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ALHEUTA. X.W.T.

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SIX vKAits' K\i'i:i!ii:.\ri' m- a kaiimkr

!N -IIIK

F^EL) D KK H I ) 1 S r I M ( 'T

HT

REV. LEO. GAETZ

Published by the Department of Agriculture of the Government of Canadi

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[O'I'TAW A
I'KINTK!) ^.^ S. K. DAWSON. I'I{1N TKi; To 'rill': <,M ' KKN S .Mo.s'l'

KXCKLl.KNT .MA.Ii;sr\'

180 2
Set by the Linotype Typesetting Machine, February, 1892.

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INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

"'^- t""<.uii,- ,. a rq.,.n u[ the mtMnnati..,, tnniisl>c.l t.. the
• •'"inimo- ..11 (>>\nnhiiUnn and A-riculiuiv hv tl,e Kev Lc.
<-id/. -iM,,,. his personal experiences ..f six vears' resi.leiiee a^"
a tanner in the Red JJeer district of Xortliern All.erta Mr
(.act., ouiiio- to iU-hcalth. was obliged to resio-,, his niinistrv i
tlH' Methodi.t Chinvh. and in co„se.|ncnce he t...k np his re.
dcncc in the localitv stated.

in
i-

1 he rec..|-d Mt an experience of six years' tannin- as a settler
•n Xonhen, Alheria hy a man uho luul -,., experience of thi.
"HMle ..t hie presents new ini-onnation which is of -reat interest
and ulnch was fnnc'she.I l.y Mr. Gaet. h. the ( .iinnntlee with
trankness.

The facts stated are pn^.f .,f the pleasantness .,f the climate
an.l the o-eueral conditions of hvm- in that, at present, httle
known pnnioi, nf the Xon!i-West. an.l thev convev a more
favoiu J.le impression of the fanning resources of' Xortheni
Alberta than have been believed by many tn exist.

lU'i-anmcnt of Agriculture.

Ottawa. 7tli March. i8<xd.

1

I

RED DEER.

DisTuic']- oi' .\( )Kri!i:K.\ aliu:kt.\.

(."( Illlililhi.' knom 30.

House of Coiimioiis.

Ottawa, 26tli I'cbruan . iSt/o.

'I !k' SrliTl Slaidiii^ ('011111111100 on .\griniltuiT aii'l ( '< i]. mi/a-
li^ti nioi this ilay in the ( 'oniniittec Rdom. Mr. I Vtor While,
koiifri'w. ( liainiian. piH'^idod.

'I he fhairmaii.— 1 Ion. Mr. r'afliiiL; has >u,L;',y;-i'sto(l to nu- that
the I\c'v. I.c'onaid (?dv\/., who has hvcd in tlie Kod I )ror l\i\cr
<Hsti-ii-t "\ the \'orth-\\"cst 'rcrrilorios. ini,i;ht he ahlc to ,i;ivc the
(.oniniittec Munc inl'Mfniation with re-peet to that countrx'.

Moll. Mr. Carhn.L;-.— The Rev. Leonard Gaetz, who is well
Known in western Canada, and who, on account of i)0()r health,
was obliged some years aj^fo to leave the niinistry, settled in
.Mhcrta. ahout too miles north of Calvary, in the vicinity of the
ked Deer River, and has hecome a farmer, and is cultivating;- a
lai-o-e (|nantity of land. Tie hrouci^ht down with him yesterday
from there samples of g-rain that were g-rown in that sectiou, and
I thongiH the Committee would he very much interested in hav-
ing- a desorii)tion of tliat c(.imtry, and seeing the samples of grain
that were grown there.

The Chairman.— r'erha].s \ on will tell us. Mr. Gaetz, when von
went to the Red Deer countr\-. what its chief attractions are and
how tliat country is adapted for agricultural operations ?

Re\. Leonard Gaetz. — I have the honour and privilege of
appearing before you. as the lion. Minister of Agriculture stated,

(>

llii<ni;^!i a I,iii(| Mj<;<;c>ii(pn nt his nwii. L may >a_\ lui-c that I
niiri' had the privilrj^c <tf ])ri'ai-liiii|4-, n. 4 at hut to \\\v id'ii. Mr.
< arhii;;- ill the oit\ d I.mikIoh, and he was a kindly fneii'l thou,
ami I li(li(\e. eciiliiiiu's li. he, and f'nm hi>> intelliyeiii (U'\<iii(tii
tn his hepartineiit he ha.s won die hcaft.-, I tliink. nt all the farm-
ers frmn the wave-washed >luire> ■ >\ the Atlantic to die eastern
slope (jf the Kt»eky Monnlaiiis. which 1 !iavc the honour to
ri'presi'iil here t^-day. I showed the Mini-.ter<'f Aj^'rienhiire »c mie
>amples wliieh are here hefi-re \i»n, and he thoU!L;ht it nii.uht he
well if dle^t■ >.\ere iresriiteil to the ( oniiniili e ; as it is mi rellee-
tion upon the inlellii^e'iee. e\en of this liMiiom'aliK' itoil\. to say
that I'ew ha\e the slij^htest e< nu-i'iitiMii nf the extent, tlie product
and the capahilities of these wc-st<rii Territi -ries. I fell then and
feel still an emharrassmcnt ; hecauso aUhiati;h [ cannot >ay 1 am
entirel\ unaccustomed to |)ul>lie si)eakinLr. I am (juite miaccus-
toine(l to sj)eakin,L;' under >ncii auspices, and I am \er) mncli
afraid that in my arddr.r 1 may \iolate all the rule^ d I'arlia-
mcntary discussion and hr.Liich olT into an t'shortation ^v S( rnion.
and he called to ( irdcr, I htppe. howewr. \"ou \\ill riLjard any of
my error> as ei'rors of the head rather tlian the heart. I am a
thoron,L;h ( "anadian. from die >oul ..f my feet to the crown of my
head. I am an enthusiastic farmer. T claim to be a co-worker
with yiiu. if iiol oi; the lloor of Parliameiu, yet in the fertile lields
<i| the westi^'m |ir;iirie. 1 am a co- worker with you in i'\er\ thinii;'
that leads to the ^lu'cess and diNchipment of diis ancient and
hoiionrahle indn^trv. i ^i eak miiie particularly to-dav of the
Province of Alberta, because I know it better than I know Assini-
boia and .Wjrth Saskaichewan ; but I may say here, that it
must not lie considered an inirin^-enient on the [ircrojj;'ati\'e of
the representalixe i^\ Albiria, m\- frieml Mr. Haxis, foi- lie is per-
fectly williui;- that I >lionld l)e iiis Aar- 'H in speakino- of that ])ro-
mised land. I ha\e no doubt als(-) that mv friend from Re.c^ina,
Mr. Davin. and .Mr. .\bicdowall frcna Saskatchewan, will ]iresent
information with respect to their particular districts.

The district of .\lbert;i has an area of 106,000 square miles. It
is. therefore, nearly twice as lar,L;c as ^Manitoba, about four times
as lari;(' as .\ew Brunswick, five times as larj^fe as Xova Scotia,
and fifty times as lari,^e as Prince Edward Island. It stretches
from th(^ 40th |)arallel of latitude — the American boundary — up
for over 430 miles north 10 tiie Territorv o\ Athabasca. It e\-

friidi iri>iii ilu- I I nil iK'L^ri'c "if 1< iii;;itu(lr mi ilic ra^t l'> the I'l-'*-
\iiK'e of l'.rili>li ( "luiuhia cii ilii- wot, \k''\\\^ Sdiiuuliat cf uc(1jl;c
-sliapi', atintu ij( I iiiik's at ilic --luiili nid ami >< n new heir alunit ^V'< •
iiiih'x at ijortli ; mt, >a\\ a mean d J(x) iiiiU> in wi'ltli. This
Cdntitry may rrally he dividrd iiitn thic-i' parts, and i;uh 'it these
; afts has a special ami di^tiiuMi\i' eapahihty . .f its nwn.

Mere i». tif>t. that wisieni portion of Alherta which lakes in the
eastern >lope ot the Kocky Mountains and out throu<,;li the I'oot-
Inlls to the prairie proper, in whieh (hvisi(»n the hand of I 'rovidenci-
ha> treasured mimeiise mineral wealth, and forests of tiinher, and
evcrlastin;; reservoirs of watir. Now', it does not retptire any
yreat prophetie ,L;fniu< to foretell the roinniereial po.ssijiilitie^ that
ai*e to lir fiiniid 111 >neli a distriet. As yet \V(^ are only ])layinL:' at
niinini; ; hut 1 linnly l)elii'\-e, Mr, ('hainnan and .mntli-nien. that
onr ehildiin will see Heiners and I'nltc- C'iiies and I'.eiiioii-^ north
< if the .]< (lit paralM.

I see no rea>on why an\ >ane man can ']nestii>ii that. I he
possihilii'es are there, and while capital is seeking' for iiueslmeiit.
and iahom" is elatiioiirin^' for I'tiiployment, and enterprise is
e\('r\ where commanding:;' that the stones he nia<le hri'ail, I helies'e
it {•- not imi)o>sil)le that we shall see these thiiijLCs north of tlu- 4<)th
parallel. 1 know that in that coimtry a Lj'reat deal is heini; done,
hut \t'r\' little compared with what we li;i\e reason to expect,
'['his .arises from the fact that the mineral resources and resources
o» timber lia\e heen discovered ny individuals who h.avc not as
\ et the capital to < ipeii and dexclop them and when the Ik mr arrives
and capital is found to iiuest in enterprises in that western
)iortion of Alherla it will he a i^fi-at source of strength and com-
mt rci.'tl a<l\atita,!^"e to the whole country.

riien. Sir. 1 hasten to say that the remainder of Alhert.'i, m;ik-
in;; more than two-thirds of the district, ma\- he divided into what
we call Southern Alherta and Xortheru All)erta.

