. delicate, arcliiuit liaii> and in fivuit with slKjrter, stouter ones, shorter below than above. Front with even, scarcely convex surface, nowhere reaching the front of the eyes: half a- hiitii airain as broad, and of the width of an eye on the froiit view: ui)per border straijrlit. Its ansiles rather deeply hollowed by the nntennal pits; lower border very stronirly and rather broadly rounded. Vertex with oven surface, separatcil from the occiput by a ratlier broad and shallow sulcatlon, and l)ehiud it the somewhat tumid occiput marked by a uiesi;il loii<;iiudinal indention. Eyes not very laruc, toleraljly full, naked. Aiitciuiae inserted with the posterior border distinctly in advance of the posterior border of the eye, sepiirated from each other by a space rather more than ecpialiinu; llie basal joint ; about halt as lon^ again as the abdomou. comnoscd of thirty-four joint-, of widcli sixteen form tlie compressed, subarcuate, obfusiforni dub. which is fully tliree times as broad astlie stalk, less than four times as lonir as broad, increases gradually in size on tlio basal half, is l)road and bluntly rounded apically, only two joints entering into the rapid apical diminution. I'alpi slender, nearly half as lonir again as tiie eye-, the middle joint tapering tiirough- ont more tlian tlie apical li;ilf. the apic:d half the icngtli of the middle joint, and heavily covered with recumlient scales, while tlie otliers are lieavily fringed beneath with long scales and proj'.'ctinu' li;iirs. I'atairia very long and slender, somewhat arclieil in lioth senses, two and a half times the basal width, tailoring on tlie ba-al two-thirds, the apical iialf about a fourth tlio width of tlie basal. C(iual, the tip rounded ; upper border entire. Fore wings (39 : 22) half as long again as broad, the costal margin slightly convex at base and tip, the more strongly at ba.se, the middle portion nearly straight; outer margin broadly rounded, more arcuate ill the upper third than below; inner margin straiglit. Costiil vein terminating -carcoly lioforo tlie tip of the cell ; subcostal with three branches, the first arising somewhat beyond the middle of tlie upper border of the cell; the second much nearer the tip of the cell than the base of the first (J) or midway between them ( ? j : tlie third barely before tlie tip of the cell, forking mill- way ( J ) or a little less than midway ( J ) from tlie base of the nervure to the end of the lower branch; the subcostal nervure Itself sliglitly Hexed at the extreme apex of the cell; cross veins closing the cell as in t'lirysophaiUis; the cell half the length of the wing and nearly four times as long as broatl. Hind wings differing in form from those of t'lirysophanus only in being proportion- ally longer and witli tlie outer margin Ics- broadly rounded. Subinedlan nervure terminating at the anal angle: Internal nervure terminating scarcely beyond the mid- dle oi the inner margin. Fore tibiae flve-.slxths as long as the hind tibiae In both sexes, the tarsi slightly shorter (i, .>£ Clirysdiilmiiiis, but the ulntions of the iippororiran aro bent noari'i-tlic base, appressed and notcoiiipros-icd, the Interval between tlieni V-shapecl ; the hitcral arms aro relatively smaller, bent less strongly and loss reirnlarly taiierin.;;. (.'lasps witli a small l)Mllate liase, and beyond a very sloiuler. cloMjj;ate lamina, iiieurved at tip. Egg. Miieh more ronnded above than the below. I)eiii^' hiirher in proportion to breadth than in Chrysophanns. Cells sniall and nniform. the walls of nearly uniform height, a little elevated in rounded bosses at the lines of juncture. Mieropylc rosette occupy ini; the Moor of a very deeply sunken well with vertical or c verhanging walls. Caterpillar at birth. (.)nly a dead and dried si)ecinien has 1)een seen, — not enough to distinguish it properly from Chrysophanns. Tills grou[) of smaller Clirysopliiinidi is niiR'li lietter represented in America than in Europe, and on l)i)th eontinent.s spreads from ocean to ocean ; it thus occupies a l)elt of al)out 15° of latitude, mostly north of 40° X. Lat. In Europe tliere are a couple of sj)ccics, one of which s])read8 across Asia as well, while in Anuricn we liavc three, one northern, one ea.stern and c)ne western, besides a coii])le more western forms liehmoing to a distinct section of the genus, in which the lasal tarsal joint ot tlie males is not at all enlarged. In New England a single species occiu's, which e.Ktends to the north until it meets the northern sjiccics thought liy some to he rightfully considered the same. The huttei'riios are anu)ng the smallest of our coppers. The ground color of the upper surface of the front and hind wings is alike hoth in the male and in the female (at least in the American forms) , though tliere is more or less difference in tone, sometimes a decided diflcrcnce, between the males and the females, the former inelini ng to hiown with janjjle rtHtctions. the latter to didl orhrownish ftdvous. The dillercncc is least consj)i('iious in the species here treated. Beneath, the general coloring is nuieh as in Ileodes, with in the main the same distribution of dark sjiotsthat is found in Chry- sophanns (repeated to a greater or less extent above), only the extra-mesial series on the hind wing is generally reduced nearly to black points or to slender luuules ; the markings here, which are usually very light, show a tendency to form an extra-mesial seiiesof ttd coniicclid s](r.der liinulis, recalling in one of the extreme western species, their ajii earance in the species of Tharsalea. The antennal did) is rather shorter than usual, and the fore tibiae of the male longer than usual, more than equalling the length of the fore tarsi. The insects, so far as known, arc single brooded. Hying a comparatively brief time in midsummer. They are extremely local, frequent marshy spots, and prcsumal)ly hibernate in the t^'g. llidugh their life histoiy is in no way known. Their Hight is short and not very vigorous. The eggs are white, echinoid, strongly pitted, with nearly equal cell walls. The caterpillar is said to resemble that of Hecdcs and to feed on Polygonum. D84 llli; Ul'TTKIU'LIKS OF M;\V K\(il,ANI). \n EXCriiS US XXX VII LOCAL Bi'TTEltFLIES. %y Tl:cn' lie ariiviiii.', roiirnl iil)init ilolli tlic. Knun Ipcil to hi'il, fioiii one to otlmi' honlor; Ami takes survey, with eiirioiis liilsie eye, or every flow re ami lierlie there set in order; Xuw tills, iiciw tiiat, he tasteth temierly, Yet none of tliem he riiilely dcitli disonler. Xe with his t'eetc their siliieii leaves deface; But pastures on the pleasures of eaeii plaee. i^vv.Siiv.ii.—MninjKitmns. TiiKiti-: is it great differoiico between hutterfliej* as regards tlieir roiiiii- ing hal)its. Some may he looked for almost anywlierc. 'I'liey eoiirse over tlie country in every direction .seeking the sweetest Howers, iind, al- tlioiigli tlicrc may lie certain Iiaimts which they a[)[)eiir to [trefer, tliey range the wlioh' reoioii in .seareii of Howers, Yon mav find tiiem bv tlie clustv \vav:*i(.lc, in "rcon luoudows, aloii'j^ the river hankti, in tlie shaded roadwav throiiffli the forest. Otiier.s ayain. and thcv are hv fiir the hirgcr ntiml)er, iiavc tlieir own special haunts which they rsircly ((tiit. There arc some which nniy not he looked for excepting in the dejiths of the forests, though these are hut few in oiu' temperate climate : such, lor instiuice, is Anthocharis gcnutia. some of the satyrids. and most of the s|>ecics of Thanaos. Others are fond of the shriilihery hy streams, like many of t'lc Thcclidi, tiiougli they tire not altogctln'i' confined to such localities. Many will he sought in vain otit of the hrjght hot sunshine, like our common Ileodes hypo[)ldaeas ; while others ag;iin are limited to swaiujiy iircas, like many of the Melitaeidi and Kpiden;i;i c[)i.\iintlie. In most tit least of these cases, the cause of the limitation is seen in the distrii)ution of the food plant. Where the food plaiU is scattered smd grows e((ii;dly well in nciirly all localities, 1''- the thistle, there yoti may look for the laitterflie.s whose caterpillars feed u|)on these [jlauts. such as the thistle hiittcrHy. I5ut this is hy no means so alisolute in some cases its in others, iind there are a few species feeding upon speci;d plants of narrow distriliution whicii are excej)- tionally local in tlieir ciinriicter. Thus the snake-head, growing only in marshy, hoggys[)ots. nourishes En[»liydryas phiieton. which one will rarely find flying a dozen rods from where the jilant grows. Others agiiiii nitiy have other limitations, like our White Mountain Imtterfly. which, although the sedges, which are its favorite food, occur all over the upper surface ot the mountains smd even lielow the tiniher line, nourish tln' caterpillar only in the upper section of the barren siunmits. It follows from this that our cultivations have made much havoc with our butterflies, for as one spot after another, especiiilly such as may nourish the moisture-loving phints. is brought under draintige tind cidtivation, the plants, unable to find in the immediate proximity any suitable station, become for that locality extinct and with them the butterflies depending LY( AKNlNAi: : Kl'IDKMI A Kl'IXAN rilK. 985 on tlioin for food. So. ti)u, in iui ojjpo.sito way, hy tlu; iicicitlental or intcn- tioHitl Hooding ot'isucli a locality, the l)utti'rHy may aj^ain perish and sonic- times also the food plant. Thus .Mr. Edwards remarks of Enphydryas phaeton that it absolutely disapjieared for four or five years from a swamp til 'hhorhood of h iftt disastrous and long continued flood of the Kanawha Uiver, and was only restored to its old home hy artificial restocking. Of all our i)ntterHies it is probable that the Melitaeidi and many of the Chryso|)lianidi are the most local, the V'anessidi and Papilionidae the least 80, though this statement should by no means be taken too literally ; the exact relation of this localization to the distribution of the food plant can only l)e properly discussed when the food plants of i)ur cater- pillars are better known, and then by oiu; as fami'iar with the plants as with the butterflies. EPIDSMZA EPZXANTHE— The purple disk. [Thn piirpli" disk (Oossc); Kpixantlie ImttPilIy (lliinis) ; iiiiii'sh coppor (Scudili-r) ; drown t'oppoi-(.M;iyiiiiiil).] I'libjitnunatii^ ejiixniitlip. HoiMl.-l.cC, l.i!p. Li/rncmi <>jn.iiiiil/w Hiut., Iiis. iiij. \vg., Mndr. sept., 127, pi. 38, figs. 4,5 (ISSt);— 3(1 e■. (1847). 282-283 (I88l>);— Miiyii., Uutt. X. K., 41-42, pi. Kijjureil l>y Glover, III. X. A. Lep., pi. 23, 5, ags. 53. 53 11 (1880). li^'s. 14, 15; (il. K, Hg, 4, hied. Men, like Imltprllles. Sliow not their mealy winj^s lint to the summer. Sii.vKKSPKAUK.— 7Voi7Mii aH(7 Cvcssida, I'll make one in a danee, SiiAKi:si'i;.vi!i:.— L'U'c'.v Lahnur'n Lout. Imago (5;"). 