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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmto A des taux de reduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est film* 6 partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en has, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. errata Ito B pelure, ;on A n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 lAS^ I ^ jtfrr^::i;^-^Miimii*M International Polar Expedition. REPORT ON THE Proceedings of the United States Expedition TO LADY FRANKLIN BAY, GRINNELL LAND, BY ADOLPHUS W. GREELY. FIRST LIEUTENANT, FIFTH CAVALRY, ACTING SIGNAL OFFirFU *vn ASSISTANT, COMMANDING THE EXPEDmON ^ VOLUME II. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. J 888. In the House of Representatives, yuue 17, 1886. Resolved by the Hmse of Reprcsentativ:s {the Senate concurring). That 4,500 copies, with the necessary illustrations, be printed of the Report on the Proceedings of the International Polar Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Grinnell Land, by First Lieutenant A. W. Greely, Fifth Cavalry, United States Army, Acting Signal Officer; 1,250 copies of which shall be for use of the Senate, 2,500 copies for use of House, and 750 copies for distribution by the Signal Office to foreign libraries and Arctic explorers. (II) CONTENTS. (Volume II.) Scientific appendices. Page. 120. Natural Histnrv ^M!lmmalU^ ERRATA. Page 28, between lines j and 6, insert heading, " HYPOTHETICAL LIST". Page 28, line 6, "Urinator adamsii (Gray). Colymbus torquatus var. adamsn. Great Northern Dner should read "Urinator imber (Gunn.) [=Colymbus torquatus.]". , • ,, u , , ,h " Mnn.lt\ Page 29 (in table), after " No. 2, Cepphus mandtii ", the English name " Dovek.e" should read Man.U s ''""C'3-mi?;(i: iable), after " No. 3. Cepphus mandtii". the English name " Dovekie " should read "Mandt's Guillemot or Sea Pigeon". Page so, line .8, and in Index, " Clione papillionacea" should be "Chone pap.honacea . Page I S9, in list of stations, " Florberg " should be " Floeberg ". Page 170, line 6, " marked " should be " masked ". Page 170, line 10, "L H. Lefroy" should be "J. H. Lefroy". Paee 174, line 16, "cracked" should be "cached". .. , ., . ■, » Page ^69; the headings "Meters per second" and "Miles per hour ". under " Mean da.ly velor.ty " in last two columns, should be transposed. 00 ,, Page 639, line 33, for " September 12, 188 " read " September la, 1881 . Page 686, last line,>r « 1887 " read " 1888 ". . - JO. 39- 40. 41. 4*. 43- 44-68. 69. 70. 71- 7*- 73- 74. 75- 100 uiurnai oaromeier fluctuations at various Arctic stations 169 Departures (by months) from mean annual pressure at Fort Conger 171 Maxima and minima pressures 171 Daily barometric ranges, l88i-'83 172 Maxima and minima daily barometric ranges, 1881-83 - '7* Greatest hourly and daily barometric changes, i8'"i-'83 173 Hourly temperature observations, August, 1 881, to August, 1883 174 Daily mean temperatures, August 5, 1 881, to August 8, 1883 226 Hourly mean temperatures by months, August, 1 881, to July, 1883 228 Mean temperatures by decades, 1875-76, 1881-83 229 Mean monthly temperatures for Arctic stations north of Keiiiietly Channel 230 Mean monthly temperatures for Arctic stations near Littleton Island 230 Mean monthly ranges of temperature, 1875-76, i88l-'83 232 Mean daily rangCF of temperature, 1881-83 232 (III) I ! CONTENTS. (VOLUMK II.) Scientific appendices. Page. 139. Natural History (Mammalia) 1 130. Botany - — •! 131. Ornithology - — — - '9 13a. Medusx -.- 39 133. Euhinodermata, Vermes, Crustacea, and Pteropod Mollusca 47 133a. Trout caught in Lake Alexandra .- SS 134. Mollusca .- 57 135. Astronomical observations 59 136. Hydrography 78 137. Sound experiments — 79 138. Meteorology -. 91 138a. Meteors 453 138^. Authorities on Arctic meteorology 455 139. Magnetic reductions by U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 475 139a. Magnetic reductions, 1881-82 633 140. Tidal observations reduced by U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 637 141. Pendulum observations reduced by U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 701 Index to Vol. II 730 METEOROLOGICAL TABLES. I-J. Hourly readings of aneroid barometer, August to December, 1881 96 6-30. Hourly readings of mercurial barometer, August, 1881, to August, 1883 106 31. Mean daily barometer, August 8, 1881, to August 8, 1883 . 