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Un das symboles suivants apparattra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon la caa: la symbole -^ aignifia "A SUIVRE", la symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". Mapa, plataa, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Thoae too large to be entirely included In one expoaura ara fiimad beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea as required. The following diagrama illustrate the method: Lea cartea, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A dee taux de rAduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reprodult en un seui ciichA, il est filmA A partir da Tangle aupArieur gauche, de gauclta A droite, et de haut an baa, an prenant la nombre d'Images nAcessalra. Les diagrammas suivants lllustrent la mAthoda. 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXPERIMENT STATION. BULLETIN XC. EXPERIMENTS WITH WINTER WHEAT. BY THOMAS SHAW, PROFESSOR OK AGRICULTURE, AND 0. A. ZAVITZ, B.8.A., EXPERIMENTALIST. PUBLISHSn BT THE J>V!PA»TMENT OF AGRICULTUJIE August 91, 1893. m |:^ TORONTO t FRIMTBD BT WARWICK A 80N1. ■■^'a»»*wfifc;i(i^iia»t.^5«iia... MINZSTBB OV AOBXODLTUBB Hon. John Dryden, Toronto. Ontario Agrieultural Colleiife and Experimental Famii Que) under control of the Minister of Agrieoltore. ir* #- fi l]l 4r J f [7 I •TT M ' I L 'i J^n Mills, M.A. FreaideD Thomas Shaw Frofeasor of Agrionlture and Farm Superintende A. B. Shuttuewobth, B. A. So Frofesaor of Ohe-i J. HOTSS Panton, M.A., F.G.S. Frofessor of Natural History and Geolo J. H. Rbbd, V,S. . . Frofeesor of Veterinary Soiencj H. H. Dban, B.S. a. Frofeasor of Dairy Hmband John MoOsab. Assistant Resident and Mathematical Ma8t< Oaftain Wai/txb Olabki lustractor in Drill and GymoftBtid 0. A Zavitz, B,S. a ExperimentaliJ A MoOalluv Bn ADVISORY BOARD. -0. 0. Jamis, M. a, Secretary John I. Hobson, Chaimum • • • • Deputy Minister of Agriculture, To Mosborough, County of Welli BULLETIN XC EXPERIMENTS WITH WINTER WHEATS. The principal object of this bulletin is to farnish information to I the farmers in an easily accessible form, which they can turn to good account when determining the varieties of winter wheat to be sown the present season. This information relates to the behavior of certain varieties of winter wheat grown at this station for one, two, IthTee and four years respectively and under similar conditions. It Ifarni&hes important particulars relating to various characteristics and [peculiarities of growth which have an important bearing on the |idaptability of soils to certain varieties. These particulars are pro- f of more value than the comparative yields, which are also [given in the bulletin. It has been our aim during recent years to grow all the Canadian lind American varieties of any promise, the seed of which we have ■been able to obtain. The question has in consequence been raised as the advantage that can accrue from continuing the test with so Dany varieties, many of which are not likely to come into pronuinence. Te answer that our principal aim is to prevent them from coming ato prominence, and by so doing to furnish a safeguard to the larmers. Whenever the attempt is made by designing men to palm pff a variety as new and superior, we have a ready means of com- arison at band for detecting the imposture as to name and properties. Ottld this work have been done years ago the Red Lion wheat rindlers could not have taken such large sums from unsuspecting EnS'l :';'Sl