7). Ilo-id covered with l)laek, mixed with brownish fulvous h.airs. the latter cspocially on the summit; behind the eyes covered with black scales, but next the eye itself a band of white scales, narrow above, broad below ; in front and about tlie antennae exactly as in H. hypophlaeas. .Vntennae black, the base of each joint of the stalk annulated narrowly (on the outer surface broadly) with white; basal half of the under outer surface of club white: beneath dull orange castaneous, the apical two or three joints orange Intcous above. I'iilpi, exeeptini; the apical joint, white, a few black hairs in the otherwise white friniie below, more abundant apically. the apical half of the middle joint above, and the apex at the sidi's black: apical joint black, excepting the white under surface, tippeil minutely with white. Tons;ne black- ish testaceous. Thorax covered above with dark yellowish brown hairs, beneath with white hairs. Legs white, the tarsi sometimes dirty white, the apical joint of the tarsi and the basal two-thirds of the other joints, excepting the llrst, blackish brown above, the tarsal joints brownish yellow below ; spines black : claws dark red. Wings above : Fore wiiujs ; second superior subcostal nervulo arising at tliree-dfths I2( Wty" wm ^ i m If If'- ! I ' * 4 986 TI[K HUTTKRl'lJKS Ol' XKW KNCI^AXD. tlie ilistaiR'o from tlu' l)asi' of llu' lii->L iici'viili' to tlu' aprx of the cell, in tlio iiKilii; third arising less tliaii midway from tlic tip lii;litly darker tint (. ? ) ; eos- tal edfie very dull oranf;e; a small, blaek sjiot just beyond the middle of tlie basal two- thirds of the eell, in the female only; a small, blaek spot In the middle of the outer two-thirds of tlie eell i another similar one direetly beneath It, In the modlo-subnie- dian interspace; another, larjror, transverse spot borderin': the extremity of the eell; in the female only, a transverse, bent series of seven similar spots, just beyond the middle of the winj;, the upper four, above tlic median nervure, in a nearly straight line directed downward and a little outward from llie costal border at two-thirds the distance; from the base; the lower of tliesi' four is sitmited a very little less than half way from the apex of the eell to the outer luariiin; tlie lower three spots, in tlie median and medlo-submedlan interspaces, are arranited In a nearly straljrht line, sub- parallel to the outer border, directed toward tlie middle of the upper series, and al)out at riiiht anjiles to the Inner border; outer mariiiu narrowly and vaynely edjjed with dark irreenisli lirowii: lia^al half of frlnire of aliont tlie same color, apical half pallid. Outer luaririn of Idml >rii)ij.i uniform and continuous, the wintts tliein^elves either dark cliocolatc lirowii. the niiddle of tlic basal Iwo-tlilrds tinned, more faintly than on the fore wiiiijs. willi violet ( J ). or ihirk ;:ray blown ( ? ) : a blackish dot In llic middle of the outer half of the cell, in the female, a similar one just above and just below il in the uei;;liborlu^ interspaces; tlie termination of the cell marked by an obscnre blackish streak; an extrn-mesial series of seven *nuill, obsr'ure. blackish spots (in the male usually partially obsolete), that in the costo-subcostal interspace situated midway between the inner spot of tlie feniale and the outer border; the next, outside of it. just liefore the middle of llie upper subeo^tal interspace ; those in tlie next two interspaci's. midway between the apex of llic eell and the outer inarjrin. tiiose In the three sueceelrai;{lit line ciirvcii very slif;lit- ly ontwanl. parallel to llie outer marsriii. the spot in tin? meillo-suhnuMll.in inlerspaeo belli;; nearly as far removi'il from the iiei;j;lil)orin^ spot in the same iiilerspaee as that Is from the base of the interspace j the llfth spot, in tiie upper meiliaii Interspaee, is removed soinowliat inward from the curve; the submarj^inal series of continuous oranse lunnles of the upper surface Is repeated beneath, extending almost entirely across the wln^. beeominar fainter and slightly farther removed from the outer border in Its course from the inner border upward ; it is niaryfiiuMl aliove with pale, obscur<' silver, ofli^i assninins the form of siljjiit, sai;ittale spots: frliiiie pale, fusco- ar^enteons, darkest at Imse. Abdomen blaekisli above, vitli a violet lustre; beneath, whitisli, tiiiijed very slightly with straw-color. Appenda;: s of male (34 : ,'!•!) witli the lateral alations of upper organ bent abruptly downward with an appressed face before tlic nilddlis the droop- ing portion gently tapering in its apical half to a roundeil point; lateral arms a little expanded on their distal horizontal litdf, tlie pointed aiiex upturned. Clasps elbowed at the bullate base; beyond, the blade is many times longer than broad, expanded slightly before the tip, which is pointed and liirned a little inward and upward. M('a.sureMleIlt^ in milliiiieli-es .Smallest ... 12.7.i ii.7j MAI.KS. Average. 1 12.75 (!.T."i Largest. 13.6 6.75 4. 2.U l'EMALE.<». Leii<;th of tun;:ne 4 mm. 'Smallest. "12:" ( 5.8 3.(1 2.it Average. 12.75 (i.o 2.!l Largest Lciif;th of fore win.i,'s antennae hinil tibiae ami tarsi, fore liliiaeand tarsi. . 12.75 0.5 2.0 Desc'rilied fruin 32 ? , «9 ■ .\ pair frinn Canada (Saunders^ dill'er from otiiers seen in liaving t!ie under snrfai.'e of tile iilnd winirs of a pali'r. more silvery tint. Accessory sexual peculiarities. Uesides the dillerent markings of the upper sur- face of till' wiiiiis. tlic male has here some uutootlied scales to bi' probaliiy regarded as androconia (46 : ;t.")) ; these are iinadrangnlar, with gently convex sii -. broadly rounded tip. and basal lobes of unetiual wUllli, the slriations closely crowiied and iiarailel ; they ai-e slightly asymmetrical ami nearly three times longer tlian broad Egg (65 : in, 2:!). CompUtely covered with niinnte, deep, cireniar pits averaging .042 mm. in diameter ami .i)12."i in depth, somewhat regularly disposed on tlie siiles in obli(|ue rows, running at about an aiiirle of forty-live degrees with tlie liase; above, the rows become confused and irregular, and on tlie snnimil tlie cells alter in shape and size until they nearly vanisli. Mieropyle pit .iKs.") in diameter and .iKi mm. deep; the rosette (68: 11) occupies tlie whole Moor of the pit, and the cells seem to be par- tially concealed by the high and perlnips overhanging walls: the central cell is cir- cular. .002 mm. in diameter, and surrounded by four large colls, wliich are nearly circular, being .017 mm. long in the axis turned towjird the centre, and .021 mm. in the transverse axis: tlie outer cells are nearly circular. .01.") mm. in diameter; tlie walls bounding tile cells are delic:ite but distinct. Color milk white, lleiglit, .475 mm. ; breaper surface of the wings of the male is much less brilliant ; all the dark s|)ots that ajipear on the upper surface of any of the wings of the female, are present (piite as distinctly in the male, excepting the basal spot of the discal cell of the fore wings ; and these spots, or at least those of the extra-mesinl row of the fore wings, are followed in the female by a broad orange flush : the outer bordering is not so i)road as in the present species ; and tlu tint of the whole under surface is ditferent, being of a decidedly rusty yellow, perhaps a little deeper in the female than in the male. Distribution (25 : 2). This species is confined to the northern lialf of the Alleghanian and the southern part of the Canadian faunas, from the Atlantic westward to the Mississipjti. To the north it occurs in New- foundland ( IJrit. .Mus., (losse), {'a|)e Hreton (Thaxter), (Quebec (Bowles). Montreid, generally very rare ( liyman), Ottawa, abundant (Fletcher), London. Out- (Saunders), Michigan (Mus. Mich. I'niv. ) and Minnesota ( Kdwards) ; i)esidi's which 1 find a memorandiun ot' its occurrence in Iowa and Nebraska, and Kdwai'ds credits it to Kansas. These last localities were overlooked wlu'ii iIh' map was made. It has even been taken at Calgary ((ieddes). To the south it is reported "neither tronunon nor rare" at IMiiladel|>liia (Illake), but with this excep- tion and Xew York (Lintner). tiic New Knglaud localities arc ilic only ones known. Here, in opposition to the species of Chryso|)hanns, it has only been found east of the Connecticut valley with the single exception of New Haven. It has been found al)out Orono, Me. (Fernahl). at Milford "very plentiful in a few localities" ( N\'liitney ), Suncook. "not common" (Thaxter) and Hampton. N. H., abundant (Scudder). and in Massachu- setts at Andover (Sanborn. Clapp). the great meadows between Helmont and Lexington, "abundant" (Thaxter), Maiden, "himdreds" (F. H. Sprague). Newton (Faxon. Minot), West Hoxbury (Faxon), Cani- Ijridge and Milton (Harris) and \Vaipole (Guild). Haunts. One reason for its apparent absence from districts where it nnist occur is its extreme localization. It never wanders from the cran- berry bogs or peaty meadows where its earlier, humbler life was |)a8sed, although its ally, Ilcodes, may abound upon the roadside plants in the immediate vicinity. When once its favorite haiuit has been discovered, it may be taken at the proper season in large numbers. Food plant. The food of the caterpillar is unknown. Mr. W. Saunders suggests that it may be Menyanthes trifoliata I^inn., since the butterfly is abiuidant where that occurs ; Itut it seems more probable that it feeds upon some of tlie Polygonaceae which grow in marshy soil, such li'Mi; l,Y(AKMN.\i:: KIMDKMIA KlMXANTlll'; {>8!) 118 sorne spccicn of I'crsicnria. or pcrliaps tlii« .HWtiin|) dock. Huini'x vrrti- cilliitii!* Liiiii. St-e, liowcviT. tlic next piinij^nipli. Life history. It uppeaif* to Ite j"- -4™ 1 ■ ■' :.0.% -:m ■■'{-;' 'f. .'*^*^Hp - ;V ' -'•^1 ^m I 900 nii: i(irii:i{i-i,ii;s or m;\v i;n(;l.\M). LIST ()!■• ii.i.vsTU.\ri()Ss.-Ki'iin:Mi.\ i:i'i.\.\srin:. (Ii'iirrid. PI. Vt, III,'. 3. Piitti'lliullciii III N'lii'tli .Viiii'i icu. I'l. t». 11k. Ifl. <'c>l'irfil. ■i;i. I'lnlii. l\x:\\. Miciopyl,.. < 'dlfriHllitr. PI. 70, Hk. 41. IleiKl.llrNtNtiiKC lllKIII'l. I'l. r>. II;.'. ."i. H'rnmlc, llpiicr HiirfiU'c. 7. .Mlllr. Ixitll slirrili'CH. .'I4::iil. Mull' aliiloiiilniil u|i|iciiiIuk<'m, aa-.ti. Nciinilliiii. 4(1: :U. Aiiili'iii'oiiliiin. O.'iiO. Slilo view Willi liciicl anil iiiipni- (lii){<'''<'»lai'K*''<'. IlKODK.^ DALM.W. Mi:* ii Hcoilt's t)iiliii., Vrt. arnil. Iiamll., \\\\ i| : (>!. 01 (I81(i). Lvcariia (|i;u>) Ami. pliir. ('lir\>opliaiiii« (pars) Aiiri. Till".— I'dl'il i'l jthlltr Linn. '■I 4 ! ,.■'4 iiii'ii iiliiil /alill |)r >iiiiiiiiii-Viiili: tliiil il' Wall! well. lli:i\v.\..— Die ll'iVae. Imago 55;lii . Ilrail mnilrralclv »iiiall. ilnix'lv cIdIIumI willi x'iiU's. wlilcli an; cli'valril 111 lilu'li liifN lirliiiiil till' aiit"iiiiai'. ami fiiriii-luMl iiKo willi lUliiiri'oiis Imlrn, al)ovo viTV liiiiu; mill ai'cliiiii; I'lU'ward, bi'liiinl ImiLri'-i ami ilnwmvanl. in frmil rallior loiii;. (liiiiiMi>liiM;; in li'iiutli iliiwnwai'il. I'l'oiit Hal. almvc ii mm'.v lillli' ^iiiikcii ilown till' miilillc. aii'l al lli' ii|>ip t f\lr.'inity .