152 32. Mean hourly barometer by months, August, l88i,to include July, 1883 154 33. Mean barometer by decades, 1875-76, 1881-83 -- - 156 34. Mean monthly pressure at various Arctic stations 159 35. Mean monthly pressure at Fort Conger, 1875-76, 1881-83 166 36. Mean hourly barometer at Fort Conger for 601 days, and 216 days without the sun 167 37. Mean hourly barometer at Fort Conger for each month of the year in departures 168 38. Diurnal barometer fluctuations at various Arctic stations 169 39. Departures (by months) from mean annual pressure at Fort Conger 171 40. Maxima and minima pressures .. 171 41. Daily barometric ranges, 1881-83 172 42. Maxima and minima daily barometric ranges, 1881-83 172 43. Greatest hourly and daily barometric changes, 1881-83 -- • - 173 44-68. Hourly temperature observations, August, 1881, to August, 1883 _ 174 69. Daily mean ter.iperatures, August 5, 1881, to August 8, 1883 226 70. Hourly mean temperatures by months, August, 1881, to July, 1883 _ 228 71. Mean temperatures by decades, 1875-76, 1881-83 _ 229 72. Mean monthly temperatures for Arctic stations north of Kennedy Channel 230 73. Mean monthly temperatures for Arctic stations near Littleton Island 230 74. Mean monthly ranges of temperature, l875-'76, i88l-'83 232 75. Mean daily ranges of temperature, 1881-83 233 (III) If CONTENTS. Pag*- 76. Maxima, minima, and absolute temperature ranges, i875-'76, iSSl-'Rj 23} 77. Diurnal amplitude of tcm|)eraturc8 at various Arctic stations 234 78. Mean diurnal fluctuations of temperature for each month, etc 235 79. f lourly tem|K-rature changes of 9°, i88l-'83 — 236 80. Hours of zero weather, freezing mercury, etc 238 81-104. Moisture of the air by months, August, 1881, to July, 1883. 238 105-128. Wind velocity by months, August, 1881, to July, 1883 ' 258 129. Comparative wind velocities at and near Kort Conger 307 130. High winds, i88l-'83 308 131. Frequency and velocity of winds by months, i88i-'83 309 132. Winds of various velocities, 1881-83 310 133. Hourly and monthly wind resultants, i88i-'83, and storms at Fort Conger 312 134-157. Clouds and rainfall, August, 1881, to July, 1883 318 158. Evaporation of ice and water 366 159. Mean cloudiness by months, i88i-'83 367 160. Hoursof rain, snow, etc., 1875-76, i88i-'83 368 161. Rain and melted snow by months, 1881-83 - - 3^9 162. Precipitation b) hoarfrost, 1881-82 370 163. Mean daily evaporation, i88i-'82 371 164. Solar and terre.strial radiation observations, i88i-'83 372 165. Differences between maximum black bulb thermometer and ordinary maximum, i88i-'83 374 166. Differences between radiating minimum thermometer and ordinary minimum, i88l-'83 375 167. Means and extremes of maximum solar black bulb, 1881-83 376 168. Means and extremes of minimum terrestrial observations, l88l-'83 378 169. Monthly means sea temperatures and ice measurements, i88i-'83 381 170. Monthly means sea temperatures at high and low water, i882-'83 382 171. Sea temperatures and ice measurements, i88l-'83 383 172. Sea temjieratures at high and low water, i882-'83 385 173. Kre(|uency of auroras, i88i-'83 386 174. Pressure, temperature, and humidity, St. Johns to Lady Franklin Bay, 1881 402 175. Wind, weather, and rainfall, St. Johns to I.ady Franklin Bay, 1881 404 176. Temperature of the sea, St. Johns to I-ady Franklin Bay, 1881 406 177. Barometer observations. Fort Conger to Camp Clay, 1883 408 178. Temperature observations. Fort Conger to Camp Clay, 1883 410 179. Wind, weather, tides, etc., Fort Conger to Camp Clay, 1883 412 180. Barometer observations at Camp Clay, October, 1883, to May, 1 884 422 181. Temperature observations at Camp Clay, October, 1883,10 June, 1884 426 182. Wind, weather, etc., at Camp Clay, October, 1883, to June, 1884 433 183. Daily means of atmosplieric pressure, August I, 1883, to May, 1884 437 184. Daily means of temperature of air, August, 1883,10 June, 1884... 