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TRANSACTION NO. 51

APRIL 14TH, 1898

The Historical and Scientific Society

of Manitoba

The Game Birds

OF HANITOBA

EJY

George E. Atkinson

A Corresponding Member of the Society

Skortt
F ,

WINNIPEG
THE MANITOBA FREE PRESS COMPANY
1896

SV^Or.T^

3355 ■

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PEDIOCETES PHASIANKIJ-US
(Sharp-tailed Grouse, or Old Manitoba Prairie Chicken)

\

THE GAME BIRDS OF MANITOBA.

The Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba met in the
City Hall, Winnipeg, on the evening of April 14th, 1898. The
audience present was large and manifested much interest in the
proceedings. Chief Factor William Clark, of the Hudson's
Bay Company, President of the Society, took the chair. After a
number of items of preliminary business had been disposed of,
Mr. George E. Atkinson, of Portage la Prairie, read his paper on
" The Game Birds of Manitoba," which was illustrated by
specimens of a number of the birds referred to. Mr. Atkinson
said :

The science of Ornithology is one which shows striking
results of great interest and practical value, if it be studied
aright. Herein we look upon those forms of life which consti-
tute a connecting link between reptiles and mammals, in that
highest branch of the animal kingdom, the Vertebrata. To
Aves nature permits a wider range than to any other member of
the sub-kingdom. The birds are equally at home on land or
water, have " dominion of the air," and possess a powei" of loco-
motion through space in a manner impossible to other forms.

OUR GAME BIRDS.

By our game birds we mean those birds which are sought
after for the double purpose of affording sport to the hunter and
meat to the larder. The serving of these purposes having been
regarded by the majority of sportsmen as the only interest or
value of our game birds, it must not be wondered at that little
time has ever been given to look for other interesting or valuable
qualities beyond a sufficient knowledge of the surest methods of
capture and the choicest varieties for the table.

It is the lack of authentic knowledge, consequent on the
lack of interest manifest, which has allowed so many
ridiculous stories about our most familiar species to remain un-

challenged by mon who should know the truth on account of
experience, but who do not know because of defective observa-
tions and interests.

I trust that T may be able to show that the suVyect is
exceedingly interesting from «lifFerent standpoints, and yet little
can be explained in one pai)cr in proportion to what is to be
known and which should be known by every man who has
interest enough in sport to take a gun in hand and go in pursuit
of game. It is the intention of this paper to deal almost entirely
with the orders, as time and space do not permit of an investi-
gation of individual species,

I. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT.

The systematic or Alphabetical standpoint is that whicli
names our subjects, classifies them into Orders, Families, Genera,
and species, according to their diversity of form, coloration or
habitat; traces th 3 general relations of all forms to each other,
and is the centre of the investigations of the evolutionists.

In dealing with our game birds from this standpoint of
view, therefore, we first perceive that they are grouped into
three orders, with a total local repr-esentation of 78 species, viz. :

Anseres, including ducks, geese, and swans, with 37 repre-
sentative species.

Lwiicolae, including snipe, sandpipers, and plovers, with 36
representative species.

Gallinae, including grouse, quail and turkeys, with 7 local
species.

A comparison of the three orders shows that the order
Anseres are all birds adapted to aquatic life, the Gallinae for
life on dry land, while Limicol<te form the connecting link, being
adaf)ted for a sub-aquatic life.

Let us make a systematic comparison of the structures of
the three orders to show adaptation to conditions.

1. Anseres. — Feet webbed; adapted for swimming; tarsus
short and thick ; bill stout, flat or round with teeth or toothed
ridges to assist in securing submerged food, the ridges acting as
strainers or gutters to allow the water to escape ; sternum flat.

broad, long and almost solid at the base; keel low, forv/ard,
slightly sloping to the base; frontal bone coni])aratively stout
and round, only connected with the keel by weak muscles ; wing
almost twice as long as wide with very strong pectoral muscles
for swift, systematic and sustained flight ; no crop.

