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mnms)

MANUAL

<>i Tin,

FAMlLlE.s AXI) GKISKUA

«)K

North Amekican Dipti^ka

SKCOXI) KDITION

HKWUITTKX AM) KNLAKCiKD

BV

SAMUEL W. WILLISTOX

I>R()Kl:sS()|{ ,„• l-vr.KOXTOL.XiV ANI. anaiomv
IXIVlOKSirv (H- KANSAS

NEW HAVEN
.JAMES T. HATHAWAY

287 CROWN 8T. NEAR YALE COLLKGF

1 M!M1

Entomological Branch

DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE
OTTAWA - - CANADA

mm^

Ivatercd :iccor(liiijf to Act of Congress, in the ycu- 1S96,

Bv JAMKS T. HATHAWAY,

In the ofilce of tlie I^ihiari.-in of Congress, at Washin'^on.

103

'iH»ilip.mfPHtH*t*mftHt*rfl9tmf^.H'

.!j^jfi»ivi;

P R E F A (; K

Kii,'lit yoars ai,'o llic author of tlic pri'smt worl; juiblislu"!
a small voluint^ in wliit-li lit- att('iiiiilc(l to tal)tilat(' tlic laiuilifs
aiitl more imi)ortant i^MMu-ra of the Wiptfra of tin* rnitfd
vStatos. From tlu' use that has l»eeii maile of that work by
entomolo;^Mcal students, lie has been eneoiira;4e'l to believe
that the labor of its preparation was not in vain. The extra-
ordinary aetivity in the investigation of o\ir dipt('rolo,i,Meal
fauna within the past few years has. however, lar-'i'ly <lestroy-
ed its usefulness, and it is hoped that this new edition, or
rather this lU'w work, will jtrove as servin-able as has been
the former one. In the present work there has l)een an at-
tem])t to include all the j^enera now known from north (d'
South Ameriea. While the Central and West Indian faiuias
are preeminently of the South American type, thei'e are (h)ubt-
less many forms oecurrin;,' in the southern states th.it are at
present knowti only from more southern ret,dons.

In the preparation of the work the author has iieeii aith'd
by the examination, so far as he was aide, of extensive eol-
leetions from the West Indies and Central Ameriea submitted
to him for study by Dr. I). Sharp of <'aml)rid;4e. England.
and Messrs. (lodman and Salviu of London. to,i,M'ther with the
extensive collections of the University of Kansas and those
from Scmth America in the author's private cabinet, alto-
jj;etlier formiiii; ju'obably the lar<,'est collection oi AmericiiU

■t^f'if^iiUi

IV

I'KKFACi;.

nipt.'iM rv.T hnu.^^l.t tu.^vMirr. For tl,,. .l.-s.Mipt io„s ..r tl...
.•arly st:.i;(.,s ivlian.... l.as ...M-.-ssurily Immmi ,.]ar.Ml ,.hi,.Hv upon
the n-ritin^s of Uraun-. As u-Jll h. s.-.n. ass.stanre has
been .leriv.-.l from tlu- u„rks of Srhinrr. Ost,.,, Sa.-k.M,,
Lo,MV. \Vul|, To\vr.s,.,..I a.i.i otlirrs. alrho,,,.-!, l.ut v.-rv f.-u-
••rtlio \orth Ai.„'ricaH-,Mu.pa, ,,,i,i„ f,„„, ^,,,,^,. ^^j. ti„.'Tacl.-
iiiida' aiK Di'xiidai. arc unknown to the writer.

Tlie author owes his sincercst tlianks to l»rof. J. M. Ahlrieli
tor the family characters and tahh' of the J>oli,;hopo,li,ia. ; to
Prof. V. L. KcUog- for the paragraphs on the internal anat-
omy of Diptera; to l»rof. ,1. H. Sn.ith for kin,! favors; and to
I'rof. W. A. Snow for the table of the Ortalida'.

I-AwijKNci;, Kans., June 10, IH'.lfl.

roHHKiKXDA.
Vixgv viii, lino 0, for 'writer' rra.l student.

X, lino 10, for 'hcrnispliericai' rea.l splu-rical

xix, line o from bottom, for 'Cyc-lorrhapha' read Orthorrhapha

IS. l.ne.fromhotton,, insert not before 'forke.l' and delete' fron,
the tollowinjr Hik..

•il. lino 4 fron. bottom, for 'anal eell elose.r read diseal eell open

•IV i:;;: U 7 ' -""T" '''""'^''"' ""' ■>— -^ <»^ten Saeken.
•>•», line 14, tor o read •!.

40, line I.I from bottom, insert flattened before •evlindriear and
three lines below, read 'tibia, with MP vi;ti.,>„f _ .

•>, last line, for 'Sihi'i.a ()

or without spurs

i')H. line l;{, for 'OuTiKtMa

MYi.v, nom. nov.' read .\vi

KOMVIA WillistDI

OMVIA b'ondani.

HH, line 17 from bottom, for '(14' read 07 ; line 0 fn

read 0").
ft^, line 1.') from bottom, for 'K

1 read I'silociuus Loe'

om bottom for '07'

from bottom, for 'Sehizoph
140, line.-!, for 'with' read witlnuit.

umyida'' read llolonietopa ; line 11

ora read Kunividav

r:f,;,^ii^i,

TABLE OK ('()NTK:sTS.

iN"n{(ti)i("i'i()\, .
ii'.ii.i.

Moutli-piirts,

Tlionix,

AltiioiiK'n, .

Cliii'totaxy,

Wings,

ItitiTriiil Anatomy,

('olli'ftioii and I'n'siTvation of Dipt

Classification, ....

HIHMOCWAl'IIV

TAHLK OF FAMILIES,

('KriDO.MVID.*;, .

.Mycktoi'hu.id.k,

Lii'oNKiMuii.i:, Hr.i:i'iiAi{<Ki;ifii».i;.

("ri.R'ID.K, .
ClIlKO.VO.MID.K, .
OUPIINEI'HILID.I;,

I'sYciioinii.i:,

DiXID.K,

TiiTMit/j;,
HiiiioxiM.r;,

Sl.Mir.IID.K,

KiiviMiiD.i;,

StHATIO.MVIK.i.;, .
AcANTIlO.MKHin.K,

Taiianid.k,
AsiMo.i:, .

Al'IOOKniD.K,
NEMISTKINin.K,
MvhAID.K, .

Hum

llVM||»/lv

ra.

\ II

X

XIII

X \ 1 1

XIX

XX

XX

XXIII

X X V I

XXVIII

X \ X I

XXXIII

l.{

10
20

2(;
2r.

28
2!»

;w

40
41
44
40
40
02
i'M

n2

VI

rAIil.K (tK CON TKNTS.

'riiKi{i:vii).i:,

SCKNOIIMD.I;,

A< i{(i(i;uii».];,

L<)N( lloi'TKKID.i;,

K.Mi'iiUD.i:, .

DOI.K IKH'ODIh.K,

SvKi'iiio.i:, .
CoNOi'iK.i;, .
I'lri NCI Liii.i:,
l'i,Arvi'i;/.ii».i;,
I'lioKii) i:,

Ml'SCIDKA,
H()nitoi;ii).i;,
AfiiiOM v/ii).i;,
Gko.mv/id.i;,
OstiNiD.i;,
DiiosiU'niMD.i:,

Kl'lIVDUID.K,
DlOl'SID.K.

SErsiD.i:,

-MlCUOl'K/ID.K,

i'sii.in.i;,

OltTAI.lD.K, .
TUYPKTID.K,

Sai'kom v/,ii).i:,

HlIOPAI.OMKUID.i:,

IIklomvzid.i;,
IIktkuonkiuiij.k,
sciomy/id.k,
Phvcodromid.k, .

ScATO.i.V/ID.K,

Antiiomyid.i:,
nKSTKin.i;, .
Sakcophacid.k, .
MisciD.i:,
TAriiiMi)^;,
Dkxud.k,
IIii'roBoscm.K,
NvcTKKYiiiin.i:,

APPENDIX,

INDEX,

70

7(1

!»l

;»:;

<M

!t.')

!t(i
li»l

KM
KC)
1(17
lOS
III
ill
11:!
114
114
ll'.t

ii>;]

l-_'4

1-J.-.
iL>t;

127

12.S
128

i:!(i

1:58

140

144

144

lol

lo2

ir,o

'•it*f»ftif;f-tiipwn'i»i'iwrr'1il'ti'itfvi'rr'ii'r.<ttv'*tt:'i

7u

7(1
HI

L\Tia)I)L'(JTlC)K

TiiK onU'v (.»■ t\v(.-wi„-,.,l insi'cts. kn,,wn us Hies or Dipt.-ra
includes nearly Icrty tl.uusan.l known species Iron, .lirtermt
regions of the world. Since many of the speeies are vrv small
or minute, and inconspicu.Mis, and as the order has ri-ceivcd
only a small share of the attention of collectors and students
there certainly remain very many more to be vet made known'
From North America not far from four tiiousand sju-cirs have
been studied, and we probably have as many more awaitin.^
discovery. Our knowlcl.^^e of the dipterological fauna has
progressed with in.Mvased rapidity during tin- j.ast ten or
twenty years, but vast H.dds for profitable studv vet remain
open for the serious investigator. In Xorth Ai'nerica the
results to be obtained are almo/,t inexhaustible. Nearly every
family yet awaits the conscientious monograj.her. The des-
cription of new species is the much b-ss ^interesting of the
work to be (h)ne. and perhaps the less profitable. ^ At the
present time the rapidly increasing number of short papers
descriptive of new forms is rendering the determination of
species more and more dimcult.

To the student beginning the study of this interesting group
of insects, some words of advice or caution may be of "senice
The present work can make no pretensions to completeness
in the characterization of genera, and lie should never depend
upon mere tables in the absence of other information. Doubt
of the right generic location of a specimen may often be surest
dissipated by attempting to refer it to some species. Until the
student has accpiir.-d a sort of intuitive acrpiaintance with the
different families the work may be somewhat tedious, but by

t,t*f^-H*-

1

VIII

INTKODrciIoN

jxTsevcraiicf he ciin not liiil td ()\ cicdiiif w li;iti'Vi'i' dlistaclcs
families and i^nuTa may pn'sciit. lit- will ln' very much
aided at tlio bt.'jfiTUiiii.':; liy having' a loleralily larije (Mjllrct ion
at liis command by which to make eomiiarisons. Dillicnlties
will often disapjx'ar with positive evidence licfore him, where
neirative characters are ]in//.lii „'. With ea(di ijfenns in a
family positively determiiu'd the dillicnlties and uncertainties
of others will gra<lnally disappear.

To determine his sj»ecies the stndent will need access to a
large nuiuher of [>apers, lists of whi(di to the present time will
be found in the catalogue of Osten Sacken. and on page
XXXI 11 of the i)resent work. There are a lew masters of dip-
terology, and tlu' stmlent will lu'ver err in considting their
writings, no uiatter upon what subjects they may be. Df
these I would especially nu'ution .Meigen, AViedt'inann, W'iw-
nertz, Loew, Schiner, Usten Sa(;ken. \Vuli)aiHl J^)rauer. Other
writers whose works are imlisj)ensable. but who are not to l»e
trusted as guides, are Desvoidy, .Mac(iuart, Walkei-, Komlani.
l>igot, etc. Of the contemporaiy writers whose works will
be found useful, and in most cases valuable, may be mentioned
Austen, Eaton, ^Meade and Verraii of England; liergenstamm,
Kowarz, Mik and Strobl of Austria ; lU'cker, Girscdmer. lioeder
and KuebsanuMi of Geimany ; Dziedzicki and S(dinabl of l*o-
land ; l^ezzi and Giglio-Tos of Italy; l^ergroth of Finland;
Skuse of Australia; tiie Lymdis of >>otith Anu'rica; Aldri(di,
lianks, Cofjuillett, Johnson, Scudder, .Sm)W, Town, "ml atid
Wheeler of this country. I'robably the most useful single
work that the student will find after Osten Sacken's Gatalogue
(Smithsonian Ins, 1.S7S) is Stdiiner's Fauna Austriaca. and
the most useful toreign ])eriodical the Wiener Entomologiscdie
Zeitung, of whi(di the accom})lished ]\Iik is one of the editors.
The Zo(>logical lieeord will be almost in(lisi)ensable in ascer-
taining what has betMi done during the i)ast thirty-six years.
For the beginner I would es])i'cially recommend Comstock's
Mantial lor use in conjunction with this work.

SfM**»»««C.Tf*«»'»tAt!««tr*««'S'»'t»«''»J^»n".»nR»-T»M*?»f»?J'.

■ *:'*t^4fi»^*.

iNri;<»i)r( ri(,\

i\

I>i|!tri';i 111,1V alwavs In-

'' ivcn--iiiz,.,i l,v 111." j. ITS. Mil- of Lilt
'""' I'''"'"' ^^'"-■^: 'I"' ^•■'•'•n.i |.,W nl ntlirr lllSM.ts IS ivMlv

'•'■['■•.•si.nt..,i l.y w siiKiIl .,i-,n, ,.,i .•;;rli si, I,, lu,.., ,,| ,,,r ini",.
win-s. .•.,i,si>iin-.,l a short. s1,.,:i1it >t..iu will. ;, kii,,l,-l Jk,- t.,-
"""^"'""- '•^'"•'•1 '1"' ''■■'It.Mvs .„• pni^.Ts. Tlirir Imirnon ,s
'i"t known: tlnit tliry liav,. son,., lunnioii sr-Miis riMiain. :,s
llicy aiv always in vii.i'at n-n ,iii,.ii,M- ijj,^],,. _\,,, .,]i ,||,.^ ,^^,^^
win-.Ml: in siun." .l.--ra,:ru io,au>. Inali anion- tlir low.>t ami
lii.^lM'st -roniis of tl... on!,.r. il,..y may 1„. ..ntiivlv wantin-. as
:ilsn till- lialf ivs. S,.mrtim..s tli.' malr.s will ha'v.. win.^s ami
>'"■ f''iiial..s 1,.. wii,.;l..ss. Dm till- numiKM-of win-lrss to, nis
is very small.

In till- ;uli.Itsraf'tli.>lial.itsof Hi.'s an- vry various. .S,,nl.^

1-ut not a vrry kn-v proportion, an- prnia.'.ous upon otl,..r

iiisrcts. suckiu- llirir jui.vs. S.-mr aiv wry anno\ in- t.. man

anil orii-r wanu-hloodr.l animals. siickinLT tii..ir Mo'imI ; ..f tli,.sr

may 1... imMiriiUHMJ th,. mos.piito.-s. l.lack-tli,.s. lior>r-(li..s. sla-

'•1<' anil In.rn tii.>s. tin. X<,.ty.v Hy. ..f,-.. as w.-ll as all tin- pupipara.

wliich aiv parasitic upon l-ir.is ami mammals. I'.v tar the

lai-..st nunil-cr of TiipKua. howcvi-r. Inil up.m ve-.taMc sub-

st.m.M.s, ..itiuM' trrsh or .l.cayin- tk,. p,,ll,.n ami Jmmh.v .,r

tlow<"rs. ..tc. Som.. I..,m1 upon onluiv am! .l.vayin- matrrial

nl whatever imturc it mav he.

In the larval sta-es. tlu- iaihits a..' y.-t more .liverse. Uriel'
'■'■tV-rences to the larval lial.its will 1„. louml in the lollowin-
I'a-es. Suffice here to say tiait the lai-er part an" v-ctahir
l''<'<i"i's. hut not a lew live upon .lecompi.sin- aniuuil matl.r.
<'!• m the livin- l,o,Ii,.s oi' oth.-r insects, snails, replih-s. hinls.
nnnunuils. etc. While some meml.ers of th.- .uder mav i)e
v.M-y annoyin- or prcjmlicial to mairs economv. tin- onler
npontlm whole, isa henejicial one. whether in'tla- kirval or
mature sta-es. whether as parasites upon other, ami injurious
or-anism. oi- as sca\-cn,n-ers.

In the lollowin- pa-..s 1 . ml. avor to -ive such .letinitions
"n<l .les,.ripti.,Ps,,l tk," matur.. ins.'ct as will . nal.l.. 1 h.- slu-

'tigiifyi/S.'.

X

ixTKonrfTiox.

(lent to undev!jtaii(l and a])preciatp, not only the present ^vork,
but all other systematic ^vorks iii)on diptera. I have not
thought it desirable to consider at length many interest-
ing subjects connected with them, such as the internal anato-
my, embryology, etc., as being rather ajiart from the object of
the work, — an introduction or, aid to the study of systemati(^
di{)terology.

HEAD.

The head in diptera is extremely variable in shape, reach-
ing its most remarkalde development in tlie Diopsida' and
Nycteribiidte. It is frefpieiitly more or less hemispherical, l)ut
more often the jiosterior surface or ocrljtiif, is flattened or
even concave, giving a more liemispherical form. Often it is
flattened and widened transversely as wide or wider than the
thorax. In the Xycteribiiihe it may be folded back into a
groove on the dorsum of the thorax, but with those exceptions,
it is always attached to the thorax by a freely movable neck.
Next to the wings, the head otters the most important cliar-
acters for classification.

Eyes. The large compound eyes are present in all diptera
save some I'upijjara. In the gn^it majority of males they are
contiguous on the upper side of the head for a greater or less
distance; in such cases the insects arc^ called liohiptic In
many males, however, (all the Acalyptratu' and several fami-
lies of the Orthorrhaj)ha. as well as in inimerous genera of
other families) and in all females Avitii but few exceptions
(some Acrocerida% Blepharoceriche. lUnnbyliida' and riatyi)e-
/idte, etc.) th(» eyes are separated more or less broadly by the
front; such inserts are called dir/ioptlr. Rarely tlie eyes may
be contiguous below the antenna' or both above and Ixdow
them, as in the Acroceridfe. In not a, few flies, esjH'cially
those of the aerial eremocluetous kinds, the u]»])er facets of the
eyes are larger and more cons])icuous than the lower ones,
sometimes separated by a distinct liiu\ or even entirely di-
vided. In tliese flies especiallv. the eves in life are often

iXTi{()i)r( riox.

XI

brilliantly and bcautilnlly coloird with i^'

in;

irkinJ,^s. SoniPtinics the cnlar

rccn and jmrjdo

anterior portion and connnon tf) botl
The larger nunibiM- of Hies have rl
only when seen nnd<']' hig]
ever, tlie whole or part of tl
or hair, which alw

remeiit of tlie facets is on tli
1 sex»'s. as in the Asilida

le eves l)art'. (>r

pnlifscciit

1 nuiLTnitication.

erv olten.

hdw

le I'Ves IS r(iV(

IVS

ill

■red with ei'ect pile
ids its greatest development in the

male sex. The ].il()sity may 1.' sparse or ,h-nse. short
Ore/li On the npper part of the licad. 1

ee simoh

I onnd eyes there are thi

diptera, and called the ocelli. Thev are 1

amoiiir

all tl

le gen(!ra of some fan

or long.

H'tween the coiii-

ple. snuill v\i'^. ). resent in most

>y no means constant

species of some genera. Th

or even among all rh

of a triaii'de wli

y are nsually situated in the I'orn

located in a neai'lv straiudit 1

os(> apex IS in front; sometii

nes thev

ii-e

one may be al)sent. and the other t
side close to the eomiiound eves.

ine transverselv, oi', the middh

wo situated oiu' oi

I eacli

.l/ifr>nnt: Xo other ori>'ans t

urnish so nuinv or so in:

l)ortant

eharacters in the elassiiication of the dij-tera as ,lo the anten-

na' or fetders, as thev have 1

l»er

shape

ind

leeu sometimes called. The

nnm-

speeitic and generic cl

arrangement cd' the joints offer, not (ud'

laraetei's. l)ut in

acters as well. Onlv in excei.tional

^han thi

ee, and there mav

Through all the Cyj-lorrl

with th" exce])tion of the lMiori(he. and the 1

Nematoeorous Orthorrliai)ha tl
to sixteen, the first t^

some eases fannly char-
cases is the nundier less
lie as many as thirty-six. it is sai(L
lapha the nund)er three is constant,

'npipnra. In the

le number is usuallv iron

1 ei'dit

are

ahvavs more o

wo of wideh b»rm the

r 1

s>-'i//i\ and which

ess (

erentiate(l froiu the rcmaimh'r

which constitutes t\H^_t/af/f'//in)i. Osten Sacken ].,..
to call tliose flies whi(di have the antenna- lor.- and 1

bearing whorls of haii

N

s, esjx'c

•iallv

las proposed
re([uentl\-

in the nml(>s, the /

oinatocera. in distinction i

f/ff

in which the anten

roin the aiKunnlotis Nematocera.

ai

TUB are shorter, destitute of whorls of 1

id vvitii the joints j)r:'ssed o,h)se together, rnon tl

Kill's

le antenm

■ '-'tt.', illicit}

xn

xruoDrcTioN.

character alone, however, the t>rou]> can not !)(> satisfactorily
separated from the amnimloiis IJrachycera. in \vhich the anten-
na; are more usually three-jointed, with the tliird joint divided
into segments. Nor can the latter he clearly separated from
the tru>' lirnchycera. in wlileli the third joint is not annnlate-d.
Sometimes the third joint appears to reseiuhle that joint in
the ti'Ki' ]U-achycera, but will be found uj.on close insi)ection
to be composed of a number of closely united segments or
annvdi, and it is in these cases that the term nnHjih'.r is applied.
This character will be easily understood by examining the
third antennal joint of a common horse-fly. Either the com-
plex or the simide third joint may terminate in a bristle,
usually called an arista, or in a style, that is a more slender
portion, which is, however, not bristle-like. It is very evident
that both the style and the arista represent only the more (>'•
less attenuated distal joints of the flagellum, becai.se in all
cases a close examination will show them to be composed of
from two to five segments. The arista or style is frequently
entirely wanting in the ()rthorrhai)ha. but only rarely is it
atrophied among the C'yclorrhapha. The style is always ter-
minal, because it is less differentiated from the flagfdlum. but
ihe arista may be either terminal or dorsal, and it may be
inserted close to the base of the third joint. It is also evi-
dent here that the change of ])osition is more ap]>arent than
real, because it is in reality due to the greater develoi)ment
of the umler side of the third joint. In sonu' cases the third
joint has developed into nu st singular stnu-tures, as for t'x-
ample in Xi-orlKtiiiKi and lihiston-ni among the Stratiomyidu',
or Tiihiroccvit, SrlilxoturJiiini, Dlr/ionfti and Dhjlossixrva,
among the Tachinida'.

FrecpuMitly the arista has short hairs growing from its u])-
])er and lower sides, in which cases it is called />ii/ir,srriit ; when
tlie hairs are longer and more feather-like, the arista is said
to be (,h(iiios,' : or, if the hairs are fewer and stronger, prrt',-
tiiifril. Tilt! jdumosity or ])ect,ination is always stronger on
the iip|)er side of the arista.

'"'thiti^it^'^^

IXTIJODrci'lON.

Xll

Front. The sp:i('.' between the .'xcs in all (liclioptic tiies.
limited hy the upper niar-in of the head and rhe line drawn
thr()u.L,di tlie ro^t of the antenna- is called the Irunt. It niav
be wide or narrow, excavated or convex, etc.

/V/'A',r. The ujipcrniost part of the front, near the niarn-in
of the occiput, which is here , -ailed the miiml nnn-i/ni.

Vrrfinil ti'hiiujJ,'. The trian-le at Uie upper part of the
liead. between the eyes in holoptic flics. It bears the oe.(dli,
whi(di when placed on a triangle indicated l)y grooves or de-
I)ressions is called the nrcl/dr frinn<ih\

Front, il tr'nnifjie. In holoptic flies, the triangle betw(HMi
the eyes and the root of the anteniue, the a]»ex of which is
Jibove.

FfUhnnn. In the Cycl()rrhai)ha an inflatable organ cajiable
(»f l)eing thrust out through the frontal suture just above th.^
root of the antenme. and which is used by the imago in s])ring-
mg off the eai)tothe puj)arium when about to extricate itself.
Frontal Itinnlc. An oval or cri'scentie s])ace just above the
root of the antenna" in Cy(dorrha].hous files, b(")unded by the
frontal sutuie.

Fpistoina or Frn'sfoma. The oial margin and an inih'finite
space imiui'diately contiguous thereto.

Jnfrnna/ f'.ref/. A groove or grooves in the middle of the
IV,ce, as though for the lodgment of the antenna-, bound.-d on
the sides by the /tn-iat ri,h/cs.

(7H'r/,'s. The si)ac.e back of the face ami below the eyes.
Or/u'ts. The sjjace immediately contiguous to the eyes,
sometimes indicated by structural characters, at other times
imleHnite. It is called facial, frontal, etc., from the position.
Ch/prns. A part of the mouth stru(-ture. often visible be-
low the margin of the mouth in front as a mon- (.r h-ss visor-
shaped piece.

MOITU-I'AIJIS.

The mouth-jiarts of diptera an- wholly suctorial. They
<liffer not a little in the different tli.-s. as'mighl be supposed

XIV

INTIiODrCTIOX.

from the diverse habits. Jn some tliey are achipted for ]iiere-
iiig animal or veL,'eta\jh' sul)staiK;es and are, in consequence,
firmer and more sUnih'r: in otliers, and ))y far tlie .greater
number, tliey are adai)ted only for sucking' up juices oi'
such substances as may be dissolved by the aid of tlie saliva.
Grains of pollen have been observed in tlie di.i^estive organs
of the Syr})hiihe and other flower flies, ))ut, as a rule, fhiids
only serve as food. jMany have the proboscis wholly retrac-
tile into the oral cavitv. and furnished with one or even two
hinges, by which when at rest it nuiy be folded \'p. In others
the proboscis is not retra(;tile, and projects either in front, or
downward or backward, beneath the body. While it is usuallv
short, it may be much longer than the body. Finally a few
species have the mouth-] )arts rudimentary and take no nour-
ishment in the adult state.

As regards the different parts of which the mouth-organs
are comjjosed, there is a strong contention on the part of Prof.
John B. Smith that the homologies previously and generally
accepted by entomologists are not the correct ones. I have
followed his argunu^nts as carefully and as fully as 1 am al)le,
but I will not pretend to assert any authoritative opinion in
the nuitter, as that would presupi)ose a thorough acquaintance
with the mouth-structure in other insects than the diptera,
which I do not possess.

The more commonly acceptcMl homologies are as follows:
labium, nuixilhe, maxillary ])alj)i, mandibles, hy]ioi)harynx,
and labrum or labrum-epii)harynx. The labial palpi are
thought to be whollv wanting, or represented bv the labella.
The labium is always ])resent, more or less fleshy and provided
with muscles. It, is grooved or clianneled on the ui)i)er side
to receive the other ]>arts. with the exception of -lie palpi.
which are free. This sheath is often nearly completi^, the
thin margins touching each other above. At its t\[) are the
]»air of joints of variable si/e called the "lips" or labella.
The mnxilhe and mandibh>s are sonu'times absent, the nuindi-

i

■»»»»«»«..

IXTlJoDrCTION,

x^•

blf'S most fi-f^quently; wlipii present tlicy ure always slender
and tirm. The hypopharynx is unpaired and slender, .grooved
on the uj)per side and sometimes converted into a nearly eom-
])lete tube. The labriim, also unj.aired, is usually elon-ate
and .Ljrooved on the under side, forniin,!,^ by apposition with
the ])harynx a eomplete tube. The mandihles are Ire.puMitly
absent; in tact I do not know oi' their oeeurreiice in anv tlies
with a simple third antennal joint, and they may l)e absent in
the male when present in the female, as in tJie Tabanida'.
They are always ])ierein<;' organs, thin. iirm. ehitinous aiul
usually slender. The two maxilhe, likewise pierein- or-ans.
find their hio-hest d<'veloi.ment in sueh ].redaee()us flies as the
AsilidiH. Like the numdibles they ar- ehitinous and slemler.
Jn some they are more or less flattened, and may have euri-
(msly sliaped projections at the tip ; usually they are brisrle-
like. They lie witli the maxilhe within tiie sheath of the
labium, at either side of the labrum and hypoi.harynx. In sonu'
cases the labi-um is short, and serves only as a'C(.ver for the
proximal ])art of th(> hypopharynx, but usually it is as lonn' as
<'!• longer than the hypopharynx and has a simple groove on
the under side. The hypoplmrynx is always present in Hies
in which the mouth-parts are functional. It is, nion- often a
.slender, tirm organ, grooved n])im the upper side. whi(di by
ai)position with the labr.m forms a, distinct tube. In sonu>,
however, it ma,y form almost a coini)lete tube in itstdf.
^ Leaving out of account the d<\gra(hMK but highly sjMMMalized
l'ui)ij.ara. the labium is always a sheath for all tlu- other or-
gans except the palj)i, but is separable at the will of the ins.'ct.
It is not used in piercing; it is eitlier bent l)ackward in the
niiddh>. as in the mos(pr>o, or the ])iercing parts are thrust
out at the e.xtremity as in most of tlu" predaceous Hies. To
facilitate this protrusion of the ].iercing i)arts. the proximal
portion is )nore or h'ss membranous and retractile; or, the
inner organs may be capable of (dongation. being coiled
'ip in s,,m(> cases, as in l'aH,in,n<,, within the j.harvngeal

XVI

iNIIJODlCriOX.

cavity. The pair of organs at \\w cxtrcinitv. tlic lips or la-
Ix'lla. arc very variable in shape, position and function, in
tlio inoS(piito, for instance, they serve iiicrcly as a pair of
finirers to iruide the i)iercin''' iiarts. In nianv of the tjowei--
flies with lon.i^' proboscis, they are small, oval, divaricable
()r<,^xns, that seem to l)e cliicHy sense-organs, as they are
usually ])i'ovi(le(l witli hairs inserted into small, semi-translu-
cent spots on the outer sides and nuiryins. in the s^reatcr
number of flies, however, the labella are of considerable si/c.
and are provided with radiatin;^' ridj^es on the iinu'r. opposable
sides. These iiseudotrachea'. as they are called, serve as means
of attrition, by which tlie insects rub off particles of food
from Mrm substtinces. Sometiuu'S the labidla are Ioul;; and
slender and folded back under the labium when at rest. In
the Asilida' and sonu' others, they are rigid and horny.

Perhaps the most imjiortant of all the m()uth-i)arts, from
the systematic stand[)oint. are the maxillary ])ali)i. Tliey are
always inserted at the inferior basal i)art oi the proboscis, on
a thin plat(> wliich bears tlie maxilhe, and are always extri-
cated. Their study has been much neglected, and doubtless
thorough comparative researches will reveal not a few charac-
ters of value in (dassificition. They are variously described as
being composed of from one to live joints. Probably there
is never more than four articulated joints, th(> basal joint
being merely a process of the plate bearing the maxilhe.
The tendency in diptera is toward their entire loss, and in the
most highly specialized families there is never more than one
articulated joint. Thev may be reduced to the merest rudi-
ments, even in flies whicdi are more or less i)redaceous in ^ ab-
its and wliich have the mouth-]tarts with the excei)tion of the
mandibles, otherwise well-develoi)(Ml. They are never greatly
(dongated, save among some of the Xematocera.

Without going into Pi of. Smith's arguments, he shows with
what seems to be much force, that the I'cal homologies of thi'
dipterous moulli-[>ai'ts are as follows:

1

INTIJODICTION.

xvir

Labruni. .

Ilypypliarynx.

Mandihlos.

Mii.xillio.

Maxillary palpi.

Laltium.

I'araylossa.

M^iiia.

Lacinia.

I'alpiftTs.

Maxillary palpi.

(talca.

TIlOItAX.

Tlie thorax is composed, as in otlier insects, of tlire(> parts,
tlie y>;v>tliorax, the 7M('.s7;-thorax and tlie mefo-thoviw, but tlie
first and the hist arc so abort, d as to present Imt few ana-
tonii(;al cnaracters. The prothorax is perhaps most readily
distinguislied in the Ncmatocerous flics, formin- a rounded
ro//ar l)ack of the n.M-k. The metathorax is not se.'u at all
from above; the .satfellum. cut off by an impressed line, usu-
ally a semi-oval body, really belon-s to the mesothorax, the
dorsum of which is often called the nn-sonofiiin.

Transm-se siffure, an impressed line usually running
straight across the mesonotum and terminating a little in front
of tlie root of the wings. It is mor.' or less incomplete in
the middle.

HumrrKs or humeral raJh,.^ the anterior superior angles of
the mesothorax, usually a more or less rounded callus. '

Post-alar ra/hts, a more or less distinct rounded sw.dling.
situated between the root of the wing and the scutellum.

Pre-alar m/las, a similar, but usually less prominent, pro-
jection situated liefore the root of the wings on the sides of the
inesonotum, just back of the outer emls of the transverse suture.

Scufellar hrUhje, a snuiU ridge on either side of the scutel-
lum, connecting it with the mesonotum.

Pn'sufarul drpression, a depression, usually triangular in
shape, at the outer emls of the transverse suture, near the
dorsopleural suture.

Supra-alar f/roorr, a groove on the mesothorax immediately
above the root of the wings, along the inner margin of whic'h
there are, usually, characteristic bristles.

xvm

IN'I'HODrCriON.

DiH-sup/t'itrn/ stffiirr, the sutiu-' running; Iroiu tlic huiiiorus to
the root of tlic wiu'^'s, scparatiiiLj the inesoiiotum from the
])leura. .Mik ]»r(.»{)o.s('.s for it tlic ratlicr more ajipropriate term

oi /lofit/i/riii'tf/ Slitiiri'.

Strnidpleitrol siitiin-, the suture l)eh)\v the (h)rso]>h'ural
suture, nearly iJaraUel with it and s<'i)arating the nu'soiJeura
from the steruoi)k'ura.

sMcsopliiiirdl sKfiire, tlie suture ruiiniui^' from the root of the
wini^s downward and sei>aratinL,^ the mesoph'ura from tlie
pterophnira.

Mt'sojt/rin'K, tlie space situated in front of the root of the
winiics, between the dorsojdeural and sternopleural sutures.

l'fcr(>i>leui'<i, situated below the root of tlie wings, baek of
the mesopleural suture.

Sfrnid/t/ritni, the lower j)art of the ]>leura, bidow the sterno-
pleural suture and abovt' the front eoxu'.

IIi//)(>j)leiin(, the space over the middle and hind eoxie, be-
low the metapleura and {)teroi)leura.

MetaftJrin'u, t\w «' sides of the metanotum", a more or less
swollen space at the outside of the metanotum and ln'tween it
and the pteropleura and hypopleura.

AfctduntuHi, the oval, arched portion behind, beneath the
scutellum. It is frecpiently the best developed in the Hies
with long, slender abdomen, as the Ti[)ulidte.

Ildltt'vi's, balancers or poisers, rudimentary ])osterior wings,
a slender organ with a dilated head, situated below eatdi
metapleura.

Tei/ubt' or d/ii/a', a i)air of nuMubranous scales situated
above the halteres and back of the root of the wings, one
above the other. The lower one or both may be rudimentary
or absent; the u))[)ev one nujves with the wings and is called
tlie antitegula by Osten Sacken. Comstoek, however, objects
to this use of tegula, saying that the term was first useil
for the cui)-like scale above the root of the wing in certain
hynu-'iu)ptera. and shcmld be reserved lor that organ.

i , ■! '.i

INTlJODrCTloX

XIX

LK(;s.
Tlie three puirs of legs arc attuclicd to tho prothonix, iiioso-
tliorax and metatliorax, and arc called. rcs])cctivcly the front,
middle and liind pairs. Wiicn the front and middle i)airs are
spoken of together they should be called, for the sake of ex-
actness, the anterior legs; wh i the middle and hind ]>airs
are collectively meant, tiie posterior legs. The legs are com-
I)Osed of five parts:

Cit.i'd. the part attaching the legs ])roper to the thorax.
Trorhdntei', the short, small, ring-like portion lu'tween t!ie
femur and coxa.

Fi'iinir, almost invariably the longest and stoutest portion
of the legs, often provided with tul)ercles. spines or projec-
tions or sometimes gr 'atly thickened ; usually slender.

Tlhid, the next pare succeeding the femur, iind like it often
with various ornamenttitions or })r(»jections. When it ter-
minates in one or more distinct, short bristly spines, it is
said to be spurred.

Tfu-sKs, the distal division of the legs, comixised (exccjit in
some abnormal forms) of five joints, of which the first, that
lu^xt to the tibia, is called the metatarsus. On the terminal,
(U- fifth joint, are the

rnt/ui's or citnrs, usually two, curved moval)le booklets on
the umler side of the last tarsal joint, at the base of which
below, are a pair of

rulrilJl, two i)ad-like, fleshy cushions attached to the last
joint of the tarsus below the claws, usually i)resent. but olten
absent among the Orthorrhai)lia and often much larger and
better developed in the male than the female, lietween them,
among a number of the families of the Cyclorrliai)ha, is the

J'Jinpodlnni, a median aiii)endage on the under side of and
between the claws, either in the form of a pad, like the i)ul-
villi, when it is called jmlvilliform, or like a bristle or spine;
rarely it is alone present and the pulvilli wanting.

XX

INTHODICTION.

AISDOMKN.

The abdomen is coniposed of ;i v;uial>l<' iiumbcr of s(\ii:inf'nts.
more or l(\ss closely fused togetlicM". The normal mimher for
insects, nine, are r;ir(dy all visii)le (the Tipulida' are exam-
ples). They are counted from the base on the upper side. In
not a few cases the first two are so (dosely fused together, and
the first one abbreviated, that the nonuMudature leaves some
doubt in tiie mind of tlie student. Tlie uj)per jiai't of the ab-
donnMi may be esi)e(dally indicated by the word ihn-stiin, but
in general, the reiitiT or under part is alone thus contradistin-
guished. The male genitalia, whitdi in many cases are of
complicated structure, and of nnich value in classification, are
known collectively as tiie liopoinj^junit, though IJergroth has
])roposed the name projii/'iium for them. The on'jiositoroi the
female abdomen very fre(piently projects from the abdomen,
and is sometimes extremely long; its structure is oftiMi char-
acteristics of geiu'ra or families. The more detailed descrij)-
tion of .lie parts of both these organs it is unnecessary to go
into here; they may be studied in the different families, where
they often find useful application in tlie sejjaration of sj)ecies.

cii/i:tota.\v.

Until within recent vears but little attentitm had been j)aid
by writers on systematic dipterology to the nund)er and ar-
rangement of the bristles among flies. Osten Sacken, who
proposed the term cltii'totaxif, to designate the .■icience of their
arrangement, published an e])ochmaking paper on the subject
in ISSI. Since that time their use has steadily increased
with the most hap])y results. That they will become more
and more useful as their study in different families ])rogresses,
there can seem to be no doubt. For that reason, it behooves
the student to become familiar with tlie nomenclature already
in use. The following are the most im])ortant terms :

Cki'IIamc Hkisti.ks.

I'l'i-tinil. two pairs, inner and outer, inserted more or less

M

IXTKHDrcTION.

\ X I

hcliiiid the upper iiiul iimcr corii'V of the t-yc, civet, or tlie
iiiiH'i- jiair coiivt'i^m'ut, tlir outrr paii' (livci-Lrciit.

I'nsfrrrf'ii-(il, in the middle u[ the upi)er part oT tiie oeeiput.
mcneraily small or ahseiit.

(h;ll,n\ situated (dose to tlie oetdli, usually directed I'oi'-
wiird ; often absent.

Fnnifo-orhitdl bristles, placed on (>ach side of the front, near
the orbit, immediately below the vertical bristles. There
may l»e oww two or none on caeh side.

Loirt'r friHitn-orh'ttiil, situated on the lower parted' the front,
above the antcniue, alonj; the orl)it. and not (juite in liiu' with
the fronto-orbital l)ristles. They are not of frc(|uent occur-
rence.

I'ihrissii, a stout bristle situated near the oral margin on
ea(di side. Of imi)ortant use in the (dassitication of the
A(;alyptrat{e.

Fiir'tiil, A series of bristles on either side of the middle por-
tion of the face, above the vibrissas esi)ecially conspicuous
anu)ng many genera of the Tachinida'. but usually absent in
tlie Acalyptratie.

TlIOUACIC 1)(»|{SAI, nuiSTI.KS.

llumi'i'fil, om^ or nu)re bristles inserted on the humeral
callus.

I'nst-hinin>j-nJ, usually two. inserted immediately above the
dorso-jdeural suture, between the humeral eallus and the root
of the wing, on the i)ottom of the jire-sutural depression.

I'rc-siitiinil. one or more bri.Ntles situated immediately in
front of the transverse suture, above the i)re-sutural depression.

Stiprd-tilu,', usually three l)risth"S. one on the ])ost-alar cal-
lus, one on tiu^ alar freuum and tlu' dnrd in iront of the second
on the edge of the sui)ra-alar depression.

Intni-dlar, a row of two or three bristles between the supra-
alar grouj) and the dorso-central bristle^".

DorHo-reiifrol, two or four longitudinal rows on the inner
part of the dorsum, sometimes represent by the

XXII

INTKODrCTIOX.

Pri'sriifilhir, a traiisvorso rf)\v of l)ristl(\s in front of the
scutcllum.

I i .

TllOKACIC I'MCrKAr, I'UISTI-KS.

Prnphiiinil, bristU's inserted immediately above the front
cox;e.

jlfi'so/jlen/'(iI, bristles inserted on the mesoi)leurie, in the
angle formed by the dorso-pleural and mesopleural sutures.

Sferno/zfeiini/, one or several bristles situated on the sterno-
pleura, below the sternopleural suture.

FteropleurdI, bristles inserted on the pteropleune. rarely
present and ditticult to distinguish.

Mi'fapli'urdl, bristles inserted on the metapleura;, espeeially
conspicuous in the Asiliihe, and named by Lynch the

Tn'rhosfmt/ bristles, a fan-like row on the meta})leura', con-
spicuous in some families.

Hi/popli'iirnJ bristles, a row or tuft of bristles on the hypo-
I)leura, occurring in the Calyi)trata'.

Abdominal Rristi.ks.

Marfjinal bristles, bristles inserted on the j)OSterior marucin
of the segments, especially conspicuous in many Tachinidu'.

Dlscdl bristles, bristles, usually one or more pairs, inserted
on the middle of the segments before the hind margin.

Lateral bristles, one or more bristles situated on or near
the lateral margins of the segments.

In addition, a number of terms are used to designate the
inclination of the bristles, often important in describing the
cephalic bristles. The more important of these are erect, when
standing vertically, or nearly so; proel'mate, when directed
forward; rerHnate, when directed backward; dlrarkate or
di(!er(jent when directed outward from the middle line ; con-
rer(/eiit when directed inwardly ; dentssate or mirlatf when
crossing each other.

lNTl{(H)r( "IION.

X X 1 1 1

I'ront

\VIN<iS.

To titulerstaiid lln' iniirdfloii or rrn,'f')i,,\ df tlic winus t lie

student may select a eoiinuon lar.Lre li(»ise-llv (TahaiiiiLe).

Observe Ileal' the middle of rlie wiii;^' directed t raiisverstd \ . a

large, oblong, five or six siiled e(dl. surrounded on all sides liv

other oells. This is the (Hsnil ccdl and is jiresent in lu'arlv

all flies. Somewhere on the vidn (fourth loiniitinlinul). that

hounds this cell in front, will he seen a short conneetiiiL,'' vein.

directed anteriorly, the mifi-rlnr or siiml! rrnss-n'm. wl:i(di

affords, in most cases, a key to tlie iieuratioii. no matter how

intricate. It always connects the foui'th longitudinal vein

behind witli tiie third longitudinal vein in Iroiit (in a few rare

cises the second longitudinal vein); the ctdl l)ehinii it is the

discal. in front, between the second and third loiigitmlinal

veins, the mihimi i'<i'ninl ; on the outer side the Jirst imsfrrin- :

on the inner side t\\i\tirsf hnsni. Just l)a(d< of the first basal

cell and separated from it by the fourth longitudinal vein, is

the second hnsaJ n'lJ : l)ack of the si'cond basal ami se]»arated

by the fifth longitudinal vtdu. is the third basal or (i/m/ crll.

JJaek of th<> aiuil cell and iiKduding the free posterior proximal

l)ortion of the wing is the axUhn'ii crll. In the horse-Hv the

anal cell is seen to run back oltli(piely to near the posterior

margin of the wing, where it termiiuites acut<dy. that is. the

anal c(dl is closed near the border of the wing; should the

two veins that clos;' it run se])ai'ately into the margin of the

wing, then the cell is said to lie open. Counting from the

third longitudinal v(Mn (posterior branch) backward along the

l)Osterior bordt-r of the wing, to the vein that closes the aiuil

cell outwardly, the student will count five different cells, the

first of which, as already said, borders on the first basal e(dl.

the second and third on the discal cell, the lourth on the

discal and second basal cell, and the fifth on the second basal

and anal cells; these cells are called the j,nst,r}nr rrlls. and

are numbered from before back: the first is bounded by the

third and fourth longitudimil and the anterior cross-vein : the

XXIV

IXTliODUCTION.

second by the fourth longitudiTial in front, the anterior inter-
cahary vein behind, and the posterior cross-vein at the outer
side of the discal cell ; the third is bounded by the anterior
intercalary, and the fifth longitudinal vein and the posterior
cross-vein; the fourtli is bounded by the iifth longitudinal
vein in front and the posterior intercalary vein behind ; the
fifth by the posterior intercalary, the fifth longitudinal at the
outer end of the second basal cell, and the posterior hasal rross-
re'in at the outer end of the anal cell. The short vein which
separates the second basal cell from the discal cell is known
as the anh'rlor hasid cross-ve'm. Now, following the third
longitudinal vein outwardly it will be found to give off an an-
terior branch whicli runs forward to terminate in the anterior
border of .the wing, or ro.sYf/ ; the cell included between this
fork and the vein itself behind is the scvond si/hmarf/lnal rrll.
The second longitudinal vein borders the first subnuarginal
cell in front and terminates in the costa; between it and the
first longitudinal vein which has a similar course and termi-
nation is the vmr'jinal cell ; between the first longitudinal
vein and the costa there is another parallel vein with nar-
row cells on each side of it, the vein is the (ni.rill<tri/, and tlie
cell before it the costal, behind it the KubcotytuJ. Finally, ne;ir
the root of the wing there is a short cross-vein connecting the
auxiliary vein with the costa; it is known as the humrr<il
cross-rriii.

The student is urged to i»vocure a cojty of Comstock's IMan-
ual of Insects for use in coniu'ction with this work. The
figures there given of the various parts of the exteinal anato-
my of di])tera and especially of the neuration, are the truest
to nature that I have ever seen. The nomenclature of the
wing-neuration there adopted, or some modihcation of it, is
destined to supplant the Meigenian or Schinerian terjuinolo-
gies now almost exclusively used. I have not adopted it in
this work for two reasons : first, that it has not vet been fidly

iNTii(H)r('Ti()N.

XXV

or inter-
le outer
anterior
)Osterior
itudinal
lul; the
il at the
\(d cross-
u which
5 known
le third
ft' an an-
anterior
pen this
'nal rc/L
iiarginal
and tlie
d ternii-
;itudiniil
ith nar-
and tli(^
lly, near
'tinj^' the

!v*s jNIan-
k. The
il anato-
le truest
e oi' the
of it, is
rminolo-
:ed it in
een fullv

J

'■•■

crvstallized into a permanent sliape ; second, because nearly-
all the existing literature has the nomenclature here employed
and to use a new out- would largely defeat tlie object of the
work in thehamls of the i)egiiiner. 1 give below the ter-
minology used by Coiustock, together with the Cfjuivalent
terms here used and the e([uivalent ones in the terminologv
of Schiner, for the horsi'-Hv.

Auxiliary vt'iii

II

Mediastinal

First l()ii{,ntu(liiiiil .

nil

Subcostal

Si'coih! longitudinal

i!i-_>,.*; .

Ka.lial

Tliinl loiijjitudiiial .

iii.j

Cubital

Fourtli l()n<rituilinal

Vl'

Discoidal

Fifth lonjritiKiiiial .

v;!

I'ostical

Sixth loriuitudiiial .

IX

Anal

Anterior hrant-h of thin!

vein 1 114

Anterior intiTcalary

Vli

I'osterior intercalary

VIII

Costal cell

•Judl

Costal

Subcostal cell .

II

.Me(iiastinal

Maru'inal cell .

nil

Subcostal

First sul)niar,uinal cell

in:;

Cubital

Second suhmaruiiial cell

nit

First basal cell

L'ndin

Second basal cell

\'

Anal cell

vin

Axillary cell .

IX

First posterior cell .

IIIo

Second i)()sterior cell

VI

Third posterior cell

•ImW-l

Fourth i)osterior cell

\:\

Fit'th posterior cell .

VIII

Discal vvW

lstVL>

Flies differ very much in the nature of tjicir covering.
Many are nearly or (piitc bare; otiiers have a thick, woolly
covering of (dosely set, long liiu' hair; while others still have
an abunihmt covering of h.ng stout, heavy bristles ov „>,„■,;,-
<-li<rf,i: Undoubtedly the kind of covering lias much ivlation

XXVI

IXrUODUCTlON.

witl. the liabits of the iiuiture insects, yet just what tiie rehi-
tions are is not yet well understood. Osten Saeken lias ob-
served that the eremoeluetous Hies (i. e. diptera in winch
there is a general absence of bristles, as for example the
Stratioiuyidoe, LepticUe, ami Tabanida^) are for the most part
holoptic in the male sex and at the same time are principally
aerial tlies, flying swiftly and with the liabit of hovering,
using their legs oidy for alighting. On the contrary the
cluetophorous flies (as the Muscidcb, sens, lat., Thorida', Doli-
chopodida^, AsilidcC, etc.) use tiieir legs as much as, sometimi^s
nu)re, than the wings for locomotion, and rarely have the eyes
contiguous in the male sex. Probably the development of the
macrochteta^ reaches its highest extent among the Tachinida-,
as for instance in Ih'jeania, Saunders la, etc., and the Dexiida^
(Ili/sfrlsljihona, etc.), where the abdomen may be almf)st
wholly covered with long and erect, very rigid spines.

As concerns other forms of covering, the usage of writers
is not very exact; the terms /itiii: jii/c piilx'sn'iice and tnmen-
titm, are used with a wide degree of latitude. In general, how-
ever, pile should be restri(^ted to indicate close, thickly s''t,
flue hair, as in the pile of velvet, while hair may mean longer.
and less abundant. Pubescence should mean very short, tine
hairs, while tomentum can only be correctly ai)plied to recum-
bent, flattened scale-like or stubble-like hairs, whicdi gradually
merge into dn.st or pollen, which is so generally present in
flies, and upon wliich the determination of nuiny species must
largely de])en(l.

I X T K H X . V T. A X A T O M V .

For the following brief accdunt of the internal anatomy of
Diptera I am imlebted to Prof. V. L. Kellogg.

The special features of the internal structure of the l)ii)t(M'a
are the high degree of comnuitration of the nervous system
attained in some of the members of the order, the expansion
of the two main tracheal trunks in the base of the abdomen

■

^ \

INTKODICTIOX.

X X \' 1 1

to form air sans, tlio presence of a sucking stomacli as in tli(>
Le|)i(lo])tera, tlie constant number (lour, rarely live) of the
]\[alp]iigian tubes, aiul the aljseuce of ;i l,iit'!«i mpulntr'tx in the
females.

The alimentary canal presents behind the (esophagus an
expansion which is a crop or sucking stomach. The ventri-
culus, or true stomach, lying behind it, has usually two ('(eca;
and the long, slender, .Malpighiaii vessels are, in almost all
S[)ecies, four in number, a surprising constancy compared with
the condition in other groups of si)ecialized insects. The ves-
sels open singly into the alimentary canal in some flies and in
others they unite in piiirs before reaching the canal and open
into it by two ducts.

The lieart is of the usual type, with two chambers in the
more si)ecialized families, owing to the concentration of the
body. In the larva of Corcthra the heart is a simple, elongate
tube without cliambers.

The two main tracheal trunks expand at the base of tlie
abdomen into conspicuous air sacs similar to tjiose found
among Hymenoptera, Lepidojjtera. the lanu^licorn beetles and
some other insects. The two ])airs of spiracles of th(> thorax
are provided with ''vocal cords", and a considerable i)art of
the humming sound is i)roduced by Micse structun's. The
abdominal si)iracles of some Hies are as primitive ;is are to be
louud among insects, being sim])]y unlijjped openings.

The condition of the m>rvous system varies greatr- within
the order. In the elongale. more generalized Xematocerous
forms there are five or six abdoiuimil g;iugli;i, and three dis-
tinct thoracic ganglia. From this condition to that shown i)y
the Mus(.ida', where all the thoracic; and abdominal ganglia
are united into one large ganglion in the thonix. a, most in-
structive series of gra(iatory forms is ]iresent<'d. In the
Empidida', which stand intcrmediatcdy as regards the concen-
tration of the ventral cord, the two anterior thoracic ganglia
are fused into (uu' ; this condition is radically different from

XXVIIl

INTRODUCTION.

tliat shown l)y insects of other orders, ;is the Coleoptera,
Lepidoptera and llyiaenoptera, \vhi(^li liave ])ut two thoracic
gan^^dia. In tlicse insects, however, it is the two posterior
ganglia (nieso and nietathoraei(t) which are t'nsed into one.

The careful studies of Chihl on the so-caUed Johnston's
organ, an ekiborate structure of tine chitin rods connected
with speinal nerve cells and these connected by fine nerves
with the main antennal nerve, the whole organ (which is lo-
cated in the second antennal joint) seem to u-cribe definitely
an auditory function to t!ie antennae. Child's studies were
mostly made on the Nematocerous forms.

Special nerve structures are present at the base of the lial-
teres, and orienting, auditory and other sense functions have
been ascribed to them by various morphologists. Flies from
whi(!h these organs have been removed are utterly unable
properly to direct their flight.

The internal organs of the re])roductive system present
some interesting peculiarities. The ovaries of the fenuile
consists of an exceptionally large number of egg-tubes, there
are three rcceptucull seinlii<(h'i<, paired accessory glands, and
no true burfia ('(rpuldfrli'. The males have two oval testes with
short vasa differentia. The testes are not infrecpiently color-
ed, possessing a pigment layer. There is a well develo[)ed
penis with accessory copulatory organs.

Olassii<mcatiox of Dh'TKKA.
The flrst real attempt at the subdivision of the order of
Diptera was made by Latreille in iSdL'. when he distinguished
between the Nenuitocerous and Uraciiycerous forms. The
term Nemocera was introduced by him in 1817, and the (diar-
acters upon which lie based the grouj) are yet employed. The
name Brachycera was applied to the renuiining dijitera by
Mactpiart in ISlio. The (characters he used, following La-
treille, wei'e :

I

A '.t'niiio at li'iist six-joiiitcd ; ])ulpi four or livc-jointi'il,
Aiiti'iuiii' tlii'i'i'-joiiiti'd ; i)tili)i oiio or two-joiiitril.

NkMO( iMJA.
TJltACllVCKliA.

INTKonrcTlON.

XXIX

This attoin?)t iit subdivision, based ui.oii tlie aiitcinia' and
])alj)i, was all that hail Iteeu uv.ulo until a coniparativcly recent
date. It is the classification followed by Loew in the first
volume of the ^Fonographs published as late as 1<S(!(>. h,
ISflo Brauer ])roj)osed a more rational division of the dij.tera
into the two suborders. Orthorrlia].ha and Cyclorrhapha, based
chiefly u[)OU larval and pup;d characters. Their cliaracters
in a later puldication he gives as follows:

Liirvii' witli a " jaw-capsulc " (Kioffrkapsel) or a (liCtVrciitiate.l \w:u].
Vu]y.v tVff or eiu'luj^ed in tlic larval skin; in cither case the larval skin
hursts for the extrication of the pupa or inm-o in a T-shai.ed (.|.enin<r on
the l)ack of the anterior eiiil, or rarely in a transverse rent hetween the
eighth and ninth abdominal rin-s. The itnago lacks the frontal lunule

=""' I'tilinun. OKTMOUKHACilA.

Larva' without dilYerentiated iiead. I'upa' always enclosed in the hard-
ened larval skin (forinin.ir the so-called pupariuin); the in.auo alwavs
escaping: from the anterior end throu.^di a circular oritiee. Frontal lunule
present; ptilinum usually present ('vci,(m;i:m.vi'iia.

More recently Hraucu- has jjroposed a further sulxlivision of
the suborders into tribes and grcuips as follows:

Sl'HOIiDKlt OliTllOUItHAPHA.
Section I. Nematocera.

Trihe 1. Kucephala. Families Mycetophilida", Hil.ionida-, Chiro-
nomida>, Culicidu', Hlepharocerid;.', Simuliida>, I'sychodida', I'ty-
chopterida', I{hoi)hida-.
Tril)e 2. Olij-oneura. Family (Vcidoinyiihe.
Trihe.'!. I'olyneura. Tipulida', Linniohiida".
Section II. Brachycera.

Triljc 4. Acroptcra. Family Loiicliopterida'.
Trihe '). I'laty-icnya.

(Jrou)) 1. llomodactyla.

Superfamily 1, Xot:icantha. Families Stratomyidas Xvlo-
phayida'.

Sui)erfannly 2. Tanyston.a. Families Tahanida.. Acan-
thromerida^ Lei)tida'.

Superfanuly ."J. Hombylimorpha. Families Xcnustrinida',
Acrocerithi'.

XXX

INTKODl'CTION.

(iroup 2. HottTodactyla.

Superfamily 1. I'roccphala. Faniilics Mydaiihi', Asiliihi',
BomhyWuhv.
Tribe (5. Ortliofjonya. Fainilii's Kiiipi(li(la>, Dolichopodidu,'.

SUBOUDKU CYCLOHKHAPIIA.
Section I. Aschiza.

Tribe 1. Syrphidiu. Families Syrpliida\ Pipnnculida\
Tribe 2. Ilypocera. Families Phorida', IMatypezidie.
Seetion II. Schizopliora.

Tribe 3. Eumyidic. Muscidea of tlie present work'.

Superfamily Sciiizometopa. (^alyptrat:e of the i)resent work.
Superfamily llolometopa. Acalyptratte of tiie pt-esent work.
Tri])e 4. Pupipara. Pupipara of authors.

Osten Sacken, however, objeots to this ehissificiition and
offers valid reason to suiitain his objections, at least so far as
the Orthorrliapha are concerned. He insists that the Neniato-
eera and Krachycera are natural divisions and bases their
distinction ultimately upon tlie piilpal characters. He says
that for some unex}>lained reason later authors have neglected
these characters and have concentrated their attention upon
tlie antennae. In this statement, however, T think tliat Osten
Sacken is somewhat unjust. The cliariicters of the paljii
have been used by both Schiner and Brauer, as well as in my
own classitication, and stress has been placed u[)on tliciii.
Schiner states exi)licitly that NemlstruKt lias three-jointed pal-
pi, and it is known that Aedes, as well as scmic jj^eiun'a of C'e-
cidomyidte, have but a single palpal joint. This being the case,
it is seen that the character oi' the palpi is nof the ultimate
distinction between the two groui)S. As I have already said,
there are never more than four articulated joints among the
dijitera in the palpi, and the great majority of the Cyclorrha-
])ha have none, the basal process or i)rojection being all that
is presenic, and this will usually it' not always be found, albeit
often in a rudiment condition, among all forms of the order.

I give Osten Sacken's classification at length, as follows :

INTKODITTIOX.

XXXI

OltTIIOKUIIAI'HA.

Xtmnrrni wrtx. No holoptic lua.i in tlic male sex; no }.is(.cti„n nr hie, I-
oration of tlie cyi's. Antriitiic jirovidcd with scnsiti' liairs nr-
ranjrc-d synmictrically on tin- llaiiiiiiini in verticils or jtencils of
hairs (exet-ption .Mycetophili.la'). X<» ocelli (exceiition Mycetoplii-
Ii(ia>anil I.estrernina'). No piilvilli; enipoiiia often hut n(it always
present.
A. I.arvii' perii.neiistic* always terrestrial. Kainilies Cecidoniyida',
Mycetoi»liiii(ia'.

R. I^arv;L'nietapneiisticoraini)hipnenstic,a(iiiati(\suha(iuatic. sometimes
terrcNtrial. Families, Ciilicida-, ('lnro!iomida", r.sychodida% ('|
Dixida', Tipulida'.

Xrmonrn anomala. Diptera with liomolouc.ns joints to the lla-ellum,
usually four-jointed i.ali)i. .Males fre(iuentiy holoptic, sometimes
the females also. I'ulvilli usually i)resent. Antenna- without sensi-
tive hairs. Ocelli usually present. Families F.ihionidu', Siinuliida",
Hlepharocerida-, Uliyphida', Orphnephilida'.

nnir/if/a-m. I'alpi one or two-jointed, not pendulous, |)orrect. the second
joint more or less clavate, lar.yer than the first. Joints of the Ha-rel-
lum usually not homolo<j;ous.

Xo niacroclui'tii'. Tliree well developed pulvilli. Males predcmiineiitly
holoptic, the eyes often hisectcd. Antenna! Haiiellum polymorphous.
Axillary incision, alula and antite<.;ula in most cases distinct!:- devel-
oped. Discal cell usually present; usually five posterior cells.
Lc-is ratlier smootli. Fanulies Stratioinyida-, Tal)anida', Acantlio-
mvrUhv, Leptida- Kim:mo. u.i;ta.

COLLKCTIOX AM) rUESKUV ATIOX OK ])lI'TEUA.

Flies imist be ('ollectcd with iinich moiv caiv tli;i]i can 1m>
safely used with such insects us colcopttM-a. .Moisture oC all
kinds injures or ruins them, and sinvinirns collected in alcohol
are worthless. For this reason the ('(dlectiTii,' bottle should 1)(>
lined throughout with blottin- paix'r. ;uid the eyaiiide placed
in the cork; a very little poison sulKees to kill th.-ni. Nor
should they be allowed to become too dry Ixd'ore pinniiio-.
The pin should be thrust throu-h the middle of the thorax,
and the specimen jdaeed just so as to enable the head of the
pin to be grasped by th.e tluuub and lit

* .1 mp/i

iger safely. \vv\ small
mpluirnvrntir hirva^ are those in which tlie si)iracles arc^tTm fined to tlie

first and last seuinent

posterior

'l<i/„i(usli<' tliose in whicdi tliev are confined to tl

meilian riiu

sc.unients; /„ nj^iKKslir those in whicli they are iil)sent on th

\ X X 1 1

i.\'i"K()i)r( rioN.

sitf'ciincns should ncvci- be L^diu'd to card ])oiiits. as is ('din-
moidy done with ('(th'fjptci'a : they shdidd always be )»iiin('(l.
Somctiint's six'ciiiicns may ln' ('(ilIcctxMl and jjackcd in some
very line, light sawdust, iui])r('g"aUMl with (•ai'])()lic acid, whcro
it is ineoMvonit'iit or iin])ossihlc to i)iii thcni. Such specimens
heiny gently se])arated h'om the sawdust ai'e allowed to re-
main for some hours, over, hut not touching, damj) sand hefoi'e
])inning. To ])in the siuiill specimens, use narrow strips of good
card-hoard or bi'istol-board, thrusting a slender jnn through oiu'
eiul and allowing it to protrude just a little above thi^ vd'^c ami
cdi])ping off the longer end witii a pair of pliers. Thrust the
I)oint of tlie pin as ludd in the card-board, into the under side
of the insect, but not entirely through it, and a stronger i)in
in the reverse direction through the otlier end of the snudl
strip. The pins are to be thrust through the card-board from
edge to edge, and in conse(pieuce a good ({uality is to be se-
lected that will not split too readily. The wings should never
be spread, but should be turned aside so as not to conceal the
abdomen. In the early part of the season nuiny interesting
species will be (iaught with the beating-net. The pointed end
of the beating-net nuiy be thrust, with its contents, into a
bottle containing a little eliloroform, or into a cyanide bottle,
for a short time, when the specimens nuiy be leisurely re-
moved. Later in the season, flower-flies will be collected from
a great variety of nudliferous blossoms, and it is better to
wait for the sp(>cimens to (ome to such blossoms tluin to go
hastily about looking for them. I have collected from a sin-
gle j)at(?h of elderbei'ry blossoms, not a rod in diameter, more
than forty species of Syrjil.idu' within ten days. Not nuui}-
sjx'cies an' to be found in shady woods, but those species must
be sought for there. To preserve flies in the cabijiet from
tluur insect enemies, I use naphthaline. The head of ordinary
])ins, when heated red-hot, may be thrust into the eonnnon
moth-balls sold by the drnggists. Avhich when thus nu)unted
serve all jiurjtoses.

OTTAWA ^^^^^'ULiURE

^^^ - CANADA

4
f.

BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1878-1805.

1. ALDRICn. JOHN MKKTOX.
Psyche, CAMnRiiKJi;, Mass.

1. A New Genus and Species of r.-iltiinidje, vi, '>:\i>, l>:',7, 240, fi<,'s. 1^02.

2. The Dolieliopodid (ieiius Lianeulus, vi, uOO-oTl, \X92.

■i. The Tipuiid Genera Hittacoinorpha and IVdieia, vii, 200-202, 1804.
Kansas Univkhsitv Qiaktkulv, Lawkem e, Kansas.

4. A Ue, ision of tlie Genera Doiieliopu.s ami Ily^'roeeieuthus, ii, 1-20, '$);).

5. New Genera and Species of l'sih,piii;i', ij, 47-.'»0, Ks<>;5.

(>. New Genera anci Species of l)()licliopodi(he, ii, irjl-l.'>7, ]S9t.
Canadian ENxoMor.ofjisT, London, Ontakio.
7. New Species of Pliora, xxiv, 142-140, lWt2.

2. AUSTEN, EUNEST K.
Pkoceedings of the Zoological Sociktv of London, England.

L Descriptions of New Species of Dipterous Insects of the Family Svr-
phidw in the Collection of the British Museum, with Notes on SpeJies
described by the late Francis Walker, I'art I, Maechini and Brachv-
opini, 18{);5, l.']2-l(;4, pis. iv, v.

Annals and Magazine op Natikal Histouv, London, England.
2. On the Specimens of the Genus Cutiterel)ra and its Allies (Family
()estrida') in the collection of tlie British Museum, with the Descrip-
tion of a New Genus aiul Three New Species, ((i) .\v, :177-4!I(J, i)l.
xiii, 1705.

'I Further Notes on Cutiterelmi : On the identity of certain species
described by the late P,racy Clark, {{>) xvi, 147-lo.J, 1800.

;]. BANKS, NATHAN.
Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

1. Concerninjr Calotarsa ornatipes Townsend, xxvi, 88, 1804.

2. Some Psychodidie from Lonjr Island, N. Y. xxvi, ;J2!»-:j;J.J, 1804.
••). Notes on Psydioda, xxvii, 324, ISOo.

4. BEUGIJOril, EVALD.
WiENEu Entomologisciie Zeiting, Vienna, Aistuia.

1. L\'ber einige nordamerikanische Tipulideii, vii, l!t.j-201, 1888.

2. Z

wei neue

Dipt

eren, viii, 205-208, 1880; xi, 102, 1802.

5. BEUTENMUELLEK, WILLIAM.

XXXIV

lUP.LKXJKArilV

(1. P.ICOT, JA((in:s, F. M.
Annai.ks I)K i.k SoriKiK KM()M()i.()«.it;i'i-; i>i; KitANci;, 1'akis, Kk.vnc'i:.
DiptiTL's Nouvciiux oil j)cu C'oiiinis.

1. XII. (lomis I'liumosia, ryrcllia, ( 'osmiiia, < )clir(>iiiyiii, ct Curtoiicura,

pj). .">1-10, 1.S7>^.

2. XIII. (k'Irtc's Ocyptora (I.atr.) Ocyptiiiila, Exo-iastiT (IJoiul.) \)\).

40-47, 1S78.
;;. XIV. Notes I't Mi'laii.ucs !>■ -IS, 1S7H.
4. XV. Tribu dcs Asilidi. Curii's lU's Lapliriiia' c' Diisyjuifjonidii', i)p.

2;!1, 1IS7H.

XV. (Suite.) Trihu des Asilidi, etc. pp. 401-t4r,, 1S7S.

XVI. Ciiriii* Xyloiihaiiidanuii et Stratioiiiydarum (IJij-ot), i)p. \<<-'>-
2:54, lH7ii.

XVII. Notes et Melariues, ].p. 2.T), 2:!(5, 1H70.

XVIII. (ieiires IMa.uioci-ra (Maiui), Formosia ((iuerin,) et Uiitilia
(Kol).— Desv.) i)p. Hti-W», im).

XXI. Syrphida' (iiiilii.)— Genre Eristalis (Fa])r.) pp. ^Vr.-^-.li), ISSO.
X.XIII. Tribus Neinistriiiidorum, pp. l;>-24, IHSl.

XXVII. Notes et Corrections, pp. ;}72-:l74, IWl.

XXVIII. Acantlionierida' (Wiedeniaiiii, Dipt. Kxot.) pp. 45:5-I(;0, 'S-J.

XXIX. Genres K(i:seiia, Actia, Meiia, I'liytoniyptera, et Tribu dcs
Antlioniyzida> (Scliiner, IJondani, Meade) j»p. 5-22, 18S2.

XXXI. Genres Volucella ((ieollr. Hist, des Insectes, 17(14) et IMiaia-
croinyia (Uondani, Ksanie d. var. spec. d'Insett. Ditteri lirasiliani,
Torino, 1H48.) pp. t;i-88, 1888.

XXXII. Syrplii.li (lere partie) pp. 221-258, 1F8:1, (2e partic) F^sj-eces
nouveiles No. ler. pp. :!15-'!5(), 18S:): (2e partie) Fsjieces nouvelles
No. II (2), pp. 5:](i-5i''i, 1884: 2e panic) Especes nouveiles, No. Ill
(2), PI). 7:M 1(1, 1885.

XXXIII. Antlioniyzides nouveiles, i)p. 2(t:;-;in4, 1885.

XXXV. F'aniillc dcs Anonialocerati (niihi). Coriaca\ Fujiipara, Nyc-
terihidae Auctor ) ji)). 225-240, 18<s5.

XXXVI. Syrpliidi, Addcmla au nicnioire public dans les Annales de
la Societecnt()niol()<ii(iue de France ( Annees 188;»-4) pj). 247-252, 'S5.

XXXVII. Essai d'une Classitication Synopticiue du Groupe dcs Tan-
yjjczidi (niilii.)et Descriptions de Genres et d'Especes inedits, pp.
287-;]02, 1885; :;0i)-31)2, 1800.

XXXVIII. Liste Synoitti(iueiles espcccs appartenant au Genre Lox-
ocera (Mei.uen, etc.) Fain, des Aiironiyzidie, Stirps 24e Chylizinie
(Hondani, Prodr. vol. i, 1850). Psilina' (Scliiner).

XXXIX. Descriptions de Nouveiles Especes de Stratoniydi et de

<),
0

7-
8

f)
10
11
12
V)

14

10.
17,

18,

19,

20

21

C()n()i)sidi, pp. 20-40, 188",
22. XL. Descrijitions de nouveiles especes de Myopidi, pp. 203-208, 1887,

1

r.ir.LKxii.'Ai'iiv

N \ X \'

1

L'.".. XLI. 'riicliiniilii', I)f.\i;i(lii', pji, 77-lni, isss.

1'4. XI. II, DiiiuiKiscs (If iKiiivrllcs csiu'cc-i, |i|i. -J.Vl-^Tn, ISSS.

L'-'i. XMII. Cyrtidi (•!. Uiuot). pp. :;i.",-;L'0, iss'.i.

L'tl. XM\'. 'I'luTcvidi (.1. I5ii,r<)t) pj). ;l-_'|-.".-_'S. isMt.

L'7. XLX'I. i>(iiii!(_vliili (niilii), pp. .'LM— 'ITtl. jsnij.
.Mi:moiui:s dk r.A Sik ii:ti: '/.ooi.oauii \: i.i; Fi!an( i:, I'ak-is, Ki.-.wci;.