-i ilistiiirt. iiariMw, rallii'i sliiUmv, luiiirltmli- iial }ri"'>'>vf: nil ilii' iiiwiT iwip-tliinlrs a littUi full liowii tlu' mliliiii', ai tlir liniioin slinlitly tiiini'l. liarfl\ >iirpassiiia at a slii^ik- point tlio fvniit of llu- i-yr-i : ii'-^s iliaii liiilf ns liiLili aiiaiii a-, hi'oaii, nf tlie width of tliu cvc* a- SITU 111 I'l'Diil i iippi'i' liiiriliT not raisi'il, till! rorm IN loiwiili'ralily lioUowc'd In fnnil of tin' aiiliiiiuu'; nrr lioi'der ratliiT liroadiy nmmli'd. tln' nidi's sii'ai;:lit. WtIox srarcely I'lovatc^' o iiiiddli', laterally hiitiri's-.iiiii iln' Miiti'iiiiai'. woli srparatL'd fnun tlii! iii'i-'i|)iii 1)\ '. |. Lity doi'p, li'aiisversi'. lu'.u'ly snaiiilil sidralion, de'L'pesl in Utile pits in i ....iiillc anil boliind llir anteiinar; nci'linit slightly but broadly sulfated alniiji the iniddle ioiiitilii- dinally. Kyes not very larire nor full, naked, .\nleniiae iiiseiied ^villl tlieir posterior odire ill the midilli' of llie siiiiiiiiil. separati'd from eaeli other by a spaee eijiial to llio widlli of the seeoml .■iiitiniial joint; half as Ion;; a'jrain as tlie alidonieii. eoiiiposed of thirty-one joints of wlileh tw rhe form the .stroiiifiy depressed, eloiiy;ati;d eliili. which is about liiree tiiiii's a» liroa'l as the stalk, four times a> Ion;; as broad, the llrst four or live joints inereasiii;; very icradiially in .sl/.e, b.,'yoiid whli'ii the eliib is eiimil and ter- minates by the rapidly deei'easin;; size of tlie last Iwo or threi' joints, wliieli form a very short but poiiued eoiie. I'alpi very slender, rather less than half as loiiu aiiiiin as tliu eye, the apical joint fHll\ half the li'n;;th of the penultimate, clothed only with re- cumbent scales, while tlu' rr^i an •iiselv clothed with erect scales, much the longest beneath and thinly friiiLred below with long, straiitlit hairs projectini; forward and upward. l'ata,u;ia coiiiparaliM.'ly broad ami mal at base, the posterior liaif foi'inin;; an ei|iial, Diie-lhird as wide tlie 111 'r border slinlilly liollowed just slender, strai^iiit. very bliintly pointed ioln'. seari the wholly is fully tliree limes as loiiu' as broad, tlu before the midille, tlie outer deeply, al the base of the posterior lobe. Fore wiims (^39 : l'I ) liiree-tlftlis as lonj; ajjain as broad, the costal margin bent ami slinhlly conve.\ in the iniddle of tlie basal third, beyond very nearly straight, the tip scarcely curved downward, the outer angle abrupt, but rounded oil'; outer border slightly and regularly curved. ineliniiiLr at an angle of about 7."i^ to the costal niargin; inner margin scarcely holiinved and angiilated at the middle, the outer angle rounded oil'. Costal nervure teriiiiiialiiig at the tip of the cell; subcostal with tliree superior branches; tlie llrst ;iri sin;; ;it the iniddle of the outer four-lift lis of tin the secoiul midway between tiie origin of the former aud theape.vof the cell ; the third at or barely ri i.V(Ai;m\.\i:i riii; (Uixis iikodks. 001 bi'fiirr llic il|i('\ of till' ci'll, fiprkiii'.' iiilihMiv lictwooii tlic'lm-i' cil' tlic iifTviiloniiil llii' I'liil of it-i ii|i|>fr tu'MMcli; cross vein* triliisvcrii'. i)l)»i)lcti'. -ciirrt'ly iicrrrptililc rvcn next tlif iiiiilii voliis; ct'tl liiilf IIS Idiii; us till! wliiK itml nciu'ly four ttiiios us loiii; as Itroiiii. Illiiil \viiiKsi;oiistili'riil>ly liiiil roiiiully oxpuinli-it m^xt tlu; h■^H^^, hi.'ynnd. fully liulf way tn the tljt, soiirci'ly coiivox, (lii'ii ciirvlnir ilownwiirds rutlior rapidly and sonicwliat iitiruptly f (J ). or roundly aud not to so v'l'i'.it au i'\t 'ut ( in the liialo; In tin? female of the usual appearaniM'. considerably more than r'i|ualiini.' in lenitth all the other joints comliiiicd ; second, tliird and llfth joints aliout cipial. the fourtli smallest: joints armed licueath rather pnd'n^ciy witli ratlier Ion;; and slender, scattered spines, mostly collected ill croudcd rows at the sides, an apical pair on each joint a little longer than the iliers. tlu' under surface clevoid of scales, exccptini; on the tlrst joint; claws small, compressed, not stout, taperlnsi. Iluclv pointed, falcate, but not very strongly curved: paronychia double, the superior lobe as In'oad at base as tile cl:nv. nearly straijlht. considerably exceeding the elaw in lenjith. tiie tip cn- InrKed ami vi'ry l)ro:idly rounded, almost docked: inferior lol)e inodcniteiy sleuih'r. eipial. tiie tip pointed. iilKUit as huiir as the claw ami curvlnir eonsideralily liotli toward tlie claw and inwiird: pulviilns iiic(uispicnous. .Male iilidomi mil appcndaitc's witli I lie biteral Haps of the upper or^:iii fonniim licnt :iiid eipial cylinders, liie proxiniiil halves p:iraiicl ami ciiclo-ini.' Iiet ween tliem ii deep :i ml e(|ual mesial cleft, the distal halves bent downwiird and cmtward ; lateral arms stroUL'ly iir<'ir ato but not bout; clasps coarse, stout, bullnte. several times lonjrcr than broad, well rounded. Egg. nemi-ctliinoid in siiape. llie base licin^ very broadly docked. Mat, not ciirveil at the edjre. from which It is very broadly arched, not liifjli; tiie ceils are very iarj;o an.-i^ ' '[' ■ ■:.>:'m -'^'^awl ''^^1 ' f' '' ('■''^^'IHl f; ■#■ ^:^ '.t.' ■ :i^' {■■'>^1'1m w i, t 992 TIIK HUTTKIM'LIKS Ol" NKW i:X(il,AM). 111 ■i r-') ''i ■i'§ i>' i:,.: iinvanl, Uiprriiiu; vi'ry slowly to a lino point, anteriorly vory niinntcly spicii- liferons, llic otiicr posti-rior iind ii iitllo ont-iiili' tlic I'oruii'r, not very lona;, in-arly s)criiii;lit lint tuiMUvl bacliwai'il, tiipcriny;. .•>l<'n(ior, llinly pointed, apparriilly smooth ; socond. a vi'iitiMsliirinalal row of liairs scatotl npon I'ailu'f liiiili papillae, llirce on a sejiinoiil, ii)iiij ami slendei', ipiite sti'aiitht, turned a little bael^wanl, vei'y niinnlely spk'ulifcrou.s on liotli sides. Ilnoly poiniod ; third, a hiterostiuinatai serie.s of iurm', oir- ciiUir, cmterlfonii papillae or miniili. one hi the centre of the llrst to sixth al)iloininal sciiinoiits, and a sinnlar papilla on t lie seventh seiinnMit in piaeeof thesmaller and outer snliilorsal li;di'; nnirtli, an inri'a>lli;inatal row of smaller, Imt still pretty larnep!il'i"'>L', one in the ei'ntre of the lirst lo elLrhtli abdominal si's;nu'nts and innnediately hehiiiil them a minnte, snppien.i'iitary. posterior wart. Leir»- not very lonsj, but moder;itely slender, the iasf joint laperiiij;. tlie el:iw pretty stont. iiot Irreatly cnrveii. I'roleij.s nearly sessile, tin' eirele (d' liooldets very larjic. fornunj; a cireii' or oval, open inte- riorly, nearly as lonir as tiie sejiineiit and eoiitainlnjt ton very minnte, init not very lender, moderately enr\ in^' eiarxs. separated from eaeii other by a -^^ aeo more tinin ecpial to their thickness. Mature caterpillar. Head small, smooth, well ronnded. broade^l jnst l)elo\v the sup.imil. no broadi-r liiaii hiy:li. very sliirlilly full troinily nrclied and elev.iled on a cross section. Body vei'y deliciitely and clisely shay:reened. ci)\ereil willi numerous. Irreu:ularly scat- tered, eipial hairs, arisiiii; from nearly imperceiitililc warts, the hairs short, scarcely tniiorliiu;. bluntly pointed. frei|neutly and minutely thoujth coarsely spicnlifirons. the raised points siNireely directed toward the tip of the hair, but almost porpeiidleular to the surface of oriaiii. Spiracles small, obovate. more than half as lom; iiu;aln us linmd. Leifs short bnt rather stont. titperiiiLr rapidly, furnislied on the inner side Willi bristles, the hist joint rather slemlor and nppressed. the claw rather long, ciiiupressed, heeled, moderately slender, curved a little, supported on either side iv a long bristle, i'rolems very short and plump, funiishod at the tip with a couple of short pads, each supplied \vith IL'-U liooklets. arranged in a double row so that all those of one prolei; fiu'iu an open crescent; the booklets are long, moderately stout, LYC'AKNINAl. : TIIK (iKNlS IIKODIIS. \m fl taporiiiir on ilic niii<'al Imll", l)liiiiUy I'oiiitccl. nut -ircni^jily ciii'M'iI. ili-l:iiil rrum aiuitlirr by fully twice llu- iliiiiiu'ti'i' of oiu' of llioiii. Chrysalis. Very little more lliaii twice ns loiiu: as broail ; tlie >iile> of the l)oily from one cxtfomily of the winifs to the other strai;:lit. or witli a ban'ly perce] itible hollowinjiiicxt the (.llvisioii line between thorax and abdoiiien, very -.li^'iitly diverfU'iit posteriorly, so that the body is broadest at the finirth abdominal seu'inent ; here it is somewhat aiiiTnlaled. the posterior end taperiiia; at oiiee and forminjr an elliptical curve, tile tip well rounded. In front of the wiiiifs tlie l)ody tapers rapidly aual wini,' |.romin"iice 1 .■inu: marked only l)y tlie aiiiile the front part of the l)ody mal:\\ two-lliinls of the pedicel slender and eipial, the apiciil third rapidl\ exptiudin;;' to a wine glass-shaped disk, lioUowed above, the horizontal edges of wnicli are fringed vitli llesliy pointed cillae. llooklets pretty long and oxeeediiigly sleiuU r, the stem eipial, straight on basal, slightly curved on apical half, the expanded port. on fully four times as broad as tlie stem, bent strongly over but not at all appressed to the stem, as the upper por- tion of this is curved, transverse, the sides turned liackwanl considerably. Tlii.s jfoiiti.s of C'iify.soplianiili licluiios to tlic iiortliofii liciiii.s|)liLTC iiml encircles tlie glolic : one (or [kmIiiiiis inoi-c) spci'ics oxtciuls iicro.s!< the whole width of the Old World ;i 1 fciichos fi'om it.s iiorthcfmiiost coa.sts to at least Lat. '.W, and oven as far south as Aliyssinia iti Africa and nofthern India in Asia. In Switzerliitid it is said !,y .Mcycf-Diir to lie iiio.st aiitm- dant between ]'S00-2r)On feet aliove the sea ; another — tlie ,s|)ocios with which we are .S[)ecially concerned — inlialiits the New Worlil. s|)readiiioidjio from ocean to ocean, hut coiiliiied to a nitich narrower licit, for it lias rarely heen found north of Lat. -17' and except in nuutntainons regions seldom far south of liiit. 4(i\ It is coti.mon tiiroitohout New England. The htittertlies of this getiits arc of father a small size: the for'> wing.« arc somewhat pointed at the apex and the hind wings, having the outer border struigliter than usual, present riither a (|iiadrate iipfiearance ; the tip of the lower median nervtile is very slightly produced. The upper surface of the fore wings is of a fiery red the outer lioriler blackish brown : this is reversed on the bind wings. althoMgh on these the red border is in- W ik 'M Wm mmmmmmm I." 994 THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. hi ,•;, i m :! B tcrruptcd liy dark marginal spots; the fore wings arc also funiisiicd with two lilack 1 IS ill the cell and iin extra-mesial scries of similar obli(iiie bars. Beneath the color is liirht brown, tinged on the disc of the forewinsrs with red and furnished with the spots of the upper surface ; the hind wings are traversed by a sul)iiiarginal. sinuous red stripe, an extra-mesial sinuous and an intra-mesial straight series of small, black spots, besides a pair of basal spots and a transverse streak fit the tip of the cell. "It is remark- able," says Westwood (C^cii. diurn. Lcp., ii : 498), "for the SY('ll()L()(;i(AI. I'KXULIAHITIES. 