2. Limicolaa. — Toes bare, lobcd, or semi-palmated ; legs
long and slender f 'r wading; bill long and slender (except in
plover) for surface feeding or probing the mud and bog weed ;
sternum slight, narrow and short; frontal bone (juite delicate,
keel proportionately quite high covering down to a nearly solid
base ; wings long and narrow, well adapted for an erratic dodg-
ing flight. No crop.

S. Gallinae. — Toes unwebbed and unlobed ; tarsus short and
stout, often covered with hair or fine feathers ; hind toe much
longer than either Anserefi or Limicolaa ; foot suital)le for
scratching, running on dry land or perching in trees; bill short
and .stout ; sternum very narrow and long proportionately ; keel
very high, curving down to a solid base detached from a strip of
bone on each side, .seeming like the lower rib, only it is not
jointed to the sternum but is part of itself; frontal bone long,
narrow and pointed, attaclied to keel by quite a strong muscle ;
wings .short, broad and rounded for a bullet like flight to escape
enemies; ([uite a large crop wheie considerable food can be
stored from time to time.

AN5ERES (DUCKS AND GEESE).

Dealing with each order sejiarately, we find them divided
again into families, each showing characteristics peculiar to

themselves.

In Anseres there are four such families, viz. :

(a) Merginae. — Mergansers or fish ducks : Bill long, narrow
and rounded, .sharply toothed for holding fish ; tarsus shorter
than middle toe, without nail, having a representation of three
species in Manitoba.

(b) Anatinae. — River Ducks : Tarsus as in Merginae, bill
broad, flattened teeth, more ridgelike ; no lobe on the hind toe.

Inclu<l('8 inalliird, teal, pintail, wood duck, shoveller and wid^oon,
etc., with ten Manitoba Hpceics.

(c) FulljjvUnxc. — Soa and Bay Ducks: Bill and tarsus as in
AiuUinac; hind toes lohed ; altogether a rounder duck tlian the
the Anatlvac Includes bluehills, whistler, ietlbead,canvashack,
scoters, cowheen and eiders, with fifteen local i-cpresentatives.

I.AOOPtTS I.AGOPUS
(Willow Ptarmigan)

. (d) Anserinac : Tarsus lonfj^er than middle toe; without
nail; lores feathered; usually larger than foregoing families.
Includes geese, with seven local species.

(e) Cygninae : Tarsus as in Aihscrinae ; lores bare ; size much
larger than other families. There are two representative species.

LIMICOLAE (SHORE BIRD5.)

The Manitohan Limicolde arc divided intc five families, viz. :
(a) Recur virosir if Itie: Toes four, unlohed ; bill long and

slender ; tarsus over 3A inches. Tnelud(!S stilts and avoccts,

having only one species in Manitoba.

(h) Pli<ilaroj)odi(hic : Toes four, lohed, and senii-palniated ;

tarsus under 3^ inches ; bill long and slender. Includes the

phalaropes, having only two species local.

(c) Seolopacidae : Toes four, unl'iod, sometimes semi-
palmate ; tarsus 3^ inches ; bill long and slender. Includes
.snipe, and sandpipers, with 24 species locally represented.

(d) Gharadriidae (Plovers) : Toes three, not lobed, some-
times semi-palmated ; no hind toe ; bill short and thick for
surface feeding ; tarsus under 3| inches. There are five local
species of this family.

(e) Aphrizidae : Toes 4, unlobed and unwebbed ; bill as in
CkdrdAlriidae ; tarsus under 3^ inches. Turnstones, with only
one species, being more conunon on the coast.

QALLINAE (GROUSE, Etc.)

The divisions of Gallinae (local .species) are fewer, on account
of fewer varieties being found on the prairies. The majority of
the Galliiiae are inhabitants of more southern and wooded
districts. The whole number of resident .species are included
under one family : Tetrdonidae, the more northern and feather
legged sub-family of the groose, (juail and partridge. All our
local species are feather-legged.