L'S Description df Diptcrcs imiivi'anx. iv, KIS, 1S!»1 ; v, (Kl-J-CUl, 1S!)2.
Hti.i.KTiN 1)1-: i.A S()( iicTK Zo(.i.(K.ic>ri; i.k Fk.wci;, I'aios, Kham i:.
I)ij)tt'rcs Xoiivfiiiix (111 i)i'U Coniiiis.

•_'!>. Li'iitidi (.1. H ) xii, [ifi. \--s.]. Iss?.

."10. Miiscidi (J. I').) xii, pp. o(;i-r)17, 1SS7.

."51. (ioiirc Il!iMiiiil(){)ota, xvi, 74-70, 1S!)1.

r>ri.M;TiN i)i; i.a Soc ii.ti; Knto.moi.ouk.h k hi: Ki{>n< i:, I'.ahis, I-'k.anc k.
'•V2. (MtTiipioidii.* viliosus, <j:vn. t-t sp. nov.) I,s7<.l, ]). 04.
.'>). (riirii.syiiiiiiictiis, uiii. nov.) ls7il, p. ,S(>.
o4. ((iiutops, Arthropc-as,) 1870, ji. 1(;4.

;>•'). (.Mc'Kalomyia aruyropasta, uiii. tt sji. nov.; Acaiithorncra, sp. nov)
is,si>, p. r,.

'•]<}. (I'iiylloniydns, Knoitloinius, Ma,«iafytariiis,) ISSO, p. (;l>.

;;7. (Xi'w (iciu-ra of Syrpliida'.) iMSi*, p. 7H.

:5S. (MxHdaplms, Knopii'nipis,) 1Wl>, p. 112.

o!'. (r.ycastrirliyncdia, Styloinyia,) 1.S82, i>. l'(».

40. (Syrphidio,) 18S-J. p. 4.

41. (Kurliiniyia,) IHK}, p. ;].5.

42. (Ciioioniyia, jren. i-t sp. nov.) 1884, p. 42.

4."!. (Ancylotjastcrornatiis, uvn. i-t sp. nov.) 1884, p. !l").
44. (New (u'iKTa of Dc^'xiida-.) 188.'), si'iiaratiun, j). 1-7.
4-'). (Xi.\v Cfnera and Spia-it-s of < )rtali(Ia' and Tachinida") 188:,, separatum

p. 1-4.
40. Diagnoses do noiiveaux Genres et nouvelles Ksjjeces de Dijiteres et

Observations di verses, se))aratuni, pj). 1-4, 188(>, p. eiii.

47. (On the Acantlioinerida- of the Hioiogia Ceiitrali-Atnerieana,) 1880,

I>p. clwii. cixviii.

48. (On E(;linius, Kpihates and Tlieveneniyia,) 1887, p. Ix.

40. Observations siir ies Hiiapbidi et les DolidioiHtdi, 1888, p. xxiv.

50. Kspcees nouvelles de Dolicbojxxli, 1888, pp. xxix, xxx.

ol. (New Museida',) 1887, pp. elxii-el.xxiv.

52. (Errata,) 1888, cvi, evii.

'>]. (I'semlarchilcstcs.) 1880, p. clxxxiii.

llAVK I>'KNTOM()LO(iIi;, 1'aris. Ki{ A\( k.

')4. Dexida-, Sareopliaj-ida". Kssai d'

tique

uno classification gonorale i^t synop

des .genres assi<,Mies preseiiterneiite aces deux }j;r()upes d'in.sectes

(liptores, 1885, pp. 2uo-2oO.

m

XXXVl

IUI5M<)(;HAriIV

MKM<>iUh> i>i; I. A Socii TI-; '/An>\.t)i,iin K UK Ki;am i.. I'auis, Fkanci;.
")'). l)('scTii»ti(>iis lit' Diptcris iioiiTiaux, v, pp. ()()2-<»01, ISll'J.

7. injAlKK, KUIKDIMCII.
WiKNKU Entomoi.ocisciik Zkitiv-;, N'ikxna, Ai stkia.

1. Ut'ht-r (lit' Vcrwaiidtsc'liiift mid svsttiiiatisclK' Sti'llun<r diT Hk-pliiiro-

ct'ridi'ii, i, i)j). 14, lS!-iii.

VEnUANDHNCiKN 1>I;K KA ISKUI.H HEN /OOr.oG IS( ll-UOTANISCII EN (JeSEI-F-S-
('HAE«' /I WlEN, Al SlUIA.

2. ruber die SDj^t'tiannti'ii Stihstadioti in dtT Kntwickt'lunji iKt ( )i'striiliii-

Larven, pp. 7U-M4, IS!"-'.

DeNKSCIIKIETEN DEU .MATllKMATISCII-NATI I!\\ ISSENS( IIAETI.ICIIEN Ti.ASSE
DER KAISEUEICIIEN ACAPEMIE l>EK U'iSSENSCII A FTEN , ViENNA, A IS.

Die ZwiertiU'jjk'r di'S kaist'riiclit'ri Musfiitiis z.u Wion.

3. I. 1. Die kaLserliflu', Wiiitlu'in'selu', Wiodeiiianii'sciie mid Ku;_H'r's(ln'

Saniinlun<i. 2. Sy.<ti'iiiatisflie I'elii'r.-iirlit, .\iii, jij). lOo-US, IS^O.

4. II. Versucli eiiier Cliaraeteristik (Ut (iattmiucii di-r Xotacaiitlifn (I-tr.)

init Uiii'ek.*ieht auf die iiii kai.>*erlielieii .Museum hetiudliclieii von
Dr. J. K. Seliiner auf^estellteii neueu Gattuntreii. .">. Cliaraeteristik
dor iiiit Scenoims verwandten Dipteren-Faiiiilieii, xliv, jij). i")!)-<l(),
98-111, 1882.

5. III. Systematisehe Studien auf Gruudlajje tier Dijjtereii-Larveii iiebst

einer Zusamineiistellmii: voii Beis])ielen aus tier .iteratur ueber
dieselbeii uiitl Heselireibuuften neuer Ft)riiien. xlvii, j)]). 1-100, jils.
i-v, 188:}.

SlTZINGSHEmcHTE UEIt KAISERE. AkaDEMIE DEK WlXSKNSCIlAFTEX IN

WiEN, Vienna, Aistvia.
<i. Ansichten ueber ilie (Jattuntr raeliystylum Maetj. ei, oiKJ-CiOT, 1802.
7. Systenuitiseh-zotilofiische Studien xci, 2.>7-41;j, 1885.

8. liUAUKK, FlUKDUiril. and HKKGKXSTA.MM, J. KDI>i:X VOX.

DeNKSCHKIETEN DEU MATIIEMATISCII-NAIUKWISSENSC !!AETLUIIEN CeASSE
DER KaISEKEICIIEN AcADE.MIE DER WlSSENSCIlA ETEN, VlENNA, Al ST.

Die Zweitluejiler ties Kaiserlielien Mufeuiiis zu Wien.

1. Vt)rarbeiten zu einer Moiiofirapliie tier Musearia sehizttnietopa (exelii-
siv Anthoniyida',) Tars I, Ivi, pp. ()0-18l), pi. i-xi, 1880. Tars II,
Iviii, pp. ;5o"o-44(), 1891. I'ars III, Ix, pp. 80-240, 189:]. Pars IV,
Ixi, 5:]7-«i44, 1894.

9. lU'RGKSS, KDWAIil).

United States AtiRitLi.Ti uai, Hei-okt, WASiiiNcTtiN, D. C.

1. (Xew Speeies t)f Oseiiiis in) Report of tbe Kntoniolosfist, 201,202, '92.

HI15MO(iKAl'IIV.

WWII

in. CnCKKlMlLI,, TliKt »!)( UJK I). A.
rsvcilK, r.\Mlii!llKii;, Mass.

1. riitliiria sulplmna Loi'w. IMt.'t, ISS.

Amkiucan Xaim liAi.isT, riiii,\i)i;i.i'iiiA. l'i;\\.

2. ('t'ciilonivia atriplicis, iH't.'t, TfiC).

Tm; Kn roMoi.of.isT, London, Kn<;i,axi>.

'•'>. A Cfcid hrctl from C'occida'. Aunust, 1^!':.', I'Sd
4. Notes on some spi-cii-s of (iall (iiiats. ISOO, -JT.s.

KxTOMOLoiiisrs' M(»NTiii.v Macjazink, London, Kn(,i.a\d.
;'). The Hiiilovia Ci'cid, IS'.io, lO'.i.
(i. 'rry{ti'ta hitrc'Iovia', II. sp. IsiM), :i24.

Canaihax KxTo.Moi.oiiisT, London, Ontakio.

7. 'IVypota, ("lisi(>cami)a ami Amni;ilo, x.w, 112, IS!);!.

«. TIk' Tac'liiiiiil I'arasitc of ( 'imlu'.v aiuiTifaiiii, IS'.tu, 7<!.
I'i:oci:Kni\(is Acadkmv or Nvri I!ai, Sciknci: or riiii.Ai»i;i.niiA l'i:\\.

1>. Siipi)ifiiR'iitary Note to .Mr .Joliii.son'.s Li.st of Jamaican Dijjti'ra 1S!)4
411).

Wkst AmKKICAN SriKNTIST, Los AxflKLKS, CALirOliMA.

10. Coiitrihntion toward a kiio\vlcdi.H. of tlu. Faima and Flora of Wet

Moiiniain Valley, Colorado, Scpti'mhiT, 1SW>, 10(5.

COLOHADO I?I01.0(;i(AL ASSOCIATION, Coi.OliADo Sl'UINfiS. f'oi,.

11. The HiitTuIo Gnat, Seeoiid Report, Deeemlx-r, ISSS.

12. Tliistle Insects, Sixth Hejinrt, 18!S!»,, January.
Institutk of Jamak a, Jamaica. W. I.

lo. The riirysanthemiim Fly, Notes from the Museum No. 17, July, 1802.
14. Additions to the Fauna ami F'lora of Jamaica, Journal, IM!*:!, 2.')0.

TUAXSACTIOXS AmKRICAX KntOMOI.OOICAL SocIKTV, I'llII.ADKI.lMlIA, I'a.

I'j. The Kntomolojry of the Mitl-alpine Zone of Custer countv, Colorado
1H!«, ;JU.3-;570.

n. COMSTOCK, JOHN IIENHY.
Maniai. ior the Stcdv ok Ixskcts, Itiia( a, N. V.

L Chapter xix, Diptera, 41;J-4WI, IS!);').
Unitki) Statks A<;ui( ri/ri 1!ai, Hki-okt, Wasiiin<.to\, 1). C.
2. (Notes on various Dijjtera in) Report of Kntomolofrist, for ISSO, 1<I0-

202, 204, 2<i(;.
•']. (Diptera in) Report upon Cotton Insects, 1«7!), 200-211.

12. COQCILLETT, DANIKL WILLIAM.
Kntomoi.ooica Ami-.hicana, Ruooki.vn, N. Y.

1. The North A

in

erican Sjjecies of Toxophora, i, 221, 222. 1880

Synopsis of the North American Species of Lordotus, iii, 115, 110, '88.

XXX vm

HIRLIOGIiAl'lIV.

-11.

MIL'.

120,

'!»;).

I'svoPK, rA.Mi!Hii»<;i;, Mass.
;). On till- Validity of tin- Tachiiiid rjciuis C'l'latorin. vii, 2-")1, IS!).').

4. On the Tacliiiiid Ijeuus Acro.ylossa Wiliistoii, vii, 2('A. IS'.'.').
•'). On till.' SystiMiiatic rosition of Apioccra, iv, i!4:]-244. l^S").
(!. TIk- Honibylid j,n'iiiis Acivotryclius in AMicrica, vii. 27',',, IS!).').

Canadian Kntomoi.ooist. London, Ontaisk).

7. Monograph of tiic Loniatina of Xortli America, xviii, S1-S7, ISSC)

5. The Xorth Aniiriean fu'iiera of Anthracina, .wiii, l.J7-l.".{>, 1SS().
0. Xotcs on tlie Genus K.\oproso])a, xix, l'J-14, 1SS7.

10. Kevision of til" Uond)\iid Oeiiiis Kiiaenius (I.eptoehiliis) wiv, I

isn2.

11. Notes and Descriptions of Bomhyiida', xxiv, ^i;J-l-_'(!, 1S!)2.

12. A Xew (.enns of Diptera allied to Kliapiiioniidas, xxiv, ;114-.'!l.j, 1
I."). Synopsis of tlie Asilid (ieniis AnisopoLioii, xxv, 20-22, ISOo.

14. Synopsis of the Asilid (ienus Ulacodes, xxv, :V.]-:]i}, IS!);}.

15. Synopsis of the Asilid (ieiiiis Dioctria, xxv, SO, IS!).'!.
K). Synopsis of tiie Asilid (ieiiera Mallophora and Nicocles, xxv, llS-

18!);{.

17. A Ni>\v Asilid Genus rehited to Erax, xxv, 175-177, 180.').

18. Synopsis of the ])ii)ter()us Genus Thereva, xxv, 107-201, ISO.'!.

19. Synojisis of the Dijiterous Genus I'siloceiihala, xxv, 222-220, 200,

20. New Xorth Anierican 'rrypetida\ xxvi, 71-75, 1S04.

21. Synopsis of tlie Dijiterous Genus IMiora, xxvii, 10:{-107, 1S05,

22. Xew Tachinidie with a Slender I'rohoscis, xxvii, 125-128, 1805.
2.']. Xew Xortii Anierii'an .Mycetiphilida", xxvii, l!l!)-200, 1805.

"Wkstkrn Ameuk'an Scientist, Los Anoki.ks, Gal.

24. A Xow Rhaphioniidas from California, vii, S4-S(), ISOl.

25. Kevision of the Bombylid Genus Aphoeliantus, vii, 254-204, 1801.
2(). Xew Jiombylidie of the Group Paracosmus, vii, 21!)-222, 1801.

27. Xew Bombylithe from California, vii, l!t7-20(), 1801.

JOIHNAL Ol' TlIK XkW YoKlv KxTOMOLOd IC A I. SoCIKTV, Xi:W VoUlv ("iTV.

28. Syno])sis of the Dipterous (ienus Syniphoromyia, ii, 5;!-5(i, 1S!)4,
20. Hevision of the Dipterous Family 'I'lierevida', ii, 07-101, 18<)4.
oO. A Xew Antiirax from California, ii, 101-102, 1S!)4.

31. Xotes and Descriptions of Tachinida', iii, 4i)-58, 1805.

32. New Genera and Species of Tachinida', iii, !!i-l()l, 1805.

PHOrKEDINCS OF AcADlC.MV OK NaTI UAI, SciKNCK OK PlIlI.A DIOM'II I A, Ta.

•'];]. See Johnson, C. W.

TRAN.SACriONS AmKIUC'AN KNTOMOUXilOAF, SoCIK.TV, I'llI I.AnKM'IlIA, PkNN.

34. Moiio'-raiili of the S.^cios hidongin^' to the (ienus Anthrax, from
America north of Mexico, xiv, l."i!l-172, 1S87.

BIRLKXiliAl'IIV,

XXXIX

-120,

;).■). Revision of tlu' Sju'cics of Amlinix from AtiiiTifa, nortli of Mcxii-o
xix, 1(;^!-1H7, l.S!)2

;)(). Notes and Descriptions of X. American IJoinhylidjc, xxi,S!)-nL>, 1S94.
Entomologkal Xi;\vs, I'liiLADKr i-ni a, i'l.w.
'■I'. A New Dalmannia from California, iii, ].')0-].")l, l,si)2.
oH. An Anomalous Kmj)i(|, iv, 'JOS-lMo, 1,s!);).
;!(). Two Interestin<r Xew Diptera from \Vasliin,t-ton, v, l-J.Vl'JC, IS'.M.

40. Iiracliyconia Davidsoni, n. sj). v, 172, ]su\,

41. A Xew \'oIiicelIa from Wasliin<rton, vi, l:!l-i;;2, IS!);").

42. On tlie (►ccurrence of the Tacdiinid (ieiuis lleterojiterina Macq. in

North America, vi, 207-20S, l,s<i;").

IisKCT Lite, WAsniNf/roN, I). C.
4;). The Corn Worm or Boll Worm in California, i, ;;:}]-:{;52, ISSO.

44. The Dipterous Parasite of Diabrotica soror, ii, 2n;!-2;;(i, IS(H).

4.). Ts Cyrtoneura ciesia an rnjurious Insect, vii, ;):;«-:{;)!), IHOo.

4(5. A Cecidomyid that lives on I'oisoii Oak, vii, :!4S, IW);").

47. The Dipterous Parasite of Meianopus devastator in California v '»-
24, 180;5. ' '

45. Two Dipterous Leaf-miners on Ganleii W'l-etahles, vii, :j,Sl-;)84, IS!).").
4;). Two Dipterous Insects Injurious to Cultivateil Flowers, vii .';!)ll-40'>

1895.

i;{. DAY, LOUKX TKUK.
CAXAtnAN Entomologist, London, Ontario.

1. Notes on Sciomyzida", with Descriptions of New Species, xiii, 85-80, '81

PU0(Ki:i>lN(;s ACADKAfV NaTI-KAL SCIKNCKS, PlMLADI-I.lMlIA, PknN.

2. The Sjtecies of Odontomyia found in the Lnited States, 1882, 74-88,

14. DCOLS, ALKKLDO.
La Nati!kaij:/a, Mi:xu:o Citv, Mkxico.

1"). KMEHT(>X, JAMES II.
Psvciu;, CAMi'.inDfii;, Mass.

1. An Internal Dipterous Parasite of Sjuders, v, 404, 18!

10. FVLKS, T. W.

K).

Canaihan Entomoi.ocist, London, Ontakk
1. Description of a Dipterous Parasite of Phvll
2;!0, 1882; xv, 84, 188:1.

)xera vastatrix, xiv. 2.'

He

17. (JKiLIO-TOS, EKMANNO.

iMJCTTINO DKI MvH\.\ Dl Zooi.oGIA i:i> An

Hkalk 1'nivi;i!sita di Torino, Tiimn I

1. N

2. N

ATO.MIA COMPAUATA DI'.M.A

TAI,V

uove Specie di Ditteri del Mus, Zool. di 'I
novo Specie ili Ditteri del .Mus. Zool. di '|

'orino, vi. No. 102, 1802.
onno, vi, Xo. 84, 1800.

XL

r.inLIOGHAlMIY.

;]. Diajinosi di (luattro niiovi Gcnori di Dittcri, vi, No. lOS, 18(M.

4. Ua iiuovo (iuiKTo (ii Sirfidi, vii, No. 117, 18!>2.

0. Sui due Gencri di Sirfidi liiiopiilosviphus ed Orncgasyrplius, vii, No.

118, March, 1892.
V>. Diagnosi di nuovo specie di Dittcri, vii. Xo. 12:5, Jmif, 1802.

7. DiuLfnosi di iiuove sjiccic di Dittcri, vii, Xo. l.';2, Oct. 1802.

8. Dia<,ni()si di nuove geiicri ed di iiuove specie di Ditteri, viii, No. 147

158, 180;{.

0. Diagnosi di nuove gcucre ed di nuove s])ecie di Ditteri, viii, 158, 180;i-

10. Nuove specie di Ditteri del Museo Zoologico di 'rorino, vi. No. 102.
Mkmokik dklla Acaoemia DKt-r-A Scii;n/ik i>i Torino, Tukin, Italy.

11. Ditteri del Messico, I' rte I, Strationiyidii', Syprliidic, (2), xliii, 00-

108 (1-70), xl. i, 1802; Parte II, Syrjiliidic, l'ipunculida>, Conopidiie,
(2), xliii, ;]5-;]08, pi. 180;J; I'arte III, Muscidte Calyptratic, (2), xliv,
1-70, pi. 1804, I'arte IV, Muscidic Calii)trate, Muscina?, Antlioinyina',
Muscidai Acalyptrata?, Scatopliagina', Ilcloniyzinje, Tctanocerinic,
()rtalinina>, Ulidinse, Haproniyzina', Trypetinai, Sepsina^ Tanypezina*,
Psiiina\ Chloropina;, Epliydrinai, Drosopliilina' '2), xlv, 1-74, pi.
1805.

18. GILLETTE, C. V.
Psyche, Cambridge, Mass.

1. A New Cecidoniyid infesting Box Elder, v, :]02, OO.",, fig. 1800.

10. HAGEN, HERMANN A.
Boston Society of Natlrai. History, Boston, Mass.

1. New species of Siniuiiuin, with a reniarkahle Nynipha Case, xxx,

;J55-;107, 1870.

Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario.

2. The typical Collections of tiie Diptera of North America in the Mu-

seum of Cambridge, Mass. xi, l;J2-i;);], 1870.
;J. List of Nortii American Antliomyida examined by B. 11. Meade, Esq.,
Bradford, England, xiii, 140-150, 1881.

4. List of Nortli American Sarcopiiagida examined by K. H. Meade,

Esq., Bradford, England, xiii, 4:>-51, 1881.

5. On Simulium, xiii, 150-151, 1881.

<i. Entomological Notes, xiii, ;i7, 1881.

7. Coelopa frigida, xvi, 140, 188(1.

S, On Cecidomyia lirioilendri, xviii, 150. KIO, 188(!,

20. HART, CHARLES A.
Bulletin ok Illino8 State Laii. ok Natural History, Urbana, III.
1. On tlie Entomology of the Illinois River and adjacent waters. First
Paper, Diptera, 184-270; pis. v-\iv. 18i)5.

P.ini.KXiKAl'IIV.

XLI

•-M. HOOD, I.KWIS K.

I'SVCIIK, CAMHUIIXiK. MaSS.

1. TIr' Li'ptidii' ati(i I'.oriihylida" from the Wliitc MDimtaiiis vi •'S:;-->s.l

22. IIOPKIXS, A. I).
ri;<)('i;i;i)iN(;s of tiik KNTOMoiociicAi, Soc ii;tv, Wasiiinc tun, I). C.

I. Xoti's oil tin- llal)its of certain M vcc'toi)liili.ls, willi Description!; of
Kpidapus scabei, ii. sp. iii, l-Hl-liV.I, ],S!)o.

2.!. I IOWA HI), L. ().
Inse( T Liii., \Vasiii\(;t<)n, 1). (".

1. Notes on a Siniiiiiiiin coinmon at Ithaca, \. V. i, !»!>-l()l, fiirs. 1KH8.

2. Tile Meet-leaf (IVjromyia vicina Lintii.) viii, .•;7<)-;5,S], fjos. \^Uo.

24. JOHNSON, CHAKLES W.

Tkansactions Amkhican Kntomoi

1. A Review of the St

OCKAI, SOCIKTV, rilll.AIiKI.I'IIIA, I'l

NN.

ratioiiiyiio and Odontoinvia' of North A

inerica.

xxii, 227-271^, pis. iii, iv, lS!).j.
Puoci:i:inx(is Acadkmv oi- Natlhai. Scikncks ov Vi
2. Dijitera of Florida, with Additional De;

Species hy 1), W. ("(xiuillett, IWt,"), ;JO;;-;;40.

iii.adkli'iiia, Tknn.
Tipti(jns of New Genera and

List of Diptera of Jamaica with 1)

271-281.

escriptioiis of New Sjx'cies, 18!)4,

25. KARSCII, FEUDINAXn.

ZeIT.SOHUIIT I)EK BkRI.INKU K.NTO.MOMKilSfHKN' {

Gkk.many.

1. Dii' Spaltuncr der Diptcren-Cattiui},' Systropus Wiedemann (lot-

1881.

Je.seli.schait, Hioui.in,

-(158.

2(5. KEKXK, EICJEXE

Canadian ENTo.Moi.ofiisT, London, Ontakio.

1. Spiiyracepliala brevicoriii.s, xv, 2(10, 188;!.

2. List of Syrphida' taken in Fairmount Park, Philadelpliia, Pa., il

the summer of 1884, \vi, 145-147, 1884.

uriiif;

o. List of Diptera taken in the V

1884, inclusive, xvii, 51-65, 188

icinity of Piiiladelphia, from 1882 to

27. LIXTNER, JOSEPH.

Hkpohts ok the State Entomoi.og

8ITT OK THE StATE OK NkW YoKK. At.

1. First Report, 1(J8-227, 1882.

2. Second Kejiort, 111-125, 188;"

1ST TO THE ltE<ii:NTS OK THE I'nIVE

HAW, X, Y

XLII

UIHLIOGKAI'IIV

•■]. Foiirtli IJcport, r.0-80, 1888.

4. Fifth Report, 220-227, 188!>.

u. Sixtli Hoi)()rt, 1 1 1-1 1<;, 1890.

<>. Seventh Ki'port, 228, 245, ;l07-;;0!), :];;2, 1801.

7. Kiglitli Report, 140-151. 172, l')2-l!)(5, 181);!.

8. Niiitli Rei)ort, ;]09-;;i4, 189:].

Ann'lal Repokt, \k\v Yokk Static AGRKir.TiKAL Sociirrv, Albany.

9. In.seets of tlie (Mover I'hint, 1880.

("aNADIAN E.NTOMOLOCilST, LoNDON, OxTAltlO.

10. On Cecidoniyia lej'umiiicula, n. sp. .\i, 44, 121, 122, 1879.

28. i.OEW, HERMAN.
Vkuiiaxi)m:\<;kn dkk ZooLO<iisciiK-Bt)TAXiscHKN Gksski.lsciiai-t zi;

WlKN, Vli;XNA, A (ST.

1. Table for Deterniininf; tlie North American Species of tiie Genus
I'achyrliina, 1879, 51o-51().

29. LYNCH, ARRIHALZAGA ENRIQUE.

BOLKTIX I)K LA ACADK.MIA NaCIOXAL I)K CiKNCIAS I)K CoRDOHA, BlEXOS
AlKES, AK(ii:XTlXA.

1. Catahit>() (le los Dipteros liasta aiiora doscritos que so encuentan en
las Repul)iicas del Rio de hi I'hita. 1883, 110-152.

:]0. LYNCH, ARRIBALZAGA FELLX.
Revista del MrsEo de la Plata, Buexos Aires, Argentina.

1. l)ipteroh)<ria Arsjentina, Culicidiu, i, :145-417, pLs. i-iv, 1891.
Axales de la SOCIKI

CiEXTiFK'A Argentina, Bi exos A

IRKS, /

\n(i

2. I)iiiteroh)gia Arirentina, Syrpliidie, xxxii. 80-99, 118-1:51, 194-202

248-:U4, xxxiii, 51-58, 111-121, 188-199, 2:{7-2
242-270,91,1891.

0-), •>■)

;-4(!, 17;]-192,

;>. El Genero Saproinyza en America, xx

XIV, '-'O-i

K,?. .'^1

01, 189:

B

o

LETIN DE LA ACADE.MIA NaCIOXAL I>E CiKNCIAS, BuEXOS AlRES, AltG.

4. I)ipterolo!j:ia Ar<rentina, Mycetophilidie, xii, ;577, 4:1(1, 471-48;J, 1892.

■■'>]. -MARLATT, C. M.
IxsEOT Life, Wasiiinv/iox, I), C.

1. The Xanthium Ti yi)eta (Trypeta a'(iualis Loew), iii, :J12-:li:5, 1891.

;52. MARTEN, JOHN.

1*SV(MIE, CAMIIIMlMiE, Ma^

1. Description of Asphondyiia helii.nthi-globulus, v, 102-10;J, 1
Canakian Extomologist, Londox, Ontario.

2. New 'I'ahanida', xv, 1 10-I12, 1S8:!.

888.

lilDLlOdlJAl'IIY

XLIll

15i i.KKTis oi- Tin: Omo Agimci i.tiuai. F,xim:kimi;nt Si ati<>n, Ti:

< IINIC M,

Ski!Ii;s, Nokwai.k, Ohio.

DosL'riiitioii ot' ;i iii'W s|)ocics (if (iall-niakin;^' Diptcr

I, i, l-"»-"), l.")('.. IS'.i:

-MIK. .loSKF

\ KRHANI)I.UX«ii;K IiKK /<)OUt(i ISCII-liOTAN iscii i;\ ( i i;si:i.i>( n A I T zi \Vii;\,
Vii;.NNA, AiisniiA.

1. llypoi'harassiis j^dadiator. v\nv lU'iic DolicliiiiicM-Art aus Nordaiiicrika,

(>17-fi;!-_', pi. x, 1S7S.

2. DipttToloaLsclu' Hc-iiRTkuiiucii, 1S2, l!t2, IWi;!.

;>. I'l'ht'r (lit' Artri'ciito von 'I'rocliohola caesani' ( ). S. ami Crvtopoucn
Meyer- Diu'i-ii .Mik.

WiKXKU E\T<>M()L()r;is( in; Zkiti nc. Viknna. ArsriiiA.
4. Dipturolo-risfJi" Miscelleii, v. 2T(;-27'.I, IS^iC; .',, x, l-o, ISii] ; (!, xi, :>;'),
oC), 1892; 7, xiii, 22, 2:]. IW'4; H, xiii, lOl, 1S!»4.

0. Tc'Irt 'rac'liiniik'ii (U'l-iMi (Iritte.-! FiicliKTulied yespalteii ist, xiv, 101-

10;l, 18!).-).

1(1. Beiiicrkiuiiifn zu den l)ii)teren (lattiinsicii releeucera Macii. und
Hliopaloniyia Wied. xiv, l;5:!-l;!r), ],S')-").

:i4. OSI'KX SACKKX, CII.VRI.KS K.
Bkrliner Ent().m(>i.()i;isoiik Zkitsciikiit, I?i;i!i.i\. (Ikkmanv.

1. On Professor Haiier's paper: Versueli eiiier Cliaraeteristik dc (iat-

tiinuen der Xotaeantlien, xxvi, ;l(l;!-:;8(l, I8!t-J.

2. On the Genus Apioeera, xxvii, 287-2!l4, 189."!.

:!. Synonymiea eoneerniiij,' exotic Dijiteroloiiv, xxvii, 251.')-2'.'8, 188:5.
4. A Sintjular Nortli Aiiierieaii Flv, xxvii, 209, oOO, 18«;5.

o. Correction to niv artick

)ii A])iocera, xxx, |;5!», 1880.

<!. Studies on 'Pipiiiiihe, I'art I, Tii)ulida' hmuiiiaiiti, xxx, l.'):)-188, 188t'».

7. Studies on Tii>ulida', I'art II, Tipuliila' hrevii)ali)i, xxxi, 18;J-242, 1887.

8. Ililariinorplia Scliiner is a Lei)tiil, xxxv, :>0;{, ;5()4, I8;i0.

!». Synopsis of the Described genera and a species of the Hieiiharocerida',
xxxvi, 407-412, 1801.

10. Second notice on the Ai)iocerinn, xxxvi, ;!11-.".1(!, I8itl.

11. Addition;, and Corrections to tlie Catalo<iue of tlu' Descrihed Spe-

cies of South American A<i!ida', liy S. \V. Wiliiston, in the 'I'rans.
Knt. Soe., vol. xviii, 1801, xxxvi, 417-428, 1801.

12. I{ej(»inder to Professor liraiier's Thatsachliclie l5erichtiL;iin,u-, etc., in

the Herl, Kntoiii. Zeitschrift, p. 4S7-48!t, 1802; xxx viii, ;578, ;l7il, 'O.'!.
lo. Two critical riniarks about the recently jiuliiished third jiart of the

Muscaria Schizoinetojia of M. Hiauer and Merueiistamin ; also a
tice of Koliineau-Desvoidv, xxxviii, ;>80-;;8(;, 180;'>.

no-

14. On the character of the three divisions of Diptera, Nenioeera vera,
Xeniocera anomala and Fremochaeta, xxx vii, 417-40*!.

XLI\'

niBLIOCiUAl'IIV

15. Synonyniicii about Tipulida', xxxiv, 240-2(i;}, 1804.
If). Oil tlic atavic iiidox cliaracti-rs witli soim- remarks a1)out tlio classifi-
cation of the I)i])tc'ra, xxxix, ()!)-7(!, 181I4.

17. Kristaiis tenta.x in Cliiiicsc and .lapancsc literature, xl, 142-147, 1894.

18. Contributions to the study of tlie Liponeurida? (Hlepliarocerida; Loew,

olini), xl, 148-101), 18!t4.

19. Midas or ]Mydas, a contribution to entomological nomenclature, xl,

;J4(;-;]r>o, 189:,.

20. Su])plement to my recent paper on Liponeurida>, xl, ;}51-ou5, 1895.

J. IIkumnc;, lIi:ii>i:i,i!KK(i, Ge!;manv (H. II. Poktkk, 18 I'kin( k's Sthket,
London, En(;land).

21. On the Oxen-born Bees of the Ancients (IJugonia) and their relation

to Eristalis tentax, a two-winiied insect. Enlarged edition of the
Essay, on the so-called Hujionia of the Ancients, etc., published in
the Bullet. Soc. Ent. Itai. 189;}. 99. i-xiv, 1-80,1894.

22. Additional Notes of the Bu,u:onia-lore of the Ancients, j)]). l-2;>, 1895.

BULLETINO I>EI.I.A SOCIKTA EnTOMOLOGU'A ItAI.IAXA, ElOKENCE, ItALV.

2;}. On the so-called Bugonia of the Ancients, and its relation to Eristalis
tentax, a two-winged insect, xxv, 180-277; Separatum, pp. l-:}4, with
Corrigenda, 189;],

Entomologist's Monthi.v Magazine, London, Engeand.

24. Explanatory Xotice of my views of the Sub-orders of Diptera (2),

iv, 149-151, 189:].

Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontaiuo.

25. Some North American 'raciiinidic, xix, Kil-lOO, 1887.
I'SYoiiE, Camhkidge, Mass.

20. Western lVlicia>, Bittacomorphio and Trichocerie, vii, 229-231, 1895.
BiOLO(iiA Centrali Ameuicana, London, ENCiLAND.
■''" Diptera, vol. i, 1-210, pis. i-iii, 1880, 1887.

rUANSACTIONS OF THI, ENTOMOLOGICAL SociETV OI' LoNDON, EnG.

28. Facts concerning the imiiortatioii or noii-importiUion of Diptera in
foreign countries, 489-490, 1884.
Insect Like, WAsnmciToN, D. C.
2!t. On IltLMiiatobia serrata, ii, 191, 1889.

35. lULEY, CIIAIJLES VALENTINE.

C'NADIAN ENTOMOLO(iIST, LONDON, OnTAKIO.

1. Parasites of the Cotton Worm, xi, 101, 102, 1879.

2. Dipterous Enemies of riiylloxera vastatrix, xv, 39, 1893.

United States Agkici ltikal Bei'out, Washington, D. C.
•".. Rejiort for 1884, 322.

4. Beport for 1880, 512, 513.

5, Keport for 1895.

- 1

r,ii5Li()(ii:Ariiv

XL\'

Inskct LiiK, WASHiN(;r()\, 1). C.

(i. TliL' More-los <)r:iii,m' Fruit Worm, i, 4.')-47, fi.us. ISSS.
7. 'I'liL' Ox Hot in the I iiitc-d Stati'.x, iv, :\U2--]\~ , tius. IMH.

.'50. KILEY, CIIAIU.KS V. ani. HOWAHI), LKLAND O.
Inskct Like, Washington, I). C.

1. On the CMiiascuIatin<r IJot-tly, i, -Jl-'), 2KJ, l.S,Sl>.

•2. The Texas Heel-fly, i, ;!18, :51<>, imi

;l. Ilernietia nmeeiis (sic.) infestiiii-- Hec-hives, i, ;;'):], ;].')4, 1^!H9.

4. Lestophonus or Cry{)t()eha'tiini, ii, Ul, 1^S^>!).

5. Tlie Horn-fly, ii, 4:), 104, fli^s. 1,S8U.

(i. The Tulip tree Leaf Gall-fly, ii, :]V>-2, of.;!, \m).
7. The true male of I'oeota Ljrandis, iv, W!, IHOL

;>7. KOKDEK, VICTOH VOX.
Entomolo(;isciik Xaciiuiciitex, Berlin, Geh.manv.

1. Ueber die Zuzanimengehoerigkeit der beideii Arteii der Guttunj,'

Spheconiyia Latreille, 1«89, ()(W)8.

2. Ueber drei neue Gattungen der Xotaeaiitlien, xii, l:"!7-140, 1880.

StettInek Entomomhiisciie Zeiti \g, Stettin, Gehmanv.

3. Dipteren von der Insel Porturieo, 1885, ;];;7-;349.

Wiener ENTOMOi.OdiscnE Zkiting, Vienna, Ars

ruiA.

4. Ueber die Nordamerikanischen Lomat

ina von Mr. ('(xiuillett in dem

"Canadian Entomologist," v, 20:5-20'), 1880

5. Asynduluni montanum, n. sj)ec. vi, 110, 1887.

0. Ueber eine neue Art der Gattung (inoriste Mg. vi, loo-loO, 1887.

7. Ueber die Dipteren-Gattung, Stylogastcr Meq. xi, 280-288, 181)2.

8. Ueber 'J'rypeta amabilis Loew, xiii, 07-100, 1804.
0. Ueber Mydas fnlvipes Walsh, xiii, 100, 170, 18!)4.

10. Ueber Myopa clausa L\v. viii, o, 1880.

11. Ueber Taeliina florum Walk, viii, 4, 1880.

12. Zwei neue nordamerikanisehe ])ii)teren, ix, 2;)0-2;52, 1800.

Berliner ENTOMOLotiisc he Zeitsciirikt, Beiilin, Ger.manv.
l;5. l)ij)terologische Xotizen, .\.\v, 210-210.

rrHLISIlED BY AlTIIOR.

14. Alls der L^is \'on Oken, 1. 1888.

;58. lUEBSAMEX, E. H.
Berliner Ent()molo<iisciie Zeitsciirikt, Berlin, Germany.

1. Die Aiissereuropiuische Trauerinuecken des kuiiigliehen Museums
fuer Naturkunde zu Berlin, xxxix, 17-42; i)ls. i, ii, 1804.

XLVI

r.inLior.ijAiMiv

:i!». Sf'L'DDKK, SAMIKL lU'nBAlM). (Fossil Diptcra.)
liKi'oitr OK THK (JKOi,0(;irAi, Si uvKV ok C.\nai>a, Ottawa. Canada.

1. The IiiSL'L'ts of till- Tertiary Hods at QiU'sni'l, Keport for IMTo-TO, 2(i<!-

2. Ailditions to the Insect Fauna of tlie Tertiary Beds at (iiiesnel, Re-

port for l^lTd-TT, 4.')7-4»)4, l.«7^!.
o. The Fossil In.sects eoUeeted in 1877 hy Mr. G. M. Dawso, in the inte-
rior of British Columbia, Heport for 1S77-7H, 170-1H7, 187!».

Bui.r,KTINM)r- TlIK UnITKI) StATKS C.KOMXiKAL ANM) ( JKCXi UAl'UK'A L Si I£-

vi;v or THE Tkuritouiks, Wasmixutox. 1). C.

4. The first discovered traces of fossil insects in the American Tertiaries,

iii, 741-702, 1877.

5. An account of some in.sects of unusual interest from the Tertiary

rocks of Colorado and Wyominu-, iv, r)ir»-545, 1878.
<>. The fossil insects of the Green River shales, iv, 747-77«), 1878.

7. The Tertiary lake basin at Florissant, Colorado, between South anil

Ilayden Parks, vi, 279-800, inaj), 1878.

Bii.LETix OK THE rxiTKi) Statks Gkologicai, SruvEv, Wasmixgtox, D.C.

8. Systematic IJeview of our present knowledjjc of fossil insects. Bul-

letin .']1, ])ii)tera, 85-94, 1880.

9. Inde.x to the known fossil insects of the world, including Myriopods

and Arachnids, Bulletin 71, Diptera, 221-227, o9r)-071, 189l'.

10. Some insects of special interest from Florissant, Colorado, and other

points in the Tertiaries of Colorado and Utah, Bulletin 9;], :J6 pp. o
pis. 1892.

Billetix ok THE rxiTKi) States Xationaf. Musei:m, Washixoton, 1). C.

11. Xomenclator Zoologicus, Bulletin 19, Supplemental List, l-;]70, Uni-

versal Intlex, l-:!40, 1882.

Zittel's riAXDnieii dek Pai-eontoloijie, Mcnkh Gkioiany.

12. Svst

enwitische Uebersicht der fossileii Myrioixxlen, Arachnoidea und
Insekten, 1 Abtheil, ii, 721-8;!1, ti>is. 1885.

Re

I'OUTS OF THE UxrrEi) States Geoi

\VASHIN(iTOX. I). C

OtilCAl, SiKVEV OK THE TeRKITOKIES

m

erica, vol. xiii, 7;]4, ])p. 28 pis. 40,

lo. The Tertiary Insects of North A
1890.

I'UOOEEi iX(iS OK A.MEHICAX I'niEOSOI'HICAE SoCIETV, PlIIEA OEMMIIA, Pa.

14. Tertiary Tipulidse, with si)ecial reference to those of Florissant, Col-

orado, xxii, 10;5-24r,, pis. i-i.x, 1894.

Anxial Rei'out UxiTEi) States Geo

I.O(il( AL AND (JEOOltAl'HICAE SURVEY

OK THE TeUHITOKIES, WASHIN(iTOX, I). C.

15. (Rej)rint but little chaii^red of No. 7) !2th Rep. 271-29:], 188."

l?IRLI()Gl{AriIV.

XKVII

40. SMITH, JOHN T5.
Tkansactions Amkkican Kmomoi.ochai, Suciktv, rmr.ADKi.iMiiA, Pa.
1. A c()iitril)uti()ii towanl u kiKiwlcdgv of ilu- iiniutli-iiarts ul' tlie DijitiTa
xxii, i\V.I-.V.]U, 1^00.

41. SXOW, WILLIAM Al'l'LK'I'oN.
Kansas rsivKHSiTV Qlaktkki.y, LAWitDNci., Kansas.

1. Notes and Di-scriptioiis of Syrpliida-. i, ;j:]-:J,s, pi. ISUi*.

2. l)oscTii)tioiis of North AiiuTicaii TryiJi-tichp, with Notes, ii, ].')0-]74,

pis. vi, vii, 1804.
.'5. Aineriean I'latyjiezida', iii. 14:]-1.">2, pi 1804.
4. American lMatyj)ezid;e, Second Taper, iii, 2O.V207, 180."i.
T). Diptera of Colorado and New Mexico, iii. 22r)--_>47, iSOo.
<). Supplementary List of North American Syrphidiu, iii, 240-2(!2, IHOo.

7. Cneplialia and its Allies, iii, 178-l8(;, I80o.

8. A New Species of Pelecocera, iii, 187, I80;j.

0. On Toxotrypana of Gerstit'cker, iv, jt. 117, 180.J.
Canadian ENTOMoi-ociisr, London, Ontauio.

10. The Moose Fly, A new Hiematol.ia, xxiii, 87-89, 1801.

42. SLOSSON, ANNIE TKUMBULL.
Entomologtcai, Nkws, I'liii.AitKi.i'iiiA, Thnn.

1. List of Insects taken in the Alpine Region of Mt. Washin-jton, v 0

1804.

2. Additional List of Insects taken in the Alpine Ke{,M<)n of Mt. Wash-

in^jton, vi, 6, :510-:]20, 180o.
:>. Mesogrumma politum, i, 5, ii, 11").

4.;. SCHWARTZ, K. A.
Insect Liik, Washington, I). C.

1. The Ilippelates I'ia<>ue in Flo'-ida, vii, ;;70, .i^rs. 180'>.

44. TOWNSKNI). C. H. TVLKK.

I'SVCHE, CAMnRIDCK, MaSS.

1. Two New Tachinida>, vi, 8:}-85, 1801.

2. A New Simulium from Southern New Mexico, vi, 10(5, 107, 1802.
•I A Parasite of tlie Kail Weh-worm, vi, 17(!, 177, 1802.

4. A Tachinld Parasite of the Oak Inicorn Prominent, vi, 187, 188, 1801.

o. A New Genus of Tachiniihe, vi, 247, 248, 1802.

0. Description of a Sarcopha,u:id bred from Helix, vi, 220, 221, 1802.

7. Tachinid Parasite of Eucetervia variaria Grote, and other Notes, vi,

258, 250, 1802.

8. An Aporia hred from Limacodes sj). vi, 275, 27<), 1802.

0. An Interestinjj Hlooil-suckin<r Gnat of the Eamilv Chironomida', vi,
:iOO-;;72, pi. viii, I80:l.

XLVIII

r.iHLi()(;HArnY.

10. Description of a now and intcrcstini: I'iiasiid-Iike (ii'inis of 'raciiinitia',

s. str. vi, 42!>, 4;50, lH!»;i.

11. Note on Atn)i)liarista jiiriniodes Towns, vi, W>\, 180:J.

12. A Caltha^ri-likt. Cccidoinyidous Gall on Bij,dovia, vi, 401, LSO.'}.
l;i. Hosts of Nortli American TachinidiL', vi, 4<i(i-408, 180:!.

Canadian Entomoi.ocist, London, Ontakio.

14. Description of a Miiscid bred from Swine-diiii}:, witii Notes on two

Muscid (Jenera, x.xiii, ITrJ-lAo, 1801.

15. A Tacliinid bred from a Chrysalis, x.xiii, 'JOli, 207, 1801.

10. Notes on Nortli American Tachinida>, with Descriptions of New Gen-
era and S{)ecies, Pai)er V, xxiv, <i4-70. 77-82, 1802.

17. A Sarcoi)lia<rid Parasite of Cimhex americana, xxiv, 12(5, 127, 1802.

18. Notes on Nortli American 'Pachinidje, with Descriptions of New Gen-

era and Species, I'aper VI, xxiv, 100-172, 1802.
10. A Preliminary Groupinjr of the Described Sjjecies of Sapromyza of
North America, with one New Sjiecies, xxiv, ;;ui-'J04, 18!t2.

20. A Trypetid bred from Galls of Hijrlovia, xxv, 48-52, 180;>.

21. Comments on Mr. van der \Vuli)'s Diajrnoses of New Species of Mex-

ican Phasiida;, Gyninosomatida!, ( )cypterid;e, and Plianiidaj, xxv,
1(;5-108, 180;].

22. A very Remarkable and Anomalous Syri)liid witli Peculiarly Devel-

oped Hind Tarsi, xxvi, 50-52, 1804.
2:). Note on the Proposed New Genus Calotarsa, xxvi, 102, 1804.

Ento.mologkal Nkws, Philadelphia, Pknn.

24. New North American Tachinida', iii, 80-81, 120-l;Jl, 1802.

25. Notes on North American Taehinida>, sens. str. with Descriptions of

New Genera and Species, Paper IV^.
2(5. An Exorista Parasite of Lagoa opercularis, iii, 150, 1(50, 1801.

27. A Tacliinid Parasite on Chrysophanes dione, Exorista chrvsoplianaj,

n. sp. ii, 107, 108, 1801.

28. A Kemarkable New Hippoboscid from Mexico, ii, 105, 10(5, 1801.
20. New Jamaica Tacluiiidtt>, I, iii, 14(5, 147, 1802.

30. Note on Trichobius dugesii Towns, iii, 177, 178, 1802.

31. On the So-called Throat Bot, iii, 227, 228, 1802.

32. Some Deformities in the Abdominal Segments of Tachinidie, iii. 160,

167, 1802.

33. On the Geographical Range and Distribution of tlie Genus Trichopo-

da, iv, 60-71, 1803.

TUANSACT.ONS AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETV, PHILADELPHIA, PeNN.

34. Notes on North American Tacliinida?, sens. str. with Descriptions of

New Genera and Species, Pai)er 1 1, 340-382, 1802, Paper III; xxix,
88-132, 1802.

nii'.LiocKwi'iiv.

XLIX

1'). The Xortli AriKTiciin (

ctKTii of Calyptratr Muscida-. I'ajHT II, x

i:W-l(iO; Taper III, L'T.'J-L'TS; Taper I\'. l'7<»--j.s4; i

IX,

ISO:
'•)<). Notes on North A

apcr \', 2'.H)--J'M,

III

cii's. Taper \'II, xix, l'S4-2S0, 1,s<i

erican Tacliiiiida', witli Descriptions of New Sr

Thi' North Aineriean (

I'nera of Nenioeerous Dijttera, xix, 1 Jt-KiO.

■■»8. Contriliutions to the Dijiteroloyy of Xortii A

'5-Oi'); II, Tahaniila', (;onoj)i(la', Tachin

rnerica, I, S\Tj)hi(l

a", xxii.

•'10. On a Species of Simuliuni from tlie (irami ('

xix,4r)-48, my.].

Tr.\nsa< TioNs OK Tin: Kansas Acadkmv oi- Scikm k i

ilia', etc., ."i.Vso. Isii."

iinoii of tlie Colorado.

40. On tlie Horseflies of New .M(

'oi-KKA, Kan-

sas.

■xico and Arizona, 1 ;}.'{- 1. "I.") 1S!)4

41. Note on a Peeuliar Aealyj.trate Museid found near 'I'lirkev 'j'ankr

Ariz. i;{.'), i;;*;, ks<i4.

Annaj.s of thi: Ni;\v Yokk Acai.kmv or 8( iknci:, Ni;\v Vuhk (

42. Cataloj-iie of the Described South American S
Muscida", vii, 1-44, 1S92.

ITV

ipt'cies of Calyptrate

Inskct LiiK, Washington, I). C.

4:J. Further notes on the Cotton-tail T.ot, with the hreedin- and id»

cation of the Fly.
41. Some Michigan Notes 1^'corded, ii, 42-H, ISS'.t.
4.j. Laphria canis Will, ii, 1(32, 188!).

iititi-

Tk

ciiNicAi- Bir.r.KTiN, Ohio Kxi-i;

UMKNT Station, Noi;\valk, Oiii

o.

4(1. A Tachinid reared from the cells of a mud-dauher Wasp, i, I.sii;).
Z«»i;, San Fkascisco, Cal.

47. A New Tryi)etid from Chacaltian.iruis, Mexico, with Note on Ilcxa-

cliaeta amabilis Loew, iv, l.J-ld, ISii;;,

TuocEEiuN(is or California Acadk.mv ok Sciknci:, San Fuancisc. Cm

48. On the DijUera of Baja, California, inciu.lin- a few from the adjacent

regiims of California and Mexico (2), iv, 5!i;5-(;2, I8(t;i.

JOIKNALOKTIIE Nk«- YoRK En TOMOM.OMAI. SOCIKTV, NkW V(.I!K CiTV.

4!). A Nycterihid from a New Mt'xico Hat, i, 79-80, 1,S9.{.

00. Some New Santo Domingo Tachinida', ii, 78~7!>, 18!)4.

Joi'RNAL Jamaica Institi;tk, Jamaica, West Ini>ii;s.

01. A Tachinid bred from a larva of Trotoparce jamaicencis Hutler, in

Jamaica.
•">2. A scorj)ion Tarasite, Dec. 18!)2.

".;!. Notes on some Jamaica Muscida', with hrief anonymous dcs<Tiptions
of doubtful forms.

L

IJIHI.KJGRAl'llV.

o4. (K'C'uctii furi'iis in Jiunaica.
55. A hot-like parasite of a hinl.

I'uncKKDiNi.s OF TiiK Ex n.M()i,0(iicAL SocrivTV OF Wasiiixgtox, D. C.
5<5. Notes on Certain (Vridoniyidous (Jails on Cornus, ii, .".nO, ;]!»], ISO:].
57. The Xortli American Genera of Calvptrate Miiscidio, Taper I ii «!)-

100, 1891.
5S. Notes on North American Tachiniilas, sens. lat., with Descriptions of

New Species, Paper I, ii, i;J4-14n, ISDl.

50. Notes on the Genera Tripiotriciia hw. and Afrnotomvia Will ii 117-
110, 1801.

45. VVKHSTEH, F. M.

BULLKTIX OF THE OlIIO A(;IUCULTURAL Exi'KKI.MKNT StaTIOX, TkCHXICAL

Seimf.s, Norwalk, Ohio.

1. Methods of Ovijxjsition in the Tepulidie, i, 151-154, 1803.

2. A Dipterous Gall-maker and its Associates, i, 1.34, 180;].

Inskct Life, WASniXdiox, I). C.
;}. Notes on a Species of Necrophagous Diptera, ii, ;]5()-358, 1800.

40. WIIEELEK, WILLIAM MORTON.

PSVCHE, CAMBRIDliE, MaSS.

1. Description of some new North American Dolicliopodida?, v, ;}.']7-:)43

355-302, 373-370, 1800,

2. The supposed Bot-fly Parasite of the Bo.x-turtlc, v, 403, 1800.

PROCEEinxos WiscoxsiN Natural Histohy Society, Mimvaukie, Wis.

3. On two new species of Cecidomyid producing galls on Antenuaria

plantagini folia, April, 1880, 200-210.

47. WHITNEY, C. P.
Caxadian Entomologist, Loxdon, Ontario.

1. Descriptions of some New Species of Tahanidje, xi, 35-38, 1870.

48. WILLISTON, SAMUEL WENDELL.
Bi i.letix Brooklyn Ento.mologkal Society, Brooklyn, N. Y.

1. On the Classification of tlie Nortli American Diptera, First Paper vii

129-130, 1885.

Extomologica Americana, Brooklyn, N. Y.

2. On the Classification of Nortli American Diptera, Second Paper, i, 10-

13, 1885.

3. On the Classification of Nortli Ameri

118, 152-155, 1886.

Diptt

iper, i, 114-

4. On two interesting new Genera of LepticL-e, ii, 105-108, 1880

r.IIU.KXiUAIMIV.

•J. Additions an.! Com-ctioiis ti) tin- ("atain^ru.. ..f s,,iitii Am. Tic

])iii(la'.
(!. 'I'Ih' Horn-fly, v, ISO, isi, l.ss't.

Hkui.ixku Kmumolugimuk Zkiis. 111,11 t, Bi;i!i.i\, {,i:uyi\s\.
7. L\'I)CT Mallotacinihiciforniis Kaiji'ii, x.wi, 171, i7-j, i,s«().

EvroMOr.<»<;:s(iiK NAcnRiciiiKN, Hkki.in. (Jkimiavv.

H. UfhcT c-ini!,^' lA'ittiiifn-CiiaraotiTcn. Ixvi, too, ],S8.").

JSci i»i>kk's Hi ttkiomks of tmk Kastlun T
CAMiiiMiKii;, Mass

M
in Svr-

■.MTIW* StaTKS and (

IS. iss:;.

it. Till' DiptiTous I'arasiti's of Xortl. American liuttcrflics lOl
pi. x.xxix, IHSO.

I'svciiE, CAMni!ir)<;K, Mass.

lit. On tin- ("ollcftion and rn-scrvation of Diptcra, 1. SO- 1. •!•_', ISSJ.

11. Notes on Asilida', 2').')-L'r)!t, liSM'

li'. Hiiariniorplia and Apiocera, '.»'.t-102, Lsss.

1:5. Tile StTew-worni Fly, Coniijsoniyia maceilaria, |:!lI-||,s

14. On tlie Uliopalonierida', vii, l.S.'J-lST, isHiJ.

1">. HI)oi)aIomera .\antlioei)s, n. sp. vii, Marcli, IS'i.').

]<!. Xotes on Taeiiinidii", vi, 40<), 410, ISO,;.

Standako Xatui!ai. Ilisrouv, CAMnuiix.!:, Mass.

17. Vol. v., Diptera, 40;!-4;;;i, 1S84.

Kansas rxivKusixY QuAitTKiii.Y, Lawkdnci:, Kansas.

18. Diptera Hrasiliana, Part II, i, 4:\~U>, JSOJ.

10. On the Apioeerida- and tlieir Allies, i. ]01-l is, ,,ls. iv, x IS'l.'l
•^It. Diptera Hrasiliana, Tart III, i, ]\<)-]-J2, is'.i.;.

ANA DA,

J-lit->4.

-'I. New or Little K

nown

Dipt

era, u, rv,»_7o, iMii;

On the Genus Dolictioinyia, with the \h

from Colorad

o, iii, 41-4.•^ lS!t4.

■^cription of a Xi

w S

[lecie:

•>;'

Xew Genera of Homhvlid;

24. Two Hemarkahle Xew G

25. Triptotricha a nil Dialvs

I', iii, 1S!»4.
enera of Diptera, iv. |S!I."

Hior.oGiA Ckntham-A.mi:

ysis, iii, 1S!»').

Klf'ANA, I.ONIMtN, I'.Ni.l, \NI

*'. Diptera, vol. iii, 1-SO, j)is. i, ii, |S!)i>.

CaNAI>IAN ENTOM()r,()(;iST, LoN

27. An anomalous Homhvlid,

2S. Eristalis tenta.x, xiii, 17(), 18H1.

DON, Ontahio.
xii, 215-210, ]S7!».

20. New or Little Known (ie

S2, 1SS2.

nora of Xorth'American Syrpliidi

»', xiv.

JO. Drosophila ampelophila, xiv, l;;8, 1882.

II. Tile Xortli Ameri

an Spoeies of Xemistrinida", xv, 70-7l' 1

8s;:

Lll

P.inLKXilfAIMIV.

>2. Notes and Descriptions of North A\

otnyidii", xvii. 1-Jl-l-JiH, 188."),
!•'!. North Aiiieriean Taehiiiidio, (
'A. A N

iierican Xy' ipiiaj'idjL' and Strati-

ionia, xix, (»-12, 1881

ew Soutii Anieriean Genus of Coiuipina', xix, l(U-l(i(), 188';

•'>. A List of S

peeies ,)f Dipiera from Sar. Doinio'^), xxv, 170, 171, 180;'

OMOLOOK AI, LaHOIJATOKV, LaNSIXO

NoTKS ON InJI 1!I()I s Insix'ts, Kxi

Mich.

■'!(). Scopoiia st'(juax, n. sj). figs. j). o, <;, l,s^;4.

TkAXSAI TIONS OK TIIK CoNXKCTK LT ACADKMV OF A

Ni;\v Havkx, Conn.
•'!7. Some Interesting New Dijit.ra. iv, 21:]-lM(;. 1880.

UTS AM> S

( iioxeKS,

!8. 'I'lie North Ai

oO. Nortli A

iieriean Species of (\inops, iv, ."rJ.'-iU-J. 188:

merican Conopidie: Stylogaster, Dalmannia, Oncom

via. VI.

icir use as

87-04, 1884.

40. Dipterous Larva- from tlie V.\stern Alkaline Lakes and t

Human Food, vi, 8.'!-8(), 188:>.

41. North American Conopicia-; Conclusion, vi, ;]77-;]04, xli, 01, 188o.

J. T. IIatiiawav, Nkw IIavkn, Conn.

42. Synopsis of tlie Families and (ieneru of North American Diptera, j)p.

1-84, 1888.

HlM.KTIX OK THK Olllo ExKKKIMKNT StaTIOX, TkCIINK'AL SkUIES, NoR-

WAi.K, Ohio.
4:). Description of a Species of Ciilorops reared from galls on Muhlen-
hergia mexicana hy F. M. Wehster, i, 100-157, 180;}.

1'ko( Ki:i)iN<is Ami;i!I('ax I'iiilosoi'iiicai. Sociktv, l'nii,Ai>KM'iiiA, Pi:x\.

44. Coiitrihutions to a .Monograpli of the North American Svrphidie xx

200-:;:!l>, 188'J.

Amkuican NATiuAr.isr, I'iiii.adkmmiia, I'knn.

45. A New Cattle I'est, 1880, \)\. xxx.

TUAXSACTIONS OK TMi; AmKKICAX KNTOMOLO<iIC A I, SoCIKTY, rilll.AlU: I,-
I'llIA, 1'kXX.

40. On the North American Asilida«; Dasyi)ogonina', Laplirina>, with a
new (ienus of Syri)hiila', xi, I-'IO, jjIs. i-iii, 188:].

47. On the Nortli Anieriean Asilida', Tart U, xii, 5;]-7(i, 1885.

48. Dipterological Notes and Descrijitions, xiii, :J87-;507, 188:1.

40. Catalogue of the Dcscrihed Species of South A

:{08-;]24, 1880.
oO. Diptera Hrasiliana, ab II. II. Smith
Syrphida", xv, •J4:)-'J0l', 1888.

merican Syrphiihe, xii,

eoUecta, I'art I, Stratonividio.

15inLl()(;i{Al'l!Y.

LI 1 1

ol. Ciital(),triu' of the DcscTibL'd Siiocits of South A
07-91, IWH.

ExTOMOi.oGiCAi. Xkws, Til I i.A di; i.i'ii I A, 1'i:n\.

iiicrifaii Atiili(hi', xviii.

'j2. C

A N

)pt'^tylum mar-inatiini and Voliicelhi fasciata, ii, K^ 1W)2.

(.'w Si)L'cii.'ti of C'riorrhiiia ami Xott'S on S\

i>i. On tlif Genus Erax, v, l:l(5-i;!7. ism.

vvnonyuiy, iii, ]S<);

O.J. The Xortli Ainerit-aii I'svchodid

oC. The A

i\ iv, ll;]-]14, ISO:

merican (Jenera of Saproinyzin;e, v, 1!»()-1!)7, 1894.

eiiiKi', vi, '29-:]2, ISO.J.

57. A New Taclunid with Keniarkal)le Ant

Tkansactio.ns of Tin; Kansas Acadk.mv ok Sr

08. Table o': tlie Families of Diptera, x, li'J-]-JS, 1

09. Notes and Descriptions of North A

iKNci;, Toi'KKA, Kansas.

ISSS.

in

(iO. Hihio tristis, n. sp. in Kello<>>,^'s Inseet Not
WiKXKK ENTOMorxxiisciiE Zkitin<;, \'ii:n

erican Tahaniche, x, l-_'!»-M2, 1888.

es, xiii, ]];}. 189;

na,

Ai

STIilA.

01. Kine Merkwuerdijve neue Syri)hiden-(;at
ISSKCT LiFi;, WaSI1IN(.TOX, 1). ('.
()2. An Australian Parasite of leerya purehasi, i, LM-2:i 1

tuiiji', iii, 18")-1S0, fi<r. 1884.

0;5. Note on the (

8S9.

en us Lestoj)lu)nus, i, ."i-JS-IvlO, 188!>.

04. Leucopis bellula, n. sp. i, '2'u. 1889.

05. IJelvosia — A studi

IV

Hijm.i:tin Umtki) Statks N
00. No. ;!1, Synoi)sis of the North Am
pis. i-xii, 1880.

NOUTH AmKIMCAN- FaTNA, WASIIIViTON, 1). C

07. Diptera of the Death Valley Iv\!)ed
.1. T. IIatiiawav, Nkw Havkn, Conn.

i7-ii40, pis. 189:1.

ATIONAI. Ml SKIM, WasIIINctoN, D. C.

eriean Syrphida-, pp. i-xxx, l-:!:{5,

ition, vii, 25;)-i'59. 189;

«ilS. Manual of the Families and (

ieiiera of Nortli American Di' tt'ra.

Hici'OKT OF Tin: Stati: KxroMor-oiiiST of I
09, I ourteenth Report, p. 05, 1885.

M.INOIS.

Psyche, Camhiudgi;, M

49. wooDwoirni, ciiakles \v

ASS.

1. Gonia senilis, Williston, v, 4:1, 1889.

50. WULP, F. M. VAN DKi{.
Ti.rDscnuiFT vooii Entomolo(;ik, Haui i:, 1Ioi,i,am>.

1. Amerikaanische Diptera xiv, 141-108, pi. xv, 1881

pis, ix, X, 1881'; xxvi, pp. i, ij, l-O'i, pis. j, ij, 188:{.

2. Nalezinji: over Anierikaansche Dij»tera, xxvii, pp. 1-4, 1884.

xxv, pji. 77-i;]0,

Diamiosis of New Mexican Muscid

n\ xxxv, 18;!-195. 189:1

LIV

BIBLIOGUAPIIV

Notes from the Li:yi>kx Muskim, Ha<;i:e, Holland.
4. Remarks on certain American Diptera from tlie Leyden Museum and
Descriptions of Nine New Species, iv, pp. 73-S):>, 1892.

Co.MPTES KeNDIS I>E LA SOCIETK EnTOMOLOG IQIK 1)K LA HliLOigi E,

Belcium.

6. Quelquus Dipteres Exotiques, 1881.

Weiner Entomologische ZEiTUN(i, Vienna, Aistiua.
0. Chrysops geminata Wied. und Macq. iii, i»p. i;{9-141, 1884.

Biologia Centrali Americana, London, England.

7. l)ii)tera, vol. ii, l-2ti4, i)ls. i-vi. 1888-189(1.

and

Qi K,

II'!'

:^OUTII A.AEEIMCAX DIP^IM^HA

^

TAI'.LK OF THE FAMILIi:s OF DIF'IFK'A.

1. Klii'S of n Icntlicry or lioriiy stnictiirc, livinu' ])iiriisiti('iilly in tlic mlult

stiiti' ui)()ii \viirm-l)l(K)(]i'il vertfhriiti'S ; lu'ii<l siiiall, fitlicr closi'ly
unitc'fl to tilt' cMuariiiniiti' iititcnor ]i;irt of tlir tlmrax or foldiiiu- luick
into a iiToovi' u]>oii tlu' dortoiiii ; luoutli-part iiicoriiiiii'tc, tlii' paljti
wantiiiii' ; Icjis si'])arat<.'il hy tlic broad .■itiTiium ; ahdouu'ii indistinctly
sogMiontati'd ; claws wi'li (k'vc'lo|)i'd. /'iijiij'iini. . . . A'.]
Flit's of softer structurt', never living i>ai'a>iti('ally in the adult state
upon vertebrates; head se])arated from the tiioi'ax by a free iieek. 2

2. Antenna' many-jointed, often longer than tlu' thorax, the two basal

Joints, ((Illy, differentiati'd, the remainin;i' joints usually ilistinet ;
l)al])i composed of three or four joints, usually elongate; anal cell
rarely closi'd or narrowed in tlu' marsiin. \iiihihici ni. . .'!

Antenna' rarely as loiiu' as the thorax, composed jirinuirily of three
joints, the third of which may be sinipK' or eoni]dex (that is com-
])ose(l of more or less distinct annuli or sejinients,)* with or without

a terminal or dorsal arista or ternunal siv

anal cell (dosed before

the border, or, distinctly narrowed in the border, oi', if of other
structure, the antenna' comjtosed of three simjile joints with or with-
out an arista or styli'; i)al|)i rarely much elongate, composed of

from one to three joints, or rudinieiitarv,

hi

* To the beuinner there will be several families here which wil

cause

doubt; they are especially the Siiiiii/iiln , lllhiiinlilii , Oiji/iik /i/iiiii/n , and
some of the Xi/loplini/inii'. The Siniiiiidn are small, thi(d<-set flies, with
the antenna' not longer than the liead, composed of ten joints, the veins of
the winns weak and the neuration incomplete'. In the /llliinnii/n the anten-
na'have from nine to thirteen joints closely united, altouetlu'r no longer
than the thorax ; there is no discal cidl. Oriilim jiliiln is composed of s])eeies
not more than three or four millimeters in length; the antenna' are appar-
ently three-jointed with a terminal arista; ui.der close exannnation. how-
ever, the third Joint will be found to be <'omposed of three segments and
the arista of seven. The A'///"/'/"'///'/" will be best distinguisheil by the
comi)lete neuration and the closed or narmwt'd amil cell. In all cases
where the \y,\\\)\ are found to bi comiiosed of four joints the species may l»e
unhesitatingly placed among the \< indtoci ra.

1

2

XOIJTH A.MKKICAN DIl'TKlJA.

:;. Dorsum of thorax with ii compli'ti' V-shapiMl suturt' ;* wiiius (waiitinti-

rarely) inany-voiiu'd, ot'tuii with a coiniilctt' discal ci'll; oci'ili watit-

iiiff (prc'som in a few forms); often hir^'e tlies. . TirrLiD.i;.

Dorsum of tiiorax without a V-sliaped suture, or rarely witli any

transverse suture, .....;... t

4. A coini)Iete discal cell i)resent ; em])oilia develoi)ed pulvilliforni, the

pulvilli rudimentary. Uhvimiid.k.

No discal cell. .......... 5

•^>. Antennio composed a])parently of three joints with a terminal arista;

small species, three or four millimeters in lenj^th. ()i!1'I1ni;i'iiimi).i:.

Antemiiu not ajiparently conqjosed of tliree joints and a terminal

arista. .0

0. Wiiigs witli only a few lonjiitudinal veins, and no cross-veins; coxa> not
clonjiate, tihiiu witliout terminal spurs, leys not thicki'ued; ocelli
present or absent ; small or minute, ilelicate, mostly nall-jjroducin.u,'

flies. ('KriDoMviD.K.

Not such flies; winj^s usually many-veined. .... 7

7. Ocelli present 8

Ocelli wanting' (compare J///rr/r)/*/(/7/r/"). ..... 10

8. \Vin<fs broad, bare, characteristically marked by numerous folds be-

tween the veins, jrivinff a netted, spiderweb-like api)earanco.

LlI'ONKUKID.i:.

Wings not so marked ; no entire transverse suture. ... 0

J). Coxtv much elonjj;ated (moderately so in Sn'dn'wt); antenniv often elon-
gate, the joints constricted ; three or two ocelli present (in the lattiT
case one situated near each eye and often perceptible with diftic\ilty);
all the tibiae with spurs Mvcitoimiilid.k.

Coxa; short, the thorax rounded, not humped above; antenna> shorter
than the thorax, thickened, tlie joints closely united withi,,it marked
(H)nstrictions ; legs strong, the front femora often thickeiuil ; empodia
pulvilliforni, tile pulvilli sometimes absent ; eyes of 5 large.

lillUONlD.lO.

10. The costal or marginal vein docs not extend beyond tlie tip of the

wing. 11

Tlie marginal vein encompasses the entire wing. ... 12

11. Antenna) slender, the joints more or less constricted, and often bushy

plumose; legs slender, hind tibia^ and metatarsi never dilated ; abdo-
men slender; wings narrow. .... CniuoNOMiD.i;.

* Biltacomorplut , Pti/rlioptcm and Idiopltista may cause doubt here. They
have the suture incomi)letely V-shaped and sinuous. Compare Iilii/iihidc .

TABLE OF TIIK FAMILIES.

a

Aliti'iiiiii' sliortcr tliun tlic tliorax, tlic Joints hroinllv iind closely uiiilccl,
witliout niarkc'd coiistrictioii. and never hairy or jiilose; h'us stronu',
liintl pair more or less dilated ; liody tliiek-set, alidoinen ovate; winus
broad, bari', the anterior veins stouter, the jiosterior weak. I'lack-
Hies, nulValo-jinats. ....... Simii.mk.k.

V2. WinjJTs ovate, tlistaliy witli ten loMuitiulinal veins and witliout cross-
veins; vi'ins strongly luiiry ; tibia' without terminal sjiurs ; small,
lepidopter-like flies, the winj^s when at ri'st folded root'-sli;iped.

1*S^(I|,)I)1I>.K.

Win<,^s with cross-veins near the middle. ..... l;>

I'-]. Win^^s hairy, frin<;ed on the hind marnin; mosijuitoes. ('ii.icin :,.

Winj,rs bare; the second vein arises near the miildle of the \\\\\<s.

DlXIIIl.K.

14. Third joint of the anteniKO complex ; basal cells of wintr lont;'. lo

Antenna' comjxjsed of three simi)le joints, the third not annulated or

se}.nnentateil, with or without a dorsal arista or ternuiuil style or

arista IS

lo. Empodia undeveloped or liristle-likt' ; antenna' elongate, composed of
four or five joints, without difft'rentiated style or arista ; vertex and
front hollowed out transversely between the eyes; eyes of male
never contiguous. ......... 2o

Empodia develojied pulvilliform ; third antennal Joint more or less dis-

tinctly sepjmentated or annulated; body not bristly,

!(}

10. Tejiuliv rather lari,a'; third lonsj^itudinal vein furcate; five jiosti'rior
cells always j)resent ; the costal vein ('ncompasses the whole margin
of the wiu^; proboscis of the female ailajited for jiiercinu ; third Joint
of the antenna' with from three to eiuht annuli, never with stvie or

bristle. Horseflies. ......