Southern All)erta, which extends from the houndary line north
.ihout 200 miles, to a point ahout 40 miles north of ("alsji^ary, and
from the ed^ii' of the footdiills out t<> the houndary line of Assini-
boia, i.^ one of the j;realest >to(.k countries of the continent of
America. This is tK^t n new statement. It is a well-known and
admitted fact by the .-Xmerican ranchmen that Southern .Mberta
is a far better stock '•an^-e than can be fcnmd to-day in either Wyo-
ming Territory. Xevada. Wasliingtini Territory or ( »regon, for

f

ilir <K|iili i>l' >iii»\vfall in uiiitcr i^ K-^- .iiiil tlu' ;;rass i> liritiT.
Many AuKTicaii raiuliiin'ii arc (.'luk-avourin)^ Im luid >«iiiu \\a> in
winch tlicy can hrinj;', I'Spociall) <lut\ five, their stock over into
ihr (h>irirt i-f Sonthirn Alherta. in i»riK'r i.» ^nvn: ihcni ll'eiv.
Xovv, while I speak ni' tins seetii»n a> heinj4 <listinetiv i\ apprn^
]>fi;iic ,i> a ^tnck-raisnii^ i-<Muitr\, ii i- nnlv jn>t \<> >a\ that in
nian\ |i;iits < ii' SMnlheiMi \lhritn I haw Men er.i|)> i.|' the I'liHnar)
kinds >>i •^wuw wlieal. >>:i\^ ;ii;il Kaiiey viT) exeelK-nt. imih as
re,i;'ar<l> (|nali!y and \ irkk

h'roni Ili.Ljh I\i\'er, Sherp rfi'rk. I'ine Treek. hish C reck and
the \ahi'\s >•{ ihr h'.UMAv and linw, 1 ha\e >eeii at a^Ticnltural
sliiiw^ SI lino \iT\ line saniph'^ of i^rain. S< • >he i^ parlienlafl)
fa\Mnred in haxinj; one in(hisir\ wiiieh she can etmlrol in a
ixinarlvahle manner, and \ el ejipahle of L;n>\\in- the j^rains of
eoinniorcc.

I eonsiiler diis a L;ri'at source •>[ wealth, as \ am snre yon all
do. and we haw the i-neonrajucment that on sneh lar,!;e areas men
arc able to raise hundreds of ihousantls of stock at comj)aratively
lilt!'' Cost and couiparatiwiy little risk-. althoniL;!! I must admit
ih.it in certain seasons, when the snowfall is exceptional and a
crnst on the snow, there is some loss of cattk'. [ thiid< it is only
fair to .ay that some will ln' !ost this year.

I'mt >honld it reach even j^ per cent., which ha> never yet keen
reached. a->ide from the mipleasaiu ihoULiht of the snlYerinj^' of the
animals, it is .an inconsiderable loss after all. when \on take into
oonsiderati(Mi tin- ease and chea]>ness with which the cattle can be
i)ri>dnced.

I sometimes think that if an Eastern man can afford to sell a
three-year old stt'er for $30, as T hear they have done, a Western
r.mclmian oui^ht to be able to i;i\'e the steer and a bonus to the
man who takes him to the amount of Sio ; because T think it is
l)rctty well mulerstood th.at you cannot s^row steers to tliree years
of ai;e tmder $40. or S45 per head. 1\akin,<::f Southern Alberta,
then, it has rich resources in its capabilities of cattle-pi\)ducin,c:.
and also to a i-onsiderable extent in jn^rain-tjTowini:^.

'\'o ciMiie more particularly to Xorthern Alberta, that ,Q-real fer-
tile vallev stretchin<:f from about forty miles north of Calgary on
for (wo hmuh-ed miles or more j)ast the Red Deer River, the
P.attle River, X'orth Saskatchewan and Stiu-o-eon River, we have
a somewhat different cotintry. with capabilities i)eculiar to itself,

L.t

tlie
it is
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■rta.

ini::.

fer-

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the

lave

self.

.iinl. Ill ii'\ InitiiMc jii.1,l;iiiiiii, tin- L;anliii «.i' Alln-ila, a r<iuiitr\
|»rt'-cmiiiciitly stiilnl [<> mixi'd f.iniiiti;;. It lia> ^«miu' | rcnliar iVa-
mri''> in 'lii* ri>t nt, that it is a wA\ \m»ihK'(1. ainl a \\v\\ watiTcl
I'liuiitr'. It i- inu that iIkto is imt wkxI I'verywlKTc wIuto a
I'armrf wmiM \\i>li iii tiiid ii. lnil it i> tiMir that ii aii-wi-fs tlir drs-
siTiptioii III' a parlN like muntrv, with siit'tii.'i(.'iit fiiithiT inr lU'Ocs-
yAVv iMifpi >>fs ill the "^fi-atiT |Hi|-ti(tn. It i> a CDimtfv whiTi' a
xi'ttln* !^''iiin' with Httlr iiii'aiis docv in it in'cd to cxiK'tid his rapi-
tal alt'tMcthrf III |)fM\ido shfltcr t< n* hiiiisrh' and hi'^ >tMrk, hut
w-htTc. it hr has tmt tittihcr nn his own laud, ln' caii t"i t _>5 cr\n^
L:r' a in'i-iiiit iVmui die < li i\ cfiimciit ;md cut i.Soo linr;il I'lrt i>\
huildiiii^' liiuhn-, |.M) f. M if |.mK'>, j.cmx) tiMU'f r;iil> and ^\n r-TcU > <i

(\yy w 1, ;md put tip iii> hiiildinj^'s. Mr c.ati lmsh;itid lii>

rrs(»ui\'<.'> \>> cxpnid in litiiiiL; hiiu>rlf muI with stork .and inipli.'-
luc'iits to raiTv on his wufk. 'Ili.at is rrrt.ainly a \>.'vy imix n-iaiit
item. >( • f.if as w.ali-f is CMurvriud. I am L;lad to think- that tlio
Midicilioiis an' that thiiT will he un tired to tin'iitiiiu iffii^.ati' ui.
at Ka^t in Xnrthcru Alhcrta. fi t ;i L;ri'al in.au>' yc.afs to rMiiu-.
We ha\i' iliMsc nia,;4uilici'nt w.'itrf roursrs — uiMunt.ain stn-.-inis and
.als. I rfi'rk and ^]irin,L;s. I'ach .at ;i \vv\ ]\\<^\\ rolling- p(iinl I'u
die jiiairii' tlufc is llnwiujx out of the sidrs i.f tlu' hills .and in the
^•ouK'c's springs of watcf that ii-uiaiti open the xi'.ar round.

1 li;i\a' in'\-('r k-nnwn ;i solit.ai'y iustama- in that sin'tiou of the
tin r(>untr\ where .a man had to (li^- foi- uiore tli.au 15 to _V' f^' t
to h.ave .at li.and a well of the puia-st and hesl water. 1 .speak'
f.a\om'al)l\' of Xortheru Alhefla also, heeausc we oan ,L;fow' e.attK-
there T think .at one-third of the cost that thoy can he produecd
for in -Awv of the e.astern rrovinees. It is triu". we think it host
at any time .and often tiiid it neress.atx' ^ > house our cattle, hee.ause
the snowf.all is deept-r tli.an in .\ortheru .\lherta. 1 do not
hcsitati' to say that in m\- humhle judi^nieiit the time is f.ast com-
in£r when the hest interests of the countrv. the ^re.alest commer-
cial ]'ro>pirit\' of the eoiintry. will he hest ser\a'd 1)\ ho.din|L^ cat-
tle ill such numhers as can he h<.u>e(l, as therefore the loss will 1 o
onlv such accidental losses as may occur to ,aiiy farmer. Tt <!(-es
not take any very g"reat skill to raise cattle, which at twaMity-eifrht
or (hirt\- months old will dress without an ouiu-e of Ljf.ain 630 and
7(Xi pounds of heef. ( .r a thta>e-ye:ir old that will dress HiH) to 830
pounds. I am speakinq- of what T have seen, and am testif\-in,<2f
to what 1 know h\' personal e.\])erience. Then. Sir. it does not

10

tala- .1 \(.vy '^]\:a dial < 'i >kill in i.'iniiiii,i;'. Even a novice like
myself in a\'era^e years can ,i;!-(i\v crops of j^rain — oats from 50 to
75 bu>lK'I.> to the aire, and weiL^hinL;: 46 to 50 pounds to the
bushel ; barley from 43 to ^^ Imstiel^ to the acre, and weighing;
from 54 t(» ^j pounds to the bushel ; wheat from 35 to 40 bushels
to the acre, and \\ei;^hin,i.' tVoni oj ti, (q pounds per bushel :
black barlev. ,^5 to 40 bu^liel> i'. t'lie acre, weighing 60 to 68
{bounds to die bushel. We ha\e griiwn 400 bushels of potatoes
and 700 bushels of turnips to the acre. I may say 1 have seen
greater tlhngs than tiie-e, Imt I am not taking what \.- pheno-
menal under \ery e.xceplional and fa\onrable circumstam.e>. l)Ut
.\hat T belie\-e the averam' farmer with axerage care and api)lica-
tion can realize ti\e \ ears out of six in Xortlu rn Alberta.

