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KniTKii i;v NICHOLAS FLOOD DA VLW JLP. OTTAWA: rUIXTlM) WY P.ROWX CHAMI'.KKLIN, I'RINTKK TO TllK '•IKEXS MOST KXCKLI^KNT MA.IKSTV. 1S!)1. 19942;! -o- nurn,l. 1,'n ,.,:s„ll. in l,rin,iu^ n,rn jnnn ll,r rU.r mnrprHI inn . ' tUr h 'J, rrnls. un,l ron.pnralirr si,,,;,.,, nf a^,.iru II n ,„l n jV i„ ,i,„ ,,,,,,. ^^f" >l " I'Ur.lu I „.;.„,, rl,n, ■,„■,..„ ,rn.s in f,.,.,„ ,..,!,., Inlnl ,„ ,,.,„, uur,l„nr,rs„rr,nll,, „n,' n-Ln In,. n.,;r In,:.! Ihr ln.r,,l.lr .l,.,,,!.,.,-, nf ,.u-l„krs toso,nr ...Irnl ,,',!„■ .,,„r.,r,,r ., .,n in.l... I.nl ,n,l„ I. Ji To-duui^ H,r i:;th ,lnu „f <>,^l.l.,;: /•>..;.. „„„„ ,„,„i,^ „„ ^^,,^,,. Grrat M cM rom.es thr. nr,vs thni f,n't,,.ti ,'r. fifi „ fi,f,,-i,'ran,lin m;,. „:^i / 7 I 7 /. . ' ,1 J • y/'v, ji/ii/ ji 1 1 iin,i in mi,' fuse fi/fjl-n^hl husl„.so, n:h.eni In tl,r ,„■,■,■ l,.„-r In-,,, thi.slml. I l,,,,;^ 11,, moment reeeivcUke follon-i,,'^ hi ej' ils fnhifss nf k-nnii'/nl :Jr nml lilrrnrif jiii/'s/i, ivouhl Uiirr III rirhfil tlw /nir iHtril's irlii) hrriinir Ihr Irrriir iinil iillinntlrl ij Ihr ilrslriii/rrs nj' Ihr liinnnn Kill/, r, mill ii'hnsr inn 'Jiiijirriil /ihi/siiiiir has hrm ilrsrrihril hi/ /' Ihr ilrmr/mrl^s nf Dnlynlii, mill till' n /I'll I nf ii liii'nr ili li niilinii nf fmnirrs irhn n i/rnr ii'Jn risi'ril Ihr ,Korl li - W'l st , r.vmni nril smrul Inrnlil irs, nml innl nnrlh j'rnin h'rninn lis fur ns Tr/iicr .llltril, srillrrs nrr /innrini; in jmn, llml Shilr; miil in, Ihr iir.yt hn i/rtirs thr inrmisr nmij risr In .'illO /irr riiil. (n' iimrr ; nor n-ill ii hr Inii'j rrr ii'r Imrr n inillinn in Ihnsr riisl fniilr firlils. M'r' I iiriinn i nil il ns I mn irilh Ihr 'Trrrilm ir^, I Imrr /inn sii ,/trisril nl Ihr In I'Ji iiihliliniis nmilr In ini/ kiinir/nl Jr hijlln' /n' luiri n 'J /ri'Jrs; siir- /ir/.yri/ ir< II III Ihr iulnrsl r.vri I ril liij irlml irnsln nnnn nlil i In inr mnl n fain il in r hilr. Ilij rriiiliii'J l hrsr skrtrlirs nf lh<- rnrimis I nriilil irs, ilniir hninsh'n n^ I run n rmirh . n nm n /irin:j in I'.n m/ir nm 'i , n'i I Imnl slirrin:N"TKXTS. fs Activo Spirits, m l.in.l umIv fur. IW.'. -••' CHEESE M 1. •...., ,r„ I ly i„a.Mifa.tMr..,l \'nU<: i.iiti-.l , v.ivuli.r.. in fl,. 'I',..;, ■ II »^n»i"CneH Ihr fcMiiK'ivHt i|..|i.,n,i,mti..iiHHiv ALBERTA rstoio; CLIMATE < '.iltli' rai>irii' . ^i rin.mt '^' f 'iiiiiiiicrci', •*-' COAL II, L'L*. LM lln> -iiKj.ct ilciilt wirii iimlrr .uiv Ii.m(I. 7!'. IINI CROP, iiiiiii.ii.-c, (if i,s!il Hi. Hi, XK 7!i, '.i.'i. |(»;{ ll,,,-.,.Uv...|inK..;. •.■;.■.■•■..••■.. ■.•;,■.. 7ii.;i, , cuts i^1.i;s.:,. ;,i,..,s.:,,,,i„,,i,;;„.i.iuo;t 101. •-'■■ ^ 71:1''^^^^'^^ Northorn Alberta. DUNMORE ;'•' ''"ill 111 .ilimnl.iiic,. r,| •'' •'•111' liiiitr. C'oil cimiitiv fur. -,1 li'JI U<: Si.iii,,,, iif Halt Itailuav nii,iM.,.|ii,^; „ itl', ' h,;-I;;''7"' ''"';• '■'.'■'■■.'..::::.::. '.uu, edmonton.Yuuimii I MiiN my, J. 111(1 (ur. . I,, I .Mi\'>l f.iriniiiir.. ],u, _\'l>.iiit.i.'.uiis,||,i,iti,, K.MUUIV.S.. .. I:* I ' I'l-rai-r.l Ml . . . >\ !I7 !I7 Waiir. ,|,i:.,„ii,i,„,,,;iv;,f; ]JJV ! N'inu„i,iii,,y,.,„;„„v.:.. ;;. ■.;;■:;;.•;;■ S AssiNiBoiA . ... ;:::;::;:;::„'.; u:;!:,::;:::;!::. i;^ .\(lvai,i,,y,.,ut 21,1'2| <'"''l"ii tli.-.S;,sk,.,t,.|M.\va!i. .. !.. I'lr, ' . I . K.tihs.iy mil., t|iiini;;lL. I Mini raj ii'suiir,.,.^ ,,f ,|j«f,.i,.; I,!- Iiylily civili/iij .h> i l''"'/.^„ |,iilili,||,.,| i,',.,.,.' "' Siu.rsstnl . .J^ Ed muntou District Mtiadiuns f,,r „.f ^^ll-al ^'ruuii,;rlaii(|, limM m tin- wuild.. . . -1 tl-r, xm.K n.,i„ t,„ „n ^^^ BANFF li.alihr •, „;| Ena-lishmen, Young lliiununv fail" Ui .Muniit.aiii ' ■ AliM'il liiniiiiit: in 111 iyhliniirliu. III. Itancliiii;,' tli-iliti.'S Siiriii'':-. Ii.it ., . '•', I". II •■ ■;;;: fertile belt, 'rin... ;^-.' flora Ind.r ,;„-|, |„...„| full i„f(,n„.iii,,|| .: >: frost I 'id nut .iif.rt |,;i,M.>, ,,f |s:i| i„ .\u|t|,.\\,.,t i;.-, ,;,- fruits Indirra li liiail full infuiiiial iuii. '•■' GAME GERMAN SETTLEMENTS |.ru.s, ,..,,,„ CANADA, u.MJtli uf. CALGARY DISTRICT BATTLEFORD I >i->trict uf. ii.iiicliiii'.,' r.altlcfuid J/, ,;,/,/ |.ulili>iic(| at II Vl'ri.l-' i<>i;i» BATOCHE i.'isuiiiv,.,. ,;| ,;;; III N. .I'll 1;. -ma ^•■""" i;j GOLD fuinid ill tl,.>and- uf thc.S;,s|<„t,|i,.u BUTTER i'"iill iiifuiiii.aliuii --iM.ii iind.-i- i-aili iii.ir Ivlm, ,i,t. .11 HARVEST. if lsi»| nnailV(i..d \,y fi,wt ■ • HUDSON BAY . ■ , , , . M ( • |,.i,|^. uf . . . .yuTiciiltuiv. -nitaMctiir. „,.,t iif(;i,.i,.|„.|,. .s;i I ti-.-uM.rv uf . i t att|.> i-aisiiiy. . , S-! s", ' ' llarvi>t uf ],s!ii, ,,ic,.,...sf,i'i .■ ', ILLUSTRATIONS .I'l, in, ;!l'. ;!!i is -,i nii .■^li.-.li laniiiny. ui.j| aila|.tii| fur in iji,- '''■ ^"- '•'■'■ I"-'- "'!•• ' ' ' , ",""l' . ,s! INTRODUCTORY. . -t iii'lian inissiun s;-, r^-r-r^-.™ rictniv>(,ni.. thr ,s'4 KINISTINO S|M)rt, aliiindann. (if, i.s|..ri,iliy li>liiiii,'. ! . ! ] ,S.-) ' •"^I'l'H.lid cuuiitiy fur n.i\.M| farniiny. CALGARY, T-.u I. uf " ! LAW AND ORDER r«('aul\ .111(1 iiii|>ui't.iiii f ,^1 ' " LEADER," 'I'lir, |iulili>liiMl at Iti-.^ina. 12 •'al^rary and i:di„u„t.,„ Iliiiluav! .'"■.■ ,S.-, LETHBRIDGE ' ",„| lin|iuitanf ,S|;,tiui,uf N.W.M.I- . . ,S4 : I >i-li ilmt iny |i,,|„r fur .SuiitliiTii .\ll.,rta ' '' sr, ' •""! •-'tiiti"" "f 4 MAPLE CREEK CAPITAL, .SI' fur i-ruHtalil- n.s,. uf j,, <-linat.. . >^- ^\- '1- I I'airyMi..' yuuil "* ' ''^"I'liinj,', facilities fur, iiiisiir|iass(VL ."i(i iv TMii.E or foyr/JXTs. MACLEOD, Iti-t.,.i 1"Ki Au'i II iiliiiri'. i; I for I'M Kiiiii-liiiiu'. ir I I'll- . . . liil MacUUKl. T'lUIIKf: Afurlmil l.ililli ptlli lish.,1 lull : Nuiih W.-t M.imitcl r.ilir... ilii|i"t I Jill >l:it !■ Ill III. MEDICINE HAT, I )i-ti 1. 1. if 5 < 'hl.iali .iml iiMHiriin 'li! fV> ( 'ci.il iiliiilnl.ilit Ki i i.lllii' . , . . . 4 Mi'dirinn Hat, 'lii«ii i.i, \. i\ |ir.tty f»2 M. ■!,,,,'■ III! '/'m<-..« |iiiIiIi»Iiii| IllIC, MOOSEJ AW 47 .VJ ( i..|i .1 l>'.M. u'l'i'iit. "i W'lltiil i;|ii\MII»; liiii.ot MIU'fr-*iflll 4lt Slici|i riiisiii),' ilci 4!l M<)<)H*',inw, Til" iiiif. pn tt.\iiiiil iiiii^'ii^^iM'. IT 1/'".,-. ,.'.' '/',;,,.,« |iMli|i>l|i'l| lull'. MOOSOMIN, l>i-in.t LM S..il. I Ini.itt , triiitfiilin'^"* L'l "J"! I»air,\ 111^', ^IMt.llilr till- -*• At i:i-t' III uMti' iif A— •ilii'Kiiu 24 MooHoinin Town, l' I maikit : |ii'ii>- NORTH-WEST 'TERRITORIES \' ■)iii-it imii III'. Ii\' ( 'miiucIm. M Avrifilllnri' llii|ili'liii M^ i:ili In liail I'Virv- wlnif. t '. I'. liMJlwav run- lliriiii;;li. '2\ l'',\|iliiraliiiii'< iif. ill l-^'i" H VV'VA l.f IC. Kliiit- Miiil MK'i'talili> II < irm li'l ill -I ri|pliiiii- 111'. M Iliii'Vi'st. iiiiMiiii-i', ill ISHI ,'i7 I.iiw iiii.i i.r.liT Ml IS lit .Marki|« u'liiiii ••vi-r\u lull'. .Mill, r.il uialth ' , .1".. 111. 111. 7!'. !l,\ lo;t lii'iiiia anil linir.,' I.aki' liaih\ay cnnin'ct^ liik'iiia "illi I'liiin .\llnit alnl liiiniT'^ till' iatli I tliu- inlii !■ iiinnlinn Willi ( '. 1'. li. 24 Petroleum I'liiiiiil 111 II Kilniiiiitnn ll.-i Pioi.eers 'Ji> I'liaMiiv- III lifiiif. .\c KIK Alli'ai-ti\i 'MMi tn iiirii uf cnltiii'i' Ins Ploiitrhinj? 'I'Iihihul'Ii. iiiir»ai> lu^iuifss (l PRINCE ALBERT DISTRICT • 'iiiiiati' i;i-Miurri'> . , , .71 77 Kaniiiii.,' .. 71 ( "rii|i- >ii'Mi>s-t'ii! ill . , , i"i Prince Albert Tnun uf. I'rniii- .Mlii'it Tu„i s ami Sii.^kiilclu n-an l/.r.'l./ |i>|li|i-lli..l Ihiv. QU'APPELLE. NORTH :i:. :!,s Fort Qu'Appelle ;«i ll-i lii'aiilv itr> < 'miw lit' l>i!tl iiiii-t siicci-.,-.|iil .'» IMi'iilv of >iiiii-l. i-|.i i-ialh ti>liiiiK ,SS ]-i,l,/r ,„il.|is|„i| I,,..... QU'APPELLE. SOUTH I'm!1\ .|. -I iii.iii :i.s 11 W I'll v.i.Miliil ivsMin-ci's ;iS (1 (iilllli' lili'lltlflll tl /•rn„ns.< imlilisliiil at < ,H "W ITKLhl', sr.\'ri().\. RAILWAYS 'I'Iii'lti ali'>t l!,ii!\\a,\ 111 till' uiirlil a wurlil'-^ lii:/liuay -1 raniili.iii I'aiitii- Iliiihvay fiittluT ili'si:i'ilitil 17 HuiImiII I'.av Itailwav Jil'iiii'i-ti'il. 17 RANCHING COUNTRIES, m, 17, VK :.;<, "il. ."i."!. .'Hi. 111'. (i."i. (IS. ;•_'. so. SI. ,s7, mo. 111.",. RED DEER loi ( 'liniati . I— -iin'i.lis tliat uf ('ciitral Miinilir. . Kl*! ('rii|is larj.'!' ln,"i < iaiiii- aliuuiiiU 1(17 iiamls. aliuiidaiici' of vaiaiit KM! lor. ' I'aif-. ; RED FYFE I \\')\y \'ii til AVi-r-t |irii(|iici". till' Ix'ht in flu' I wi.rlil I!! : REOINA 'I'lii' ('a|iital uf th.i ■r-iiitiiiii- 42 44 I Itaiiii'if I'ii'li ill Mill as till' ili'iKiKitx uf till Nil- 42 4:« ('lu|i- III I'SHI uulnlil till , .'( .'l" ( luipil iiiarki I fur -niiuiiniliii;.' 1 iiiiiitiA . . . 47 lli'aili|iiarli ri uf till' Nurtli W'l -t .Nlunnfiii I'lilii'.' 42 I l.iiiid r all'! .N'/"/ii/";v/ iiiw-|ia|>< i» iiiiliiislii'd lull'. ] North Roprina Drntrict I .\i,'i iiiiltural wialtli uf 44 j Itaiirliinv.' anil nii\<'il fariiiiiiK aUu siiii rHsfiil 44 |'i'u~|iii'i III- ( ni until Mtt liiiiint" ill 4.'» l'iii«|ii lull- lli^'lil.-inil .-"itliiiiiiil 4') South R(»trina District ('ual fiiiiiiil ill laiLTi' -laiii- at Wuuil .Muuii- Iain 4('> I ir-iTilifd 4') 47 l''i nils anil H'lwci's 47 I iaiiii' aliiinilaiil 4(1 !,aiii| .Minli a\ailiilili' fur scttlnin'iit . . . . 47 Kamliiin.' I'lvrillint iaii|.'i'y |u| 4fl har^'i' >iirii'N-.fiil |'.;il^'unii- l''aini. mar |5al- piiii"' 47 Nil fru-tfil wliiat in I itlur ili-lriit in IN'.M. ROADS AND BRIDGES W. II |iru- \ii|iil fur lliiiiii^'liuiit till' wliuji' .Nurtli- W I 7 WALLACE DISTRICT Chara.t.'r of <'uiinti \'. ri'Mim-ii'-. i-tc Xi 'X> WHEAT • 'haraitcr of tliruiitfhuiit .Vuitli W'l'st !Ml " Lailiijr.i ■■ Siicii'ssfiil i'\|ii'i'iiiii'nt> w ith. . 17 \\i\i\ uf in Hi'irina |)istri(t. is;'] i, 5" WHITEWOOD DISTRICT Suil. I'liniati'.' fiiii: liiliii'» 2(1, 27 M i\i'(M'ariiniiir SuitaMi' fur 27 WILLOW BUNCH .S.'itli iiii-nt 4'.l Mr. .Ii'an Fji'^Mri's clii'i'sc f.ulury 4'.l WINTER Si'M lily and charin of, l.'t, 11, 22. '2i,'2'.> kpa-i.tim WOLSELEY DISTRICT Chaiactir uf I'luiiitry. soil, I'limati- 21t 3;? Cheese Maimfai^turi'dat Primitive . Mrtlio- ilist ('oloiily and aUirinf.ll .. 2!l I'liliniiti'd iiiarki't for in llritisli ColiiTiiliia. 2'.l Sheep l>o well- J'ayiiiK •">•"> l"'!' ii'iit. i>rotit 2!l INTIIOhCCToilV. I- . 40 ■"' 47 . 47 4ti 47 . 4(1 1- . 47 1 1 1 II : I- iiii riM. tiilli.u.,,,' , .;,.■,..;,,,. :hI,|,vs...!,„,1,„ ti.n.M..s ;nHl l;.nu l..lM.,„..r. ., Kiin.p... Tina .|„.w ,1,.,,, vvl,..,v M,.,v ,.,„ Ik.nv iVuitful h„,.| lor n.-l l.in, liait.v lH.,n..s: ii,.|..,m,hIo.uv: wIhtl ..;nv.,. :,,v fiv.. ; uIm,-.. ,1,..,. ^"•""'"•"' '"•-'••'"' ""■ till.'.- ..!• ,1... >uil: „„ ,nili,nrv >,.n,„ion: ,|.|,..| """"'":."'""-^'"^'"''""'' ■' "" ansin,.,,.,.v : ul,..,.,. ,h, j.hn.M.s -Inu..,. '•lassrs. ••liiiiiil.lri' rlnssrs" :iiv imktK.uii. Lunk nl sun,,, nf tlir in-.i, wlio hav .untnl,,,,.,! ,,, ,|„. ,;,||,„,i„„. ,,,„.,,.^ . Mr. .I.'llv. :. n.nu..,- wl„. ....„,..• t„ ,h,. Xnr, h-W..., uitl, li,,].. ,„..,h.v. a,„| ul,,." 'i"W .'W-i.- -nwr fwrlvr l„.„il,v,l ;,.t.> of |;n,.|. a laruv liainl u'l l.,,,.... , c..ms,.U.ral,K. Iht-I of.attl... a,.l .1., ,v|.,vsi.„f. X,„,|. U.,,/,,,, j,, ,|„. r..,-is till liinnrr ami Icy'islati.r ; Mr. Xc-tK ..wninn- s,.m. tuvlv huM.hv.l a..',., „r |au,| and u-rowi u|,."a. .,', vxtcnsivvlv. tha, ,|,i. ,,,,, ,., ,,;„ ,,,,,5,,, ^, j,,,,,,., ^,„„„„,^i,,^ ;^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ h>rtniH.; Mr. [[...y, a s,.c.vsslul n.nM.r an.l l.iri.la.ur : Mr. Hirl.anls,,,, a s.u-cH.sstul farnuT an.l U-gislah-r. OtluTs aiv sunTssful in..r..han.s or ra-hrr. TluMV iHsnnu.tl.in^ su^^o.tiv. al.uut tl,.. variu.. styl.s of th. writers , ha) uv,y laak. tl.,s l,ouk-u-hid. of ..ours, has no ,avti.- sion f.-literutun— attrartiv,. to a tr.u. literary ..yc-. For o..r.sclv..s, in n.uWu^ ,h. .[..s.-ription of AllK-ria i>v an anony.Mous writ.r. we felt as if we wen- on the ha.k of a l.roneho n-alh.i.in- ah tl.eslo,K.softhe Foot-hills - throu.i-'li .Host pdluriil air.- All over Assinihoi^r Alherra. Saskatehewan, will he found men who ean.e in within tm vear< with' l.ttle or no money, hut who had will and w,.rk in th..,,. who are n,>w rirh tanners. AVork and stirk to it-this is all that is neeessarv to he.n.n.e in-lepen- aent. A\ e luuv (ierman sc-ttlements full nf prosi-vrity ,nade hy men some (.t whom had to ..arn money in lico-ina hetore they rould huv an ox. To-day they have -ood houses, u-ood stahles, c-attle. horsus, an.l well-tilled ti.rni.. The i.-reate.st races of the world are found north of the 4!)th parallel La.uls End, the .southernmost point of Eno-laud, Just pierees th. oOth parallel Most of Germany, Xormandy, Seandinavia-the .home of the Sea Kiuu-._ most of Russia-all north of tlu- 4!)th parallel, whieh makes th.. southernmost boundarv of the North- \\\'st ixriiono'Tonv. Till' UTt'IltlT |iillt of I lie .iHiiliicrci' ;|11(1 |m >\V<'r i if t lit' i^li •! it' lic'S IlOl'tll 1)1' the li'tli (Icii-iTf of iioftli httilildc. We. ill ( ":iii;itati'siiian. tin; late Lonl Lytt<»n. I'oiTsaw in iS.'iS, now spans the I)Minini()ii — ^a worM liii:'li\vay. wliidi liriiiu's tlu' Xurt ii- WrsI into close i'i'!alionslii|i with i'jiroiu' and tlic I'last. A counlrv ridirr in aii'riciiltni'al caiiacitv, in iniinTals, in liraiitv. in licalrli-u'ivin^- (jnalitics than Australia, than in fact any connt ry to he t'ound in tin- World, is thrown oim'ii. All yon ikhmI to win its at is the most iirolitic any country e\er produceij. Here is a country only opened up tlie other (hiy with 20,000,000 hiishcls of wheal to export ! Ill all the ceiitn's ot' [lopulatioii, men of (;a[tital will *ind o|iportunities t'or protitahle investment, and a society intelliii;eiit and ivtined. Mr. Mair who was good enoiiiih to write the Introduction and the i;"eiieral descri[iti()n ol'tlie Saskatchewan, is a inerchant, a hirgi' laud owner and a wealthy man ; a hrilliant conversationalist, hin'ldy cultured, widely read, yet "a western man" to the linu'er nail. lie is a poet of a liii^'h order, iiis "Tecumseh"' hiiviuuf already taken a permanent [ilace iji Canadian literature. All oviu' the country mou of H'ood education, and in a few instances with solid preteiisiojis to schojarsliip are found. Hut we repeat the Xorth-West is tiii' Land I'uu the Far.mf;h A.\i» Farm LAiiunti-K. ixi noDrcroiiv ]^:>i A< We U'n to |.1V.-. .oliir the Inllowilio- tclfi;T;ilii-. diltfil 7tll SrlitiMllliiT, in:*; IN" A. Tlif ciii))^ ii, ilii> (iisti'ict :tro most ;il,un>l;iiit. .Ne!t>Mii. ami llic wliolo Ifc-inadisi ric-t i- hlosso ' witli ln-iuitii'iil liarv.-st woatluT. The lowest ttMii|H'ratiii't.' iraclicl at Ilouiiia was liC i|('M;ro('s, on tlu' luorii- uv^ of tlu- 21st nil. iMilly Ibur-tifilis of the (•n)|.s aiv rut. The 'wheal vioM will ho ;!0 h) (0 hiisiiel- |.er aero; a miiiiher repoi't Mf Ini-hels. Harh^- has ' ihri'shed (lu I'Mshels per aeiv. Oats aiv very heavy. Straw .") or (I loot iunij' is coiiiiiK.ii. 'I'he root ei'o|)s ai'e iiheiinineMal. MOOS K.I AW. Ilarvestiiii;- C'oiniiK'iieeil in the .Moosi'jaw distiiet on tlio l.'tl h of Aii;,Mi-^t. \ot much was cnt foi- some 'ays afterward, o'li thc5lh of Sfptoiiiher nearly all fanners liave tinisliod ciittiiiM; (jieir i^n'aiii and ar'e staolvin--. The hei^innini;- of in-xt week will see the last erop.s eiit. We have not iiad a si,^;n of trosl liere s'ft.' Tomatoes, hoan>. ciieiiinhers, t'te., are iintoiielied with frost. 'I'he thermometer has not ..nco this season fallen hereto tho freozini;- jx.int. The v.-eatiier diirin>r the past month has lieen dry and siutahle for riponini,' and iiarve.sUnu-. The result is the crop is heiny; harvested in execlleni condilioii. The crop is takin-;' four to live pounds of l)indini^ twine per acre to haivest if. Next week will see '.i:» per eont. of the crop cut. This is much the best crop raised in tlii.s district, an. 1 is expected to yield on ditVerei i'arms, of wheat. 30 to 15 hiisliels p(>r acre; harlew alioul CO, and oats. 70 to : bushels per acre. nt HI QU'API'KIJ.V;. Wheat, straw extremely heavy: heads well tilled on stubhle> and breakin-- heavy, but not Iodised; about T.") ].eV cent, of the enlire cro]) cut. Oats and barlev very i^ood. Tliero has been no frost as yet ; the most delicate ])lanls and tlowei's out of doors show no si<>-ns of frost ; 50 to (l(» |)er cent, of the oats are cut and all the l>arley. Ilarvestini>- is proi,'ressing tiivourably. I'here was some dillieulty with liinders in the lieavy y-rain. (iood wciither. lioot crops are tirst-class in ever\- i-ospect. J[ay. good quality and ])lentiful, and a larger (|uantity than usu;il stackei'l. riMXrK ALHKirr. Wheat about all harvested, and is eonsidered the best crop ever pruducod in thi> district sinci' 1>!70. Xo damaii-e from any source. Some larmers place the averau:e of wheat as hii^h as ;!5 and 40 bushels." Threshing- will begin on Moiidav. 0:its will boa magnificent crop — ])rtdjably average, TO bu>hels. CAl.tiAIJV. Harvesting in this district is drawing to a clo>e. Some excellent s.amplo^ of wheat and oats have been exhibited. It is expected evei'y field will be cut by the eiul of the week. On the Canadian Agricultural (, 'o i n pa ny's*^ farms the grain has been all cut, and threshing has begun. IJeports froni these farms are that all grain is of highest g-ade and the yield vi'ry heavy. On some of thefarm.sa yield of 40 bushels of wheat jier acre is rejxirted. The great Kartli Mother lias opened her lap and the inirn (d'alniiidancc over flows. Let lis III' grate|-'iil to rrovldence; let u- give full nieed to a pro]iiti(iii- season : luit let ii- alsn honour hiiiiiaii art. Teii vtais ot' experiment ina lia~ lyTliODrCTORY. 'MMd.t ,1.0 Xn,,l,.W..., t-.n.HMs Im.u- ro tUn... TIh- ChK- of Duurtor .Kvpi,,.- ^viii. laHun in :.//.■;,.././„,.;/.,/ |i.,I,|.„„| (...jno-i,,.- fu.rl. PhUus (uvaltl.) 1..,^. ="1 '.l.v.on. p,;,..H.,,I K.s.„, .lisiv^anliu^ ulp.h in ,1,. pas,, so,,... tunnnv In.v. -i-l-lni..^ or,!,.. Xo,.th.AV.st or("a,w.,la hav. Ikv,, sr,-il,„n.,l. a„.| o,,... ,no,T uv invi,.- ,|,os.. who a,v stnui^. i,-l„s,|.io,H tnv ". ^p.n,-u-l,..,lH.,. so..ial .,.,.|s o,. no,_,o .-n,,,.. an.l ,vap i,s t-vni,,^ l,a,T,.srs • ''";!'' l-"rsa,ul„.n.pl..> an.l ,-i,i,.s: an.l in a ,n..,n,.n,, as i, nv.v, l,....on,r ,1,.- l'-i-'>nip,,.>,...i,,no|on..oniM. „,.,>, atrnu-,ivc. an.l w..al,I,-lM.a.'in^ porti.ms ' it I ln' Ll'li >lli>. ^\'--=.M:.on,..,l,in^o, ,1,. , l, ,„• „,,;,. "^'"^- '''"l"'-- n,ay lin^r.,' an.nn.l ,l,.,n. vH a.v M,..v .,n rln- wl.,,1.. not """'"•"'•^' "'"•'•""- '" "■'• '=""'---'lt>-o,.as,-r„v.>fv..a,-sl,..n....w..l. wiih a rV.-.MT.vt spii'ir, ■■ N"i .!"llinj ,M|, I,, any .-liil,! ,,t ,'•:,, n h. ■ ■^""-f^'l'l"^l'n:na,ion>orwan,lan,l..,u.l,an„n..nr.ink in,o inH...ni,i..an,... '"■'■"■'• "'<• '-I'^.n^,. nlM,.l, rhis fiv,. uo,|.l ,v..,-ks in ,1... ....f of Hnrop, T..il '■'";;'"'"■'' "'"' *'■ '•""-"' -'.nalirv-an-l von In.v a ,n.uv n.u.vdl.a,. as ^v^-ll-HohK.,.t;n.,v,l:anri„>tahh.as..,.,vr of , h. p!,ilos..plH.,--s s.on... Wl.a, ""■>■="■' — v,n^ ]„.,.,., or hnn,ani,yTinu. will .how: " tlH.vV ,na.-i,. in ,h.> '"■" " ' ■ -""■'>'i"^'l'-".M' anyway H.an ,1,.. t.a,- .l,vn..|a..l, hl.;,.l-s,ain...[ t:i|'.'>ti'y or,li.. ,)|,! w.)|.|.rs p;i>f. |>i- "(rilli,.,- .)!• '-J'a.l.ly ■' '>'.'■ ii- opp,,iinni,i,.s_h,...o,,i,. a -ivat man in rln- H.JisE 111- ( 'm.M.MoXS. «>TTAw.\. stli S..pr..inl)..i'. 1^:11, XICirOLAS FLOOD DAA^IX. (il'NERAL DESCIUPTION OF Till': NORTH-WI'ST /;.'/ ('IfA/ifJ'JS My[fh\ A'll/'nr nf ^- T>:ru,HsJ,:- ,i-., ONE OF THE MEN OF 69. Two Imiiilrcl and IwiMity years liave I'lapscil .-.incc (Jliarlcs II. ceilc'l to tlio iriiilson's Bay (,'i»i!ipaiiy the enormous roifion now known to the civilized woijil as tiu! Xoi'th-West Teri'itories of (,'ai"!'la. Tlicst^ torritoi-ies were piDljaMy tirst discovered under tlie auspices of lOngland. The coast of Laiirador had Ikhmi toudu'd l»y the elder Cahot in 140", lait his more adv('iiturou> son in all likidiliood entci'e I J[iidson's l>ay in 1577, thoui;'h the evidence u]>on this ])oint is not clear. One of -- --..^ , ., v..,^^ ,i]>on tins ] Ihc most eminent of American liisiorians, HaiH'roft, jtronounces in iiis fa'-our, aim the presumption rests mainly upon the i;Teat >ailor's •' Discourse of Xavi:;ation,'' in whi(di the entrance to Ifudson's Strait, accordini^ to Ortelius, is precisely laid down " on a card drawn hy his own hand." The discovery of tlie Bay itself aii I its south- western and western coasts is duo to ircni'v IFudson, who, at the hidicsl of a c<^n'.- l)any of London merchants, made his lliird voyau;e to that ren-ion in lOlO. and per- isliecl, tiirou<;-h a jnutiny of his men, in the ureat inland sea whi(di immoi'tali/.es his name. Hudson was followed by I?utton. and hy .fames, who discf)vered the i:rcal I to sh- southern pi'ojection ot' Hudson's Bay, ami hy m.any other navii;-;Uors. But douii Henry ivelsey's adventurous journey in 16!H) it y way of the Bay into the prairie country. Accoi'dim;' to this ex]»lorer's journals he niarh? a darim; e.\petlition inland, and penetrated to the Assiniljoino liiver, and even hcyond it, to tiie rei^ion roamed hy the Sioux. But Ijefore this ])eiiod it is (daimed that tiic French, by t'ollowinn" the dreat Lakes, had found their way into the interior, and even to the shores of Hudson's ]'>;iy. The French rii^dits of discoveiy rest u[)on Dalilon's al leered Journey to the Bay by w;iy of ]jake \Vinni])e,i;" in 1()(!4, where he is said have buried the arms of France, en^'i-aved upon copper "at the root of a tree,' and to have made other memorials of his visit ; but more [)articularly u|)on the ail ventures, of two Fren(di Huifuenots, Badis- son and (rr,;. elicrs, the latter of whom was married to a daui;hier of Aiirahani ^Fai'tin, who gave liis name to the Plains of Abraham. These men, it would seem, penetrated to the Bay from Lake .Superioi- in Biii."), and upon llieir return, havinii" made oveitures to the merchants of (Quebec and to the Court of I'aris, which wi're rcje{ded, were astutely won over bv the Fn!:;lish .Minister at that Court, and sent to Ijondon, whence they accompanied (,'aptain (Jillam, a .\ew Knylander, (^n the notabl(> voyaj^e wdii(di le.l .o the formation o.'' tlu^ JFudson's Bay Company in ICuO. But the most notewoi'thy ami patriotic adventures into the interi(jr nf the Xorth-West were made, not by Fi'entdimen, but by French Canadians. Till' elder Verendrye and his renowneil soji, known as the Chevalier, were men whose adventures foi'm one ot'tlie (diaracteristic chapters of Canadian history under the old rd<.!;ime; wiiilst the envy, the ini^ratitude and sliameless injustice whicli they met with at the hands of their own rulers and countrymen, are e(|ually characteristic. Filled with desire "o penetrate to the Western Ocean by way ot the Saskatcdiewan, he and ids sons established, at tludr own cost, a chain of forts all the way troiu JJainy Ijake to the mouth of that n'reat river, wbi(di was then c:ille(l the L'ostroiac; and, a few years latei', the Chevalier, in pursuit of the same object, ran the sxaunih't of the wild(;st tribes on tlie continent in order to reach the Itoidcy .Mountains wImwc snowy peaks, on Xew Vear'> Day, I7b">. be and hi- two companions were the tiix "f TIIK XORTJ[-WEST RE VEAL.'^D. wliiH' iiH'M to helmlil. Xotwillistjuiiling tlio fact (liat the liither laid tliofirst tbundu- lioii of Wiiitiipt'i;- I'y biiililiui;- Fort Rouul)soqut!iitly lHMl a )tost oil till' Saskatchewan, where Prince Albert is iiow rapidly develop- iiiji' into a cily, vi-t neither of these j)laces bears its just patronymic; and, in s])ite(jf their x-rviccs, the names of Old ('anaila's two most intrepit have almost died out of piililic memory. In a pid»licalion of iluH kind, which is meant for the eye of the intending set- tlers, there is not s]taco to enter at greater length into the early liiHtory of the "Noiih-West. or to describe the endless wrangles of its rival traders. For many years the tinal cause of the Territories seemed to the outside workl to be the production of peltries and butl'alo robes, and so little familial- with the country wore even Can- adian postmasters, down to the date of the transfer, that large numbers of letters direct! (1 to Jicd River Settlement were returned from San Francisco to Fort (Tarry as having been '' niisseiit ' to that city. The fur company reigned, and nothing could exceed the tenaeity with which it clung to its mighty domain, or the ingenuity with which it Ui n\ U •Ax th( that the entire )ti Wi howli ipressu waste oi peiiMiniai snow, various travellers, indeed, had penetrated to these su]i- po.-on's Bay ('ompaiiy for the transferof their territorial rights. This commission, together with numerous letters from Canadians, who, meanwhile, had made their way into the Territories, and which had free circulation in the Canadian press, the cession of the Territories to Canada and the French Half-breed insurrection, known as the l^rst, or Jicd Jiiver Jiebellion, which was its consequence, fairly aroused the iniblic mind of Canada, and soon there was scarcely a man, woman or child in the eastern Province- who had not some notion, however vague, of "The North-West." Subsequent developments — the connection of Winnipeg with the American rail- way system, the great stream of immigration which began to flow into Manitoba in 187S, and the subsequent construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, have placed the Territories, at last, fairly in the world's ej-e, and now all Europe is becoming coiisious of their imjiorfance, and of the almost boundless promise which they offer to it> over-crowded population. TlfK FK UTILE IIELT. lint with all our liiilits, it is (lijiicult to !i|ipi'cciatt' tliu iiutc size ot tlioso Terri- tories, stretcliiii^ as tlu-y do fcorn Ontario, on tin- cast, to the IJoeky .Moiiiitaiiis on the west, and IVoin tlie jiarallel or4M'^to Ihidson'^Bay and the Northern Ocean. The widening of tlie continent in its iiortlicrn trend adds iinmensel}'. ot course, to the extent of Canada, and the ai'ca of the Territories lately held l the '• Fertile or Wheat Belt." Thi- tract of mixeil plain, pi'airie and wooded country, it is now known, includes not only th " ' '^' ■ « • -i • -■ ■ ■ li.' constitute the Province of .Manitoha. hut the vaster rcicion drained hy the two Suskatehewans. and laru-e iiortions of the Kiver and A>siniboiiH rcicii ^'reat areas, which ot the Peace .,. jiortions of the ^reat valley liiver and the Upper Mackenzies, forminjj in all a superficies of sometliinj^ like (10(1. (KM) .sqiuire miles, much of whl(di is admirahly adapted, both by soil, and climate, for settlement, and is watered hy rivers of the first magnitude. There are. no doubt, considerable portions of the North-West Territories external to the Wheat Belt which are capable of producing cereals. Hut these portions are broken, and subject to physical conditions wbitdi will make their settlement a slow one, and one which will depend largely u])on mining, lumbering and tishing interests for .support. It Ih not into them that the strea.nis of immigi'ation will naturally poui" for many yeai's to come. It is the gieat central pi-airie land, extending in a varj'ing expanse of mo:e or less fertile soils from ^Fanitobato the JJocky .Mountains, and from the great ])laiiis northwards to the r)4th degree noi'th latitude, which demands immediate attention and development, which offers the most jiowerful inducements and advantages to the settler, and which is caj)able, thi-ough agri- cultui-e alone, of sustaining a population of tiiirly millions of souls. The geological features of this tract are of the most intiTcsling character, but do not enter into the scope of this paper, whoso purpose is to give the eastern reader s(mie account and idea of the .superficial features of the Tcri'itories, their cliniate. soil and partially revealed resources. The prairie country, then, may be described simjdy as avast l)lateau resting upon silurian sti'ata and stretching from Lake Winnipeg to the J?ocky Mountains, with a mean ascent westward of about (J feet in the mile. The slope of this great jilateau is not gradual, howevei', but is broken by three great steppes or abrupt elevations of the jirairies, boldly marking three distinct levels. These steppes are veiy iri'egular in their outline, having I'eceived theii- present form from erosion ami ine and of the Saskat- 10 Pirn liES<,HK PASiOliA L—I{AX( 'JIf.Wf. cliewaii tVdin Foit k hi Ciinio to tlio t'lliow of tlio South Briincli, nud to Fort Pitt on till! iiorih lirjiiicli. Tlio ]>liysu-al a^iu-cts of tliis groat division are oiitiroly ditlbront from those lit' tlio lower levels Just descrihod. TCore are found nniltiliides of ponds and iiarc oi- woodoil hills, and soils ridi hut variahle in nature and quality. Out- crops otsand alternate with wide areas f)f fertile land, and alkaline desei'ts, miles in extent, .separate immense tracts of a productive eharaetor. Should tin; eye weary of the soadiiious(»fvast wiio.'it tields. the louglng for I he pictures(pie t-an ho gratified hy the most varied scenery ; the landscapes of the Qu'Ain elle, oi- more southerly, thedisti'icts of ( yprevs Hills and Wood Mnuntain. .More to the noi-th are the Touchwood and Pi ince- Alhort disti'icts. The-elastconsi>t of an em Moss lahvi-inth of picturesque hills ex tenil- ing in all dii'cctionsfora great ilistaiice. Those hills are not steep, hut roll gently down into symmetrical valKys, where little lakes fringed with reeds or wild flowers sustain iiinumerahle tlocks ot' aquatic l>ir(ls. Dozens of these lakelets can bo seen from Millie ot" the einiiieiicos, and what, with the magniticent cloud scenery, the heautifui helts of aspen i-rawling everywhere amongst the hills, and the sunny spaces .it' green >wai(l between, the sense of natural lieauty is charmed and >ati>ticd; wlieie tlocks and herds and vistas of undulating grain are added III the landscape the world cannot otfer a scene ot superior promise, or of tiller |i;i>tiiral >weetness and content. A great part of the northern portion ami ]tarts of the soiilli ot'this -teppe arc timheied ; nearly its entire area is suited to the growtii ol'hard wlie;tt and from .Moosomin West, around irA;ipelle. Iicgina, Moosejaw, Prince Albert, Battleiord, Kdmonton, ('algary are >oine of the finest wheat growing farms in the world ; whil-t its wealth ot'naiiiral hay ami it> generally iidliiig character, make it a peculiarly favourable region, nni niiiy t.t the horse breciler and stockman, but to the sheep and dairy farmer. Tlu' eastern e-carpmeiit of the thiril great step|)o, which extends to the base ot' the IJocky Mountains, is formi'd by the (iraml Coteau. tlie Hagle and the Thi(d •• llic-e hills formed simply the headlands," says Palliser. "of a great bay into which poiireil the waters of tlie two .Sa>katchewans. at that time imlepen- • lent rivei'-. deboiichiai:' were they now make the acu'e bends known as tjieir idbows." The )ilaiiis of this steppe are largely composeil of crotaceoiis strata, with only a thin coating ot'dritt. and their surfaces are. in some loctdities, traversed by ])rofouiirairie and, through this peculiarity, j-early changes take jilace in the courses of the river whi(di, i'vi>m tiie various terraces which mark their excava- tion, must have been at one time ot vastly greater volume than at present. These ancient terraces intrude iiiiite into the Pocky .Mountains, and form the various jiasses through that great ijarrior, from the Athabasca down to the boundary, sometimes expanding, as in the case ot the Ivootanie Plains, into extensive |)rairies. The finest grazing lamls ot' the continent ]»robably lie among the foot-hills of the Mountains, for here owing to the light ami ephemeral snowfall, horses and horned cattle fiiul their own fooil all winter, whilst, owing to the high latitude, the firmness and flavour of tlie beet' remain unimpaired. Vast portions of this steppe arc eminently inviting. The southern portion is, perhaps, more suited to the small stock-raiser than to the wheat-grower: but the northern portion, I'adiating from Ivlmonlon. is as abun- dantly sup]ilied b\- rainfall as the lower levels. It contains a large |)roportion of gooil land and, owing to thedepre.ssion of the Pocky chain in its northern trend, the severit}'' ISC <)t WODll 1(1 in i^i'cat leii- lOWS," thill )iiinl VCI'ill ably ontio ovols river )tic'e- il is uitic lilai'o cava- icso asHt'S imos inest ains, find ■i ami ently than ibun- 1^(11 )(1 erity CL IMA TE— I XI) I A X S I MME H. n of winter is often i;reatly niitii^ated by tiie iiiiM winds from the Paeitic soalioard. It is tarlher, of course, from the eastern markfts than the lowt-r sli-ppt-s, liul the development ot the industries of the great maritime provinee to tlie wot of il, and of the mineral and limlier resources to the noi'fh will, ere lonir. inalce lariCiMJcmands U])0n its ]n'oduclions. Owini;- to tiic depression of tlie nvtiintains referred to railway construction westward is easier in norlhern than in southern Alberta. The Vellow- llead Pass is of moderate altitude, whilst on the Athabasca I'ass. whicli is also north of latitude 52'-', the traveller, (/?J(V>/(,S(';V>)/.n7// attains the heiu'lit ot' land. After the foregoing" brief Ms(/?/ie ot' the superficial t'eatiins ol" the i-'ertile Belt, the chief characteristics of its climate and its principal resources and productions will now bo touched upon. CM.M.VTK ANO CIIAIiAC TKR ol' pilK. KKKTII.E T$KI/r. The most valuable feature ot the climate ot' the great prairie plateau is the wonderfully direct north-western curves of the isothermal-, or lines of cipial temperature, which not only tivnd but improve noi'ili-wesi ward in a manner liitihly coniliicive to health and conifori. It might lie thoim'ht paradoxical to ssy a degree wi'st is better than a degree soinji. ^ct. so far a-> the .\orth-\Ve-t climate is concerned, there is truth in tliis. for whilst the south is a region ofenerv.a- tioii and often ot' pestilence, the Xorth-We>t is a dcci(b'd rest(U-er of weakened function and wasleiL tissue. A pcsculiar tcaturc of the climati- is its lightness and sparkle, 'riiei'e is a dryness and a relish in its [uire ether ak'in to tho-e rare vintages which i|uickeii the circidatioii without, impairing the system. The atmosphere is highly ])urilied. Joyous and char, and chai'geil with o/.diu' — that element which is mysteriously associated with soundness of mini and body and at war with their mori)id ])lieiiomena. .Surrounded by tiiis invisibU' iiitbieiice, one lives a fuller and healthier life tlitm in the denser atnios|ihere ot' the east. The cares of manhood jiress less heavily on the iitain, and the severest toil or exposni'e tind- incieased capacity to endure it. What, else, indeed, enables the human organism to move about freely in a winter teinpeialnre wh'^ch sonietinies tree/.es mercury to stoni' ':* The thermometer may iiulicate inti'iise cold; but. it' the Aveather is calm, one feels no serious inconvenience in a temperature which, in the ilenser atmosphere of the Atlantic States, would send people shivering to their stoves. It ])ervades the entire animal economy, increases the appetite, and heightens the mental eciuilibi'ium. llsetl'ecl is noticeable during |)rolonged exercise in an unquenchable and painful thirst. This is not simply a local craving, ti mer( thirst of the throat ami stomach, Idit, arising from dry muscular attrition and fiei'ce combustion of the blooil ; the whole body thir>ts, and cannot be satisfied. The juncture of spring and summer in the Xorth-West is not very marked. Spring glides insensibly into summer, and I lie latter culminates in torrid heat about mid-August, after which the weather suddenly changes, and in September lu'eaks up in a sei'ies ot' brisk giil(>s of wind accompanied by rain and sometimes by snow. These are followeil by v.nriable autumn weather, sonietimes broken, but generally clear, and then by that prolonged and divine aftermath, the Indian summer, which attains its true glory (uily in the Xorili-\Vt'st. The haziness and di'eamy fervour of this mysterious season liavi ot'teii been attributed to the [U'airie tires, which rage over half a continent in the fall, and evolve an enormous amount of heat and smoke. Observation sih'uis t'avourable to thi- ex|ilaiiatioii, for though the oxidation and ileeay of foliage may ('(uiiribute somewha', yet upon no other material grounds can they be so fully accounted for — standing otherwise alone, and as inexplicable as zodiacal light. Winter In- aks up almost in the same week from Red IJiver to Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie, in latitude MOISTCh'/-: AXD HARD WHEAT. Cdvors the c- lionable at times, and the blanket is never taken otl'a Xorlh-Wenl bed in stunrner. As mi^bt be expected where the radiation is so ;;reat, the depohiti(>n ol dew is very heavj*, and in a conntry where the mean fall of ruin is rather under than over the reciuireinenls of agriculture this is a feature of the highest value. The ave- rage raiidiill is much less in the fei'tile belt than in eastern Canada, the showers being frequent but not abundant. Nightly, however, during the ilryest summers, the ground is drenched with dew. and the spongy earth takes sutficient moisture to stimulate and maintain to a large extent, its powers of i-epi'oduction. Kor this rea-on. the prairie grass, or the well tilled field, in a season of diouth, often exhibits a growth wliich under the circumstances is leally wonderful. Un the North Sas- katchewan, in the vast meadows of the Wascana and the Moosejaw, in the Souris and Wood -Mountain, and Maple Creek, and Medicine Hat and Maclieod districts, the grasg, in fact, never fails, noi' has there ever been known a season when, except through widesjtread fires or exceptional snow the Indian ))ony or bufl'alo co\ild not find its living theie, and turn up in good condition in the spring. But the great decline of temperature by night in the North-\yest summer months does an additional service to the agricultuiist irrespective of drouth or rainfall. In the cast, where the summer nights are more oppressive than the days, wheat un- dinibtedly matures more quickly than in the North-West. but what it gains in this way it loses in ([uality. To the nightly check which radiation gives to the growing wheat plant in the North-West is probabh' due in a great measure the superior ex- cellence of its yield. The rich gluten which gives to the hard wheat of Manitoba and the Territories its inestimable value as a footl can only, it woukl seem, be stored up in the car b\' a ])roce,ss of slovv maturation, and this process can attain perfection solely iri a climate which alternately stimulates it by day and represses it by night. If this be the case all successful ettbrts to sj)eed the process of ripening will proba- bly result in the production of starch at the expense of gluten, an end not to be de- sired by the North-West, ivhich, if it perseveres in the growth of hard wheat, will yet, by widespread cultivation, postpone the dreaded August frost, and ultimately, not only interest, as at present, the eastern markets, but command them, Fortunately otir farmers scarcely require counsel in this lespect. The}' are constantly advised to turn their attention more to mixed husbandry and less to hard wheat ; and mixed husbandry would doubtless be more generally profitable than wheat gi-owing to a few thousand farmers in the midst of an immense and uncultivated area such as most of the North-West is at ])resent. Such a system in any event is sure to make head- way, and it is desirable that it should. But in the meantime the instinct of the people is right. It was the wheat growing rej>utation of the country which brought them here. They have aimed at the highest, and have not failed. Twelve years ago the bulk of the flour used in Manitoba and the Territoiies was imported from Minnesota, and at that time the Amei-icans perhaps thought that they were masters of the situation, for he who feeds his neighbour is not far from ruling him. But this very year (1890) 1(>,00(I farmers, scattered through the Province and the Territories, have produced twenty-five millions of bushels of hard wheat for export with abunilanee in reserve for food and seet. ami a t'lii'ioiis fttonu ■it'snow sets in, whicii s(»iiio(inH's lii>ts foi- several days. Tlie weather then clears up. ami for some time coiitinues fair th(Mif;h cold. For many weeks the heavy matled veifelatioii ot the prairies prevetits drift iiiy, and their ox^)an^es gleam with a faint yellowish tini;e caus«'d by the inniimeraMo grassy point> protruding from the snow. Nothing can excel the purity and d-lioacy of the sky colours in the Xorth-West. There is a warmth of tint and a touch of ^jiring in the tieccier clouds which it is difficult to harmonize with the cold and ilMmitahle expanse heneatli ; whilst the sky itself has u trunslucency, a houndless and serene depth of Idue, which taxes and delights the eye. This firmness and quality of colour in tliesky adds great solemiuty to the North-Wi'Ht night, emphasizing the cletir and sepai-a'te beauty of tin- .