Teguhe small or rudimentary; mostly flower-flies.

Tahamii.i:.
17

17. Tibia> wholly without spurs; hmgitudinal veins of the wiii^s usually

crowded anteriorly,* the posterior ones often weak; the costal veii\

does not reach beyond the tip of tiie winu'; antenna' lon;adr short,

with or without a terminal or dorsal arista or terminal style.

Stk.vtkim VIli.V..

The middle tibia', at least, with distinct spurs; the costal vein encoin-

j)asses the entire wing; third longitudinal vi'in always furcate and

live posterior cells always present. . . Li.rriD.i:.

IH. AntenUcX' apparently single-jointi'd, with a longbristh'; wings with sev-
eral stout veins anteriorly, and other weaker oiu's api)arently con-

necteil with them; femora HatteiU'd, the hind leys loiu

antenna'

situated near the mouth; small, (luick-ruiming, hunchba(kt'd Ww.

I'llOlMIMO

Not such Mies.

I'.t

If very large tlii's from (^entral America, compare ArAXTn().Mi;i!ii>.T.

'!■

XOHTII AMHinCAX DIITKHA.

10. Knipodiii (U'velopcd i.ulvilliforiii, tliiit is three neiirly eqiiiil iiicinlinmniis

iipi»i'ii(la<ios (in till' uikUt side of till' claws. ....-•*

Kniliodiii wantiiisj:, rudimentary or linear, never develoiied like tlie

1 Ml- ''2

pulvilli.

20. Teuuho very lar.ue; tliorax ami abdomen inllated ; head sniall, eyes

hirf,^'; neiiration varied Acii'x'intin.K.

To.uuhi' of moderate size or rudimentary -1^

21. Middle tibia- at least with spurs; no bristles on femora or tibia'; third

lons^ntudinal vein furcate; five posterior cells jireseiit (four in
J)l(ili/sis); anterior cross-vein always distinct ; third joint of the an-
tenine with a bristle or slender style, usually terminal. Lki'TID.i,.

Xot such flies

Third lonj.ntudinal vein of the wings not furcate. . . . ^U
Third lonuitudinal vein furcate, two or more snbmarninal cells

jirescnt -"

Arista or style of antennii? when present always terminal. . . 2t

Arista dorsal, always present •^''

Vertex and front distinctly hollowed out between the eyes; eyes of
male never contiguous; ))asal cells large; mostly large flies. . 25

Front and vertex plane or convex 2(5

Proboscis with flesliy labella at the tip; neuration complicated, the
fourth vein at least curves forward to terminate before the tij) of the

wing; palpi rudimentary or wanting Mvdaid.t..

Proboscis without Heshy labella at tij), the under part forming a horny
sheath; five posterior cells always present; ])alpi usually prominent.

ASIMD.K.

20. Five i)osterior cells in the wing; basal cells large. . . . 2!)
Never more than four jiosterior cells in the wing. ... 27

27. Third antonnal joint without bristle or style ; three posterior cells ; first

^ posterior cell narrowed or closed, the fourth longitudinal vein termi-
nating at or before the tip of the wing. . . Scenoimnid.e.
Third aiitennal joint usually with terminal style; four or three jioste-
rior cells; the fourth vein terminates beyond the tip of the wing. 21S

28. Anal cell narrowly open, or closed near the margin; discal cell jires-

ent. .......•• PoMnvi.iiD.K.

Anal cell closed remote from the border, sometimes wanting; if I'loseil
near the border {/Illanmorpha), the discal cell wanting. Emimo.k.

2U. Xeiiration intricate, the anterior cross-vein wanting or rudimentary,
owing to the coalescence of the third and fourth veins for a longer
or shorter distance ; tibia> without terminal spurs; em])oilia ami jtiil-
villi memliranous, but frequently minute. . Nkmistkinidk.

09

on

24.

20.

:jn

■10,

TAl'.LK OK TlIK FA.MILIKS.

Xeuration not iiitricato : Jiiiti'
I)n>h().><cis flrsliv.

nor cross-vein always dislinct; lahclla of

JO. TIk' fourtli vein UTiiiiriatcs lut'i

orjiaiis proiiiiiK'iit.

'tv thf tip of tiic

eriiiinatcs l)cv(

The fourth v<.'iii t
ortjans small.

11. Aiitoiiiia> with a dorsal arist:

wiii.-i'; male so.xiial
Ari(»(i;i;ir) 1..

Ill'

.\iial

(he tip of tlK' winy; male si

'riiKi;i;vii».i:

Anti

muL' witli a terminal arista or stvh

W

ni.!^s pointed, no cross-veins in the middle, the fonrlh lon-itndinal
vein lurcate and arising from the fifth ; small

Win<>>

rounded at tlie tij), not lancet-1

species.

CIIOITKUin.K

iKe,

second hasal cell continent with the diseal cell
le au.xiliary vein does not terminate in tli

brilliant-colored, jiredaceoiis fl

les.

Second hasal cell separated from the diseal cell 1

not separati'dhy a vein,
c cosia ; small, mostly
Doi.n iioi'ii).]:.

>y a vem.

>4. Antennio with a terminal style,
Antenna3 with a terminal hristl

'i'J

e.

First

posteri(n- c '1 closed (Connpi,!,, pt., S>fr/,/,i>/.i , pt.)

First i)osterior cell open.

>(). Head coini)aratively small, the ])ro)
of wiiii-s usmilly rudimentarv.

!•:

10

MI'Ili.K.

loscis more or less elonyated • al

II la

Head as ))ro,ad as the tl

lorax; proboscis flesliy; alula distinct.

I-:

MriD.i;.

Trol

I'l.ATVj'Kzin.i:

mscis rudimentary, paljii wantin<x; first post

rowed; tegula; usuallv I

I rue.

Proboscis not rudiment

IJotrt

posterior cell usuallv nar-

les.

irv

palpi {

(i:sT

KID.K

• resent.

;JS. Second basal cell confluent with the diseal

small vein; small, mostly brilliant-colored
never broad and convex.
Second basal cell separated from the d: .cal cell b

cell, not sejtarated l)y a

(if not,

not brilliant-colored predaceo .s flies).

liredaci'ons Hies ; face

l)()Mcin)i'ii).i:.

y a small cntss-vein

0. Basal cells of wini? elony-ate tl

first jiosterior cell closed
/'ipinirii/i(/(i).

or I

I'osterior basal cell small, the anal cell ah

niaryin.

le an:;, cell closed toward the maruin ;
nuch narrowed (cxcejit sometimes in

40

ays closed remote from the

■10. Face witli subantcnnal vertical

V

firooves or dejiressioi

ICO convex transversely or with a ineilian ridi
tennal dejtression.

•c; tiever with a sul

42

»aii-

41

6

NOllTII AMERICAN DUTEKA.

41. Between tlie third iind fourth loiijritudinal veins :i,id siih-imrallel witli

tlieni, crossins,' the anterior eross-vein, a si)nrio(Js h)ii,untiidiiial vein,
or, when rarely not i>resent, tlie first postorior cell elosid a eonsid-

enihle distance from the border Svi!i>iiii>vi;.

Spurious vein never i)rescnt; first posterior cell not closed before the
margin; eyes very larjic; small species. I'ln n< ri.in.i:.

42. Troboscis horny and elon.^ate, often f(ddinji back near the middle; ab-

domen never with bristles; tibia' without trrnunal si)urs or if with
spurs, the face with a median ri<l;ie, and the probo.scis foldinj;; first

posterior cell closed or narrowed Conoi'id.i:.

Proboscis fleshy and not elongate; if elongate and slender, with or with-
out a median hinge, the body with distinct bristles, or the bristle
of the antenna; plumose 'SU.-hcukv. sois: Int.

43. Wingless flies, parasitic upon bats; head not flattened, folding l)ack

upon the dorsum of the thorax ; first joint of tarsi not abbreviated.

NvcTEKiniiM:.
Winged or wingless flies, parasitic upon l)irds or mammals ; head flat-
tened, sunk into a shallow emargination of the thorax; first joint of
the four anterior or of all the tarsi abbreviated. . IIii'poijosciu.k.

("KCIDOMVIDJ..

oirnioinjiiAPiiA

1. ('I':ci])()Mvii»j:.

SiiKill. sloiidrr Hies willi hi'oiul wiiii^'s. and l<»ii,i,' anIciiiiM' and
I'cot. Head small , eyes round or rt'inionu. sonictiincs iKilop-
tie: ()('(dli usiiallv wantini'': antenna- Ioul;'. cvlindvical or Ix'ad-
like, (.'oiuposed ol' a lar_L,n' innuhcr of joints ten to thirty-six;
in many species the joints beaded or jx'tiolate and vcrticillatc,
especially in tlu' $; proboscis short, elon^'ated in one .i^cnns
oidy ; [)alpi usually with four joints. Thorax ovate; more or
less convex, without transverse suture; abdomen composed oi'
eight scifinents; hypopygium composed of a j»air of pi'ojccting
liooklets ; ovipositor sometinu's much elongated. Legs long
and slender; coxie not very long; tibia' without terminal
s[)urs ; the first joint of tarsi sometinu'S very short. Wings
large, usually hairy, mirrowed at the root, without alula ; at
tiie most with five, usually with but three, longituilinal veins,
viz: the first, the third, and the tilth; the i'ourtli and tlie sixth
sometimes present; tiie humeral cross-vein indistinct, or want-
ing; costal vein enclosing the entire wing; veins all weak;
the fif'tli usually furcate ; antei'ior cross-vein very near the
root of the wing, often aj)i)earing as the beginning of the third
vein, the real origin of the third vein having the ajtpearance
of a short cross-vein ; only one basal cell present.

The family CecidomyiiUe includes a very large number of
frail, delicate, often vei-y minute Hies, but is of the gi'eatest
interest to the biologist as well as the econonne (-ntomologist.
At present about 000 or 700 species are known.

The egg of the Cecidomyida' is souiewhat elongated, roumled
at both ends, orange yellow or white in color. The time re-
(piired for hatching is very variable and depends upon the
weather, sometimes retpiiring a very few hours, but more gen-

%

' I

I ' r

; I'

era

lly a f

ew

lavs or even weeks

k^

Th(» larval food is almost

NOW 111 ami; II KAN DII'IKKA.

w

hell

V V('<4'('t;it

il'ol

II (It'CilVllI''' w

Tin- larvn" ol soiiu- siu'cics have lit'cii lii'cil
(»()(! .111(1 lmll)s. otlit'i's liiMii uiuii'i' the liark of
trees, or from t'uiiLji. lliit tlic Lirfit iiiajoritv |ti't'l'<'r living;' plants.
uttiicking the soi't and ,nreeii [larts. Most, of the hirva' are
inonc^phajjjous. livin.i^ almost exehisivelv on a single kind of
])hint, or at h'asl ehiselv allie(l phmts; hut 1 here are certain
exeei)tions. such as ('. sisi/inhi'li. which is said to iorni the ,u;all
in spriii<;' on the harherry, and hiter in the season on a nastur-
tinni. There are certain others which are impiilinous. that is
•fuests or jiarasites in galls formed hy other Cecidomyids.
Finiill' , some live panisitic^iilly in the society (d' plant lice.
Not a iV'W. such as the Jlessian Hy, live upon the surface of
jdants, or in the axils of their leaves; but the gr'-ater numher
]ienetrate inside the }»lant, iiroducing the so-called galls.
Every part of the })lant from the I'oot to the Hower and the
fruit is liable to such attacks. With a few rare excejitions,
eaeli species attacks the same jiart of the jilaiit and deforms it
in the sanu^ manner. The galls cause deformations and excre-
scences attached to the stalks, stems, or flowers, destroying
tlio ])lant-tissue. When first hatched the larva' are colorless
and translucent, witli the alimentary canal showing tlirough
the skin greenish. Later in life they assume diffei'cnt shades
of red or yellow. They have the extraordinarv number of
fourteen segnunits, thus forming an a})parent exception to the
larv[« of all other insects, which, as a general rule, j)ave thir-
teen. The supernumerary segment is placed between the head
and first thoracic; segment. The larva' have nine ])airs of
stigmata along the sides of the body ajiparent as more or less
nil>ple-shaped projections. The head is not ditferentiated; the
jaws are rudimentary and there are large two-jointed palpi oi-
antennte. The last alxloniinal segment is smooth and rounded,
sometimes with tuoercles or a i)air of horny processes which
are said to be used by the larva- in leaping. On the under
side of the body at the jtmction of the first thoraeic with the
sui)ernumerary segnuMit there is a horny, more or less elon-

ri:('ii)().MVii)<K

of
,ttu'
liir-
K'iul

of

il'SS

Itho
or
lo.l,
,ich
idcr
till'
On-

.l;;i1.('(1 iiitjit'iidn^i' wliosc use or lioiiiolo^'V is iiiiI\iio\vii. 1 1
varit^s in sli;i])t' in ditfi'i't'iir si^'cics. l;]ii' fn-c end souiftinit's
tcnniiiat iiiL;' in two joints, sonictiincs in one. some t inn 's toot In m I

and scrratrd

Ins or^an. disi-ov)

ivd 1

i\' von l.acr

na;

H'cn

called l)v ( )st('n Sackm the ■• l)rt'ast lioiif "; in I'ji'^land it is

Known as tin

th

anclioi

)l'OC('SS

r.v some it is tlionnld. to lie

a i»s('ndo|)od ; l)y others the nu-ntnin; and Miss ( )nnerod Ue-
licves its funotioii is tliat of a scraper or diu-Ljcr in olitaininn
food from the stems. ^lore proliahly its nse is for h>coniotion,
or for (duumanL' the iiositioii of the hirva in its cocoon or case.

I

The motions of the Lirva^ are usnalh si

ow. excei)t iliL;' thost

which live on the surface of leave

T]

lose winch change

tl

len-

abode Ixd'ore assuming the pnpa state beconu' very active

about the jieriod of metamor[)hosi;

A vei'v u'l't'iit activity

was observed by Winnertz in some? such lai'va' altera thnnder
storm. They left their hiding ]ilaces nndcr gronnd and
crawled about restlessly for some tinu' ; repeating these actions
after every thunder storm, some even two months after h'av-

ins

th

en- s.

:alls.

Owing to their rudimentary moutli-i)arts it seems evident
that the larvie must feed \ij)on jnices only, and that they need
very little m)urishment is shown bv the fact that thev attain
their full growth and develojiment in a gall just lai'ge enough
to enclose them, ai)pareutly hermetically sealed and for the
nuist i)art with hard walls. It is probable that they absorb
nourishment in a (piieseent state. As nmny as sixty individ-
uals have been known to live in a single gall. What causes
the galls is not easy to say ; i)robably sonu' ])eculiar irrita-
tion produced by the insect. It is {jrobable that the larva'
of ('(>ri(/o>tif/i(f do not undergo nH)ultings like most di[)ter()ns
larva'. P.efore assuming the iiu})a state seme larva/ leave
their galls and conceal themselves undei- ground, in dry leaves
ami moss or under the bark of trees ; while others, on the con-
trary, complete their transformation within the gall its(df.
The pupa^ an^ generally, but not always, encdosed in the cocoon,

I !

10

NOllTII AMKKICAN TIIITEKA.

wliicli AViiinortz says is id'odiiccd hy ;iii exudation or excretion
from tlie larva' and is not spun. Larva' wliieli liad fastened
themselves to the leaf were surnmnded in twenty-i'our houi's
by a wliite halo of threa(l-li]<" particles like spicules of crystals,
the larvte remaininj^^ ahnost wholly motionless. The cocoon
is completed within a few days but even then shows no traces
of the i^enuine web. There seems to he no doulit, however,
but that they do in some eases actually s[)in a cocoon, as is
so frequently the case auuuiL,' the funj^us-j^-nats. Tlu' ('han,u;e
to the pujja state is marked by an alteration of color, the ante-
rior segments of the larva' become distended, and tlie legs.
wings, and antenna' develo[»ing and ra[)idiy attaining their
full jmpal dimensicms.

The p(n'iod of ])U[)ation is very variable, depending npon
warmth and moisture. The (leveloi»ment is retarded hy
cold, though they are cai)able of withstanding a very low ile-
gree of temjierature.

One ot the most remarkable tilings in the biology of these
or any other insects was discovered by AN'agner in ISOv). Ac-
cording to this scientist, the larva' of certain species belonging
to the genus Midxtor, ;nul which live under the hark of trees,
l)roduce from ovary-like organs a number of eggs which liatidi
witliin the abdominal cavity of tlie parent and there remain,
ftH'ding npon the abdominal tissues which surround them,
"intil they are consmned. They then escape to iiu'rease in
size and produce another generation in the sanu' remarkable
manner. These series of as"xual reprodnctions are I'cpeated
until finally, from the last brood, pupa' are devidoped which
undergo their transl'ornuition into imagines, and h'oiu which
a new series of eggs, agamic broods of larva' anil pupa' in
their turn result. There are other instances of pa'dogenetic
rei)roductiou among diptera, hut noiu' so iutci'csting as
this.

This fanuly contains sonu' of the nn»st destructive of all in-
s(M'ts in nuin's economy, and perli;i])S the most iui])ortant of

CKCIDOMYID.K

11

these is d'cidiiiii ii'ui {( Hiijofrnjih us) ilcsfrmiitr, coiiiUHnily enl.-
0(1 1,he iressian Fly, trdiii the heliet'. ]irol)al»ly err(>iuM»iis. that
it was hrsl, iiit roiiueed iiwo this country in straw hrou^h"
hy Hessian ti'oojis durinL;' tlie llevdlution.

The fly is very small, hut little more than an eighth of an
inch in len,L;th, of a prevailiui;,' lihick eoh)i', with the alHlonieii
pinkish ^)V hnjwnish. There are two hroods, in sjumiil;' and
autumn. Tlu^ female deposits her e^'^s, oiu' or two at a time,
on the upper side of the leaves of wheat, to the iiund)er of
from eighty to a huiulred, or even nuu'e. nateinnn' in from
four to eiij^ht days, if the weather is favorable, tlie y(dh)wisli
red larva* crawl downward on the le.ucs until they insert
themselves between the leaf and the stalk. Here they remain
([uieseent, y'rowinj;' by nu'ans of ind)il)itioii or absorption of
the juiees of the i)lant, until they vo\u-\\ the size of a small
,i;-rain of rice. The larva' that are hatci;ed in April in a few
weeks assume the i)Upa state, called the tlax-seed sta.g-e. In
August the second brood appears, the feimde of which (h'jiosits

her etj:;;'s m yt'^v.-'^ \\
\\v soon hat(di and

inter wheat or other ;grain, where the lar-
aeiiuire the iiax-st'cd condition in a, few

weeks, or by November, in which condition they pass the
wiutei'. In ICnj^-land there is but one brood, that of early
summer, ami the Hv is not luvirlv so injurious to iirrowinu' <jrain.

tn

hie

Ded

TAnLK OF (iKNKKA.

Fourth loiiLiitiKlinul vein waiitiiij:
Fourth loii;;ituiliiiiil vein prcsi'iU.

("l.CinO.M VIN.l

Lkstkkmiin.i

(-11

Icli

in

Itie

as

in-

CKCIDOMVINMO.

1. Fifth loiiuitudinnl vein i'lirciiti', \\\v lir.^t JoiiU of the tarsi usually shorti *■

than the i'ollowiiii;-. ,....,.,.-

Fiftli h)n^itutliual viiii not furcate, the initatarsi louniT than the follow-

iiiii' joint, the last two joints vitv small. , ... 14

-'. First and tliird lonii'ituilinal veins <listinetly se])arated from each other

ami from the eosta ; costa not tomeiilose. >

First and third veins closely appro.NimatiMl to the costa and ilillicult to

distiun'uish, tlie costa ajtpareiuly tliicki'Mcd. 1".'

12

XOKTII AMKHICAX DH'TEIJA.

.■). Antctiiia' l)('!i(l-liki', tlic joints virticillaU'. ..... 4

Aiitciiiiu! cvliiidrical, tliu joints ii])i)r<).\iMiiit((l, not pi'tiohitc, and jjro-
vidud witii siiort, close liair. 11

4. 'I'liL' third longitudinal vein tt-rniinatcs in tiu' cosla before the ti]) of tlie

winji.

(!>'

(isi/iKuni) CiociKo.-M vi.\ I.oew (iion Meiii'en).

The third vein ternunates at or l)eyoMd the tip of tlie u

mu'

1)

T). Thora.x hiuhly arciied, hood-like, over tlu' head. IloitMo.M^ ia Lot'W.
Thorax only moderately i relied ; winjrs irridescent.

0. Win<i'.s with but three lonu'itudinal veins, tlu' first, third and fifth. 7

Winers apparently with four lonuituilinal veins, the first, third and two

in ])laee of the fiftii, the furcation takini;' ]ilace so near tiie root of

the winjjf a.s to i.nve the appi'arance of two lonjiitudinal veins. 10

7. The anterior cross-vein, that is tlie vein arisinu; at the root of the winu,-
and conneetin^i;' with ttie tinrd nearly wiiere it arises from tlii' first, is
curved /-shaped. ......... S

The anterior cross- vein is lU'arly strai.ylit, a])i)earinji' as the begiuinng
of the third vein. !>

S. Wings vcrv lon<'' and narrow. . . . Coi.i'oniA Winnertz.

Wings !i()t more than three times as long as wide. Ki-inosis Loew.

0. Joints of the antenna' })etiolate, in the male usually with two bead-like
swellings on each joint.

{(Jcclddiii'ilii Meigen non Loew) Diri.osis Loew.
Joints not j>etiolate<l, or at the most tlie n\ales with a single bead like

swelling on eatdi joint.

l)ll!III/A I.

oew.

10. Palpi large, with the last joint elongate; anterior cross-vein /-shajjed.

AsvNAl'TA Loew.

Palpi small, the last joint but little or not at all longer I'lati the jxnul-

timate; anti'rior cross-vein but little curved. \Vi\n"i;i!tzia Hondani.

11. The third longitudinal viin terminates before tlii' tip of the wing; fifth

vein not furcate. ..... SrANi()(i;i!A Winnertz.

Till' third vein termiiiatts at or beyond the lip of the wing; liftli vein
furcate, ....... Asi'Iion'dvi.ia Lmw.

VI. Proboscis much elongated, direeied downward. ( 'i.iNoiin vnciia Lot'W.
Proboscis short. .......... 1-i

1.']. jMctatarsi shoi-ter than the following joint. . Lasioi'ti;ka Meigen.
Metatarsi longer thai tlie foUowiiig joint. . Diomv/.a Stephens.

1 \. Wings with luit two longitudinal veins, the first aiid lifth, the latter not
furcate, and neither reaching beyond the niiddli' of tlie wing.

lli.Ti;i;()i'i;ZA Wiiinertz.
Wings with three longitudinal veins, the first, third and lil'lli, the third
reaching to the lijiol' llu' wing, the lifth not furcate.

MiASToi; Meinerl

f

MYCiyroriiiLin.K.

13

iii:sTiM:.MiN.i:.

1. Fourth loiiiritiiiliiial vein i'lircati'. ..,....;>
Fourtli louuitiidiual •■(.•in not t'urciitc. ...... 2

2. Aiiti'iiiKL' ('()iiii>osc'(l of from 11 to ■_'■'> joints, jictiolatc in tlii' $.

( '.vMi'vi.oM vz.\ .Miiurn.
i\nii'nna' c'onijiost'd of 11 {$) or H ( 9) joints, jHtiolali' in luitlur sv\.

Miciio.M vi.v iJondani.

;!. ncolli absi'nt or indistinct. ........ 4

Ocelli distinct. 5

4. Antenna' 1 1-jointcil in both s('.\(s. . . . Ckcihooona Loiw.
Antenna- I'i-jointcd in the $, 11 or iii-Jointed in tlie 9'

1 j;stki;mi.v .M;iC(iuart.

•". The anti'rior branch of the fourth lonuitudinal vt'iii /-shaiud, tlie jios-
terior branch in a strai;.dit line witli the jirefurca. Tiirro/voA I.oew.
'I'lie anti'rior ])ranch oidy lightly curved ; antenna' of 9 •'•-.jointed.

C.VKHiiA ilalidav.

>\v. -

ce
■\v.

d.
■\v.
nil-
mi.

il'ili
rtz.
,H'in
lew.

lew.

i;".

;en.

"IS.

not

•rtz.
bird

•rt

2. MYCKTOl'llILID.K.

^Fostly siniill, delicate, slender Hies, with more or les.s cloii-
fjjated coxie. Head .siiuiU. rounded or s'lmcwliat elon,u;'ate.
Eyes round, somewliat jtroininent ; ocelli two or three in nniu-
lier, wlien only tv.'o, placed one on each orhital niar^in ; when
three in nnniher, placi'd tran.sversely in the form of a sliallow
triano-l(>. Front broiid in hotii si'.xe.s. Antenme eloni^ated,
curved, twelve to si.xteen jointed, the two liasal joiids dilfi f-
entiatcd, the remainder cylind./ical, flattened or iictiohite<h
l'rolK)scis rar(dy elon,i,^ated ; ]ial)ii three or four jointed, usu-
ally inflected, the first joint sni;;ll. Thorax more or less,
sometinu's hin'lily arcdied. without transverse suture; nietano-
tunilaro't"; scutellinn small. Alidomen clon;.;ate(l, c(ni|iose(i
of six or seven seo'ments, cyliiulrical or compressed, sonu'timcs
narrowed at the base; male ^cintalia project in;.;' t'orcepsdike ;
ovipositor ])ointed, usually with two ternnnal laiiKdlic. L(\o\s

more or less elotn^ated. the coxa' nior
at

e (M' less, s

( met imes much

clono'ated; leiuora more or less dilated, tiliue with sjiurs.
Wings laro^e (wanting' in the $ of I'.)i!i/ii/ins)[ auxiliary \eiu
present, thou.nii sometimes riidimeniary ; second lonoitudinal

14

XOIMII A.MKIJK'AN DIPTKRA

vf'in \Viiiitiii,%^; the third vein arises Iroin tlio lirst nsu;illy at
such an aii,:4"le that its tii'st section (to the anteri(n' ('r()^^s-veill)
iias tlie appearance of a er(jss-vein ; fourth vein al\v;iys, the
third and fifth eitlier furcate or not; sixth vein never fiu'cate,
.sometimes rudiment, irv : seventli vein usually short, often
rudiniontary or entirely wanting ; diseal and posterior basal
cells always waiitinj,'.

The family ^Mycetophilida", commonly known as fun,L;ris-
t^niats, comprises seven oi' ei.^'ht hundred known sjjecies of
small or minute flies, the best known of whicdi are, perhaps,
the various dark-winged species of Sri'ira so common about
gardens. In the iollowing description of the immature stages
1 draw largely from Osten Sacken.

The larva' have a distinct lun-ny head; horny, liat, lanudli-
lorm mandibles ; maxilhe with a large coria(,'eous inner lobe
and a horny outside piece, with a circular excisit)n at the tip.
the labium small, horny, almost laidimentary ; the antenna'
are usually small or rudimentary, the ocelli arc either wanting
or seen in a small pellucid spot belo\v each antenna'. The
body is subcylindrical, more or less elongated, fleshy, whitish
or yellowish, and composed of twelve segments. It is smooth,
without hairs or bristles, except those on the ventral side. It
is generally transi)arent, showing distinctly the intestinal
canal arid the tracliea. Tlu're are eight i)airs of stigmata, one
on the first segnuMit, and seven on the first seven abdominal
segments, the last two having none. The loconujtory organs
consist of more or less api)arent transverse swellings on tlu'
under side of the ventral segments, sometinu'S furnished with
minute bristles or spines.

The larva' present some of the most singular habits among-
all dii)tera. Tlu-y are gregarious, and live in or upon decaying
matter. Most of the species seem to prefer fungus or fungoid
substance's, wlu'uce comes the common name of i'ungus-gnats
applied to the matun' insect. The larva' of Srhira are found
among decaying leaves, in vegetable mold, in cow-dung, under

.MYr!:'n»iMiiLii),i:

It,

iiiii

us

ith

lats

h\(l

U'f

tilt' hark of (It'ad ti'ct'S, etc. Tin' larvjc arc said to iiiniilt scn-
crul tiint'S hi'lorc puiiatini;'. The larva' of many species spin,
delicate webs ovei- the surface (d' fuie^'i- and on this weh they
live until ready to ])U]iate, when they spin a dense cocoon in
sheltered sjjots ; others live within the decaying- tun^i. i'ei'-
haps the most singular habits of all are those of species ol'
Sc'inrd, whi(di are even more gregarious than other mendu'rs
of this family. They have the singular ])i'opensity of sticking
together in (huise pat(dies. and will form ]irocessions some-
tiuH'S twelve oi' fourteen I'ct't in length, and two or three inches
broad. 'I'he ])henomenon has lieeii observed fi-e(|uently both in
Europe and America, bur, the I'cason therefor is not yet well
umh'rstood, though the object of the migration seems to be
the search for better feeding grounds. iJecause of this hal)it,
the nanu> of "army worm"' has been given to them. \'et
m(U'e singidar is the pliosphorescent character of the larva' of
some sj)ecies. The hi 'va'. [trobably of SciDjilnln. were obserNcd
by Hudson to be so luminous that ••the light of a single indi-
vidual kept in a caterpillar cage may be seen streaming old.
of the ventilators at a distam-e of several i'eet."

The pupa' of Myceto[)hili(he are free, — that is they are not

contaiiu'd within the larval skii

1. as IS so common

Iv tl

le caS(

with diptera. They are usually smooth, with the legsapi»lied
to the breast and venter, tin' antcume bent around the eyes,
and tlu'ir remaining ]iortion ajiplicd to the breast between the
wings and tlu; h'gs. The [)upa' of not a b'W are enclosed in a
cocoon of more or less density, si)un by the larva'; othi'rs
enclose themselves in earthy cases.

The study of the mature insect re(pures some care. I'sually
a compouml microscope is lu'cessary for the detection (d' m icv
characters, t'sixn-ially of the more minute species, and geiici-
ally, when there is doubt of the identity, it is best to mount,
the whole insect or the nn)re imiKU'tant ])arts under a cover
glass.

Ill .Vmei'ica. as elsewhere, but little stud\' has lieen -jivcn to

16

NORTH AMKIilCAX DirTKllA.

this f'liinily. and. lit'iu^c tluM'e arc doubtless not a I'cw ^ciicim
that liave liitluu'to osea}»ed di'tcction. The followiii,^;' table has
been mostly (!oiU[)iled from V. d. Widp, Winiiert/ and Seliiner,
and nompai'cd with representatives of most <d' the ,L!,'enera.

f'jjt'Khijtits srdhh's has I'eeentlv been shown by Hopkins to be
a cause of the potato scab. Various species of Sritiro have
also been bred from ])()tatoes and other vegetables. The lar-
va; of Srhu'd uKill ''destroy the interior of ap})les by burrow-
ing througli them, whih^ the fair exterior shows no indication
of concealed attack." The larvu' of a species of Excrhln have
been found by Lintner very tlestructive to mushrooms.

TABLE OF GENERA.

1. Coxiu Muxlcrati'ly lotii?; anterior (Toss-vcin in tlic Sfino rifjflit lino with

the second section of tlie tiiird vein; furcation of tiie fiftii ami sixtli

veins near the base of the winji'. .... Sciahi.v.k.

Coxa> nmch elonj^ated; aiUerior cross-vein not in the same rij^lit line

with the second section of the thin! vein. .... 2

2. Oritjin of the fourth vein near the base of the win^-; seventh vein more

or less incomjtlete. .,.......■">

Orijiin of the fourth vein at or near the middle of the win<f; seventh
vein \isually complete. ........ 4

n. Third lonji'itudinal vein furcate, the anterior branch usually so near the
origin and so transverse in i)osition that it resembles a sui)eniume-
rary cross- vein ; three ocelli jtresent . . . Scioi'iiim.n.k.
Third loiifiitudinal vein not furcate; two or three ocelli i)resent.

^Mvci.Toriiii.ix.i;,

4. Anterior branch of the third vein very lon<;', ternnnatin<;' in the costii
and arisinji very close to or at the beginning of tiie second section of

the third vein MvcKToniiXyi:.

Anterior branch of the third vein short, nu)re transverse, usuall}' ending
in the first vein. ......... o

•'). The ])refurca of the fourth vein arises from the third vein beyond the

apparent cross-vein, i. e. the cross-vein is really wanting and the

third and fourth veins are coalescent for a short distance. . (I

The fourth vein contin\U'S in the same line before the cross-vein to its

origin from the fifth. . {/hilild/ililliiKi) Bomtoimiii.a Mi'igen.

(i. Antenna' short and tinck-set, often flattened. .
Antenna' long and slender, longer than the bodv.

('ia!Ori..\TiN.K

(Miuriin rinit) Macuochua Meigei;

-MVCKroi'IlIMD.K

I. WiDys and liiiltiTi's wlioll

lAIMX.K

y want my.

m t!ic tliini at tlic ani;!

WiiiM-s and lialtcrcs as usual
'I'lic fdiirtli vi'iii sprinir.s tro

cross-vi'in is ohsolftc
Anterior cross-Vfin not ol.solcti'.
Antenna] Joints of the male pedieiljated and witi

Kr

ii'vi'is 9 lialidav.

e, i. e. the ant

ermr

Kni

AIM> $

1 whorls of h

iiiv

Ant

I. ^V

fiiiial Joints not pedicillateii ; b
ings very distinctly hairy,
injrs liare or hut sliglitlv hairv.

Z

V<.»)SKt K.\ .\I,

men.

ire or with short hair,-

4

TitMiiosiA Winiiertz.
SciAK.v Meiiicn.

MVCKTfilJl.v.K.

1. Auxiliary vein eoniplete ; the anterior hranch of the third vein aris..s
at the lu.int where the third vein an.l the anterior c.-oss-vein unite'.

. .,. . Mycktohia Meiucn

Auxd.ary vent rudi.nertary. not tern.inatinj,- in the eosta ; the fork of
the tlnrd vein i)eti()late

■2. Fork <.f the tlurd vein slmrter than the fork of the fourth vein.

i> , <• ., , . , . l'i.i:siASTiNA Winnertz.

1 <.ik ot the third vein lon-er than that of the fourth.

DiTOMViA Winnertz.
<'KKOI'L.\TrNM:.
1. Ka.'e an.l ,,rol.os<ds proionoed, snout-like. . As,N,.r,.,;M Latreille
l-aee and prol)oseis not i)rodueed. ... .,

-'. Antenna, shorter than the liea<l and thora.v, flattened ; palpi short.

Antenna, usually more elon-ate, eyiindrieal ; palpi moderatelv Ion-.

I'l.ATVii.'A .Meiytii.

S< lOl'MILlX.K.

i. Anterior eros.s-vein more than twi<.e the len,utli of the first seetion of the

third vein, iormii.o' apparently the l.eoinninK ..f the thini vein.

. , . 'l"i;rUA<i()\Ki itA Winnertz.

Anterior cross-vein l.ut littl.. longer or shorter than the first section of

the third vein, and forminyadi.stinetan,i,le with thesecmdseeti.m. 2

-'. 'Ihe costal vein terminates at the tip of the third vein. Sciornii.A Mei-^en

n.e costal vein continues a short distance beyond the end of the tldnl

vein. ,

• • • . . •*

••!. Fork of the fourth vein very short pc'thdate, th.. prefurea shorter than
tile anterior cross-vein.
''''^''■"■•'■' "•' <!"■ ''•""•th vein much longer than the anterior cniss-vein. 0

18

NOKTII AMKKICAN DIITKHA.

4. Kiftli vi'in furcate.
Kil'tli veil! not I'lircatt

I.AsiosoMA Wimurtz.
St.iii.kima \'. il. Will]).

;'). rro.xiinal eml of tlic jiostiTior fork (tiftli vein) ln'fon or ojjpositr tin

N'l oK.Mi'iiKiiiA ( •••itiii Sackiii

anterior cross-vt'iii.

I'ro.xinial end of tlie posterior fork heyond tiu' anterior ero^s-vein.

I'lil.VI.MTA WiniuTtz.

MYCKTOl'mLIX.i:.

1. Tliree ocelli i)resent. .......

Only two ocelli, one .situated near tiie niaruin of each eyi-.

2. Tlie costal vein is continued ln-yond the tip of thi- third ve

in.

KUKK KANA LoeW.

The costal vi'in ri'atdies only to the tip of the third vein.

M YCKToi'iiii.A .Miiiicn.

The costal vein is continued beyond the tij) of the third vein
The co.stal vein reaches only to the tip of the third vein.

11

4. Fifth lonu'itudinal vein not furcate, the fourth furcate,

AcNKMiA WinniTtz.

Fifth vi'in furcate

5. Furcation of the fifth vein before or o])])ositi' the furcation of the

fourth. . (J

Furcation of the fifth vein tlistinctly more distal than that of the fourth.

J'liTiiiMA Wiiinertz.

('». IVolioscis elonifate.
I'rolio.scis not eloiiiiate,

Gnouistk .Mi'ijicn.

7. Au.xiliary vein connected with the first lonuitudinal vein by a cross-
vein. . iS

Auxiliary vein not connected with the first vein by a cross-vein. !>

H. Ocelli of nearly equal size; the au.xiliary vein tiTininates in the cross-
vein connectinu' it with the first loiifjitudinal. Svntkmsa WiniU'rtz.
Ocelli of unequal size; the auxiliary continuous beyond the cross- vein,

terminating- in the costa Hoi.ktina Staeuer.

!). First basal cell very long-, reaching beyond the middle of the wint:'; the

beginning of the iipjier branch of the forks obsoleti'. Li:ia Mi'igeii.

' First basal cell of moderate length, not reaching the inid<ne of the

wing; forks comjjlete. ........ 10

10. Anterior forked ceil acute j)r<)ximally, tlii' bramdies luit little (livergent.

Eri('\ I'TA Wiiiiierlz.
Anti-rior forked cell less acute, Uie l)ranciies strongly divergent.

l)()('(>>iiA Winnertz.

11. Fiftii longitudinal vein forked. . . Zvciomma Winnertz.
Fifth vein not forked. .,......•!-

LiroNKriJID.K

It)

I'J. Auxiliary vein viTV loiiu', tcrmiiiatiiiu in the cn^ta.

NE(Mji,Ariivi!()iTi;i;A Ostiii Sacktti.
Auxiliiiry vi'iii sliort, or, it" ioiiii-, fiidiiiLr in the tir>t vein. . 1;'.

l;'.. Furcation of tlu' fit'tli vein oj'jiositi' or It tore llif anterior (•ro>?.-v(iii,

and more proximal tlian tliat of the foiirlli vein. \\

Furcation of till' tiftli vein nioi'c ili>tal than the anterior <'ro>s-vciii or

tlie furcation of the fourth vein. ...... l-'i

14. Au.xiliary vein reacliinj; lieyoml the niidille of tlie first lia>al cell.

'I'ltiiHONi A WiiMiertz.

Auxiliary vein sometimes rudimentary, or not nacliin^- to the nuddle

of the first hasal cell 1<»

!•'). Furcation of the fourth vein opposite or before the first section of the
third vein; jiosterior forked cell ionu' ami narrow.

IJiivMosiA Winnertz.
P'urcation l)ey()nd the first section of tlu- tliinl vein. A i.i.odi a Winnertz.

1<). Posterior forked cell narrow. . M vcoriiKitA Wimiertz.

Posterior forked cell l»road. the hranches diver<ient. Kxi.cniA WimuTtz.

.3. Lii'oNEriniKK.

Moderate sized, elonifate. bare spccifs with broad wiiiLjs iiiid

es-

long leg.s. P)oth sexes liolojitic or diclioptic ; tiiree ocelli pr
eiit: ))roboseis elongated; anteiniie slender, eoiuiiosed of from
.six to sixteen joints, clothed with short ))id)escence. Thorax
with a distinct, broadly interrupted, transverse suture. Ilyjio-
])ygiuni projecting; ovipositor with two short, ratlier obtuse,
lamella. Legs niodertitely slender, the hind pair niueh longer
than the anterior ones. Einpodiuni wry small, almost rudi-
mentary ; pulvill

1 wanting; wings broad, l)are. with a mark-
edly ])rojecting atial angle; peculiarly characterized from all
other files by a secondary, extrenudy tine, spider-like network.
The family I^)lepharoceri(la' or Liponetirida' was established
by Loew in 1<S()0 to imdude a half dozen specit's, whicdi could
not well b^ located in any of the existing lamilies. Since that
time the number in the family has l)een in 'reased to about sev-
enteen known forms, distributed in nine genera. Six of these
species are found in Europe, one in Asia, six in North America,
one in the West Indies, and three in South America. The

i (i

L'(»

NolM'll AMKItlCAN DIl'TKWA.

hal)its (tl' only a ifw ar«! known; one species, descriljed Iiy
Fritz MuUer, tVoni Sonth America is sii'nl to he (liniori)liic in
the 9. one I'orni heini;' san|nuisn,!j;ons, tlie otlier niellisngons.
The hu'VM' live in rnnninij; water. The head has a jiairof slen-
der anteinue : the cej)halothorax and the iollowinLf segments.
each with a conical process hearinjf a bnnch (»t' bristles; pnjta
tlatteiH'd, inactive and tree, enclosed in a senuoval. shell-like
skin, the antei'ior eml with horny erect breathing tnhes. On
the nnder side the skin is soCt and transparent, and ])ro\ided
with three pairs of suckers by which the creature clings
most tii'ndy. The flies are found dancing in the spray of
waterfalls, or resting upon the foliage near the margin of clea)'
running brooks.

TABLE OF (iKNKHA.

1. All iiicomplcti' loiiffitudiiial vein niiiiiiiiu; into tlic jjostcrior margin. '1
No itK'onii)ii'ti' vein running into tlu' ])()ist('rior niaryin ; i)rol)()scis niucli

t'lonj;ati'(l ; liinil tibia' witii spurs; claws sinijtii' ; cyt-s entire, not
bisi'ctc'il ($). ({'antral and Soutli America and West Indies.)

l'Ai/n»sTo\iA .Sciiiiier.

2. Second lonj^itudinal vein furcate '•)

Si'c'ond ion^ntudinal vein not furcate. ...... 4

."». Orijrin of tiie anterior Itrancli of the seei)nd vein coincidiMU witli the
origin of tlie tiiird vein; front tihiu.' curved in $.

BiiuocKi'MALA Osten .'^acken.

Origin of anterior hrancli of second vein more distal tlian the origin of

tlie third vein; front tibist' straight in the $. A(;atik)n Uoeiler.

4. Eves holoptic, bisected by an unfaceted cross band or by a siin])le groove.

Hi,i,1'iiai((h;ki{a Macquart.
Eyes broadly ilichojjtic and not bisected. . '. Ln'oMcruA I.oew.

4. CULICIIU:.

Slemler Hies, characterized by the projecting ])rol)()seis ;ind
by the jilumose anteniue of tlie male. He;i(l small, round;
eyes reniform; ocelli wanting. Antenme thre;ul-like, coni-
]M)sed of fifteen joints; the first joint thick, the following
joints small, round; and beset with whorls of hiiir. forming in

( ri.iciD.T..

'J\

the malt' a hn\'j; dciisr jiliinnisity : last tun juiiits >lriii!cr ami
hare, or nearly sn. Thorax ovatf, arciuMl. Imt not projt'ci in,Lj
over llic head, without transverse suture; scutellum narrow;
metanotiim arehe(l. Alidomeii Ioiil;' and narrow. s(>mewhat
tlatteiied. composed of ei^;ht segments : male .u'eidialia pi'omi-
m-nt; ovipositor short. Lett's hmi,'' ami slender : themxirnot
(don.nati'd ; the tarsi Ioiil;-. Win^s while at rest lyin^- tlat o\ei'
the alxhnnen ; lon,n' and narrow, with numerous veins; the
hind mar,L;"in t'rin!.jed. and the costal \tMn encircles the entire
win,n'; auxiliary vein distinct, teiiuinatini; near the middle ol'
the anterior border; second and t'ourlh longitudinal \cins fur-
cate ; third vein simple, arisinn' heyond the middle ol' the wing-;
Hfth vein sim})le ; sixth and seventh reaching- to the marijin
ol' the win^; anteri(/r cioss-vtMii situated heyond the middle of
the win<4-. rectant^nilar ; two Itasal c(dls pi'eseiit. elon,L;ate.

The family Ciilicida'. or mosipiitoes. comprises neai'ly two

hundr

ed km)wn species, distributed in all parts of the woi'h

They ^vill be l)est distini^'uished from the nearly related Chiro-
noniida^ by the (donyate proboscis, and by the wini^s having' a
vein along' the jiosterior border, 'i'l

le name mosiiuito is a

S[)anish and I'ortuguese diminutive of JIdsch, ;ind is sometimes
a[)plie(l to members of the Simuliida'. but it is better restricted,
to this family.

The female moscjuito de])osits her eggs to the niuuber of
between two and three luindred in little boat-shaped mass

on

the surface of still water. The larva' are hat(died in a f

es

ew

days and eseai)e from the lower end; here thev grow raiiidh'.
at times moving (juickly, at other times resting ([uietly near
the surface, breathing through the stignuitic tidie at the tail,
which tube has at its eml a fringe of hairs that serves to close
the opening when under water, ami to suspeml the hirva- Irom
the surfaee while breathing. They are usually known as
'•wrigglers"'. The head in the larva is fully differentiated
and usually has eyes ; the jaws are thickly ciliated ami fringed
with hairs, by im^ans (d' which a current ol' water is produced

'SJ NiUM'ir AMKIJICAN DIl'TKIJA.

that ltriii;;s little ]i;ii'liclfs of t'(»(»(l within reach of the immth.
Alter chau'-in''- their skin two <»r three; times thev assume a
more cliilj-sliaped apiiearaiiee. in which the parts of the adult
insect are indistinctlv seen. The alidomeu teiauinates in two
leaf-like appen(hi.n"('s tiiat act as proptdlcrs: hut in general
these pupa' remain near the sui'face. excejit when disturlx'd,
and take no foitd. The l)reathinn' origans are no lon.^'cr a tul)e
at the ti[», hut there are now two that spriui,^ from the sides of
the thoracic se.gments. Finally when the jierfect mos(piito is
ri'ady to cnu'r^c fi'om the jaipa, the hack of the skin. whi(di
has now come to the surface and isexjiosed. splits, and the tly
carefully and i,n'adually extricates itself from the uuMuhrane
which thus serves the place of a raft till the let^s and win,i;s
are sutHciently firm. JJut rii,dit now is the period of the uh)S-
quito's life most frau<,dit with danger; a wavtdet, a breath of
air, or a raindrop, hoi)elessly shi[)wrecks the frail Ijark. This
is why running watei's are free from these insects.

TABLE OF GKXKUA.

1. I'robosL'is sliort. not longer tliini tiic licad ; metatarsi lonj'cr tlian tlie fol-

lowing joint. ...... ("oHETUitA .Mcijicn.

I'roboscis nuicli clonyatcil, lonjivr than the lirad and thorax together. 2

2. Proboscis strongly cinvcd, jjaljii of tlu- male very long, of the female

short. ...... Mr.dAKUiiiMs Koi). Desv.

Proboscis straight. ... ......'■)

."». Pali)i in both sexes of ecuml length.
Palpi in the male long, short in female.

4. Paljji longer than the antenna'.
Palpi shorter than the anti-nnu'.

. ('i;m;x Limie.

Axornia.Ks .Miigen.
..Kdks .Meigen.

n. CHIIJOXOMIIVE.

Gnatlike iiies of slender form, the males conspicuous for
their ])lumose anteinue, seldom reaching ten millimeters in
length. Head small, spheroidal, more or less concealed by a
l)rojecting. hoodlike thorax. Anteniui' threadlike or beadlike,

( HIUoNoMID.K

with not Ifss tliiiii six luir iiinrc tliiiii tiltcfH jdints: in the
limit' usually with a ion'.;' dense |iluni<isity : in ti.e ieinale with
inc(ins])i('U()US haii's and sniuetinies with a smaller nninlier id
jnints : the lirst jnint slmi't and t hiek. K\i-> reni Innn or dval ;
ocidli wanlin^;' nr laidinientaiw : [iroiiosids simil : jialpi Inur-
jdinttMl; Vhe last usually ehm^ateil. Thorax osate. very eon-
vex, usually iinijeet ini;' alxAc in trout more or le<s over the
head; without transverse suture: seutellum small, hemispher-
ical. Ahdonieii irsually tiarrow and lowj;. composed (d eiL^l.t
sei^aneiits ; hy pojiynium project inu;' loi'cep-like ; ovipositoi' very
short, hut little deV(dope(l : Ic'^s usually slender and Ioiil;';
espe(d;illy the front pair; coxa- of mctderate len;^th. 'I'aisi oiten
nnudi td()n!4'ate(l. Wium's narrow and lon,n'; hare oruidloianly
hairy; anterior veins stroii,L;cr and darker colored than the
others; auxiliary vtdn com|ilete. hut usually weak and slender;
second loiij.,dtiuliiial vidii us\udly wantiiiL;'; third \fin some-
times forked (dose to its origin, t he uppt f hrauidi oiten rectaii-
i;'uhir and havin,^- the ;ippearance ot a supernumerary cross-
vt'iu; fourth vein sonu'times. the liitii usually, furcate; poste-
rior cross-vein often wantin,!^-; the costal vidii terminates near
the tij) of the \vin,i,^ at the termination of the thirtl vein.

This family comprises a larL^e innnher of vei'y (hdicatc often
minute flies, whi(di have not heen nundi studied hy entomolo-
gists; about one thousand specie's are known throughout the
world. Thev will he (listiu'^uished from the mosiiuitocs. u hich
thev resemble very nuudi. bv the costal veil not litdni;- contin-
uous oil the posterior side of the wIiil;'. 'I'he anleiiiue are

eousjiieuous, especially in the nudes. altiiouuJi :i;;reein!4- in tins
I'espect with male mos(iuitoes. The larv;e are sol t-skiiined.
worm-like, often bhxjd-red in cohir and usually aipiatic. as are

also the active pupie. though some live in decom]iosin,n- veu-
etabh' matt;'r, or in the e;irth. These mid.u'i s are often seen.
es])ecially in the early sprinn' or in the autumn, in immense
swarms, daneing in the air. and lia\t' <loiibtless in many cases
given rise to ex:iggerated stories of mos(piitoes. < >ver mead-

24

.sDirril A.MKKICAX DIITKIJA.

ows ill llic Kocky Mountains tlie writer li;is seen tlicm I'isc at
nightt'nll 111 the most iiicrodiblt' miinbers, pro(lu('iii<,f a liuin-
iiiiiit; noise like that of a distant waterfall, -and .audible for a
considerable distance. While at rest they usually raise their
forelegs in the air and keej) them constantly vibrating.
Afpiatic larva' may be i'recjuently met with in standing watiM',
oftt'ii extremely delicate little creatures, so transparent as t(j
be hardly distinguishable; tliey havt' been dredged from
nearly one thousand fe(^t below the surface of Lake lSu})erior.

Most of tlie sjx'cies are inolfeiisive, or actually beneiicial as
scavengers. There are some, however, belonging to the genus
Cei'atojKxiDii. and its allies, and known generally as midges,
or })Uiikies, which have the power td' sucking blood and are
extremely annoying. In the ^Vhite ^Mountains, at the sea-
shore, along mountain streams generally, and in the West
Indies they are es[)ecially troublesome. The larvu' live in the
flowing saj) (d' trees, in decaying vegetation or nnder fallen
leaves.

The following table, largely adojited from V. d. \\'uli),
cont".ins many genera heretofore known only as exotic, not a
few of which will doubtless be found in the United States
when the fandlv lias received more attention with us.

TAHLK OF (iKXKKA.

1. Anti'iiiia' ()'' llic $ lonu-pluiiiosc or pt'iiicilliitc.

Antenna' of tlu' $ with sliort Imirs. ....

2. Sci'ond posterior ceil wantinji' and licncc no sccom! basal cell.
Si'cond posterior ci'll ]ircscnt, tlii' second liasal cell c(viuplcte.

'•). Foiirtf loiiiiitndinal vi'in I'urcati'. .....

2

i:;

• t
o

V2.

Fourtl l,"i!;itiidinal vein not furcate; antenna' with an nniMian! lUiin-
her of joints in the two se.xes ; antcnnal joints of tin' $ iilurnose to
thi tip; thorax ])rojertin,u' in front o" " the head. . . . o

•I. " l'a'i)i composed of tJMH'c joints". Ti:i!Si;srni:s '{"ownsi-nd.

I'alpi eonijiosi'd of four joints ; antenna' of the male peincillatc,

1 o\(r till'
'V Meiu'cn.

tile last juini hap'; dorsiiiii of the thorax not pr

]:!

It

in.

(Klncei

Head

( 'ia;.v IOC'

<'1IIU<»X()M!!)J,;

_.)

Anal iiiiuU' of tl

ic wiiiLis (ilisolcn

Anal aiiyk' prniiiinciit.

'». Win^s l)an'.
Winys liairv.

7. Front inctatar-i as lonn' or 1

>uvs()m;i i{\ Wiiiiicrtz.

ID

Front

onucr llian the tiliia'. CiiiituN

metatarsi distinctlv shorter than their til

<>MI S .Meincii

»ia'.

>^. Leii's black and whit

e annnlate

Leu

('l!I

s nnieolorons or with jx.rtions darli

eoion s

d. Wulp

er.

{>. Posterior l)raneh of the posterior f

iireatie.n sinnon>

Posterior 1

(

A M 1

•ranch ol the iiosterior t'nrcation straight.

TOCLAlms V, (I. \V

nip

OiMiKx i.Ai.irs \\ d. Wnlp.
<»■ Fn.nt n.etatarsi longer than their til.ia.. Tanvtaks.s V. d. Wnin

Front metatarsi shortir than their t

lime

11

11- Thorax produced conieally in front over the head: hind til.ia> dilated

I iH.rax moderately produced ; hind tihia. n.,t dilated.

.Mi;ti;i()(m;m( s \'. d. Wulp.
12. Antenna, with an un...|ual nu.nher of joints in the two sexes (^ 14 07,.
penultimate joint of the front tarsi usually short and hroad.

. , l>iAMi:sA .Meiucn.

Antenna, with an e.,ual numlK.r of joints in the two sexes (i:.)- iIh-

''''""''""'•"'•.'"'"' "•' ""■ '■'•••"t tarsi lon.uer than the ultin.ate joint.

'!"an^ its .Meincii.

!••!. IVoho.scis and palpi ru.limentary : ahdonien shorter tlu.n the thorax.

1, , . , , . Cmnk, llalidav.

I n.ho.scs and ,.alp, as usual; ahdonien at least as lonu' as the thorax. 11

U. I'all)i thri.c-jointed.
I'iilpi foiir-jointeil.

'i"i:iisi;sTni;s Townsend.

1-. Antenna, with the same numher n( joints in hoth se.xes 1,;

Antenna, with an unenual numl,..r of joints in $ an.l 9; h-s uuu\-

;'>-"tylylon,,the front tarsi the longest; thorax produce.l ov.t the

'"■"' ' "'"-^ ^'""■'*''- ''I'"" '!"■ Mhdo.nen. . Ih ..uun.KN.s Fries.

I'i. AnteniKi' with seven joints in $ and 9,
Anienna. with fifteen joints in ^ ;,„,! 9.

IT. \\'in,us hyaline.

^Vin.^•s sp(,tted (West Indies)^

1

< 'llASMATdSOTCS I. (lew.
17

. .M \t r!<>|.|;/A Mein( n.
. (Fcxcr.v I'oev.

'JV>

XOirni AMElilCAX DIITKIJA.

('.. Oltl'IlXErHILlD.i:.

Snuill, obscurely rcddisli yellow, bare Hies of peculiur appear-
anee. Head small, round; eyes I'ouiul, contig'uous in front ;
ocelli \vantin<,'; proboscis sliort; palpi lonj^er than the antenna',
live-jointed, the first joint short, the seccjiul the thickest ;
antenna' situated near the oral nuirgin, apparently consistin,i,^
of a small first joint, an oval second joint and a terminal

arista

th

le second lomt and tiie arista ai

th

however, complex,
th(! first composed of three and the latter of seven segments,
the last )f winch terminates in a biistle. Thorax strongly
convex, ro])Ust, without transverse suture, somewhat imj)ress(Ml
befori^ the scutellum. Scutellum rather large, obtusely three
cornered ; metanotum arched. Abdomen narrower than tiie
thonix, cylindriital, com[)osed of seven segments ; male geni-
talia thick, the basal ])iece swollen, bladder-like ; ovipositor

with lu'oa*!. rounded lamelUe,

Legs simple, compar

ativel'

short; coxa; not elongated; til)ia' without spurs; tarsi mod-
ei'ately long; the front ])air longer than the tibia', tlu^ penul-

U'S

timate joint short; chiws sm.dl; jjulvilli distinct. Win
longer than the abdomen ; auxiliary vein short, terminating
in the costa ; second longitudinal vein sinuouH; third and
fourth veins not furcate ; anal angle rounded; basal cells shoi't.
I>ut two or three species of this singular family are known,
and of them even, so far as I can learn, the larval habits ari^
yet unknown. The s[)ecies all belong to one genus, Ofplnir-
j)}nl(t Ilaliday. The small fly is found on the banks of streams.

7. I'SVCIIODID.K.

\'ery thickly haired, niiinite flies, in ajjpearancc lepidopt(M'a-
like. Headsnudl; ocelli wanting. Antenna' as long as the
head and thorax together, bead-like; thickly ". aired, composed
of from twelve to sixteen joints; the two basal joints thicker
and short-cyliiidric. I'roboscis usually short; in some exotic
genera { /'/t/r/infminis) elongated and horny; ]ialpi incur\t'd

rSYCIloDID.T.

^(

mil hairy; coiniiosrd of four joints of nearly tMnial Irwj^i

T]

lorax not vci'v convex, without transvt^i'so sutui'e; seu-

11(1

irt.

n,

liir

Ins.

Ira-

Reti

;er
It if

(Ml

telluni r()un(h'(h Ab(h)men cylindrical, composed of from
six to oiglit joints; male ,i.;'enitalia prominent. Ii(\^s Nciy
short, dens(dy hairy; (daws small; pulvilli rudimentary.
^^'iIlL;•s lari;'e, o\ate in shape; when at rest lyiii^- roof-shaped
<iver the abdomen; densely covered uith loni;' hairs oi" tomen-
tum, whi(di also forms a fringe around tludr mai-,nin ; the
costal vtdn continuous ar(!niid the wiiii;': veins stroiij^', I'or
the most part concciiled beneath the hair; neuration
formed almost whollv bv lonijitudinal veins; tlu' anterior
cro.ss-vein is very short, and lies very near the root of the
wini^'; auxiliary vein weak or indistinct; iirst lonL,Mtudiual
\eiii very near the costa ; second loui^itudinal vein arises \-erv
near the oriyiu of the fii'st, and is usually twice torked. that
is. the upper bran(di of the furcation is a'^'ain furcate ; third
vein simj)le, terminating' at or l)eyond the tip ol' the wIul;-;
fourth vein furcate; tifth ami sixth terminatiui;- in the border
of the wing; seventh vein usually distimd, rea(diiuL;- to the
margin oi' the wing, sometimes wanting.

The members of this family are often very min\ite. rar(dy
exceeding the length of four millimeters: they occur in shady
places, on wimlows. alxiut outhouses, and will i)e readily recog-
in/.ed from their peculiar nuith-like a|)peaiance; they run
ai)out nimbly, but their flight is weak. 'I'he larva' live in
I'otting vegt'table material, or in watei-, especially stagnant
water; they are cylindrical, with the posterior end termi-
nating in a short, usually tii'inly (dntini/.ed. stigmatic tube;
the m .xilhe are imperfectly (leV(doped. there are eye-spots on
the head, and the segnuMit bidnml the head ai'c without ieet.
The i)Upa' are inactive, witii two long tnlie-like. anterior
stigiiKita.

I'.iit, two genera are known to occur in North America;
J'si/c/nx/d ami J'crlrni/i'i. which may be distinguished I'rom
e;c h other bv the termination ol the third xcin of the wing,

I'S

NOirill AMEllICAX DIITEIJA.

wliicli is at or ht-forc tlic tij) in P.-^i/cluxhi. and distinctly Ix^'
hind it in l'<-ricniiiii. In their study, one sliouhl use prciVi'-
ably

11 compound niU'roscope, and it Uiay t)e ncct'ssary cither
to mount a winu'. oi- at least to remove the scales. Attention

should he paid to the shape (d' the antenna' and })al])i, as w(

■11

as

th

le ".'•(-nitalia, lean's aiu

I wind's. I'si/rlitxlit (ilti'ni itii Sav is

our most C(»niiii()n ,s])ecies, aj'parently extending;' over all the
United States.

s. j)ixiiu<:

Ilatlier small, slender, nearly bare species. Proboscis some-
what ])roje(;tini;' ; i)alpi tour-jointed; antenna' Ion;.;;, the basal
joints thick, thosi' oi' the tla<.;elliim hair-like, and thi' joints
indistinctly distin<;uishable. Eyes round, dicho])tic; no ocelli.
Thorax strongly eiin\'ex. without transverse suture; scutellum
transvi'i'se : metanotum arcdied. Abdomen Ioul;" and slendei'.
com|i(ised of si'ven or eight segments, thiidvcned ])osteriorly in
the male. j)ointed in the fenuile. Tj(\gs hmg > '1 sleiKh'r;
coxa' somewhat ehmgated; tibia' without terminal spui's.

W

ings compiirarively large; auxiliary vein ])resent. teriuina-

Imgiii the costa heloi'c the middle ol tlie wiiiu'

tl

le secoiM

vein arises t'roiii the Hrst near tin- middle id' tlu' wing and
apjx'ars to be the beginning of the tliird vein, which continues
its direction while the second arches suddenly idrward at the
anterior crtiss-vein and is furcate ; fourth vein furcate; I'our
])osterior cells present; the two basal cells very large; the
anterior ci'oss-\-ein is placed at the beginning (d' the third
\'ein. where the second vein curves forward.

The family l)ixi(he cmnprises al>out a score ol' known s])ecie,-;
bclongingto tiie single genus /)!.ni. it has been placed among
t 'le 'l'i|tulida' and ( 'udci;

a', but seems best isolated into a se

arate family. The larva- are a<piatic. rescndiling those of the
nios(piitoes. The Hies are found in bushy, moi^t ])laccs about
forests, and have been o',)ser\'ed b\ W'innertz daiiciu''' in the

air in swai'ins.

'I'irrLiD.K

'".»

i>. TIPrLID.K

I

AiV<^o to iiKxlcratt'lv siiiwll. s](

• 'LTS.

Mead

iidcr Hies, witl

»r(»(luc('(l siiout-likc. ]

[•(int.

iisiiallv waiitui;

I lniin-. slciidci'

; lace ot'tf'ii

'V.-s roM.ii,!. scj.arat.'d l.v the Im.ad

spherical, occiput st roii-ly dcv.dop

soiuctinics appi'oxiiiiatcd iM-htw tl
Aiitt'iiiKi' rarely siiort
K'f.'ix to-cthcr: Ik

It' iintcmia': (

M'Clll

tliau the head and tl
coiuposed of fnMii six to iiiiiet
Ha.ii'ell

''!•. iisuallv

I Oliver

ad or rhread-lil'

('I'll mints ; t

lie

mil never plumose, but usually witl

joint

<'ons}.icuous. bristly hairs; the i.unt

1 more or

\e

S OI

less

I'rol

K)S(us more or les

S projectlll;;-. in ;i

clo

loiigated; palpi tour .u- live j.unte.l; the terminal
n<,Mted, whijilash-like. Tl

■^ ■sometimes serrated.
"<'\v ,i,^(Miera verv much

joint often

distinct silt

niv in the fori

distinct. c(dlar-lil

HU'ax convex, usually with a v
n of a shallow \' ; pro-tl

erv

ly devtdoped. Abd

i^t' ; scinelliim half roui

lorax usually
d : inetanotum stroiii'--

iu'ht

"iiien cyiiiidrh'al. conipcsed (d'

S('.i,nnents ; -■eiiitalia ju'omiip'iit. in t

seven (ii-

iMt' m structure; in the female t\
<»'■ lony. horny, pointed valves. I
the tibiic sometiaies with t
comparatiyely narrow ; in ivst

le male very v.iria-
ic ovipositor with two pairs

iC.U's Very loii'j- ai

in slemier

crmmal sour;

^\

lIl;^^s jdiit^-. but

alhd ov.u-the abdomen; always six Ion-

" >'<nnplel.e discal cell; b,,th basal cells 1

spread apart ^r Ivin

par-

sually o])en ; seventh yeii

irudiiial veins; usually
"ii,^^; the anal cell

t>-rhi<r) and of yariabl

1 distinct (save in tli<' I'h/r/,

f/rliiijt-

Tl

u' lamily Tij

*' lorm ; alulets rounded, rarely an-ul;

>llll(he comprises the lari^'est of the X

••croiis Hies, some of wlii

eluato-

'•n exceed t Wo inches in leni;lh. 'I'

l"M's are very elon-at,. ami deli< ate. s„ .lelu-ate. imh-cl. that one
sd.l.m, succeeds in .■apturin;.; the Hies without the Inss of ,me
'•••moiv. Fli.'s of this description with a distinctly impressed
\-shapeds.ituivon tin- .hu'sum of the thorax v.Hl be imme.li-
ately reco-nized as beh.u.rin- to this family. The fenr.b"
'I'll.Ts from most other Hies in havmo- t he ovipositor olien
•"'•M'<'''1 Inr deposit in;;. ,.;.,^s within the ground or<.tlH.|

siihstance

W

it'n the went

IS fa\'orable th

irm
I' ''M'M's hatch

;;(>

Xoiri'il AMKKICAN DIITKKA.

nut ill ;i littli' more than .i wim-U. Tlic larva* arc as]i-,uray (a-
Ui'owiiisli in color, more or less transparent, com posed of t\\'els<'
sei^'iuents. The head is incompletelv dilTereiitiated and re-
tractile, and has the niaxilhe and mandibles more or less horny
and stout: tluMn^ are short Hesliv antenna'. Tlu* orirajis of

1(

ocouKJtion generally consist ol transverse swelliULi's on th(_'
under side of the Ixxly. ])rovi(h'd with very minute, stiff bris-
tles. The anal end of the body is truncate, with a sinijle pair of

suiraeies

aiu

I tl

le mar'jins ol

the t

riiiicature are for the most,

])art })r()vi(led with fleshy reti'actile processes of variable size
andsha|ie. 1 n the a(piatic larva' there is a loni,^ tube at the
end of the bodv which serves for breathiuLT when raised to the
surface of the water.

Most of the larva' live in the earth or in s(»il-like, decom-
posing wood, in fun^i, or in water. ( )thers live on the leaves
of plants and are like caterpillars in aiipearance, t he resem-
blance to which is yet nnu'e hei.n'htened by the yreeii color,
with a crest of tul»ercles on the back.

The pupa', like those of many of the members of this sub-
order are free. Tiie thora:: has two horn-like ])rocesses \vhi(d)
re})resent the thoracic spivaides, one of which may ac<jviire a
vei'V n'reat length, for the purpose of breathing from the sur-
face while under water. The abdondnal segments have trans-
v(M'se rows of hairs, bristh^s or sj)ines, which enable the puj)a
to escape from its place of concealment when about to com-
plete its metamorphosis.

The adult tlies are conimonly seen in the late sunimer
and autumn. They will lie most usuall}' met, with in niea<h)\\-
landsand forests, flying awkwardly for a b'w steps, close to
tJie i',rouiid till they become entangled i.i the grass or twigs,
and then, extricating themselves, rising again to repeat the
same aimless, clumsy tliglit.

The nami' of '■daddy-long-legs" is the one most usually
a])plie(l to members of this family in ICnghuKh but in America
this term is coiiiiiioiih' u--e(l to de-iunate the IMialaicjithe (U-

TirrijDj-:

OJ

liiirvost si)i(lors. The Eu<.-lisl

1 name o

ill)]

e. C.)iniiioii]y they aiv liariiiless 1

1' ••'(•raiH'-Hics "' is [.refer-

in the hirval stat

(ler njotlets of isv,

0 are very .lestnietive, feed

)Ut some of the speei

es

iss and grain, and

mi,' upon tlie ten

ail

;•(' suriaces to witlier and die. 'J

• •ausiii.o- tlie ].lants over

hundred species know

'•■re are about twidve

In tliis faiuil

with the wii

y are j.laeed several winoloss I

li^s more or less rudimenti

onus, or those

is C/i'oura, the si)e('ies of which are found
the coldest weather.

(' family Tipuliche is easily divided inte

iiy. One of the forj

ner

on snov . often in

Th

w

liich I prefer to call the rtycl!
Tii)ul

three suhfamili

cs.

oi)terina.', Limnobiii

pulnue, and which correspoiul i.re.-iselv with the I»tycl
torina, Tij.ulidie longipalpi and Tipulhhe hn-vipalpi of

ue and

lOl)-

Sack

en.

palpi ol Osten

J. S

TARLK OF (ii:\F]JA.

I'V

ciitli lonj-itiiilinal vi'in prcsciir. tliat

vi'iiis liftween tlic tiftl

is tluTf arc two limuitiKlinal

1 vein anil tlic posterior iiiaruin of t|

vventh loM.uitu.linal vein al.sent; no .li.tinct V-sl,ane.l

nicsonotiini.

ic winy. -2
suture on

Last

••int of tlu'i.alpi sliortcr or not nnicli lonuvr tl

ni.i^- toyctlicr; tlic auxilia

"rVCIIOl'TKltlN.K

lan t!ie two prcced-

ry vein usually end.s i„ tj,,. ,.,,sta and i>

. , . , , ' ^■'"■^ •'■ Mu- lusia anil is

'•"""-•-i ^vul. the first lonnitudinal vein hv a dis.inrt eross-vein •

anteniKosiv to sixteen Jointed LiMNunnv..,.:.'

I'...>'t jomt ol the palpi whiplasl-like, murh longer than the three pre-

1'c.l.nj.touether; atitenna- compos,.,! of not more than thirteen j ts •

the auxiliary vein ends in the first iouKitudinal vein l.v an ahrupt*
'•urvatureat the tip, not .■omiected with the first vein"hv a eross-

vein.

OTMN.V .

r-IMNoiUIN.i;.

1. \Vin,iiless. siiidcr-Iike in .•ij.pearaiice.
Win-ied. .

CnioNi.A Dalma

-'. Antenna, composed „f apparently 2H joints, lonu ; anal eell elos.,
cinpodia or siuirs (\V..st Indifs, .South America),

an.

il : no

Ant

Ant( Mua. not apparently eomposed of more than 10 joints

I'onMiou.v W'ieili-mann

32

Noirril A.MEWICAN DllTKlfA.

PostoriDF cross-vein si

tiiiitcd before tlu- miilille of thewiii^-; tiiree ]>

terior cells jireseiit (West Imlies).

'riiAMr.KT.v Willistoii.

I'osterior eross-vi in no

t sitnati'il ln'fore the middle of tlii' will!.

I

4. A siii<rle siibmiiruiiial cell ])resent.
Two subinariiiiiiil cells jiri'sent.

">. AiiteniKr 1 4-Joiiited.
Aiitt'iiiiio Ifi-Jointed.

LiMNoniiM.

<). Tibia- with sjiiirs iit tlie tip; the first Iminitiidinal vein usually ends in

the second Cvi.iNnitoTo.MiM.

Tibiio without s])urs ; tlu' first vi'in v\u\ri in tlu' costa. . Antociiini.

7. 'I'ibiic without s])iirs at the tip.
'l"il)ia' with sjiurs at the tip.

. ElMOlTKIilM.

8. The subcostal cross-vein is beyond the ori.u'in of the si'coud lonuitudi-

1 • ' 't

nal vein • •

The subcostal cross-vein is before the oriiiin of the si'cond lonuiludinal
vein. .....••••• A.M.vi.oriM.

