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1

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1

KEPORT

To the
Mi

4 results ob
4 taken luu

'

Tlie

the Gulf <

History •

dredging

entrance ■

do}tths th

In 1

Bay, by )

-tln'ee (Ire

some exp

Bay in li

attention

further

Jeffreys,

of a nov(

})rocui-ed

of 1869,

in Gaspc

John Lui

Gre^■e) rt

])0wer t(

operatior

Bosier vi

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of tlie fo

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illustrati

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St. Lawi

Avith the

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Prineipa

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to ascert

TvEPORT ON A DEEP SEA DREDGING EXPEDITION TO THE GULF OF
ST. LAWRENCE, LY J. E. AVHITEAVES, F.G.S., «S:c.

■

To the Hon. Pkter Mitchell,

JMinistor of Marine and Fishevies for the Dominion of Canada, &c., ikc.

Sir, — I have tlie honor to submit the aoconi[)anying report, descri))tiAe of some of tho
r(!sults ol)t!iin(?d in a dc^ep sea (hedging expedition round tln^ Ishmd of Anticosti, under-
taken under your auspices, and on behalf of the Natural History Society of INIontrcal.

Your obedient Servant,

J. F. WlIlTKAVES.
iNTUODUf'TOllY.

The most in»i)oi-tant contribution to our knowledge of the mf.rine animals inhiibiting
the Gulf of St. Lawi-eiice, was made by Dr. A. S. Piickard, Jun, to the IJoston Natural
Hiftory Society, in October, 180.'), and printed in their Memoirs in 18(17. Extensive
dredging operations -were carried on by that gentleman on the Labrador coast, near the
(Mitrance to the Straits of Belle Isle; but although large collections were made, no greater
dei)ths than from fifty to sixty fjithoms were examined.

In 18G7, I devoted a fortnight to the examination of tlie bottom of the sea in Gaspo
' Bay, by mejins of a dredge, with vciy decided success. I had previously undertaken
-tliree dredging expeditions in Aarious j)arts of the ]3ritish seas, so that I already had
some experience in such matters. The greater part of the specimens obtained in Gaspe
Bay in 18G7, were taken by me to London in 18G8, where they excited considerable
attention among naturalists, who kindly volunteered ])ractieid assistance in tho
further prosecution of these researches. I am specially indebted to J. Gwyu
Jeffreys, Esf]., F.ll.S., for the gift of a dred<j(! of tlie latest pattern, fitted up with bags
of a novel description, ■whicli were subsequently found to be of great utility. Having
procured the latest ai>))aratus for the ]iui'])osc while in England, in tlie summer
of 1869, I again went down to Gaspe, and devoted six weeks excbisively to dredging
in Gaspo Bay and its vicinity. As in 18(J7, so in 1809, my kind friends, Messrs.
John Luce and P. de Carteret (of the firm of I\Iessrs. W. Fruing and Co., of Graudo
(jireve) received me with the utmost hospitaliiy, and gave me eviuy assistance in their
power towards carrying out the oJtjects I had in view. Every availalde day dredging
operations were carried on, and two cod Lanks, situated between Caiiu Gaspe and Cap
Rosier village, but about five- miles from the shore, were carefully examined. Large col-
lections were made, and since 18G7 I have devoted nearly all my sjiare time to the study
of the foraminifera, si»ong('s, jioh'zoa, and niolliisca, ol)tained in these two exjieditioiis, the
results of which I hvpc; souii tu ))ublish. Microscopical prepar'itions lan-c been made
ilhistrative of-the first three of these groups, and cai'eful dissections of a number of the last,
Many interesting marine animals have also been collected in tlie River and Gulf of the
St. Lawrence, Ijv Princi))al Dawson, Professor R. ]5el1, and Mr. John Richai'dson. Jan., lint
with these gentlemen dredging operations and marine zoology have been for the most j)art
subordinate to special geological investigations. No researches with the dredge have ever
been made in the deeper jiarts of the River or Gulf of the St. Lawrence until the sum-
mer of 1871. I had only succeeded in dredging as decj) as fifty fathoms, and believe that
no one else had dredged much deeper, if any. Five samples of mud brought up by deep
sea leads, from depths of from KlO to 313 fathoms in the Gulf, (in the possession of
Principal Dawson) containing a, few diatoms, some small foraminifera, and two species of
])olycystina', represented all that Avas known (up to 1870) of the fauna of the abyssal zone
of the seas of the Dominion. During the winters of 18(!7 and 1871, I called tlie sjucial
attention of the Sociely which I have tin' lienor to represent, to (lie importance of trying
to ascertain, by dredging, the nature of the animal and vegetable life inhabiting the greater

Itr

dc'ittlmof the St. Lawrence, jhhI ciidoavoinod to show that such invcstigutioiiM would not
only lo cf f,'v(at sciciitilic interest, hut tliattliny coukl scarcely fail to bo of considerable
Iiractical valiie. Principal Dawison iil.so, a.s President of the .Society, has often advocated
siniilnr views, and in June, 1871, I was delighted to hear that he had spoken to you on
the subject, and that you, iit once a}»[)reeiatiiig th(! importance of such researches, had
promised every assistance in your }»ower towards the carrying of thein out. Principal
l)awson iwpicsted nie to undertake the superintendence of the expedition, (on behalf of the
Natural History Society of Montreal), and my friend, Mr. G. T. Kennedy, B.A., an en-
thusiastic and skilhd zoologist, went with nie in the interests of McGill College. Un-
fortunately he was compelled to return to Montreal, after he had been eight days at sea,
and I thus lost his valuable servieen and was left cpiite alone the greater part of the time, so
far as scientilic help was concerned. Having plenty of time to make preiiarations, we
took everything that experience, gained in live previous expeditions of the kind, suggested.
It having been previously arranged that we were to meet Commander Lavoie itt Father Point
o)i tlie ()th of July, v.ti left JMoiitrcal on the 3rd of that month. Tho following report i.s
ai'ianged in three [)arts. Tho lirst part consists of extracts fi-om a diary ke])t on boai'd
/a CauadiiHiie and the Stella Jlarin ; the second gives a preliminai-y summary of the
zoi)logical results obtained ; whilst the third and hust part is devoted to practical
siiggcistious ivnd eonohuling remarks. It may l)e well to remark that as these investiga-
tions were entirely subordinate to the special duties upon which the schooners were engaged,
dredging could only be carried on at intervals, and in several cases the same ground was
gone over twice or more.

Part I.

V' ' \{A..) Abstract of Diary kept on board La Caiiadiennc.

Thursday, July Gth, 1871. Got on board La Cana<Uemie at Father Point, a littlo
before noon, and were exceedingly kindly received by everyone. Sailed for the north
shore about noun and spent the afternoon prepai'ing one of the dredges for use.

Friday, July 7tli. Ancliored in Trinity Bay all day ; weather cold and rainy. The
LauiTjUian hills visilile on shore in the distance ; saw two black guillemots during tho
<lay. Specimens oi Iwiada hcros and Muctra poli/naiia were collected on the beach by a
party who went ashore.

