n5U\ \, ^^ V .1^ V^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 !^^ US v iU 12.: S lis 12.0 |Z2 1.1 1-25 11.4 EI.6 ^^ /> r Photographic ScMioes Ck^rparatioii 23 WKT MAM STRHT WnSTIR,N.Y. 14SM (7l*)t73-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Inttituta for Historical IMicroraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notoa tochniquas at bibliographiquaa Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibiiographically uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may aignificantly changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chaclcad balow. D D D D D D D Colourad covara/ Couvartura da coulaur I I Covara damagad/ Couvartura andommagia Covara raatorad and/or iaminatad/ Couvartura raataurAa at/ou pailicuMa I — I Covar titia miaaing/ La thra da couvartura manqua Colourad mapa/ Cartaa gAographiquaa an coulaur n Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or blacic)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) r~n Colourad plataa and/or illuatrationa/ Planchaa at/ou illuatrationa an coulaur Bound with othar matarial/ Rali4 avac d'autraa documanta Tight binding may cauaa shadowa or diatortion along intarior margin/ taraliura aarria paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la diatortion la long da la marga intiriaura Blank laavaa addad during raatoration may appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibla. thaaa hava baan omittad from filming/ 11 aa paut qua cartainaa pagaa blanchaa ajoutiaa lora d'una raatauration apparaiaaant dana la taxta. mala, loraqua cala 4tait poaaibla. caa pagaa n'ont paa «t4 filmiaa. Additional commanta:/ Commantairaa supplAmantairaa; L'Inatitut a miicrofilmA la mailiaur axamplaira qu'il lui a At* poaaibla da sa procurer. Laa d^taila da cat axamplaira qui aont paut-Atra uniquaa du point d» vua bibliographiqua. qui pauvant modifiar una imaga raproduita. ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dana la mAthoda normaia da filmaga aont indiquAa ci-daaaoua. r~~| Colourad pagaa/ Pagaa da coulaur Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagAaa □ Pagaa raatorad and/or Iaminatad/ Pagaa raataurAaa at/ou pailiculAaa Pagaa diacolourcd. ttainad or foxad/ Pagaa dAcolorAaa, tachatAaa ou piquAas Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa ditachAaa Showthrough/ Tranaparanca Quality of print varias/ Quaiit* inAgaia da I'impraaalon Includaa aupplamantary material/ Comprand du material aupplAmantaira lid D 0 D D I — I Only edition available/ D Seuie Edition diaponible Pagaa wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., hava been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Lea pages totalament ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuiliet d'errata, una pelure, etc., ont M filmAes i nouveau da fa^on A obtanir la mailleure imaga possible. Thia item is filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document eat film* au taux da reduction indiqui ci-deaaous. 10X 14X 22X 26X 30X T ^2X 16X 20X 24X 32X Th« copy filmed h«r« ha« bMn r«produc«d thanks to tho gonorotity of: Stminary of QimImc Library L'oxomplairo filmA fut raproduit grica * la ginArositA da: Mminairt da Qutfbae BiMiotMqua Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha baat quality possibia conaidaring tha condition and lagibllity of tha original copy and In kaaping with tha filming contract tpacif ications. Laa imagaa suivantaa ont it* raproduitaa avac la plus grand '>oin. compta tanu da la condition at da la nattati da I'axamplaira f'inii, at tn conformity avac las conditions du contrat da filmaga. Original coplas in printad papar covara ara fllmad baginning with tha front eovar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or llluatratad impr^^s- sion. or tha back covar whan approprlata. Ail othar original copiaa ara fllmad baginning on tha f irat paga wKh a printad or llluatratad impraa- sion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or llluatratad impraaaion. Tha last racordad frama on aach microflcha shall contain tha symbol — i^- (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol y (moaning "END"), whichavar applias. Maps, platas. charts, ate. may ba fllmad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly includad in ona axpoaura ara fllmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar. laft to right and top to bottom, as many framas as raquirad. Tha following diagrams illustrata tha mathod: Laa axamplairas orlginaux dont la couvartura an papiar aat imprimAa font fiimis 90 commandant par la pramiar plat at en tarminant soit par la darnlAra paga qui eomporta una ampralnta d'impraaalon ou dtliuatration. soit par la sacond plat, aalon la eaa. Toua laa autraa axamplairas orlginaux aont filmto an commandant par la pramlAra paga qui eomporta una amprainta d'impraaalon ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui eomporta una talla ampralnta. Un daa aymbolaa auivants apparattra sur la darnlAra Imaga da chaqua microflcha. saion la caa: la aymbola — *• signifia "A SUIVRE". la aymbola V signifia "FIN". Las cartas, planchas. tableaux, ate pauvent ttra filmte * das taux da riduction diffirants. Lorsqua la document est trop grand pour itre reproduit en un seui clich*. il est film* i partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche k cfroita. et de haut an bas, en prenant la nombre d'imagas ndcessaira. Lea diagrammea auivtsnta illuatrant la mithoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ppi!WJiAf4WHP«.ww vmifnimm^''^'^ ''^^mmm'i^^mmmfmmmmmmmmmftllll^ [From the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Feb. 1863.] ImportMiM