farmera as they did in certain oonnties of Ontario. Many farmers at the time paid as high as $15.00 per bushel for the seed. In our experience it has proved one of the least satisfactory of all the| varieties grown. If farmers will but heed carefully the work that is being done at the experiment stations in this country, the trade of | the seed grain swindler cannot flourish again. Desirable Qualities. The qualities to be sought in winter wheat include the following : (1) Ability to give good yields ; (2) the quality of the grain, including weight per bushel and value for milling purposes ; (3) strength of straw ; (4) non-ability to rust ;'| (5) earliness in maturing ; (6) the presence or absence of beards. Location and Soil. All the varieties, both native and foreign, I were grown side by side in ranges separated only by temporary] roads. The plots in these ranges contained each exactly one oae- hundreth of an acre. The yield per acre ifs estimated from the actual I yield of the plots. The land may be termed level, and yet it wa$| somewhat elevated, occupying as it did the highest part of a field,] the whole of which may be said to be high-lying. The soil may designated a mild clay loam. Preparation of the Soil. The soil was prepared on the barel fallow system to secure uniformity of condition. This was the onlTJ bare fallow that we had upon the farm except a small portion under preparation for experimental work. The cultivation giveDJ was much the same as 's usually put upon bare fallows. Barnyard manure was applied at the rate of 1*5 tons per acre in the spring ofl 1890, and a crop of rape was grown and pastured off upon the land! the same year. In 1891 a grain crop was grown. No manure hasj been put upon it since 1890. Selection of VARiBTrES. In selecting varieties to sow, thosd kinds should be preferred which have given the most satisfactioij during a term of years rather than for one year. Sometimes varietie do well for one year or more, and then cease to do so well thereafteij We are now able to give facts relating to the behavior of a oon- diderable number of varieties for four years, as shown in Table ii. The aim should also be to adapt the variety to soil conditions, the more rugged and less refined varieties being better adapted to the less productive soils than the more refined sorts. id foreign, temporary y one one- the actual ret it was of a field, oil may bel )n the baiel 1,8 the only| jortion also ition given| Barnyat le spring 0^ on the landj manure ha BOW, those satisfactioi mes varietu )11 thereafter The Varieties Grown. There were in all 15.3 plots grown at [this station during the present year, including 70 varieties. Of these, 11 of the leading varieties were grown in triplicate plots. Of the 70 varieties grown, 52 were Canadian and American, and 18 were foreign. The foreign varieties which were imported originally from Germany, England, Franco and Hussia in 1S89, are all from last year's seed. As none of these kinds have as yet proved equal to Isome of the best of the Canadian and American varieties, and as many of them do not ripen sufficiently early to be reported upon in Ithe bulletin with the latter, we do not feel justified as yet in recom- Imending the farmers to grow them. This bulletin therefore gives Ithe particulars relating to 52 Canadian and American varieties [grown under the same conditions. Manner and Time of Seedinq. The seed was sown by hand it the rate of i§ bushels per acre by weight. The plots were all )wn on