Saturday, July 8th. Made two unsuccessful trials with the dredge in 25 fathoms off
Trinity Bay ; we attributed the failures to the Imoyancy of the rope, which was made of
cocoa nut tibre. A deep sea lead was lashed to the line a iiithom or two in front of the
dredge, which obviated the diHieulty, Dredge No. 1. (Omitting the unsuccessful ones),
24 fathoms sand in Trinity Bay. Twenty-one species of shells and a few large sandy
for;nninifera (LituokB) came up in this haul. Being anxious to try deeper watei-, another
deep sea lead was lashed to the line aboiit 50 lathoms from the iirst, and we stood out a
little further from shore. Dredge No. 2. Half way between Point des Monts and
the west end of Trinity Bay, in 'JG fathoms, small stones and coaise sand. Number of
species consid(,'rable ; shells fourteen ; many rare polyzoa, crustucea, star fishes and three
interesting sponges. No microscopical organisms in the sand. A young Norway haddock
came up alive in this haul,

Sunday, July 9th. At anchor in Seven Island Bay all day.

Monday, July 10th. No dredging done today.

Tuesday, July 11th. Dredge Nos. 3 and -1. Off Seven Island Bay, 12 J miles from
shore, 1 61 Jathonis clayey mud. Seven species of shells, many marine worms, a few small
crustaceans, a brittle star and a Dentalina were obtained in these two hauls. Saw several
j)etrels during the day, but not close enough to distinguish the species.

Wednesday, July llith. No dredging to-day ; many whales and black porpoises seen.
A towing net was used for many houi's but almost nothing was caught in it.

Thursday, July loth. Landed at Moisie Village in the morning, saw many capelins
and iiund launcca brought ashore in a net. Dredge No. 5. 70 fathoms sand, off Moisie

Village, s(
things. D
ahnost en
visil)lo to
I'riih
bag of wh
so well th
this point
brought u
170 tatho
ing tho th
process, t
lower hat
deeper ini
of curioui
past Poin
Satu
Egg Ishii
deck ill
{Ctenodis
Sum
Mon
30 fathoi
few inter
in tho sa
Tuei
specimen
crab, Ch'i
a male B
were pro
of Antic
deck the
were not
We
san»l. 1
water sp
Tlui
Fri(
bcr Islai
rare and
such as (
usual an
Anticosi
Sat
end of t
number
mens of
such as
il-c. ; a f
be low.
(No. 12
involvei
fouL on

Top;

oils woulfl not
)f considerable
ftni iidvocatecl
ken to you on
Dsoarclies, had
■it. Principal
u behalf of the

B.A., an en-
College. Un-
t days at sea,
of the time, so
»liarations, we
nd, suggested.
b Father Point
ving report is
' ej)t on board
mnary of the

to practical
ese investiffu-
were engugt-d,
0 ground was

Point, a littlo

)r tlie north

se.

I rainy. The

i during the

le beach by a

'5 ftithomsoff
was made of
front of th«
:essful ones),
' large sandy
liter, another
I stood out a
Monts and
Number of
cs and three
rvay haddock

miles from

a few small

Saw several

poises seen.

ny capelins
off Moisie

Village, s(!ven to eight iniloM from shoi-e. Tsveiity-oan species of shells and s;n-('r;il other
things. Dredt^e No. 0. Fourteen miles from slioi-c, 100 fathoms mud, t!if baj; canif up
almost empty, there was in it only a small quantity of inud eoutaiuiut? no organisms
visible to the naked eye. Mr. Kennedy left for Montival ibis eveuiuLf.

Triday, July 1 tth. Emi)loyed this day, for tliH lirst time, a new dred;,';', IIk; frani',' aiil
bag of which I liad had made under my own immediate supiu-vis^iou in MoutroMl. It. worked
so well that the other was discarded and put aside as a reserve in case of accident. At
this point I took observations, as well as T could, of the ti!ni]);?ralure of tlie mud or sand
brought up from various depths. Dredge No. 7. Utl' Caribou Island, tt^u milus distant,
170 fathoms mud. The tompi'vaturo on (leek, in the s'laib, was r).'}"^ Fahr.-'; and on plung-
ing the thermometer in the mud brought ui), and shiuUng both with a tarpaulin during tho
process, the mercury sank to 37'. It is ])robablo that it would have ialleu a degree or two
lower had the instiument been self-registering, or if the bulb could luiTe been immersed
deeper into the mud. Eight species of shells, iive of wliich are new to Canada, and !i number
of curious marine worms were obtained this time. JJnring the day we had sailed back
l)ast Point des Monts.

Saturday, July 15th. Returning from Point des Monts, wo got dredge No. 8, off
Egg Island, eight miles from shore, in 70 to 80 fathoms sandy mud. 'I'emperature on
deck ill the fcliade 58'^ ; in the mud, 37'\ Elevim species of shells, two star-flshe.-i
(^Cte nodi sens) and a sea-anemone in this haul.

Sunday, July KUh. Anchored in Seven Island Bay all day.

Monday, July 17th. Off Sawhill Point and Kiver in tlie morning. Dredge No. 0.
30 fathoms sand, two miles distant from Sawhill Point. TIjirteou species of sliells, a
few interesting hydrozoa (Thuiaria) polyzoa, iko. Tiunperaturc* on deck in the shade ny*^ ;
in the sand, 37*".

Tuesday, July 18th. Ashore at Magpie Village in tlu) morning ; collected ihany
specimens oi Geronia deaitrata, on the beach, and found one fine example of the great spider
crab, Chionocmtea opUlo. Commander Lavoie bought from a man on shore, specimens of
a male Bariow's Golden Eye, and a ))air each of the Common and King Eider Duck, which
were probably shot on the spot. Dredge 10. Off St. John's Kiver, near the "West Point
of Anticosti, in GO fathoms sand. Temi)orature of the sand 37^, wliile in the shade on
d«ck the mercury registered TiG". Tlie species brought up in tliis haul, though nuincrou?:,
were not of special interest.

Wednesday, July 19th. Dredge No. 11. Off St. John's Fvivcr in .50 fathoms
sand. Temperature on deck in the shade 5l''', in the sand 37 '. The usual shallow
water species with a few novelties. Fog and Ciilm part of the day.

Thursday, July 20th. Anchored off St. John's Biver all day. Dead calm and fog.

Fi'iday, July 2 1st. In the morning tried to collect some (Jalelferous fossils on Har-
bcr Island, Mingan, but without success, as at the place where I landed, fossils were both
rare and badly preserved. Observed many interesting plants on the rocks lunir the beach,
Huah i\fi SeduDirhodiold, Miti'Uft. iiiidtt, Pniiiidd fariaosa, riiKjaicrht, i-uhjar'n;, jdso tlie
usual and characteristic maritime plants. In the afternoon we set sail for English Bay,
Anticosti.