IhU r may say here. I haw known fields of S3 bushels to the
acre of \\\'lcome oats, and 1 lia\i' seen 00 bushels grown at Ked
1 )eer. A man at I'ort S;iskatcbe\van raised 113 bushels to the
.icre. and gave sworn testimc^ny to that effect. I am perfectly
aware that men froiii that ciamtry are susjtected of being able to
tell l)ig stories.

The CT.airman. -Corresponding witli the size of the country ?

Mr. Ciaetz. — Yes. ])recisel\' ; but I have iakeu the pains to
I)ring my bondsmen witli me in the shape of grain samples, and T
will leave practical farmers to say wheth.er the collaterals are
\\orthy of being accepted or not, 1 am bringing sam])les pro-
duced from my (iwn farm, by one who ha> no exceptional skill in
farming. .^ome are sam])les of the crop of 1889 and soiue of
the crop of iSSS, Now. when we ha\e a country that will ]:)ro-
duce such grahi as these and that number of bushels to the acre,
f c;m safely leave it to the (/onmiittee to say wheth' r there must
not be something fa\-ouralile in the soil ami climate where such
jiroducts max- be reaped.

Inst to give you an illustration <if the fertility of the soil, and
the influence of the long briglit daws in the Xorth-Wcst Territo-
ries— T have seen wheat and oat >lraw that grew to the height of
the and a-hali' and >i.\ feet. ar,d yet well headed and filled with
plump giain. Mr. L. A. Hamilton. Laud (^)mmissioner for the
L'anadian Pacitic Railway, who is now in the city of ( )ttawa. will
attest to the fact that T sent in the fall of 1888 to the ('. 1\ R. car
wheat >i\ feet two inches in the straw, with large heads, averag-
ing four and adialf to 'A'C inches in length. T am not going to

11

s.-.y to ,li,s honourable l„,,ly that in tl,, \,.n|,-\\V,t Tvniion,.
"I Albona, ,t ,s a perfect panulise ; tliat ti.ere are „„ ,|ra«l,ack. or'
no uwulvamaKes. [ win n.,t i.npose u|.o„ ,|,, inteili,;vnee of
the Lomnuttee l,y saying- that there is nothing that the farmer
■•as ,o o.nlenJ uitil. no .lililcuhies, no anxieties in the tnalter of
;'-|.-pro.lnc,nf, ; l,„t I .hall I,., very .,.|a.| in.Iee.l if anv «en,len>an
'-'V«,l,eln,e where.„Mhrlaee ,,| < .o.lV earth , he're are no,
-me .hitienlues an,| ...,u. ,|i>a.lvan,a,i;-es to !„■ eonien.le.l v.iihi,,
l.-'.inm- r have t.> say this in all truth an.l eamlour ; Ihaveelosdv
'■■-^"""".■'l "ilo the matter. an,l f ,|o not know a spot on earth
-iner sonlh or north ,,f the 4.4!. parallel, where [ «on|,l rather
y-iU- m.v elianees n, the in.hrsiry of nnxe.l fanning- than [ uonl.l
n' Xonhern Alherta. I jnst „ant to say. in or.ler to .li-.nrn, anv
■oss.hle hoMil,. ,n„eiHn. that I have no lo«„ properlv to sell 1
have no land yo„ can Imy. I have no disposition to he reuar.led
i want to be in the best part of tlie countrv, for ,i,v ou„'
sake and for n,y fantil^'s sake. I have conte here. ,,entlen>en,
not as the asent ol any 1 Government, or anv man, or of anv 0 .r-
l""-ati"» : 1 am at yonr o,vn connnand, tellinff von of a section of

'•'ir ,^Tcat co.mtry as I lind it. I have been th'ere six ^ears. I

™onKh to have formed a jt,d,t;-,nent as to its character and cttpa"-
'"Imes, and theretore I leel that I have a rij,d,t to speak Jith
-n,e assurance. My .notices for soin,,- .vere varion.s, but th
Une reasons were sickness, ,,overty, an.l a desire to keep ntv
anttly around tne. It was not a tlislike for the beautiful' Pro'
unccs ot the ea.st T an, ,lcad in love with Canada a„^ wav^
ncludeal the IVovinccs-eveu Quebec, which secnsto have
Hcn handle,! son.ewhat ,-ou.,.hly of late. Hut I had not the cap-

;."';.' "",';''" '""■^■'■•'-^'"«' ■■' '■■"■"< "> >lH->- iH'autiful Provinces. I
>"u .,,u d have hoped ,0 secure land in the ea.st, to enable n,e to
-•1; .n.v Ia,-se , „„„l.v of b„.vs a,-ou„d n,e. .seein. that I u.-rs verv
">•■ /■■"'"..^' «„ln„ the ran,«e of \U: .Mcvier's fecunditv bo„„;
'".^'1^ 'l".,-e a,-e thousau.ls in , )„iano .■„„! the other Pn.vince,
St n, the sa„,e s,tu:.,ion. I say that if a n,,an is well .,i„,a,vd in
IH' e.,stern IVocnces and ,f he is doi,,. well. I .see no ,-eason whv
H sno,,|,„,„ve : H„ n,c„ who a,-e n,ortRa,,-ed l,ea,alv or ,-en,in,-
at. .s. and a,-e hkely ,0 leave the he,-ita.?e of mort,.„e and wan^
W .hc,r c„ld,-c„. J believe it is ,i,eir dut^■ to c;o out to the Von
Vesta,,d^

fa.mb. .„„, do „„,re ,or ,|,v„, i„ ,;vv vears d,an he cot,ld do „n-

12

<K'r tlu' same circunisianccs in titte<Mi or Iwcnty years in the east-
ern rn.viiu-o. I nia)- he asked it tliere is any valuahle land still
to he had there : If liiere is mr.ch of that land you speak of r
Why, .L^entleinen. 1 nii,L,dit almost sa\ it is all availahle ; there is
only in the fertile valley of the Red Di'er, diat I have descrihed to
\on. a few hundred of ()ccui)ie(l homesteads ; that is onlv a drop
in the hueket, as eonij.ared uilh the eai)ahilities of these vast
streiehes of fertile land— land very much hetter than some of the
land 1 am farmin.L;-. 1 am on tlie hottom lands liy the ri\-erside,
which are thinner and |)o(,rer. and will recjuire feeding- with man-
ure a little oftcner. Ihu most .>[ diese products are from the hot-
tr)m lands. There arc millions of acres of deep soils in the vari-
ous sections of the Ke^l Deer country that are now entirelv
unoccupied. That is sayino; nothint^ of the fertile valley of the
Hattle kiver, the Saskatchewan and the Edmonton and Fort Sas-
katchewan districts, and of the Stur^-eon River district, stretching
u]) for i^:;o miles north, a country of wonderful prohabilities.

It seems to me in m\- zeal I am in dan,q;cr of oversteppini;- the
hoiuids (.f privile.uvs ; hut hear with me when T say the indica-
lions sn.L^i'est the nece>sit\ of a vi.i^^rons immisration policv for
tiie North-West country-- a ver\ vi.ov.rous inmiioration policv
indeed. With the strong;- competion i^i the Ari^'-entine Republic.
P.razd an Mexico. Australia and the United States, and a great
many other countries. i> it reasonal)le to expect tliat people are
.goinn; to flock into Canada, without even the facts of the case
heino- set before them 'f T think it is (|uite out of the (|uestion for
us to reasonably expect this. I theref(M-e hope that there will be
efforts i)ut forth by this honourable bod> that will encourage the
filling up of that country : for. let me say. it is to your interest as
well as ours. You send us a thousand men. and in a few years
\ye will send you back $50,000 for commodities that it is impos-
sible for us to provide for oiu'selves- -commodities which vou will
control, and in which we will not be hkely to come into verv seri-
ous conij^etiton with \n[\.

Our markets will soon be in the other direction. China and
Japan have become tired of eating rice and want flor.r : and why
should they take it from A\'ashington Territory. Nevada. Califor-
nia—that is. from those i)ortions which grow wheat- when it can
be grown out in those western Provinces of Assinil)oia, Saskatch-
ewan and .\lberta. Our coal will not come into competition

'afe-

Vd

and

why

lifor-

oan

L'ltcli-

ition

wiih ca>t(_'rii coal, fur llicy arc clanimirin.iL;" for it f' ir the furnaces
alonj:];" the iiioiintaiii^ nf Xcxada and \\'asliiii,<;i(»n TerriiorN, wiu-'-e
tliL'\' ha\(.' to go to the (.'Dnniious t'xi)CiiS(.- of cutting liiribcr awav
far uj) in the liills, and slnnit it down to the valleys below f<ir their
furnaces. They are clamouring for our coal. ( )ur i)eef, I hope,
will soon go to fingland 1)\' the I ludson I'.ay route, and sa\e long
travel. In this way we shall keep out ot your r«iad, and will he a
help to you in the east. I am not insensible that the eastern I'n)-
viiices have done a g.^eat denl for the western districts, and suffer
me to mention that what they have done is no less die tluty of
patriotism than an act of benevolence.