-^tars. The prevailing winter sunset hue is orange, deepening towards the horizon, but fading zonithward ir ) chromic yellows of fainter and fainter shades. Over these tloats a bi'oad ribbon of amethyst, which stitt'ens at its u])per edge, and blends with the imperial blue. The chill, tawny red of an eastern winter sun.set is not so notice- able here, nor that blotteil or blearetl aspect of the night sky which frequently makes the winter evenings of the eastern Provinces lustreless and ilull. January is a keen month, with occasional storms but not much snow, and this feature sometimes char- acterizes the early part of the succeeding month. The terror of the winter, so to speak, begins in the latter part of Kebnuiry, or in March, when the great blizzards take place. Occasionally a whole winter may pass witliout any protractet be admitted, however, that there is ime exception, and that exception is found where one would scarcely ex^iect to find it, in the ranks of middle class Knglishmen. In this regard it is necessary to warn the reader who may purpose emigrating, and who may have become prejudiced against the Canadian North- West by a class of liteiature, if it can be called such, which midvcs its strong point against the Canadian North-West over this very question of winter. It is a pity that it is true, but true it is that the young men most unsuited by training, and by judgment, foi- colonial life are young Hnglishmen of mitldle class tamily. Educated young men of other nationalities seek the colonies, and, as a rule, do well ; but the young Englishman of like condition, frequently does not prosper, and too often goes utterly to the bad. There are exceptions all round, certainly, and many young Englishmen are not averse from grappling with the primitive conditions of life in a new country, or from copying the methods of successful natives and old colonists. But the fact remains that large numbers of them come to Canada or go elsewhere, who through lack of energy, selt-denial and common sense, are utterly unfit for the life whiclTis before them. Frequently these young men come with heavy purses, which are soon exhausted in dissipation, extravagant living and self-willed blunders. Their last idea is to enquire into the condition of things, to get useful information, or to go honestly and manfully to work. Such matters are put contemptuously aside, 14 THE \0 1 'ya EXa L ISJIMA X—COAL. .'iml, till (((lu'i- oxcili'iiii'iits ln'iii^ (t|K'ii til tlu'iii, tin- liar aii« ot every eiiaraeter exce|il tlieir own. They liave a liroad henhf of iiiinioiir, lliieney and a dasliiiiij: style, licu'ot of a stiulv of sporlini;' literature, or even of Honielliin,!; Iietler. In tlieir«ileeadeneo (for those fiiil in the Colonies liUe their fellows), if they ifet l»ael< to Hnicland and can find a jiiihlishfr. ihey work 111! tlu'ir advi'hliires a nd opinions into a luioU with a Honsational title, sui'li a^ '• C'aynse and Canoe." or '• Trooper and Jledskin," for the oditiealion of tho puhlie. The hoolv i-- u'rneraily a flini; at men ami thing's in the wrotehe I eliinato and eojony where. I'oi' a time, their nuseralile lot was east. And this sort of thin^ iho |iiililie l>n\'s, and too nfien helieves. Many prodigals doiilitless roliirn to Mnifland, who. in like manner, altrihiile llieir tnishaj^ to everylhiny,- Imt thenistdves, and thu> their jiarenls" vanity is spaivd llie shoek of di.-eoverinn' that the failure of their sons is. in almost every instanei-. due to the injiidieioiis and inisn'iiided trainini; they received at home. On the other hand, there aio many exce|itiijns to the rule. It is needless to say that there is no latdv of l'ln;;liHhmen in the Coloidi's, of sound culture and sensible mind. wlis in the ]iast. and are su.staiiunii,- it in the present, are in the Nortii-West and I'lsewhere layinu" the foundations of sulistantial fortunes, and contrihutini; in every honourable way to advance the interests of their adopted country. When such men fail they d(M»ot leave the country with a curse, they profit iiy experience and try a;.!;ain. To sum up. The winters of the North West are, upon the wliole, aii'reeal'le and sinifulaily steaily. The moccasin is dry and comforlahle throui'hout. ami nf) thaw, strictly sjieakinii", takes place iintil s])i'ini;', no matter how mild the weather may be. The snow, thoui^h sliallow. weais well and ditlers i^reatly from eastern snow. The Hake is dry and hard, anil in it.s y'ritty consistence resembles white, slipjiery sand more than anything else. (lonerally speaking, the further west the shallower the snow, and this rule obtains even into the heart of the Rocky .Moun- tains. In so fa; as regards the animal economy, bi'Ute or human, it is enough to know that the winter is suitable to it, and temperate enough to conserve the highest development of tlu' European, be he Teuton or Celt. As for the summer of the Xorth-West nothing more need Ite said ; there is no.hing to surjiass it in America. KKSOUIICES AND I'UODUCTS. Having touched in general terms ujjon tho extent, soil anj climate of the Terri- tories, its piincipal resources and prod'-cts will now be briefly noticed. Chief amongst the former is coal, a mineral which, in view of the scai'city of wood, is of immense importance to a jirairie country, in Manitoba its first outcrop is at Turtle Mountain, where it h'.is recently been discovered, and on the SourisEiver, where an exposed bed was at one time on tire, and smouldered av.-ay for several y^ars. In tho Territories it exists at La lioche Perc^ in Assiniboia on the eastern elope of the Coteau Mis- souri, .seven miles north of the boundary iine between Canada and the United States. Palliser descriijos the lignite as of several different varieties, some having the apjtoai'ance of compact canal coal, some like bituminous coal, while some of it can hardly be distinguished from charcoal. The lignite group underlies the superficial tk'posits of the prairies of the North and South Saskatchewan, ami bituminous sliales exist on the former branch, and on the Athabasca resting on limestone, which take fire ami burn spontaneously. Coal, says Col. Lofroy, exists in seams about ten miles above Fort Dunegan on one of the small tributaries of Peace IJiver. It has also been observed by i)r. Hector on Stinking Piver, another tributary of Peace River, and has been traced by him on the Athabasca, MacLeod and Pembina Rivers, all to the noi'th of Edmonton. Two miles below Edmonton a heavy bed is exposed, and neai-er the Fort there are two seams of considerable width. On the opposite side of the I'iver several seams are exposed, the principal of which is six feet in thick- luo.y—aoLJj—sToXE—SAL r. 15 hick- in>s, willi otlit'i's lliim.ri' ami le«>< |»iiif. licd.s of li^'iiilc siniilai' tn tliosc which occur on the Athaliiiscii Jill' oliM't-vcfl at varioii> puintK on Heil |)ccr Hivor, tVoiu Koit Atha- liasca n|t to the liocky MMiiiitaiii>. < >n thf latter >ircani aliovi- the Jlaml llill>. tlic (■(i;il I'orinh hctU of twenty Icct in thickiic». an loaiied with a siilpliiii'oiis aiui limy smell, and the Indians say that, I'or as loHix a- iliey can rememhei, tin- lire at this place lia-> nevci- lu'iMi tixlini^nish'jd, siimniero/ winter." Thc-c are vune olthojnain exposures which havo been ohserved hy explorers, not to spea!< of Ilie coal iieils ctf the Souris and Wool Monntair. ('oiintits, south of li*i':iina, tior of the I'oal mines at Ijcthhrid^'c, in southern AH'crla, who>c daily oulpui is now over >'()(l tons, or to other known woi'Uinu's, and tVom iheiii it may he sately iiderr-ed that all t!io Territories aro nnjre or less ol' a coal-lioarimj character, and that future examinations will reveal its existence in iinlimite(| (|uanlilics, anil in localitie.> convenient tor (listrihution and •"•noral use. Iron ore rank- in importance as a natural resource with coal, and this mii..'ral cxi-l- in M;real ahundance on eertain islands in Lake Winnipcii'. It exists a> well far to the west of that lake, and ferruijinous >and has been found in various parts of the prairie plateaux. In a countty where c(jal alKtiinds, tlu' smelliiii; of iron will, in time, take il> proper place anion^jst lirowin;; industries, and the time is coming; when the blast-furimce and the foundry will supply the communities of the Xorlh-West with thcii- sl;iple castings. As a (juestion of immediate I'esnu; ce the W' in led areas of the Territories are next in im|)oi'tiince. iioiuiidiin inconsiderately calls tlu- circumarctic /.one of timber, whi( h sweeps to the North-West from Lidvc Winnipei; to the I'ocky .Mountains, a worthies- loicst of spruce, scriib-jtine, birch, willows and poplar. This statement scarcely needs refutation. The wooded areas of .Manitnba are now well known, iire laruely utilized, and need not here be described. Westward there can be no doubt that but for periodic tires the prairie- would be abundantly wooded. As it is, beaulitul i^rovcs, or islands of timber dot them in many places, and, iii a country where the y:rowtli is so rapid, plantiiiif and pi'oIecli"n would soon make the settler independent so far as fuel is concerned. We-t of the lirst steppe, the vast interior is i.iaiked by two well-detined natural divisions. Let the settler understand (listincfli/ that the ■' great ])lains" and the prair- ies, though ot'ten confoundeil, are two widely different things. Otherwise he may be led into serious error, cither through his own ignorance or the misleading ot' enthiisiiists or iuteresteii|)|ilir(l itM'll' ill tlii> wuy willi >all tor ilnmrsiic iihc. Cual i^ fniiiul ill Atliiilmsca, ami IpitiimiiioiiH s|»riii^fM of imki own (lo|ttli>, aii'l ifioat |iros|Hvtivi' valiif. 'Plic liiiliaiis ot' flic imrlli, mix tlio liiliimon with ^Tt-aso anil iist> il I'or ;;iimmiim: liioif i-amu's. Slain is toiinil in tlio valloy of KicUiii!^ Ilois*' iJivcr. I)(.'|i()siis 1)1' |ii|)e-i'lay .'ire toiiimoii lu'ar Kdmoiitoii, whore, aUo, in tho miilillo 'it till' .»ix-tooi coal M'ain. is I'oiind a layer of ma^iu'sian steatite, which works up into a lather liko soaj), and has hccii used in limes |i!ihI for washing' hlankoln. Yellow ochre is dc|iositod over a distiince of t'orty miles, on \\w North Saskalciitnvan, and caihoiiati' of lime exists at dillcrcnl places. Smh area tew of the known minor resouiccH of the Tcrritorios of much value in the fiituro, and the list nii,i,'ht holar;xely extended, for cxplmat ion is continually hriiiifin^^ to lit^lit many others liitheilo unknown, and concealed in tin' n'lt'at slorcdnuise of the Xortli-West The tlo'ii ot the ciiiiiitry is too exteiiHivc a siilijcct to he mort; than glanced at here. Willi tliiwcis ahound in endloss Huccession from early spring down to late fall. It is uniieccssury to cultivate them for house decoration in the country when a lovely boui|iiet can he cnllectcd anvwhere nn the prairies in a few minules. The wild I'luits of the Teriitmies aic delicious. St rawhcrries literally carpet the earth in many places, and raspberries, the Saskatoon, or //o//V' gooseberries, choke cherries, bliitdierrics, cranheriics, \c., ahound in tlcir proper rei,doiis, and are ot" excellent quality, and generally ^U|)erior to the wild fruits of the east. A|»ph* culture se'Miis to bo a failure in .Manitoba, but haw yet to bo tried in the inlei'ior, where in the loose friable soils and >helter ot' the north, it may yi't succeed. Vogclalilos of all kinds attain complete maturity everywhere. The North-West jiotato is of the best quality, laiife and dry, entirely tree from rot or bliifht of any kind, atid yields a return >o threat as to be almost incredible. All the cereals, except maize, yield abundantly. The native barley is very lino, but the Kn.t;lish U-rowotl varioly. which is better still for tnaltinj; purposes, takes naturally to the soil and (dimate, and will bo largely cultivated. Oats give a prodiiial yiehl, and wlioat- growing. it is now needless to say, is rapidly developing into enormous proportions, and promises in time to ^u|lply the .shortages of every other country with grain superior to tiioir own. This matter has been already ailverled to, but a few words may lie added with legard to the history and pro>pects of the wheat plant in tlii^ Ten itories. The great cereal ranges east and west throughout the ontiio l-'ertilo Jkdt and northward the boundary between Canada and the United States tothe()2nd degree ot" north latitude. Wheat grown at lAirl Chippewyan, on Athabasca Lake, took a li'ading prize at the American Centennial in IS".'). It \a grown successfully at Fort i'rovidenee, north of (ireat Slave Lake, and has been grown at Fort Simpson, .>till further to the north. And yet there is no Bubjoct on which more popular mis- apprehension exists than in the growth of wheat, even the logic of facts — the teeming wheat-lields to be seen from .Moosomin, to the great Kegina basin and on to forty miles west ot Moosojaw — seeming insutficient to remove the impression that a severe winter noct'ssarily precludes its cultivation. Some sixty years ago a committee of the American (,'ongress leported with all seriousness that the Illinois territory, through defective climate, etc., was uiiKuited to the grain grower. At the very time this sagacious opinion was given wheat had boon raised for years in the Red Jliver Settlement. (100 miles norlh-west of Illinois, and since then the wheat linos have made several removes of 500 miles each, and the quality of the grain has improved with each remove. It has long been largely raised at Prince Albert and atLdmon- ton, 4r)0 ami !»00 miles, respectively, north-west of Winnipeg; and at Athabasca Lake, 500 miles north of Edmonton, wheat culture is a success. Thoro are, of course, particular exposures where its maturation is uncertain, esjiccially in the neighbourhood of the mountains, where the nights are liable to invasive frosts, sutficiently severe to injure the plant. But it is now established as an indisputable fact that wheat not only can be, but is grown successfully from east to west of the Fertile Belt, and far north to the McKonzie IJiver and its tributaries. For many years the wheats cultivated in the primitive settlements of the interior were soft. LADOGA WUEAl'. 17 Lake, ^fully Inpsoii, ir mis- miles ■severe Itee i)f litoiy, timo liver have roveil imon- |l)ascji re, of the hosts, |tablo V the miiy I soft. Tliey were exfelleni uiicalH ot their UIikI, and ^jjenerally :natiireil early on(uij,'h to oNcapo frost. Kill' this leaMin tliey were |tii'l'err»M| in the pressure, haekeil up hy the ainhition of fanners tliem- selvi's to ;;ro\v tlie lient, has now uiinosl entirely disjilaecd the soft wheals, oven in the ri'niolu set tleinents. At the same lime, thoUirh the^^rowlhof I'yfe wheat has lioen H suecess, it may l)e admitted treely that it h.is hoen, so far, a varyim; sueees>, and that very rarely has the enlire erop of hard Aiieat heen reaped without liiemish. More or less of it i> annually 'eau|,dit.' Ul late years, however, a (|i!iet expeiimenl has hoen carried on by soveral advanced farmers at I'riiiee Albert, Moosejasv, Ite^imi, Moosendn, Qu'Appelle, wl icli proiniscN to le:id to irood results. This experiment Was an outcome o| the Kxjterimenlal I'arn! at <)liawa, and if it proves success- ful, art now HOiMUs probable, will fully justify the expense incurred in estab- lishing that instilution. A wheat known as " The Ladoga " was pi-ocured by this establishment from a hi^h latitude in the l{u»sian Mmpire, some samples ol' which found their way, tour yeaiN hi;o, to I'rinee Albert, and fortunately toll into the hand^ of Mr. IMaxton, Mr, McKay, Mr. Craiir, and a few others i.f the best farmers in the settlement. Mr. \V. ('. SamU-rs, living north of .Moosojaw, Mr. W. C. Cullum, (»f Jte^fina, Mr. Joseph Voun^, ol' I'en.-e, and other farmers in Assiniboia also received some of thisj^iain. These intelligent men t^ave the samples roceiveci ihe closest attention, and the results, atter fourycar>' culture, are most satisfactory. Mvery year, and in the majority of ca^es, this wheat has mat uied i-arlier than the l''yte thrown alonirsido of it, and has, when promptly harvested, escaped tlu' Irost. It runs u|) to a good weight. It yields very well; is uniform in colour ami pile ; and, as it ranks at iMaik Lane a^ a hard wheat ot the lte-, attracted great attention, and was pronounced by Colonel Fane, one of the iJritish delegates and a leading agri- culturist in Juigland, to be the tinest sample of wheat he had ever seen from any country. With these remarks, the ''Introduction " to this pamjihlct might tittinglj' end, for the various Territories, — Assiniboia, Saskatchewan ami Alberta, — must now bo all<»wed to s|)oak each lor itself. The object of this pamphlet is not oidy to roach the intending settlor, particularly the farmer, but to convey to him the ti'Uth, not clothed in exaggeiation, but as plainly put as experienced agricultui'istscan who are now living and working in the Territories, and who have no thought save to nuike the ctuintry known, and to attract tit men to assist in its development. The reader may perhaps be pu/./.led by the appeals made to him by each of the districts herein represented, and may in consociuonce feel inclined to look upon the whole compilation as a mass of sjii'cial pleading. Let him not fall into this error. Each district is full ofpromi.se, and it is not sui'pri>ing that practical and successful men should considoi- their own particular region the best. Huch evidence simply speaks well for the whole country. Let the reader carefully peruse the pamphlet from cover to cover, and if he bring comparison and inforence-drawing power t(; his aid he can scarcely go astray. UAll.WAYS. In conclusion, a paragraph or two may be added with refeience to routes and outlets, the condition ot the Territoi'ies as regards law and order, and the class of settlers required in the country and whose success is assured. Perhaps no greater boon was ever conferred on any country than the building of the (Janailian J'acitie Kailway which, with its great branches alread3' constructed or under construction, is making the settlement of the North- West possible. By this road and its con- nections the settler can now speedily and with ease examine the whole extent 9 IS /.M//. MMVN /'/.'/vS'/vVV' AXn PHOSri-J'TI VK of fdiintiy luMwccii tin' Imiiiuliirv mid tlu' Nui'tli Saskaldicwnii in a sini^lo siiinmoi-, and \\\\\> ?naki' lii> i>\vii clioictv As an oiitk'! as well lor lh»' products of the I'ouiilry, it> ample «'(iiii|niH'iii jilaco it in llic trmit rank of carriers. It has a i-ival, too, to k«'cp it in check, in the Northern raeilie IJaihvay which is also nuMlita'iii:; extension in all dir( et ions, and if the Noith-West had no manifestly shorter and, thcioforc, I liiapi'i loiite to l'",iiro|)e than eillu'r of llicm. it mii;ht fairly make \i|) its mind to he happv. It ha.'-, however, an iiitinitely more direct roii.e lo Mnropc liy wavol iliiilson'.- Hay than hy way of Montreal, a route whi(di will soon he made nse nt ;is an outlet fur i;iain and cattle, and whose importance in the future is incalculahle as a hase cit'.siippjy ;nidan imi»ri'i;iiaiile military hiiiiiway hetween (ireat IJritain and the hoininion. \\\ this route Saskatcliewan and Assini'ioia are as near tidewater as ()nt;irii>. By this route San Kraneisco is IMIO miles nearer the seahnard than l)\' way ot' ( 'hicai;o — a saving in distanci>, too, elVecli'd in land carriaijc, whosi' cost, as coni|>ared with ocean transport, is as tlfleen to one, hy this route Sant.a l-V, in New .Me.xiio, is ;!(M) miles nearer to <'hur(diill, on Hudson's Uay, than to Xi'w ^'ork. ami hy it the va.'-t i'liiropean ti-adcof tlie I'acitic seahoard down lo liio ( iulf of ( 'alilorma. ;ind we-l ol tiie Sierra Madre Uan^'c, is destined to lind an outlet, 'rix'se are ecoiioniii theis whose triumph is oidy a (pieslion of time. Mventsare hurrying' in this dir";lion, lor the i)eo|»le ot' Manitoha and the Tenitori-s are liecomiiiir impat ie'it over the route, ;ind an increai*in^ cry is heinii' raised for its development. Like wlieal-i;rowinn' in the N'oriiiWcst, doiihls have heen cast hy j<'al(iiis interests n])on liies(dienie. Not wit hstandinj.^ the most patent facts in the history of I'idar .advent ure, a groundless imprc.■^sion ol)lains that the navii^'ation of irudson's Sli'iiits and l>ay is altendcil with (^xtrtMiic dillicully and peril. Mut il is .•liquid to descrihe .as perilous a fe;it which, for tlu' purjioses of discovery. w;ir or I rade, has heen slll■ces^fully pei'lormed excry summer, and even in winter, lor over iwu hundred years, hy sailiny; ve-sels raiii^'ini;- from til'ty to ."itHI tons, and which i> si ill annn.ally t I'a versed hy s";dcivs, wiialei's, and mei'cdiantnien. I'ntil recent vfars till' mails and su|\plies tor lied U'iver Settlenu-nt. now .Manitolia, wcu'e ltrouii,lit hy the Hay. .'iml though the rouli> is disusex|)oi'ts .and imports hy w.ay of it. will I'lxa! I hose oj' I he SI . I,;i wreiice. 'The open season on Hudson's Str.aits is xai'i.ahle. lull will |)ioii;di|y a\ei;m»' live months, ;ind, perhajts, for lai;;'e ;Mid powerful steam \'e-a\'e liondon in June, and in;ike theliipiii ahoiil -i\ wee!-sel has heen lost tor ye.ars. The Straits ;iie narrow, and liol li ciMsIs a I >' \i-^ihle from the shiji. 'I'hey are liiie(l with ie(dieri;s, wliiidi ;iro aii,-|'ouiid, and fear :i slarl liiii;- roemhl.-iiifc In lolly, em hat I led towers and 'j^\v\\\
are allo.'il in ihe Sl rails, hut vast sheets of lloutini;' ici> .are often set toi;-elher hy the lide. hre.akin'j,' up when il turns, anss than the lime of a Moiii I'cal .and Hivt-rpool p.ieket ; ami the direclin>ss ol this route will place a l.arn't' jporiioii of the .Noil 1-We>t. as regards Hritish trade, in as l.avoiii'.ahle a posilion as < )iitario. I..\W .\Nn olMlKlt. And now a word with regard to order m Ihe Territories, .•nid the safety of |»ro- perty and jiersnii. The Law ahidiiii;- condM icui of the ('anadian Territories has heen from tirsi to last a familiar and hiyddy ei cditahle fealiire in their history. Il is u fact that life .and property are safer ihere than in any portion of (ho Uniled States ICl'OllIll ii> I'liil- il will iri;il)lo. slc.'iin yciii'. .IllIU', rcliirn tlccls );»y till- u' ol' :i Ijiru'c loii ;iN of pro- is llOOIl [I is ii I St at OS .1 LA w-Aiunixa roi'XTUY or llio oastor i'rovinccs ot' the hoiniiiioii. Tho isolato(l sotllomonts in (lit* Xorlli- Wosl arc scattoroil ovor an area aintosi t'luial to tlu' wliolo ooiit incut of lMii'o])t\ yet the most nnpi'otcctcd jicrsoii ol citlu'r>cx can, and often doos, travel alont> in all directions with |ierfoct safety, in the most unguarded seilleiniMits of the interior the door is seldom fastened hy ni'..;hl, and theft and joMumv is a rare occurrence cverv- Avherc. (Crimes a;.i;ainst the person ai'c almost iinUnowi',, and in one. at least, of the 'l\>rrilorics, innnlerhas never hei'n committed. Mmidiatie tt-st imony to tiie morality of the count ry has lately heen ^iven iiy one of the tei-ritoiial judi^es, Mr. .Iiistiee Mai^Miire. In a spet'ch at the recent ('(didn'ation ot' (he opening" of the l»ei:;ina and I'rinc** AlluM'l K'aihvay ho -p Territories, and in(«M'i'sted in (heir well'are, he was h;ippy to he .ahhi to point out that (rom tiie statisti<'s of crime pnlili^hcl annually liy the .Minister ol Aii,rieullur»* it appeared (hat the numliei' of ollences in pioporlion to iiojiulation was much less in the Terri- tories lli.'in in any other I'roviiice of the Dominion. In tlii> lilue-hooks issued this summer (he (i^nres are i,dvcn foi the last ten years. l"'r(Mn (Iieso i( a|)|)ears that, taUiiii;' the averaii;e lor these yeai , the pi'opoitioii of coinici ions to population wa--, lor all Canada, 1 for each 1-Hi, whiie for I he Ti'rritories it was only 1 forcv.'ry l,7.">'^. To come ncai'iM' home, in the hi^lricl o|' Sask;il(diewan, with its immense area, diir- iiiii" the foiii' years of which lie could speak fi'oiii personal knowledi;o, thei'c had not <'onio heforo him a sin^lo serious olVence, not ono case of vioh'iici* to (lie person. This was a mos( creditahle (hinu\ a iliiiii;' of whiih to lie honcslly proud, in new coiinlries, in liordcr sot tlemeiils, where the judicial matdiinery is somotimos slow in •fettintj into proper worUiiii; order, the hope of immunity from punishment is an iiii'ontivo to evil mon to commit crime. The hordcr Stales of the liepui)lic to tho south of us, in their early days,al :iny rate, Korean uncnvialilo reputation in this respect, h'reiiucnt failures of jiisiiee, :ind llie want of conlidcnce in (lie andiiiii," st>( I lers, t'rom whatever land they may come, may rely on lindinu,' here a community as oidei'-loviii!^, as law-ahidinif and as honest .as in any portion (d' tli(> civilized world; where the weak as w«'ll as the si roiiii; may freely «Mijov to ihc full (ho inalionahle ri^lils of life, lilieil\' and llie pursuit ot hajipiness l>v honesf toil." These statemeiils will meet willi full endorsement iiy every reader wdio has any knowlcdi!,(' of the coiinl ly. ( )nlside opinion ni.ay perhaps he coloured hy the recent IJclndlioii of the l''ieiii h Mi'lis on the ,S;iskal(diewan . liiil that iiisiirri'clion was piiioly political, and w.is no proof of ;i malicious or disorderly spiril . l''roin the tirst the nativi's ;inii iinmiurants in the North West have heeii sini;ulaily ]ieaceahle, orderly and honcsl.aiid I lie only e:ises of rullianisni known have lu'cn eoiilined to the soul h-west, wher" ahoiil ihe liineol' the lraiisf(>r .Vineriean desperadoes crosst'il t he hordcr, eslalilislied wliiskyposis, and he^an a series id' rcvcdt in;;' crimes iijion the I ndiaiis. They were speedily driven oiii ,,\' | lu> eoiint ry in IS7 | hy i he .Moiinlcd rolice, a hody which was formed l;irL;'ely tin' that purpose, and wliiidi has ever sine(> dislini;uislie(l itself for its ;;doi| coiiduet .and dmotioii to duly. IVMatdimeiils of this .admir.'ihle force are stationed .-il all imporlimi et>nlr(s 1 hii>Ui;hou(, the Territories, cxeeptinii,' Alhahasea, ;ind, wherever slalioned, enjoy Ihe eonlideiiee ami liie cordial respect .and co o|ier;il ion ot ihe c(uumunily. A I i\.\i, woun. The intending selller will I'cro-ni/e in all the fore^oini!; facts no coiiiiiioii iiidneeim'iit (o make lln' < 'anadian prairies his home. When he <'oiisiders tli(> (>aso with which farming' ojieratious may he carried on. the adaplcdncss cd' Ihe country to nia(diiner\', the aliseiicc (d' slumps .and stones, rendering the wlio|(> hreadth of surface availahle, the superior i|nality id the wheal produced ;iiid ils prodigal yiidd — and (hen hears in mind (hat the coiniiii; outlet hy lliiilsoii's I5ay will reduc(> railway I ranspoiM to (>aslern conditions — he will ii^ doors without any houses behind them. Thei-e is no room, even in the North-West, for physical inertia, or for minds banen of all detinite or intelligent purpose. The husbandman acquires independence in the Ncrth-West under the .-anie conditions as elsewheie — with this ditfeience, that his labour is not slavish, or, rather, need not be; for, of course, there are men of inordinate acquisitiveness, and such men will be slaves anywhere. The most important ditforence in condition will be a mental one. The intense labour whicii is required simply to clear a lot of land, say in the Ottawa Valle}^, would make a farmer comfortable in the !North- AVest, and relieve him fn^m anxiety. Hut on the other hand, the richest praijie fai'm. if possessed by a thril'tless sluii'gai'd, who preferred knitting and knotting, ...;d basking in the. sun, to honest work, would infallibly see him sink year by year into the bowels of debt and jiovei'ty. This is not what is '• wanted immediately " i.i the Xorth-West, but intelligent, industrious and patriotic settlers, no matter whence they come, so long as they are true to Caiuida. These have but to visit the North- West, and look u])un the inexhaustible resources sleeping in the lap of a domain which is boundless, to imagine the possibilities of its futui'e. It is the quality of such men not only to concpier success, but to look beyond mere materialism. For like other J^rovinces. our Territories, to quote again, with some license, irom Professor Seeley, will be •' something more tiian wheat ti(dds, than cattle runs or timber forests. The men who produce will also form societies * * They will have churches ami Govern- ments. Parliunents, Univeisities and schools. They will be great communities** And there is no reason why the name of Canada should not one day sound as imi)ressively in the ears of men as the names of Kngland or France, Italy or (rreece." Xot only will the immigrant, then, reap the material benefits which the country assures to industry', bin he will have the honour of assisting in building up and consolidating its free institutions. In fine, if brain work be earnest and truthful, if handiwork be fhorough and effet-tive, a generation of Canadians now alive may yet see their country become a notable power in the mightiest Empire in the world. To enter the Territories fiom the Fast we must begin with Assiniboia. -O- ' HiiM' till' il<|cM' rairs lialliil '.' l)(i tlicy iliiHi|) and ciiil tin 'if Icsmhi, w >aiiiil. nM-r tlirn- IhviiikI tlir seas': W'l' take up tln' task ftrriial, and tin' liurdi'ii, ;ind the li^^on, I'idnciTs ! ( ) l'i(.nfci-s 1 ' All the past wc leave lieliind ; \\r delinueli Upon a newer, inij,ditier \\ sei/e udrld of lal)(ini', anil the march, Pioneers ! ( ) I'iuneers ! " ster GREAT WHEAT COUXTRY. 21 the ASSTXTliolA. Assiniboiii is u disti'iot of tiio Xori.li-Wost Torritorios, strelchini,' from the wostx'i'ii bouiuhiry of the Province of Manitoba, to the eastern boun(hiry of tlie Terri- torial District of Alliei'ta ; south to the boundary liividini;; the United States from (Jana(hi — tiio 4!U}i ])arali(d of hititinK' — and north to the Siiskatclicwan. It contains !•"), (100 siiuaro miles. Ft is lar;.^er by 20,000 square miles than British tJuinea and by nearly 10,000 than Victoria in Australia. TIhm'c are ancient and renowned kins^- (loms in Europe with less area and a fai- less area of fruitful land. The lvin,!J!:dom of ital}' on the main land does not come within foui- thousand squai'e miles of it. J.t is a good deal more than si.v times the si/.e of DeiimarU, Four Prussias could be carved out of it. If it were a threat lake three kingdoms of (rreece could bo sunk in it, and leave I'oom for Her .Maje.-ty's navy to sail round thenj. It is more than two and a half times the size *f l*o;tugal. It is half the size of Spain with iierislands thi-own in. It is nearly once and a half the size of the Turkish Mmpire in Hurope. and nearly half the size of {"'ranee. It is close on twice the size of Enuland. It is more than once and a half the size ot' Ireland and Scotland together and more than three limes the size of either alone. The greater jtortion of this huge ilistrict is tit for airrieulture. Ft is destined to Ix! the great wheat proihieer of tiie future. The |)opulation it is calculated to support can be inferred from tle^ Hdlowing facts. F'russia east and west with 2:5, 125 sc^uare miles has a population of o.oOO, 000 ; (ireece — a little larger — a population of over two millions; Denmark still Ie.-~s in area, a p)pulation of 2,1:!0,000, one half of which lives liy agriculture. Portugal noui'ishes a ])eople numbering nearly four and a half millions, and Turkey in iMii-ope.four and three quarter millions. This district has been open for scMtlement. but a few years. It has bail a I'ail- way bringing it in communication with the east and west for eight years. It pos- sesses already most of the features ot an advanced civilization — all the necessary fe.