September 3rd ^ith the exception of Nos. 45, 16, 48, 50 and ^2, which were sown on Septembei 9 th. The Conditions of Season and Weather. These varieties, ^peaking in general terms, came through the winter exceptionally rell. The spring following was cold and backward, insomuch that growth was hindered somewhat seriously for a time. Eventually, jiowever, the growth was rapid and the ripening early rather than »te. During the ripening period the best development of the grain ras hindered by unduly warm weather. -,■1* 'li ■k J'. m #1 »l IP«1 6 Table i gives the oharaoteriittios of 52 varieties of winter cheats : Mn ^j]] ] 1 Color of Date of matu- rity. Height of plants. Comparative amount of rust. 0 — none. IOC much. Per cent of straw lodged at harvest. 1 Chaff. Grain 1 Surpriue 2 Early Red Olawson 8 Golden Drop Bald 11 If Bearded Bald ft Bearded Bald II It ft Bearded Bald Bearded Bald ft Bearded Bald Bearded Bald ft it Bearded Bald Bearded It It Bald Bearded it it ii It It ft ft Bald Bearded ft Bald ft if ft ft ft ft ft ft ft Bearded ft Bald White Red.. ft ft White ft Red.. White tt If Red.. It it it White It it ti ti ft If It ff Red.. White ft ft Red. White lied.. White ft ft ff ft Red.. White Red.. White ft II it Red., ft White If ft If Red.. White Red.. ii ft Red., it it White Red.. White it Red.. White Red.. it ft ft ft White ft ft ft it ft Red., ft ft .t it if ft ti It White Red.. if it Red.. White Red.. White ft Red.. ft White ff ff .1 Red.. If July 22 20 20 24 28 25 22 "5 26 27 25 23 24 24 23 23 22 21 23 25 25 27 21 23 22 22 21 20 23 23 22 22 26 22 22 23 21 22 23 25 26 27 25 26 22 24 22 24 24 24 24 26 "1 Inch. 60.6 49.0 48.0 61 0 64.0 68.5 61.0 63.0 61.0 62.5 50.0 60.0 48.6 61.0 62.0 52.6 506 49 5 48 5 48.0 53.0 48.5 48.0 46.0 46.0 45.5 47.5 40.5 42.5 46.0 47.6 44.0 45.0 45.0 44.0 44.6 43.5 40.0 46 0 41.6 42.0 43 6 44.0 44.0 45.0 48.0 60.5 49.0 64.0 48.0 49.0 47.0 1 80 86 85 60 26 46 66 28 45 43 55 83 45 40 60 68 48 88 88 88 43 85 43 60 43 40 48 48 83 68 45 63 43 43 40 83 63 60 63 40 60 46 43 43 26 68 68 68 63 88 60 75 30 (iO m 4 Golden Cross or Volunteer 6 Red Velvet Chaff 6 Rogers 10 20 15 7 Hybrid Mediterranean . . 8 Bonnell or Landreth 9 Manchester 3 10 10 Martin Amber 11 Standard 5 10 12 Lancaster 80 18 Seneca or Ulawson 14 Red Lion 16 New Monarch 10 80 10 16 American Bronze 17 Egyptian 3 10 18 Jones' Winter Fife IP Bulgarian 20 Canadian Velvet Chaff . . 21 Garfield or Natural Cross 22 Winter Pearl 3 3 0 3 0 28 Democrat 24 Dawson's Golden Chaflf. , 26 Mediterranean 26 Reliable 27 Deitz Longberry 28 Coryell 0 0 3 0 0 0 29 Russian Amber 0 80 Rutherford 31 Red Wonder 0 0 32 Walker's Reliable 83 Fulcaster 34 Rumsey 5 0 0 35 Valley , . 0 86 Longberry Red 5 37 Fultz 88 Velvet Chail 0 0 89 Genesee 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 Monette 41 Hybrid Delhi 42 Manilla 43 Scott 44 Red Russian 46 South Sea 46 White Leader 47 Eureka 48 Soulo's 49 Stewart's Champion 60 WhitoStar 61 Treadwell 62 British C >lumbia White Red.. White Red. 1 heats : I It will be observed that of the 62 va. .eties in the above table the Early Red Clawaon, Qolden Drop and Ooryell were the first to mature. Only seven days elapsed between the maturing of the earliest and the latest varieties. The amount of rust, generally speak- ing, was slightly greater than lant yoar. A majority of the varieties ■did not lodge to any extent, anri yet the Lancaster and Red Lion Uere badly lodged. The Early Red Clawson and Golden Drop also lodged considerably. The Surprise crinkled down