0. Antenna' c()ni])osed of sixtei'ii joints. . Limnoimiimni.

Aiitenuiu conipose(l of from si.\ to ten Joints, often much elongated.

AxiSOMKItlNr.

L I M N ( < r. I I N I ,

1. Proboscis lonirer than the head and thorax toiii'tluT.

tii:uAM)M VIA I lahda\

Proboscis

•ihorter than the head and thorax toLS'tther.

Antenna' pectinate or sub]H'ctinate, at least, in the ma!

Antenna' not pectinate.
A su])ernunierary cross- v

KiiiriDiA Meiu'en.

eiii lietweeii the sixth and seventh veins.

TllI!()('Il<>l!i>I.A < !stlil Siii kv

<o cross

vein connectini'' the sixth and >eventh vein,-

■\. Tij) of the auxiliary vein ii

Mially oi)i>osite, or l)efore, or only a short
the second vein ; niaruinal cross-

distance beyond the ori.uin o

vein always at the tip of the lirst lon.uitudiiial vun ; iejis slender.

1)|( KANO.MVIA Stel)hens.
Ti}> of the auxiliary vein usually far beyond the oriu'ii of the second
vein; inar.uinai cross-vein sometiines at the tip but often some dis-
tance before the tip (d' the lirst vein; h\i>s com]iarativi'ly stout.

LniNoitiA Mci^'cn.

TIIH'LID.l.;

:i:i

1. IJostniiii at least

A\'l()( liiM.

lis \(>u<x as tlic licail. sniiuti

LTOSS-VCin.

iiics vcn loiij^-; iKi II

iari;iiial

IJostriiiii shorter tliaii tin- lieail.

2. Wiiiii-s without siiliiiKiruiiial cell.
\Viii.i.rs with u suhiiiariiiiia! cell.

I

'i"o\<)i:i:ni\A I.ocw.

••:. IJc.stnun not n,i.,.h h.n.uvr than the head. . 1{„..m.m,u„ v Mei.M.i

Kostruni tiie length of tiie wliole ho.iy. K..K,.nANn.M via Osten Saekeii

■}. Diseal cell open

Discal fell closeil. . .

^.. Se.-on.l l.asal eell roiisi.lerahly shorter than the first, the ..reat cross
vein more jiroxinial than llie ..ri.ii, of the secon.l vein- three

^ I»'-\^''-i'"- '-^'ll-s I),<.T,M.:niA Osten Sa.-ken

hecoiKl hasal cell of about the same lem-tli as the first.

(>. Xo maruinal cross-vein whatever.
Miii-iiinal cross-vein jireseut. .

Ki-r.n-n:itA Schiner.
AfAHiiA Osten Sacken.

7. First longitudinal vein ends in the costa nearly opposite the inner end

of the suhmaruinal cell.
The first vein emls in the costa far beyond tiie inner ind of tlie subniar^
""'"''''■" ni'iiANoi'TvciiA Osten Sacken.

8. Submai-inal cell as Ion- or but little lon-er than th.. ti,>t posterior cell.

Tkk iioi.Aiiis Osten Sacki'ii.
Submaro-malcell much lon.uvr than th.. first posf.rior cell.

Antociia ( )sten Sacken.

1. Five ]»osterior cells.
Four jtosterior cidls.

EIIIOPTKUIM,

Cr.AiUMtA (^stcn Sacken.

:i. 'I'he inner mui-inal cell has .Iniost the shape of an enuilaterul trianu!.,.

r . Cuvi'TOLAitis Osten Sackiii

Inner maruuial coll of the usual shane ■ -i

•■!. Whi^s conspicuously hairy on the whole surface or aloii-, the veins -|
\\ in-s not conspicuously hairy, veins bare or nearly so.* . . ,;

•f. AVings hairy on the whole surface.
Willys hairy aiony the veins onlv.

Hiivi'iior.oi'iir.s Kolenati.

* Antenna! joints subreniform and nodose; the eves iieiudv contij^uous
iihove and below '" " . ^

(Central America).

i.MATOMKitA Oslen Sa(d<eii.

34

NOKTII AMEUK'AX DIITEKA.

5. Second subniarfiinal cc'l loiificr tlian tlu- first. Eimoi-tkra Mcitron.

First subiiiarffiiial cell loiiticr than the second. Moi.oi'iiins Curtis.

Ci. First subniarfiinal cell short, not more than half the lentith of the

second. ....•••••■ '

J'irst suhinarjiinal ci'll more than lialf the len<:th of the secontl. 10

7. Marginal cross-vein ])reseiit.
Marginal cross-vein absent.

(loNOMViA Osteii Sacken.

8. Second subniaririnal cell in contact with the discal cell, the anterior
cross-vein obsolete. ......-•••'

Anterior cross-vein jiresent, the first ])osterior cell intervenin<j; between
the siil)niar^nnal and the discal cells. . Kmi'kda Osteii Sacken.

0. Anal cell closed; no enipodia (Asia, Africa and West Indies).

M()N(;(>MA West wood.
Anal cell open; enipodia present (Central and South America).

rAKATKorKSA Scliiucr.

10. Seventh loniritudinal vein cons])icuo>isly])isinuate, Sv.mi'm:cta Mei.uen.
Seventh louKitndinal vein straight. H

11. Lentrth of the auxiliary vein l)eyond the cross-vein at least twice that

of the posterior cross-vein. . . 'rui.MicuA ( »sten Sacken.

The cross-vein situated near the end of the auxiliary vein.

(iNoi'iioMviA Osten Sacken.

LTMXOnilLlXI.

1. Discal cell open; antenna' apparently 2S-jointed in the $.

I'oLYMKiiA Wiedemann.

Discal cell closed. .

2. Marginal cross-vein wantintr.
Marjiinal cross-vein present.

;]. Win<?s pubescent. .

Wings bare. ....

I'uYM.oi.Ar.is Osten Sacken.

Ui.omoui'ha Osten Sacken.
4

4. Seventh vein very short, abrujitly incurved toward the anal an.u:le.

TuHiiocKUA Meis.^en.

Seventh vein not unusual. . "

5. A supernumerary cross-vein between the auxiliary vein and the costa.

Ei'iiMiKA<iMA Osten Sacken.
No such supernumerary cross-vein. . . Limnoi-hii.a Maciiuart.

TIIMLID.K

AMSOMKKI.M.

1. Tl,m.,,ost..ri.,rrvlls; tuo sulmia.-inal •■.■lis. An,s„m,k^ MH....,,

I-..ur..rMv. pns„.riur ...lis; nuuuu:. n( ,1,. $ s.uu.uuu: unuh ^.u-

uatcd.

-. 1 lu. st.-,Ma ,.,.,.„pies iH.arly fl,,. whol.. spa.v hrtw...,, ,1,.. tip of ihc n.x-
-l.ary v..n, a,„l tl„. M,a.-inal cToss-vn,,. . . K.no.KUA Mann.art
Ilu' sti.u-.na ...•.•npivs l.ut a sM.all portion of ,1,. spa.v lu^tw...,: thr tip of
tlH' ^lux.i.arv v.in an.! marginal rross-vin. 1',:n ,,„„., ku v Sd.in.T

2

rior

AMAI.oi'l.VI.

1. Antenna' coiiiposcd of tliirtcfii Joints.
AntHiniu coniposcMl of sixteen or si'vcMiicn joints. '

2. Two eros.s-veins between tl,e first lon.i-itM.iinai vein and the ante

liraiicli ot tile second vein lu ■,

OnK. • '" '^'"- ■ • '>i«itAN()TA /t'tterstedt.

<>nh one eross-veiii between tliese veins.

•■). Five posterior eeli.s, both brandies of the fourth vein fi.vate.

■ , . l{".vi'iiii)()i..\i!].s (Jsteii Sac ken

lM)ur posterior eeils, the jxistermr liraneh fiireate.

I'l.KCTiioMviA Osteii Sa( ke

II.

I'l.A Halidav.

4. Four posterior cells; win.irs puliesceiit.

Five posterior ceils ; win<rs bare.

•)

0. AntcTior cross-vein nearly at ri^ht angles with the longitudinal axis of

the win<i'. ' ■

A.MAi.oi'is Halidav.

Antmor cross-vein at a very oblique an^le with the longitudinal avis of
tlie wing and parallel with the posterior cros>-vein.

l'i;i)iciA Latreille.
CYLIXDItOTOMINI.

1. Five posterior cells; colors yellow and black.

V

our posterior cells.

Cvi.iNHitOTOMA >rac(|iiart.

-'. Aiitennal joints subcvlind

Anteiinal j((intssubylol

ncal elonuated,

Hilar;

Colors yellow and l)Iack.
Colors lirownish and yravish

liead and thorax conspicuously punctul;

'I'liltXiMA Scllilll

ti

ler.

I

LiooMA Osti'ii Sacken.

'llAI,A( UOCKKA Schiller.

I. First suliinartrinal cell iinich

I'TVCIIOI'TKIMX.K.

Iiorter than the second.

i-irst subniai-inal cell much longer than the second.

Idmu'I.asta Osteii Sacken

mi

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

k

A

1.0

145

■M 1 2.5

|50 ■^" ■■■

l.l iV^ H^

1.6

IL25 iiiii 1.4

<%

p>^

*Vj^^^

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. MSSO

(716) S73-4;i03

iV

iV

:1>'

:\

\

^

%%"^^

«■

NOK'III A.MKIMCAN DII'TKIJA.

'I'hrcc pdstcrinr eel
Fiiur jin>tcri(>r ci-ll

HiTTArMMORI'll A WcstWDdd.

l'r^< iiui'i i;ijA Mri"! :i.

TNMMN.i:.

1. I,«'j.''s loiiLT mill sliinliT, fspcciiiUv tlii' tar>i ; iintciinr hraiicli (if the

.sfcitiid vi'iii absent, i>l)S(iU'tc (»r iicrpiiKlicular, tin- ilidinlioid cell
more or li'ss si|iiare. ......... J

Lei's not unusually slender, anterior liranidi of second vein jiresent I'nd
o)di(|ue. ........... fi

2. Anteiiiiic tliirteenjointeil ; male forceps coinjdex.

Doi.K Mui'i:/A ("iirtis.
Antenna' witli less than thirteen Joints; mah- forceps small, sinijdi'. ."1

Kiftli jiosterior cell not in contact with discal cell.

Mi;(iiST«)( i;i!A Weclemanii

Fifth posterior ci'll in contact with discal cell.

4

'1. Head on a neck-like proloniialion of the thora.\ ; seventh vein short,

running; into the anal anule

HiiA( II vruKMXA Osten Sacken.

Head more closel\- ajiplicd to the thorax ; seventh vein ternntiates in tin-
margin at some di>'.ance from the anal an^le.

'I'ANVi-iti MXA Hsten Sacken

r*. Antemia' of $ pectinate or suh-pectinatt
Antenna' not pectinate.

«l. Ovijiositor ot 9 l<»n,ir, sword-like.

Ovijtositor of 9 lonji' hut not sw(ird-like

XiriintA l^rulle.
("tknoI'IIoka .Mei'ien.

Tliri'e posterior veins arising' from thi' discal cell, the two anterior
sometimi's arisinji together liut the petiole always short.

I'a» MVuiiiiixA .Maciiuart.
Two posterior veins arise from the discal cell thi' anti-rior one furcate,

petiole always (tf consiilerahle U'lifith.

H. Anti'tiiia' serrate ; northern species.
Antenna' not .sirrate lielow.

SlVoKliui'iS Loew.

<t

llii

!l. .Martxinal vi'in wantinn, hut one nniryinal cell, anienniil joints short with

Munuti' bristles
'I'wo nuir{;inal ci'l

loi.oitrsiA l.ocw.

10

1(1. Alidonien slender, very lonu; anteima' composed (d' twelve Joints.

I,(»N<il IMA I-oew.

Alidonien less (doiiLratt' ; antenna' with thirteen joints. 'i'lrn.A Liniie.

HIlJinMD.K

witli

,1>1'\V.

.IH'VV.
,111111'

10. r.iiJioN II ).!•:,

M(.(lt'rat<'l_v slt'iidci' Hirs. of IVdiii thrti' to ifn luillinirtrrs in
It'iiL'-lli. Hf'atl usually soiuculiat tlattrinMl; linnt iutlu Uialf
vcrv narrow, or till' fvt's cont iL;iious : face short: ryes round
or riMiitorni. oltcn dt'iiscly hairy in the niah' ; ocrlli larL;»'.
(listiiict. Antt-nna' with troin iiinr to twrlvc joints, cylindri-
<'al. not loii^'t-r than the head and thorax toL^t't her. the joints
closfdv united. I'rohosris not loip'-. with t hickfiii'd. hairv

laht'Ua; paipi varialih'. sonit'tinirs lon,l,^ with tour or tivc dis-
tinct joints, at otht'r times shoi't. Thorax without stituie;
.scutclluiii hair round. Ahdoiueii edniiiosed oi' seven or eiL,dit.
.sc'^nieiils, Mot short. Lei^s inoderatidv loni;' and strong, the

hin<l

jiair more or less elon^atecj. the Iront tcmora thirkeiie

front tiliia' usually with a >tout hook or coronet of spines at
tiu'tip: pulvilli and empodiuni distinct, the latter idteii piil-
villiform. \\'iii,i;s lar,-;!'. the anti'rior veins stouter than the
jiosterior ones ; costa not exten 'iiii,' on the jtosterior niaiL;in ;
.second lon,uit\i(liiial Ncin waiitin;^. the third arisinn' Irom the
first; third vein sometimes furcate; fourth usually fiireate;
first basal and sometimes the second l)asal cell present ; no
(liscal cell.

This family comprises ahout three hundred described species
ami is of wi(l»» distribution. The larva' are cylindrical, foot-
h'ss, with transverse rows of liristles. usually with eyes; they
feed on cxcreiiu'iital or viretalile siilistauccs. es|ierially on the
roots of "iTass. The jmpa' are inactive, imotty free, livini,^
in excavated, smooth, oval cavities near the Mirlace of the
.H'roimd. wliicii the larva- have prepared btd'ore underndin;^
their nu'tamorphosis. and where the pupa- remain liefore
«'nier!4;in<j[ in the i»erfect form. In some species the males
differ very nmrkedly in coloration irom tin females, so much
so that they are commonly mist;ikeii for different species;
they are easily dist inL-uished foi- their very lai'iu'e eyes which
comprise nearly the whole head and are covered with hairs.

One ol' the most common sjiecies is Hili'n) ulliii

II- nil IS w

hich

iwr^

T

NOinil A.MKIMVAN DII'I KK A,

occui's early in llic spriiiu'. in ,i;r<'at imiulx'rs. <'SiKM'iall_v alxtiit
willows, ami in ^ardfiis. It is (MtiisiticiKiiis lor its white wiiin's
and black color, ami like nio. ' other mi'iuliei's ol' the taiiiilv is

slow 111 Its iiioveiiieii

ts. tl

WW-

lieavilN

/'• ./

f/Hii/'i

Itil.

a coin-

liioii species, is ol a (lee|» red color with black wilii;s. /.'. tristls
has been observed in larn'e nuiiiliers in many l\an>as wlieat-
titdds. duriii.LC the last week of A|tril. a|i|iareiit,ly without
car.siiii; daniai^e.

1. Sccoinl lijisjil cell jiroi'iit. ........ "1

Sfcond Itiisiil cfll want ill''. ........ -i

'1. 'I'liiril Imejiliidinal vein t'lmati

'hii

il vein not I'lircalf

4

I'alpi t'oiir-jdiiittil ; rn>t antiniial joint liuiiiiate. IIkspkuini s Walker.

I'alpi livi'- joiiitiMl.

I'i,i:ei\ W'iiiii'iiiann

I. !•

Hint Iirtia' witli a stoiit, siiiiic-li

ke II

niccss at till' tip

ll-S.

IJiiiio (iciilVfcy.
Dn.oriii s .Miiiii'ii.

Asi'i>TKs Mtiiicii.

Knmt tiliia' (it tlif iiMial strnctiirt' ; tliinl vi'iii not fiircatt': liiiiii meta-
tarsi shorter tiiaii llie reiiiainiii'' joints tom'tlier. S( atoi'sk (icolTicv.

Front tiliiu' wiiii a tcriiiinal coronet of spii
•). Kroiit tihia- cndini: in a s|»iiic-like i»roci'i

11. siMrLiiiM-:.

Small Mies, troin tlirei' to six mm. in leiio;th. with tlii(d<.
eom]iressed. short leos. Head hemispherieal ; face short;
eyes round or ri'iiit'orm. holoptic in the male; no ocelli.
Antenna' searccdy longer than the head, cylindrical, ten-
jointed; the two basal joints dilTerentiatt'd. the others (dosely
uniteil. j'roboscis not elongated, with small, horny laltelia ;
palpi ineiirviite. I'oui'-jointed ; the tirst joint short- and the two
lollowinij; of ('([ual length; the last one lonovr ;nid nutre slen-
der than the preeediiiu;'. Thora.x ovale, without suture; the
seiittdlum small. Abdomen cylindrical, composed of seven or
eio;ht seouH'iits; jLjenitalia concealed; leos stron<; and not. eloii-
.H'ated ; femor;i broad and flat ; tibia' without terminal spurs ;
lirst joint of the tarsi loii';er than the loUowino' and usually

mnioMD.i:

cly

la;

\V(»

fii-
tiit'
\ nr
oll-
irs ;
allv

dilated ill the iiialf; llir last, jiiiiit vcrv small. \\'iiiL,'s laru't'
and liroad, with distinct alula-, antnidr veins lliickfiit'il. the
others slindtT : auxiliary vein teriuinatiie^- in the cnsta alxmt.
the middle (d thewiiiLf; humeral erns>-vein presmt ; srcdiid
l(»ii.L,Mtudinal vein wanting', the tirst and third l\inn' ehise hy
ea,(di other ; the t hird arisin;^ from the ti!>t reetaiiL^nlarly he-
lore the end of the auxiliary vein; anterior eross-\ein very
short; fourth vein eur\f(l. ini'ked nearly opiiosite the anterior
eross-vidn ; the forks terminating; near the tiji ot the wiii'^'.

'Idle family Simuliida'. ('om])risin!.;- about seventy-tive known
sjteeies. is one (d the liest kiiowii iiopularly amoii:.,^ dipteii, on
aeeount of the trouhlesome eharaeter of the tlies. which ar<'
s<'arc(dy less annoying;' than the trui' mos(|uito; they rarely
exceed iive or six mm. in len^Mli. usually not more than three
or i'oii.', and will he imniediatidy dist in.i;nished from the mos-
(jiiito 1 y tlndr thick-set appearance, their shorter le.i^s, their
shortei' prol)os(Ms. and less slemler antenme. In the southern
States they are known as "duiffalo Ljnats"' and •■turkey ^nats",
and sometimes occur in almost iiicre(lihle numhers; cattle
when attacked hy lar^'e mimi)ers are driven almost frantic,
and will setdv to «'vade them hy roUiui,^ in the dust. rushiiiLf
ahout. or K*''"n •"t" the water. \\ ln'ii the tlies are numerous
they will almost literally cover the cattle, especially seekini,'
the ()peiiin,u;s (d' the body, eiiteriiiL;- the nost rils and t he ears,
the mart^ins of the eyes, where they will actually lie pile(l
upon ea(di other. When very numerous they will produce an
inHaiiimat(»ry h'ver. frequently tei minatiiiLj in death. The
\V(dl known ICiiropean speides is S. rn/iniifiur.-.riisr. which diiriiit^'
some seasons in the regions ot the Daiiuhe costs the death id
many cattle.

The larva' are very interestiii'.;' ci'eatures ; they are aipiatic,
liviiij,' most freipieiilly in mountain streams, on stems of
plant.s. (»i* stones, where they form f(U' themstdves elon,!.':ated

cocoons, opened ahove. In the i pen end <d' tlies icooiistlie

pupa' ensconce thellisehi s with the aiiteriiU' part (d' the body

10

Xoinil AMKIMCAN DIITKKA.

ii;ik('(l iiiid Ircc. Iroiii wliidi t'xtciid cinlil or sixtcoii very Ihiil,'.
s'.t'iidcr, tlirt'iidlikt' Itrt'at Idii^y; tuln-s. Tlit' jicidfct iiisrct cs-
(•;i])('S under water ami comes to the siii't'aee. Tlie larva- are

S(

Jt-sk

Km lied

tl

iiekeiied at the extremities. With a e\liiidrieal

head. tW(» j>airs of eyespots; on the tirst thoraeie se<fment
there is a loot ])rotul»ei'anee with bristly hooklets; and the
(Mid of the altdomen has sev.'ral ai"itenda,L;<'s for attaidimeiit.
r>ut one ^cnus is known in the tamily. S!iiiii/!iiih. which
will l»e recon-ni/ed from the characters alreadv sjiven.

VJ. RHVPIIIDJ:.

Head nea!'ly hemisjihei'ical ; eyes rounded, liolojific. or
nearly so in the niah' : broadly sej»aratcd by the front in the
female: oc(dli present, .\ntenna' about as loni,' as tlu' thorax,
composed of sixteen joints, cylindrical, the two basal joints
distinctly dilfereniiated ; those (d' the tla<;tdlun\ cl(*s(dy unite(l,
shoi't-haii'cd. gradually decri-asing- in size toward the end.
Proboscis moderately ]>roniinent. with small hibcHa ; ])alpi
very \i)\\\j;. four-jointed: the second joint lonj^er and broader
than the others. Thorax convex, without transverse suture;
scutcdlum semicircular, shcu't and broad; metanotum stroiij^ly
develope(l. .Vbdomen cylindrical, composed cd' seven sedi-
ments; n'cnitalia concealed or nearly S(». Ijchs slender, with-
out spines; the coxa', especially the I'ront jiair. more oi' less
(donj^'ated ; metatarsi idon.fated ; tibia' without spui's or the
liind pair with minuto ones; empodia pad-like, the pulvilli
absent. Winj^s hirn-e, in rest lyin;.;' tiat upon the abdomen :
auxiliary vein present: the costal vein reachini,^ to the tip
(d' the third vein. Hiscal cell i»resent, from which three
veins orii^inate. and a fourth arises from the posterior basal
e(dl ; five posterior cells ami two elongated basal cells pr;'sent :
a distinct sti,e;ma.

But very few species ol' this family are kntiwn. belon,<,Mn;^^
to but two or three y-enera. The typical i^enus Jt/if//>/iiis c(Ui-

i.i'.i'TiD.r..

41

tMinsanun.lK.r,.r s,M.ri..s of u i,|.. .jist rll-ut in,,. s,hv,„u.„s nf

'''"'''"^'■•' ''■'"I".-Mtly tn,„„l ;,1 , ,1„. ui,„ious of .iurllni.^

I'-Hsrs. Tin- ,..,n.s Ull.h>,,.,st.r l,;,s ,v,..M,tlv Imt,, .Irsr.-j Im.-I
'••'•>'. .M.-X.ru. ••It.;itrr,-st,.n,„ //A///./. ... i„ t l.r st ,•,..•( ,MV of t Im-
'"■"' "■•'"'^ S.,.;,,,,tr.l l,v a luna.l t,....! i„ l.ntll S-X^s, a.l.l

";''■•'""'"" '"'•' '■'''"' ''-"'"I-l). ot tiM. a„t..„„;.. (s..a,.ns

sl.-.rf. Haovll,,,,, nf n.al.. lilit„nn. .•!,■.). of ,1... ,l,n,.ax a,„l alwln-
i'"'". as alsn ,11 the V. ■nation."' (O.^tcii Sackci.)

'Hm' larva- of //A,v/./...s- an- un,-„,-l,k... l,.,.l,,ss. „ak.-,l. n.o,-o
<"• l<'ss t,-a,Kspa,.,.„t. with ,s„ak..-lik,. .Mov,-,n.„t s ; ,1,,.,... ,,v two
;^1.<'M tl.'sliy i,oi,„,sat, tl.r ,.ost,-,-in,- ,.„.|. Thr papa- a,v t,-..-
n.a<-t,ivr. \v,ll, two p,'oj..,.tio„.s ai,t,-,-io,-I v : tl„-v liv.- i„ ^s-^Wy
l-n'oks. pooks.o,. p„,|,il,.s. o,- i„ n.ttii,,^- woo.l. hollow tn-.-.s
iiiai,,ii-<'.

(•!•

I-:. m:ptii).i:.

'"^l"''''''""'' • '<''''t ■ l-"-,i4V siz,-. „io,-,. ..,• l.-ss ,-lo,|..-at(-.I

usually tl„„ly pilo.s.. o,- „.-arly l.a.v. without ,listi,i.-t l.tisth-s
-Mal.-slM.lopti,.or,!irhoptir. Ki..p.Mlia.!.-v.-lop,.,!p„lvillito,-,„
""'l'"lv,lli pn..s,.„t. T.-,u-,.la- s,.,all o,- ,„,li,„.-„ta,-v T

|"int of tjic ante, II

II I'll

ttTiiiiiial oi- (l(),-sa] arist

i;»- coniph-x (.,• siini.h". with o,- wifhoiif

a

a •"■ tt',',i,iiial stylt'. \',.i,is of il

'lisliiict, not cn.wdcd aiitci-ioi-ily ; thii-d ]
••ate; hasal cells larijc; (iv,

K' wi,il;s

"iiL;itii(li,ial vt-i.

I liii-

As (h'liiu'd ahovr. t

Lt'plida- and Cociioiiiyida- of authofs. I

pusft'i-io,- cells us,ially pn-scnf.
lis family iiichidrs the Xyh plia-id:

t may he a (picst ion

wlH-th.M- this union is jii.stifiahl.-. l.nt. on tlh- whol
I'at. tJi,. s,d..<.liara.-t..,- wl.i.-h ran 1..- ns,-d to di.st in..„ish tl

<'. Il seem.'

amilit's- the sfi-,ict,ii',' of the t

tlH' ^M'oup unnaturally, throwin- with the Xvl

lii'd antt'inial Joi-it divid

t'S

whose

opliauida- lorms

itlinities are n;,vatest with the I.eptida-. iiotwithstaml-

iii.n' th<' antennal (haraetoi

ri«' Xylopha-ina' inelude les.s than one humh-.-d \

l'<»i'ms, and manv of tl

"'111 .'iiv iv,,iai'kal.le for tl

\i,()wn

nil' ,L;e,,eral

I'l

'iilii

VJ

Xoirni AMKKK \X DII'TKHA.

rrsciiihhiiicc to ccrtaiii liyinciioiitcictiis insects. SjH'cics (»t'
I!/itir/i!rfnis I'oni! ;i cuniicctini,' link with tln' Nciiiatofcni, and
lire apt to he ('oiiioiiiidtMl witli tin' l{liy|tlii<la', hut the jtn'sciicc
ol' the j)ulvilli will (listin<,Miish them. 'I'hc lar\M' ar*' louml
in (h'cayiiii^f wcxtd or under the hark ot trees and are carnivor-
ous and predaceous, feedinj; upon tlie larva- o

net

■tl

es

and

other wood insects. The skin is pardinientdike. the hody
cylindrical. 'I'hc niouth-paits and antenna' arc very small,
the uiaxillij' short and hook-like. The first or the tirst three
seirnu'iit; back oi the lu'ad are chitinized ahove; the last sc-'-

iiieu

t ah

)ve with a chit)ni/ed plate terminating,' jfostcriorly in
two hooks. The fourth to the ninth se,<,Mnents have hristly
pseudojxuls below. The pupa' are tree.

The Leptiiia! comjirise soinethiui,' over two hundred known
sjH'cies. They are usually of moderate size and not very active
in their habits. The larger species are commonly found in
meadows and woodlands, restiii,;.,' ui>on stems or trunks of trees
with their head downward. They are sometinu's ])redace()us
upon other insects and the spe»'ies of Si/iti/i/iorttini/iti have a

habit of suckiii"'' blood as do the horsetlie;

The larva' are

])redaceous, liviiii,' in the earth, in decayiiii^ wood or in pas-

sa<'es imu

U' 1

)V woodboriiiLC

net

■tl

es.

( )thers live in moss, in

sand or in water. The e^'u^s of Athrrir are deposited in dense
masses attached to dry branches overhanging!: water. Not only
do numerous femah's contribute to the formation of these
masses, but they remain there themselves and die. The lavva*
hat(rning, esca])e into the water. The flies of species of I'rr-
inUe» deposit their eggs in sand, and the larva' form conical
pitfalls in which to ensnare small insects. The te>)th seg-
ment of these larva' l)ears above at its tip a transverse row of
long booklets directed backward, but with tlu' hooks bent,
forward; the eleventh segment has a similar row directed
forward, the hooks of which are turned backward. On the
fifth segment below there is a simple unitairetl grasping foot
whieli is capable of being jtrotriuh'd forward and downward;

M'.ri'ID.K.

4;{

at ''•;';i'tl..'.v:nvlunina.,^M,]:,r. sharp, flaf.. . hi, innush.M.ks

■""i '"■l"^^- tlH'I.l snuw stiff hHsllrs. Thr huokh-ts smv .s

■•'His ui iM.nn- in the san.l an.lt.. lix t h..nis.-] v.-s ; th.-o.-.n ...
tl'" l.tth s..,^nHM., rnahh.sth.. harva t.. s.-i/r an.l h.-hl its^„vv
='>..! als.Mn.-.Mistru.'lin.L;- thr pitfalls. Th. h.rva- ..f t h.- I ,.p-
">"- =>. .^vn.M'al a.v ..ylin.lri..al. with ..,• uith.mt th.shvah,h,n,-
H'all.-u^s. 'n.nasts..^nH.nthasatransv,.rs..,.h.ft.th,.p,.rt,i„n
al.ov.. wh,..h is pruvi.h-.l uith tw... „f,..,. l,a.-k\var.i-l...nt points
"'•I»-o.-.vss..s; th.-nn.h.rpart is..i,,Ms,.. wit h t h.- t wo sti-nnata
iH'twt't'n th.'iii.

TAI5LK OF (iKNKIJA,

five [)( stcrinr cells iiri'sciit.
A.if.MMa. slu.rt .„• hut littl.. Ho,,^;.,.',], ,Ih. .hinl J„i„t si,Mph,\vitl. h U-v-

""•■"'--"-alaris.aora ...nuinai s, vl. . ,an. ., I, ..x..avaU..I •

I"-..l...Ma> slmrt ; s,,,,,.. ..r all .,f .1,.. til.ia. s,M.m..|. . I.,,,.n.v,,.'

-• A'l tiu' tihia' witli snurs ,.

I.- •, . . , ■ • • • • A > i.oi'ii \<;i\.i:

iTOIlt tlhlU' WllllOUt SPIIIN. .

' • • • • • AlMlllJ.M l.li.VTIN.i;.

-\VI,(»|'IIA(;|\.i.:.

I. Alirn„r,.osU.ri,.r veins (i. ... .I- vIms ..para.in. ,1,.. pnsn.nor ....|N)
i.nsctrnM. ti,e,l>s,.aleell: lua.l small ; s.-ufll,,,,, ui,h spiiU.

I !>.• last post.TM.rvnn arises fr..... ti.e son.,,.! hasal cell, il,e
terior cell lu'iice not c.)nti-n

tit'tli pos-

sfutelluin vvitlidiit spini

iti-uoiis at its t.ase with the .iiscal cell

Third joint of the ant
Third

I'liiia' acute at tip,

J.'iiit ol antenna- not acute at tip
Fourth posterior cell close.!; the tliir.l

A I!

tiii!<)|'i;as I

oew.

iite, composed of n

utnerous, distinct .1

joint of the anieiina' much el

on-

fiiiarj-inate near the anteniiiv.

Koiirth posterior cell open; thir.l

iinnuli, indistinctly separate.l.

.visions, often pectinate ; ev:

wiA( iiicMM s Ilali.lav

loiiit .il antenna' composed of eiuht

.\ VI.I>l'l|.A<il s .Mei;r..„.

1. Fourth p.)sterior cell

A urn KO( ' r; i;.\ r I \.K

'}ieii.

F.iiirth posterior cell closed. (

'>iihii/,i preoc.) SiHi i..\ Omvia

iioin. nov,

71- '■

44

Noirni AMKUICAX DIITKKA.

2. Face projfctiiiti on cicli side in ii roumlcd, conical jirotnhcrancc, tliicl iy
covered with liair. ...... (Ji.i roi's Uiiru'css.

Face witli two (Iicp tlivcr^riiij,' furrows, runninj; froiii the hasc of tiic
antenna' to tlic oral niariiin. Aimmkoci-kas Wilii^ton.

LKl'TIN.i:.

1. Front tiltia' witli terminal .xpurs *J

Front til)ia' without terminal sjmrs. ........"'.

2. Front tibia* with u .sin<rle spur; sometimi's only four jxisterior ctils prt s-

ent in the winff. l)i.\i,vsis Walker.

Front til»ia' with two spurs; fivi' posterior cells as usual.

Tkii'TOtimciia I.oew.

I). Third joint of tiu' antenna* rouml, oval or pear-shaped, its hristle dis-
tinctly terminal. \

Tliird joint of the antemia- kidiiey-shaj)ed, the arista jnore dorsal. <•

Anal cell ojten ; hin<l tiliia* with two sjuirs.
Anal cell closed. .....

Lki'Tis Faliricius.

Third joint of the antenna' with a slender arcuate bristle; hind tibia'

with one sjjur. C'liitYsoi'ii.A .Maciiuart.

Tiiird antenmil joint witii a shorter, slender style.

I Si'ANMA Mei<:en.

( I'noMNA Zetterstedt.

Hind tibia' with two spurs; anal cell closed. . Atiikkix Meij^en.

Hind tibia' with a single spur; anal cell o])en.

Symi'Iiokomvia Frauenfeld.

14. STlJATIOMYIIXIv

Small to modoratclv lar«ft'. iiearlv l)ar(' or tliiiilv pilose, bris-
tleless spccit'S. Head shoi-t, heiiiisphorical or Hattciiod, ii.s
broad as the thorjix. Ocelli present. Eyes eoiitii,ni()iis or
separated by the front in the male. Antenna- porreet. apj)rox-
imated at the base, three-jointed, the third joint always eom-
]»lex, usually with a terminal styh^ or an iirista. Prolxiseis
never elongated ; ])alj)i two or three-jointed, sometimes rudi-
mentary. Thorax never strongly convex ; scutellum ot'tiMi
with tiibertdes, si)ines or projection on its margin. Abdomen
eom[)osed of from live to seven segments, iisii;illy flattened.

srijA'i'ioMviD.r,

'(It.

ten.

is-
:is
or

)X-

111-

cis

(li-

tcll

ItMl

nltt'ii cloii^Mlfil. ],i'j:< iit'VtT t liirkly pilosi'; willinnt hristlis.
t lie t ilii;i' wit liDiit sii irs (i'\('('|it in sdiiii- Ili'iiiliiiii'); piiKilli ;iim1

• 'in|H)ili:i |), Ill-Ilk)

lit- (•n>tai

vfiii i)t t

II' Willis ilnrs nut

ri'iii'li to till' ti|i lit' tilt' wiiiL;'; \riiis olti'ii {tmu ilnl iiiiti'iinriv
aiiil tlinst' ])n>t;'i'inrly wrak : discal ct'll pri'M'iit : tniir or ti\-

I H IS

l.t'riiir (M'lls. ;iiiil oiir ur t

wii siiliiiiiii'Ljiiial rrlls iirrsnit. tin

aiittTiiir liraiii'li ui tlic tliinl \i'iii >

linl't

aiiil iitti'ii iiiilist iiict,

'I'lic I'aiiiily St rat ioiiiyiihi' is one oi' consiilrralili' si/c in-
cluiiini:,' nearly one tliousaml known species, 'i'lie tlies are
invarialily flower insects, seliloin with any niarkeii |iower> ol'
Hi;.^'lit anil never liaviiiLj the hahil of hovrriie^- in the air. Not
a lew species are eaii;4lit in lieatiii'^ nets or on the window s of
ilwellini,' liouses. Many of the species lia\t' in liie hri^ht yel-
low or <,'reen iiiarkinu;s. Their eL,^!4's are laid on the Lrronnd.on
plants about water, or perhaps on the siirtace of the water
itself. The larva' are carnivorous, or Iced upon decayiii;,' ve;;-
etalije material. The larv;e ol < '/n-i/sintii/iu have heeii toiind
in cow-duiiLC. and under stones ; those of Sifr;/iis in the llowiii'^
sap (d' elm trees ; those of llirnn fin in pri\ its ; t hose of rnrh ij-
iiostci- in tleeayilii,' W(>otl ; those of Hiris in iiioss ; those of
Sfnifiiiiiii/ld. ( h/niifoim/io. Xciinitfl IIS, etc.. ill water. 'I'lie lar-
v;i' of Strntiimi ii'tii liavt' been found in salt and alkaline water.
The body is smooth and tlatteiicil. th" last se^^nient often pm-
lon<;t''d into an eloii.^'uted breathiiiLT tiiiu' aiitl with a teruiiiial
transverse cleft. The jnipie are inactive, reiiiainiii;^ within
the larval skin, the pupal skin reiiiainini;- within, or partially
within, the larval skin when the lly escapes through a ltui,L;i-
tiiilinul rent.

TAHLK HF cr.NKKA.

1. Atitlnmcii willi seven visilili' sciiiiuiils.
Aliiltmieii witii five itr six visiiilc scmiieiits.

l»r.i!ii>iN.i..

:.'. 'I'hree posterior veins,* all arisiiiu- I'roiii tlie tliscal cell. r.\iiiV(i.\STi!iN.K.
Four posterior veins, the anterior oius soiiKtiines rutlinuiUary. . '•'>

* \\\ posterior veins is nu'aiit those separatinji' the posterior cells.

10

XOKTII AMKUIOAX DirTKlIA.

.'!. All the pDstcrinr v(ii\s arise fruni tlic iliscal cell, tlir fiftli postcrinr ctll
liciH'f cniitiL-Miuus with till' ili^i'ai cell. ..... I

'I'lic last posterior vein aris( s t'roin tlie second l>asal cell. . •'»

I. 'i'liinl joint of tile antenna' wiili a lony, ilelieatelv trinueij, lain. Iliforni
stvle ; nsnallv larjie. more or less elon<:ateil >pi'eies ; males dielioptic
(llerinetiiiia'). ...... Iii;i:Mi;riA Latnille.

Third aiitennal joint not with such a stvle; alidomeii short.

('i.rn:i.i.,\i!iN.K.

'». Antenna' with a slender ilorsal or terminal, hare or piiheseent arista.

SAlttilN.K.

Antenna' never with a sUiider or lonii arista. . . Stkatiom^ i.v.K.

I'.KKFIMV.K.

1. Three j>osterior veins, all arising from the discal cell.* . . 2
Four posterior veins, all arising' from the discal cill; scutellum with

spines. ........... (5

2. Scutellum without spines. ........ J!

Scutellum with ispines 4

."I. Short, small species.

Klonirate, lar;;t'r species; head sometimes small. (Central and South
America). ('iiiuo.my/.a VVcidcinann.

Ai.i.oiiNosTA Osten Sacken.

4. Scutellum with ti'U spines (("I'utral and Sotith Anu'rica).

Scuti'Uum with not more than si.\ si>inei
;"). llea<l lu-mispherical.

IIktkuacantiia Scliiner.

Rkims Latreille

Head not henusi)herical, the front much flattened ami eloiijiate (Central

America).

liiiRisMviA (fi};lio-Tos

i>. ()ccij)ut flattened; hind femora .simple; the last two a1)doininal seg-

ments small.

Scoi.ioi'Ki.TA Willistoii.

Occijuit excavated ; liind femora thickened at the extremity.

Ni:i)KXAiki;ta Osten Sacken.

S.\K(iIN.K

1. Antenna' elontrate, with a terminal, puhesctiit styU' (Central and S(, itli

Anu'rica).

AiKocH.KTA Wii'demann.

Antenna' short with an ai>ical or preapical arista. .
Scutellum with two spiiu's (Central and South America). t

HiiAi'iiiocKKA Wiedemann-

Scutellum without sjjines.

* Variable in lin-is.

t If hut a .single sul»niarj>:inal cell ])resent, comjiare Xot/ninn/iii (Stra-
tiomyina' ?)•

sriiA'noMviD.i:.

iiiiii-

hr.i-

'.). Anterior (><'<lliis more wiilcly s(]i;iriit(il tliiin llw ntliiT two; iii:il<-i li
Ii>]iti(' (ir (licliipptic. .........

ncflli fi|iiiili>iinit, iiiiirf ai)pri>.Tiiriiit(ii. ......

•I. .Miildiiuii <'iiiitriicti'(l lu'iir tlif Kasc, clavalc <ir jn dicillatc.

M

Aliilniiu'ii not ]ic(li<'illati' or clavatr

I'.i.rnt.

(•Ill-

'). SfCdiid aiitiiiiial joint |iroion;,'((! on tlic iiitnr >iil(', ixtciulint; on ami

closfiy \y\\\'^ npon tiic tiiirtl Joint.
SiToiid antciniai Joint not with siicli a projection

1*1 irrici s Loiw.

(i. Iliml fi'inora nioilcratiiy thickfncil on tiic proximal portion ; oriirin of
till' si'coml vein near tiu' anterior cro.-^s vein (Ci'ntral ami South

Ami'rica).

MKUOSAItlil s I

Iliml ffinoia slcinliT, or the secoml vein ninotc from tlu' anterior c

■oew.
ross-

vcin.

7. Third Joint of the antenna' pointeil, the arista somewhat thickeiieil ; first
anti'nnal Joint moderately ioni: (('eiitral and South America).

llisM<»iiui>M.\ Schiller.
Third anteiiinil Joint oval, the arista sUii'ier. ..... S

S. IChnijiati' species [('/iri/sniiKtns preoc.) . Ciiitvsoi iiitoMA, mtin. nov.

Dei'p metallic sjiecies ; ahdomeii short; eyes of male with an ana of

eulartred facets ahove; front of female hroad. .Mi('U<m muvsa Loew.

STKATK)MVIN.K.

1. Third lony:itudinal vein with an anterior hramdi ; third Joint of antenmc

elongate. ........... "J

Third lonj,ntudinal vein without anterior hraiich. ....<!

2. St'Utelluni without s{)ines ; first two Joints of thi' antenna' short (Central

and South America).

("noHDONOTA (Jersta'cker,

Scutelhim with sjiines, rarely wantint; in (filiiutum'/in. ....'!

."). Third joint of the antenna' eomixised of from three to five annuli. I

Third joint c()m]tosed of seven or ei^ht annuli. ....')

J. I'Mrst antenuiil joint three or four tinu's the lenj^th of the second.

STitATioMvrA ( JeofTroy.
First antenuiil joint less than three times the leiijith of the sicoml.

Okoxtomma Meijfi'U.

•">. Tliird imtennal joint elon<rate, termimitinjr in a i)oint ; first joint two or
three times the lenuth of the si'cond (Central ami South America ami

West Indies).

Cvriio.M VIA Wiedemann.

Tliird antennal joint torniinatin^r in a hristle; first Joint hut little loiigiT
than the second (Central and South America).

Nkokon-oania Osten Sacken.

4S

NOIJTII AMKlMf'AN DIITKIJA.

<i. Fiicf ])ri)iliiccil {■(iiii<'iilly ilownwanls; anti'iiii!i' C'lonjriitc.

.M vx(»s.\i{<.i s Hriiucr.
Face nut prDilin'til coiiically ; tliinl antcmial joint oval witli a tiTiniiial

arista.

NoTIIO.MVIA L(

)l'\V.

(LITKI.LAIMN'.K

1. SciitcUuii: uitlioiit spines.

Sciitt'lluin with spini's. ....

2. Antenna' short, with a suhtiTniinai arista.
Antenna- nw.Te or h'ss eioii'Mti'.

< )xv< i;uA Mtiiit II.

Antenna' situated near the oral margin ; thiril joint composed of si.x

ajuuili (("eiitral and Smitli Anii-rica).

I'll uvm:i i!A Scliiner,

Antenna' situated near or a little helow the niiddh' of the head in jiro-

file,

4

4. Antenna' niueh eion^ati'd ; style not dilTen'ntiated ; eyes bare ; snialliT

sptc'ies. ......

Antenna' niodi'rately elonuiited.

5. Style of anteinia' not dilTerentiated.

Style of antenna- distinetly ditVeri'iitiatt-d.

<>. Kyes jtilose; antenna- with a slemU-r styli-.

ICyes hare; style not slender (Central America).

Ki'i'AiJHVini s (iersta'cker.

Sroi.ioi'Ki.TA Willist

on.

C'l.iTKM.AiiiA Meimn.

Faci- conically produced downward.
Face not conically j>roduced.

AocHi.KTi s Osteii Sackeii
Nk.motklus (u'offrov

H. Third antennal joint with a Ioii<r slender arista, Innf^er than the antenna- ;
eyes hare (Ci-ntral and South America and the West Indies).

(^Hijvsocii I.OKA .Macquart.
Fyes ]>ilosi-; antenna- with a short, thickened, divaricate, hairy style, ti-r-
niinatin;4' in a short slender Itristle; second joint of antennae not
with a tinjier-like ]»rojection over the third joint (West Indies).

I'ki.aoomvia Williston.
l'.\('IIV(J.\STUIN.K.

1. Antenna* situated near tin- oral inar^

in.

Antenna' situated near the middle of the head in proflU-. . . ;'.

2. Third joint of tin- antenna- forked, ctimitlicated in structure {('iKtniin

preoc. West Indies), .... Niooc iiAi na, num. nov.

Third joint of the anti'iina- eloiifiate, with a distinct style, not forktd

(Central and South America). . Acantiiina Wiedemann.

o. Scutellum ending- in a stout spine ((^entral and South Anii'rica).

S(-utellum without sj)ine, simpli-

CvNii'i.MoiM-iiA i?rauer.
rACiivoASTiiU Meiuiii.

lAI'.AXID.K.

4!)

ir.. acaxthomkuidj:.

Very larov. tlu- lar^.-st ai„.,n,^- Wipt.-ra. stent, hristlrlrss
".'arly l.aiv rii.s. Ky.s lar;;.. ....nti^uous in tlu- ,aal.. O.-Hli

Pn's.-nt. Tlnr.l joint of tlH.ant<.nna.u>n.,.l.-x. nnn,.os,.,l oi'
s^-v.M. scKn.rnts. with a t.-nninal, oltm in tin- n.al. srtirom,
sty!,. l>,ol,osr,s short, not a.lapt.Ml in,- pi^rrinn-, with th-shv
l=ilH-na. T.-nh. ru.linu.ntary. Tii,iaMvithont spnrs ; ,a.lvilli
=""1 ^''»I..Hha ]>a,l-lik,.. \Vin,s w,th two snhn>ar,inal an.l fiv.
posterior (m-Hs, the fourth posterior .-ell an.l the anal eell eh.se.l
I'Ut two genera are known in this I'an.ilv. inelu.lin^ aito-
^.■ther only about fifteen or .ixte-n sp^.-ies! all of whi'eh are
n.li. Intants of Central and South An.eriea. The speeies are
n'.narkahle for their extraor.inu.ry sixe. son.e reaehn.^ nearly
tu-o .nehes in len;,th. The spe.-ies of J...^;).,,,,,, are found
:" ion.sts, ah-htm- on trunks of tr.^es. aee,.r.liun. to Mr
Chanipu.n; otherwise their hal.its. whether of tlie'^a.lult or
m.mature stages, are l>ut little k.iown. IJrauer has thn.re.I
H.Hl cesenhed the larva- of J. Fnn,ruf.l.ni. Thev are evlin-
' n<-al, th.ek and short. The la>t se,nuent is fir.nU" ehitinixed
alH.ve with two series of I.ookh-ts, the two proj^-tin- haek-
wanls m the middle heino^ stout and enrved ;' indow these
there is a deep, transverse ,deft. on the under side of whi.-h is
a rounded lip.

In both Arnnthonwra an.l Uhn i,hh>rlnjnrhu. the face may he
pi-odueed eonieally or not at all. The two genera are di;tin-
j,nushed hy the strueture of the palpi, in Arauth.nu-rn slender
m IUn,pJuo>'h!,„r/n,s stout and pointe,!. Arantl,.u„rn, mav
liave sitines on the hind femora.

Hi. TAIJAXIIMv

Head larg.., transvers.-, somewhat flattened ami with tli.'
ooeiput Hat or eoneave. Antenna^ j.orreet, the thir.l joint eom-
posed of from five to ei.^d.t annuli or se^vm.nts. Kyes hu-e
pnlH'seent or hare, eontigu..us above in the male ami with tl.e

r»(»

NOirni AMKKHAN DIPTKKA.

upix'V I'accts lai'un'i' tJiai- uc lower (Hics; in life usually with
i,M'('('n and pui'jtlt- iiiarkin.ijs. Ocelli absent or ju-esent. Tro-
bosj'is ]irojeetiii!^'. sonietiuies uiueli elon^aleil ; ])ali»i two-
jointed, the second joint elon_i,Mte oi- thickened. Thoi-ix no".

very convex aliov(

•utelluni never with tubercles or sjiii

nes

on its border. AbdonuMi bi'oaih moderately elon.fate or short.
never slender or constricted; composed of st'ven se^iiients:
genitalia nevii- {irominent. TiC.us moderately stout, the
tibia' sonii'times nuudi dilated; middle tibia* always with
si)ui's at the tijt; tarsi with thrt'«> meml)ranous ])a(ls at the
ti[) (the empodia developed pulvillirorm). 'Ferula' always

of eonsidei'able si/i

Tl

\o marginal vein encom])asses tlu

entire wing; two submarginal ind five posterior cells prestuit ;
basal cells all elongate, the anal cell (doseil at or near the
uuirgin of tlie wing. S})eeies never viu'v snuill, often among
the larg"st of the order, never thickly pilose, and wholly
without bristles on liodv or legs.

This family includes the flies commonly k!U)wn as horse-
flies, and is widely distributed over tlie wt)rld. About four-
teen hundred species are known, of whicdi more than one
hundred and filty are from North America. ^lauy of the
s])ecies are eonspicnious for their large size, though the greater
number are of moderate size, but iu)iu' are small. Most of
them love the bright sunshine, though the smaller fV)rms are
more usually found about shailv idaces near the border of

d

woods, apj)earing on sunslimy days

The femab^ alone i.^

blood-sucking in habit ; the males are much more rartdy met
with, and will be caught usually in sweepings of meadow-
lamls, on flowers, etc. Their power of flight is remarkabl(\
moving as rapidly as can a horse

Tl

leir i)ite^. thougli pan

rh

ful enough, do n(»t seem to cause the same irritation as those
of the mos(putoes and midges. ^Vilen no better food olfei'S.
the females will, like the males, seek the juices of plants and
th)wei's.

Tiu" spindle-shajied brown or black eggs of the Tabanida'

TAHAMD.K.

.•)!

arc t(

tlie

nni.l attacluMl tn the st.-iii of plants ..r on l.-avs. tl

iuiuatic forms are found atta.-lH..l to rushes. Th, ' Ian"

lost' ol

ire carnivorous, fccdin-' upon snails. < tl
':ivc a distinct head. The hody is ,d
encircled witii retractile flesl

1

ler larva', "tc. Tl

lev

t'vcn-jointt'd. olten

velojK'd only on the ventral side, tlie 1

i.v I»rotul>ei'ances, soinetiiiies dt

tical ])reatl

St

iiiiL,' openin.LT, or the last t\v

igmatic tube. l'uj)a free, 1

^t se.L^nitMit with a ver-
o se_i,rinents foriuin-r a

iviii.i,^ in the e;;rth or in

water.

1. Hiixl tiltiii" will

TAHI,K (IK (iK.NKHA.

1 s

Hind til)

purs at tlic tip. soiiictiiii

H' witliout .«;{>urs (Tii/„niin,i ).

\vs

small {l\in<i,,ulti„).

Til

ird .joint of tlu' antirin

IS o

Tl

Illy a littk' lonj,^i'r tiian the t

•' '•"•i'.i.ommI „f ,.i,i.|it annul!, tlu- first ..f which

Oiiowillcr oil,.

"Hi joint foniimstMl of five- an.u.ii, the first of whitl
than the f()Ilowinjr,„K,s; oeelli jtrcscnt.

1 IS niiu'h lonircr

Kront of female broad, witi
Front of tVnial

1 a lar^-c (

e narrow, ocelli present or al.seiit

ieiiiided caihis; occ^lli present.

4. First and fourth jjoste

rior cells cl„,sed (Central and South America).

Fourtli posterior cell, at 1

least, open.

DiCMSA Schiller.

*l»

5- Fyes iifutely an«,'ulated ahove; II

I*A\(;()MA Latreill

ippohoscid-liki' spec

les.

'•es not acutely angulated al

)ove; not Ilippohoscid-likt

(io.,ioi's Aldricli,

0. Second joint of tl

Ai'AT(>i.i;,STi;s Willist

on.

wit!
Seoon^

leanterna' ahoiit half as V

1 numerous sman dots.
J joint of the antenna' as I

•iiL' as till' first

eyes in life

joint; wiiijrs with a dark pictur

Sii.vii s Meineii.
onu- or hut little shorter than the first

SJ)Ot>

7. Third joint of the ant

'e: eyes in life with few

er, lar}.ri'r

cess.

Ciiuvsoi's Meij

ennu' withoui, or with a rudinieiitarv basal

ii'ii.

Thi

s. Tl

rd joint of anie.uia. with a well-develoi.ed basal
lorax and abdomen with irrid

process.

l)ro-

1(1

(Central and South A

'hon

nui

X and ubdoinen without toinent

esceiit toineiitum; all the tibia- dilated
rica and West Imlies). IIalim s JVrtv.

um

* Inclusive of Crhunnm, and hmlumln.um Hon.lani

S'PT^

r>'2

XOirni AMKIUCAN DllTKlJA.

'.•. Front of fciiialf us hrnad as loiii^, tlu' callus transwrsc.

II.KMATUIOTA .MciL'cn.

Front of fftnalc iiiirrow. . Di Acni.oitus ( )stiii Sacki ii.

10. Front tiliia' niiicli ililati'il ; process of tin- third Joint niiicli fioniii'li il

(Ct'Mtral and South Anu'rica). . . . Stiuaso.ma Schiiur.

Front tihijL' not dilati'd. . .11

11. Fir.st antcnnal Joint I'lonuatc; l»ody clonfiati- ((\'ntral and South

America) l)irni:i,A('i;KA .Macquart.

First antcnnal joint short ; hodv not cloniratc. .... 12

12. A small occlli,t;crous tiihcrclc jircscnt in the male; eves puhescetit.

'I'llKiMoiM.Eci i;s Zidler.
No oct'lliucrous tuhc rcle. ........ l-'J

1.']. V.ycs ])uljescent.
l''.vcs hare.

Atvi.otl'S Osten Sacken.
Taiiani s Linne.

1

ASILIILK

S})('(Mes of iiiodt'i'utc to lai'i^M' size, usually more or less cloii-
i^ate ill t'oriu. soinctiiiu's tliicklv liairv ; alwavs liristlv. tlu'
bristles usually conspicuously strong; highly })re(la('cous in
habit. Head tiatteiu'd. broad .md short, sej)ar;ited from the
thorax by a freely movable ne(;k. Front excavated between
the eyes, the eyes iu l)oth sexes se])arated. Three ocelli ])res-
ent, usually situtited ui)ou a. rouiuled tubercle; front with
bristles. Antenna' j)orr(M't, sini})le, conijtosed of three joints.
the tliird usually nu)re or less elongated, and with or without
a terminal style or bristle, the style sometimes thickeiu'd and
forming one or two apparent antennal joints. Proboscis
never elong;ited, firm aiul horny, adapted for ])iercing, directctl
forwtird, or forward and downward; ])alpi composed of one or
two joints; labella not Heshy. Al)domen composed of eight
segments, the hyi)()pygium or oviduct usually prdinineiit.
Legs strong, l)rist]y of moderatei length, rartdy somewhat
elongated; tarsi strong; empodia bristle-like, the 'atlvilli
rarely rudimentary. Teguhe small. \\'ings when at rest
lying parallel over the abchunen ; basal cells h)ng: twn or

ASILID.K

>).)

'V\\

■ith
uts.
.ut
liuul
scis

•tea

|i' or

o-ht
i'i\t.
•hat

Ivi

Hi

Vl'ST
) Of

tliri'c siil)iiiar,niiial and iivi' iiostciior cells alwaxs p'.sciit;
tir.st and I'oiirtii pdstcrior cflls and the anal cidl (ipni or • loscd.
The family Asilida* oi' lJolil)rr-tlics is oni' (d' tiir lar.ncst and
lii'st known anion;^ dijitcra. intdudin;^' nearly tliree tli'insand
s]>e(des. disti'ihuted anion;^^ aliont one Imndred ;ind tii'ty .genera.
Many of the speides arc coiispicuons fdi' their larL,M' si/e. the
hirj^^est inL'asnrin_ij ncaidy two iiudics in len,L;tli. while the small-
est known sjicidcs arc seldom los than a third of an in(di.
Tiioy arc the most jtrcdaecons of all flics in tludr hal)its. The
j^'roatcr jiart of them rest upon the ground, and fly up when
disturbed, with a ([ui(d< l»u/./in;^' sound to alii^ht a.u'ain a short
distance beyond. S(tme of the I/iplirinu' have a strikin;,;'
resemblance to lariie luunblc bees, and are usuallv observed

restin'": noon folia'-rc about the borders ol' bu'cst.-

All t

icir

food, which consists ^vholly of other insects, is caught upon

tl

le wiiii^f; their

Inckl

ess victims when once seized in

tl

leir

strouii:

fev't are ]

)OWerlcss to escape

Otl

ler

tl

H'S

am

Hymenojjteia arc usually their food, but Hyin^j licetlcs. es-
])eeially the Cieindelida' ai'c often cauijjht and they arc kn<twn
to seize and (h'stroy larnc dra.i^on flies. In an instance that
the writer observed, a female seized a )»air of hei'own species,
and, thrustiui,' lier jiroboscis into the th(»vax of the male, cai--
ried them botii (jff toLicther.

Tlie hirviu live (diiefly in rotten wood, under bark, or in soil
containing decomposing vegetable matter, under l(>avcs, etc.
and feed upon grubs and »ther larva'. The larva' arc cylin-
drical in sha})e, with parcnment-like skin, the al»doniinal seg-
ments st)nu'tinies girdled v.ith I'ounded tnbcr(des, or with
abdominal i)r()tuborances for locomotion. The pupie arc fi'cc,
with strong booklets at the ant<'rior end, and the alidomen is
provided with spiny girdles, mi.xcd with hairs al>ove and be-
low ; the last segment has two short divaricate booklets and
several smaller projections.

The young larva' sometimes bore their way completely
within the bodies of other lai'\ie, re)»'ainin'' there till their

r,4

NOKTH AMKHICAN DIITKKA.

food is wholly fonsuiiuMl. Frequently the hirvie are i'ouiul
fr(M' in the earth, however, where their traiisforniation takes
place. The ej^j^s are laid about grass stems, or iu the crevices
ol' decay in*,' trees infested l)y larvij' of otlier insects.

TAHLH OK (JKNKUA.

1. Marjrin.'il cell of wiii^rs open.

.Miir<;iiial Cfll closed. .........

'1. Tliinl joint of iuitcimii' with an ari.sta or ari.stiforni style; alxlonu'i

sit'ndrr; ])ulvilli wantinii.

I. E I'l o< i A sr K u iM i- i ji t'li .

Antttina'not with an arista; usuallv witli a thicki-ntd stvk-.

;5. Antenna^ with a tiTniinal hristie.
Anti'iuia' not with a tiTniinal hristlc.

l).vsYro(if>N'iN.i;,

ASIMN.IC.
li.VrilKIX.K.

i)Asypo(;oNix.K

Front tihiu' not with a tcrniinai, ciaw-liiii' spur.

AlM.AlTl'S Loi'W,

1. Front tihi.i' with a terminal, daw-like spur. . . . . 2S
Front tihiu' not with a terminal,

2. I'ulvilli rudimentary or wanting
Pulvilli normal '•'>

■5. Head narrow, about as high as broad ; face narrow above, broader and
swollen below, in large i)art covered with hair; large, elongate

species 4

Head very obviously broader than high (>

4. Antenna* with a terminal style o

Third joint of antenna- long, without style; fourth i)osterior cell closed
before the iiorder of the wing; black sj)eeies, with or without red on

the abdomen.

Osi'KiocKULS Loew.

5. Style about luilf the length of the third anteunal joint.

Sci.KROi'OGON Loew
Style about a sixth or an eighth of tlic length of the elongated third

ji)iiU.

STESOrOCiON Loew.

<). Fourth posterior cell closed before the border of the wing. . 7

Fourth i)osterior cell wide opi'ii, rarely nearly closed. . . . l-'J

7. Antenna' much elongate, appan'iitly com))osed of five joints. . 14

AiUenna' not longate, comjxised of three joints, without terminal

style.

H. Face bare, except on oral margin.
Face pilose or hairy, more convex.

10

ASILID.K.

>>•>

0. Anterior iiitiTcaliirv vi'in cimtiiUKiiis or iirarlv so witli the t'oiirtli v

cm.

tile lust section of tlu- latter olilii|iie, cloriiiii- or niueli iiarrowini: tlie

liroail first posterior eili.

MnuosTYi.rM .Mae(|tiart.

Last section of tiii' fourtli vein eontiiuicuis witli the ])reei'(lino- section,
tile first i)()ster;or cell not closiii or narrowed (('intra! ami Soutli

America).

Ainiiii.i;sTK!s (Scliiiier) I.oe

10. AbilomcM cylindrical, not narrow at the tip, eloniratc ; near thi' ]iroxi-
mal mar<;in of the si'cond and thinl sei;:ments with a white-])ollin()se

i-maryinate cross-hand : winus dark.

I)

i/oNiAs Loew.

Alxlomen less elonj^ate, with five or six white-jiollinose (interriipti'd or

entire) cros.s-hands

U

11. Scutelluin with hristl
fourth posterior eel

veins at the outer ends of the discal and

j)aral

( >|{Tii(»m:i ROM VIA Williston.

Scutellum without bristles ; veins at the ontiT ends of the iliscal and

fourth jxisterior cells not jtarallei

lli

\'2. l-'irst i)()sterior ctdl open, scarcely narrowed; face broad.

First jiosterior ctdl closed or much narrowed.

1-AIMIVSTIA LoiW.

Tkici-is Schiller.

l-'5. Antenna' elon,irate, composed (d' live joints; ni'arly bare sjn'cie

14

Antenna' less elon<i;ate or short, composeil of three joints with or with

out a short or sU'iidir stvie,

i;

II. First and second joints of tlu' antenna' (d' nearly i'(|ual len!.Mh, the third
elonsfate, the fourth short, fifth eloufjrate and densi'ly pubescent ;

third and fourth not lobed at ti|).

('KUATiUfiis Wiedeinant

First joint about three times the leiiji'th of the si'cond, third elongate,
the fourth and fifth of nearly etiual K'Hirth; third anil fourth joints
at the tip with two lobes or processes, reachin;;- to about the middle

of tlie followinjr joint.

.Mvi;

.Ai'in s niuot.

1"). Style of antenna' short, thick, obtuse, not easily distinjrtiishable from
the third joint, or if so fornuii";- ajipareiit joints; antenna' more or

less elonjrate,

IC.

Terminal styli' small, more slendi-r than the joint, api)arent ; antei\na'

short

er.

IS

i:;

14
liinal

8

0

10

1(5 Nearly bare s])ecies ; face flattened, bari', I'xcept below. Small or
rather small species, shininji or metallic black, with narrow or cylin-

drical abdomen and lar<re wii

ms.

1^

II U-

Thickly ]»ilose species, the bristles )\'w and hair-like; antenna' s|»ri
'u\iX from a convexity, the facial ])ro(ile thence recediti;,'' to the facial
tubercle, which is situated ujion thi' lower i)art of the face; alxlo-

nu'ii short ; head narrow.

l)i( <>i,(»M s I,oew.

r»()

NOUTII AMKinCAN DIP'l'KKA.

17.

18.
10.

All the tiliiii' iind tlif liiiid femora witli sliort, stroiii: seta-.

K<i iioiioi'A Loi'w.
Hind fi'iiiora witliont siicli sita'. Dumtkia Miiiitn.

Face ilistiiu'tly swdUcii in prolilc, jriMiosc
Faff tlattiMU'd or ycntlv convex. .

■JO

20.

21

22.

2n.

24.

2o.

20.
27.

Tliickly i)ilo.>;e ^<pecies; tiie jiihhosity of tlie face readies to tlie base of
tlie antenna-; anal ceil nsually open. ('vitroi-ixioN Loew.

Thinly i)ilose, Jiiore jMillinose specii's, the convexity of the face eon-
fined to the lower \r.\vt ; anal cell usually closed. L.\sii>c()<i<)X Loew.

Ahdonien elonuute; front hroail anti-riorly, narrow hehiml.

I'l.KsioMMA Mac(iuart.
Front not narrowed liehind 21

Hind tibia' towaril the tipiind the hind metatarsi much thickened. 22

Hind tibia' not, or but slijihtly, thickened toward tiie tiji ; metatarsi not

thickened 2;;

Head much broader than high, transverse, "u^oirirle-like "; abdomen
short, win<is larjre. .... Hol» ch ei'IIai.a Jaennieke.

Head only moderately broader than hijih, not at all sjjectacle-like in
ap])earuiice. ....... Hoi.oi'ixiON Loew.

Abdomen with thick, recumbent jiile above; thickly ])ilose species*;
antenna' slender. ...... I'vcxoi'Ouon Loew.

Abdomen without such pile above 24

Slender, nearly bare sj)ecies ; face ])eri)endicular, straijrht or jiently
concave, narrowed above and bare, excej)! on oral nnirjiin. . '2o

Face fiently rounded, not jtrondnent below, in larj^e part hairy ami not
or but slijjflitly narrowed above. ...... 2(i

Thickly whitish pollinose; abdomen flattened, usually reflected up-
ward ; tidrd joint of antenna.' and the style both .slender.

SxicHOPOfiON Loew.
Less thickly pollinose; abdomen cylindrical, a little broatler at tlu'
base; third joint of antenna.' short and broad, the style minute.

See IlAiuioi'OGON himxeati'S AVill.

Larjre, elonjjate species, the style of antenna' short. Cam.inici :s Loew.
Moderately large, and not much elongate species. ... 27

Abdomen broailer at the base, dejiressed : thorax much convex above;
antenna' slender, the style long and slender (compare also sjjecies of
Cyrtojxjgon) HETEiun'OiiOX Loew.

Abdomen sliort. cylindrical; black, with bright golden opaque pollin-
ose markings on tiiorux and abdcmien.

See LArAKiTs i'ictitahsus Higot.

Asir,ii).K.

• •i

'■i^^. V:icv hare with Kristlfs on tin- oral

•■avf, the oral iiiarj,nii most promiiuiit.

maryiri, in profile straiiilit

act' coiivi'X Ik-Iow, tli
iTi'd with hair,

I' oral iiiar-iin nut prominent, more or I

or con-

i'ss cov

20. Fourth posterior eell closed
of the wiiij,'.

ii consi(leral)le ilistance ln-|'ore tl

Fourth posterior cell open or closed in tl

;!l). Hind i)ulvilli much shorter than tli

H' marj;in

oil

ic niarfi:in. S akai-cjov Lo,.w.

tnicted t<.war.l the hase (Central and South A

c ontratiMJ claws; ahdon

leii con-

nierica).

Hind pulvilli n(.t much sln.rterthan the claws; al.d

toward tlie l)a>

11. Third joint of tl

Hm:imiai!i;imi M Kondani.
omen not contracted
Dkko.mvia riiilippi.

he antenna- more or less dilated the stvl

'hird

joint of antennjo slender, el

e very short.
Lksto.mvia Willisto',.

oimate

Head broad and flat, the f

ICC not ''1111)0

loose

ice convex, .len.sely covered with hair; thickly pilose sp

tral and South Aineric

."i.'J. Ahdomen tincdy i)unctiilate

Ahdomen smooth, not putictiilate.
;'.4. Mind tibia, at the tip and their tarsi thickened.

•cies (Cen-
Lastai i<( s Loew.

Tahacticis Loew.

Hind tibia' at the tip and their t
cell wide open (Mexico).

irs

i not thickened; fourth posterioi

Coj'ni;i!A Osten Sack

!.'). Fourth posterior cell wide open; abd

en.

broader beyond the niiddl

omen flattened, in the 9 a littk

c ; in the $ near the tip, the last t

nents of which are consjiicuouslv silverv al

wo seg-

)ove

Fourth posterior cell
{lilacodis preoc.)

Nkoci.ks Jaennicke.
narrowed ; abdomen of male not silverv above

LoK

wiKLLA, nom. nov

1. Front tibiio with a t

Front tibiit' without claw lik

LAl'UKIX.E.

crminal claw-like sj)ur.

e s

pur.

Hind tibia; thickened, club-like at the e.xt

ened and eIon<rate

Hind tibia' not clubbed ; hind metatarsi of the usual

and South America)

mnity; hind metatarsi thick-

structure (Central

Mkgai'oda Macquart.

rhorax projecting prominently in front over the hea.l (Central and

South America)

Tliora:

FsEL'Doui s Walker.

not projoclinfT prominently in front (Central and S. America).

DoRvcM .s .)aennicke

58

NOUTII AMKIJICAN DIITKK'A.

10.

11.

12.

V('in,« at tlic distal cud of tin- discal and fourtli posterior cells parallel
or coritimious in the same strai^Mit line. .....'>

Veins at the distal end of the diseal and fourth posterior cells not jt.ir-
alU'l or (•ontinuous, .,..-.... s

Tliird joint of the antenna* with a terminal style, in len<,'th greater
than the first two t(!;,'etlier ; eyi's not or hut very slitihtly emar^rinate
on the sides of tlie front, the front miidi wider ahove ; scutiilum
without bristles, or with hair-like ones (West Indies and S.America.)

Atoma Williston.

Tliird joint of antennse witliout terminal style r»

Tliird joint of the antennjp at least three times as lonix as the first tw<»
tojjether; larj^e species (Central and South America).

AriiKSTi.v Schiner.

'I'hird antennal joint less than twice the leiifith of the first two to-
^H'ther 7

First joint of the antenniK about as lonj; as the third ; front much
widened altove, the eyes disciform and with enlarj^ed facets in front ;
scutellum with weak bristles ; body jiunctulate. Ceuotaixia Schiner.

Third joint of the antennae lonj^er than the first two to<j;etlier; eyes on
the sides of the front emar^inate, the front not widened above; .scu-
tellum with bristles; first posterior cell usually narrowed; body
l)unctulate Ato.mosia Schiner.

First posterior cell narrowed or closed. ..... it

First jiostertor cell wide open. . 11

Three submarfjinal cells present, i. e. the upper branch of the third
vein is connected with the second vein by a cross- vein.

PoGoNo.soMA T{ondani.
Two submar^inal cells. . 10

Ilind femora of nearly equal thickness throughout; antennie with a
distinct terminal style; very larf^e, robust, thickly jiilose species.

IIvi'KKKCiiiA Schiner.

Ilind femora thickened toward the end; antcnnie with- "it terminal
style; more elonfj^ate, less pilose species. . . Nisa Walker.

Thorax and abdomen nearly or quite bare; hind femora with spinous
tubercles below. ...... Lami'kia Macquart.

Thorax and abdomen pilose; lar<rer species usually. ... 12

Densely pilose si)ecies; the abdomen short, broad, usually broader

beyon<l the middle; proboscis thick. . . Dasvlms Loew.

Less pilose, more eloufjate species ; jirobo.scis more elonfjate and slender.

liAiMiiiiA Meificn.

ASII.ID.K,

r>\\

I. Bristle of ant

asimnm:.

IJristl

t'luia' iilutiiosi-,

».' not IlllllllDSl'.

1'. 'riu- veins closirijr tlie .liscal an. I fmirtli

"MMATM S Willi

eniann.

Tl

straiK)it line or parallel (Central. S, A

le V

I'iiis closin-r the discal ami foiirtl

posterinr cells in the sanu
nierica). Athactia .Mae(|nart.