Saturday, July ?2jid. Ashore at English Buy, Anticosti, in the morning. At each
end of the bay good sections of rocks, of the Hudson lliver (iroup age, face i\w sea. X
number of loose blocks of stone (of the same formation) were lying on the beach. Speci-
mens of the characteristic fossils of the pcu'lod were collect'jd IVoin these drifted masses*,
such as Asaphiis 2^l(i'tjjcrphalH)i, a small jliirc/iixonla, OrtJiix f<'.^:'iiduiaria, LcpUv.iKi sericea,
itc. ; a few interesting siiells, crustaceans itc, were also coUoctcHl, ns the tide happened to
bo low. In the afternoon we tried two hauls of tlu! di:vlge, Nos. 1:5 and 13. The first
(No. 12) was in 25 fathoms, on a rocky bottom, off English Bay, and here the princinl:!
involved in the construction of the new dredge w^is sucoessfully test.'d. The scraper got
foui on a ledge of rocks, bub as the arms of the droilgj were only tied together vvitli rope

* To prevent reiteration, it may be an wuU to >;tiite that whorevor d'-gives m\^ lueutioiicil in thiH report,

ile^rtses FahrciikiU AVi iutomlocl.

yivni, t]i(« stviindH hi'oko with tlio strain, ami tlio drodLT*^ ciimo up cud way.s, ompty of
coiirsn, li\it uuinjiircci. Drodno N"!). l."5 was in OO fathoms water, u littli! to the. N. K.
of tlift spot ])roTioiislT tried, hut all tliat was ol)t;uMod was a sin!,'l(> shell, and a t\(w small
stou'.'.s c'overeil witli u parasitic foniminifer ( Ti'iuir.iUvlliui ) Imt nolhiuij <'ls(', Drod^dn;^
Itotwoeii th(^ \\>st cud of A.uticosti and tht; north shoro of tho St. liawrentM! is ditUcult, as
thf? hottom, in nicst cases, is hare rovk. J^aih'd t'oi- St. John's Uivcr, and aucdiorcd there
at ni,L,dit.

Sunday. July L'3i(l. Anchored oH' St. John's 1 liver all day. AVent asliorti in the
morning, oliserved a salmon \uakin^ his way u]» for the river ; noticed also large shoals of
capelin, many seals, and a fcnv pullins.

Monday, July 24:(h. Still ;it ivnehor oil' the St. John's niver ; fog and no wind.
Fished for cod in tho morning, and uoticoilthat nearly all the fish taken hud uomatoid worms
encysted on the outsido of their livers ; preserved specimens of these for uiicroscopical
examination. It was our iutentio)i to have pi-oceeiled as tar as Nataslupuiu, thou to liiive
tried the deepest water in the gulf (31.'5 fathoms) sitnati! at a spot half way b.'tweeu the
east end of Auticosti and the JJird llocks, and altera short time, devoted entirely to
dreilging in very deep water to the south of Auticosti, to liavo made for (hispe Basin, in
order that I might return home from that ]ioiiit. Our | lans, however, were entirely
changed ; for in tho afternoon an American schooner was ca|»l.ur('d illegally lishing near
the shore, and the commander decided ut once to take her to (raspo Basin or Perce. We
Bet sail accordingly for the south shoro of the St. LawnMice at 0 i».m.

Tuesday, July 25th. Still making foi- Gaspc Basin, with very little wind. Tn tho
afternoon got Dredg(! No. 14, otT the West Point of Auticosti, twi^uty-four miles from the
lighthouse, bearing N.N.E., in 200 fiithoms mud. Many anmdids, a few star fi.shes, two
or three shrim])S and six species of shells, hut so litth* mud, that when tho bulh of the
thermometer was i)lunged into it there was barely enough to cover it, coiLsecpieutly tho
mercury did no; ''U so low as usual. The temperature on deck in the shade was 6U'', in
tho mud itordy to 50".

Wedues<hn dy 2r)th. (Jlose to Cap Rosier lightlions(( in the moi'uing. Dredge
No. 1"), (the uijst successful haul on board La, (JitiKurnunic) in 12") fathoms mud, six miles
from shore, innnediately opposite Cap Hosier lighthouse. Temperatui'e on deck in the
shi'.de ()4^', in the mud 38^. Many large specimens of Sar's hi'ittle star and of Oj)/iiac«Hth<i,
sptuiilosa in this haul, also other rare; and iine echinod(n'ms, a lai'ge JVi/nip/nni, ten sjiecies
ot shells, i.tc.,itc., quite a number not only of speeies hut also of indi^■i luals. We tluni
endeavoured to tind a *' re(,'f," ov cod hank, which runs out to sea het'.veiMi Ship Head and
Cape Bon Ami, upon which, in 18(59, I had collected a lunid^er of rare and new mariiui
s];onges, shells, itc, but we failed to liud it. Dredge No. 10, the last on board Lo,
6'«/««'//'.v</<(j:, was otf Cap Bon Ann, six miles from shor(>, on a stony l)ottom, in thirty
fiithoms watei'. Not uuu;h came up this time, a few stones and live or six species of
shells. Anchored in Gaspe Bay at night and, in tho morning 1 went usho)"e.

midil

small
shorl
fislij
whi([

of Hll

of al
wasi
whil

up

all
in

III Gaspe JJasln.

Conuuaudcr Lavoie having kindly given me a letter to Cajitain Lachauce I. determined
to wait far the StcJIa Maris. Mr. Jos. Kdciu telegraphed to Paspehiac, hut unfortunately
tho schooner had left that [dace before the telegram an-ived. Waited a fortnight in Gaspe
Basin, dui'ing which time I got one good days dredging in the hay, and (tarly on th(^
morning of Friday, August 11th, I started on cruise No. 2, on board tho tStdln Marls.

B. — Abstract of Dlarij on boar J t/ic StcJIa Maris.

For convenience of refeicnce, the hauls of the dredge on La Cauaf^ieiviP. arc de-
signated by nuhd)ers, those on board the Stella. Maris by letters of the alphabet. As
there was no deep sea lead on the Stella Maris, the tlepths greater than sixty fathoms aro
taken froia the cuarts.

■ixvH, 1^111 pty of
' to flio X, p;
i<l ii ftnv .small
''^•'. Dre(l;4iiii;
<» is (lilHcuIt, as
aiichoml tlun-e

nshuvo in tlio
I'li'.ift' fshoals of

ind no wind.

Mnatoid wonus

uiicroscopical

I. tlion to have

Ij.'twoeii tlie

'^'(1 ontiivly to

'«I>e Biisin'. in

wor«i ontirely

<isluii<r ,i(..^J.

'1- Perce, We

iii'l. Til tho
iiilt's from tin;
iU" fishes, two
'! bull) of the
^soqiiently the
lo was 6(i', ill

iiig. Di-edijo
iiud, six miles
»u deck in the
:' Oplilacanthd.
»i, ten species
• We tJien
lip Head and
I U(!w marine
>u board Ln
in, ill thirty
ix species of

r determined

iifortunatelv
I'lit in GaspV'
early on the
'« Jfaris.