much more than kn previous years, and this complaint seems somewhat general the Ipresent season, in regard to this variety. in 0 5 5 0 5 i5 >5 W 15 13 55 33 45 40 60 58 48 83 33 33 43 35 43 60 43 40 48 48 33 58 45 63 43 43 40 33 53 60 63 40 50 45 43 43 25 68 58 58 53 88 50 76 30 (iO (50 10 20 15 3 10 5 5 10 80 10 80 10 3 10 3 Table ii gives yields of 15 varieties for four years : 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0I 0 Straw per acre- Weight sured bu per mea- Grain ))er acre. (tons). shel (lb.) Average (bush. 601b.) Varieties. Average Average 1893 4 yearn, 1890-93. 1893 4 years, 1890-93. 1893 4 years, 1890-93. 1 Surprise 2.7 3.2 2.72 2.72 57.8 56.5 59.90 69.06 42.6 40.3 46.43 2 Karly Red Clawson 44.36 I Golden Drop 3.3 2.73 60.5 61.70 42.7 42.66 1 Golden Cross or Volunteer 2.9 2.61 59.3 60.80 41.6 41.81 Ked Velvet Chatf 3.6 2.77 66.8 69.80 36.3 41.20 Rojrers 2.8 2.60 69 5 60.70 34.9 41.16 Hybrid Mediterranean . . 3.0 2.78 69.3 60.16 40.6 40.65 Bonnell or Landreth 2.6 2.72 56.9 69.76 33.7 39.90 Manchester 2.4 2 46 68.5 61.13 34.7 39.66 Martin Amber 2.4 2.60 68.3 60.48 33.8 38.50 Standard 2.4 2.64 66.7 69.08 31.4 38.30 Lancaster . 2.6 2.80 60.2 62.00 .S6.5 38.23 iSeneca or Clawson 2.3 2.66 67.8 69.60 33.6 37.96 Red Lion 2.6 2.4 2.75 2.47 60.0 58.1 61.28 69.98 36.7 30.9 37.89 New Monarch 33.21 the facts given in Table ii relate not only to results of this year's op, but also to the average obtained for the past four years, they ly be regarded as of special importance. The average yield of grain acre of these fifteen varieties was 30.9 bush, in 1890, 51.6 bush. 1 1891, 41 bush, in 1892 and 36.6 bush, in 1893. For the four ars the average was 40 bush. The average weight per bush, in too wab 601b. ; in 1891, 63.3 lb. ; in 1892, 60 lb., and in 1893, ■1- r. V t WlmM,v:i.h'it, ■ 8 i58 lb. For the four years the average was 60.4 lb. The Surprise again heads the list among 15 varieties grown for four years, and also I stands seoond among the 44 varieties grown in 1893. It will be remembered that this variety is possessed of good milling properties. The Early Red Olawson follows closely with an average yield of 44.4 bush, per acre. Its earliness in ripening is a strong point in its favor. The Golden Drop which standa third in the above table gave the highest yield per acre of all the Canadian and American varintiesl grown in 1893, and in 1892 it stood at the head of the list in point of yield along with Dawson's Golden Ohaff, the yields of the two| being equal. The Golden Drop as alrealy stated is also one of the earliest varieties. weighi it is a old va comes previoi Bulgar yields fi yield pi Tab Table in gives yields of 8 varieties for three years : Straw per acre, tons). Weight per mea- sured bushel (lb.) Grain per iicre. (bush. 60 lb.) Varieties. 1893 Average 3 years, 1891-93. 1893 65.1 58.6 68.0 61.1 56.8 57.0 50.7 69.5 Average 3 years, 1891-93. 1893 Averag 3 yean 1891-93 16 American Bronze 17 Egyptian 3.0 2.9 24 2.2 2.5 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.86 2.71 2.23 2 28 2.42 2.46 2.48 2.31 69.10 61.33 60.47 62.37 58.13 69.40 60.37 61.97 36.0 38.2 36.9 34.7 34.0 26.6 30.6 29.3 46.9S 4fi.3i 18 Jones' Winter Fife 19 Bulgarian 20 Canadian Velvet Chaff . . 21 Garfield or Natural Cross. 