A^ ^ V*"^^^. ^^->>, %^^ ^ t I > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^.T 1.0 I.I 11.25 £f |£° 12.0 u In 1^1 1.6 6' I^iotOgraphic ScMices Craporalion ^ 23 WnST MAIN STRHT WnSTIR,N Y. USM ( 71* ) •72-4903 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian instituta for Historical IMicroreproductions / Irstitut Canadian da microraproductiona liistoriquat O^ Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques at bibliographiquea The institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couieur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagte Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurAe et/ou peiliculte □ Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque loured maps/ Cartas gAographiques en couieur Coloured inl( (i.e. other than blue Encre de couieur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured maps/ I I Coloured inl( (i.e. other than blue or black)/ I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ D Planches et/ou illustrations en couieur Bound with other material/ ReiiA avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intArieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouttes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, male, lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont pas At* filmtes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentaires: L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a At* possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exempiaire qui sent peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mAthode normale de filmage sont indiqute ci-dessous. D D D 0 D 13 D a D D Coloured pagea/ Pages de couieur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagAes Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurAes et/ou peliicultos Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dAcolorAes, tachetAes ou piquAes Pages detached/ Pages dAtachAes Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ Quality InAgale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplimentaire Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been ref limed to (insure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une peiure, etc., ont itA filmtes A nouvesu de fapon h obtonir Ja meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 2tX 30X "7 1 H 12X 16X 20X 24X 2SX 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Nationai Library of Canada L'exemplaire fiim6 fut reproduit grAce h la g6n4rositA de: Bibliothdque nationale du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont AtA reproduites avec le plut irand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la iiettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimte sont fiii.ite en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la premilire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -- ^- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". IMaps. plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre filmte A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document ebt trop grand pour dtre reproduit on un seul cliche, il est f ilm6 d partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6uessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 T Section IV., 1883. [ 123 ] Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada. II. — On the Infl^ience of Sex on Hybrids Among Fniits. By William Saundeiw. (Read May 23. 1883.) Ill an oarly edition of Gray's " Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States," the statement was made that som«> interesting forms, intermediate between the wild black-cap raspberry {Ritbits occidentalis) and the common red raspberry {Rubus strigosus), had been found growing wild in some parts of the United States. This remark, although subse- quently admitted by Dr. Gray to be incorrect, and hence omitted in later edition? of the Manual, prompted the work afterwards undertaken by me on varieties of these two species oi Rubus. In the spring of 18*70, among a number of other attempts at hybridizing, five flowers of the Doolittle Black-cap raspberry, an improved form of Rubus occidentalis, were fertilized with pollen of the Philadelphia raspberry, the latter a chance variety of Rubus strigosus. There resulted from this experiment five berries, all imperfect as to form, but each con- taining some well-ripened seeds. These were gathered during the latter part of July, when fully ripe, and sown without delay. ■ In the following spring many of them germin- ated, and twenty-four healthy plants were obtained. In 18^3 these all fruited, some five or six of them proving to be enormously prolific, while many of the others were lack- ing in fertility, and produced a large proportion of imperfect berries. After a fair trial most of these latter were destroyed. The fruit of the selected hybrids was somewhat larger than that of either of the parents ; in colour it was intermediate between the two, but more closely resembling the Philadelphia than the Black-cap, while the flavor was a sti-king combination of both. lu conducting this experiment, the point watched with most interest was the manner of propagation. Occidentalis propagates by rooting from the pendulous tips of the branches which are sent up every year from the crown of the plant, while strigcsus sends up suckers from the roots which extend to a considerable distance from the base. In every instance these hybrid plants rooted from the tips, but not freely, after the manner of occidentalis, and in two or three instances, during ten years of observation, I have found canes spring- ing from the roots a few inches from the crown, indicating an occasional tendency towards this method of propagation. The multiplication of these plants by the rooting of the tips was attended with so much uncertainty that another method was tried : the canes were layered and covered with three or four inches of soil, when they rooted at almost every joint. In growth they are very vigorous, and their hardiness is shown by the fact that they can be successfully cultivated very far north. In these instances the constitution and habit of the plant seem to have been chiefly influenced by the female, while the fruit is in- termediate in character between both parents, but inclining towards that of the male. Similar, and, perhaps stronger, evidence in this direction can be adduced from experi* menLa on grapc^. The Clinton, an improved form of Vitis cordifolia, or the frost grape, was 124 AVriJJAM SAUNDEre? ON THE mFLURNCE OP selected as the l»'male, and crossed with Buckland's Sweet-water, a large, greenish-white grape, one of the jirogeny of Vifis vinifem of Europe. The Clinton is a rapid and vigorous grower, and very hardy ; it p'-oduces a medium-sized bunch, long, narrow, and compact, and often shouldered ; the berries are below medium size, rovand and black. The male, Buckland's Sweet-water, is a less vigorous grower, the berries are large and oval, the bunch is large .and loose. The hybrid resulting from this cross resembles the Clinton in its hardiness and vigorous growth, also in the character of its foliage, but the fruit is greenish- white, the berries are oval, and intermediate in size and quality between the parents. The bunch is larger than the Clinton, and much less compact. There is a change also in the form of the seeds, which resemble those of Buckland's Sweet-wator. In another instance the Clinton was crossed with Muscat Hamburgh. This is a high- flavored A'ariety of VUU vhiifem grown under glass, with a large OAal, bliu;k berry, and a loose bunch. Several of the seedlings of this parentage have borne fruit of excellent quality. The l)errios are oval, larger than Clinton, the bunches loose, and the fruit inter- mediate in qiiality between that of the parents. The seeds are quite long, much re- sembling those of Muscat Hamburgh, while in habit and foliage the vines resemble the Clinton. Across bctwaum the Clinton and the Syrian, another greenish- white grape of the Vini- fera class was also efFe(>tcd. The Syrian bears enormous bunches of rather watery and in- sipid grapes. This hybrid also bears a greenish-white grape, but neither tho bunch nor the berry is so muly of the charai^ter of the Clinton in growth. Another series of hybrids was produced by taking the Concord as the female. This grape is relatc^d to Vilh lahnisra, and has thick, leathery leaves, downy on the under side, while the loaves oi' the varieties of Vifis innifem are smooth and comparatively thin in tex- ture. The fruit of the Concord is large, round and black. All the hybrids resemble the Concord in foliage, but they vary very much in the character of their fruit. Several crosses with a large white grape, known as "the Duchess of Buccleugh, produced gi'apes whi