IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

liilM 125
gBi 122

Sf Ug 12.0

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6"

I^iotograidiic

ScMices

Carporation

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as VMBT MAIN STRUT

«VIISnR,N.Y. MSM

( 71 *) 172-4501

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Seres.

CIHJVI/ICIN/IH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Inatituta ;or Hiatorical Microraproductiona / Inatitut Canadian da microraproductiona iiiatoriquaa

iV

Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notas tachnlquaa at Mbliographiquaa

Tha Inatltuta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat
original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia
copy which may ba bibiiographically uniqua,
which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha
raproduction, or which may aignificantly changa
tha uauai mathod of filming, ara chackad balow.

D

D

D
D

D

Colourad covara/
Couvartura da couiaur

I I Covara damagad/

Couvartura andommagAa

Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/
Couvartura raataurAa at/ou palliculte

I I Covar titia miaaing/

La titra da couvartura manqua

Coloured mapa/

Cartaa g^ographiquaa an couiaur

Colourad inic (i.a. othar than blua or blacic)/
Encra da couiaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira)

I I Colourad plataa and/or iliuatrationa/

D

Planchaa at/ou iliuatrationa an couiaur

Bound with othar matarial/
RaliA avac d'autraa documanta

Tight binding may cauaa ahadowa or diatortion
along intarior margin/

La re liura aarrte paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la
diatortion la long da la marga intMaura

Blank iaavaa addad during raatoration may
appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibia, tttaaa
hava baan omitted from filming/
II aa paut qua cartainaa pagaa blanchaa aJoutAaa
lora d'una raatauration apparaiaaant dana la taxta.
mala, ioraqua cala 4tait poaaibia, caa pagaa n'ont
paa M fiimAaa.

Additional commanta:/
Commantairaa aupplAmantairaa.-

L'Inatitut a microfilmA la maillaur axamplaira
qu'il lui a 4t4 poaaibia da aa procurer. Lea d4taila
da cat axemplaire qui aont paut-Atre uniquea du
point da vue bibllographiqua, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dana la mAthoda normale de f ilmage
aont indiquto J-daeaoua.

|~n Colourad pagaa/

D

Pagaa da couleur

Pagaa damaged/
Pagaa andommag^aa

Pagea raatorad and/oi

Pagaa reataur^aa at/ou pelliculiea

Pagea diacolourad, atalnad or foxe<
Pagea dAcolorAaa, tachatiea ou piquiea

Pagea detached/
Pagea dAtachtea

Showthrough>
Tranaparence

Quality of prir

Qualit* in^jBala de rimpreaaion

Includea auppiamentary materk
Comprend du matiriel auppMmentaire

Only edition avaihible/
Seule Mitton diaponiMe

□ Pagea damaged/
Pagea

I — I Pagea raatorad and/or laminated/

rjl Pagea diacolourad, atalnad or foxed/

pn Pagea detached/

rri Showthrough/

I I Quality of print variea/

rn Includea auppiamentary material/

I — I Only edition avaihible/

Pagea wholly or partially obacurad by errata
aiipa, tiaauea, etc., have been refilmed to
jnaura the beat poaaibia image/
Lea iMigea totalament ou partiellement
obacurciea par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont 4tA fllmtea A nouveau de fa^on A
obtenir la meil!eure image poeallMe.

Thia item la fiimed at the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce document eat filmA au taux de rAduction indiquA ci-deaaoua.

10X 14X laX 22X

aox

"T"

y

12X

lex

aox

a«x

32X

Th« copy film«fi h«r« has bo«n r«procluc«cl thanks
to tha ganarosity of:

Nniional Library of Canada

L'axamplaira filmA fut raproduit grAca A la
gAntrositt da:

BibliothAqua nationala du Canada

Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha bast quality
poasibia considaring tha condition and lagibility
of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha
filming contract spaclficationa.

Original copias in printad papar covars ara filmad
baglnning with tha front covar and anding on
tha last paga with a printad or llluatratad impras-
slon, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All
othar original copias ara f limad b««glnnlng on tha
first paga with a printad or llluatratad Impras-
aion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad
or llluatratad impraasion.

Tha last racordad frama on oach microf icha
shall certain tha symbol "^ (moaning "CON-
TINUED"), or tha symbol ▼ (moaning "END"),
whichavar appiias.

Maps, platas, charu, ate, may ba filmad at
diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba
antiraly Inciudad In ona axpoaura ara filmad
baglnning in tha uppar iaft hand cornar, iaft to
right and top to bottom, as many framas aa
raqulrad. Tha fo!lowing diagrams illustrata tha
mathod:

Las imagas sulvantas ont AtA raproduitas avac la
plus grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at
da la nattati da l'axamplaira film*, at an
conformity avac las conditions du contrat da
fllmaga.

Las axampiairas originaux dont la couvertura an
papiar ast ImprlmAa sont fiimte en commanfant
par la pramiar plat at 9X1 tarminant soit par la
darnlAra paga qui comporta una ampreinta
d'Imprasslon ou d'iiiustration, soit par la sacond
plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras axampiairas
originaux sont filmte an commandant par la
pramlAra paga qui comporta una ampreinta
d'Imprasslon ou d'iiiustration at en terminant par
la darnlAra paga qui comporta una telle
amprolnte.