II. THE PHILOSOPHIC SIDE.

The philosophic standpoint from which Ornithology may be
treated, is that which deals with the whys and wherefores of
the Systematic. Herein we deal with the living specimen, and
reason out the cause of the diversity of form, coloration, etc.,
shown by the systematic, by a careful observation of habit and
habitat or conditions and environment of the .species.

From this point of view, therefore, we will deal with : " The
origin of birds and their place in nature," " The migration of

8

game birds, its cause and effect," and " The effects of civilization
upon our game birds," pointing again to the systematic descrip-
tion to sliow the effect of a cause, or the construction of forn)S to
suit chosen conditions.

As to the origin of birds and their place in jiature, much

DENDRAGAPU.S CANADENSIS
(Canada Grouse or Spruce Partridge). Kemale.

may be said, but I shall simply refer you to former mention of
birds as the connecting link between reptiles and mammals; on
the lower side the Archn'opteryx macrumt, the earliest known
bird fossil, found in the Jurassic States of Bavaria, connecting
with reptiles; and on the other hand to the Ornithorhynchus

9

parctdoxus, duck billed platypus, that peculiar egg-laying
mammal of Australia, as the connecting link between aves and
mammalia.

Regarding the migration of birds, its cause and effect, much
controversy annually takes place without very definite solutions

DENDRAGAPrS CANADENSIS.
(Canada Grouse or Spruce Partridge). Male.

being given to that problem ; consequently, I shall only explain
the peculiar migration habits of the three orders, and show a
few simple reasons for such, also showing that food and tempera-
ture, while to some extent responsible, cannot be held account-
able for all migration.

10

The Anseres (ducks, geese and swans) are regularly migratory
in Manitoba, leaving only on the freezing up of the ponds,
rivers and lakes, which are the feeding ground and resting places
of these birds. They winter usually as far north as they can
procure food, open water and protection from enemies. For this
reason we may argue that food and protection are sought by
this order in migrating, as they are so constructed as to he com-
paratively helpless out of reach of water, notwithstanding the fact
that they regularly leave the water to feed in the stubble fields.
They rise and strike out in a regular swift and systematic flight
to winter quarters when compelled to leave their summer homes.

2. TheLimicolw — shore-birds — snipe, sandpipers and plover —
show different characteristics, and no family of land birds has
a greater migration range. Many species which do not reach us
until late in May pass long distances north of us to breed, and
return early in August with their families. Leaving us early in
September, they continue their journey by degrees till they are
regularly recorded as wintering in Southern Patagonia. It is
evident that neither food nor protection is the cause of such an
extensive migration, as the birds are regular in their return in
the spring, even though their breeding grounds are still snow
and ice bound, and they are gone from us again in the fall often
before the first frosts.

Observations of the birds of this order in life, and a compari-
son with human beings, have likened them to a very nervous
and hysterical person, who never can remain quiet and is always
fidgeting and twitching the hands and feet, as the majority of
species seem affected with St. Vitas' dance. Even when stand-
ing in one place they are constantly bobbing their heads and
bodies in an involuntary and nervous manner, and look as
though they grudged the time they were spending with us and
were anxious to be away again. Their calls express the same
wild hysterical and fretful feeling.

As they are usually gregarious, they are easily decoyed by
an imitation of their own whistle or that of a kindred species.
The long narrow wings are well adapted for tlieir nervous and
erratic flights.

11

3. The Gallinit' are less migratory than any of the others,
and the local family Tetraonidw are practically resident where-
ever found, migrating only when compelled to on account of the
home supply of food heing frozen or snow covered, depending on
their swift, bullet-like flight and their coloration and skill to
elude enemies. Even the Ptarmigan, the most northern genus,
are only slightly migratory, turning white in winter and brown
in summer as a protection from enemies.

OUR GROUSE.

The effects of civilization upon our game birds have been
quite striking, differing with each order. Formerly all the water
fowl were much more regularly and abundantly distributed over
the country, but with the advance of civilization, the introduc-
tion of harvest machinery, the puffing of the locomotive, the
reclaiming of the bogs and sloughs— their original nesting sites
—they are rarer. The ducks and such members of the Limicoloi
as frequented these places have been compelled to retire with
the Indian to the wilder and less accessible places, while such
as are only migratory have shortened their stopover periods with
us, while local breeding species now congregate on the larger
lakes to await their friends from the north on their southern
journey.