438 185. Comparative anemometer readings at Dutch Island and Fort Conger 439 186. Field meteorological observations „ 441 METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS. 1,2. Area of high monthly pressure over Northern Hemisphere 157 3.4. Area of low monthly pressure over Northern Hemisphere 157 5. Annual fluctuation of pressure at Fort Conger 166 6. Diurnal fluctuation of pressure at Fort Conger 167 7. Diurnal fluctuation at various Arctic stations, j»»/«//(?«««j . 169 8. Diurnal fluctuation at various Arctic stations, /oca/ /ime 170 9. Annual fluctuation of temperature of air at Fort Conger . 231 10. Annual inequality in diurnal amplitude of temperature 233 11. Mean diurnal fluctuation of temperature, i88i-'83 236 12. Annual fluctuation in wind's direction, i88i-'83 314 13. Diun il fluctuation in wind's direction, 1 88l-'83 314 14. Comparative departures of mean temperatures and cloudiness, l88i-'83 367 15, 16. Simultaneous weather charts, March 8 and 9, 1883 317 17. Annual curves of solar and terrestrial radiation, 1881-83 377 I' CONTENTS. TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM. Introduction - -- Observations for local time at Fort Conner, Crinnell Land „ Observations and resiill for latitude of Fort Conger Observations for a/inuith of mat;netic mark Determination of longitude of I'ort longer — by clironometers Determination of longitude of I'ort Conger — by moon culminations l)eterniination of longitude of Fort Conger— by occu'lations Determination of longitude of Fort Conger— by lunar distances — Resulting longitude of Fort Conger .. — . Observations and results of the magnetic declination, September, 1881, to August, 1882 Solar-diurnal variation from lirst year's series . . Observations and results of hourly series of declinations, July, 1882, to August, 1883 Recognition ami analysis of the disturbances in ileclination Solar-diurnal variation of the declination derived from the hourly series of the second year. Discussion of the larger disturbance;! in declinatia(je 700 K|)<)ch nnil amplitude of the diurnal wave I'ig. I, I'Inte II, face \iagc 701) Semimensual inequality in lime Fig. 3, Plate II, face |>age 700 Semimeniual incijuallty in licight .Fig. 3, I'late II, face page 700 ri'NDL'IX'M OBSERVATION.^. P«lie. Report by Professor Peirce 701-714 Connection of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey with the iwndulum uhxervations made at Fort Conger, and assignment of ossiMant C. S. I'circc to the charge of the pendulum work 701 Description of |wndulum and account of pre|)aratory and of corres|>onding work at Washington, D. C, before starting 701 Instructions for swinging the pendulum at the northern station 702 Account of corrcs|X)nding ohscrvation.s made at Washington, I). C, after the return of the party 702 Supposed loss of ma.ss of the pendulum during the interval and ditTicultics encountered in the reduction of the ob- servations 702 Coefficient of expansion of pendulum tul>c 703 Observations for the decrement of arc of .swings at Fort Conger 703 Calculations connected with the reduction for arc 706 Results of swings at Fort Conger after interchange of knife-edges 711 Oliscrvati(ms lor flexure of piers at Fort Conger . 712 Comparison of lengths of pendulum and Meter No. 49 und with Meter B 713 Summary of observations with the pendulum made at Washington in i884-'8s 714 Comparison of results from observations made at Washington and at Fort Conger and final results 714 Memorandum on preceding statements by the officer commanding the expedition 715 Supplementary re|)ort by Professor Farquhar - 7 1 6-729 Vindication of author against certain charges made in preceding report and presentation of his CARNIVORA. No. I. [/rsus maritimus (Linn.). (Polar IJoar.) Examples of the polar bear are rare in Smith Sound north of Cape Sabine. Feildcn, however, is i^roba- bly mistaken in his own opinion that the white bear at the present day never enters the polar basin throiigli Robeson Chanml. Hayes saw traeks near Cape Frazer May u, i86i. One was killed April 3, 187^, near Bessels Bay, antl an old cranium w.is found by Markham in 1876, in the vicinity of Floeberg Beach. Fresh bear tracks were observed at Cape Hayes, August, 1875. In 1876 Archer saw tracks near Cape Lupton, March 29; and Coppinger May 12 in Newman Bay and May 28 in Beterinann Fiord, ami traces were also seen, May 23, near Cape Beechey. In the spring of 1882, a bear traveling southward along the Clrinnell Land coast