22 Winter Pearl 23 Democrat 43.3( 42.81 415 41.1 40.7 39.31 These varieties have been grown here for three years, and lili those of the previous table, under the same conditions. The averajl yield obtained from them in 1891 was 55 3 bush, per acre ; in 1891 39.9 bush. ; in 1893, 33.2 bush. ; for the three years 42.8 bush. Til Averagi weight per measured bush, in 1891 was 63 2 lb. ; in 7 892, 5{ lb. ; in 1893, 58.2 lb. ; for the three years, 60.4 lb. The i\meM Bronze, although still at the head of the list, does not seem well al to maintain the relative position which it gained in 1891. Its li( 24 DawBoi 1 25 Medite 26 Reliab] J 27 Deitz I 1 28 Coryell 1 29 Russif^i ISO Ruther J3l Red Wi 1)2 Walker |33 Fulcast |34 Rumsej |85 Valley M Longbe |37Fultz.. ! Velvet Genesee 1^ Monett f Hybrid V2 RIanilla |3 Scott... V Red Rui be variel onsidera United St 9 iarpriae ftnd iiUo I will be I operties. 1 of 44.41 nt in its I ftble gavel variotiesl 1 in point [ the two| ne of th( weight per bushel and its rust tendencies tell somewhat agaii.st it, bat it is a vii^oroiis grower and stands up well. The Egjrptain, though an old variety, has done very fairly. The Jones' Winter Fife whioh comes third in point of yield stands higher relatively this year than previously. First class milling properties are claimed for it. The Bulgarian, which bears considerable resemblance to the Democrat, yields fairly and weighs well. The Canadian Velvet Chaff gave a fair yield per acre but the grain was exceptionally light in weight. Table iv gives yields of 21 varieties for two years : Varietie&. ,in per acre. iBh. 60 lb.) A.verag 93 3 yean 1891-93 )6.0 46,9S J8.2 4().3i ».9 43.3( H.7 42.8i 34.0 415 26.6 41.1 30.6 40.1 29.3 39.31 Sirs, and lii The averai re: in 189 34 OawBon'a Qolde* Ohaff, 25 Mediterranean l26 Reliable' 27 Deitz Longberry 28 Coryell 29 Russian Amber 30 Rutherford 31 Red Wonder 32 Walker's Reliable 133 Fulcaster 134 Rumsey 136 Valley Longberry Red |37 Fultz Velvet OhafiF Genesee . Monette ^1 Hybrid Delhi |l2 Manilla Scott ki Red Russian Straw par acre, (tons.) Wsjght per measured bushel. (lb.) Qrain p( (bush. < Average Average 1893. 2 years, 1892-93. 1893. 2 years, 1892-98. 1893. 2.3 2.90 57.4 68.6 38.1 3.0 3.19 61.0 81.4 30.4 2.1 2.62 60.2 6i2 31.6 1.9 2.63 61.5 61.7 30.2 1.7 2.27 62.7 62.1 31.6 2.0 2.69 60.7 61.2 29.0 1.8 2.73 68.2 59.0 29.1 1.7 2.94 61.2 62.0 26.7 2.1 2.39 69.6 60.0 31.8 1.5 2.39 61.2 62.9 23.4 1.8 2.57 59.7 60.6 27.5 1.8 2.19 68.7 60.1 26.1 1.7 2.53 60.0 60.6 27.2 1.2 2.14 60.9 61.7 20.0 1.5 2.26 60.7 61.9 26.1 1.5 2.47 68.6 69.8 22.1 1.5 2.41 58.0 58.6 22.7 1.2 2.04 56.1 57.8 19.6 1.5 2.54 64.0 56.4 22.1 1.5 2.08 57.8 69.4 22.9 ,8 1.99 56.1 68.8 7.9 Average 2 years, 1893-98. 46.66 40.66 89.76 39.46 38.89 87.83 37.64 37.26 37.08 36.94 36.30 34.90 34.79 33.79 33.80 32.94 32.38 31.17 30.34 27.71 24.64 5 bush. Tl in 7 892, 59 he ivmericBhe varieties in Table ly have been grown here for but two years, leem well aVonsiderably more than half the number were imported from the )1. Its ligpnHed States. The average yield per acre in 1892 was 44.7 bush. ; mi I'v'''. ■'iililTni«1lili'l[illilliT"A.ifeat7: 10 in 1893, 35.9 bush. ', for the two years, 36.3 bush. The average weight per measured bushel was 61.3 lb., and in 1893, 59.8 lb. ; for the two years, 60.5 lb. The Dawson's Golden Ohaff, originated in 1881, by Robt Dawson of Paris, Ont., comes first in point of yield. It is exceptionally strong in the straw, but has some rust tendencies. The average yield per F,cre for two years has been 5 bush, in advance of the variety next on the list. The old Mediterranean, imported from the United States, comes second in point of yield, showing that it still retains its old time vitality. The Coryell, previously mentioned as one of the three earliest varieties, gave the heaviest weight per measured bushel of the 52 varieties grown in 1893. Table v gives yields of 8 varieties for one year only : Varieties. Straw per acre 1893. (tons.) Weiffht per measured bushel, 1893. (lb.) Grain per acre 1893. (bush. 60 lb.) 46 South Sea 46 White Leader LI 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.5 .9 1.2 1.5 60.0 64.6 66.1 64.0 66. 