The effects on the Gallinw have been very different, reveal-
ing in one case a change of habit to suit changed conditions, a
change of habitat in a second, and the advance of a better
adapted species in a third.

(a) When this country was first settled the ruffled grouse or
partridge (Bonam umhellas) was a numerous and unsuspicious
bird in all our small bluffs, being easily Hushed, and allowing an
approach sufficiently close to knock it from the tree with a stick
or snare it with a noose on a pole. At the present time the bird
thrives in the vicinity of civilization, but is (juite cunning, beino-
difficult to Hush, seldom alighting in trees, and placing itself in
hiding with the greatest alacrity and remaining hidden most
successfully.

(b) The sliar))-tailcd grouse (Pedioccates phasiandlus var.,

12

campestris), being uninclined to adopt civilized habits, has retired
to the wilder and more unsettled parts of the province, and in
one case extending its range eastward into the wooded country
of the Rainy River and Algoma Districts of Northwestern
Ontario, is regularly recorded now at Lake Tamiscamingue, the
head waters of the Ottawa River.

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I

TYMPANUCHUS AMERICANUS.
(Pinnated Grouse or New Manitoba Prairie Hen)

(c) The pinnated grouse (Tympamichus Ainericanus), a. coin-
paratively new species, ente.od the province some fourteen years
ago (1881) from Northern Minnesota and Dakota, and following
u{) the grain fields, increases under the very feet of its greatest

13

enemy — man. It is a larger and heavier bird than Pediocmtcs
caTYipestris, whose place it has taken, and seems well acqtiainted
with the game laws and the tricks of humanity. In season they
are wild and shy, running long distances through the grass after
alighting from a long flight. They hide themselves in the scrub
and grass and are difficult to dislodge, having considerable power
to withhold their scent. They do not frequent the trees as much
as Pediocoetes campestris, but in severe winter they go deeper
into the bush than do the sharp-tailed variety. The sharp-
tailed grouse come from the milder parts in the winter and keep
company with the pinnated grouse about the stacks, but being
in their own habitat a stupid, silly bird, the pinnated grouse do
not seem to be able to tolerate their ignorance and repeatedly
drive them off, while such as remain learn lessons of wisdom
from this new and up-to-date game bird, which, while much
more difficult to hunt, is a much handsomer bird, and affords
more sport and satisfaction in its pursuit and capture, and is
enthusiastically welcomed to Manitoba and Western Canada.

III. THE ECONOMIC QUESTION

The economic standpoint is that which deals with the
relations of the subject at issue to man from a financial stand-
point. This is considered by economists and the general public
to be the most important branch of any investigation.

Dealing with the game birds from this point of view we will
consider them, irrespective of their value as game, accoiding to
their relations, beneticial, injurious or neutral, to agriculture,
that most necessary art of civilization. By a beneficial species
is meant one which feeds on or destroys the enemies of agricul-
ture. By an injurious species is meant one which feeds on or
destroys forms beneticial to agriculture or injures or destroys
the results of agricultural labor or hinders in any way the
destruction of enemies of agriculture or injures or destroys that
which is beneficial to man.

By a neutral species is meant one whose injurious qualitiei^
balance the beneficial or whose feeding habits in no wdy inter-
fere with human interests and independent of that law of nature

u

that notliinjj: has V)een made in vain as all nocessai v to maintain
the balance of nature.

Therefore if we take the most beneficial or least injurious
first we shall turn to the Gallinai. The food of these birds
during the l)reeding season, which is also the most important
season for the agriculturalist, consists almost entirely of insect
food, chiefly grasshoppers, caterpillars an<l injurious Coleoptera
and Hemiptera. The winter food consists of rose-hips, wild
berries and buds, the former a nuisance to the farmer, the
latter of no material value. For this reason we may consider
GalliiKV a beneficial order.