997 I never saw, often in one (•ui;ii»iict cluster, win^s and lt\ii's and antennae in a contiLsed junil)le. tiivn dtf' in j)airs!. tiien in two erowdsi, witii all the marks of 'mirth and jocund din." Sueli •seene," do eertainly appear like an intelligent appreciation of fun, ns they cleai'ly have no reference to any necessary functi(jns of hody, and seem intended oidy for gratification. " (Trans. Vassar. hr. inst., ii : l.'5;)-i;!4.) It is l)ut a short step from these characteristics to that of pugnacity, 1) I) which is manifestec Ileodes hypophlaeas. Watch one on a hot and simny day in a favorable place, and you will see the fellow dart at every passing ohject, be it but- terfly large or small, or v\cn a l)lundering grasshopper. So, too, Junonia coenia has been described as • "a most pugnacious little creature, and aji- pears to love a fpiarrel, for you may see three or four of them ascending in the air and Ijuff'eting each other, now rising, now falling, unremittingly continuing their aerial warfare." (Jones, Nat. in Herni., 120). How totally different this from the sluggish, lazy, easy-going manner of most of the satyrids. with their dainty ways, tossing themselves in graceful throws in and out the shrubbery ; or the hurried direct way of the species of Argynnis, or better of Eurymns, zigzaging from spot to spot as if on business of the gi'catest urgency, though not (piitc certain where it was ; or the bustling self-important actions of the larger skippers. Even in the buttcrfiies of wilder spots, less frc(|uently seen, how great a difference between the timid Pieris oleracea which, though it feeds upon the [)roduce of the garden, will scarcely let you ap[)roach in any near proximity, and the showy liasilarchia arthemis that will allow you to a])[)roach and pick it uj) with the fingers. What a contrast between the dignified Anosia plexippus moving imi)erturbablv along its own way. un- disturbed l)y the •if^acks of the :.iiiaJler butterflies which dash about it, and the vacillating, dainty blues which cannot make up their minds just what to do ; or between the wary, artful Oeneis semidca and the bold and careless Euphof ndes glaucus. How rarely one sees collected in one spot on a flower or about a moist spot more than two or three Heodes hypoj)h- laeas ; they are too vicious and quarrelsome to be companionable. How different the equally active but eminently social Eurymus philodice or liasilarchia arthemis, which congregate by hundreds, as do also Euphoea- des glaucus and many others. The cunning ways of Oeneis semidca in its rocky defences have been mentioned in our text, and a similar wiliness appears in others, sometimes shown in a mock stuj)idity, as it were, flying, as you cautiously pursue, just beyond the reach of your net, moving with greater and greater swiftness as you increase your speed, all the while against the wind, when suddenly, after a quick movement upward, they open their wings to the breeze and are carried far behind you, thus evading the pursuit which they found becoming irksome, and leaving you heading the wrong way. Mm ^^:h ni. ^ ■BP 998 Till-: liUTTKUFJ.lKS OF NEW KN(ii.ANl). HEODES HYFOPHLAEAS— The American copper. I 1 III 'i ■, -i Nil it :i :rt ■•"I ! 4 M ^ i [The Aincrlfiin (■oi)pi'r Imtterlly (Ilarn.s); sniiUl Hliort-tiiiled clirysophiine (ICmniuiis); I'lili/ojnmatUK lnjpoplilaean BoisJ., Ann. soc. em. Vi:. CD x:-»Jl (IS.V2) ; — Morr., Syii. Lcp. N. A...S4(18(ii). Jleoilesliii/iiijililneas ScuJd., Hull. Bull', soc. 8C.,iii: 12.s(1870); Butt., lGC,liK.s. 4, 7. 25,42, 58,105(1881). Cliri/.iophauus hi/pnp/daea.s Kdw., licv. cat. Lep. N. A., .")!» (1884) ;— French, Butt. east. U. .S., 2.S3-284, li,i;^■. r')-77 (I.S.S(J). Lijcaenn ameriaina JIarr., MS.; Ins. iuj. veg., 3(1 oil., 273-274, tig. 104 (18(12). Chri/soj)/)' .lus americatius D'Urli., Can. nat., V ; 240 (1800) ;— Frencl), Hep. III. ill^^., vii : 158 (1878); -Fern., Butt. Me., 80-90, fiijs. 27-28 (1884);— Mayn., Butt. N. E.,41, pi. 5, tigs. 52, .52 a-o (1886). Polynmmalus amcricanus Morr.. Syn. Lep.N. A.,ni (18621. copper (Oosse) ; copper luittcrfly (Eniiuous) ; small copjier liutterlly (Maynnrd).] PnliiummatUKphhtf AS (pars) God., Encycl. miHh., I.v:60!), 670-671 (1810);— Boisd.-LeC, Lep. Am. .sept., 123-124 (1833);— Morr., .Syn. Lep. N, A.,84 (1862). Liicaena phhieas Ilarr., Illtehc. IJep., 590 (18;!3). C/iri/sriphnntis plil'iens Emm., Agric. N, Y., v;2l6, pi. 46, (ig. 4 (1854). LacucM phlaens mir. amcricana Strcck., Lepid,, 01 (1S78). Ijijcai'iin /nwclius Ilarr. MS. I'apiliii A1)1p., Draw. ins. (ieo. Brit. Mus., vi :,J8, tig. 13 (ca. 1800). Figured liy (ilover. III, N. A. Lop., j)!. 27, lig. 13; pi. Q, lig.4, ined. [Not Tapilio pldaeas Linn.] Colon de la plaiiio(?tli(?r(!e, Aimalile et hrillant papiHon, Comment de eet iitl'reux donjon As-tu su diSeourir TentriJey Doux ornement de la nature, Viens me retracer sa lieautC ! Parle-moi de la lilierti!, Des eaux,des lleurs, de la verdure; Parle-moi du bruit des torrents, Des lacs ))rofonds, des frai.s omlirages Et du murmure des teuillages Qu'agite I'haleiue des vouts. As-tu vu les roses Cclorei' As-tu rencontr6 des amants? Dis-moi riiistoirc du printcmps Et les nouvellc.s dc I'aurore. Dis-moi si dans le fond des l)ois Le rossignol, ii ton passage, (^uand (hi travcrsais le liociige, Faisait ouir sa douce voix. De M.visrui;.- T^e I'risnnnicr Pt Ic I'apiUon. Imago (5 : 11 ; 13:5). Ile.id covered above and down the middle vvitli l)l,a('liish l)r(i\vn liairs; heliind, auer spot removed inward fnun it by its own width; one, in the up|)er median interspace, is removed iuwarcl by twice lis width from the one above it ; and that in tlie lowi'r median inlers|)ace by hidf it.s own width outward ; the lowermost, in the medio-subiui'dlan interspace, is removeil Inward from the one above It by twice Its width and it.s exterior edjje is at twice an interspace's width from the outer border; the spot at the extremity of the cell is broader than the others, sometimes eejualled by the lowermost ■ basal half of fringe like the outi'r border; apical half i)allid or whitish, lliml ir('/,|;(,s dark trray brown, scarcely with a gri'enish tingi', the central portion of the liasal thini of the wing with more or fewer scattered, greeidsh copiiery scales. Hie inner half willi numerous gray brown hairs; outer border edired delicately with dark lirown, I'ollowed liy a broad band of orange reil, broader than an Interspace, extending fnun the Inner border to the middle of tlie U|>i)er subcostal Interspace, Interrupted in the middle of each interspace by a small, round, blackish spot, occupying the exterior border f the cell, nnil a third, when present, of n dot in tlie niedio-snhnicdlan Interspace, a- fai' removed from the huso ns the width of tlie middle of tlio cell ; >!u' second row consists of siljrlitly lar;rer spots, in tlie same interspaces, that in tlie cell placed just witliin the middle of the miter half of the same, and the lower spot twice as far from the hase of the wiiiu as the widtli of the ndddlc of tlie coll ; as on llie upper surface, tiie exlreinily of the ci'U is itidistinetly markeil by a narrow, hlackis li stripe. Cros the middle of tlie outer half of the wim; is an Irrejiularly sinuous series of eliilit small, transverse or roundish, hlaek spots, faintly bordered externally, exeeptinir (leneraiiy the upper two, wltli pale scales; the upper two, in tlie iiiterspa<'es next the costal lionler. are placed one nl)ovp the other at riirht aiifrles to the border, the upper in tli' -to-sulicostal interspace, as far removed from the outer spot of the two already meiilhincd in the same interspace, as they are from each other; the next threi Us fiinii the are of a si, .all circle opcniiiir iiiwiinl. wliose opposite side wcuild strike near the (■xiremity of the cell, that in the siihcosto-median interspace beiii:^ situated hall'-way between the extremity of llie <'cll and the outer Ijorder; the other spots form, willi the tlfth. an arc of a lar};er ciri'lcopeniiijj inwards, wliose opposite side would reach nearly or (piite to the inner spot of the cell; the In- terior ediie of the sixth spot is at the f two interspaees from the outer boi'der; tliat of the medio-siilnncdiaii interspace is donlilc. bei unbroken by the jironiul color of t'«ie winir. luit its upp<'r portion, toircther with tlu first, second and sixth spots. ;ire i''.e larirest In the simmi's ; a wavy, snhmaririnal 11 'c of very briiriit. deep orauiTc or brick red -tarts from the tip or tlie siibiiicdi;iii nc" nri'. forininif. In tlic In- terspace below, small, apical -pui^ nf iiiinn;!,,,! fj,,] mni j,,'ay scales; it crosses tlic extremity of the medlo-siilimedi;iii iiitcrsp;ice in an archill;; line, wliich reaches nearly half way to the black spots and then falls affiiin to the tij) if the lower median nervule; from here It passes to the middle or upper part of the lower siibeo.sial interspace in a .series of siinihir Itiit niucli -.liuliter arches, one to each Interspace, maintainini; an average dl-tiince of half .111 interspace from the outer border; between tliis carniiiie line and the fuscous iuli'rior iii;irj;iii of the outer bordci'iiii;. the sc;iles seem to lie usu- ally as ll>_'ht as in the centre »( the wIiil'; fringe diU'erini; from th;it of tlie upper sur- face, as in tlie fore wiU4:s .Midomeii blackUli above, dark Lrravish brown on the whitish beneath, tlnijed toward the tip with dirty pale bull'. M;ile aiipendivt^es (34: :!-<) with tlie bent elon- ftated lateral alations compressed, cylindrical, eipial thronj;;hout (not well represented on the plate'i. rounded at tip. and -(uucwliat swollen anterior to it. the distal half bent alirnptly downward and s.iiuewhat outward; lateral arm- taperini; resnlarly to a fine point, sickle-shaped, tlie curve nearly ei|U!il throuirhouf. Clasps formiiii; a tumid snbeipial lamin:i three to four times as loiii: as broad, broadest beyond the middle, the iipii-ai third cnrvins a little iiiw!ird. roundly truncate at tip. tlie upper jiosterior corner roundly ananlatc and slightly produced. Measurements in millimetres Lcnj;th of tongue, 5-0 mm. I .MAI.K.S. ] Smallest, i Averasre, Larj^est. Length of fore wings antennae hind tilii.ic and tarsi, fore tilii;ie and tarsi 12. (I,ti 3.S '2,73 13.2.'i 7.3 4, 3, 14. o 8, 4.2.-) 3.1 FEM.»LF,.S. !Sniallest.i Average. | Largest, 13.2.5 6.75 4, ;!. 14, 7.25 4.23 3.4 15. 