-ifures: Seliools, churches, municipal institutions, representation in the Dominion Parliament; repi'csentation in the Territorial Assembly which has most of the ])Owers of a provincial Parliament : postal and telegraphic facilities wherever popu- lation would in the least justify their introduction; farmers, some of them in ad- vanced ])ro.q)erity ; raisers of horses and cattle, some large ranchers, others mixed farmers, side by -ide with the nierchant, the doctor and the law^-er, the dentist, the photogra])lier ; livery-stables with tine horses and excellent vehicles; good hotels some of theni comparable as to table and bed rooms with any hotels in (he woi'ld ; and although nominally a in'ohiiiiiory territory, what has been described by a satirist as a sure sign of British civilization — the public-hou>e — or if not the public- house, some ecjuiv.alent for it has made its apjiearance ; ,so per.sistent are the gi'cat characteristics of the su|>erioi' races. In the |)istriei of Assiniboia ai-e the finest lands in the world for wheat culti- vation; lands that will ])ro luce all kinds of roots, not possiljle to surpass, dittieult even for some of the most fiivoui'eil countries to appi'oacb ; areas specially suited for cattle ami horses; I'anehing all along its .southern border right up for many miles, varying here and there, as will be more ])articularly explained; coal mines at Meilieine IFat, in the country .south of Regina, at Wood ]\Fountain, aiul in the east, in the Souris country. North of the railway, all along the valley of the (Ju'Appelle, south and noi'th of the railsvay in the valley of the Wascana, hoi-ses invariably, cattle with some slight attention in over-severe winters, can flourish unhoused the year round. In ever}' part sheep can, as we say in the Xorth-West, " rustle" for themselves. The writer has visited the homes of farmers in every part of this country, and he never visitetl a house wlu'ie he ilid not find plenty. Ho knows farmers in every o-t HIGHLY CI VILl/ED. pni't wlio liavi' iicquii'od woiillh, and all huvc aclueved i-omt'ort. Ho Uiiow.s men who canu' jicrc with tivo or «ix dollars, who hav(3 tiii'ins and stock, and not a few. There art parts of the world more pietiires(Hie, but no spot of now coiintr}' on the glolto whoi'o to I'arni is so easy; the land wherever we tiii-n is I'cady for the plough. It has lieen said of a fVuitful land in the old world, " tickle it and it hui ''lis into a harvest." Hut Assinihoia is of a rolmstei' ty])e, and reijuires the vigorous nill and tiie vigorous arm : it requires a rude eml>race; it needs to be thoroughly cultivated ; it needs Ihorftugh breaking, and then the laughing iiarvest of the land referred to is nothing to the bountiful yield that awaits the efforts ot'the pioneer in Assiiiilioia. The whole country is nuirked by grc-at divisions; ranges marking distances of six miles from east to west : townshij) lines running north and south at intervals of six miles, the townships beiui;- iliviiknl into tliirty-six sections of one square mile each. This gi'eat district is divided politically into twelve constituencies for the Local Assembly, and two for ihe Dominion House of Commons. It has been thought that by asking the ]ncnil)ei's of the Local House (|Uestions resjiecting their districts we should in a convenient way get at the character of ea(di ))ortion of this vast ai'ea. They were asked to express themselves on sixteen heads under which searching questions wore ])laced. There ai'e sonu' things on which all are equal. All have the same advantages in the matter of schools. We iiave a most etiicient school .system, fostered by a liberal grant from the Dominion (rovei'nmont. Wherever a few children are found a schtiol-boai'd may be lormed; a grant obtained ; and there is no ditficulty in getting a capable school teacher who must have qualified bypassing an examination. The (Tovernment jiaj's from (55 to T"> \)0V cent, of the salaries of teachers. Jlogina has a high school in connection with the public school where education is given free. Teachers must hold proper certificates, and high salaries are j^aid in order to obtain the best talent. The desks, maps, books and other appliances equ'il, if not surpass, anything of the kind in England to-day. Agricultuiai societies exist all over Assiniboia, as do Boards of Trade in all tlie towns. As to churches the moment a town is started four denominations at once choose sites for their (.'hurclies, and the liboi'ality with which inouc}' is subscribed would astonish one fresh from the Old Country. There is no part of Assiniboia where stock cannot be successfully raised. The climate is much the same from Moosomin to ^Moosejaw, though even at Moosejaw the effect of the Chinooks begins to be ])erceptibly i'elt. More westerly the winters are mildei-. The summer is hot, but there is always a breeze, and no matter how hot the day the nights are cool. Xo zymotic, epidemic or endemic diseases exist, and the climate is es])ecially favourable to those suffering from asthma 01' pulmonary affections. The winter is wonderfully attractive — cold, clear, dry, bi-acing, healthy, and the beauty of the snowy i)rairies whe:i the morning sun's rays ■■ i' n'l-r tliiir siiouv \v:i\f<. More j,'(iri,'i'iins in tlirir lii'iirlit (•(Hiniiiui.'liiit^- \\\\>-> Tli.'Ui (■uin\iiij.'-cst iiiystrry of colotirs (|iiaint III old cMtlicilral uiiiddus, shcddiiij^ gloried li'jlit 'I'liro' |iillai-'d silent .lisles," it would be hard to exaggerate. Sometimes the winters are very mild, as for in- stance this of 181)()-9C To-day the lilst of .lanuary, 18U1, the sun shining in through my office is unpleasantly hot, and on the 2(ith'^instant when I was at Maple Creek, but that there was no vegetation you might have thought it was a beautiful spring day in England. From Moosomin to Swift Current and fui-ther west, especially at ^laplo Creek, 3lcdicine Hat and Dunniore, all the small fruits can be successfully cultivated. To the floral beauty of the jirairie it would be hard to do justice — a sea of grasses and flowers, violets, daisies, lilies, orchids, hai'obells, anemones, trailing honey suckle, whitethorn, grey bush willow, and like a queen among her odorous subjects, the light pink rose. 110 11- in ('. ■fill lid > le #^ i I l!:''',!>'^lfi';., ^' ■nV'i z-. T 24 MOOSOMIX. As to roads and bridges, everj'whorc tho Govoniinent l)a8 placed a sum at the disposal of the Local Governniont tbi" these, and as a consequence evoryvvhoro there are gowl roads and liridges. As to agricultural implements there is no place where there is not a centre whce they can l)e obtained. I'ostal and telegraphic facilities — these would astonish old woi-ld folk. Tht moment a few ])eople are gathered in a settlement a post-office is given them, and tho ti'legra|)h follows the railway. The Canadian I'acitic .Rjiilwa^' I'uns from east to west through Assinihoia, and from iJegina, the capital of the Territories, a lailway runs ni)i'th to Saskatchewan. I'lveiy town has its newspaper, some, two; (.'uriing Clul)s, Social Clubs, Young Men's (,'hristian Associations, hot housos, and all the amenities of social life are found. The latest improvements in science are utilized. Jicgina and Moosejaw ai'e lit by electricity. MOOSOMIN DISTIUCT. J. E. Nekf, M.L.A. Al iho eastern gate, so to speak of Assinihoia, stands the town of Moosomin, the ca|)ital of the Moosomin J)islrict. This disti'ict extends south to Township ten; and north as fni- as the jMoiitreal (,'olony, of which hereafter, and running west, roughly speakin;,. for three ranges — the whole country is a blutfy country of rolling prairie, and well suited for mixed faiming, but the valley of the Qu'^Vppelle, hei'c as else- where, is not to be sui-jjassed ibr I'ancliing purposes. The soil is in general a black loam with here and there knolls, blue clay and subsoil ; and that it is ada])ted foi- all kinds of gi'ain is proved lij' the excellent ci'ops gi'own all over I be district. When the sloughs are dry an abundant sup])ly of water can be got by boring. The root crops attain an immense size, and theie is an abun- dant sujjply of bay for fodder. The Pipestone ]?iver, about six miles south of Moosomin. is a beauiiful stream of clear water. Too small for commei'cial purposes, its fairly wooded banks add to tlu? jjicturesqueness of the locality through which it runs. Further south still is the Jiiver Souris, so that what with the Qu'Appelle and these two rivers this region is well watered. These streams are rapid enough to obtain water power, by damming, U:v milling ])urposes. To the north — especially at the juncture of the Cut-Arm with the Qu'Appelle — the scenery' is wonderfulh' beau- tiful : there is an abundance of water and timber, and the soil of the highest qiuility — like the I'est. — a black loam. The climate is as elsewhere, in the mind of a north-wester, perfect; cold and bracing in winter, warm in summer, but with cool nights. No trace of anything miasmatic, and, as the lives of young and old prove, exceedingly' healthy. The average temperature in summer is about sixty degrees, an(i in winter it is from ten to fifteen degrees below zero. Spi'ing opens about the 15th Alarch. Seed- ing is usually a lorlnigbt later. IFarvest commences about the 15th August; winter generally sets in about the 15tb Xovemlierand breaks upatthe beginning of March. The winter lime is employed in attending to stock, working in the woods, mai-keting grain, tishing and hunting. This observation about winter a])])lies to all Western Assinihoia as far west as the western lioundaiy, The winter is not so hard upon people as the inexperienced would think. There is a brief spell of lOugh weather at times, but hardly ever of a character to deter people from their own out-door work. Wheat, oats and barley are largely grown, and ]\I.r. Neff, the member for the district in the Local House, assures us that the yield is from twenty-five to fifty bushels of wheat, thirty-five to seventy-five of oats, and barley cori'e.spondingly large. This, we believe, is literally true, but the incoming settler may be well content when he gets thirty-five bushels to the acre. The wheat is plump and hard, and commands the highest price, as do the oats and barley. All kinds of root crops are successfidly grown. VARIED PROD Uf'TS—SOr/ifS. ich it 0 and Ii to llyat beaii- uality and ist as 'need of a tlie tifty well oats Thoro is an abundance of wild hay. L'ease, oats and voijetahles yield largely, and fodder can be had foi- eveiy kind ot stock. The whole district, especially in the north, is well suited for stocdc raising;, and cattle, sheep an cents for oats, DO cents and Sl'foi- jiotatoos, buttei- from 10 cents lu lo cents and 20 cents per pound ; eggs 15 cents; nor is the local demand likely to deline, as railway huilding is going- forward. The Moosomin Courier is published here. The delicate beauty of North-West flowers strikes everv visitor, especially the rose, crocus, tigerdily, convolvulus, blue bells, honey suckle. Hops grow in great luxuriance, as do all the >mall fruit. soums. .1. n. Turriff, M.L. A. South of the .Moosomin District we have the Soui'is, extending from the northern boundary of the Hinted States to township l», inclusive — say sixteen miles, and from range 1 to range 7, forty-two miles. "This is anOpen piairie country — neilbei- frost nor bush, and broadly speaking, level from hoi'izon to hoi'i/.on. It is well ada])fed foi' grain-growing and daiiy farm- ing. It will always be a wheat-gicnving country, with cattle ranches to the north in the neighbourhood of^Foose .Moui\tain. The soil is a rich black loam, averaging from two to thi'ee feet dec]) with a clay sub-soil. The land is well watore.l by a tine creek and the Soiiris i^iver. The sloughs are vei-v numerous. HxK/The average summei- temperature runs from .^O*-^ to 80'=' Fahrenheit, some instances it reach !>0° and Oa". Winter temperature reaidies from zero down to 2')° below, on the average, and in some extreme instances 38*^ and 40^ bolow zero. Spring generally opens about the end of March, and seetl time commences from the 1st to the Tth of A]>ril. Harvest begins for barky, about 1st of August: wheat, oats, cVc, from the 10th to 15th August. Winter gemn-ally makes its ai)pearanco about the middle of November and breaks u]t in ]\':irch, sometimes earlier. The climate in winter permits of out-iloor work of every kind. 26 TlfE SEASOXS. •' The crops." snys Mr. Tiirritl', '' lliat, ouii ind liuvc boi'ii cultivatod to advantai;'*) ai'i' wheat, oats, liarlcy, poaso. liUMi!;aiiaii ami millet, also all kinds of roots and veije- talilfs. |)iii'iMif I'avouraltlo seasons — tlic pi'csent one (llial of ISOO) I will take as a sample — the average yield of wheal would he 2S to M hiishels jter acre ; extra care- ful cultivation can produce 40 hushels per acre. Oats might safely be estimated this yt'ar from ">,') to 7d sheep ai'i^ decidedly u mistake. He teil> us th(! good geiieral-puriiose Canadian horse is '• thearticde thedoctois onler," and that a numbor of settlers have been successful in breeding broncho mares to heavy Canadian horses. In this wa}- oiu' can get horses suitable for driv- ing and for light work on the fai'in. This tlistrict is well adapted for dairy farming. All the rich grasses of the North- West flourish hei'e in abundance. As a rule there is plenty of native hay. llungarian and millet are easily cultivated and western corn. " The water," says Mr. TurritV. '■ generally speaking is pure and in most ))laces easily obtained; some have had ditliculty in getting water, and others are troubled with alkali." There is one creamery in the north; the foreign demand for dairy protluce not having yet dovt^Ioped for want of railway tiudlities ; but there are a number of jirivate dairies of considerable size throughout the district. As to fuel there is jtlenty of coal along the Souris on the south, and ])lenty of wood on the mountains to the north. Several coal mines are at work. Incoming settlers can get vacant land in any part of the district, either to home- steatl or purchase. The nearest point to the main line of railway is tifty-tive miles. The price of land varies from two and a-half dollars up. For building there is jdenty of stone. Of lime, whence concrete buildings may be made, there is an inexhaustible supply. Logs ai-e getting scarce. Lumber can, of course, be got, but it has to be hauled a long distance. There are no materials for fencing. Wire fences must be used where fences are necessary. On the subject of water and wells Mr. Tariff says : — "A large number have got good water in wells with very little trouble, others have had inoi'e ditUciilty, while some have got bad water, tainted with alkali ; but 1. luive no doubt there is abundance of good water if you happen to strike the right place." Abundance offish in lakes and creeks and game of all kinds. Moosomin is the neares>t market, and it is as gootl as iiny in the North West Territories. The prospects of railway communication at an early day are good. Since Mr. Turritf wrote the prosjiects have become certain of a I'ailway within a year. All the small fruit flourish. There has been very little fruit cultivation in ganlens ; but enough has been done to show that fruit cultivation would bo Buccessful anil profitable. proving west we come to THE WIIITEWOOD DLSTJUCT, represented in our Local House by Mr. A. G. Thorburn, of Broadview, It comprises townships ten to twenty inclusive, in i-angos one to six inclusive, west of 2nd meridian, making sixty-six townships, and covering 2,3T() square miles. The Canadian Pacific advantajj^o i ami voife- talvo as a xfra cai'e- I'stiiiiatod (^ro." All iiijtH, man- loioiis and rt of this ibsoncc of It ill siim- ]»ui'])ose.s. 10 prairio. and Diir- ine Won hi ledoctoiH ;■ i)i()iU'ho foi- driv- es (A the tivo hay. tor," says ed ; some Hluce not mber of lilotify of to home- miles. may Dor can, iterials others but I e riu:ht West ce Mr, been prises ■idian, ?*aciHc FIEL A/irXDAM'. 27 lluihvay runs throuf^h it. Mr. Thorbiirn says; " In townships 10 and 11. ui'.^t i)f ranijfo 1, lies the Moose ^fountain, a stretch ofhin'h wooded land, with intervals of lich prairio, interspersed with innumerable small lakes, jionds and deep li'iillies. Abiui'lance of ])rairie ii;rass, forest shelter and water make it very suitable tnr caltle raisiiii;-. The prairie portions are a I'ich loamy soil, titled to pro luce heavy crops ot' u'rain, routs and vegetables. " North of the moiinliiiin to the Pijiestone ("rc^eU an area of sixteen 'I'ownships, is open praiiie, part level, part rollinLf, with plenty of hay on the lowoi' stretches; small ponds and creek> here and there make this part well adapled {\.v mixed farmini;, thi,' soil ran,y;iny from he.ivy to liulu loam. ' Approaching" the Pipestone (,'reek, which runs dia-onall}' lhroiiu-h Tps. 13. 14, 15, 1*), ''Weed Jlills." jioplar timber becomes abundant with ln'caks o^' pi-airie. Hero the soil is a free workinu" loam, i^oo 1 for larp;e cro-ps of cereals and roots. He tells us that Ihrouifhout the ilistrict water is had '• readily." Spiiiii;-s show idlaloni; the banks ot the Creek, and hay is jd'undant. Xorih and acro-s the railway to the Qu'Appelle JJiver the land is chiefly prairie — for the most part rollinn-, iMirichcd by ponds and blutl's of pojilar, i^ivinii' _you a country well suited for nuxe 1 tai'mini;'. iSeyond the valley on the wot we liave prairie, on the east ponus and blutl.-. The soil varies tVom heavy to sandy loam. eii;lit to fifteen inches in depth ; subsoil from "heavy clay thounliout intermediate staii'es to sandy irravtd." The rule is i^-ood sandy loam with fairly heavy sid)soil, eminently >uitable for mixed tarmini.':. Owim;; to high land and timber forming windbreaks to tlio westwaid and north, this disti'ict is free fiom severe stormy winds, the land generally l\'ing high, and rolling, is well drained. In winter men emjdoy themselves cutting timber I'ails and firewood, hauling hay from meadows to stables, teaming grain. Ii:iy and wooil to market. " With rare exceptions deep ploughing and summei- fallowing properly attemkM to, secure good crops. With comparatively poor cultivation which is here, the rule rather tlian the exception, the average is twenty liii>liels wheat, thirty-five oats, thirty barky, one hundi'cd and sixty potatoes. In >easons of suffirient rain fall, these returns may be doubled. " This district is suitable for mixed fai'ming. Farmers who have gone at all extensively into stock have invariably ilone well, whether in raising horst's, cattleor sheep. " This district has from its first settlement, in 18S;t, been specially noted for prime butter. Latterly the production has been larger, but the (juality has not kejit up, many rushing into careless making, because good and careful makers secured fair pi'ices. The result has been ovei'stoeks of poor and medium butlei-. " T(> I'emedy this a creamery was started last year at Broadview successfully as to the quality made and price received. This year the cream of 4U0 cows is promised to the creamery, and it is intended to run it the full season, the |)ro|)rietoi' liuyingthe cream at the fai-mers' houses, gathering and taking it to the civamery, manufactur- ing the butter and ship])ing it as a private enterprize." In nearly every township there are vacant lands for homesteading, and land may be purchased at from §2 and uinvards. For building everywhere prairie surface stones arc fouixl well suited for build- ing houses, stables, milk-houses aiul the like. There is abundance of wood for feticing. There is no limit to the supply of sand, gravel and lime where concrete houses can be made. Jjimestone is found and kilns are casilj' made. All possible advantages as to schools and religious services of all denominations are enjoyed. ]\[r. Thorburn bears evidence to the excellence of the roails and biidges. We need not say that all sorts of implements, seed grain, etc., can be easily obtained. There is a weekly mail within easy distance. y. ^ I STOrK—CIlKK.'iE ASU JiUTTEU. 29 A ! WOLSHLKV DISTIilCT. Mr. H. I'. iiic'lwirdMtii icprosonts iliis (li^lri(•t in llic Xurtli-Wcst r.t'iii>.liitivo A«seinlily. Wo know it |ii'olty wi'll, ami reciiifiiizc iho aiciirjicy of Ium (hs-^ci i|»tiot; : " Tim iiri'ii of tlio Wolst'Uy l>i>tricl is aliout -\ liy "»0 inilcn, comprising Town- ships 1') to 22 iiicliiHivo ill UaiiMOs 7, H, !•, 1(1 wi'>l of i lie 2iii| J'riiifipal Moriiliaii. " The dihli'ii't in gently iiiuliilatiim', and is watoicd Ijy tin- I'ipDstoiu' aiul Qu'- Ajipello livers. Ahoiil onc-tliird of tlic district is covered willi timlier of the followinii varieties, vi/,: white and hiack jioplar, birch, willow, ash and soi't maple. "The soil is a rich Mack clay loam on the surface, witji a riidi (day siihsoil eontaininn' deposits of voi^etaltic matter and lime. Wheat, oats and barley are eliieriy raiHed, toi^ether with cattle, horses, sheep and swinc. " Mixed farming has been tiie most protitaMe. Natural and artificial lakes are niimoroiis, and several small creoks water the district." The hiifhest temperature in summer is 100^, and the lowest in winter 155' to 40" below zero, but it very seldom ^oes so low. Spring opens about 15tli March; seediii<; bej;iiis about 1st April, sometimes earlier. Harvest be,:,'ins about the 20th of .Viinust. Winter sets in aiiout Christmas, but it is seldom luH-ossary to shelter stock until .Taiiiiary. The colib'st wcathei' is in February, ami the winter breaks up in March. Wheat is I'aised extensively ; oats and liaiiey are also raised to a lari:'e extent, and pease also are beini;' raised with ; pease, 25; but 10 bushels of wheat, 8t( bushels of oats, and 40 bu>hels of barley is not uncommon. Stock-raising has bei'ii very successful. Hay can be procured in sullicient (luantities for stock, and owing to the many >hellered pi)rtioiis of the district horses do well out during the whole ot tlie winter. Bands of horses have wintered out in the neighbourhood of Wolseley, (rrci'iit'cll and in the valleys of the Pipestone and (iu'Appelle. north and south of tliese places. Slice]) are raised in large numbers, and do well, ]>aying as much as 55 per cent. profit. There are about 10,000 sheeji now in the district. Cotswold, Southdown, Shro])shire, Down, etc. In Horses, the Clydsedale, and Shire horses are raised very successfiily for draught — and the Hnglish thorough-bred blood horses, for speed and sale, for the carriage and saddle. The sires used, are generally imported froir England, or I'Gastern Canada, and are crossed witli Cauaditm and native inares. The cliinatt'. siieltcr, abundance of luxuriant gras>es, plenty ot pure water, and the cool nights make it a very desirable portion ot' the Territories for dairy tanning. A cheese factory is establi>hed in the Primitive Methodist Colony, north ot'the Qu'Appelle River, and on the line of the North-West ("enti-al IJailway. A cheese factory also has been in opc;ation at Grenfell, on the line of the Canadian Pacific Kailway, for two years. There is an unlimited market for cheese and butter in British Columbia and the Rocky Mountains, at good i)rices. The price obtained for cheese during 1889, was from" 10 to 14 cents per j)ouiid, at the I'actories, Butter in ISSit, from 20 to 25 cents, for creamery and choice dairy. Plenty of wood is obtainable yet, at distances '^f one to six miles, and the supply is likely to be equal to the demand for fifteen or twenty years. In some ))ai'ts of the district near the rivers, wood will be u>.ed for fuel for many yeai's. Coal tVoiu British Columbia and Alberta, can be had here, at a reasonalde cost, which is likely to be largely reduced when the minos to the south are openeil, and comiietition increased. Free grant lands can yet be had, at from twelve to fifteen miles from the rail- ways, and a few liomesteails perhaps nearer. AflA'ED FAIiMIXG. Tlipri' IS )iliMit\ i>t' ilu' vol y clioiccHt land willi ainl witlioiit wood, to bo itur- Cli:ih0"l, flolM ??-. .■)(), Il|i In 81".'>" jtt'l" ai TO. Win-re liiiilicr is noiir, many nwo lo^'s for Itiiililiii;;, wlioif i^ood loin's uro dislai'^ llio sftilcr I'illii'r iisos Iiiinlior, siOno or coik roto. Tlioio i« Hiitticioiit Htonoand liiu. for Itiiildiiii; loiindalioiis, and in many jdacjoH, for tlio orcotion of buildin^'H. Till' district is well sii|(|»liod wiili wator t^oriorally, many ravines have boon daniiiifd, thns croatiny; lar^^o artilicial laUos. Tlu' fj>ii'Ap|iollo liivor, and tlio I'ipotonc, and tho I'boaHanf oroides in th»' nortb, sM|i|ilv a ^roal deal of wator. (ronorally wator lias boon found at from IH to .")(( Irol, vvhilf -oiiic woils aio Sll foot, 'I'lio wator is n'ood. (troid'oll. Wolsoioy and Sammborry. on tho (.'anadian Paoilic I{ailway, aro oxool- li'iit marl^ols for ail kinds of furm |iro(lnci' ; also MolVal at tbo woutb, in ran;fo ton, and Mllislinro, in \MrA|ii>ollo N'alloy, and IMioa.-ant Korkn, afford <^ood markols for ovorythinir ibo sotllor can raiso. (ironfoll ami Wolsoioy, aro ovon in Assiniboia, roniarkalijo for llio inimboi-s and (laality of thoir sottlomonts. and the wholo dintriol will ((iiniiaro favoarably with any otlior district in llio North-Wowt TorritorioH for intolliu'ciico, tlirift, onor;j,'y, pliysioal and moral soundness. rpon llic o.Ntonsion of tlio Xortb-Wost (-'oiilral, tlirouuli tho Primitive Moliiodist Colony, tlicic will bo bottor locaMnarkotH there, bul at present, i;'ood markets for llio Colony aro found at Wolsoioy, Port Qn'Aj)pollo and < Ji'ordbll. .Schools ovt'iywlioiH! within i asy distanoo. Prairio chickon. rabbits, dntd«s, yoose, wild tiiriceys, foxes, badgor.s and ,uophers, aro ])Icntit'nl. l'"isli can l>o obliiiriod in tho rivers, tho principal kinds being whito-tish and piko. Small fruits do ronuukably well, both wild and cultivated. Ap|>le trees aro boiny laisod in tho more shidtored portions of the district, but the experiment has not been tried lon^' cnoai;-li to i^ive fruit. Wild (dierrios, saskatoon-berries, strawberries, raspberries, black-currants and i^ooseberries, are abundant. Those fruits when cultivateil — either from the wild or imported trees — do remarkably well. lioads and bridn'os aro jf mkI as a matter of coui'se. In our introductoiy remarks we said aifrioultural societies exist .all over Assini- boiii — In this District ot Wolscley, there are three — CJronfell, Wolseley and Pheasant Forks. This last beioni;'s to the Pltl.MITlVE .MetI1oI)I.ST CoI.oNV north of the Qu'Appelle river and on the projected line of the Xorth-Wost Central Jiailway. — anoMetiict oflan and !(• and townships 'I'l and 'JI;, ranges 8 and !*, west of the -nd principal meridian. Townships 21 and '11 are generally level, excepting the south-east township which embraces a poi'tion of tho Pbuasanl Hills, and which is somewhat ndling and fairly well wooded. Township 'l'.\ is considered rolling land, but is not so to ;i.iy great extent. This ; 1 -■- - .^-~ ., , „ ...^ . — J f. township is better ada])ted to cattle raising, than grain growin ■11 ■ • • riioro is some oxcolleiit ianil, bul portions of it aro somewhatgravelly. In moist seasons there is an abundance of grass, sloughs of various sizes are to be found in every part of it. Townships L'l and 22, ranges as above (which are the best settled) are equal to most ])arts c^f tho North-West. Jiich, black soil, reaching to a depth of 18 inches or 2 ieet in some places produce abundant vegetation, and large crops of cereals are grown. Oats grow luxuriantly in both these townshi])s; wliile wheat seems to be a surer crop on the hills generally than on those parts lying lowei-. There are several crooks intersecting tho colony — the Pheasant Creek, and the Peail Creole, boiiig the lai-gest. There are no rivers hero, but there aro several lakes or ponils. Mixed farming is the rule, and with slight necessary adaptation to locality, &c., it will be found to be the surest way to success. inl, to bo piir- >* art' (liNiai'f one and liiu. L!s liavf boon in tli(« north, om 18 1(» .•)() iiy, arc oxcol- in raii^'t) ten, niarkolH lor 1 As.siniboiii, 'holo (lirttrict • rritorioM lor voMutliodist inark'ets lor ind gophors, sh and pi Uo. eosaro boiny' has not beon trawborrit'ts, 1 trci's — do 3V er AsHini- i'hoasant ■St Colli ral nd 10 and jiwtiships mbracos a 1 woodod. 'lit. This 0 is soino thoro is irt of it. equal lo inciios or 'reals are IS to bo a , and the 9ral lakes ility, &c., FItrirs AM) llJiWKUS. .'t1 Soodin;; jionorally starts almiit the iniddlo oi' April, Imt in IHSU, >oodiiiij \va> gonoral in Maroh. Harvest time is iiNiially in Aniiust and Scptt'iiibor. In wintiT tlio settlors worU at lojf<,riiiir, nmrkoliiin- niain, and Imildiiiy;. The crops raised here are wheal, oats, barley. Iiiiiiips, potatoes and llax-soed in small (juantities. In ordinary >oasu!,s, t he avragc of t lie wheat crnps will have been from litt to 2r» bu>liols |icr aero. Some ^A' the roots yiown have weighed 40 ll)s. each. Mangol-wiir/.el boots, and carrots do well. Some line .-ptfcimeiis ot' vegetable mar- rows, eitrons, \c., have lioeii i;riiwii here, and ordinarily garden truck ot all kiml- grow luxuriant ly ; poiatoes Imve yielded over 150 bushels to liie acre, iuul of mi>st o.Ncollent (luality. Oats seems to be the siirosi crop atnongwt cereals, and SO bushel 'i;ivo beon grown to the acre, the average boiiig aiioiit 10 bu>liel> per acre; barley ^ n > imudi grown; poano have not bei-n a general crop. This portion ot the Wolosloy District upon the whole is best udapted lor nii.\ed liirming. As a rule there is plonty of gra-^s and hay to make stock raisiiij;- prolitablo. Iloi'Kos, oaltle and sJKH'p III any !;■ I breed dn wi-ll here. <'aitle ire being im- proved by the use ol thorough hied |)urham bulls. The northern portions ot this district are host iidapled lor dairying. A ciioese factory is in course of erect ion, and will be in use this summer. The grass on the Phoa>aiil Jlills is in the iiighest dogroo nutritious, but all parl> produce sjilendid leed. "The water supply as a wiiolo is n'ood, and free IV'Un alk'ali.. A gnod general store is kept at lMiea>ant Forks, and we thus have a iiomo iinuket for dairy ])ro- (luco, iiiit a distance of thirty miles has, at present, to be travelled to reach a market for grain. A ( oiisidoi'ablo atiiount ly ol watoi'. The average depth of wells will not be more than 110 feet, and the watef is as a rule good. Woli'soly, Indian Head, Fort (^tu'Appolle and (^a'Apiiello Station, iiavo bt'cn the main markets for thi-^ neii;hbourliond. The nenrosi is thirty miles dislant. M.MlKKT i'lUCKW : — Wheal. "<• eoiits; oats, .")0 eeiits; potatoes, 7"i cents por bushel; bult"r. 14 cents poi' lb., .and egg>, I'l eeiits per dozen. The (ireat \orth-West ("entral liailway is o.xjieeted to run through this neigh- bourhood by next fall, which will lie a great advantage to both old and new seniors. There are three orii'ani/.ed school disiricts in liiis neiglilioiirhood. Ifoliirions sorvices are ln'ld ai six ditVoreiit points. tiamo plentiful, ^«'o tish. i'lonty ol piairie chickens. \c. There are a tew prairie wolves, foxes, badgers and skunks. l{as]iborrics, strawberries, curranis and gooseberries grow hero, aiul with culti- vation do well. .Iiiiud)erries, strawberries and ehoko-cherrios grow in several parts. The rose, the crocus, Ihe cowslip, ki' . , grow in luxuriant lioauty. Wo have two mails jior wetdc, on Wednesdays and Saturdays. No t»'lograj)h yet, but when the (1. X. W. Central reaches here the telegraph service will aeeom])any it. North of the .Methodist Colony is an area of eight miles square, partly a i)lull country, and partly open juaiiio ; elay subsoil. The Pheasant Creek runs through it. There are many oxeellent springs of waters; it is eminently suitable for mixed larming. All that has been said about climate, croj), etc., applies to this portion of the countrv. i iilp, 'ill f! • -V:-!; '^m h. i »i •ji A LAyn OF PLENTY. 33 Tt is ivs rnxxl !• . any otlior part of tho Xort i-West for roots, porh aps bctt or, ■X soeinj^ that tlicro ilioy liavo niised IJOObuslu'ls of potutoos to tlio iiaiv. An a nuitter of course it is ^^ood for all kinds of stoclc. Wood for fuel is ])U'ntiful. Tho homestead land is, as a rule, taken up, bui tliero are syndicate lands to be l)oui;iit at a moderate price. They liiive stone and lo^-s for building. The small fruits llourish. There aro few more attractive parts of the North-West than this. WALL AC!']. Still in the north, we next deal with the Electoral District of Wallace, better known as Yorkton, ie])resentcd in our Iiocal Lenislature by Mr. Joel Reaman. It covers an area of about r>, 0(10 square miles; it is composed of iicntly undulatinu; prairie, covered with aiiundance of rich and luxurious grasses, inttM'spersed with streams, sloi 'j;hs and lakes. The bluIVs relieve tho monotony, and add beauty to the scene, and are useful as well as ornamental, supplying; the pioneer with fuel, build- ini^ material and fenciniz:. The lands of this district may be classed uiKler four beads — 1st, jL^rain-growi .g; 2nd, i;ra/,iii,i;' and d.iiryinsr; ;jid, mixed farming: 4th, 'timber and wood lands. The whole disti-ict is adapted to grain-gi'owing ; the soil is for the most part a clay loam, with clay subsoil; occasionally, howevei-, there is to be Ibund •soil of a sandy loam with clay subsoil. The Assiniboine river is navigable and could be utilized for manufacturing pui'posos. The same is true of the White Sand Lakes. Ponds uimI sloughs are numerous. Climate tlelighttul ; blizzards un- known; snow as a rule falls to a depth of from six to eight inches. Winter begins in last week ni December and lasts to the end of March. Spring opens laltei' ])arL of March or 1st of April, and seeding commences lir.-.t week in April. As a rule it lains in June. Autumn is ])leasant, with occasional showers ami frost. "The climate," sa3's Mr. iJcaman, '' though slightly colder in wintei' and wai-mer in sum- mer, is no more severe on tho average, than that of Ontario or Northern .Michigan or W*. cousin. "Tho crops grown are: — Wheat, oats, Itarley, flax, ])eas(^ and corn; these ai'o the only grains which have been grown here as yet ; although 1 am of the opinion that all tlie other cereals could be grown, from the tiict that corn luis iieen success- fully grown and ripened. "Tioots antl vegetables are very prolific, and yield abundantly; especially pota- toes and turr.ips. (Jarden vegetables — as onions, parsnips, beets, tomatoes, cucum- ber, celeiy, ''arrots, cabliage, caulillower, and in faci any vegetable grown inOtitario can bt grown here, and will yield l)etler retuins for the same labour. Small fruits also do well. "The average yield per acre is- I'lllslll'Is. 30 (10 ;ir» , .")00 Wheat Oats Hail.y Potatoes Turnips sod Sugar beets al..o ilo well, and yield aimiit ."J,') tons to the acre in this district. " lM)r stock-raising the whole ot' this district is admirably suite(l, but more i)ar- ticularly so in the regions along the White Sand Ilivei-, and in the Devil's Jiako countr_y, where there is an ahumlance of gi'asses of a very suj)erior quality, and ■wlieie tho cattl(! .-ind stock of all kinds winter out all winter, and come out in splendid condition in the spring. Another point in favoui- of this as a stock country is that there is an abundance of good water. "The breeds ot cattle that pay best, are either good grades of the largo or beef classes of ciittle, or those of the small breeds, best adajjted for diiirying. 1 havo seen two-3'ear-old steoi's turned out from tie ranches of this ilistrict weighing TOO to" •000 lbs. dressed. 34 KlNliRA E—RAIL WA YS. " ITortJOH uIho do woll, as also sheep; in fact any kind of stock pay well, as they cost l>ut ven little, as hay can be bought at §1 per ton, and has never been liighcr than 8- ])er ton in this district. " The most siiiiable ))art of this district for dairying, is that part surrounding Yorkti>n ; and from this fact a company is being formed with a capital stock of $3,000 with which to carry on a creamery on the most modern and improved plan. The building is to be of stone and titled with centrifugal cream separators, and operations will comnienco early next spring, and the outlook for this industiy is very ])roinising, as this distiict is second to none in the world as a dairying district. Yorkton butter will bo anxiously looked for by those wishing a tirst class article. " The facilities are :— Abundance of native hay, the great crop of roots which can be grown, the purity of water and cool nights. •'The markets are : — 1st. Home consumption, moderate. 2nd. British Columbia, good. .Old. British Columbia, fair. " Railway facilities for eliipping, Manitoba and North-West Railway, fuc .ly li rood. itirely of wood, which is close by and :'onsistin; within easy leach of all, and can be had at the usual government fee. " But this ilisti'ict will eventually be supplied with coal from Prince Albert, which lies about 200 miles to the i\orth-west, and, on the completion of the Mani- toba and North-West Railway, will, no doubt, be laid down at Yorkton and neigh- bouring stations at reasonable rates. '■There is abundance of land in this district both tor sale and to homestead, suitable tor stock-raising, grain-giowing or mixeil farming, close to churches, schools, post olRce, iScc. Land may be purchased at from $2 to $20 per acre. " There is abundance of ituiiding mateiial in this district, not only of logs but of stone. Lime is also burned heie. Sand is also found, and in the north of the district we have a saw mill which supplies ])lent3- of spruce lumber. "Good water may beliadatfrom 16 to HO feet. In some localities natural springs exist, one of which may be seen at Yorkton. " The local markets are good for a new place, and farm produce sells quite readily at fair prices. Wheat ')0c. to GOc, per bush. Oats ;{0 " 40 Potatoes 40 " 50 " Butter . l.> " 20c. per lb. Kggs 10 " 20c. per dr:'. "Schools are within easy reach of all, and the advantages here are i'<,n..! tern Railwa}' passes thiough the district at this point, and the North-West Central is likely to puss through to the south side of the Manitoba and North-Western Kaihvay. This portion of the district is well supj)lied with water. Water is als(j obtained with certainty by well-digging at an average dej)th of 30 feet. There is a good maiket at Landenbuig — wheat, ISc. ; oals, .'jOc. ; potatoes, T5c. ; butter, 12ic. There are a number of tirst-class schools, and several more will be built this season. There is an abundant supply of all kinds of game in this southern part of the dlsti'ict, except tish : — Geese, ducks, j)l()ver, snipe, prairie chicken, partridge, &c. ; bears, wolves, woolvorine, foxes, badgers, skunks, mink, and other furbearing animals. NORTH QU'APPELLE. W. SUTHERL.