While the Liriiicohv are almost entirely insectivorous their
indiscretion in destroying many beneficial aquatic forms as well
as injurious species classes them more as a neutral order tend-
ing to bo beneficial.

With Ansercs the case differs. A duck will eat anything it
can get get into its mouth, and a wild duck is no exception to
this rule. While they destroy large numbers of injurious forms,
they do not discriminate, but devour large numbers of beneficial
forms, such as frogs, lizards, crayfish, snails, and the larger
aquatic beetles and the Bdodoina, which are all beneficial in
keeping in check the innumei'able small injurious insects too
small to be of use to the ducks. However, were this the only
charge, we should acquit them as neutial, which they probably
are to the agriculturist. But much gi'aver charges are laid
against them which sooner or later will require investigation.

Our governments annually spend large sums of money in
replenishing the supply of food fishes in our lakes and rivers,
and many species of this order of birds have a decided piscator-
ial appetite, more especially the open water ducks and mer-
ganser, which congregate in large numbers at the spawning beds
of our food fishes, and gorge themselves upon the fry and spawn,
while game connnissioners blanu; the agency of man for the
decrease of foo<l fishes.

I once took from the throat of a shell drake (American mer-
ganser) sixty-four small fish, the fry of tlie whitefish, salmon
trout, bas-:, chub and kindred forms, ranging from one-half to

15

three inches in length, while I have frequently taken thirty or
forty small tish from the throat of a common mallard (Anas
boschas), which had been shot while feeding in a millpond or a
small stream. The retiring of these birds conse(|uent on the
advance of civilization, causing them to seek food in open water,
will induce many at present non-fish-eating to accept the same
diet, and much more damage will be done our food fishes in this
manner than can ever be done with nets, which do not take the
spawn or fry. From these facts we may see that the ducks are
not beneficial to agriculture, and they are certainly injurious to
our fisheries to an extent which will not decrease with the
advance of civilization. If evidence of damage done be carefully
estimated, then we shall see whether the valuable food fish des-
troyed is less than the value of game to the fastidious epicure,
and whether the birds should be still protected in their depre-
dations.

Geese and swans are strictly migratory with us. Although
much damage was once done to growing crops by the immense
flocks of snow geese (wavies), and this is the cause of their
having no protection as game at present, the settlement of the
country has greatly reduced the numbers of these birds, and in
the greater part of Manitoba they may be considered as a
neutral order or injurious in comparison to their numbers.

IV. THE SENTIMENTAL ASPECT.

We now arrive at the concluding standpoint, namely, the
sentimental, or that through which the the beauty and perfec-
tion of nature and the majesty of the Creator appeal to and
direct our lives through our intercourse with nature. This can
scarcely be considered a scientific point of view, since many
eminent though matter-of-fact scientists argue that true science
will not permit of sentiment. But herein we distinguish be-
tween a naturalist and a matter-of-fact scientist, as sentiment is
born in man.

This is the sunny pathway of the student of nature ; he
fairly revels in it, and for this reason a few sentimental obser-
vations from a sentimental naturalist will not be considered out

16

of place here. It seems very unfortunate that so many are
too much engrossed with matter-of-fact views that little or no
room or time remains for sentiment. Yet what harm does it do
us ? What time does it take to fill it and enjoy it ? What a
comforting and cheering influence it has upon our flagging
spirits, and what an influence it might have upon our lives were
we to thoughtfully study the simplicity and ready obedience of
living forms to an unseen director called instinct.