Tl

1 l)i).'teri()r cells not jiarallel.

Tl

10 posterior branch of the third

iK'fore the tip of the \vinJ,^

u- posterior branch of tlii' third

win"-.

veil curves forward to meet the /-ost;

4

vein terminates I.evond the tip of th.

4. Oviduct cylindrical, witl

1 a terminal circlet of spine

'I

iduct laterally flattened, without

I'lux TACANTiirs Macquart.

>. 1 \v(» suhmarfrina! cells (Asilus

circlet of spines. Kkax Mj,

c(|uart.

Tl

iree suhmaruinal cells

sens. lat).

ti. Ahdo

men shorter than the winj^s; ho,ly thickly ,,iIose. .laws ol

)tuse

Abdomen

lorifrer than the uinffs; body thinlv pilo.se. 1

MAi.t.oi-iioijA .Mac(|uart.

7. Oviduct laterally compres.sed.
Oviduct conical.

><. Face without fiil)l)ositv. n

'UO.MACIHJS Ia'VW.

inysta.v composed of a few lon<r I

arrow throui^'hout, not at all

carinate, the

Face with ^nl)bositv, or not

lairs

Sti;noi'|{<)s<)i-ls I

oew

n. Fiid lamella> of the oviduct wedded

(•annate or unusual I v nam

)W

Knd lameihi' free, stvle-liki

in.

Ku

Toi.Mi s r.(

K'W.

10. 1

'osterior border of the last

10

wirlen

c'd

ventral set.rment in the $ more or ]>

Posterior border (^) not widened.
11. Lefrs prevailiufT shiniufr yellow in color.

I

e^'s prevailinjjT black, or lij,Hit and
12. Abdomen shinin-r black above and 1

ojiaque ctdored.

.Machimls L( ew.
11
Hemo.moximua Hifrot.
12

Abdomen not si

)elow,

liuiiij,'- above and below,

Stim'no(.astkr r.

oew,

l-'X Male jrenitalia club-likt

Mai

I- ^H'nitalia not club-like; the si.xth and seventl
I>art in the formation of the oviduct.

)e\v.

Nkoita.ml's L(
I Mi,Miients take no

14, Abdominal

se<,Mnents with l)ristles before tl

«)i..Mi;i{is.

K incisures.

Abd.miinal segments without bristles bef

I'liir.oDicrs L(

M'W,

1-'). Brifrlit colored large spt
Small, ash-gray spec.-iei

ore the incisure:

eies.

AsiLi s Linne
HiiAi>ii'i((;i s Loew.

r.ii

Nnirrn amkkican dutkha.

IS. ArioCKKID.K.

Katlicr hir.^n-. cloiiiLjatc, clia'toplioroiis, tliijily pilosr tlifs.
Antcjiiiii' with a siniplt', .-"liort style l''i(»iit not cxcavattMl.
hroadcr ill tilt' I'l'iiialc. Ocelli im'sciit. Face short. Probos-
cis with jiscudo-traclicatc lalx'lla. Third loiii^itndiiial vein (»!'
the wing usually lurcatc; basal c»dls larijc : live jiostciior cells
present. Kiiijiodia wantin^r. Male forceps enlarLfed.

Less than a dozen species of this family are known throuj^li-
out the world, six of which have been described from North
America. The Hies have much the apix'arance of larLfe The-
revids or Asilids. from which thev will be at once distin-'uish-
ed by the anterior cnrvatun? of the outer veins of the win,^^s.
Tlu! larvie are wholly unknown. For a discussion of the rcda-
tionships of the family, as also a bibliograj)hical list, see
Kansas University (Quarterly i, 101.

TABLE OF GK\H1{A.

1. Piili*! t\v()-jointc(l, liirjie; the second vrin from the discal vein tcriiii-

imtes lu'vontl the tij) of the will},'. . Aimockua Westwooii.

Palpi oiic'-jointoi], siiiiill; tlic second vein from tiie diseal cell tiTiiiiiiatcs

before the tip of the wint^. ....... '2

2. Anal cell closed.
Anal cell open.

UiiAiMiOMiDAS Osten Sacketi.
Ai'oMiOAS ("oquilU'tt.

1<). NEMISTRINIIXE.

Species of moderate size, not elonjj;ate, thinly or densely
pilose. Xeuration eomj)licated, the fourth and fifth veins are
curved forward to terminate before the tip of tlie winij, the
anterior cross-vein is obsolete, that is the third and fourth
veins coalesce for a short distance ; basal (iells long. Antenna'
small, short; third joint simple, wnth a terminal, slender,
jointed style. I'roboscis sometimes elongate. Ovipositor of
the female elongate, often slender. Tibiie without spurs ;

NKMISTIJINID.K.

♦;i

('mjiitdia dcvfldiMMl {(uhillitorui. l.iit. witlitlic iiiihilli ntti'U
minute.

'I'hfoii^flinut the world iiltout mie Imiitlrt'd s]»t'('ir'S (if this
t'aiiiily arc kiKiwn, tin* lari,'t'r part n\' whidi arc trum South
Aiiicrica and Australia. ()nly six sjiccics arc known Irnin
North America and two or thicc from all Kurojic. Sonic of
the .species have the win,>;s with numerous cross-veins, almost
r«'cticulate in api^'arancc. Miij'ixtnrliiinrhiis /i>/ii/ir<>sfn's from
Africa, though only about two-tliirds of an incii in lenuth has
a proboscis nearly three inches Ioult. The flies are Mower
flies. rcscmblin'-T in their hal)iis the Uombvliida".

lUit little is kn(»wn of the larva-. The fcmiilcs of //

inilnll-

I'lii'd ohsriii'ii have liecn obscrveil layinj^ tlicir cLj!L,fs deeply
within the burrows of Jiif/ia.ria. a wood-l»orin,i,' insect, in the
pine rails of t'enc»'s. The c^-^s were found in clusters and the
vouu"' larva' hatched Irom them differed verv sini,Mdarlv from
those of a nu)re mature sj^rowth. They are more slender, Itut
differ chiefly in haviu.i; each of the abdominal segments from
the sixth to tho twelfth juovidcd with a ])air (»f false legs
beariuir a siu'de elouLrate seta at the tin. the hooks iiointinir

backward; on the thirteenth segment there are two ]>airs of
similar seta', the hooks of which, however, point forwards,
thus enabling the larva to attaidi itself tirmlv and raise itself

erect.

Tl

u'se voun

«' larva' issued in ''reat innnbers from the

burrows in which they wt're hatidu'd and. {)lacing themselves
erect, were blown away by the wind. I fere for a time they
liave not been followed, but it is probable that they atta(di
themselves by the aid of the ventral hooks to the bodies of
large-sized beetles, by whicdi they are carried into the ground
when the female enters to deposit her eggs. This is probable
from the fact that hnndreds of pu[);t' and jmpa skins were
observi'd near the fence. On searching below these the larval
skins were found at a dejith of about two inches and still
dee})er were found the renuiins of the beetles, lihizotvoipis
xnUtlt'iiiliH, in some instances with the larva' vet within them.

iVJ

«;

XOirni AMKKICAX DIITKHA.

TAIiLE OF GKNKKA.

1. Proboscis sliort, protniiliiij,' but little from tlic oral opcnini:; i-ycs bari'
or i)ilosi'; two or tliri'c subiiiar^iinal cells. HiUMONKiitA Meijieii.

Proboscis loiijf, directed backwards; aiiteiiiia- Itroadly separated; eyes
Imre ; ovipositor of the 9 L'omp**^*^'"' "' ^^^'* "^It'iider lamella'; three
sultmar^iiial cells present. KiiYNciiocKi'iiAi.rs Fischer.

20. mydaid.t:.

Rather lariic tf) vei-y large, tliinly elotlied or bare, elongate
tlies. Xouratiou eoniplieated, the basal cells long; tlie fourth
vein always terminating at or liefore the tij) of tlie wing.
Antennie elongate, the third joint flattened, witii a terminal
lamella. Front exeavated between the eyes, (h-elli wanting.
Proboscis short, with Heshy labella and without palpi (in otir
species). Empodia very little devidojted, not pulvilliform.

The family Mydaidje comprises only about one hundred
known species, but anujng them are the largest of the order,
a few measuring two inches in length and rivaled only by the
Acanthomeridie among the other families of diptera. Tlie
larvie of species of Mi/i/as live in decaying wood, and it is
probable that all the members of the family have similar
habits. They are known to be predaci'ous in some cases njjon
the larvje of beetles. The larvie of J/i fuJripes are nearly
two inches in lengtli, with swellings below the abdominal seg-
ments for locomotion ; the body is de]»ressed and somewhat
widened, with tlie posterior extremity broader and obtuse.
The ])upa of M. r/arofiis has as its anterior end two strong,
sharp, outwardly curved hooks ; the first abdominal segment
has, on its anterior border above, a row of very long, erect
spines curved backward at the tip. Another series of spines
is situated on t\w anterior border of the last segment, and, on
the same segment thei'c is a pair of hooks at the tip curved
downward.

MVDAir .:.

»;;;

TA15LK OF GKNKUA.

1. Tcnninal si"<r„u.„t ..f tin- 9 alxloiMcn with a rircirt of spines. 2
Terminal sejjnu-nt witliont cirfie of spiius.* . Mvoas Fahricins^

2. A small cross-vein runs into tl.e liin.l maruin of tlie win^r l.^ween tlie

unal eeil ami tlie tip; liimi til.ia' of 9 with spurs.

KcTvi'iii s Gerstaeeker.
No sueh small cross-vein; hind til.ia' of 9 without spurs at the tip.

Livi'TOMVDAs (lerstaeekir.

21. HOMKYLIIIXE.

Medium .sizod to small Hies; oi'tcii with almndiuit, hnv^, del-
icate pile. Head a.s broad or narrower than the tliorax,"oiteii
spherical in shape, (dosely apj.lied to the thorax. Eyes larov,
often eonti<(uous above in the $ and rarely also in the "9'

joint
isiinct and sometimes

Antennte porrect, usually of but moderate len.iL^tli ; third
simjde; style usually small and ind
Avholly wantiu!.;-. Ocelli present. ]*rol
ing from the oral eavitv. and slend

at other times short, with broad labella. Al)d
of from six to eight segments, slender in a fe

)0scis usually projeet-
er; sometimes elonirate:

.omen composed

w L'enera on

Legs mod(n-ately long, weak, witii s.iort, weak bristl
spines. Tulvilli scmietinu^s rudimentary, th
always so, the tarsi and claws small. Te<--ul

es or

often with dark markings; tw
fo

e empodia almost

;e snuill. Wings

o or more sul)marginal, three or

ir posterior cells present; discal cell present in all our
genera; anal cell closed in or near tlie border of the wing, or
narrowly open.

The family Bombyliidje comprises about hiteen huiulred

known species. Afost of tl

lem are swi

ft ay

ing insects, often

* "Generis /'>/>,/,/,; proximum, ditTert: antennis ehmjratis, se^mento pe-
•Hiltimo eylin.lrieo, ultimo, 9, eireiter .luplo l.mKiore, eon.presso, hasi
parum dilatato, apiee ol.tuse acuminate 9,duplo l)reviore, ohtusiore. al.do-
ininis sejrmento ultimo inermi, cyathifonni, utrinciue, j.arum dilatato.
Louff. e-Jo mm. undiiiue iiiKer, ahdomine nitente, alls violaceo micanti-
hiis, extremoapice ali)idis— I', phylloeeriis, Kocky Mts."

I'm I.I.O.MIDAS Hiirot.

(M

NOirril AMKKICAX 1)IITKI{A.

hdvcriiiiLj motionless in tli" air lor a tiiac and dartint; away
like a Hash. Tlu-y seek sunny places in woodland I'oads.
about blossoms oi- on rank ve^'etation. The Anthiacinu' ai'e
a L,M'ouj) esjK'cialiy characteristic of ai'id regions. Inj^'cneral
the members of tlie family are prettify and delicately markc .1,
and their life histories ai'e often very interestin<jf. In the
adult state they are Hower files, fetding ujxm the pollen and
iioiu'v deeit within the blossoms, extracted bv aid of their Ioiili-
])roboscis. The larva' of species of AjilitilKiKtus and Si/sfirc/itts,
occurring in western America, are found in the egg-pods of
the locust, ('(i/i)/)f('iiiis spi'ctiis. ••Tlu' larva' begin to trans-
form themselves into tiie pupa state early in the summer, and
the ))Upa ])ushes itscdf half way out of the grouml in order to
dis(dose the tiy. 'iicy contimie to issue during tlie summer
months. As a rule but one year is n'([uired for full develoji-
nu'ut. Aplxebantus is first observed as a yellowish white
grub, about half an inch long when extended, it being usually
curved so that the head and tail nearlv nuH't. It is usually
fouiul in a case of locust eggs which it has devmired, pushing
the empty shells aside, and at last occupying the space whei-e
were twenty-one to thirty-six eggs. Often it is found in a
littler si)ace below a number of egg-cases, as though it had
feasted off the contents of several nests" (Kiley). The larva-
of Anthrax have been found parasitic upon Mi'f/oc/n'/r, Osniin,
(h/i/ni'i'iis, MtntH'sfni, Xnrttttt and ^li/mfis ; those of Aiyi/rti-
mirfxi upon Prlopaiis, Mft/fir/ii/c, CeiiionKS, Osiiiin and ('tt/lcn-
(/nuKf \ those of /loftiiti/Zlits \i\Hm AikIi'i'iki and ('ollctcs : those
of Toj-opJiDi'd u[)(»n /'Jiniii'iH's ; those of i'allostoiiKi in the egg-
cases of Ca/itjttniii.s Ifatird"^ those of Si/sfro/tus \\\Hn\ Liitia-
nx/rs, etc.

I'AHLH OK (iKNKIJA.

The bifurcation of the socorui ami tliinl vi'ins taki's place opposite or
m-ariy oit|)ositi' tlie anterior ero.ss-veiii, the tiistaiiee n(»t ixeee(nn}^
the lenji'tli of tlie eross-vein; the second vi'in forms a knee at its
origin, the tliinl vi'iii in a straijiht line with the pret'iu'ca. . -

r.OMP.YLIIDvE.

<;r>

The l.iriircniici. .f tlic s».c(.n.l aii.l tl.ir.l veins ti.kis |.l:icc at a -ivatir

(listaiici- t'nii i ilu- (.Toss-vciii. iisiiallv at an aciitf aimlc. . I;;

2. A.iU.ni.al style .hstinct. that is it is scparatvl fn.ni tlu' tliinl joint ..r

tn.in tin. styiilorni i)n.i()n,uati(.ii ..f ilie J,,int I.y ji .iisiinct suture. :!

Tlie thin! joint lu.t witli a .listii.et style separated I.y a suture, tlie stvie

when present very minute. ... " s

■-'. Antenna! style with a pencil of iiairs at the tip; pul villi (H.^tinet ; front
tihiae with bristles. ..... i

Antennal style not terminating in a pencil of hairs; three or four suh-
martiinal cells jiresent.

\. Outer sul.mar-inal cell l,ise<.te.l I.y a (•ross-vein {S/,n.,„sl, , hun (UhiuU-

Ictt non .Macquart) t o-.. lu.Krn.v, nov.

Outer suhmar-inal cell not l.i.secte.l l,y a cross-vein, the anterior hranch
of tile third vein sometimes connected with tlu- second l.v a cross-
vein (ArKyramu'lm Schiner). . . vSi.o(;..siv,., m .Mac.iuart.
h. I'ulvilli distinct. . . \ r ■. ...<.... f n ,

• • • • • i\M)KI(HI.V ( 0(JUllU'tt.

I'ulvilli rudimentarv or wantiri"- ,.

*• ^^ ••••... I)

<i. The outer sul.maruinal cell divided l.y a cross-vein, makin- four sul.-

, '""•■-'"'^' '^^^"'^ Hvi...;.<.vi.,.N,A IJondani.

Ihe outer suhmar-iinal cell not divided l.y a cross-vi^in. . 7

7. First posterior cell bisected near its middle l.y :i cr(..ss-vein.

I'-^oi'TAT.v ('o(|uillett.
I'lrst posterior cell not bisected ; i.o.sterior claws with a basal tooth.

K.\(»i-i!()S(.i"A .Mac(iuart.

K l\ves (.f male C(.nti.v:uous at the vi'rte.x; anal cell (dosed.

AsTKoi'iiANKs Osti'ii Saidvcn.
\vcs of nuile not contiiiuous at the vertex; anal cell open. . . •)

0. Ansil cell widest at its middle i()

Anal cell widest at the margin MANc.ACo.iuillett.

10. The .sec<.nd vein stn.njily contorte.I at the end in the shape (.f a recum-

bent letter S ; three submarfiinal cells j. resent.

Dii'Ai.TA Osteii r'ltki.n.
Ihe second vein not sironjily contorted at the eml. . . .11

11. Three submarginal cells normally iresent; proboscis eloti-ate.

f^roNv.x Osten Sacki'ti.

I wo siibmarjjinal cells normally j.resent i^'

1-'. The contact (.f the discal cell with the third i..,,teri(.r n..t much l-.n^er
tlian its contact with tlie fourth p(.^teri(.r; i.rob(.,scis Ion-' ; si.les ..f
the abdomen with fringe of .scales and not with hairs (.nly.

Lki'Ii.antiikax Osti'U Sacken.

(k;

Noirril AMKHICAN DirTKUA.

Till' contact of tlic discal ci'll witli tlu> tliinl ]iostt'rior at least twice as
Iniif,' as its contact witli tlie fourth posterior, the hitter contact often

A.NTllUAX Scojioli.

merely jiunctilorni. .....

l-"!. Wintrs with thri'c jiosterior cells. .....

Willis with four posterior cells. ......

14. Kirst posterior cell closed. .......

First p()steri<tr cell open. .......

1"). Three suhTuarjfinal cells ])reseiit. .....

Two suhniarfrinal cells. .......

ITi. Ileail hroailer than the thorax ; posteri)r orhits not excised.

II

rANTAiciii:s Ostiii Sackeii.

Mead narrower than the thorax ; posterior orhits iwcised.

Titii'i.A .IS Loe

L'l

17. First hasal cell lonjicr than the secMnd. .....

First hasal cell not loii^icr than the second ....

IS. I'rohoscis very short, not jirotrndinn hi'voiid the oral iuar.Lrin ; anal ctll

usually closed ; lariic species (('en. America). Amsota.mia Macquart.

Frolmscis more or less eloDirate ; anal ci-ll open. . . . Ill

10. Fir.-t ])osteri()r cell closi'd at some distanci- from the Imrder of the

v.iim'.

L'(t

First posterior cell mirrowed, or closed in or near the maruin of the

the win^ ; snnill species (.V(> mm.)

'I'll 1,1 1'socASTKK Hondani.

20. Ili'ad com])aratively small ; the emarfiination of the occijia! orhits al-

most imiterceptihle,

lioMHvi.ii s Liiiiie

Head hroad ; emar^nnation of the occipital orhit.s distinct.

!1. Faci' thickly clothed with pile.
Face sparsely clothed with jiile

IIktkhostvi.u.m Mac(|uart.

Anastikciii s Osten Sackeii.
SvsT<i:<iirs Loew.

0'>

'):!

Two suhmariiinal cells present. .

three suhmarginal cells present.

15are s])ocies; tibiii' without hristies.

-More or. less pilose sjiecies; til)iii' with hristh'i

AMriiicosMis Cofiuilh'tt.

II. Antenna' as loiifi as till' he!i<(, the third Joint not lonticr than the first
two tof,^'ther. .......... 2'i

Antenna' shorter than the head, the third Joint twice as Ion;;- as the first

two tojjether

;"». First antemial Joint not thickeiu'd.

'irst antennal Joint extraordinarily tliickeiu'il.

Fi.\i;i'A( Mil's ('(xjuillett.
I'l.oAS Latri'illc.

liti. "Scutellum deeply sulcate lon<;itudinally ". (iK.minakia Cotiuilh'tt.

Scutelliim convex, not sulcattv

LoiiDDTi s I.oew.

RoMliVLIID.K.

r.:

-T. Anal vvl\ open.

Anal cell cliiscd.
28. l'r.)l)()Sfi>< sliort.

I'roli

osc'is I'lonyatt

< >Ntoi.<»rKi{A .Ma((|uart.

20. 'I'liinl joint of tilt' antiTiiia. with lotiy l.ii.stiv li

Third

lirs ; faci' with lonir hair.
\<i!K()Tui( HI s .Ma((|uart.

joint of till' antt-nnu" without or with .>.liort l.ri.stiv 1
")arc' or .shortly pilose.

f!' c 1

!(>. Body clotlu'd with iii

lair.x a I

lltOV*'

I'lmiiun .M

fmcn.

first

ori' sfahs than hairs, urihi.

joint unusually lony.

<>si' ; antenna' lony;, the

Body elothed chieHv with h

I-i:i>!i>(>i'ii()i!.v Westwootl.

:iir, or else nearlv ha

re

!1. Rody more or le.s.s pilose; til.ia' usually 1

!1

Httdy hare; tihia' 1

iristiv,

tare or feehlv hri.^tlv

!2. Hoth hasal cells of etiual lermth

First hasal eell lonyer than ti
11

Si-.AKNoi'oin s I

oew.

le si'eoiKl

lird antennal joint l)ut little lonj-cr than the (1
male sonietinies rnuriaeate and the costa .leiitieulate. V
'I'hird joint of the antenna' more tli

rst ; niesonotum ui
<i.i.Mi s Loew,

>ous at the hase,

in twice the leiioth of the first, hul-

!t. Till' origin of the .second vein taki

A

the discal cell at

Th

an acute aiiule,

place hefore the proximal end of

origin (»f the secoml vein is Ixvoiid tl

ce

and

IS rectani>ular.

le pro.ximal end of the discal

l)i:

S.M.AT(»m;i |;a Willistoi

'I'll

Tl

in

1 antential joint scarcely lonucr than wide. I

!(). I

I'll

lird antennal joint much loiimr than wiih
K-e projectinj,'- in jtrofilo.

rcKssiA ('(Kiuillett.

ce retreatiim-.

Ocellar tuhercle situated near the hind (diiv of tl
cellar tuhercle situated near the middle of the f

()

Ant

Ki'ACMi sOsten Sacken

Al'll(i:i!AN Tl s J,oeW.

ic front. . . ;;,s
ront.
.Mi;ta( osMi .s ('o(|uil!ett.

en

iii'M'lonnate, third join! (lattened, the style flatt..ned and

posed (d' two distinct set-nieiits.
Antenna' not elonj-ated and with a distinct 1

con

l)i.sMAi<>\n lA U'illiston.
tisemiieiitateil stvle.

!!l Slender, elonuate sj

I 'a I!

AcosMis (>»teti Sack

)ecies.

Shorter, more thick-set
■JO. Ki'Uiales holoptic like tl

en.

40

^pecii's, the ahdomeii never cylindrical. \\

le males; al.iloim.n ».nlarged at its c.viremitv.

S^sTU(.|■^■s Wieileinuiit

•enialcs dichoptic; abdomen cylindrical, not eiilari^ed at tl

le (■xtremity,
Doi.ii iioAn lA Wiiileniann.

w

^li

i

GS

NOirni AMEUICAX DIITEKA.

11. Tlini' sultni;ir<jinal cells.
Two suliiiiiir'Miial c"i'll.>;.

4-J
(Jkkon Mciijcn.

4"J. I5()(ly flotlicd with iiKirc scjiUs than hairs; aliiloiiicii (U-cimihcrit ; an-

ti'iiiui' loiij;:. To.xoi'iioKA -Nkijitii.

HdiIv cldtluMl cliiflly with hair; abiloiii'ii not (U'cunihcnt.

KllAI!I>01>Si;i,AI III .s I'iudt.

22. TIIEIlEVIIVi:.

Rather small or nuxlerate sized, eloni^ato, Ijristly, soiiietiiiies
]»ilose, predaceoiis flies. Eyes of the male eoiiti.t,aious ; front
ill the female not excavated. Aiiteiiiiu' composed of three
joints, the third simple, with a terminal style, sometimes
wantiiiL;'. I'rohoscis ])rojectin,i;', the lahella bro;ul. Ocelli
I)resent. Abdomen elon^'ate ; genitalia moderately or hut lit-
tle prominent. Legs with bristles; emjjodia wanting. Third
longitnciinal vein of the wings furcate, the posterior braneh
terminating beyond the tip cf the wing; five posterior cells,
anal cell closed towarti the margin of the wing.

This family comj)rises only about two hundred known s])e-
cies, with but few genera broadly distributed over the world.
The flies resemble the Asiliche somewhat, and have habits
not dissimilar, though much less active. The proboscis has
fleshy labella, instead of the horny tij) of the Asilidte, and the
legs are less stout — in many species they are easily broken ofl'
when captured. Their food is chiefly other di})tera, for which
they lie in wait ui)on leaves and bushes, or upon the bare
ground. The larvte have a short, eyeless, nonretractile liead,
the anteniue small and short. The body is sleiuler and snake-
like, showing a])parently nineteen segments. Anterior spira-
cles situated at the end of the flrst segment behind the head ;
posterior s])iracles on the apparently seventeenth segment.
The larvie live in the earth and decom})osing wood, or in sand,
feeding upon other insects or upon vegetable matter, ordure,
etc. The pupie are free; they have in front laterally project-
ing siiinous j)oints.

SC^KXOl'INID.i:.

(Ill

'I'AI5LK OF (JKNKKA.

1. First jiostiTior rvW I'litiri', not iiitiTSfcti'.l l.y a ((nxs-vciii. . . -2
'• First postiTiorci'll divido.l l.y a cross-Vfiii into two cells ; first antcnnal

joint unusually larj-v." . . . .MKr.vruitA.i.MA Cociuilli'tt.

2. Head much broader than lontr ;.

" Head not as broad as lon.u, vertical ilianieter ot" eyes e(|uaun,Lr their

horizontal diameter; first Joint ot' antenna- unusually larir,. and ]h>]-

'**''^'''" Ni:i!iMTLs ('(Miuillett.

••;. 'I'hird joint of antenna' short, the first thickened. . TAitii.A Walker.

Third joint of antenna' as Um^r ,„• i„it little shorter than tlie usually

slender first joint "i

4. r ace bare or i)ubescent ]'sn.<)ci;|.,iAi.A Zetterstedt.

Face pilose. . . <

' ■'••••.. 4

r.. Fourth posterior cell close.l Tmkukva Latrcille.

Fourth i)o,sterior cell oiK'U Diamnki ha Kondani.

2.S. SCENOl'IXnVE.

Flies of inotlerate or small size, black in color and bare.
Front not excavated; face bare, short and broad. Anteniue
approximated at the base, the iirst two joints short, tlie third
elongated, simple, without style or arista. Proboscis coneetd-
ed ; palpi cylindrical, bristly tit the tip. Ocelli present. Males
usually holoptic. Thorax nither lon<,', moderately convex,

ow position of the head,
spines or tubercles. Ab-

thou<.,di apparently nnich so from the 1
8cutellnm broad and short, without

domen fliittened, more or less elon«,Mtcd, composed of seven
segments. Teguhe small. Empoditi wanting. Third longi-

ong, the first

tudinal vein of the wing furcate ; basal cells 1

much longer than tlie second ; three posterior cells, the first

narrowed in, or closed before tl

le margin : anal cell closed.

ev

ai

The larvie resemble closely tiiose of the Therevida". Tli
e very long and slender, having apparently nineteen seg-

ments, due to each of the abdominal

being divided by a strong constrict

segments except the last

ion. The larva' liavt^ i)een

70

xcnrni amkuicax DiiTKiiA.

found in decaying iungi and wood and under earpets or in
furniture, and are supposed to be carnivorous. The Hies are
not very activ(! in tlieir habits, and because of the fre(|ueney
with which they are observeil on winih>w-panes are usually
called window-tlies.

TAIJLK OF (JKNEIJA.

First postiTior ci'll iiiirrowi'd ; Icj^s nitliiT stout. Scknoimnis Latn-ilk .

First posterior cell ciosf,. lu'lon- the iiiar>;iii of the wiiij;-; ii-ifs sU'IkUt

(Mexico). ..... I'SKI DATKIrUIA Ostfll SiK'kcll.

24. A("K()('EK11),K.

Small to larin'c. nevei- elon|L!:ate. pilose or nearly bare Hies.
Head small or verv small. chieHv occupied bv the lar''e eves,
which are usually contiguous in both se.xes above (tr below, or
above and below the antenna'; two. three or no ocelli present;
antenna' composed of two or three joints, with or without a
terminal arista or style. Proboscis rudimentary or long,
sometinu's very long. Thorax large, sjiherical; teguhe very
large and iuHated; scutellum large, Abdonu'u closely united
to the thorax, large and iuHated. Legs rather stout ; the tarsi
with three membranous i)ads undt-r the claws. Neuration
variable, the veins sometimes weak and indistinct.

This family, the Acroceriche or Cyrtiihe, comprises a small
number of curious Hies with curious habits. They are easily
recognizable by their small head and large, iuHati'd t<'gula'.
No family characters can be drawn from the neuration, owing
to the great differences often existing between forms other-
wise related. In the lew forms in which the larva' are known
they are all parasitic ujion spiders or their cocoons. '• In
the spring of 1S.S7, while hunting for spiders, I found hanging
in cobwebs several soft white maggots and }»npa'. The webs
were generally old and out (d' repair, and a closer examinati(Ui
showed that tiuM-e no living sjjider was in them, but almost

every fine had an empty skin ol' a c(

nnnion sini

iler J

tn((iiv(th'nis

AcnoCKHID.lv

71

ini-

s>/n-rs/ns. i.rurly full o,,,un. Tlu" skin ,.t tlu- ]v^^s mul tln.rax
wn. n,.t dran like u inoultrd skin. Imt dirtv an.I n,,a.,nc. as
tlxm-h cutrn (nit, and the skin ..r tli.. alxlcnm when pivsenl,
WHS torn and sl.riv.d.'d. From this I (.(,ncln<l..,l that the nia---
Kots cam., ont ot tho sj.i,hM-s, an.I Ir.mi th.'ir si/.- mnst haN^-
iH'arly lilh.l them. The nia-.-ots vari.-d .•onsi,h.ral)lv in si/,-
th.. larg.^st h.dng a .inart.^r ..f an in.-h l.,n- whih- ..th.-rs w.mv
not mor.. tlian half as lar-.'. Th.' hin.h-r half .,f tlu- 1,.m1v was
tiiick.'r than th.' fr.mt half and n.-arly sph.M'i.'al. Thoy'lnm-r
lu'ad downwar.l, holdin- to th.- w.d, by th.dr jaws and w.mv
also partly snpp..rte.l l.y tlnvads nn.l.-r an.I an.nn.l th.nn "'
Tlu' auth.)r :)f the fore-oin- J. H. Emerton, reared fr.,ni ..th.M-
sp.'.-inuMis .d' these larva- a tiy l)el.,n.^M„>,. to the i,r,,nis Jrrormr
The larvje .,f Asf..,»r//a J/uHhlJi a.ror.lin- t.. F.ran.'r. are s..
hulged in the alulomen of the spi.l.M- that th.. post.'ri.,r t.-r....
nal stigmata are in relation with the Inn-.tnl.es .>f th.. spid,.,-
The .'ggs are said to be deposited .)n dri.'.l twi-s.

TAHLK OF GKNKUA.

1. Anti'MiiaMvitli a UTtiiiiial l.ri>*tlc

Aiitoiiiiiu without U-rniiiiiil hristli' or stvli'. . " . ' '.,

2. Antfinne short, thinl joint roinui..,!, witli t.-rininal hristlv hairs '[\
Anti'iuia' I'loiijiati'

n. Anti'iiriio inscrti'.l noar the nioiitli.

Antoniia. insortt-.l toward the viTtix. r

4. Wings with a stout .-..stal s,,ur near the tip of the auxiliary vin.

,.r. . , I'tkijodontia (irav.

n nifrs without such spur; anal cell absiMit.

o. Proboscis rudinicntarv. . . (k-.^«,... i . n

,,„, 1 • , ' ().N(oi)i;s Latrcillc.

1 rol.os,-,s cl.,n,uatc, .hrccti-d l,a<.kwanls ((',,,tral and South AMu.ri,.,,).

.. ,. .. , Piiii.oi'OTA Wii'dcniaiin.
«.. ^ cnat.on ..ompl.tc; ..yes pilose , ,,,„„,, (,„,,,,

\ cnatH.n n.orc .,r loss ohsolet..; oy..s hare. . . A.uockua .M..ioen.
.. I'rohoscis rudinientarv.

IVohoscis elonjiate ... (

8. Eyes bare (Mexico).

Kyes pubescent,
n. Ocelli want

Ai'i'Ki.r.iA Hellardi.

O

.'n.i;a

Kri.l

iiiji'; lar<re flies.
Ocelli present ; moderately laruv fl

ison.

les.

. Lasia Wi.'deinann.
;. i.oNciiA (iersta-cker.

72

NORTH AMKIJIC'AX DIITKWA.

'jn.

LONCnol'TKKIJU-;

Small (2-4 iiiin.) slciidci', l)r(»\\iiisli oi- ycllowisli tlics. Aii-
tcima; short, porrcct ; third joint siiiiplc, circular in shajit'.
with a torniinal bristle. Ocelli present. Seiit"lluin with two
bristles, fjeifs long, lu'istly ; ))ulvilli very small: empoilia.
wanting. Wings lanci^t-like, pointed; the thi'e«' basal (^ells of
moderate size and of nearly erpial length ; fourth longitudinal
vein funtate and united with the fifth near the base ; first
longitudinal vein short, second and third not !'urcate ; the
anterior cross-vein lies near the base of the wing, in fi'ont of
the middle of the second basal cell and is oblicpie in })osition.

There is but one genus in this family, Loin'Inijifi'i'ii, the
members of which are found, often in abundance, in the grass

or

^n

)on

stones alon<' the nuir<nns of shadv brooks. The lar-

vie are flat with long bristles on the iirst. second and last seg-
ments; posterior sj)ira(des broadly separated on the last
segment, short and tubiUar. Head not differentiated, the
body comi»osed of ten segments, the last one api)arently com-
posed of two. I'upu^ enclosed in a i)uparium. orthorr!iai;h(ius.

20. EMPIDID.E.

Small to moderately large, (dongated. predaceous flies.
Head small, more or less SDherieal, not (doj.ely ajtjdied to the
thorax. Males hol()})tic or di(dio}tti(', the front never exca-
vated. Antennae porrect, approximated at the base, compose<l
of three simide joints, the iirst two of whi(di are often snudl :
third joint variable in sha}>e, with or without a terminal arista
or style. Face without mystax. Proboscis short or long,
projeeting forward, downward or backward, Octdli j)resent.
Abdomen composed of from five to seven segments, male gen-
italia prominent and of eom])lieated and variable structure ;
ovipositor projecting, pointed. Teguhe small. Legs oi'ten
with peculiar structural characters — the coxa' or femora elon-
gated, the femora thickened and with spines below, the meta-

KMriDID.K

7.J

tars. tlartriu-I. ,4,..; pulvilli pn-s.-nt. tl,.- .Mni.o,li;, „su;.llv
J'K'inl.nina.MMMis aii.l lin.-ar. N.Mirati.m variaWIr: tlu- .liscal
•••■lls.mu-tiiiM.sal.s.-nt. tl,.. rliir.l l(.ii-it„,Ii„al v.-i„ tuivat.. ..,•
s.iii|,l,.; thuM' ..r iour ,„,st..ri..r .•.■lis pivs-nt : anal .tII ,,|trn

shorter than tl..' svmud l.asal .•.-11. .-l.-sr.! hri.-n- t hr niaruin .-f

tlic win.L,'*; s(jiiictiiii('s wholly wanting,'.

The fuiuily Kmi.i.li.la' is a h.i-v ui,,.. in.-Iu.lin- luaiiv '^mrr^t

and siM-ci,.s. Most Hirs lu-lon-in- h.Mv will lu- at ..n.'-c"

ni/i'd. l.ut tli.'rc arc some. csiuMMallv tl

Tachydromina', whicl

arc apt to lead the stndcnt asti

I'fCO'J'-

tl

)!■ anion-- tin- smaller Muscids. The tl

SI' of the suhlaniily

1 hiive snch pcculiai' nciiratioii that thev

ly : soiiit' may e\(Mi Ix- somdit

inu-li ohtainm- part of their I'oo.l at times fi

it's are all predaeeoiis.

Many sneeu'S. espeeiallv those of A
often fl

roiii flowers.

Ill

y in swarms, danein,^- up and down ov

/>is and lUiiiiniiliDiiiii

III

rr ruiiniii'j' i)r(

in tlie shade of trees or ahoiit shrnl.hery. V.-ry raivlv d
speeies reatdi the len<,4li of ten mill

)OKS,

<» aiiv

more than three in leie'tli

mieters, and some are not

rhe larv;e are eylindri.-al. with small swellin^rs ,,n the under

side, from the niesotl

loraeic seunnents. for loeoiiiotioii. T

ire {)r()baltly carnivorous and live in th

lev

or othiM' deeavii

1'' earth, under leav

es

two pt)rreet points at the anteri

ig ve--etai)le matter. The pupa' are fn

with

or end

1. Anal cell closed In the \mx\\

cllH'til'.

rAi'.M-: OF (;i;\Ki{.\.

cr or iiarrowlv (ipcii; hoilv witlioiit iiui

Anal ceil closed lu'forc the liordrr wl
Anal cell wantini^-; wlici
longer than their cox;
Anal ceil present; front t'

cro-
Hii.Ai;iMOi!i'iii\.i:.

uTi |)riscnt.

I present tlic front fcii

lora shorter or hut iitt

cniora much lon<:er than tlieir

.\<llVIH!OMI\.K.

coxii'. . ;;

* M.iifu

iii:il<',iy Jicnus of douhtful relationship, has the anal c. II

In //iiiirimiir/Ji(i it is closed in tl

other Knii)idid!L' in heiiiL;- d

le inarjiin. HotJi ocnera ah

lilTer

open.
tVoui

Schiller locate the latt

cstitute ot inacrocha'ta'. Osteii Sackeii and

•■<'I)teil, .\/,,f/n

cr fieniis ;iinoim- the Leptida-. if that

•iii/ZKi should prol»aI)l

view IS ac-

y accompany it.

74

NOirni AMKHICAN DIITKIIA.

Posterior Imsal transverse vein, i. e. tlie vein wliicli limits tlie anal cell,
jiiinilk'l or nearly jiarallel witii the hind bonier of the winy.

Kmi'IKIn.i;.
Posterior hasal transverse vein not parallel with the himl bonier of the

winfi-.

I! VIIOTIN.1-:.

IIILAIMMOKl'HIN.K.

1. Secoml vein very short, terininatiii<f ii> tiie first; iliseal cell present.

.MvTilicoMViA C'oquillett.
The second vein terminates in the costa ; discal cell wantinj;.

IIii,AUiMoi:i>iiA Schiner.

HY]50TIX.i:.

1. Third lonyitiidinal vi'in furcate; first submarfxinal cell closed.

Iii.KriiAi!<>ri{ocn;si Loew.
Third lon{,ntudinal vein simple 2

2. Anal cell shorter than the second basal cell. ....*»
Anal cell as lonji or lonjier than the second basal cell. ... 4

o. Third antennal joint conical; l>ristle ternnnal. Lki'Toi'k/a Mac(iuart.
Third antennal joint ovate; bristle subdorsal. Ocvkuomia Mei<ien.

4. Orijiin of tlie second lonjjitudinal vein nearer the humeral than the an-

terior cross-vein ; wings usually spotted. . Svnkciies Walker.
Orifiin not nearer the humeral cross-vein ; winj^s not spotted. . o

5. Vein between the first and second basal cells indistinct. Svndvas Loew.
Vein between the first and second l)asul cells distinct. Hyi-.os I.teigeii.

KMPII)INM<:

1. Third longitudinal vein furcate,
Tliinl vein simjile. .

IJiiAMi'noMviA Meigen.

2. No discal cell. .....

A discal cell present. ....

;]. Proboscis distinctly longer than the head.
Proboscis not loimer than the head.

CvKTOMA Meigei

m

4. All the legs of nearly equal length; hind femora much thickened.

I'acuvmkkia Stephe

lis.

Hind legs longer than the others, their fi-moni but little or not at all

thickened

''). Proboscis slender, directed backward or downward.

Kmi'IS Linne.

Proboscis tnoderatelv thickened, directed forward.

Itkai'iim.a Zetterstedt.

KMI'IDII),!:.

I •»

<.. ^^'•''■■-v.'rvslM..^ apparently two-jointul,,IuMl.irW joint, .n.npr....,,
w..h a short. . hick. „,,ioi„,..l stvl... . Uou^.v... z.,LuU
A„„.n,.u. nut v.ry short. .listitK-tly ,h,w,ioi„,„.I ; th.nl join, avl or
I";>r .hapnl or s,,h..ri..al, with a tuo-joitm-l t.r.ninal Mvh- or
iirisiii'. . _ •

7. lTol.o..is as lon^ as th. h.a,!. v.-rti.-al ; anterior nutatarsi nsualiv thi.k-
iiumI 111 the 2 ■ ■ . .'""IK

u i>„ 1 • 1 lIlLAItA Alt'iifi'ii

S. 1 roUsns s orter t an the hea,l, horizontal; anterior n.etatar.i of the
6 not thiL'kfiied. . ,. ..

(ii.oMA Meiyen.

1. Tln'rd lon-ritiulinal vein f

clonuate.

TACllVDljd.MI.N.i;.

urcate; diseal cell jiresent; anterior

« oxa' niiieh

Third loiiiiitndinal

vein siini)Ie; diseal cell wantinjr.

Front femora iniudi thiekeiied

eell.

two posterior veins arise from the diseal

Front femora not mueli tliickeiied ; tl

Hkmkhodkomia .M

eitri'ii.

•lisea! eell.

; three i)()sterior veins arise from tii

Anteii

na> witli a lonfj; terminal hristh

Antenna* with a short terminal 1

)ristie or stvle

Akim>i>tki£a Mae(|uart.

■i. Sixth vein olisolete l.ef

•Sixth vein not obsolete bet
very sliort terminal stvk

)re reachin-i- the niart;iii. (

•re reaehinfT the niarj,'in ; ant

r.i\(Ri:UA Mei'

ren.

o. Anal eell, or at least the posteri,.r basal
with a lon-r terminal l)ristle.

emia' with a
SVXAMPHOTERA Loew .

cross-vein, ftresent ; anteniiie

Anal cell wholly wantiiiff.

0. Front femora thickened.
Front femora not tliiekened.

<. Arista terminal.
Arista subdorsal. .

H- Arista terminal.
Arista dorsal.

T

Acin DKOMiA Mei

ucn.

TAcin I'KZA Meiyen.

I'ifONM TISCA Loew.

Dhai'Ktis Meitren.

^. Proboscis short,
I'rolioscis slcnd

vertical; palpi broad.

er;

pal]

)i narrow, slender.

Srir.i'oN Loew.

I'llONKITISCA L

()l\V

1 1)

\(>]{TII AMKIMCAN DII'TKIJA.

l)OLI("I[()P()])II)J-:

IIV ritor. .1. M. AI.DKK II.

Small tlics. never excccdiii'^' 7 iinii. in Ifiij^tli. aliudsi always
<^n'(MMi in L;i'()un(l color, usnallv sliininj;'. more rarely dusted
with '^Viiy or hrown, soinetinies j)ure ycdlow cr almost. Itlack.
As a i'amilv tliev are distinijriiislied from their nearest allies
by the absence ol' the cross-vein between the discal and second
basal cells, these nniting to form a single cell.

Head about as with' as the thorax (iuu(di wider only in
rsilopinu'), usually a little wider than lii,L;h ; the face hare.
verv wide to verv narrow, or the eves ('(.nti'nious Ixdow tJie
antenna'; i'roiit i^'enerally widenin;^' rapiiUy above (in J>i(t-
plioi'Ks the eyes sometimes conti;-;"uous above), with bi'istles

on the vertex onlv

J

osterior orbit with a wi'll defined row

of shore, erect bi'istles (toward the mouth indistinct in llvdro

Heshv

J '

short,

plioniue and some other i^cnera); jjrohoscis

retracted, rarely a little protruding-; antenna' thret^-join.ed,

inserted more or le

s al)ove

tl

u^ mu

Idle of the eves, the first

two joints never miudi elongated, the third commonly oval,
out in several genera lengthened; arista dorsal, subapical. or
completely ai)ical. Thorax higher and longer than wide, witii
regularly arranged bristles on the dorsum; in some genei-a a
well-marked flattened or concave area beb.re the scutellum.
Abdomen tapering, coidcal or a little compressed (i)i ////<//v/-
ji/ii>riis and Sci'llns sometimes pecidiarly small and retracte(l),
without iu)tict'al)le bristle.', in most genera ; the male hypo])y-
gium usually i)r()minent. varying greiitly in form, and in the
degree in whi(di it is concealed in the abdomen. Coxa' gen-
erally short, legs in most genera of medium length, sometiii.es
elongated, those of the male fretpiently developed into soi/"
ornanuMital structure; the front femora art' thickened in a lew
genera. Wings usnallv hvaline. vet often with dark mark-
ings, whi>'h may take the iV)rm of a deiinite patt;'rn. or may
folh.w tlie veins indistinetlv, oi' mav be evenlv dilVused; in

Dnijciloi'nDiD.i:.

i <

soiiM- cases the inal.'s liave small siicw-wliin" spots iii tlu- tip
of the win- Anal crll always vrrv short.

This fainilv pcrhai-s surpasses any other natural -roup of
i'liinials in the variety of sexual oriiani.'nts possess.'.! l.v the
males. T.'-ese are para.l.-.l helor.- tlie females, as are similar
"n.aments in the ),eae.,ek ami turk.-y-.-o.'k. S.h' -Courtship
Amonn- the Flies". Am.'ri.-ai, Naturalist. .Jan. 'IM. p. ;;.->.
They may occur m alm..st any external j)ortion of the ho.lv.
In a careful examination of a lar-e numl.er of species. I have
iH'ver found any two in whi.-h they are i.l.Miti.-al. 1 am a.'-
(luainte.l with at least iifty diff.-rent iorms of tarsal m...lin.M-
tion al.)ne. everv oiu' of wl

N

Hch IS .iistllictive oi' it

s species.

evertiieless some sjK'cies seeui to off.

(liffereic-es Ix'vond t

le pres-nce oi th

'1' no tiotieealih' sexual
e liypopy-ium in the

male : even this is in s.iine (\i^, s hut little visilih

111 adult life all

are i)reda.'eous. eapturin- chieHv l!

minuter soft l.odied flies, which thev end

lalxdla. while extractinv tl

ose within their solt

ic jui.-es; the larv

known, feeders on decaxin- ve-.'tation

f are. as tar a>

The following- tahl

e IS (iesi-ue.l s(,lelv t

to determine the -enera .)i' tl

<) eiiaijh' he-inner:

fore indicat." anythin- al).)iit the natural ivj,
era to each other. It is based on mal

"'II' s] linens : it (h)es n.it. there-

d'ions of the -en-

otherwise it must hav.' included many ol
characters.

t' specimens only, since
scnre and dillicult

1. Foiirtli lonuitudiiml

TAHLK (»F (iKNMK'A.

vein with a wi.i.jy .liviTn-eiit t'lirk on the t'r.nit

i.'c wiijc, anil the f

er i( not, the hciiil wiiU-r tluiti tiie thorax, I'
ilcfpiy excavate.! (I'sijoiiiiue).
Fourth vein simple or iniTcly ]>rnkvu , front not excavated.

-III.';
rout

Konrtli h)n<iitii(iina!

vein not forke.I.

Fourth h)nyitH(iinal vein t'.uki.i.
'I'eguhir cilia lihick. tliir.l l..imiiu.linal

scuti'lluni with lour larue 1;

Ai'ToiM 111 s Al.iri.li.

vein cni'vci ■>. iul\ iiai'k at tip,

nstif

'I'e.uular cilia |.ale, ihinl vein .listinclly ciu've.l forwar.i at tl
teliuni with two hirye an.i iisiiallv tw.. ^niall liristh

I'sii.oi'i "i Mcii

(11.

"I

I' IU>, »cu-

7S

xoirni AMKiufwx diitkwa.

■1. Faci' wide, front (Ifcjily cxcavatiMl.
Faci- narrow, front scari'olv I'xcavati'd.

(i.NA.Mi'Toi'sii.oi'i s Aldricli.
LKi'ToKiiEriir.M Aldricli.

r>. Koiirtli loniiituilinal vi-in bent forward, forniiiifi' an ajtii-al tros^ji-vciii :
l)()sttrior cTosfi-vi'in vitv obli(iiR', jiaralk'l to tin- niaryin of tlu' winu.

ri.AGioNKruus LofW.
I'osti'rior crossvi'in nearly transverse, usually no apical cross-vein. (I

(i. Hind metatarsi with lar^U' bristles above. ..... 7

Hind metatarsi without lar<;(' ])ristles above. ..... 8

7. Face in male reaching the lower corner of the eye.

1Iygi«»ci:i.i:utiii s Loew.
F^ice in the male not reachinii' the lower corner of the eye.

Doi.iciioiTs Latreille.

H. Ilypopyjriiim loiijj;, cxtendiiiL forward iiniler the ventiT.
IIypo<iy<,nnm short, n

9. Arista shortplumose,

<»

IIypo<iy<,nnm short, not extending forward under the venter.

Arista ]»ubesctiit or bare

U

10. Fourth veiti bi-yond the ])osterior cross-vein gradually convergent

toward the third.

l'i)Kcii.<»''vriii{i;s Mik.

Fourth vein shortly before the tip quite suddi'iiiy bi'iit toward the

third.*

n

11. IIyi)o])ygiuin pedunculate, slender, without long, braiu'hing appendages

I ' i; I, A s r< >N !•; i • u L' s I.c )e w .
IIyj)()pygiuni sessile, with long, Itranching ai)i)endages.

Mktapklastonkikus Aldrich.

12. Hefore the scutellum the posterior third of the thoracic dorsum is hol-

l:5
1(1

lowed out, or at least Hatteiied down to a jdane,

Before the scutellum convex a

s usual

l.">. Ilyixipygium ' ,.ig, jn-dunculated.

lIyi»oi)ygium short, sessile or nearly so.

14. Hristles of the thorax yelhtw.
Bristles black.

15. Color of bodv vellow, sometimes with a little black

14

ir,

\i'MANTOTi.Mi » Wheeler.

M KDKTKUi'S F'isdier.

Neiirkiona Rondani.
Color of liody chiefly metallic, sometimes dusted; legs very long.

Dactvi.omyia Aldricli.

* If witii a mar' ;m1 concavity toward the apex, see I'araclius, in wliicli
the jiubescence (n the arista is rather strong.

l^OLICHOl'ODIDJ.:.

71 »

1»;. Til,, fac. .,f tlu. ,nal,. .xtci-Is hcUny tla- fv.s. hanuino- .l,nv„ IhT,.,-. tli.

iiioutli, aproii-liki'. I'.m vmi-,>,.v < i . c; i

, ' ■ • • ' <"-^ MKDON ( (stiri Sackcii.

llK" ian. <,f tlio male naclu.s as far .Icwii as tlu- Unsvr vib-v ,.f th,"

eye. ..... '" _

The face <.f tlR. niak. .Lu's net reael, s„ far as tlie lourr 'r.l-M.'ot tlu'
eve,

. IS

]/. Tl.ini ai.tcnnal j..int cf tlir male r...li..u.nlarv, tlu- h.ntr arista with •,

,f^"^^^^"'' ■ .MAr,.:..,.o.K,nsMik.

Antenna, of snnple strurl.nv. . . TArnvTKKcn, s Stanniws.

18. Thinl and fourth voins towar.I.s th.. tij. paraih'l or ncarlv so.

Third and fourth veins toward tlu- tii) d

10. First aiitennal joint l)are ahovc, th

J) distinctly convcr-icnt.
ird joint elon<;atf in tlu- niali

1!»

P'irst joint hairy above.
20. Till' last sefrnieiit of the foiirtl

ri;i.oi;<»ri;()i)Ks Wheeler.

iV.MNOl'TKIJM S I,

oi'W.

1 vein .uradnally ajjproaehiiij,' the third.

Last

Hi: II

seufinen

<'<>ST()Mi;s I

oew.

t near the ini<ldle abruptly eurvin.ur forward, then orad-

ually resuiniiiii- Its former course, iiiak

concavity outward.s, and eiidii

ini: a scLrmeiit of a circle, th

lii' near the third veil

M. Costal vein e.xten-lin-r to tip of tl

vein evanescent or partially so.

I'AitAci.iis Hiuot.
J) of third vc'in, the latter i)art of the fourth

Costal vein exfendiuK to the tip of the fourth vein, wl

\svMii:ii s L

usual stren<'tli.

lii'ii is of the

22. Si.xth vein wantinjr (minute species, not shinin-r, tl

on
Si.xtl

ly a fifth of the lenf^th of the winj-).
1 vein jiresent, at least for a short dist
2.I. First antennal joint hairy above.
First antennal joint bare above.

.'4. Second antennal joint with a thunib-lik

le first vein reachiiijr

A( ii.vi.ci s I

nice.

oew .

inner side of the thinl.
Second antennal joint without

■'.. Fourth vein before the tip sharply curved toward tl

e jirojection fittiiit-' into th

.SVNroli.MON I

such proji'ction.

oew,

::;)

reachintr it at the nia

r^in.

Fourth vein near the end parallel with the third

le tliird, nearly
.Mi;TAi>i;i..\sTuM,i;iiis Aldrich.

convei-jTent.

2(5. Arista dorsal, tliird antennal joint of usual

or only nioderatily
lit;

face wide,
Arista dorsal, i)alpi small, f
Arista nearly or quite at the end of tl

^i/e, palpi of male hirue,

DiOSTI. .(IS I

oew.

ace very ii;irrow.

Anki'sii;s l.oe

e larye, pointed third joint. -'7

'^pp

!»:

SO

XOKTII AMEinCAN DIlTKliA.

lliiul ('(txii' witwout iTi'C't liJiirs on tlic outer !<\t\v, tliird and fourtli vi'iii

wnr the tip eoiiverjicnt.

Ilvi'iK irAKAssrs Nick

Hind coxii' with one or more eri-et liairs, third and fourth veins i»arai

ltd. winirs wiih'

IjS

2H. Seuteliuin witli smaller hairs oi^ tlie ilisk besides the mar<jfinal hristles

J.ASIA l!(iVK,\ Mik

Scutellum hare, e.xcejjt for the bristle;

AuciYKA Maeiiuarl.

2!>. Posterior third of thoracic dorsum, l)efore ♦he scutcdlinii, concave or

at least distinctly flattened. . - .K)

Dorsum rounded as usual. ........ -".^

;!(!. Hristles of thorax veHow

Hristles l)lack, rarelv hrownis. . .

CiiKVSoriMrs Loe

:51. Fourth vein parallel with the third heyond the cross-vein, or nearly so.

Xaxtiiooii.oui s Tvoew.
Fourth vein conver^iny toward the third hev<(tid the crctss-vein, either

irraduallv or hv a double curve,

(io back to b

• ■ inji's elonjj;ate, the posterior cross-vei.; considerably beyond ihe mid-
dle, less than its length from the ajH'X of the fifth vein (Ilydrojjho-
rinie) ;!:>

\Vin,i>s not elon^rate, cross-vein scarcely beyond the ndddle, more than
its leniith from the end of the fifth vein (if less, the hind metatarsus
shorter than the foUowlnjf joint) '•)'>

Fore femora slender I.iancai,us I

Fore femora more or less incrassated, with spines l)elow. .

tOl'W.

'•'A. Sj)ines of fore femora very short, thoracic dorsum without well marked

])()llin()so lines.

II vDHoi-noms Falle

S])inos of fore femora long, dorsuni with pollinose lines. Scki.ms I.oiw.
''V>. < )utor appendajics of the hypopyjiium lony, filiform.

Nkmatophocti's TiOew

Outer ai)i)enda{res not loufj and filiform.

)»'.

."•(!. Second antennal joint with a tinnnb-like })rojection alonjj the inner

side of the third (Synarthrus Loew). . . . Svntokmon.

Not with stu'h ])roIon,uation •"57

;!7. Eyes contiguous or nearly so Ix'low the antemia>. . . , ;>><
Eyes contiguous above thi' antenna'. . . Diaimiouis Meigeii.
Eyes closest together at the level of the antennio, divcging above ami

Cami'sknkmiis Walker.

below ; middle legs of male distorted.
Eyes not ap|)roximati'd.

I)<)LK'li()i>(H)ii)j/

SI

'''^. rulvilli of male fore t,

Pulvilli of iiiak- not

irsi coii^iiicuoiisly I'tilar^r,.,]. Ki tausts I.

. CiiiMsoTrs i)t. Mii'Ufii.

t'lilarytMl.

ocw.

JO. Tl

lorax l)riy:lit u

rcc'ii, alxloiin'ii vi'li

liii.

<>\v, witli a u'ood (li-il of i<il

Not

>i) niarkccl.

I.

VlTV pol-

i;i cosToi-A I.

40

40. Faci' l)r()a(I, tlio ])u\]n ].

si)t'C'if.s, witli Vfllow aiiti'ii

ir<:c, ivposingon tlu' proboscis ; small, jk)!!

HIOSO

nav

Talj)! of onlinarv

T

iiiNOi'iiii.rs Wahllirri

prol

XtSC'lS.

sizt' or clso projwtin.iT lainellifonii, free from tli

41

41. The third lon.tritudiiial vein (in the male) k

near the tip of tlii' latter, tl

tiiinl and fourtl

1 V

) keeps close to the second till
leri makes a wide curve hackward ; the

Winns of ord

ems farther apart than usual. I.

mary structure.

yiu»m;i K( s I.

oew,

42

42. Third

"■'•; .l""'t <.< antenna, in the nuile conspicuously lonj,. awl-shape.l not

wider at the base than the first joint, . . K„a,.,.,u.m M,.i.en

I'M-d jomt long, lancet-shaped, wider at the base than the first joint'.

rp, . ] . . , I'oiu'iiYnops .Meiyeii.

J hird jomt short, the tip sonietinus .Irawn out into a point. . 4;;

4:5. Arista nearly or quite aj.ical ; fore pulvilli of n.ale not enlarged.

» • . 1 , CiiKvsori ,s, pt.

Arista dorsal or subapical ; fore pulvilli of u.ale elon-ated.

A » 1 1 . DiAi'iicmi s, , t.

An.sta dorsal inserted quite near the base of the joint ; pulvilli plain ■
ulMlomen of male slender, comi)ressed.

P
.SVMI'VCXIS Locw.

10

S*J

XOirni AMFJIICAX DIITKUA.

te'

CYCLOllPJIAPITA.

us. SYUIMIID.K.

Siiiall to nitluT large Hies. Head l»eiiiisj)li(»ri('al. often elon-
gated or ])rodu(u^d in tlie lower })art; as broad or a little broader
than the thorax. Face moderately broad, bare or clothed witli
dust or short )»ile; excasated in j»roHle tinder the antennai
and projecting b(do\v. or with a distinct convexity near the
middle part, never witii longitudinal {Vrrows or lateral ridges,
usually convex transviM'sely, sonietiiMv'>i with a median ridge.
Oral opening large ; proboscis rarely mucli elongated. l''ront
never excavated. Anteniue usually porrect and approximated
at their base, tiiree-jointed. usually with a dorsal arista.
Eyes large, bare or pilose ; in the male usually contiguous
above. Ocudli always piTsent. Thoriix comparatively large
and robust, moderat<dy arched above. Teguhe of moderate
size. Abdomen composed of five or six visible segments, rarely
with only four, llypopygium usually not prominent. Legs
usually of moderate strength. .Macrocluetie rarely ])resent in
anv part of the bodv : the bodv generally thinly ])ilose or bare,
but sometim(\s clothed with thick pile. Wings comparatiyely
large; third longitudinal yein never forked; marginal cell
o])en or closed; the fourth yein terminates in the third at or
before the ti]> ; three ])osterior cells; basal cells large; anal
cell always (dosed before the border of the wing; between the
third and fourth 'oi.gitudinal yein and nearly ])arallel with
them, a false or s])urious vein, nearly always present and
rliarncteristtr of tlif fdiiill i/.

The family Syr])hidie is one of the most extensive in the
order. Xearly twenty-five hundred species are known through-
out the world and many new forms are constantly being added.
They contain among them many of the brightest-colored flics,

SYlMMIID.i:.

s;;

111(1

iiuiiicrous speciiiu'iis aiv sure to aiiin-ar in aiiv

irt'iicra

colU'ctioii of iiist'cts. Nont' arc injurious in tlicir lial)its io
iiuiirs economy and many arc very licnciicial. In llicir adult,
liahits tiicy all show a ^-rcat unii'ormitv. Tiicv art' H

n

u's ai

suiisliim

id I't'cd upon lioncy and pollen, 1

ower

oviiiL;- the Itri^ht

The larva' are usuallv not, very eloii'^ate. with t

irm, some-

times tough skin,, the head-segments small and extensile, the
liead not distinctly differentiated. The external mouth-i)arts
are either wholly wanting, with only a soft fleshy oj)einng. or

tl

lere are two or four outwardly directed hooklets. Ant
short, small, one or two jointed and fleshv. liodv

smooth oi

cnna'
th

])rovided with soft conical i)r()jections and bristles; below
usually with seven i)airs of abdominal feet. At tl

end the bodv terminat

le ])osterior

?le or double, the stigmata. Tins tul

es m a more or less eloii-^Mte tube, sin-

)(' sometimes forms a
short, almost chitinized, tubercular i)rojection on the dorsal
l)art of the last segment; at other times it is very long, longer
than the body, slender and composed of two joints, the one

j; witliin the other, like the joints of a tel

escoi)(

slidin

changing to the pupal condition, the larval sk

form the pupal envelojje, and the body l)ecomes shorter,

oval and of a darker color, the el(Mi«rated

n

111 contracts to

more

res])iratorv tube, in

the ''rat-tailed " species, being curved over the back. Unlik<
all the other Cyclorrhaplia, except the l»ipunculidu', the fron-
tal lunule is not used in springing ofl' the cap to the pui»arium.

The habits of the larva' ai

e more varial)le than th

ose o

f th

adult flies. A large number live in decaying wood, or other
vegetation, or in ordure, or decomposin;
Some live in the stems of
larv

inimal remains,
various plants, some in fungi. The

e of many species of the Syrpliini are aphidoj)!

lairous.

crawling about on the st

nis of jilants frecpiented by ])lant-

lice and destroying them. Some live

be parasiti(^ ; otliers in the nests of iinnible I

On account of the large nnmlier of genera and the conse

in ant's nests and mav

lees.

8'^

S4

NOlJ'ill AMKinCAN DII'TF-KA.

(lut'iit l('ii.t,'tli M ^)h* tablt; of the North Aiiu'ricaii genera, I
liave introdueed at tlie close uii auxiliary tahle or ,nr(»ui»iiii;- of
a eoiisideralile nuiiiher of tlie genei'a which can be defined hy
deeisive characters.

•'^■

TAULK (tK (IKNKKA.

1. Anti'iiiiii' witli a tiriniiiiil style

Aiiti'iiiiji' with !i (l()i>iil arista. .....

2. Antciiiiii' fyliiulrical, tlu' first two joints i'loiij;atiMl {d rln).

SiMiv.\iMc)i;i'ii.v Ikoiidaiii.

ri;i,i:('<>('i:i!.v .Mciucii

(".M.I.ICKKA I'

First two Joints of tlio antcima' sliort.

i). Kyt's bare, small spi'cics. ....

Kyt'S i»ilosi', lariii-r spi-cii-s. ....

4. Mar},Mnal cell of tlit' wiiiu:s cIosimI and petioiati'.

Marginal ct'il o])C'n. ..-......•">

o. Anterior eross-vein of the wiims distinetlv hefori' the niidille of the

iiiizer.

4K

discal cell, rectanjiular.

(')

Anterior cross-vi'in near or heyoiid the middle of the discal cell, ofli'ii
o))li(lue. ........... o'l

('». Antenna' elotigatc
Antenna' short.

KJ

7. Dorsum of thorax with yellow lateral stripes; large species, the abdo-

men alwavs with distinct vellow hand:-

CiiKYSOToxr.M .Meigen.

Dorsum of thora.x without yellow lateral stripes or margins. . S

8. Face rounded, i)il()se, not tuherculato; oral margin not i)rojecting. t>
Face not evenly arched, tuherculate or the oral margin projecting. 14

*.). Moderately large to I irge species; scutellum flattened, usually with
spines or tubercles on its margin ; a stumj) of a vein in the first pos-

terior cell from the third longitudinal vein.

10

^mall species; scutellum without s])ines or tubercles; no sucli stumj)

of a vein jjresent.

I'iPiZA Fallen.

10. Abdomen much narrowed near the base (Central and S. America). 11

Abdomen not or but little narrowed near tlii' base.

VI

11. Face swollen and i)rominent below.
Face not swollen and prominent below.

lIiioi'.xLosYui'iirs (iiglio-Tos.
MiXixi.vsTKit Macquart.

12. Second segment of the abdomen with tlu' lateral margins inflated.

Se<'ond segment of the abdomen normal.

( )MK(iA>*Yi{i'iir.s (iiglio-'ros
i:

SYI!I'|III),K

I-"., lliinl iiu-t;itarf;i imicli diliitt

lliiKi

iiictiitarsi not eonsiiiciioiislv dil.iti

t'mj

•ri:s Walker.

M

14. lioilv clotlud with

KKDixts .Mcimr)

«liai>f IdinciitiMi

witli .-^pinnn.s bristles lu'iow ((Vwitrai aixl
Iiidifs)

lioil

y not with thiftfinMl tDiiicnti

nil.

Face tuhcrculati- l.idow, jiartiy nr wholly veil
face and front not wrinkled.

tlie f( mora thickened and

South America ami West

I.i.i'ii.(»sr<n,.\ .Mik.

1.-)

ow ; epistouia receiliiiir;

Kjiist

oina projectinus front and face hlack.

I'AitAoi s Lat

]<!. Face black ii

1 lifoimd-cojor.

ace more or K'ss yellow in f-roiind-co|or.

17. Abdomen with oidv f

temia,' very short, third
arista.

(tur visilde seotnents; first two joints of tl

reille.
-'1

•Jii

le an-

ar-e, siil„iuadrate, with a short, siibterminal

Ab

loniei) with more than four visibl

N

ALsioASTKi: Williston.

c seirnii Ills.

IS. Hind femora distinctiv thickened.

I!

ind femora but little or not at all thickened.

V.\ Scntelhim niiusiiallv h

iruc, nearly .scjiiare; males di(dioi)tic

Sctitelliim not miiisuallv I

('IIAI.( OMVIA Willist

on.

)i()l

optic and with a facial tubcrck

iruc, considerably broader at the has

ISC ; male;

MVIOI.KI'TA N

cwinaii.

20. F

ace rounded, nut tubcrculatc, tl

K' oral margin not projcctii

lii'.

•"iicc tul)erciilate or the oral

I'lci/.A Fal

margin [irojec (im

n. Kjtistoma projoc

leii.
L'l

Face tubcrculatc, the oral

iinjj:; small, black specic^

maroin not projectin>

2-2. Front in the female and usually tlio face in botl

wrinkles; vena spuria olisolete.
■ ront and face not wrinkled ; face pilose and not tul

1 se.xcs with transver
('iii{vs()<iAsrKi{ Meiycn
•erculate.
I'sii.KTA Meiiicn

se

'):l

Metallic <rrcen, nictall

ic <;

separated l)y ji .slender parallel

reen and black, or Idack species ; facial orbit>

Ulacdv with ii

liroi/ve.

lore or le

ss metallic <;reeii or blue, with veil

CiiiiosjA .Meiain.

eross-ljutids on the al)doineii ; face without parall

ow or vellowish

lei groove;

24. Winjir not Um^vr tlian the abd

(lei)ressed, lonfr-ellii)tical, somewhat
niarkiufrs ferruufirious or oraime vidlow.

omen; ocellar tubercle lar^e; alxh

24

)meii

arrowed toward the base, tl

le

Winys lonw'er than the abd(

I'VRC

>i'it.«\A Schiner.

y(dlow or shiiii

)men ; abdomen with veil

ny- metallic cross-band

ow or iiTeeiiish
s; u.sually elonuate sj)ecies. lio

*

SC)

X<U{TII AMKKK'AX DII'TKIIA.

2'». Fnmt tihiu' distally iiiiil tarsi of the $ diluted, tlmsc of tlic fctiuilc

sliylitlv widi'iicd.

I'l.ATVciiiiti s St. Karmau and Sirv

Front tihiii' and tarsi sitiidrr in both scxi's.

.Mi:t,ANOS|(>M.\ ScililKT.

"J*'>. AlMlonu-n narrowi'ij toward tin- hasi-, in outline spatulale or eliii)-
sliaped. ........... "JT

Abdomen oval or slender, not elul)-sliaj)ed or sjKitiilate. mI

27. Third longitndinal vein deejdy eurved into the first posti'rior cell (Cen-

tral and South Anieriea). . . . S.M.iMMiOdASTKK Sehiner.

Tiiiril lon<;ituilinal vein straiylit or p-ntly eurved. . . . "JS

28. Ilind femora slender; front of female lon<r, nurroweil above. . L".t
Hind femora thickened; abdomen less elonuate; front not lonir and

narrow aliovi

1>a((;hina Williston, nov

2!>. Alulii' rudimentary or wantinjr.

Aluhe well developed. ....

."•0. Kpistoma proihu'cd anteriorly, the face in profile dee])ly concave from

Hacciia Fabriciuf

anti-nnu' to tip; third Joint of the anteiinii* rounded.

Sl'HKlMNA

M

emin.

F^pistonni produced more downvard, in jirofili' jri.ntly t-oncave; third

joint of the antenme not rounded.

Ni:OAS( lA Williston

.'51. Front lonjf, much narrowed above in the female; clu'eks very narro\
the eyes a|)i)roachiii<i' each other at the lower j)art of the head ; wii

lUS

usually with a dark jdcture; abdoTuen more or less elonuate

OcviTAMi s .Mac(iuart.

Spi'cie.s witliout the above cliaracters.

M2. Dorsum of the thorax with yellow lateral marjjins. . . .")'.>

Dorsum of thorax not with yellow lateral margins. . . . .'1;!

;];). Abdomen with definite yidlow cross-bands. ..... o4

Abdonu'ii not with detiniti' yellow cross-bands. . ... 42

.">4. Ilind femora extraordinarily thickened. Svritta St. Farj>'. and Serv.
Ilind femora slender. .........:'>•">

.'55. Sixth abdomimil seiimeiit in the $ as lon^f as the two ]»recedinji' to-
jrether, cylindrical ; fifth se<j'ment in the 9 oni'-half as lonjf as the

precedinfj.

El I'KODKS Oston Sackei

Sixth segment not peculiar, the fifth sej;nient of the 9 one-third oront'

fourth as l(»nj,' as the i»recediny: -"Si

'•'>(). Front very convex; eyes of $ with an area of enlar<;ed faci'ts above

k-n

("atabo.mha Osteii Sack-n

Front not remarknblv convex.

.'57. Third lonjjitudimil vein with a distinct curvature into the first posterior
cell; third Joint of the antenmi' elongate oval. Dii>i;a Maciiuart.
Third lor.;.>itii<linal vein straight or gently curved ; epistonwi not pro-
duced (if produced snout-like, liliiiniid). .... .5^

SYIM'IIIDJ;.

s.

•X. .Mali.s iH.lnptic SvKn.rs Kal.riri.is.

MaU-sl.n.a.Ily.iiclM.ptic. .... CiMMouinn s Mik.

•".0. l).,rs,nn ,,{ tliurax witl. a i.ii-.lian ruwrvous Wuv. ...•dli u<.ially ivuH.t,.

.Mi:s<>(.i!\.\r.MA I.iifw.

f'niiii tlic vertex.