\ND, M. L. A. Although the niime Qu'Appelle is now ai)i>lied to a large district and politically covers two constituencies, originally it belonged exclusively to Fort Qu'Appelle and its immediate neighbourhood. Qi;'Appolle— " Who calls?" — a name suggested by an echo to the early voyageurs. Fort Qu'Appelle and its vicinity is one of the 'uost beautiful portions of this western land. North and south hills rise from two to three hundred feet, with strips of timber at regularly recurring intervals. The river connects a system of lakes, the favourite haunts of water-fowl. Wliitefish and other varieties abound in these waters. Near the town grouse and j)artiidge may be shot. TIk' electoi'al district of North Qu'Appelle extends thirty six miles frotn east to west, embracing ranges 11 to Ki west of the 2nd Principal Meridian, Dominion Lands Survey. From north to south it extends ninety miles, embracing townships 20 to 34. The land is rolling ])rairie, dotted with poplar bluffs, which give it a park-like appear- ance. These bluffs serve as protection during winter, and yield a supplj'' of logs for building, rails for fencing, and an abundance of fuel for domestic and manufacturing pui'poses. The soil generally, throughout thedistrict, is of tirst class ([uality — a black loani with a subsoil of clay. In some localities it is iighler t!ian in others, and in such places crops mature earlier than in neighbouriioods of the heavier quality. The jirincipal river is the (^i'A])polle. which Hows thi-ough the district from west to east, linking t(jgether a chain ot beautiful lakes. ( hitdoor employment in winter is fniml in of hauling grain to market, getting out fencing and cordwood, logs, ka.. from the woods, hauling and selling hay. During the winter months there is a limiti-d amount of freighting. Outside work can bo carried on throughout the entire Avinter, with the exception of a veiy few days. Says Mr. W. Sutherland, M.L.A.: " For growing spring wheat it rt'oukl be hard indeed" to surpass this district. The varieties of wheat raised here are almost entirely the Roil and White Fyl'e, No. 1 hard, which have already made a name in the markets of tlu^ world for tlieir suj)erior qualities— a thin skinned, bright, flinty grain, full of gluten, unexcelled in any country. These so desirable properties ai'e brought forth by two great factors, our soil and our climate. The soil contains, to a large degree, all the necessary eonstituteiits of the wheat ])lant, being exceedingly rich in lime, potivsli, nitrogen and phosphoric acid, all of which is largely heli)ed by the action of the frost in winter rendering the land more triable. When, to these factors, the o plentiful and '^o much cheaper than coal that it is the principal fuel. There are abundant supplies of wood and stone for building ])urposes, also good limestone for maih, one of wdiich is the world renowned whitelish ot' the great lakes, but is of a more delicat*' flavour ; pike, local name jacktish ; pickerel and largo yellow jiei'ch. I'arties who tish for the market or for tlie purpose of trading, ai'e required to take out a license, but any other person can tish with a net or otherwise foi' his own use without interference from any person, excepting during (dose season, wdien all nets are required to be taken up. A ^n-? £iiiu laisLS oi iiif ui.-ii nji. oioiij^ii Miooiiii^ luoii^u uoiiiMUUiuu rather u tame sport, aiVords a Jiever failing supply of duck fu' the settlers' tables. AVild geese resf)rt to the ^tubble fields in tlie autuniii, and can be easily killed in their pa.ssage from there to the lakes morning and evening. '■ The prairie chicken shooting of this district has been celebrated for years. The chicken, or ])iniutteescri])lion tlo well, and thrive in the winter without being put up, some being turned out all winter as they scrape for fodder under tho snow. One ease was recently brought to notice of a mare which was out all the winter and came back in tlie spring looking all the better for it, and with a foal at her side. Durhams, Herofords, llolsteins, P(jlled Angus and Highland cattle luivo been imported into this district and are doing well. South Down sheep do well here and are very prolific. " The whole of this district is well adapted tor dairy farming. Tho pasture is luxuriant and hay plentiful. Water is also scattered over tho district, so that stock have not to loam far to drink. A good many of tho ravines have been dammed lately, and in the spring these dams fill u]i. A steampower cream.ery, worked on the cream gathering system, having a capacity for milk from 600 cows, is woi'kod each summer. At present only 300 cows are available to supply milk to it. Nearly tho whole of the output of butter is shipped west along the Canadian Pacific Eail- way, some of it going to British Columbia. Tho proprietor of the creamery sends every other day to the farmers supplying cream an(l collects it. He also delivers their mail to them, thus saving them a trip to town. " There is })lonty of wood for fuel and domestic purposes within easy reach of settlers. The aviwage ]irico is 82.25 per coitl. Permits can bo obtained to cut wood by those who jjrefer to cut and draw for themselves. The coal used here is brought in over the Canadian Pacific Railway, and is hard anthracite from Pennsylvania, and \ \ aAME OF ALL A7Ti>,b'. 41 ces and •essful. i'se8 of being L'cently in the ctbnb, i.strict IC'll of wood ought a, and soft bituininoiiH from TiCtlihridge colliery, Alberta. The wood for fuel i»ay bo described as while poplar, hlack poplar, ash-leafed maple. "Jii tills muiiieipality there are lOT.dOO acres of free grant land, or <)4.") liirins of 100 acres ea<*ii. The main line ot the C'anailian Pacific EaiUvav runs fiom ea>. nearness to town. "There is a lumber merchant in the town of QirAjipclle, who alwaj's has a gonoral stock of lumber on hand which he sells at marlcet price. In several parts ot llie district there is plenty (•(' stono for huilding. There is a bricU-yard a few miles west, wiience liricic can he hrought at a reasonalile rate. On some sections of land there are jilenty offence rails, whilst in othei' places there is some ditlleulty in obtaining them. Ther(! is a fairly good supply of water for stock and domestic jnir- poses. l-jvery farm has one <»r two wells in addition to the sloughs. The digging of wells is, as a rule, atten(le(l with success. In some places holli hard and soft water are found — the fornu;r is itnpiegnaled with sul))hiir and iron; and the sloughs, as well as some of the wells, contain a little alkali. The av(M-age depth at which watcM- can be obtained is 25 feet. Thei'e are excellent markets for tarn) produce of all kinds at the vai'ious railway stations, especially at Indian Jiead and (^)irAppelle." In regard to education, this district has as good advantages as any disti'iet in the Territories. Wo have already referred to the Aniilican college, about two miles from Qu'Ap])elle. Attached to it is a scdiool for hoarders or day jmpils (hoys), where a classical and lihoral education, ])rej)aratory to university life, is given. The fees are very moderate. 'IMiis school is available for the sons of settlers who are desirous of obtaining a higliei' education. The school is under the (diarge of the IJev. W. AV. NicoUs, and a matron superintends the household departnient. Thei'e is also an agricultural college where young men from Hngland and elsewhere are received, and obtain instructions in pi'actical farming on the coll 'ge farm, which covers an area of (140 acres. All is uiidei' the guidance of the Hishoji of '^u'Appelle. "The town of Qu'Ap])elIe is well supplied with churches, the four jjrincijial denominations having clitices, and missionai'ies from eah and Jack fish are brought into market from the Qu'Appelle lakes. Deer are occasionaliy to be shot round here, and rabbits anil hares are at times very numerous. Hadgers and skunks, too, are often seen, as well as foxes and cayotes. Wild geese, waveys, sand-hill cranes, ducks, prairie chicken, partiidge. plover and snipe are to bo found throughout the district. '• Fruit culture has not yet been tried to any great extent. A few farmers how- ever, have been siiccesslul in raising lilack, red and white currants, gooseberries, sti-awberries and raspberries. The soil is, without doubt, well ada])ted to fruit culture. Wild raspberries, strawberries, currants, saskatoons and cheri'ies abound. During the spring and early summer file whole prairie is a jieit'ect flower garden. Wheii'the pas(|ue flower, which appears as soon as the snow disa])pears. has flowered for a short time, it is succeeded by violets, after which every imaginable wild flower — fron\ the humble daisy to the pretentious tiger lily, not forgetting orchids, hare bells, anemonies, traiiiiig honey suckle, the whitethorn bush and the grey bush willow, to which we owe the sweetest scent of all — are to be found everywhere. " There is nothing left to bo desired in the matter of roads, bridges and trails ; the easy juuchaso of implements, seed grain, cattle, etc. There is a ]M)stal. delivery here si.\ days a week tVoni each direction, east and west. A mail leaves Qu'Appidle station daily tor Fort Qu'Appelle, and one a week for places further north. There are severalother post oflices in the district. The Qu'Appelle post office is also a money order ottice. Besides the C. P. R. telegraph, ihe head otiice of the Goverii- ment'telegraph service is at (Qu'Appelle, and its line runs from here to Battlefoi-d, Prince Albert, Edmonton an'. Sou'.h and west of the town tlows tho Waseana. Mr. [)un(an Midntyre and Mr. Aniens, after visiting; Miiypt, visited the t-reat tViiitfiil iJeLjiia phiin and deelared the soil ot the lu'iiinaljasin to be of tiio same (diaraeter as the soil produced by the overfl )wini;; of the Nile. Heyond the Waseana, to tho west, are the head(iiiarters of the .Mounted l'(dieo. where there are rsually more than 200 of this foree. Here there is a tino bai I'acks and a iria^fniticenl ripapers of tho Dominion which it has held ever since. It has always aimed at e.\pres8in,ii' Xorth-West opinion and is s|)ecially devoted to the interests of the farmers. It is conservative qnalitied by this that on Xorih-West (juestions it is tndepemlent, and places the interest of the Nortli-West above its allei;-iaiice to purty. As yon drive from the Barracks to town you pass lar^e stables ai\d uone-storieil buildiiii,' coveriiii;' a lary'e aiea. with k'itchen uaiden to the west, tlower li'arden on the east aii; more than a ([uarter of a mile's ilrive brinu's you to the buildiiii^s whore the Legislative Assembly of the Territories meets and where the Liouteniint (.rovernor and his staff carry on tho business of the country. Hy tlieii' side, to the east, is tho Indian Department building;, wherein the Indian Commissioner and a laru;e statt' conduct the Indian i)iisines.s of the Teiritories. As yoii drive on, you pass an elevator and a mill and the railway runnini;' north to I'rince Albert ami a ntmdierof well-built houses erected within tho last two or throe years for residences. Crossing the track of the Canadian Pacific Railway you are soon driving east along tho principal business street in which are some very tine stort^s and two commodious hotels well builtof bri(dc, the Lansdowne and the I'almer. Nearing Broad Street vou are struck by the substantial character of the buildings. In Broad Street are three hotels, ^■everal tine stores and some pretty residences. One of these hotels, the Windsf)!-, a little way up on the east side, makes, with the two already alluded to in South JJailway Street, tliree buildings, largo, warm, substantial, for tho accommoda- tion of the public, and the way thai public is catered for astonishesvisitoi-s from tiio Kast, who are not prepared to find, in a town eight years old, cooking as good as in any hotel in Kastcrn Caiuida, and all the comforts which refinement and care can give. Having driven down Broad Street some "listanco you turn west on to Eleventh Avenue and see some ])i'etty residences around. What is that tine binlding standing in an open space? That is the school house. A school house, large as it is, barely able to accommodate the children who have u knack of becoming more mimerous every year. Having ])assed two streets you emerge on Scarth Street, in which are some tine stores and a private bank well built of brick. Turn- ing south you are soon at the ])ost office, a substantial brick structure, and pro- ceeding farther anotlier substantial building leads to enquiry and you learn it was built by the Canada Noith Wi'ftt Land Company; that it contains the courtroom whore the Supremo Court of the Territories sits ; judges' chambers ; clerks' cham- bers; sheriff's ofHces ; laml otttce ; that, moreover, its destiny is to be a Land Otlice and Eegistry Otfice, and that within a year or so a tit Tein|)le to Law will be erected, when judge and sherift'and clerk will migrate to more imposing quarters. You are A PROaiiESSIVE TOWy. 43 now in (^lUurio Street, ami to the south on Hovorul Mtroets nro soen handsomo private rosidoncos. In Victoria Street is the Bank of Montreal, u hirt,'e timl)or hiiihlin^, whence, however, in U'ms thanayear the liank will jro to a tine l)rick edilu'c in coiirno of erection on Scartii Street. In Virtoria Street is one of the printing' ojiices; in Broad Street another. At the Lk vdkii otlice in \'ictoria Street thousands of voliinies have been printed and bound, InSeartli Sti-eetis the Town Ifall, a lari;e hut not an impoHinjj; building, erected in the "early days," where public nieotini^s are hehl, lectui'CH delivered, plays nlayed, concerts sum;, balls i^iven. Near it is the Presby- terian Cliuich, no lonjfer iari^e enough for an e.xpamling congregation. From the Post, ofHcc, looking south-east, you see a large new brick building — the Methodist ('hui-ch — and to the west, the Unman ("athnlic Church, anf England. To theoast of the Methodist ('hur(h is alai-ge new timbei- building. This i.s the curling rink, erected by a company. It contains two i-ink.s, and the " roai-ing game" in very popular. IJcgina has a mayor and council ; a Hoard of Trade; a Ban i)f the liii'.- uiul tixtoiidinj^ Iroin tlio Soiiris to flu* (!y|)it'Hs Jfills. Mr. lietiililor I'aiil, llm I'ro.- i-hwil, |M)iiils to places wlioro coal, iron oioh, gyiouiii, rlays MiitaiiK- lor pottory, and 8tuiie arc t'oiind. NOllTII ]{I-:GINA. Kki'Iikskntkii in thk Looai- IIofsE nv D. V. .Ikm.v, M.L.A. The 'listrict (il'Xorlli Ito^iiia ruiiH oivHt and west from rt:mi,'t' 17 to Raii^c 2.'{ iiH liisivc, and nortli and Hontli from Townsliip IS to III inclusive, covering 4.284 Mjuaif mile-, or tiS"), 144 acres. About half tlic district contains sullieiont huHh to fnrnisli fuel, fenciriij and Imildini^ material, with cnouifh of open prairie between biutfs loi- cultivation. This part is well adapted tor mixed farmiiii;. There isamplo means fur walerin<^ Mtock, anil hay sloughs in abundance; in fact, this is a great tarmini;' di>irict. The Hoil in this jiorlion is gravel or sandy loam, and for growing all kinds of cereals and root crops cannot l)e surpassed. Tiie oilier half open undulating praiiie, every foot of whi8t point r mixed )r(l good ers, and (icing ast weolc ch 15th. i fishing, gilts are n, ra])0, all roots and all vouiablo flax, 20; ass and lit most wns are best suited. The vuIU'Vm whore streams iiic to bo found aiv narticulurly suited to .oil. The idea these settlers have* t'ormed of their " location," may be gathered from the name they have given their post vlliee — Kdcnwald. Near those is the settlement in the "Hlulfs" — the name importing that it is timbered aiound the sloughs. Here you may (irive a whole day thrnugh a lovely parUdike country. The settlers are composed of l-lnglish, Irisli, Scoteii and some ot their homes are sot in (loral beauty. .>[oro westerly is a Highland settlement where men and women with all the noble (lualilies of Highlanders ate laying the foundations of prosperity. Further to the iu>rlh — lying east of Long Lake, is a (forman si'ttleinent, Strass- bourji', in the midst ot a lovely blutV ccjuntiy — marked liy luui h pro>iierity and progress. Wild flowers of every kind abound, as do all the small fruits in North Rogina. SOUTH KK(nNA. Kepkkskntri) i!Y .fonv Skcoiu), Q.('., M.L..'\. South Uegina cninprises about 4,200 square miles in art'a. The south westerly portion, taking in Wood ^lountain, is well wooded; tlioie is abundance of water, and this, with the rich grass, makes it specially suited for rancdiing jturposes. The rest of the district is well adapted for wheat growing and mixed farming. The soil is a cliiy loam of great depth and inexhaustible fertility. It is watered by theWascana ami Moose .law Creeks in tlu' North, and the head watei's of Long Creek and Big !Muddy (!reck in the South. liukes, ponds and sloughs ai'e numerous. ('attle and horses run out the year round with maikeil success. .Spring opens about 1st of April, and seeding commences about a week later. Harvest begins about August 20th, and winter sets in from November l,">(h to January 1st. Sometimes, as in the present winter. 18I)(I-!M, you may go on far into .laiiuary without having Winter oranything like what Winterisin the Mast. To-day, the I'.Uh of .fanuary, in Hogina. men go about without an over-coat, and. the air is balmy. Further west it will be milder still. Two days ago [ was in ^[oos(! .law, and but for the slight snow on the gi'ounil, what with the softness of the air, the summordiko blue of the sky anil the warm feeling in the white clouds, you would fancy it was early summer. On that day they were playing cricket at .Medicine ILd, During the winter, settlei's hatd hay and firewood to nnirkct, and look alter stock ; they also haul stone and other building materials to town. '* Owing," says .\[r. .John Secord, " to large demands for hay, potatoes, oats .and other farm pi'odnce reipiired by the .Mounted I'olice, who have their headquarters at Regina, and the liberal policy of the (rovernment wlii(di restricts the purchase of these articles in large quantities, preferring to assist individual settlers bydividing the i)urchase of the same among them. A good market is provided at fair pi'ices, handy to the settlers.'" "Our land is specially adapted for wdieat-growing, crops running from 20 to 40 bushels to the aci-e, averaging in ordinarily favourable seasons, 2r> bushels. Oats are a good crop, usually running from ?>'\ to 70 bushels per acie. " Barley yields from 25 to 35 bushels, and is a sure crop at any time. "Potatoes and other roots, with ordinary care, yield largely. Carden stuffs, as cauliflower, cabbage, rhubarb, carrots, beets, etc., are grown with great success, as can be shown by a visit to the market gardens in the vicinity of Kegiiia.' 46 .4 (/ lilC I L T I JiA L A yi) MA NCJil^'G . Tlic soiitlioin ])()r(i(>ii of this district is well Ji(lii])tc(i for Htock raisin^;. (Irass gro\v> liixmiaiitiy in tlie foot iiillH, and hay can bo i.':atliorod by thonsan Is of tons on the yellow een found difficult to obtain water, but in the larger jiorlioii watei- isobtained — good in quality — by diggingfiom twenty to eighty feet. (iood markets are found at Uegina, I'eiiso ami Balgonie for the sale of all kinds of farm j)rodu('e. Wheat is now (181)t)) (juoled at 80 cents per b\ishel, oats at 60 cents and ])olal()es at SI. 50. This iattei- higli jirico 's owing to last year's crop having been a small one. us in average years they sell at from 50 cents to 75 cents per bushel. Butter sells readily at from 20 cents to 25 cents per ])ound. Eggs at 20 cents to 40 cents per doz(>ii. (iame is abundant. Small fruits flourish, as do native and domestic plants. ^J"he district is well opened by means of roads and bridges. As a matter of course incoming settlers may obtain everything necessary to commence farming with. S|>caking of JJalgonie to the east, ^Ir. Secord says : — " The crops grown consist cliietly of wheat, oats, liarle}^ \.v,, and, in fairly favourable seasons, a good average crop is sure, (-onsideraide drawback in this district has been occasioned by the m-glcct on the part of the farmers to have their cultivated land summer fallowed and ready for spring seeding. Any negleot of this necessaiy ])ic''aution has been attended with inferior results, and the farmers aro beginning to profit by this exper- ience, and bettci' harvests may. in future, be expecteti. J''lax is grown successfully, so much so that the ('anada Agricultui'al ''ompany have decided to erect flax mills and will manufacture the fibre, so well satisfied are they with experiments in that croj). "The average yield of wheat in a favourable season may be estimated at about twenty-five bushels to the acre, oats from forty to sixty, barley thirty-five bushels. As for root crops no place can be found to compare with, or at least beat, this district. Wonderful cro]is of potatoes have been harvested, and the other varieties are as successfid. "The southern ])art of this district is very well adapted lo stock-raising and raviching, there being an excellant range of pasture lands; hills sufficient to niako a good shelter during the stormy days in winter, and in summer there is a splendid water sujiplv to be had in the numerous creeks which traverse that part of the dis- trict. "The Canadian Agi'ieultural Company of Balgoido wintered about three hun- ■ Is, :uy to and iiuiko oiidid 0 dis- liuii- ANOTIIKL' PROaRESSIVE TOWX. I 47 dred lioad ol'cuttlo williiii fifteoii miles of (hat villat;;(.! (liis past winter, 1S8!)-!H(, and this sprinu; they are in reniarl^ life of the rancher. " There is a good supply of wood tor fuel ])urposes at small cost, a settler being ablo to procure a year's 8up])ly for (he cutting at oit cents, the (lovernment charge. "Many good iiomesteads available widiin from lour- to six miles of (heCana dian Pacific itailway a( Balgonie. a thriving village on the main line, situated .'Ml miles west of Winnipeg and just tif(een miles east of liegina. hiind niay bo bought at from $2.50 to $7.50 an acre, ac<'ording (o l()ca(ion, kv. " A number of al)andoned homesteads are o])en now (in this vicir.i(y) for cancel- ation, belonging (o parties who, coming here in boom times, (ook them up with motives of speculation, having no intention wbatevei- of farming the land. Full jMirticulars can bo bad by commuiucating with the j)()stmastcr at Balgonie. '"Timber for fencing can bo had with li(tle or no ditHcidty, but none of any size for building piu'poses. in soineparts the water su)>ply is notaltogethcr satisfactory, while in others there is an adequate supply all the year round. The depth at which water is found, is usually trom ."U) to 80 feet. " .\s a rule the fanner (inds a ready market for his surplus produce." At present, the fall of IS'.K), tlu' nnirkot prices are as follows: — Wheat at 7"- cents and upwawls; oats, 45 cents; potiitoes, SI Jicr bushel; butter from 14 to 18 cents ])ei' jjound ; and eggs from \'l to 17 cents ])er dozen. All smaller fruits, gooseberries, currants, i\:e., do well with modei-atecaic. Wild liops grow in abundance and the native black currants and Saskatoon berries. A far-mor finds no ditliculty in procuring all impleiucnts, seed-grain, cattle, \c., and on most liberal tcrnis. .M()()SK.IA\V. Hki'IIKskntku in Ijocai, llorsK ijy J.v.mks Koss, .M.Ii.,\. Moosejaw is one of (he piettiest (owns in (ho Xortli-West Territoi'ies. Jjying north of the railway the Moosejaw is seen (o (Ik* south of the ti'aek and skirting- the town on the east. The principal street runs straight up I'roin the trade and the houses will one day reach the hill which rising boldly suggests a splendid site foi' some civic structure. There are some very nice churches and the school house is a fine building. \>'lierever one stands in .Moosejaw a pictures<|Ue view can be secured. " The electoral disti'ict of .Moose .law extends from the International boundary to the southern iioundary of the provisional district of Saskatchewan, and is included between range li.'J, west of (he second l'rincii)al Mei'idian, and I'ange i!, W(>st of (he Third Meridian. The distiicL is 204 miles from north to south, and 78 miles from e;isl to west. Nearly (he whole of this extensive disti'ict, says Mr. Jtoss, is adapteil for mixed larmiiig. Theseltled portion consists of a strip ranging in widih from 20 to. "JO miles along the line of the ('. V. Jiailway wcst to Caron station. A small poition of the district in the north-west corner is covered with forest; the remainder rolling ])rairie; that in the south billy. From township 14 to township '.\^y the land is ]>artieulai'ly well ailapted for grain raising, and is desci-ibed in the surveyoi^'s notes as "first class." The well known lanches of Jiiddell, (ireen \ jyascellos, (Jagen iV u; J2 o 'A 7. WILLOW BUNCH. 49 •J2 o 'A r. A'Court, and J. L. Lo^ard, are in the Moose Jaw district. The soil is a rich clay loam on a clay suljsoil from 6 to 10 feet in depth. The southern branch of the Sas- katchewan crosses the district in a north-easterly direction. The two arms of tho Qu'Appelle, one of which runs into Buftalo Lake, cross the district, and unite in township 19, range 24. Lakes, ponds, and sloughs are numerous. The climate is healthy ; endemic, and epidemic diseases are unknown. The average summer temperature is about 75" F. That of winter 20° F. Cool nights, abundant rainfall, and the prevailing north-west winds modify the heat of summer, while the cold of winter is modei'ated by Chinook winds. Spring opens about 1st March, and seeding generally begins about the end of March or beginning of April. Harvest commences about 5th August. Winter sets in about 15th December, the extremely cold weather extending from 1st Januai-y to 15th February. The Moose Jaw district is one of the best wheat raising sections in the Noi-th- West, and Moose Jaw wheat is sought after by shippers and millers, and it com- mands the best market pi-ico. The average yeild per acre for the past four seasons has been about 25 bush, to the acre, and in some more favoured cases a yield of 40 bush, has been reported. In the season of 1889, 125,000 bushels of No. 1 hard wheat was shipped from Moose Jaw station, and the prospect at present is that this amount will be very largely increased this year. On the Chicago Grain Exchange in 1887, Moose Jaw wheat was pronounced to be the finest sample of that season in America. While the whole of the Moose Jaw district is well suited for rai:iod farming there are sections of it special!}' suited for stock raising and I'anching. In the northern part are many choice locations, with all necessary wood, hay, water, shelter, itc. Along the Qu'Aj)peIle Valley are a number of tine ranges for horses and cattle, also in the District Hills, south of the railway. Sheep raising has also proveil a decided success, as shown by tho experience of Messrs. Eanbridgo and AIcLean, and Eoss and TurnbuU. Horses and cattle live out during the winter months, and thi'ivo well on the dry grass which they are able to procure, on account of the very light snowfall. In the winter of 1888 a flock of 2,000 sheep were wintered within a couple of miles of the town of Moose Jaw, and were not fed any hay whatever. As a shee])-ranching country, tho southern portion of the district cannot be surpassed. Daii-y farming is an important industry in this district. ]\[r. .lean Legar(5, at Willow Euncli, has a cheese factory, where the milk of 300 cows is manufactui-ed info cheese: and his experience, along with that of Mr. E. N. Hopkins, an experienced cheese maker, is that tiie prairie grass will produce milk that will make the tinest flavoured cheese. The butter made by the farmers is also first-class. There are splendid o])enings in the district for the establishing of creameries and cheese factories, the products of which would find a ready market in the West. " In the hills of the southern portion of tho district, and in the ravines along the (Qu'Appelle river, is a limited supply of wood, but the principal fuel used in the town and in pans of the countiy is coal, from the Lethbridge colliery. "In the southern portion of the district are extensive deposits of coal, the seams of which may be seen projecting from the hill sides. It is only a matter of a few years until these will be o])ened up and developed, and tho settlers supplieil with fuel at a reasonable figure. " North of tho town and the Caiuuliun Pacific Ilailway, as far west as Caron, for a distance of fifteen or twenty miles, all the homestead lands are taken up, except a few scattered Imsiness in town, and a yard in which tirst-elass brick is manufactuied has recently been starteil. liuildini;' stone can also he had in abundance in jjortions of the (iist:ic'. In addition to the coal deposits already mentioned, irt.nore has been tound among the hills, leadinic to the belief that there are vast stores of that impoitant mineral existing in the southern portion of the district. On section 28, township 14, range 24, is a large (|uantily of pottery clay, which has been ])r()n(»unced by experts to be ecjual to the famous Bristol clay of England, but its distance Irom the I'ailway has prevented its being worked ere this. " Despite all that has been reported to the contrary, the Moose Jaw district is fairl}' well supplied wiiii water, both f )r the use of stock and domestic purposes. Except along the rivers, the digging of wells has been attended with some uncer- tainty, on account of the great expense of sinking them to a pi'opcr depth ; but the settlers have in a measure solved the water problem by constiucting reservoirs which liold a supply of water for the Use of stock, kc. In some cases water has been struck at a depth of from 10 to 20 feet, but again 150 feet has failed to find water. " The town of Moose Jaw is centrally located in the district, and oilers a splen- did market fo- all kinds of farm produce. Four grain firms have buyers on the maiket, and prices generally range within threeor four cents of Winnipeg quotations, at the Canadian Pacific Kailwa\' sidings, at Belle Plain, Pasqua, (Jaron and Boharm; the farmers in the viciiuty are allowed to load ttieir grain direct from their granaries to the cars, and realize the same price as could be obtained by hauling it to the mar- ket town. Tiie Moose Jaw market has always been considered by the farmers, one of the best West ot Brandon. The educational advantages which the district offers to settlers are as elsewhere of the first order. In the town of Moose Jaw there is an excellent union school with a high school department, the Principal is a highly cultivated man and he has two laily assistants. In this high school department, students aie prepared for teacher's examinations and university matriculation. Ten rural school distiicfs are now in active operaion in thi- Moose Jaw district, and there is not a child in the district shut out on account of distance from attendiirg one of them. There are toui- chu;ches, and four resident ministers in the town of Moose Jaw. The Salvation Army hold nightly meetings in their barracks in town. The moral tone ol the people both of the town and district is high. Crime is unknown. The A. oose Jaw district was, before the advent of the settler, one of the great resorts, and t'eeiiing 'grounds of the now almost extinct Buffalo; evidence of this is seen in the numerous trails and Buffalo wallows on the prairie ; and the vast number of bono- that lie whitening on the broad expense. •'The pi'incipal wild animals remaining in the unsettled portions are deer, antelope, ca3-ole, badger, fox, i-abbit and wolf. Thei-e are no fish in any of the rivers. Water fowl, ducks aird geese appear in the spring and fall, in large numbers on streams, ponds and lakes; ])artridge, prairie chickens, sand-hill cranes, wild turkeys, &c., ar'c also found in large numbers. Native fruits are found in abundance, as raspboiries, strawberries, gooseberries, curiaiifs, wiM-clierries, saskatoon-berries, &c., can be found in great quantities in many parts of [he district. Excellent trails and roads have been constructed in every section of the settled portion of the district, those made by the (iovernment being in ever}' case on the (.i(»vernment road alhjwance. As settlement increases, and popuhuiori becomes denser, the (vovernment roads become more used. Where necessary — for the accomodation of the settler-s — bridges have been constructed. No difficulty is experincetl by in- coming settlers, in procuring the necessary outfits, such as agricultural implements, seed-grain, cattle, «&c. There are six post offices in the Moosejaw district, and every settler is within easy access of an office. The mails are forwarded weekly, fiom the Moosejaw office to the outlying country offices. Caron and Pasqua are supplied from the Caiuidian one deer, i ;,' .iilii'i I'll 4 M iliiin' i!l IMll'' ifl'V I • I -ih GREAT RANCHING COVNTRY. Pacific Railway. A monthly mail is carried from Moosejaw to the Willow Bunch Bettlemont and to Wood Mountain post. The Canadian Pacific Railway telegraph system gives all the accomodation required by settlers. A government line runs south from Moosejaw to Wood Moun- tain, near the ii\teinational boundary. MEDICINE HAT. Thomas Tweed, Esq., Member in the Legislative Assembly. The electoral district ot Medicine Hat consists of that portion of the provisional district of Assiniboia, lying west of the line between ranges six and seven, west of the Third initial Meridian (in Ihe Dominion Lands system of survey). It extends south to the United Slates boundary line, and noith to the Red Deer River, but, more pioperly speaking, what is known as the Medicine Hat district, consists of, say, fifty miles of the western jjortion of the said provisional district. The town of Medicine Ilat.oneof the prettiest on the continent, is situated on the south bank of the South Saskatchewan, near its junction with the Seven Persons' River, and is six hundred and sixty miles west of Winnipeg, and about half w:ay between that city and the Pacific coast. Medicine Hat lies in a bend of the Saskatchewan river, and surrounded by hills is Avondeilully picturesque. The chuvches are very pi'etty and prettily situated. On one ot the hills are the barracks of a detachment of the Mounted Police. The Medicine Hat Ilosj)ital is a noble building where some first-class work in surgery has been done. It has all the furnishing needed for such an institution. The Medicine Hat Tivws is published here. The Medicin-j Hat district is composed of slightly rolling prairie, interspersed with light liush. and towards the south timber abounds. •• The district of Medicine Hat, is noted thi'oughout the North-West as possessing the finest all-year-round climate, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and while other poi'tioiis of the Dondiuon may have a higher mean temperature, this may be accounted for by the fact that they have warm nights, while here the evenings are always cool and pleasant. The climate isvery healthy, quite free froju endemic and ej>idemic diseases, and is known as a resort for consumptive people. It may be compared to the clinuile of Colorado. The average temperature all the year round, I give of 1889-90: — 1889— May 55-17 ^ Julv . tio'lT) .lunc. 63-70 August 05,72 September 52*95 October 49-13 November 28-25 December 14-53 1S90— January 7-SO FebruaVv 042 March..". 25-54 April 40-74 Summer: 58-64 Winter : lC-81 NorE. — January was 10 de- gi-ees lower than average of 6 previous years. '-The summer heat is tempered by ihe waters of the beautiful broad Saskatche- wan Rivei-, fed by the Bow and Elbow, Belly and Little Bow Rivers, and the many other tributaries which i-ise in the Rocky Mountains, and flowing into the Saskatche- wan, combine to make it the gi-eatest of North-West rivers. This river carrying as it does through our district, the icy water from the glaciers of the Rockies, has great etfect in modyfing the heat of the summer. Numert)us creeks and lakes abound also. The Chinook winds tempers the winters. CL TMA TE—THE CHTNOO KS. 63 iitoes which Oats, wheat, barley, and all roots grnvvhero. 'The Hoil i)roduco8 pot; would delight an Irishman's heart, and the finest harloy in the world. " Uniler favourable cireiinistances, a yield of fiotn 25 to 40 bushels of wheat per acre can be had, and about 50 or (!0 bushels t)foats. "Whatever ditference of opinion ma}' tixist as to the capabilities and lesources of this district, one and all ajL^i'ce that the world does not ])ossoss its equal foi- stock raisintj, especially the souUiern pari, where an abundance of nutritious grass and hay is to bo found. Cattle, horses and sheep, of any breed laiige out all winliM', and rai'ely do they receive any feed from the hand of man. The length ot the summer season and absence of summer frosts, poi-mitof the hay being |)ei'toctly cured, which together with the light snow fall, and frci[Ucnt meltiiigChinook winds during tlie win- ter furnishes accessablefood during the winter months, and accounts for the tine con- dition animals are found in on this arrival of spiing. Never failing streams of pure water satisfy their thirst; in a word, stock ranching can be, and is, made a grand success throughout the entiic district ; an e.