How strikingly human are the characteristics displayed, and
how difficult it is for us to determine where reason begins and
instinct ends. Where do we see a more striking exemplification
of human characteristics than may be seen in the mother grouse
as she leads her newly hatched chicks about ? Her pride as she
leads them along before the scrutinizing gaze of her neighbors
who show striking resemblances to admiration, disdain or
even jealousy. See the pleasure and curiosity the little
creatures show as they run peeping about exploring every
cranny, the aflectionate manner in which she seems to talk to
them and her anxiety and alertness for danger as you put in an
appearance and she fully realizes the helplessness of her family.
See her courage and devotion in risking her own life as she
says to them " hide quick while I lead the brute away," when
suddenly she feigns injury flapping along in a semi-helpless
manner and leads you on a chase after her. She is just in
your grasp, you think, when suddenly the ruse is complete. You
have been deceived and decoyed away, the wing is suddenly
repaired and with a bound she is off while you stand and gaze
with open eyes and mouth after her, or feel disgusted with your-
self for being fooled by a bird.

Again we see the instant obedience of the chicks to the
mother's voice as she directs them to hide or calls them to her
side again after you are out of sight (and breath).

Again we see the vanity of the male as he struts about
drumming to his mate, the modesty with >.hich she accepts his
attentions and vows of love, the constancy with which she at-
tends her domestic duties while her fickle lord frequently goes off"
with his comrades leaving his faithful wife to look after the family.

17

These and many other characteristics make our birds exceed-
ingly interesting subjects of study. Yet how many opportu-
nities we miss of watching the life of the birds. How many
secrets we lose by carelessness. How often we feel tired with

nONASA UMDKIXUS
(Ruffed Grouse, or wrongly called Canadian " pheasant."

nothing to do when we could restore our minds to vigorous
action by watching the birds.

How often from his hiding could a sportsman bring valuable
information if he used his observing powers and studied the
forms about him as he watches for game ? Yet I ani forced to
admit that the poorest and most absurd reports have been

18

received from this saine source where such great opportunities
are offered from time to time on the periodical trips of the
sportsman to the lake, river or woods in search of j^ame. A
great majority of reports received from this source are upset
by the slightest scientific investigation. Yet it is surely plain
that a slight scientific knowledge of the species we are pursuing
would prove valuable to every sportsman in assisting him in
securing his game, and the knowledge once acquired costs noth-
ing to carry about and it becomes lighter as the meterial in-
creases. T can only say with John Burroughes, that eminent
field naturalist and sportsman, about the observation of nature

" There is a fascination about it ({uite overpowering. It fits"
so well with other things, fishing, hunting, farming, camping
out, with all that takes us to the field and woods. One may go
berry picking and make a rare discovery or driving a cow to
pasture may hear a new .song or make a new observation.
Secrets lurk everywhere. There is news in every bush. What
no man ever saw before you may see. What a new interest the
woods have ; how you long to explore every corner."

To these remarks I can only add: make records of your
observations on paper. Don't trust to memory, it may deceive
you. Tell your friends your observations that you may learn
from discussion what is regular and what is irregular. We
need never be afraid of seeing too much or of learning every-
thing. To see the beauty and the life will often humble our
proud spirits or prove refreshing and helpful when wordly
cares press heavily upon us.

LIST OF LOCAL SPECIES.

The following is the list of the local species of the three orders,
as complete as can be secured at the present time :

ORDER ANSERES.
Family Anafvhf.

Sub-family Merginw.

American Merganser — Merganser Americana.
Red Breasted Merganser — Merganser serrator.
Hooded Merganser — Hophodytes cucuUatiis.

^^.

10

i' '''^-

i

»Sul>-faii)ily Aiiafivtn :

Mallard — Arms hoschas.

Black Duck — Avas ohscura,

Gadwall — Anas atrepcrd.

Widgeon or Baldpate — Anas Amcrirotuf,

Green Winged Teal — Anas Citrolinensis.

Blue Winged Teal — Anas discorv.

Cinnamon Teal — Alias cyanoptetu.

Shoveller — Spatida clypeata.

Pintail — Dajila Acuta.

Wood Duck— -^ia- sponsa.