^nvr. are de-
habet. As
Stithonis aro

Friday, August 11th. Sailed from fraspe Risiu at about 3 n.ui., and about the
middle of the day i^ot Dredge A., in thirty-right fathoms water, (measured) bottom of
small stoiu's, Cap!^ Oa^pi; W. ,', S., (,'ape iles Hosiers N.W. Iiy N., a'.iout fivo miles from
shore. Many lino large specimens of the "crumb of bread " sponge, sea-iirchins, star
fish, crabs of the genus IIi/iin, Po///::t>ff, and about tweiity-Hvo species of shells, five of
which are very rare, came up this time. The number both of individual specimens and
of species very large ; a Iwttom composed of small stones i icing usually tin; most productive
of all kinds of ground. The dredge was down an hour and a (piarter. but th(! wind
was so slight fhiit the scra])er anchored tlie schooner fur some time. Dead calm about 1 p.m.,
which lasted twenty-fotir hours.

Satin-day, August 12th. A light N.W. breeze springing tip at I-.IT) p.m., enabled
us to resume operations. Dredge J>. Between Cap Kosier and CIritiins Cove, eighteen
miles from shore, 120 fathoms. After remaining at the l»ottom an hour, when it was hauled
u]), the bag piovod to be almost (!in[>ty— two marine worms and a broken brittle star were
all that it contained. We tried agrtiii in the same place, but with still worse success, for
in Dredge C there was absolutely nothing.

Sunday, August L'ith. Sailed along the S.W, sliore of Anticosti as far west as the
West Point lighthouse, and anchored at night in Ellis ]>ay. Fine sections of Lower
Silurian rocks face the sea here ; tluring the day observed many ganuets diving. A
long reef of rock extends seawards to the west of Ellis Bay, and this, as was also the
beach to the cast of it, is dott(?d over with large boulders.

Monday, August 14th. Hose at G a.m., and went to examine the limestone reef
mentioned above, the tide being low, but did not find any fossils, or any marine animals
of si>ecial interest. Clouds of wading birds, ])lovers, sandpipers, ttc, were feed-
ing in the bay ; many seals, and a few foolish guillemots v/ero also obsiM-ved. The lime-
stone in this bay is p(n'feetly riddled with th(^ burrows of Snxicaiui (a boring bivalve), and
small crabs ((J<ni.cer horeal!,^ ?) are abundant near the shore. Sea-w(VHls, also, were very
jdentiful hei-e, amongst them, gigantic fronds of Laminaria six to ten feet long or more,
ileturned to the ship and went ashore at the east end of the bay later in the morning, but
landed with difficulty, owing to the extreme shallowness of the water. Thci land is low,
but well wooded, the trees, however, are very small. Few plants of any sj)ecial in-
terest were noticed. ^//(/ademts f/lavcus was abundant and in full flower. There ap-
peai'odto be an exposure of rock at the cast end of the bay, Init thei'e was not time to walk
to it. Many ]>ieces of limestone wore lying on the beach, containing common but well
))reserved fossils of the Hudson Piver Group. Living specimens of IleJU neiiwralh, rtir
liortensis (a common European snail) were collected. At 3 p.m., we sailed for the south
shor(!.

Tuesday, August 1 nth. On rising, I found that the dredge had been thrown over
at 4.30 a.m., and that it had been liauled up nearly full, before I was up. Dredge D,
Eilis Bay, Anticosti, bearing S.W., twenty-one miles distant, 100 fathoms mud. About
forty sea-j)en.s ( Pcmudula, ) of a species new to scienoe, and many interesting and rare
forms in this haul. I rose at G a.m. to see what the inud contained, and at (5.40 another
successful attempt was made. Dredge E, Ellis Bay, Anticosti, bearing S.S.W., twenty-
seven miles distant, 200 fathoms mud. The temperature on deck was 68*^ in the shade, and
when the bulb was innnersed in the mud in the usual way, the mercury sank barely as low
as 42^ ! This puzzled me considerably, as the tem])orature of the deep sea mud had
hitherto ranged pretty uniformly from 37° to 38". This time, however, several minutes
elapsed, after the ))uli) had been i)ushed into the mud, before the mercury sank 10'', and
nearly half an hour I'efore it sank to 42*^, — if it did at all, for, perhaps 43'^ to 4;")^
would be nearer the proper reading. Whether a warm current ailects the tmnperature
of the bottom at this i)oint, or thiit my observations were inaccurate or defective, (which is

(ten to twelve) sca-2)ens of the same species
specimens to those obtained in the last haul,

ai^d

age

were procured in this. At 2.30 p.m., we were off Griffin's Cove, an hour afterwards we
were making for the north shore, and at 6 p.m., vrre out of sight of land.

Woilnesdiiy, Auj,'UHt IGth. Off Sawliill Point (Sheklrako) at 9.45 a.m. Dmlj,'e F.
Sawhill Point, l)earin(,'N. K., twelvo inilos distant, in .sixty-iiinn fatlionis oiui roc/17/ bottom !
consiHjuontly very few spcfimons wore collcctiMl. Sovoial " crumb of \nvi\d " .s|»()n]L,'t'H, a
sea anemone, li rare star iisli identical with 0110 dredged in the y'orcvt/>i<<e expedition, and
since doscribed by Prot'iwsor Wyville Tliompson, .several large shrimps, a small specimen
of the great ninihv-cviih, {(J/tioiiocddeK) a liermit crab inside a dead shell of Fasun tovtiiitim
a single valve of iVWr« avtica, and a specimen each of TitrrUella eroaa and reticulata, with a
few atones, wore all that came up. Our coursp was now changed to one almost due east ; wind
neai'ly ahead, — weather misty rather than foygy. At G ]).ni. we were ojtposito Tlnmder
River. On the north shore, at this point, the Laur(Mitian (I) rocks crop up near the
sliore, and form low barren hills almost devoid of vegetation, which gives tlie landscape a
desolate aspect. Dredge G. sixty fathoms mud, off Thunder Kiver, bearing N.N.E., ten
niih-s distant. Two fine exam])les of Agassiz's "basket fish" ( Axtrophyton Ai/asHizUj in
tliis haul, and a few common shells, in all only seven or eight s])ecimens. Passed to the
north of the West Point lighthouse at 9 p.m. ; saw the light very plainly.

Thursday, August 17th. In the morning among the Mingan Islands ; Haw several
puffins and kittiwakes. Went ashore at Mingan at 10.30; on landing, noticed that there
was a small quantity of magnetic iron sand on the beach. Walked through a cranberry
swamp to the Mingan River, botanizing on the way ; in the dry y>laces there were small Cana-
da balsam and .sj)ruce trees, also small junip.'u-s : Fotentilla tridenlata, Stellaria, ic, and in
the wetter places iSpiranihes, Ledum, Kaliaia, and other ericaceous and mai-sh plants. Dur-
ing the afternoon, -we sailed through the Islands as far as Escpximanx Point, and went ashore
there for a short time in the evening. Set sail again about 8, the course being more to
the south — towards the north shoi'« of Anticosti.