^port trade is already being developed ; and with proper attention paid to itreeding the best . ,ock, the highest prices will bo commantled arid as a consequence ranching will pay, due regard being had to economic and careful management. " The abundance of good hay, and pure water, the oool nights, the unlimited demand for good butter and cheese, both at home aiid abroaii, < ombine to make this district peculiarly adapted for dairv-farming, the samo as is the case with its twin industry of cattle-i-aising. "The principal fuel used is coal, of whicl there is an unlimited siipply, and at reasonable prices; the quality of coal is betwi en a lignite ami bituminous. The mines are from three to six miles from ^[edicine Hat. The Stair colliery being six miles from the town, has direct rail communication with the Canadian Pacific Kail- road, and employs a large number of minors, A;c. Culley's mine is about three miles from town. " A large quantity of (tovernment land is still o|)en for settlement. A homestead entry can be obtained on payment of 810 to the (Jovernment. (rood land can be purchased outi-ight from the Camulian Pacific Jlaihvay, or the (rovernment for §2.50 an acre, and most of these lands are within easy reach of the different railways." "Lumber can be obtained from tlujCyjM'css Hills, about 'M) miles south of Medi- cine Hat; liut the chief supply is imported from the forest of British Columbia. Good building stone has been found in quantities. The Medicine Hat Hospital — costing about 820,000 — a handsome and durable structure, is built with this stone. Fire-clay is found in different ])arts of the district, and a good, hard red buiiling brick is also manufactuied. The mineral resources of this district have not as yet been thoroughly tested, although it is the opinion of com])etcnt judges that iron ore is largely in deposit. An abundant supjjl}' of ])ure water is in every part of the district, and when dug for is found at from 20 to 00 feet. So far the towns and railway houses along the line aft'ord a good market for farm and garden jjroduce. At the ])rescnt time, autumn of ISDO, eggs are selling at 30 cents a dozen ; butter at ;]5 cents per ])ouiiii ; potatoes $1 a bushel. The proba- bility is that for son.e time these prices will rule, as the development of i-aihvays which brings into the country numbers of pioduce consumers will tend to maintain the ]iresent prices. The schools in the electoral districts are all that could be desired. There are five churches in Medicine Hat, Presbyterian, Baptist, Episcopal, Methodist and Roman Catholic, while visiting clergy attend to outlying and sparsely settled parts of the district. Of game there is an abundance. Antelope arc plentiful, and in the northern part deer of various kinds. Wild geese, ducks and prairie chickens, &c., are numerous. The Saskatchewan River abounds in fish, principally pike, sturgeon, pickerel and gold-eyes. In certain streams whiteiish is found. Fruit .7ill do well in sholtored places. Wild cui'rants, and strawberries ^row in profuHion ; tomatoes ripen every year, and all kinds of pardon Htntrs do well. The district is beiiiiij gradually provided with roads and bridges. Agricultui'al implements, seed-^rain, horses and cattle can be procured in the district Jbr fin'miiif^ purposes and at leasonable prices. Our postal an(i telegraphic facilities uro very good. DUNMORK. Tuining oast wo come to Dunmore, a town which is making great progress. The area of the sub-district of Dunmoie is about 1,200 s )t seasons. The soil varies from light to dark sandy clay loam, S to 18 inches in depth. Tho sub-soil is cretaceous clay, sometimes mixed with gravel. The Saskatchewan Kiver is about six miles west of the western boundary, and is navigable to its mouth. The climate of this district is very healthy and entirely free from all diseases. The opening of spring, seeding time, harvest and closing in of winter, is much the same as that desciihed as of Medicine Hat. In winter the few cold spells are Ibllowed by Chinook winds from the Pacitic. Owing to the dryness of the atmos- ])hei'e the thermometer reading is hanlly any indication of the feeling when outside. There is no feeling of chilliness, and the days are pleasant and bracing. Our sum- mers are long and warm, and would be perfect if we had more rain. The winter occuj)ations aie looking after stock and general farm work, while at Dunmore numbers of men tind ready work all winter in transferring coal from the mines to the Canadian Pacific Railway cars. These men woi-k out of doors every day thi'()ughout the entire winter with no ])rotection whatever. The principal local deniantl is for oats and potatoes, this ilistrict being as yet somewhat apart from any populous centre. The soil in fairly wet seasons will grow roots, vegetables, oats, wheat, barlc}' and thix. Inuring fair seasons oats will yield probably from forty to sixty bushels, and wheat will run from thirty to forty bushels, but so far not much has been attem])led in these lines. " The Dunmore farm of tho Canadian Agricultural Company, situated here, did their seeding on new breaking, and the season being an exceptionally dry one, little could be expected, but the yield on early sowing of oats was, under these disad vantages, twenty bushels per acre. Stock-raising is the most successful industry of this district. The snow fall is light, and the average temperature high. There is plenty of grass of most nutritious quality, and which grows luxuriantly in wet seasons. These grasses seem to cure uncut, and tho best bred horses come through a winter in splendid order, if only near some of the flowing springs, without other feeding. Cattle of any breed do well. Cheviot sheep being active and hardy, are, I think, better than any of the Down breeds. As yet no large developments have been made in dairying in this section, but with the inci-ease of settlement and of dairy cattle, there is nothing to prevent a large industiy of this kind, climate, fuel, water, &c., being all that adaiiyman could desire. The local demand for butter, &c., is supplied by resident farmers, whoso products are as good as anything obtained in Ontario or the Eastern Townships. Underlying this whole country is found coal, but as yet it is undeveloped, it can be bought at Dunmore station at prices ranging from $1.50 up to $4 per t(m. Pine and poplar abound on the southern portion of this district, along tho slope of tho Cypress Hills. The district extends from about twelve miles north, to thirty miles south of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and from Dunmore station to about thirty miles east of it. UNRIVALLED U/iAZ/\U (r.. rXPS. SO are, I I Land ciin bo purclmsod from the Cnnmliaii Pacific Kailwiiy at from 82 to 83 an acre, according to locution. _" Being in general a prairie district, wood in rather Kcarce. Sandstone, however, is plentiful, cropping out in ravines all over the country. " Wells are comparatively nnnieroiis, and where judicious selection is made in location, no difficulty uppeai-s in ohtaining good watei-j at from 2.') to (iO feet. "There are four stdiool disticts in this section. "Sovoral kindH of deoi' are found here, and wiM fowl, such as curlew, snipe, prairie ciiicken, are plentiful. '•The smaller fruits would doubtless do well ; as cherries, black currants, goo.se- berries and strawberries are native to the country. Tomatoes, melons and cucumbers ripen well, and tiowers bloom to great perfection, as witness the C.L'.R. gaitlens at adjoining stations along the lino. At Dunmore last year a resident commenced digging new potatoes and gathered green peas on the !tth of .lune. ('abbage, celery, cauliflower and other vegetables when ])roporly attended to flourish. " Jlogai'ding postal and telegraj)hi(^ eomnuiMication. it may be described as good. MAPLH CRKHK. That portion of the (Jypress Hills which forms the base of Maple Creek to the south extends from IJO miles west to oO miles east of Maple Creek and south to the international boundary line. The range of the Cypress Hills runs east and west abf)ut 150 miles in extent. They are full of deep and well-tindiered ravines, out of which run streams of water which the driest summei' fails to lowei', and the hard- est winter fails to freeze. Tl.us is atfoivled abundant water f(»r cattle at all seasons. h\ eai'lier times the favourite winter ground ot buffalo, it offers a range equally suited lor domestic cattle. Situated in the Chinook belt the snow fall is light, the winters short, and never of such severity as to ])revent stock from running out all winter. " The timber- is confined to the hills and creek bottoms, There is any quantity for building and fuel, and in no case more th.-in a day's tiavel from any location liable to be settled in the near future. " We would not wish to recommend this distiict for grain-growing alone, for these reasons : — The climate, like all that portion of the continent suliject to the influence of Chinook winds, is dry, and crops cannot be depended upon unless irriga- tion can bo resorted to. It is well adapted for mi.xed farming, or rather ranching on a small scale. A man who owns suftieient cattle to make it a i)aying investment, and keep them clo.se, attends to them and farming suflicient to feed the number of catttle he owns. It is especially adapted foi* ranching — equal to any \r.irt of the North- West. "The sub-soil is generally a sandy loam, with clay and gravel. "The hills ar.3 full of creeks, from three to five miles apart. "The (dimato is healthy, being free from all diseases of other countries. "The average summer temperature is about (iO° above zero, and in winter it is about zero. The Chinook winds that blow in this district moderate the winter's cold. " Spring opens about 1st of March and seeding beirins from middle of the same until April 1st. Harvest begins about end of July. Winter sets in about the last of December, and breaks u|) about the latter part of February. Spring opens about 1st of March and seetling begins a couple of weeks later. The pi'incipal crops raised in this district ai-e oats and roots. In the low lying grounds other crops have been raised successfully. Oats yield from 30 to 40 bushels; jjotatoes, 200 to 250 ; while wheat has also yielded 25 and 150 busluds an acre; but owing to our situation it has not Ijeen gone in*o extensively. In shoi-t grain grow- ing is not to any extent attempted here. The hills are covered with nutritious grasses and native hay in ([uantities .so as to make this district especially ada])ted for stock-raising. The cattle best suited for range would be Texas cattle, crossed with some larger breed, Hereford being a 50 A LAND FOR SHEEP. favourite. Thw Texas aiiimul (cow) havin!^ the hanliliooil, and the niitiiro of ;i wild animal, will protect her caltfiom wolves or any art of the Dom- inion, the animal to ha raisod is one to suit the eastei'ii market. I 'art sot' til is district are especially adapted for dairy inn'. The peculiar luxuriance and iicl)nt"s. The present supply of hutter is not eijual to the home ilcmand, hut sonu! who have fonnd an outside markot, have made this a pavinj^ hiisiness, the* returns from the venture hein^' sutlicient to ])ay the householcl expenses. Wood and coal can he ohtained in ahundance, in the Cypress Hills, while coal is bold in the village of .Maple Creek at §5.70 per (on. Ihiildinif materials hoih in timheraiid limestone from (he Cypress Hills. Theie is a lar:;e saw mill at the head of the mountain, and a nale yaiil in >[aj)le Creek. On the various creeks coal ci()j)s out and the settlers utili/.e it ti)r their own use. The fai-mcis have n(» ililliculty in disposinf^of their produce, and prices are good, exceediiii;' Manifoha quotations. Wheat sells at about SO cents, oats from 50 cents to 75 cent.-, potatoes as hii;'h as $1, while hutter and egi;;s run liO cents and .'!."» cents. We have good schools in .Maple Cieek. Hero we have throe churches, namely, ^letliodist, I'lpiscopal and Romanl/'atholic. " There is an .•ihundanco of game on lakes ami creeks. Fish is not very plen- tiful. The water fowl found here ai'C geese, ducks, brant and crane ; also an abun- dance of prairie chickens, I'abhits, and larger game, such as antelope, deer, coyote, fox, lynx, wolf, and a few beai. . [''ruit cultuie has never been tried hoie, but we have native fruits of the smaller varieties, blueberiies, I'aspberries, Saskatoon strawberries, and others; but little doubt is telt that, if ti ieil, other kinds niiglit be 8ucce>sfully grown. With I'oads and bridges the district is well suj)plied. Seed grain, agricultural implements, cattle, ^c, can all be obtained easily. In postal and telegraphic facilities, the accommodation is good. We I'cccive two daily mails and have direct communication to all ])arc8 by wire. SWIFT CUHRKNT. The district of Swift Current runs north 30 miles to the South Branch, Saskat- chewan river, and runs south 20 miles and extends fiom Kush Lake on the east to Gull Lake on the west, a distance of about 60 miles. The land is I'olling prairie, somewhat hilly, and is both adai)ted to coarso grain growing and ranching. The soil varies; in parts it is of a rich clay loam, and again a light sandy loam, and the subsoil tsandy clay and rich heavy clay. The Swift Current Creek runs north through this district, emptying into the South Branch Saskatchewan. Tlie valley along Swift Current is fertile and well adajited to mixed farminss. A^<, for exainplo, from oitclit ([uarts of ordinary grade cow'h milk one pound of huttcr has licon given. Tlio Hutnnior niglits arc cool, and tho demand foi- didry produce cxci'eilrt the present 9up|)ly. Coal is used entirely, as fuel, and can 1)0 lioui^lit at a reasonaMo price. A very small portion of laml is as yet taken. Free homesteatis can l)e liad alon I'eel. ind is ot" good (ju-'ility. Tho ])rcsent market quotations (in the autumn ot'l^^'.tO) are : Oats, 75c.; potatoes, $1.00 ; butter, l{Oc. ; eggs, •i'lc. ])er doz. There is a great aliundatice of liauic, consisting of deer, antelopo, rabbits, geese. ducks, snipe, plover and ])rairie chickens ; whiteli^h and other species are found in plenty in the rivers and lakes. Wild fruits grow all through the valley in i;'reat aliun iicil licfii taUi'ii to stiilc plainly lliat Mniiilolifi fi/iiin has snfl'i'ii'il fruni lliis cause. "Oik (Mi.ii-.cT in this liiiiilar i.>, in the tiist phuu, to iliaw yonr atltntion 111 the fact that the Ljival I'loviiue of Assinilmia stntolifs west (! to 40 liushels. hailey ahont (in, and oats from (i(» to KM) hnshels per acre. •KlvMIJLKll I'AL'L, " /'iisii/i III Itiijiiia linard of Tiwlr. "THOS. .1. McNII'X'K •■ /^/■'•^ii/i iif A-ixliiihoid AiiriciilfiirdI Soriifi/. KiiiSA, /'I'll Si/i'' iii>" r, IS')/." J 58 TiiE oxT.nuo OF Tin: xo/iT/r. THE hlSTincT (tF SASk'ATCUKWAX. Siiskiitcliowaii, lyiiiu" north of A-siiiilioia. is llio largest uiitl most central of the four I'lovisioiial l)istri('ts, wliicli wore carvi'il oiil of tlioToriitoricrt l)y tlio Dorniiiion I'arliaiiicnt in 1SS2. Its area is KM!, 700 Hrjiiari) mill's, in sliapo it Is an ohiong ])aralU'loij;ram. vvhirli cxtoiids from Xclsoii Hivi-r, Laico \Viniiij)o<;, and tho western ixmiiilary of Maiiilolia, on tlio cast, to llio 112tli lU'giiu* of wost. loni^ilude on the wost, and lies lit'twct'ii, or, ralhiM-, slii,'htly overlaps, tilt' r)2iid and r)r>tli ])arjillolB of north lalitudf. It is alm().%t ci'iitrally divided hy the main Saskalidievvan River, which is alt()!;ether within tin? district, and i)y its |irinei|tal braic h, tho North Saskatchewan, most of whose naviii'aMe lenifth lies within its hoiindarios. It includes in the south a small jx'oporlion of the yreat plaiiis, and in its <.iuneral superticial features mav ho desciihed as a mixed praiiio and woodeil re;:;ion, aboundiiiL; in water and nuiaral hay, and well sailed hy climate and soil for tho raisinir of wheat, horned cattle and sheep. It may, in fad, he iloscrihed as the Ontario of tho North- West, its ))rairies correspondini; to the cleared portions of that province, whilst its timlier areas to the norDi iiive it a like value in the industrial future. It is the wheal-i;i'o\vin^ district, too, which lies nearest to Hudson's liay ; and, like Ontario, its boundaries may be cxtendeil northward, so as to make it a maritime province, and a va>t eiitieput for interior trade. Its (dimale may be briefly described as corresjxindinL!,' to that of Manitoba, with the exception ot the u;reat winter storms, culled iilizzards, which art; indviiown throui;'hont a ii;reat portion of its limits. Owini^ to the deflection of the Canadian Pacific Jlailway this ;j;reat rei^ion has remained comparativcdy dormant and unknown since 1882. Hut in previous years tho presumj)tion was that that threat national hii^hway would pass tbrouifh it, and hence a number of settlements were formed on both branches of the Saskatchewan, which, in spile of remoteness from railway transport, constantly throve, and increasotl solely upon internal sources, until o\ergrowth made a railway outlet and connection with tho eastern markets a nc i.'-ity. To meet the prcssiui;' wants of the.so comnnmities the trovernment, in ISS'.t, came to the assistance of one of the chartereil railways, whose projected line extended from Jicgina to Prince Albert, a distance of 250 miles, and by the 1st of October IS'JO the rails were laid, and before tho close of the year the road was completed aial in full working order between these two towns. Next year railway communication will probably be extended to liattleford, thus supplying all the existing communities on tho Saskatchewan with an outlet. Other >ut 200 miles of this important line have been constructed, though it is 3 of the oldest charters in the North-West, and though a large settlement s formed at Carrot Iliver many years ago on tho faith of its extension. esc settlers aie now justly insisting upon tho fulrilment of the charter ^^.^.igations of the company, whose systematic violation of them is a scandal. The public interest being now aroused, there can be little doubt that theair-lino con- nection which the completion of this road will give between Winnipeg and tho Saskatcl)ewan will soon be an accomplished fact, and that a lariretideof immigration .vill follow to till up and fructify the great country which lies between the Prince Albert Settlements and Manitoba. Another great railw.-i}' projection, which to the Territories is the most important of all, is that of the line from Prince Albert to Churchill, on Hudson's Bay. Tho whole eastern and western world is now becom- nEAf'Tll'TL TOW.X SITES. 5!^ rout I f ill of tho Domiition in oblong > woMtei'n le on tlie rjillols of m |{ivor, lio North t includeH iipiM'ticiiil in(liii'o:irs tho ukI lionce ,n, which, iseil Holely tion with nnuinitios railwayn, I'iO miles, ISO of the vo towns, bi'd, thus at. Other 0 S:>skut- ottloniont hands of icnetratoH way to ver, only I it is cttloment L!Xtonsion. charter 1 scandal, line con- and tho migration he Prince ich to the Albert to »vv becom- inHciouH, not only of the pressing netessity. but tA' tho vast iniportanco of lhi« roniu trade and niilitaiy jjoirit of view. To'dreat Britain it is a matter of Impe- rial interest, for whilsi both the Sue/, ("anal and the (Canadian I'acitie Hallway might bo easily closed by an enemy, tho Hudson's May route would give her an impreg- nable military highway, with only l,7(t<» milrsof railway froui bay to coast, all of which would bo situate lar beyond tho American boundary, and in a defensible country lying north of two immense rivers. But wo must pass from railways built or projected to other mattei> of inter* ht. The principal towns of tho district are Prince Albert, Battleford. Slobart, or Duck LaUe, Saskatoon and Ivinistiiio. Duck Lii\u', in ilu- Batoclie district, is about 40 miles west of I'rinco Albert, and lies between llie north and sontli branches of the Saskatchewan, here abo\it IS miles apart. This rising town is surroundeil by a magnilieent wlieatgiowin^' country, the praiiies, purti('idai!y to the west of if, being of great extent, very level, lertile and easily worked. It is situated directly on the liiu' of the Hegina and Prince Albert Railway, which has a section here, and promises to become an important f,frain centre in the near future. .Mr. Milliard Mitchell has his large rancdie near tins town, where are to be scon a nol.lc herd of Polled Angus cattle, and tho only band ot Kyloes in Saskatchewan. Hi! itribules to this publication a descripticui ot the Batocho district, and nothing nioie may bo added liero with regard to it. Hattleford, the former capital of the Territories, is beautiliilly situated on tho left bank of tlie North Saskaichcwan, 150 miles vvi'st of Prince Albert, and is a station of tho North-West Mounted Police, and a ))lace of incMoasing importance. Grain is growing in abundance on its surrounding praiiies, timber is plentiful to the north and west, and grist and saw-mills lind protitable employment in supplying the needs of a growing settlement. The oldest news|)apcr in the Territories, the Battle- ford Herald, a well-edited sheet, was started, and still issues here, and some of the largest ijnporling houses (,f the interior have their liead(iuartei's in this enterprising town. The reader will peruse with interest the valuable iiiforn\ation regarding Battleford district furnished for this pamphlet by .Mi-. .lames Klinkskill. .M.L.A., who is an extensive mercdiant there, and intimately acquainted with the I'egion ho doscribcH. Saskatoon, another centre of settlement in the district, is a creation ol tho Tem- perance (Colonization Company. The railway station has been placed iijion the oppo- site or north bank of the river, and it is likely that an enterprisiui^ town will spring up there. On the ))lains south of Saskatoon there are some largo stock ranches. Kinistino is in its infancy, ami must only be spoken ot', as yet, in connection with the unrivalled country around il. It lies about 40 miles soutii-east ot L'rince Albert, and from the crossing of the South Brancdi eastward, an0. not a bushel of Saskatchewan gi'ain has ever found an eastern market. Foi- even the local trade, engendered by a largo settlement, has been the means of wonderful ])r()gress. The settlersof Prince Albert are v(dl housed. Schools are established in all directions, and the town has grown to large proportior.s. Many places depend upon ra]lw;iys, either for tlieir origin or advancement. But Prince Albert is a natural centre of trade and indus- try, and though 500 miles north-west of Winnipeg, and denied a railway outlet until thisyeai', has yet groAvn rapidly, an1 scpiare miles; well adajjted for agriculture and stock-raising. Land mostiv rolling prairie, with numerous small tVosh water lakelets, and timber plenti- ful. Moth branches of the Saskatchewan River run through it. The townships in Jianges 1 to 2, west of 3rd Mei'idian, are mostly bush, whilst all tlu" townshii)s from 35 to the South Saskatehewan are ehieily i)rairie, but there is still a great deal of small wood on ail of thcin. That portion'between the two rivers, as indee:>t'^ GOtoSO do f^^ii'^T 40to60 do l^ease ^^ot'^toes 400 bushels. Tii''"ips 600 do Occasionally crops are injured in localities by frost, but 1 am convinced that with good faiming such difficulty can be obviated, as I know farmers who have escaped frost every year since 1870. STOCK-RAISING, RANCHING, ETC. Parts of it aie well adapted to stock-raising. Sufficient grass and hay in great richness and luxuriance to make stock-raising a success. 1 believe that Durham Shorthorns and Highland cattle thrive best. All breeds oi' horses do well, and the same may be said of sheep. The loss in winter, nil. I never lose on account of the rigour of the climate. Horses frequently winter out- do well, though in the op, n and selt-fed. The snow is never very deep— not over 12 inches— and never becomes iiard or crusted, so that horses are alwavs able to get at the grass. Cattle also winter out and do well. HAIRY FARMING, ETC. Land is to be found in almost every Township fiivourable to such pursuits but perhai)s north of the North Saskatchewan and south of the South Saskatchewan Eiver atlords the best Held for such operations. There are no cheese or butter factories in this district. All grasses here are rich and luxuriant, and there is abundance ot native hay for winter fodder. Water pure generally; niohts never hot. Home demand sufficient for the supply at present. ° FUEL SUPPLY, ETC. Supply chiefly, if not altogether, ot wood, the most common kinds beintj poplar, tir, spruce, tamarac and jack-pine. All these woods are within convenient I GENERA L FEA T ( 'li ES. 63 reach of all Hottlors, ami in Hufflcicut abundiince ; prico, S1.2r> to $2.50 per cord, delivered. No coal mines are worked in the district, hiil lliei-e are g(Jod prospects that coal oxistH. VACANT liANDS, KTC. There is vacant laud in every township in the district. Soil ^^ood blucic loam and sandy loam. Onl}- one railway, Iml miudi ^ood land wilhin 12 niiU's of it on either side, and markets hand}'. I'lenty of IiiikI to iiDniestoad or pur(duise. Price of wild land $2 to $3 pei- acre, and improved farms §4 to 610 per aero, HUILDINO MATERIALS, KTC. Abundant supply of stone, and abundance of wood tor bnildinf; and fencing. MINERAL UESOURCKS. None working. Gold is found in the rivei-s, and coal ami iron are lielieved to^ exist, but no ett'ort has ever been made to ascertain if in ])ay;ilile quiuitities or if workable. WATER. WELLS, ETC. Water abundant for every purp(.)se. Digging of wells attended with no uncer- tainty. Average depth to water about twenty feet. Quality first-class generally, sometimes inclined to be alkaline, but only in localities. MARKETS, I'RICES, Al'PROACIlINCi RAILWAYS. We have not only railway facilities, but a large home demand as well. Wheat, 81; oats, §1; potatoes OOc, but at present §2 per bushel. Wheat is generally yOc. ; oats, 40c. ; butter, 25c. to ::i5c. i)er lb. ; eggs. 25c.. per dozen. The Regina and Prince Albert road is now open, and the Manitoba and North- western is fast approaching. The (ireat X(jith-W(>t Central is under eoustruelion, and we have good prospects of a line to Hudson's Bay in the near future. EDUCATION, SCHOOLS, ETC. Schools are sufficiently numerous to be within reasonable distance vA Principal Meridian, lo liani^e S, west of 4th I'rincipal Meridian. From Townshij) .'lO to Township 4ii, about (J5, 000 square miles. Area too larirc tor description in detail. On soutliern boundary is rolling; prairie with iari^'c lakes; not nuicli tindicr. Within 25 nules ot' Battle lliver timber in blutt's commences, and is found all alonu' the course of the Battle and Saskatchevvan Jlivei's. Timber consists of poj)lar and Msidi anil is heavy enough for all buildinii' ])ur|)oses. It is plentiful, l.>u' not in such oi'antilies as to interfere with farmint;. Between Saskatchewan and P>,itlle Rivers th.i land is of a fine rollin;.? charaetor, with many creeks and lakes. North ofSaskalcbewan River is also rollini;, with plenty of timber for all farm jiui'poaes; also, water in abundance. About twentv miles due north from the town of Battlefonl is what is known as the Jack-tish ]jake country, celebrated for its hay bottoms ;ind watered by clear I'unnin:^ creeks. The supply of hay in this part of the district is unsurpassed in the whole country, and it is well supplied with blurt's for sludter for the cattle. drain has been grown with succe>s in all ]iarts of the district, except along the southern boundary, where there is no settlement yet. All the settlements so far have been near the two rivers. The soil varies from black loam to a samly loam, all suited for early maturing of crops. The scenery of the parts along the rivei- is unsurpassed for beauty of landscape. Many knolls and verdant glades are inter- spersed with gleaming rivei's. CLI.MATE, ETC. The climate is healthy and tree from endemic oi' ej)idemic diseases. It is bracing and salubrious, ani is undoubtedly the finest (dimali' on eai'tli for constitutionally healthy people. Average summei' lemi)erature, about dd' ; winter, about 4^'. Tlio reason of the equabilit}' of the tcmjtci'ature in sumnu'r has nut yet been thoroughly investigated, but the water stretches may be found to i'cconnt for it. The effects of Chinook winds are not felt to such an extent in winter as lo cause a thaw. Spring opens about beginiung ol Ajiril. Seeding- generally comi)leted by 20th May. Third week in August is usually the time when harvest begins. Snow falls earlv in November and does not go till end of March. During winter settlers arc generally employed in getting out rails for fencing, logs for l»uilding puri)o-cs and fuel and in attending to cattle and doing work vvhich cannot be undertaken during busy seasons of spring or summer. (During last winter. 18S!t-!iO. wiiich wa> exceptionally severe, a farmer here who had a wood contract from the Xorth-We>l Mounted Police lost only two days nu uccount of tlu' weather). CROPS. ETf. Crops consist of wheat, oats, barley and potatoes. Turnips and all lcind> nf vegetables are raised successfidly. Normal yield of wheat (lied Fyfe). about :;0 bushels to the acre in favourable seasons; 1 to \l busheU sown to the acre. Oats about do bushels, from three sown to the acre. JJarley has not been grown extensively, there beinn' no demand for any (pianlity ol this cereal in the district, but it has always given a good yield in favourable seasons. STOCK-llAlSINU, RANCIItNG, ETC. This district is well ada])ted for stock-raising on a moderate scale, such as would be suitable for mixed farming. Cattle musi be fed, and shoidd be sheltered three mtmths'to four months every winter. For bandsoffrom .'loO to :»00 it is unsurpassed. Horses winter out well, and" can therefore be kept in large bands. 5 T «fi DAlliV FAffM/i\(,\ Sliooj) iciiniic Hiinie '^aii' a^ cat tic. ami aio licttor in small tlofks. Lon^-wool !h1ici>|) aro rocfttiinioiidcd, their coats arc warm, and no rain falling dnrini,' winter no (iamaiic arises from the animals i^tltinj; w< , and tlicn tVeozin^: tliey weiifli more than shorl-woid sheep, so I lie loss in wool is more than eompeiisatcd for hythe extra weight of mntt(»n. Diaiii^ht horso.- sell hest. As dairy farminn' is consideri'd best for this ooiinlry. cattle yieldini.'; most butter ai'c recommended. I'AIHY lAH.MINO, K,T<'. Any |)ortinn of this district will answer all the rei|nirements for katchewan there is abundance of grass in many places, particularly in the vicinity of .lacklish and Turtle Mountain, Pui-e water in abumlanco everywhere. Niiihts aro cool. Home demand ha> alwavs i-xceeded the supiilv, so that dairy products have had to he imjiorte'l. Want of railway eommunieation has retarded any expoi'tation, had any been i-cady for export. This, it is expeeteil, will he leinedied in u \ery short lime. IMKI. SII'I'I.V, KTC. Fuel consists of woml, which can he had in ahundaneoin all jiartsof the ands can be purchased ai from $2.50 pei' acre, hul no demand, on account of amount of vacant lands to bt hail from (lovernnieiit free. nni.ni.Mi m.\tkui.\!., ktc. I'leestoiie i-< plentiful ; can be (pun'ried without any difficulty. Limestone ])lentitul enough for all requirements of burning is found in boulders. Wood for Ituilding ])!entiful and easih' procui'ed. MINKKVL RKS(*UH('KS. Xo ])ios])ecting has been gone into yet. Indications favourable in sev(M'al parts of the district. W.\TKI!, WEI.I.S. KTC. Well sup:.'.od wiih nater, on surface. Well-digging easy and successful wherever tried, water being found from nine to twenty feet, aecoi'ding to location, all ot' excellent quality. .'\rAKl\ KTS, I'll ICES, ET''. Jlomc market has always uj) to now absorbed all products; ])rices liave never goni^ belo'.v the import price whieli, on account of waggon transport, has always been high. EPrCATlON, SCIfOOl.S, ETC. The disti'ict has good schools of both Protestant and Uoinan Catholic denomina- tions in the settled parts. ciinn iiEs, ETC. Wt' have Episcopal and Pi'e.sbyterian churches j also Roman Catholic .Mission. /v7 \7.S77.V'>. fi- OAMK, FISH, KTC. Smnll yiimo vory ubmnlant, silso ti-h. Tlici'o is pr-ihulily iiioiui ^aino (i>t tlie lai';;er Uiiid) in this (iistficl tliaii iit any in tlio Toiritorio^. l)"i>or. inouso, »'IU, lioars and antciopo cliiol" ropioscnfaiivos of tiii; laii^or i:;ainf. DiU'lv'^, L'oeso, swans, sand- hill oranes. cliicUiMi, paitrid^^e and raliliils arc ahnndunl, KUL'IT (Jl i.Ti;RK, KLnWKRS, KTC, All sorts ol' small fruits ^row wild in i^rt-at luxuriance, as also raspinTries, straw- ln-rrieH, liii.:,!) and low-husli rranln rries, ii'.-iisoln'rry, sarvici- bL'rriiJ>. and others citless imporlaiieo. Natural Howcrs too nunierciis to riiinueraif. RoAI>s, ItltllX.KS. KTt'. The districi is well devido|)ed hy roads and hndi^es ; tln*-e are continually hi)in;4; iniproveuth ol'tlie .Jrd Meridian and south ot Township 47 and north of Township .'! I. A better idea ot liie area, whose leading tieatures ai'c forest, hush or prairie, can be had from sui'veyors' repoiMs than from any other >ource. The part of the district lying east of 1,'ange l!S is for tht- most ]iart forest. There is veiy little tbrest we>t()fthat line, e.vcept along the South .'^askatrliewan River and in the Birch Hills. 'I'iie Birch Hills, Townships 40 tod."), and llanges lil to2fI. aro])relt3- well covered with bush. All the rest of the districi is level ))tairie and i;'raziii,g or hay land. Nearly all of the (list rict wt'si ot Hange IS is well adapted to grain-growing .•md to mixed farming. Townshii)-- 08 to 4") and Ranges !!• to 22, west of 2nd .Meri- dian, are well suiteii to rancdiing. ( )f coni>e wheal and other grain can be grown in the same townships, hut ihere are portioii> ot' some townships that are belter tor ranching and mixed farming. The soil is g. nerally a black loam, hut in ])laces sandy loan, with cla\and sand sub>oil. The oidy river which runs through this di.-t unknown. CM.M.4TE. ETC. Climate is very healthy and tree from all diseases, it is better than thr climate (»f other countries, but more nearly resembles Manitoba than any other. Summer about 75° Fahr.. winter 15° Fahr.' Xumerous -^mall lakes, forests, etc., but 5* 'iS GOOD FARMIXa t'OCXTUY. ni> cliiridok.M, i'Xoo|»t, Very Mlii,'lit r»n»'H. SiirintfitpcMi^ in March; Ht'oilint;, Ist uf Ajtril ; hiirvot, pml ot'.Iiily or iM'^iimint!; of Aiiifii.^t. \Viritcr ;;i'iioi;illy Nets in iiboiit, tli(* (Hid 1)1' Xovoiuluir iind ln'Oiiks up Jihoiil llic liOlh nl" Miiicli. <.)nr winlcr cinployinont. in toiiMiini; iinr acre, harloy Ml to ."td. oats (!0 to SO. potatoes as high as 400, turnips as high as (1(10. Theiv is somotinich dangei- of frost in August, but it giMicrally comes too late to do any (hiniagc to gi'ain, and with good cultivation thei'e need never bo any danger on that score, i'lven in very dry sections there is siitTh-icnt inoisturo in the soil !(► ensure a good croj). SToCK-RAI8IN(i, K.WClIES, BTC Some poiiions of thoiiig has been carried on in tlie dis- trict foi' the ])asl ten years, and has proved an unqualiticd success, and a most profit- able industry. Horses wintei- out and do W(>ll ; llwre is never any loss to stock through loUi or want of food, lili/.zards are unknown. Durham and Polled Angus are llie bi'eeds ot'cattle best suited to the climate; anv bre*'(l of horses and sheep do well. DAIRY K.\RMl.\(i, KTC. Tiiere are no (•,liee>e and butter factories in existence, except a small cheese fac- tory at Cari'ot Uiver, Township 45, Kange .'U, west 2nd Meridian. These industries can be earricl on successfully in the gi-eat majority of townships west of Range IS. (Irass is luxuriant and rich, and tluuo is abundance of native hay for winter fodder. The water is pure and plentiful and nights always co.il. At ])resent the liome dcMnaml is e(|Ual to the 8up|)ly. \o\v that we have a railway we shall be able to rea(di any foreign market. I'lKI, SL-l'Pl.y, ETC. There is aliumlance of wood for fuel within convenient reach of settlers all over; it costs about §2 per cord, but may be had ott' (loviM'unient lands by paying 25c. timber dues and drawing it home. There is no coal used. No coal mines are wf)i'ked, and it is not known whether .•my coal exists, but thei't' arc signs that coal underlies the district. No b(»rings have been made. V.VC.WT liANOS, KTC. Vacant lands ai'c to be had in eveiy Tovvnshi]). Land open tf) sale may be pur- idiascd at §2 and S2.50 per acre from the Govcrntnent. lm])rov(^d farms are held at from $5 to SIO per acre. The (iu'Apjielle, Long Lake and Saskatchewan Railway, which is now built into Prince Albert, runs up fro?ii IJegina through the north- west corner of the disti'ict. Prince Albeit is our niarkei town, and is six miles north ot' this district. nilLDl.NC MA'l'KRI.VL. iVlC . Wood, principally tumarac. ]>iiie, spruce, fir, balm of gilead, ]toplar and I'cdar. JMenty of it for all purposes and ea.sy of access. MINERAl, HKSoIKCES. No minerals worivcd as yet, but coal is supposed to exist in the eastern jiari ol the district, and lead is also believed to In; there, as well as silver an!iy it-n feet. Ill iiinHt |i1h('ok water can Im- rt'iiclicil iiciii- tlio wiiilacf. 'Plie i|iiality df tlu' wi'll wuler j^ynerally yood. MAllKK.rs. I'llK'KS, IlAir.WAYS, KTr. TluTo is no town in tlu" district yet. Wc ,:,'o to I'i'incc All.ort, on tlu- N'ortli SasiuitclKUvun, tor supplies. Wheat is now wort li •>(»<•. per bushel, whi(di is about tho uvera^'o ]»neo. OatH Hell tieiieraliy at lO.