of nrSBOT ABOHITBCTUXB to BntomologUts. Bf WILLIAM COUPEB, Assiatant Secretary of the Literary and Historical Society, Quebec, Ac. That the study of forms coostructed by the Articulata lead to the de- termination of the parent architects, is evident to every intelUgent inves- tigator of the insect world. Yet strange to say, I have not met with an Entomologist on this side of the Atlantic who specially devoted his lei- sure in collecting them. It cannot be said that it is for want of material that this neglect arises, tor in Canada, I have collected upwards of six thousand specimens of both animal and vegetable structures formed by larva, or made use of by perfect insects to fulfill their ends. A well arranged Cabinet of Insect Architecture presents a most char- ming picture to the lover of Nature — when these various and curious works of inuects are brought together — then it is, that sensation and ap- preciation will be realized. It is at this stage that the Entomologist sees the real connective use of a collection of this nature with the Order of his study. A hasty glance over this accumulation of buildings erected by our little architects presents us the numerous and various shaped galls produced 1 ' -'^mmm' 1863.] 871 i^ by Cynipidie; stems of plants exhibiting the labour of the parent insects in boring through the pith to form cells for their progeny. Plants, such as the Coniogelinum Canadensis, the interior of the stem of which is ocou> pied by hundreds of cocoons of a Moth. Leaves of plants rolled, curled, tented and mined by Caterpillars and Aphides. Cells of the various Hy- menopterous insects ; the beautiful little nests of wasps, some quite round, others pear-shaped, tlie work of a single pair. What a contrast between Ahese little structures and the nest of the common Wasp, which is some- times twelve inches in diameter. A wasp occurs in Western Canada that illustrates the constancy of specific work. This species generally selects a hole in a bank, such as would be left by the falling out of a round stone. The foundation is laid by a substance similar to that used by the common species; this is worked upwards for a short distance. They then procure a much whiter substance, and with it a second ring is formed of about three quarters of an inch wide. The nest is thus a continuation of white and brown rings, and from this peculiar instinct in the insect's mode of archi- tecture, it is named Vespa marginata. Hymenopterous insects, also con- struct nests of mud and clay, laboring from day to day (in their season) un- til completion; and the species called hornet make use of the same kind of material that the cliff swallow selects to build its nest. The leaf-cutting Bee is provided with mandibles formed to cut circular pieces from leaves of plants, and often have I watched its dexterity and neatness of work. The collector of insect architecture may sometimes find under the bark of trees, three or four rolls of semi-decayed leaves, from one to two inches in length. — They are frequently placed side by side, and contain food on which the larvsR feed. The cells are not unlike a continuation of thimbles placed equidistant into each other. We also have the architectural laoor of Ants in beautiful gallaries, supported by pillars and traverses on which generations of the insects move up and down in the decayed tree. The tubular aquatic nests of the larvm of Caddis-flies are subjects for an enquiring mind; some being formed of grains of sand, others of leaves and pieces of wood. A Coleopterist is content when the imago is discovered, and after des- cribing it, considers his part performed towards the advancement of human knowledge. Another goes further in delineating forms of larvae, but their architecture, in all cases, whether the work of larvse or of imago is altogether neglected. Can not beauty and design be seen in the cocoons of Osmoder- ma scabra and Osmoderma eremicola f When the egg-shaped cocoons of these pith-eating larvse are examined, we perceive them formed of fine par- ^^^"l^i^lff* ««p mmm mmmmmimfm mm^ mmmmm -^^^^^ S72 [Febettart tides of ejectamenta with fragments of wood, which the insect cements to- gether by means of a saliva; and these pretty strjotures are formed in total darkness in the interior of trees. Does not the imago Oanthon laevig teach us a lesson in the mode by which it provides food for its progeny; and why should the globular structure be rejected by the Entomologist? It is no wonder that the ancient Egyptians worshipped its relative. The Modus operandi of the Gicadte. may be familiar to Entomologists; we know that they deposit their ova in branches of fruit trees, and I find the exuvtm of the njfmpha state in forests, therefore, it is a nice investigation to determine the trees on which it is a parasite. What a pretty Collection the Lepidopterous Cocoons make of themselves? How many Students are there to day, who looks on the cocoons of this order as possessing interest? The insects are all they care to make room for; large sums are expended to procure descriptive books, at the very time natures information is with- in reach. Little thinking that the Chrtfmlis covering formed by the Caterpillar reveals the genus to which it belongs. For instance, this year a young beginner rears the Caterpillar of Attacua luna, which forms its cocoon, and in due time he procures the imai/o. Next year, he finds a Caterpillar of Attacvx poli/phemus, which, although a cogener, differs from the former in form and markings. It also spins a like cocoon in size and texture, and in this way, our young beginner discovers