3.5 Described from 27 9 , 17 f . Aberrations. II it. i-.xsci.vr.v. (LijcamiH jilthu'ds cur. titnificuii'i ahfasciata fitrcck., Cat. .Vmer. Macrolep., lol — 1.m7S.) The Messrs. Fa.xon captured a i)alr of this species In Newton, Mass., August 1. within a few miuntcs of each otlier (and tliorofore not un- likely the progeny of one parent), which arc siift\ised In a sliglit degree and almost exactly to the same extent; it atl'ecls only the row of spots In the midille of the outer half of the wing, each of which, nlthough perfectly distinct from tlie others, is ex- ii:i r.YCAKNMNAi;: IIKOUES II VI'Ol'III.AKAS. 1001 PiiikIlmI ii vor.v little exteriorly ami very iimcli Interiorly, tliesiiots hcyoiul thoeell joln- iiifj that \vliicli hnrdors the outer limits of the saiiie, llinse In tlie meilliui intcrspiice.H exleiuiini; nearly or iiuile to liie base ol' tlie liiterspiiees (in one instance, the spot in the lower median interspace readies only liail'-way to the liase), and that of tlie meiiio- siilimedian interspace is, in one instance, as lony; as broad, and in llie other twice as long as broad, instead of l)cing, as normally, lialf as long as l)roa(l. (»n tlie nnder sur- face, tlie wings iiave liie normal pattern. These snllnsed specimens are by no means excessively rare, i liavo I .1 tiiei'i my- self in several places in eastern Massaeliusetts. Mr, V. II. Sprague lias found tiiem in Wollasion (.Inly 10 and .Inly 27), Mr, Kolami Tiiaxter has talioii many and Mr, Henry Edwards has a large series captured in and about Keadviile, all in places in tlie vicinity of Boston, wliere they appear to l)ave Ijceu most frei|Uently or almost exclusively noticed, 1 have taken one at (iranby, Mass, Maymird llgiires one (Uulterllies N. K,, pi, "), llg. ,")!! c), and one is llgureii l)y (ilover in his uiipiil)lisiied work (111. N. A. I^ep. , pi. ti, llg. 4). In general the sull'iision is caused l)y tlie liasal extension of tiie outer row of spots on the upper surface of tlie front wings, whicli till the wiiole l)readtii of the Interspaces, often barely showing a line of tawny scales along the intervening ncrvuies. In the most extreme cases there is a slight expansion externally, so as to approximate the l)road dark tiami fvirmeil by the sull'iision to the marginal liand, l)Ht most commonly this iloes not occur, and usually the interspaces are less completely lllleil from nervnre to nervuru over tlie overrun ground so that eacli sp;)t is more or less wedge-shaped, tlie apices pointing bascward, an appearance wiiicli gains in ell'ect from tile actual narrowing baseward of all but liie two lower interspaces in wiiich tills sull'iision appears. Sometimes, indeed, the sull'iision is reduced to a mere enlarge- ment of tiie spots of tlie extra-mesial row with a wedge-like tongue thrust a sliort distance baseward, occasionally farther on 011c wing than the otlicr, Ov it may be merely indicated Ijy an enlargement of all the spots in tlie wing (exceiit in tlie mid- cellular one, wliich is never all'ccted by tliis or any other variation; witii scarcely or no sign of any special loiigitudiiiai expansion. The iiind wing is never aU'ected by this sull'iision, or 1 have seen but one slight in- stance of it, in wiiicli the two dark spots, normally round, which are found next beyond tiie cell, thrust little loiigiies l)aseward; tills was in tlie case of the most extreme sull'iision oi)serveil. Tiie under side of the wings, too, is rarely all'ected to any iiialcrial extent, mostly conllneii to the brief cuneiforni extension (but not in any other way eniargemeiil) of the extra-cellular spots of the front wing. But wiiat is remark- able is tliat this sull'iision of the upper surface of the front wing is often correliated with ol)sidcscencc nv almost complete oliiileratioii of the extra-mesial spotsof tlie under surface of the hind wings, and tiiis seems to l)e more likely to occur tlie deeper tiie sull'iision abovl^ In one instance, liowcver. iiiid this the most extreme case of sull'ii- sion aliove — a specimen Mr, Kdwards took in Ueadviile — not only are the extra-cellular spots of tile under surface of the front wings mucli elongated, on one side nearly reaching the cell, but tlio spot in the lower median interspace is also Cfuisideraliiy enlarged ; wliile Hiion the hind wing several of the extra-mesial spots, otherwise of normal size, send siioots toward the liase, and tlio two costal spots are elongated on botli wings and on one actually united into a long, sublimate stri|ie. Tlie same is the case to a less extent in one otlier specimen, wiiiie In a tliird. also an extreme case of sutl'nsioii above, not only are tlic s|)ot of the extra-mesial row of tlio liiiid wing almost wlioUy (some of tlieiu wholly) ooliterated, but on one side both, and on the other the inner liut not the outer of the costal spots have also disappeared. II, II, oiti.iTKit.vr.v. Oil the other liaiul we have anotlier phenomenon closely con- nected with the above, whieli is tiie partial and nearly complete obliteration of these same extra-mesial spots of tlie front wing, botli above ami below. One such sjiccl- nien is ligiired by Mayiiard (Hiittertl, N, Kiigl., pi. 5, tigs. ,")L'a) with no spots at ail, but the most extreme case I have seen has some dots left. Curiously the most persistent of all tlic spots, wlietlier above or below. Is the iii)pef of the two beyond the cell, which Is sometimes reduced to the merest dot of liiack 116 ? >,' ■i ' \m'--\i' iff 1(MI2 Tin; luri'Kiui.iKs or m;\v facland. |mls ri'iiiiiiii micliaiiifiMl. Why I coiiiu'ct tlii-i witli ••■iiiihisli)ii." W ilml III oiii' ■i|u'clin('ii, in wlilrli mi llio ii|i,)or sur- filL'c till' oxti'ii-iiu'sliil spots iiri- VftliR'cil ti> olisi'iiro ilots, \\itli ilic cxcrptldii of the hiwcr uu'illan spot of tho h'ft wiiiii. the iimler siirfiu'o shows thi'se spots iiKo partially, llioiifjh l.'ss, olilUciati'il, and tlii' lower of the two oxtni-ci'lliilar spots of the rlnlit >vlnK ( Invisible w illioiit ii leiis on the nppei' siirfaeel Is of scarcely less lliaii the normal sl/.e, l)csji|e> li:i\ in:; a Ion;;, lilack tongue which exteiiils nearly to the cell, while most of the olhci- spot- of the same row . on both winiis, lhoii;;li much smaller than normal, are (lecldeilly eloiiLrati'il insfeail of roiiiicl or ipiadrati'. Iiithehinil wiiiLt also, as Usually in the normally siiUnsed specimons (If such an expression may hi' allowed for im nberralion). the extra-mesial spots of the under surface are almost altogether obliter- ated and In the same manner, the nieillaii spots heiii!;, ns there, the most persistent. 'I'lils form of aberration, where tin' weakness of the spots has been carried to partial olilileratioii. is iiinch rarer than the ordinary striu;atr siill'nsloii, II. II. iTl.I.loi.A (('hriji'i'jiliiniii!' iiiiK ririiiiiis riir. J'lillinliis Iliilst. Kiit. Amer.. ii : l.s2. issii"!. In this "tlie coppery ri'd is replaced by an e(|indly u'iowiiiLt. somi'whnt sooty yellow." ai'cordiiiii to lliiNt. It is perhaps not dill'ereiit from a specimen captured at Kllsworlh. Me., in Issc, liy Mr. Carl liranii whieli is rcmark;ilile for havint; tlie llcry red of the npper surface uniformly bleached to n pale, but ;;llsteiilnndilioii. It corresponds In this species to the aberration of lleodcs pldaeas iiiinied schmhltii. Kiually an nlicrralio lis recorded in the liiill. l5niokl.ent.scic., U : n. In which the iiiider surface of tin' iiliid wiiii: on tlie riiilit siile is ••m.'irked by red dashes riiiinliii; from base to exterior inarL'in." Egg 65; 21). Cells snlicirciiiar Init aiii:ulatcd. the larj^est aiiont .!!• mm. In diaiii- etcr, the smaller about .1 mm., exceptini: next the base, •where they are only .o4."i mm. broad: they are lionnded by distluct. heavy, irreatly elevated w.'ills, thickened at the junction of several cells; the surface within the celN is shallow ly concave and marki'd by delicate, exci'sslvely tortuous lines, coveriii;; the w hole ar'^a and iriviiii; It the aiipearauce of fro-ied •.'lass. Micropylo rosette ;68: |o^ .!■_' mm. in iliameter, made np of little leiiticiilar cells, about .o| iiiiu. In diameter. Color very delicate pale ifreeii. the wails of the cells white or iioary. llcii;lit. .L".i mm. ; breadth, .ill' mm. Caterpillar. First ataijf {71 : \ . Head ; 79 ;:!!•) pale testaceous, the siiliire.s of the triamtle blackisii fuscous; ocelli blackisli fuscous; ed-re of labrum and iiKuith parts tiuai d with fcrru;;ininis. Hody pale yellowish i;reeii. with a dark brownish spot on the top of terminal se^iineiit; warts, both simple .'unl liair-licariii:;. blackish fuscous, those of the hitero>ti';iiiatai series with a p.'iie centre; hairs pale browiiisli; stignmtiv te.staceoiis. Leirs irreenisli yellow; claws fiiscou-; pride;;s yellowish, l.eiivrth. I.I2 mm. ; wKltli. .L'H mm. : lemitli of superior loin^est hiiirs. .."> mm. ; of superior shorter hairs, .11 mm. : of lateral hairs. .17 mm. ; width of liead. .\i't mm. tsicond stdiji . In this sta;,'u the whole aspect of the creature has chaniieil on a minute inspection. The form becomes less exa^tirerated in its distinciions between front and hind end, the hoily is broadest at the second thoracic se^jment, and instead of the siii^'le series of excessively loni;, spicnliferoiis Inilrs, there are now a multi- tude of series with spicniiferous hairs; but the hairs are not nearly so curvinjr nor so Xowii. and all are of the same leiiirlh; there are about twenty-live luiirs to a sei^ment; besides tliese the crateriform warts lia\o increased in number, are lower down than before, not all in one row, several on a se;iiiieiit of iiiie(|ual size and varyinj; from seg- ment to segment, and even apparently at the two sides of the hody. The skin is deli- cately shagreeiied. and the hody is of a pale, pellucid brown color. Spiracles black rimmed. I.,engili. 2.2 mm. ; breatlth, .") mm. Third ."Idiie. Head blackisli castancoiis, antennae^ p.ile. Body above and below delicate grass green, slightly darker along the middle of the sides; a faint, dusky, dorsal lino. Hairs brownish fuscous, curving backward a little. Spiracles luteo- I.YCAIiMNAK: lll.oDKS 11 Vl'c tnil.Ai;.\<. II 1(1.-; fuscous. I.i'i;-. »li:.'litly llll Usflllfil. ti|i|iccl with rilscoils ; pniU'Us nf llic coin]' n< till! mill '!• siirfiirc. 1,1'ii^'tli, ;i, iiiiii. ; lii'cinllli. I iiiiii. : liciiilil, ." mm. F'liirtli .■)(.(;/.. Ilrail pllli M'llciwisli ({I'ucn. ciliicd lidow. Iiiclinllii^ tlic Imtlom nf the ofclliir drill, Willi l)lili'kUh I'lisrous, tlii' sutnri' iif tlii> trhiii'.'li' miti'Unl wllli fiisrcni.; lalinini rlniiiiril with >vhlli^h: imuiilUik's i-ciUIInIi fiiscuus. llmlv as iii'cvluii^ly ih-- scrlliril ; 111 sdllli' lllstinicrs ;l ilnl'oill si I'lpc mill A liriinil. \rllll'<'.-'llL:milt.'ll lillliil nrnllllil llic wlioli' liiiily. ihlll I'lisriltiv llu,' riiliif iipiiMI'rIltly ciiiLliinl to llic h;ii|-». I.iiiiith. snmi nftri' iiKiiillhi;;. ."■ mm. ; liiTinilh, 1.7.' mm.; lirl;:lit. l.;l."