Friday, August 18th. At 8 a.m., we were between Cape Observation and Bear Head,
Anticosti. Fine bold escarpments of a whitish looking (U[)i)er Silurian) limestone,
seven good sections visible at once. The dredge had been thrown out and pulled up again
before I was up. Dredge H, between Anticosti and the North Shore, Charleton Point
(Anticosti) bearing W. by S., eight miles distant. Many stones, some large, other.^ small,
came up in the bag, but there were more gneissoid or Laurentian masses than pieces of
fossiliferous limestone. Two rarespecies of sponge, seaanemones,^^Vf^<Vfcrrts»/co?'n<5^several
shrimps, a few AmpJi'mne, and Ctenodiacus, twelve species of shells, two of tJiem brachio-
pods, and two small fishes, were brought up this time. One of the fishes was a juvenile
wolf-fish ( Anarrhicas), the other a gurnard, of the genus Aijonns. Dredge I. In 120
fathoms mud, Bear Head, Anticosti, bearing N.W. by W., tv/elve miles distant. Tem-
perature in the shade, on dock, 00'"', in the mud, 38° or 39^. Mixed with the mud were
a niimber of small water- worn stones : some of them were pebbles of labradorite, &c.,
others of fossiliferous limestone, a few isolated fossil Rliynchonellas were also detected.
Recent species : several hydrozoa, polj'zoa, and marine worms, five large examples of
Ctenodiscus, and eig'nt species of shells, differing materially from those taken in dredge
H. Weather sunny and hot.

Saturday, August 19th. Pas.sed the East Point Lighthouse at 8 a.m. Weather
.showery, with veiy little wind. We intended to try and examine to-day the locality in
which, according to the chart, the depth is 313 fathoms, but were prevented by the
weather. Measured our rope in the moi'uing, and found we had about 575 fathoms.
Lashed three heavy weights to the line ; the first, with a Ixrge swab attached in front,
two or three fathoms from the mouth of the dredge, the second, 100 fathoms from the
first, and the third 100 fathoms from the second. In the afternoon, (2.45 p.m.) we got
Dredge J. Dredge J, ofV the East Point of Anticosti, bearing H. by W., twenty -four miles
distant, 212 fathoms inud, with several large stones. On the swab I found seven speci-
mens of a curious crustacean of tlie genus l*i/eiw<jOiivnt,, and two or three examples of
a brittle star, Ophiacantha uplunfosa. Tem[)erature on deck, GO*-^ in the shade ; in the
mud 40°. About twenty sjiecies visible to the naked eye were obtained in this haul,
but the number of individuals was small when it is considei'ed tliat the dredge brought
up upwards of six buckets full of mud. The aiicroscopic organisms in this and the fol-

)ioil<^e F.
jl l»ottoiu ;

if ion, and

.s])ecimeii

w tonmtns

ta, with 11

ast; wind

Tlmuder

ueai' the

ndscape a

N.E., ten

tsuizlij in

ed to tlio

w sfivernl
hat there
M-anbeny
lall Cana-
«., and in
its, 1) Hi-
nt auhore
; more to

ar Head,
mestone,
up again
ion Point
iVA small,
pieces of
f^ several
bi-achio-
juvenilo
In 120
;. Tom.
lud were
ite, tke.,
letecled.
nj)les of
L dredge

iVeatlier
jality in

I by the
athoms.

II front,
rom the

wo got
ir miles
n speci-
iples of

in the
s haul,
»rought
the fol-

4

I

lowing haul, were «inco found to be of iinusal interest. At 10.15 p.m., the dredge was
thrown over again, in nearly the same ]>lace, but ni a little doojier water, probably 2.')0
I'lithoms, ami was hauled in a little before midnight. This, the last haul on the .V^e/Za
Mtit'ix, is Dredge K. A little mud with a few small stones, came U[» in the bag; the numb«ir
of specinums obtained was very small. Aa the wet rope went over the side of the ship,
it was luminous throughout its entire length with electric sparks, but the closest scrutiny
with a triplet lens, failed to detect any oiganic matter among the strands.

Sunday, August 20th. A heavy gide from the north west sjirung up a little after
nddnight, and drove us down to the ^lagdalcn Islands. Anchored in the lee of Bryan
Island for shelter iit 10 a.m., and remained there nil day. A very heavy sea on. Went
ashore in the afternoon ; noticed several Kittiwakes, Gannets, and two Caspian Terns,
near the land. The red sandstone of which liryan Island is composed apiKjars to be of
liower Carboniferous nge.

Monday, August 21st. Tried to beat up towards Gaspe Bay but utterly failed. At
7 in the evening we were almost where we started fiom.

Tuesday, August 22nd. The gale continued till 1 p.m., and was succeeded by a dead
calm, then a favorable breeze springing up, at 11 p.m., we sailed for Gaspe Basin and
airived there the next day at \.'M) p.m. Got on board the S. S. Ganpc early on Thursday
morning, and arrived in Montreal on the following Stnuhiy.

On L(i Canadiamie we had sixteen hauls of the dredge. Of these two were failure.s,
the bag coming up 'mpty : four were in fifty fathoms of water, or less j seven in between
lifty and 100 fathoms, and five in from 100 to 200 fathoms.

On the Sldla Maris we had eleven hauls. Oi these, two brought up nothing ; ono
was in less than fifty fathoms ; two were between fifty and 100, and six between 100 and
250 fathoms.

Part II.

Pi'ovisiomd Sammary of the Zoological Results obtained.

^'i«V At present only the Ecliinodcrmata and Mollusca collected have been carefully studied.
Tlie Foraminifera, Polycy.stin(e, Sponges, Actinozoa, Polyzoa, and Crustacea, have been
examined in a somewhat cursory way, but the Hydrozoa and the marine worms are as yet
untouched. In the following sketch a complete list is given of the novelties among tho
Echinoderms and Molluscs, and such notes on the other groups as the time at my disposal
for their examination has permitted. For the loan of books of reference, I am indebted
to Princi[)al Dawson, and to valuable practical help in the microscopic dissection of many
ot tho species to G. T. Kennedy, B.A.

Foraininifem.

Very large quantites of these bcaiitifid organisms were collected, but not a twentieth
of tho whole have been examined, even in the most desultory way. Since the publication
of Mr. G. M. Dawson's i)aper on the Canadian species of this grou}), published in June,
1870, much additional infoj-mation on the subject has been amassed. Eleven large bag-
fulls of mud brought up from various localities, at depths of from 100 to 250 fathoma
during the past summer, were preserved : only two of which have as yet been partially
examined.

Further research does not, so far, confirm Mr. Dawson's theory, that the foraminifera
found at depths greater than 100 fathoms 'l.Tiro very small and delicate." Gigantic
exam[»les of Xodosaria, DcntaUna communis and pauperata, and of a new Mar-
ginuline form, armed with spines longer than in most specimens of Calcarina, also
TriloculiiM tricariiiata, var., are frequent in from 150 to 250 fathoms, and are veiy
plainly visible to the naked e^'e. My expeiiencc; is, that the arenaceous species are
not more plentiful in Gaspe Bay than in any other part of the Eiver or Gulf of the St.
Lawrence.^ In Mr, Dawson's paper, a list is given of 55 sub-species or vaiietal forms ot

mci'.^:

foriUiiiiiif(!rii from tlio Gulf iiiul liivcr St. Liiwrt'iice. C)f tluw I rf;,'!inl a fow uh too
tiifliiifi varieties of other Hpccij'H to warrant tlio ai)|)lication of a diMtinctivo name, and
on(! of tlicni, Jilmlnlvjtli urn af>i/n/<i),'niii, I licliini' lo lie an annelid tiiln', liuving e.xauiinedtlio
animal in a living state'. On tlie siipito.sition that in 1H70 about 50 Huli-K|tccieH,
or pretty well ehaiaetcri/ed varieties wer(! known to inhaltit tlm Heas of the Dominion, it
is i»rolml)le that the resiarche.s of tb(! ynnt Hummei' will add at leant one-third more to tho
number. Tho follow! njL,' Hpecien seem mowt chaiacteriHtic of tho f/ffiy> water of tho Hirer
and Gulf, to the e.ist of Newfoundland : —

Laijciia dintotna, t^pc, VlrifiiHiui xqud/iiotia.