If ! am isolated in these prairie districts from my brethren in
Xova ."^cotia, 1 would like to feel that there is enough iiatriotism
in Canadians to stretch across three thousand miles and give me
a show for myself and familw I ted we are indebted for many
acts of generosity alread}-, but it seems to me that we are just
where children get sometimes — wheit an extensive swaddling
band has fallen down arounrl his feet. lie has got where his
swaddling is an embarrassment to him. I want tliis C^)mniittee
and honourable bodv of men to say of this western child : " l.oose
him and let hitn go." Do it by b<»nusing railways with cash as
well as land. Give us railways to open up the country, and I
pledge you my word of honour that the day a railway goes uj)
through Northern AUierta you will find it settling up faster than
any part of Manioba or the North-West has been settled uj). It
is more self -sustained and more self-contained, and has more of
the elements of success than most of the other portions of our
great western Canada. I cannot sit down without remarking
that I am in duty bound to express the obligation that we are un-
der to the Honourable Minister of Agriculture, and the Parlia-
ment that sustained him in the establishment of Exi)erimenlal
Farms. This Ladoga wheat, a sample of which I have here, is a
matter which has laid us under obligation, because it ])Uts within
our reach an early-maturing variety of great merit. So with
other grains and small fruits ; ver\- few of the settlers have
the time or means, or the intelligence t<^ experiment !"■ <y diem-
selves. so as to enable them to conduct their farming operations
intelHgenth-, for T maintain it is just as necessary to exercise
intelligence in regard to farming as anything else. The day was
when it was supposed a farmer did not need brains in order to

1

succeed. That wa- always a mistake ; sliarp competition makes
it :iecessary to use i)otli brain and muscle, or else be left behind in
the struiij^le for bread. 1 feel that the Experimental I'^arm,
while an institution that nuist benefit the eastern Provinces, is
particularly necessary to us. W'c liave no agricultural literature.
We have not the experiments of others to guide us — not even
their blumlers to shun. \\c are feeling our way ; everything is
tentative. In good faith we tried the methods that were appro-
priate in the east, but often failed. In this matter, therefore, I
say that ilie I-'xperimental Farm, under its wise and devoted dir-
ectors, will be of great value. Xot the least in importance are
the contemplated experiments widi natural grasses of the coun-
try, t'or the time will come when settlement will limit our ranges,
and in order to feed our flocks and herds, when the wild ranges
are limited, it will be necessary to fall back upon cultivation of
native grasses, in themselves most nutritious, and which can be
cultivated with success. With this assistance I have no fears
with reference to the future. I do not fear the com])etition of
the United States when otn- country becomes known. I have
no idea that the best portion of this country lies south of the 49th
parallel. I have no confidence in the idea that the Americans
have the best of it. The centuries will tell that the best portion
of it lies to the tio'th-w'est of the great lakes. I think when the
resources of that vast region are better known Canadians will
flock back from the ITiited States. In my community two-thirds
of die settlers are men who were once in the I'nited States — Can-
adians who went to the United States and tried it, and have come
back again. In my own Province of Xtna Scotia, that strong,
vigorous people are growing men and women so fast that diey
ha\e not places to i)Ut them in, and God has provided the prairies
of the west. Would the ])erjple of Canada rather have them go
to the United States? If they do, I will tell them that six of
our latest settlers got tired of going from Xova Scotia to the
I'nited States and have found their way over this transcontinen-
tal route and arc doing well. Some bachelors there have been
able to make, in one .-ummer, $400 worth of butter, and raise a
band of calves besides, such as yoti could not produce in this
country ii you triid. T say that is a country that has hope and
l«roniise in it. and \ tiicrefore trust \-on will be able to develop
some plan that will settle up that country. \ow, I thank von

15

yory kin.ll; i.Klocl. |„„,o«ral,lc Koiulcnicn f„r ,1, . ,■ ,
■r.g yrn, have .^Hvo„ ,„o. f have fcl 2' , '"""■'" ''^■'•"-

">n.n|,cad,ahle bcf,... Jl'a^. t '. "'"•l"-'^' ••"•■I ".'Hives are
' i-e ....,K. ,o „,al<e -..e ' 'n':,:','" ;^- """"'O' where

God neve,- „,a,le ,-„.,„„-v sc, x' ect as i 'l ' /V""™"' "'

;;eve .here is a „„,„e there 'for :,■„!:, V , '^el'r i:''::, j ,' ''^-
theso lacs ,v,ll he eah.ilv h.oked i„to an,! i T "'"=

"ill ho ,avo„rahle. I shall be rfa, ', ""' ""■' '■'^'""^

the -rninid. ''"'' '"" '""■••"■'>■ gone over

^'>y Mr. 'I Vow : —

it. ' ■ • ■ ""= '"""« '"'"•ket as >et reqnires

oM;S88"'"trc'lT ;',:'■■'::"• i"" ■"■^■.""- ^-'P'-' of the erop
i88o to till those H ll I " m'""" '" "''^* »™' '^^"">«"- i "
A. It is « I mu e ^ od that" "'■' ''■"'"■" """ '""""« "' '8«8 -^

liave „o reas,,„ i„ the m.rld f , '""'"•' '^'-'f >™ I'-i^'e. We
Kcttinff ,o cents a h sh V ''"^ ^"^ ""'' "'■"'"^■'^ ^'"■■■'>' =""1

d..or.^ The s i ;. ""' "' ""' f «« «"'^ -g'.t at our

as Ion, as it la:ts '.'s ".e "h::;""' L",;'': hT'^" '"'''"'' "'-"■
!.ave ahvays had ways of dispos ,^ of al we md'i"""' "T '''
i-.^oo hushels of oats to o ,o man I ''■ ^ '"'''

«nts per bushel Th,.r,. • 7 '""^'' contraotor-at fix

'IH.' f'na.h^ Viti ' -^ " ^■'■'■^' ''■"''''" '™ffi^ ">« goes fro„,

and the India,, .'^s ;l .i; ^' ' " '^ '•■^" ^^1- and .^addle Lake.
rec|„ire all ,hv ..r- i t , , 7 "''""' ^"'"' "^ '"= f"'- <■""'

eonceal. I do „„t hesitate to n, , f '''" """""- '"

tioner knows ,hat «i ! I'' '""' ' •'"'""'" "'•'" "'^- 'm'^-

-M-ie„:-,.d "w ;,.■';;" "••■" "■•■ ''"■' ""■'■■■ '--f'--^-

Hi

jL^roiiiul wlicn it was so dry tliat it did not j;criiiinato. Rain lu-Kl
ot¥ until about the first week in July, and C()nse(|ucntly we did not
realize either the (|uantity or (|uality of j^rain we had in other
years. This }ear, I am j^iad to say, we have an old-fashioned
Canadian winter, witli jjlenty of snow and plenty of cold. I be-
lieve the prospects were never better.

O. On what dates do vou commence seedinq- ? A. About the
latter ])art of March or the first of April. Some of our larq-est
seeders, tlie lleaty Th"os., for inst.'ince, ha\-e their j^rain mostly
sown by the Sth of April. I have known it to be the latter part
of April before it was sown. In the year i(S86 — or 1887 — I can-
not just ti'll which — the snow lay on until the latter part of
March, and seedinj^: did not bej^iii until the loth of Aj)ril.

O. Are you suljjcct to any summer frosts? A. The only one
we had was on the iith of July, 1887. when the barley was just
heading- out. Frost in those localities, as many of you know,
g^oes in veins or streaks, somethiiii;' like a hail storm, and quite
often >-ou will find that while the ,t;rain on one half-section has
been injured, that on the ncighbouriui;- half-section has not been
touched at all. The frost was local. We have this to fear. It
is one of the drawbacks that may come ; 1 cannot guarantee that
it will do. It is one of those occurrences, however, that may
come to almost any country, and when it destroys the tobacco
crop of N'irginia, as it did last year, it will be very likely to strike
out and reach the crops in northern parts of Canada.

O. I understood Mr. Gaetz to say his place was on the river
bottom, and the land not so fertile as higher up. That is not
our experience as a rule, because the (/chns is washed down by
the rain and storms, and as a rule the l.)Ottom lands are most pro-
ductive ? A. The land is rich, but not so deep or so strong as
the bench lands immediately above. When Mr. Hoyt, of Min-
neapolis, who was out to see us two years ago, with Mr. Eastman,
an old Canadian who had been in ^Minneapolis, they took up my
land and said : " Is that what you call light land ? That is
equal, if not sui)erior, to the very best land we have in the State
of ^Minnesota." This bottom land is only light in comparison
with what is called the bench land, or lands on a higher elevation.
One reason why these bottom lands are thinner or lighter is that
the streams whose wash has made them are mountain streams,
flowing through rocky regions and rn'er sandstone deposits,

f

i

1

Min-
5tman,
lip my
[hat is

State
Jar i son

,'ation.
lis that
Ireams,

posits,

hritigm^ with tht'ui sihca as well as wgctahlc deposits. These
>treanis <1«» not llow through deep, alhiviai suils, a.-, sunic of the
eastern rivers do. These bottom lands may re(|uire manure
>ooner than the heuiii lands, hut where there exists such ojjpor-
tnnitie> fur growing large bands of cattle it is easy to suppl\ this
lack. The bench lands would be injured by manure during the
first ten } ears or so, but the time will come when these lands
will re(|uire enriching. Nature will only respond so far as you
treat her kindly and generously.

O. Where do you derive your information in reference to the
percentages of loss in the ranche districts this season, because the
season is only partly passed ? Twenty-tive per cent, is very large.
1 understand you to say 25 per cent, would be the l(3ss ? A. I
hope I was so understood. 1 said : "Even should it reach 25
per cem.. which it never had yet."' In the winter of 1887 it
readied 7 or 8 per cent. T am sure there will be some loss this
winter. I was only making the point that should it reach that
percentage {2=s) the ease with which the cattle could be produced
would nr)t make it, after all. lo a large ranchman, a very serious
loss.