DorMiin i>{ tlnirax witliout .such line

Id

■to. i;y(.s„f ^ witl. an area of cnlaruv,! facets al...ve: futirtl. semiiei.t ,.f

uw stripes and oiiliiine .side-sjiofs.

the abdomen with two Miediiiri veil

ICyes of $ not witli a

Ai,i.()<;ii.\i'iA (»sten Sa( i<

en.

n area of eniarsieil facets al

41. F

ina! sei;inent not so marked,
■f projectin^r l)i-iow ; slender sp:

Face recedinn-; ahd

litove; fourth ahdon

n

Scii.KKoi'iioijiA Mac(|uart.

otneTi oval

X

AM M(>(i|tAMMA .Schiner.

'1-J. Thickly pilose species.- alidonien idiick. the hasal

)red.

portion Ii<rJit-col-

Thinl

Iil,l <(>/()NA Scl

y pdosi- spi'cies, not so marked.

4:'), Mind femora thickened.

Hind f

emora slendi-r.

liner.
4;;

44

44. Species wholly or chiefly reddish or lutescent.

IJIack species, sometimes with hit

antxles of the ahdom

en.

4.'t. Scutellum unusually larj-e, nearly .stiuare in oufl

Scuttdluiu oval; males holoptii
IC. Face carinate; ahdomen oval.

Face tuberculate. .
47. Kpist

4(1
e(.us spots on face, humeri, and basal

ine; males diidioptic.
on.

ClIAI.COMVIA Willist

n

Mvioi.KiTA Newman.
Hkaciivopa Mei^n'ii.

V.M.MKKS( HMIKTIA ScllUIIlinel.

{tistonia produced into a lonu porrected snout. 1

Kpistoma not produced. ....

{in.N(iiA Seopoli.

(iiii.xsiA .Mei<

yn.

48. Third longitudinal vein bent <leeply into the ti

'I'hin

rst posterior cell.

lonjritudinal vein not bent deeply into the first posterior cell

antenna' elongate
4i). Arista very densely plumose, apj

Arista feathery i>luinose.

00. Males dichoptic. .
Males lioloptic.

01. Hind femora witli a sliarit tooth lik

4H

learing as a solid mas.>i

("oi'KSTVUM .Mac(iuart.

.".(»

Ml

end. • . . .

Hind femora without such tootli

(iA.MKTAI'ON (;ijr|io-'|'os,

\'ni.ici;i,F,A (ieolTroy.

ce projection below near the distal

Mii.KsiA Latreille,

ss

Noirril AMKIJH'AN DII'TKKA.

0"J. Frontal triaiiirlt' i)t" $ stroii^iy jn'utuhiTaiit {/'iilinsi/r/i/nts liijidt, Central

and Sontli AnHrica). .... I'kiomkki s Macciuart.

Fntiital trianjili' not jtroinini'nt. ...... .').■;

oo. Kpistonia proiliici'ii into a lonj,^ porri-ctfil snout (Ci-ntral anil South
America). ..... Lv<'astkikiiyn< iia lii;fot.

Kpistoina not proiluceil. ........ .")4

o4. Thorax with distinct vellow inarkiii;_rs ; femora tiiickeneil ; hyi)o<iyiiium

i-nlar^ed (I'tcroiililo). .... Mekomacuis Kondani.

Thora.\ without distinct yellow markinjrs; hind femora somi'tinus

tiiickeneil; hypopyirium not j)romini'nt. . Kuistalls Latreille.

57.
08.

m.
m.

01.
(12.

Arista plumose.

Arista l)are or pubescent.

Antenna' elongated.
Antenna- short.

• >(>
OS

. riiAi.ACKOMYiA IJonilani.

i')7

Skkk OMYiA Meiiren.
AiicToi'iiii.A Schiner.

04.
Oo.

Thiidy pilose; aliilomen with yellow bands.
Thickly i)ilose; abdomen without yellow.

Third lon^ntudinal vein bent deej)ly into the first jiosterior cell; hind
femora thickened. ......... oD

Third vein only j^ently curved. ....... <i4

Face carinate; hind femora with an ansjrular protuberance l)elow near
tlic outer end. ...... Tiit)i'ii»iA Mei<;en.

Face tuberculatc or arched, not carinate <i<>

Abdomen much narrowed at the base (Central and South America).

Ceuiocastku Williston.
Abdomen not narrowed at tlie base 01

Antenna^ elongate (Mexico and Kurope). I'i.atyxoch.ktis Wiedemann.
Antenntu short 02

Thorax and scutellum densely pollinose above Pterallastks Loew.
Thorax and scutellum not densely pollinose above. . . . O:!

Third joint of the antenna? broad ; thorax not vittate. . . 07

Third joint of the antenuiu oval; thorax usually vittate. . . 04

AsKMOSYiu'urs Bigot.
IIkloi'iiilus Meigen.

riiickly pilose s])ecies. Mai.lota ^^eigen.

Thinly pilose. .......... <'><•

Ocelli remote from each other.
Ocelli not remote from eacli other

SVniMIID.K

89

)il'>,

()7

i)S.

(il>.

Iliii.l tiliii.' of till, male witli ,ui iiit.Tiial riHMliaii ^j.iir. (S... alsn M„l/ni„

'"''■■' 'l'^:' 'iKx'NKMix Osttii Sai'kcTi.

Ilin.l til.ii." of $ not with such a sjnir. I'c.i.vi.ommm via Wiliistoii.

Hind fiMiK.ra thicl<ciuMl and with a l)itid simr l.t low ('\„rth AnuTica).

, Skmh.astkh Macciiiart.

Hind tcniora without sucli si»ur. ..... .j^

Slt-ndiT spccii's: ahdonu'ii narrowed Itasally. (Sec -JH.)

Ahdoini'ti in no wise cIiilt-sliaiHMi. .... (JO

Thora.x with distiiirt yi-liow niarkin-s other than on fl:o humeri 7S

Tliora.x not with distinct yeihnv nwirkin-s of the jjn.und eoh.r <.ther

tlian rarely on the liunieri.

7(»

1*0. Face transv«'rsidv arched or

M

ahdonien more or less elonjrate ami nearlv l>a

irinati', not produci'd, not tuherculatt

re,

ore

or less thickly jdlose species, often 1

'1

ULfe

71. Hind femora e.xtraordinarilv thickened

lar.
Hind f

emora more or less thickened:

72. Face sharply carinate.
Faci' transversely arched.

7;]. Scutellum, martiin of the tl

anterior cross-vein rectani,Mi-
SviMTTA St. Far-r. and Serville.
cross-vein ol)li((Ue. . ~2

Tiioi'iDFA Meijren.
Xv I.OTA Meiiren.

lora.x and pleura- with hristlv 1

lairs.

Tl

lorax wholly without hristh

('iii{VS(M'iii,AMvs K'ondi

(III.

♦

74. Face short, not produced,
himi femora thickened
Face produced, lonu'.

7'). Ahdomoii elongate.

concave from antenna' to tij), not tuherculati

Abd

oil)

vciivi'Ai.iMs .Mac(|iiart.

en very hroa<I ; thorax densely pilose; middle femora of the $

with an inferior basal sjnir
"(i. Face produced forward, })o!nted,

F

tuberciilate; hind femora thickened
lice not evenly concave, but tuberculat

Hakhomvia Williston.
concave from antenna' to tij), not

CkioI'Iioha < »^tell Sack

en.

e or convex.

Th

Tl

ird Joint of the antennae produced above int

minatinjr in the thickened arista.

urd joint of the antennae obli(|wely oval; hin<l f

eneii

7^<. Hind femora witl
di.stal end.

o a conical ])rocess, ter-
.Mi:iiAiM<)ii>i s Hiii'ot.
emora rarely thick-
f'liioRMiNA Mac(iuart.

1 a conical, tooth-like jirotulnraiice Ixd

Hind femora without such ]>rotiil

ow near the
Si'ii.oMviA .Mei<reii.

•enince

11

Qi

00

XOIJTH AMKlUf'AN DII'TKHA.

rO. Antcniiii' inscrtt'd low down, near the middle of the head in profile

faee not longer than the front.

Tkmnostoma St. Farg. and Serv.

Antenna* situated high up, on a conical process ; fro- short, face much
produced downward; antennie long or short. Simifxomvia Latreille.

AUXII.IAUY TAHLK

1. Marginal cell closed
(,'opcstylum, 4, 6

H.

Milesia, 2, 7.
Meromacrus, 2.
Lycastrirhyncha, 2, (5.

Megametapon, 4, o, 8, 10.
I'riomerus, 2, 8.
Eristalis,2, 5,8.
Volucella, 4, 5, 8.

Third vein hent deeply into the first posterior eel

Didea, 8.
Milesia, 1, 7.
Meromacrus, 1 .
Lycastrirhyiu'ha, 1, (!.
Ceriogaster, 1, 1*.
llelophilus, 10.
Mallota, 8, 10.
I'olydontoniyia, 7.
IMatynocha'tus, 4.

Salpingogaster, 0.
I'riomerus, 1, 5, 8.
Kristaiis, 1, T*. 8.
Tropidia, 7.
I'terallastes.
Asem()syr])hus, 10.
Teuchocnemis.
Senogaster, 7, 0.

O. First posterior cell with a stump of a vein from the third longitudinal

Mi.xogaster, 4, 9.
Klu)palosyrphus, 4, 0,
ritristes, 1(».

4. Antenna* elongate:

Si)hyxiniori)ha. 0.
I'ipiza, 8.

Onu'gasyrphus, 'A, 8.
Microdon, ;], 8.
I'hristes, .",, 10.
I'aragus, pt. 8.
.Megametajjon, T), 10.
I'latynocha'tus, 2.
Sphecomyia, i»t.

r». Arista plumose :
(.'hilosia, pt. 8.
Kristalis, pt. 1, 2, 8.
Arctophila.
Megametapon, 4, 10.
Copestylum, 1, 4, 8.

0. K])istoma produced into a long |)orrected snout;

Omegasyrphus, 4, 8.
Microdon, 4, 8.

riirysotoxum, 8.

Mi.xogaster, :'., 0.
Khoi)alo.><yrphus, .">, 9.
Lei)idost()la.
Chrysogaster, pv
Volucelhi, 1, ij, 8.
Spilomyia, i)t. 7.
CoiK'stylum, 1, 5, 8.
I'halacromvia, 0.

lirachyojia pt.
Sericomyia.
Volucella, 1, 4, 8.
I'halacromvia, 4.

n\

imgia.

Lvcastrirhvncha, 1, 2.

coxoi'IDj:.

;n

7. Hind fomora w;:'.! a i)rojt'ctir»ii lu
SenopisttT, 2, 0.
Spiloinvia, 4.
l'f)l\<l()iit()iiiyia, 2, l(t.

><. Kyi's ))u)ii'si't'nt :
Syrplnis, pt.
Microdon, pt. 4.
Mc'<.'aiin'taj)oii, 14.
Mallota, pt. 2, 10.
I'ipiza, 4.
Lt'ucozoria.
Kristalis, pt. 1,4.
rojR'.styluiii, 1, 4, 5.
('Iirysochlaiiiy.x.

v. Alxloiiu'ii spatulatt' or naiTowLMl c
Spliyxiinorplia, 4.
Hli<)j)al().syrplius, :], 4.
Sfiiojra.stcr, 2, 7.
Hacclia.
Spejrjiia.
Ceria.

10. Males flklioptic:
IVIecoc'i'ra.

Hli()j)al()syrphus, :), 4, 0.
Mi.xouastt'r, ;!, 4, 0.
<)iiu'>>asyrplnis, ;J, 4.
ritristc's, .'5, 4.
Microdon, ;!, 4, 8.
Clialcomvia.

lou :

Tropidia, 2.
-MiU'sia, 1, 2.

Didca, j)t. 2.
Clnlo.sia, pt. ;"».
Clirysoto.xuni, 4.
I'silota.
I'aragus, 4.
Catalioinha.
Voliic'flla, pt. 1, 4, f).
I'riouierus, 2. I.

oiispiciioti.vly at the hnsv :
Mi-XoiiastiT, 4, ;;.
(A'riofrasttT, 1, 2.
Salpinffopister, 2.
Haccliina.
N('(»ascia.

M('Kiinu'taj»oii, 1, 4, o, 8.
Asiiiiosyopliiis, 2.
Ili'lopliiliis, 2.
Mallota, i)t. 2, H.
I'olydontoiiiyia, 2, 7.
riianio.>iyrpliiis.

2j). c()X()j>ii)j<:.

Thinly pil<)S(> or nearly bare, more or less elongated species.
Jiead broad; front broad in both sexes; ocelli present or
absent. Anteniue porreet, composed of three simple joints,
the third with a dorsal arista or terminal style. Oral opening
large; proboseis slender. Abdomen more or less elongated'^
<.ft.Mi eonstrieted toward the base. Basal eells of wing nsnally
large, the third (anal) closed; three i)osteri(.r cells/ the first
closed or nnich narrowed; no spnrioiis vein.

i\'J

NitKIFI A.MKIMCAN DII'TKIJA.

Al)()ut forty sjx'cics of this t'uniily art^ known from North
Aiiieri(;;i. They iin* all flower-flios, not very (]uick in flight.
Flics of .so;!i(' of the genera (Cotioj^s. Phi/sori'phdld and Tropah)-
iiii/iii) liave a carious resenibhmee to certain was])s, and yet
more to the sj)ccies of <\'i''ia among the Syrphidu*. Tiie genus
Sfi//(ifjasfi'r is remarkable for the very h)ng ovi[)Ositor of the
femah) and the elongate ])rol)oscis in both sexes. The four
known specic.s art' from Africa, Xorth and South America.

So far as known, the larvie of this family are ])arasitic u])on
adult hymeno[)tera (wa,s})S and humble-bees) and orthojttera.
The eggs of the female are laid directly u[)on the bodies of
the bees or wasps during flight. The yoinig larxie burrow
within the abdominal cavity of their host, and there remain,
the posterior end directed toward the base of the abdomen,
feedin!"- upon the non-vital '.lortions. until readv to transform

into the nuiture fly. when they escape from between the
abdominal rings of the insect. The larva' of Con(){)ida'
are oval or pear-shaped, with distinctly differentiated seg-
ments, which are cajjable of extension or contraction. The
antenna' are wart-like, with two chitinous, ocellus-like rings at
th(? extremity. The mouth-hooklets are strongly bent. On
the last segment there are two, large, round or kidney-sha])ed
stigmatic jtlates. arched like a watch crystal. The pu])arium
is oval, with button-like, slightly projecting anterior stignuita
and the posterior i)air as in the larva". They remain within
the body ol tlieii- host during the winter.

l^Mr:

TAIW.K OF GHNKKA.

1. Aiiti'iina' with a tcrniiiiiil styk'; prohoscis ilircctcd forward, without iiic-

ilian iiiiiui' ; alxioiiu'ii coiistricU'il toward the liasc. . . '_'

.AiitiMiiia' witli a dorsal or sulKh)rsal arista. ..... 4

'2. Fact' with a iiu'ilian riiliii', without ^t^-sliapcd yroovi's ((\'iitrai and Soutli
America.) ....... 'ritoi'ii«»MVi.\ Williston.

Face Willi a wcll-nuirked ,\-shai)e'il uroovc •">

:1. Femora and tihia- not tliicki'ued or dihiti'd, or, if so, thi' tlii('l<t'?iin,n' rcu-
ular; small ci-oss-vi'in of the winjis nearly opposite tlu' tip of the

au.siliiirv vein, and near the middle of the diseal

("ONOI'S I.ilUU'

rii'r.\( rijD.K

Fon.ora imjrularly tl.ic-kn.r.l tuwar.l tlu- l.asf, tlu' til.i:,. witl. im-„i,r
"Ulliru.s ; small cro.ss-vrin of winus uvur thr oiitrr tl.inl nf .iiscarcH.

l'iiVsori,i-iiAi..\ Scliiiicr.
4. I'n.l.oscis .lin.c'tc'.l forward, not Iktu near tl.c luUUUv. /o,„„v Latrnll,.
Proboscis Lent near the- mi.ldlr, the distal part foldin- Lack. r,

A. Vertex with bristles; til.iu' spurred ; face carinate. not -roovi-l ■ ovipo<-
.tor of fen.aio very lonjr. . . Stv,.o..as, ,,k .Ma,..,„art

\ ertex and tibiie without bristles; face with A-slmiU'd -roove. . .i
a Anal cell short; ovipositor eh.n-ate and folded beneath the abdomen.

Halmanma h'obineau-Dc.svoidv
Anal ceil elonu;ate, acuti'.

7. Cheeks not as broad as the vertical diameter of tin. eye.

<'N< o.MViA Hobineau-Desvoidv.
( heeks as broad or broader than the v.'rtical diameter of the eye.

.M voi'A Kabricius.

•50- IMrrXClLID.K.

SinalK tliii.ly ].ilos.' or lu'arly l.aiv tii.'.s. 11,m.1 n.-arlv sidi.-r-
H-al. broader tlian the tliorax, (•lii..Hy c(.i,iim.,s,mI „C th,. lai-v
eyes. Eyes in tl.e male coi.ti-uoii.s alM»ve. separate.! l,v the
"am.u- front in tl.e ieniah.. Fa,e narnnv. Anteiu.a' s'tuall.
sliori. three-jointed, the third i(.int oval

<h)rs;il arista, oft

cess o

n ti

en with a inorc or less el

<»r renifonn, with a

oiiL'^ate

le under side. Ocelli ). resent. Prol

j)oint

eoneealed. Abihtmen composed of
small, cylindrical; hyi)o|)y,-iiini thieken.-d

ed t)ro-

)oseis smal

sn

;iped

ahd

si.\ or seven sennients.
niore or less eluh-
ovipositor usually elon-ate ;ind fc.hh'd under the

omen. Le^'s simple; m.-tatarsi tdon-ated. tarsi I

iroad

tibia' without s[)urs; pidvilli pres.-nt. Ti'-id

Win«rs miu'h longer than the abdomen; third

vein not furc;ite; basal e.'lls well .h.velop.MJ. the amd .•..!]

elongate, reaching to. or nejirlv to. tl

e rudimentary
longitudinal

cidl narrowed in the i
diseal c(dl present in t!ie 1

le margin ; iirst jMtstfrior
iiargin: three post-rior cells p'lesf-nt ;

Tiu' Hies of tl
ti

vuown Anu'rican sjieci

es.

lis small family are most eommoulv met

Wltil

on riowers or m sweenin!

and are readilv distinu'uished 1

i\-

WF

'J4

Nnirni AMKIJICAN DU'l'KWA.

their larj,'f', splicrical heads. Th<\v are not active in Hi,!j;lit.
.uhI are easily captured. Tlie hirva' of tliis family are ]»ara-
sitic so far as is known, those of I'ijnnini/ns fuscijn's liaviii!.'
been observed by Fxiiienian in the alxlornen of Thdnniofffiir
(Clroddfa) riri'sn'tis. They are elli])tical, thick, depressed,
narrowed at either end, naked. al)out three millimeters in
length, and somewhat broader in tlie middle. The ])Uparia
are somewhat smaller, oval, obtuse at either end, shining,
pitchy black.

But a single genus, /'ijiinini/i/s Latreille. is known to in-
habit North America.

ni. l^LATYPEZID^K.

Small, thinly pilose or bare flies, espeidally (diai-acterized
by the ornamentation or enlargement of the liind tarsi. Head
hemispherical, as broad or broader than the thorax and (dosely
ap]»lied to it. Face usually short and broad. Eyes bar(^ con-
tiguous in the male, ami in some genera in the female also.
Ocelli present. Antenna^ ])orreot, the iirst two joints short,
the third somewhat elongate, circular, ])(\ir-shai)ed or conical,
with a terminal arista. Scutellum without bristles. Abdo-
men comi)aratively short, the male genitalia i)r()jecting in
('<if/nmt/i(t only. Legs short and strong; hind legs more or
less thickened ami tiie hind metatarsi thickened or variously
ornamented, the following joints often partaking in the pecu-
liar structure. Wings rather large; third longitudinal vein
simple, the fourth sometimes furcate; basal cells small, the
anal usually reaching to the margin; discal c(dl sometimes
wanting.

The flies of this small family are olten fouiul dancing in
the air in small swarms or running about (Ui the leaves of
underbrusli. The most remarkable thing connected with
them is the extraordinary ornamentation sometimes seen in
the liiud tarsi of the males, which are always different in
structure from those of the females. The flies arc^ not often

IMloiilD.i:.

m

met witli and may be entirely wantin- even in (M.nsi.lcn.l.le
f'olleetion.s of .liptera. Tl.e larva' liv in mushnu.n.s ( /,/.,./-
n>s, Lrplot.,). They are flat, oval, with ioint.'.l. threa.j'-likr
processes on the shies of the se-ni.-nts. The pnparia are not
very different from the larvte.

TAHLK OF (JKXKHA.

1. Disc'iil t'l'll j)rc'sfnt.

Disciil cull wjiiitiiifr; fourth lori.<ritii(lin;il vein fiircat(>.

I'l.ATVCNKMA ZftttTlStlMl t.

2. Fourth lotiKitiuliiial vfin sinii)l(.. . Cai i <.mv, . \i •

iourtii lorifjitudiual vein furcate. . I>r itv... y* \r •

I i-Ar>i'i-./A .»ii'i<>;»'ii.

.•>2.

PHORIIVK.

Small Ininehbaek-like, nearly bare speci.-s. Hea.l small
flattened; face very short, oral openin- lar-e. Front broad*
in ooth sexes; oeelli present. Ant.Mnue apparentlv one or
two-jomted, the terminal joint roiin.j. with a dorsal'or api<-al
bristle. Abdomen rather sliort. narrow<'<l posteriorly; ^inx\-
talia of the male often prominent, in the female pr«\iectin..'

(■oxie elomrate, the fe

mora more or less, the hind i)air oft

extraordinarily widened and flattened. \Mn<'s 1

en

anterior part with two strons

n-L'e; on the

yond the middle, from which thre.> to fi
ently arise and run obli(iuel

veins, reaehin,^: only ii little b

ve weak veins ni

The small Hies of thi

pieiy across tlic win<''

)liar-

back

ai)j)earance

and

■s small family have a iieculiar. hunch

leaves, windows, etc. The 1;
i'ront than behind, and live in (

are observed runni

w^ about on fallen

rva' are cylindrical, thi

nner m

lead

1'

u

n,i4-i. veo'ctal)les. etc.. and possiblv in 1

snails. ins(M'ts. decavin

\y\\\<^ iiist'cts.

1. F
V

ront ciuircly without hri.stlc;
ront with loiiu- hristh

TAHLK OK (;i:nki{a.

<iVM\(H'I|(»|!A .Ma(

'(|uart.

Miildlc tibia- hcsct with hri.stlcs aloim- tl

Middle til

•ia' with few or no luistli

If OMIfrsidc. '{•lIINKIliA .Mtiocil.

Ill tl

(■outer side. I'jioifA l.atreill

fl

<m;

NOirni AMKUTCAN DII'TKUA.

'M

■:^l !

M use I ]).K

( 111 the widest sense).

Tliis very larL,'e jj^roui), ooiniiioiily known as the Museidti'
sens. lat. has been divided into numerous minor groups, wliieh
by many di^ttendogists liave been accredited with family rank.
The number and limits of these groujis are the subjects of
more or less difference of opinion among systematists. The
(H)nstant tendency, not only in dijiterology, but in all ento-
mology, is to raise the rank of minor divisions with the in-
crease of new forms, and most writers on diptera nowadays
give the family termination of idti'. to most of the groups
of this faniilv or sui)erfamilv. This tcndencv has, however,
been carried to an extreme by some recent wi'iters. Whether
or not they be (considered as families or subfamilies, matters
little so long as it is remembered that the distinctive charac-
ters have, in general, less morphological signiticance than
among the groups of the Orthorrhapha.

Brauer divides the group, which he calls Schizojdiora, after
lU'cher, into the Eumyiche and Schizometopa, which correspond
l»retty well to the old and well established Caly])tratie and
Acalyptratie, terms whicii should not, in my ojiinion be dis-
})laoed at the option of any systenuitist who (diooses to offer
new terms. Nor can I accept the name Schizophora, the well
established name of ^luscidas or ]Muscidea, if one wisucs a
distiiK^tive ending, is (jiiite as good and more ai)i)ropriate.
That the change of limitations in a higher group gives the
changer the right to change the names also, has no more force-
ful a])])lication here than among the lower grou])S. No one is
sustained in rejecting generic names because he modifies the
delinitioii of the genus, as must necessarily be the case with
nearly every added new sjiecies.

Tlie following characters will a])ply to the family or supcr-
familv ill its eiitiretv :

-MISCIDKA.

97

.l/.,,svvVAv/.-^l'n.lH,s,.is fnnctim.al or nuli.n.'iitnrv. ii, th^ lor
^'K'r easo usnully sl.ort and wit). p8eua<.tra..lH.at.." lah.lla l.ut
so,n,.tnn,.s Hnn^at.. an.l a-lapt.-d Inr piorM,.^ : pal,,i sonH.tinu-s
■■-li.n.M.tarv, n.vcr jnint.d. Anr.nna. ahvavs thr-.-juint..]
tl.otlunl joint simple, roun.l, oval <.r .lon^at... ..nn.pn.ssc.i;
HiH always (,.x,.,.pt Cr-jptorhniun,. u-here it is rntin-lv ahsn.t)
with a iKuv. puhese.Mit or phnnos.. dorsal or sul.api.-jil arista
Auxiliary nviu sometimes nulim.-ntarv, oltcn more or l,>ss
coalescent with the tirst longitudinal vein, distinet in its entire
course; never more than one sul.mar,inal an.l three posterior
oolls present, the marginal and suhmarginal eells awavs open •
l.asaleells never large, the second hasal eell sonu-tinies eo-
aleseent with the diseal eelh the anal eell present <.r ahs.nt •
posterior cross-vein ra.vly absent. I'ulvilli ahvavs present'
empodm wanting; elaws of the mah- often large,, than those
ot the female.

Tlu> largest flies are f.mnd among ihe Calvptrata-. espeeiallv
the iaehmnUe and Sairoi-hagidu", hut the largest <lo not eoua'l
the largest of the Orthorrhapha. Commonlv tl... Hies l.-lon-.-
ingtothe Acalyptratie are of mo.h.rate sixe or small oft,'^,
indeed minute. The habits are ,.f course verv diverse, but bv
iar tne largest number live among rank vegetation/and an-
generally (;aught in sweepings.

The larvce in a few forms are hatchd from the ,..n,s in tlu>
body ot the parent fly; the ])U]..'e are al

contracted, hardened, larval skin, k
toj) of whi(di is s

Ivll

ways inclosed in the
own as the puparium. tlx"

pning off like a Ihl ]>y the aid of the nfll

an inflatable organ jmshed out through tl

/>tiinnnii,

which is charaeteristii; of tl
u'ger part of those of the Calyptrat

II' frontal

>utur(

I

other insects, the (Estridi
Mi

'c group, in their habits, the

ic are parasitic upon

c upon warm-blooded animals.

my of the larva' of the Sarcophagi.la'. Mus.d.he and

thorny idu' live in d

or d

ccomposmg animal matter or in 1

ecom

Aoalyptiatie.

posing vegetable matter as do al

An-

iviiig

so nearly all of tin

12

1)S

XOIM'H AMKKICAN DITTEUA.

In the iirraiigemc'iit of the families, it will be observed that
I liave ohaiif^ed the order, plaein,<; the Calyptratie last, an
arrangement which 1 believe coincides better with tlie degree
of specialization of the insects.

Very much remains to be done in the study of this wide
group, not only in America, but throughout the world. As
throughout the order, especial care should be taken in the
identihcation of East Indian, Australian and African genera
among the forms occurring in Central and South America and
the West Indies. In the study of the Calyptratu', esiiecially
the Tachinida^, there has been an extraordinary activity during
the past few years. I convss myself unable to straighten
out the maze in which they seem to be. Professor Townsend
has given to them the most and best study and is the best
i|uthority we have on their classification.

TABLE OK FAMILIES.

1. Toffiilii' larfff; first postt'rior cell narrowed or closed; front of male

always narrower than that of tlie female. . . . . '2

Flics without all the above characters. d

2. Mouth-parts rudimentary or wantinj;.

Mouth-parts functional

:>. Arista of antenna; bare or very slijjchtly pubescent.
Arista plumose or distinct!}' pubescent,

CJiSTRioj;.

Taciiinid.t:.

1

4. Arista bare on the distal part; dorsum of abdomen rarely bristly- on the

anterior part SAitcoiMiAGin.K.

Arista plumose or puliescent to the tip *")

T). Dorsum of abdomen bristly; third joint of antenna) usually not elon-
gated; legs usually lon^r. Dkxiid.i:.

Abdominal setfments without l)ristles, except more or less near the tij) ;
legs not elongated. Miscid.k sens. str.

0. Tegulit' large; thorax with a complete transverse suture; first posterior
cell*iu'ver narrowed ; front of male narrower than that of the female.

AxTnO.MYID.Ti.

*In Gasfro/i/u'lns (^/v.sVnVA/), the first posterior cell is not narrowed and the
teguliu are rather sn)all; the genus will be distinguished by the rudimen-
tary mouth-parts,

i!-#i

MUSriDKA.

'.»!>

9.

10.

I(-uI:r small; eves of inalo not n,oR. approximate.! tliai. those of tlie
fc-male, or, if so the narrowing js ,]ue to the less wi.Itl. „f the me-lian
stripe, the honk-rs remainiiifr the same (MnsrI,!,, aruh/pirah, , //n/o>,n -
'n/Ki ]5raaer). ...

. Au.xiliary vein j.resent, .listinetly separate.! from the first l..m.Mtu.linal
vom, terminatinj; separately in the eosta ; the first I.,nKitiininal vein
usually terminates at or l)eyon.I the mi.l.lle of the wing. h

Auxiliary vein absent, rudimentary or i e.-mplete ; the tirlt lonKitu.iinal
vein usually terminates l)efore the mi.l.Ui. of the wiiiir. . . 22

A .lislinct bristle on either si.le of the face near the oral

maruin, i. e.

10
12

11

12.

i:}.

14.

oral vibrissiu i)resent.
No oral vibrissa.'

Front on tlie sides an.! the vertex with lonjr l)ristles.
Bristles confine.! to the vertex or the fr.)iit ))are.

The .hstanee between the anterior a.i.! posterior cross-veins (on the
fourth lonoitu.linal vein) very much less than from the latter to the
margin of the wing* i. e. the cross-veins approximated.

r, I1kT|;I{()NEIUII).«.

(ross-veins not approximated ^j

Tliorax flattened; hea.l small; cheeks broad and bristlv, the oral
vllirissaj in consequence not marke.liy .lilTerentiate.! ; l.ristly flies.

1 horax convex ; licad as broa.! or nearly as broa.! as the thorax ; cheeks
not markedly bristly ScATo.Mv/m.K

Ab.lomen elongate, narrowe.l at the base, usuallv cvlindrical an.! ,le-
curved posteriorly ; male genitalia usuallv prominent. Si-v^ivv

Abdomen comparatively short and broad; male genitalia but little or
not at all prominent; costa of tiie wings usually bristly.

IIki,omyzid/T.;.

Anteniue elongate and porrect; secon.l joint as long or longer than tlie
third, the latter usually with an angulated upi)er corner. H

Antennae not elongated, or, if so, not porrect, tlie secon.l joint alwav.
shorter than the tliird, tlie latter usually roun.led at tlie end. ]■,

Hoad in profile triangular, the face remarkably retreating; hind tibia'
with or without a preapical bristle. . . OKrviinr

Head not triangular in profile, the face ,erpen.!icular or but little re-
treating; front with two lateral orbital bristles; hind tibia' witli a
preapical bristle (rf^,;<omvW). .... SciOMvziDr

* The A;;rou,ii,ina- have the cross-vein approximate.!, but the auxiliary
vein IS wantinii.

w

loo

NOirril AMHUICAN J)nTKUA.

IS

l'>

SAl'Ifd.MYZIH.K.

Scio.Mvzio.i:.

1'). Kciiiora tliifkciU'il ; liiiid tihiii' iisimlly iiiucli ililatcil jinil with tiilpcrclcs

oil outer side; hasal cells larf,'e ; first jiosterior cell narrowed; all

tile tibia' witli jireajiical bristle. . . . Riioi'Ai.omkimd.k.

Flies without the above characters Id

I'i. Front bristly on the sides and at tin- vertex 17

Front bristly at the viTtex only ; tiic auxiliary vein is not steejily in-
clined where it joins the costa.

17. Hind tibia', at least, with a iireajiical bristle.
Hind til)iiL' without jireapical bristle. .

IH. Basal cells of winjis small. .....

IJasal cells of wiiijjs of moderate size ami ilistinct.

1!>. Tosterior basal cells of wiiiirs sniall, the anal eel! never i)rodiieed
acutely; a single bristle on each side of the front (/.unclni in<i).

Sai'uomvzid.i;.

I'osterior basal cells of wini,'s of moderate size, the third (anal) often

produced into an acute point. ..... 'I'kvi'ETID/K.

20. Le<is elon,u:ate, often vi'ry loni^ ; abdomen narrow and lonj:', often niueli

narrowed at the base. . lil

Lejjs not el()n<,^ated ; abdomen coniparativel\- short, or, if Ioiilt, not nar-
rowed at the base Oktai id.i;.

21. First ])osterior cell narrowed in the niaririn or closed. MicKOi'ioziD.r..
F^irst posterior cell not narrowed in the marjiin, or but slightly so;*

jialpi rudimentary or wantinjj. ..... Ski'sid.k.

22. Eyes inserted at the tiji of lateral processes. . . . Dioi'sid.k.
Head not prolonj^'ed into lateral processes. ..... 2;J

2;5. Hind metatarsi shorter than the followinu' joint, incrassate. Boanoain.i:.
Hind metatarsi lonj^er than tlie following joint, not incrassate. . 24

24. Discal and second basal cells united, the separating cross-vein rudimen-

tary or wanting; jiosterior cross-vein present.! . . . 2.")
Discal cell separated from the second basal cell by a distinct cross-
vein, or, if not, the posterior cross-vein also wanting. . . 20

25, Legs long and slender; abdomen elongate and narrow. Mickopkzid.k.
Legs of moderate length, often strong; abdomen ovate or elongate

elliptical 2<>

2(1. F'ront bare, or, at the most, bristly at the vertex; third antennal joint

rounded, or, if elongate, the head triangular in profile. Oscimh.i;.

Front bristly at least as far as the middle; head never triangular in

profile - .... 27

* Compare here the I'sih'dd when there is doubt regarding the auxiliary
vein. t The jiosterior cross-vein is wanting in Antiiu {/Jroso/iliiliilc),

Ellipum-ura {Osrlnidn), J^/ii/lotm/za (Atinniit/ridd).

MrsCIDKA— IJORP.OItlD.lv

III

!'S

•20.

Anal ..,.11 wholly wMutinj,; fac. u»,al!y hu-. an,l anlu,!. wi,|, „,,

niouth oixTiinj;- lar^ic. ... F .

Ff.cc' n„t arrlu.,1. a.i.l the ,M.,utl, ..,K.,nn^ iu.'vct ■vn,arl<al,iy'lar!rr"':!s
i\rista loosely and I()iii,r J, hill), )si..
Arista riot jiliiiiiosc, or waiitintr.

l)|;u<.o|'ilII,I|..i;
A(ii;o.Mvzii).i:

S.-.iu.llmu .lon^.,t.., trian.uM.lar, with prof.h..nnH...s or spines on it. nnr-

J,^in; leiMora tliickc iici. ,,

i' lies Without Loth the alx.vc characters.

•10. Oral vibrissa,' present.

Oral vibrissa) want

in<r.

•"il. Front bare or liristly at tl
Front l)ristly at least as f;

•n

•Jo

le V(

■rtl'X only {/';,./,/n'/i,i,, ).

'csterior cro>

-V(

(.•ross-vems !ij)i)ro.\iniateiI.

\r as the middle

in situated before the middle of tl

Ski'Siii.t:

le wiiiL'.

tl

U' two

Post

erior cross-veins situated 1

cross-veins not nuu-li ai)pro.\iniated.

cyoiid the middU' of tl

A(;i

<>M VZlD.i;

I'' win.i;-, the two

!•■'. Arista liare; body short ami bn.ad (
Arista pubescent or j

•'^4. Arista witl

Milirhhiu). . .\i\\U

dumose, or, if bare, the alxlomen elon'^at

>Mv/ii»,i:

M

1 a few lomr hair

Arista tliicklv short

•s. mostly on the up{)ersi(!e. 1)

jdumose, i)ul>escent or bare

Posterior basal and the anal cell of consid

ItOSOI'llII.lD.K

(iiX).Mv/n).i;

I'oste

rior basal and the anal cell small and ind

crable size, distinct.

o(i. Front bristly on the sid(

Front bristly at the vertex only, or 1
•57. Silvery white or whitisl

istinct.

ItVI'KTrO.K.

)are

Psi

I.ID.K

1 ^Tay sjiecies, with

antennal joint usually an<rulated on th

unspotted wiii<;s; third

Ileddish veil

ow or l)rownish red species, oft

uj)i)er anjrie. Ac.uomvzid.k.

third antennal joint rounded at tl

en with spotted wi

le tij)

(

mjfs

ii:OMV/II»,K

33. ]U)K]5()1MI\t:.

Moderately large to small, black, l.rowii or ol.soi.roly yel-
lowish flies, having a quick, short flight. Ifea.l heinisi.herieal •
face obtusely earinate in the middle; vibriss.-e present; front
broad, usually bristly. Antennte short; third j<,int rounded
the arista bare or ].ubeseent. Second segment of the abdomen
with a transverse depre.ssion: genitalia sometimes moderately

Hrj

SOUTH AMKKICAN DII'THKA.

l>r()iiiiuL'iit. Willie's absent in Apti-rinn ; auxiliary vein al)S('nt ;
all throe i)asal cells ('oin})lete. Le.ijs iiuxleratt'ly long and
strong; liind metatarsi dilated and ablni'viated.

The flies of this family are almost invariably i'ound aliowl
decomposing oi-ganic matter. Those Ixdonging to the gen-
era Unr/ioriis and Sjiliiiriii'i'rn are observed often in ch mds
about dung and sewage, where their larva; live. The small
flies of the genus Llnujsinti are observed about marshy places
in company with P^phydrids.

The hirvie of J!orhonis are cvlindrical and conical, with
the skin roughened by erect, minute bristles; the antenme are
two-jointed, the mouth-hooklets developed. The posterior
end has (r nical processes near the anus, and smaller tubendes
about the spir.'icles ; in Lhtio.sina the hind stigmata are elon-
gated into a tube. The hirvie of Limosinu live in alga', fungi,
diseased ])otatoes, etc.

TABLE OF r.KNKllA.

1. Winploss species.

Wind's fully developed.

ArTEiMNA Macquart.

2. Fourth and fifth longitudinal veins incomplete heyond the discal cell,

not reaching the l)order Li.mosina Macquart.

F\)urth vein at least, fully developed o

;}. Scutelluni with well-developed bristles; the fifth vein incomplete heyond

the discal cell li kuoki s Meigen.

Scutelluni without l)ristles ; fifth vein complete. Si'u.kkoceu.* Latreille.

34. AGROMYZID.E.

Front broad, with or without bristles. Antenna^ sh()rt. the
third joint usually rounded, sometimes moderately (don gate,
or subquadrate ; oral vibrissa; })resent, or absent. Arista
wholly wanting {Cvijptorhivtuvt) or, when present, bare or pu-
bescent; never distinctly plumose. Genitalia rarely promi-
nent. Wings broad; auxiliary vein rudimentar}' or indistinct.
never distinctly separated in its whole length from the first

A(Jl{()MVZn)vK.

'o;

■^"IDCtillK

•■s <'oii(lii»'iir with th

I'tii'^Mtu.liiial vein; (lisc;il (-(.11

.liscal ,...11 (rn,j.f„rh„fu,„. AularU/asfn'), l^.s^-rinr .niss- vriu

s<UlH.t,nu^s^^^uUiI.u•(/7.y.,y,_y;;,,); ;n,;n..,.n iuvs.nr: ,.rnss-vr
olt(.ii imi(.li ai.[.r<)xiiiiatc(i (A-n.iiiy/ina.).

Tl.is la. .lily .,f small or luinul." Hirs,. as hwv .Irtiur,]. in..lu.los

tli." A-n.i.iyzma., Mili.-lii,,;,- and O.-rhiphili,,;,. of Scliin..,- tl...

A:.n.inyzi.lu. aii.l I'hyt.miy/i.la' ,.1' \.ov^v. Tlu- ..roup is

suim.u-hat .litlicult to .iHin. i.. su.-l, u uav tl.at the ncvi... will

always U-A sun- of his d.-t.-nninatinns. Fnuu th.. Dn^sophi-

l><la'(<.ratl,.astt.lu' known American si-ccirs) it will h,. .Hs-

tin-„ish..,l In- the non-pluincs,. arista. From tlu- Kphylrid..

Aulm-ijasf.'r-.xua Cn/ptorhui,,,,, will Ih- distin-uislnMl " hv tin'

pivscn,.,. of a distinct anal cell. Fn.m tlu- O..Mn,v/ida." it is

.limcult to di.stin^niish ,s,m... of th," o,.n..ra, csjKriallv of th..

Mili(dnn;eand O.-hthiphilina'. The student wouhl hest eon

suit the table of that family in eas..s of douht. JUnmor.^.

Loew IS not included in the table: ] can not d.dine it.

The larvib of J'h>jf.n,>i/r:n are usually leaf miners. TJie hir-

»'i(ro

vtes of L

have been found in tl
of ./

qiis feed upon plant-li
M' 1,'alls of Trlt

'/vow!/r:n are elliptical in slia])e, the liind sti

; those of (h-l,t/,!j,/r,la
iri/w ri'jinis. The larva'

upon snuill, rounded plates on the under side of the 1

niata situated

ment : tl

le

foun
abdomen

8t.<'

bristles. The larvae of L

IS })rovided with false 1

(..us,

ist

witliout

euro

>pis are eylindrieal. thicker j

teriorly, the skin roughened with short hairs- 1

lOS-

ongate, tube-like and widely separated; th

like, or like the geometric! 1

nnd stigmata
•y creep leech-

irva'

TAIJLE OF GKXEKA

1. Posterior cross-vein absent; oral vibrissa^ j.rcscnt (/'Ayo,..:/..).

TV,.* • . PiiVTOMVZA Fallen

I osterior cross-vein present.

2. Posterior cross-vein situate.! before the n.i.ldle of the win.^, the two
cross-venis approximate.!.
Posterior cross-vein at or !.eyon,l the n.i.MIe .'.f the win.s the two'c.s,'.'
veins not approxiiiKite.l ; arista iiare.

w

I

in

104

NC'jril AMERICAN DH'TKRA.

':l-f

St'coiiil liiisiil ci'Il as loiiff or but littlu sliortiT tlum llu' first.

l*iiVT(»\iv/A Fallen

Sccoiid hasal cell distinctly sliorttT tliaii tln' first {A'/iyjimr-i"")-

\

\. First i)oste'ri()r cell iiarrowoil at tlu' iiiarj:iii.

Li;i<iMv/.A .Mi'iuc:

F'irst posterior <'cil not narrowed at the inaiuin, tlie third and t'oiirth
longitudinal veins nearly parallel. ......'>

i"). Third antennal joint terniinatiiiu' in a spiny jioiiit.

Ckwatomvz.v Scliiiier.
Third antennal Joint does not ti'rniinate in a spiny point. . . li

'). Third anteinial joint roundeil, of moderate size.* Aouo.mv/.a F'allen.
Third antennal joint very larjxe, sulKpiadrate in shajie.

I'livi.i.oMV/.A Fallen.

7. Second basal cell united with tiu> discal cell s

Second basal cell sei)aratcd from the discal cell l)y a sm;>.!! t ross-vi'in. 1'

H. Arista wliollv wantiuLr.

CiiYi'iorii.KTi M Ronda

m.

Arista pri'sent, bare; cross-veins ri'mote, the antt'rior oiu' situated inai

the basi' of thi' w

iiu

Ari.ACKi.iSTKK .Mac(iuart.

0. Oral vibrissa' present; abdomen short and broad {MilirliiiKt).

1(1

Oral vibrissa' waiitinj;-; the abdomen elonfrate oval (< h-liiliiplillimi). 1:

10. Costa with a ileep ii' ision before the tip of the first ve

in.

Costa not with such an incisioi

Lonioi'TDKA Waldbera'.
11

1 1. Kyes round ; niesonotum witli bristles in the middle. Mii.ichia Meipeii.
Eyes oval; inesonotum with bristles on the sides only.

(^ACOXENtS Loi'W.

OciiTiiiriiii.A Meiiren.
Li-L'coiMs Meiifcn.

12. Front with lonix bristles on the sides.
F'n'iit witiiout bnstU's on the sides.

;jr.. GKoMYznvE.

Ifoiul ronndod ; face usually with vihrissti'; front broad,
bristly bolow tho vertex. Antenna' sh- I't, the third joint
round or a little elongated, with a b;ire. ])iibes(!ent o)' j)lnniose
arist;i. Wings comparatively long; anxiliary vein nidinien-
ttiry ; ])osterior basal cell and tlu' anal cell present.

* 'I'hc penus J>i snnniichiiKi Loow has never bi'cn described, but will be
iiu'luded in Ai/r<iiiii/:(i ; I do not know it.

(JKOMYZIIM:— OSCIXIDyTv

10")

1(1

Tliis-n.ui.. as Iht,. .iHi.u'.l, includes the (i.M„nv/i.la. an.l
OpoinyzKlH. an.l a j.art cf tlu' }[et,T..n,Miri,la. ..f L.hmv Tl,,.
■nsrrts in,-lu,lr,l in it an- always small, and Mmu-tin.rs minut.
1 iH' larva' ni tlu.s,- r,.\\- sp.M-irs o. whicli t),,. hiilnts arc known
live ,n the sterns of various plants. Tlic Hn's are almost al-
ways canj^lit witli the heatin,-,' net.

TAHI.K OF (iKXKHA.
1. Orni viliriss;i> iircsciit.

< >ral x\hv\ss:v wniitii.^r ..r indistinctly (Jitrcn.ntii.tci from hairs. '. 7

^. WiM^switl,..ris,K.sainn.tlK.n.sta: l.ristlcs of antcnm. plun.os. ; sc-
ond hasal cell confliu.nt with the iliscal ci'll.

,M. , . <^'' "TONOTi M* Mac'duart

i' lies not iiavin^r thi- ahovc characters. . . .'.

;;■ ('"stai vein contirn.ous al,o„t the win^s; winjis uith n.arkini^s ; posterior
ero.ss-y..,n very ohli.iue: arista puhes<.ent. IIktkko.mhoa S.^hiner
I'Ues not iiavinu- the above characters '.

4

4. Mesonotn.n l.ristly in the tniddle on the ,.osterior part oniv

-Mesonot.un hristly in the n.iddh. on the front; arista pe,.th,ate on the
upl)er .side. . . , ' '

nAi.nn'Ti.K.v I.oew.

A. rnder side of the front femora with l.risth-iike.spines or str.mj, hristh.. •

arista pubescent

Front femora vvit:„M,t snch bristh^s ; 'front with onJ proHimUe ami onl!
-l.var.cate bristle ,m each si.le. . . . I),.,stata Meiod.
•!. Secotid lonoitadi.ial vein He.xuou.s. . . . Uvusumv,, Loew

SccoiHl lon.>tndinal vein not fle.xno,.,.. . . Av,„<>,,v/... Falle.K

7. Oeeiput flattened ;win.s spotted ( )..omv/.. Fallen

'''••••put ...nvcx; win.us not spotted. . S,.vP,M.:,,r.A I{. IVsvohlv.'

oO. OSCIXID^E.

Small, bare species. Head h,>mispherical. luce usually yrv-
|"-^1 ". profile; oral lumler usually without vihris.sa- ; 'fronf
''■•<.a,.l. fl ,t, ,sometim,.s with l.risth-s at the vertr.x. Ant.^nn.-
usually short: thir.l joint usually round,«d. Ab.lon.en ovate

eratelv or verv

"1- Hliptical; genitalia hidden. Wim-s mod

This yeiiiis belont

more properly witli the Drosophilid!
1;]

mt

w

106

NOKTII AMKUICAN DIITERA.

fit

sliort; no iiuxiliary vein ; third and t'ourtli lons^-itudinal voiiis
parallel or divei'i^ont; posterior basa' united with the diseal
eell ; anal cell wholly wanting or rudimentary. Legs short;
I'eniora sometimes thi(tkened ; tibiie without preapical bvi.tle.
This group of flies is always sure to be represented by nu-
nun-ous specimens and spe<'ies in any collection of diptera.
The tlies are very common and are collected in large numbers
by the sweei)-net, from rank growing grass and mead(jwlands.
Tlie larvt,e of several species of Osclnis have been bred from
wheat, barley, oats, rye and grass stems and FJinirj mites :
those of Osritits have similar habits; larvte of Sij)hon<;lln from
('irniiini, etc. The larva' are thick, cylindrical, with stout
mouth-ho(jklets ; abdomen with fleshy protuberances for loco-
motion ; the anteiuue two-jointed.

TAHLE OF GENKKA.

1. Ili'iid protluci'd t'onicnlly in front, the aiiti'iiiia' I'lonfrato.

ECTKCEI'IIALA Miic(iuart.
Head not produced (!onically ; antt'nn,T not oloIl<,^'^to, ... 2

2. The co.stal vein roaclu'!* to the tip of tlic third lonixitiulinal vein. . :'.
'I'ho costal vein reaches to the tij) of tiie fourth h)nffitudinal vein. '»

;i. No posterior cross-vein; first three lonjiitudinal veins recurved.

Ef.mi'Onki KA Loew.
Posterior cross-vein present. 4

4. Hind feujora niucli tliickened Mkhomv/a Mei^cn.

Hind femora not thickened; niesonotiun usually with stri;;; ;.

Ciii.oHoi'S Meitj;en.

T). Ovipositor liorny, suhulate Oi-ktioimkiua Loew.

Ovipositor not horny and suhulate 0

(i. Antenna' with a thickened, i)orrect. style like arista.

Ei.Acnn'TKHA .Macqunrt.
Antennit' with the usual hare, jjuhescent or rarely jduinose arista. 7

7. Oral niarfjin of the face i)roduci'd ; proboscis often elonifate and fohh'd
l)ack. ...... Sii'MONKM.A Maccjuart.

Oral marfrin not produced. ........ X

H, Third joint of the antenna' renifonn, with a subterniinal, short-])luMi()se

arista. , . Gai uax I,( ew.

Third antennal joint rounded or oval '.•

DKOSOI'IIIIJD.K.

1«>7

!». Hind til.ia> with a?i clonuatrd, curved sdu
i^iitcd and folded Iiac'k.
Hind tihia' uitlidiit sjmr.

pur: i)r()l)i)scii5 sonictinics dnn-

Hii'PKi.vris Locw.

"-^•'iNis Latrcilk..

10
1

.•57. ])I{()S()]>}riLIl).K.

Eyos not, prominent; Uwv vrrtiml in profil,-. witi, vihri.s-,.
at tho oral nnu-in, s.nn.'tinn.s uvak. Front with bristles ,t
the vertex, not reaching l.eyon.l the nmhlh.; nsuallv hu.-
linrd joint of the anteinnu oval or ronn.le.I. the arista „ln.
.nose or pectinated* Alxlouieii usn;,l]y short and hroa.l, the

l^'onitaha not prominent. Auxiliary vein riulini.'ntary ; first
on.^ntu.linal vein short, not reaching more than a third of the

length of the wing; posterior l.asal cell united or not with tl.

•liscal cell; anal cell usually present; posterior eross-veii

sometimes wanting.

The species in this family are invarial.lv small, of rather a
P nnip app.virance, giving a feeling of eohlmss to th.- hirers
when grasped; the bristles of th." head and legs are general] v
conspicuous, but the liies are without pile. The Hies are often
c^aughtin beating and some species are es„eciallv abundant
about decomposing, fermenting fruit, often observeil in clouds
iMdlowmg Scdiiner, I include in this family J,fria and AVy.^
/o.sm, which are consider..! as representatives of a distii.ct
tamily by Loew. The student will sometimes have diJHculty
m deculmg whether his specimens .should be located \wvo or
among the Ephydrida. so closely do the two familic-s run
together,

TABLE OF (iMNKUA.
I. Discal and second hasal celts
Diseal and seeond basal eell^

unite(l.
separated

\

2. Posterior tr

Tost

iuisverse vein wantnitr,

eri(

)r transverse vein j.resent.

AsTr.iA .Miiuen

* The plumose or peetinated arista is eharaetcristir of the known Atnori-
<'an Ki'nera hut is not a farniiv <haraet,.r.

w^

1(»S

NOIM'II AMKinCAN DUTKKA.

;J. Anal roll jtri'Sfiit.
Anal cell wanting.

Si(;.\i,()i:ss.\ Locw.

t. I'!v('s proininciit ; \vin.ifs strai,uht. .... riiouTicA SchiiuT.

I\vi's not jtntiiiini'nt ; wiiiys usually appearing; as tlHUiuli hrcikiii ami

bent (lownwanl ; larger si/,cil spi'cics. . Stkcana Mciuin.

."). Costa ilistinctly hiistly ; aii.\iliary vi'in distinct in its jtro.xiinal i)art.

('i;i;t()\<)Tim .Mactiuart.
Costa not l»ristiv . Diiusoi-iiii.A Kalkii.

I .'.

;!s. KriivDiUD-i:.

Faco more or less, oi'ton ri'iiiark:il)lv coiivi^x. AiitciniiP

>hort

first joint sill

all

ai

iteiuial arista hare or ))iil)('S('eiit or

pectinated on the upper side. Oral eavity rounded, usually
large; cly])eus distinet, in some eases retraete(l into the or;il
cavity, in others prominent. Ahdonien of variahle Torm, com-

|)ose(

1 of

six segments in the males, seven in the females,
sexual organs usually retracted. Auxiliary vein coalescent
for tiie most part with the first longitudinal vein, distinct
only at its proximal end; second basal cell confluent with tlie
discal cell, the small vein separating them entirelv absent, or
scarcely visible ([)resent in ('(intnw Hal. only); anal (ell im-
perfect and small (distinct in Cnndccy^ aluhe snudl.

The Hies of this family are never large, often small or even
minute. The greater number of the species are itduibitants
of wet places, about marshy ground, meadows, etc. They are
always thinly pilose or i)are spi'cies, and never with bright
cudors. Tlie exceedingly large head and mouth of some spe-
cies are very ohtiracteristic, but in others this character is not
so apparent and there is sometimes difficulty in sejiarating the
genera from those of the I)roso])hilidie. The hirvie of many
forms are very peoidiar. resiunbling tlie rat-tailed larva' of the
Syrphida' in many cast's. Thi^ mouth, however, always lias
hooklets and the "tail" is i'orked at the end. The larvie of
species of Niitipliiht have been found in the stems of water
plants; those of lli/<h'i'H}<i in the saji u{ trees, in the jiaren-

KriivDinD.K

I ( >!)

el

iviiia ()

ftl

10 l( avt's ()

1' Z

I'm II

of r>'/;„a, Piii'iiili'd and Enliiiil

'I. on .\Hs)H(i jildiifiiij,,, v\v.: tl

(ISC

t<>ivst arc the lialiits of the hirva' of

l>/ii/(lrii 111 water. Of especial iii-

f

various /'JjiJii/ilnr. as tli

oilow

iii,L,^ account related to the writci' hy Ti-of. AV. 11. 1

^vill shdw : -The waters of Lake Moi

liave a nauseous taste, and when si ill th" lake 1

>rewer

lo ai-e clcai',

riri/ neavv

of oil and is not easilv disturlx-d. Tj

uis a

look

as

le water f<'el slippery to

the touch, and will wash -rease from the haiuls or from clo'tl

cold,

les

more rcadilv than comi

lion soap-suds will wlien hot. It

swarms with

IS said that no fish or reptile lives in it. hut it
countless millions of larva' that dev(dop int
upon the surface of tli
the immedicte shore.

p into flies which rest

e water, as well as cover evervtl

11 U'j' on

Th

le nuiiihers and (piantities of the

Hies and larva- are absolutely incredihle. They drif
la'aps alon- the shore and InuHlmls »f hiishrlsvinM 1

se

lectcd. Tliev onlv

t up in

)e col

then Indians come fi'iuii f;

^row at certain seasons of the v

The 1

ear. and
r and near to i^'athei' them for food.

irva' o

r jaipa- are dried in the sun. the sludl ruhbed off 1

hand, when a ytdh-wish keriad (pupa) like a
grain of rice app-ars. This i-' oil

)V

unpleasant to the taste, and under tl

(so pronounced) forms a very important articdc of ln,,d. Th

small yellowish

y. very nutritious, and not

le name ol' Icoit-rJnih-livi'

India

lis -ave me some of it; it does not tast(

c oadlv. and. il

one were ignorant of its origin, it would nial

vc nice sou]i. '

Another species, Eph,j,Jra hinns. is found in e(pially girat
quantities in Lake Texcoco, near the city of Mexico, and Pro-
less(u- Penafiel has given the writer the following not.'s con-
cerning them :

^'It is of the eggs of this insect that the greater i)art <.f
what is known as Aliuatle is composed and which is now used
by the nativ.'s. who have preserved the customs of the anci-ut
Azt(>cs. Th(> eggs are (deaned and ground into Hour, and are
P'vpared i,y mixing with luurs eggs and fried with fat int.,
small cakes. The larva' are also used for b.od under the
name of I'u.ri."

no

XOirril AMEKICAN DirTERA.

Ml:

TAliLE OF GKNEHA.
Second joint of the antennic with a short spinous hristlo at the anterior

upper end . . . li

Second joint of antenna? without a s{»inous bristle at the anterior end. s

The costal vein reaches to the tip of the third lonuntudinal vein.
The costal vein reaches to tlie tip of the fourth lonffituilinal vein.

4

;). Tip of the abdomen in the male with eIon<;ated bristles.

Dicii-KTA Mei^'^en.
Tip of the abdomen in the male without elonj^ated 1)ristles.

NoTiriiii.A Fallen.

4. Abdomen broad. ...... Discomy/a Mii^en.

Abdomen not l)road. .....,...;')

T). Face on the uijjter jtart tlat or trently convex, not carinate; third joint
of the antennie oval. ...... I'siLOfA Falhn.

Face distinctly carinated above. .......(!

(>. Cheeks ii;'.rrow ; eyes long. .... Cr.ASioi'.v Stenhanuner.
Cheeks broad, eyes round. ........ 7

7. Clypeus i)rominent. ..... Aktiivkogi.ossa Loew.

(^lypeus projectinjf but little beyond the oral marj^in.

Hkcamkdk Ilalliday.

8. Middle tibite with several long bristles e.xteriorlv. I'akammxa Loew.
Middle tibije without lon<f bristles I'Xteriorly. ....!)

0. Oral openinjr small; eyes usually pubescent (////</(7 ///»"). . . 10
Oral opening large {Kiihudrinn) - . . Id

10. J .'ont femora thickened .11

Front femora not thickened. 1:.'

11. Front femora much thickened; first posterior cell narrowed attlu' bor-

der of the wing. ...... 0( Tiii:uA Latreilh'.

Front femora moderately thickened; third and fourth veins j)aralK'l
(West Indies) Ociitiikkoidka Williston.

12. Eyes thickly but short pubescent. Hyduki-lia Desvoidy.
Eyes sparsely i)ul)escent or bare. ....... b")

1.'5. Sides of the face wholly without bristles. IIvadina Ilalliday.
Sides of the face with ])ristles It

14. Eyes wiiolly bare . . . lo

Eyes sjmrsel^ pubescent; clypeus hidden. rniLnvciUiA Stcnhammer.

15, Clyj)eus jn-ojecting; anterior i)art of mesonotum without l)ristles.

I'Ki.iNA Ilalliday.
Clypeus liidden; anterior part of the mesonotum with bristles.

1'ki.omyia Williston.

4

111

17
IH

DIOI'SID.K—SKI'SID.K.

1'!. <"ly])(Mis jironiiiu'iit.
C'lypi'us liiddfti.

17. TlH- ostal vein r,,icl.,.s to fhr tl.ir.l I..n.t,ntu.Iinal wm.

ItH. costal vc.M r.a.hosto tl.c tip of tlu. fourth lon.uitu.Iinal v.i„.

I'AinnuA Sti'iiliaiimior.
IS. Claws almost straight ; p„lviiii i.ulisti.u.t. . . K,„,„„, ,.,„^,,,

Claws curvtMl ; pulvilli .iistiiict. . /

1!>. Oral hor.liT quite l.art'. ,.,. ,,,,.,

n„„i II,,.. H.VTiiKA Hal ( av.

Oral l)or(kT with bristles.

-0. Arista puheseeiit. c

Arista iH'ctinateil.

( .i:.\iA Desvoidv.

SPS
)

.'51). i)r()]»sriKK.

Small spoo.ics. TTead pn.]„„n-o,l into two lateral pro.oss..
l)eat.n.,.thooyos; frot.t bristly on tho uppor part onlv; nc
vibrissa" on the bor.Ier of the month. Front femora thiekene.l
Auxiliary vein much approximated to the first h.nmtu.linal
vein.

_I5ut a single species of this family, Sp/n/nnrjMa /^rrnror-
ms Say, ,s known from Xorth America, an.l it will be easily
onongh reeognized by the singular eve-stalks. The habits
whether of the adult or larval stage are not known, nor are
they known of any other memlnM- of the family, so far as I
am aware.

40. ,sp:psiix/1{

littl

Head rounded; front bristly above- f

e retreating; border of tl

; tiiee perpendienlar or

or without vibrissa- prol
usually short. Abd

)osei

prominent. Auxiliary vein present or al

le mouth more or less hairy, with
s short; antenme not porreet,
)ase; hypojiygiuni

omen narrow(Ml at the 1

cells distinct. Middle til
out preai)ical biisth

)ia' with

).st'iit; all the basal

spurs; tibia' usuallv with

The flies Ix-h

'iiging to this family

■■uv usually small, black

112

Xnirni AMKIIICAN DIITEKA.

%■

iuid t'longatcd, with tlic alxloiiicn narrowed at the l)as('. thick-
ened and curved downward tow.ird the cxtroniity ; with trans-
]»arent, irrich'sccnt wing, \isually liyaline. Init oltcn with a s]iot
or sjtots toward tin* eiuh and are usually ohscrvcd about decay-
ing vegetabh'S, excrement, (dieese. ham. etc.. often in swarms.
The flies fur the greater part, run aliout activtdy and are (|uick
in fliglit. Tlie best known are the sixM-ies of I'lopJiUii. the

L

irva^ o

f wl

ncli are so wt

dl k

nown as ''(dieese-mites

Tl

lesc

larvte live in cliee.se, in ham or bacon, or in general in any
fatty material, and often do nuudi damage, being esjx'cially
troublesome in ))ork-packing establisliments. From the jiecu-
liar power of leaping possessed by the maggots they are often
called "ski2)pers"; the act is ])erformed by the larvie seizing
with its extended mouth-hooklets the edge of the i)osterior
truncature of tlie body and then suddenly releasing it while
pulling hard. The larva» are sonnnvhat conical. pointe(l
anteriorly, truncated behind, and about Ave millimeters in
length. They are shining and smooth ; the antenna- composed
of two equally long joints; the nu)uth booklets separated,
short and divergent; the anterior spiracles whitish, the ab-
dominal legs i'ou!>-iiened, the anal seirment with four fleshy

})rotTil

)erances.

r

u])arium e

llil)ti

c, ruijose.

TAHLK OF (iKNEHA.

1. Head (loprosscd ; antenna' elongate. 2

Head not dejjressed; aiUennap not reacliing bevond the oral inaruin. o

2, Second joint of anteniue elongate, third oval. I'rociivmza Walker.

Second joint short, third elongate.

Tvi.oMViA (iiglio-'I'os.

•"5. Auxiliary vein distinct; i)ali)i rudimentary (Nry.s/'/K'). .
Auxiliary vein indistinct or wanting (I'liijihiUntt). .

4. Front tVniora of the males with lultiTcles on the lowirside,

Front femora of male withoiU tuhiTc'es l»elo\

Ski'sis Fallen
Nkmoi'od.v Desvoidv

0 Face elongate and truncate; ant-like in ai)i)earance. ("'kimiama Meigen.
Face not elongate and truncate, but rounded. .... 'I

MICIIOI'KZID.K,

113

<!. Winjrs with a l.ln.-kish spot at tlu. tip; antenna, rcarlm,.- ,u,„Iv to tl)e
oral iiiaririii. . ,, ' "

Winn's whollv livalinc.

MVCKTAII.I S Lo(.\v.

.. rohoscis lonj: an.! .W;uUt, tl.. lahdla fol,!,.,] hack. Ma,„/v FalK...
Irohosc.is short. tl>e iah.lla not l-oi,!..! hackwanl; .Toss-vdt.s of .h.
"'""^■'''•'•'■"■^'""'""' I'M.n.u.v Kalh.n

41. MK'IIOI'KZIJLK.

Front br<.a<l, bristly „„ the upi.er j.art. Fa.-e retr.-atin<^ in
])rolile. sometimes very much so. Ai.tenme sliort or elon-ate
porrect. Ab.lcmen elongate ; genitalia in the male somet^n.es
very large and comi.lieated. Wings large; auxiliary vein
present or not; anal eell always present: second bas^al eell
closed, exeei,t in Jl/n-oj.,,,,. Logs long; tibia- without nreaoi-
eal bristh>, '

The larva- and their habits of this group are unkt.own.
ilu' llies are usually of eonsiderable size and slender or very
slendfM-. Avith very long legs.

'I'ABLK OK GI:NK1{A.

l.TI.inlan,! fourth v.ins parallel 'JVPANruA FaUcn.

i I'.n an.i fourth veins not parallel, th. first i.ostc-rior cdl narrowul or

I'losod.

'■i. Third antcnnal joint more or less elongated.
'I'liinl arui'unal joint rounded.

■■:. AiUennal arista aj.ieal and hare (West In. lies, (

Ant

I'lmal arista dorsal and jdiiniose (CVn

•i- Anxiiiarv

«'ntral and S. Aineriea).
Xi;i:iis Sehiner.
tral and South America).
('aim)I.\< KpiiALA Mac«niart.

ven. wantin-; second hasal cell and tlie «liscal cell united.

Au.xil

lary ve^u jires.nt ; second hasal eell

Mi<'i;<>i'i;/A Mei

tren.

complete

rit

lit

inuUe atul penultimate sections of the fourtl
li'ii,t;th; aiuil cell larye. .

muite section of the fourtl
M'ction; anal cell smal

1 ein of nearly e(|ual
Caloiiata Meiireti.

1 vein twice the len.ytli of the penultimate

'I"anvi'i:/a Fallen.
14

w

i

14

Noinil AMKIMCAN DIl'IKi; A.

41'. i'silidj:.

Front bristly on tlic iii)i»('r [tart ; broad, l-'acc jtrriii'iKtica-
lar or sonu'what retreatini.,' in profile, witliont vibrissa'. An-
tenna' niodcratt'lv or verv lon.u;'. dccunibcnt. Abdonit-n rather
slender; male i;'enitalia bnt little jironiinent, the oviduct
usually elonti-ate. \\'in,!^s hn\Lj«' : iiuxiliary vein alisent; third
and iourth lonL,dtudinal veins ])arall(d : all three basal etdls
distinct. Lej^'s »doni;ate ; no i)r<'ai)ical bristle on tln' tibia'.

The Hies of this fainilv are ol' moderate si/e and eloniiate.
Tile larva' in those few sjiecdes in which they are known live
in the roots or tj^alls of different ])lants. The larva* of J'sihi
are slender, cylindrical, pale yellow, l)are ; the ])osterior stig-
mata are small, ronnded or button-like i)roeesses of a black

COlOl

TAIU.K OF (iKNKUA.

1. Aiitcniiii' imicli i-loiiffiiti'd, tlie tliinl Joint sU'iiiler. Loxoceua Mi'iireii.
AntcMinse shorter tliaii tlie I'aci", the tliird joint oval or rounili<i. . i'

2. Face nearly peri)en(]icular in profile ; anal cell noticeably shorter than

the seeonii l»a.<al ce

("iivi.iZA Fallen.

Face retreating' in profile: anal cell as lonu; or lonjier than the seeoml

l.asal cell.

I'sii.A Meiiiii

4;]. OllTALIlhE.

Jlather small to moderately large flies. Front broad in both
sexes, jiever with lower fronto-orbital bristles. Vibrissa' want-
ing. Olypeus distinet. usually well developed; ])r()boscis
more or less stout; pa.l])i broad, seldom narrow. Abdomen
with five segnuMits in the male, six in the female, the first two
in both sexes more or less coalescent; male with a rolled-u]),
long ])enis; female witli a three-jointed, horny ovijiositor.
Legs usuallv stout and short, never verv slender. Venation
of wings complete; auxiliary vein completely separated irom
tht^ first longitudinal ve'in, though often much approximated
to it : it runs into the costa at a more or less acute angle, with-
out becoming indistinct at its eml : ])osterior basal and anal

<>n'i".\i,ii),K,

115

evil ot oonsulemhl. si/., th. h.tt.-r ..x..,.ptinn:,llv indistinct
3Ii.I(ll(. til.ia. alone pn.vi.lcl with s,,nrs: n,.nr ..I tlir til.i p
with an erect l.ristle l)efoiv tlie tip exteriorly.

The present laniily ineludes ;. hu-e nuiuh.-r <>[ species „f
Hies that are sure to he represents in evcrv col]ecti<,n of ,iip-
teni Many of the species hn^, the win,,-s prettilv marked.
Ih.. ianiily by many entonudo-ists is divi.h-.l into several
i"<l''l.endent .^n-oups. as the Doryceri.la- or I'vr.^otina-. the
JMatystomidas Ulidiida-, etc The Hies are usnallv found
ahout mea.lows or among luxuriantly .^rowin.g ^rass. T! e
larva' are liut j)oorly known.

TAHLK OK (iKNKRA.

I!V I'liOr-. W. A. SNOW.

1. First lon-it.i.linal vimm W^vt vvitli small J.ristles.

I'lrst loiijritudiiial vein J.arc. . . . , ' ' ' Z

2. Ovipositor f1attciu-(l; (.colli j)r(.soiit. ... .,
Hvipositornot flattc'iifd; no ocelli. . , [ I'vi-< ,r ■ '

••'■ Thin! antennal joint round or short ovate; ends of auxiliarV ami 'fir^t
longitudinal veins widely separated. . . Vn^unru. ,v k

I lurd antennal .|oint not round or short ovate.* " j

4. Neither pro-pleural or sterno-pleural l.ristles j.resent: third ant..,M,al
.JOMit elonJ,^•lte. . , .,

A sternopleural l.ut no propleural l.ristle j.resent. ' 'vHrnxnlst

o. Posterior angle of anal cell drawn out into a loh., or at least, n.ore or

less acute; teniora never aimed i-

Posterior angle of anal cell ohtuse, rounded or retracted ; iVmon;' armed

m most of the genera. „ ''■"""

lUCIlAHMllV.i:.

rvuriOTT.v.K.
Front strongly projecting; face retreating; oral opcung small • prol.os-

pi:.;:: hHrTM'-'""c'" "^'^ "^■^■^''"'-'= oceinahsent; : :.

I'lcuoil hnstle; hrst long.tu.Iinal vein hairy; ovipositornot flattened.

I'viif.oTA \\'iederii;inii.
I'LArvsToMix.i;.
Oral opernng very large; clypeus generally v.-rv n.u,d> develope.l .,nd
thc.prol..sc. pn,portionateh-^n.tMhinl an.ennal joint elongate) me;o!

* Tetropismenus Loew has the third '.iu^^^^^^i^^^^^'^^
stigma or subcostal cell locates it

among the Ortalin;

11(5

N'ninil AMKIMCAN DII'TKK'A.

notuiii bristly on tlir liiii<l j»iirt only; proplciiral atid stiTiKjpKiiral ltri>tl(>^
ahscrit ; ffinalc ahdomi'ii witli tiv«' siuiiunts: (tvijxtsitnr Hattfiii'tl ; first
longitudinal vi-in liristly.