-.; potatoes, :;(>e. ; butter, 26e. ; e^'^'s, liUc. per (h)zen. The above were tiie prices in IS'.M). Qu'Appello, Lon^' Laivc and Saskaieiicwan Railway lias rea(dioil Prince Albeit, and the Manitoba and North-Western Railway, when completed, will run thr<.u.irh the bout part of tiiiw district. KIil'CATIoN, SCHOOLS, KTC, (}()od educational lacililios, and tlie c(.st to the settler is small ; Mic(tovernmoni pays most of tho salary of the teacher if he has a certifKate. CIUJRCIIKS, ETC. There an^ seven or eight (diurcbes. and in oiit-ol-tiie-way [daces there are ,i;-enorally visitinj^ or resident clergymen, or laymen, who hoM service. tlAMK, HSII, KTC Abundance of feathered game, summer or winter, all over the district. Moo.se. and doer, and bears, are also quite plentiful, especially in the Kastcrn lown^hips. (iood supiily of rish, chietly sturgeon, trout, whiteli>!i, pike. jacUtish etc. JVolves foxes and other fur-bearing animals are becoming scarce. W ater towl plentitul, and includes geese, fcmr kinds, about twenty tive kinds of .A. Tho ui'oa of I'l'iuct' xVlhort ElcM-tonii District will Ik' i'oiiiid very (litHciilt to (lotino, us it embraces a very large tract north of the iiortli hranch of the Saskatche- wan l{ivcr, much of which'is unexplored, luU the area will be nearly -riven by the Act (letining its boundaries. With the exception of " Shell River" eo\.ntry, all north of the river is com prosed of forest, and must soon become an immonse hunberin^' district. The Shell IMver country is a large nrairie, and, to those who favour grain-growing, one of the tinest tiacts 'in the \\(>vh\. It has an almndance of both building timber and firewood. T(> the south of the river the country is hilly, with numei'ous lakes and patches of poplar. Tlie river Hats on the baid'me()f our settlers are already ranching, and the country is well a.lapled for this. Some (d these settlers -•() iiortli of the river, whent there are iai'gr hay meadows and stack immense quantities of hav Uu- winter i'wd. The majority, however, find suthcient hay in their own neighboilrhood. The soil is similar to that of the Jled ilivc- valley, witii this exception, that the siil)soil is light, while that of the Red River valley has a heavy ida\- subsoil. ... The Saskatchewan Jiiver > iiaviL;aiilf tliiring summer, and eommunicatioM is therebv had with EdmontoiL Battleford, Cumberland, Selkirk, Winnipeg and other points.' Lakes. ])ropcrlv so called, are not as numerous as ponds are >oiith oi the river and sloughs are tWund both north and >outh. The latter yield plenty for the farmers. ot hav CLl.M.VTK, KTC rhere is lu. subject counecled with our Xorth-Wesi upnu which eastern l^'^'p'O and Europeans have iiu)re mistaken ronceptions than that ..four climate. 1 hey labour uiwler the imiiressi.m that we are somewheic near the .Norl li I ole wiiiie the tact is that I'niice .Mhert i> m me same laumue as x/u.-.n.. l..»^ .,.■... Herlin, and we are far south of the soiilhermost point in Scotland and some live hundred miles south of Stockholm and St. Petersburg. This injurious impression is hem- e,.nlirme(l bv the manner in which prairie tires are allowed t,, destroy -ur torot trees and bv the .■•ratiiitous advertisini;- ol fruits and grains troni Northern Kussia. The 'climate is an exe.-cdin-lv healthy oiu'. an and slniiirhs modifv eoiisiderabl v the lu'at <.f summer, and where south- west win.ls prevail for a few days their elled is easily felt, espeeially m winter. Winter ends in April. Uarv. 'St begins about Isl Septembei'. ,,111 Winter ^enerallv sets in about ,lie end of NovemiK-r All the abled..d.ed n... 1 williie.-toworkrcadiivtindemplov.nent. The sawmills ot Messrs. Moored Maednuull. Sanderson cV Hallanrvne, a,.d C. Thompson, give emplovmeni to a large numher otmen .■•ettina- out l..-s in winter. In im ea^e have 1 known men willing to 72 FARMING AXD STOCK-JtAfSLW. W(ii k lonuiiii long idle ciilier in wiiitei' or summer. The stiitemeiit circiilatod by (Joldwin Sniitii in helialfof the Torimto labour iissociiUions to ilie ctlocr tliat f'ai'm labourers could not lind frnployiiicnt steadily in Manitol)a and the Xortb-West was entirely wronn" as a])])lied to this tlistrict. Wages range from S2it to >^2^) and board per month, aceording to season and ability of men. i myself spent days trying to engage a man last summer, and could not get one until long after I had no need for liiiii. Some of those who come here wisli to timl employment in town and will not accept woi-l< in country; this (dass iiad better stay in countries where t lie re are pdoilioiises. l-'irewoo(l in large quiintity for the town is also cut aci-oss tlie river, ."some imes the navigation comjiardes get their wood hero. The Police reijuire hay foi' trom 75 to 50 horses the year around. Wood, beef, hay and' other produce find a good market, so that any one out of employment can get work on Ids own account. Seivant uiids are in demand ; wages t'rom SKI to $15 jier mouth. Chore boys cannot be had at any pi'iee; wages would be from 810 to $20. aecerdingto age and strength. CROI'S, ETC. All the grains grown in Kastern Canada are I'aised here without trouble. The soil is an alluvial deposit, and, of course, so far has given good crops ; roots and vegetables have tlourished. An imjiression ])revai's in the East tliat tliore is great danger from frost. This bugbear is, in m}- opinion, nearly exploded. If tlie land is tall ])loughed thei'e is little danger. Ivate crops are nowhere in dangei'. Farmers here trequently sow late cro])s under tlie impression that if frozen it will be valuable as green feed in wintei-. and cattle prefer it to hay. In my opinion the only serious danger is from drouglit. With pioper care the farmer will not be much the worse for t'rost ; he will, 1 feel sure, get nine crops out of ten. But drought, such as that which ])revaileil in ^[anitoba last year and in Saskatchewan in l!-!84, cannot easily be averted. Only the very early-sown crops make good headway in such years. Xo land fairly j)i'e|)ared failed to give a good yield in any year yet. notwithstanding either drought ort'rost. The farm. n's have not as yet planted or sown lai'ge crops ot roots, but where tried, turnips, carrots, mangel wurzels and potatoes grow abund- antly. The pooi'cst potato crop which we have had since I came here was in 1882 and in 18Slt. and it would have been considered a good yield in Ontario. A fail' yield of wheat would be from 2lt to 30 bushels per acre, of oats 40 to "0 iiushels per acre, and barley UO to 50 bushels per acre ; tlax, bhudc or lu'adless liarley and lye are all grown, but [ do not know what the average yiel. however, the breeil principally Icejit bei'e. and they do well. Hides ai'e now shippeil to Winidpeg. JK\in y FA UMixa—rcEL. a IK ling Sheep do exceptionally wi-ll and are as yet rallier scarce. Lille toed isre(|uired in winter ; ii;o()d staliies are liiii'lfiil ratlu'r tiian helpful. One man can attend to ahoiit a thousand shecps, Willi a little iielj) during iiaying time. Woollen (dothing will always he in di'inand in the country, hut woollen mills arc needed, and in this line there is a grand opening for someoni' with sufficient cajiilal. The only iiiecd> introduced so fai' are 1-eiecster, Shropshire, Southdown and Merino grades. All of these Kucceed well, and inulli])ly at a rate that will astonish the schoolhoy in geometrical progression. v)f tlie>.e hreeds the favourite seems to ho the Slii'o])shire. however, and I thiidv- that it will, peihajis, prove the most jirotitahle. liorse- hrecding is yot in its infancy, hut the country is uiKpiestionably well adapted for the business. Few good horsi's of any hiceil have yet heen inti'odueed, but the ones likely to tind a icady mjii'ket will he the larger I'oadster, animals thai ctin travel over our heavy roails at a good rate, and. at the same time, ])i'ovc themselves si'rviccalile in front of a reaper, mowei- or plough. The Clevcdand hay of Iliicknev coach would exactly till the hill, the t'lovcdand hay especially. IIAIUV IAH.MIN(.. ETC. The onl}^ drawback to dairy farming here is the want of a .'!;";m1 chee>e factory oi' ereamcry. There are several districts or settlements where a good factory could be supported. All the open country would be siiilalde for the |)urpose. Abundance of choice ])astui'age, liay anil good water can be had the yeai' around. The nights are always cool, even in the hottot weather, and settlers let their cows suckle their young jusft now, because we have only a local demand for milk and butter. The railway, however, will give us ;i ready market for butter. As yet cheese is not manufactui'cd to any e.Ktent. Anyone Mccustonied to cheese-making would tind an abundance ot' milk of the best quality, and a ready market lor his jn'o'l'it'c. An ordinary settler's herd now numbers from ten to thiriycows, an'l these will, in a few years, be considerably increased. If. therefore, a fiictorv were once started the only drawliack would be hired help to milk. Owing to our isolated ])osilion, a large portion of our trading has been done in kind. Cash is a .scarce commodity, and this alone prevents settlers trom themselves starting factories on the co- operative plan. Settlei's do not live ho (dosely together as in the East, but can keep much larger herds. ITKI. SLl'I'LV. ETC. The fuel at present used is wood. Those near the river cross it in wintei' and di'Hw spruce; l)ut the settlers t'lirther back use ])oplar. which is an e.xceeilingly good wood for the purpose. Coal is not known to a certainty to e.xist in this illectoial district, but as there is an abundance of it at ivlni(uiton. on the river l)anks. it will lie obtainable, and at a moderate price, whencvei- dc-iicd. It can be readily sliipped durim;- the season of navigation. At the present lime, however, there is an abundance ot' wood, and no etl'orl has been made to ini|)orl co.il. Coal. 1 am informed by Dr. I'orter, does certainly exist about si.\ miles bidow the town in fair i|uantity, and oidy needr> a little cajiitjil to work it. V.M'ANT LANDS, K'l'C. The Sh'dl liiver c(uintry. north of tlii> .some -H inUc>, i^ an immense tract ot' open prairie, and has a> yet only three or four selller>. Homesteads can be (ditained all ihrough the settled parl> ol' the country, however. These; arc not neee-sarily the culls that h;ive heen passed over by previous settlers, but are land- abandoned by speculators or cancelled for non-fullilment of settlement duties, and aio in some cases the best claims in the vicinity. Lands can be |)urchased at fi'oni 82 to SI ]icr ai're, and some of these have considerable improvement. To those with means it will be found (dicaper to buy improve'i farm> than 'o homestead. lUlI,niN(i MATKIilAI.. ETC. IMeiily of wood for all purposes. Any i|uantity of >tone can be had in t-ithcr the north or south branch of the Saskatchewan. l)ut there is none on the prairie, li: 74 .4 L L CI VIJ. I/JXG . 1 PPL lAXCES. some parts, liowevcr, as in tlio Eeil Doer Ilill district, larii;e l)onl(lcrs of limostonc have been found in almndanee. Thewe are underground and do noli interfere witli farm worlc. MIXKUAI, KKSOL'IICES. Iron un(iuestionably exists. A neiii;libour, who un0 feet. The water in the lakes and ponds tilter tlu'ough the sandy suiisoil into these wells. .MAKKKT I'lilCKS. ETC. (lenerally fair, but until this summer we have been isolated from the outside worlil. but expect a change with the advent of the railway which has now leachcd us. Ordinary prices ai'c : Wheat, "")(■. to ijl ; onts. about the same as balery. viz.. 50o. to '\)C.: Ijutter. 2(lc. to 50c. in addition to tl>e Rer-ina and Lone- Li'ke Railway, which is now built to Prince Albei't. we have a chartt:' applied foi- to extend this line to connect with the Hudson's Hay IJoad. The M. \- X. W. is he; ding this way, but does not seem to be ])\ished ahead very i'aj)idly. The X(jrthern Pacitic Company are also understood to bo prospecting with a view to building. A> Prince Albei-t is the most important town in Saskatchewan Territory, and is located in the centre of it, it is likely to be the(*apital of the future I'rovince of Saskatchewan. We are several hundred miles nearer Churchill than Winnipeu-, anil lio]io that this will yet be the ternnnu'- dI' the iludson's I)av J{ailwa^•. Kl.UiATIo.N. sClliiKl, i;T( Wheiexei- a fow families are .settled they can torm a school district, which mu-t not be moi'e than five nnle> square, and start a school. The ( iovernment grant is large, and the expense to .•>etllers is hardly felt. Then there are two section> reserved in every township (six miles sipiate) for school purposes, which will in the near future provide a fund l hat will in all jd'obability nuike the schools self-sustaining. In J^rince Albert there are thnse Public graded schools, and a high school is also stai'ted. There are several denomination;! sehoolv;, ln'sidos ;i Jioimm C';itholie convent. In the country distj-iets ne;iriy eveiy part h;is now a school in oj)er;iti :u e hiruely borrowed from the older pi'ovinces, ;ind. theretore, p':ice oui' school system on ;i solid found:ition :a once. During the p;ist season the expense in the school district in which 1 live, composed of 28 >qu;ire miles, cost for :i second- chiss te:icher's s;il;ir\' le>s lh;in SI 1 per month, oi' ,'» cents ))er (iu:irtcr section (]i!(l Jicres) of land. This school paid 8.")ll per month ot'>;d;iry, the b;d;ince bein,y- paid liy (rovernnu'nt. < IltJin HKS, T-.TC. In Prince Albert (Town i the following denom'i...iioi.L: I;ave churches . — IJoman (atholic. Episc(q);ili:in, Presb;. teii;iii :inil .Methrd--* ' 'Inirvhes I'f •hese denoinin:itioiis ii'dies do not exi^l. utrounding countr^). \^ here :ire scattered over the whole su service is usually held by visiting clergy"'eii in iiv,,! :!)le I uild.!;.!;;. OA.MK. I'ISH. KTC. Con>ide!';dile snnill g;une. such ;is (hn-lc, pi;iiric cliici,. i, p;irtridge. etc., but no hirgc Lr;itne. Sett lers wonl i do \vell to liring fonding pie ' •. 'mt re\olvers and bcjwie ROADS— POST— TELEirRAPHS. 75 knives are of no usl-. TIuuh' is a considerable tiuantity ot fish in the river, hut settlers tlo .i(>t seem to tish much. Some of the lakes to the north arc also well stocked. The ])riiici])al kimli, aic stury-eon, trout, whitelish and o-oldeyes. Larii;o game, bear and deer, is also found in tlie unsettled part-<. FRUIT CULTURK, ETC. The disti'iet is well ado}.;ed to the culture of small fruit, but large fruit has not yet been ti-icd. Strawberi-ies, currants, saskatoon, high and low busb cranberries, and other snii. 11 truit grow wild, and are being gradually inti'oduceil into gardens. During the summer months the pi-airic is one huge flower garden, but to luime tht! varieties of flowei-s would reijuire a ])age of tiii> paper. I'oscs, lilies, violets and many othi-rs grow in profusion. 1{0A1)S, HRinOES, ETC. Few bridges required, ;ind leading road- iu)W pretty well dcveloiKMl. AURICUr/nii.VI, IMl'I.EMENTS, SEED GRAIN. ETC. Those accustomed to the country and knowing what to bring will do well to bring jnatcrials. Others should bring housiUiolil n'oods, but get other articles heri'. )«^ ao diiliculty in getting grain. There wi I'OSTAI. AND TELEORAI'HIO FACILITIES. We liave a bi-wce!cly mail since the railway I'cached us. There is a (io'.crr.- ment telegraph oflice. No difficulty is found in coinmuiucating with outside world. it will be remembered by the reader that the f(.)regoing information refers to ])rairie rcgii'us which lie far a|)art in a di^trii't whose area is almost equal to that of the United Kingdom, ami that an immense countiy to the north and cast is still unexplored ; and tlierefoic unknown. What knowledge we possess is drawn tVom Indians, Ilalf-bi'eeds, Missionari; s, Hudson's Bay Compiiny employes ami the [V\\ meagre explorations made by gcologist> and survevdrs within recent years, i'jiough. however, is known ot the great Saskatchewan reu'i'm Id the noititand east ()\ i'riine All)crt to lustify a not unfavourable estimate (jf its capabilities and resources. Two broad facts ave well established, viz.. that it is in many parts timiici'ed, and that it is a great lake country, but not a region of great I'ivers with the exception of the Saskatchewan, the Mississij)])! or (Miurchill liiveis, once the canoe-roul^^ of ilu^ fur compaines to the .Macken/.ie, lying to the noith of it. Xone of the lake- aii- of the first or even of the scconil ma^'uitiidc; suels lakes lie lieyond its borders. Him many of tiiem ai'c very huge, and they all swarm with tish a " promoted '" wood, the piiU' ot'the east bi'in^' nearly e.\liausted ; and the tiill-grown spiiice of the North-West attains a large si/e. ami is cotisiilei'ed by carpenler.- who have used b..ili. a softer and bettei' wood to worlc than the I)oiigla.- piic of Hriti>h Columbia. It and the Hanksian |»ine. together with tamanic and bir(di, aii' the woo(l> whicdi obtain in the lake eounlry, and much oithem is of fair (iiiality, and will yel be an important soiu'ce of sup|)ly for prairie demand it not tor export. There is considerable nier ehantable timber on the main Saskatchewan below the lAu'ks and ])articularly at Tobins .Haj)ids. Further down a heavy growth exi-ts at liabbit^ (.Jieelv and in the neighboiirliood of '• The Cut-off," iH'ar ( 'iiml)erland Lake. On the Seepanook, one of the numerous '-river- thiif turn,'' that is to say which flows in opposite directions acconling to tiie stage of water, and which are peculiar to the i^owi'r Saskatcdiewan region, there is said to lie a tine body ot' timher, and a deep foroi -kirtstlie indented shores of Moose Lake whi(di drains by Summerberry Cret .Sic|)[ie, Little more cnw be said . 'Ii rei;'ai'(i to the tiiubor buj)i)ly ol' that ilistricl tt) t lie cast. Tlic imnli coiiiiti-y. away tVoin tliu caiioe-route to pdsts and fuissions, is almost a ^7Va '/i'vyi/rt/^a. The Laiireiitiaii sweeps into this reg'ioii, and wiii're it has been explored, \arioiis resources liave bt!en observed. It is difficult to say whether its lake system drains mainly into the Churchill or into the Nelson iiiver. Kvery ])ubli?-hed map exhiliils iircat contusion in this tcspect. and jirobably the intcrlocUaiic is ot' an intimate and wide-spread character, and water, either of lakes or streams, covers a lai\i;e portion of the countiy. Hut therein also aral)le land, liarley. potatoes and oi'(iinary ve^;etables are raised at Stanley, a ('huichof Miiii'l'ind Mission LldO miles north of I'l'ince Albert, and a few years a^iijo a Hoinan Catholic Missionar}' stated at Trince Albert, that ids region wheat liad been grown and had I'iptMied tVee from frost, and that there was ''a very good country'' in his ncighboui'liood. Minerals, too. doubtless exist in the north and perhajis in great abundance, loi' beyond tlie anticlinal the country is rcjcky tiiough not mountainous. Cinnaliar has been observed, as well as eoppoi- .and iron, so that a region wdiich has hitlierto been habitable solely through its tiir, tish aiid game, may prove u|)on txamination to possess many other resources of economic value, the development of which may yet support a consideralile po])ulation. It takes a long time for the eastern world to get rid of its misconcc})tions, and the most obstinate of them viz: that the North-West prairie country is a tro/en wilderness, is only now as we know dying the death. In all likleh lod the progress of settlement will revise our opin- ions with regard to the climate of the north, and the time may yet come when advanccil farmers will confute the |iessimists, and antonish Mark Lane with wheat grown in the neighbou''liood of lludsoifs Bay. It is ]>robable that an exploratory survey of the region will be made at an earl_y date. Its |>roximity to Hudson's Hay gives it great j)iiblic importance, and its topographic features and economic resources will doulitless soon bo investigated and the result giv<'n to ttie world. SIlEEl' K.MSINO IN SASKATCIIEW.VN. This iiidtisiry i- yet in its iidiiiU'V in this district, owing, no doubt, to the fact that we have only now got railway communication. The first sheep introduced here about ISyears ago, were lirought in by settlers fi'om Red River, followed shortly after- wPfds liy others from (Ontario. In the fall ot' ]S8-t Mr. .1. MacArthur imported from Montana a Ilc?k of 500 ewes; he was followed in the following year by Mr. C. J?obert- son, ofCariot Piver. Fn I'^'.StJ ^L■. J)iehl. ofCarlton, went into this industi'v. In IHST. -Mr. P. Fraser imported a flock from .Montana, and .Mr. .1. M. Campbell, one from Ontario, so that in the district of Lome in the fall of 18S7 there were but ;],()()0 sheep. No better proof ot the suitableness ot'the country for shet-p raising, ane who went into the industry have remained in it and added to their respeciivc tlock-. No disease of any kind has troubled them and the death rate is icmai kabh' low. On the average tln^ sheep are turned out tf) the grass the first week :n April, and remain out till the tirst of December, when owing to the shortness ot ihe day ami being penned up at night they are fed the first half of December, a little bay morning and evening, after which they remain in and are fed with hay until the jiring. Hay is so plentiful and the season I'or liay-inidviDg so suitable that the cost iiver:;ginii: one year with another, does not exceed SI ])er ton or S.") ei-nts a head. The experience of tht; past six years goes to show that the 1st of May is the most suitable 'ime to start lambing, lambs cominu' witii the new grass. As a ride the month of May is always one ot storm, oontiniiing from one to three days and .--erious loss of lambs is liable to occur unless great care is taken. Fiom all information to bo gathered it may be stated that the average increase is about Idl) per cent of ewes lambing, ('lipping begins about the l.'jth .lime, as by that time the wo'jI has nicely risen aii'l tiir clip averages from Tii- lo (I lbs. j)er fleece. Sheep ticks are liable to be troublesome, but not if any care is taken and it is found that by dipping the lambs alioiit the 1st .Iiily. after the sheep ari' all clip|ied that th<' flock can be kept in excellent condition as far us that i)est is concerned. The natural enemies of sheep are here as elsewhere, the prairie W(df 1 SI'MMER AND WlXTEli FOnDER. 77 iu])]ily ol' to posts s region, 1 difficult (.' Nelson l)robiilily eitlier of so ai'alile huicii of a Roman Ml ifi'own • '' in his in if real iitainoiiH. ■Inch has )ve upon pment of i" for the hem viz: we i ' it has undoubtedly been j.roven by past experiment that this u'reat distucf, ofSasUaKd.ewan is not onlv able to carry tllon^ands but millions of sheep. Iho immense extent of open rolling prairie rxten.ling south and west from th.. >outl, branch of tlie SaskaUdiewan Hiver, can furnish grazing from April to Ueeeml)er. for untold tlocks, while norlh and west ..f the north branch a boundless extent ot hay will furnish them with winter food. .fit' c Th" two foregoing paragrai)b.-, are furnished by James Maeartluir r.M|., oi Prince Albert, whose experience and opinions will be a safe guide tor those wh<| intend to iollow this in .It til-' l>i-'M't, tli.;>r 'I'lic imshoni tiflils, liiiini(tli-s> iiinl lifiuititiil. Fur wliidi 'Ik' .-pi'icli of KuKianii li.is im natii.' 'I'lif I'l'iii' ■- I l»'l!'ilii thi'iii for till' tii'st. \ii.l IP-- liriif. -u'-ll>. "iiil.' thr tlil;it.tiHss. I,,.' rlirv >ti-.'ti-li 111 f.iirv iiiiilii!atioii>, far awiiy. Vs if t'lif Oci-itii, in lii- p-nlli-st, swell. St.Hi.1 still, with M hi- nmiid-il Inllows ti\c(l Villi inotioiih'ss foivviT. .Motioiili-ss V Nii' thfV an' all nn.hiiiiif.l .Mfiaiii. Ih.clouiis Swc'i) over with thrir shallow-, ami. W.iu'ath. Till' sMi'fai'f mils ami Huclnat.'s t.i th- i-y.': Dark li.ill.nvs sfriii to -li.lr almiw and ••lias.' 'i'lii' sunny ri(l).'>>. ••Still, rhi.- ^;i-i'at solitmir i- quu-k with litr. Mvriads of iiiMTts. ^rauMy as \\»- Howers Tli.'V ttuttiT ovrr. ..Tiitlc (|uaara|i.'(ls Vnii l.irils that .-.■ar.v liav.' learni'd th- Irar ol nuin - \,v h.To, an I sliiiin- ivl'tilfs of thr Kro'iml. Startliiifjlv iH.autiful. The i^raivful il-ii; l>,oun(ls to the wooil at niv a|i|.roaeli. Ihe Lee \ more mlveiiturou- lolonist than iiia:i. With whom he eanie aeross the K.isteni .leep Kills the sav;inna.hs with his inurniiirim.'-s. Vnil hides his sweets. .,,- in th.- yolileii a-e. Within the hollow o.ik. I iist.-ii on- To his iloinestie hum, ami thmk I li.'ar The s,,uml of that ailv.-imnijr multitude Whieh -ooll -hall hll these de-ert.- t foni the -round C.m.'s u|. the taii-ii of ehikhvn. the s,,tt vnee ,„■ maiden-, ,iiid the -\^e,.t am -ok-nin hvmn Of .Sahliath uor-lii|.pei>. I h- lo« ot In-r.ls |>,l,,u.ls with the rusrliii- of the leaNy ffrain (>^er the daik-hrowi, furrows. .Ul at ">"■'■ \ fivslwr wind sweeps l.y. .-.ml hr.-ak- ms die.im. And I am in the wilderne-s aknie. Yes- t.,.day it. all the lea.lin. towns of the North-W.^st -'the cinuvh-g.i.u bell" is heard, and beautiful healthy chiMreu have sprunir ui- like flowers. 78 .1 /. /.' E li TA DESCH I li E f) . M.iiEirr.A. Tlio pfi>\isii)ii;il ilisii'ici (if Alliortn, tlu' u'l'oal >lt)ck-nu:>in,u', daily t'ai'iiiiiiii'. agri- cultural ami iniiifial coiiiiti'v. sitiiateil at the hasooltlu' ilocUy .Moiinlaiiis, onilu'aoes ;iii area larij;(M' than that nf Kiiulaiiii and Wales tom'thiT (ovit 1(17, "OD s((uai(! miles.) Ii'ich ill atjfivuit iiral, iniiuTal. li'iM/iii;^ and Corost re.-uurfes. It otVoi's rare iiidiicemonts tn those in the Old ('diuiIi'v and Ivislein Canada, who contemiilate seekini;' new hnnies. The caiiitalist. toui'ist and health seeker svill tind in AUu-rta a ('(nintry piissessiiii;- all the essentials tor |>iutitahle investments of' caiiilal, enjoyment of ^poi't, and I ei'uperalion of health. To the practical farmtM' and stockman, it has proved to be a veritahle ii;oleonda. Althoiiiih hut yei in its infant ytern Canada. The postal -crvii'c was ihroim'h the United Slates. American money was in ciitoii. The coiislriiclion of the < 'aiiadian Tai itic IJailway iisliei('(l in a new era. and plain and vab' re-echoed to the hum ot' induslrv. Aliieria i~ bounded on the north by the jirovisimial district of Art haliasca, hit. -"i.'rT : 1)11 the south by the international boundary line . on the east by the ]iro- N isiohal di-triet of Assiniboia; and on the west by the summit of the Hocky .Moiiiilains. until it intersects the 120th de;;'ree of loni;'itude. then due iiort h to hit. .').'c7 the eastern boiiinbirv of the Province of British Columbia. A Iciiiith of some ."Jnil miles froni ea-t Iits of coal, metals ami petroleum. Alberta is divided into I Wo judicial districts, ilie northern and southern, 'i'he northern district ex'tends troiii the northern lioundaiy ol Alberta to Moscpiilo Creek, -ome 50 miles south ot' ( "algary. and the southern district includes the remainini;' portion ot' Alberta t'rom ..Mosquito Creek to the international boundary line. A Ju !n'e ot' the Supreme Court presides over each district. Over the noi'thern Mr. .luslice iJouleau who resides at (,*alii'aiy), and who aNo has juri.sdiction over the Vihabasca district. Mr. Justice Maeleod (foi'inerly Colonel of the Xortb-Wesl Mounti'd Police) is .hidge of the Southern .Dislricl and lives at Maeleod. Alberta was, however, previously divided into three districts ; the Ivlmonton, < 'al-ar}' and Maeleod, and as siicli they are still belter luiown. The i'Mmoii'oi, dis- trict covered all that part from the northern boundary of Alberta to a jioint on the i»ed .I)eer JJiver. about 100 miles north of the town of ('alyary. The (.'algary dis- trict extended from the southern boundary ol' the northern disU'icton the north, to .Moscpii to Creek on the south, and the Maeleod district was the same as the present soutbcrn judicial district. CoMMEKCE. When the vast and varied resources of this western country are consideretl ; its I inmenBe forests of magnificent timber; its incxhauslable coal tields ; its mines of MiA7Nr; HE so ( nc es. y,itkl, silver, iron, lead and cojiiier; its a<;-ri(iiltiiral |tr()ilii('tion>. ils u-rcat adapl- aMlity to the siiccesslul raisinj,' of liorst-j*. catll.-, >lii'e|i and liou:s ; il d()0> not iimhui-o a;;'roiit. sli'otcli of imniairinatioii [<\ \> tlic liinantic naliire nf liio coinnierci' wliicli must of necessity centre hero. Kvery naliirul condition is happily lilcnded to make Allicrta in the nca-- future, one of the ri<'hesi provinces in the Dominion — althoiinii the worlv of (k>vci()ping t!ie resources of the proviiKic can only he said tu have coni- nicnced, wonderfvil are llu" stridos made during the past few years. The forests are lieinii; drawn on for t lie I'om fort aiKl proirress nt' the initial thousands of people who havi' come here. Saw-mills of hig proportions ha\c heen ei'e<'led at all ihe principal tow?is and settlements and the great desideratum of a plenteous supply of the finest lumlier in the world, is an uecomplisheil tiict. All along the westeri'i slope of the iJo(dvy .Monnlains, l)ordering Ali'fi'ta on the west, from ii> exti-cnie north to its extreme south, it is lindier all the way. illimilahle, inexhaiisiahle. And here is the -ource whence the settle 115 >l' these wide prairies will draw their lumliei'sup|(lii'S, liuild- inu' up a trade in thatarlich* wiiich will eventually give employment to its tens of ihousands of woodsmen, siiWNers, te;imsl(M's, .md the liundrcds of di lie rent hands ihrough whi(di the original tree pasm* tu't'oie il is ready 10 furnish manufactured material for theliouse furniture oi' implement of the -el t lei- on the eastern ]»rairie. As one turns from one natural resource to aii >lhei\ ii inendous commmereial possihili- tii's of the future of this (li>ti'ict. till one with amay.r'inent. North, soiit h, east, west, everywhere have coal mines heen discovered, At Kdripuiton, iJed l)eer, ilosehud, Can- more, Anthracite, (rleichen. Slice]! C!reel<. Lethhrilge and ( 'rows N<">I I'as.s, immense deposits arc know n to exi>t. and in several jilaces arc now Ixing worked to prolitahle advantiige. Tlio coal mines of licthbridgc are now lurniiig out ovei one thousand tiuis tier day, ami the demand slill i-xcceds the supply. The anthracite coal on the Caiiadiaii l*aeitic ii.'iilway west oi' t'ain'ary is said to he lull}' equal to the best i'eiisylvania article and it is ini|iossihlc lo torni any true estimate of the value of the hillioii> of tons of coal — anihracite and liituminoiis — which iinderly this vast ijistrict, lj}'in,g almost side hy side with the great coal de))osit8 of this region are niiiiei'al.s of nearly all Icinds : golil. silver, lead, copper, iron, etc., in such ahiindance that there is little doiiht that Alherla will .miiiic day rival the most jirodnctive ot' the iieiglihoiiriim- Si;ites in it> mineral out-put, For years past jilaccr mining has heen carried on aioii^' the h.mks ot' the North .'^as- kaJehewan and its I rihul.'irics, ami that riy the old miiiei's and prosj)eclors. In iron, Alherla claims to have an iinexliiMisted su]iply. The iron ore lies mostly contiguous lo coal deposits and is llieretore in re;uliiics> for immeiliate use. In this coniliined iron ami coal industry alone a greaf commerce must yet cent re. and every i\:\y hrings ils dcvelopinent nearer, irero there are mines from which the gi'cat provinc(!s ot <';inada will draw ih.eir supplie- for the numerous railways which will traver-e this vast and jiroductivo county ere long. Following (dosely in the wake of the lunil>cr- iiig ami mining interests are agricultural .-uid stocl< interests, and the <-ommcrce they are now creating is of no small volume. The sister Province of JJiitish ('olumhia is ilrawino- on the market of Alberta lor beet, mutton, oats, barley, p<»tatoes, etc., etc., to supply the mining and .seaport cities and towns of that progressive I'roxince. added to whitdi are the annual exports of fat cattle to (Jrcat Britain — cattle loo of sinh superior quality tl:al the jircss of • ii'eat Britain is loud in praise of tlieiu. The shipment of cavalry, carriage and draft horses to the marketsof th.e F^ast and < irctt Briiain will he commenced at an early dnte, and in this resjiect the hor-e breeders of Alberta havoby the imp(Uialion of Ihe best --I ml animals of ditlei cut classes aniici]ialehe(!p and hoi;'s alive to ))orts of (Jrcat Britain, slaui^^htcr Ikuisi's will lie estahlished throuii'liout Alln'rla and the ])rinu' nioalH of slo(d< teil on ])ea vino mi'ailows and hutl'alo ^-i-ass ])laleauH of Alhei'ta will tind Ihoir way to the markets of Old Canada and (Ireat Britain in refrii^eratine; car- and t'ompartments. Keeping' all those n -ourcos in view, who can doui't the inau'uitudo of Albei'ta's ooUHnerce in the years to conu'. HORSE miKEUING. That Alhorta is a horse broodinir countiy equal to any on the continent u'oo- without quc-tion. Although but yet a young industry (as all Alberta industries are) datinij from the time when the ('anadian Pacific Wailway reachoil the How liiver count ly. it has alrc^ady made wondi'i'ful strides, and the men who have put their capital into horso-. almost to a man hove been succeHsful. In the i-arlv days of the cijunti'ys hi-lory tlu' horses tound on the ranges wei'e divnled into two classes or lii'ei'd> if they may so be called, i.e. the broncho, or largi' bodioil light limbe(l hor-e of mixdl breed, brought over troni Montana or < )regon. a hor-e with wonderful ])owors of endurance inherited from his Mexican ancestry; a hor>e with lots of "go." but little style or beauty ; and theCayuse oi' Indian ))ony. a mongi'cl ot' the first order, indji'od and mean looking, yet abh- at all seasons, with no care, or other food than ])i'airie grass, to covoi' distances of from 50 to SO juiles a • lay for days at a sti'etch. Those were the horses of Alberta a few years ago. To- day we find a dill'erent bri'cd and style of animal. The larue and wealthy catt le owners ami enterprising faiiner.s saw in Alberta all that a horse breeder could a-k or desii'c in a country. IMicy went to the old country and the h'ast ami purchased the best stallions ihey could procure; thoroughbreds, standard t rottcs. ( 'lydes, Per- (dierons. Shires and Jlackneys. They culled out the jioorost ofthe native mares and shijiped them east to Manitoba and kept the best for breeding juirposos. They went further; they shij)[)cd in and continued lo ship m from Ontario lirood mares largely halt and three-([uarter bred ( 'lydes : one company .going further still, to secure a good foundation for its breeding stock and importing from Ii-oland some 250 splendid brood mares, which have thriven be_vond ex]jectation in the toot hills at the base o! the ]kOckies. 'Fhat smdi onlerprise has brought its reward goe- without saying. To-ilay it is estimaloil that there are some 25.000 head of liorses in Alberta the greater number ol' which are running at large during summer and winter with no sheltt.r or food other than that whi(di they tind for themselves on the j)rairie and foot hills. Jlorsomen from the Ivi.-l gaze with wonder ami admiration on the bands of horses which thoy see on the ranges in the MacLeod and ('algary districts. With ])ardonable pride the ranclici' points out the breeding, symmetry a.iil (levelo|i- ment ot his young stock raised on native grass. Unsheltered though the}' be. their coats are as sK'ok and shining as the best groomed city animals. The clear lighlair, the ])ure water and the nutritious grasses of Alberta ]iroduce an animal full id stamina and health, free fr(»m lung or bone es reduced to a minimum, Alberta must ere long be placed as one of the leading horse breeding empoi'iums of the world. Those who have engaged in the Ixisiness and secured good siie- and mare.-; are now commencing to reap their ivwai'd. Theie are hundreils of ihcuisands (jf acres of vacant grass laiKh W(dl watered anil sheltered wasting for occupation. There is always a I'eady market for a good horse and it costs as little, once having the stock to start CATTLE Bh'EEDiya. 81 ',.,■. with, to iniM' :i ;;;()i)(l iinimal as i I does to I'iiisc u Hcnil'. 'I'l'iH' it tMJsts tuon> atvt rtMiuires moic ctipital to oruiiarU in hor-e brci-din;.' than it (hns in (.'atth! or inixod. tiiriiiiiii;', liiit oiiL'i! I'airly started, the witIc islii;;ht and ihcioadtu comju'ttMireMiirc,. ahvavrt [irovidiMl jn'actii'ai niana:;cin.i, and jndiciiins attrnlinn is {^ivon to tho Imsint'ss, Any yonn^ man .stiirltiig with IVoni .ID to TjO ,jj;ood niaits and a wcdi-hrod stallion of liijht or hoavy iji-oi-iis, as iho cdioico may lie', should with .irdinaiy success, at tlio ond ot' live yoars Im in cumCortalir t iii.'iini-lanccs, Tin,' sidrction ol good marcs and sind, and (ho scciirin^ of yood iany;o is more than halt the lialtlo. CATTI-E RAI.srNO. Look-in^; back, some liftfcn years, wo lind AU'erta ("then better known as tiio Bow Jiivtir Country) the haunt of vasl herd,-, of bidfal". To-lled AnL:;u-' Iiave taken his place, liuifalo hunling „ is pa>t and ;;une, and calilo raiadiin;;- in lull >win.LC. I J)urinf.^ 1S81, the Coehrune (JaMlc Ranch, the pioneer of tho i,ncat rancddni; indiisli-y of the I'.i'esenI day, was estalili>hed, ami a iar^-e hand of cattle jiiirehascd in JMonlaua. weie diiven into Canadian ttrritorv and ranifcil in the vicinity of Calgary. Unfortunately the second drive (if cattle in 1HS2 arrived late in tiio season ans for a time, but, milder winters followed and a iiumlR-r ot'conii)anie> were formed, with thf olijtfct of engaging in breeding, and lh(^u~ands of breeding animals were brought in from the Westei'H States. in Miiich, ISSd, it w.as otimated that the number of cattle in Alberta amounted to 40,000 he.id, ami from the I'ommcncemcnt of the industiy the demand for beef cattle w'a> greater than the supjily. I''ii>t, the local market, the Indian DejKirtment, tiie Xorth-We.