I'ty Mr. Armstrong : —

O. Perhaps Mr. (Jaetz would give us some idea about the
general rainfall in the summer in that country. Is it pretty
plentiful and ])retty evenly distributed, as a general thing ? Of
course, we know this last year was dry all over the North-West ?
A. I am very glad also to be able to answer that cpiestion, be-
cause, of course, in that country, having embibed from every
source the idea that it never rained, the Canadian Pacific Railway
employees and the American land agents were telling me, when I
was going into the country, that it never rained there, and I
would be dried out. and be sick and tired of it before very long. In
the face of this. I thought I had done a rash act in coming to a
coun.tr\- where it never rained. Put ])efore the 20th of August
T wondered whether it ever stopped. It rained from about the
8th of June, at short intervals, on through June and July, and up
to the 17th of August, so that the brooks were booming and the
>loughs were full, and we could not get into the meadows with
our mowers, and had to go out on tlie high prairie to cut our
lia\'. The year 1886 was a delightful year, becau.se the rain just

]H

sct'iiu'd to Cf.tiK' wlu-n it was nccdrd. ft ua^ urll di.strihuttvl.
and all wc nrcdt'd. li \va^ not so .^ivat as in 1884 and 1X.X5. hut
it \va> >nt'tirit.'iU for all pufposcs. hi 1SS7 tlu'iv was also ai)und-
aiHH' of rani. I'"fom hSSi to iS.S() tlu' rainfall was sufticii'iit for
all pnrposo of a.L,M'ioultnro. l,a<i year, i8S(). \va> the only sea-
son that \vc had any suspicion of i'.k- pos^ihiliiy of a failure of
nioi>tnri'.

l'>y Mi-. Trow : —

[). I Tow many months do you housr your eattle and horses?
A. .\ q-reat many of them wo do not house at all. Our youui;-
st<H-k or \earliii,t;'s simply i;d in the .^lu-d in the nii^'hl, and around
the straw stack in llie day. ( Uir hreediiiir cows we house. M\-
youiiji;' horses wer(> out this winter until the last wix'k in lanuarv.
though one of tlu' coldest winters since I have been in the conn
try. The}- were in perfectls' ,i:.;-ood condition, atid health}. Morses
accustomed to it w'll ,<;'et into the hi^- ^louLjlis and will stay there
week after week, li\e well and come ln»me fat. S[)eakin,t^ of last
winter, our xount;" horses did not come home at all. We never
fed them a pound of hay, hut I do not want to see the recurrence
of a winter like thai aj.iain. I think a snowfall and cold are bet-
tei- llian these mild winters.

O. This has been the experience of the farmer> e\en in C)ntari(i,
the experience of the new settlers when the country was com-
paratively a bleak wilderness : ilie cattle lived on brouse. It
has akso been the experience of Manitoba. \\ hen the cotmtry
becomes thickly settled do you expect to rai>e natural grasses
there ? lias the experiment been tried ? A. 1 have never been
under the necessity of trying- the ex]K'riment. T am experiment-
ing now with a variety of grasses under cultivation, including
timothy, Alsasas clover. lUue-top. and Kentucky blue grass. I
have tried these ; so far. I ha\e had no success with clover. Last
year I put down an acre of timothy and had an excellent yield —
a Ion to the acre, even dry as it was. T will just say further that
the ])iece which had been sown two xear.s was ver_\- short and did
not come u]» to m\ exi)ectatioii at all, and was iK^t cut. ft would
have cut. i)robalily, half a ton. but 1 thought it w;is better to let
what there was go to seed : couscciuently, T am unable to decide
as to the others, but I see no reason why timothy should not suc-
ceed. As to tile nati\e grasses, Mr. McKav, who lias been ex-

i

IK'tiiritititiLr at thr Lxptriiiu iital l"arni at Fiuliaii Head, will l;Ivo
us sdUU' i-ncouraj^emciit, I hope, on llu'sc points.

[X \\'<tul(l tuit the I'.xpiTiinciUal l-\'inn bi- much hrltor in \(>ui-
^cltlniu'iit than at hnlian I U-ad ^ \. irrtainly I wmild liki' that
\vv\ innrh. 'I'hc Depart inrnt did nnt hiok at it tiiat \\a\. and
\c[ i^i'iuT' >ii- and unscUish a mortal as I am. 1 think, all thinju's
cotisidcriMJ, ii i-; hi'tur wIu-it it is ; because it is workinq' for a
WM.dcd and i>;nk like ci>nntr\ in Xorthern Alberta as well as foi-
the IVo\ince of Assiniboia. wliere there is a j^Tcat dearth (»t" wood,
and consequently I believe ih'- results will be far better and nior*'
satisfactor\ to have it located where it is, because if they succeed
with an\ experiment at Indian Head I ha\e no doubt it will be
a jLjreat -success in Xordiern Alberta.

P.\- Mr. Sproule : —

(j. What i> the mean depth of \-our snow in winter : A. Well,
it i> \'cr\ \ai"iiM|. 1 haw known it to be 3 or (\ inches (leep in
the winter.s of iSSd an<l 1SS7 ; in the winter of iSSj-SiS it was 23
ami J.^ inches deep, but to strike an .'iwraj^e. 1 \Minld .say .some-
where between i^» ainl iS incliis. takin:^' a ]tei"io(I of ini years.

Bv Mr. Tn.w :—

(J. lias an\ oal been dewloped in }our section .' A. I nia\
just say to my hononi'able friend that the whole country is muler-
laid with coal. There is none yet bein.^- mined. I am within
twenty miles of the i;reat coal banks in l\an<4e 24. Township ^•;S-
west of the J'"ourth Principal .Meridian, where, by m\- own mea-
surement, there are ()0 feel of coal from the top down to the

water's edij'e. and i-unnim;' nn(

ler tl

le w

ater's edti'e T don't know

how far. They are not yet developed, any more than a man tak-
insj' a sled in winter and rollint:" on a block of half a ton or so at

a tmie and takmi?'

it h

le. That is all the de\elopment as y(>t.
liy Mr. .Vrnistrt in,L;' : —
(J. I supposi' you ha\'e been about a ^ood deal in Xorthen

.\1beria ? .\. >'es.

(J. I )ow'n nearlx' as far as l-'dniout
miles north of iMlmonton.

on

A. T 1

ia\e l)e*.'n

ihirtN

( ).

T

le (Uiestion I want to ask \ on is tins

laxf \'ou

fi irme(l

aiu'

Mieral idea about the extent of land vet to o-, , on for imme-

diate soitlement .'

A'

on un(

lerst,

uui

that

m ( lur C( »unlr\-. m

Dn-

L'O

tario, even ammul I.ondon. wlun- ilic} have the best laiul. tlicro
arc lar^a" tracts of ma^niluTut laiuU now that in early days were
not fit U) go on I' I settK, It re(|itire(l lime and capital. About
what do you think is the j)roi)orii«>n of land that a settler can go
in on and commence ploughing and croi)ping at once ? A.
There is so much of it that it would be im|)ossil)le for me to say.
r have simply l«» stale this — if a man were to tumble out of a
baloon at random he cnuld hardix fall on a (juarter-section of land
in that coumry werr there wniild Udt be enough fertile, tillable
land fur a man of small capital to go to work upon and farm.
That is my hone.st convicit<jn ; that is — unless he fell into a lake,
and |)r()vided his health was not impaired by the fall, (lood land
is so abundant ii is really easier to tell what is not there than what
is there. There are immense tracts ; of course, there are bluffs
of small timl»er here and there, but these are a convenience. Tak-
ing the land generally, I think this land to-day, in its virgin state,
witiiout a ploughshare having touched it. would be worth $ioo
to the acre near some eastern city or town. It is so fertile Jind so
easily broken up that a man can start ami plough for a quarter of
a mile, and if he gets a favourable position he can plough a mile.
Q. T suppose these blufTs will be good land, too, after the tim-
ber is taken ofY ? A. The very best.

P.y Mr. Davln :—

Q. Where there are blufts. there is splendid land also ?

P»y Mr. Armstrong : —

Q. The blufYs vou speak of are not rockv. worthless land at all.
It is good land, and will be good land, the same as the surround-
ing prairie, when the timber is taken off ? A. I think it is the
very best land, but it now costs too nnich to clear while as yet
there is such an abundance of land. Tn my garden, for example,
I have that kind of land — and that which has been burned once
over, covered with rose bushes. There is not a rock in it ; you
cannot get a rock to shie at a gopher for miles in a stretch. I
neiicve it t<» be the richest land, from experience, where these
timber bluffs had been.

By Mr. Watson :—

O. You have had consideral)le experience there in regard to
rainfall. Don't you think it would be a good thing to protect a

•J I

It all.
hund-
|s the

s yet
[iiple,

once

VOll

.' I

these

rd to
?ct a

lot of tliis limluT ? I ^nifpose it has a orrtain effect on tlie atiiios-
j)iK'ro : A. I have iki (jouht it w.mltj l»i- ati itniK>rtaiU ihiii^
ti) protect uiiat tiiiiher we have. Take sections of the country.
>a\ tort\ miles north tjf Calj^ary, there is a distance of from tif-
tci-ii to iWL-nty miles where there .'ire only scattered hhilTs. Jt iN
not (»nly important to protect what there is, hut to j^row more.
The (iovenimeiu ouj^du to ^\w j;reat enconraj^a-mciit in the sn|)-
plyini.;- of trees l(» plant. It is a matter of no ditVicnIty at all to
j^l^row any of these trees. I have taken spruce u|» and removed
them, and takinj.,^ simple, ordinarx t-are (tf them. 1 have lost hut 2
l»er cent of those I haw i)lanled. I'oplars are more vii^oiou^
still.

[). \> ihf limhcr heiiit;' injured \rr\ nuich 1)\ tires r A. A
j^reat di';il, I am sorry to say.