C^»'*

ie. */— .

Jiidlmuia j>ijruh(.

„ iiKirtjuuitd.
Valvulina Auoifmit^

Ilvlicliia coHtatd.

„ j/KHCtatn.
Ti'Uovnlina tricar ijiala.

Polycijatinfr.

In Prineiiial I)awson's ••ITandbook of Zoology," two specits of this },'roup aro
recorded as natives of tin; seas of Canada. The nuudier of species will lie now doubled.
One of the new forms appears to helong to the }j;enus Huliomniii, and it would seem that
these Ijeautifid organisms arc most abundant in very deep water, in not mueh less than
200 fathoms.

SpuiKJCS.

Five or si;: species of sponge, new to mc, wore ol)tained, most of them in dc(>p water
One is O'rmU'm ciliafa, the fust si)ongc with atkareouu spicniles, known to inhabit

tho seas of Canada.

Another belongs to Bowerbank's gnnus Poljiaastln, and may bo ii new species, as it

does not agi-ee with any yet described. "Jlio I'cst are undetermined.

lIijdro::oa.
Man}' specimens of this group were collected, but they Jiuve not yet been examined.

■ftal, pi'

Aclinor.oa,

No true corals have been discovered in tho Gulf of St Lawrence, or, indeed, north
of the State of Massachusetts, on this side of the Atlantic. The so-called " corals " of
the charts are calcareous polyzoa."

The two common sea anemones, viz., Metridluni martjlncUum, Say, which is probably
a variety of the European Actinohha diauthns, Ellis, and lihuil actinia, Dacicsii, At/., which
also ?eems to be the species known to European authors as Tealia crassicornis, occur
as abundantly, living in the greatest depths examined, as in very shallow water.

The most interesting discovery made in this gi'oup of animals was that of a tine
colony of Sea Pens, living in deep water between Anticosti and tho south shore of tho
St. I-iawrence. No true Pennatnla had hitherto been found either on the east or west
coast of North America, and the genus is consequently new to the continent.

These Sea Pens (so called from their curious resem])lance to a qaill pen) belong to tho
genus Pennatula, as restricted by the latest writers. The St. Lawrence Pennatula is
jmibiddjr uniir to iniiiniiii| if ir 8r|unllj dintini li riiiiii (In ^finlildi i mil 'III l|ll ill i) /'i jiiiijiiii'ini
of Klliu; Ihu Diitiijh j'/!wy;//un'tfn jMu.ijj/j^ujiw*. uml thti NurWtJ^tiUi lHiidl\» bet*etdi»i

A

gyvn.

Echinodermaia.

The following is a complete list of the deej) sea Echinoderms collected : —
Schizaster fratjiliK. ])id). and Komi. Two living examples.

Cr,h'ef,-in Ijifffyl,-^ Wjn'ffr VVtfiftifrv (Prrhnpn I'-'ri^rrni'rryiin-Ti'yrrnf j^iii^ii II iiiil fun mi)
OiiM hpniiiiiK 11 T iini iiiili bli il III PiiiC i*i *i,r nnnjn fm ihi

II

W l\H too

name, and
ijiiiiedtlio
• •-KjtocicH,
niinioii, it
ore to tho
tljo Biver

j,'i()uj) are
V iloiiljled.
.scein that
1 liss than

L!('j» water
to iiilmbit

■fies, as it

xaiiiijied.

3t'd, north
corals " of

i i)robiil)ly
i;/., which
tin, occur

of a fine
ro of tlie
it or west

ng to tho
natida is

H ThJM in *' ' "" f'' '' "" '' ' *' ' I ""[(" "♦•*'■'• ^J'-y' w^„:..>j, \'^j\ ]^ ^^^

■■ -AMI, |iiiH't 44fv lif* 1117^ »hi' Hca mrlijn t" iiliiih 111 il iniiiii ii idnii rivi n in tin minn
4*jiiiiiiil,-¥ul. 10, Noi 125, [iiUji' 194r

CfenodiscHs crtMpatfUf, Luhun and Karen. Abundant in deep water Pxorj'wlu-rc.
Ophiotjli/pha Sarsii, Lutken. Very huge and ali'indant in 2.') fathoms.
Oph'ui.cantha »p'mulo8a,MulJ. Abundant in 100 to ''loO fathoms, us well as in (shallow
, water.

Amphiura HulhoUii, Lntken. Not rare in (h'e|> water.

AHlropht/tun Agaaaizii, Slimps. Two tine specimens in sixty fathoms mud off Thunder
lli\er. Hardly a deep sea species.

The few echinodorms yet collected iiv the deep sea of the gidf are all Kuropeau species,
but two of them are new to Amtrica. Manv common forms were taken i\\ shallow
water.

Anndiiht.

The series of marine worms collected is intere.sting and curious in the e.Ktreme, and
consists of more than twenty species, which, however, have yet to be studied and identified.

Crv.sluced.

Only a \eiy few of these have yet been oxaminetl. Is'o large crabs or lobsters were
collected in deej) water. The most striking of the deep sea crustaceans are a fine large
Nyntphon, peihaps ^V, (liganteum Johnst,, n Pi/cnojomrm taken in 250 fathoms, which may
be Dr. Stimpson's P. jielafjicutn, and among the Amphii)ods, a fine Acanthonotiis near to
A. SerrcUvs.

As yet a fciw of the more conspicuous of tlie.so luive been submitted to microscopical
examination. Tho number of species new to the seas of tho Province of Quel>ec will
probably exceed twenty. Two of the most cons])icuou3 and interesting forms obtaineil
are Dpjrancia hicernaria, Sars, and Ketepora celhdosa, var., ehuffutu, Sinitl. Specimens of
AlcyomdiuiH gelatinosnm, Pallas ; Fluatra Harlell f Busk ; Amumn^ohii phmm^^, likeUaria
ciliata, Crista ehnntea, Scriqiocellaria scruposa, Gemclloria loricota, and I(lnii6nen fUlnntica
have been recognised among the species collected.

i-i/^e'i

Tuniccd'X.

A few of these curious molluseoids were met wit'i, one of wliieh seeujs to bo Molpda
artiiosa, tlie re it are at p>rcseut u idetcrmined.