^t Mounted Police and the thousands of men employed in the construction of the Canadian Pacitic Jlailway, together with the ever increasing numbers of inPonung settlers, swelled the consumjition to such an extent a> io tax to tin; utmost the beef supply of Alberta. Later on came the demand trom IJiitish ('obimbia and the many miidng towns and boltlements along the line of railway; and later siill tiiO heavy shipments of bet'ves to the cities of old Canada and frreat Britain. Last lidl .Senator (Cochrane shi]i])ed to Kngland 800 head ol'steersand 1(M) head of si)layed heiftis, credited by the Pritish press with beiig the best lot of cattle ever iu'ought across the Atlantic; all high grades, Ilerefords, Short- Iloriis and Polled Angus, in (he pink of condition. They stood the journey well aed avci'aged, foi- the steer.-, .CIT 5s. Od. — (Ssd; ; arid for the iieifors. ilW Os. (Id. — (STO); cos! of shipping. -ay .^;^(l, leaving a handsome prolit on cattle that iievei- received a handful of fcrd other than j)rairie grass, and I'oamed on tin- prairie from their birth to maturity. Messrs. Simpson A: Harltbrd also shipped, about the same date, to (freat Brilain"200 head of diy cows, which bi'ought £14 -!s. Cd. — (STO.fiO). The succe.--s of the above shipments h.ns infused new life into the cattle business, and ere long it is anticipated that thousands ot the grass led cattle of Ali.'rta will be ship|)ed annually' to the great consuming centres of (ireat Britain, not alive as lieretofoi'e, but slaughtered and ))re|)ared for market at Calgary ami Ma(deoil and transhipped b}' refrigerator ears and steamers, thus avoiding loss and shrinkage. It is estimated there are now .some biO.OiK) head of lange and domestic cattle in Alberta, the greater number of which ai'e neither siieltered oi' 'lm at any season. The losses during the most severe seasons do not exceed from S to VI percent, and during mild seasons, like the pi'csent, tlie losses are not calculated ni more than \h to 2^- per cent., a bagatelle, where it is conceded that the cost of rearing a four yeui- old steer is computed by stockmen to range I'rom .S7.")0 to 812. During severe season.s losses are principally old ci>ws and calves. Steers seldom sutler much from severe weather. As an instance of the nutrition of Alberta grass, it may be stated that during the months of March, April, May, 18!»0, following tlie most severe winter known in Alberta, train loads of fat steers were shipped at Calgary' to Vancouver G IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ,V^ 1.0 I.I li^lM |2.5 |50 ■^~ HHH •^ Itt 12.2 t' i;^ ilio 1.8 \25 ||l.4 11111^ ■• 6" — ► Va ^ /2 ^l '^cW ^'if s>' ^yj>».^' /A Photographic Sciences Corporation m \ ^-^ rv #.>' 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ *^^ J * 82 SrPERB CLIMATE. Iiroti^^lil off the riinj,'os of ITi^'h River. As in horso breedinu; in Alboitn, ho in enttle lnvwling. all credit to Alberta .stocUmen. No pains or exjicnse lias been spared to breed up to a higli Htandard: stoek bulls have been iniporteil from (ireat Biita'ii and the breean toany climatic drawback. To those looking lor a cnmitiy in which to engage i" cattle ranching we would say " Come to Alherta " ami you will he convinced that that is the range country }iar ex'H'Ucnce of we>tcrn Ameiica. There aw". millions of acres of grazing lands j'et unstocked, tmd room lor thousands more to engage in the business. cr.IMATK. The climate of iVIberta cannot be sui passed, there being no place probably throughout the worlil which enjoys so much bright sunshine theycar round. Indeed this may he well called the laiul of sunsliine. More particulai'ly wv notice this in the autumn and winter by the .striking contrast it is to the olhcf ]ilaci's where day foUows day with murky sky and dienching rain. Hero from Seplemijcr to April rain seldom if ever falls. Occasionally the "ln-autiful miow" carpet> the earth with its whiteness, moistening and enriching the native grasses upon which tiio range cattle live and fatten. During the last three months of the year the weather is supcii^; day after day, week after week ol (dear bright >uiishini'. and the night> are scarcely less lovely than the days — the cloudless sky studded with iimumerable stars, the moon shedding a brighter light than in the Kasr. Krecpientiy the mountains, one hiinded miles (lis- tant, are distinctly visible, their snowy peaks lilistening in the calm moonlight. Usually the winter weather sets iiiatthe beginidiigof the newyearand is cxtremt'iy cold for three or four weeks. But the severity of the Veatiicr is not to he judged hy the thermometer; the air in Alberta is so -.iuLiularly deai- an at zero in the moi-e humid climate of the Kast. Cold is seldom of long duration ; at any time we may have the Chinook winds from the Pacific coast, tlriving away the icy I>last and substituting its own strong warm breath, causing the siiow to disappeai- as if by magic. This melting of the snow without its usual accompaniiiK'nt of Nlyot is a jdoasant and i)eciiliar tcature ol the Spring season in Alherta. Spring is generally early, the end of I'V'bruarv .sonii'tinics tinds fai'mers jilough- ing and seeding. Of course, wv have ('"Id snaps of a few days all through the Spring and occasional snow storms up to the middle ol May. Smnv falling so late in the season may appear to strangers to lie a diawiia(d< to the country. That is not so, but quite the reverse. Snow takes the i)lace of rain, only doing a greater good, nourishing the ground niiudi more. While we cannot say that we have any vainy season, the month of June is most frequently showery throughout. After that there is little rain save an occasional thunderstorm. The harvest can he gathered in with but very slight danger of injuiv to it from that cause. Summer commences the latter part of .May. This is a very delightful season — no intense heat ; while the sun is extremely liot in the day time yet it is never sultry and the nights aic always refreshingly cool. One does not experience here that languid feeling which comes with the sultry days of .Inly and August in Ontaiio. The most unpleasant feature of this climate is the ])revailing high winds; and though they seldom do any harm other than give pei'sonal discomfort — they are di.sagreeable; but notwithstaniling the wind storms tliis is a delightful climate, and better still it is most healthful and invigorating. The atmosphere in Alberta is at CALaUi'V DISTRUST. 83 )robiil)Iy Indeed this ill ore (lay lo April ■th with all times so free from humidity or vapor that the climate strongly rirommertds itself to people sinreriii,^; with pulmonary or l.ronchial atl'ections/ And to keep a healthy man healthy, a sound man sound, lull of life, energy and determination, there is iu> climate like that of Allerta. TIIH CALCIARV DISTIUrT. The Calvary district or Central Alberta i> hounded on the north ly the southern boundary of tho Kdmonlon district, on the south by the northern lioundaty of the Macleod district, (;n the we>t by tin- eastern boundary of tho Province ot Hritish Columbia, and on the ea-^t by the wotern boundary ot' tln^ provisional district of Assiniboia, and to some I'ttl niiUs in leiii,'ili bv about 240 miles in breadth. As (lie northern portion of tho ilistrict is described in an iirticlo in this jiamphlet, under the heailin<^ of lied Deer District, it will only bi- necessary to refer lo that portion lyinif south of the J{ed iiecr coinitry. The ilist net may bede>cril>ed as haviuii- three distinct surface features; to the west the IiO(dcy Mountains, ever beautiful, awe- ins pi i'in_<^ and majestic, ,1,'rand bevond de^eviption in scenery, and ri(di beyond con- ception in its minei'al and lumber re>ource>, the imiold wealth oi' which i> now attractin;j; the attention of eastei-n lapitalists, and tho development ot" which will assuie the future prosperity ot' this new west. Hcm-ath and lyini!;east ot the .Moun- tain ran,i,^o are the t'oot hills, ihe ,<:reat i;i-azinff, coal and timber lauds of the we-t, whose valleys and hillsides now ic-eclio the rime <>f I'h* woodman's axe, th. miner's pick and the softer music of the lowini;- hei well adapted for sheep-farm inu" for stock in small hands wIiom' ovneis will luovide ^utficient hav io feed them throuiih the winter; for occupation b} men who will ilepend lari;;ely on the r.iisintf of sheep, cattle and hi-rses and who will not culiivatethe soil to any <>;ieat exient. Ilay mea- dows ai'c plentifid, coal ea-ily olitaiiied and wood is abiiiulaiit in the north-east and north-west. Tho (.'hinook winds (|( not exert any ii'ieat iiitluence on the snow and for this I'cason the winters are loi,Mt.|- and Uiore severe than in tbecountiy lyim:; south of the Canadian I'acitic Jiailway, where the oft recinriiiij: (diinook or south- west winds melt the snow and so >horien ihe duialion of' severe weather. Most of the eastern portion is betier adapted for pasture for sheep tarininij," and summer ufrazini; than for cultivation. WhiU' the soil over a lara'e area is ri(di and pi'oductivo, the lack of siitlicient ram diirim; .■'ome sea-ons and the want of winter shelter does not make it asde-irablea |)laee to settle as the more favoured. j)art'if Centi'al Alberta. Attileichen. i divisional iioint on the ("anadian Paidlic Railway, some 50 miles east of the town of ( 'alj^nn-y. there is a rich belt of country well suited for a,i;'ricultural purpose- and where ihouvjindsof .acres of tree (iovernment lands are still open for entry a> iionieslead.-. Tin- rich belt extends north to the Jlosebud country, and is a part ot iliedi>trict which should attract setllemenl : it possesses a good supply of water, wond and coal, and will ere lonu'. no doubt, have railway connection with Calgaiy. We-t ol (ilcielien and adjacent to the main line of the C/'anadian Paciric Railway at Xamaka, Shephard and Langdon the soil is fer- tile; grain gr.)wing and ^'eiieral faiining hav«' been mo^t suci'e--l'ully ))roven by the f';ir mors there ; more esi»ecialiy mii:ht be mentioned extra tine crop> of wheat that have been grown there each year; a large exient of' land i.- cilt ivated and Ihe settlers are cheerful and pi'osperou-, they have an unlimiteil sup|ily of" good grasses, heavy meadows are everywheii' to be found; lumber can be liaiiring the i)ast four years sums varying from two hundred and twenty five thousand to three hundred thousai\d dollars have been expended aMiuially in building o])erulions, while it is estimated that at least half a million dol- lars will bo expended this year (ISill) in buiblings and other improvements. During the year ISHO some three hundred and tifly thousand dollars worth of Cal- gary real estate changed hands. Alsoiiuring the past year a water supply system and a seweiage system was constructed. Calgary boasts of possessing a hotel equal to any west of Toronto, has two charter and two private banks ; agencies of several large loan companies arc established here, ('algary has twotlaily and three weekly newspapei's. has teIei)bone and two electric light systems, has a public and high school, Protestant and Roman Catholic private schools, has five churchos and a public hospital. The North- West ^founted Police have an important station here, and tbe Assistant Commissioner of the Force resides in this place. The Judge of the Supreme Court of Xorthern Alberta, the lion. J. A. Lougheed, Senator, the super- intendent of Dominion mines, the Dominion Land Agent, the Canadian Pacific Kail- way land agent, the registrar of land titles and the shoritf of Northern Alberta Judi- cial District, all reside at (Jalgary. Large and complete stocks of merchandise are carried by wholesale and retail merchants. Agents of various agriculttiral imple- ments do business here. The incoming settler will find all his requirements supplied at reasonable cost. The lines of goods carried are both extensive and complete, and in point of (juality largely first class. A second class line of goods does not find an i BUSFNESS AND SPOUT. S5 t Calgary icr young by preci- Bow and a/iod, you f the Bur- ) have do- footstops 1 Canada, I'uture as ey invest d is well in sunny let's as he bedecked ily a few rcing the uliful cli- life, new ;e and all the sur- (cription : [en move the whole nie recre- way Com- ()cial lite in the fai-West. Another thing which surprises the new arrival is the solidity and costh* architectural adornments of the Calgaiy buildings. JN'ot alone aie miin}' of the business, religi(His and jtublic build- ings built of stone and bri(d<, but quite a nundjer of the residences are (A' the same materials and fitted up ii. the most approved modern styles, showing that the men who have succeeded in Calgary are not doulitl'ul of its future, and build their homes as substantially as did their fhtlier.s in older hinds. The constr-ction of the Calgary and Edmonton l^iilwiiy from t"!algarv North alread\' completed as tar as IJeil Deer, and the contemplated "constiuction of a line south of Calgary to McLe.td during the present year is another pr; grcssive tep, which adds to Calgaiy's many ailvantages. Situated in the midst of the richest agricultural and greatest stock country in the Domirnon, its vicinity to the great mineral deposits of the ijocky ^fountains, its natural advantages as a distributing and supply centre for a vast ami lerlilt! country added to its attractions as a residenlial locatinn. it promises by its site alone to be chosen whenever practicable as a hometor the future population of the district and a prosperous history is assured tor it that must be luirivalled in the Xorth-West. North of Calgaiy the country foi- several miles is excellent for mixed farming, and a large number of settlers have taken tip farms aiil'E JfEALTH JlEHOllT. in civilization, nro iiuliiHtriniis and almost self supporting, a striiving contrast to tho majority of Norlli-Wcst Indians. Tlicre is a lliriving settlement in tliis di,>trict, 'settlers are in good circuinstanccs, owners of bands <>f horses and lienls of cattle. The scenery is varied and charming, niinintain and vale, forest and stream. As a horse lange the Moi'ley country is i)re-eminent. Further west are the saw mills of Kananaskis. the semi-anthracite coal mines ot i'anmore, and the anthracite coal mines situated ii> ihe mountain pass (dose to the Canadian I'acitic Hallway lino. ILVNFF. Still further on into the mountains, and some 80 miles west of Calgary, is Banff — Canada's gieat health resort — The Ifocdcy Mountain Park. A numher of hot springs were discovered here during 1SS;{, and in ISS') the Dominion (lovernment set aside a large tract of country for jiaik purposes, and since then have expended large sums of monc}' in huilding bridges, constructing drives and paths to the many points of interest, and now Banff is one f>f the most interesting places in Western Canada. There are several hotels, including a magnificent one built Ity the Canadian Pacific Railway, and rifted in the most moilern style. The Sanitarium Hotel, under niedicai direction, affords the health seeker and tourist every care and comfort. In itshygieiiicsurroundings and unrivalledgrandeur Banff hasalreaily been honoured 1)3' being placed on equal footing with that of any health resort on this continent. Tho invalid who has come to seek health, loaves extolling ant Assembly resides at Banff. West of Banff tho country is a series of mountain ranges containing forests of splenilid timber and illimitable deposits ot' coal, copper, silver and iron ore, which when developetl will add to the wealth, not of Alberta alone, but of tho whole of this great Donunion of Canada. South-west of Calgary, along the I'^lbow Rivoi-, tho counti-y is in every way suited for mixed farming, dairy farming and for cattle and horse ranges. Settlers are fast coining in and and taking up land and bringing the soil under cultivation. Grass, water, timber and coal are abundant. To the country l^'ing south of Calgary we would call the special attention of the practical farmer who purposes making his home in Ihe West, it vvill well repay the newcomer to travel south f'oi-. say, i-iO miles, through the settlements of Fish Creek, Pine ('r- ok. Sheep Creek and High Kiver, over an undulating country, thickly settled with mixed farmers^ where schools and churches are numerous, where for the past eight years successtiil crops of wheat, oats, barley antrict, H of cattle, ni. Ah a w mills of tacite coal ihvay line. is Hantl'— lei" of liot overnmeiit ! expciuled > tho many II Western (> Canadian Dlel, under nifort. In )noure(l by nont. The B healthful are or lest itH varied and Spray ill are the i'hose sides 5a nil' must ekors, who jard of tho forests of ore, which lole of this jvery way Settlers ultivation. ttention of well repay nts of Kish country, •us, where have been rich loam rtile acres )e'ud with t the year :h amount ic eomfort- l< ; every- m oxperi- lew-comer 9 districts, roui^h this isive culti- Je in their country and with eneri,'y which is bci^ot of success. The fanner from the F'^ast may, if he chooses, rent or puichase an improved farm and many liavi" already found ;t to their ailvautaue to t pi'oirressive and inosperous districts in the wiiole Xorth-Wost. XOKTIIKILX ALUHUTA. TMK KI.KCTOKAI. IHSTIUCT OF KHMoNToN'. Compiled ill Frank Olircr, JF. L. A. The farmer who is compelled to seek- a new location to:' himself ami faniiiy. lias a \iivx serious tjuestion to fact'. Theciicumstances coin|K'lliii^ him to remove mav be of various kinds. He may be crampe and be unable to complete his payments. Any of these reasons maybe sulHcieiit 1) make it advisable for the farmer locateil in the Ivist to seek a new home ; to say noth'tii;' of bad sea-on- or per- sonal misfortunes or faults. Whatever may be the reasons for lemoval. there is no doulit that the removal itself is a loss. The lime that is taken in reniovinif Iroiii one place to another, the Iravellini;' expenses, ihe losses ami accidents bclort- c\ erylliiiiiif can be accommodated to the new -iirroundini;s and be ij;oi workniii- to advantai^e, make it most nect'ssary that there should be ;is tew removals as pos-ihle in a man's lifetime, if wealth is desired. Therefore the piu'son inlendinn" to remove ixMjiiircs to weigh well the permanent advanvanesof the several localities of which he has choice before removini;-, so that the one remove will answerall purposes. He should ask: What re<^ion produces those articles which are ot the ilil;•ile^t and most permanent cominei'cial value? Jn what ])art of the reu'ion aiiapted to the j)roluction of these articles can they l)e produced in the ^n^atesi abundai.ce and porfeciion, and wilh the greatest averai,^e certainty ? In what part of that region is the soil best suited by reason of the depths of its fertilii}- to ])ermaiient ly keep up an alMindant yield ? Has tho region, otherwise suitable, a healthy climate, tentiing to bodily and mental vigor; for weal' h without health to enjoy it oi- successors U) use it is of little account ? Are there favourable opportunities tor acijuiiing land at a low rate in that region? Are the natural conditions t'avouralile to a settler starting on a small cajtital ? Are the .social conditions there of ordinary civilization — is life and property secure and are their educational and religiou> advantages available? A salist'actory answer to these questions is more impoi tant to the thinking, woiking, saving farmer — the man who is the producer of the wealth and is the backi)one of the civilixation 88 WJIEIIE TO SETTLE. of both Cuniidii and Mio United SlatoH; who has made those comitrios what they are — than to tho questions that are ordinarily I lie Hist ones asked. Is thoi'e a rush of iminifjcration, is the country booniini^, is money identiful, is land rising in value, is railway huilding g"i'>K <>" '^ With a continually incroasinu; population, continually seokinif new homes, and with capital continually incroasini; ami as continually seek- inelf, and heart-bieakini; (lisappoinlmeMt or disastrous lf)ss must result as they have resubed there, where the natural comlitions were so adverse that the}' could not be overcome. In looking over the ground for a suitable location, tho int.uidiiig settler shoidd bo particularly caref\il regarding any district that is booming, and shoulil carefully bear in mind that the fact that it is booming has no necessary relation to its suit- ability as a i)lace for locating or investing cajjital in. As *perity as the result of industry, which is the only true source of wealth. ':« WHERE DOE.S b ARMING PAY BEST? In answer to the ([uestiou. What region produces those articdos which are of the highest and tnost jiermancnt conimorcial value? The agricultural products, Avhich aie of the highest and most pernument value, are most universally necessary to tho existence of civilized man, for civilized man alone has the commoi'cial facili- ties to give them world-wiile distribution, and he alone has money to pay for thoin. These products are wheat and cattle in their manufactured state of flotir and beef. It would be possible for the world to do without sugar, or tea, or cotfee, or tobacco, or cotton altogether for a time, oi' to reduce the consumption to such a degress as to break everyone engaged in growing these jiroducts. Men engaged in raising these products may occasionally make large pi'otits easily, but the>' ai'C subject to as heavy losses from bnv markets. It is not possible for the civilized world to do without flour or beef, nor is it possible for consumption to be as gi-eatly reduced on account of an increase of price, as in tho case of other products. A decrease of production or an increase of demand increases the price of flour and beef according to tho buy- er's necessity, which is not under his c( ntrol to the same extent as regarding other products. Therefore the farmer engaged in raising wheat and beef for export has a surer market for all time than th'. farmer raising any other article of produce. He is not then subject to the losses from low markets or from lack of a market as those who raise sugar, or cotfee, or tobacco, or cotton are, and as a consequence the farmers who depenil on raising wheat and cattle tbr export are, on an average, more prosperous, and the countty which depentls upon their prosperity has moi-e wealth than tho fainiei's who depend on loss staple ai'ticles, or tho country which dopends on them. Tho farmer who desires a permanent prosjjcrit^-, us the reward of indus- try, should locate in a wheat and cattle growing country, rather than in a sugar and cotfee, and tobacco and cotton countiy. It should be rememljorod that the ci'ops and products raised where wheat and cattle thrive are second oidy in importance to those articles themselves. These are the products of the Northern States and of Canada, while the Southern States and West, Indies produce sugar and cofl'eo and tobacco. There is double as much wealth per head in Canada and the Northern UK Hi uETunys l\ (\\.\aj>a. 80 I they aro a iiisli of vuluo, is ntiimully ally soek- II fo (losir- will ovor- rliticially iM'lf, ami »vcrooiuo. slioiikl ho caiefully D its suit- e when it 111(1 wiicn oalc those v'ho make ' hot'oro it wiio coino y. 'UwvQ- is in pro- arc such oii'.v true A\\(i\\ are products, lecossary iai facili- t'or thorn. and beef. • tobacco, ross as to ing these as heavy without ) account rod net ion the buy- ing other ort has a uce. He ', as those lenco the uo, more 0 wealth depends of indus- ugar and he crops rtance to and of nrt'eo and N^orthern United States as in the West Indies and the Southern United Stafe>, and it is more evenly divided. WIIKHE AUK UKTUUNS MOST CKKTAIN ? If wheat and cattle !iiH> the products upon which the farmer may in(i>t saTcly depend for continual ])rosperity, the next (juestion is, in what part nf the region adapted to their growth can ihev he pinduceil in the gieatest perfection .niil aKun- dance — in its southern or its northern |iart — in Canada or in the Tnited States ? It is an established lact that all i>rotiuct> can he brought to tlie greatest perfection near tho northern limit of their growth. It is a well-estallli^he(l fact that the culti- vated grains aiul domestic animals otKastern ('ana la attain a greati'r perfection than those ol'the Stales immediately adjoining to the south. And it is also a well- established fact that although Ontaiio contains a very mu(di largei" proportion of inferior iurming land, its yield of wheat ]ier acre is c(»nsi(ieraiily greater lan that of tho immediately adjoining and vi'ry fertile State ot' New York, and greater than that of any State of the Union. Regarding the -ii|ieri(»iity of its dl)nle^^tic animals, it need oidy be pointed out that (Canadian cattle are admitteil to the Mritish markets without (juaiantine, while cattle from the I'nited Stales aic invariably i|Uaiantincil, as being more liable to bo diseased. The rule regarding the Ipctler ijuality and more abundant yield of grain which applies as between Mastein Canada and the United States applies equally between Western Caiuula tmd the Uniteturage. and the ample supply of good hay for the winter, where hay is re(|uired. have their neces- saiy etfect in making the cattle raisel in the Northwe.»t Miporior in >ize and (piality to those raised on the less abundant and less nutritive grasses of the south. What is true regaixling the cattle thein; there- fore, whatever prices may be, the Northwest will always get the best. In average certainty of wheat production the Northwest nei-d not feai- comp.irison with any other new country. There have been years of lailure, from gra>-lio|)peis and other years partially from drouth, but from none of the^' causes have failures been as frequent or as severe in the Canadian Northwest as in the ])raiiie States south of the international boundary line. In the time of the grasshoppers the pests bred and ranged for years over the praii'ie territories before comim;' into the Canadi.an noi'th- west. Their home is the plains, and they never ])eiu't rated the partly wooded regions along the Upper Saskatchewan in Noi'tiiern Alberta. Althoii.nh further north, being at a lower elevation and sheltered to soim- extent ly the tiinbere(l country of the north, strange as it may seem, it is nevertheless an established fact tho Canadian Northwest has not sutt'ei'ed as .severely from the frost in the past ten years as the prairie States to the south, and it isfurthei' an established fact tliat the more northerly arMl more wooded parts of the Territories do not sutler so severely as the higher plains further south — that there is less frost along tho SasUatchewan than further south. Tc go no further back than l'^8S, fVost was general ami severe in Dakota and parts of S OF FKUTJLITW yeaiH ofdroiitli in the StiilcH, when tlic CarmMiiiti ^^l^tlnvt'^t onjovi'il sutficioiit moiH- liHf, IkiI la>t yciii' llic ilroiilli oxltTnli'il li> ilu' Noitliwc**!, s<> thiii it was u tost y oar. At l-Miui)iiloii, alil)(iiii,fh till' ^t-asoii was vorv ili-y, tlif yicM ot ifiaiii was 1!>\ bushels Ik llic acre (if wheal, niils 'H\\ liii>hi'ls, liarlcv 1\ l)ii>lu'ls. a hinlii'f avofa^e tljuii |)al<(ila show^ ill its ino>i tavmirt'il Vfac. To >utii up, in Northern Alberta, which contains the most norlheilv setllenu-nts in the .Vorthw»->t, there is j»r. ctieally no ilani^er o| e;iasslio|»|»('rs, no ilan^'er ot Mmiith, ami les- danger from frost than in Da- Uoia. whilf the oilier wheat pests pievaleni in more Hoiithern hitiludes uro un- Umowii. Owiiiii' to the LMealer iiicisliire in this pjirl of the eoiintiy there is a better ixrowth of -her ^i;iass tiiaii elsewherf in the territories. Ilieieforo cattle ean be raised more ea. .iV. cheaply and of better ijii.iliiy llian further souih. 'I'he siiifaee of Uic eoiinlry is i;»'iitly iiiidiilaliiii; and throii^^h the eentre of the di'triei ihe SaskaUdiewaii River tlows in a bed •_'(»(( feet beh.w the level. On top is a layer ol from one lo three feet ot' blacdv ve<;etal»le mould, with little or no mixture of sand or irravel. beariiii!; a ^^mwlli of wild vei;etatif)n of a luxuriance scon in no othi'r |iaii ot the Udiilories, and indeed seldom seen anywhere outside the tropics. It is peculiar lo this section of the eounfry that the blatd; mould is deeper on the knolls and ridyes than in tlu' hollows. This is jiceoiinled lor partly by toe lacl of the mould beint;' the ilirect result of the decomposition ot' vei;etalioii just where it grew, and iioi a ileposit brouicht Irom some other loc;dity as in the e;ise with the ileep foil ot the lied iJiver valley; and |)aitly \\y the tires whi(di in extra dry seasons burned away the turl in the localities which on account of their ikmii^ more damp, iieiau>e lower, contaiiuMl a ^leater amount of veLretabh" matter. Tlie black loam of »)iitario, the result ol the ilecompo.-ilion of forests tor countless ages, was ver}* rich, but it was less than a foot in thickness. The superior ferlility of the region where under parallel circumstances tlii'ce feet of similar soil has been formed must be evi- dent. ^Villl a soil ot' su(di dciith and feitilily it is not v,-onderful that in orilinarily good seasons a yield of oats ot 100 to 1 14 weiirhed Imshols to the acre has not been uneoiuiiKtii. aii(l tli:it le.ss than (io bushels is con^idcied a jioor cro]»; that barley will yielil till bu>hels and wheal over 40, and thai potatoes of I roin three to tour pounds weight are not a rarity. Ot course, these yields have not been attained every yeai- nor in any year by every farmer, but they hav.' been :ittained without extraordinary exertions, and prove that the capacity is in the >oil if tin- tillage is given to bring it out. Underneath the mould lies whiteish niarley clay of a deptii of about twelve feet. This (day, unlike the subsoil of Ontario, contains the elements of fertilitN', and a mixture of it with the black loam adds to the j)id(liictiveness of the latter in the case of wheat. .Such a soil is not only excepiionally lerlile to commence with, but has practically an inexhauslible fei'lility. .Sup|)osing the black mould to l)e worked out iheie remains the twelve feet of marley otlbi- to settlor^ to a dcijree Inat no other part ot' llie terri- tories has. Where a man may take up a taiin and lie satisfied tliu'. his chil lien's duldreu will tind it as tertile as he did. Where a man liaviny,' once driven his stakcH need never reniiire to |iiill them up. WIIKKK IS THE MOST lIEAr/niHlT- Cl-IMATE ? One of the most important eoii-iire, as well as upon lhei;r( wt,h of farm stock and jjrodiiee. It is almost a tixeil rule thai the person who has reinovcil from an oM to a new eounti-y must sutler from ill healili for a coiisiiler.ahle time until ho becomes aeclimali/.ed. and until ineieasiiiy,- eivili/alinii ha> (diaiiged the natuial conditions of the country for the better. This is ])arlicularly the ease where the country is level and the soil of j^reat feriilily as di>tini,aiished tVom hilly, rocUy or sandy trac^ls. Thai is to say a IV-rtile county is more apt to he unhealthy in its natural condition than an infertile coiintry. lait in thi-> partii'ular. (he rule ree of various kinds it is true, but it is a simple fact that amoiin-the wiiitii settlers, all'ections of the lungs of even the litchtest kinds are almost unknown, the more >evere kinds, ineliid- ing coiiHUmption, are entirely unknown, even oi)idemic> -iich as the recent iiitliu'n/,a, measles and scarlet {\i\\i\\ are very lii;ht and very rare, and iid'ant mortaliiv. which makes up such a largo proportion of the death rule in I'Jiiiland, does not exi.-t a> a special feature here. Jiegarding the comparative amount of |)lea-iire to he (h-rived from existence under the many different climates of the world, there iiuist always be a very wide ditference of opinion, but it must be evident that that climate whicdi gives a person the best health and the greatest vigor, hasan advantage wbiidi cannot he coiintei'balanced by any feature of a climate whi(di deti.acts from health and vigou:-. ifere the snow usually disappears between the 1st and ir)th of April, leaving very little water on the ground. The weather remains cool at nights and warm iluring the day until about the 15th of May, after whitdi ilate frost is unusiial. and plan! growth begins to be rajud. TJain begins to fall early in .lune, and growth continues very rapid until about the miildle of August. Haying commences about the middle or end of July ; harvest from the middle or end of August, and is coinp!etc(i in September, after which growth generally ceases and the grass begins to wither; il generally remains partly green, however, so that it is good pastiii'e, until the giound freezes in the early part of Xovember. There is seldom any rain after the 1st ot Augu>t. Snow falls in November, but does not get deep until after New Year's, nor does the weather become severe until then. January and Februaryare the months of cold and snow. In March the weather becomes warmer anil the snow ilisappears. As compared with the clinuite of Manitoba, the winter season is not so long, or stormy, or so steadily severe, but at times the thermometer goes as low as in Manitoba. The iiiHuence of the west or chinook wind is what shortens the wintei-, and ['nnn time to time relieves its severity by mild spells, while the abundance of timber scattered in clumps over the district shelters from the severity of the north wind. The weather is certainly stormy at tin)es, but on account of the ahiindance of shelter and fuel no great inconvenience is experienced, there is no sutleringand there tf2 P HE SOME .V.l /. /'7i' li TIL I T Y irt no 'Imviror. 'riiccliinalt'dillVrrtrrKin that oISuiiiImtii AlhiTtii in that licini-- t'mtlior roini>v«'(l t'l'oni the niiinntains thi'cliinooU Lsnotlblt ashfioMijIy in wiritt'i-. The \vint«'r wcaMu'r i-t ninrc f^tcady, ami lln-rofoic |tri'j>aiati<»nsai(> always niailc (or it, and thi;ro JH none oi Ihc; lo>ri or snll'iTini;- t!ial occhi-h in Montana, I'.S.A.. whi^i tlio chiiKxtk lliat lias Ipoom di'pondfd on tails to tonnort. 'I'o sum up, the wcathiT of tho loii;^ dry Hprinij; and I'all i" llic most (Mijuyahlo that t-an |M(ssil)ly he iniai^iiu'd. Tlut winter is fold, hill calm, not disai^ioi'ahle to anyono if pioporly |)iopari'd for it, and the nio.st enjiiyahlo >{'ason of all to many. Tho summor, with its rainH and hot siiiushino, m ulii's lip in IiiNiirianct' of ifiowtli what it lacks in otlu>r way^ This pliciiomciial fiMlility of the soil and wonderful saluhrity of tho (dimnto aro tlu' ;;realesl attiactions that any new country can po^sihly oiler to the settler. AVhcif the-c are toiiiid loirether the dovelopmont ot' tho re:fion hy railways and its o"ciipation hy capital and lohoiir can only ho a question of a short timo; and when they are iiot.'all the wealth ot' the world and all tiio appliances of civilization cannot j)rovide tliein. Those aro facts that the intondintj sottler woiiM do well to considor fully hefore deciding on his permanent location. WHKIIK CA.V LAND UK SKClJREn. Any po>ii Lands Act jirovides that a settlor may acquire 1(!0 acres of land as a homestead for a cash payment of 81il, accompariiotl i»y three years rosidoneo and a small amount of (cultivation. This a|)|)lies to each alternate square mile or even numhered ^celions throiiLciioiit tho Territories. The other alternate square mile or odd-nu inhered se<'tion is reserved for sale or to he ijranicd as a honus in aid of railways. In the southern and eastern parts of the Territories those odd-numborod sections are hold at §2.50 an acre, in the northern and western portion at $2 an acre. The settler must con- sider, if he is uiiahie to purchase the remainder ot what land he requires from the (rovei imeiit, in wl at part of the Territories will IGO acres make suflicient farm and the best farm ? Tho settU'r who comes in now while settlement is still comparativolj'sjjarso. has the opj)ort unity to secure a location for nothing, haviiiuj reixaid to its soil, situation and >^urrondings, which it woulil cost him many year.s of hard labour to jiurchaso if he comes in a vear or two hence. RAILWAY CO.M.MUNICATION. The one ohjeclion tell by the settler to tho Edmonton district is tiiat it is as yet ■without railwaj' communication. The Calvary and Kdmonton Kailway is now under construction from the main line of the ('anadian I'aeitic Railway at ('algary. One bundled miles from ('ali^ary to I?ed I>eer have been built this 3'ea", and the remainder of the distance to Edmon- ton will be tinislied in time lo take out the 18!