that he is the possessor of two species of a genus. In Lepidoptera a remarkable analogy appears in the cocoons of every species of a genus; and we discover a dif- ference between generic forms throughout the order. Hence, I am of the opinion that the cocoon is an easy means of specific identification, as well as to enhance classification. Insect Architecture supplies us with a cor- rect history of Hymenopterous and Dipterous parasites. Its study makes us better acquainted with the destructive insects, and gives us a knowledge wherewith we can check their progress. The collector will also devote a space in the cabinet to spider architecture. They are the most ingenious structures, many of them, mathematically speaking, surpasses any form produced by true insects. Two cases 18 by 24 inches will suffice to hold a large number of speci- mens. One should be 2 J inches deep, to contain small forms, and the other 6 inches, for larger ones. To have a glass frame on hinges, — the frame to fit into th^ case when closed; this is to prevent the escape of small parasitic Hymenoptera &c., which may from day to day appear. Mount the specimens on colored cards, that they may be better exhibit- ed,— ^write remarks &c., relating thereto on the card, and with strong pins place it in the cabinet. 1868.] 878 Bcmurki on Tent-bnildlng Ants. BT WILLIAM OOUPER, Assistant Secretary of tbe Literary and Historical Society, Quebec, Ac. An Ant occurs on tbe Homewood estate, near Toronto, U. Canada, that oonstruots a kind of papier mdchi tent over Aphides, parasitic on a spe- cies of Alder. This structure is attached to the smaller branch<)s of the tree, generally about two or three feet from the ground. The material used by the Ants appears to be fine dust fallen from the interior of decay- ed hard-wood trees. They convert the dust into a sort of paste which is carried up in small particles. It is wonderful to notice the steadiness and rapidity of these little architects about their work. During the cooler por- tions of sunny days, the whole working force (neuters) of the nest are out at labor, running up and down on the main trunk of the shrub on which the Aphides are living. Each ant on its upward course, having a small particle of the ready-made building material in its mandibles, which it adds to the structure, and the work is continued . lily until the extent of the colony of Aphides is under cover. The ft .u )f structure altogether de- pends on the position of the Aphides. It is sufficiently open interiorly to give the ants and plant-parasites plenty of room and ventilation, and there are also several holes leading from underneath the tent for the passage of the ants. I am led to mark this form of Insect Architecture as heretofore unnoticed in America, and although sufficiently familiar with the structure, the species, which is black, and about four lines long, is unknown to me. Could not a correspondent of the Society at Toronto, procure the insect, and its architecture? The locality is mentioned and the objects can be found during the month's of June, July and August. Kirby, in his In- troduction to Entomology, Vol. 1. p. 480, mentions the European F. ae- thiops and F. /lava, as using "sawdust in forming their buildings'', but does not speak of the structure in connection with other insects. In Vol. II, p. 89, he says: "sometimes to rescue them from their rivals, they take their aphides* in their mouth, they generally keep guard round them, and when the branch is conveniently situated, they have recourse to an expedi- ent still more effectual to keep off interlopers, — they inclose it in a tube of earth or other materials, and thus confine them in a kind of paddock near their nest, and often communicating with it". * The ant ascends the tree, says Linn6, that it may milk its cows, the Aphides, not kill them. Syst. Nat. 962, 3. HP mmm immmmm •<^imn i.ii»yf:' mmiinm^^mfiifi$^ ««q ■*"*'*'ii!P' 874 [FSBRUASr This fttruotare made over the Aphideft is not the ants nest, but the prop- erty of the laboring portion of the colony, which are at a short distance in the earth. Against foes, it is guarded in daytime with more attention than soldiers guard the gates of a military city ; and should an ant, even be it of the same species, from a neighboring nest, attempt to Tinit their "milk cows", it is pounced on and tumbled to the earth. Kirby says : "severe as this constant and unremitted daily labor seems, it is but a small part of what the affection of the working ants leads them readily to under- take. The feeding of the young brood, which rests solely upon them, is a more serious charge. The nest is constantly stored with larvso the year round, during all which time, except in winter when the whole society is torpid, they require feeding several times a day with a viscid half-digested fluid that the workers disgorge into their mouths, which when hungry they stretch out to meet those of their nurses". To advance our knowledge of insects is the object of Entomological So- cieties, but in some classes such cannot be perfected without attention to their architecture. Through it European Entomologists have made pro- gress. The London Society possess a Cabinet of Insect Architecture, as is seen from the following,-"Prof. Westwood also exhibited numerous spec- imens of leaves which had been mined by larvie of Diptera and Lepidop- tera, arranged on card-board for the Cabinet, in such manner as to ex- hibit at a glance the differonce between the various mines -a matter of con- siderable importance for the determination of the species". — AthetiKum, Nov. 1. 1862.