58.8 67.1 63.3 31.0 30.1 47 Eureka .... 48 Soule's 27.7 26.2 49 Stewart's Champion 25.8 50 White Star 61 Treadwell 25.1 16.5 52 Britii^h Columbia 16.0 The eight varieties in table v were grown here this year for the first time in these comparative tests. None of them have given very high yields. The South Sea variety bears a \ ery close resemblance to j the Seneca or Glawson, insomuch that they be one and the same sort. < The White Leader, very recently introduced, stands second in point of j yield. It is one of the lightest weighing wheat? in the list of varie- ties mentioned in uhe above table. The Soules and Treadwell will I be remembered as old standard varieties. The behavior cf neither of them was such as to sustain the old time prestige, more especially! the Treadwell, with which the yield was very low. Bates Ku>.t 26ti pteniber ft*inber ptember Intht VQ at d| 11 iverage for the n 1881, . It is 8. The ranee of ,ed from kt it still Loned as ight per Table Yi gives comparative summary of results ; kin per acre 1893. ash. 60 lb.) 31.0 30.1 27.7 26.2 25.8 25.1 16.5 15.0 Glasses of grain. [(Bali I Bearded . . (WhiteChaflf. hRedOhaflf... Number of varieties. (White wheat 1 1 Red wheat .. 24 20 30 14 15 29 Average yield of straw par acre. (tons.) 1893. 2.24 2.14 2.15 2.30 2.10 2.24 Average 2 years, 1892-93. 2.77 2.66 2.66 2.83 2.67 2.74 Average weight per measured bnshel. (lb.) 1893. 57.8 60.0 58.7 58 9 57.8 59.3 Average 2 years, 1892-93. 58.7 60.8 59.6 59 8 58.7 60.2 Average yield of grain per acre, (bush. 601b.) 893. 31.0 30.8 29.9 33.0 30.7 31.0 Average 2 yeirs, 1892-93. 35.6 38.2 36.1 38.3 36.3 37.5 It will be observed that the average per measured bush, of the |20 bearded varieties for two years was 2.1 !b. more than that of the |24 bald varieties. The 29 varieties of red wheat weighed on an ^verage 1.5 lb. per measured bushel more than the lb varieties of vhite wheat. During the two years the bearded varieties gave an liveragp yield of 2.6 bush, per acre more than the bald varieties ; he red chaff varieties 2.2 bush, per acre more than those with irhite chaff; and the red wheats 2.2 bush per acre more th%n the ihite wheats. These years have not been really first-class wheat fears, and this doubtless has had an important bearing ou these vaults. [able VII gives yields of four varieties of Winter wheat sown at four different dates : Bar for the given very | mblance to same sort. 1 in point of Bt of varie- 1 jadwelWilM . c! neither I •e especially] Dates of seeding. Weight of grain per meas- ured bushel, (lb.) Yield of grain per acre. (bush. 60 lb.) 0 1 111 a n •is E o < ORUst 26th 57.6 67.3 65.3 48.8 57.3 56.1 55.8 50.1 57.8 57.5 65.6 47.8 57.3 55.8 54.3 49.8 31.1 28.6 25.8 15.1 26.3 19.4 21.5 14.3 24.2 24.4 20.8 10.9 223 ptember 2nd 15.3 ittsmber 9th 15.1 [itember 17th 10.8 In the above table four leading varieties of winter wheat were ra at different dates, to test the effect upon the yields. It will be ^^v»V*s»ii;s4»'*oi»...^i,.. , 12 noticed in almost every instance the first date of seeding, viz. : 26th August, gave the best yields, and t