Un das symboles suivants apparattra sur la
darnlAre image de cheque microfiche, seion le
cas: le symboie -^ signifie "A SUiVRE ", ie .
symboie y signifie "FIN".

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre
fllmAs A des taux de rAduction diff Arents.
Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour Atre
reproduit en un seul ciichA. 11 est filmA A partir
da Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite,
et de haut en has, en prenant le nombre
d'images nAcessafre. Les diagramme» suivants
lilustrent la mAthode.

1

2

3

1

2

•

3

4

5

6

Section IV., 1894.

[ 148 ]

Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada.

XI. — On the Prefer oation. of FraitH in Chemical Flaidnfor Museum Purposes.

By Wm. Saunders, F.L.S., F.C.S., Director Experimental Farms.

(Read May 2o, ISM.)

Daring the summer of 1885 the writer was requested to prepare for the Canadian
Government a collection of such fruits as could be obtained that year grown in Canada, and
to endeavour to preserve them in antiseptic solutions, so that they might be shown at the
Indian and Colonial Exhibition to be held in London, England, during the summer of 1886.

Having undertaken this work, I carried on an extensive series of experiments with
many sorts of fruits, trying the effect of solutions of a number of antiseptic substances. I
also corres[tonded with many botanists, pathologists and physiologists in the endeavour to
gain some information, or at least to have the help of suggestions in this field, which at that
time seemed to be almost entirely new. A large number of tests were made, involving many
failures. Among the materials used which were found unsuitable for various reasons were
solutions of several of the arsenites, carbolic acid, corrosive chloride of mercury, chloride of
sodium, glycerine, sugar and strong mixtures of sileohol and water. Finally, however, a
good measure of success was reached, and about 1,000 bottles and jars of fruits were pre-
served in a fairly good and natural condition. The chemicals used as preservatives on this
occasion were chiefly solutions of salicylic acid, boric acid, hydrate of chloral and sulphurous
acid, the fluid consisting of water mixed with about 26 per cent of alcohol. The sulphur-
ous acid was only used where white or yellow fruits had to be preserved, or where discolor-
ation of the specimens had occurred from any cause. The bleaching effect of this acid gave
the fruits preserved in it a handsome but sometimes an unnatural appearance. This exhibit
was on the whole a successful one, and formed a very attractive feature in the Canadian
court, and the fruits placed on the trophy in May remained in fair condition to the close of
the exhibition in October. Unfortunately the jars were returned empty, and hence no
opportunity was given of ascertaining how long the specimens would have continued to
maintain a natural appearance.

When the World's Columbian Exposition was decided on, a series of exf ;riment8 was
begun at the experimental farm, at my request, by my son, Dr. C. E. Saunders, who tried
the effect of many preservative solutions on fruits of different sorts, and on the experience
thus gained much of the subsequent treatment was based. At the Indian and Colonial
Exhibition all the strawberries had spoilt for the reason that the fluids used were too dense,
and as a consequence the specimens floated on the top of the fluid, where they crowded and
pressed each other into a shapeless mass. Kerosene oil was found to be the most satisfactory
fluid for preserving strawberries, having just about the right density to allow them to settle
to the bottom of the jar.

Sec. IV., 1894. 19.

146

WM. SAUNDEIIR ON THK PrtRSERVATION OF FRUITS, ETC.

For red and black cherries, black currants, red and blarl; raspberries, and other red and
dark coloured fruits, including red and dark grapes and red apples, a 1 per cent solution of
boric acid in water was chiefly used. This was afterwards increased in strength with
advantage to IJ and 2 per cent.

For the yellow varieties of raspberries, white and yellow cherries, peaches, gooseberries,
white currants and other light (ioloured fruits, including green and yellow apjtles, a 2 per
cent solution of zinc chloride in water was used.

For some red and dark grapes a solution of salicylic acid was employed with good
results. One ounce of the acid was dissolved in eight ounces of alcohol and this solution
added to two gallons of water.

Sulphurous acid was found very useful in brightening up and bleaching all discoloured
specimens of white or yellow fruits, and gave them a very attractive appearance. The acid
was used of the ordinary commercial strength in the proportion of four ounces to the gallon
of fluid.

A short time prior to the closing of the Chicago Exposition I was requested to make a
selection of the best of the preserved fruits which had been shown at Chicago, with the view
of exhibiting them at Antwerp. As the preserved fruits prepared for Chicago were intended
only for a summer exhibition, no necessity existed for making preparation against frost, but
as it was then proposed to forward the Canadian exhibits to Antwerp about the middle of
March, it was necessary for safe carriage to add to all the fluids a suflicient quantity of
alcohol to prevent them from freezing.

An investigation was made by Dr. C. E. Saunders to determine the freezing points of
weak mixtures of alcohol and water, for the purpose of ascertaining the smallest proportion
of alcohol sufficient to prevent injury from frost during transportation. After many experi-
ments it was found that a mixture of 15 parts of commercial alcohol 65 over proof with 85
parts of water was sufficient. This mixture was found to freeze at about 15 degrees above
zero, but the frozen mass was of such a soft and yielding texture that when frozen solid in
a thin Erlenmeyer flask the vessel was not broken, and a lead pencil could be easily pushed
through the mass of flne loose crj'stals of ice.

Samples of fruits preserved in tVie solutions referred to are herewith submitted. These
were put up during the summer of 1892, and hence have stood the test for more than a year
and a-half, also the journey to Chicago and return, and the exposure there to the sunlight
for six months.