> mm l.'tsi nUiiji (75:ll': 79: til). Ki'-cmlilliii: Ihi' fnriinT iilt(ii;i'lhrr. I'.MTptlii;: that all the spi'rlmiMis with nisiMiti' sti'l|if ainl iiiai'ifhi whk-h I hiivi; rrarcil hi'i-Dinf wlinlly jfri'iMi afliT till' last mmilt. I,i'iii;tli, II..". mm. ; linailth, l.'.''i mm. Cbrysalia 84: I'.h. 'I'lii' !;i'm;ral<.'oliir is U^ht hrowii oi' '.Ivlil. tlinfi'il with vrry pnlo yt'llinvish ifi'ci'ii. The Ihoriix Is ilarki-ranil tlmii'il with fcmi^^liioiis, ilottcil anil spnltril with hiacklsh fiiscotis, a.siihilin'sal pair at tlii' hinlu'st point i>f the iiii'sothornx. riii'i'e Is a rat he 1' liroail, Mark is! i fiisrims. ili.rs:il stroak mi the im-.iithiira.\.aiul mi clthiT siilo a shnihir ilark liaml fnllows tlir hliuh'r i - lire of ilir incsomitiim ami rracln's tho haso nf till' winu; till' (loisal ri'iilmi uf thi' ahilmncii is iiifiisrati'il. Thi' lowrr surf arc is paliT ; the I'yi". arc rt'ihlisli hiiiwii. ami thr iiil'r?h black diil> arraiijied in Imi^itiiilliial series as follows : a faint, dorsal row placed centrally: a faint, subdorsal series placed posteriorly; a iaterodorsal scries placed anteriorly; a lateral series placed anteriorly; close toil n ialerostiiriiiatal series phiced posteriorly: a stiiimatal series placed posteriorly, further l);ick than the other posterior dots ami composed of twoconilneiil dots ; ;iii infra --tiLriiuil.'il scrie- placed posteriorly, and on the posterior sci^meiil- h:iviii!.' ;i coiiipanioii on the .'interior part of till' ~e^meiit ; a lalerovenlral series placed ceiiirallv and :i double «iiliviiiti'al row. liaised lines cjveriii;; the body riisset, the short, line hair- reddi-li or bliiiki-h; the lower eqinil portion of tlie peillcels of the funu;iforni jiaplUae >, 86 :;>:)) blackish fns- eoii-%, till' disks colorless. Tho wart- on wlileli the paiiillao are mounted ;iri' .o|'.'7 luiii in diameler, tho pedicel half tliat diameter, and the eiinal ponion .ni; mm Ioiil': the e.\p:iiideil portion is .(I2,"i lorn: ami tlie disk .ii.")."> mm. in diiimcter. I,i'ii;;lli. ii.."i mm. ; heijilil, :'...") iiini. : breadlh at tiiorax, :i.L'."i >nin. : breadth ;il abdoni.'ii. l.'.Vi mm Comparisons. Ilurris. in smiu' iinimlilislu'd iidtts ii|ii>ii tliis s|K'('ii'-. vvliicli lio \V!is rciilly till' lii-st tn tlistinjruisli tVinu II. pliliU'ii.'r. (stivs : "It nut iiiily iliU'civ tVuiii |ilil;ii'iis in ilio cnliPi- iiinl iiiurt' tli-tinct sput- ot' tlio iiiiilor silk' 111 tlie iimlcr wiiiLTs, Imt it I'xliiliits on the ii|)|ior siik' uf tlicso wiiiffs it liliick, central line iinil ti siil)niiiruiniil siric- of likick spots iictoiT the fulvous biind niiicli more ilistiiu't tliiin do tlie iMifopciin speeiiiien.'r ot jihlneits. Tiie external iinL'^Ies of the anterior winL'^ are more rounded and the emaroinntion near tiie .'inal anoje ot' the posti'fior wiiios is not sodu'p, and consequently the anal anjjjle not so pronounced tis in plilaetisof I'Jifnpe.'' I have not been tihle to intike diieet conip;irisons of the early stages. e.\- ecptingoftho cjig. This in hypophlaeas ai;rees entirely in siz(> and propor- tions witii Hint of phliieiis, but tiie stirtaee is more nigoso. the rugosities more connected in torttious lines, and are also sli j i ;. mm ;. ■> 76-' y ' 1(104 I'lir, m'l TKUKi-iKs OK Ni:\v i;n(;i,ani». .'. f h/H ill iniiiiv pliicc.'^. so tliiit niir knowli'ilj^c itt" its siiiitlirrii limit is imi very (U'flnito. Ft is, howivtr. ••ii-iii:illy ('ominim" in Maryliind (Uliler) and i« oven piiiiitcd liy .VMiot witli tlu' iniMnoraniliiiii, "inct witli t>y Mv. Klliutt on liJH tour to tlio mi)iint;iiiis," /. c, the Allcj^liiuiii's of (ii'orjjiii ; altlmiiifli it oPfiii's in (Julil'orniii. ami is statout only indicatt'il at one or two points wi'st of tlic Mississippi, sncli as Oxii'y K'anclu-. Iictwccn l''t. Mack'od and Calj^ary ((u'ddi-s), and Jowa (Chio. Mils.); the wtstcrnniost points cast of this in whlcli it lias hcen ohtaini'd ui'c IJnrinc "cominon" (Hoy) and Ik'loit, Wise. (CliainlKrlin) ; it is, liowovcr. almndant cnonfrli in nortlicrn Illinois ( \Vortliine Hreton (Tliaxter) and in the north has Ix'en taken at Cacouna (Saunders), (Jueliee (Txiwles), Montreal "le brooded throughout Massachusetts (excepting perhaps in parts of Berkshire) ineluding the elevated towns of Andover and Princeton, as well as in Albany, \. Y. and AValpole, N. II. \\'e may [lerhaps add to this list Milford and Dublin, N. II., and Sudiiurv, \'t., although in the first two lo(!alities at least the appcannu'e of the iiroods is sonunvhat later than in Massachusetts, the dates agreeing better with those ^Ir. Saunders has furnished for Ontario, where he believes it to be oidy double brooded. In the southern or triple brooded districts the insect nuikes its appear- ance from May U)-23 according to the season. Dr. Harris raised one specimen from chrysalis on May 1, but this was proi)al)ly under artificial conditions. He, however, reports one capture as early as March l.j and Dr. Packard another in Brunswick, Me., Aj)ril 3, — both of which seem to be altogether exceptional and the result of unusually warm weather acting upon chrysalids in very favorable stations ; it becomes conunon in about a week and continues until about the end of the third week of June. The eggs are laid during June and in advanced seasons during the latter part of May ; after six or seven days, or if very early, as nuich as ten days, these are h.atchcd ; the caterpillars become full grown during the latter part of June and early in July and after about ten days spent in the chry- salis evolve a new brood of butterflies. This first appears between July 5 and 10, becomes abundant by the 19th or 2(lth and continues until after the middle of August, sometimes until almost the end of the '^fim I ;Sk Hr^ ' ««>i ^■{f If i i ■■i: ,'f fv ' ^^ '. m:m if i m^ 10(10 TllK lilTTHRI'l.lKS oK NKW I:N(;I,AM>. I'M! 'l month tl) I'lif t'jjfLifs arc prohiilily laid iliiriiiif tlic last wi'i'k of. Inly and the first lialt' of Aiiiju«it. as p'.irinu' is tlu'n I'ldnnioii. the earliest caterpillars I). t'idl jjrown toward the middle of Aninist. wliile tl le cnrvsa lids tiniic for a ionircr period than in .Fuly, sometimes for ninctei'ii days. The tliii'd generation of ImtlerHie.s is miieh the most ahiindant and appears in the latter part of Ani,qist, <:enerally by the 2()th, i)ut sometimes not until the early days of Septemlier; the hiittertlies eontmne to emerji'e t'rom the ehrysali:* nntil the middh' of Si'|)teml)er when the hrood is most ahnn- dant, l)iit it has jfemn-ally entirely disappe.ired hy the eloso of the month. The cgji;s of this hrood are deposited in Septemlter. are hatched in eiiiht Some I vcr, did not ri'acli ihi'ir last stai;i' until ( )ctol)er, days, and the lar\a prohahly chann'cs to chrysalis heforc wintei of my caterpillars, 1io\m and >ueli may ssililv hihernate in this conditio n, o r as Mr. V. S. ■Iprajxiie helieved, perish altoifcther. Whi're the hnttei'llv is doiililc hroodcd, the first "cneration docs not ma ke it s ap'H-arance nn til duiu' — iisnallv iietween the Ith and the Kith, though a few specimens may occasionally he seen in fa\iM'al)le seasons late in May: it heeomes common hy the lUth or iUiii and lasts until neaily the middle of .Inly ; in the extreme north, ho\\e\cr, as at (^nehec and Cacouna. it does not seem to appear hefore the last of .lime and prohalily continues throughout .lidy. The |)eriod of the earlier stages is undeter- mined th< exi'entiiiii' that the chrvsali second iii-ood of huttcrtlic; of Auirust. and generally li\('s aliont twelve days, hut first seen between the (ith and 12th ugust. and contumes to I'merge until tiie elosi' of the month aiK Ith tl les until the end of the tliinl week of September; the eggs are probably laid late in .\iigiist and early in Se|)tember*. giving the caterpillar ample time to attain its growth and I'll, iiige to ciirysaiis before winter; the I'hrysalis is f'lMnid banuiuu" upon the uiidei' surface of' stoni's. Habits and flight. Tl ittcrfi V alights on stones or twin's and suns itsel or flit." s a\-,av aiiioi vjC tho eloviT heails. It ncM'r Hies loiih.iul(iic.l." I' I I.YCAKMNAK ; IIKOUKS IIYI'OI'IIL.A T.AS. frosMc, in writing of tliix in.^cct. siiys {(';im. nut.. 211') it woiiM Im> |Miii:i|).s llu' most sploinlul l)iilli'i'lly wv. liavi'. if its si/.o {'orri'spDiidi'd willi its Ijeiiiity. . . . Tin- ridiiu'ss of tlio <;lcnviiiu, llaiiu'-colonrfil wiims is wortliy of lulmira- tion.and the nmlor surfiu'i' is vory ilolliato; ami I iln iml -.ci' tlial it is less t)raiitif\il because! It is iliiiiimitive: tliimu'ti if it were as lai'ire as a swallow-tail or a famlu'rwoll l)eaiity, it woiilU strilvo tlie attention nioro reaiiily. It is ouridii.s to wiitcli llicir ])r()i'('('(linj::s in ]):iiriiig time, wliicii remind one strongly of the Knglisli sparrows. One niiiy l)e seen perelied on n leaf, its hind wings f|uite still and horizontal, while the front pair are siigiitly mi.si'd and in a eonstant fjiittei'. Its foilowia- will he elose heiiind it. ap|)arently imconeeriKMl, Imt as it wall\s alter the leailer, the latte walks oil' a little further; tlu? little play will proceed a while when tl ■ leader llies away, ([iiiekly followed hy tlie other. W'hieh sex takes tl ■■ lead in this ))erformaiu'e I iiave not determined. PoBtures and sleep. These huttertlies are very fond of resting on hare spots fully exposed to the sun ; wherever they alight. e\en if on a twill, thev at once tui'u around so as to hring their hack to the sun, aiul open their wings at right angles, the fore wings partially concealed hy the hind pair: the aiitciinai' diverging at an angle of from lt.V-l()()°. ^\'llen resting in tlie shade, (he w ings ari' closely apprcsscd, (he I'oi'c wings concealed hy the hind pair, so that tiic co. tal edges are hrought together; the antennae, viewed from ahovo. ure perfectly straight, and spread at a angle of •">■'>'. their tips Ix'ing ahout 11 mm. apart: \vhen viewed fron the side ihcy arc slightly curved downward, hut otherwise are straight and ncai'ly continuous with the hody. ^Vhen walking, ev(Mi on a perpendicu- lar snrfMC( , the tip of the alidomcn is trsiiled on llie gi'ound and the lore legs are used like the others. When they emerge from the chrysalis they at once seek a vertical sur- face to expand their wings, which then hang, when fully expand^'d, so that tiic costiil edges of all the wii.gs are together, and the inner e Ige ot the hind wings just touch the surface of rest: the antennae are then he;d (piite horizcputally (or later are slightly raised) , and are scarcely parted, the cliil)s often in actual contact. .Mine Caroline (i. Sonic, ohserving t^^'is i)nttorfIy clinging, toward 8un- S(-t. to irrasH i'laroarliiiii{ one [ ginitiy tonelied tliegra^s, but tlie hulterlly reinaineii as before. I six srns tli»-i) shook il less irenllv. but llie bntt<'rllv diil not stir, t'lien I picked tile 1 la>l<> and rarri'd it in my luuid, not takin^t any care to keep it upri;;lit, for live blocks [in Mm' city 1. ait<< even then it was only as tlu' sun struck the grass, when Ic the street, tlittt the butterily awoke, and In/.lly Hew to a sliady i)lacc, rest'ng 'Miyw'-i]. and thl.