Mollusca. '

As I wished to avail myself of the opinion of Mr. J. Gwyu JellVeys, F.Pi.S., on the
shells collected, during his visit to INIontreal, these were caiefuUy studied first. Tho
following species were procin-ed from ilepths of 100 fathoms and uiiwards ; —

/

Teri-'hratula septentrioniili?, Couth.
Tt-rebratella Spitzbei'tji-nsi.-., Dav.
*Pt'cten Grocnlandicuis CJhcnin. nou Sow.
Area pectunculoides, Scacchi.
Yoldia tliraciiEfonnis, St' >rf r.
,, lucida, Loven.

* ., fr)f,'ida, Torell.
Dacrydiuiu vitreum, Moll.
A.starti' crebricostata, Forbes*.

* ^ ,, iulanto, vori jnii^
*Nea ra arctica, Sars.

*XeoGra olw.sa, Loven.

f.'ryntodon GouMii, Pliiliiiiii
*PliiIine quadrala, Wood.

Dentalium abyssorum, Sars.

Si[;honodentaIiuin vitreum, Sars.

Kissoa HBtabigwlatw, Afolkr*

Aporrhais occidentali-s, Beck.

Eulima stenostoma, Jeffrey.*.
*Bela Trevelyana, Turti>n.

Buccinimi ciliatuni, Fifl).

Chrysodomus (Siphy) I.slandicus, Clien;n.

Those species to which au^i,'?. attaclied were idov.tified by Mr. .Tiffre/s, who a'.S'j confirms the co
ness of the nanii;i;r of the r;.'st.

C

^ iuK ffLi^ f 'fn^ej*

10

In less than 100 fathoms many interesting species were obtained. Among the rarest
of these are the following ; —

Terebratella Spitzhergensis. Davvhon. Ranges from thirty to 120 fathoms, but is most
abundant in shallow water, T, Labradorensis, Soiv, is a synonym of this species.

Astarte lactea, Brod. and Soio. Living in from thirty to seventy fathoms, in various
localities. tr>iJ-faJ^t St^r^^-^'n. •

Tdlina (Macoma) naar opooim. In eighty fathoms sand off Moisie Village.
f'triculus hyaliwis, 2\ir(on. From twenty five fathoms sand, in Trinity Bay.
'■'Lacuna glacialis, Moller. Ninety six fathoms sand, in Trinity Bay.
fiimm (npccioo i*nJutoi'iiiiried). With the preceding.
'^ Margarita gtauca, Moller. Thirty fathoms sand, off Sawhill Point.
■^Imi&mmj iiuw upetir.'i. Seventy fathoms sand, off Moisie Village.
'"'Chrgsodoinns (Sipho) Spitzbcrgensis, Reeve : or a new species. Gas})e Bay.
'*Chrgsodo7)ms (Sipho) iSarsii, Je^rei/s. In several places, at dejtths ranging from
fifty to ninty fathoms.

Twenty six species of shells, not previously known to inhabit the seas of the Province
of Quebec, were collected during the two cruises. Of these, fiftwn aie new to the continent
of America, and out of the fifteen two are new to science.

Fishes.

i

i^er.

The only fishes brought up by the dredge were a young specimen each of the Norway
Haddock (Sehastes Nori'eijicns), the Wolf fish ( Anarrhicas hipnsj, and a small Gui'nard of
the genus Agonus.

When tlie material collected during the past summer has been carefully examined
and studied, it is estimated that nearly 100 species of marine animals will be then known
which lielong almost exclusively to the deep sea in Canada. In deptlw of from low water
mark down to fifty or sixty fathoms, sea-weeds both large and small are very numerous,
and the animal life is abundant and prolific. In the deep sea mud, sea-weeds seem to
be very rare, (a few frustules of diatoms were all that were collected), the animals are very
different from those of shallow water, and seem to be not so numerous either in individuals or
in species. Moreover, the deep sea fauna of the St. Lawrence is more Arctic and Scandinavian
in its character than is that of the lesser depths. Those who are interested in the study
of the fossils of the Canadian Post Pliocene deposits, will be glad to ^'- ve an opportunity
iifibrded of comparing tlu \ with the recent fauna of the deepest parts ot the St. Lawrence.

I

Part III.

Ft'actn'(d ^Suggestions and Concluding Remarks.

T'v^ <":i ..^ fishes of the St. Lawrence may be divided into two groups, viz., those which
iV-ou at <.ht surface^ as the herring and mackerel ; and those which feed at the bottom, such
as chi? cod, halibut, and all the flat fishes. With regard to the surface feeders, no
information about their food was collected. No opportunities were afforded of examining
the contents of the stomachs of either mackerel or lierrings. Four towing nets were
provided with the view of capttiring floating animals, but almost nothing was taken in
these. No Medusa' and no Pteropods were collected, although considerable attention was
paid to the use of these nets, especially when many whales were in sight.

I have examined the contents of the stomachs of more than 500 cod fishes, taken in
(iaspe Bay, in many places on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, near the Magdalen
Island.s, &c. The following list will give an idea of the food of this fish, that which
occurs most frequently being placed first. Of course, objects, such as sea anemones,
whicli are entii'oly soft, cainiot be readily identified.

11

•ng the rarest

IS, but is most

ecies.

IS, in various

age.

Bav.

ay.

aiiging from

the Province
the continent

f the Norway
11 Gui'nard of

ly examined
! then known
3m low water
y numerous,
eds seem to
nals are very
ndividualsor
Scandinavian
in the study
opi)ortunity
>t. Lawrence.

, those which
)ottom, such
feeders, no
if examining
; nets were
vas taken in
ttention was

es, taken in
e Magdalen
that which
i anernonee,

i

1. Other fishes, siicli as sand la'ince=i, cipnUa. it^. : [have found a s;na]l so.i-Ianiprey
in a Cod's stomach.

2. Crabs, of the genus Hyas mostly.

3. Squid, at certain seasons.

4. Bivalve shells, es|)ecially the following: (Jlijcimtvis slli'jvo, CanUiim IshunUcum,
Sn'ripes Groenlundlcus, Yoldia myalls and limatula, and occasionally, other species.

5. Brittle stars, very rarely, generally OphiophoUs aculeata.

Juilging from the contents of its stomach, it would appear that the co<l very rarely
feeds at greater depths than fifty or sixty fathoms. By dredging, in comparatively shallow
water, one can often observe where cod liave been feeding, by the presenc(i in the dr«;dge
of empty shells of large cockles, which the cod have swallowed while living, and ejected
all but the nutritious portions through the mouth. Cod banks, or as the (jraspe tishermen
fall them, "reefs," are submarine elevations of the bottom of the sea. One of these
banks (between Capes Gasp6 and Bon Ami) I examined iu 1869, and was amazed at the
extraordinary numbers of the minute shells of the foramiuifera brought up iu the sand
from the bottom. It may be that in some cases the abundance on the banks of these-
microscopic creatures, u{)on which other niarine aninmls feed, may be the jjrimary cause-
of the presence of cod in such numbers at these puices. Farther up the 8t. liawrence,
o])posite Kiviere du Loup, Principal Dawson informs mo that cod feed largely on shrimps.
Cod tisl.es are infested with parasites, both external and internal. In European seas no
less than five species of parasitic crustaceans attach themselves to the outsivle of cod,
but I liave only noticed two kinds on cod from the St. Lawrence. Tape worms occurred
in the intestinal canal of Gaspe examples of this fish, and nematoid (1) worms were observed
encysted on the outside of the livei-s of cod caught off the St. John's River.