Sul)-faraily Fuliguiinu' :

Red Head — Aythla Ami'ricana.
Canvas-back — Aythia vallisneria.
American Scaup Duck or Big Blue Bill —

Aythia marila nearctica.
Lesser Scaup Duck or Little Blue B'lW— Aythia affi^nis.
Ring-necked Duck — Aythia collaris.
American Golden Eye or Whistler —

Glaucionetta clamjula Americana.
Barrows Golden V^ye— Glaucionetta Islandica.
Bulflehead — Charitonetta albeola.
Cowheen or Old Squaw — Clanyida hyoiudis.
Harlequin Duck — Histrionicus histrionicus.
American Eider — Soniateria dresseri.
American Scoter — Oideniia Americana.
White Winged Scoter — Oidemia deglandi.
Surf Scoter — Oidemia perspicillata.
Ruddy Idwok—Erismatura riihida.

Sub-family Anserinca:

Lesser Snow Goose Wavy- -Chen hyperhora;.
Blue Goose — Chen caernlescens.
White Fronted Goose — Anser alhifrons gamheli.
Canada Goose — Branta Canadensis.
Hutchin's Goose — Branta, C. Hutchinsii
Brant Goose — Branta Bernicla.

^i

20

Sub- fail I i ly Cytfn incc.

Whistling Swan — Olor colmnhiawm.
Truinpt'ter Swan — Olor buccinator.

ORDER LIMKJOL.h.

Fuiiiily Pludoropoilidw.

Northern Fhaloropu — PaUtnqms lohntits.
Wilson'is Phalorctpe — PhaloropuH tricolor.

¥ Q.\\\\\y Recu rvirodridtv.

Aujerican Avocut — liecurviroatra Americana.

Fani ily Scolopacidw.

American Woodcock — Pldlolwla minor.

Wilson's Snipe— Oaliina<jo delicata.

Dowitch(!r — Macrortuimphun griwua.

Long-billed Dowitcher — MacrorliampJiiiH scoloj)accun.

Stilt Sandpiper — Micropalama himantopus.

Knot or Robin Snipe — Tringa eanutus.

Pectoral Sandpiper — Trlii(/(t maculata.

Wliito-runiped Sandpiper — iVInf/afuscicoliw.

Baird's Sandpiper — Trivija Bairdii.

Heast Sandpiper — Trin<j<t minutilla.

Red Backed Sandpiper or Blackheart —

Trill ga Alpina Ptelfica.
Semipahnated Sandpiper — Erennctes occidtntalis.
Sanderlinjr — Calidris arenaria.
Marbled Godwit — Limoi^a fedod.
Hudsonian Godwit — Liviosa hctmastica.
Greater Yellow Legs — Totanus Melanoleticus.
Lesser Yellow Legs — Totanus Havipes.
Solitary Sandpiper — Totanus solitarius.
W il let — Symphemia semipalmata.
Bartramian Sandpiper or Quail — Bartramia longicaudii.
Buff-breasted Sandpiper — Tryngites suhruficollis.
Spotted Sandpiper — Actitis macularia.
Long-billed Curlew — Numenius longirosiris.
Eskimo Curlew — Numenius borealis.

21

Fftin i ly Cli armiri uh c —

niack-hollicd Vlovvr—Ckaradrius Hquafarola.
AiiKU'ican (toldeii Plovar—ClKinuirius (lo7iiinicu8.
K illdeer — jKijlalitiH voclfera.
Rin^-nock Plover — yKg'ialitis Hemi'pdlmata.
Piping P\o\'iir — /K(j'udUis mcloda.

Fiiiiiily Apkrigidifi—'

Turnstone — Arenaria interpren.

ORDER GALLINyE.
Family Tetmonidtt'- -

Canatla Grouse or Spruce Partridfj^e —

Deiidragapus Canadensis.
Ruffed Orouse — Bonasa umbellus togaUi.
(J ray Ruffed Grouse — Bonasd uniheUus uinhelloides.
Willow Ptarmigan — Lagopus lagopus.
Rock Ptarmigan — Lagopits rupest^'is.
Pinnated (Jrouse — Tympanuchus Ainerica/ms.
Sharp-tailed Grouse — Pediocwies cainpcdi is.

&>*■• '*','" '^0^

-'^^v.-.f ■>---■