O. What means could he taken to j)roti'ct thrm ' A. It i>
very dit'ticuli indeed to say what means could he taken. I am not
a horn leiLjislator, hut f sometimes think it would he desirahle that
there >!iould he an ofhcer appointed in the various districts -a
sort of tire wanU-n — who^' duty it should he, not his i)ri\iIe,iL;e,
when«.ver a tire started aiiywhen-. to <;o out and counnand hi>
neijL!fhl)ours to o(, and assist in putting; out that fire, and
havin.i;- authority to tine thosi- who refuse. As it is, if we
see a t'n\' and know It is moin^' to pass our own place with-
out: doiui,^ serious harm to us, in our own seltish \\a\' we often _o'o
to sk'cp and let it burn. I have felt intensely on this suhject. T
know there has been enoui^h timber destroyed in my district to
meet the recjuirements of a lari^e a,i;riculural conmumity for the
next tifteiMi or twenty years. If there was a fire warden to pfoand
warn men when a tire started, even fifteen or twen1\' miles away,
this damame miq-ht l)e averted. At the ineei)tion of a fire it is a
\-er\- small thinir. hut afterward it is a x'crv ditflcult thimr to Ci.n\-

trol

>r s|( >p it.

(j. Would a system of brakes do?" A. We all do that. The
man who is a "' russler " will i^enerally put his ticlds in such a
shape as to protect his place : but for the unsettled portion of the
Country, tliosi' x-ast stretches of the country which are nobody's
special interest, it would l>e simpl\- impossible to meet the diffi-

nilt'

ith tire-brakes.

(J. \'obod\ except tlic ( lovernnient. Would it not be

we

m

the interest of that Ciutntry and its future for an expenditure to be

'0'

!

u\[\(\v ill makiiij,^ tnvlMiikos wiTv -ix. nr tij^lii mi- wu miles : A.
That would iiK'an iiiakiii)^- tlicsi- firr-l»raki'^ rvcry yi-ar, hcvauso
the tjrnuih of vr;;clali<>n !•- mi rii'h. I have seen a pitcr nf
i;rnuii<l tunu'd up and ii"t iTn|i))«.-d. hm by next season there
\\«>\il(l Ik- a ^iiiwdi oi i, t.r 4 fici i\i rank vini^"^- 'I'liat y:rass dies
ill []](• aiUunin and leaves \on a> helpless as yon weri- hetore,

I'y Mr. \i-in<troni.v ; —

'J. W hat .III' ihe priiu'ii)le \arieties of liniher you have in \«>nr
• •.luiilry: \. We have ehielly sprnec and pt»plar. In addition
lo those. \\i' have lainarac. a little hircli and .1 small wood called
Saseatnnit, mi' \ri-y little e(tnnrereial \alnr. hnt of j^reat value to
tin- faiiurr. It is a vwy tou^h wond. and makes an excellent
w hit'tlctifc (ir anything <>{ that M'ri. It i> ciiual to tiic ri n-1\ elm
in ' >nt;irio.

[). 1 )oi's till' >pnnH' L^riiw im an\- considerahU' size? A. 1 haw
had >M)nu' -pnu-e taken nut this winter for millimj purjjoses that
will ^u j8 ineh("^ across the >tump. That is a larj^e size. If T
were to strike an aM'fa.ue. 1 wnuld >ay IJ < >v 15 inches would he
an averaj^'e all riMind.

l;y Mr. Kirk :—

[\ 1> >prnce a desiiahle wimd ior fencinjii' ? .\. Not for fenc-
ing'', if just cut ijown and iinmediaiely ])ut in williMut any prepa-
ration ; hut spruce that has the hark shaved off and put into a hot
willow t'uT and sin:L;<.'d or dip])cd in lime water is almost as desir-
able as taniai"ic, but. of cnursc, not <o desirable as cedar.

O. How docs it compare with \'t»va .*^cutia spruce? .\. T
think it is the vi'r\ same : I >ee iiu diftcrence. Some ])eoi)le will
like this dead spruce that the\ find liri'-killcd. and small ])ieces
no l)i_<:;-<i-er than \(>ur ;n-m, and strini;- wire upon it. They take no
pains to ki-ep it from i"- tirodin^cT. and ><uch treatment ^'ives the im-
pression that s])ruce i> no L;;ood. T think that if pains are taken
that spruce makes a \er\ cxcillcni po>t. not I'cuial to tamarac or
cedar, of course, but. still a very iloirabU' post, in places where
other varieties cannot be had.

r.v Mr. Trow :—

[). I !as the ( "lovcrnment made a proper system of sur\e)- of
the township- out there? A. "N^es. sir. The country is all

1

A.

Ill It
csir-

,\. T

will

ICCl'S

11(1
ini-

sTll

c (ir

of
all

hlitckfti Mill ill tdwn.slnp". aiiil a iMnnitK' "aldi- pMi-tion .if it >nl»
ili.i«K'<l lilt" M'ltii.ii^. Ill ilu' Kill I )ri'r \\.\\vv tli>trii'i ilu-rc ari-
ini |(t\\ n>lii|is (li\i(|i'(l iiitx ^rctiiMis, hut tlu* w'mlr roiuilry is not
-lilt "li\ i<l('il. ji In laiil i>\n in tnwiisliips. so that a man wlin un
• lir^taihh ti>\Mi->hi|i >nr\'tA> I'an piTtty lU'arlx liti-atc hinisrlt.

<J. Why NJionld h<- he )»ut t'> that nniu'iTssars tfnuhK'- A.
\\ r .siiu'tTt 1\ li<i|)r that will not fiiiiain tin- casi' \rry h>\\<^. \
tiiiiik that \\hc!H \ cf ininiii^iatn m hcL^iiis to ^wann in tluTi' that
will In- rciiirdiril. I ht't;- tn sn,L;jL;i'st althon^h tlir ( iM\rrnniciit
may tint ihanK' mr I' ir •• |». lintri's." thai it wi>nM he wril t<i L,n't
aluail i>\ till' ;;pmiL;fati<»ii. <n thai men mi;^lii have ihcii- i-linicr
ami kill fw w hat llu'\ lia\ c I'li' '^cn.

I '.y Mr. SjM'i >nlc : —

[\ Ifnw ari" ynn < >fT fur mills" A. W C ha\-«' im i^ri-t milK
ilu'i'i' yi't. Xn man has hail (in ait^h rapital [<> start t'lU'. anil it i>
"110 I if tlu' lhiii;.fs r jirnpiisf ti' I'minirc ahmit and sec if a jxirtahlr
LTrixt mill I'an he had. TluTr wa> a ^aw mill pnt in hy ili(> Mao-
kni/irs smiiic \ rars a.^i >. and last fall 1 was rash rinMi.^h ti» put in
a pnrtahlo saw mill, with t'd^or. mati-hcr and planer, and a thirt\'
horst'-pi .wcr hihii A. Hell c'li.uiiu'. We think- imw I'f qettinj.j a
Jurist mill ti) run li\- thi> c'iij.iiiie duriuLi' that pDrtimi ff tlie year it
will lint he \\>vi\ hy the saw mill, as wi" lia\e m it enoumh (U'lnand
enttiui^' the wliolt war. Tlir day wi' are ahle tn i-nnxt'rt mir
wheat iiit') llnur will g'reatly lessen the ci 'St i >f liviujn'. fur it eosts
Si \i> Si. ^^5 per hundred tn freii^ht mir llniir from ( "al^arw The
Red I )eer !\i\er, with a fall <>{ [4 feet per mile. i> niie i>\ the
iCraudest nf water powers tha' nature has e\-er proxided. with
U''<"1 hanks, and e\er\' faeilit\- f< m" the I'stahlishment of mills. As
\et. however, it is ver\ much ehcaper. in a small way. for men to
enii>lo\ >i(am ]iowi'r ratlu'f than water.

I '.\- Mr. limes : —

<J. Mow dit \eL;etahles and sniall fruits do.- .\. \ ej^etahles
ijo spluididly. We haw had no manner of failure in rt'<;ard tn
\ fi;etal)les in aiix \car hut last \car. Tlie dri 'Ut;lit last \ i-ar decideil-
Iv aiTeeied us. as it (lid in .Manitoha and the .\'i irth-West j^i'uerally.
T suppose T may astoni.sh some of \<iu wlu-n T say I ha\-e ,iL;r<iwii
potatoes at the rat<.' of "Jo hushels to tlu- acre. That is a JjIicuo-
nienal yield, hut imt that we <:;^ave them any special attention ; we

24

can p;v()w from ^^(X) to 40(j bushels of potatoes per acre, witlioiit
any extra attention, skill or manure. We can also grow carrots,
cahhaj^es and cauliHower. 1 have frequently seen caulitiower at
Calgary Fair that were a yard in circumference. Vou may have
seen them larger, but 1 am glad tn get them that large. In refer-
ence to small fruus. 1 may just say that this is another matter that
has to bi' experimented upon for us. rather than we for ourselves.
I have been for four nr five years doing this work, and not widi-
out some resuUs. I lia\c gmwu ri'd currants, black currants and
strawberries with considerable success, but not wiiat would satisfy
me or the taste of any ordinary farmer. I find we made a blun-
der. [ have n(t idea that it is our cold winters that kill our fruits.
i think it is the hot. dry winds of Aj)ril atid Ala}'. The sap comes
uj) eat-ly ; unless the\- are nuilched then the bark gets loose, be-
cause the .sap seems to dry it u|). I am waiting for inf()rmation
'in this matter, but in the meantime I am trying a heavy mulch
around the roots this year, so as t(^ keep the sap back, as you do
with vour grape vines. If we can keej) the sap back I believe we
will make a success of >mall fruits. Ft is done in manv parts of
the couiury, and some have excellent success. 1 have not vet got
what I hope to obtain.