1. 'I'lu' i)ictiire of the* win<rs consist ciiiifly of a dark bordiT alonjr tlic cdsIii.
from thi- basi- of tin- stitMua to tlif tip of tlic winir. with the first
basal ctdl and tlu- posterior cross-vein (doudeii ; anterior cross-vein
oiiliiiue. .......... i'l

Flies not liiivin<; the altove characters. ...... )i

■_'. I'osterior an^le of the anal cell ilrawn our into a sharj) point (Mexico).

( )sritAC<»<<Ki.iA (iiijlio-'ro--,
I'osterior an^le of the anal cell routuh'd. .....'■',

.'J. Picture of the winj^s dark, varied with transparent spots and bars. I

Winjrs not so marked. .........'»

4. Scutellum larifc, flat ; occiput but little swollen ; veins of winjis straiuiil

and markedly diveriii'iit. .... Amimiicnki'iiks Lot \v.

Scutelhiin ,?maller, not flattened; occiput much smaller: epistimia

stronj^ly projectin;.s third and fourth longitudinal veins nearly

parallel, sinuous (Mexico and South America*. I'i.atvstoma Meinen.

•">. 'I'he picture of the winjis consists of four blackish v^ross-bands, of which
th :'un\ is nearly peri)endicular, an<l the fourth lies alon<i the costa
at the ajiex of the winjf ; scutellum with four bristles.

IviVKi.LiA Desvoidy.
\Vinjr.<< withotit bainls; scutellum with two bristles; ant-like flies.

MviiMKCOMViA Desvoidy,

<■». I'osterior cross-vein ]iroloiH^ed beyond the fourth vein (Cuba).

Ui.MKiior.ss A Loew.
I'osterior cross-vein not ])rol()n.ii'ed. ...... 7

7. Fifth lonjjitudinal vein bristly (Mexii-o).
Fifth lotmitudinal vein not bristlv.*

HkK IMKI.I.A (iiulio- Tos.
Stknoi'tkhina Mac(|uari.

ti^l

( Ki'll.VbllN K.
<>ral opcninji very larjic; clypi'us and proboscis <:reatly devtdoped; pio-
plcural bristle absent ; "ternojjleural bristle j)resent ; sixth seuineiit of tin-
abdomen in the female distitu-tly devtdoped ; ovipositor tlatteiu'd ; tir»l
loiifiitudinal vein bristly.

1. Slender. Sepsis-like flies, resembling' Myrmecomyia, with win<:s ;ilniosi
hyaline, except for a small infuscation at the stijiina ami at tlii' tip.

( "kcmai.ia Meiticn.
Winii's with a consi)icii()us picture. ■ -

* 1 can not see wherein /In'ciimin Walker, to which ni^lio-Tos refers a
Mexican species, differs from .'<h im/iti riim.

"iriAI.ID.K

117

•-'. Wiiijr,^ (lark, with tlirt-t' ol

t' ol)li(nit', inon. (ir [

«'ss iirciiiitcil. hviilii

ic r|'(i«

l.an.is; first l.a.al cHl .xp.Mi.lr.i iH.tor.. its .,„|, T.nn.x v I.n..w'

»\ iiiiis not with such iiiarkiinrs.

::. Wii.Ks l,n.a.i. with a mark.,! ..xnsi.,„ o„ tlu- ....sta n.ar ,h.. .,ni of th-
auxiliary vein; src.,,,.! vn,, sinu-us. Ca v..t..nk, „ v .Ma...,nar,

Mii's IK t havm<r such wiiiys.

4

•1. Posterior au-j.. of the anal (vll rctractcl. |„^^.^ , „,,^^.

I'..sti-rior an-le of tlic anal cHl .Jniw., out int., a loi.ir loh,..

I>| v< iin \ (icr^ta'ckrr,
<»i;rAM.\.i:.
TlK. Ortaiina. .iillVr fron, the I'latysto.nina. a.„i ( VphailitKc in the sn,all
oral opemn.r. the less .levelope.i elypeus. tnore slen.ler pn.hosei. an,l >n,aller
palp. I he n.esonotun. is son.etinies l.ri>tly in the n.i.i.iie anteriorlv the
P'-'.pl.ural an.l n.esopleural bristles l.oth j.resent. Ken.ale alnion.en with
SIX sejxiiients.

1. Face sharply earinate. ...

Face not shari)ly tarinate. ~

2. Thinl antennal joint ciiruiar: hairy spe.-ies. Tktko.-.smkm s i.ocw'
I li>'-.l antennal joint en.iin.y- in a sharp point ; pollinose Hies.

ri;i'iii«»NorA I.oew
->. Mesonotuml.ri.stlyinthen.i.hlleinfront: thinl antenna! joint ex,.iM.,I

ulxive and with a pointid tip. ('.-....vi \i

., , . ' ■ ■ , » i-.ii<»\^ » .\lac(|uarl.

Mesonotuni not hristly in the nii.hlle in front. . . . ,

4. Thinl antennal joint .iistinetly exc-ise.l ahove. pointcl at the tip ; fourth
l..njr,tu.linal vein with a niarke.i anterior curvature on its distal

,p, . , . Anai'ami'T V I,oew

Ihinl antennal joint not excise,! above: fourth vein no, >„ curve.! •
body n.Nirly destitute of bristles ..r hairs. Ti-rvv.o.s K..1I....'

VNoi's l-allen.

I'TKI.'oc.M.i.ix.i.;

I

rypeta-like: color!

ii.ii- noiinietallic: head rather bn. id. Imh low. uiih

i-ather pn.tuberant eyes: face short, perpendieii!
die: elyjieus l)ut little develojied ; thin! a.
mesonotuni bristly upon the post

sir. excavated in tl

le nmi

leiinal joint round or short oval

airy: tip of the first loiiyitiidinal

erior part only: thinl lonyitudin

il vein

ea(di otiier: jiosterior an^de of tl

vein and auxiliary vein remote fmiii
anal cell usually .Irawn out into a Ion--'

1. I'osterior aiiule of anal c.dl drawi

vein verv ol

I'osi

olilKjiie,

1 out into a lolly- lobe : posterior en

t'rior anixle ,,f ana! cell not ^.n-eatl

y produced.

IIP

\m

lis

NOiri'II AMKKICAN DIl'IKF} A.

Wings very narrow in {)r(>p<irti((n to their Icngtii, of o<}nal widtli, Ix'oaii-

ly r )un(k'(l at basi- and tij).

rrKKocAi.LA IJondani.

Wing.- witii an unusually convi'x jjostcrior margin, ("ai.i.oi'istkia L(

)l'\V.

Anterior and posterior cross-veins very oldiiiue, not a})proxiinatf(l

(Mexico).

M VKNMS l)l'>V(dllv

l»()ste

nor eross-vein rectangular or nearlv so.

4

4. Second longitudinal vein straight or ni-arly so, anterior cross- vein not
ol(li(lue. ............'»

Second longitudinal vein markedly siniKMis ; cross-veins ap[troxiMiated
and tlie anterior one very ohlifjue.* I'AUAcioiiciori.s (Jiglio-Tos.

•"). Cheeks rather liroad; jjosterior angle of anal cell acute.

SiKTOCKi'iiAi.A Loew.
Cheeks and face extremely short; eyes transversely oval; posterior

single of anal cell rectangular (New Mi'xico). I'sAiitorrKitA I.

oew.

■^'■Ji

I'LIDIIX.K.
Head large, hemisplierical ; proljoscis stout, with brojul labella ; front
broad; anteniue short; mesonotum bristly in the middle behind only; first
and tliird longitudinal veins of the wings bare, tlie third and fourth con-
vergent distally ; posterior Jingle of the anal cell acute, sometimes drawn
out into a long lobe.

1. Head c')nspicuous!y large : front unusually l»road and the antenna' very
'• idely separated. ......... 2

Head iu)t conspicuously large, the antenna' more a])proximate(l at their

r<»ot.

(Kkoi'a Loe

2. Third ar'ennal Joint round; front punctulate.

'I'hird ai.teimal Joint elongate; upper i)art of front rugose.

K I u \v K I'll A LA Ku'der.

;'». Posterior angit' of aiiiil cell acute, but scarcely i)rolonged lobe-like. S
Posterior angle <d" anal ccdl distiiu'tly drawn out into a lobe. . 4

4. Front ])m!Ctati' or scrobiculate. .......">

Front smooth. ........... 7

•"). Scutellum flat, with sharp edges; fourth longitudinal vein stronuly

curve 1 forward at its end ; front coarselv rugose.

Scutellum ccnvex, roundeil on its eilges.

(». Stigma not unusually elongate.

Stignm elongate, about as long as the <'ostal c^

^'oTO(:KA.^!^. . liOew,

ll.H lA Meigeti.
AciiosTicTA I.oew.

* This genus is lociited here as deflnitidy as the characters given will
permit.

OK rALiD.i:.

I 1!)

0

Si:<'i-i i:i;a I\iiliv

:. Fa.v,listiiHily,,n.J,.rtii,i,r hdow: third ai.trnnal joint n.,,,,,!..! at tlu-

I'lKi. ' j,.|. . .^.,

I'.'uv ivtivatin-; thini aritennal J,.ii,t witli a sharp a.itmur an-lc.

< 'ii.i;t(ii-sis I,(hu.
S. I5()(ly cxtrrmcly sinuicr.

I'otiy not sifiKiiT; t'acc rariiiatc

!»■ '•''•o'lt ..niy sli-htiy i.rojvctin-in profil,.; face oh!i,|ii,..

^ti;n().\!\ ia I.ocw.

.'•ront ve.ry n.urh i.rojrctin,.:, so tiiat the head is (■o.,icai an.l tiir ftre"

lu-arly horizontal. . k, „,,. . m

'•' MI. ioi«iA M;i((|iiart.

1M( Il.\K'I)|[N-.l.:.

M.sonotMn, witi, hristk. in tlu- .niddl. posteriorly oniv; funora often
=.nnc.,lan, uK.rassate; first h,nj.itu.iinai vein l,are ; postenor ant^h- of the
anal eell ol.twse; eostal v..in nsnally hn-ken Just iK.fore the tern>ination of
theau.x.hary ven,; au.xiliary and first lon.uitndinal veins .loselv approx-
iiiiatcd. their tijis near together, "

1. Ffinora all armed with spines.

Femora unarmed

1'. Ilea,! shaped like a lon.u', .somewhat Mattened eone. ("nN„.K,.s L,„.w"

Head not so shaped.

■'• ^'''f y '""'■ ''-velop.d ; anal ..ell wanting. Sn.y^uKr,^, LuJ

Anal cell i)resent. . , j.- , , ., , i

1. Sniteilum with two l,ris:les: third and fourth lon:,itndinal veins ne^Hv
parallel

S'utellum with four l.ristles: oeelli remote fnim the venex; last ...tion
of the fourth vein cMu.verneni toward the third (West Indi.s ,,nd

^"""' '^""■'•'■^■"> (^..:....M..To,.,A .Mae.iua-,

••• <»c.eIl,moreapproxi,natedto the verfx : front not narrowed anteriorlv

,, .^7^ '";'7,> • ■ • • NKon.K.TV..A..srenSa.keM.

''••■Il> ahout halt way between the vertex and the antenna.; front sonu-

whaf narrowed anteriorly (West Indies). . . .s, knmma. i; v.

II- TKVl'KTIDJ.:.

Hou.l lieiiii.splu'rical; la,-., m-.u-lv iHTpcinliciil;

<»!• simicwhat ivtivatiiio-, witli.ait

l»r<'a<l. hri.stly on tlic sides. 1.1

1' in jifdiilc
ilisfiiict vilirissa'. I^diit

sittiati'd eldsc f.i )1|,. luirdcf of tl

K' lower li'oiito-oihital hrisr

es

IC ('V<'S,

.\llt,

t'liiiii' (IceiUlilMMif.

w

1L'(>

NOirril AMKIMCAX DIl'TKUA,

^ ■ -4

siiort, rarely elongated. Abdomen composed of four or ii\c
segments; genitalia of the male.s but little exjxjsed; the ovi-
positor jointed, more or less prt)jecting. AVings rather large :
auxiliary vein present, ending steeply and obsenndy in oi-
near the border; ])Osterior basal eidl and the anal ctdl distinct,
tlie latter often drawn out into an acute, often prolonged,
point. Wings usually with dark markings. T^egs r.ioderately
long; tibia' without ])reapical bi-istle. I'roboscis moderately
long, usuali}' with broad laUdla. sometiities long, and the n;ir-
row labella folding backwards.

This family comprises a hirg(! number of rather small flies
usually with ])rettilv marked win<j:s. Tlu^ larvu' are not (don-
gate, conical and round; the ])osterior stigmata lie free in tw(t
sejjarated snuill, chitinous ])latidets, forming three radiating
de}>ressions ; antennte short, two-jointed; mouth booklets
separated, thick and strong; anal end somewhat im})ressed,
often in the middle with six, sn^all. fleshy p'unts. l'u])aria
(dliptical. the anterior stigmata projecting sonu'what button-
like. The larva' ol' Cfratifi^ live in tlie flesh of oranges ami
lemons, those of Ariiirt; have been found at the l»ase of the
flower stems of riilomis. those of A<i<l(i mining in the leaves
of Ikiiiiif.i-, those of Spiloi/rtijilKi mining in the leaves of
Sri/rrli). or Ari'f/'inii or bred frou) the berries of So/aiii/m
c(i I'oli iK'iisis, ill the fruit of I'nunis and Lnnicrra. etc.; tlu'Se
of /'J/isii/n, in the blossoms (d' Sr/ir/nfs: those ot Ti'jih i'it is
in the blossoms and galls o[ the stems or roots of various coiii-
])osita'; those of ('nr/ilKit riflm in the galls and roots ol'
Arhilhii, the flo\>'ers of 11 Icrni'} ii in . etc. those (d' Triijichi in
tlie heads of ('!rshii/i. < 'riitnurcn . etc.. and in steuis of plants.

lAIil.K OF (JKNKliA.

1. ()vi|tri>it()r (if t'ciiialt' rciiinrkiilily cloti^iatcii urnl curviMl; sccoinl Icmui-

tudinal vein usuallv witli nil aiitiiinr luiiiicli. 'I'oxotkvi-ana (iri>l.

( )vip()Mtnr tidi ri'iiiarkahly fl(iii|i!iti'il and curvi'd. .... 2

'2. KiMiiit nil cacli >iilf\viili a Inisllc liaviiiii a tcriiiiiial, leaf like ai)]U'lida;iV,

('M!ATrii> .Macli'a.v,
Front witliiuil «.iicli liri^llcs. ........'•'<

'rin-i'KTin.K

121

5. Winys with colon'il markiii<_rs not rot

W

iciilntc.

iii<;s hy.'iiiiie or with the iiiark

4. Scutiliiim with six l)ristlcs.
Scuti'lhim not with six hristit

ni.ixs rcticuhitc or spotti'd.

IS

IIkxacii.kta L

•"). Fourth hjii-iitiidiiial

voiii C(.iisi)icuoiislv curved forward at its t

ip.

Fourth h)riuitiidiiial

AcitOTOXA I.IH'

vi'in not conspicuously curved forward at

<!. Distal ])ortion of tl

Its tip. (!

a curved or arclied 1

It' win^ with two iiyaline indent

band

irown jn-ojection frotu the 1

itioiis, separatee! i)\-

iro

or

«pot lietr)re it, tlie anterior indent;

wn ohii(|Me cro

Iiostenor one (in the second i)osterior cell,
vein) tnort' trianjridar in shaiie.*-
iiiU's not so marked. -

ition more slender, tl

crossing- or not the fourth

W

7. i]o<ly elonj,:ate; alxl

10

omen narrowi^r than the thor

IX.

B

ody short; abdomen as broad as tl

SriiAissiA Desvoidv.

ic thorax.

^i. Horizontal diameter of tli

11

on/

I' eyi's remarkably short. Stknoi'a I.

""tal .hameter of the eyes not shorter than usual.

oew.

!l Anti'penultiniai

iVnt

c section of the fourth v

cpetiultimate section (d' tl

em straii;ht. Acidia I,

oew.

le fourih Vein curved. !•

1^!. Colorintr of t!ie hod

i''>< iii;oA Lo

y .uvnerally liuht, never black.

1 two cross-band>

converLiinu- toward the

i;;

Coloriiii;- of the Ixxly Ithick

11 Winys lu'ar the middle witi
posterior margin.
Wiuus not with such cross- bands.

1-'. The third l.moitu.linal vein is o,..,tly curve.l l,a,d<ward toward the tip
head not swollen. . v. .. ,

r,,, . , I ,..,., . ■ • • • M'M.()lil!AI>IIA Loew,

"""' '""^"'""'""1 vnn strain-h, ,o the tip: h..ad distin.'tly swollen.

<Kin('Ai!i:\A Loew.
1^!. Win^. with four very obli,|ue cross-bands ; cross-veins verv oblinue
(Toss-ba.,ds nearly trausverse. or dissolved into spots; cross-veins 1,
little obli((Ue. . . ., ,, .

' I UVI'I.TA .Memcn.

II. •'^•'iitellum tumid, biiubi.rculate. . . I',,...vvv,. i

V . . 11 .. , • • I i.i.'ON^ .MA Loew.

■^.utellum .,( the usual structure, not swollen, thouuh convex.

I'i.A<.i(ir(i.MA Loew.

* In sou.e varieties of ,</,.„..;„ /o.,//,,.,,;,. ,|,e distal hvaline indent
tiolls are ohsolete.

II
lit

IP

19<>

NOHTII AMKinCAX DIITKIfA.

Cross-veins conspicuously iijiproxiiniitcfi. .
Cross-veins not iijiproxiinatcd.

in

17

l!il .

1(").

17.

18.

in.

20.

21.

2 J.

25.

VVinffs with hyaline indentations and a suhapicai, arcuate, hyaline
cross-hand; seutelluni l)lack. . I'olvmoui'iiom via Snow.

Winffs with .hree hrown liands or projections, connected anteriorly,
the distal one t'ollowinii' the costa, the middle one l)eyoiid the niiddle
of th< winji, the proximal one toward the hase. (KoAfU'is I.oew.

Seutelluni with lour hristles, yellow ; wini;s with hlaek cross-hands.

KiiAr.or.ETis Lotw.

Scutellum with two l)ristles, l)lack; winas with hyaline indentations

along the marjjin . A( ii ua Desvoidy.

Fifth vein stroniily hristly ; scutellum with six bristles.

ni.Ki'ii.r Kovi-MHA Loew.
Fifth vein not hristly ; scutellum with four or two hri.vtii's. . IH

Winirs handed on the apex. .... Acuot.knia Loew.

Winjrs not handed on the apex. . . . . . . 2tl

Face spotted • . 21

Face not spotted. 22

Winers very miich dilated; pattern of picture not radiatint,'.

K- TijKTA Loew.
Win^-s not dilated ; with radiatintj markinj^s alonj: the margin.

CAuriioritK'iiA Loew.

Front very liroad. ......... 2.1

Front not very broad. ......... 2.")

Third antennal joint elouLjate, with a sharj) anterior anjile; ovipositor
tlatti'Ued. ........ AciixxiONA Loew.

Third antennal joint short 21

Winiis with numerous small spots and laru'crones alonj,'' thedist.al mar-
tiin ; ovipositor conical. ..... LriiisfA Loew.

Wings with large, irregular, brown spots and iiyaline sj)aces.

.Xknocu.kta Snow.

Wings without markings, or, on the ai>ical half only with a reticulation

dissolved into cross-bands. . Nko.vsimi.oia < 'sten Sackiii.

Flies not having the above cli.'iraeters. ..... 2<i

Wings of an evenly broad shape, and with an unusually blunt apex.

k'TKRiCA Loew.
Wings of the usual shajx-, or dilati'd 27

Labella very much i)rolonged Fi.vsiNA Desvoidy.

Laliella not or Init little elonuated 2H

SArnoMVZIDvE.

10
17

■21

L'-)

)iil\'

•'S

2H. W i II <r- markings railiatirii;-.

Winj,-,Markinj:s not raciiati,.^. .'.'.'. TKPMK.ns LatrHIl!!!

2!». TlK. whole- or nearly (h. uhui.. surfa.-c nC the win,. . itl, uniruiorous
rctu'iilatioii. . ,.

A .tar-,.ha,K.d black pir.ur.at tl,. apex n( th. wi„o, ,|„ r,„„i„i„., ,„,.

tacc.n,m.a,-ulatr,„ruitl, a v.ry U■^y ,s,,o,s, or at thr most with an

"'""'^•'^' •■"'"'•"'""••" l-.M.:,.,.,A I)..svoi.ly.

4.-,. SAPHoMVZlJXi:.

Small .s].('("i(.s. seldom uu>vv than 7 millim. in h-ii-th. H.-ad
as broad (,r a little broader than the thorax; front with one
or two bristles (m each side ant.'riorly to those of the vertex
Antenna' usnally short t.nd jnu-n-et. s.mietinies tlu- thir<l joint
elongated. Face without vibrissa- on the oral mar-in. Ab<lo-
men short-ovate. Legs never elongate. Aiixiliarv vein .d"
the wings j.resent; eross-veii.s iM'v,-r approximated ; basal
eells small, l)iit eomplete.

I iiHdmle in this iamily tlu- S;.pr„n.v/ida" a.i.l L.meha-i.la'
of Loew. tlH.ugh the ehara.-ters ;uv perhaps sufHeient to jus-
tify their separatiom Th<" larva- .d' S;,promv/a live in .leeav-
ii.g vegetable nr tter; they are slend.-r. with two distini-t
mouth booklets, the entire body, except the anterior seo-n.ents
roughened by very small bristles. The segments are distinctly
ooli ;trieted, the penultimate segment with four eonmal jiro-
wsses in a transverse row, the terminal segment with two
three jointed processes, between which is the cvlindrical. sti'-
iiiatie tube. In Lonr/nra there are no conical processes <m tin-
I)enultimate segment, and the stigmatie tubes or processes are
small and wart-like.

TAHI.K OF (iKNKKA.
1. Tihia^ without proapical In-istle; Iro.u -vith a si„oi.. fronto-orl.ital hri.-
tie; ovijiosuor Hattciici and horny {/j,„r/nnnn ). . .,

Til.ia> with a .listii.ct prcai.ical hristle; two fronto-orhita' hristles"; ovi"
IXKsitor not horny, cndinj: tiihc-like {S„pr,>,u^/zina

■)■

* f 'III! torn 11(1 (i

iinal ctl! nidinicntarv

li" Tos (Mexico) has tlircc I'

i«M,;,:(irhifal tiristlcs, th

ansta imlxscciit, the face si

I'lrl, (lai and vertical.

124

NOirni AMEHIPAX DII'TKUA,

2. Mt'tallic black six'cii's ; front narrow. .
Yellow or yt'Uowisli si)t't'ic's; front broail.

L()NCII.T.A Killlcll.

rAi.i.orTiciiA Kaiifti.

.'5. Arista with a short, ('amsi' pluinosity ; face with a stroiij:' <ril)bosity in

the middle I'aciivckuina Mac(iuar',.

Arista slender, bare, jnilxscent or pliiinosc, not havinj;- an appearance
of solidity. .......... 4

4. Face very l)road, in i)rofile stronyly convex l)elow.

I'livsoGDNiA Mac(|nart.
Face receding,', flattened or ireiitly arched. .....•">

5. First posterior cell much narrowed in the niarjiin (Central and South

America) (iitii'iioNKi i;a Schiner.

First posterior cell not or but sliirhtly narrowed in the margin. . ti

n. Shininfj black species; third joint of antenna' inori' or less eion<fate.

Lai XAMA Fallen.

More or less yellow s))ecies ; third joint of antenna' not more than three

times as lontj as wide. . . . . • Sai'kom vza KalUri.

4(). KHOPALO^IEKIILK.

Front broad, oxoavated, with or without sliort liristh's.
AnteniUL' short, tiiinl joint rounded or oval, the arista hare or
])hiinose. Faeo brotid, carinatc. tubercidate or the oral inari.,dn
prominent; cheeks l)road; elypeus projectin<:f ; vibrissa' want-
ing; ])roboscis short ; {)al[)i slender or dilati'd. Thorax elon-
gate, arched, niesonotuni nearly bare; sciitcdliun ol'teii ])ronii-
nent and grooved. Abdomen sliorter than the wings, flattened;
ovipositor projecting, t(deseoi)ic; hy])opygiuni largely con-
cealed. Femora thickened, the hind ti'oiie t)l'ten dilated.
Auxiliary vein i)resent or ai)sent; basal cells widl developed.

This group comprises a small number of files Irom six
to twelve millimeters in length, of ])eculiar asjx'ct. iiaving a
general resemblance to some of the Ejthytii'ida' or Ort.ilida'.
I know nothing of their lii'.bits. wln^ther in tiie adult or imma-
ture stages, though 1 sus]icct tiiat they are deni/.ens of wet or

No mention is made of tibial bristh's, and the a\ithor is in some doulit
whetiier or not it siiould lie located willi the Tiiiinliilii .

KHOl'ALOMKHID.K-IIKLOMYZID.K

1 LT)

(laini) plaf'os. Tlic known species
South America.

are confiniMl to (Vntral and

Tl

>o -roup is ovi.lently sharply .livi,I,>(I ijito tw

groups, l»y the presence or

o minor

tiie h-ni,'t!i oi the Hrst lon-itudinal

ibsence of the auxiliary v

em and

vein.

1. Auxiliarv v

cm

cell of the w

TABLK OF (iKNKIiA.

waiitin-r, the first loii^itudinal vfin sliort; fi
in.u-s not narrowed; jialiu slender (/.'A

All

and South America)

xiiiary \\.\u wtdl-di'Vilopci, the first

Jiosterior cell much narrowed in tl

oiiuriiKi ).
2. ScutelluiM oval

rst posterior

iiii<fiiii)/ti , Cintral

KiiiNOTOKA Schiller.

lenuitudinal vein lonp-r; ^T'-st

le maruin; palj.i dilated (/^/„>,„i/-

irista ))lumose

Scutellum pyramidal, directed ol

arc (Central and South America). . I

'li(!iielv uj)wanl; arista jdur

nose or

ii<>1'ai,<)mi;i;a Wirdci

Front witli hristles; {.

nann.

(Central and South America)

"■•' '•■•irinate; hind tibi:e dihitcl an.l with tul.erck

ront without hr

W

O.MSTONIKI.I.A .Mik.

istles; face tuherculatc ; hind til.Ja' slen.h.r (S. An.er.)

Ai'ocii(>i{iiVN( III s Will

iston.

47. IIELOMVZIIU:.
Face msually nearly perpendicular, with vibrissa' • front
hnstly (m the posterior h:,lf only; antenna, short. .M.domen
rather broad and Ion- m.,re or less Hatt.'ued. c(mipo,sed .d' si.x
segments; male Genitalia .somewhat pr.uninent: c.ista of the
wings bristly; first longitmlinal vein bare. Win.^s compara-
tively hirge; all the basal cells distinct. Tibia-' with spurs
and a ])reai)ieal bristle.

The larvm of Lrn. hav been bred from bat and rabbit
<un,- those of //r/u,n/,a from truitles, decavino- wnc.d. etc
llu'yare cylindrical, obtuse behind, more pointed inlVont-
the antenme situated upon hm,-. conical pro.vsses ; numth
i.ooklets la.-e tu.d pointed; the s,-ven abdominal s.-^^menls
«•" each side m front widened, beh.w with bristlv pseudopods
^Many of the species ,d' this family live in caves or burrows

igrw

■9

12(;

XOirni AMERICAN DN'TKUA.

TAI}I>1': OF (iKNKRA.

I- \

1. A luini'Tiil hristk' present.
No liuiiitTJil bristle jireseiit.

Hki-omyza Fallen.

Am.oi'Iiyi.a Loew.

2. No bristle above the l)ase of the front eo.\;e. .

A bristle above the front coxa- i)resent. ......:'>

;>. Spurs of the middle tibia* ctirveil ; hair of the l)ody eoinparatively lont,'
and soft. ....... Scoi.iockntka Loew,

Spurs of the middle tii)iiu strai^dit ; liair neither lonjr nor soft. . 4

4. Anterior oral border obliterated. . . Anouostoma Loew.
Anterior oral border distinetly developed. ..... o

5. Eyes remarkably small. ..... (Ecotiika Loew.

Eyes not remarkably small. ........ b

0. Four bristles in the median dorsal thoraeic rows. .... 7
J5ut three bristles in the median dorsal rows. . 'rKiMiKociihAMVs Loew.

7. Costal border of the wiiifr very noticeably bristly ; front broad.

Lehia R. Desvoidy.
Costal border with extremely small bristles; front narrow.

11i:ti.U(),mv/,a Fallen.

r^.

4S. IlF/rER()NEUini).1C.

Tload lai'<j^o, litMiii,s})lHn'ic'al. Face short, nearly ptM-pendic-
ular. Vibrissal bristles ])reseiit. Front broad, bristly to the
root of the antennae. Antenna^ porri'ct, short. Abdomen
elongate, narrow, sonnnvhat eoni[)r(\ssed ; g'enitalia but little
j)roniinent. Wint^s broad and rather haig; all three basal
cells distinct; cross-veins much approxin-ated. L'■l,^s lon,u';
til)iai with or without a j)reapical bristle.

Larvte of this iamily have been found in dpcayin;;- wood,
under bark of trees, etc. They are slender, cylindi ical. sli,u-ht-
ly thickened posteriorly, white in color. The morth booklets
are very small, the body segments not distinctly separated ;
abdominal segments with a transverse swelling for locomotion.
The larva; have the ])ower of lea})ing, as do those of
riopliilti. The act is j)erl'ormed by fixing the month booklets
in the two (diitinous, straight or curved booklets on tlu' upper

SnOMYZID.K

11'7

Icn.

ow.

side of tlie last so.frnieiit and tl

Tl

icn siiddenlv rt'le

le

puparia are yellowish, ellipsoidal and with two 1

tsinj; theni.

the last se<niient

1. A 1(

as in the hirva'.

TAHLK OF (iEXEKA.

lorns on

'Iijj: prcapR-iil hristk- on the liiiul til

No such itniipiciil l)ristk' on tlic liiiiil til

)iii>

)ii«>

Hi;tki!o\i:i KA Fal

Icn.

Cm siA Halliilav

c\v.

c\v.

I'W.

Iv,

en.

icn

41). SCroMVZIIXE:

Head rounded,* short, as l)r(.ad or l.roader than the tl
face more or less retreatin-; mouth without vil
horder, sharp. Abdomen composed (»f
long and narrow. Win^-s Ion

lorax

trissa' at its

si.\ segments, rather

^^er than the ai>(h)me

vein

n ; auxihai'v

present, distinctly separat.'d from the first longitudinal

le anal cell complete. Le

veiTi; i)osterior basal cell and tl
ratluu- long ; preapical tibi;il l)ristl

il(

Th,' members of this familv ar

e j)resent.
e usually found in meadows.
Hong the l)anks (,f small streams, etc., wherever it is moist.

yellow in

Tl

lev are

<»wn or browiMsl

for the most j)art, br
f(dor, oftentimes with pictured
their habits. The larvae are slen.h-r, cvlind

win ITS.

Iv, the last

T

I'K

ley are slow in

■al, tl

Tl

segment with six or ei-ht

im anterior-

ci

lev ai'e

aquatic.

)nical, fleshy tubercle;

1. Antcnnfp sliort.

TAHI.K OF (iKXKKA.

Aiu

ciin.

loiiyatc.

Face excavated, tlio oral

F

iiiarain in-otiiherant.

ace retrcat!iif>' m iirofile, l.iu litti
not at all prominent.

e or not at ail excavateil:

oral inarj

ScioMvzA Fallen

Tl

10 .ucnns '/'rif/onomfto/iiis Mac(|uart, lias 1

//" l)y Scliiner, to tlie //>t

)cen assiirncd to the /'

laniily by the student, and I heli

■tinniritrniii liy Locw. It \vij| I

:r//iiti.

ve that it rightfully 1

he recognize.! I.y its cnicMliy projecting head, and Jtrongl
u row of well developed bristles sMuat.^l

)(' sought for in this
•elongs here. It will

Tlu' checks hav

scenduig troni the front near ti

y receding face
on a ridue de-

le eye and extending hack to tl

tlie third antennal joint is roun.led or a little elonga'ted

le occiput

12S

NOirni AMKinCAN DirTKUA.

;!. riu'cks broiiilcT tlinii tlic loiiu' diaiiiftcT of tJic I'ves ; oral Ijonlcr moil-

(.Tiiti'ly ])r()tuliiTiuit ; cdstu soiiu'wliat spiiioso. . Actoka Mii^icii.

Clu'i'ks not hroailcr than llic loiij; diaiiR'tcr of tlit- I'vcs ; oral itiarLriii

very proininciit ; costa hare. .... Duvomv/a rallcii.

4. Iliml f'ciiiora lonir : .second aiiti'iinal Joint nnudi clonffati-d, loiimr tliaii
tlu' third. ...........">

Hind femora only moderately eloiif^ated an<l but little thickened ; si'coiul
antennal joint a,< lonj: or a little shorter than the third.

'rKTANOCEKA Latri'illc.

T). Hind femora thickened; face not produced downward.

Si:i'i;ii()N Latreille.

Hind femora not thickene«l; face nuudi iiroiluced downward (Central i

and South America). ..... 'i iieiomvia Terty.

;-)(). l?HVCOl)llO.Mri)/lv

I'lpiint', soutclluni and abdomen flat. Front bristly ; clicoks
and face bristly, tlie vibrissas indistinctly diU'erentiatcd. Le^Lis
stont. all the til)iaf spurred and with ;i ]irea])ieal bristle on the
outer side; nn^tatarsi not aV)breviated ; terminal joint of all
the tarsi incrassate and without claws. Neuration of wings
(!om{)lete; auxiliary vein distinct in its entire course; costa
without bristles ; basal cells not small.

V>\\\j a single genns of this family is known to occur in
North Jmerica, CnU^ni Meigcn. Members of it arc found in
great abundance among sea-weed and other alga' thrown up
bv the wavt^s along the sea-shore.

51. SCATOMYZlJUv

Tegula' small, the upper one concealing the lower one.
Plead rounded, eyes round, bare, broadly separated by the
front in both sexes. Wings large; auxiliary vein always ])res-
ent, the (H)sta never with bristles at its termination, three
basal cells always jiresent; first posterior cell never narrowed
or closed. Abdomeit with more than four segments.

The Hies of this group are easily coitfotmded with the

srATOMVZID.K

1L".>

Aiitlioiiiviila', hut the el
oas.'s render the diffeivntiati^

lanicters almv

<' M'i'^<'ii \vii

III liidst

Still, it i

s evident that the two t

'" :• iiiattfi' <d" little dilticult

and the student

iiiiilii's run closfdv touvthei'

will sonietmicy Iw ii

lere aeeepted is that of 1

I ilouht.

Th

annlv as

exl

x'cKci'. Who Jia.-

laustivc study to the l'

rcccntlv L;i\-

a considerable number of

urop.au to)'ins. II, ■ h;,s rst;

en an

iltlishcd

new

douhtedlv be found t

jeiicra. nuiny of which will

un-

<> ('ccui' in North A

reason, I have thou-lit it best t.

tables of tlie genera, with butsli-ht luo.Iilirat
tions
Th

'"'■'I'ifa. For that

ive a translation of Ins
"US or abl)i't'\ia-

(' geiu^ra so far rceo'^r,,,;;,,.,] j,, v,,ith A

J'/"';/", //////
their wider set

/■'>/////,-.■/■/,

A'

nu'riea are ,SVv//,

/•'■///)/. Ciii'iliil iii'ii and CI

IS

Tl

e. Fiirrllhi, r.ec)

ri'/iisf r<i in

\i

le s

])eeies of Snif,,j,/,

rrclers to the A, tl

lOIUV

brown in eolor, the males of

",'/" are for the most part v.dlowish

ten wit

are frequently found about

I wool\- hair,

'Y

11

It's

otl
CI

excrement. ])ut theva

so Iced upon

ler inse..ts. which they capture. Species of ('nr<h,h.ra and
'if/dstra are mostly slender and cvl

erately large size. Tl
other moist places. The 1
tl

ley ar- usuallv

iiidrical. and of mod-
l'<»iind in meadows or

arva_' are cylindrical, thin-sl

le mouth liooklets short and thi(dv, tl
irge. projecting, reniform in shaj.e, tli

Kinne<-|

situated on rounded

It' anterior stigmata
e i)osterior stigmata

eminences. The larva- of Xnn'JI

ninna have been found in the stems of h
Cordi/Jnra conniJhirhr in the stems of ('
species of riru/astn, in stems of h
and irom the hirvje of Xorf
Xiijiluir.

I 'I sjii II I-

i II m ex

tl
nnuill ,'ln : tl

lose ot

lose ol

iiniir.r, from swine-duie"-

IK/

tl

lose of //,/t/

i/f/rottif/ryr li'oiu

1. I'rotlioracic .■ind st

TABLE OF (JKXKIfA.

iymatic liristli's want

III"'

cut, .SDiiu'tiiiifs wantiiiir. Tl

a stiTiioplcural hristlc iirc;

\t fewer, tlie i)alj)i hroaii. Scutell

lorax with five dors. .central l.ristles or

W

iiiiis usually l.mu'.

mil with at least four l.rist

I'S.

^-

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

Li 128

us

m

I.I

■ 2.2

U£ 1 2.0

m mu 11.6

'^ in^ 11^

%

ij.

4%

:/.

%

«

^■1

V]

A>

^W x1

Photographic

Sdences
Corporation

23 WIST MAIN STRUT

WMSTIR.N.Y. M5S0

(716) a;3-4S09

|\

iV

4

^
^

o

6^

-> 4L^

6^

ii

5'i

\?A)

XOirni AMERICAN DirTEHA.

I'rothorjicic and sti<jMi.'itii' bristles usually prosoiit; whi'ii \vantin<f tiic
thorax nearly bristleless. One to three sternojtieura! l>ristles i)resent.
Thorax with one to five dorsocentral bristles; the scutellum with
two to four. Win<;s usually short '■)

2. Ileadbroad; palj)i sj)oon-sliai)ed or leaf-like. . II vi>u<»Mv/.i\.i:.

Head round not especially broad; jtalpi linear or rarely ribbon-liki-

ScATOI'IIAdA.

{.Scnlo/)/iii(/w(i). .......

Front femora on the inner side with a double row of bristle

XOKKI.I.IN.i;.

Front femora and tibiic at the most with a single row of bristles. 4

4. Face short ; palpi small, linear, never with lonj^ hairs or bristles. An-
tennjK short ; the arista bare or i)ubescent. . Ci.KniAsriiiN.K.

Face lonj; ; })alpi linear, sometimes flattened, with or without long, ter-
minal bristles. Antenna' variable; arista bare or plumose. Species

usually l)ristlv

CoitDVI.IlMN.K

CORDYLUKIN^":

1. I'alpi small, linear 2

I'alpi lonjj;, widened leaf-like. ....... 14

2. I'alpi with a lonu: terminal bristle; Ji single sterno-pleural brist'e pres-

ent ;!

Palpi without long tertninal bristle; one to three sterno-pleural bristles
present. <»

.']. Third antennal joint short; second more or less projecting over the

third. 4

Third antennal joint long, as long as the face, the second joint not i)ro-
jecting; arista long, plumose; shining black species.

IMiKosiA \\. Desvoidy.

4. Arista plumose in the mifldle or pubescent; costa hairy or eiliate; third

longitudinal vein straight or gently curved o

Arista bare; costa but slightly hairy; third longitudinal vein curved

S-shaped.

Scoi.iAi'iii.Krs Meeker

O. Arista thickened at the base, plumose to its miildle; femora and tibia<
with strong bristles; thorax with five dorsoceiitral bristles; lace
narrowed at the antenna*; usually shining black species.

("ounvMiKA Fallen.
Arista scarcely thieken'jtl at the base, i)lumose; femora andtibia' slen-
der and long but little bristly; one to three dorsocentral bristles
present; face and front of e(|ual width; yellow and black sitecii's,

rAi{Ai.i.Ki.oM.MA llecker.

SCATOMVZID.K.

'». Oiic storn()i)k'ural liristlc.

Two stcnioplcural liristli's.

Three .sterri()i)Ieuriil bristles
7. Ev

Kyc^nearlytw,ceaslHj:I.asIo„.: front e,.nv..x ; antenna- slu.rt, situ-
ate.l low -lown: pale yellow .p,.H..s. . ,,,,,,,,, Zetterste.lt.

I-cshut httle iH.her than Ion,; ant..nna. as Ion. as the laee; oral
l>')r(ler with a sin-le, anteriorly directed l.ristle. . ,s

H. TlMHl antennal joint l.roa.l ; front eonvex; arista disth.ctlv plun.o.e-
five .iorsoeentral l.ristles present; .Moderate sixed, shinin,. vellou'

species.
Thin

spec
(io.VATMKiMs Hoiidani.

II

12

,■..', ■ • ■ ■ -Ml •■oi-nriiAi.MA Heckt'i-.

■> antennal jo.nt Ion,, and slender, arista naked ; four dorsoeentral

l.n.tles; shunn. hlaek speeies. . . M.euoes,.:,,..,-,,.. Heeker

•I Antenna, a. Ion,- as the faee, third joint roundc.!. stron,rlv pnheseen, •

our dorsoeentrai, two seutellar l.ristles; hin.I tihia. with two pairs

of extenor hnstles; shinin, l.h.ek. . I.K.XAM.TorKu.v I>.e< ker

Antenna. Ion, as the face, third jo.nt with a sharp upper corn.. ; arista

l^l'mcu ate .n both sexes; tive dorsoeentrai, tour seutellar bristles;

l'"..l t.bia. w,th three pairs of bristles ; sn.all. ,.rayish duste.l species.

10. Male arista distinctb ueniculate.
Arista geniculate in neither sex.

11. Thin! antennal joint lonj: and br<..d, with an acute upper nn,le; arista

«I.ort, bare; four .seutellar bristle^ ; dark ,ray-dusted, bristly species.
rp, . , ... ("ONAKCTici s Heckir

ll.^rd antennal jonu h.n-r and narrow with roun.Ied upperan.le; arista
finely plun.ose; two seutellar bristles; shinin, black, bristly specie..
,., . . ,. Cnkmoi'cm.un K'ondani.

1- Anstad.sttnctly hairy; four ..cutellar bristles; hind tibia, with three
.a.r.s of extertor bristles. .... („,,„Aen.K,. Hecker
A.Kst. bare, antenna, ion,^ third joint usually an,ulated above; two
^ seutellar, two pairs of tibial bristles. . A.m.x.uosoma Becker
I- Kves circular; .M.Uenna. Ion,., roun.le.i at tip; palpi of usual len,th
soM.c.whut broadened distaliy ; abdon.en very short.

T.'.„ , , , ."^i-ATHii'iivLMs Hecker.

L^ s .nnewhat e on^ate; antenna. Ion,, an.ulate.l at tip; palpi much
'lilated Its whole len,th ; ab.lonien not remarkably short.

rHKi.Al.|i(.i'iiii,A Becker.
iivdkomvzinm;.
I. Kyes and head round ; thor.ax with five dorsoeentrai bristle.

Kvcs ami hea.l oval, hi,lier than Ion,; one dorsoeentrai bristle- an"'
t^'>'»a. short ; abdomen Hat ; third and fourth longitudinal veins con-
vergent; lar,e, bare ^r^yhh dusted .species. IIv...u,mv/a Fallen

I

tr"

^:vJ

Noinii AM:;i{:rAN DirriciJA.

Olio sternopU'ural bristle ; \viii<.'s witliout sjxits. ....:'.
No sttTMoplLMiral hristli'; wiiij^s with round, brown sjtots.

Krxonkiu.v Bi'ckcr.

Front tibije with .1 torniinul, short roctantjiihiriy si)inc (in addition to

tlitM)rdinary ' •itics). .... Acaxtiikcnkma l»ici<ir.

Front tibiiu without .**u(.ii spini>. ....... t

Ilypojn'jriuni with h)nu; tufts of hairs. .
llypopy^Muni without h)n<i tufts of hairs.

S

Tliird unti'inial joint somewhat idoni^ati", aniruhiti'd at tlio tip; oral
border with nutnerous, closely placed bristles. ...('•

Third antennal joint short, rounded at tij); oral border with two remote
bristles. Ii«)sTKUi!<)i'V(iA liecker.

Wintjs with two sujternumerary cross-vi-ins. IVxiONinA Zetterstedt.
Winfi;s not with supernumerary cross-veins. Okkma Zetterstedt.

First posterior (til closed Lasiksckhs Becker.

First p().sterior cell oi)en or but little narrowed ^(

Much clonj^ated species. . 0

Short or but little elonj^ated species 10

Middle and hind femora of the male stromrlv thickcJied.

All the femora slender.

St.kckkia Kondani.
CosMKToiMS liecker.

10. Third antennal joint rounded distally. . Mickoi'keski'a Becker
Third antennal joint an<;ulated distally

11. Mesonotum and lejrs thickly hairy. . . Si-atiikumioka Uondani
Mesonotuin and legs thinly and not lontr hairy 1l

12. Anter.nif small, abuulated at tip; arista thickened at base; small, short

11

{jray species.

TmcorAi.rLs Kondani.

Antenna' larjje, broad, rounded at tip; arista tMckencd to near the tip.

AciMtorNKMA Becker.

CLKIOASTIJIX-I';

1. Five dorsocentral, tw(» scutellar, one posthiimeral bristles; black

species Ci.KKiASi ha Macciiiart.

Two or three dorsoci'iitral, front scutellar and two post-hunu'ral bris-
tles; honey-yellow species. . . Gimxomhua liondani.

noukllix.t:.

1. Front femora with two rows of stronfj; bristles, the outer ones lonj; and

stronji', the inner ones short.

Noi{i:i,i,iA H. Desvoidv

Front femora with four spines, bristles on the outer side only,

AciiANTiKtLKNA Hoiidaiii.

I

AXTIlo.MVlDJ.;

."il?.

AXTII(>M\|J),i:.

Si.Killt.. ni(..l.'r:itvly lai-v Hirs. ,,ltrn ivs.-inLlin- tlu- .■•ui,-
"lOH li(ms,.-Hy. usually uoii-nictalli,. in ruh>v. AntfUiial arista
pluuH.s... i.ulH.s.MM.tcrl^aiv; ..yrs l,airy or l,;nv: nialrs ..tt.n
lioloptic. sonu'tiiu.'s hn.a.lly .li.-hopti,.. tlu' tVuialcs always
<li<-li<)I.ti('; abdomen coiuiM.scd ..f i,,nr or iivr sr-.,„.nts ; tiic
male -..nitalia oftrn with sul.anal api.en.la-es ; first ,,osteri,u'
(Vll of win-s broadly <,,„.»; l,ody olten without bristles; te-
ula' usually of considerable size.

The above detinition wilL in in<.st eases, distinguish the
inen.l,ers of this lai-o family of in.-onspi.MH.uslv colored Hies
Itshmits, however, are not sharp; with the .rue muscids it
IS connected by J/o/r///<, and allied foruis. with the Scato
pl.aoi.la- by F.r./h'a, etc. When cu.e has becon.e tolerai>lv
well acquaint.',! witli the allied lan,ilies, he will s.ddom be
much m doubt as to the proper loeation of his speein.ens hen>
The 0(mtiguity <.f the mule eyes, to-ether with the open first
po..terior cell, is always decisive. Not a few of the species
are common about houses, out-buildin-s. etc.. and some of
them are amon- the worst enemies to garder. vgetables that
the agriculturist has to contend against.

In tlie larval stage, the great majority of the speci(>s are
vegetable feeders, either in living or d,>caving material The
larvae of species of Sj>i/n;/asfn; ll,,d,;,t,rn, ll,,le,n,h, an.l
Civmsni have been found in dung or manure; those of //y,/ro-
Uva, (>t/li!m>,A„fho„nj;a, lfo,„alo,>, ,,;<,, etc., in (h-cavin- v^--
otable material; those of Jh,ir,„!,h,, AHtlunn,,h,, lhn„oll,n,h,,
etc., mthe nests of various hymen<.ptera; those of M,',,hvn
from SpermophUa and Minn.s. Larva> of various spVcies
or Phnrbia are very .lestructive to growing radishes, onions,
cabbage, etc., feeding upon the roots. The larva, are either
slender and .-ylindrical, or Hat and (,val, with four rows
of tlr 'ad-like processes on the segments. ]5(,th types are
n'nphipneustic, an.l an- always provided with two chitinous

It!

it 1

VM

NOIM'U AMKIJK'AN DIl'TKKA.

inoiitli-liooklcts. TIh' i)uj)iu'iuiii is oviil in tlic siuootli ('\ liii-
dri(!al forms, or fattened in tlu* otliers.

The Hies have received but little attention in tliis eount"v
and not a j^'reat deal elsewhere. The t'ollowiii!^' table has been
mostly compiled from Meade. Sehnabl. Ivondaiu and Sehiner,
with the aid of the table <dven l)v Townsend.

Tegula and antite^jula are the terms [)roposed by Osten
Saeken to indicate resjx'ctively the lower and nj»per scales.

If-

I '

TABLK OF (JKNKHA.

1. Front in hotli scxi's wiilc, iiicludinu: iit loiu . onc-tliini of tlio width of

tilt' lu'iid of till- niiiie. . 1(»

Front narrow in tlie niiiio, iiL'vcr more than ono-tiftii of tiio width of
the head, often hoioptie or suh-holoi)tic. ..... 2

2. Tejiula h.r<jer tlian the antitejiula. ......■'!

'I'effuhi an<l antiteijfuia of nearly equal size, neitlu'r iiir<ii'. . . 14

.'». Front femora of the males with tuber. U'.* or emarjrinations helow, or
otherwise peculiarly constructed ; front tibia' often with emartjfina-
tlons; hind femora often arcuate; middle and hind tibi:i> sometimes
with tufts of hairs; arista always somewhat pubescent, sometimes
distinctly i)luinose; eyes bare (if hairy (hlinitoutha liond.); abdo-
men without maerocha'ta' ; species black or blue-black in color,

sometimes pollinose Hydrot.ka Desvoidy,

Front femora simple in the male 4

4. Proboscis projectinjr, horny, the labella slender and pointed, turned

backward, hook-like; antenna* short, arista pubescent, eyes bare;

moderate-si/ed, blackish {jray species. . Dkymkia Meigen.

Proboscis not horny and hook-like , . 5

6. Eyes hairy, more so in the male; arista plumose; abdomen not spotted,

Hyktodksia Uondani.
Kyes bare (5

<). Abdomen distinctly spotted
Abtloinen not spotted. .

9

7. Arista plumose; hypopygium small; blackish pray, yellowish gray or

reddish yellow sjH'cies. Si'iM)(iAs;!;u Macquart.

Arista bare H

K. First posterior cell not coarctate. . Limx«)puora Desvoidy.

First posterior cell coarctate in the margin Li;reoMi;i.iNA Mac(|uart.

antiiomviim;.

]:',:,

"•*. Arista plumose
Arista hari*. .

10
11

10. Sixth voiti of tlK. winjrs ,.rolon.r(.,l to tlio lu-sti-rior mar-in of tl.e

\vil|<r ,,

.,.,'"". lIVhKOI'IIOKIA Disvoidv

Sixth vcMM not prolonjre.1 .Mv...ka iHsvoi.iy.

11. Sixth vein of tlK- winos very short, with the axillarv vein n.rv...!

towards it at the tip " ,.,

Sixth vein elongated. ... ,~

]■>

12. AlMlon.en .lepressed. nearly hare; hea.l hemispherieal. eon.posed al-

most wnolly of the eyes; antenna- shorter than the face, the third
J.nnt often elon-ate.I ; le-s nio.ierately Ion- the middle pair in the
male often with j.eculiar struetures ; Maek or -rav sj.eeh's some of
them eon>m.m in .hveliino: honse.s. . . II<,mai.<,.mv,a Houehe
Ah.i<,men narrow, sul.,-yli„drieal ; tnales velvety hiaek with spotted

ahdomer. . \ i» . ,
A/i;i.iA Desvoidy.

r.]. Dark metallic black or l.iue-l.lack species; hind tihia. often arcuate-

alidomen oval. . . . (>,.,,».. . n • i '

. ••-..( )vu\ KA Desvoidv.

Spec.es otherwise coIore<l than shinin- black or metallic blue- hind

tibi-.c not arcuate (/in,r/n/o,Jufn, Giglio-Tos). Anthomv.a Meigen.

14. Arista plunuKse; moderate .sized to small, ehm.-ate species, of -ray or

blackish color; eyes bare; abdomen usuailv with siib-'anal'appen-

(liXfTva in the male. . . itvi ■ «v.. i^ • i

. . • ■ • . in i.i.Mi lA Desvoidv.

Arista bare or slightly pubescent. • . . . i -,

lo. Kyos hairy; black species with theabd..men sometimes reddish yellow.

.... Lasioi s .Meiiren.

Lyes bare (inclusive of Pn/oin/ia am] PhurJ,;.,). Viunnovmux Kondani.

10. I'alpi dilated spoon.sha,.ed j^,,,,, Unrvilh.

I alju slender, not dilated. . i-

17. Arista plumose. . . r^.i,.^,. i^ -i

. . ' I AIMCDA Desvoidv.

Arista pubescent or bare. . . ,"u

1 c

IH. Tegula larger than the antitegula, both of mocUTate size.

,p , , . , „ C.KNOsiA Meigen.

Icguhi and antitegula of equal size, both small.*

SciKKNoMv/A Ilalidav.

* I he genus Fucel/ia Desvoidy is relegated to the Anthomvi.he bv Ik-cki-r
The known American species (/..furornm) lives ahmg the seash.lre It is
rather thickly bristly and the hind femora in the male have a ron.M.icuous
tuft of short black bristles near their ba.se.

t\1

i.'u;

NOKTII AMKKirAN DIITKRA.

^j»

'f- IS

[i ■•<.'■:

(h-.^

53. (KSTKID.E.

Flios of moderate to rather lari,'(' si/o, tliick-sct, usually
more or less pilose. Head large, the lower jiart more or less
swollen. Aiiteniue short, three-jointed. (ie('nml.H'nt, and more
or less sunken in the facial groove or grooves ; arista bare or
plumose. Mouth opening small, the moutli-fiarts sometimes
rudimentary, never large. Front broad in both sexes, in the
male broader in front. Eyes comparatively small, bare.
Ocelli present. Thorax robust, with a ilistinct transv*'rse
suture. Abdomen short, conical or but little elongated ; gen-
italia of the male hidden, the ovipositor sometimes elongated.
Legs moderately long, the hind pair sometimes elongated.
Tegulie usually large ; sonu^times small. Xeuration of the
wings Muscid-like, in most cases the tirst jiosterior cell nar-
rowed or closed; anal cell small, usually indistinct; discal
cell sometimes absent.

This family, though of small size comparatively, is of the
greatest interest by reason of the habits of the larvie, all of
which that are known are parasitic upon mammals. The adult
flies often have rudimentary mouth-i)arts, and devote the
whole of their brief existence to the labors of i)roereation.
Only about seventy species are known, and they are generally
called bot-flies, though the name is frequently api)lied es-
pecially to the bot-fly of the horse. Parasitism occurs in three
principal ways, in the stomach and digestive tubes, in tumors
formed by the larva* under the skin, and in the pharyngeal and
nasal cavities. With but few exce{)tions each species is con
flned to a single species of nmmmal, and each genus or each
group of allied species is parasitic in the same way upon sim-
ilar animals. Seven species of Gastro^jJiilits are found in the
stomach and intestines of the horse and ass. Thirteen species
of Jft/podermti. are known to live under the skin of the horse,
the ox, the buffalo, the sheep, the goat, four species of an-
telope, and the musk deer. Two species of (Enfronn/ia like-
wise infest the skin of Lfu/omt/s and Ifiipmhritn. (Eihnooijtnta

(i:STl{Il).K

i;!7

tnmmri is parasitic in -reat mniibors in tl.c skin of the roin-
(leor in botlv Siberia and bonsai America. Four ..r tive sjuM-i.-s
of (Ksfn,, live in the nasal sitnis.'s of slH-ep. antelope, an.l
horse {h'hhnr.trus). One species of Cri^hnhn,, ./h, lives in the
nasal cavities and throat of the camel and buffah. Six or
seven species of i>i>h,'nn„,,h, have been found parasitic, in
the pharyngeal cavities of vari,.ns Cervids, while various spe-
cies of Cnti'i'hm and h'n,jrniinf,ra have been bred from the
skm or scrotum of different rodents, and oi.ossums Two
species of Jhnnatohh,, from the skin of doj,rs, cattle, eats,
deer, and i)robal)ly apes aiul man.

TABLE OF GI-XKHA.

IMAOIXKS.

1. Moutli-parts very small or nidinu.ntarv; arista hare o
Proboscis fronic-ulato, insortcMl i„ a .i.-l-pslit; fo.nak. without oxtri.ato

ov.posuor; first posterior crll narn-wc-.l or closc-,1 ; arista I.aro or
plumose. ...

0

2. Face witli a metlian f^roove

Face witi. a broa.l, jreutly arehe.l slm.i.l'shape.l surface; firit posterior
cell narrowed or closed; tc^M.he iar^c.; f.male with elongated ovi-
positor; larva) iiypodermatic.

- Tl.e fourth lonoitudinal vein runs straij^^ht to the margin of the win-
te^ula. small; female ovipositor elongate; larva- in ston.ach an.l

mtestmal canal (J..stho..„,u;s Leach.

J.rs posterior cell narrowed or closed; te.uula. lar^e; ovipositor not
olonfiate; larva'in nasal and pharyn.ireal cavities. ... 4

4. First posterior cell closed and petiolate; body nearly bare.

/ 1 ' • T '

First posterior cell narrowly o,,en ; bo.ly pilose. Ceciknomvu rli^Hcl

5. Palpi wantinir. . n ,

Palpi present. Ivookhma Latroille.

<Li)AM.\GKNA Latreille.

<>. Arista plumo.se on tlie upper side.

Arista bare short and stout; te^ula, larfre;'winf;s wiihout" stump at
angle of fourth vein (Mexico) jj^,,,,, ^^J^^,^

7. TarsM^oad. flattened CxioKKnH. Clark.

larsi slender. . Ti ,

l>i:HMAT<)mA Hrauer.

%

l.'is

NniMMI AMERICAN DIITKKA.

:\W

i

LAUV-K.
1. Last ahilominal sciinient free, bmadly attaclicil. .... -J
Last alxloininal scjiriu-nt (twdftli) ritractih' within tlic pn-ci'diiif:, small
and distinctly coiistricti-d. . 7

'2. LarviP with two jtair.s of chitinizcd jaws, tliat is witii two outer nioiith-
hooklets, and two iniiur, strai>;lit, trianuular jjoints (Ilorst's).

(lASTKorniu s.
Larva* with two or no mouth liooklots . ;)

."». Larvic on the median se^fnients with tlorsal, spindie-shaj)i'd tuhcrcics ;
one pair of moutli-liookiets present. ...... 4

Larvse without such tultercles ; one i)air or no inoutli-iiooklets ])risent. ''»

4. Antennii' broadly separated; body oval, stroiifjly coi.vex aJtove, flat l)e-

h)w (Sheej*) (Kstki s.

Antenna! approximated or contifiuous; Ixxly elonj.'ated, somewhat
l)r()ader in front tlian behind (Deer). . CicriiicxoMYiA.

5. No moutii-hooklets.

Two snuiU inoutli-hooklets present (Rodents).

0. Bristly coverinj; alike above and below (Reindeer),
liristles stronj^er below than above (Ox, etc;.) .

7. Larvie oval (Rodents, Marsujtials)

fi

(KSTKOMVIA.
. (P]l»AMA(iKNA.

IIyi'odku.ma.

ClTKHEHKA.

Larviu club-shaped, more slender jjosteriorly (Articnlactyls, Carnivora,

Primates).

DKItMAToniA,

k^

.*.

Usually thick-set, inoilerately large to ratlior small flios.
Front in both sexes broad, thoiit^h usually somewhat narrower
in the male. Arista of the antennae plumose to the middle or
a little beyond, the distal ])()rtion bare ; this last character
a^one is the ultimate distinctive one of the group. Abdomen
composed of four visil:le segments, with the macroclueta'
usually conKned to the distal portion, though sometimes occur-
ring on the n)argin of the second and following segments and
very rarely on the disk ; male hypopygium often prominent.
First posterior cell of the wings always much narrowed or
closed.

This family of flesh-fli(>s. as thev are often called, though

SAlJCOlMlAdlDJv

i.;<)

»'<'ini.nsn-lMit(w.i.arativ,.l,vrr\vuvu.n,J,as;, .4T^at.■,•,MllulM.,•
ot sprrirs and in.iivi.Iiials. K„r th,. „M.st [.art tl... spr.-irs aiv
tolrral.ly uniform in (•(.](. rati.,,,, an,! at ti,-st si-l.t s,-.-,., scaivc-
ly .Iisv,i„-„i,sl,al,l(., i.a,vin-a-,-avst,'ii.,.,l tli.>,-ax an.l n,ain,n,Mt..
:il..l(.n,n,. T!..en,oro metallic (•„l(Mv,ls,u.,-i..s of rv,,.,,,./;,,;,„.l
(>nrs,n aiv cxc-i.tions. Tl... Hi.'s a,v tn,„„l evM-vwhriv". ahoul,
<l<'<'ay„,,- v.-..tati(.n, (vsprrially In.it. ..x,-,vn„M,t. .i.M.u„.p,.sin-
furcasscs, etc.

TIm' larva- arc ix.lyj.ha-n.is in liahit. I..,'.li„i,r ,ip„„ ,l,.,.avi„..-
animal or xe^^vUMv mattr,-. or livinj,^ pa,-asiticallv in tli." Hrsh
ot dmm>ntanin,als. in tl.,- „asal cavitirs of man an.l other
unimals, ,n ulcei-s, ..tc. Tl,.- larva* of Cynn,,,.,;., liv,- in ^nvat
numhc-s in tl,. (le..<),ni.osin- carcasses of vcflnate animals.
ihc larva' of Sarmphn,/,,. wliich ai-c oitcn extruded by the
l)arent Hy alive, jiave been found und,.r the skin of turtli's in
the stomad, of f ^-s ; and most of th.- cas.-s of mviasis tliat
have been reported, other than those due to the larva- of
Coinpsomifia and Calllj,hnrn, have been caused bv the nia-<rots
of thesi,ecie.s of this -enus and those of Sn,'ru,,hUn. '^The
larvce of several species have be.-n found i„ snails, in beetles,
the jmp* of moths, etc.

The Sareophagid hirva^ are roundel, thinner anteriorly and
aniphipneustic. Ti,e antennae are short, thick, cylin.irical,
divergent, wart-like tubercles, each with two ocellus-like chit-
inous rings at the ti]). The mouth-hooklets are distinct,
strongly curved, and separated from each other. The abdo-
minal segments are distinctly differentiated by transverse
svvellings, and are each provide.l with a girdle of spines. The
hind stigma-plate is situated in a deep cavity, which is formed
by the last segment alone. The anal swelling is two-pointed.
The pu])arium is oval.

TAIJLK OK (iKNIOKA.

1. First posttTior cell closo.l or very .auch nam.WiMl in the
First posterior cell open.

Miarj^in

I n>

NOKI'II A.MKUICAN DII'l'Kli A

//if i

c\>l':.

Aliildiiini witli Ixitli ilisral ami iiiar'^iriiil inaci'd'.'liicta' dm tlic >c'('i)tiil ami
folIowiiiLi' fciiriK'nts. ..... 1' vi;.vmim'II<> Wiilii.

Alxloiiiiiiiil .»i"^fiiiciits with iliscal iiiacniclia'ta', ....;;

Ki^^«t l(>iij.ntu(liiial vi'iii liri.-<lly. .Ioiinsunma ('i)(|iiillct!.

l-'irst l(>ii<i;itu(liiial vein not liristly. SAi:(,"<>i'mi.(»i)i> Hraucr ami IiiTtr.
Aliiloiiu'ii Idack or iiirtallic, uiiicoloroiis ami Imt sliirhtly pruiiiosc. .">
Ahiloiiu'ii ,1,'ray, i'Iiktous or partly ofliract'ons, witli liiack ri'llcctiii^'
spot."*. ........... 7

lly]iopyiiiiiiii vi-ry jiromiiu'iit ; .I'jis more or Ii'S.>* hairy. . (1

llypopyyiuiii coiu'i-alci! : Ic^s not hairy; ahiioiiR'n iiu'tallic; curvaturi'
of t'oiirth vein with an olituse aiigk' and without stutnp.

(►nksia Di'svoidy.

Alxloini'ti tisuiilly l>hu'k ; tiliiii* (k-nsfly liairy. I'miussoi'oha Macquart.
Abdomen inctallic; tiliiii' witli short hair. C'vnomvia Desvoidy.

All the tihite on the outer side witli a eoinlt-like row of lonj;, .itout
hri.stle.>*. ........ TiiKiiiA Disvoidy.

Til)ia> without bristle.* or with irrejrularly jilaeed ones. . . . H

Apical cross-vein more oblique than the posterior one. . . . (•

Apical and posterior cross-veins in nearly the same line; two orbital

bristles in the 9. "'••'t' i" the $. SaK( (H'iiA(iA Meifjen.

'.). Two orbital bristles in each sex.
Two orbital iiristles in the 9(^0

SAH('oriiA(iUi.A Wulp.
Helicohia Coquillett.

Tu). .^[usc^).'E.

Ratlior small to ino(l«M'ately large, never elon,i,'ate, thinly
hairy or bare Hies. Antennal arista plumose to the tip; some-
times above only, and rarely bare, in which cases the absence
of bristles on the abdomen, except at the tip, together with
the distinctly narrowed tirst jiosterior cell, characters distinc-
tive of the group, will distinguish the Hies ' elonging here
from its allies. Eyes of the male approximated or contigu-
ous: front of female broad. Eves bare or hairv. Alulomen
composed of four visible segments. Genitalia not prominent.

Like the Sarcophagida", the species and individuals of this
family are common everywhere. The coiiunon hous(^-tiy, the
tyjie of the group, has a cosmoi)olitan distribution wherever
man exists. Other species, which ;ire scar(*ely less common
and widelv distributed, are the common lilue-bottle and blow-

MlSclDj;.

11

ni;-s nH.n.l.Ts ..f ,1... .,,,„,,, /^,,.;/., ^,„,, , ,,//^^^^,^^.,,_ ^^
wnl.-lykn,.nn :nv ,1... stal.l.-tlv or ..nti.-Hv. -V,.....,.. ,\,i

tlU- honi-fiy. H,l„nttnlu,,.

'"•""^•""■'••'"'tu-illthriv.. in alinost.nv kind. .r tilth. I 1,,,;:
•van.l rluMn tnuu tlu- .Irrayin,' n.wtvri,.! in tl,.. hnUnnis' of
sinttonns mini with tohan.o. Tin. ^..n.a^.lavsal,nnton..hMn-
.ln.. and t,ty ....sMvhiH. hat..h in on., or two ,l:.vs, an.nnln.^
o tlu- w..atiH.r. Th,. larva, attain th.-irlnll ,l..;-..h>,,n,..n, in

^■■•••'' <iv,. to s..v,.n .lays, an.l th..n. ..raw!in,Mnt., s,,nn. s..,.lu.i...l

l'l:u-<'. tnu^.t.n-mint., ,mpa^t■r..n> whn-htlH.v,.n,..r,v inal t

■s.x .lays as n.atu.v ins^.ts. tho... <,r th.- autnn.n l.roo.ls

.v.uainn,,M.y..rwint..rasi.u,.an:.. In ,,artiallv sn-lmlnl snots

lu. nuttuiv fly will sonu-tinn-s surviv tin- winfr. Th.- .'ins-

t.'r-Hy, P..l/r>na no/Is. is yt n.o,v n.n.arkahl,. in this last

aspect <>;t.nin.arlys,nn,. ,,,.. .v..n. luring nul.l. la vs.,,'
the w.nt..r they n.ay h. ohs.M-v.-.l ....awlin. ahout ov.-r tin- m.ow
>" "un. hers. Th,.y are stnpi.l an.l slow an.l hav.- .v.-eiv..,! the
name oi eluster-^es U.nn tlu-ir hahit of e.,n.„.j,atin. in elus-
ers a K>ut .hvellings. They n-sen.l.l,. a hlow-Hv s.^n.^vhat.
l»Ut u-i 11 be d.stn.,uish..,l i>v the p.vsenee oi sUoH, depresse.l
sparse h;,ht colored hairs on th.- thorax. Tin- larva- of speeies

f "^/7>;^--< especially ..f C. //.,/.. are better known,

perhai>s than those of any other ins..,. Th.-y ar.. the ..onuno,;

Uow-Hv niaggots of fresh an.l .h-.-aying meats an.l ve,.,abl..s

Ihe cookn,^ of ..orned be.-f or turnips .,r ,-abba.vs .lurin-^

warm weath.-r is sure to attract nnn.bers of thJse insect^

winch are quite noticeable for their loud hununin,: an.l hea.b

long flight. In the ari.l regions oi northern Wvomin.^ the

writer luus seen them in extraor.linarv numbers, '^mny

miles from the nearest human habitation." Either their ..o.;

or the newly hatched larva- are .h-posite.l upon meats, an.l

"Iv a day or two is sutib-i.-nt to transb.rm the mass into a

< seeping mass ol disgusting maggots. The larva- of spc .-i.-s of

142

NOirni AMEinCAN diitkua.

!-|fl

m

Kir-

t-i: ;

this genus sometiinos have liahits siiiiihir to those of Cowpso-
iiiifhi. The blue-bottle and green-bottle flies have habits
identieal -with those of CnUlplinra, but tlieyare not so common.
The screw-worm fly. an insect common over nearly all of
North and South America, is a bright shining green or golden
green in color, but will be distinguished from the blue-bottles
by the presence of blackish stripes on tlie thorax. It depos-
its eggs, whicii liatch almost immediately, in decomposing
matter, as do other members of the familv, but it will also lav
them in the ulcers of cattle, or wounds, or at the orifice of the
hunuin nose, especially when attracted thereto by a fetid breath.
The larva' in these cases (piickly j)enetrate within the nasal
and frontal sinuses, sometimes to the number of a hundred or
more, quickly producing fever, extended ulceration and in fre-
(pient cases, death. These cases of jVh'iasis, as the affection
is called, are not very frequent in North America, but have
been not seldom recorded from South America. Sorrophila
Wolilfdhrti, a European species, has similar habits.

The group of Stomoxyime includes the common stable or
cattle-fl}', the liorn-fly and the famous tsetze fly of Africa and
Australia, all of which lay their eggs in fresh dung. The
horn-fly is a recent introduction from Europe, and has now
extended ovrr nearly all of the United States. An allied spe-
cies, Hd'tudtohlit aids Snow, lives among tlie moose of the
northern woods. The tsetze fly is ])erhaps the most famous
of the group. Its bite is so poisonous that the regions which
it inhabits are reiulered impassable for horses and dogs,
though it is less troublesome to other animals.

The larvie of Muscina liave been found in decaying veg-
etables, dung, fungi and the larvie of various lej)idoptera.
The larvfij of (irnphomif'm and Mesonhn'iKt have been found
in cow and horse dung.

The following table is that of v. d. "Wulp (l)iol. Centr.
Amer. Dipt, ii, 291) with the addition of those genera Udt yet
known from Central America.

MrsciDj.:.

It;;

TAHLK OF (;KXKI{a.

2. Palpi nearly as lon<r as tlu. ,.rol,„s,.is. . i| , mat.„u. n • . '

J'alpi shorter than the prohuseis. . Sto . .v "

.5. Arista pluMJOse on l)otli sides.