« lim arouse it alliird time, ifW. iiftcrwi as rossei before. ime n toucli was enouKh to startle it. I liutlerlly in the same position, more than half way up the n "... t iifci 1008 TIIK HUTTKUI'LIKS OF NKW i:N(;LAN'I). l!i '.',11 w lf!:» t gra>s bliulc, ill till' >liiiilo, ami willi llie lieiiil up, tlio wiiijjs droopoil to an acuU;. iii- steail of a riulit aniili' with tlic liody. It ci'rtainly sleeps very soundiy, ami wlieii aroused does not tjeconic so active as In tlie middle of Hie day. I liave waked aud disturbed rence ill the colour ot' the wings, the left fore wing being much lighter on l)otii surface.-; than the right, thoiigii neither was defaced in any degree. It was resting on a stalk of grass, and was imwilling to fly, the weather being cold with misty rain." Dinmiock states that the liiittertly is an iin])ortant agent in the fertiliza- tidii of the liandelion. Enemies. This insect is subject to at least two hyinenopterous para- sites. E.xpecnng that so common a species woidd have its enemies, I col- lected a large number of eggs, laid naturally, at Norwich, Conn., in .Fune, but only one if them had been attacked ; the little parasite, Tclenomns graptae (89: D i ate its way out through the bottom of one of the cells on the side, on Juuc 2'.i. Another parasite is Ichneumon vcrsabilis (88:2), a nmch larger insect, which :ittacks the caterpillar and emerges from the chrysalis ; one came out fifteen days after pupation. Ueutry asserts that Km LYCAEXINAK: THE GKNL'.S FKXISKCA. iu(»y it 16 iilt^o destroyed by the wood pcwce (Coutopiia virens) and the night hawk (Cliordoiieti viryinianus), ab liu iian taivt'ii hiryt- iuuubert« both of the hirva and imago from tlieir stomachs. Desiderata. Altliougli so common an insect, our knowledge of its liis- torv is tar t'rom perfect. The two or three records of its excessively early appearance remain unexplained. We do not know whether it ever hil)cr- nates in the larval condition, and if it does whether such hii)ernation is con- finc(i to localities where it is triple i)rcoeral. . ;i. DiHtrilxaioii in North Amcrlvu. Ii'liiictiiiiDii vi'r.s»l>ili.«. n paruNitr, 'I'l'li'iKPimis jinpliic, a parasite. '.'1. Plain. MiiTopyk". Catp.rpilldr . 1. Caterpillar 111 Ijirtli. Kill! irrowii I'aterpillar, ilorsnl view. 40. Ileatl, .•isali8. PI. S4, li'.'. t!». Side view. Sii ; li:;. Dermal appeiula^e, liiinijo. PI. 5, fij,'. 1 1 . Male, both surfaeca. 13: 5. liolli ^iirf.ii'fiw. 34:.">S. M:ile aliiloiiiiiial appeiiilii$,'eH. 39: 'Jl. Neuratioii. 56:10. Siile view with head and appen- dagcn enlarw'ed, and detailn of the utructr lire of the le<;B. t.. FEMSIX'A (JHOTK. FenisoiM <}rote. 'PraiK. .Vni, enl. «oi'.. ii ; ;!''S (isiiil). r t.onied of ihe \\\\vji~ uf liniirr'ilie.-i. MiiAKi:.— 7'/('' Culiirii Fa;/. Soon spreads I lie disiniil shade Of inv-ier> over hi'- l":id ; And the ealerpillar an< ^ ll> Feed im tiie ni\*tery. Wm. Iti.AKK.— 7'/»» HiimiiH Al:->'racl. iU*- Imago (55 : 11 ). Hesil nnnleralely lari;e, denx'ly clotheil vvilli scales and pnil'iisely covered with rather *lion ciirviii;^ liaiis. heudinj; fonviird :ili(ne and iliiwiiw;inl on the fiieo. Front ilat, evceptini; that ii i- very sllifhtly full ilowntlie middle ami a very little protuberant below, the lowor half projeetlns sliarhtly lipyond thn front of the eyen; half as hiah ajintn n^ broad, seareely -• broad as the eyes on a front view, the sides straisjiil ; up|w!r Ixirdt-r snireely ridjjiMl. llie eorners a little hollowed in front of thcantPiiMae; lower border vor liroiidly ronndiMi. N'ertex slij;litly hollmved in Ihe very eentre. with a slii;|ii snletiii'ion riiniiinu fr-on the middle of the hinder border to each antenna iiid :i Mtlic- abr^nt not very l:ir:;e, tilbereiilale buttress behind eacli niitoiuia soparMml lT»mi ii*» •>■ « iput by a rather lurjje niul doep -.lightly /'I'^/.tv^ elian- "7 m w^ 1010 Tin; BUTTKRFLIE.S OV NEW ENGLAXI). m |f:'g : tlie leiii;lli of the liiiul tibiae (?). or scarcely sliorter than they (f,. Che uorsi scarcely shorter than tiie tibiae, particularly in tlie female; forelegs simitarly iW^eloped in the two sexe». exci'ptiiig tliat tlie last tarsal joint of tlie mall is owiA- niMMMJ witli a median, apical, sliglitly curving, ratlier stout ami taper- iiiu spine. in-.i*ad of agreeing in stniiture with the other legs as in the female: in otlier n-speets. and ^villi perhaps the exee|)tioii of having ratlier fewer sjiines beneath, tliese legs agree with the other- Femora furnished beneath with a fringe of long hairs. .Middle tibiae scarcely si.orter than the hind pair, both entirely devoid of spurs and spines. First joint of the middle and hind tarsi considerably gibbous in the male; in tiie ather sex ami ia tlie flore legs of both it is of the .same diameter as the othiT joints, nearly or <|Ulte «pml tii all the others combined; the second, tliird and fourth are e"-l>ly witli siiort and rather slender spines not crowded logeti«»-r nor present cm the sides, an apical pair on each joint scarcely longer tliaii the .rthers. the wliole under surface scaled ; claws very .small and slender , not curving ranch imt somewliat bent near the liase. tapering, (Inely pointed; pnrony- <'hla -in*il«-. iiuit.<' slender, equal, linely pointed, fullyas long as the claw, and straight; pad scarwly |>»-rceptible. Male fetmiomiiinl appendaL'< ■ iili the upper organ forming a deeply and not very narpwwly but abruptly not' "-i projecting above; lateral arms much as in Chry- soptoanns. Clasps stout bm .erv short . luiilate at base, abruptly narrowing to half tlie width on apical tliini ■gg. Very oblate spheroidal in -liape about twice as broad as high, the summit iV LYCAKNIXAK; THK GENUS FENISKCA. 1011 with a central, shallow and small Indention. Cells very nunicrons and with slisiht walls, Caterpillar at birth. Head as bi'oad as the llrst thoi-aclc segijUMit, broadest above the Miiddle, rather deeply and broad lyiiTeTTTTi tlie middle above, the trlanijlelarjte, jnst faillu!; to reach the cleft, lii;;her than broad. The posterior stnietiire of the head is as In all IulM|uadrate. the cranium nearly twice as broad as high and nearly as deep as high, only half withdrawn wilhin the tlrst segment when at rest. Frontal triangle very large, occupying nearly one- third of the front view of the head, ecpiinngnlar; labriim large, arched and very thick, slightly aud rouiully emargliiate in the middle, the outer angles well rounded ; antennae with second joint slender, cylindrical, a little more than twice as Ioiilt a> broad with a not much longer l)ristle; inandll)ics small, coiicealeil completely in the mouth cavity, scarcely longer than l)road, scarcely tapering, tlu' rounded apical iiiargiu iirmed with four curving, claw-like teetli: maxillary palpi larger than ii^nid. coiiiposi'd of tliree joints decreasing regularly in size so as to j orin a conical, mnvable. poiiiied appendage, very similar in appearance to the legs. Body largest in the middle and tapering toward either cud. botli a» seen from the top and sides, the incisure-i deep and their mouilirorm eltcct on the body inteiisilled l)y the irregularity of surface egmeiits. which are tumid in large and broad bosses on the lateral, suprastigmatal and infrastlgmatal Hues, giving a ■.ulninadrate cross section, which is Increased by tlic llatuess of the (lor-.id area. rurnUlied abundantly with scarcely arcuate, taperiui;, tlneiy spiculifeidiis and pointecl liair~. al)out as limg as the segments of the boily. and arraugeil irregularly In a comparatively broad Held transversely across the summit of each segnu'iit, liut elust<'red most abundantly on all but the (Irst thoracic segment on the elevated bosses. Teriniual segineiil'^ without special appendages, the last with a central anterior sunken pit. Spiracles inluutc, transversely oval, scarcely elevated, that of eighth abdominal seunient on a line with the others. Legs small, the la>l joint slender, eiunpressed. tapering. I'rolegs minute, not visil)le either at rest or in movement. CbrysaliB. Viewed from above fh<' head Is truncate with rounded lateral angles, the thorax rapidly widening to tlie middle aud then nearly eipial. though beginning posteriorly to widen liy the divergent outline of the wings as they expand toward the widest partof theal)domen; the latter globose basally. Including live segment s. thegreat- .4«l 1012 THE nUTTP:UFLIi:S OF XF.W KNGLAND est width Ui'iiia roaclu'il in tin- niiilillp df tliotliinl x'iinicnt, ami iioarly maiiitaiiu'il to tlie luidilii" iif llic next, anil tlicn rajiidly I'allinir oll'witli a n'ltuiar slope to tlic end of the seventh seirment; beyond thl> the ahdonien expands a.itain sli;;litly, tlie llnal seitinelits forndni.' a enrions llarlnir expansion wliieh rests tiat upon the surface of pupation and beneath which the eipially (lattened creniaster is hidden, with its sul)recuinl)ent hooks. V'lowed laterally, the curve of the thorax forms the (piadrant of a circle, the front rlsin;j; rapidly, the whole tliorax lilnntly carinate nie>iaily ; considc'ridily above this rises the irlobose piu'lion of the alidiunen with indepi'dently arched seifnients, its po.s- terlor curve colli inued in a >traiulit slope to the tip. The basal wiiiir tiiliereles are rather proininent but broadly rounded and sli;:litly tuberculate, an inlerriiptecl. blunt carina follows the middle line of tile abdomen, and the dorsum of the second, third and to a less extent the fourth alidominal sc^^nieiits lia> a trau.sverse, mesial series of blunt and small tiiliereles. The under surface is perfectly Hat and smooth. The iiirth falls in the incision between the tirst and secoiu. abdominal sesnients. The toniriio cases are exposed only a little more than half way from their liase to the tip 's dt' the iniaoo nr in the characters of the eai'lier .staujes. Indeed its jiHinities are with some Indian torni.s and it hoars a certain eurion.s roseiniilancc to the htitterHy from northern China, first deserihed by IJremer-Ciray under the nanii' of 'Ihecla fii.sea : I have heen iinalileto make any examination of the latter, 'i'he litit- terriies are amonij the lai'LTest of the trilie and the Willi's are iimisiiallv deli- eate in striR'tiire. miiri' elono-ate than common ;iiid siilifniadrate in form. The (jroiind eolor of the iipjier surface may he eoii.sidered fulvous although 80 largely eiicroaeiied upon liy dark lirown in the ii])per half of liotli wing,s and the outer horder of the front jiair as to lie scairely predominant : in the fore wing the dark liorders leave only the Idiglit disc and this is nearlv divided transversely : lieneath, the wings are ])ale reddish lirown. the tore- wings jiale on the disc, and hoth wings, especially