>1 crop. The road will bo operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company as a branch of its system. The (rroat Xorth- West Central line is now being built from Brandon, Manitoba, with Edmonton as its objective point ; tifty miles are already completed. Regarding tho second objection, that if this had been the best country the Caiuuiian Pacific Railway would liave como this way ; the answer is that the main line of tho Canadian Pacific Railway was built as a c unpotiug trans-coiitiiiental line over the sliortest route, and that from tho first It was intended to depend upon the bi'anch linos for theilevelopment of tho best agricultutal areas of the S^orlh-West. In proof of this, it may becited that from the first the Canadian i'acific liailwuy ]irovidod that they might reject tho land along their main line if any wore unfit for settlement. They have, as a mitler of fact, rejected some land as unfit tor settlement, ami have selocteil part of their land sub- sidy in Xorthorn Alberta, adjoining, and partly Included in the Edmonton district. This should bo a proof positive as to the excellence of tho land in this region. If SI I'EnioinTY or the west. \K\ i; further 10 winter 11(1 tlicro cliiiiook loii^ tlry tvi liter is tlie most ■iUiisliiiio, iiiulo aro I* Hcltlor. '4 ami its md wlitMi >ll CUIIIIOt considor lil to the ) prevt'iit Doiniiiioii stead tor tinouiitof I M'l'lions section is southern at 82.50 iiiist con- tVoin the t'ariu and )ai'8e, has situation rehase if is as yot Lhe main (Jali^ary l-ldnion- nited by It- Xorth- toii as its )lijcction, ave come way was frf)m the ■ tiio best from the md along • of fact, land sub- I district. gion. If it |»ayH the railway eoiniiany, which wants |o sell the land, to soleel it here, it will surely pay the settler who wants to uso it, to lollow thai exaiii|tle. Il should l.o borne in mind that it was on the re|tiitatioii of ihe Kdnionton district, as e>l;dili>licd bvtlie early miHHioiiarie>-, traders ami travellers, thiit (he ic|)iitati, and that Ihi; man who goes into the wilder- ness to make a home for himsidf must be conlcMit to see his eliildreii grow up in ignorance, ami without the restiaininu' inlliienei's of rtdigion which would bt- tell in oKler an as rii^idly enforced, the industrious man is protected in his prison .md in the ro-iilts of his labours as thoroughly i;s in the most po|Uiious ruial district oi (Mitaiio. Tlieie is no lawless class, there is none of that defiance of law and destruction of order that is pnjmlarly sujiposed t<» be an oiitLjrowth of pioneer lite. The Kastern -ettlcr c uuing to the Canadian Xorlh-West linils himself among tiie people wiio ari as deeply impressed with the necessity and advantage of maintaining law and order a-- were his neighbours in the Mast. Where |)opiilation is scattered .is il luco-sarily is n iho first settlement of a new coiinlry, it is, of course, impossible thai eiiicatioiial facilities should be as abundant as where there is a greater c"iicentrati(Mi of po|)ulalioii and wealth, but as far as has been ]tossiblo the adverse ( mdilions existing Irive been made up for. Koiir heads (tf families may form a scl.iol disiriet. and when I'ormed the (rovernmenl pays from (I') to 75 jier cent, of the tcacjier's salary, thereby reducing- the cost on thoratcjiayers toa merely nominal amount. This is uiKiuotionably the most liberal provision tor the support ot schools in the world. With a popiilalion of some- thing over »IO,(IOO, exclusiveof [iidians, there are over 2(MI (ugaiii/.c ' school districts in the North-Wcst. Matters of religion are as widl attended to as ih -eofe lufation. There is not u settlement in the Territories of any consi'i|Uence in which religious services are not held. In these jiarticiilars lhe Ivlmoiiion district i-- iioi interior to ail}' other in the Territories. A division of mounted police, wiih lead (luai ters al Fort Saskatchewan and several outposts, ensure obedience to the law. The supreme court sits at Edmonton twice a year so th.it redress for wroiig> done is readily available by process of civil law. There are twtdve s(diool districts within a radii. > of tweniy miles of Edmonton. Theie aro missionaries of th»' Church of Mnglaiid, Presbyterian, Methodist and Roman Catholic churches stationed at Kdnionton: and at St. Alliort, nine miles distant, is the ecclesiastical capital of the IJoman Catholic diocese of St. Albert, which includes the greater part ot' the \orth-West Territories. TUK EDMONTON DISTIUCT occupies the north-western corner of the fctile belt of Canada, and in^cludes the upper jiortion of the great Saskatchewan valley. It runs Irom the iJaltle Jiiver on the south about 150 miles to the Athabasca on Ihe north, having the Saskatchewan Eiver near its centre, and extends from Ihe summit of the IJocky ^rountains east- ward about 300 miles to the 111th Meridian, the eastern boundary of the provisional district of Alberta. The town of Edmonton, a little south and east of the centre of the district, is in latitude 5;5{.. the same as the Queen Charlotte Islands on the Pacific coast — which is about 400 m'iles distant from the western boundary (d' the Edmonton district — as Dublin in Ireland, Livpcrool and York in the northern part of England 94 KD MOSTOX J) ISTIiWT. Ilollaiid. Iliiinltiirii; in (icrmany — Ucrliii, (Joiiiuiny, is uvory iittlo hoiiIIi of W.\ — and luiU's I'urllior Hoiith tlian St. P('U'rsliiiry:li, tlic capilal. ivlnioiiloii is I'lirtlior houIIi tliaii any jmrt ol' Scotland, J)onni;iri<, Norway or Swcdoii. ()a(s aic llu' most cfiliiin and hoavit'st croi), harlcy and wlioat aljoiit i>quul. 'riicsf (liivo iiiains liavc ifivt'ii heavier returns in fiiis district liian aiiywiiere else in Nort'ii America. I'cas have not heen tried extensively. I'otaloes, eahhajjjo, tiirni|is, heels, carrots, celery, caulith)\ver and all the hardy ve, Saskatoon iK^rics and choke lieriies are ahiindant. ('iiltivatod red en !• rants yrow rc'inarkahly well and yield ahiindantly. The i;'rowth ol" other cullivated varieties of t'r nit has not passed the experimental sla.u'e. I;ive stock of all kinds is raised extensively and does well in the lOdinonton district, inchidini;- horses of all j^rades, from lioavy draught to Indian ponies, horned cattle, sheep, pi^s and poulii'V, imdiidinii' turkeys. Native horses do well on the ranue all the year round, hut i;-ood slock of whatever kind n'qiiires ^ood Iroatment to hrinn' it to its hesi, when it is most prolitahle. In its climate and facilities tor raisiiiii' H()od cattle, this district leads the I'cst of the 'I'erritories. There is u more uhiindant, vjnied and nutritive j)asturaiie durin<^ a Ioniser season in summer; there is a nioi-c .ahiindani supply of hay procur.ahle for winter feeding; tiiere is a nu)re ahundant and universally distriluited water supply ; tiiere are less summer or winter storms, .and moic shelter hy means of woods from those w hieli (H-cur ; huildinj;' timber is moie easily procured with whicdi to ])iit u]) stahles lor the winter, being neai'ci' to the I'acilic — the source of the t'hinook. The winter climate is less severe than that of till' (list rids along I he Saskatchewan furlliei' i^ast. As a consecjueiice, a bettor class of cattle can he raised more cheaply ami with less danger of loss in this district than aiiywluM'e else in the Territories, and therefore there is mor«! money in the biisinos here. The .advantages wdiich tcdl so heavily in favo'ir (»f the district for cait le rai>ing tell as heavily in favour tor dairying. There is a larger How of richer milk for a longer season than (dsewhere, and the <|uality of the biittcM" made here is unsurp.assed. I''resh butter is put upon the market in the latter end of Kehruary or the early part of Mandi. and the supjily continues until NoviMnber-. Slu'cp do well, but ari' not kept extensively, as i-attle aio less trouble and more ]>rotitable. The ubundant yield of coarse grains and roots make hog raising a very protitable branch of the farmer's busine>s. Poultry tlirive excellently, and fresh cggH are i)lentiful every year early in .Marcdi. Turkeys wt're introduced in ISSl, and are now raised in largt' numbers. An experinu'nt in he*! keeping has bei'ii carried on during the ]>ast two years. Twenty swarms, an increase from six, are being wintered thisyejir. The men who are now engageil in ilu! ex|teriment are (MUilident that bee keeping will he a great success in this i-egion, owing to the aliuiidanee of lioney-l)(!aring flowers and the long season ot' bloom. 'I'he laiger wild animals, suidi as moose and lK>ar, and the smalh'r f>ir bearing animals, >uch as bcavi'r, otter, tisht!!', etc., are niinu'roiis in the thickly wooded distiiels. and in the liocky Mountains the big horn sheep and mountain goats arc a great ain.aclion to sportsmen. In the |)ark region there are jumping iWvv, a small variety which yield exc»'llent spoil and tair vcwiison. Wolves arc the only wild animals wdiich ar(! dangerous, and they are very rare, not running in iiacks as in the Mast, (!oyot(^s, animals between the fox and wolt, are not dangerous but somelimcs steal chickens anil lambs. I'abbits become so mimeroiis every scveni Ii yeai' as to almost amount to being a |»esl in u inter, but they quickly d(M'rease. The gopher, is almost unknown in the Ivlmopton disti'ict, as he does not like to liui-row ii\ such a depth of soit blacdi mould. The gopher (juestion is one whiidi tlu" settler in the Ivlniiiiloii district has not to consider. TIk! numerous lakes and ponds of the district abound in diudvs a'l summer, lurnishing excellent and never-failing sport. The larger lakes, siudi as Ueaver lake, forty miles ea-t of Ivlmonton, are visited by immense Ho d\S of waveys, geese, swans. GOLD—COAL— OIL. !».") lie. Tlio olc, in tluMruiiiuial (lij^Hils nortli uh<\ south in llio sjniii-,^ and iali n'spoctivelv, ami tlioso are ivillcd ill lai'.i!;i' iiiiinhoiH. I'laiiio cliicktMis arc miineroiis in tlic j)i'airii' Hjiaeos, and i)ai'tri(l,iros in iIk" woi.ds. (Vanes, vorv lar-c and liandsonic lirds wJiicii fmiuont tho opon prairie, are also found, hut il.fv are not so nunierous as on tiio irroal plains. Slur.noon in the SaskaUdieWiii, and whilelisii in tlie larije hikes in the westeiii and northern part, ot'tiie district, ai« the principal lish. 'I'lic la(li-r arc part iciilarlv abundant and tine llavoMred. ciiiial to any tish in the world. 'I'liev are solo a"t Kdnioiuon in winter al IVoin 8") to 8i(l per hnndred lish. Sidiuon Iroii'i of lai'^^e size, pike, pickerel and t^old eye, arellu ly ti>h taken with the hook and line. Coal of excellent (piality is found alinosi everywhcie in I he distriel, al a dcpiii ot Ironi two to tliii'ty icel in Ihiekness. The coaf huiiied in llit> town ot' Ivlinonloii iH mined directly under it, tunnels hein^; run in on the coal soains from the liiee of the river hanks, l-'our mines arc wo:kcd within the tovvn limits, the ro;d is univ^^r- sally used for lieatini;', co(dvin,i;', steani-i'aisin-- and Macksmit him;-, ami i- delivcied from llje luincH at $:', a Ion. 'I'hc SiMiHCon River set Hers use coal taken trom the bank oi'a small trilmtary of l!;c Sturueo" in that scillement, and indeed comI is easily accessible in evei'y part of the disirict where a si ream < uls a deep t>nouiidi valley to expose the seam. (iold \H found on the bars (d" the Saskatchewan, in Ihe form of tine dust. It was (liscovere(l ovi^r twenty years a,'i;ini;->." They will ie\ermake;i man ri(di, but they may easily help an industrious poor man alonu'. Sandstcdie (iiiarries exist in many places aloiii;- ihe river, which i- navigable for stoaniers, and (here arc laii^'e i|iian(ilies of limestone bnidder^ on ihi' bar- snilieicnt f(»r present use, but only one limestone ipiaiiy has \-ei lieen di-co\-ered, alt lioun;h there is ik) doub( (lia( o(hers exis(. Trav'cs of pe(rolenm have been found in various parts of ihe di-lrici, but no sii(isfac(ory devidopineiUs have been made. A lillle over L'OO mile> noii h of IMnionlon, on the Athabasca river, in a region wlexe trade is (|irecl|\- iiiinu.irv i" b, Inionton, beijins the most exd'iisive pelroleiim deposil in the known world, a-< e-iablished bv (liti survey of the ('anadian L;o\-eriinn'nt ^colonisls. biirlher uorlii, on ihe same waters, is ;iii iininense salt deposit, the |)iMd!icl ol' w hirh Ins bren ii-cd foj- manv years ihroiiifhoiil the .Maekeii/.ie iJiver Itasiii. 'i'he sceiHM'y of I he Ivlnionton disi riel is nol iis I(';i-.| ;iiiracii\i' fealiire. The i^ently indulatiiiLj siirfaei" ^howim;' prairi<' am' woods iharminuly inteisjiersed. cut deeply by t he Saskattdicwan — a slre;im 1.000 led wide al low waler — and iiiinieious smaller tributary streams an^r a ditper colour in places — I he whole makes a piet urc ot' calm iicaiily s(ddom serii e\c('|il mi eanva-, and most ridVi'shiiii;- to the eye. The I'idmoiiloii scltlemenl is the oldest in the rerrilories, ;ind dale- from the ostablishmenl of tradinu' posts by theiludsoii's l>ay and North We-t i radin^- c(uu- panies on the site ot" the |iresenl town of ivlmontoii, probably before ihe be^inniiii; of the present ceniiiry. Ovxin^;' lo iceo^-raphical |)osition and other naliiral cause-', it was the most imporlanl po--i owned by ihe Hudson's IJay ('ompany in wh.al is now ihe North-WesI Territories. The lirsl permanont settlements were e-i;d»lishei|, wi( h Kilmoiiton as a central point, a( Ijake S(e. Ann, l^ac la Hisehc, S(, Alber(, \'iel ot commencetl until after the trimsfer in 1870. J'Jver since that time there has been a 'jonstantly increasing popidatioM dependent upon agricultural pursuits for supi)ort. The early Canadian Pacific Railway surveys through the Jasper Pass, for which JOdmonton was the base of supplies, brought tiie place somewhat prominently before the Eastern public, and in 1880 and 1881, when it was tiually decided to build the line, there was a large influx of Canadian settlers, who ex|»ected the railway to follow in a few years. The change of i v>;ite by way of llie Kicking Horse Pass, which carried the line 200 miles south of Edmonton, was a scveie disa|)pointment to them. Notwithstanding thi;;, population and pros])erity have steadily, though slowU', increased, and Edmonton settlement has spread so a;; to include a tract of country about twenty -five miles long by twenty miles wide, having a population of over 3,000. AVithin that area there are schools and churches, stoics and hotels, shops and mills, telegraph and telephone, just as in the more po])uloas settlements of Manitoba. There are 5,131 acres under cultivation, and 3,640 cattle, 953 horses, 1,483 pigs, and 707 sheep are owned. Outside that area there is practically no settlement, although equal oppor- tunities await the enferjirising man, until the outlying settlements mentioned above aie reached. [As this form goes to press, the only one not printed off, word comes that at the AViunipeg Agricultural Show, 2^orth-West wheat has been pro- nounced by competent judges the Finest ever seen. The reader Avill remember what has been said about the magnificent facilities for sheep raising in Alberta and aU over the Territories. Mr. Carrothers of Buck Lake, South of Rcgina, took thirteen prizes for Sheep. — Ed.] A FINE TRADE CENTRE. 97 ijins were except St. ; town in until after incieasing Canadian i tlie base ublic, ami IS a large sars. Tlio 200 miles ding this, I'Minonton five lailes 1 that area fraph and i are 5,131 sheep are ual oppoi'- med above )rd comes been pro- emember u Alberta )f Regina, i; TIIK TOWX OF EDMONTON is situated chiefly on the north bank of the Saskatchewan on the 14th base line, between townships 52 and 5:^, in range 24, west ot the 4tii Meridian, and in sections 2 and ;{ tablishments, whoso stocks contain everyfliing fmrn sides of bacon to ostrich plumes; hai'dwarc, drugs, jewellery and stationery, furniinrc and military stores, newspaper otlice, shoe shop, harness shop, tailoi- shop, four liiacksmith ^iiops, four carpenter shops, two butcher sliops. a bakery, boat building and carriage repairing establishment, ])hotograph gallery, four chui'ches, two schools, toui- hotels. Dominion lands agency, registry office, crown timber otHc-e, telegraph oHiee, post otlice wlili money order facilities, olice station, an extensive teie])hone >eivice, large grist and saw mill, with all vinds of wood dies>ing machiner}-. and a i)rick yard. The Supiomc Court sits at Edmonton twice a year, and it is at present the head of steamboat navigation on the ri er. At Fort Saskatchewan, eighteen miles fui'ther down the river, is the headquarters of the mounted police division, two general stores, post office, telegraph office, hotel, blacksmith and carpenter >liop aiick is pre- 1, and the ttler who ien either cut down, ind retail e Edmon- 3r has the ult of the practical le district }, he must r himself, ) qualities d. ' -.'^ ^4^1 - i ] 100 THE PARADISE OF RAXrHERS. SOUTIIKRX ALBKIiTA. THE KLKCTfiRAIi DESTHIOT OK .MACT.KOIi. Cumpiled hy F. W. G. JIaultain, ML. A. TIk' Muclood electoral ilistrict comprises ail tlial iiait of Alliei'la south <•(' th(^ Calir-'ii'v electoral ilistrict, and is bounded on the north hy the tit'ili iia>e line in the Dominion lands system of survey, on tlm.east by the westt'rn hnundary ot the |iro- viKional district of As>inilioia, on the south hv the inlernalional lioundarv lirie and on the west hy the eastern boundary of the rpivinco of I5riti.^h ("oliiniliia. The physical characteristics of the district are well niarkcd. In the west. ahrii]itly risiiit^ from the foothills and |)rairie i)lateau, for it is difficult to dctcrniine where the ono ends and the other hcifiiis, is the i^rand chain of tin; iJocky Mountains, whose aver- ai^e elevation may be '■oiiii.-hl}' ])laeed at 5,(100 foct, and base level at 4,oO(l teel, thouifh many parts are much hii^dier. The mountains loom up in hold and sironi;- relief ai^ainst the western iiorizon, a mighty ram])art of limi'stone jieaUs, thidr bases clothed with pine, their summits idmosl buie rock, except whoro covered by peren- nial snow. The foothills extending about 20 miles east of the mountains are gene- lally bare of trees, but in sprinij; are soft and green with the verdure of innumerable grasses; in summer gay with brilliant mosses and. flowei-s; ami in autumn richly tinted with a warm, purple, heatherlike glow. Asa sort of atniex to the foothills proper, are the Porcu])ine Hills, extending from High Uiver in the north to the Old Man J{i'-er in the south. The Porcupine Hills aie about 'iO miles in width, and in some j)arls aie covi'red with Douglas pine and other timber, in others with a close, I'ich growth of grass. They are well watered by Tennessee, Heaver, Olsen, Front, Aleailow and Willow ci'ceks, tributaries of the Old .Man, all clear, swii't llowing streams, abounding in trout. There are also innumei;tble springs throughout the hills. These hills atl'ord a magniticent winter I'ange for tiiousands of cattle, and their numberless broad and well sheltered valleys offer unrivalled locations for n.ixed farming. On the east, the foothills mei-ge into the undulations of the jirairie ]datean. The foothills and prairie are covered with thick and luxuriant grasses, inchi(ling the well known buffalo and bunch grass, which, once the favourite food of the butl'alo, are now as eagerly sought after by the cattle and hoi'ses that have taken their place. The soil, throughout the district, may be generally said to be a dark vegetable mould overlying a ii(di brown loam. The plateau is traversed liy swill, clear rivers and streams, heading in the mountains and cutting through the foot). ills wheie they are fed b}' numeious creeks and rivulets. In the south is the Si. 3Iaiy's River, with its tributary Lees creelc, where there is a large and growing settlement, including the celebrated Mormon colony. Mixed farming and dair^'ing have proved a success in this part of the district. THE district's uesources. Soutiiern Allierta has long been well known as a stock-raising country. Capital and onter|irise early availed themselves of its advantages, and 1(10,000 cattle and 7,000 horses, with a good local market, anil a gradually increasing export trade, attest the success of that industry and the importances to which it has risen. With cattle ranching on a large scale this article will not attem])t to deal. That business is well established, and only invites peo])le with a very large ca))ital, who are bound to find the country out without reference to immigration literatuie. The ranges of Southern Alberta equal, if they do not excel, the finest grazing lands of ^lontana, Wyoming and Texas in the United Slatt's, and are still comparatively unstocked. Unfoi'tunately for this disti'ict it has long been known only as a cattle-i-ancliing country ; and the impression has gone abroad, and has been industriously fostered by interested persons (hat Southei-n Alberta is a ])urely ranching country and untitled for agi'ieultural o])eiations. Another obstacle to settlement in (his district has been the generally receivetl opinion that all the land is covered by grazing leases. GOOD FOR AGRICl'LTURE. 101 h (.f the 110 ill tlic tln! |ir<)- lific and .it). Tho tly risiiila(caii. iKiiiiii; the I! bulla lo, oir place. Iilc mould ivers and ! they are ', with its udiiiif the success in '. Ca|)ital •attle and oit trade, Ml. AVith t business are bound raii_ii;es of ^Montana, iiislocUod. •-ranciiinij^ bstered by id unHtted I has 1)0011 )S. To the intondinfr immiirrant I would cull attention to the followini;- facts : 1. That ten years' exi)orienco ])roves that the land in all parts ot the district laises •rood ^rniin and niairniticent roots. 2. That in Iho ^[acleod district and otitsUe t/r (jrazini; leases there are hundreds of thousands of acres of ^ood land open for honu- steadin^'. 3 That for stock raising,' of all sorts the district seems to have bet n specially desi in iavour of mixed farming and ilaiVyiiig. (irass and ha}'^ are abundant and nutritious, and water is plentiful and of good iiu. "ity. Stock of all kinds do well throughout the winter with no other jirovision or shellei' than that atVoi'ded by nature. The liilly and broken cliaiacter of the cnuiilry, llie diy bracing air, and the hard dry soil, with dec)) coulees and gi'avelly ridges, ailord the best natural facilities for ])roducing the hard hoof, well developed loin and iiuisele and lung power in horses. The horse breeding interest is liecoming a veiy ini])or- tant one, and a largo number of thoroughbred and Clyde sires are laising the stand- ard to a high degree of excellence. There is coal underlying the whole district, and the river bi)ttom> are tiurly well timbered. In the Porcupine Hills there are magniticont sti'ctches of timber, while the whole of the Mountain district is thickly wooded. Tho principal coal niines are at Ijoth bridge and are doscribeci elsewhere in this book. Mines are worked near Pincher Creek and on tho Waterton river, and coal can be obtained on any of the livers. There is plenty of land open to honiesteading, and other Government land is sold at $2.50 per acre. There are saw mills at Mill Creek, near I'incher Creek, at Muclood and at Lethbridgc. At Pincher Creek and Letlibridgo good brick is made and there is good clay at .Macleod. A capital building stone is toiind on the Holly' liiver, near Letlibridgo, and there are good stone ([uarrios (undeveloped) at many points in the district. Besides coal mining there has been little other mining in the ili-^tiiet. There has been a certain amount of desultory prospecting in the .Mountains bur no imnoi'- tant di.scoverios have boon made except jietroleum. Near the Waleiton or JvooteiKii Lakes very promising indications of a large petroleum tiold have been discovered. A number of claims have been secured by a jxiwerful company, and olaboraU- tests will be made within a year. Tho prospect of a railway through the Ciow's Xost Pass is stimulating the search for minerals; and the expected discovery of iron or copper, in conjunction with the enormous coal supply, suggest great possibilities foi- the district. The names alone of the rivers in the district suggest a splendid supply of water, and good wells are easily oiitained in most jihicos at a depth varying from ten to tifiy feet. Tho water is invariably cold and good. The towns and settlements in tho district oiler good markets for dairy and fai-m produce. About central in the district is the Town of Lethbridge, which occupies a ai.i(|ue position among the towns of Western ('anada. It is not in any sense dependent on the weather or crops. Eaiii or shine the increasing output of coal goes on. The colliery and railway give onipbiyment to a large number of men who are prompily paid monthly, and asa conso(|uence the business done by the merchants is practically a cash one. With a present output of 800 tons of coal a day the company's ])ay loll is close on to $()0,000 a month. By 1st January next, tho increased o \lput will have brought it up to ^80,000. When tho other throe shafts are developed, wliich will 102 MACLAOD— BANFF— HOT SPEINGS. bo by tho middle of noxt Buminer, the capacity of tiie colliery will ho 2,000 tons a (lay, necoBsitutin^ a pay roll of i-loso on to $150,000 a month. Tlioro is no doubt tlu^ output will bo lip to thin diirinf^ next year, tho market which has now l)t'«fn sectircd boini; practically limited only by tho company's power of jirodiiction. Tho present population of Lethbrid^'c is close on to 2,000. in a year's time, it is reasonable to expect, that it will have at least doubled. At present the company purchases directly from the merchants of tho tho town to the extent of about $15, 000 a month. OwinjL? to its central pf)8ition and to its railway facilities ]jethbridi;o is tho dis- tributing point for Southern Alberta, Application has been made for a charter of incorpoiation as a town, which will doubtless be granted at the session of tho Legis- lative Assembly to be held at an early date. The cei'tainty of a large increase in population has caused (■onsitlei'al)le activity in real estate, lots in town having advanced considerably in value. Another place of considerable importance is the Town of Madood, on the south bank of Old Man liiver, HO miles west of Lethbridge. Situated in the centre of the famous i-anching district which bears its name, it does a large and profitable business. Macleod was founded in 1874 by Col. Macieod, who, with a force of 150 men — the pio>:et'r troop ot the Mounteil I'olico — made a memorable march across tho ])lains in search of whiskey ])oddlers. Here a fort was erected, ami it was unani- mously determined to call it after its foun, farming operations were inaugurated, and a few years later the capabilities of the country for cattle raising being appreciated, largo herd-; were bi-ought in, and the venture pioving profitable, a number of stock comjianies were organized, and the cattle business at once ex|)anded into pretty large pro))ortions. [The Compiler wishes to express his thaidvs to Dr. Kennedy anil Messrs. Moliison and Wm. Hlack, of Macleod, and Mr. C. C. McCau'. Q.C,, of Lethbridge, from all of whom he has borrowed liberally.] EED DHER. The District of "Red Deer" situated about ninety miles north cf Calgarj' is one of the most interesting parts of the North-West, and in the noa'- future is likely to attract the attention of a full share of the incoming settlers. " Red Doer Town " at the crossing of the Red Doer River ami Calgary anougall, the oldest missionary in the Territories. IJed Deer District extends t'rom the summit of the RocUy MounlaiiiH (the dividing line between Uritish Columbia and the North-W'st Territories) eastward about 200 miles and north and south nearly the same distance. Within its iioiindar- ies are to be found a variety of interests. Farming antl ranching in what is known < 104 A GREAT MISSIOXAHY. as the ]{c(l Dooi- Country. Jinnchiri^ in tlie foot-lulls ahniit Morloy. Tlio lumber iiitcrcstH of KatiaiiaHkis aiui the Bow Jiiver \'alli^y. The mining,' inter»'HtHot'(Jaiimoro and Antlinifitc. and \.\w liealtli ^'ivins^ properties of the hot sulphur Mprini,'s of HanIT', all conlriliuto to n\ako J{c'd Dwr District ono of the most important in tho North- Wi'-t Territories, and cannot fail to attract the attention of a full share of the coming setllci's. Morley, forty miles west of Cali^ary, is tho head quarters of the Stony Indian Hescrvc. 'Phis hcclion is unsurpassed for heauty as well as a ranching country, A ride over these hiee/y liills. covcreil from brow tovallc}' with rich nutritious grasses dotted cvcrywliere with trees in \y.\vk like groves, here and there a spring of water a rivulet, a lake, will leave an itnpres>ioti never to be forgotten. The How River with its can^'on like l)aid about tiO^ Farenheil of the winter about .'id'' F. Spring opens and seeding begins about the 1st (»f April. We have Unown tho Heediiig to be tiriished by tho Sth of .\pril, thoii.uh in oceasinna! \ears not beyun befon^ the 10th or ir)th of that rnontii. Harvest varies, according to the amount of drv iiol weather troiii lh«* iL'tb to the 20th of August. Winter sots in fully about the 2t)tli of Deeendu'r and breaks up about the bcgin- ing of ^larch. The winter affords opj)ortuiMty for drawing hay from the sloimhs, where il is iiiade and staeK-ed in summer, and'geltiiig out Timber I'nr buildini;' "into lou' Ihuim's or to be cut into lumltor for tranu' iiuildini;'. There is not -mi an average 4 days in a winter when ibis work cannoi be pursued with perfeci comfort. nioi's, KTr. The cro]»H generally raise,sinu' of the llod Deer river. Ono a river bottom, another sand3- loam bea(di. a lliiivl elav loam beach. ,, . I!u,-1mIs ll.>|Mr \lin.t,V ^'inwii Krowii |i.T liic:is,ii.-.| iicri'. Iiu.slitl. Wheat, Defiance and Ladoga fj 03 AVhite barley ")5 ,')(; lilack barley :;,5 70 Oats, sanl' potaloe-. and 1200 bushels of tuinips per acre. .STOCK K.MSINO AND RANni!IN(i. This section of country is not what is ))roperly known as raiudiing eouniry. The snow often falling to the depth of IM inches and remaining- for weeks together endangers stock that is left to to ranchmen and farmers. No enterprise, if wisely handled, orleis lietter j)romise of substantial profit. DArilY FARMIN({. This district has frequently been spoken of as a paradise for dairymen and not without i-eason. The practically illinutable stretches of pastu'e lands contain- 8 Iim; IfJJMlTABI.E P.\ST('Jlh: LAXOS. \u'j: llii> riclicMt lioi'lm^u, pun vino and votcluH t'oiiiui in i;'t'oat iihiiml nice, in mliiititin to II i^rral vui'it'iy nl' oiIut j;iaKM's, |'iiini-|i ilMMn<»t niif litivc t;ni/,ini; thai ••an Im» (It'siri'il, Wliilo till' |tiiie >|irini; walor, dry alinosplicru ami I'ool nii,dilp* Hiipply all tlie acct'Hsory i\'(|iiir('int'nls lor ilic ;;n>\vi!i and dcvi'lopinent nf this rnoHt inipKiMaiit and |ui>liiul,lc industry. With the tafi^estivo fact that no improved laii(| is otl'ering, ro that a market price is diHicult to tix, but it may bo put down from Sli to S5 jicr acre for unimproved and fi'oni S') to 8-0 for improvoil farms. IlUILDINfl MATERIAIi. Thoro are vast supplies of timber lor building, fencing, itc, in or adjacent to the district. Lumber of local manufacture can be had from $14 to $20 per thousand feel rouirh. and from 822 to 82(> dressod. Shingles, §3.50 per thousand. Unlimited quarries of 8])lendid building stone (blue and grey) santlstone all along tho principal rivers and creeks. WATER SUPPLY. Ill not a solitary instance has there been failure in obtaining an abundant supply of the purest spring water at an average tlopth of 2;{ feet. For stock there are numerous small lakes and creeks, and in many places springs cropping out on the side of hills, running a short distance and disappearing. These, with tho main rivers, constitute an abundant supply' of water for stock and domestic purposes. MARKET PRICES. Wheat, 81 ; oats, (50 to G5c.; barley, Go to 70c. ; potatoes, HOc. ; beef, 6 to 8c. ; butter, 20 to H5c. The local demand, by reason of influx of settlers : freiijht traffic on the northern trail, stage line, and mounted police, has been sufficient to consume the products, hitherto as the settlement of the district has only fairly begun, but tho completion of the Calgary and Edmonton roads will open the markets of southern territories of the mountain region, besides attbrding easy access to the Pacitic Coast from whence, vid C.P.R, steamers, we may reach with our surplus proJucts, the vast Empires of the East. i I rROGRKSS OF MJiianW. 101 lulditiiin I, can ln» ippl.V it" Mportuut M dihtrict liic tliiit (I COlTt'H- \\\\i, linud ountaiiis, villi ooal riul mIiow- >iilinuiii,i;: 'A til tit as 'Itlmonton ID. lomoHtead I H coiitriil (M)urse of The soil 0 no moi'o n or other improvi'il put down inns. djacent to thousand Jnlimited principal abundant CllfHt'llKH. es springs r for stock In addition to a n'sidcnt .Mfilii minister, at Ufd I>i'»'r Town, vir-niny tin' iiiitlyinn' Huttlenit'nls rfi,'ularly, the I'rohylciian iluiKdi appnini-* a shilci i durinu tlic ■'iinimor njontlis, and tlio (diundi of IOn;;lainl liavc (dt'r^'vnicn visiiin-' a' cr tain time>, -o that for ii now sottloinent it widl providoil with ri'xular nrdinanci'-.. (I.VMK ANM> risir. (ianic and tinli arc ahuinlaiil ; hoar and elk ui'c now very rare, inil jiiiniiiiiu' leer and Mack tail deer are otton>cen. I'rairie wolf, red tux, oeca>ionally a >ilvcr i;rey f'X. Uadifcr, lynx, lioavor aro loiind in all parts of ihe district. Wild ducks and jffcse, prairio (diioken ami partritli^os are alnindaiit. 'rnMil, jiik*'. pickorol, gold oyo, \c., aro in all rivers ami in somjo lakes; in this district inagnilicont whitetish almund. I'lll IT cil.TlllK. IJaspherry and strawlierry. Mack, wliilu and led currants liavelioen frieil with a guild rnoastiro of suceos.-.. Yoiingapple t rees plant^-d (wu years ago liavo mailo rapid growth iind givo good promise though it i> prenmtiirt^ to predict the rosalt of the exporinionl jis yet. Wild fruits are found in great ahundanco: gu)solierri»'->. cur- rants. Htriiwherries, rasphorrics and Saskatoon herries. To name the wild flowers wotild require an expert botanist. In summer the whole country is a vast Hower garden. ROADS A Nil llRItniES. The Calgary and Fid monton trail is a beautiful luilural road tunning through the centre of this district for 80 miles. The roconl expendituri >f the Territorial Assembly in bridging the stieams has nnnie it a very excellent traflic rotid. Branching oH' from this main road are numerous trails, convenient to any section of the dii-tiict, and the linn, smooth face oi the country allows the settlor to luake Ji road with ease in any direction that suits his convenioneo. AimiCULTUIlAL IMPI.KMENTS, SKKI>, (illAI.N A.NIJ (ATTI.K. The immodiato district is fairly well sup))lied with cattle and horses, which may be pnrchtised at reasonable prices. Cows from $\W to 84'). according to (|ua!ity. IIo'sos Irom $75 to 8125 each. Agricultural implements have boon purchased in Calgary up to the present, but they can now be htid at Rod l>oer town, on the Calgary & Kdmonton Railway. POSTAL AND TELEORAl'II KACirJTIES. There is an established post office at the Town of lletl Deer ; also at Cash Citv i'.,_!i;i' . / ^11 ... i.u_ _ .t..l,l..l. „....* .4' .. ...1 1. i;....A ...Ml I „.,«'l. Th iiu ^■IV/lU in till \J-7 I It VI m||V.«-» l^l-f'Tl I. V^«*A^ V> t*V UllV ^1/11 Ml V*« A wvv« ■-■ ^^V • ^ •••..■v r »■ I 'V^ •*. ■<■ ■^ ■ v^» i lose facilities (as well as the establishment of a telegraph line) will bo greatly ...creased by means of the railway now in course of construction. The na'ture of sub-soil varies from stiff clay to a firm mixture of sand and clay The soil everywhere is a black loam from 10 inches to 3 feet in depth. Alberta is represented in the Dominion Parliament by D, W. Davis, M.P. f, 6 to 8c. ; e northern I products, lomplotion territories m whence, Impires of ^-mmm^- 108 PI.EASl'RES or roysTRf'CTJOy. Tlie roa(Ur li;i> lu'cn raniod over the whole Trrritorics under the guid- aiiro of res|i(iii>ililr men. A\'o know tlie country ■well, aiul we ean sincerely >ay the stat<'menis of the \arious writer> are earelul, guarded, honest, and wliL'rc tMithusiastie. the fiiihus'uHUi is justified. On-'o more we hid the Far- .MEK and Fai!M LABniKim to eii'icr and }iossess thi' land. Inert jieople. A\ithout enthusiasm, and with a poor, harre;. imigination, soi^ietinirs express surprise that highly-edueatcil men and women, who liave seen all the Old AVoi'ld has to show, should he able, as they say, ''to hury themselves in the ^\ ilderness," and '-rne away trom civilization." They little know the beauties of that '•wilderness."' and we have seen that "civilization" eiitei'ed the North-AVe.-r ~idc by side with the settler. !Nor are people whose auibilinii is ^a'i>ticd by attending halls and tive-o'elock teas capable ot realizing the iSd'jdUs ikiMc jijeasurc ot aiding in b'uilding up a new country, allci-tiiig the course oi the world around, ami eflecting something i'or your iclldw men. All the charni:- that belong- to youth, ho^ie, energy are found ill till' X(U'tli-A\'est. and the bracing infnienec of the new free land on mind and character is \eiy reinarlcable. The Ontario farmer is a line specimen of the yeoman, hut tliree years in the North-AVest raises him still higlier in tlu' scale of iiiaiihoud — whik' a conniieiisurate improvement is noticed in all classes atid races tVou' iMimpe who have come amongst us, having the essential ([Ualities dl' capacity ibi' w t>rk, per>e\-erenee, sobriety, intelligence. i 1 the m\'n\- sincerely )nest, and tlie Far- igiiiation, Alio have " to 1)11 ly 'hey little ilization " pie whose apahle ot / rmintry, lor your are t'ound on mind specimen ill hiu'hcr iiotieed in ivliig tho lii'enee.