Halibuts -and flounders feed largely u[)on molluscs, both bivalve and univalve, and
i\\tj may obtain their food in deep water. At any rate flounders from Portland, Me.,
offered for sale in Montreal, frozen, have their stomachs full of shells of species exactly
identical with those dredged in from 100 to 250 fathoms iu the St. Lawrence.

In case Americans are allowed to fish in Canadian waters, the custom (said to be
practiced by them) of splitting the fish caught at sea and throwing the offal overi)oard, o)i
the fishing ground, should not be permitted,

A few words on the edible mollusca of the Dominion may not bo out of place hci*e.
Some of these are founil ou 'f'^s of the Atlantic, but about one-half are peculiar to

the shoi-es of North America. To tlie firs* of these groups belong the razor fish {Sohn
emis) ; the two "soft shell clams," {Mya areiuirUi and truncata), and the common mussel,
{Mytilus edulia). All of these inhabit the seas ofCanada, and are largely used in Europe
as articles of food. The whelk of the American shores, (Buccinum undulatum, Muller),
may be only a variety of the common British species, and the same may be said of the
Canadian oyster, of which the specific relations are still obscure. Of the edible species of
molluscs found in Canada, but not in Euroi)e, there are few of any economic importance.
The two Canadian cockles are too difficidt to obtain, the same is true of one of the two
native scallops (which, however, is found on both sides of the Atlantic), Mactra polyneow.
is a little more feasible, but by far the best of all is the large scallop known to natui-alists
tis Pecten Magellanicus. This species has everything in its favor as an article of food ; it
is of large size, specimens often measuring five t«.i six inches in diameter, which prevents it
being swallowed by fish ; it lives in very sha/iw water, and is, therefore, easy to obtain ;
and lastly, it is delicious when cooked, i . ^ve eaten cooked examples of Ceronia
deaurata, a bivalve which is common on the beach iu many parts of the Gulf, but it nudces
a poor substitute for the cockles of the old country.

The deaniess and scarcity of oysters in England has led to the formation of companies!
there, whose object is to import these molluscs from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
In view of this circumstance, as well as in the interests of our own people, it is of practical
importance that endeavors should be made to develop our resources in tliis direction. I
take the liberty of offering a few suggestions on this point. It would be of value, I
think, if a series of obsei'vations on the temperature of the bottom of the sea in various

13

jKirts of the coHst.s of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were carefully made, with the
latest appliancefi for that purpose. To these should be added a careful examination of
the nature of the bottom, and in various localities, with special reference to the presence
or absence of such micro.scoi>ic vegetable and animal organisms as are known to form the
V»idk of the food of the oyster. Individuals or companies who might endeavor to make
oyster Ix^ds artificially, would probably find these obsej-vaUons of value. Encouragement
should be alForded to persons engaged in ai-tificial oyster culture, or in making experi-
ments with that end in viev, by giving such legal protection to interests of this kind,
as is done in Great Britain. It might be well to oft'er a reward for the best essay on
artificial oyster culture in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with special reference to the varieties
best adapted for introduction into our waters. Attempts to acclimatize oysters in the
seas of the Province of Quebec would, I think, be impracticable, unless (which is
not likely to be the case) places should Idc found where the mean temperature of the
bottom is exceptionally high. The noi'thern limit of the oyster in Canada is the south
side of the Bay of Chaleur, and in the north of New Brunswick oysters are usually of small
size. The laws of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia with reference to ovsters are defective,
and require reconsidemtion and amendment.

In 1869, Pi'incipal Dawson dredged wood ))ei'forp+ed by a species of ship worm, (pro-
bably Teredo dilatafa, Stimpson,) in Gaspe Bay, and in the same year I dredged a piece of
waterlogged wood riddled by and full of a small burrowing crustacean of the genus
Limnona, in the same locality. When it is remembered that so many ships have been
lost at sea, through the ravages of the ship woi'ra that it has been designated by.Linnceus
the " calamitas navium," and when one reads of the dajnage done to dockyards in Europe
and America, either by the Limnoria alone, or by it and the Teredo, it behoves us to be on
•our guard when we learn that these formidable creatures unfortunately inhabit our own
shores. Principal Dawson informs me that great damages have already been done to the
woodwork of wharves and harbours in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, by this species
of Teredo. Mr. Nelson Davis, of Montreal, tells me the brigantine "Magdala,"

which was built at St. John, N. B., was completely ridd^ > 4iis ship worm, some time
ago, on her first voyage, from St. John to Liverpool. . Kinil" -' shewed me pieces of

the tiniljer of this unfortunate vessel, perforated in every di- action with the burrows of
this species, and containing the valves and pallets in situ. The whole of the ships bottoms >
had to be renewed and covered with copper sheeting before L,he was again seaworthy.

If it is boi'ne in mind that only live weeks were spent at sea altogether, and that
during this time the ordinary duties upon which the schooners were engaged, often
did not allow me to dredge, also that frequently, when opportunities were afforded, the
weather was unfavorable, and that I was practically alone (so far as scientific help was
concerned) nearly all the time ; it is hoped that the I'esults, both in a scientific and in a
]tractical point of view, will be such as to be creditable alike to the Dominion Goveinment
und to the society which I have the honour of representing.

It may be mentioned that the cost of the outfit, and extra travelling expenses,
amounted to about $130, of which the Natural History Society of Montreal paid $0-1 28,
and myself the remainder.

My thanks are specially due, and are hereby gratefully acknowledged to Commander
Lavoie, M.D., J.P., F. E. Gauthier Es(i. B.A., Captain LelAanc and t'le officers of La
Canadienne ; also to Captain Lachance and the officers of the Stella Maris, for their
unvarying kindness and valuable assistance to me while on board their vessels ; to J. W.
Gregory Esq., of Quel)ec, also to Mr. Joseph Eden, and other friends in Gaspe Basin, for
much courtesy shown to me during a fortnight's st-ay iit that picturesque little town.

MoxTnnAL, Doccnibev 2th0, 1871.

ide, with the
iimination of
the presence
to form the
ivor to make
icouragement
kiBg experi-
)f this kind,
)est essay on
the varieties
ysters in the
iS (which is
ature of the
is the south
lally of small
are defective,

) worm, (pro-
ged a piece of
jf the genus
)s have been
i by. Linnceus
•ds in Europe
'es us to be on
labit our own
n done to the
y this species
$ ''Magdala,"
•m, some time

me pieces of
le burrows of
3 ships botto^M
laworthy.
ler, and that
ngaged, often

afforded, the
ific help was
bific and in a
I Government

lug expenses,
paid 804 28,

0 Commandor
officers of La
,ris, for theii-
5els ; to J. W.
Lspe Basin, for
tie town.