the hinder ]iMir. mottled with pretty large, white edged, dark spots, wlii<'li on the hind wings arc arranged in transverse serie.s. The liiitterHies are ])olygoneiitie. hihernating in the chrysalis and per- haps in the imago stiite. They first appi'ar on the wing very early in spring. They are very local, being found only in wet and shady placet*. The ciTii's arc reniarkahlc for the o;reat numlier of the cells which cover the surface and the slightness of their iiotinding walls ; they are flattened spiieniiles are very small, (juite concealed hy the projcctioi. of the j)arts around and armed with four very sharj), claw-like teeth, while the maxillary pal])i have assumed the tapering form of the larval leg, hy which they arc prohahly enahled to seize an ajiliis and draw it within reach of the mandiMcs. In addition, the thick anil arched lahruni and phuup lahium furni witii the liase of the maxillary palpi a sort of short tuhe tor the passage of the Huids of the victim ; whether any special pharyngeal appliances aid in sucking up the juices I lia\e not attempted to investigate. The odd chrysalis. The chrysalis is an odd looking ohject and the anterior half with its hizarre markings ht'ars, when viewed laterally head downward, a curious resemhlance to a monk"y"s face, as pointed out Iiy -Miss Morton. It is far nu)re irregular in surface and form than any other of our Chryso|)hanidi, tlu' alxhnuen heing hasally hunched and laterally expanded, and the segments providetl with transverse series of low tuhercles : hesides which the last segment with the preceding form a separati'ly curved, trans- verse, suhspatulate pad for the ercmastral hooks. The position of the genus. .Mr. \V. 11. Edwards indeed is so nuuh im- pressed with the strangeness of the early stages that he declares, luit without giving the sliglitest reason for his opinion, that it helongs to the Lemoniina(\ He em[)hasizes only such features as strike him as departures from the Lycaeninae. rnfortiuuitely his comparisons were made with the Lycaenidi and not with tlu; Chrysophanidi. Although certaiidy iui anomalous form, as one would expect in a creature departing so strangely from the others in hahits of life incident to a decided change of food, its affinities are nil with the Lycaeninae, and particularly with the Chrysophanidi ; and since the features in which it is anomalous do not (except in a single in- stance, not mentioned hy Kdwards) ally it any more strongly with other groups, the most that could he done to mark its errant nature would be to consider it a tribe of Lycaeninae distinct from, but adjoining the Chry- ' 'If® 1014 rilK lU'TTKUrLIKS OK XKW KNfiLAXD. :•; -I't liii i?i)|)Iiiini(li : (.'vcn tliis. Iiowovcr, Miuir* Imrdly wnirinitcd. Tlio huvii of Tomiuc'8 Imlliis of .loiitlit'rn Kiiropu, wliicli certiiiiilv must Ix' (la.sscd with till' ChrvHoplitiniili. ilcparts in many points moro Mtrongly from tiii' normal form than is the cat^c with Fonisoca. The relation of the head to the first thoraeie sejjment and tlie doyreo of retractihilitv of the f»irmer within the latter is very imich the same. The ehitinous shiehl of the first thoraeie sefiinent is the same. The form of tiie hody is far more eylimirieal, (piite as moniliform, and the :>>^»le'r.s am! leir.! ;vre miieh more fnl!\' nndance ; foi' in the former case, the scarcity may involve several species, and tin; plain cause some excessive or exceptional meteorological condition. Now thougli the massive nietcor(dogical conditions whicli we term cli- mate have nndouhtedly very much to do with the distrilmtion of liuttcrflies and determine, indeed, in very many cases, whether or not a given kind siiall or shall not live in a certain plate, the indirect results of meteoro- logical conditions have undoul)tcdly more to do with the al)undance or scarcity of a given huttcrHy in a given season. For the very existence of the huttertly shows its capal)ilit\ of withstanding theexcesses of meteoro- ogiclal conditions in the spot in which it lives, and the greatest stressed under whicii it lives are those more active forces, like insectivorous creatures and parasites, which find their own life dependent on taking its. or its ncighliors. The activity of these is governed largely hy temin'rature and storm conditions and hence the indirect iuHuencc of metcondogical condi- tions on the lifi! of the huttcrHy may he more important than the direct. A caterpillar which could withstand any amount of cold or of warmth in itself considered might not l)eal)le to hattle against the foes which a mild winter kc|)t in uiuisual activity and need of sustenance. It does not appear that our hutterflies sutt'er particularly from an exeeptionall}' cold or long winter, hut rather from unusual warmth, sutticient to arouse insecis from torpor at times when hihernation should ho expected ; or, in the fair season, directly from long continued storms and moisture. The fluctuation therefore in the numhers of our butterflies is probably due in large measure to the activity or inactivity, the abundance or rarity of their active enemies, and especially, consitlering how extensive their depre- »l. huc iial. liisl.,,Vi (i\\. IsiiO). I'lili/iiiiiiiinliis tiwiiiiniim Biilsd.-l.cC. \.t\t. Aim^r. sc'i.t., IJ'<-I2it (1h:1;1) ;— Wistw.-IIcwils., CJcii. clliirn. l,o|>.. Il.pl. 77, li;r. s (ls'>l). Cfirii.iiiiihiiiiiin Inniuliiiii.s \Vr.«lw.-Ilr\vlt«., Gi'i). diurii. I.c'p., il: Id!) (|x.V2»;— Lucas, .Sairra. Hist. iial. 'Ic Ciilia, (i|il-(il7 (IH,"). Feiiinifii ^(l•■/'(/')l(l'.^ (iroti, Trans. Auicr. out, soc. il; llOH(lS(ill);— Kcrii,. IJiilt, Mc.,s7- 8S (IMSt);— l{ll'y. Am. iml.. xx:."i."i(!-,V>7 (1H,S<1); Science, vil; ;!lit (li*S(i); Can. out., xvlii; 191- llt;l (INill);— Kdw., (.an. .nt., xvili : UI-l.Vl (IHdil); -Haley, lliiil., l!i;;-IIM (1NM(1);-Kicncli, Hull. cast. \'. .".. •J7i»-'jMn (l.KHi!):— Mayn., lUitt. N. !•:., 4-.'. |il. r.. li.'s.Dl, .Ma (l!is«), Thinlnv liiriiiiifiiiin Bull,, Cat. Kalir. I.cp., n4-!7.'^(lMiltl. l.;ii'iii I'll lariiiiini'is Kirli., Syn cat I.cp., .■14.".(IS71). I'lilijiimiuitlun crnttniii Hdlsil.-LcC, LiJp. Anii^r. Hcpt., 111. 37, IIuh. 1-5 (IHJtJI); -Murr., Syn. I.cp, N, Anicr.,f<.'i i is(i2). I'lihl'iiiiiiKiliin imrsi'iiii'l Sciltlil., I'roc. K«B. Inst., ill; Hi;!-l(il(INO.')). I'rninii-ii /iiirsi nun Oroto, Trans. Amor. cm -oc.. li;iin7.;ios(isi;iH, l.i/nii'iin iuir.li una Kirli., .'tj n. cat I.cp., ;)4r. (1H7I). KijjiirtMl l.v Olovcr, III. N. A. L<>p.. pl.M, 11«. II; pl.2«, IIn'. 7; |il. a», H«. 4; pl. n, Hg. .'i, ilicil. I am thai mcrr\ wamli'r. r. SiiAKKsTKAiii:.— .Vi!/i)(i//m( /•-.N7;//(('.< Dream . Imago (5 : f . llciiil Inivin^ ,1 circlet of pure while iivomul the eyes, o.tceptiii); lit tlie Ik.su of the aiiteiimiu niiil :iii cc|ual space hchhiil them; it l.s narrow in front, e.\teiuls still more imrrowly ntoiij; the Inner side of the hiise of the iintcnn.io and Is Connected on the lower portion of tlie front hy ii hroiid white belt; beliind the eye it is iimcli broader, narrowin;; upwards and ha. ked by mingled blackisli and ful- vous S(;ale> ; al)ove, tlic head is rimmed po^li'ii.n !y with fnl\ oils scales, ilie space just behind the antennae is bl;i<'k an I tliat bitween tliem — I'le summit, toi^ethcr w it li llie front— is tilled Willi minjiled fulvous and lil.ukisli liniwii liair>, the former predomiiialiiiit; above, the iaiter lieiow. I'alpi, excepting the apical joint, wliito, the upper surface of the middle joint blackish brown, expandiuf? iipically so as to include the upi>cr apical portion of the sides and sonu'times nciirly or quite the whole of the extreme apex; fringe of lower surface wliite with a very few black sunle» niiiifrlcd at tlie lip; terminal joint blackisli brown, with the extreme tij), and a line aloii;; liie under >ide, wliite. .Xuteiiii.'u; black, tlie joints of tlie stem rather broadly amiuliited at tlieir bases with while, interrupted, at the middle of bolli the upper anil under surface, over the basal half of the antennae, and snil'used so as to occupy nearly the whole of the under surface lui the ajilcal third of the antennae; club black, the ba>e more or less touched with white, the a|iical two or three joints dull luteo-fulvous. Tongue very jialeluteous. m m if I.VCAKNIN'Ai;: I- KNMSKCA TAR(H'INirs. lul t 'riiDrax I'dvrroil iiliovc witli brinvni'li fiih '>iis. ollvnc^roiw iiiid ilii-iU> liairj*. tlu' pata- ala iiifisi'iy wlt.ti I'lilvons ami nsdilUh fulvitut I'lii'sj hrnontli coviTod witli |>riifii«e, (Iclli'iUi-. «lilti' 1i:ilr». KiMHiira pearly white; illiini' atul lai-ii iliill, scuccly iIIiiltv white, with ;i i)l.ic'ki>.h brown spot at the 1)U«<' aiii J near the tip of tin' iipiicr siiri'm .• of all tiie laj '^1 'iiiil 'It till' iniiidii' of the ^aiu<' on the uiiddli' ami lilml tililae, a-> well ai on tlie middle lialf of tile liunal tarsal Joints and the basal half of the other jolii'is. Spines liiteons. elaws dark reddish Inleon-.. Wi.iiTs above rather pale yellowish fulvous, marked heavily with very daik, rather rich brown, varylnit areatly In till- extent of ciieroni'lnnent on tin- fulvous tints: In tlip Imlitest eolorr'd imiivlduals, md correllatpd with sex, tiip darker niarkinars of tho for>' irhiijn consist of a narrow fuscous edui iir to the (postal border, faintly Interrupted at tho nervnle tips wilii fulvous, a In 'ad d:«-.li of blai-klsh lirowu extemlliiL' to a little beyond tlie tip of tlie cell and occupy Ina the whole of It exi'epllni; a narrow >trlp alonir till' posterior portion, i;eneraliy liiiiiteil aliove liy a ~iiimuis line and not reaeliinir the tip i.f the cell ; a el ill) shaped streak in tlie middle of the lower two-t Id rds of the broad medio-sulimedian inters|)aee, exteiidiiiLr from the base of the wina; o below the llrst divarlealioii of the uiedlan, wlierc the club Is roundish, a minute patch oceupylnj; the very base of tho upper median lnters|)ac<; and sometimes connected Afltli tlie spot In the cell, an Irregular roundish spot In the lower median interspace, nearly as broad as the inlerspari and haviiii; its outer limit in tln' middle n the same; a narrow bonierliiil to tlie (Uiter margin — a littii' more than ei|i il lothe width of lialf an interspace, broadening a little In the medio-siibniedian interspace, extenillni; nar- rowly ulonvr the Inner marain hal'' way or more to the base and eonneeted at the iippi'r extremity with a larjic patch dependiui: from the costal Ijorder, broader than lontf. narrowinu to a blnntly rounded tip which reaches the middle of the subcosto-me- dian interspace, its Interior border nearly straiirht and at nearly rl^ht aiiifles to the cos- tal niaruin. On tho hind >Hn()s, the basal half Is blackish, fuscous next tlie extreme base ami the outer half fulvous, separated by a line which runs from tlie hinder border alonii tlie middle subcostal nervnle halt way to the latter divarieation of the median, tlien crosses to. but not over, the lower sub(