>v

Mr,

row : —

(j. Have \nn I'hincKjk winds? .V. W'e are not so subject to
them as they are in Southern Aberta, but since I left home, as a
mere freak of nature, tlic} have had one of the strongest Chi-
nooks there that they have had in any part of the country. The
snow went off very (|uickly. and the whole band of cattle started
ofif to seek tlieir own fare, and succeeded so well that when thev
came back they would not touch food. P.ut as a general thing
we are not ^o liable to warm winds as they are further south.

By M'". ArmstriMig : —

O. Have you any wild small fruits that can be used? A. I
only planted some last year, and cannot sa\ . The growth this
y-ar was remarkable, and T be.t^in to feel this is a tuatter in which
we can attain some success. There is all kinds of wild fruit there,
such as currants, gi^nsel terries, &c.

O. Can you gather diem f. ir use? A. Yes : any quantitv for
our own use. There is another beny. called the Saskatoon, verv

f

25

HUicl, liU. ,iu. l.l.u-lKMTv Of the eastern ITnvino. f,, i.Ssr, -.
'nan could ,,o nnt an.l ..atluM- barrels of then,. ""

'!>■ Air. Watson :—

Q. Wl.al uas ,l,e largest crop of grain grow,, ,l,.,c, ami u|,„

..s tlie a„,o„„t ,„ area nn.lcr settlcient ? A. Th. aro'. o s.

".'•;'" »""''' '"■ — •■ ■•■ l".«.h of seven or eight n es a „ "

;"'•;■"■•" "•-'■ ">Vl'.«. or fo„r „,i,es east and w t o. I, 't,- i,^

•I H s a seatte,-e,l settlen.ent. There is no closelv-„acke,l set

ti.n,e,,t a,,,.,,ere. As to the largest ero,>-„o you Lj:l:\

Q. f "Ka„ ,l,c ,otal erops ' A. There is „o bnrean of a^rienl-
T ,o gather s,a„s(,es. and I really eannot. on the spur T.f tie
'■■"""• ^'u-e any i„fon„a,io„. I„ „„. «,,,„„ „f ,^^j,,, '
;;■" M,^ l-ushels of grain in ail of „.|H«t. oats. harU. and so

rU b„ Ms'" ""' •'"""•-'•'^ ""■^"^■'■^- f -"'-- --

.dtogeZr. "■''' '^'■^"" '" "" ''"'"• "'='»'"'""rii..od there

Bv Mr, Cochrane : —

U. 1)0 pease g,o« uell there: A. T have grow,, „ |,„sheN
i e aa-e and «.e,ghi„g «, „„„„,, ,, ,„., |,„^„^„^ ^^^ ■- ;
\ ine variet\'.

f'V -Mr. Trow :—
(J. Do you fmd (he wild nea there "^ A W i i

<.f .>;e ,..;a vine, also veteh, all U^-o^^h that dislric!'"^^' ^"""""""■

is h , ,'," Tlf'V'' " T""^ ""'■'••■"'"" "'a' "><= land is fe,-,ile.
r, , ' . •, ' ''■"'' ;''?'."'^"^'^' "f '■'• Tlice is one ^arietv

'.' ,i,t.>«s low and tangled in the grass, while the.v is another

-!...t gn.ws on „,e willows and poplars, elhnhing then, 6 or ..f'^t
''■y .\lr. Watso,, : —

Q. Hou is >,„,r wheat marketed, if yon have ,„, „,..,rl,et ' \
. .sp..e o, „ ,„ ,„.„.,„,„,,.,. w-e keep so,,,, for s..ed. and wj
; "" l...-"; ■;. and it pavs ,„ f.atten pigs on wheat, when v
. 4 . I nd.el. ,o ,he ac-e and 64 po„„ds „, ,„e hnshel. and" ,0
\ <.nt.-, a pound tor pork.

^«v Mr. Fi,^her :—

Q. Hou nianv people are there in that settlement ^ X ] ,uu
P"^e d>en: are about a hundred occupyinj. homesteads' They

26

\\inil(l axeratir, includitiu' liaclirlors, from is<> t^J -tx^ in that

-culenu'nt. I wish to ^a\- that this is sonu' distance tr*

>ni

th

ATDniion settlement. There is nothing that wonld give me more
pleasure than to have Government send about i,(m)o men and
j.ooo wonu-ii. This would be the grandest thing that ever liaj)-
])ened to tiiat eoimtry. [ say when a man goes out to that coun-

trv or to an\ eonnti\ he should take his wife with hi

m.

If he

has n( >t a w ite he sho

uld

tret one.

.M

un-

persons insure their own

failiux' In- going out for a \'ear or two to get things fixed up and
send back fr)r their \\i\-cs and families. A woman who cannot do
as uruch as a man aiid a-half m fixing up is not nutch of a woman.

am \\-o

rth a little, btit ni\- wif

(' is worth ten times as nuich as
I am. If you \\nu\ a downright enthusiast in reference to the
( ountry, if you have mone\- to spcml for innnigraiion purposes,
>lie will do the work. Wlioi she went out to the Xorth-West
Tei-ritories. six years ago, tlu- doctors w-ere anxious in reference
to hrr change of li\ing. She had never been well in the Lower
rro\-inces for many _\-ears. Xow she is a robust, strong woman.
! know- also Mrs. Xelson, wife of the Rev. Mr. Xelson, who Itas
also regained health. I am onl\- mentioning these facts to show
that the climate cantiot be so rigorous and so fatal as sotue peo-
ple would like yott to believe. That is not the case. T do not
want to disparage this countrv. but taking even the low- reading
> >i the thermometer for the last few da\-s in the Xorlh-W'est. I will
take the climate indicated in preference to what we have had here
for the last two or three da\-s. 1 have not had a cold or a sore
throat for the last two or three years till I came to r)ttawa. It
would be foolish for me to sa)- that it is not cold in the Xorth-
West. You do feel the cold there, but at the same time you don't
feel the cold to the extern that ynu might imagine from the read-
ing of the thermometer. We have ikU lost a solitary day all
wimer in conse(|uence of cold, ^ly .sons have gone three and
four miles to work in the coldest days we have had. and children
play out of doors, in the biMcmg atmo>|)hcTc. unless the tempera-
ture is very low indeed.

r.v Mr. limes : —

O. What is the average range of die thermometer in winter?
A. T can hardly tell just offhand. l)nt this winter. T believe, the

' in dial
ti^>ni ilic
nie luorc
nicii and
A'er liap-
<it cnun-
1. Ji he
K^'ir own
' '.!]) and
nnot do
woman,
ntich as

to the
irposes,
h-West
'fercnce

L(n\c'r
^"o^nan.
ho lias
:> show
le {)co-
do not
eading-

I win
d here
n sore
■a. It
sorth-

don't
read-
ly all
' and
Idren
pcra-

ter ?

th

c

27

mean K.n,.erature n, X.nhern Alberta nu-asures down son.e-
NNhcre a tew decrees 1k1..v zem. ,, has iH.en v.rv slea.lv cnhl
we. ...a.

-u'Hr>. In the summer n^.iuhs Ui. n.ean temperature derived

cc. U.US as..-I have un reeent data-fnr the tnonths nf [une

nl and August, was sixty-. .„e de^t-ees in T..r.nt„ and " ixtV
dv.i^nfs m jlattlet-.rd. ■

!>>■ Ml". I lain (WCni worth) :—

' I. lluu ar. juu s,„„„K.r nights :- I ■,„,.,■ „l,,-,. cndiii. ,„s ,1,.
u.i, set your sLmnior ,n.s,-is it atl.r a rain. , „■ |,„„ "- \ [t i.
..nmlly after a rai„. wl,™ the «i,„l is , tlie ncrth-ca.t ' '

g. JJo yo.ir ra.ns come Ir..,,, i|,e north-east:- A l-roin tiie
iiortli-east senerally.

Q. Is that where yo„ I,a>e y„„r s.nnnier rains fr.,n, '■ A
\ell. «e are very a|„ to have o„r s,m,n,er rains fro,„ ,|,, n,,.,!,.'
™st ,„ore apt to he fn„„ that ,,naner than a„v other

•■•"';■'"";■""■ ,|.,ne. If we have rain then there is'a h.tle d„
Kv n nusht settle tlowtt imo frost. thon^It verv slifjh,

'J. When the wnid is in the nortll-east T' A. ^"es ■ h,,„ever
.n reah.y we have never heen serionsly affeete,]. ' '

f'.y ;Ur. Carling- : —

Q. ^•on have experinienled will, ,li|-ferent kinds of wheat I

-><■ n. ... see,,on of the eo.tntry ? Yon have tried the Red

. . ...u Ion have .rwd the Ladoga wheat ' T wotd.l like to ask

uhetl.er yon have found the Ladoga wheat to ripen earlier

l.at .s .he resnh o, vo,„- experin.ent ? I „,ight sav to the -en-
""";■" present that the san.ple of Mr. G.aet^'s wheat here nrcCt
™ he tahle ,s the Ladoga wheat grown in the Red Dec,- 2:^.

p c V ,." r;'! ; " " ""■ '-■"''«■■' ""«•' «•■•""■• ■■" "-■

veth- , •'•'° ""'^•■' "•■rth-west of F,<h„onto„. which

, o tit ''r'T'" "; "" '""'""'■ "^"'-^ '^ ^'"'"^ <-•'«- •'•"' '".'■'

Tow T' ;■' "■" ""' ""-■ P''^""- '^'™-' '^ -'"^ "''l^' t"

"'"• "">■'<' l'l<e to see ,t r A. T have tried three varieties of

28

I-esent, it is „,, c' r e t , ,at "■'' ■■"' "'^' "*=«^"-- ^-p to the

•I- .-.UTal fcdi„; .„, :™ "1^ ™""\ "'^' - '-™ I'ad, and

"><■ V-.h-\Vest. I,- ,„ ; \!"' "7 " ""' ""^ '^ "''^ ""<-at for

"f "''■ fl'H"-. I -Link ill 1, ■ '"''"f" =•■' '*^ ""^ -oUnu-

«o 'a'<e hi,s .,„.„ ,.,i„ „': ", , ■;--•;- f the fanner is able

'■^■'•" •■vitl, a high .,,l,,„r. ^■'■'•■'^ '" l^'^'^' ""^ flour,

% Air. Annsin,,!!:;- :—

-'• \\">'l'lii rail- as a hard uheat - A T i r •

-■'•Preso.us it as a hat-.l u^he-tt uitl . .^"-^"-'""''"'^^ ''^nn,, h„lleti„
it "''•>" li'c R,.,, i.'if, ,;■'"' ' '■•"■f • Proportiot, „fsh,ti„ in
strength. ' ■""' "" •""""'" "f gluth, in it constrtutc, its

% Mr. Carling :_

'"^^■o;:::i:;:t'h::r;;r:-;^^^^^^

<Si.irnf(ii LEO. GAETZ.