Arista hare or plumose al)oveonlv • • • • . o

' ' ' ■ ■ -4

<>. Curvature of fourtli vein auirular.

Curvature oi fourth vein roun.le.l or areuat(^ .' ' '
0. Eyos pilose. .

Kyesbare. .'■.■■■■ ' ^■'<'-*^^'" ^ v. ,1. Wu],,.

7. Mi,|.llenhhe.ithout bristles on the inner ^i.le (hlaekish speeies .,th
e>..„H.nnH.re or less yellow, hut always witlunan^^^

12

oration).

• Mi-scA Linne

11
10

Mi.idle tihi>. with one or n.ore hristh." ,>n the inner M.leTff I

n,etaine coloration on the ah.onK.n ..r other ;;:;::;;t !;;r;^-'^
«. 1 horacic dorsum usually blaekish.

Thorax, scutellum and abdomen bri.aht'ly metallic.
1'. Dorso-central bristles present.

Dorso-contral bristles absent; no bristles above the vibriss^e.

in 'PI . , , CULOKOI-HOC TA V. (1. Wulp.

10. 1 horax and abdomen with depressed hairs amon. the bristles espeei- 1
\y noticeable near the root of the winf^s. I'o, r knu I'w . .

No such liairs present n '•''''^'* Dcsvoi.Iy.

11 -P, . , • ■ . . ( Ai.Mi.fioHA Desvoidv.

H. 1 horacic .lorsum with rather .listin..t black and whitish stripes

'"'z::: ■::;:;-'"- "-- -=~;,

io \\M II ,,. ' ■ ■ l-ii't ii.iA Desvoidv.

IJ. \V holly metallic species. „

l:!. Apic,m.r„», vol,, ,Ii,,i,K.t, I„„s,.r ,l,„„ ,1,,^ ,..r„',i„„l' ,,o,-,i,„. „, ,',''

''™r..;r::;;i;' "•"■■"';"";;"•"-■ '■■■""" v,.i„ .,.„.„ „„„,„i» ,„ it

< Mn rnil.i „„ly ; „,„i,,l ,,,,|| „i,|„ „,,,„ ,„ ,i|, „,. „,.,^^, j^.

0:

144

NoKTiI AMKHICAN DirTKUA.

' P lit

'];■
K

14. Aiitcniiii' a' ' asc sliulitly sopanitcd by a c-arina (Ixxly jiri-y or partly

rufous ivitli a wi-U-ik'tincd black pattern). (JuvriioMViA Disvoidy.
Antfiiiia' not st-paratid by a carina lo

15. Mitldb- tiliiiL' with a bristlt' on inner side; apical cell widely opened.

MicSKMiiiuNA .vlacijuart.
Mkskmukimci.i.v (ii}>lio-Tos.
Middle tibia> without bristles on inner-side; ai)ical cell somewhat nar-
rowly opened {<'i/rl(niii(ni pt. i>reoc.) Mouki.i-IA Desvoidy.

10. Eyes ])i!ose.
Eves bare.

Myiosi'Ii.a Desvoidy.
. 17

17. The first vein terminates at tip of costa ; fourth vein witii a distinct
curvature near tip of wiriff (Ci/rlunciini pt. j)reoc.)

MrsciNA Desvoidy.

The first vein terminates before the middle of the eosta ; fourth vein

scarcely curveil forward at its distal eml. (^i,iN(ti'KUA v. d. Wulp

?

;■ i. tj

I :

■ t\ i

no. TACHINU).^. 57. DEXIIJKE.

Katlior small to rather large, bristly files, thinly or not at all
pilose, usually thick-set. Eyes of the male contiguous or more
approximated than in the female, pubescent or bare. Front
with a row of bristles on each ude, descending to the anteniue,
with or without orbital bristles. First joint of anteniue
sliort; second joint usually shorter than the third; third joint
usually nu;re or less elongate, sometimes d'lated or fissured;
decumbent; arista bare (Tachinidie), pubescent or ])lumose
(Dexiidie), sometimes conspicuously jointed. Face always
with a well-marked nuMliun depression, which sonu'times has
a carina in its middle. Proboscis sometinu^s elongate, but
usually short ami with broad labella; palpi never with nu)re
than one articulated jjint, whicli is sometimes rudinuMitary.
Ocelli present. Abdouuni comjjosed of four or five visible seg-
ments ; with marginal and lateral and usually with dis-
cal bristles; sometimes nearly covered with strong, erect spini's.
Legs usually rather stout; sonu^times elongate and slender
(J)exii(he); always bristly. All the veins of the wings simi)le;
basal cells large; three posterior c. 'lis present, t'lie first of whicli

W

TACIIlMDJi—DKviii).!;.

11,

is ahvays .kutow,.,! or cl<.se,I(s:,v. i,. thus.- nnvras.-s in wl.i..].
the (iKstal section of tl... tnu.th is ohlit.-ratrd): anxiliarv v.-in
distinct 111 its whole ]en-;li. i\ ^-uiae lar-v

Xo other ^roup of Hies has pn^ente.l so manv <liniculties
to the student of systematic dipteruh-uT as has'the present
one. In Its entirety, with Init few exceptions, it is easilv
onou.^h dUferentiated. Flies in which the arista is bare tlu.
tegulae are well developed, an.l the Hrst posterior cell is nar-
rowed or closed, inayl,e unhesitatinj^ly referrd to the Tachin-
ida". Ihe Dexiida. gradually merge into that familv. and
it IS not always easy to positively distinguish them' The
presence however, of aristal j.lunu.sity with the other charac-
ters ot the more typical Ta.-hinids, that is. those in whi.-h the
dorsum of the abdomen is distinctly bristlv, will remove
doubt ot the correct location of any species possessing such
characters. L^nfortunately the .lifferentiation of the "..enert
and specues is vastly more diflicult, and will require nuu-h pa-
t.en and exhaustive study bebue a satisfac-tory .solution is
reached About two hundred and sevent^•-fiv"e genera, or
one-hfth of all the dipterological fauna, havi^alreadv been ac-
credited to North America. Some of tin- names ^.opo.se^l
vv.l unquestionably be re-hiced t. synonyms, but not manv
as the diaraeters used for generic distim-tions are often ex.-eed;
ingly slight. So inconspicuous are the <-haracters in many
spccies t.at only the practice.! eye will det.rt them

I Iiave not attempted to define or tabulate tlie gem^ra To

do

so, even imperfectly, would re.piiiv f

at my command. The best that I

\y complete list of the

ir more time than it
catKionow is to give a fair.

with their bibl

,'enera said to occur in North A

student
the

lograpical ref'erenc

merica.

IS referred to th

e works t)f I

es. For further studv, tl

le

>rauer and I5ergenstamii

various j.apers of Townsend and Coquillett, an.l the vol

nine of the IJiologia Ceiitrali-A
The liabits of the mature Hv
membe

rs of the group. Th.-y will be found

luericaua by van der Wulp.
e similar for nearly all th

on vegetation, on

ItC)

NORTH AMEinCAN DIITKIJA.

:i:

I

m

loaves or flo'.vcrs, in such places ii'j are frecpieiited hy tlie hosts
whicli they parasitize. Not a few will be eaiight with the
beating net.

Tiie larvje of the more typical Tachinida^ are thickeneil,
cylindrical and flattened below, the segments indistiiictly
differentiated, with transverse and lateral swellings, bare or
provided with tine, short spines. They are amphipneustic,
the anterior si)iraoles small and j)oint-like or multii)artite, the
posterior stigmatie {)lates large, strongly chitinized, and eaeli
with three, internally convergent grooves. The antennte are
wart-like, with two. ocellus-like, chitiiu)us rings, one lying
below the other. There but two mouth-lu.oklets. porrect and
but little curved. The puparia are oval, with the segments
slightly differentiated ; the skin is finely wrinkled, and boti'
ends are rounded.

In Orijptrra and Gi/mnnsoma, and probably in allied forms,
the larvje have a chitinous. anal stigmatie tube ; and the pu-
paria have six or two, similar processes. The larvie of Ifi/<il-
nniijin are translucent, smooth and metapneustic, the mouth-
hooklets very large; there are two, short, divergent, anal tubes.

The larvie of this group are all parasitic in habit, so far as
is known, and the parasitism is ])rol)ably confined to the early
stages of other insects. Their usefulness in kee])ing injurious
insects in check is immeasurable.

By far the largest number of species are parasitic upon
Lepidoptera, of which lujt less than four hundred have been
recorded. About seventy species are known to be parasitic
upon Hymenoptera, less than forty upon Coh^optera, eigiiteen
upon Orthoptera, live U[)on llemiptera. and as inany ui)on
other Diptera.

More particularly the observed parasitism of some of the
North Amei!can genera is as follows:

AriIAKTONKi;U.\, Ctiloittt'llliS, I)tili(t!s, Cif/n'roilUt, /hlftOKI,
Pi'ixft'fiid, Sp/iitiJ\ I'ttiK'ssa, Atilsoftf, .Ihtrifs, C/isioranipd,
Ift'/iofis, /'ri)f/(>/ii(i,ffi\: .Vuovuoi'iivr.AX : I'^in'litttrx. Srli'ir:-

:(■.

TACHI\IIU:_l)i.:xill).K 14-

T;J-;'r' '')/":'^''^' nn,,;!.....,: „,:ssKr.v: I,.,,,...,,..:

«. (...KXO.V..: A, J,.,;.. ^,,^^^^, ,,,^ ^ J^^_

m,..«, Sp/un.r; CTKXoP„OKorKK.v: r...... I)KX„i,Ks: J.--..., •

I^KA: /.,..,,;..,., LATHKr.u... J./..... r/./...;., /.,,.^,,,; .

KKA. J.VV./..../.., /.....,/,, 1>.,uakkont,.va: A>/. /..,.. I>.vn,.x
OKrsTA:7A./..., ,^,,,..,,,,, Vnouuu....: ,W.;,/ • i^ I I "

^^....;Si^ixai.ta:P//o;...; Thk.a.ua: /'^./.V/ ',. T, k ^

Tockka: y^..../.; Tkichopoda: Jnasa, I>iss.su;ra.

LIST OF (JKNKHA.

1 Aciiulona Wulp, 7, 4.

2 Aceiiiyia Hond., Pnid.
•5 Achanorieuru IJ. B., Ji, ;j-j4

IS Atroi.hopalpus Town., 18.
II' AtropliojK.da Town., ;!4, III

4 A(

rooantlia Wulp,

20 Hi

iiunilijinoria Mj-n, Svst. W

241 Arrof/lossa AVill., 9.

5 Adniontia B. li:, I, 104.

G AIoi)liora IM)., >.yo(l.

7 Arnetloria B. B., I, I0(j,

S Aniniohia IM)., xMyod.

1' An^iorhina B. B./i, ir.g
10 A

261.
21 Bath.vd

t'S .vii.

I'Xia

Wulp,

•)•»

nisia Wulp, 7, 18<;

11 Anthraconiyia Hiid., I'rod.

12 Aphria IM)., Myod

13 Araha IM)., Mvod.

14 A

raonopiis B. B., i, ;l(li.

1") Arc'liytas .);

Id A

oiin. N. Ex.Dipt., ;]02. 24 i

22 Ik'lvosia IM).. Mvod., 10^
2;J Hi'.skia B. B., i, m_
24 BivsK-ria IM)., Myod,

26 Blcpliiiridfa Und., Trod.
20 Hlt-pharipoza Maeq., D.E

27 Boloniyia B. B., II, ;}47.

28 noinbylioniyia B. B., I, l.'Jl.

2!> Hracliyconia Kiid. Prod, iii, i>o;i

■!OCalodf.\ia Wulp, 7. 267
!1 ('

ii,;5,;)41.

iiiiarona Wuij), 7, 247

r^yrapliylaA- B. B., I, ]0;j

> latiirld C

"q., Ins. Life, ii.26.'

17 Atac'ta Sci

117 Alnijiliiinuld 'I

liiHT, Nov. KxikmI;

'52 CVrotnosia Bond. I'rodi

'wn., .•i4, III, HI2.

•' ( tiatonivit'Ila 'i'o

wn.

!4, III.

Mi

' ,1.

US

NOKTH AMKHI('A:n Dll'TKlJA.

"'be

• ■;)*!;:;

;14 Cestonia Hoi"' Dipt. I'r. 74 Kuantlia Wuli), Tijd. Knt. xxvii.

",'j {^liac'tottat'dia H. H., 1, II, •>>('). 75 Kiu'iuj.lialia Towns., :!4,1(;(!.
;5(J Cliattoj.d()ssa Town.. ;i4, III, ll'o. 7(i Kudtxia H. H. 1, I, V2U.

o7 Cliai'to!y<,'a Hoiul., Dipt. I'r.
:!8 ("haetoiia Wiiii), 7, -J'):).
;!»Cliai't()piaoiaCo(i., ;)l>, '."S.

40 t:iiat'topiiU'ps ('()(!., ;n, 51.

41 Cholonivia l^iJ.^, 4'J, xxxvii.

42 Chrv-sotachina B. B., 1, I, KU.

77 Kuinacronycliia Town., .■54,111,100
7H Kiiiasiona Towns., :!4, I!I. 10(».
7U Kutachina B. 1}.. 1, I, US.

50 Kuiilianoptcryx Towns. ,.'54. 1 11,121.

51 Knphoroc'cra Town.s., ;14, III, l|-_'.

52 Kiiryct'idin.via 'i"()wns.,;!4. Ill, II').

43 Cisto.i-astiT Latr., An. Hcj,'., v,'2n s:} Kiiscopidia Towns., 34, 111, 12;;.

44 Clausiffiia Uond., Dipt. Br. .S4 Kutiicra Loi-w, Ci'nt. vii, S.'), ISCiC.

45 Cliiiojrii'^tir Will]), '•>, IHU. S5 Kutliyprosopa Towns., .')4, III, lot!,
4(i (Tinonc'ura B. B., 1, I, 110 SO Kxorista Mci,u-.,Iili<;vr's .Ma,!--. ISO:!.

47 Clista .Mlm-t., S.vst. Bcs., vii, 20S. S7 Kaltriria H.-l)., Myod. 1830.

48 Clistoniorplia Town., ^H, 170. SS Krontina Mi.'i<;-.,
40Clytiomyia Uond.. Dipt. B". iv,0. 80 tiii'diophana B. IJ., iii, li:'..
40 C/j/tia R.-D., Myod. 1S:50. 00 (iacdiopsis B. B., 1, I, ;l:;ti.

50 Coonosonia Wulp, 7, KUi. 01 Ginjiliinyia Town. 34, III, 118.

131 Com'/ops B. B , 1. I, 358. 02 (ionia Moi^., 111. Maj--. ii.

61 CordylojiastiT Mac'([.,I).E.,ii,3,60. 03 Goniacliaeta Town., 34, II, 251.

52 Cnc-phalia K.-D., Myc.d. 1S:10. 04 (Jyinnocliacta H.-D., Myod.

53 Cryi)t()nKMj>i'nia B. IJ., 1, II, 311. 05 Gynniotdytia B. U. 1. Ill, 157.

54 Cryptopalpus I\ond.. Dipt. I'r. 0(1 Gynniodi'xia B. P>. II.3(i4.

55 Cyithoccra .Mao(i,,Ann. Soc. Knt. 07 (iyinnoinina Wulp, 7,38.

ii, 2, 2(57, 1845. 08 Ciynmopanda B. IJ., 1, I, 103.

50 Ctonophoroci'ra B. B., 1, II, 330. •)!> (iynnioprosopa T'd., 34, III, 108.

57 Cyrtoplik'bia Bond., I)i])t. Br. 100 Gyinnoi)liania B. B., 1, I, 143

58 Dat'ocliiic'ta Totvn., 34, III, 07. 101 (iyninosonia Mt'i<r., 111. Ma};., ii.
50 I)fg(H'riaMoi'i-.,Syst.Bi's.vii,240. 102 Gynniostylia B. B., 1, I, 128.
OODi-xiaMi-iiT., Syst. Biscdir., v,33. 103 Ik'niitl'rixion B. B., 1, I, 114.
(11 Dt'xodc's B. B., 1, I, 87. 104 lU-ininiasicHia B. B., 1, f , 87.

02 Doxiosonia Bond., Dipt. I'r. i, 85 105 Ilrniyda K.-D., Myod. 22t).

03 Diclioccra Will.. 57. lOd llesporoniyia B. B., 1, I, 114.

04 Didyina Wulj*, 7, 15(). 107 lliniantostonia Lw, Gent, iv, 87

05 Distichona Wulp, 7. 40. 108 llonuxk'xia Bij;'., 44.

00 Dri'panofrlossaTown., 34, 11,377. 100 llyaloniyia IJ.-D., Myod. 208.

07 Ecliinoniyia Dunu'ril, 1708. 110 Hypantroplia;j:a Town., 7, 258.

08 Klacliipalpus Bond. Ill llyj)c'rtro]»liocira Towi. ., 34, II,

on Knvoiniuii Towns., 34, 371.

Ji) I-

U(

i\i r.pii.pus uond.

71 KpijiToniyia Town.s. ,.34, II, 375.

72 Krij-ont' K.-D., Myod. ls:Jo.

73 Ervia K.-D., .Mvod., 1830.

300.

112 Ilypostcna Meig., Syst. Besclir.

vii, 280.

113 Ilyria K.-D., .Myod.

Ill Ilystricia Macci-, I). E., ii, 3, 4;'..

TACIIIXID.K-DHXiiD.K.

ii:>

Zool. I.0O : ; -^ .■-•'I';'lpu.M,u-,,,H.N.,,ii.H,,

.ie la Nonl .1. France, 10!. i,;i Mvio,,l,a.Ma H. H., H ;!,;-
.. Laccoprosopa lown., :J4, II. .K^. m M viol.ia IM).. M v-.i' -.r

124 Las.ona Wul„, 7, 127. I<i4 .M, i..,ni,Ma H. H. f 00,

l-I^>t^.on.ura (;o,,.,J. X. y. ,.„,. ],;■> Mvi,.,,,,an,s R H i Kil

!>()C. 111. 50. uw \i ■ . • • ' "•

l->« Leskionuma H. B.. 1, „. 872. 170 XenH.ra.a IM).. Mv. 1 70

12!) Lt'ucostola Mon, m. y^.^^^ jj
];J0 Lispidia Coq. :il,ol.
l;U Lotnvia K<rjrer. V. Z.-B. G.
lo2 Macquartia H.-D., Myod. 204
V-i-l Macrocliactiiia Wiilp, 7, 240.
l-'U Macroineigcriia B. I}., I, i]]i_
l'»o Macrf)rii(.'t()})a li. H.. I. 117.
l'>») Macronycliia Hond. Dipt. iv.

I'l '^'I'l 'ilia Kond.. I'pod.

172 Xiotrattoci'ia Town., ;{4, III, loj
17;; ()('yi>tiTa Latr. II. X. Cr. xiv.
174 OcypnTula IMi, I'rod.

2.". Ofi//it,nisi/>/iii Town.

oO (Jts/ro/i/iiisid H. i}.^ ] I i]r^-
170 Ok'nocliaUa Town., 84, III, 1 ir,.
1~7 Ojjsidia ('(xj., ;!2, 102.

.11.

.;- Macropros.,paMacq.I).K.ii,:{,H:;. ,7s l^udiyopl.tlLlnni; H. H I
■>H - optei^x Town. 18, 170. 17., I'a,a.i.,i..ania M. H. ,,1 I47

i-i!' Aiasifcra Mac.i. II \ l) i; ns iwo i> i- > . •■. '^..

140 \f.. ,„ T, . ± ^ "• '^^- ^^^^ I'«'-a''Hlv,na H. H., H, 404.

140 .Masip.).Ia IJ. H. I, 102

141 Masi;)hya IJ. B., II, li.r).

142 Mofraprosopus Macq.

14;] Mi-jri-rli.., H..]).^ ^ly^^^l 2(U],
144 .Mojjaparia Wulp, 7, 240.
14o Meitronia H.-I),, Myo.l.
140 MtdanoplDi-a Mgn, III. Ma.t.

147 Mi-Ianoj)lirys Will., 48, ;JO.j.

148 Mi'laliMjca Wulp, 7, 247.

149 iMidanodexia Will., 07.
ir/) MosocluL'ta li. IJ., II, ;}4i
1''>1 Mt'taclni'ta C.)q., ;J2, 08
1')2 Mi'taplauia Coq., ;i2. 102.

1«1 I'arafrontina B. B., II!, 11").
1.^2 rarahypoclu.'ta B. B., II, ;);{7.
If^-"! I'araiiKM)(lia.ta B. B., II, :i4i.
1^'4 I'araplioidfiTa B. B., I, <;o.
1^<-''rarapla,uia B. B., ll,;}r)4.
180 l'ari'.\oi-ista B. B., I, 87,
ii l^^T rartlicnia IM)., Mvod,, ;!22,
1«H IVk'teria IM)., Myo.l. '
18!» IVntl..)sa Wulp, Tijd. voor Ent.

xxxiv, 08, 1802,
1!H) I'hania IM)., My.,d. 2:;;|.
lin l*lia^io(_'li!<ta Town., II.;;0!l.
I!»2 l'iiasi..pt..iy\ B, B, I, UO.

1^1

lilO

NOUTII AMKIilCAN DIITKKA.

Nil

i

l(t;j I'horiiiitlia IMi, Trodr.
1!>4 I'lioricliuitii IMi, I'rodr.
]!».') IMiorostotiui HI)., .Myod., ;L'(!.
1!K) IMiyto R-1)., 21>^.

in: I'lioroctTii iM)., i;n.

lOH riatria Mjrn, S. H. vii, 2!>1.

l!ll> IMaj:i(.prosi)liory.saT.I,:;4.ii, li:5

2(K) I'oilotafliina H. B., ii, 'Aoi).

201 Pol idea Maccj. Ann. Soc. Knt.

K., ii,(;,!l2, 184S.

202 Polyirastcr Wiiip, 7, 1:50.
20:5 Proriiynidiops P.. li., ii, :](;4.

204 Prosfna St. F. & S., Knc. Mi-th.

205 Projicnoidi's 15. B., ii, :;70.
20(! Pr.).s()])ii'a IMi.

207 Prosopodos! B. B., i, 00.

208 IV'udoclia'ta ("«)(i., 3:5, 000.
200 PsLMidoL'onia Town., 10.

•10 r

ro.^ipluTysa

Will]

>, I

117.

211 PscndojuTiiiaria, B. B. ii, or>2.

212 Pst'udoliystricia li. B., i, i:]2.
2i;] Psc'iidoniorinia Wulp, 7. 200.
214 Psc'udon)yiotIiyria'ro\vn.,iii,l')l,
21o Pst'udotractociTa Town., iii, 107.
21() Ptilocera IM)., 220.

217 Ptilodc'xia B. B. i, 110.
221 Rli(nnplil)u')i(i Bijf. 45.

218 Pyrliosia IMi.

210 Hiiinophora IM)., 258.

220 Khonihotliyria Wulp, 7, 250.

221 liliyncdiodi'xia Biji'., 45.

222 llilcya B. B. (pruoc.)

22;) Sarooi.-Hsta Town:, ;M, iii, 122.

224 Sarc'odi'xia Town., 52.

225 Sart'oinacTonycliia Td, iii. 100.
22(5 Sarcotac'liini'lla Town. ,."i4, iii, 110

227 Sardioc't'ra B. B.. i, 110.

228 SaundiTsia Sell., Nov. Ex. :]:',?,.
220 Scdiizotachina Walk., 1). Saund.
2;iOSc'opolia 1M).,2(;8.

281 Scotiptora Macii., D.K., ii, 8, 0.')7
2:52 Scnotainia Mai-ci., 1. c , Snji. i, Ki

2:5:5 Sericoccra Macci., II. N. 1). 11,105.
2:54 Slphot'lyta Town., :54, ill, 115.
2:55 Siphoc'lytis Town., :54 ill, 127.
2:50 Sipliona Mffn. 111. -Ma<,'. 11.
2:57 Sijdioplajiia Town., :54, 1, :550.
2:58 Sipliopliyto Town.
2:50 Sl.syropa B. B., 1, 10:5.

240 Soniok'ia IMi.

241 Spallan/ania, IMi.

242 SpluiTina \Vulj», 7, 205.
24:5 Spliixapata IMi.

244 Stt'iiodt'xia Wulp, 7, 24(1.

245 Stevonla IM)., 220.

24(; Stoniatodcxla B. B., i, 125.

247 Syiitlicsloniylii (Si'o Muscida'.)

248 Tuchina M<in, 111. Ma,ir.
240 Tachlnodfs B. B., i, 1:5:5.

250 Tacliliiomyla Town., :^4, iii, 00.

251 Tacdilnopliyto Town., :54, iii, 1:50.

252 Telotliyrla Wulp, 7, 107.
25:5 Ti'trajrrapha B. B., ii, 051.

254 Thclaira IM)., Myod. 214.

255 Tiii'lairodL'S Wulj*, 7, 254.
25(5 TlKTC'sia B.-D., Myod., :525.

257 Tlioniodt^ia Hnd., 1). Pr., i, 87.

258 Tliryptoccra Macq., II. N.I). 11,87.
250 Thysanoniyia B. B., II, :540.
200 Trlcoi)h()ra Mac(i. I). IC. S. 2, 02.
261 Tricolytia Bud. 1). Pr.

2(52 Tru'ht)j)oda Cuv. \li.'<x. An. v.
2(i:5 Trlxa M^ni, Syst. Bcs., iv, 222.
2(54 Trixocllsta Town., :54, III, 102.
2()5 Tryi)lit.'ra Mun. Syst. Bos.
20(5 I'l-ainyia K.-I)., Myod., 215.
2(57 Vlviana Bnd., I). Pr.

10 \',n„l,rinili,i,i Town., -U, II, 081.
2(58 WahlbiTfria Zi-tt. I). Scand..
2(10 Willistonia B. B., I, 07.

10 W,i/i>i(i B. B.. 44.

270 Xantliodi'xia Wulp, 7, 250.

271 Xanthonu'lana Wulj), ;5, 187.
272Z('lla B.-I)., Myod., i:U.

Hii'i'onosciD.i:.

\r,i

•'^- Hii'i'oiioscil) F

Hra.l Hattciiod. usually attadu-d l.. n," '.'

"'• '|"i"---'- '-a.- tiH. .i..,.„,„,„,„„ :'""■''"' '■"■^

•!?""-'•-'■•'■ "■•"- .-. t,.,. ;;;'t: '■;■''

^'i-™t. Thonxrt.tt,. .,u,.„M,„,--i,; '"■'■"■"""•

«l.ort; daws usuallv st.oi,, J„, J ,,; " ■^''•'■;:"'- '--

Xut

kno

vt'i'v inauy .s])..cios of tj

\vu.

Tl

or niaiuuials. The L

't\V aiv all i)arasitic in t

"•^ •^iii-ulai- fainilv of H

K's ai'o

wliole of this ,st,

ii'va' arc

UdUlt Stanv |,|„„, l^jj

extruded wl

tgc within the al

|'U])i-..r,)us. hut pass i

■ds

icarlv the

But

a siu!j-le

leu nearly ready to transl

"'"'"on (;r the j.an.nt. 1

M'lnij-

size. The Hies ha

inipariuni is extrudt

"J'!ii into the uiaturc tlv.

one often encounters tl
^.specially the raptorial I

ve a i)eru]iar. lousr-li].

" at a time and i

s o

aPLic

ke

il'!'"'ai'iin('e. and

»e eo

seekin- the beard or hair <,f tl

niii nimbly, tryino- to hid.'. In A
i-ently lost soon after tl

;;'"/" _'';""llin- rr.vntly killr.l bird
ave a quirk, short fli<rl,i,

•ii'fls. They 1

'llect

<'!•. within which tl

il><>l>t(')iii the wii

I 1

laye

ie insect find

li^'s are ai

icy
ipa-

o

united Sfrrhin and its all

•"^ a permanent livin-' place

tl

pinion shared by I'njf

'essor T

les with this faniib

an

'^'■'1 iis a .subfamily. J i„.ii,.,,. ^]
closer here than with the .\

"\viiscnd. but 1

lavc srp:ii-atcd

yctcribiida

i;it their ndationshi]

IS arc

1. Antonna-fiiijill or iiid

TAHLK OF (JKXIOKA.

nix; \vii)us 1,.,^

■''tiiict; lu.;„I not sunk

M^'. wuh

Anti

crotis-vciiis; claws ,sl

''"•"'nt. paralirl v

I'll into the criiiiryiniitc tli

IlIl.T USUllllv 111

!."i"t. Sillljlji.

I'iii."' and distinct on

s'i'I^n-au-d. lu,;,,]

ore eloiiyate and tl

Siiji

^iink

'<■ .joini.s inoi-r. or less dist

'''■^p.v;.m;;u,;;:'^,;-;;•i"'■;;:l■■»;!-^•:'"fu,,,l,,,„;«:■'■^

ter

inctiv

1 -■-■■>•• 11 lllini J

t le stroiii-' costal vein.

•^iK'i-t, and approximated
tate or tridcntate.

viins, the weak
.* outwards and l,a<kward

in us
veins runninii t'rmii

to tile lascof tl

ll

K' cro,-

"■ "aij;-; claws la

IS

I!

l"j:e, hidei

-Veins

ii'i'()ii<)S('i\,i:

152

Noirril AMKUICAN DIPTKrA.

STKKIJLIN.K.
1. Kyi's small, situated on the po.sterior aii}j;k's of tlie head.

Sthkhla Wiedemann.
Kyes situated near the mi<ldie of toe liead (Mexico).

TuH nonius Townsend.

iiiproBoscix.K.

1. Claws tridentate 2

Claws hidentate :!

2. Wings rudimentary ; ocelli wanting. Buachyptkkomyia Williston.
Wings large, functional; ocelli present. Ounitiiomvia Latreille.

3. Wings wanting or rudimentary, in the males at least. ... 4
Wings present, functional o

4. Eyes very narrow and situated on the sides of the head ; no ocelli.

MEM)PiiA(iUS Latreille.
Eyes larger, oval; ocelli present, but sometimes indistinct; wings ca-
ducous in one or both sexes. . - Lipoi'tena Nitsch.

5. Antennjc short, tuberculiform.

Antenna? elongate, clothed with hair distally.

Hii'PonoscA Linne.
Oi.PKUSiA Leach.

4^1

mi

59. NYCTEKTBIID.^.

Head small, capable of being turned backward into a groove
on the dorsum of the thorax. Antennte fhort, indistinctly
jointed, the terminal joint oval, with short hairs. Eyes and
ocelli indistinct or wanting. Legs long, the femora and tibiae
flattened. Tarsi arcuate. No wings.

Tliese peculiar flies, like tliose of the ^oregoing family, are
pu])iparous. They live exclusively on bats. But little is
known of their early stages. (See Osten Sacken.) The flies
have a peculiar, spider-like appearance, which is heightened
by the habit they have of throwing their legs up over their
back when at rest. But two or three species are known from
North America, and they a^'e rare. I have never seen them.

TABLE OF GEXEHA.

1. Metatarsi eloniiate. ..... XYrTKUiniA Westwood.

Metatarsi short. ...... Mi:(iisTopoi)A Maequart.

APPENDIX

During the printing,' of this Wdrk thorp have hoon a imiuix'r
of genera added to the fauna of the region incdiuU'd within its
limits. I give them as they shouhl he intovcahated in the
tables, together with some that liave been omitted or over-
looked, tlumgli i)reviously known. The student is recpiested
to make marginal references wlierever tliey sh(>uld bo inter-
calated.

LKPTINM-;, J). 44.

2. Front tihise with a sirifjle spur. .)r^

Front tibiae witli two spurs, KC-. . . Tkiptotr.ciia Loow.

2a. Anti'iinal style jointed ; fourth posterior cell closed (Central America

and West Indies) I'nKM:. s Walker.

Antennal style not jointed; fourth posterior cell open, orwantinjr

DiAi.Ysm V. alker.
STRATI OMV I N.K, ]). 4S.

0. Antenna^ much elonjjated,

Third antennal joint oval, with a terminal arista. Xo-thomvia Loew.

7. Face produced conically downward, . Mv ..)sar<;i-.s Hrauer.
Face not produced conically downward. ^

8. Third joint of the antenna, composed of six closely united annuii, with-

out style or arista; win-s expanded distallv" (Cent.-al and Soutli

„,, /V"''"""''''^ ANALCOCKRI.sLoeW.

liurd antennal joint composed of seven closely united annuii, without

style or arista; wings not expande.l distally (Central America and

East Indies). . . / . . Ca.mpkpro.soi.a Macquart.

These last two genera belong among the Sargina^ but have no terminal

arista.

PACHY fASTRI.X.I-:, ]>. 48.

1 Antenna? situated near the orjil margin 2

Antenna; situated near the middle of the head in profile. . la

la. Arista with a short, dense plumosity (Central America and Polynesian

. f*'*"'^'') LoiMioTKLEs Loew.

Arista bare.

1^

154

NOKTII AMKK'ICAX DITTKUA.

|).\SYl'<Mi(»MN.i:. p. at

2. rulvilli ruiliimntiiry or waiiliii^'.
I'ulvilli noriiiiil.

L'.l

lii. Claws vrry I()nj.\ with an cloii^ratiMl tootli at tin- base of cacli ; larjri'

sjK'cit'S (Central ami South America).
Claws normal.

Dll'UAM S !,()l\V,

Ami.m ri s Loiw.

21). Antenna- with a lonJ,^ terminal arista (Cen. America and K.ist Indies).

Damams Wiedemann.
Antenna' not with a terminal arista 2c

2c. ( hd y four i)ostt'ri(»r ceils j)resent; front very broad ahove; very small

siK'ck'S (Mexico).
¥ivv jiosterior cells present as usual.

TOWXSKXDIA Willistt

)n.

Asilinm;, i». ny.
4. Oviduct cylindrical, with a terminal circlet of spines.
Oviduct laterally flattened, etc. . . . .

4a. Abdomen shorter than the winf^s. .
Abdomen longer than the wings.

7. Oviduct laterally comjjressed. .

Oviduct conical. .....

7a. Third antennal joint unusually hairy.
Third antennal joint not unusually hairy,

4a
Kkax Macquart.

Ki'CKirosiA Schinir.
PuocTACANTins Mat.quart.

7a

\l

Anakmostls Loew.

Nkoim-asta Cot|uillett. Proc. Nat. Mus. 180;'), ;]{),", (June, 180(5. Same as

ffemerixliDniia, but the discal and second basal cells united and the

second posterior cell sessile.
Emi'IMORPma Coquillett. 1. c. ;J08. "Same as Emjiis, excei)t that the face

is covered with long bristly hairs."
Nkoc«)TA Cociuillett, 1. c. 4."j4. " Same as Jk/i(iiii/i/i<>wi/i(i, v\tv])t that the

face is thickly covered with long ])ile."
Mi(;koi>hokis Macfjuart, Dipt, du Nord, etc. 1827. Sejiarated from I.tplo-

fiezd and On/tlrnmiii of the table by the third antennal joint being

elongate, with a terminal style.
MEOiiYi'Kurs Loew, Stett. Knt. Zeit. 18.")0, oO:J. Se])arated from IIiilios

and Si/»(/i/iis of the table by the fourth longitudinal vein being

furcate.
rARAiiYDRoi'iioKiis Wlieelcr, Kntom. News, 18!>(;, 185. "Closely allied to

Sci/his and I/i/ilro/iliorKS, the $ distinguishable from the $ I/i/dro-

/i/ionis by the deep notch in the fore fi'inora. the jiromineiit si)ur on

the hind trochanter, and the structure of the liypupvgium.

■I>

i iS^ J ) i: .\ .

Those ,i;cMiera added to the X..rth Aiueri.-an laui.a si.iee th.-
I.u])lieation oi OsWu Saeken's ratah-^ue in 1S7S aiv lolh.we.l
by Ifoniaii and Arahie nunil.er.s referrin- to th.- authors and
papers of the bibliography -ivm in the Introduetion and
below. The genera <.t the Taehini.ia. and Dexiida- are not
included; they will be found on page 147.

U I%„t, I, Uc-v. c-t M-,ir, z„„l, iSo!.; o, ^nM„ns. Arc-. Kntouu ii. mH

LII. Mavq^um, I. I)ip,or.s i:x<.t. i, IS.lN; 2. i.i. ii, 1, 184(1; :;, id. ii ■' KSJl •

4 i.i. 11, ;], 1842; .-i. Suppi. i. 1844; .), Suppl. 2. 1840 ; 7. S„p,,l. ;;'

S4-; 8 S,.ppl.4,184!); <.., Suppi. .3, l8.-,0; 10, Dipt. -iu Xonl. .1. la
traiK'c, 182().

LIII. Loc-w, Hdtr. iv, 18A0; 2, V.rli. Z.m.1. Hot. V.r. }s:.r,- :J, Diptf. Su.laf-

rika., 18.,(); Stett. Ent. Z.it. 1844; o. IUtI. K.it. Zoit. 1858- <; H,-

nuTk. uclKT .iic. Kani. Asii. 184!) ; 7, NV.ir Hcitr. ii. l8o.-.
LIV. Homiani, 1, Stu.li K.ito.n. 1848; 2, Holl. Sue. Knt. Ital. 187.V :5 Arcli

per la Z.x.l. I8(i:]; 4, E^an.i .ii var. sp. Ins. Hra.s. 1848; o, Dip't. Itul'

1 rodr. l8o(i, I8(;i ; C, Ann. Soc-. Knt. Kr. ii, I8r,()
LV. Walkor, 1, Trans. Lon.I. K.it. S„e. v, ls.-,7;'-, Dipt. Saun.i. 18.34; :;

III!*. Brit. Dipt, iii, ISoO.
LVI. I'anzcr, Fauna Gerinanica, civ, 18(1(1.
I.VII. Schinor, I, Wic-n. Knt. M.,natsclir. iv, 1800; 2, i,] vi 180->. n Wrli

Zool. H.,t. Ges. 1807 ; 4, \ivi,v .Ivr Xuvaia, Dipt. 1808; 3, Wicn. Knt'

Monatsclir. v, 1801.
LVIIL Ilaii.lay, 1, Ann. Majr. Nat. Hist, ii, l8;)o; 2 i.i, iii, 18:J0; ;), Linn

Knt. VIII, 18r);{; 4, Ins. Hrit. Dipt, f, 1851.
LIX. Winnortz, 1, Linn. Knt. viii, 186^5; 2, v.rii. Z....1. Hot. (Jes. xiii, 18(;:!.

T x^ Tn':. '"■ ^'''^- '■"• ^^^"' ^' ^'^""- ^^'"'^- ^'"f- Ili-'^t. iii, U-]{».

L\. I liilippi, Verli. Zool. Hot. Gt'.s. 180.-).

lA'I Jionnic-ke. Ne„o Kxot. Dipt. Al.lian.il. Sc-nckenLorf, Gcs. 1807
LX Kobineau IXvsvoi.ly, Ks.^ai sur l.s Mvodaircs, 18;;o.
i.Xin. Gt"rsta'ckor,Stc-tt. Knt. Zcit. 1808.
LXIV. Sc'liuniniel, Okcn's. Isis, 18;]4.

LXV. Wostwood, Trans. Lon.I. Knt. Soc. 1881.

1 .")(;

NOUTII AMERICAN DTPTERA.

LXVI. .Mi'i^ri'ii, Illi^rer's Majj. 180:5.
LXV'II. Latrcilk', Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins. xiv, 1804.
LXVIII. Fraucnfeltl, VtT. Zool. Bot. Ges. 1807.
LXIX. Walilherfr, Oofv. k. Akad. Focrd. 1844.
LXX. WiiMlemaiin, 1, Auss. Zweifl. Ins. i, 1828; 2, id, ii, 18:10.
LXXI. Mik, Dipt. Untrr.suchun^en, Jahrosb. k. k. Akad. Gynin. zu Wien,
1>I». 1-24, 187S.

Alilditliiliis, s(>i' Abli'utus, 04
Aliiaiitus, •')4
Acanthina, 48-lx>;, 2
Acanthoinera, 49

AC.V.STHOMKISID.K, 4i>

Aclialcus, 71>
Acidia, 121
Acidojrona, 122
Aciura, 122
Acnemia, 18
Acrcotrichus, t57-lii, 0
AiTocora, 71

ACKOCEUID.K, 70

Aoroclici'ta, 4ti
Aerostifa, 118
Aorotsenia, 122
AcTotoxa, 121
Actora, 128
Aodt's, 22

Agatiion, 20-xxxvii, 12
A(/>i(it(iiiii/i(i, si'i' Dialysis, 44
Agroinyza, 104
A(;i{OMV/ii).K, 102
Aldric'liia, (i;")-xii. :'.(!
Allodia, 1!)

AUoiinosta, 40-xxNiv, 1
All()j>ra]>ta, ^7
Allophyla, 12<!
Anial()i)is. .'••")
Aini>liic'i)snnis, OO-xii, 20
Ampiiic'iu'plu's, 1 1.")
Anataini)ta, 1 17
AnalcociTUs, I'l.'i-liii, 2
Anarniostus, liKVliii, .">

Anarostonia, 12()
Anasta'C'hus, 00
Aiiilreiiosuinii, sec Niisa, 08
Ani'i)sius, 79
Anisoniora, ;55

A>ilso/>()(/i)ii, see llcteropojjon, 50
Anisotaniia, ()0
Anopheles, 22-lii, 2
Anthoniyia, 1:55

AXTIlOMYID.i;, loll

Anthoniyza, 105

Antho/ihi/ina, see Anthoinyza, 105

Anthrax, (50

Antocha, 'V-\

Aoehletus, 48-xxiv, 27

Apatolestes, 51-xlviii, ."5

Apliantotinnis, 78-xlvi, 1

A])hestia, 58.

Aphu'bantus, ('>7.

Apioeera, 00.

Ai'iocKUin.K 00

Aponiidas, 00-xii, 12

Ai)oj)horhynehus, 125-xlviii, 14

Api)eleia, 71

Apterina, 102-lii, 8

Ai)torthus, 77-i, 5

Archilestris, 55

Arctojihila, 88

Arnyra, 80-lii, 8

Ardoptera, 75

Ari/i/rdinii Iki, see Spot^ostylnni, 05

Arthoceras, 44-xliii, 4

Arthropeas, 4;!

Arlhrdsti/linn, sie I'heiieus, 15:1

Artiivroalossa. 1 10

§

IXDKX.

1 T^

Axriii^ sec N't'oascia, S(i
Asc'm()syri)liiKs, NS-vi, 40

ASIF.ID.K, ')-l

A si 1 us, 59
Asindulmu, 17
Asphondylia, 12
Aspistfs, ;J^
Asyiiai)ta, 12-liii, 1
Asyiidi'tiis, Til
Asteia, 107

AstrophaiU's, (!o-.\.\xiv, 27
Atarha, ;);!
Atoniosia, i^^
Atonia, Gi'f-xlviii, 11
Atlierix, 44
Atractia, oO-lii, ;]
A ty lot us, -66^ irv
Aulaciyastcr, 104
Azt'lia, l;5o

B

IJaccha, W.

Uaccliina, 80

BalioptiTa, 105

Beris, 40

Berisniyia, 4(;-xviii, ;j

Bibio, 38

Bibiocephala, 20
BmioNiixi;, ;{7
Bittacomorplia, 30
Jilai'odes, soc Locwiolla, 57
lilux, st'o Lot'wic'Ua, 57
Bicpharocora, 20
Bi.KPirAKcx i.;i{ii>/K, \\\
Blepharoprocta, 74
Blopliaropiuni, 57-liv, 1
Biepharoni'ura. 122
BojriTia, i;!()-ii, 2
Bolotina, 18
Boletophila, 10

BOMHVLIID.K, 08
Botuhylius, 00
Boimiouiim;, 101

lU

Borhorus, 102

Brat'hydcMitra, 111

Bracliyopa, 87

Hracl.yopliyra, i:;5-xvii, 8
Brac'liypalpus, 8!»
Rrachypritiuia, .'JO-xxxiv, 0
HrachypttToniyia, 152
liriciriia, llO-i.v
Briciniclla, 110-xvii, 0

Cacoxcnus, 104

Cauiia, 111

Ca'nosia, 135

Callicfra, 84-\lvi

f'allinicus, 5(!

Callii)li()ra, 14.5

Calloniyia, {)5

Callopistria, 118

('<i//i,h,rs„,svt' riatypcza, i)5

Calolmta, 113

('<i>n>nnii„,si'i> Volucolla, 87
('ainpt'prosopa, 15.")-lii, 0
('anipsicru nius, 80
Caniptocladius, 25
Cainptonc'ura, 117
(\inipyiornyza, 13
Cardiac'cpliala, 113-!;i, 4
Carit't'a, 135
rarphotricha, 122
Catahornha, 8(;
Catocha, 13
Ct'cido^'ona, 13
Cct'idoinyia, 12

rKCIlJO.MVlli^.;, 7

tVphalia, 112, 110
fVplicnornyia, I3f!
CVratitis, 120
(Vratoiiiyza, l«M-lvii, 2
r'cratopo^ron, 24
ri'raturjrus, 55
f''n,i, si'c Sphyxiinorpha, 84

lo8

XOUTII AMERICAN DIPTEUA.

' ,-t

reriiJjrastiT, HH-xlviii, 00
rei')tJiinia, 58
Coroplatus, 17
Coroxys, 117
Chit'toctrlia, l;^.'»-xvii, 0
Chit'topsis, llfl
Clialconiyia, Ho-xlviii, 1
Clianiosyrpliiis, 87-xxiii, 10
Chasniatonotus, 25
CIkihiki, si'i' Nocoliauna, 48
Cliilosia, 85
Chionca, -W
Cliiroiiiyzu, 4(5

ClllR<»SOMII).K.4S- XT-

Chiron()nius,4»r 2*

Chloroprocta, 143

Chlorops, 10<;

Chordonota, 47

Cliortopliila, 1^5

Chrysochlaiiiys, 89

Chrysochlora, 48

Clirysoc'hroina, 47

Chrysogastor, 85

Clirysoiiiyia, 1415

Cfiri/sonotns, s»ei' Clirysoc'lironia, 4^

Chrysopila, 44

Chrysops, 61

riirysotimus, 80

Chrysotoxum, 84

Clirysotus, 81

Chyliza, 114

Cladura, ;5:J

Clasiopa, 110

Cliinitor, st'i' FiOstoniyia, 57

Cli'igastra, 120

Clinocora, 75

Clinopera, 14.'>

Clinorliynolia, 12

Clitellaria, 48

Clunio, 25

Clusia, 127

Cailoiiu'topia, 110

ru'l<)i)a, 128

(Vnoiiivia, 4;>

Cii'iiosia, l."!5

Colpotlia, 12

CoiiKistes, sec Ilctcrostyliini, 00

Coinpsoniyia, 14.'5

Coniccps, 110

Conops, 02

COXOI'ID.K, 01

Copc'stylum, 87

Copl'iira, 57-xxxiv, 28

Coquilk'ttia, 05

Coretlira, 22

Conlylura, 20 i ^ c

Corizonciira, set' I'angonia, 51

Corynoneura, 25

Cnissisctfi, see Ehuiliiptcra, 100

Crii:otoi)us, 25

Crioprora, 80

Criorhina, 80

Cryptocliiutum, 104-liv, 2

Cryptolabis, 'Mi

rtenophora, -iO

Culex, 22

C|-MCII>-K, 20

Ciirtonotuni, 105, 108-lii, ;}

Cuterebra, loO

CyliiKlrotorna, ;^5

Cynipimorpha, 48-vii, 4

Cynomyia, 140

Cyphoinyia, 47

Cyrtid.k, see Acrocerida?, 70

Cyrtonia, 74

Cffrtoneitrit, see Morellia, 14-'i

ryrtopofjoM, 50

Dactyloinyia, 78-i, 0
Daliiiannia, O.".
Daiiialis, 154-lxxx, 1
Dasyllis, 58
Dasyiieura, 12

lhnil()i>()ij(tn, .see Lasiopopon, 50
Deromyia, 57-lx
Derinatobia, 1<'>0

IXDKX.

loy

I^c'smatoiiivia, (IT-xlviii, 'S.',

Dt'smatoiicura, (i7-.\Iviii, j:',

Di'siiioiuotojia, 104

Diaclilonis, ij2

Diacrita, 117

l>ialiii(.'iira, ^(l

I)ial_\ sis, 44

l>iaiiic'sa, 2.j

l>iapli()riis, ,vO

l>iiistata, l()."i

/'io/omiNcur,,, sec Pangoiiia, .j|

i)iclia_>ta, 110

Dichelacera, 02-111, 1

Diclisa, ol-hii, ;1

IMcIonus, uo

Dicraiioniyia, .'{2

Dicranota, ;>.')

l)icrarioi)tvflia, ;{;J

Dicranus, 1;j4

Didca, 8(j

Diloplius, ;]H

Dioctria, o(l

DioijmlU's, see Doroniyia, 57

I^ioiiiyza, 12

Dioi'sii)^:, 111

Diostrcfus, 70

Diotropha, 33

Dipalta, Go

D!,>lucentm, see Curtonotuin, 108

J>iplnsls, 12

Dirliiza, 12

JJisrorrrinu, see Clasiopa, 110

Disconiyza, 110

Ditornyia, 17

Dixa, 28

DixiD.K, 28

Dizonias, 55

Hocosia, 18

Dol idiom via, 07
Doliehopeza, ;{()
DoMc'iioi-oDii)^, 7r»
Dolichopus, 78
I*«llox;,r,,hus, see Prioiiu.rus, 88

Diirycliis. 57-lxi
l>rapeti>, 7.")
I>ros()pliila, 108
l>r()s(tj)liili(l;e, 107
Dryintia, l.;4
l>n()ii)yza, 12«

Kecritosia, 154

Kciiiiiiis, 07-liii, 4

Kctecepiiala, 100

Kc'thrxiopa, 5(1
I'^ftyphus, 04-ixii;
J'-Jl'ild, see Krax, 50
Klachiptera, 100-iii, 0
KU'pliantoniyia, .'5:!
Kllipoiieura, Hki
Kliiptera, .•]:)
Knipe<ia, ;!4
Kmimdid.k, 72

Kinpiiiiorpha, 154
Etiii)is, 74
Knsina, 122
Kpacrims, ()7-xxiv, 27
yi/'i/xius, see Kcliiims, 07
KpJi.vdra, 111
l''i'iivi)uii»^, 108
Kpieyj)ta, 18
Kpidapus, 17-lviii, 4
Kpidosia, 12-liii, 1
Kpiphrajrina, -'4
Kpiplatea, 110
Kpochroa, 121
Krax, 50
Krioeera, ;J5
Krioptera, 34
Kristaiis, 88

Krishilomum, xvv Kristaiis, 88
Kiiaresta, 123
Kucessia, 07-xii, 8
Kudierana, 18

^' "•/''"'" "'//'■". see llamniersehniidtia. HI
Kuhyhus, 154

•>?*f.f-3'.-'J|. »?»,•<,•.»;.,

1()0

NOIMMI AMKKICAN DIITKUA

I'll.

Kuloiiclius. 71
Kiiiiiat(>itia, 1 11'
Kui»arliyj»!>-is. 4H
Kupt'oiU's, 1(!
Kurosta, \-22

Kuryci'pliala, llS-xxvii, l:J
KuryciK'inus, "io
Kurytu'ura, 4S
Kutai>\is, HI
KutoliiHis, ;")<»
Eutri'ta, 1-Jl'
Kuxesta, 110
Exi'chia, l!»-lix, 2
Kxc'pacMius, (i(i-xii, •'!(•
I^x()pr()S()j)a, H')
Exoptata, (io-xii, 0

Fuci'llia, 120, i;5o

Q

(iastropliilus, l;i(>
Gaurax, 10(5
{leniinuria, Ofi-xii, .".(i
fii:<)MV7.ii>^:, 104
Geranomyia, ."/J
Goron, (»8
Gloiiui, 75
Glutops, 44

Giiamptopsilopns, 78-i, ">
(inophomyia, ;'>4
Gnorista, 18
Goniops, ">l-i, 1
Goiioiiiyia, :>4
Graplioinyia, 144
Griplionciira, 1'24-lvii, 4
Gyinnopliora, !);j
(lyimioptiTims, 70

H

nal»r«)])<)f;()n, o(»
Iladnmiyia, 80-xlviii, 20
llatlnis, 51
lla>inatol)ia, 14;!

il;riiiat{)pi)ta, 52-lxii
IlatiiiiKTsclimidtia. 87-lxiv
Ih'caiiK'di', 1 Ki-lviii. 2
IIi'lic()l)ia. 14()-xii. ••!:}
il('li,iimnin.'iira, 5!i-li, 2
Ik'loinyza, 12<I
Hklomyzik.k. 125

ss

Ik'lopliilui-
lU'iiiLTodroiiiia. 75
Ik'iiiitdilora, 14:5

//,

(■mijifntlies

'V Aiiihrax, OCi

IIcMTOstoauis, 7!>
Ik'riiK'tia, 4(!
Ik'sporimis, ;]8
Ik'ttTacaiitiia, 4(')-lii, 7
Ik'torocliroa, 105-lvii, 4
J/i/t'romi/id, SCO Ccratopojjon, 24
Ik'ttTomyza, 12(i
Ik'teroiR'ura, 127

llETKKOXKlKID.i:, 12(i

Ik'teropt'za, 12-lix, -l
Ik'ttToiJOjron, 5(1
Hi'tcrostyiuiii, (Kt-lii, (*»
Ik'xachit'ta, 121
Ilyc'Iotiiyia, lo5-lxii
Ililara, 75

Hilariniorplia, ~i], 84-lvii, 1
IliintToiissa, 116
llippelati's, 107
IIil)p()l)()st'a, 152

IIlI'l'()BOS( ID.K, 151

IlirmoiU'ura, 02
Ilistiodrdina, 47-1 vH, 4
Ik)lcM)c'i'pliala, 50
Ilolopojion, 50
II

oloriisia, ;>6

lloinaloinyia, i:>5
IIoriiioiiiN ia, 12-liii, 1
Ik)rni()i)t'za, 75
llyadiiia, 110
llybos, 74
II\drc'llia. 110
IlydrobaMius, 25
llydroplioria, l;!5

Ilydntjjlionis, so
llv(lri)t;i'a, LM
Ilvftodfsiii, 1-Ji')
Hvirroc'cliMitlius, 78
IlypiTaloiiia, (;.',-!! V, ;|
Hypcn'diia, oS-lvii, ;J

nypocliarassiis.NO-xxxlii, I
IlypoiiiTina, l.id

It'tcTica, ]-JJ
Maria, 117
Mioplasta, .T)
Ilythi.a, 111-lviii, 2
Ischnoiiiyia, lOo
Jsoprnl'irs, see Anthrax, 0»>
Itcapliila, 74

Johnsonia, UO-xii, ;);i

I^anipria, [)8
Laparus, ;")({
I.-apliria, GH
Laphystia, 6;',
Lasia, 71

I.asiarjjyra, 80
Lasiopojron^ .-,<;

I.asiops, I'jo

Lasioptora, 12

Lasiosoina, 18

Lastaurus, 57-Iiii, fl

Lauxaiiia, 124

Leia, 18
Lcioinyia, 104

Lcpidantlirax, fl')-xxxiv, 2(5
y^c/>H/omj/ia, see Lepidostola, 85
LL'j)id()pJ,()ra, 07
Li'pidostola, 8">-xxxiii, 4
L(pi(/osc/a;/„, set' Iladrus, 51
Lr,>m>H>,ia, svv Lopidostola, 85
I^KI'TIIm;, 41

JNDKX.

I-<'[itir>, 44

/.i/it„r/n7i,s. SCI' Kpacrmis, i>7
lA|it()<,--a.«iti'r, 54
^tptdiiiyrlas, i\:\
lA-pt()j)('za, 74
lA'i>t()rlu-tlMiin, 78-i, 5
Li-ria, I2(t-Ixii
LL'stoiiiyia, ■)7-xlviii, 40
l.ist<>i,l,„nns, ,s<c' ('npt.M'lia'tum, KM
lA-.stri'iilia, ].'!-Iii, lo
Leucoiriilina, I.'i4-lii
lA'U('of»is, 104

L«'uc()st(»Ia, 81
I-oiicDzona, 87
Liaiu aliis, 80
Liiiiriohia, ;J2
Liiimoi)hila. .14
Linm()j)liora, l.'i
Liruosina, 102-lii, 0
I^i()j,niia, ;>5
Lipoiu-ura, 20-liii, 4

LlPONEUlUD.K, 10

I^ipopti'tia, 152
Li spa, i;J5
Lohioptcra, 104
La'wiella, 57
Loncluoa, 124
Lonchoptt-ra, 172

Lo\t'||()I.||;l{I|,,K, 172

LoDgiirio, ;!0
Lophotfk'is, ]5;Miii, 5
Lordottis, 00-1, 1
LoxociTa, 114
Lucilia, 144

Lycastrirliyricha, 88
Lyronourus, 81

M

Macc'lloc'orus, 70-lxxi
Machirmis, 50
iMaoroct-ra, If!

Morrnrrnnn,/s, sot' Xyloniyia, 43
Macropi'za, 25

161

11

162

NORTH AMERICAN DITTEIIA

HicRopezinc

Macrosiir^iis, 47-vi, Ci
Mtitlizii, ll:{
.Nfalloplioni, A9
Miillotii, SS
Miiiiciii, (i'j-xii, S
.Miintii»t'Zii, ir)4
Medi'tonis, ~H
.Mi'<;aj)()(li>, i>~
-Meifiiiiu'tapnii, >^7-xvii, .'!
.Mi'uarrhimis, '2'2
Meffliyprrus, 154
Moyistoc'cra, .")(i-l.\x, 1
McjiistoiJoda, 1-V2
Melaiiostoiiia, W>
Melophaiiiis, 102
M( rapioidus, W»-vl, r!2
Mcroniacrus, ><7-liv, 4
Mcromyza, 10(i
Mcrnsar,uus, tT-liii, 2
Mosi'iubriiia, 144
Mc'sc'inbriiU'Ua, 144
Mestyniiita, sec Mc'So<framnia, H7
Mesogramnia, 87
Mt'tacosimis, 07-xii, 2(>
Mc'tapelastonourus, 78, 70-1, 0
Mctapliragiiia, ()0-xii, 20
Metriocnoinus, 25
Miastor, 12
Microchrysa, 47
Microdon, 85
MicTonivia, lo
^licTopcza, IKj „^
MicT()i)liorus, 154
MicTostylmn, 55
Mili'sia, 87
Milichia, 104
MixojiastiT, 84

J/(((7/f//('/«.s,sc'i' Ih'li<^moiicura, 50
Molophilus, .{4
Moiigoma, :>4-lxv
Morc'llia, 144
Mvcc'taulus, 112
MycL'tobia, 17
Myt'i'topliila, 18

Mix'KToi'iiii.iK.i;, 1;>
Mycotliira, 10
Myda-a, Kio-lxii
Mydaid.k, (i2
Mydas, n:]

Myc'laplius, 55-vi, ;J8
Myeniiis, 118
Myiolc'pta, 85
AIy()l)a, 0:i
^IyrIm'C•()myia, llti
Myosjjila, 144
Mythicoiiiyia, 7."!, 74-xii, .'18
Myx()sar!,Mis, 48-vii, 4
Musca, 14:5
Musciim:, 0(i, 140
Miiscina, 14;i

N
Naiisifiastcr, 85-xlviii, 4(!
Ncbritus, GO-xii, 20
Nfinatoproctus, 80

NKMISTlUNIDi*;, (>0

Neinopoda, 112

Neoclasta, 154

Neinott'lus, 48

Ncoscia, 80-xlviii, 00

Neoaspilota, 122

Ni'ochauna, 48

Ni'oeinphoria, 18

Nc'oexaireta, 40

Nooylapliyroptora, 10

Ni'oidiotypa, 110

Xeoitainus, 50

AVo//ior//(f'/»,s,soe Ilclifjiiioneura, 59

Noorondaiua, 47

Nerius, U-i

Nourifiona, 78-liv, 5

Nicocles, 57

Norollia, 120-l\x

Nothoniyia, 148

Notiphila, 110

Notojfraiiiiiia, 118

Nusa, 58-1 V, 2

Nvi'tiTibla. 152

[ fi3

INDKX.

u;:;

o

Octht-ra, 110

OctlicToidi'ji, 110

Octliiphila, .104

Ociia'u, 71

< >cy(lr()rnia, 71

Ocyptainus, M(l

Oilintucrti, SCO CV'ratuniyza,

Oiloiitoniyia, 47

Oc'cac'ta, 2;")

Occothi'a, 121)

Ofdaiiiagi'iia, i;](»
< >e(Iasi)is, 122
Oedicarona, 121
Oodopa, IIH
Oestkiim;, 1,'{(J
Oi'strus, l;]6

')ll)ioyaster, 41-xxxiv, 20
Olfersia, lo2

Omegasyrplius, 84-xvii, 5
Ominatius, r>0
Oiicodes, 71
Oncodocera, 07
Onconiyia, 03
Onesia, 140-Ixx
Opetiophora, 100
Ophyra, KJu
Oponiyza, 105
Opschius, 71
Orniia, liVJ
Ornithoniyia, 152
Orphnopliila, 20

OKI'lINKl'niMD.K, 20

Ortalid.k, 114
Orthocladius, 25
Orthoneura, see Chrysogaster, Hi
(Mhuneuromiiia (Psilocurus) 55

<)8CINII)/K, 105

Oscinis, 107
< )spriocerus, 54
Ostracocoelia, 110-xvii, 48
Oxycera, 48

I'acliyccriiia, 124
I'acliy^rastiT, ih
I'acliyiiicria, 74
1'acliyrliiria, ."iO
ralloptera, 124
I'altojiloriia, 20-lvii, ;)
104 Pariiioiiia, 51
I'aiitarhes, 0(1
raraeliiis, 7'.»
I'aracosinufi, 07
I'arauorgopis, llJ<-xvii, 8
I'arafius, 85
I'araliydrophorus, 154
I'araliinna, 110
I'araiiiiiitlio, 14(>-1, 27
Taratropesa, ;>5-lvii, 4
I'arydra, 111
I'edic'ia, .'15
IH'oiiiyia, i;J5-lxiii
Pelastoneurus, 78
Pek'cocera, 84
IVIagoinyia, 48
Pelina, liO

IVIoinyia, llO-xlviii, (i7
Poleropeodes, 79-xlvi, 1
IViitlioptera, 85
Pericuma, 27-1 v, \i
Peronyma, 121
Phalacromyia, 88
PlialocTocera, o5
Plieiieus, 15;)
IMiilonic'Us, 50
Pliilopota, 71
Pliil}iyf.ria, 110
J Plioneutisca, 75
Phora, 05
Phorbia, i;55-lxii

PlIOHID.K, 05

IMiortica, lo:]
J'lirissopoda, 140
Phthinia, 18

PlIVCODROMID.i;, 128

■ 'ff-t'.^- ,,'i-.

1(54

xnirni amkiiican diptkha

m^,

■ ].

*i

I-.;

■f

'If

" i

1

1

1

riiyil()liii)is, ;;4

IMiyllomitlas, r>;!-vi, olJ

IMitliiri.'i, f!7

IMiyloniv/a, 104

riiysoi'i'pliala, J>:)-lvii, (i

I'liys()<;i'nna, 121-lii, t>

rhytoinyza, lO.'J

l*i()i)liila, li:]

rioi'iiii.iD.K, sec Scpsifhn 111

Pipiza, Ho

PiiM'Nrri,ii)/K, (>;5

Pil)unc»ilus, H4

J'/titflitri'i-d, si'i' Mcroniacnis, 07

IMajjioiK'iirus, 78

Plajxiotoni.i, 121

Platychinis, m

Platycnenia, 05

I'latynocluetus, HH-lxx, 2

Platypoza, 05

Platypezid/I':, 04

Platystoma, 115

Platyura, 17

PU'cia, m

Plcctromyia, ■%

IMc'siastina, 17

Plesionuua, 5(>

Ploas, <}6

Pocota, see Hadroniyia, 80

Pcpeilobotlirus, 7H-lxxi

Poffonosoiua, 58

Pollenia, 144

Pulifdonta, see Polydontornyia, 80

ISairoptcra, I IS
i'scmiatricliia. 7(t
Psciiiiorus, ")7
Psila, 114

I'SIMI..!., 114

Psiloccpliala. (50

Psiiocunis {Ortliniii iin>mi/ifi) 55

Psih.pa, 110

Psilojuii^, 77

Psyeliotla, 27

PsYciionini:, 20

Psilota, 85

Pteeticus, -?7

Pterallasti's, 88

Pterooalia, 118

Pterodontia, 71

Plenifillhi, see Meromacrus, 88

Ptioiiiia, 44

l*tyeli«)i)tera, :{fl

Pycnopoj,M)n, 5<!

Pyrjrota, 115

Pyreliia, 144

Pyroplia'na,"H«^ >i'

Kivellia, 110

lilial)d()psela])hus, 08-vi, 40
Ithaehicerus, 415
Kliadiurfrus, 50
Hhaiiiphoniyia, 74
Khaniphidia, •')•>

I'oiydontoiiiyia, 80

Hiiajdiiocera, 40-lii, 0

Polylepta, 18

Hhai)lii()riiyn('hus, 40-lxx

Polymedoii, 70

Uhai)iiioiniilas, 00

Polymera, 31, JM

Hhapliiuin, 81

Polymorphninyia, 122-xli, 2

Khiciioessa, 10;>

Porpliyrops, HI

Kliiiiflia, 87

Prionierus, 87-lii, 0

Khiiiotora, PJiJ-lvii, 4

Proc'hyliza, 112

Khiphidia. :52

Proctacantlius, 50

UlIOPAI.OMKKlD.K, 124

Proniacluis, 50

/»'/////«//"/«///(/, see Willistoniella,125

Prothccus, see Pipunciilus, 04

i{ii()i)al()syrplius, 84

I-iliyiiKisi;!, l!»
Kliviicli()ci'i)lialiis, (!2
KiivniiD.i;. 40
l{liy})liol()plnis, ;;;;
JJliyplius. 41

SaIpiiij-(ii:ii>ttT, MC,
Sai)r()myzii, |-J4

SaIMJOMV/.ID.i;, \S',

Sarapoiioii, 07
Sarc'oplia.CT, 140
SAKCoi'iiACiiD.i;, 1;17
Sarcopliafriila, 140-1, 7
Sarc()i»liilo(Ifs, 140
Sarins, 47
Scatella, 111

SCATOMVZID.K 12,S

Scat()i)liai,'-a, 12!)
Scat()i).sc', :]H
Scc'llus, HO

SCKNOI'IMD.K, no

Sccnopinus, 70
Hciara, 17
Sciomyza, 127

SC!()MV/ID,i;, 127

Sciophila, 17
SL-huiiioniyza, loo
ScicTopojron, 54

Scoliocentra, 12(1

Sc'oiiopc'lta, 4(i, 48-.\lviii, 2

Scyplit'lla, lOo

Sc-noffastcT, 80-lii, 0

Scoptora, 110

S('j)0(l()M, 128

Ski'sid.k, 11]

Sepsis, 112
Scricoiiiyia, 88
Sijfjiloivssa, 108
Siumatoiiicra, i]i]
Silviiis, 'A
SiMUMiD.K, ;J8
Siiniiiium, 40

IN')i;.\

^il>liiiiiflla, IOC.
SoiiKiiiiyia, 114
Spiiiiia, 41
^|»aiii()(Hra, l2-iix, I
Spariiopoliiis, 07
Sl)lia.i;H'iis

SpIiaToccra. 102-I.\vii
Sjihawoplioria. S7
Splu'coMiyia, 00

Spll(.ni,|.,_ SO

!^pliyracci)liala, 114

Sphyxiiiioriilia-liv, 0

SjiilouastiT, l.",4

i^pilo^raplia, 121

i^pilotiiyia, HO

f**pn,uostyliuii, (i.Vlii, 2

Sta-jTCTia, Ls

Stt\«aiia, 108

Stt'iKTc'tiiia, 110

StciioirastiT, sec Sonofrjistpr, 89

St"i)()iiia(Ta, 110

Stcnoriiyia, 1 !!>

f^tcnopa, 121

Stl'IlOpOjroll, ,04

Sti'n()pr()S(){)us, oO-lij^ j
Stenoptcrina.lK;
Stibasoriia, o2-lvii, :>
Sticliopofron^ ;-)()

Stic't()cq)liala, 118
Stiljuiogastcr, OO-liii, 0
Stilp()n,7r)

'Storiioxys, 14;]
Stonyx, ((')
Stratiomyia, 47
Stuatiomvidj.;, 44
Straussia, 121
Stri'hia, 102
StyI()<rjistor, 0;J
Styucropus, •}(;

'V"/"/A/, soc Xylomyia (Krrata)
i^yinpk'ota, ;!4
•\viiiplioroniyia, 44-lxviii
Syiiipycmjs, 8]

k;;.

If*

ific.

NORTH AMKRirAX DIITKUA.

SviiaiiiphotiTii, 7o
Syiidviis, 74
SyiU'C'hi'S, 74
Syntt'iiina, IH
Syntlu'siomyia, 14:!
SyntorMKtn, HO
Syritta, W»
Svui'iiiiM-:, S2
Syrphus, H7
Systtrcliijs, (!('»
Systropus, (57

Tahanus, i)2
TAnAXiD.t:, 49
TabiKla, GO
Tachyilromyia, 75
Tac'liypt'za, 7;")
Tnehytrechus, 79
Tanypoza, US
Tanyprennia, :>0
Tanypus, 2")
Tanytarsus, 2'»
Taracticus, ^>~

Temnocn-a, see Voluoella, 87
Temnostoiiia, 90
Tephritis, 128
Tephrochlaniys, 120
Tephronota, ll*
Tetanocera, iiJfr \1.%
Tetanops, 117
Tetanura, 11:!
Tetragoneura, 17
Tetropisnienus, 117
Tersethes, 24-lxiv, 9
Teucholabis, ;>3
Tt uchocneinis, 89
7'A«/«M«,8ee Diotrepha, oC
Tliecoiiiyia, 128
Thereva, 69

TllEKKVID.K, (58

Tlieria. 140-L\ii
Theriopleetes, 52

'J'/it-rfiiiini/id, si'c Ki'liniiis, (57

Thin()*)liilus, 81-lxix

Tlilipsogastcr Oti

'I'ipula, :!<■»

'I'li'ci.iD.i:. 29

'rolnuTUs, ;')!•

Townsi'iiilia, 104

Toxojtliorn, (is

Toxorrhiiia, .'..J

Toxotrypana, 120

Tri(M>])ius, 1")2

Tric'liot'era, ;!4

Trichonta, 19

Tricliosia, 17

Trlclis, iWliii, (5

Trigonoiiu'topus, 127, 128

Triinicra, ;54

Trineura, 95

Triotiites, see Apliu'hantus, (57

Triudottfii, see Polydontoniyia, 89

Triogina, ."5")

Triplaslus, (5()-liii, 7

Triptotricha, 44

Tritoxa. 117

Tritozyga, V>1

Trocliobola, 32

Tropidia, 88

Tropidomyia, 92-xlviii, 34

Trypeta, 121

Trypktio.*;, 119

Tylomyia, 112-xvii, 9

Tyreomiua, 143

u

rbristes, 85
Ula, 35

Uiamorpha, 34
riidia, 118
Urellia, 123

Volueella, 87

Velocia, see llyperalonia, 04

INDKX.

107

W

WillistoiiifllH, iLVj-xxxiii, 10
WiniiiTtzia, ]-J

\v|oj,liaj,'iKs t;!
Xvloiiiyia, 4;]-liv, 5 ('«J1)
Xvlota, W)

Xarithoc'lilonis
Xaiithoyraimiia, b7
Xi'noc'liii'ta, 122-xli, 2
X<'sloi,ii/za, see Thereva, 00
Xiphura, :J(i

XVM»I'|IA<iU)/K, 41

Yitix/isiti, see Ilyetodesia, ].'}4

Zoiiion, 0.'}
Zyuoiiiyia, 18
Zytjoneura, 17