^, and tile
vill ripen

than tlie
^'p to tlie

had, and
*vlicat for
le colour
■r is able
lie flour,

nild. I
bulletin
"lutin in
:utes its

ic best,

:tz.

API>EXDIX.

NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES SCHOOL LAW.

SCHOOL DISTRICTS.

School Ordinance Secfirm iS a t i ,• .
an area not mere tl™, fiv' , ,'''"°' 'I'-'f.ct shall comprise

contain no e Inn ,,n " f' "l'""?'"' ""^ ''="S"'- ^'>'' ^■-•"1
<lren of school a.evh I. ",',' '?'' "' '"""'^^ =""' '«' ^'"l"
tuenty. ' ' '"'' ■"'"" "^^" '^^'"■^^" <he ages of five and

I'ORMATION OF SCHOOL DISTRICTS

the erection of a school Z , f/ , -i""""'""- to secre

Governor for such e^Cion' '™'' """■"" "'^' L'^'"'"-'-

.h:')!,!!'::; "7~"" ""■ ''"'""'^•'" ^f "-> I-ntenant-Govemor to

tl.e erection of a sdtod district '" """ '°'' °^ ••'^^'•"•^'

Secfon .55.-On receiving the report „i the first scl,ool tneet-

'*.

1

in.c;', tlic T-icuU'n;mt-( i< tMTiH ir shall, it" llu' iiiajorily (tf v<~»tcs at tin."
scIiomI district im-i'tiiij;- lia:^ hci'ii fa\'i »iii'al>li' tn tlu' (.Tocticjii of a
<listrict, t'( n'thwith prtu'laim tlir distrirt in ari-ordaiicc to the terms
<if the pctitiMiis addrr^M'd ;<> liiiii in thai hchalf.

DCTIKS i>l- rKISTKl'-.S.

Srrtioii 4<S. — Ii shall \)v the dutv of the Hoard of Trustees in
every srhon] dislriet to select and aocjiiire a snitahle school site as
near as possible to the centie of the district ; to en^aiLj'e a com-
petent teacher ; to have cnsody of all school property ; to make
such assessment on real and personal |)ro])erty within the district
as may he necessary to defra_\' all lawful expt'iises coimected with
the manaj^'ement of die school.

COV I'.KNMI.N r AID I'o SCHOOLS.

Section (>o.— Grants shall he paid to every school organized
under this ( )rdinance, as f(jllo\\s : —

lai A grant of y^ j>er cent, of the teacher's salary to every
school employing- a teacher holding a first-class certificate from
the P.oard of Education of the Xorth-West Territories.

d)) A grant of 70 per cent, of the teacher's salary- to every
school employing a teacher holding a second-class certificate
from die IJoard of l^ducatioii.

(cl A grant of 63 per cent, of the teacher's salary to every
school employing a teacher holding a third-class certificate from
the Board of i'.ducation.

(iRAXlS -Wni-.N I'M I).

J- -ctiitii <)i. — All grants lo be paid to the trcasui"ers of the
school districts, quarterly, after the last da\ s of March, June, Sep-
tember and l^ecember in each vear.

TlMlil'.K KiaiULATK )XS. X.W.T.

iiMin-.K idK iioM i:> ii:aiii:ks

Section Ji. — Any occupant of a homestead (luarter-secticjii hav-
ing no timber of his own may, upon application, obtain a permit
to cut such (juaiitity of building timber, fencing timber or fuel as

:n

Los at the
tion (if a
:he terms

Listees ill
A site as
: a coni-
to make
? district
ted with

•gam zed

o ever\-
te from

D every
rtificate

■) every

Le frniii

of the
e. Sep-

I' •II" >\\ iii!^' ; "^ •^*- >-». uiii.^ Ulc

. ';" '•'^"'' ''"^■'' '^•'■■- '"■ I'nil.Iu.o- timhcr „., In-s ,,, i.
iiu'hesat the hntt-cnd: " '"'''■ '"

(i)l 4(X) n.df polos :

(e) _•.(,.„. p,,plar fenec-rail.s. n-, nil i., rv,-,...,i - ■ ,

'dl ,]n <-.M-d> Ml <ii\ \v<mm|

""'h'i- l>e siuii at a mill, pa\-

Scrti

"" -'-'.- -ShMiiJd iIh- 1„,„.,,.

•"^•"•.^--;-.^must nnM. n.adc. hv wav .f tnl a ;.
quantity , -t lumber cut fn.m the In... „„",„ , '. „ . ' ' ^'" '
I'oldcTs h,M,K'stea<l. "■ n.^^'dentlK-pcrm

Seetinu ->,^--rn mhUt that mill-nwners nnv l.r -,1.1 ■ . •

-aelnry evidence that sawl..,s . „■ huX I ultl' ''" ""''

sion have In-en la. fullv c.u da-v T 1 1 '' ^''''''"

, ■ .j - "'• '"^\ Nliould ie(|uirc tn.m settlers

n H,^ tnnl., i„ be sawn pn.nt that the same has not been cnt

;:«;;:fr;:;.:ir';:;:t:™;:r;;;;-r':;;,r

K^ name of the „ermittee mav be noted bv the 11 ■>,

::;r:'t: i;;r;,rr •'''-— ■-"'-^^^^

the lJepan.,,0,,. ' '" ''^■'"'•""l"' ''.v asrnis „f

I

( )

M
ti

latte
hi

therewith.

Section

^nuvi' ..,,"„ ./'"""■^'■•"''■■•\"l..>s.- farms ,nay l,av. ll,en

on a
r

n hav-
permit
fuel as

M

120

116

110

106

ICX)

06

"1

7/ ;jfai-»«

4, , »»f^*

110

105

100

05

90

oe-.
■ II >

AP

^<]3art of t

w

h"^'^

¥\\

o

Churn"

Z=C

Cr..." I ^.,'>- ^V,

.'^..

111 lac t5

ii\

,\.

NX%

'-\

v/

V>i

.,.^\"

\

00

— H H'-.T.1>-

. ■ '. ' V^'«

60

^TH

r^'-;;>

Ki.. r

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r%-*

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^^

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^ 0 in V

k-

iui

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'.' ^l'

I**-

^^

p/y

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^y Z

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fo/i^

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45

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hm0f

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ERI

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fe'f';^^-;;^-Z/);; ; ,

■■^.<./y'/J/l]l, |.i„:,,,^„,l " l(.lilfn ■ -.MOl 11. .■'.^'

lliilil'.tt ■ VniKimvtr (I'in »lii>r(

liii-) .'^.r.'^j " (Sl:n.

klOfr

tH

*E fcl

Vr

^/i

■/

%

/,

"^'K'-^'' ^

-^ Ad"

,'Wfe- it 5-

?>'

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OHIO n H ^^^ ^

P^iili',* l(////y <o^ y^

kkL

■^zzi^z::

-M

•.',;ilr* miles ni.o,; 1
.T.iM" luilf.l (.-Ut.)
,!(>} ■■ ii..'..^',)
■ ^ HiK'Ouvtr itHrt «iit»ri

liii-) ■'<.•'••►:> ■' (Sl:n.)

Vaiicniivrr III lloiiK Khn,; • f>.Wk) " ^(leuif I

■• Vi)l(i>)iMinA - ■ ■\.'<\T\ " •■

" Saiiilivi.l, [ilr.nild • '.'.■|i«i "
** Kt»jf^ ctlAiitli* • .*t,lOO '*

■' Aui\l..u<l • • I'sKM '■

" .^».lhr, - - • -XA "
l.iv.Tpoul I" Hon.- K.i'i.' (rici y.ic l»>, . 11,0^1* III I 1m
•■ Amki.iii.l ■• - ^-'.ft•^ll •■

•• .S.yilii. t •■ M.Mtt ■

• li.jim K.inu' ■.■«'< Ililifm) • ll,l».i4 •

• Aii.'kl.tiKl (Now Z,-«laiiil( - I'J.'Hr.; •■
iV •• Sjilnrj (Auatriilu) • IJ.V.'J ■•

1 i«<'r|ii' -I »>i !l"ru Kiuig (cia Ni'W W-rk

iiii'l .SiD Kr:iiui^i'u> .... 12.d7!> ■'

C)l^^F.HENCf IN Favoh Canadian

Route 1,18a j

70